Методические указания по работе с темой ''Терроризм'' (для студентов юридического факультета, изучающих английский язык)

МИНИСТЕРСТВО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ И НАУКИ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ

УДК 341.48 ББК 67.408 М54

ОМСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ им. Ф.М. ДОСТОЕВСКОГО

Рекомендованы к изучению в качестве учебно-методического пособия редакционно-издательским советом ОмГУ 5 октября 2004 г., протокол № 4 Рецензент – ст. преподаватель каф. иностранных языков ОмГУ О.Н. Глазер

М54

Методические указания по работе с темой «ТЕРРОРИЗМ»

ISBN 5-7779-0520-Х

(для студентов юридического факультета, изучающих английский язык)

Изд-во ОмГУ

Методические указания по работе с темой «Терроризм» (для студентов юридического факультета, изучающих английский язык) / Сост. Т.Н. Дорофеева. – Омск: Изд-во ОмГУ, 2004. – 20 с.

Содержат систему заданий по развитию навыков устной речи и перевода. Включен необходимый словарный и текстовый материал. Для студентов II курса юридического факультета. УДК 341.48 ББК 67.408

Омск 2004

ISBN 5-7779-0520-Х

© Омский госуниверситет, 2004

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Words to the topic: ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ Методические указания разработаны для студентов юридического факультета и содержат материалы для подготовки экзаменационной темы «Терроризм». Цель данного издания – развить у студентов навыки устной речи, научить их использовать текст как источник пополнения своего словарного запаса. Кроме того, методические указания должны подготовить студентов к работе с текстами на перевод и реферирование, расширить лексический минимум по теме «Терроризм». Издание содержит тексты из Интернета. Оно предназначено для работы на занятиях, посвященных изучению темы «Терроризм».

violence [΄vaiələns] threat [θret] target [΄ta:git] to commit [kə΄mit] to justify [΄dstifai] victim [΄victim] kidnapping [΄kidnepi] arson [΄a:sn] assassination [əsæsi΄nei∫n] innocent [inəsnt] legislation [΄led islei∫n] testimony [testimoni] to convict [kən΄vikt] liberty [΄libəti] warfare [΄wo:fεə] suicide [΄sjuisaid] civilian [si΄viljən] Bill of Rights crime [kraim] legal [΄li:gəl] security [si΄kjuəriti] government [΄gvenment] weapon [΄wepən] vengeance [΄vend(ə)ns] punishment [΄pni∫ment] citizen [΄sitizn] law [lo:] hijacking [haid΄æki] evidence [΄evidens] authority [ə΄θo:riti] cell [sel]

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насилие угроза мишень совершить (преступление) оправдывать жертва похищение людей поджог убийство невиновный законодательство свидетельские показания признавать виновным, осуждать свобода война самоубийство штатский Билль о правах преступление юридический, законный безопасность правительство, управление, руководство оружие месть, мщение наказание гражданин закон угон, похищение самолета улика, свидетельство власть, полномочие камера, здесь ячейка, группа 4

The word terrorism was first used in France to describe a new system of government adopted during the French Revolution (1789–1799). The regime de la terreur (Reign of Terror) was intended to promote democracy and popular rule by ridding the revolution of its enemies and thereby purifying it. However, the oppression and violent excesses of the terreur transformed it into a feared instrument of the state. From that time on, terrorism has had a decidedly negative connotation. The word, however, did not gain wider popularity until the late 19th century when it was adopted by a group of Russian revolutionaries to describe their violent struggle against tsarist rule. Terrorism then assumed the more familiar antigovernment associations it has today.

amount of military assets destroyed, the amount of territory seized, and the number of enemy dead. Terrorists typically attempt to justify their use of violence by arguing that they have been excluded from, or frustrated by, the accepted processes of bringing about political change. They maintain that terrorism is the only option available to them, although their choice is a reluctant – even a regrettable – one. Whether someone agrees with this argument or not often depends on whether the person sympathizes with the terrorists’ cause or with the victims of the terrorist attack. The aphorism “One man’s terrorist is another man’s freedom fighter” underscores how use of the label terrorism can be highly subjective depending upon one’s sympathies. At the same time terrorist acts – including murder, kidnapping, assassination, hijacking and arson – have long been defined in both national and international law as crimes. Even in time of war, violence deliberately directed against innocent civilians is considered a crime. Similarly, violence that spreads beyond an acknowledged geographical theater of war to violate the territory of neutral or noncombatant states is also deemed a war crime.

# Study the text and explain the aphorism: “One man’s terrorist is another man’s freedom”

# Match each word on the left with its definition on the right:

Introduction. WHAT IS TERRORISM? * Why is the problem of terrorism so acute nowadays? * What do you know about terrorist organizations existing in Russia and other foreign countries? # Read the information and tell about the meaning of the word “terrorism”

1. murder TERRORISM AS A POLITICAL ACT Terrorism is by nature political because it involves the acquisition and use of power for the purpose of forcing others to submit, or agree, to terrorist demands. A terrorist attack, by generating publicity and focusing attention on the organization behind the attack, is designed to create this power. It also fosters an environment of fear and intimidation that the terrorists can manipulate. As a result terrorism’s success is best measured by its ability to attract attention to the terrorists and their cause and by the psychological impact it exerts over a nation and its citizenry. It differs in this respect from conventional warfare, where success is measured by the 5

2. arson 3. kidnapping

4. hijacking 5. bombing 6. assassination 7. terrorism

a. taking away people by force and demanding money for their return b. killing of political or public people for a reward or ideological reasons c. deliberate creation and exploitation of fear for bringing about political change, involving violence d. killing someone deliberately e. setting fire to property intentionally f. taking control of a plane by force and demanding the pilot to change the course g. putting a bomb in a public place 6

# Read and translate the text in a written form in order to compare the definition of “terrorism” in different countries: GOVERNMENT DEFINITIONS OF TERRORISM Legal statutes in most countries around the world regard terrorism as a crime. Yet there is considerable variation in how these laws define terrorism, even in countries whose laws derive from a common origin. In the United Kingdom, for example, legislation titled Terrorist Act 2000 states that terrorism is “the use or threat of action … designed to influence the government or to intimidate the public or a section of the public … for the purpose of advancing a political, religious or ideological cause”. The legal system and code of law of the United Kingdom has influenced those of the United States, Canada, and Israel. United States federal statute defines terrorism as “violent acts or acts dangerous to human life that … appear to be intended (i) to intimidate or coerce a civilian population; (ii) to influence the policy of a government by intimidation or coercion; or (iii) to affect the conduct of a government by assassination or kidnapping”. This definition appears in United States Code, Title 18, Section 2331 (18 USC 2331). Canada’s Anti-terrorism Act (Bill C-36) designates “terrorist activity” as “an act or omission … that is committed in whole or in part for a political, religious or ideological purpose, objective or cause and in whole or in part with the intention of intimidating the public, or a segment of the public, with regard to its security, including its economic security, or compelling a person, a government or a domestic or an international organization to do or to refrain from doing any act, whether the person, government or organization is inside or outside Canada…” Israeli law does not address terrorism specifically. But in the Prevention of Terrorism Ordinance No. 33, it defines a terrorist organization as “a body of persons resorting in its activities to acts of violence calculated to cause death or injury to a person or to threats of such acts of violence”.

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# Translate the words with the same roots: To violate – violent – violence – violation To criminalize – criminal – crime – criminality To legislate – legislative – legislation To legalize – legal – legality / legalization – legally To punish – punishable – punitive – punishment To convict – conviction – a convict To justify – just – justice – justification – justly To terrorize – terrorist – terrorism – terror # Read the text and point out the causes of terrorism: CAUSES OF TERRORISM Terrorism has occurred throughout history for a variety of reasons. Its causes can be historical, cultural, political, social, psychological, economic, or religious – or any combination of these. Some countries have proven to be particularly susceptible to terrorism at certain times, as Italy and West Germany were during the 1970s. Terrorist violence escalated precipitously in those two countries for a decade before declining equally dramatically. Other countries, such as Canada and The Netherlands, have proven to be more resistant, and have experienced only a few isolated terrorist incidents. In general, democratic countries have provided more fertile ground for terrorism because of the open nature of their societies. In such societies citizens have fundamental rights, civil liberties are legally protected, and government control and constant surveillance of its citizens and their activities is absent. By the same token, repressive societies, in which the government closely monitors citizens and restricts their speech and movement, have often provided more difficult environments for terrorists. But even police states have not been immune to terrorism, despite limiting civil liberties and forbidding free speech and rights of assembly. Examples include Russia under tsarist rule and the Communist-ruled Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, as well as the People's Republic of China, Myanmar, and Laos. 8

In broad terms the causes that have commonly compelled people to engage in terrorism are grievances borne of political oppression, cultural domination, economic exploitation, ethnic discrimination, and religious persecution. Perceived inequities in the distribution of wealth and political power have led some terrorists to attempt to overthrow democratically elected governments. To achieve a fairer society, they would replace these governments with socialist or communist regimes. Left-wing terrorist groups of the 1960s and 1970s with such aims included Germany’s Baader-Meinhof Gang, Italy’s Red Brigades, and the Weather Underground in the United States. Other terrorists have sought to fulfill some mission that they believe to be divinely inspired or millennialist (related to the end of the world). The Japanese religious cult Aum Shinrikyo, responsible for a nerve gas attack on the Tokyo subway in 1995 that killed 12 people, falls into this category. Still other terrorists have embraced comparatively more defined and comprehensible goals such as the re-establishment of a national homeland (for example, Basque separatists in Spain) or the unification of a divided nation (Irish nationalists in Northern Ireland). Finally, some terrorists are motivated by very specific issues, such as opposition to legalized abortion or nuclear energy, or the championing of environmental concerns and animal rights. They hope to pressure both the public and its representatives in government to enact legislation directly reflecting their particular concern. Militant animal rights activists, for example, have used violence against scientists and laboratory technicians in their campaign to halt medical experimentation involving animals. Radical environmentalists have sabotaged logging operations and the construction of power grids to protest the spoiling of natural wilderness areas. Extremists who oppose legalized abortion in the United States have attacked clinics and murdered doctors and other employees in hopes of denying women the right to abortion. National governments have at times aided terrorists to further their own foreign policy goals. So-called state-sponsored terrorism, however, falls into a different category altogether. State-sponsored terrorism is a form of covert (secret) warfare, a means to wage war secretly through the use of terrorist surrogates (stand-ins) as hired guns. The U.S. Department

of State designates countries as state sponsors of terrorism if they actively assist or aid terrorists, and also if they harbor past terrorists or refuse to renounce terrorism as an instrument of policy. State sponsorship has proven invaluable to some terrorist organizations – by supplying arms, money, and a safe haven, among other things. In doing so, it has transformed ordinary groups, with otherwise limited capabilities, into more powerful and menacing opponents. State sponsorship can also place at terrorists’ disposal the resources of an established country’s diplomatic, military, and intelligence services. These services improve the training of terrorists and facilitate planning and operations. Finally, governments have paid terrorists handsomely for their services. They thereby turn weak and financially impoverished groups into formidable, well-endowed terrorist organizations with an ability to attract recruits and sustain their struggle. The U.S. Department of State has designated seven countries as state sponsors of terrorism: Iran, Iraq, Syria, Libya, Cuba, North Korea, and Sudan. In the year 2000, it named Iran as the most active supporter of terrorism for aid to groups such as Hezbollah, Hamas, and Palestine Islamic Jihad. Although Afghanistan’s Taliban government sponsored alQaeda, the radical group led by Saudi exile Osama bin Laden, the United States did not recognize the Taliban as a legitimate government and thus did not list it as a state sponsor of terrorism.

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Answer the questions: 1. What are common reasons of terrorism? 2. Can inequities in the distribution of wealth or political power lead terrorists to attempt to overthrow elected government? 3. Are there any specific issues (causes) motivating some terrorists? Prove it by giving examples from the text. 4. In what way do state sponsors of terrorism help some terrorist organization? 5. What countries are state sponsors of terrorism, according to the U. S. Department of State? Find the examples of the verbals (Gerund, Infinitive, Participles) give their translation and define their forms.

THE INCREASING DEADLINESS OF TERRORIST ATTACKS Words to the text: to decline to increase lethal ease of access low tech and high tech weapons explosives embassy to wound death deadliness

уменьшать(ся), убывать увеличивать(ся), повышать смертельный, летальный свобода доступа тактическое и стратегическое оружие взрывчатка посольство ранить смерть смертность

# Render the text:

other terrorist operations, because the perpetrator’s own death is a requirement for the attack’s success. Suicide bombers, therefore, are typically highly motivated, passionately dedicated individuals who decide voluntarily or upon persuasion to surrender their lives in fulfillment of their mission. A wave of suicide attacks began in 1981 in Beirut, Lebanon, when a group called al-Dawa used a car bomb to blow up the Iraqi Embassy. Al-Dawa, (“the call” in Arabic, as in “the call for Holy War”) was a terrorist organization composed of Shia Muslims from Iraq who were backed by Iran. The Beirut attack killed 61 people and wounded more than 100 others. In 1983 a truck filled with explosives drove into the U.S. embassy in Beirut, killing 49 and wounding 120 others. It was followed later that year by a suicide bombing of U.S. Marine barracks in Beirut, which killed 241 persons. A group called Islamic Jihad claimed responsibility for both attacks. Another suicide bombing destroyed a Jewish community center in Buenos Aires, Argentina, in 1994, killing 96 persons. More recently, al-Qaeda staged suicide attacks on the United States embassies in Kenya and Tanzania in 1998, causing nearly 300 deaths; on a U.S. Navy warship the U.S.S. Cole in 2000, causing 19 deaths; and on the World Trade Center and Pentagon in 2001, causing about 3,000 deaths. Many of the attacks carried out by Palestinian organizations, such as Hamas and Islamic Jihad, in Israel and the Occupied Territories have involved suicide bombings. So, terrorists today may use violence simply as vengeance or punishment rather than as a means to achieve political change. Therefore, their actions require no explanation or justification outside the terrorist group itself or its supporters.

Although the total number of terrorist incidents worldwide declined during the 1990s, the number of people killed in terrorist incidents increased. Thus, while terrorists may have become less active, they also became alarmingly more lethal. One key factor behind this trend is the amount of terrorism motivated by religious views, as were the attacks on New York City’s World Trade Center and the Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia, on September 11, 2001. Terrorism motivated by religion has frequently led to acts of violence with higher levels of fatalities than the relatively more targeted incidents of violence perpetrated by many secular (nonreligious) terrorist organizations. Another key factor that has contributed to terrorism’s rising deadliness is the ease of access to a range of low-tech and high-tech weapons. At the low-end of the weapons spectrum, terrorists rely on guns and bombs, as they have for more than a century. At the high end of the spectrum, there is evidence that groups such as al-Qaeda seek to acquire chemical, biological, and even nuclear weapons.Other terrorist groups, such as Aum Shinrikyo, already have carried out terrorist attacks using biological and chemical weapons. An increase of suicide attacks has also contributed to terrorism’s rising death count. Suicide attacks differ from

Verbs to remember: to injure; to wound; to hurt Injure is often associated with accident. e.g. There was a serious car accident near High Street two days ago. A driver was killed and three people were injured. Wound is usually associated with fighting or attack. e.g. Twelve solders were killed and five were wounded in a battle near our village. Hurt means ‘cause pain to’. e.g. My brother fell down getting off the tram and hurt his leg.

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# Read the texts and discuss the problem of terrorism: Study the expressions: to injure smb.’s pride to injure one’s health

задеть чье-л. самолюбие вредить здоровью

to wound the ear to lick one’s wound to rub salt into smb.’s wounds

резать слух зализывать раны сыпать соль на раны

to hurt oneself to hurt smb. to the quick Nothing hurts like the truth.

пораниться задеть кого-л. за живое Правда глаза колет.

Nouns to remember: gun, weapon, arm(s). Gun – a tool used to send out a liquid such as paint or glue. gun fodder пушечное мясо a big gun важная персона, «шишка» as sure as a gun верно, как дважды два – четыре to go great guns быть на гребне успеха, быть на коне Weapon – something that you use to fight with such as knife, bomb or gun. weapons of mass destruction оружие массового уничтожения all-purpose weapons универсальное оружие Arm(s) – weapons used for fighting wars. to bear arms служить в армии to be under arms находиться на военной службе To arms! К оружию!

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CHARACTERISTICS OF TERRORIST ATTACKS A. Planning and Organization All terrorists share one characteristic: they never commit actions randomly or senselessly. Every terrorist wants an attack to generate maximum publicity because media attention helps achieve the intimidation needed for terrorism’s success. Accordingly, terrorist acts are carefully planned. Testimony by a terrorist convicted in the 1998 bombing of the U.S. embassy in Kenya revealed that al-Qaeda spent nearly five years planning the attack. Several essential elements go into planning a major terrorist attack. Planning begins with gathering detailed reconnaissance and intelligence about a target: its defenses, vulnerabilities, and patterns of daily activity. Meanwhile, logistics specialists ensure that all the supporting tasks are accomplished. These tasks include assembling the weapons and other supplies and communications equipment needed for the operation, arranging for safe houses and transportation for the terrorist attack team, and mapping escape routes. A bombmaker or other weapons expert often joins the final planning phases. Finally, after all the preparations have been completed, the operation is handed off to the team that carries out the attack. For security reasons separate teams that do not know one another execute each step, from planning to logistics, attack, and escape. All terrorist groups share another basic characteristic: secrecy about their operations. Terrorism operates underground, concealed from the eyes of the authorities and from potential informants among the populace. To maintain secrecy, terrorist groups are often organized into cells, with each cell separate from other cells in the organization but working in harmony with them. A terrorist cell can be as small as two or three people, with only one person knowing someone in another cell. Should the authorities apprehend a member of one cell, they can obtain information only about the activities of that cell – or at most about an adjacent cell – and not about the entire organization. For this reason terrorists prefer this organizational structure of interconnected cells. The structure narrows, in 14

pyramid fashion, as it rises toward the group’s senior command structure and leadership at the top, to whom very few have access. B. Targets of Terrorism Terrorism often targets innocent civilians in order to create an atmosphere of fear, intimidation, and insecurity. Some terrorists deliberately direct attacks against large numbers of ordinary citizens who simply happen to be in the wrong place at the wrong time. More selective terrorist attacks target diplomats and diplomatic facilities such as embassies and consulates; military personnel and military bases; business executives and corporate offices; and transportation vehicles and facilities, such as airlines and airports, trains and train stations, buses and bus terminals, and subways. Terrorist attacks on buildings or other inanimate targets often serve a symbolic purpose: they are intended more to draw attention to the terrorists and their cause than to destroy property or kill and injure persons, although death and destruction nonetheless often result. Despite variations in the number of attacks from year to year, one feature of international terrorism has remained constant: The United States has been its most popular target. Since 1968 the U.S.A. has annually led the list of countries whose citizens and property were most frequently attacked by terrorists. Several factors can account for this phenomenon, in addition to America’s position as the sole remaining superpower and leader of the free world. These include the geographical scope and diversity of America’s overseas business interests, the number of Americans traveling or working abroad, and the many U.S. military bases around the world. Complete the sentences: 1. All terrorist groups share 2 basic characteristic: they never commit actions … and … . 2. Terrorist acts are … . 3. Planning begins with gathering detailed information about a target: its … . 4. To maintain secrecy, terrorist groups are often organized into … . 15

5. Terrorism often targets innocent civilians in order to create … . 6. More selective terrorist attacks target embassies and consulates, … and … , … and … . 7. The most popular target of international terrorism is … . Give the English equivalents to: – совершать преступные действия – невинные граждане – создать атмосферу страха, угрозы и незащищенности – уничтожать собственность – убивать и ранить людей – иметь доступ – оружие – власти – террористические группы – побег – мишень – свидетельские показания – посольство – сбор полной информации Give the Russian equivalents to: – to attack – target – bombing of the embassy – testimony – terrorist cells – weapons – ordinary citizens – to destroy property – to kill and injure people – death and destruction – secrecy about operations – to execute – media attention 16

– the authorities – to commit actions

# Fulfill the gaps choosing the right word or expression:

* СHECK YOURSELVES: # Match the synonyms from each columns: punishment | testimony | freedom | innocent | to justify | murder | vengeance | to convict | authority |

revenge assassination arms to accuse evidence liberty power not guilty to acquit

# Match the antonyms from each columns: to justify civil criminal insecurity unlawful death suicide to destroy innocent crime

| | | | | | | | | |

murder legal to save guilty security to acquit life punishment military civil

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1. People’s Republic of China 2. terrorism 3. reasons 4. civil liberties 5. animal rights 6. insecurity 7. two or three 8. secrecy 9. detailed 10. voluntarily 11. hijacking 12. Russian revolutionaries 13. have provided 14. rights of assembly 15. tsarist rule

16. innocent 17. senselessly 18. vengeance 19. highly 20. commit 21. crimes 22. threat 23. are motivated 24. a political, religious or ideological 25. kidnapping 26. deliberately 27. suicide 28. cells 29. target 30. violence

The word ___ was used in France to describe a new system of government , the Reign of Terror during the French Revolution (1789–1799). This word was adopted by a group of ___ ___ to describe their violent struggle against tsarist rule. In the U.K., for example, legislation titled Terrorist act 2000 states that terrorism is “the use or ___ of action … designed to influence the government or to intimidate the public … for the purpose of advancing ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ cause”. Terrorism has occurred throughout history for a variety of ___. Its causes can be historical, cultural, political, social, psychological, economic or religious or any combination of these. In general, democratic countries ___ ___ more fertile ground for terrorism because of the open nature of their societies. But even police states have not been immune to terrorism, despite limiting ___ ___ and forbidding free speech and ___ ___. Examples include Russia under ___ ___ and the Communist-ruled Union of Socialist Republics, as well as the ___ ___ ___ ___. 18

Some terrorists ___ ___ by very specific issues, such as opposition to legalized abortion or nuclear energy and championing of ___ ___. Terrorist acts including murder, ___, bombing, ___ and arson have long been defined in both national and international law as ___. Terrorism often targets ___ citizens in order to create an atmosphere of fear, intimidation and ___. Some terrorists ___ direct attacks against large number of ordinary people who simply happen to be in the wrong place at the wrong time. More selective terrorist attacks ___ embassies, military bases, offices, airlines and airports, trains and train stations, buses and subways. All terrorists share one characteristic: they never ___ actions randomly or ___. Every terrorist wants an attack to generate maximum publicity. All terrorist groups share another basic characteristic: ___ about their operation. To maintain secrecy, terrorist groups are often organized into ___ . A terrorist cell can be as small as ___ ___ ___ people, with one person knowing someone in another cell. The planning of any terrorist attack begins with gathering ___ reconnaissance and intelligence about a target: its defenses, vulnerability and patterns of daily activity. Terrorists today use ___ simply as ___ or punishment rather than as a means to achieve political change. An increase of ___ attacks confirms it. Suicide bombers are typically ___ motivated, passionately dedicated individuals who decide ___ to surrender their lives in fulfillment of their mission.

# Conclusion. Reproduce the topic “Terrorism” using the plan below: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Terrorism: what is it? Causes of terrorism. Targets, planning and organization of terrorist acts. Suicide attacks. The ways of averting and fighting. 19

CONTENTS Introduction..................................................................................................... 3 Words to the topic............................................................................................ 4 Introduction. What is terrorism? .................................................................... 5 Terrorism as a Political Act .................................................................... 5 Government Definitions of Terrorism .................................................... 7 Causes of Terrorism....................................................................................... 8 The Increasing Deadliness of Terrorist Attacks .......................................... 11 Characteristics of Terrorist Attacks............................................................ 14 A. Planning and Organization.................................................................. 14 B. Targets of Terrorism .......................................................................... 15 Check yourselves.......................................................................................... 17 Conclusion. Reproduce the topic “Terrorism” using the plan below ............................................................................................................ 19

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