Н.А. Гринченко. В.И. Омельяненко
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Англииекии языK СПРАВОЧНИК
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2009
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Н.А. Гринченко. В.И. Омельяненко
w
w
Англииекии языK СПРАВОЧНИК
МОСКВА ~:з>.
2009
УДК 373.167.1:811.111 ББК 81.2Англ-я721 Е 33
Е
33
ЕГЭ 2009. Английский язык. Справочник / Авт.-сост. Н. А. Гринченко, В. И. Омельяненко. - М. : Эксмо, 2009. 496 с. - (ЕГЭ. Справочники).
ISBN 978-5-699-26634-0 Справочникадресованвыпускниками абитуриентамдля подготовкик единому государственномуэкзамену по английскомуязыку. Весь теоретиче ский материал школьного курса сгруппированв соответствиис кодификато
ром элемевтов содержания по авглийскомуязыку. на освове которого будут
составленыконтрольныеизмерительныематериалы ЕГЭ
2009.
Издавие будет полезноучитеJlJU
9
Unit 1. Speaking
I can be called a very busy person: I go to school, so I have to do a lot of things - doing exercises, reading texts, learning something by heart, doing sums, working in different studies and so on; I try to be a good daughter and to help with some work about the house - cleaning, washing up, cooking, doing shopping; I do my best to be a true friend, so I meet my friends as often as I can and try to give them a helping hand if they want it. Together we go to parties and cinema or just for a walk once in a' while. The next thing I'd like to tell you is my likes and dislikes. Besides reading, learning English and spending time with my friends, I like travelling, especially by car; I enjoy walking in the forest, I am fond of drawing. What I dislike is quarrelling with people. I cannot stand rude unbalanced people who loose their temper very easily; those who do not keep their promises; those who are not punctual. As a sort of conclusion I'd like to say that in future I'll manage to make a good wife, an efficient specialist, a careful mother, a good human being.
Describing one's character (1.2.1) Speaking about one's character first of all it is necessary to define what the notion is. These are some qualities that make a person different from others. We can call a person goodnatured, kind-hearted, sociable, sweet, gentle, discreet, or, on the contrary, hard-hearted, ill-natured, uncommunicative, rude, impolite and insincere. All of us have some strong and weak points, but the main thing is which features dominate in one's character and what traits in people's character we appreciate the most. People often say about me that I am not like others. I don't think I am something special. But, of course, if you come closer and turn on the light, you can see that some features are typical to me. To cut the long story short I think I am a good humoured, very responsible, hard-working and emotional person. I like 10
Dialogues and Monologues creativity and appreciate this trait in others. I dislike liars and do my best to be honest, despite the fact it's sometimes hard. I try not to be late and I hate when others don't come on time. I prefer to associate with clever and polite people. It is very annoying when somebody whom I trust turns out to be unreliable. I see the man whom I am looking for also as a person-with a strong and sound body and mind. The person, who is interesting to talk to, whom I can trust and rely on. As for my interests I am fond of psychology in the sphere of dealing with people and the questions of how to form your thoughts in the most favourable way. I adore travelling, seeing other people, their traditions, customs, to get acquainted with their culture, going sightseeing. Besides I like different kinds of music, but most of all I like music with rhythm one can dance to. In a word I try to treat other people so as I want them to treat me.
My family (1.2.1) Family denotes a domestic group of people, or a number of domestic groups linked through descent from an ancestor, marriage or adoption. It also can be defined as an organizing social unit from which a person usually develops its personal identification. The importance of family is hard to overestimate. My family has always been a source of personal worth, affection, understanding and care for me. To my great regret, my family is not very large, because I like big friendly families. There are only three of us: my mother, my father and me. I'd like to begin with my mother, a pleasant-looking woman with big grey eyes and fair hair, aged 42. The most striking feature about her is that she is a wonderful listener. And this trait of hers makes people confide in her. What is more, she is always ready to help or to give some good advice. No wonder she is well-respected by her colleagues and highly 11
Unit 1. Speaking
spoken of for her proficiency at work. And for me she is the best mother one can imagine. The next one to speak about is my father, he is a middleaged man, tall, rather handsome with thick fair hair just beginning to go grey. He is a few years older than my mother but he looks young, strong and full of energy. He is not an easy person to deal with. He likes having things his own way. What is good about him is that whatever he does he does it properly. He demands the same on our part. My father is a well-read, educated person, whom we can always turn to in case of necessity. And you are sure to be given either some help or a good piece of advice. Besides he has rather important profession - he is a doctor. The last one to speak about is me. I am 17, in October I'll be 18. I am a schoolgirl now, but next year I hope to become a student of the Institute of foreign languages. I spend much time on it reading books in the original and actually never miss a chance of speaking to native speakers). Besides this I am fond of drawing. It's a beautiful kind of art and I have my lessons three times a week. So you see I am quite a busy person, but I don't complain of it. This makes my life more interesting. Nevertheless I always find some time for meeting my friends, going out somewhere or just staying at home, enjoying the company of my family. That is really grand when we gather together in the evening and have a hearty talk about everything - books, music, life, different countries.
My working day (1.2.1) I'll try to describe my usual week-day, which I spend more or less ordinary. Frankly speaking I'm a sound sleeper. My alarm clock wakes me up at seven sharp, but I hide my head under the pillow pretending that I'm sleeping yet. Then I lean out, jump out of bed. If it is spring or early autumn 12
Dialogues and Monologues I run to the window and open it wide to let the fresh air in. The bright sun and the singing of birds set me into a cheerful working mood. In winter I'm not so quick to leave my bed. But all the same it is time to get up and start getting ready for a day's work. It doesn't take me long to do my bed and to get washed. At a quarter past 7 I'm through with my shower and ready to have breakfast. Breakfast, as doctors say, must be the most substantial meal of the day. But I have neither time nor inclinations to cook something, so I just gulp down a cup of coffee and some sandwiches. I leave the house at 20 minutes to eight. It takes me about 20 minutes to get to the University. On my way to the university I often meet my friends and we go on together. As a rule I'm never late. Our classes start at half past eight and last till half past three. Usually we have three or four lectures or seminars a day. Sometimes I stay at the university because I need a book or an article which I can get in the reading room. After classes in the reading room there are always a great many students who read different books and articles, work at theirs reports or do their lessons. On my way home I can go and do a bit of shopping. When I come home, I have dinner at once for I'm awfully hungry after classes. I usually have a three-course dinner consisting of a plate of soup, some meet vegetable and a glass of juice. Then I clear away dishes and wash up, if I don't feel too press for work. I can have a nap or find something relaxing. Then I prepare my lessons. It usually takes me about three hours, but a students reading is never done. In the evening I have a supper and watch TV. Sometimes I like to go to the cinema or to take a stroll round the neighborhood with my friends if the weather is fine. But nothing is more pleasant in rainy weather than to sit in a soft arm-chair reading an interesting detective story. My working day is over. At 11 o'clock I go to bed. 13
Unit 1. Speaking
Housewife's ordinary day (1.2.1 ) Some people say that being a housewife is very easy and less responsible than to work full-time. But it isn't actually true to life. Let's try and have a look at a housewife's ordinary day to prove our statement. As a rule, a housewife rises early in the morning. First of all she turns on the gas and begins to make breakfast. By the time breakfast is ready, her husband and children are usually awake too. Breakfast is over, but housewife's work is not; it has only just begun. So she packs some sandwiches for her husband's lunch at workplace, takes her children to the kindergarten or school and starts her everyday routine. She can start with tiding up the rooms. She cleans the floor, makes the beds, dusts the furniture, etc. When everything in the house is quite neat and in the good order, the housewife can go shopping to supply all the necessary stuff. After that she begins to prepare lunch. When she sits down to lunch at midday, she feels fairly tired, but there are many things left to do about the house. For instance, the dinner has to be cooked or it may happen to be a washing-day. There is always a bundle of clothes to be washed and dried, so she fills in the washing machine and starts it. While the washing is being done, she usually has enough time to prepare something substantial and tasty for her family and to watch her favourite soap opera. Then it is high time to take her children from school and to help them to do the home task. When her husband comes home, the housewife lays the table for dinner. After the dinner she clears the table and washes up the dishes or may ask the elder children to help her with this. And that is not all. In a short while the smaller children are to be put to bed. It is only late in the evening that she manages to sit down in the arm-chair and relax for a little bit. And tomorrow it starts all over again. 14
Dialogues and Monologues
(6) Housing 1.1. Dialogue The kitchen sink and the bathtub in Helen's apartment are clogged. She calls Margaret, the apartment manager for help, but Margaret doesn't seem to care (1.1.1, 1.1.4) Helen: Hello, is Margaret there? Margaret: It's me. Helen: Hello, Margaret, this is the tenant of Apartment 10. I guess my kitchen sink is clogged up again, and so is the bathtub. Margaret: Alright, I'll send someone over tomorrow. Helen: Uhm, I'd really appreciate it if you would send someone to fix it today. It's really a bother! I can't cook, or take a shower. Margaret: Fine, I'll be up in a few minutes. Helen: Thanks. I appreciate it.
Because the apartment where he lived was noisy, Patrick decided to move out (1.1.2) Lilia: Has Patrick moved out yet? Karen: Yes. He moved out last weekend. He's now living in a very nice quiet neighborhood. Lilia: I wonder if he's paying more for rent now. Karen: I don't have the faintest idea. Even so, it's still worth it, isn't it? Lilia: You're right! I think he's probably very glad to leave that noisy apartment. Karen: Yes, he is. I know that for sure.
Olga's apartment must be very old. Soon after she moves in, she finds that the water faucet is dripping badly all the time (1.1.2) Olga: The water faucet is dripping badly again! 15
Unit 1. Speaking
Natalie: It's awful! Olga: I know. I've got to get it fixed as soon as possible. Natalie: Don't you want to get it fixed now? Olga: I wish I could, but I've got to go now. I have an appointment in twenty minutes. N atalie: Well, if you need anything, just let me know. Olga: Oh, by the way, can you give me a ride? My car is still in the shop. Natalie: You sure are having bad luck these days. Larissa and her father are talking about their new house and the ways of furnishing it (1.1.4) Father: Good morning, Larissa. I have pleasant news for mother and you. We've got a new flat. Larissa: Really! Where and what is it like? Father: In Pushkin Street. In a new house with all modern conveniences, you know, running water, central heating, gas and so on. Larissa: Which floor? How many rooms? Father: Third floor, three rooms and the kitchen. In the kitchen you can see a sink and a gas-cooker. Isn't that fine, Larissa? Larissa: It's wonderful! And what about a larder? Father: We'll have both a larder and a closet. Besides, we'll have a bath-room. Larissa: It is interesting which room will be mine. Father: We will see. I think that the small room will be our bedroom. The biggest one will be our living-room and the other will be yours. Larissa: How will we arrange the furniture? Father: It seems to me, this way. Your bedroom will contain a single bed with a wardrobe and a chest of drawers. Larissa: And what about our living-room? Father: There will be the sofa against the wall. Then a piano on one side of the room, a television set on the other and 16
Dialogues and Monologues
a carpet on the floor. Besides there wil be a writing-table, a cupboard and a set of chairs. Larissa: I would like to place a bookcase, a writing-table, a clock, and two chairs in my room. And what about a grand house-warming party, Daddy? Father: I think it's a good idea.
1.2. Monologue What is "a home" and "a house"? (1.2.1) The answer can vary because each person implies his or her own meaning. A little boy of five can answer that it is Mummy and Daddy, plenty of toys and bedtime stories. An efficient housewife says, "Home means a lot of drudgery if you want to have it clean and comfortable". A man of fifty can call it a place he returns to after work to enjoy his "wellearned" rest. If we speak to an architect, he will say that a home is any dwelling available for human habitation. We must stress on the fact that a hostel, a hospital and a hotel are not homes in the English sense of the word. But whether a crude hut or an elaborate mansion, and whatever its degree of intrinsic architectural interest, a house provides shelter and acts as a focal point for day-to-day living. The physical characteristics of a house depend on climate and location, available building materials, technical skill, and such cultural determinants as the social status and economic resources of the owner. In rural areas until modern times, people and animals were often housed together; today's houses frequently include storage, work, and guest areas, with several separate spaces for different activities. Houses can be wholly below ground level, dug out of the earth, or can be partly below and partly above the ground; most 17
u nit
1. Speaking
contemporary houses are built above ground (over cellars in cold climates). The primary structural materials employed are wood, earth, brick, and stone, with concrete and steel increasingly used, especially for city dwellings; many of these materials are also used in combination. Choice of material depends on prevalent style, individual taste, and availability. Depending on climate and available fuels, provisions may be made for heating. In modern industrialized areas, running water and interior toilets are common. Whatever its size and conveniences, a house both contains and stands for the basic human social unit.
City and country life (1.2.1) Living in the city has both advantages and disadvantages. On the plus side it is often easier to find work, and there is usually a choice of public transport, so you don't need to own a car. Also there are a lot of interesting things to do and places to see. For example, you can eat in a good restaurant, visit museums and go to the theatre or to concerts. When you want to relax, you can go to a park and just sit on a bench and read a book. The city life is full of bustle and variety, and you don't need to feel bored. However, for every plus there is a minus. For one thing, unless your job is well paid, you won't be able to afford many of the things because living in the city is often more expensive than in the country. It is particularly difficult to find a good and cheap accommodation. Besides, public transport is often dirty and crowded, especially in the rush hour. But in spite of all the crowds, many people feel lonely in big cities. They don't usually say they are lonely - instead they say they have problems with their jobs, their home life, they say they can't sleep or work well or that they are unhappy. But when I speak to them, I find it is often because they don't know enough people to spend time with or they find it difficult 18
Dialogues and Monologues
to meet people. There are thousands of people like this in Moscow - students away from their families for the first time, young people who moved to Moscow to work, mothers with young children, old people living alone. These people don't need hospitals or medicine, they need other people. For the last two hundred years there has been a tendency for people to move from rural to urban areas, mainly in search of work. For me the life in the country is wonderful - all this fresh air and the singing of the birds! What I like most about the country is that everyone knows everyone else, and they are friendly. In the city if you live in a block of flats, like me, you can be there for years and never even get to know your neighbours. There are some in my block I've never seen. There is a lot more crime and violence in the city than in the country.
Housing in Russia (1.2.1) The right to housing is guaranteed to all citizens by the constitution, but providing for adequate housing for all has become a problem in a time of major economic reforms. In the Soviet era, most housing (state-owned) was provided free or at very low costs for many citizens. According to a 1980 Soviet estimate, 20 % of urban families (and 53 percent in Leningrad) shared apartments; that percentage had dropped slightly by the end of the Soviet era. Young, unmarried Russians often found housing only in crowded hostels operated by their employer; young married couples frequently lived with one set of parents until they could locate in an apartment. In 1990 the average floor area per person in Moscow was 17.8 square meters, and in Russia as a whole it was 16.4 square meters, compared with averages in Western countries of between thirty and forty-five square meters per person. 19
Unit 1. Speaking
Since 2002, economic reform has called for many residents to begin paying more of the costs for rent, maintenance, and utilities. The government still allows somewhat generous subsidies for low-income families. But the main housing problem seems to be in maintenance and renovation of buildings that are in urgent need of both structural repairs and upgrades in utility systems. As of 1999, about 60% of the housing stock has been privatized.
What is typical of British and American housing?
(1.2.1) As well as in any other country people in Britain live in diverse range of accommodation ranging from country mansions to single rooms or hostels in inner cities. Most of them, of course, live in houses and flats, either as owneroccupiers or as tenants paying rent. Approximately 19 per cent of houses are detached (built in a long raw and joined to each other), 31 per cent are semi-detached and 29 per cent are terraced. Purpose-built or maisonettes make up 15 per cent of the housing stock and converted flats or rooms account for 5 per cent. Local housing authorities provide most of the public housing in Great Britain. Almost 10 per cent of households are rented from private landlords. In general, British people spend more money on housing than on most other items, including food and fuel. American people are judged by the houses they live in, and, of course, home ownership is one of the definitions of success in America. Since 1990, the home ownership has become more expensive and most of Americans cannot afford their own house. The house of one's dreams may be beyond many people's reach. But to own a house is still far less risky 20
Dialogues and Monologues
than to rent nowadays, since costs can be fixed with a longterm mortgage. Most of Americans live in a variety of housing that includes single detached. They live in apartments, town houses and mobile homes. The size of dwelling units and the number of rooms has increased today.
My flat and my room (1.2.1) Many-storied buildings have become an inseparable feature of our towns and cities. I live in a new 16-storeyed block of flats on the sixteenth story. Our house is situated in a marvelous district. The house is new and, as they put it, of "an improved planning". There is a big supermarket on the ground floor and it's very convenient to do everyday shopping. It's a two-bedroom flat I live in. We've got a sitting-room, two bedrooms and besides a kitchen, a bathroom and a hall. The room I like best is the sitting-room. It is quite a big one. On the floor there is a thick carpet of light shades to match very nice wall-paper. On one side of the room there is a big bookcase full of different books in Russian and English because my mother is a great lover of reading. In the sittingroom there is a big window, so the room is light and airy. There are two comfortable armchairs near a small table with a pile of magazines on it. I like the color and the look of our sitting-room suite. It makes the room look quite cozy and modern. One more detail is lots of flowers everywhere. One of the bedrooms belongs to my parents. There you can see two beds with a bedside-table near each of them, a wardrobe, which occupies quite much room. Near the window there is a desk where my father works sometimes. So, you see, the bedroom serves as a study, too. On the wall above the beds there are two beautiful water-colors. The window of the bedroom overlooks the yard that is very much like a garden with so many trees in it. There are nice curtains on 21
Unit 1. Speaking
the window; they are drawn when the electric light is turned on in the evening. In the left-hand corner there is a dressingtable with a big mirror. The third room is my bedroom which is my study, too. It is the smallest room in our flat, but it is very cozy and light. There isn't much furniture in it, only the most necessary pieces. There is a bed, a writing-table and a chair before it. The table has got three drawers and I keep my textbooks, notes, pens, pencils and many other things in them. I like my room and I receive my friends in it. Our kitchen is the most often visited place. Everybody likes to be there, sit and talk about this and that. But the kitchen is a special care of our mother. It is very well equipped. We have a modern refrigerator, a microwave oven, a coffee-maker, and a toaster. We haven't got a dishwasher yet, but I'm sure we shall buy it in the nearest future. There isn't much to be said about the bathroom with its bath, a shower and a wash-basin. The wash-basin has taps for hot and cold water. On the rail at the side of the wash-basin there is a towel. The looking-glass is on the wall, over the wash-basin. There are also brushes, soap-dishes, some sponges, toothbrushes and the like on a shelf above the wash-basin. I haven't mentioned yet the room each flat begins with a hall. To my mind, a hall should be big enough to room several people, but our hall is very small and if there are more than one of us in it, we feel quite uncomfortable. The hall looks more spacious thanks to some built-in closets. There is a coat-rack, a mirror and a chest of drawers in it. Of course, it would be nice to have a spacious modern twoor three-storied cottage. Perhaps, in future we'll have one.
My favorite room (1.2.1) My favorite room is my study, at the end of the house. I call it a study but sometimes it's a kitchen and sometimes it's a bedroom, too. Well, it hasn't got a bed but I fall asleep in the armchairs all the time. 22
Dialogues and Monologues
My mother, bless her, is very house-proud. We always have to take our shoes off when we come in the room, in case we make the carpet dirty. We can't sit back in the armchairs, in case our hair make them dirty. So we have old rugs on the floor. Our father bought this blue one at Dubai Airport when he was flying back from the Middle East. We have a small microwave oven in the corner. I make simple meals and coffee late at night. I'm a bit of a night owl. On the table there's my computer. I'm a bit of a computer fan so I have lots of toys like a scanner that I don't really need. I don't play computer games, though! Next to the computer there's my CD player, which really is important to me. I play everything from Vivaldi to Bjork but I do like rock music, played loudly. All around the walls you can see my past. I never throw anything away. You can see certificates I got when I was at school on the walls and a lot of my and my friends pictures.
How to improve an old private house (1.2.1) When my family moved into our present house, it was a little better than a slum, completely unfurnished apart from a few bits and pieces which the former occupant had either forgotten to or - more likely - decided not to take with her. (These included an enormous sideboard that weighed a ton, a chest of drawers with its only remaining door hanging off, an ugly bookcase with all its panes of glass cracked, and a broken nineteenth-century piano stool.) The floors then were just bare boards with one or two mats and strips of lino. We now have fitted carpets in every room except the bathroom (where we have special longlasting tiles), and the kitchen (polished parquet floor), plus several sheepskin rugs in the reception rooms. On arrival, we found most of the interior decorated with faded, flowerypatterned wallpaper, peeling at the picture rail. We have 23
Uni t 1. Speaking
painted throughout in magnolia (windows and sills winered or stripped pine) except in the lounge. A few tasteful reproductions and a number of old prints (all expensively framed) are on the walls, along with some carefully selected posters in the children's rooms. My parents carried out numerous structural alternations, notably the conversion of the old garden shed into a second bathroom, complete with bath, basin and w.e. (lambswoolcovered lavatory seat and press-button flush) and the extension of the conservatory to make a sun lounge - with window seats all around it - leading on to the newly-laid patio. The roof, meanwhile, has been completely renovated, slates giving way to tiles, double glazing has been fitted on all windows, and the old fireplaces have been blocked up, except in the lounge which has retained its grate and mantelpiece for the old-world image it creates. In terms of heating, we have graduated from electric fires to gas fires, convector heaters and storage heaters and recently to full gas-fired central heating with extra-large boiler and double radiators, each with its own thermostatic control. We have also made dramatic improvements in the kitchen. The old installations were ripped out last year and in their place came: a new sink unit with mixer tap and double drainer, a line of smart cupboards all along one wall and two rows of shelves along the other, a split-level cooker, eyelevel grill, double oven. Upstairs, the old iron double bed we inherited has been replaced by elegant twin beds with interior-sprung mattresses and continental quilts (duvets), of course. My brother and I have recently moved out of our bunk beds into single beds in separate rooms; these have been specially equipped with a desk, blackboard and easel, and toy chest. All bedrooms have built-in wardrobes now and our mother has her own personal dressing table. All our (new) parents' friends say we have done a wonderful job on our property. 24
Dialogues and Monologues
(B) Interpersonal Communication (in family, between friends and acquaintances) 1.1. Dialogue Greetings, starting forms of conversation (1.1.1) A: Good morning B: Good morning. How are you today? A: Just fine, thanks. How are you? B: Wonderful. Things couldn't be better.
A: B: A: B: A: B: A: B:
Telling the time (1.1.1) Excuse me. Can you tell me the time, please? Yes, of course. It's seven o'clock. Thank you. No problem. What time is it? It's half past three. Thanks. You're welcome.
***
Speaking about one's age and inviting to the birthday party (1.1.2) Amy: How old are you, Philip? Philip: I'm twenty years old. But I'm going to be twenty-one on August 5th. Amy: That's next Friday! What are you going to do? Philip: Katherine is going to take me to a restaurant. Amy: Nice!!! Is she going to order a birthday cake? Philip: Probably. And the waiters are probably going to sing "Happy Birthday" to me. It's so embarrasingl!! Amy: Oh, I bet it's going to be fun. 25
Unit 1. Speaking
Philip: I don't know. I hope so. When's your birthday, Amy? Amy: It's in September. Philip: September what? Amy: September seventeenth. Philip: And are you going to be twenty-one? Amy: I'm twenty-one now. I'm going to be twenty-two. Philip: Oh. So do you have any plans? Amy: Well, my birthday is on a Saturday this year, so I'm going to have a party. And, of course, I'm going to invite you and Katherine. Can you come? Philip: Well, I think I can. And Katherine can probably come, too.
Two friends are speaking about Phil's girlfriend (1.1.2) Mat: What's your new girlfriend like? Phil: Katherine? Well, she's good at languages. M at: Can she speak Spanish? Phil: She knows how to speak Spanish and Japanese. Mat: Wow!!! Phil: And she's good at sports, too. She can play tennis and basketball. Mat: That's terrific!!! Phil: But there's one thing she's not good at. Mat: What's that? Phil: She's not good at remembering things. We have a date, and she's an hour late! A girl invites her boyfriend to have a dinner with her family (1.1.2) Ann: If you are not too busy, come one evening and have dinner with us. I'll introduce you to all my people. Nick: Is your family large? Ann: Yes, our family is quite a big one. There are eight of us. I have two sisters and three brothers. Nick: Are your sisters as pretty as you are? 26
Dialogues and Monologues
Ann: Oh, they are both prettier than I am. Ruth is the prettiest girl I know. They both have long fair hair, but Ruth's hair is longer and fairer than Margaret's. Margaret is fatter than Ruth. She doesn't like you to say she is fat; and we tell her she will get thinner when she gets older. Nick: Tell me about the others in your family, Ann. Ann: Well, the youngest and the smallest one is Fred; he is the baby of the family. He is only four. Then there are Hans and Peter, the twins. They are thirteen, and they are so like each other that people can hardly tell one from the other. Sophie is planning a birthday party and invites her friend Mona (1.1.3) Mona: Hello! Sophie: Hi, Mona! It's Sophie. Mona: Hi, Sophie. What are you doing? Sophie: Well, I'm planning my birthday party. I want to have a party on Sunday afternoon. Can you come? Mona: Oh, I'm going to my grandmother's on Sunday. Sophie: Oh, no. What about Saturday? Mona: Saturday. On Saturday I'm playing tennis. Sophie: Oh, no. When are you free? M ona: Well, Friday is fine. Sophie: OK. We can have the party then. Mona: Of course. Sophie: Good. See you at school. Bye. Sophie: Bye.
A: B: A: B: A: B:
One friend invites another to go on a hike (1.1.3) Hi. I'm glad I ran into you. Why? What's up? How'd you like to go on a hike this weekend? All weekend? Well, just Saturday and Sunday. I'm not sure I can be gone all weekend. I promised to help my sister on Saturday. 27
Unit 1. Speaking
A: How about Sunday, then? We could start early in the
morning. B: I might be able to do that. Tell you what. Let me check,
and I'll call you at home tonight. A: Great! I'll talk to you later. B: So long.
Two boys are speaking about their acquaintances' behavior (1.1.4) Ben: Tom and Nick are very difficult to work with. Ted: Are they? Why? Ben: Because they are sometimes very absent-minded and Tom never keeps his word. Ted: You seem to be too cruel to him. Ben: Why should I? Three friends are speaking about their acquaintances' behavior (1.1.4) A: Have you met Nick? B: I think so, but I don't remember what he looks like. A: He's a most unusual person. B: What do you mean by unusual? c: You'll understand when you see him. B: You mean it's his physical appearance? A: Not exactly. There's a certain way that he has of speaking and choosing his words that's unique. But that's not what I'm talking about. C: That's part of it. But it goes beyond speech. I guess it's what some people call "charisma." B: Oh, that. Now I know what you're talking about. I'm just full of it! A: Ha, ha. Big joke! Saying good bye (1.1.5) A: The time has come to say goodbye. B: So soon. It seems as if you just got here. 28
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A: I feel that way, too, but all good things must come to an end, they say. B: It certainly has been a pleasure seeing you again and renewing old memories. A: I've had a delightful time and I really appreciate your spending so much time showing me the sights. B: Oh. It was fun for me, too. It gave me a chance to get away from my routine and do something a little bit different. A: You'll be out to see us next year, then, as you promised? B: Oh, yes. Unless something catastrophic comes up, that's our present plan. We should be there some time early in October. A: We'll be expecting you.
1.2. Monologue Why we need friends in our life (1.2.1, 1.2.2) Why do we need friends in our life? Because it is the fact that we live! Nobody here on earth lives alone! Everybody needs somebody to share his feelings, his works, his happiness and all of it! Friends come with friendship - they are the channel of love and affection. Friends are like child's heart which doesn't know wrong thoughts. When there is a friend with us we feel secure, happy, huge support, and comfortable which you can't get from others. Now let's strike the core question for today.... Why we need friendships? The only relationship which isn't related to blood is friendship. Friendship has many forms and shapes. It is like water. If we pour the water into a jug, it takes the shape of the jug. If you pour the same water into a bowl, it takes the 29
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shape of the bowl. Same way friendship will take a different shapes and sizes according to our heart. Friendship gives pleasure to human beings. Where there is friendship then there will not be any sorrow. When you see a child laughing, you will forget your sorrows for a second, same way when you are with a friend you forget your sorrows. A friendship saves life. Trusted true friendship never let us down. It helps a lot to make friends to come up from the situation. Friendships never expect anything in return for all its offering. It saves life without looking into situation. Here's what I feel we need friends for: to play, to quarrel, to share, to help, to trouble, to tease, to support. To summarize, I define friendship or friends as trust/ understanding and I believe that we in our lives need someone whom we can trust or someone who believes in us. It is not just sharing joy and sorrow and helping each other but it's a big responsibility to know that person and understand his/ her feelings and moreover to trust them and believe in them. You can't become friends with a person in a month or so. It may take months and even years to know that person and to trust him/her. It is the sign of maturity and moreover some way or another our life depends on it.
My best friend (1.2.1) My best friend's name's Nick. We go to school together. We have been friends for 5 years already, since he came to our school. Some people say that we look alike but I don't think so. Nick has blue eyes and fair hair, while my eyes are brown and I'm dark-haired. Nick wears spectacles. He is a nice guy. He is very honest and just, understanding and kind. I trust him a lot, and I'm sure that I can rely on him in any situation. He never lets people down. Nick is only 19, but he is very responsible - he finishes whatever he starts. He's got only one shortcoming. He is a bit stubborn; nevertheless he is pleasant to deal with. 30
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We spend a lot of time together. We often watch video or listen to music. Sometimes we go to the theatre, or walk around the centre of the city, visiting small cafes, museums, art galleries, and shops. We talk for hours about all sorts of things (politics, love, teachers, and girls). We discuss films, television programmes, books. He is very witty and amusing and he always cheers me up when I am depressed because he has a wonderful sense of humor. I think his only fault is that he is restless and gets bored easily. I never quarrel with Nick. But if there is some misunderstanding between us, we try to make peace as soon as possible. What I like best about him is that he is always willing to help and share his knowledge, thoughts, and feelings. I respect him for his fairness, strong will, intellect, and modesty. I miss Nick when we don't see each other for a long time. Without him I would feel lonely and uncomfortable. Our friendship helps me feel strong and sure of myself.
Family relationships (1.2.1) The family is a mirror of the larger society of which it is a part. As societies change, so do families.
What makes parents good? A good parent really cares about children and does things in the best interests of his kids. A good parent knows what it's like to be a teenager and sees a viewpoint of kids. They should support you in what you do and praise you for all the good things that you do. A good parent is someone who cares but who is strict and wants their children to be successful. Most teenagers think that there is a big difference between the roles of mother and father. A mother teaches her child right from wrong and manners. A father teaches a child to be strong and confident. 31
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Girls are more closer to their mothers but there can be some exceptions. Teenage girls ask their dads for advice about homework, but always prefer to discuss school, friends and life problems with their mothers. That's because they think their mothers are understanding and eager to help. Mostly teenagers ask their parents for advice, but sometimes when things are too personal they avoid doing that. The question "If you have your own children, what you will do differently from your own parents?" showed that teenagers think that their parents are too protective and strict to them. Many teenagers think that parenting skills should be taught in high schools. Too many young parents don't know the basics of parenting. Their kids at school are "messed up" and sometimes act very strange. Another point of view is that parenting isn't something you just learn at school or college. Some teenagers consider that parenting is something you learn when you have children, with the help of your parents.
Respect for elders Almost every culture shows some degree of respect for its elders. There is an own degree of respect for elders in each separate family. It depends on the results of the bringing up process.
Domestic violence Domestic (family) violence, the physical, sexual, or psychological abuse committed by one family member on another, was a largely taboo topic within sociology until the past quarter century. Recent studies have found family violence to be all too common. Domestic violence can be perpetrated by adults toward children, by one spouse against another, among siblings, and occasionally by adult children against elderly parents. 32
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My family relationship Despite the fact that our family is not so big (I mean that we live separately from my father's or mother's parents and I have not any sister or brother, only cousins), we try to build our relationship both in terms of old and modern morality. I want to stress on the fact that no one of our close or distant relatives is forgotten on his or her birthday, we are used to sending greeting cards and letters on each good occasion and can expect to get the same greetings. My parents teach me that family is not only people you live with in the house or flat. They are very hospitable and I like it because not only they but I can have a possibility to invite my friends to our house. They are really interested in my school and everyday life. My parents are acquainted with all my friends and always allow me to go with them anywhere, because they trust us. I respect my parents and they know that I can be relied on. That's why they don't punish me; I mean that there is no violence or other means to influence in non-pedagogical way. We are all human beings who can use verbal communication to come to an agreement. And I don't remember any situation when I didn't have a voice in such negotiations. My grandparents are not very old but I can admit that my parents try to help them in everything despite whose mother or father needs help. They are family in all. However, our grandparents are still sure that it is no use helping them in every situation. It is typical of old and we understand it, but know that we must help them at any rate. I have a lot of cousins, and it is a tradition in our family to be on good terms with them and their children. My cousins are older than me and each of them has a child. It is a great happiness for me to play with them. I am very proud they wait for me impatiently. I suppose that our family relationships can be regarded as a so-called model of a good co-existence of people belonging to different generations. 33
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(r) Health and Healthcare
1.1. Dialogue Paul is visiting his dentist (1.1.1, 1.1.2) Paul: Good morning, Doctor. One of my front teeth is working loose, and there is a tooth at the back that wants treatment. Dentist: I am very sorry, but I'm afraid you'll have to have the front tooth out. Has the other one been very troublesome? Paul: Yes, on and off for the last few weeks, but today the pain seems to be easier. Dentist: Does this tooth hurt you when I touch it like that? Paul: No, it doesn't. Dentist: Then you must have the bad tooth stopped before the nerve gets exposed.
Paula had a great time at the beach, but she was burnt to a crisp because she forgot to put sunscreen on (1.1.2) Martha: How did Annet like her first time at the beach? Paula: She had a great time. She really enjoyed making sand castles. Martha: When did you come home? Paula: I guess we got home about 3:00. We spent good 6 hours there. Martha: That's a long time! Did Annet get burned? Paula: No, unlike myself, I slathered her in sunscreen. She didn't even turn brown. Martha: But you look like you got burnt to a crisp. Paula: You got that right! Next time, I guess I ought to remember to put sunscreen on, too! 34
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Steve doesn/t seem to have enough sleep. He's been under great pressure recently (1.1.2) Sydney: Steve, you look pale. What happened? Steve: I didn't sleep a wink last night. Sydney: Did you have something on your mind? You look so concerned! May be I can help you. Steve: Well, I'm under a lot of pressure. My boss is very pushy. He assigned me three projects. Now the deadlines are near and I still haven't finished all of my projects. Sydney: Is there anything I can do to help you? Steve: Well, I guess no one can help me but myself. For the moment, I just need someone to talk to so that I can relieve my stress.
Speaking about one's health (1.1.2, 1.1.4) A: What's the latest news about Sam? B: I talked to him last night on the phone, and he said he's feeling a little better. c: How long has he been in the hospital now? B: Nearly ten days. A: He was really sick. The doctors thought he was going to die. C: I guess he's pretty tough. B: He is, but he also got excellent care. The nurses were just super, and his family doctor gave him a lot of special attention. A: Some of these modern drugs can perform miracles, I guess. B: That and the expert care he received pulled him through. C: Does he have any idea when he'll be able to go back to work? B: He's not certain, but the doctor is saying, now, that it might be another three weeks. A: It is sure will be good to see old Sam back on the job again. I really miss him. C: Yeah. So do I. 35
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George feels ill today. He has got a headache and a sore throat. Their family doctor Mr. Jacobs comes in an hour (1.1.5) Doctor: Good morning. What's wrong with George? What
are his complaints? M ary: He slept badly. He has a terrible headache and a sore throat. We are afraid he is starting a cold or flu. Doctor: Any cough? Mary: No, not yet. Doctor: Let me examine the boy. Open your mouth, George. Show me your tongue. Say, "Ah." Mary: What's the matter with him, doctor? Doctor: Just a moment. He has a bad cold, Mrs. Brown, so he must stay in bed for a week. Mary: That's good news for George. Doctor: Good news? Why? Mary: Because he doesn't like school. Doctor: I see. Don't give the boy rich food. He can drink warm milk and tea, and I suggest that you give him something for his headache and sore throat. Mary: Will you write out a prescription? Doctor: Here it is. Let him take the medicine three times a day. You can buy it at the nearest chemist's. Mary: Is that all? Doctor: He is running a temperature. See that he doesn't go out at least for a week. I'll call on you in the evening. In case he feels worse, I'll make an injection. Mary: Why can't you make it right now? Doctor: Let him take some medicine first. George: Is the injection very painful? Doctor: Not at all. You won't feel anything. If you follow my advice, you'll recover quite soon.
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1.2. Monologue Let's go to the doctor (1.2.1) There is a well-known English proverb "An apple a day keeps a doctor away". But, despite the fact that one tries to do his best in keeping fit sometimes doctor is urgently needed. It happens if you have a headache, toothache, backache, stomachache or earache, if you have a sore throat, eye or finger, if you feel pain in any part of your body or if it hurts you to move. First of all you have to turn to your physician. The doctor examines you, in other words he feels your pulse, sounds your chest, heart and lungs, tests your blood pressure. The only thing you should do is to follow his directions. Otherwise a slight ailment can develop into an incurable malady. I recollect the accident, which happened to my best friend Peter. He fell of the stairs, hit his head and knocked himself unconscious. His mother called an ambulance but Peter was still unconscious when it arrived. He was rushed to hospital where they kept him for two days for blood tests. He was suffering from concussion and had to have some stitches for a large cut on the side of his head, but fortunately it was nothing more serious than that. My friend Paul was playing football. The players were running for the same ball and collided. The next day his eye was really swollen and he had a terrible bruise on his head. He made an appointment to see the doctor. My friend Ann had a terrible toothache, so she made an appointment to see the dentist. He had a look at the tooth and decided that she needed a filling. The cavity was a big one, so he had an injection first. Afterwards it felt so much better. Nowadays medicine is developing very fast and almost every disease can be cured at the initial stage, that's why we need to visit doctor's office regularly. 37
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The fundation for good health (1.2.1) In the second half of the 20th century, good health is accepted as normal by most people who live in developed countries. This has resulted partly from improved standards of parental and child care and hygiene, partly from better educational methods and communication. Unfortunately, many people take good health for granted and fail to treat their bodies with sufficient care and consideration. One of the first duties we owe to ourselves is to keep our bodies in perfect health. If our body suffers from any disorder, our mind suffers with it, and we are unable to make much progress in knowledge, and we are unfit to perform those duties which are required of us in social life. There are certain laws of health which deserve particular attention and they are so simple that even a child can learn them. A constant supply of pure fresh air is indispensable to good health. To secure this, nothing impure should remain either within or near our homes, and every room in the house especially the bedrooms, should be properly ventilated every day. Perfect cleanliness is also essential. The whole body should be washed as often as possible. The skin is full of pores, cells, blood vessels and nerves. It "breathes" the way the lungs do. Therefore it should always be clean. Besides its importance to health, there is a great charm in cleanliness. We like to look at one who is tidy and clean. If the skin is kept clean, the teeth thoroughly brushed, the hair neatly combed, and the finger-nails in order, we feel pleased with the person, even though his (her) clothes may be coarse and many times mended. A certain amount of exercise is necessary to keep the body in perfect condition. All the powers (mental and bodily) we possess are strenthened by use and weakened by disuse. Therefore labour and study should succeed each other. The best way of getting exercise is to engage in some work that 38
Dialogues and Monologues is useful and at the same time interesting to the mind. It is most essential for the old and the young to do morning exercises with the windows wide open in your room or, if possible, in the open air. Remember that exercises warm, invigorate and purify the body. Rest is also necessary to the health of both body and mind. The best time for sleep is during the darkness and stillness of the night. Late hours are very harmful to the health as they exhaust the nervous system. We should go to bed early and get up early. It is a good rule to "rise with the lark and go to bed with the lark". Most essential to our body is food. Our body is continually wasting, and requires to be repaired by fresh substance. Food, which is to repair the loss, should be taken with due regard to waste of the body. Be moderate in eating. If you eat slowly, you will not overeat. Never swallow your food wholesale - you are provided with teeth the purpose of chewing your food - and you will never complain of indigestion. We should abstain from everything that intoxicates. The evils of intemperance, especially of alcohol, are too well known. Intemperance excites bad passions and leads to quarrels and crimes. Alcohol costs a lot of money, which might be used for better purposes. The mind is stupefied by drink and the person who drinks will, in course of time, become unfit for his duties. Both health and character are often ruined. Thus we must remember that moderation in eating and drinking, reasonable hours of labour and study, regularity in exercise, recreation and rest, cleanliness and many other essentials lay the foundations for good health and long life.
Community health is a way to personal health (1.2.1) Community medicine's prime concern is to prevent disease. For this purpose some communal health responsibilities are 39
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introduced. Among them one can name controlling housing standarts and the maintenance of public hygiene, health screening or the elimination of sources of infection. People everywhere need a constant supply of clean water for drinking, cooking, and washing. It is collected from natural resources and stored in reservoirs. Then it is purified and distributed for public usage. Constant checks are carried out at all stages to see that no contamination occurs. Children, adults, and animals are vaccinated against disease according to the principle established by the British doctor, Edward Jenner, in 1796. He discovered that people who had been given cowpox were protected against smallpox. Nowadays babies are usually vaccinated against poliomyelitis, diphtheria, measles and mumps. Hygienic controls are introduced at all stages of food production. Such controls are obligatory in many countries. Foodprocessing factories, hotels, and restaurants are regularly inspected for the presence of rats, mice, and standards of hygiene. During manufacture, processed foods may be enriched with substances that benefit health, particularly vitamins and, minerals. Iron and other minerals are added to bread and cereal foods, and glucose is sometimes added to drinks and candies. A balanced diet containing the basic food types - proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals and fluids - is essential for personal health. Research shows that communities with a diet containing a large proportion of fish suffer less from heart disease, high blood pressure. A balanced diet is one consisting of small amount of meat, fish, eggs, dairy products, fruit and vegetables, grains, nuts, and seeds. Another important thing in keeping community health is medical service. In many countries schoolchildren are tested for tuberculosis. Chest radiography is available if necessary to check for tuberculosis, lung cancer, and chronic chest infection. Women are advised to have regular tests to examine their breasts for lumps. Mothers are encouraged to 40
Dialogues and Monologues
take their babies and children to clinics at special centers to be examined properly. The importance of personal hygiene is accepted in nearly all countries of the world. Personal hygiene includes washing the hands after visiting the wash-room and before preparing or eating food. There are certain preventive 11 leasures that most people can take against disease - and some which depend upon their availability. Society must also incourage its citizens in having different forms of exercises to avoid excess weight and keep the heart and blood vessels healthy. The most typical types of them are swimming, skiing, racket games, dancing, cycling, walking, and jogging. Exercise is an excellent way of combating the ill effects of stress. To put it into a few words, principal aids to personal health are eating a balanced diet, taking regular exercises, learning to relax, keeping oneself, family, and home as clean as possible, avoiding smoking, drugs, and large dozes of alcohol.
Problems with weight: modern approach (1.2.1) Obesity is defined as a body weight more than 20 per cent above the norm for one's height and build. There are many factors that regulate hunger and eating. Why do some people become obese? An important factor in obesity is the body's set point, which reflects the amount of fat stored in the body. Though fat cells can increase in number and can increase or decrease in size, they cannot decrease in number. Once you have fat cells, they are yours forever. This means that obese people can lose weight only by shrinking the size of their fat cells. Because this inducesconstant hunger, it is difficult to maintain weight loss for an extended period of time. Another important factor in obesity is the basal metabolic rate, the rate at which the body burns calories just to keep itself alive. Basal metabolic rate typically accounts for 65 to 41
Unit 1. Speaking
75 per cent of the calories that your body ingests. This might explain why one of your friends can ingest a milkshake, two hamburgers, and a large order of French fries, yet remain thin, while another gains weight by habitually ingesting a diet cola, hamburger without a bun, and few French fries. Your first friend might have a basal metabolic rate high enough to burn a large number of calories; your second friend might have a basal metabolic rate too low to burn even a modest number of calories. Keeping diet and making physical exercises can help in solving the problem of a low metabolical rate, but it should a rational and well-balanced process. Nowadays there are more and more cases when dieting becomes dying. Renay, who is now 18, says her problem started when she was 14. She says, "I decided to go on diet because my best friend was much thinner then me. She was also very popular. I thought if I lost weight, people would like me more confidence." Renay's diet worked. She lost weight and people told her she looked good so she lost even more weight. She didn't want to stop until she was happy with her body. She was used to missing meals and saying she had eaten when she hadn't. She had seen very skinny fashion models in magazine like Vogue and she wanted to be like them. She became obsessed, started hating her body and starving herself until she became seriously ill. Fashion magazines deny that they are being irresponsible. Vogue's editor said girls got anorexia because they suffered from a low opinion of themselves. He blamed their friends and family for not supporting them enough. It might be true that in some cases, severe dieting is a cry for attention or help but seeing thin models doesn't help. Watch company Omega decided that they did not want to advertise in a magazine that promoted anorexia so they told Vogue they would not use them any more. Since than, Vogue has used one model who was not built like a matchstick and Omega have started advertising in Vogue again. Is one girl enough? 42
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Many modeling agencies have told girls who are already very under-weight to lose a lot more weight. Lucy had anorexia when she was 15. She weighted just 41 kilograms and was waiting to go into hospital to be treated for her anorexia when two agencies told her she was the right weight to model. She says "It was ridiculous. I looked like a ghost or my skin was terrible and my eyes had sunk into my face." Many girls believe that they will be more attractive to boys if they are thinner. British comedian Alan Davies thinks it is crazy. He says, "When I was in college I don't remember anyone saying "Let's go into the biology lab and find that skeleton - she's so pretty!"