T-
A.B.BecnaJIOB
CEBEPHAfl BOHHA
K a p n XII n umeflCKafl OT KoneHrareua flo FlepeeonoHHOM 1700-1709
MocKBa «PeÖTap» 1998
B5K 68.51 B-53
BecnanoB Ane«caHAP BMKTOPOBHH B-53 CesepHafl BOMHa. Kapn XII n umeACKafl flyib OT KoneHrarena AO riepeBonoHHOM. 1700-1709. M., TOO «Pem-ap», 1998. 48 c., nnn. flupeKïop MSAaHMfl - Tananoe A.M. KoMnbKDTepHaa BepcTKa - Moconoe C.A., FlfiomKUH r.Jl. XyAO>KHMK (u,BeTHbie nnaHLueibi) - Fopdeee H.A. «Pewiap», 103051, MocKBa, a/fl 116. IIP NQ064237 OT 16.09.96 r. B nenaTb 10.01.98. OopiviaT 60x90/8. Tnpa>K 1000 sKseivinnapoB. OTnenaTaHO c opurnnan-iviaKeTa B Ti/inorpacjDMM «FlonnnpuHT», MocKBa.
3T3 KHura nocBHineHa öoeBoiï n noxoAHoi/i >KMSHM n Ae^TenbHOCTn OAHOFO us nonKOBOAMes XVIII seKa - Kopojia LUßeLjHM Kapna XII M ero apivinn. HaM BnepBbie npeAOCTasneHa BO3Mo>KHOCTb noApoÖHO paccKasaTb MUTaTenw o Ka>KAOM mare conAaT Kapna XllVio AopöraM CesepHOM BOMHW (1700-1721 rr.). 3TO nepsoe nsAaHne MS Tpex KHnr cepnn «Kapn XI! M LUBeACKaa apivma» n oxsaTbiBaeT nepnoA CKOM KOMaHMM AO KanMTynf^MM noA flepesonoHHOM B MK>ne 1709 KHMra paccMMTaHa na LUMPOKMM Kpyr
© «Pem-ap», 1998. ISBN 5-8067-0002-X
fleadu,amb OÔUH sod (1700-1721 88.) dnunacb BenuKdfj Ceeepnan eouna luexdy Koanuu,ueü 8ocydapcme (Poccun, flanun, HonbCKO-CaKcoHCKoe Koponeecmeo) u LUeeu,ueü sa npeoönadanue' na EanmuKe. 3muM coöbimufiM nocexmena ne oöna mbicma waywb/x paöom u uccnedoeanuü. OônaKO, do eux nop, neKomopbie cmopoHbi denmenbHOcmu Kapna XII u 630 apMuu ne oceemeHbl e ome^ecmeennoù numepamype. KaK pyccKue maK u coeemcKue ucmopuKU ydennnu Mano eHUMQHUH usy-tenuK) LueedcKOU apMuu Kapna XII, ee opsaHU3au,uu, öoeeoü u maKmuvecKOÜ nodsomoeKe. Kpaüne Mano u npomueopevueo oceemenbi deücmeun uieedcKOÜ apMuu e flonbuue u HpuöanmuKe e 1701-1706 88, na VKpaune e 1708-1709 33. riosmoMy, onupaacb e OCHOSHOM na ujeedcxue ucmoKbe npojiMBa KarreraT. Ho BecTdpanbCKOMy MMpy, 3aKniO4eHHOMy HSKonen B 1648 r. we>KAy Waei^eM, Opani^MeM, HwinepweM M ApyrMMM Aep>KaßaMM, LUsei^nfl noBCKD SanaAHyio flon/iepaHMio c ropOAOM OAH3KO C MOM6HTa MSÖpaHMfl H3 pyCCKMM B ycTbe OAepa M c ocrposawiM Pioren, JlMBOHMM, HapBbl M B MHnflHAMM. Ho TassMHCKOMy MMpnoMy AoroBopy 1595 r. npecTon MMxaMna (DeAOpOBMna Powianoßa MBonnMH, APyroM 6anTMMCKMM nopT — (1613-1645 rr.), pyccKoe HaceneHne passepnyBMCwiap (B MeicneH6ypre), BnaAenun B cesepoujseAbi BOSspaiMJiM POCCMM 5lM, MsaH-ropoA, no liiMpoKyro napTM3aHCKyiO;6opb6y npoTMB MHKonopbe M Kopeny. OAHaKO mseACKMe npasMTepManuM, na peKe Besep — 6biBTepseHTOB. enncKoncTBa Bpewien M «DepAen. KpyrM He ocTaBna/iM naAe>KAbi B 1615 r. Koponb TycTas II AAOnbdp (1611saKpenMibca na BaniMKe., C STOM TaKMM oopasoM uiBeACKMM Koponb cTan HO1632 rr.) npeAnpMH^n nocneAHiOK) nonwTKy MMHsnbHbiM neHHMKOM PepMaHCKoro MMnepSTO) LUsei^MSi eine B1592 r. sciynMna B yAep>K3Tb HosropOACKMe seivinn. B asrycîe P3 M nonyHMji saKOHHyio BO3wo>KHOCTb ynacrMii c noJibweM. O6a KOponeBCTsa MMerm 1615 r. liiseACKaa apMMfl BO rnase c Koponewi B repwiaHCKMX Aenax. Kopo^a — CMrMSMyHAa l (CMrM3MyHfla III Ho/ibocaAMJia ricKOB. Bce nonbiTKM IUBBAOB BSHTb roCKOro) (1592-1604 rr). 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noM nonbCKOPi KasanepMM. «BoiÏHa LilBei^MM c flaHMeiï (1611-1613 rr.) saKOHHMnacb Tsi>KenbiM Ana UJEBAOB MMPOM, cneACTBM6M KOTOporo Sbino rocnoflCTBO flaman na Ba/iTMKe. Plopa>KeHMe noA I~ICKOBOM aBM/iocb BTOPOM «BoeHHOM ujKonoM» TyciaBa AAonbcpa, MSBecTHoro anocneACTBMM nonKOBOAu,a B Eapone»12. MiweHHO SIM HOpa>KeHMa nocjiy>KMnn Ana KOpojia TonMKOM K pedpopiuie soeHHoro Aena. TycraB AAOJibcp npOAon>Kan noriMTMKy CBOMX npeALuecTBeHHMKOB, nonwTMKy coAeMCTBna pasBMTMto BHeiiJHeui Toprosnin M saxsaia ycibes peK, BnaAaroinnx B BaniMMCKoe Mope, flna ocymecTBJieHMa TaKOü nonMTMKM HeoSxoAMMO 6uno cosAaib 6onbLuyio apn/iMio»13. Koponb npMCiynaei K COSASHMIO apMMM, rAe ponb OTBOAwica IUBSACKHM BOMHCKMM
CxeMbi nocmpoeHua uieedcxoü ópusadbi e 1617-1680 zz. TycraB l Basa (1523-1560 rr.) — nepsbiü KOponb HOBOÜ A^HacTun, BoujeALUUM Ha npecTon, nocne MHOroneTHew 6opb6u niBeACKoro napofla
33 HeSaBMCMMOCTb C AaiCKO-HOpBe>KCKMMM
He pacno/iaran AOcrraTO'HHbiMM /\nn BOMHbl CI/IJiaMM M CpMHaHCaMM. OCHOBy
ujBeACKOVi apwiiiiM nepeoü MeisepiM XVI B. npeAcraBJiano onormeHne ABOP^H. M KpecTbflH-co6CTB6HHMKOB, BblCTaBnfleMblX n6HaMM.
KpOM6
TOTO, B KoponescKoü Kasne He 6bino cpeflcrs AJiJi coflep>KaHna apMMM. CosAanne pery/wpHoiï cpnoia ciarm OAHOM us rnasHbix 33A3M rycrasa I. npoB/iewia ara 6bma nacyinHovi M >KM3H6HHo
K 1555 r. Mncno IUBSACKUX co/iAai-KHexroB AocTurno 17 Tbicfw, MTO Ana ctonb HeSonbiuoro KOponescTsa — i^ncppa onenb snaMHTeribHasi. OrpOMHOe BHUManne yAe^aerca cosAaHuro BOeHHo-MopCKoro dp/iota. K KOHLty i^apciBOBaHiw ' Tycrasa l, «liiseACKHM cpnoi cocioan MS 4 KpynHWX, 17 cpeAHnx M 27 wanwx KOpa6nevi»11. TaKMM oöpasoM MH BMAMM, HTO Tycrasy l Base B nepnoA ero LKeHHblX CMn M KOWiaHflHblX
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BoeHHaa yrposa co cropOHbi flannn, noAseprana COMH6HMK) cawo cyinecTBOBanne Moro iiiBeACKoro KOponesciBa. HposeASHue KomppecpopMaLjuM M ™e LUseLinePi nurrepaHCTBa Aanu Kopo/iKi neo6xoAMMbie cpeflCTBa flna cosflaHMfl apwinu M tpjioTa, n6o see nMymecTBO M sewrin
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apwMfl npMHswia na raKTMHecKoe noc-rpoenne. CornacHO UJB6ACKMM ycraBaw nexora crpoMnacb cjieAyiomMM ,o6pa30M: nMKMHepu pacnojiaranwcb B ^eHTpe nocrpoeHMfl B 6 ujepenr, MyoJKerepbi oopasoBbiBariM cpnanrM nocipoeHMa rnyOMHOM B TpM luepenrn, MTO nossonsino MaKCMManbHo MCno/ibsoBaTb ornecTpe/ibHoe opy>KMe. O6a BMAa nexoTbl MMSJIM npMiwepno OAMHBKosyro MMcneHHOCTb (npM nocipoeHMM B 6arajibOHe Sbino 192 nMKMHepa M 216 MyuJKerepos). Macib MyiuKeiepOB Koponb npMAasan KasanePMM flJia ee noAAep>KKM, a ApyrMX pasMeman B rapHMSonax. HeyAoSnbie M rpOMOSAKne p.m fleMCiBna B nMH6MHOM
Konuncmto naaxae cnptituftoct O6mtä HICJttHHQCMaM n»tomu u HtHHUnu •
3anae»us cotSam
ÖCHOBHOM TaKTMMeCKOM 6flMHMl^6M
Opaanu3ai4ua uiaedCKOü apMuu e XVII e. KOHTMHreHTawi. Ho saMbicny Tycrasa Aflo/ibcpa
ponePicKMX crpaH, B TOM MMcne M B LUseuuM, no-
OHM flOn>KHbl SblHM nOC.Tiy>KMTb OCHOBOM A-™ ap-
3BOJ1MJ1 KOpeHHblM o6p330M peOpraHM30B3Tb
MMM «HOBoro ïi/ina».
BOOpyweHHbie CMJIW KoponeBCTBa. Boopy>KeHMe nexoru B HaMane XVII seKa 6bmo ycosepiiieHCTBOBaHO. MyiuKeTu, c yMeHbujeHMeM KanM6pa, ôuriM oônerneHu. 3io no3BO.nMno PycraBy AflonbCpy yHMHTOKMTb coiuKy, TBK panée HeoöxoAMMyio nexoie. Kopoiib Bse/i 6ywa>KHbie naipoHN. TeM caMbiM 6bino coKpameHo speMa 3apa>KaHMsi M yse/iMMeH TBMH crpenb6bi: B^aroAapa aiowy B apMMM MSMBHMjiocb cooTHoiueHMe MyiiiKerepoB M nMKMHepoB. lilseACKMe nöriKM Ha 2/3 cociosinM M3 MyuiKeTe-
Cipana 6bi/ia paaflenena na 9 BoeHHbix OKpyroB. B Ka*A°M MS HMX cpopMMpoBajica 6onbLLJOM TeppMiopMajibHbiM norlK (Landsregimente). Ha TeppMTopMa/ibHbix HOJIKOB Ha6Mpa/iMcb n/ieHbiiJMe no nwcneHHOCTM noneswe HOJIKM — Faltregimente. floopOBonbHasi sep6oBKa conflaT ujseflCKOM apwMM Sbina socnoriHeHa perynnpHbiivi npwnyflMTeJlbHblM
peKpyTCKMM
HaÖOpOM.
C
3TOM
i^ejibio öbina nposeflena nepenMCb scero My>KCKoro HaceneHMa crapiue 15 nei: «...c KpecTbaH M 6roprepOB, oBpasoBariM HOe flAPO BOOpy>KeHHblX CMJl LLlBei^MM»14.
flna npMBneHeHMa na KoponescKyio c/iy>K6y ujBeflCKoro flsopflHCTBa B KaMecise Kopojib npeflociaBMJi ujMpoKMe M noriMTM^ecKne npMBMnerMM. Kpowe Toro, HenocpeflCTBeHHO B LLIsei^MM Bep6osa/iMCb nojiKM KOponescKOM rsapflMM M apTM/inepMM na nocro3HHOM OCHOB6. fle^b6pK)K
M PK3CTOB, paCCM3TpM-
saBLune B CBOMX ipyflax niBeflCKyro apwura roro nepMOfla: «MeHbiuyio 4acTb cociaBjianM liiseflbi; öojibiuyio — HeMHbi, aHrnMMane, cppani^y3bi. BoücKa KOn/inneKTOBajiMCb nocrosiHHO M3 3TMX eipan»15. OBpaSOM Mbl BMflMM, HTO UJBeflCKaSI
OTjiMManacb OT flpyrMx naewiHbix BOMCK T6M, 4TO MMejia HaL^MOHa/lbHOe flflpO M O(pMl4epCKMM COCTaS M3
flBOpflH-UJBeflOB.
TyciaB Afloiibdp BHMwiaTenbHO cneflMii sa BoeHHbiMM npeoöpaaoBaHMHMM B ApyrMX esponeücKnx CTpaHax, B nepsyio o^iepeflb B fonnaHAMM. MnorMe ujseACKMe ocpMuepw M renepanw npoiunn Goesyto BbiynKy noA SHaMenaMH MopM143 OpanCKOro, BeriMKoro no/iKOBOfli^a M npeo6pa30Baiena KOHI^B XVI — Havana XVII BB., MenoBetta, cocTasusujero nepsbiw crpoesoîi ycras HOBoro BpewieHM. PaSBMTMe TOBapHO-fleH6)KHblX OTHOUjeHMM, POCT 3KOHOMMM8CKOrO npOM3BOACTB3 B
8
KeiepCKMMM nomaMM. TBKMM oSpasowi, ponb nexoTbl, c noflBJieHweM 6onee ycosepiueHCTBOsaHHoro pyMHOro orHecipenbHoro opyxMa, pesKO BOSpacTaei. PnyooKMe nocipoeHMF TMna «MCnancKMx TBPUMM» craHOBflicn HeBbiroAHbiMM CTO4KM 3p6HMfl TaKTMKM M nOBblUJeHMfl ypOB-
öaianbOH 4eTbipexpOTHoro cociasa. B poie naCHMTbisajiocb: 48-54 nMKMHepoB, 54-82 MywKerepa M 18 sanacHwx co/iAai. TpM-Meibipe 6aiajibOHa npn nocipoeHUM Soesoro nopaAKa oSpaaosbiBa/iM 6pMraAy. BoeBOM nop^AOK 6pMraAbi COCTOFIJI MS 2-x JIMHMM: OAMH 6aianbOH cipomica enepeAM, a Asa BWMyuJKeiepbi M nuKMHepw pacnonaranncb TSK, MTOObl Ka>KflblM M3 BMAOB neXOTbl MOF
B3Tb ApyroM, o6pasyn nenpepbiBHyio flse nnHMM 6pMraA cociaB/isinM i^eHip 6oeBOTO nopSAKa. KasanepMa, snepen/ieiuKy c ne6onbUJMMM noApasflejieHMHMM MyiuKeiepOB, pacnonaranMCb na cpnaHrax 6oeBoro nopaflKa apwiMM. KasanepMfl T3K we, KBK M nexora 6bma nonHOCTbio.peopraHMSOBaHa. lilseACKafl KasanepMa MS Aparyn M" peüTapos (KMpacMpoß). BoopyweHMe öbino ynpasAHeHO, 4to o6ycnoBMno HM6 MX nOABM>KHOCTM.
KaBa/iepMa'iuBeACKoro Kopona crpoMnacb jiMLUb B TPM tuepeHFM, 4TO yse/iMMMBano CKOpoCTb M CMny KasanepMMCKOM
fluneüHoe nompoenue uieedcKoao 6amant,ona
OflHaxo, K3K npaen/ibHO orwewa/in HewenKM6 MCTOPMKM
POB, a HSKOTOpbie M3 HMX 6bl/lM L(enMKOM MyiU-
Hfl omesoM
nOCTpOSHMM ÖOnbUJMe nOnKM SblJlM
peopraHM3OBaHbi.,HMCJieHHOCTb nexoiHoro noriKa 6bina yMeHbiuena A° 1200-1400 HenoseK. rionK cocToan MS ipex ct>MpcpeHneMHOB.(6aTaribOHOB), Hac4MTbiBaBüJnx 576 nuKunepos M 648 MyuJKeiepoB. Ka>KAOMy nexoTHOMy nonKy npMAasa/iocb no Asa apïnnnepMMCKMX
TaKMM oopasoM MW BMAMM, 4to ooesoü noLuseACKOM apMMM cocToan M3 coHeiaHnsi nexoTHbix öpuraA, BbicTpansaBLunxcsi B ijenipe Kasanepnn, paswiemasujeMCfl na cpnanrax nexoTbi. rioriKOBasi aprujijiepufl pacnojiaranacb B MHTepsa/iax, a raxenasi M^M sanmviana cpnaHroBbie nosMUMM, nnn cocias/ia/ia apiunnepuiiCKMM peseps. HoBoeTaKTunecKoe nocrpoenne HOSBO/IM^O . ncnonbsosaTb B 6oK) Sonbiuoe MyiuKeroB M caöe/ib, v\ cppoHianbHbie yAapw. OAH3KO, xenanne MaKCHManbHO saib cnjiy nepBoro yAapa, KBK npasnno nniiiano KowiaHAyiomero BOSMO>KHOCTII BbiAejiaib peseps MS onaceHMSR oc/iaönib öoesyro JIMHUKI. sosMOXHOCTb sec™ Soesbie na nepece^eHHOM MectHOCTn, TSK KBK BbiTflHyBLuaa CBOM öoesbie nopnflKM B A-TlMHHbie J1MHMM, JlMUjanaCb BO3MO>KHOCTM M3-
nespa B HOAOÖHOM nocrpoennn. C BBeAenneM rinneunoi/i raKruKii pesKO B03pacTaraT TpeoOBanna K ypOBHio 6oesoPi M laKin^ecKOM noAroTOBKM Ka>KAoro conAaia, MTO B CBOKJ o4epeAb cny>KMT yKpennennio BOMHCKOM AMCi4nnjnnHbi. TyciaB AAO/ibCp ssen B apwinn o6fl3aTenbHyK> crpoesyro noAroioBKy, KOiopOM caw yAe/ian oco6oe BHUManne. MncneHHocïb perynapHOü apwun npn fycTase AAonbcpe Aocinrna 70 TWCSM ^enoseK.17 CoAep>KaHiie Kpynnow peryjiapnoü apwun Tpe6oBano COSASHMS L|eHTpann30BaHHOM cncreivibi ee cna6>KeHMfl. fl/ia oôecne^enufl peryJlflpHOCTM CHaOXeHlIH BOMCK COSABBa/lUCb CKna-
Abi cpypa>Ka M npoÀOBOJibCTBi/ia a TaioKe o6ecne4MBajiacb CBoespeMennafl AociasKa npoBMania B BonncKne MBCTM. TaK nonsunucb Sasbi M Hopivia BbiAaHM AOBonbciBvw B cyiKM Ha OAHoro ^enoBeKa cocroana MS 800 r xne6a M 400 r MHCa. CyT04H3fl A3M3 H3 JlOlUaAb COCTaBJlSJia
0UHCKUÜ peümap Kapna XI, 1675-1696 zs. «... fycraB Aflonbcp Bbieen MS npaicrMKM KaBanepMM crpenboy, craBiuyio K'rowiy AJifl nocneflHeü M3Jiio6neHHbiM cnocoooM HMfl 6oa; OH npMKaabisan CBoeM KOHHMtje aiaKOB3Tb Ha nojiHOM cKBKy n c najiaujoM B pyKe»16 Kasanepusq cocTosuia MS HOJIKOB B 512-528 KonePi. nonK cocToan MS neibipex SCKBAPOHOB no 125 HenoeeK. Ka>KAbiM scKaflpon COCTOHJI MS 46TblpeX B3BOAOB (KOpHSTOB).
Apjunnepufl niBeflCKOü apMMM TaioKe noflBeprnacb KopeHHOiï peopraHM3ai4MM. Ona crana noApasflermibCfl Ha nomosyio M nonesyio. B CBOK5 OMepeflb no/iesaa apTM/uiepMsi 6wna paana nerKyra M Tawenyio. nojiKOBaa ap— flBa4-x cpynroBbix opyflun npw KaxKeHna n conpOBCDKflann ee npn HacrynjieHMM. TnjKenbie opyflusi, csefleHHbie B ABe-ipw 6aiapen, o6bNHo cneflyiou4MM o6pasoM: 6arape» B Ha-cJjnaHrax. PlpuMeHJincfl M peseps.
LUeedcKuü nexomunen, 1696-1712 s. 2,5 KP oBca HJIM 1,6 Kr HHwieHH, 4 KF cena M CO^OMU. Pacnonaraa npeKpacno noAroTOB/ieHHOM B 3cTJiflHAMM, JlMCpnflHAMM, HnrepMaH^aHAHM M apMMeü, rycras II AAO/ibcp /\o6v\nca Kpynnwx KapenMM, HTO Bbissano CM/ibHbiM npoiecr OCTBoeHHbix ycnexoB B XOAB LUBeACKo-nonbCKOü seücKoro Aßop^HCTBa. Bwiecre c IBM, Koponro BOiÏHbi 1617-1629 rr. M TpHAUainneTHeii BOMHW Kapny XI yAa/iocb ne loiibKO nonpasMTb dpw(1618-1648 rr.) nancoBoe no/ioxenMe KoponeBCTBa, HO M nonyHo yjio>KeHMK) 1634 r., npuHsuow npn KopoMMTb B Kasny 6o^biiJMe AOXOAW. nese KpucTune (1632-1654 rr.) 6bmn Bce STO nosBOJiMJio Koponro B 1680 r. nponocTOflHHbie nonKM (20 nexoTHbix M 8 secTM BoeHHyro pecpopwiy, TBK HasbiBaewiyro CKMX B LLlBeL\Mvi; 7 nexoTHbix M 4 pePirapCKnx — B OHHJISHAMM), Koiopue Ha6npa/incb M3 peKpy- «MOJIOAyKD MHAe/lbty». CyiHHOCTb B06HHOM peTOB crporo onpeAenennbix nenos, Hassanna KO- cpopwbi Kapna XI saioiKManacb B 3aiweHe nepnTOpblX OHM HOCM/IM.
OAMH6CKMX peKpyTCKMX
riocne KpaPine Ta>KenoM CKOHCKOM BOMHbi (1675-1679 rr.) M HeyAaHHoro y^acTMii LLlBei^MM
nOBMHHOCTbKD KpeCTbHH COA6p>KaTb JlMHHblVt CO-
HaOOpOB nOCTOSHHOM
CT3B KOponescKoro BOUCKB. Bce o6pa6aTbiBaeMbie sewnn B IHsei^H w poneMCKMX crpan B 1672-1679 rr., KBK MW y>K nv\- OMHJiflHAMM 6biJin pasAe/ieHbi na y^acTKM, na3B3HHbiMM «MHAe/ibTaMM». fpynna KpecibflHcanM B nepBoiï rnase, cpMHancoBoe no/io>KeHMe CKMX AsopoB, cocTaBJiflBiuan «MHAenbty», o6aKoponeBCTBa ciano KaiacrpocpM4ecKMM. STO sbisanacb BbiciaBnarb OAHoro conAara. MHne aaMBAJinno CKasaibca n na yposne 6oecnoAexibia BbiASJifl/ia co/maiy y4acioK sewnu C06HOCTM apMMM. («Topn»), ROM, o6MyHAMpOBaHMe, a raKxe AOKopojib Kap^ XI (1660-1697 rr.) 6bi/i BWnojiHMTe/ibHbie npoAyKTbi nmama. Boopy>Keny>KAeH MSbiCKMBaib cpeACTBa BHyipM TocyAapHM6 M cHapaweHMe coiiAaTy BbiAasanocb rocya. OnMpancb na noAAepwKy noAainbix coAapciBOM. fpynna KpecibflHCKMx AsópoB, o6siM, HMsaiero ABOpaHCisa M 4actM canosHMsaHHan BbicraB-rmTb M coAep^aïb^OAHoro conKOB-apMCTOKpaioB, Koponb Ao6M^ca pemeHMa o Aaia, HasbiBa/iacb «poiexonn» ( roteholl), a copeAyKL(MM sewienb, i.e. nepecMorpa sewienbHwx ciaBnflBUJMe ee KpecTbane noKanosaHMM ABOp^Hcrsy. PeAyKUMfl nposoAML(bi — «porexo/iJiapaMM» (rotehollarna). nacb ciporo M K 1700 r. ABopaHCKoe aeMnes^aTbi, coAep>KaBUJMecfl MHAenbTawn OAHOTO nena, A6HM6 yweHblUMJlOCb BAB06. OcOÖeHHO pbflHO CBOAMJIMCb B nO/lK, HOCMBUJMM 6TO Ha3BaHM6 KoponeBCKne MMHOBHHKM H3 CTOpOHe OpaHLiMM B BOMH6 C KOajlMLJMBM 6B-
AenbTa Morna swcTaBMTb Hosoro peKpyra. Ms 3TMX peKpyTOB i cny-iae neoBxoAMMOCTM dpopMnpoBanM lionKM BoeHHoro spewenM — TBK na3biB36Mbie «TpeTbeoMepeAHbie» (tremanningsregement). STM HOJIKM oBbiMHO HOCM/IM MMfl tuedpa (HanpMMep YnnnanACKMM ipeTbeOMepeAHOM nexoTHbiiï nojiK, tuedpoM KOTOporo B 1700-1712 rr. Bbin renepan /lesenraynT, nasbisancfl «noiiKOM nesenraynTa» M T.A.) MeTsepT38 OMepeAb peKpyTOB mna Ha nononneHMe ocHOBHoro nonKa ( siwecro nornSuJMX vmvi nponasIJJMX conAaT BTopoiï o^epeA^), a us peKpyTOB nflToiï onepeAU, B KpaMHeM cnyqae MOFJIM TBIOKB HO/IKM
Ocpimep u apenadep uieedcKoü nexombi, (nanpuwep YnnnaHACKMM vtnv\ BecTepSorreHCKMM nexoTHbie nonKM — T.e. M3 nena M BecTep6oTT6H). ConÀaTbi BHyrpM nonKS na poTbi (kompaniet), Koropue csoAMnMCb B 6arajibOHbi. POT« nasbisajiMCb no nassaHMio TOM M6CTHÛCTM,
TA6
OHM CpOPMMpOBanMCb
(pOT3
Pac6y, poTa MS flaryHAw M T.A.) ConASTu OAMH pas B rofl npusbißa/iMCb Ha eoeHHwe c6opu, noAAepwMsaa T6M caMbiiw CBOKI BoeroTOBHocTb. B cnynae BOMHW, MHAenbTa, nocne yxofla OAHoro conAaTa BbicraBJiana sToporo, cny>KMBUiero Rn* nononneHMH noCToannoro nonKa. ECflM M BTOpOM COnABT yxOflM/1 H3 BOMHy, MH-
MyuiKemepbi uieedcKoü nexombi
fpynna KpecTbflHCKMX Asopos, coAep>KaBOAHoro KasanepMcra, nasbißanacb «pycTxonn», a EXOAMBUIMS B nee KpecTbnHe — «pycTxonnapaMM». OcjDML\epbi M yHTep-odpMiiepu npo>KMBa/iM na ycaAb6ax B TOM MBCTHOCTM, rp,e pacKBapTupoBbisancn MX noiiK. OHM >KMJIM B cnei^ManbHo nocTpoennbix p,nn HMX AOMBX, naSbiBaBiiiMxcn «6ocTenb». >KanoBaHbe MM BUn/ia4nea/iocb 3a«pen.neHHoiï sa HMMM rpynnoiï ABOpos. TaKHM o6pa30M, SjiaroAapa CMCTeMe MHi, B LUsei^MM SbiJia >co3Aana MHOIWMCai^MOHanbHafl no csoeMy cocrrasy apMM«, opraHM30BaHHafl no TMny noce/ienHbix BOMCK. 3Ta BoeHHO-noceneHHaa CMCTeMa npocymecTBOBana BnnoTb AO XIX sera. MMenno c 3TOM B06HHOM CMCTeMOM HOArOTOBKH H KOMH/ieK-
TOsaHMfl ujseACKaa apMMa Kopona Kapna -XII (1697-1718 rr.) BcrrynMna B sejiMKyro CesepHyio BOMHy 1700-1721 rr. BMecTe c TBM nacb M CMCTewa sep6oBKM. lilseACK Hawajia XYlll seKa no npaey owTa/iacb ^y^ujew perynjipHOM apMMeü Esponu. SaKaneHHaa B or-
B K3)KAOM MyilJKeTepCKOM AHBM3MOH6 HaCHMTbl-
sanocb 22 wyujKeTepa M 2 rpenaAepa. Ka>KAbiM AMBM3MOH COCTOan M3 4. pRAOB 00 6 pHAOBbIX.
TaKMM oSp'asoM B poTe cocToano no ujTaTy 12 rpenaAepoB, 84 MyuJKeTepa M 48 nMKMHepos. LUTa6-ocpML(epaMM nonKa asnanMCb nonKOBHMK, noAnonKOBHMK, wiaMop, KOTOpbie M6HHO CMMTanMCb KOMBHAMpaMM (BMëCTO
T3HOB) nepBbix poT nonKa (OHM nasbisanMCb newS-pOTOM, POTOM noflnonKOBHUKa, pOTOiï MBMopa). TaK KaK nonKOBHMK Macro Mcnonnan oöa33HHOCTM Luedpa nnM KOMaHAMpa nonKa (OAHOBpeMBHHO OH CMMTanCfl KOMBHAMpOM 1-TO
6a-
Tanbona, HasbiBasiuerocfl neM6-6aTanbOHOM), noAnonKOBHMK KOiwaHAOBan 2-M 6aTanbOHOM, a Mal/iop saweman nonKOBHMKa B KaMecTse KO1-ro GaTa/ibona. POTBIVIM, TAB KOMBH^McnMnMCb STM ujTa6-ocpMi^epbi, oöbtnHO KOMaHAosanu neüTenaHTbi (B neMÖ-poTe Mor KpOMe Bbioie nepenMcneHHbix HMHOB B nonKy cocTO^nM OAMH nonKOBOM KBapTMpweMCTep, Tpn nacropa (OAMH nacrop o6c/iy>KMBa/i jonbKo nonKOBOM nMcap.b, nonKosoü ~H\Ac noMomHMKOM, nonKOBOM npocpoc, TPM MnâALUMX npocpoca, neTbipe MysbiKaHTa (cpneüTMCTbi n roßoMCTbi), a TaKwe 137 ocpMLiepCKMX cnyr M 72 poTHbix esAOBbix (OOOSHMKO'B). POT« B nonKy Kpówe Tpex nepswx, KBK 6bino yKaaano Bbiiue, nocMnn nassanne TOM MecTHOCTM MnM ropOAa, rp,e OHM dropMUposanMCb. flpM STOM MX OAHOspeivieHHO Ha3biBanM no MMeH3M M CTaplUMHCTBy KanMTBHOB, KOMaHAOBaB-
KaK 6bino onMcano Bbiiue MW BMAMM, HTO no CBoeMy cocTasy apMua Kapna XII ne ôbina OA-
UJMX MMM (poTa 1-ro KanMTana, poTa 2-ro KanMTana M T.A.). B cocTas 1-ro öaTa/ibona (nev\6öaTanbona) BxoAnnn 4eTHbie pOTbi (nePiö-poTa,' poTa MaPiopa, poTbi 2-ro M 4-ro KanMTanoB), a B cocTaB 2-ro öaTanbOHa — M 1-ro, 3-ro, 5-ro KahnTSHOB. M no yposHio 6oesoM CTapiuMe poTbi nonKa (poTbi WTa6ocpML(epOB M nepsoro KannTana). OHM us naMBonee onuTHbix M saKanennux neMÔ-rsapAMM neujMM' nonK (Livgardettilfot) B OTnMMMM OT nonKOB MHAsnbTbi sepSosanca MS AoSpOBonbi^es BO scex nenax LUseMMM na no-
HOpOAHOM,
CTOaHHOM OCHOB6.
ne 6MTB M nOXOAOB BP6M6H PyCTaSa II AAOJlb-
cpa, Kapna X TycTasa M Kapna XI, MMen npeKpacHbiM KOMaHAHbiü codas BO mase c TanaHTnMBbiM KoponeM-nonKOBOAUew KapnoM XII, npeKpacHO oöyMeHHaa M AMCL(MnnnHMpoBaHHan, wseACKaa apMMfl 6wna oMenb onacHWM npoTMBHMKOM.
HTO OOtflCHfleTCH
npMMeH6HMeM
AByx pasnMHHbix CMCTBM KOMnneKrosaHMsi: 1. nosewenbHOM BOMHCKOM noBMHHOCTM. 2. BepooBKM HaewHbix conAaT. OT6opHbie nonKM MHAenbTbi cocTasnanM ocHOBHyio cMny apMMM Kapna XII B xoAe onMCUsaeivioro HBMM nepMOAa CesepHOM BOMHW 17001709 rr. HexoTHbie nonKM MHAejibTbi MMenM CTaHAapTHym opraHMsai^Mio. FlonK AByx6aTanbOHHoro cocTasa MMen 8 POT (no 4 poTw B 6aTanbone). DonK nac^MTbiBan 1200 nenoseK LUTaTHoro cocrasa, T.e. B KB^AOM 6aTanbone nacHMTbisanocb 600 nenoseK. B cocTas nexoTHOM pOTbl BXOAMnM KBnMTaH, OAMH-AB3 n6MT6-
HaHTa, OAMH-Asa npanopiuMKa (cpenpMxa), Bcero 3-5 odpwi^epoB, a TaioKe 5 yHTep-odpMijepOB (dpenbAdpeöenb, cep^aHT, KanTeHapMyc, cpypbep M noAnpanoptMMK). LUTaTHbiü CTpoesoM coCT3B pOTbl cociaBnanu 6 Kanpanos M 144 paA°Bbix, Bcero 150 nenoseK. B KaxcAOM poTe 6wno 3 MysbiKaHTa B TOM Mncne OAMH unM Asa 6apa6aHiMMKa (Apyrwe My3biK3HTbi MrpanM Ha cpnePiTue, roßoe nnn AXAKe). POTB Ae/iMnacb na 6 A^BM3MOHOB no 25 MenoBeK (Kanpan M 24 pnAOBblX). Aßa AMBM3MOH3 COCTOflnM M3 nMKMHBpOB,
10
a MeTbipe MS MyuiKeTepoB M rpenaAepoB. Bcero
flo 1703 r. nonK cocraan MS Tpex, a c 1703 r. — MS 46Tbipex BaTanbOHOB. TpM BaTanbona (1-M, 2-M, 3-M) nonnocTbio cocroanM MS MyiuKeTepos M nMKMHepoB, a 4-M BaTanbOH — MS rpenaAepoB. Bcero B nonKy HacHMTbisanocb 24 poTbi (MS HMX 6 — rpenaAepcKMx). OAHB poTa nocTO^HHO HaxoAMnacb B CTOKronbMe, neca oxpany KoponeBCKoro Aßopi^a. Ro csoewy WTaTy rBapAeMpo™ öbinw Menbiue apweMCKMx. OHM coMS Tpex odpMLjepoB, 6 yHTep-ocpML(epoB, 108 pflAOBbix M 3 MysbiKaHTOB. PoTa AenMnacb H3 6 AHBM3MOHOB HO 18 p^AOBblX, B TOM 4MCne 2 AMBM3MOH3 nMKMHepOB (36 Men.) M 4 AMBM3MOna MyujKeTepOB (72 Men.). B BaTanbone HBCMMTbiBsnocb 648 MenoseK. K nanany pyccKoro noxoAa (asryci 1707 r.) rßäpAeMCKMM nonK nacMMTbisan 2592 P^AOBUX, a BKnKwaa yHTep-ocpMi^epos, ocpMi^epos, MyswK3HTOB M Hecrpoesbix 3000 M'enoBeK. JleMBrespAeMCKMM nonK nsnancsi odpMLiepcKOM UJKOnOM,
T3K K3K Mep63 H6rO HpOXOAMJlO
AO
40%
Bcero ocpMuepcKoro cocTasa liiseACKOM apMMM, npOMSBOAMBOieroca B ocpMijepCKMe MMHW MS co- . CT3B3 pSRAOBblX M yHTep-OCpMLiepOB
KasanepMH asnanacb nraöMMWM BOMCK Kapna XII, HenoseKa peuJMTenbHoro, 6wcrporo, c apKO BbipawennbiMM AaposaHMaMM Kpynnoro KasajiepMMCKoro BoeHHOH3H3/ibHMKa. aiseflCKOM KaeanepMM asnanca OTKöpnyc JieM6-flpa6aHTOB. C 1700 r. neM6-Apa6aHTbi MMenM liiiarnbiM cocias 200 MenoBeK, HO neTOM 1708 r. MX MMcnennocTb 6biJia coKpameHa flo 150 nenoseK. Ka>KflbiM pafloBOM ApaoaHT uwen SBSHMB poiMMcrpa (KanMiana). OdMLjepaMM B Kopnyce cocroanM KanMTan(B HMHS renepan-MaMopa), (noriKOBHMK), KBapTMpMeücTep KOBHMK), luecib Ksnpanos (noflnonKOBHMKoe), mecTb BMu,e-KanpajiOB (waMopos). SBSHMB KSnMiana Kopnyca neM6-Apa63HTOB Ero KoponesCKoro BejiMMecTBa HOCMJI caw Koponb Kapn XII. KpOMe CTpoesbix HMHOB B Köpnyc neMO-flpaSsHTOB BxoflMnn: ayflMTOp, npocpoc, nacrop, U,MpronbHMK c noMomHMKOM, flsa KysHBija, ceAenbIU.MK, Opy>KeMHMK M najlOMHMK.
Bce peiïTapcKMe DOJIKM MHAenbTbi, BXO'AMBWM6 B COCT3B apMMM Kapna XII, S3 MCIOlHDMeHM-
ewi JleMG-perMMeHTa MMB^M B csoew cociase no 2 scKaflpona 4-poTHoro cocrasa. Bcero B nonKy 6bino 8 por. KoHHbiM neüS-perMMeHT cocioan MS 3 3CKaflpOHOB (12 por). Ho ujiaiy Ka>KAan peiÜTapCKaa poia COCTOSIjia MS 125 4enoB6K (124 paflOBbix M oflHoro Tpy6343). OpraHM3au,MOHHO. ona flenMnacb na 3 B3BOA3: OT60pHblM, UJTaHflapTHblM M SaMKOBbliÏ.
'Ka>KAbiM B3BOA flennnca na 3 otfleneHMH, T.e. Bcero B pore 6bino 9 oiAeneHMM, KOTOpue coCTOfl/in M3 PSIAOB, npuneivi 6 OTAeneHMM MMenM no 5 PHAOB, a ocranbHbie no 3 no 4 pxp.a. Bcero B pore 42 pnp,a, B TOM MMCne 40 — no TPM paAOBbix M ABB — no ABB paAOBbix. Ha Ka>KAyK3 pOTy nonaranocb no Asa POTMMCTpa, ABa neüTenaHTa, ABS KopHeTa, ujTaHAapTKJHKep, ABS KBSpTMpMeMcrepa M 5 Kanpsnos. B HecTpoesoM cocTas pOTbi BXOAMnM: nacTOp, nncapb, npocjjoc, Kysneu,. B nepsbix ipex pOTax, K3K M B nexoïe, KOMaHflMpaMM CHUTanncb uiraoocpimepw — nonKOBHMK, noAnonKOBHUK, Maüop (B J1eM6-perMM6HTe ABS Maüopa). HasusanMCb M HyMepOBaJIMCb KOHHbie p'OTbl TOHHÖ T3K>Ke, K3K
M nexoTa. B nonKy, KpoMe Toro, cocroanM: nonKOBOM KBapTMpMeÜCTep, nOnKOBOÜ aA"bK)TaHT, 1
-!, JIMTSBPIUMK, cpenbALuep c M, opy»eMHMk M MacT cocras socbMMpoTHoro peurapCKOro nonKa cocToan M3 992 paAOBbix M 8 Tpy6a4ePi — scero 1000 venoeex. Kpowe TOTO, npw Ka>KAOM nonKy 6bmo 33 pOTHbix fleHm,MKa, 157 odpMiJiepCKMX cnyr M 200 OOOSHMKOB. rieM6-perMM6HT MM6J1 HO UJTSTy B 12 pOT3X 1500
M6nOB6K
S.HnRT'8«
uieedcKoü nexombi u dpaayn neM6-AparyHCKMM nonK, Ha6paHHbiiü BO scex o6naciax lilsei^MM, na Tex xe ycnoBnax, HTO M AMM neiuMM nonK oTHOCMnca K sep6oAparyncKHM nonKaM. OH cocToan MS 12 POT no 125 MenoseK, T.e. 1500 MenoseK LUTaTHOro cocTasa. OpranMsai^Ma POT B AparyncKMx nonKax 6bina Ta >Ke, MTO M B peMTapCKMX, TonbKO BM6CTO POTMMCTPOB y AparyH 6binw KanMTa-
CneflyeT TaioKe oTMBTMTb, HTO MHorAa B OAHOM noriKy MnM 6aTanbone cnyxunM conABTbi, npuBne^eHHbie noA snaMena uJBeACKoro Kopona pasnMHHbiMM cnocoöaMM. TaK, K Bep6osaHHOMy AparyncKOMy nonKy B.A.LUnMnneH6axa SbinM npwcoeAMHeHbi M AparyHbi, OTflannue na cny>x6y AyxoseHCTBOM. B FlpMoanTMKe OCHOBHOM KOHTMHreHT KOponescKMX BOMCK 6bin npeA-
Hbl, a BM6CTO KOpHBTOB — npanOplUMKM.
CT3BJ16H SepÖOBSHHblMM HSCTaMM. OHM COCTaÉ-
Ka K MU yKasbiBa/iM Bbime ujseACKaa apMMa nanM HseMnyro spMMio, HaxoAMBiiiyKica Ha noncocTOfl/ia ne TonbKO MS nonKOB MHflenbTbi, HO M - HOM oßecneneHMM rocyAapcTsa. B 3H3MMTenbHOM CTeneHM CI3 B6p6OB3HHblX M3C-
CMCT6M3 BepSOBKM H6 MM6na HMK3KMX OT-
T6M, CpOpMMpOBaBUJMXCa H3 nepMOA BOMHbl. Bo-
nM4MM or M6TOAOB, npuMeHasujuxca B flpyrux sanaAHoesponeMCKMX apMwax. KOMBHAMP nonKa saioiKJ'Han c npeflcraBMTenew Bbiouetö snacTM (KoponeM, renepan-ry6epHaTOpoM M T.A.) COOT-
nee noApoöno ocranosMMca na Bepôosannux
(1488 paAOBbix M 12 Tpy6aneM). KpoMe TOPO B
OCT36MCKMX M repM3HCKMX HaCTaX, BXOAMBLLIMX B
COCT3B
lÜBeACKMM
COCT3B apwuM Kapna XII B Ha^anbHbiw nepMOfl
nonK flBOpaHCKoro snaMeHn, BbiCTaBnasiuMMca sa cveT 6oraTbix fleopsH UUeennM. B ero cocrae sxoAnno 8 POT no 100 ^enoseK. Kapn XII ujMpoKO npaKTMKOsan Ha6op peüjapoB M AparyH sa CMBT cocnosMü. K cocnoBHbiM AparyHcKMM nonKaM, Ha6paHHbiM sa CHST MenKonowecTHbix ABOPSH M CBaineHHMKOB OTHOCMiiMCb CKOHCKMM M YnnnaHACKHM cocnoBHOAparyHCKMe nonKM. OHM MMenM TOT x<e LUTBT, MTO M peÜTapcKMe nonKM HHAenbTbi (no 8 POT MnM 1000 MenoseK). Plo HCKOTOPHM cseAeHMaM CKOHCKMM nonK naKanyne pyccKoro noxoAa 6wn ysenn^en na 2 poTbi M MMen B CBOBM cocrase 1250 HenoBSK.
BOMHbl. BOMHCKMe COeAMHeHMfl, o6pa30BaHHbl6
BeTCTBVIOlUMM AOTOBOp O Bep6OBK6. Bep6OBK3
B caMOM npnoa/iTMKe cneAyiou^MM o6pa30M:
nponsBOflunacb B OTBefleHHbix fl/ia 3Toro paüo-
LUB6ACKOM
apMMM
BXOAMn
MO>KHO-
H3X MraALUMMM OCpMU,epaMM M yHT6p-OC|)ML(epa-
1. BepooBaHHbie
2.
flsopancKne
3. CocnoBHbie flparyHCKMe
4. 5. MacTM, cocraBneHHbie MS newueB, ononnenne.
npn-
6. Cna6o opraHMSOsaHHbie coeflMHeHna H3 KpecTban, npussaHHbix B popaflKe
ro
MM nonKa, MMSKJIUMMM na pyKax cooTBeTCTsyK)AOKyMeHTbi. KaK npasM/io, sepoosKa ocycTBnanacb sa CMBT KOponescKOM Kasnbi. MenoseK CMMTanca saBepoosaHHbiw , KorAa nonynan OT BepSosmMKa B p«Ae cny^aes ocpni^ep-BepSosu^nK saKmonan AoroBOp o BepöoBKe (KsnMTynai^Mro) co CBOMM KOM3HAMPOM. HaBep60B3B B3BOA, POTy MnM 6a-
, ocpMi<ep-Bep6oBinMK CTanosiinca ero B T3KOM Cny436 OH 43CTM4HO, nM60 nonHo'cTbK) onnsMMsan Bep6osKy.
Il
Cor/iacHO cymeCTBOBasiiiMX npasM/i sepBoBKa flOJi>KHa 6bma npoMSBOAMTbca TOJibKO na
OAHoro pocAMHCTa Hafl/ie>Ka/io nocraa/iHTb OAHoro peÜTapa B no/iHOM oBMyHAMposaHMM, cna-
A06pOBO/lbHOM OCHOB8. B OCT36MCKMX npOBMH-
pSWeHMM M C KOH6M. DpM M6HbU/eM 4MC/16 raKOB
L(MflX HaCMJlbHO MO>KHO 6bl/10 BepÖOBBTb 6o6bl-
Mbisbi oB-beflMHfl/iMCb B rpynnbi, i
BOBKM. Bcero MMC/iennocTb nacTePi B SCT/IHHAMM M HMqb/isiHAMM npMMepHo 8000 ne/ioseK. Mbi ne 'Byflew rosopnTb o neMei^KMx ono/i-
nefi, «npa3flHoujaTaK3i4Mx.cn», a TaKxe OAMHO-
BM6CT6 OflMH pOCAMHCT, npMM6M (
MBHMeCKMX HaCTflX M BCeo6ll|eM OnO/146HMM, MßO
KMX flBOpOXOSfleS — KpeCTbflH 663 AOCT3TOMHO-
MbISa AO/DKH3 6bl/ia Bblfle/lflTb Me/lOB6Ka M O6-
ro KO/iMMecTsa paBoMero CKOTB. He/ibsfl 6bino BepBosaTb nacM/ibno KpecrbflH-flBopoxosaes, MX cbmoseM 6paTbes M BaTpaKOB — BapmMHHMKOB, peiwec/ieHHMKOB, nofliwaCTepbes, c/iyr sawMTOHHbix Bioprepos, noweinM-
MyHAMposaHMe, a flpyrwe, 6o/iee Me/iKwe,'Bbieiî fleHbraMM M HaTypoM cooTßeTCT•b pacxoAOB. Mbisbi He TO/ibKO flasa/iM pePiTapOB /\na apMMM, HO M nnaTM/iM MM >KanosaHbe, cna6>Kar
OHM ne OTHOCM/iMCb K pery/iapHOM apMMM M ne MMe/iM BoesoM LICHMOCÎM. Mwc/ienHOCTb MX TBK>Ke 6bi/ia KpaPine wia/ia M3-sa Maccosoro yK/io-
KOB, MMHOBHMKOB M T.fl.
TO K/104KOM 36M/1M, SBMeHH/lM I
Ha fle/ie, c caMoro Havana BOMHW npeo6/iaAa/ia HacMnbCTBeHHafl'sepBoBKa, npM4ewi ne TO/ibKO Tex KaTeropMM HacenenMH, KOTOpue 6wJ1M OTflaHbl BO B/iaCTb M H3 npOM3BO/l BepBOB-
roAHOCTb oBMyHAMposaHMe M BMBCTO BbiBbiBwero peMTapa POCAMHCT AO/DKBH Bbm nocTasMTb Apyroro. TaK K3K see 3TO Tpe6oBa/io OT ABOpaH M no-
LUMKOB, HO M HaXOflMBiüMXC3 HOfl SaiiJMTOM 33KOHa.
M6LHMKOB Bo/lblUMX paCXOflOB, TO OHM BC6MM CM-
TaKMM 06pa30M Mbl MO>KeM BMfl6Tb, 4TO
JiaMM CTpeMM/lMCb yK/lOHMTbCfl OT BbinO/lHeHMS
sepBosaHHbie 4acTM B OT/IMHMB OT HOJIKOB MHfle/ibTbi CMnbHO ycTyna/iM MM s CTOMKOCTM M HacM/ibCTseHHO sasepBosaHHbie peMec/ieHHMKM, ne >Ke/iaBUJMe soe-
pocflMHCTa. HecMOTpa na >KecTKne wepw, npM-
B3Tb 33
K3APOHOB He npeBbiujana 1200-1300 nenoseK. C 1700 r. Kap/i XII CBOMMM pacnopaweHMHMM oôasa/i apeHAaTopOB MUS M nscTopos nocTas/iflTb ApsryH- ApeHAaTOpbi oSasbisa/iMCb noCT3B/iaTb c K3>KAbix 15 raKOB Asyx AparyH, npM-
MHTepeCbl
UIBeflCKOM KOpOHbl 6bmM
CK/ioHHbi K waccoBOwy flesepTMpcTsy, HTO B 3H3HMTe/ibHOM Mepe CHMxa/io yposenb BoecnocoBHOCTM Bep60BaHHblX HaCTBM. C flpyrOM CTOpOHbl
sepBosaHHbie 4acTM, oB/iaAaswMe BOBBUM onbiTOM Bbi/iM rposHbiM OPOTMBHMKOM n cepbesHOM 606BOM CMnOM.
flpeeneM noBMHHOCTbio Mbis Sbijia peMTapCKaa noBMHHOCTb, M/IM KOHHan cny>K6a (Rosdinst). PeMTapcKasi noBMHHOCTb sosnaranacb na ^acTHbie wwsbi, BicnioMasi napi^ManbHbie MbISbl M MX Tepl^HaflbHble HaCTM. Ka>KAbl6
15 raKOB cocTasrisinM eflMHML(y — POCAMHCT. C
B 1700-1708 rr. B OCTSBMCKHX i (3CT/lflHAMM, .TlMdpJlHHflMM M 43CTMHHO B
Man/iaHflMM) 6bi/io sasepBosaHO OKO/IO 10000 He/ioseK, Bonee 1050 4e/iOB6K 6bmo Hanara Ha cny>x6y B ABOpancKMe SCKBAPOHU; 600-700 ne/10B6K B cocnoBHbie AparyHCKi/ie nonKM; AO 8000 — B /laHAMM/lMl^MKD; OKO/IO 400 4e/lOB6K npMSBBHO
B ono/i46HMe HeMei^Koro Hace/ieHMa; OKO/IO 100 — B MyACKMM cp/iOT. B oBaieM C/IO>KHOCTM STO coCTasM/io OT 20000 flo 25000 4e/ioB6K, MTO 6bmo
i UIBeflCKOM aflMMHMCTpatlMeM B OTHOHO HMC/16HHOCTM SCT/lflHCKMB M /IMCp/lHHfl3CTJlflHflCKOrO M JlMCpJlflHflCKOrO ABOPHHCKMX 3C-
H6M 33 K3>KAOrO AP3ryH3 6bl/10 o6emaHO BbNM-
TbisaTb MS apeHAHOM nnaTbi 40 pMKCTS/i/iepos. BepBoBKS Aparyn LU/IS OHeHb n/ioxo. TaK, nacTopu GAB/IM Bcero OKO/IO 150 Aparyn, Bicnio^eHHbix B no/iK UI/iMnneH63xa.18 Bcero KonM4ecTBO COC/IOBHUX AparyH He npeBbiiua/io 600 4e/ioseK:19 Ho yKasy Kapna XII B nnsape 1701 r. 6bmo npMHRTO penieHMe o dpopMMpoBa-
Vacmu oOMyndupoeamin u CHapnweHUft uieedcKoü nexombi e 1700-x sa.
HMM M3 KpeCTbflH FIOCTOflHHblX B06HHblX COeAMH6HMM —JiaHAMM/IMLJMM.
C Ka>KAoro pocflMHCTa (15 raKOB) Tpe6osa/iocb nocTaB/iflTb 10 KpecTbHH, ywieramMX o6pamaTbcsi c py>Kb6M, npMHBM XOpOUJMX CTpe/1-
KOB. flono/iHMTe/ibHO Ka>KflbiM yesfl AO/DK6H 6bi/i nocTaBMTb 60 flparyn. OcpimepaMM Aon>KHbi SW/IM CTaTb ABOpflHe, KOTOpbie BC6MM B03MO>KHblMM CnOCOOaMM yK/10H5R/lMCb OT C/iy>K6bl B KOpO/ieBCKOM
ceHTfl6pro 1701
apMMM. K
r. OKOHHSTe/ibHO
BbmCHMJIMCb npMHUMHbl KOMfmeKTOB3HMfl /ISHflMMnML^MM. CO/1A3T
riOCT3B/151Tb
B JiaHflMM/lMLlMIO AO/l>KHbl
6bi/iM KpecTbane, KOTOpue T3K>Ke 6bi/in o6a33Hbi cna6>KaTb MX o6Myn-
CKMe BepBosaHHbie nexoTHbie MBCTM ycTynajiM no/iKaw MHfle/ibTbi. HMcnenHocrb co/iAaT B nexoTHbix no/iKax ne npesbiiuana 700-1000 4e/ioB6K M peAKO AoxoAM/ia AO 1200 Me/ioseK.. Kasa/iepMMCKMe Bepooeat-iHbie i LUTaTHyio opraHMsai^MK) 1700 r. HO/IK COMS 8 POT no 75 .HenoBSK, T.e. Bcero B no/iKy Bwno 600 Me/ioseK. B KB>KAOM pOTe MS 75 AparyH COCTOH/IM KanMTan (B nepsux Tpex poTax uJTa6-ocpML(ep), /leUTBHaHT, npanopii^MK, mecTb yHTep-ocpMi4epOB, mecTb Kanpa/ios, flsa' BapaBaHinnKa, npoqboc M Kysnei^. KpoMe TOTO B AparyHCKOM no/iKy MMe/iMCb HO/IKOBOM KsapTepMeiicTep, aA^KiTaHT, ayflMTOp, Asa nacTopa, no/iKOBOM cpe/ibAiuep c flsyMa noMOiUHMKaMM, opy>KeMHMK, cefle/ibinMK, /iMTaspmMK, mecTb MySbiKaHTOB (roBoMCTOB M dp/ieüTMCTOB) M resa/ibflMHep (CTaplUMM H3A OBOSOM).
B pyccKOM noxofle 1707-1709 rr. nofl ujseflCKMMM snaMenaMM ynacTBosa/iM wecTb sep6oBaHHbix neMei^KMX flparyncKMX no/iKOB (flioKepa, TayBe, Maiüepdpe/ibTa, E/ibMa, (O/i/ieniuepHbi, A/ib6eflM/ifl) M Mppery/iapHbiM Ba/iaujcKMM no/iK sepBosaHHbie AparyncKMe HO/IKM flioKepa, Tay6e M E/ibMa MMBJIM Ka>KAbiüvrio 10 POT (B pore 125 4e/ioB6K). Bcero 1250 4e/iOB6K. flparyncKMe HO/IKM Mafiepcpe/ibTa, Anb6eAM/ia M KD/ineHiuepHbi MMBJIM LUTaTHyra opraHM33L(Mio JleM6-AparyHCKoro no/iKa, T.e. 12 POT (no 125 4e/iOBeK). Bcero B no/iKy 6bi/io 1500 ye/ioseK. JlMdp/lflHflCKMÜ nO/lK flBOpflHCKOTO 3H3M6HM K
Opy>KM6M. KOMSHflHOrO COCT3B3 B
/i6Ty 1708 r. COCTOH/I MS 4 poT no 100 yenoseK B Ka>KAOM, MS HMX K apMMM Kap/na XII noc/ie cpa>K6HMfl noA HecHOM npMMKHy/io Bcero ABS poTbi 3Toro no/iK3. HeMei^KMe «nacrw HsßMps/iMCb B LuseflCKOM HoMepaHMM, rontuTMHMM, feccene, MeK/ieH6ypre, CaKCOHMM. Ho ypoBHKi CBoeùi
M3CTS1X /ISHAMM/lMl^MM H6 XB3T3HO.
606BOM nOATOTOBKM OHM np6BOCXOAM/lM
Kpaüne HMSKMM yposenb 6oesoM noAroTOBKM fle/ia/i /IBHAMM/IMLIMIO ManonpMroAHbiM pOAOM BOMCK. Mac-
6a/iTMMCKMe sepBoBaHHbie HBCTM. TepMancKMe
TM naHflMMnML\MM HaHMHafl C 1702 T. B
co/iflaTbi-HaeMHMKM ycryna/iM co/iflaTaM ujseA-
AMPOB3HM6M. BO BpeMfl flOXOflS 43CTM /ISHflMM/lMLIMM CH36>K3/lMCb M3
BoeHHbix MarasuHOB dpypaxoM M npOflOBO/lbCTBM6M, 3 M3 3pCeH3/10B
M3CTM OT/lM4anMCb
npM-
BbICOKMM ypOBHCM AMCL^MH-
/IMHbl M CTOMKOCTbHD B 6OK). C APyrOM CTOpOHbl,
OCHOBHOM MCnO/lb30Ba^MCb B T3p-
CKMX M dJMHCKMX nOCe/16HHblX BOMCK, M60 33flep-
HM30H3X KpenocTeü n6o MX Boesafl i^eHHocTb 6bi/ia KpaMHe M3/ia. C 1704 r. uiMpoKO npMMeHneTCfl cnoco6 nepeseAeHMH /laHAMM/iMi^eü-
, »Ka Bbin/iaTbi wa/iOBaHbfl M ncnbiTbieaewibie B xofle noxofla TpyAHOCTM pesKO cnn>Ka/iM ypo-
CKMX 43CT6M B COCT3B B6p60B3HHblX
no/iesbix no/iKOB M nono/iHeHMfl csMOM /laHflMM/lMI^MM M6TOAOM
12
H6HMH OT C/iy>K6bl.
B6p-
B6Hb BoeCnOCOOHOCTM HSMei^KHX 43CT6M M COO-
co6cTBOBa/io npoLjBeTaHMK) flesepTMpCTsa. Uppery/inpHbiM BanaoiCKMM no/iK, COCTOJIBUJMM K neTy 1708 r. MS 12 xopyrsePi M 2000 Me/ioseK, 6bm npeAHasnaneH
Kapna XII (nuKUHep u uyuiKemep) e SUMHBÜ cpopMe
13
WeedcKue MyiuKemepbi e nemneü tpopvie
14
pasBeAbiBaienbHoPi M oxpannou cnyrc6bi. B nomy cnyxunn nonaa/i, MonAasane, sanaxM, raiapbi n T.A. OTOT no/iK 6bin cawibiM neAMCunnnHHMposaHHbiM B UJEBACKOM apMMM. MopanbHbiM Ayx conABT STOFO nojiKa 6bm Kpaüne HusoK. npOL\Berana CKnoHHOCTb K rpa6e>KaM M HacM.riMto. KaK ooesaa eflUHnqa OTO coefluneHMe QCOÖOM 6oesoM L^HHOCTM ne Mweno. LUseflCKaa apTMnnepMH npn Kapne XII coCTOflna MS oflHoro BepoosaHHoro apTMnnepMMCKoro nonKa B cocTase WTa6a, 8 apTMnnepMMCKMX pOT, MMH6PHOM KOMaHAbl, HOXOAHOM JiaßO-
paropMM M cny>KÖ Tbma. B Luraö apTMnnepMMCKoro nonKa no luiaiy BXOAMJIM: noriKosntiK, noAnonKOBHMK, ABB Maüopa, nomosoM KsapTepM6MCTep M aAtioiaHT. Kpoiwe TOTO B nonKy cocTOfljin: nonKOBOM ayAMTOp, ABS naciopa, no/iKOBOM 6yxranTep c nucapew, cyASMCKMM nncapb, cpenbALuep c Tpewa noMomHMKaMM, nonKOBOÜ cpenbAcpeöenb, Asa npocpoca M luecib nanoMHMKOB. Bocewib aprunnepuwcKnx por MMBnM B cBoeM cocTase 20 ocpMLjepoB (4 KariMTana, eHaHT, 7 jieüjeHaHTOB M 8 npa), 40 yHTep-ocpMijepOB (16 uiTbiK-ioHKepoB, 16 cep>KaHTOB M 8 cpypbepos) M 274 paAOBbix (64 KOHCTanena (crapwMx nyLUKapeiï), 82 KOHCTanena M 128 raHTnanrepoB (no-
LUTblK AJ1MHOM 50 CM. K 1704
F. 6bm npHHflT H3
öonee cosepiueHHbiM uiTbiK, KpeK Tpy6Ke c noMombro OCOÔOM lueÜKM. KaK MU ynoMMHa/in Bbioie, B IUBBACKOM apMMM npuMeHariMCb 6yMa>KHbie narponbi. KaxAbiti MyujKerep HOCMJI npn ce6e 25 naiponos B narpOHHoü cywe, CAe/iaHHÖü na MepHenoiï KO>KM. KpbiLUKa narpoHHOü cyMbi yKpaiuanacb M6AHOÜ 6J1HXOÜ c B6H3eneM Kap/ia XII (ABB CKpemeHHbie 6yKBbi «C» rio'A Koponoi/i). CyMa Hocunacb na npasoM 6oKy, na KO>KaHoü nepesn3M, HaAesaeMOü nepea Tiesoe nneno. Ka>KAbiPi LUBeACKMM nexoTMnei^ 6bm soopy>K6H Lunaroiï (AJIMHOM KJIUHKB 90 CM) c MSAHUM scpecoM. UJnara nocunacb B Mepnenbix KO>KaHbix Ho>KHax na nosRCHOM nopiynee. FlopTynen npeACTasnana coSoiï KO>KaHyio nonacib, CKpennennyK) c noncHbiM peMneM — no>KHbi oinarn npoAesanncb CKBosb npopesb STOM nonacTM, BMceBuueü Ha nèsoM 6oKy. BMecie c LunaroM MyuiKerep raioKe HOCHJI OTOMKHyrbiiï ujTbiK. TpeHaASpbl OT/lMMajlMCb OT MyiilKeiepOB T6M, HTO
MM6J1H Ha BOOpy>KeHMM rpaHaibi. PpaHaiHan cywa omnnanacb OT MyiuKeTepCKOi/i TonbKO HecKonbKO öonbUJMM pasMepOM M HOCMJiaCb T3KMM >K6 06p330M K3K M
na M norbn) B öonbiuMHCTse luseACKnx nexorHblX nOflKOB 6blJl >K6nTblti. BM6CT6 C T6M, TpM
nonKa LUBBACKOM nexoTbl MMeriM MHOÜ npM6opHbiM L(B6T — ËHMënMHrcKMM M HëpKe-BepMnaHACKMM — KpaCHblM, 3 BeCT6p60TTeHCKMM — 6erlblM.
B xojioAHoe speMfl roAa ujseACKMM nexoTMH6L( Hoen/1 nosepx KacpTana KOPOTKMM nnaw, — enan^y, MS cnnero cyma c OTno>KHbiM BOPOTHMKOM M noAK/isAKOM npMBopHoro usera. HM>KHee 6enb6 conAaTa — py6axa — wuMS Senoro nonoTna. FIOA KacpTaHOM HOKaMsojn MS JIOCMHOM MriM KOS/IMHOM KO>KU (B JleMS-rsapAMH MS >KenToro cyKHa), KOTOPWÜ MMen T3KOM >K6 nOKpOM, 4TO M KBCpTBH, HO SbIJl
Kopo4e M y>Ke nocneAHero. nyroBMU,bi na KBMSOne TaioKe 6bi/iM MeHbiuero pasMepa. LUTanbi LUMnMCb M3 J10CMHOM KO>KM. 4y/IKM B LUB6ACKOM
nexoTe öbinw Bbitue KO^en, c noABflSKawiM, s nonKy — wenTbie, M HëpKeM ËHHënnnrcKOM —'KpacHbie, B BecTepöorreHCKOM — öenbie, a B ocTanbHbix MS MSirKOÜ nOCMHOM, KOSnMHOM MJ1M
KO>KM. BaaiMaKM nexoTbl 6binw CTanASpTHblMM —
M3 M6PHOM KO>KM C «flSbIKOM», H
npa>KKaMM. KpoMe Bbiiue onncaHHoro K3>KAblM LUB6ACKMM n6XOTM-
Heij Mwen napy nepnaTOK c UJMPOKMMM pacTpyctuTMTiM K rpanaTaM xpannnncb B 63MM MS nOCMHOM KO>KM. TpyOKe, KpennBiueMca K nepesasw rpanaTHOM riexoTMHL\bi HOCMnM rancTyK c 6anTOM, xaB cocias MMHepHeiH KUMBHA« BXOAMJIM KacyMbi, KOTOpaa nocunacb Ha rpyAM. FpenaAep n 30 n/wHepos M yHtep-MMHepos. paKTepHbiM fl/in anoxn KOHL|a XVII — Havana 6t>in Boopyxen KpeMHueebiM py>Kbew o6pa3tKbe ne Memano npn MeTannn rpaTBK B _ËH4ënMHrcKOM nonKy rancTyKM Kep, cocToana MS 39 6ow6apAMpoB (cpeMepeep- H3T, OHO MM6J1O nOTOHHblM peMBHb, C KpacHoro, a B BecTepSorrencKOM nonKy — 6eKepos). Tbinosaa c/iy>K6a nonKa 6bma npeAKOTOporo ero MO>KHO 6bino nocuTb sa noro c ronyöbiMM npoAonbHbiMHrfionocawM i^seCTasneHa pasnu^Hbiwn HecïpoesbiMM MunaMn — Mepes npasoe nne^o. TOB. KpoMe TOTO B pflA6 nonKOB HOCMnMCb ranMacTepawn, noAMaciepbaMH, pa6o4HMn, nucaOpy>KMe nuKunepa 6bino CTyKM i-iepnoro M TeMHO-cunero LIBBTOB. l~o.noPFMM, Bcero 6onee 300 HenoseK. Lunaroiï M HMKOM na AepesaHHOM ApeBKe AHMBHblM y60pOM LUB6ACKMX neXOTMHL(eB (MyUJKÖflpn apinnnepuüCKOM nonKy Haxoflunca HoPi 5,2 MeTpa — 5,8 M6Tpa. TepoB M nMKMHepoe) 6bina Tpeyronxa M3 Mepno0603 B cocTase 12 TpaHcnopiHbix KOMBHA. Do ComacHO KOpo/iescKnx per/iaMeHTOs, HMKMujiaiy B 0603 BXOAMJiM uJianMei/icTep (ciapujMM. nepbi B cnynae yTepu nn6o nonoMKM nuKM, BOO- ro BOMnoKa c öenoM LuepCTflHOü ranynnoü 06KOHIOX), yHiep-LUTanMeücTep (MnaAUJuü KOpy>Kanncb pywbflMM M nononnanw p«At>i wyujKe- • uiMBKOM. Ha Tynbe cnesa ßfo\ npucTernsaHMa noneü, 6bina natuMTa onosflHHaa nyroBML(a. HKDX), nucapb, 40 cpyprepos (no Mnny cooTseiTepOB. CTByioiuMe LUTbiK-HDHKepy), 40 luacpdpepoB (cepMacTo Hap^AV c TpeyronKOM Scpecbi ocpMi^epcKMX omar Sbinn Bbi3o.no4e(Kapnyc) — oco6aa uianKa >K3HTOB) M 891 Ky^ep. i Hbi, a ynrep-odpimepCKMe nocepe6penbi. Ocpni. KaK npasuno, name Bcero ynoTpe6nanXOTJI apinnnepufl i/i ne flBnanacb nk>6nMbiM i^epaM nonara/incb KpOMe uinarn SKcnaHTOH cfl cyKOHHbiM Kapnyc C.CMHBM Tynbeti M xenTOM poAOM BOMCK Kapna XII, B suAy öo/ibiuoro (nojiy-nnKa), a yHTep-odptmepaM — Konbe c KpeonyoiKOM. OnyoiKa npeACTasnana COÔOM ocoyAenbHoro seca apTcucTeivi, CHHwasujHx 6biciCTOo6pasHbiM nesBneM — «ôapAnsan». Béa 6oe none, npwiuMToe CHMsy K Tynbe M noAsopapory wanespa KoponescKnx no/iKos, HO na npo- aKunnpOBKa-iuseACKUxcöriAaT Aenanacb M3 noHMBaromeecfl ssepx; no ÖOKBM OHO oöbNHO onncbiBaeMoro naivin nepnoAa ona CMHOM, KosnuHOM nnn oneHbeü KO>KM. MMeno paspesbi. Ha Ka>KAyKi Tynbra Kapnyca naxoAnnacb Ha BbicoKow yposHe 6oeroOBMyHAnpoBanne IUBSACKOM apMun K na^aCBepxy MHorAa HaiuMBanwcb nyroBMLibi. B PHAB TOBHOCTM. ny XYIII B6K3 6bino A°CT3T04HO yHndpHHMporipn Kapne XII ujBeACKaq nexora cocioana saHHbiM. Eine B 1687-1696 rr. 6bm BEBABH BAH- nonKOB onyujKa M I^BBT Kapnyca MMenu csoe OTjiMMne. TaK, B BecTepöOTreHCKOM nonKy onyiuxa M3 Tpex BMAOB COJ1A3T, paSHMMaBUJMXCil nO BOOHbiiï oSpasei^ CMHero cyKOHHOro KacfrraHa, CTasKapnycoB 6una 6eJioro i4B6Ta, B HepKe-BepM). OcHOBHyra wiaccy nexoinHi^es coluero xapaKTepHbiM OTriM^neM oiseACKoro connaHACKOM nonKy 6biJiM nepnwe Kapnycw c KpaconAaibi, BO"opy>KeHHbie py>Kbawn — A3T3 — «KaponnHi^a» spewen CesepnoM BOUHW HOM OnyillKOM M 46PHWM HajiOOHMKOM, o6lUMTblM M rpenaAepw. fpenaAepbi, Kpowie (1700-1721 rr). no Kpaio 6enuM ranynow M T.A. TOTO, 6biJin BOOpy>KeHbi py^Hbiwn rpaHaiaMw. lilseACKMe nexoTMHi^bi nocuriM oAHo6opTApMeMCKMe rpenaAepbi OTnMManncb OT flpyTpeibfl Macib Ka>KAOü nexoiHOM poibi 6bina HblM CMHMM KadpTBH C He60J1bliJMM OT7IO>KHblM TMX nexoTMHi^es nMtub 0opMOü ocoöwx rononpeACTasnena cojiAaraMM, eoopy>KeHHb'iMM nnBopOTHMKOM M paspesHbiMM o6ujnaraMn na pyBHbix y6opos — rpenaAepoK. K3MH — nviKMHepaiuiM. Boopyxenne luseACKoPi Kasax. rionbi Kad^Tana noAsopaMMsa/iMCb noAPpenaAepKM MMB/IH cpopMy enMCKoncKow nexoTbi öbino ciaHAapTHbiM. r\op,aBnniou\ee KnaAKOM Bsepx M npucTernsanMCb sa yrnbi. Ha MMTpw c >Ke/iToPi rapycHOM KMCTbKj Hasepxy. Ha6o/ibujMHCTBO pyxœiî M nyiüCK, a raioKe flpyroro nonax KacpfaHa pacnc/iara/wcb Asa KapMaHa, noOHMKM yKpaoianMCb KOponescKMM senseneM M opy>Kna 6bmo tuseACKoro nponsBOACTsa. Ha BO- KnanaHbi KOTOpbix MMBDM xapaKTepnyio p,nf\ apMaTypoM. TpeHaAepKM 6binM cyKOHHWMM M opy>KeHMM LUBeACKOM nexoTbl cocToan KpewinneLUB6ACKOM apMMM dSOpMy C CBMblO nyrOBMLiaMM. KaK npaBMno nonKoswx npMÔopnbix useTOB. BOM MyiuKei o6pa3i;a 1692/1704 r. MyujKer seHa njienax KacpTaHa nocujiMCb noronbi c BNFsapAeMCKMe rpenaAepbi nocunM OCTPOKOGun 4,7-5 Kr. Ero Kann6p coctaBJian 20,04 MM, nyujKOM (OOUJMBKOM) npMÖopnoro noriKosoro neMHyio ujanKy c xenTOM rapycnoM KMCTbK), yKu,B6Ta. riyroBMi^bi, KBK npaBMno,6bmM OJIOBSIHa Aa/ibHOCTb Bbicipena cocrasnajia 225 MeipaiueHHyio MBAHWM nanoÖHMKOM c Mso6pa>KepOB. Kpowe Toro na BoopyoKennn paf\a rapnuHbie (6enoro MeTanna). B 1706-1707 rr. KadpTaHM6M KOponeBCKoro seHsena c apwaTypoü (repsoHHbix nacrePi COCTOSIJIM dpmunbHbie Myome™ Hbi UJB6ACKMX conABT CTanM 6oiiee npMTaneH6aMM M nbinaromMMM rpanaTawn), CMHBM c xenciapbix o6pa3i^OB. B 1696 r. B ujBeACKOM apHbiMM, nyroBMi^bi HM>K6 nonca no 6opTy 6onbiue TOM o6lilMBKOM M KMCTbK) «dpnaMMOM». 33AHMK MMH, cnainajia B neü6-rBapAMM, a K 1700 r. M B H6 HaiUMBa/lMCb. npw60pHblM 14B6T (T.6. LJB6T 6bin yKpaaien MBAHOM 6nsixoM c M3o6pano^Kax noJiyMnn pacnpocipaHenne M, oSiunaroB, OOUJMBKM neTe/ib
15
AMM. noncHbie peMHM yHTep-odpML\epOB MMS/IM cepeöpanyra, a y ocpni^epos so/iOTyio oSujMBKy. P1pa>KKM y nepBbix 6binn nocepe6psHbie , y BTOpbix — nosonoHeHHbie. rinam rsapASMCKoro ocpML\epa MM6J1 rojiy6yro noflioiaAKy M sono^eHbie 3aCT6>KKM, 6TO CMHMM BOpOTHMK, 60pT3 M 33AHMM pa3pe3 SblJlM OOUJMTbl SOJIOTblM raflyHOM.
cKHx ocpniiepoB 6una 6onee — 3OJ10TOM ranyH y HMX MMejica TonbKO na ujnnne, HO bcTanbHbie fleTanu 6wnM Te >K6, HTO M JleMO-rBapAMM. KaK SapMBHT LUB6A-
CKMe renepa/ibi M ocpMLiepbi CTapiuero panra HOCMJIM CMHMM KacpTaH cppaHi^yscKoro noKpofl («>KK)CTOKOP») C ÖOraTOM 30J10TOM O6UJMBKOM.
4epHblX JlbB3. Ha pOTHblX 3H3Me-
Kpowe TOTO CTapujuü KOMaHflHbiü cocras ujeefl-
Hax /ludp/iflHflCKoro BepoosaHHOro'nonKa rpacpa flenarapAM na cepow nonoTHMine B oöpaMneHMM sonoToro seHKa M rpanaT B Ka>KAQM us yrnoB, Mso6pa>KeH repö JlMdpnnHAMM — B KpacHOM LHMT6 cseTno-cepbiM rpMcpon (nonynes-nonynTML\a) c M6MOM B npasoü nane. POTHOB snaMïi YnnnaHACKoro nonKa MHAenbTbi MMeno na KpacHOM none M3o6pa>xeHMe sonoToü «Aep>KaBbi» (ujapa c KpecTOM) B sonoTowi nasposoM senKe; B flanbCKOM nonKy nonoTHMi^e poTHoro snaweHM 6bino CMHee, a -B u,eHTpe ero M3o6pa>KeHbi ABB CKpemeHHbie sonoTbie CTpenw-noA KopoHOM, a BOKpyr HMX naspOBWM cepe6paHbiM seHOK. PoTHoe snaMfl HëpKe-BepMnaHACKOro nonKa MMeno nonoTHMine KposaBO-KpacHoro upeja c AsyMfl nepeKpeujeHHbiMM sonoTbiMM CTpenaMM B senenoM seHKe. KaK BapManT B pHAe LUBeflCKMx TpeibeonepeAHbix nonKOB na pOTHbix SHawienax cseTno-CMHero i^seTa B L(eHTpe 6bin MsoSpaxeH iuMT Sonbujoro rocyAapcTBeHHoro repöa LUBBLIMM. UUMT asna/icfl qenTpoM nonoTHMina, pasAeneHHoro sonoTbiM KpecTOM na MeTbipe nacTM, B nepsoM M neTsepTOM ^eTsepT^x
CKOM apMMM HOCMJ1 napMKM. OcpMl^epCKMB 4MHbl
KoponescKOM apMMM pasnMMajiMCb • no cnei^wnarpyAHbiM SHBKBM (ropweTaM), HOCMBna ronyooM jieHTe na mee. Haw nsseCT6H JlMLUb OflMH BapMBHT 3TMX 3H3KOB OÖpaSL^a
1717 r. Fop>KeT npeAcraBJiHJi co6oM osanbHbiM 3H3K C npHMbIMM KpaSIMM C M306pa>KeHMeM B6H-
Kapna XII. LUTa6-ocpMi^epcKMe SHBKM yKpaKpoMe eeHsena naepoBbiMM BBTBRMM. HO MMH3M 3H3KM paSJlMMajlMCb CJlSAyiOlUMM 06-
pasoM. tUenpnx (npanopu^HK) MMen nonnocTbio 3OnOH6HblM 3H3K C KOpOH6BCKMM B6H3ejieM; y
Kap/i XII, Kopofib Weeu,uu
jieMTenaHTa sensenb MS rojiyooM (^MHMCPTM, HO Kopona sonoTaa; y KanMTana M KanMTaHa-jieiîTe• HBHTa Bensenb M Kopona sono^enbie; y MaMOpa M noAnoriKOBHMKa BSTBM, sensenb M Kopona MS rojiyßoM cpMHMCpTn; y noriKOBHUKa see Msoôpa-
>K6HMflMM nbifiaiOLUMx rpanar. KpOMe Toro rpersapAMM MMSJIM OTnownwe nai(KaHbi u,BeTcl c ABBHTbio nyroBi/maMM. MysbiKaHTbi HocnnM oômesoMCKosyio cnHKJK3 cpopwiy, pacwMTyra no 6opiy, KnananaM KapManoB M umaM 6enbiM M xe/rrwM ranynoM. PyKasa KadpranoB raioxe pacuiMsanMCb npoAonbHbiMM nonocaMM ranyna. EapaBanbi y 6apa6anu4MKOB MMenw oSmusKy cnnero (ronyöoro) M noJiKOBoro npnoopnoro LJEBTOB. Kanpa/ios LUBeflCKOü nexoiw OT own ysKMM sonoTOM ra/iyH, nosepx 6enoro ranyna na Tpeyro/iKe. YHTep-ocpMu,epbi oTJiM4anMCb OT •BOPOTHMKOM u o6wnaraMM CMHero inséra. Kpo-
>K6HM5) (B6TBM, KOpOHB, BBHSenb) SOJIOTbie. KaK
BapMaHT y KanMTaH-newTenaHTOB BCTpeMaioTca 3H3KM, FA6 BSHSenb M KOpOH3 OKpyxeHbl M30-
6pa>KeHMeM snaweH, nyiueK M flAep. B OTJ1MMMM OT LUB6ACKMX CpMHCKM6 HOJIKM MH-
AenbTbi, TpeTbeo^epeAHbie nonKM M BepoosanHbie acTjwHACKMe M /iMCpnnHACKMe MBCTM MMe/iM 6onee CKpoMHoe o6MyHAMpoBaHMe. CorjiacHO KOponescKMx pernaMeHTOB, STM HacTM 6binM OAeTbi B cepbie cepMa>KHbie KacpTaHbl C CB6TJ10 CMHMM npMOOpOM (BOpOTHMKOM, 06-
LunaraMM, noAKJiaAKoPi). Kawso/ibi, naHTanoHbi M 4ynKM nexoTMHi^es 6bmM MS onenbeM, nocMHOM MflM KO3J1MHOM KOXM. HyrOBMI^bl 6binM OJIO-
BHHHbie. UJjiflnbi TpeyronKM MOPJIM He MMeTb 6e-
M6 TOTO OHM HOCMnM CMHM6 DaHTajlOHbl. riOfl-
nOM LUepCTflHOM
KnaflKa, o6uiMBKa neienb n Hy/iKM 6binn ronySoro u,B6Ta. Fanyn na wnane cepe6psiHbiü, a nyroBMi^bi nocepe6pflHbie. B neitö-rsapAeMCKOM noiiKy yHTep-odpmjepbi MMenu cepeBpanyio ranynHyw o6ujMBKy ne TonbKO Ha wnane, HO M na Kadpiane (no sopoTHMKy, o6wnaraM, KapMaHHbiM KnananaM n wsaM, a raioKe no 6opiy — B sufte napannenbHbix npOAonbHbix nonoc). Y reapAePiCKMX yHTep-odpni^epos noflicnaflKa 6bma na ocoSoii yae^KOBOM TKBHU. EnaHna y HMX niwena TaKyra >xe noAKJiaflKy, a TaioKe cepe6panbiM ra/iyn no CMHewiy sopOTHMKy. Y paflOBbix M Kanpanos BopOTHMK 6bin xembtM c 6enoü o6niMBKOM. YHTep-ocpML\epCKMe enaHHM MMenu cepe63acTe>KKii. OcpMi^epbi LUBeflCKOM J1evi6HOCMJiM oöme-nexoTHbiM KacpraH M OTreapfleMCKMx ynTep-odpMi^epos 30i ranyHHoü paciuMskoM M sononenuMM nyM. OöiiiMBKa neTenb ocpmjepCKMx KacpT3HOB 6bma aonoTOM. riepnaTKM ocpMi^epos TBK>Ke paciüMBariMCb sonoTbiM ranynoM. Benbie rancryKM 6bmn MS TOHKOCO nonoTHa. B ocTanbHOM oSMyHflupoBaHMe ocpMi^epos Sbi/io noiiHO-
UJMHCTBe CpMHCKMX, npMÖajlTMMCKMX M LUB6ACKMX
CTblO MA6HTMMHO CpOpMS yHTep-OdpML(epOB TBap-
16
nenbKoe MSoBpaxenMe repoajoro nena, KOMnneKTOBancfl nojiK. FlpM^ewi poTHbie H3 MMenM nonoTHMine LjseTS repos CBoero nena, a B ijempe ero wso6pa>KancsR 6onbaioM'rep6 jiena. TaK, nanpuMep, poTnoe snaMfl dpMHCKoro AöoccKoro nonKa MHAenbTbi MMeno cepoe nonoTHMine c Mso6pa>KeHMeM B JIBBOM yrny sonoToro Jibsa, OKMMaiomero B npaBOM Jiane B naT'HOM HanneMHMKe MSM M s jiesoPi jiane no>KHbi B oöpaMneHMM ronyöux c SOJIOTOM BocbMMKoneMHbix 3B63A. Ha snaMenax 3cTnnHACKoro eep6osaHHoro öaTaribona OcTen-CaKeHa Ha wn w3o6pa>KeH rep6
o6lilMBKM. PajlCTyKM B 60J1b-
SblnM M306pa>KeHbl TpM SOnOTblX KOpOHbl, a BO BTOpOM M TpeTbeM HSTBepTHX — SOnOTOM n6B.
B Jleüe-rsapAeMCKOM no/iKy see poTHbie SHaMeHa 6binM 6enoro i^seTa. Ha snaivieHM new6-pOTbi MMenocb sonoToe M3o6pa>KeHMe ro' cyAapCTseHHoro rep6a LLlBei(Mii, a na ocTanbHblX POTHblX SHBMBHaX KOpOneBCKMM BBHS'enb
Kapna XII. PasMep nexomux snaweH 6bin CTan: AapTHbiü: 170 CM B BbicoTy M 212 CM B Annny. KasanepMCTbi apMMM Kapna XII — peMTapbi M AparyHbi MMenw Ha soopy>KeHMM A^Mnnyro ujnary (nanam) c M6TannM4ecKMM (OÖUMHO
noriKOB OWJIM MS Mepnoro TpMna.
M6AHblM) SdpeCOM, KnMHKOM AnMHHOM 97 CM, HO-
OdpMLJ,epOB npMOaJlTMMCKMX MaCTSM
cMMyKi B nepnenbix KO>KaHbix no>KHax na nopTyneM. KpoMe Toro, OHM MMenM no ABa KpeMHMeBbix nMCTOneTa KanM6pOM 16,03 MM, KOTOpue sno>KeHHbiMM B cneL\naDbHbie AepeKo6ypw (onbcrpbi), noKpbiTbie KOKanbi-
6bijia 6onee pasHonnanosoM. MacTb MS HMX HOCMJia CMHUe MyHAMpbl, K3K M B nOJlK3X lilBBACKOM
MHAenbTbi, MTU 6bijio o6ycnoBneHO nexsaTKOM OCpML(epCKMX MeCTHblX K3APOB B OCT38MCKMX
npoBMHi4Mflx. Kopojib npaKTMKOBaji nepesoA naCTM odpMi^epcKoro cocrasa MS masHOM apMMM B 4acTM. OdpimepcKnü cocras, cny>KMBLiJMM B npMöamMMCKMX sep6oB3HHbix noriKax, cornacHO M3o6pa>KeHMK) na rpasiopax TOTO speMeHM, HOCM/I 6enwe KadpTaHbi c CMHMM BOPOTHMKOM, Kawso/iOM, o6ujjiaraMM M LUTanaMM CSOnOTOM ra/iyHHOM paCLIJMBKOM.
rancTyKM OUJIM KBK B ujseACKMx MHAeJibTbi MS 6ejioro TpMna. B nexoTHbix nonKax Ka>KAafl poTa nwiena CBoe 3H3M3, npM^eM SHawifl neiï6-poTbi asnsi. floJiKOBoe sHaMfl 6biJio 6efioro M npeACTasrifljio co6oü npaMoyronbnoe c Mso6pa>KeHMeM öojibiiioro rocyA3pCTB6HHoro rep6a UJBeLiMM, a B sepxneM neBOM yrny (JIMÖO BO scex yrnax) nMenocb MS-
MM MnM CyKOHHbIMM MBXnBMM (MyUJKBMM) M Kpe-
nMBiiiMeca no OÔBMM CTOpoHaM ceAenbHOM nyKM. PeÜTapy nonarancn KpewHuesoM Kapa6nH KanM6poM 18,55 MM M BecMBiiiidM na 0,5-1 Kr nenne nexoTnoro py>Kbn. KapaSnn HOCM/ica Ha KoraHOtf nepesasM c KPIOKOM (nonranepe) HBAesaeMOM 4epes nesoe nneno. CTBon KapaOMHa, BMceBujero na noHTanepe y npasoro 6oKa scaflHMKa (npMKnaAOM ssepx), BCTaBnanca B KOMOHbiii Mexon (6yiuMaT), KpenMsujMMca K ceAny. ( flparyH BMBCTO KapaÔMHa MMen oônerHennoe nexoTHoe pyxbe co UJTWKOM. naTpOHbi — 30 LUTyK, no 10 na Ka>KAbiM nMCToneT M py>Kbe, xpanMnMCb B riHAyHKax (ne6onbiuMX naTpoHHbix cyMKax), HOCMMWX na nepeB33M, HaAesaeMOM 4epes npasoe nne^o. flepeB«3b 6bma y>Ke noHTanepa. PeMTapti
BOOpyweHMÊ — narpyAHbie Knpacbi y yHTep-odpMLjepoB, PRAOBWX n ABOMHWX (T.e. saHe TO/ibKO cnnny, HO M rpyflb) y B nepnoA nonbCKOM KOMnannn (1702-1706'rr) Kapn XII ynpasAHMn KMpacy B rnaBHOM apMMM, OCTBBMB MX TOJibKo y ocpMijepoB M reneps/iOB. Koponb cMnian, MTO OHM wa/io3cpK6 30nOH6HblX).
/lew6-Apa6aHTbi MMSJIM bôbiMHoe petrrapCKoe BOOpyxeHMe (6es KMpac), HO LunarM y HMX 6bijiM oco6oro oSpasija c sojioMenbiM adpecoM. rionoHbi y Apa6aHTOB 6binM ocpMi(epCKMe. O6MyHAnpOBaHne ujseACKMX KasajiepMCTOB Mweno nMiub He6onbujMë OT/IMHMH OT dpopwbi, KOTÓpyw HOCMna nexoTa. PeMTapbi M Aparynw apwiMM Kap/ia XII, KpoM6 npMOariTMMCKMX M CpMHCKMX HBCTeM, HOCMJ1M
CMHMM KadpTan c npM6opow (BOPOTHMKOM, 06ujjiaraMM, noAK/iaAKOM) nojiKOBoro L^seTa, JIOCMHbiiï KaMson M naHTanoHbl, in^nnbi-TpeyrojiKM c 6enoM o6ujMBKOM M nyroBMi^evi, KoaoHbie nepH3TKM M I.A. BlweCTO ^ynOK M OaiilMaKOB K3B3/ie-
PMCTH HOCM/IM BbicoKne CMa33HHbie canorM c pacrpy6aMM — 6oTdpopTbi. Ha 6oTdpopTbi HBAesanMCb lunopw — wieAHbie y ocfiMLiepoB M cra/ibHbie y PSRAOBWX. flyrosMUbi 6bmn wieAHbie (wenTbie), a rancTyKM MS Mepnoro TpMna. Ha noroHax liiBeACKMx KasanepucTOB oTcyiCTBOBana BbinyiuKS. MHCKMe M npn6ajiTMMCKMe Kasane-
noATBep>KflaeTC5i Tewi, MTO HBBTB snaiwen HranaHACKOro M Cesepo-CKOHCKOro noriKOB MABHTMKeH rep6 medpa no/iKa, a B pxp,e 4aCT6M M306p3>KeHM51 H3 3HaM6H3X
TMposaJiMCb medpoM nonKa. B Jlevie-perMMeHTe M B LUseACKOM dpaHe, a TaioKe B JleMO-AparyHCKOM nonKy —
pMCTbl HOCM^M CepblM KadpTSH C CBeTJIO-CMHMM
BCe liliaHASpTbl (3H3M6H3) 6blJlM OeflOFO L(BeT3,
npn6opoM, npidHflTbiM B 1708 r. (y no/iKOB Kopnyca JlesenraynTa npMÖop Mor 6biTb KpacHWM). opn/ia JleM6-Apa6aHTOB 6bma wyHAMpaM nemeM JleM6-rBapAMM. JleM6-Apa6aHTOB KpoMe o6bNHOM ujTa6-ocpMdpopMbi, pacujMTOîi SO/IOINM ranynoM, ) cpopMy — CMHMM Kadpran c weji-
T.e. flBn^jiMCb jieM6-ujTaHAapT3MM (jieti6-3HaMenaMM). Ha POTHNX ujTaHAapTSX (snaMenax) ÖbIJl M306pa>KeH KOpOJieBCKMM BBHSejlb B O6-
paMJieHMM Tpex aorioTbix KOPOH. rioAOOHbie snaM6H3 (UJTaHASpTbl) ÖblJIM y HBMei^KMX BBpÖO-
saHHbix nonKOB, TOJibKo nonoTHMma 6binM npid6opnoro noriKosoro i^eeTa. Bce peüTspcKne
LUeedcKuü apmunnepucm npeACTSBJiann co6oiï BHCOTOM 50 CM M A^MHOM 60 CM, a AparyHCKMe snaMena — npawoyronbHbie nonoTABywia ocTpOKoneHHbiMM yrnaMM («XBOM pasMepoM 100x120 CM. Co BpeMCH Tycrasa II Aflo/ibCpa LUBeACKaa SpTMJlJiepMfl CMMT3^3Cb OAHOM M3 ny^UJMX B Eß-
j
nPMBOPHblE UBETA nOJIKOB
HA3BAHME nÓHKA
ÜBET OPMBOPA
pone. Bo BTOpoM nojiosune XVII B6K3 B XOAB passMTMfl apTMJiJiepMM 6bm CAe^SH PJIA TBXHMM6CKMX ycosepujeHCTBOBSHMM. STO nosBonMno nOBblCMTb 3H34eHMe 3TOTO pOA3 BOMCK H3 none 60fl M yBBJlMHMTb nOABM>KHOCTb apTCMCTBM.
JKCJITblM
CMOJiaHflCKMM IO>KHO-CKOHCKMfi
jiasopeawfl Kpyae HlOJiaHACKHM ,
KpaCHblM
A60CCKMH
KpaCHblM flBOpflHCKMM BAB/lbCCpaH
•
flparyHCKMe
CKOHCKMW cocnoBHWü nptai4a BK)pT«M6eprcKoro Ynn/iaHflCKHM cocnOBHbiß BeHHepcreflra HeMei4KnPi BepßoBaHHbiü EjibMa HeweL(KMM BepSoeaHHbiM MeiïepcfienbTa MM BepSosaHHbiti fliOKepa i Bep6osaHHbiM AnboeAMna i Bep6oBaHHbift KDrtneHiurepHa BepSoBaHHbiM UJnnnneH6axa
OCHOBHblM OpyAMBM nOAA6p>KKM neXOTbl H3
none 6oa as/w/iocb TpexdpyHioaoe, Kann6pOM 7,7 CM nonKOBoe opyAMe. CTson opyAMfl Beciwi 210 KP. OHO Morno CTpenaTb Kapie^bKi na 225 M, a HApaMM — na 225-275 M. Ka»«Aoro opyAMfl BKJiKwanocb 12 HeCTpoeBbix 4MHOB (raHTBepKBpoB M esAOBbix). iilBeACKMM apTunnepMCT 6bm soopyxen KOPOTKOM ujnaroM c M6AHWM sdpecoM B BMAB paKOi. TaHTJiaHrep, Kpoiwe TOTO, 6bi^ BOOpy>KeH py>Kb6M, KOTOPOe HOCM/lOCb 33 CnM-
Jiasopeabift nasopeebifl
HOM na noroHHOM pewine. KoncTanenb MMBJI Kpowie iiinarw Konbe c Kpecroo6pa3HbiM OCTPM6M y OCHOB3HMH KOTOpOTO H3 AP6BKO H3M3Tbl-
cpMTMJib — na/ibHMK. Ha npaBOM 6oKy, na , naAesaeMOM Mepes nesoe nne^o KO>Ka-
17
HOM nepeBHSM, OH HOCMJI Kpyrnyio MeflHyw nopoxoBHMuy, yKpaiiieHHyio KopojiescKi/tM Bensejieiu. BoopyrçeHMe yHTep-ocpMi\epa M odpnu,epa 6binO T3KMM >K6, K3K M B neXOTB.
O6MyHflMpoB3Hne LuseACKoro apTMJiJiepMCTa cocTOHJio na ceporo KadpTana, 6es noron, c nyroBML(3MM. HO/IN KacpTana He noioAKJiaAKS M oöiujiara àpTMJinepMMCKoro KacpTana 6bijw cseT/io-cnHUMM (ronyÖblMM), K3M30J1 M UJTaHbl JlOCMHbie, 4yjlKM M
rancTyK — CMHMB. Ha Horax KSK y nexoTMHi^es HOCMJlMCb
CMasaHHbie
6aLUMaKM
C M6AHOM
npswKOM. ApTMjuiepMCTbi HOCMJIM ^epnyro uj/iany-TpeyrojiKy c MSAHOM nyrosimeM M 6e/iOM ranyHHOM OÖLUMBKOM.
. y raHTJiaHrepa nosepx OOLLIMBKM 6bm HSUJMT ysKMM 30J10TOM rajiyn, a y KOHCTanejia OTOT raJiyn 6bm necKOJibKO LUMpe. HacTO BMBCTO Lunan apTMJinepMCTbi HOCMJIM cyKOHHbie Kapnycbl c cepOM Tyjibeiï M rojiy6oM onyujKOM. YHTep-odpuLiepu apTMJijiepMMCKoro noma HOCMJIM CMHMB nanTSJiOHbi M rojiy6bie 4yjiKM. Kpaa lunanbi y HMX 6blJlM OBtUMTbl ABOMHblM PajiyHOM — CHM3y C6-
peöpflHbiM, BBepxy KpacHbiM. OcpMLjepw LUBeACKOM apTMnjiepMM MMBJIM nyroBMU,bi na MyHAMpe, a na LLJJIH-
(t>paHU,MM CT3J1 M3pKM3 Jlasya, ~BO cppaHLiyscKOM apn/iMM SbiJia npunsiTa naTMnepexoAnaa CMCTewa AosonbCTBna BOMCK, KOTOpaa CKOBbisana MX fleMCTBMH, TBK K3K apwiMn ne Morna yAannTbcn OT Maraanna 6onee »new na 5 nepexoflOB (100-125 KM.). XOTSI, SnaroAapa Mara3MHHOM CMcrewie cna6>KeHMfl o6ecne4HBancH perynapHbiM HOABOS scero neo6xoAMMOro K apMMM M noBNLuanacb ee 6oecnoco6Hocrb, HO c Apyroü CTOpOHbi ee ASMCTEMS cTa^n Kpaüne B CTpaTerM^BCKOM OTHOLU6HMM.
cncTeiwa cna6>KeHMfl 6bma yAoSna naewiHbix apMUM SanaAHOM Esponw, HO B apMMM, TA6 KOHMHBCTBO B6p6OBaHHbix 4acT6M ne npeBbiLuano OT 1/4 AO 1/3 OT 06mero MMCTa BOMCK, noAOÖnaa CMCTewa cna6>KeHMa npnwenanacb KpaPine peAKO. ApwiMa Kapna XII na npOTflweHMM scex KOMnaHMM HananbHoro nepMOfla BOMHU 1700-1709 rr., Kpon/ie JlMdpnflHACKoro Kopnyca, cna6>KaJiacb sa CM6T peKBM3ML(MM npOAOBOnbCTBna M dpypaxa y MecTHoro nacejieHMH na TeppuTopMax Bep,eHMfl6oeBbix ASMCTBMM, 4TO oöecneMMBano ee BbICOKyK) ManeBpeHHOCTb M nOABM>KHOCTb.
Mbi ne Moweiw nponycTMTb TBKOM K3K cTporaa A^ciiMnnMHa B sonpocax
TaKTMHèCKHM
npMBMOM
TOTO BpeMBHM
6bm
CpnSHrOBblM M3H6BP, T.6. OXB3T KpblJlbeB 6O6BO-
ro nopflAKa npOTMBHMKa. Ojianrn 6biJiM H3M6onee yassMMbiM n/iecTOM 6oesoro riopaAKa TOTO speweHM. HaHMHaa co BTOpoM nonoBMHbi XYII B6K3 OCHOBHOM TSKTMHeCKOM BA^HMl^BM B TO-
CTpoeHMM 6oesoro nopsiAKa LUBBACKOM àpMMM BwecTO 6pMraAbi CTa/i osTanbon. nexoTa crpOMnacb B ABS JIMHMM, o6a BaTanbona OAHOTO noriKa, KBK npaBMHO, pacnonaranncb PHROM Apyr c ApyroM. TaKMM 06paSOM OAH3 HMHMfl COCTOflJia M3 6aT3JlbOHOB OAHMX nOJlKOB, 3 BTOpafl — M3 APy™X. Ta-
Koe nocTpoenne 6bine Kpaüne yAOÖHbiw, MÖO BTOpaa nMHMfl Morna McnonbsosaTbcsi fin» oxBaTa dpJianroB npOTMBHMKa, 6es ymepSa pjw nepsoM. npM pacnono>KeHMM 6aTa/ibOHOB OAHOro nonKa B saTwnoK Apyr K Apyry B OOBBOM nopaAKe, o6ecne4MBa;iacb 6onee wie>KAy ^MHMSIMM M 6onee H3Ae>KHasR BTOPOM nnHMM nepsoM. H6AOCT3TKOM ASHHoro 6oeBOTO Bbmo HapyoieHMe noriKOBoPi opraHM33L(MM B CJiy^ae ncnonbsosaHMJi BTOPOM JIMHMM ne Rnn nof\p,epyKKVi nepBOM, 3 p.nn Msnespa B 6orc>. npM Mcno/ibsoBaHMM nepsoro TMna 6oesoro cnpasa, a cjiesa OT nero 2-ü 6aTanbOH ( KOBHMK). B 6aT3fibOHax poTbi CTpOM/iMCb . oSpasoM, 4To6bi Ha cpnanrax OKasbiasiiMCb nyqLUMe (CTSpuiMe) poTbi: B 1-M 6aTanbOHe cnpasa HaneBO /ieiï6-pOTa, pOTbi BTOporo M KannTaHOB M pOTa wiafiopa, a BO 2-i poTa noAnoHKOBHMKa, poTbi TpeTberp, HRTOTO, nepsoro KanMTaHOB. Rpn ncnonb30B3HMM 6oeBoro nop^AKa BTOporo TMna jieM6-6aTa/ibOH craHOBMnca B nepsoiü JIMHMM, HO nocTpoeHMe POT B öaTa/ibonax ocTsaanocb 6es MaweHëHMa.. PassepTbiBSHMe 6oeBoro nopjiAKa ocyineCTBJlSnOCb M3 nOXOAHOrO
B 606BOM M 6bl/lO
O46Hb CJ10>KHO. fl^fl MeTKOTO nOCTpO6HMSl H3 nO-
ne BOR see MB'CTM cTponnMCb B noxoAHOM nopHAKe cornscHo AMcno3ML(MM. flexoTa M KasaneBoeeoü nopadoK uieedcKoü nexomhi do 1680 z.
PMR CTpOMJIMCb
B KOJIOHHbl nOpOTHO. fleXOTa
CTpOMJiaCb 43LH6 BCePO B AB6 KOJIOHHbl, npM46M
nax y.HMX TaioKe 6bma ABOMHaa ranynnaa 06LUMBKa (BHMsy sonoTas, BBpxy KpacHan). TanCTyKM y yHTep-ocpMLjepoB M ocpni^epOB öbinM MS TOHKoro rpMna 6enoro LjseTa c KpacHbiM 6anTOM. Ha rpasropHbix H3o6pa>KeHMfix, saHHbix 1715 r. ocpMijep M3o6pa>KeH c 3y6MaTbiM ranynow na mri3neTpeyro/iKe M c OOLUMBKOU KadpTana, oôiunaroB M KapwaHHbix KnananoB UJMPOKMM 6enbiM ranyHOM. Ha KadpTane LuecTb «pasrosopoB», na KapwiaHHbix KnanaHax — neTtipe, Ha ooujnarax— ABB. CMCTewia cna6>KeHMsi B LUBBACKOM apwiMM BWCOKMM yposnewi opraHM3aL(MM. Kapna Xli nonynana npeflMeTbi cna6>KeHMfl M3 TpeX MCT04HMKOB: 1) HOCTOHHHblX npOAO-
BonbCTseHHbix M djypa>KHbix warasMHOB; 2) noABM>KHoro apweMOKOi'o Marasuna, BOSMMOTO sa apMMeiï; 3) peKBMSMisuM sa CMBT wecTHbix MCTO^HMKOB cHa6»eHH8 no wepe npOABM)KeHMn apMMM no sasoesaHHbiM TQPPMTOPMSIM. Manepa seAeHMa Soesbix ASMCTBUM B onMnepMOA, Kpaiine sasMcena OT pacnocna6>KeHMfl M oSecneMeHMa nyTeîi noAsosa cpypaxa M nposnaHTa K apMeüCKMM nacTnivi. Co BTOpOM nOJIOBMHbl XVII B., KOPAa BO'eHHblM MM-
18
B LUBBACKOM apwuM 6oroc/iy>KeHMa npOBOAMKa>KAoe socKpecenbe M npasAHMK, a 06MO/iMTBa ABB pasa s fleHb: yrpoiw M seMepOM. PenMruosHasi AMCi^nnriMna 6bma SBBHOM B yKpennennn oöineiï AMCuwnjiMHbi. Co^AaTbi-KaponMHL(bi, cj'< aaHHbie BOBHHOM M penMruosHOM AMCi4nnni-iHvj.i, yeepennue B CBOBM no6eAe HSA Kosapno HanaeiUMMM apMMflMM coceAeM 6bi/iM rposHOM 6oesoM cMnoM.sacTaBnRBtueM TpeneT3Tb OT CTpaxa rocyAapeM Esponbi. JlMHeviHaa TaKTMKa, snepeue npMMeHeHHan TycTaBOM II AAOJibdpoivi B 1631 r. B cpa>K6HMM npn BpeMTendpenbAe M craBiuaa o6LL\enpMHflTOM BO scex sanaAHO-esponeMCKMx apwiMax, ocTasanacb rocnoflCTByKstneM M B nanane XVIII B. B nepnOA sennKOM CesepHOü BOMHW 17001721 rr. B cpaxeHMax MSi^e Bcero Mcnonbsoaancn 6oesoM nop^AOK onMCSHHWM HSMM neCKOTIbKO BbILUe M MajIO HSMCHM^BLUMMCfl CO Bpe-
M6H «SMMHero» Kopojifl (fycrasa AflOJibdpa). KpoMe TpaAMLiMOHHoro 6oesoro nop^AKa uiBeAbi McnonbsoBaJiM npM nanMHMM y npOTMBHMKa 6onboioro KonM4ecTB3 KasanepuMCKMX MacTeü cn/ieiuaHHoe nocrpoeHMe, npw KOTOPOM nexoTHbie M KasaJiepMMCKne MBCTM pacnonaranncb Bnepewe>KKy. HaMöonee pacnpocTpanennbiM
Ta KOJiOHHa, KOTOpaa Aon>KHa öwiia cocTaBruiTb nepsyra JIMHMK) 6oeBoro nop^AKa pacnonarsnacb cornacHO Haxo>KAeHMn npOTMBHMKa. KasanepMfl cocTaB/iRjia ABS (TPM, 46Tbipe) KonoHHbl na dpnanrax nexoTbi. Mactb CMJI nexoTbi M KasajiepMM Bbiflerinnacb B asaHrapA n apberapA, a TaioKe p,nx npuKpUTMa apTMiinepMM M o6osa. ApTun/iepMsi pacnoflaranacb B noxoAHbix KOJIOHHax na dpjianrax nexoTHbix KOJIOHH. flopnAOK nOpOTHO nOCTpOeHHblX KOJIOHH ÖbIJl
— snepeAM pOTN UJJIM oapaSaninMKM M dpJieMTMCT, 33 HMMM KBnMTBH BO PJiaBB AByX
AMBM3MOHOB MyujKeTepOB, panée
cjieAOsajip
AB3 AMBM3MOH3 DMKMHepOB, M6>KAy KOTOpbIMM
Lueji cpenpMx (npsnopinwK) c pOTHbiw M noAnpsnopmMK (forare), A Asa AMBM3MOH3 MyujKeTepOB BO rjiase KOTOPWX UJ6J1 JieMT6H3HT. BTOpOM AMBM3MOH MyUIKeTepOB
H3 Mspuue BosrjisBnaji cep>K3HT, nepsuPi AMBM3MOH nMKMnepoB- dpejibAcpeôejib, a AMBM3MOH MyujKeTepOB — KanTenapiviyc. npM A6MCTBMM pOTbl OTABHbHblM
ee nocrpoeHMe 6biJio cJieAyK)m,MM: no ABS KeTepCKMX AMBM3MOH3 pacnojiarajiMCb na cpjianrax nocTpoeHMa. TnyÖMHa CTpoa cocTasnajia LuecTb Luepenr. TpenaAepbi OKaMMJi^Jiu 6oeeoM poTbi no dinsHraw. B i^enTpe nocrpoe-
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CMJ1M MeXOBbie LLianKM C KpaCHbIM BepXOM M 30nOTOM KMCTbK) H3 KOHU.6, J1MÖO M6XOBbie I^MJIMH-
Apw (no Tuny oasapCKHx rpenaAep). MysbiKaHTbi HocwnM MynAnpw noriKOBbix U.B6TOB M OT/lM4anMCb OT APY™X COy\A3T HailJM-
TbiMM Ha nnenax «nonyMecsiijaMM» M OÔWMBKOM sonoTbiM MUM LiiepCTflHbiM ranyHOM. PlarpoHHbie cyMbi M n^AyHKM AenanMCb MS MepnenoM KO>KM c HaKjiaAHbiMM M3o6pa>KeHMflMM rpanai, rocyAapCTBeHHoro repoa M i4apcKoro sensena MS MBAM. Bee ocranbHoe CHapajxeHMe Aenanocb MS KOSJ1MHOM MJ1M nOCMHOM KO>KM. ApMBMCKMB rpeHaABpbl HOCMJ1M HianKM M3 CyKH3, M6X3, KO>KM M M6-
Tanna. FpenaAepu ByrupCKoro nonKa HOCMnM ocrpoKOHeMHbie cyKOHHbie luanKM c wecTflHUM nanooHMKOM, 6enbiM SBAHMKOM, KpacHbiM. sep' XOM M 6eJioM KMCTbra. Ha Kacpianax na nesoivi nne^e HOCMnca noron c nyroBMi^eü 6es OÖUJMBKM. HO pHAy apXMBHblX A3HHHX H3M yABnOCb yCTSHOBMTb HBKOTOpbie U.B6T3 apMBMCKMX
nexOT-
Hbix nonKOB. B 1709 r. BenrópoACKMM nexoTHbiM noJiK HOCMJi TBMHO-seneHbie Kacpianbi, un-an« M3 K03J1MHOM KO>KM,
KpaCHbie-KaMSOJl, MyjlKM,
OowyHAMposaHMe KasanepMücKMX no/iKOB raioKe 6bino pa3HOo6pa3HbiM. HanpMMep, MocKOBCKMM ApafyHCKM^ nojiK (1712 r.) HOCM/I KacpTaHbi oejibie, o6iujiara, noASoîî — CMHMe, tura"Hbi jiocMHbie, enanMM KpacHbie c CMHMM noASoewi, rancryKM Mepnbie; riCKOBCKMM AparyHCKMîi no/iK (1712 r.) KacpTanw — CMHMB, npMÖopnoe cyKHo — KpacHoe, Kawisonbi M inranbi KOS/IMHOM KO>KM, enaH4M KpacHbie c CMHMM noAôoen/i; YcTKDXCKMM flparyHCKMM no/iK (1712 r.) Kacpian — M, npMOopnoe cymo — KpacHoe, KO3J1MHOM KO>KM, UJTaHbl JlOCMHbie, 6n3H-
HM rewHo-seneHbie OKenibiM noAßoeiw, ranciyKM nepHbie. SnaMena w LuraHAaptbi pyccKOM nexorw M KasanepMM 6binn pasHooôpasHoti cpopiuibi. EfluHOO6pa3H 6blJlM riMLlJb SHaMBHa
CTpOMBLUMeCfl
u,eHTpa;iM30BaHHO B OpyxeMHOM nanare. Ap. MBMCKMe nOriKM MSrOTOBnSIJIM CBOM 3H3MeHa C3-
LUB6ACKOM nexoTbi M KBsanepMM pyccKoe KOMBHAOsaHMe npOTMBOnocTasnano TaKTMKy Tpeso>KaiL(Mx yAapos. EcnM Aeno AoxoAMno p,o cpa>K6HMM, TO MCnOnbSOBanHCb BOS B03MO>KHOCTM Anfl BblMaHMBaHM« npOTMBHMKa H3 TeppMTOpMK),
yAo6nyK) firm pyccKMx BOMCK. EcnM cunbi CTOpOH 6binM pasHbi nM6o KOMaHAOsanMe CMMTano nono>KeHMe AOCTBTOMHO TpeBO>KHbiM, nMCb yKpen/ieHMH nonesoro TMna M HO Mcnonbsosanacb sea MOU4b py>KeMHO-nyiiieMHoro oma. BwiecTe c TBM, MMBHHO B 3TOT nepMOA sapoflnnacb TaKTMKa pyccKoro pyKonaiiinoro 6oa, KorAa wenee CTOMKMM HPOTMBHMK He Mor nonKOB. TBKMM oôpssoM MU MO>Kew , MTO pyccKan apMMa B xoAe CesepHOM i cTana npessbinaMHO cMnbHbiM M xopoujo
MOCTOfliejlbHO 33 CM6T nOflKOBblX CyMM.
B 1701 r. reapAeMi^bi noJiyMMHM: flpeoSpa>K6HL\bi — OAHO Senoe M 15 nepnux, CeivieHOBL\bi — OAHO 6enoe M 1 1 roxiyobix sawien Ka»KeHMe H3 AHApen riepBOSBaHHoro c SOJIOTOM H3A KOTOpOM BOSBblUja/iaCb KOpOH3. B
Kpyra, oôpasosanHoro i4enbK5, RBymasbivi open C TpeMfl KOpOHSMMj H3A KOpOHaMM —
mee OKO», B BepxHeM nesoM yrny MCTbipexyronbHbiM KpecT, OTAeneHHbiii OT ocranbHOM pocnMCM o6naKawM. Bce CBo6oAHOe npocipSHCTBO' no Kpsio SHaiweHM pacnMCbisanocb ronyôbiMM pasBOAaMM B BMAB paciMienbHoro opHSMeHia. Benoe snaMa CeivieHOBCKoro nonKa — 6es passoAos. Ha 6enwx sawienax ap-
npOTMBHMKOM
LUB6AOB.
Ee
Aeaycm II, Kopo/ib riofibCKUü, xypipKipcm CBKCOHCKUÜ
noHHO, a MCXOAH MS peanbno cno>KMBUjeMca 06CTanoBKM. KaK Bbicmne opranMssi^MOHHbie BAMHML|bi npuweHsnncb flMBM3Hu M ôpuraflbi. KoMnneKTOBSHMe nonKOB us ypo>Keni^eB OAHOM MecTHOCTM eu^e 6onee cnnsMMBSnM BOMCKB, TBM caMbiM ysenMHHBan MX CTOMKOCTb M MOpanbHoe npesocxoACTBo HBA conAaTawM npoTMBHMKa. C Apyroii CTOpoHbi nenbsfl ne OTNieTHTb TBKOM necparrop, KBK BWCOKMM yposeHb AesepM CMepTHOCTM OT 6ojie3H6M. SnoynoTpeSneHnn Ha weciax HMHOBHUKOB, Beflaenjux peKpyTCKMMM Ha6opaMM 43CTO npMBOAMnH K TO-
My, MTO HOBo6paHi^es BenM B KSHAsnax K wiecTy cny>K6bi M coAepwajiM KSK npecTynHMKOB noA KOHBoeM B ocTporax. Be>KaBUJMe OT peKpyT4MHbi niOAM coSMpanMCb B ujaüKM M öaHflbi M rpaS^inn na Aoporax, 3 MHOFMB MS HMX ySeranM HS floH. YposeHb 6oesoM noAroTOBKM pyccKOüi apMMM BC6-T3KM B HBKOTOpOU CT6n6HM yCTynSn LUB6-
Bbiy4K3 M 6oeB3fl Momb Kpenns B xoAe cpa>Ke-
A3M M 3TO B 3H3MMTenbHOM CT6n6HM
HMM M 606B C UJB6ACKMMM BOMCK3MM. Cn6Ay6T
ace nonbiTKM pyccKoro KOMaHAOBaHMa cpsxeHMfl MMen snannTenbHoe HMcnennoe npeBOCXOACTBO H3A sparoM. Ha npoTflxeHMM HansnbHoro nepMOAa Ce-
OTM6TMTb TOT d33KT, 4TO PleTp 1 npMK33blB3n BOMCK3M
ASMCTBOBaTb COCpeAOTOH6HHO, 3 B
cnyMae, ecnn npoxoAbi 6yAyT ysKne KonoHHawM HTO-
BepHOM BOMHbl COK53HMKaMM POCCMM 6binM CaK-
6bl H6, A3Tb npOTMBHMKy B03MO>KHOCTM paSOMTb
coHCKoe KypdpiopiuecTBO M Penb PlocnonMTasi. MMBHHO STMM rocyAapcTBaM npwujjiocb Bbine-
npHK33blB3nOCb ABHraTbC« PSIAOM, C T6M,
BOMCK3 HO M3CTHM H3 MapUJS. B nOXOAHblX ABM-
>K6HMflx 6bin npMHflT o6u^eeBponeMCKMM nopaAOK nepeABM>KeHMfl, HO sa CHBT nanMHMa 6onbluoro KonM^ecTBS upperynapnoü KSBanepMM Sonee TmaTentHO o6ecne4HBanncb Mepu oxpaHeHMfl. Mapujn cosepmanMCb Kpsune MeAnenHO. HnesHoPi nepexoA, o6peM6HeHHOM 6onbLUMM o6osoM apMMM, cocTaBnfln He 6o/iee 15-20
CTM OCHOBHyK) TflXBCTb BOMHbl B nepMOA
KM. BOMCKa, HSXOAMBUJMeCfl B paMOHB 606BblX
K3MM CesepHOM BOMHbl 1700-1721 rr. CsKCOHCKoe KypcpKDpmecTBO 6bino OAHMM
A6MCTBMM, pacnonaranMCb narepeM, a 6onee OT MBCTB 6oesbix ASMCTSMM — na
1700-
1706 rr. B OTenecTBeHHOM MCTOpMorpacpMM coKJSHMKaM rieTpa l yAenaeTca KPSMHB Mano BHMMSHMH. CseAeHMfl o C3KCOHCKOM M nonbCKOM apMMflX T3K>Ke HpeSBblMBMHO CKyAHbl M pa3p03H6H-
Hbi. Mu nonbiTaeMca BocnonnnTb STOT npo6en, BO3HMKLUMM B XOA6 M3y46HMfl H3UJMMM MCTOpM- '
M3 CSMblX KpynHblX M BbICOKO paSBMTblX TOCy-
31
AapcTB fepiviaHMM. BtiroflHoe reorpacpM^ecKoe nonoxeHne na Toprosbix nyrax, pasBMTaa ToprOBO-3KOHOMMHecKaH 6a3a, A6/iaJiM 3TO rocyflspCTBO OAHMM M3 CBMblX OOrBTblX B LJeHTpanbHOM
Espone. CaKCOHCKne KypcpiopcTbi, JIBHHMKM MMnepaTopa «CBflmeHHOM PMMCKOM MiwnepMM», pacnonaranM KpynHOii M xopowo noflroTOBJieHHOM perynsipHOM apiwueu, HacHUTbisasujeü flo 30 Tbic. MenoBeK M wrpanw BMflHyw porib B >KMSHM SanaflHOM Esponbi. Docne ciwepTM csoero CTapmero 6paTa MoraHa-feopra IV (1691-1694 rr.)
cocToan MS 4 poT. Bcero noriK nac4M1441 4enoseka. B 1701 r. B COCTBB rsapAePiCKoro neiuero noma 6bma BKHKJMeHa pßBUTaa — rpenaAepciofl poTa. B 1705-1706 rr. neujasi rsapAMa npeAcraanjina co6oü CBOAHbiM rßapAePicKMM no^K B cocTase 4-x 6aTa/ibOHOB. B cocTaB urraös no/iKS BXOAMJIM: HO^KOSHMK, noAnOJIKOBHMK, AB3
M3MOp3, nOTIKOBOM KBapTep-
MeücTep, Asa aA^KiTanTa, syAMTop, nonKOsoü dpenbAiuep, 8 roSoncTOs, OAMH npodJOc, OAKH wacTep. B cocTas rpenaAepcKOM pora axoAnnw: C3KCOHCKMM KypCpKJpCTOM CTBH OpMApMX-ABryCT I , o6ep-ji6MTeHaHT, ABS neiïTeHaHTa M 4 CM/ibHbiM (1694-1733 rr.), 6onee MSsecTHbiM B . LllTaT poTbi cocTOsin MS KanMTana, Hameü MCTOpnorpacpnn PDA mweneM AsrycTa II o6ep-neMT6HaHT3, neiÎ _ HojibCKOro (1697-1706, 1709-1733 rr.). STOT Tpex cep>KaHTOB, ecppeMTop-Kanpana npeflcraBMTe/ib AMHBCTMM BSTTUHOB poflunca Ka), cpypbepa, dpeJibAdpeoe/ifi, 7 KanpanoB 12 Mas 1670 r. (OAMH rpenaAepCKMÜ), Tpex 6apa63HinMKOB, 16 M coBpewieHHMKM M nocneAyiomMe noKone- rpenaAepos, 6 ecppeUTOpos, 2 canepos M 126 HMfl MCTOPMKOB OTM6MaK>T ABy/lMHHOCTb, H6yMyiiiKeTepoB. TpenaAepcKSfl POTS 6bi/i3 pacpaBHOseiueHHocTb, c/iaooxapaicrepHOCTb nonb- npeAenena no ^MHevinbiM poTaM. B cocTas CKOro Kopona. AsrycT, BocnuTaHHbiu KBK M MHO- rsapAMM Bxoflnna i±iBePJi;apcKan nenias rsaprue repwancKMe npMmjbi, cnbm MenoseKOM JIMH- AMfl, npeACTaBnflBiiiaa MS ce6n OTAenbHyra pOTy HO xpa6pbiM, HO 6ecnpMHijMnHbiM. 8006146, Ha- co cneAyiomMM uiTaTOM: KannTan, ABa neM6AO CKaSaTb, HTO OH 6bm TUnHMHblM MenOB6KOM CTpe/iKa, KanMTan-jiePiTeHaHT, neMTenaHT, yHCBoeiî snoxM. M 6oJibiue scero B MMSHM i^enun Tep-neMTenaHT, npanopmMK, Asa ceKpeTapa, ' BOiîHy n o6mecTBO >xemnMH. B 1686 r. OH KO- BaXMMCTp-/16MT6HaHT, d3aH6H-K)HKep, CpejIbA" MBHflyeT OTpflAOM C3KCOHCKMX BOMCK, yHaCTByfl uuep, 6 poTMMCTpoB (yHTep-od^Mi^epOß), TPM B ocaAe TaM6ypra, na cropone ABTMBH. B 1689- cpneMTMCTa, TPM 6apa6aHinMKa, neTbipe ro6o1690 rr. M 1691 r. OH KowianAyeT caKCOHCKO- Mcra, MeTbipe canepa M 96 Apa6aHTos. MMnepcKMMM BOMCKawiM na PeiïHe, BOKW npoTMB OpraHM334Mfl nMH6MHoro nexoTHoro no/iio paHU,MM. C 1694 no 1696 r. npMHMiwaeT yna- 6bma MA6HTM4H3 rsapAevicKOM. CaKCOHCKMM neCTMe B BOMH6 c Typu,M6M na CTOpone ABCTPMM- xoTHbiM noiiK cocTOsw MS Asyx 6aTanbOHOB no CKOM MMnepwM B KaMecTBe OAHOTOMS KOwaHAyro- . 4-pe pOTbl B K3>KAOM M rp6HaA6pCKOM pOTbl/ . Hoc/ie 6nTBbi npn Oneiue (1696 r.) OH BOS- flo^K nacHMTbisa/i 1156 ^enoseK. OcoôennoB CaKCOHMio. B 1696 r. nocne ciwep- CTbKD LUTaTa nonK3 6bino TO, HTO B 8-MM ero poTM 51na Co6eccKoro (1673-1696 rr.) Kopora Ho- Tax 6biJia pacnpeAenena 9-n rpenaAepaoa pojibiiJM, Asrycr BbiAsuraeT CBOIO KaHAHAaTypy Ta. Ee LUT3T noK33biB3ncü ABa>KAbi: B pacnMcaAnn M36paHMfl na nojibCKniï Tpon. B STOM ero HMM (UJTa6-pOTbl npM UJT366 nO/IKa, 3 nM4HblM noAAep>KMBaeT POCCMJI. Onupaacb na pyccKyro COCT3B B COCT3B6 UMHeMHOM pOTbl) M CBOAHO, nOMOlUb M ÜJTblKM CBOMX COJ1A3T, MeCTOJlK)6M-
Bbiü M aM6nmio3Hbiü KypcfjiopcT Ao6njicfl nonbCKOM KOpoHbi. rionbCKan ujnnxTa noTpe6oBana OT AsrycTa BbinojiHenna Asyx ycnoBnu: nepexoAa B KaTOjii/mecKyio pennrnio M BosspameHMsi Pe4M nocnonMToii seivieiib, yTepaHHWx eio panee B xoAe BOÎÎH c coceAflMM (Typu,v\eü, Pocü, LUseLjHeü). TaKnivi oôpasoM, caKCOHCKniü Opowiy Tpe6oBanacb no6eAonocHaa BOMH3 A-rifl ycnoKoennfl CBOMX noAAanHbix, CT3J1 COK33HMKOM POCCMM B 66
BOMH6 flpOTMB
lilsei^MM. AsrycT II B xoAe BOMHN c Typi^neü no pemeHMK) KapnoBMUKoro KOHrpecca (1699 r.) A06MJ1CH B03BpaiM6Hna nojibiue ROAOJIMM. Ho, necMOTpa na STO, Kopo/ib He no/ibsosancn nonyrlnpHOCTbK) M noAAepxKOM MarnaTOB M lunnxTW. OH nbiTajiCH npasMTb B Plo/ibiue caMosnacrHO, MTO Bbl3blB3J10 pOnOT M npOTMBOA6MCTBM6
ero noAAaHHbix. flonbiTKM AsrycTa II AOÔMTbca BCTynjieHMfl PBMM nocnoJiMToü B COKW c Poc-
32
COBM6CTHOM BOMHbl C UjB64MeM 33
6a,
HBTblpeX KOMOMHMpOBaHHblX K3HOHMpCKO-
cpysMnepHbix POT, poTbi MMHepos, poTbi nMOHePOB,
pa60H6M POTbl, apCeHajlbHOM KOMBHAbl M
TpancnopTHOM nacTM. B WTa6 BxoAMnM: renepa/i-MaMOp,noflnonKOBHMK, renepan-aAbioTaHT, MaMOp, MHTBHAaHT, CTapUJMM A6J10npOM3BOAM-
KsapTMpMeMCTep, TPM CTapiuMX cpeMepsepKep (ocpMi4ep), (odpML(ep), aA^iOTaHT, 'ayAMTop, CKMM ceKpeTapb, apTMnnepMMCKMM nMcapb, npoBMaHTMePicTepCKMM nucapb, luecp esAOBbix (TpancnopTHaa ^acrb), tuecp esAOBbix (apTM/inepMMCKaa nacTb), /inTaspiuMK. KB>KAOM ap™njiepMMCKOM poTe 6bma npMAana cpysenepHaapoTa. B liiTaT apTMJinepMMCKoPi poTbi OTAe/lbHblM CnMCKOM. CsKCOHCKaa KasanepMfl cocToana MS Mac- KanMTaH, o6ep-neMTeHaHT, neMTeHaHT, K5HKep, cpeMepBepKep-Kanpan, 9 cpeMepsepKeT6M rSapAMM, KMpSCMpOB M AparyHOB. B COCT3B rsapAeiïcKOM Kasa/iepnn exoflunn «Garde du poB, KaHOHMp-cepxaHj, T,PM KaHOHMp-Kanpana, Corps», KOHHaa rsapAMii, Kopnyc TpaH-MyiiiKe- Asa KaHOHMpCKMx 6apa6aHinMKa M 36 KanoHMpOB. (fysenepHasi poTa cocToana MS nopyMMxa, repoB M noJiK reapAeücKMX Kapa6MHepOB. «Garde du Corps» -noriK Tfl>KeJiOM Kasane- jieMT6HaHTa, cep>KaHTa, Tpex Kanpanos, 6apa6aHii(MKa, Asyx canepos, cpypbeps, cpenbAiuepa PMM, KOTOpblM COCTOfl/l MS UJTa6a M IlJeCTM 3CK3APOHOB AsyxpoTHoro cocTasa. flepsan poTa ' M 74 cpysejiepOB. B UJTST MMHepHOM poTbi BXO3CK3ApOHa cocTonna MS 73, a sfopaa — MS 71 AMJIM: KsnMTan, nopy4MK, neMTeHaHT,.ABa cep-" 4enoB6Ka. LLlTa6 noriKa cocToan MS Aßyx non- >KaHT3, 46Tbipe Kanpajia, 24 MMHepa. lÜTaT'noHKOBHMKOB, AByXnOAnOnKOBHMKOB, AByX
M3MO-
TOHepHOM POTbl COCTOajl M3 KanMTBHa, MH>KeHep-
POB, no/iKOBoro KBapTMpwieMCTepa, T3HTOB, ayAMTopa, AByx noriKOBbix POB, nMTaspmMKa M Tpex TOPHMCTOB, npocpoca M n/iacTepa. B COCTSB nepsoü poTbi BxoAMnM pOTMMCrp, Asa nopyMMKa, KOpneT, saxMMCTp, dpaneHKiHKep, dpypbep, dpexibALuep, TPM Kanpa/ra, Tpy6aM M 60 Apaoan-
KannTana, jieMTenaHTa, Kanpana, M 6 naHTanepoB. Pa6oMaa poTa Mwiena B CBOBM COCTSBB CTspiiiero KysH6LKHMKa, >KecTflHU4MKa, KaweHu^MKa, Mn. KaM€HU4MKa, LuopHMKa, Mnafliiiero iiiopHMKS, CTapiuero canepa M 8 canepos. lÜTaT apceHanb-
TOB. BTOpSfl POT3 3CK3APOHa COCTOflJ13 M3 pOT-
HOM KOMBHAbl COCTOJW M3 CT. CMOTpMTe/lfl,
MMCTps, nopyHMKa M/IM neüTenaHTa, KopneTa, ycnexoM ne yeemanvtcb. Honb- saxMMCTpa, cpaH6H-K)HKepa, dpypbepa, Tpex MsrnaTbi OTKasajin ewy B csoeü noAAep>K- KanpanoB, Tpyöana M 60 Apa6aHTOB- Bcero B K6 M nosTOMy B 1700 r. B Boüiny Bcrynmia Tonb- nonKy 864 ^enoseKa. KO CaKCOHMSI. KoHHaa rsapAMfl cocTonna MS OAHOTO 3CK3ACaKcoHCKaa apwMa Ha6npanacb nyTeiw sep- pona c CMHOM B 142 ca6/iM 6OBKM. OcpMLiepCKMiï Kopnyc cocTonn HCK^IOHM- TOM: KannTan (caM Kypcpropcr), Te/lbHO M3 IWU, ABOpflHCKOrO npOMCXO)KfleHMfl. H3HT (renepan or Kasa/iepnn), ^eüTeHaHT (reCaKCOHCKan apwiMn K 1701 r. cocToa/ia MS 20 ne- Hepan-neüT6HaHT KasanepMM), xoTHbix, 7 KMpacupcKMx, 6 AparyHCKux no^KOB, H3HT (reHepa/i-Maüop Kasa/iepun), M MacTeCi rsapAMM. CaKCOHCKasi ne- (no/iKOBHMKa), 6 yHTep-6pnraflHpOB rsapAna 6bma npeACTasnens AsyxSsTsnb- KOBHMKOB), KsapTepweMCTep neMö-rsspAMM neiüMM HO/IKOM. Ks>KAbiM aA"bK)TaHT (noAnojiKOBHMK), cTapiuMM CM6M A™
crapujMM cpenbfliuep, CTapmuü nuraspiunK, ABa CTapiuMX 6apa6aHi4MKa, npocpoc M 120 Apa6anTOB (KanMTanoB). Kopnyc Fpan-MyiuKeTepOB coCToan MS LüTa6a M scKBApona AsyxpOTHoro cocraßa. Bcero 164 ca6rw. LLlTao Kopnyca BKTIK)Man B ceöfl Kon/iaHAMpa (renepan-waMOpa), aAtK5T3HTa (Maüopa), CTapaiero KBapTMpwieMCTepa-, ayAMTopa, cpypbepa, dpenbAwepa, Ka, 8 roooMCTOB, 4 6apa6aHii(MKa, ujopHMKa M npocpoca. B cocTase Ka>KAOM MS POT 4McnMnMCb: KanMTaH (noiiKOBHMK), neMTenaHT (noAnonKOBHMK), yHTep-jieMTeHaHT (waMop), npanopmMK (KanMTaH), Asa cep>K3HTa (KanMTaHa), cpaHeH-KDHKep (KanMTan), 46Tbipe Kanpana (neMTBHaHTa) M 50 TpaHT-MyujKeTepoB. Horn rsapAeMCKMX KapaÖMHepos nananca noriKOM Tfl>K6JiOM KaBanepMM., Ero uiTaTw 6bmM a6con(OTHO aHanorn4Hbi ujTaTy «Garde du Cordps». KMpacMpCKMe M AparyHCKMe no/iKM Miwenn OAHy. lüTaTHyro opraHMsai^Mro. FlojiK cocToan MS 4-x 3CK3APOHOB (8 POT), Bcero 870 MenoseK. B -cocrase AparyHCKMX noiiKOB OAHB poTa 6bma , a B cocTase KMpacMpcKoro nonKa' poT 6bina Kapa6MHepHOM. CaKCOHCKasi apTMJiJiepMsi cocron/ia MS üJTa-
12-TM
apTuniiepMMCKMx cny>KMTensi, npMBpaTHMKa apceHana M npMspaTHMKa apTMnnepMiîcKoro ujTa6a. COCT3B TpaHCnOpTHblX KOM3HA npMKOMaH-
AMposaHHbix K apTwnnepwM HeussecreH. BoopyxeHMe caKcoHCKoro nexotMHua cocronno MS pyxbH M oinarn. TpeHaAepbi, Kpowe BbiLue nepe^McneHHoro opyxMa Mwienn rpaHaTbi. KupacMpw 6binn BOOpy>KeHbi napoPi HMCTO/leTOB, nanawoM, saiHMTHWM BoopyxeHMew -KMpacoM, a KapaoMHepu BMecro o6nerHeHHbix KaBa/iepMMCKMX py>K6M SbinM BOOpyxeHbi Kapa6MH3MM. flparyHbi MMB^M soopy>KeHMe, noAoOHoe KMpacMpcKOMy. TpenaAepcKMe poTbi AparyHCKMX
nojiKOB KpOMe nepe^MCJieHHbix TMHOB opy>KMfl
MysbiKaHTbi rsapAewCKMX M apMeücKMX ne-
'XVIII B6Ka HOCMJl SejlBHblM KadpTBH C KpaCHbIMM
MM6J1M Ha BoopyxenidM py-inwe MopiMpi^u. RM-
xoTHbix nonKOB OTriM^anacb OT o6bNHbix
con-
OTBOpoTaMM cpajiA, oöujjiaraMM M Jiau,KaHaMM.
Ka B nexoTHbix nojiKax caxcoHCKOü apwMM 6bma
A3T riMiub «noJiy.Mecfli^aMM» na sepxHeM nacTM
Bbiseflena M3 ynorpeJo/ieHMH eine B 1696 r. CaKcoHCKaa apwiMfl 6biiia noflroTOBnena cornacno Tpe6oBaHMHM, rocnoflCTByioineM nwHeMHOM TSK-
pyKasoB M ranyHHOM pacujMBKOM. CneAyeT OTMBTMTb, HTO HpMÖOpHbie I4B6T3 B C3KCOHCKMX
nyroBMU,bi weAHbie. FloroH M OBTJIMU.« cpa/ifl seneHbie. Kawsoji, noac, orraHbi —'jiocMHbie, BUcoKne 6e/ibie reTpu. TajicryK ^epHWM, Tpeyron-
nonKax BnnoTb AO 1719 r., a B pap,e HOJIKOBM AO 1733 r. ne npeTepnenu M3MeneHMM.
jiau,K3Hax (12 LUTyK) pacnojioxeHbi nonapHO. Ha
TMKM. YHMdpOpH/ia CaKCOHCKOM apMMM C 1695
f.
6bina eflMHOoSpasHOM. Bce 4aciM sa MCKniOHe• HM6M apiMiinepMM HocuflM cpop'My KpacHoro ^Beia c npMßopHbiM cyKHOM MX nomes,
KasanepMMCKMe^ HacTM, BKnroMan CKMe, HocMJiM KpacHbie KacpTaHbi c CyKHOM, npMHflTblM p,iïf\ 3TMX HOnKOB.
K3 o6ujMTa sojiOTbiM raiiyHOM. nyroBMU,bi na oöujjiarax TPM nyroBMu,bi. Oopwia dpysenepoB apTMJIJiepMM MA6HTM4H3 KaHOHMpCKOM. VHTep"OdpMU,epbl apTMJIJiepMM OTJlMManMCb 30J1OTUM
eu, neiuero nonKa B rana-ynucpopivie cneAyiouj,MM oöpasow: Kadpran KpacHbiM c nane-
rsapAMfl HOCMJia
ysKMM rajiyHOM, HaujMTbiM Ha jiau,KaHax M 06-
KpaCHblM KaCpTSH C SejieHblM OTJ10>KHblM BOpOT-
BbiMM oSujjiaraMM c SOJIOTOM ra/iyHHOi/i OOUJHBKOM. PajiyHbi, o6wjiara sojnoTbie c CMHMM npo-
HMKOM, nauKanawM M o6iujiaraMH. Kawison M i KpacHbie. Ha lUTanax xe/iTbie naMnacw
uj/iarax. OcpMu,epbi apTMJijnepMM HOCMJIM Senbie M, SOJIOTOM c MB/IMHOBOM HMTbro ujapcp,
CB6TOM. CynepaeCT SaCMJlbKOBblM C JlOCMHblMH
BbiaonoMeHHbiMM nyroBMi^aMM. TancTyK oeribiM-. TpenaAepKa Kpacnan c BbiaoncweHHbi-
OTBOpoiaMM cpanÀ c SOJIOTOM OOLUMBKOM. Ha rpyAM KpacHbiM wanbiMüCKHM Kpecr c SOJIOTOM •onywKOM M jiyMawM. KyuiaK BacMjibKOBbiM c soJ1OTOM 06UIMBKOM. IJeHTp KpeCTB KpaCHblM C 6e-
noM MOHorpaiviMOM Kypcpropcia. LUianbi naneBbie, rèipbi BbicoKMe öenbie. fpenaAepi« MMejia KpacHbiM HanoOHMK, lynwoM OKonbiuj c sono-
TaK caKCOHCKaa Konnaa
MM repöawiM, senenoPi Tynbeü, OOUJMBKOM M KMCTOMKOM. KyuiaK cepeSpsiHbiM c MariMHOBOM HMTbio. Ha Horax 6oTdpopTbi c MBAHUMM wnopaMM. Y pJIAOBblX KOHHOM rSapAMM UITSHbl M3 J10CMHOM
3H3K (rop)KeT) o6uj,eapMeMCKoro o6pa3u,a. OCOOUM OTJIMHUBM 6biJia o6ujMBKa sojnoTbiM rajnynoM jiau,KaHOB, BopoTHMKa, 06uiJiaroB, KapMaHHbix icnanaHOB M Kaïwsona. Snaiwena caKCOHCKOM apMMM CTpOMJincb no CTaHAapTHOMy o6pa3u,y. Snawiena rsapAMM 6unv\ öe/ibiMM c M3o6pa>KeHMeM caKconcKoro rep6a noA KypcpKjpujecTKOM KoponoM B oSpan/uneHMM sejieHbix jiaspoBbix BeTBefi. Ha ößpaTHOM
TOM paCLUMBKOW. faJTCTy« KpaCHblM. riOABflSKM H3
KO>KM. KMpacupCKMe nojiKM (na 1707 r.) MMB/IM npM KpacHbix KadpTanax cneAyiomee npM6opnoe cyKHo: nojiK Koponesbi — nanesbiu; HacneAHO-
reipax nocMHwe. RoBceAnesHaa dpopiwa caKCOHCKOM neiueM reapAHM AO 1712 r. cocioRna MS
ro npMHi^a — xenTbiw; npMHija AneKcaHApa — seneHbiM; BecTa — MepHbiiï; SïixujTeATa — KO-
6pa>Kajicfl Bensejib AsrycTa II KOpoHOM, B oSpaMneHMM najibMOBbix
KpacHoro Kadjrana c öenbiwin oGiiinarawn M
dpeMHbii/i; flaMMTqa — He6ecHO-rony6oM.
Snaiwena nexoTHbix M KasaJiepMMCKMx
cpajiAawiM, KpacHoro Kawsona, nanesux ujia-
CaKCOHCKMe AparyHCKMe HOJIKM HOCMJIM KpacHbie KacpTawbi, wejiTbie LUTaHbi M Tpeyron-
Kpowie jieM6-3HaivieHM, OWJIM u,B6Ta nojiKOBoro
KM, oBwMTbie ranyHOM. FlpMoopHue nonKOBwe
öenoro uueJiKa. Ha JIMI^BBOM cTopone sHaivieH na
HOB. Jlat^Kanbi na Kadprane 6e;ioro inséra, ferpbi BbicoKne, qepnbie, HOABJISKM jiocMHbie. fanyn M nyrosMi^bi 3o.noTbie. TancryK KpacHbiM. MyniKerepbi HOCMnn ipeyrojiKy c sonoibiw rany-
nee 6oraiOM pacuJMBKou sonoibiw ranyHOM Kadprana, Kawsona M KapiviaHHbix K^anaHOB. Odpimepu HOCMJiM ropxer c M3o6pa>KeHMeM rep6a CaKCOHMM, 6e/ibiM rancTyK M cepe6pflHbiM
npMOopnoro cyKHa. JleMo-sHaivieHa ujMjnncb MS
i^BeTa 6bmM cneAyK5iü,MMM: BaMpeTCKMM nonK —
dpone 6ajiflaxnHa B u,eHTpe n3o6pa>KaJica LJJ.M-
ü; Bpoysa — >KejiTbiiü; lllyneH6ypra —
TOK c sensejiew KypcpKDpCTa. Cjiesa OT nero M3o6pa>«ajncfl rep6 flonbujn — oejibiü opejn noA
HOM, a rpenaAepbi — rpeHaAepKM. YHTep-odpnL|epbl M OCpMUepbl OTJIMHajlMCb OT pHAOBblX 00-
CTOpO'He 3H3M6H M LJJTBHAapTOB FBapAMM M3O-
; BpaHrena — KanoHMp caKCOHCKOM apTunnepMM
Xonodnoe opyiKue gpeiaen Ceeepnoü eoünbi
SOJICTOM KOPOHOM, cnpasa — rep6 /IMTBU — «HoroHfl». BHM3y noA HMMM UJ.MTOK c MBJINM caKCOHCKMM rep6oM. Yrjibi snawen yKpauiajiwcb M pacTMTeiibHbiM opHaweHTOM. EajiB8H4ajia KopoJiescKas KopoHa. Ha Kasa-
c ManMHOBOM me/iKOBOM HMTBIO ujapdp. lilapcp
SHawenax n urraHflapTax Ha asepce
4epes Jiesoe n^eno, a y rpehaAepCKMX
M3o6pa>KaJica nojibCKO-jiMTOBCKMiï rep6 noA KOponescKOM KOPOHOM, na pasepce — CBKCOHCKHM rep6 noA KHa>KecKOM KOPOHOM. Ha sHaweHax ne-
sasbiBajiCfl no noacy. Ymep-ocpHi 6bmM BoopyxeHbi aneoapAawin, a cxpimepbi npoTasaHawM. flpa6aHT rsapAMM npn noBceAHeBHOiï dpopM6 HOCMJl LUJlflny OCOSOrO o6pa3L(a C H3L(MO-
XOTHblX nOJIKOB, K3K M y TBapAMM C 06paTHOM
CTOpoHbi 6bm M3o6pa>KeH SojibuiOM seHsenb Kypdpiopcra. B Kadeeree npMwepa onMcanna Ka-
HaribHOM KOKapAOM/c 6e/ibiM ranyHOM M cepe6-
BajiepMMCKMX 3HaM6H npMBBAeM UJT3HA3PT nO-
pflHoii OOUJMBKOM. Ha tunnne nocunca 6eno>KenTO-rojiy6oM cyniaH, rancTy« KpacHbiM. MyH-
jiKa KMpacMp HacjieAHOro npMHU,a. LLJTaHAapT nojiKa 6biJi TeMHO-CMHero u,seTa c SOJIOTOM pac-
Anp >Ke/iTbiM c KpacHbIMM ooiunaraMM, oTsopo-
UJMBKOM, SOnOTMCTO-KpaCHOM SaXpOMOM M KMC-
TaMM dpanA, neïnni^aMM na HMX M cepeöpaHbiMM nyroBML\aMM. neTJiMi(bi öenue c ABOMHUMM ro-
T04KOM. Hao6pa>KeHMe Ha snawenM onMcano KBK AJisi Bcex flpyrax KaBajiepMMCKMX noJiKOB.
nySbiMM npocseiaMM. Ha nesoM nneve jKenro-
CaKCOHCKaa apwiMn npMiweHHJia KBK M B Apy-
mny6oü BMTOM anonei. Kawson M LuiaHbi Kpac-
TMX apwMflx SanaAHOM Esponu nMHeMHWM 6oe-
~Hbie, a reipu BbicoKne 6enbie. FlexoTHbiM nonK
BOM nOpflflOK. fJiaBHOM 606BOM CMJ10Ü apMMM
CaKceH-BePiceHdpejnbc npn KpacHwx KacpraHax
6bma nexoTa. BBMAV Kpaüne HMSKMX wiopajib-
HOCMH >Ke/iToe npMöopHoe cyKHo (o6iunara, jiaijKaHbi, dpajiAbi, Kan/iso^), >Ke/iTbie UJTaHbl,
Hbix KaMecTB cojiAaT-HaeMHMKOB, wajio npuroA-
rerpbi oenue, ra/icryKM KpacHbie (y conp,ar M yHTep-odpMi^epos) M ôejibie y odpMLjepos. fa/iyn
yAejiajiocb cjiaxeHHOM aajinoeoM
M nyroBMi^bi — 6enwe. riexoiHbiM HO/IK AKJ Ksnq MMen seneHoe npn6opHoe cymo, ranyH cepeS(oejibivi), nyroBMLtbi onossiHHbie. OdpMijei B ornMMMM OT pHflosbix HOCH/IM 66/ibie ranM seneHbie LUTaHbi. MyiiiKeTepw, rpenaflepbi M yHTep-o(pMLiepbi HocM/iM ujTaHbi na/iesoro i4B6Ta, rancTyKM Mepnbie, reTpw 6ejiwe. Tpey-
HblX K LUTblKOBOM aTBKB, OCHOBHO6 BHMNiaHMe
CTpejib6e.
TaKTMKa CBOAMJiacb K nocreneHHOMy BbiTaiiKMnpoTMBHMKa c nojw 6on. KasajiepMa M HeCMOTpa Ha A°CTaT04HO BblCO-
KMM ypoBeHb noAroTOBKM MfpajiM BcnoMoraTejibHyio pojib. CaKCOHCKaa KasajnepMsi 6ojiee nonarajnacb na oroHb MS pyworo omecTpe/ibHoro M KpaMHe peAKO npMOerajna K aTaxe xoopy>KMeM. ApTMJIJiepMM OTBOAnnacb
roriKM o6LUMBanncb 6enbiM ranyHOM. PpeHaAep-
noAAepxKM nexoTbi M KasaJiepMit B 6010.
KM C MeflHblM HanOÖHMKOM M KpaCHblM C 30J1OTOM
BwiecTe c T6M, caKCOHCKaa apMMfl, yMacrBOBas-
pacujMBKOM nepeAHMKOM. OKOJibim seneHbiM c
LUaa nOMTM BO BCeX BOMH3X, npOMCXOflUBUJMX B
30J10TOM. IH^blK SeJieHblM C 30HOTOM UjejlKOBOM
SanaAHOM Espone Ha npoTJDKenuM XVII B., 06-
. HoriK XaKCTayseH HOCMJI cpopiwy MABH-
jiaAajna 6oJibuiMM soeHHbiw onwioM, 6biJia npe-
dpopivie nonKa AK> Ksna, HO Kaïvisoji M
KpacHO BbiMyiuTpOBana M B 1700-1704 rr. npe-
npM6ophoe cyKHo xenToro
pyccKyra apwinio no ypOBHro 6oesoM
33
noflroTOBKM. CaKCOHCKMe 'cojiflaibi asrianMCb cepbesHOM 6oeeoM cnnoü c KOTOPOM npMxoAMnocb CHMTaTbca uuseACKOMy Koponro. BUCLUMM
HMBUlMXCa TOCyAapCTB — JlMTBa (KHH>KeCTBO) M
KOM3HAHblM M OqbMU,epCKMM COCT3B CaKCOHCKOM
cyA, 6ioA>KeT M BOMCKO. rionbCKaa BHeujHaa no/iMTMKa c XV1-XVII BB. 6bma Bbipa>KeHa B cTpeiwiieHMM paciunpMTb
apMMM uwen BWCOKMM yposeHb ooesoM noAroTOBKM. Kpoiwe CBOMX HacT6M CaKCOHCKMe KypcptopCTbi H3HMM3J1M na cny>x6y BOMHCKMB HSCTM ApyrMX repwsHCKMX rocyAapcTB, a TaKX<e KOHTMHreHTbl MS LUBeML(apl^eB M CppaHL\y30B. CaK-
coHCKaa.npoMbiuiJieHHOcTb nojiHOCTbra oßecneHMBana CBOK) apwinw sceM Heo6xoAMMbiM. CnaSweHMe caKCOHCKMX BOMCK no oojibiiiew naCTM ocymecTB.ri5i.nocb MS npoBManTCKMx cpypawHbix warasMHOB. K peKBM3ML(MaM npoflosojibCTseHHOro cpypawa y MecTHOro naceneHMa npM6erann Kpaüne peflKO, n6o STO npnsoAM/io K nosaxibHbiM rpaöexaiw HacenenMa M pasnoweHMio
npnbuja (Kopona) — coxpaHsino CBOKD BHyTpenHK3K) aBTOHOMMK), OTAenbHyiO aflMMHMCTpaL(MK),
CBOM rpaHtmbI 33 CH6T pyCCKMX M
CKMX seivienb. nojibiue npMiunocb BBCTM Abie BOMHbi c PoccnePi (1558-1582," 1609-1618, 1632-1634, 1654-1667 rr.), lÜBeunePi (16001611, 1617-1629, 1655-1660 rr.),, Typ^MeM (1614-1621, 1671-1699 rr). K nepeAe nenpe-
paTMBLUMX B CBOK3 nOJlbSy BCe BbirOAbl paSBMTMfl
(MSOpaHMfl)
KOpOJieM ÓOJlbWMHCTBOM
'ronocOB. Bes cornacnR cenaTa Kopo/ib ne MOF o6~bRßnfnt> BOMhy M aaionoHafb MMp, a 6es cornacua ceÜMa cosbisaTb nocnonMToe pyiuenMe (BCeoBmee onon^eHMe mnaxTbi). OTKBS Kopona OT 3TMX oSaaaTeribCTB ocBo6o>KAan lunaxTy M wiarnaTOB OT noBMHoeeHMn ewy. Onenb MBCTO cocTasnana npoTMB Kopo/ia paKomw M , UTO ee^o K noApway nero nopsiAKa B cTpane M pasryny anapxMM. HonbiTKM BnaAMcnasa IV Baaw (16321648 rr.),^Ha-Ka3MMMpa Baabi (1648-1668 rr.) M AsrycTa II CMJibHoro (1697-1704,1709-1733 rr.) XOTb M3CTMHHO o6y3AaTb CBOBBOJlMe LÙAHXTbl
Bbisbisa/io HeraTMBHyK) peaKi^Mio. c ee Ho CBoewy ycTpoücTsy PeMb nsnanacb cpeAepaTUBHbiw rocyAapcTBOM B coCTase rioribCKoro KOponescTBa M BennKoro ma>KeCTB3 flMTOBCKOrO. Cor/iaCHO JlroÖJlMHCKOM
(1569 r.) Ronbiua M JluTBa HßjwnMCb ep.wrocyAapcTBOM c 061141/11« L(eHTpajibHbiM opraHOM — ceüMOM. Tnasa PeMM DocnoriMTOM eAMHOBpewieHHO HBJIJUICH KoponeM nojibCKMM M B6J1MKMM KHH36M nMTOBCKMM M nOAJ16>Kan M3-
6paHMK> na o6ineM ceüwie. Ka>KAoe MS o6teAM-
34
My B nOJIbCKOM apMMM OCHOBHOM yAapHOM CMflOM
Aooasriflnacb 6opb6a npoTMB npssoc/issHÖro naceneHMfl 6enopyccKnx M yKpaMHCKMX
asnajiacb Ta>Kenaa Kasanépna -r rycapw M nanL|npHbie. nexoTa, asjiaBiuaaca B flpyrux sanaflHO-esponeMCKMX apwiMax cawibiw wiaccosbiM poAOM BOMCK, B riojibLue 6bma wa/iOHncneHHa M wrpaiia scnoMoraTenbHyio po/ib. Bo rjiaee Koponnoro BOMCKB CToan senMKMM KOpOHHbiiî reTMan, a BO rnase JIMTOBCKOTO BOM-
BOCTSBaBlilMX
CK3 —
pblBHblX BOMH C MHOCTpSHHbIMM rOCyAapCTB3MM
npOTMB Mr3
nSHCKOM
BcnbixHyBLuaa B 1648 roAy OcBq6oAMTenbHafl CaKCOHCKMX BOMCK. KpOMB TOTO Cnefly6T OTM6BOMHa yKpaMHCKoro HapOAa noA pyKOBOACTBOM TMTb, HTO npM nesbinnaïe MonosaHMa MUM neflo- BörAana XwienbHMi^Koro, nanecna rayKeneüuim CTaTOHHOM oGecneMeHMM npoflOBoribCTBMeM M yA3p no ycTOflM iun!ixTeL\Koro rocyAapcTBa. Tacpypaxcow pesKO sospacTa/io KoriMnecTeo p,e- >Ke/ibie, HeyAaMHbie BOMHN, KOTOpwe Bena PeMb sepiMpOB B noiiKax Kypcpiopcra. TaKaa apwiMa riocnonMTaa c POCCMBM M msei^eM BO BTopOM SbiJia xopoiiia A™ KQPOTKOM, noBeAOHOCHOM nonoBMHe XVII seKa, cpeoAanbnaa SHSpxMa, BOMHbi. B cnynae HeyAannbix, saTawHbix BOBHMe>KAoyco6Haa BOMHa Kpynnux MarnaTCKMx poHblX A6MCTBMM, ÖOeCnOCOÖHOCTb C3KCOHCKOM AOB B caMOM riojibuje, ocjia6neHMe Kop'onesapMMM pea«) naAana. MwieHHO B TaKoe nonoxeCKOM B/iacTM, see 3TO npMseno K pesKOMy yxyAHMe caKCOHL\bi SbiriM nocTasneHbi B 1700-1706 rr., lueHMK) BHeuJHenojiMTMMecKoro no/io>KeHMn roMX nonKM B CTpaxe 6e>KanM c noua 5oa OT cyAapcTBa M ynaAKy ero soeHHOM MOIUM. PlosTOAparyn. wiy LunaxTa, MsßMpaa Kopo/ieM caKCOHCKoro KypCOK33HMKOM POCCMM B CeSepHOM cpropcTa — AsrycTa II CunbHoro, AOOMnacb OT 6bina Penb Plocno/iMTaa. MTO x<e npeAHero KJiflTBbi sepnyTb yTepaHHbie Ronbiiievt MS ce6a rioiibCKoe rocyAapcTBO B 36MJ1M npM nOMOIHM CBOMX C3KCOHCKMX BOMCK. 1700 r.? Can/ia rionbuua K TOMyTspeweHM He pacno^arana B OT/iMHMM OT ApyrMx sanaAHbix M BOCTOMHOAOCTaTOMHbiMM CMnaMM M cpeflCTBaMM fl^a ocyesponeMCKMx CTpan Ho^buja B XVI-XVÜ BB. ne mecTBJieHMa noAoßnoro weponpMflTMa. FlosTOnpespaTM/iacb B i^enTpanMaosanHoe a6conioTMMy nonbCKwe Mama™ sn/iOTb AO SMMW 1702 r. cTCKoe rocyAapcTBO, a ocrasajiacb ceüMOBOM Bca^ecKM yKnoHJiJiMCb OT BCTynnenMa B soMHy MonapxMeM co cnaooM KoponeecKOM sjiacrbio npoTMB LUBei4MM, BBA« c KapnoM XII neperoeoBO rnase, npeporaTMBbi KOTOPOM see Sonee orpw o Mnpe. OAH3KO nocne Bcryn/ienna liiseA•paniwMBanMCb B yroAy MamaTaM M lunaxTe. CKOM apMMM H3 TeppMTOpMK) flOilbUJM B6CHOM rioribiua flsnanacb rocyAapcTsOM, B KOTOPOM 1702 r. KopoHHaa apwiMft M nocnonMToe pyiue33MaTKM KanMTanMCTMMeCKMX CpOpM npOMSBOACTHMe BmioTb AO 1706 r., a B neKOTOpbix wiecTax M sa 6binM noAasfleHbi scecuriMeM MamaTos M AO 1709 r. 6bina BbiHy>KAeHa soesaTb npoTMB ujJiaxTbi, MOHononbHO BJiaAesiiiMx sewinevi M 06LUB6AOB B COK)3e C POCCHBM M CaKCOHMSM. TOBapHO-Aene>KHoro xosaPicTBa. B 1574 r. AOÖM/iacb npMBMnerMM CBOÖOAHOM
, raTap, MonAasan M. sanaxoa. flna nonbCKMx ujjiaxTM>neM M o6biBaYeneM, ropAMSLUMXca CBOMM npoMcxo>KAeHMeM cny>K6a B nexoT6 Sbina yHMSMTeiibHOM. flesMS nonbCKoro ABOpancTBa: «LUnaxTMM c ca6jieM na Kone c soeBOAOM Hapasne», neMano cnocoocTBOsaji npene6pe>KeHMio K nexoTe KBK K poAy BOMCK. rioaTo-
B6J1MKMM TBTMaH J1MTOBCKMM. TeTMaHbl
o6naAariM nonnou asTOHOMMeM. OHM BWAasajiM rpawioTbi noriKOBHMKaM M poTMMCTpaM na naSop nonKOB M xopyrseM M ÔUHM ne noAOTMeTHbi KOPOJIK) B CBOMX ASMCTBMaX. Koponb >K6 MOr A6M-
CTBOBaTb TonbKO c comacMa reTManoB. HO nO/lbCKMM AaHHblM K MHD/IIO 1702 T. KOpOHHOe BOMCKO BMBCTB C HOCnOnMTblM pyHJ6HM-
eM naKanyne GMTBN npn KnMiuose cocToano MS 12 noiiKOB KasanepMM napOAOBOM, 13 xopyrseü nerKOM.KasanepMM, 5 4acTeM apKeSysMpos (nojiKa M BOJibHOM pOTbi), 6 HacT6i/i AparyHOB, 24 nexoTHbix nojiKOB, 4 xopyrseM senrepCKOM nexoTbi (2 MS HMX cocTasnaJiM rsapAMKD reTManos), nemeM M KOHHOM Kopo/iescKOM rsapAMM. O6a(aa MMcneHHOCTb KopoHHoPi apMMM cocTasjiana 18114 HenoseK, JIMTOBCKOM — 7870 HenoseK. B no/iKax, ocoßeHHO nexoTHbix, 6bm öonbiuoM HBKOMnneKT nMMHoro cocTasa — 70% HM>KHMX MMHOB M flO 30% OC|)Mt4epOB.
rio^K KasanepMM napOAOBOM cocToan MS nexopyrseM (SCKBAPOHOB) Ta>KenoM Ka. KaK npasMno B nonKy 6bmo 9 xopyrB6M (3 rycapCKMe M 6 naHu.MpHbix). HecKO/ibKO noriKOB cocTOano MS 3 xopyrseti rycap (B TOM MMCJie riMMHbiM nojiK aeriMKoro KOpOHHOro reTMana MepoHMMa JlioßOMMpcKoro) paA nojiKOB coCToan TonbKO MS naHL(MpHbix xopyrseM. TlonbCK35) KaeanepHfl noApasAenanacb Ha Ta)KenyK) — rycapbl, cpeAHtoio — nani^MpHbie, peüTapu, apMTO «e npeACTasnnjia MS ce6a , Ke6ysMpw, AparyHbi, M nenxyio — TaTapcKMe, saapMMa TOTO speweHM? naiucKMe, Kasau,KMe xopyrBM. Tycapbi ApMMH PeMM nocnoriMTOM sariM 1600 ne/ioseK, naHLiMpHbie — 3200 Ha KopoHHoe (nonbCKoe) M riMTOscKoe BOMCKO. riepsoe no ujTaTawi AO/DKHO Swno cocTosiTb MS B6K, jierKaa KasanepMa OT 3-15 TNC. 36 Tbic. 4enoB6K, a sropoe us 12 TUC. MenoseK. (eonbujoM^pasopoc B MMC/ICHHOCTM xapaKiepen T6M, HTO MHorMe jierKMe xopyrBM, cpaKTMMecKM XpOHMMeCKI/tM H6AOCT3TOK ASHef B KOpOJlBBCKOM y^acTsyiomMe B 6oax, npMH3AJie>KanM MamaK33H6 npMBOAMn K TOMy, MTO peaflbHO KOPOHHOe TaM M H6 npMMMCJlHHMCb K KOpOHHOMy BOMCKy). BOMCKO K Hanany BOMHW HacMMTbisano ne 6onee KOMaHAHbIM COCT3B XOpyrB6M COCTOan MS TOB318800 4enoB6K, a JIMTOBCKOB — 8000. APMMS M xopynxero. KoMaHAoaan xopyrBbro no•noApasAe/ia/iacb na ABB OTAena — nonbCKMM M panra pOTMMCTpcKOro. STO o6tacHaeTca •HeM6L(KMM. K nepBOMy OTAeny OTHOcMnacb KaT6M, HTO pOTMMCTpaMM Ta>KeflblX XOpyrB6M K3K rycapbl, nani^MpHbie, nerKan KasanpaBMno asjiarwcb BoraTbie MamaTbi, KOTOpwe cocToasiuasi MS nonbCKOM oinaxTbi, JIMTOBCKMX T3T3P, KaSBKOB, MOnABBaH M BajlaXOB,
TO/lbKO HMCJlM/IMCb-KOMaHAMpaMM, n03TOMy nO-
a TaKxe H3CTM nexoTbi, OAeTbie M noAroTOBJienHbie Ha nonbCKMM waHep no nonbCKMM MHcrpyKu,v\ftM M ycTasaM. BiopoM OTAen cocrosw MS KasanepMM M nexoTbi, noAroTosneHHOM M o6MynAMposaHHOM na sanaAHO-eBponeucKMM Manep. K 3TOMy OTAe/iy npnnaAne>Kana vt Koponnaa — neiuaa M Konnaa. B nexoTHbix M KanacTax MHOsewiHoro CTpoa 6bino MHoro ocpML(epOB — MHocrpaHi^es. PloribCKaa apMna TOTO nepMOAa 6bma MHoronai^MOHanb-
pyMMK. M asjianca peanbHbiM KOMBHAMPOM xopyrBM. HOJlKaMM KOMaHAOBanM nO^KOBHMKM. MMcneHHOCTb xopyrBM AocTMra/ia OT 50-120 nen. AO 600 nen. O KOMBHAHOM cocTase no/ib- • CKOM apMMM BonbTep nMcan: «PIO/IKOBHMKM cyTb BcesnacTHbie rocnoAa nojiKOB CBOMX, OHM AOJI>KHbi coAep>KaTb MX, K3K MoryT, M AasaTb >KanoBaHMe HO caMM pBAKO nonynaiOT ero, onycTóiuaKJT CTpany co6cTB6HHyK)...»22. CoAep>KaHMe KaBsnepMMCKoro no/iKa MDM xopyrsM 6bmo npe-
HOM. KpOM6 nO/iaKOB M JlMTOBLieS B apMMM P64M
CTM>KHblM B paA3X MarH3TOB. flO3TOMy K3>KAbtM
nocno^MTOM 6bi/iM noApasAeneHMa nonnocTbio cocroasujMe MS BenrpoB, HeMi^es, dppanijysoB,
MS HMX CTapsnca MMeTb xopyrBM TawonoM KSBSnepMM B ymep6 nexoTe. «MeM KpacMBee M npe-
zonoebie yfîopw apuuu Pevu nocno/iumoû, 1700-e as.
35
Kapn XII, Kopo/jb LUeeifuu
oapon Kapn-rycmae Pemuufibd
BocxoflHee can KOHHidu,a, TSM nexoia s TO speBoopy>KeHMe nonbCKOM apMMM 6uno pasnoMH 6bina xy>Ke. FloKpbrraa py6Miu,aMH M xyflo BO. fycapw öwnM oAeTbi B nonnoe saopyxeHHàfl, ona ne Mwena HMKaKOro MyHAMBoopyxenne (KMpaca ABOünaa, lunen/i, pa»23. nexoTHbie HOJIKM KOPOHHOM apwuw conanneMHMKM, napyMM) M 6unM BOOpy>KeHbi KonbCToartM MS flsyx 6aTanbOHOB no MeTbipe poibi B 6M o6pasL(a 1689 r., AByMR nMCToneTaMM, KapaKa>KflOM. FpeHaflepcKaa poTa 6bina pacnpeAe6MHOM M ca6neM. nani^MpHbie MMenM sainMinoe nena no nexoTHbiM pOTaivi. T.e. opraHMsau,Mfl soopy>KeHMe (innew, KonbMyra) M 6wnM BoopynexoTHoro noriKa cooTseTCTBOsana caKconcKoi/i. >K6Hbi caGneM, Asywa nMCToneTaMM, KOPOTKMM .nonbCKafl nexoTa Kpowie pyxœiï M lunar 6bma ' Konbew. flparyHbi, apKeöysupu M peMTapw 6uBoopywena 6epAbiiuaMM. BruiecTe c TBM MMcnennM BOOpy>KeHbi öepAbiujew, MyiuKeTOM, ca6neM HocTb nexoTHbix nonKOB BMBCTO wiaTHOM B M nMCToneTOM. JlerKMe xopyrBM, KBK npaBMno, 1156 MenoBeK, eAsa AOCTwana 300-600 Meno6binM Boopyx<eHbi caoneM, Asywia nucioneTaïuiM, BeK. JlMUJb nonK neujeü KOPOHHOM reapAMM naHMK3MM M OM6Hb M3CTO nyKBMM M apKBHaMM. B CMMTbiBan AO 1000 MenoseK. HacTM AparyHOs, HCKOTOpblX XOpyPBflX MOXOHO 6blnO BCTpeTMTb apKeöysMpoB n'peiïTapOB cocToann MS 4-6 KOH- iHMTbi KpyrnoM cpopwiw. HonK neujefi KoponesHbix por CM/IOM flo 400-600 caëe/ib. Do/ibCKa« CKOM reapflMM M HeCKO/lbKO flpyPMX OTÔOpHblX 6bma Kpavine ManoMMcnenna M cononKOB nexoTbi, Boopyxennbie caKCOHCKMMM MS OAHOTO noApasAenennn ^MCHOM AO KpeMHesbiMM py>KbflMn "ne Mwienu öepAbiujeü, 60-80 HenoseK npw 5 opyAMHX. Bonee noApo6nonorasiuMxcR nonbcKMM nexoTHbiM MacTRM. HO KocneMCfl opraHM3au,MH no/ibCKOü KOPOHHOM O6MyHflMpoB3HMe nonKOB nonbCKOM KOPOHHOM B 1696 r., naionyne cwiepiM KOROJIJI apMMM OTnwManocb KpaiïHe 6onbiiJOM necTpoCoöeccKoro nonbCKa« KopoHnan rsapAMfl TOM paci^seTKM M pa3Hoo6pa3M6M noKpoa. STO cocTOfl/ia M3 cneAyioiUMx ^acfefi: poTbi Apa6an- o6ycnaBnMBanocb oTcyTCTBMew KaKux-nMöo AOTOB (150 Men.), noriKa KoponeBCKMx p'ePiTapoB M MHCTpyKi^MM, peiviaMeHTMpyiomMx (1000 Men.), Tpex nomoB neiueti rsapAMM : Ko06MyHAMpOB3HMH TOTO MJ1M MHOponeBbi, npMHU,a flKOÖa, Kopona (scero AO 1200 ro nonKa. Mama™ B cnyMae BOMHW nsnanMCb 4eJi.). noriKa KoponeBCKMx AparyH (600 Men.), na cnyxKanMCb aa MX CMBT M ecTecTsenno Me/i.), po™ ujBeMU,apCKOM neiuew rsapAMM (60 oÖMyHAnpoBbisanncb no npuxoTM CBOMX xos«Men.), poTbi HHbiMapoB (200 Men.), rycapCKoro 6B. KBK npasM/io MarHaTbi OAesanM CBOMX cojv nonKa (1000 Men.) M necKoü KasanepMM (TaTapw A3T B repooBbie LjseTa csoero pOAa. STO eiu,e M KasaKM). flpM AsrycTe II ynoMMnaeTca noriK KO- 6onbiue npMAasano necTpoTy KOponescKOM apPOHHOM neiuew rsapAMM, HO/IK rsapAeMCKMx peiï- ' MMM. Ka>KAblM nOBBT, T3K)Ke BblCTaSnflBUJMM 33 Tapos M nom rsapAeMCKMx Aparyn. CBOM CM6T OTpflAW KpeCTbflH, npeAHa3HaM6HHblX
36
renepan spacp AdaM-Htodeuz fleeenaaynm Ana cny>K6bi B nanosoM nexoTe, o6MynAMpoBbisan MX aa CBOM CM6T. Mbi pacnojiaraen/i nMtub OTpblBOMHblMM CBeA6HMflMM O6
OSMyHAMpOBa-
HMM nOUbCKMX BOMCK M TO, KBCaiOlUMXCfl M3CT6M
nexoTbi M KasanepMM neMei^Koro OTAena. PlonK neweM KOPOHHOM rsapAMM nocMn iviyn^ AMpbi caKcoHCKoro noKpon. KacpTanw Kpacnue, KaM3on, naiiKanbi, oöujnara, OTBOPOTW qbanA, rancryKM — 6enbie. LUiaHbi M MynKM oenue. MepHbie 6aiuMaKM c MBAHOM npsi>KKOM. TpeyronK3 c 6enoiï ranyHHOM OOUJMBKOM, ^y^9BM^bl ono. PeMHM nocMHbie. riaTpoHHbie cyMKM MS KO>KM c BBHsejieM AsrycTa II. TpenaAepbi OTnMHariMCb rpenaAepKaiviM c 6enwM nanOÔHMKOM M3 >K6CTM, KpaCHblM BepXOM M 6enOM
M. Ha naTpoHHbix cywax rpeHaflepos no MBTbipe onoBsiHHbie rpanaTbi. YnTep0(pML(epbl M OCpMl^epbl raapAMM OTJIMManMCb 6O-
nee 6oraTOM OÖUJMBKOM MyHAMpa, no TMny CBKCOHCKOM rsapAMM. lilapqbbi nonbCKMX ocpMi^epoé. 6blHM SenbIMM C ManMHOBbIMM UjenCOBbIMM HHTHMM. HarpyAHbIM 3H3K (TOp>KeT) MM6J1 M306pa-
xeHMe nonbCKO-nMTOBCKoro rep6a. riexoTMHi4bi MeTBepToro nonKa BenMKOM KOPOHHOM 6yjiasbi (1713 r.) HOCM/iM KpacHbie KacpTaHbi c CMHMM npMöopHbiM cyKHOM M MynKBMM. MeTanjiMMeCKMünpMOop — 6enbiM. floron na nesoM nneMe KpacHblM. Ha ronoee ujanKa oco6oü cpopMbi c CMHMM HanOÖHMKOM M KpaCHblM li/VlblKOM. Y
rpe-
naAepa na ujanKe MBAHUM nanoÔHMK. y ynTepocpMu,epa na nesoM nneMe BMTOM snoner c AsyMfl KMCTHMM MS 6enoro ranyna. UJTae^oqbMt^epawi nonaranMCb BMTHB snoneibi na o6eMx nneMax, rop>KeT M uuapdp 6enbie. lilapcp c wianMHO-
BbIMM UJenKOBbIMM HMTflMM. FonOBHblM y60pOM 6oB na snawienax M urraHAapTax. SHSMSI neiiieü ocpMijepOB 6bina ipeyronKa, OÖUIMTSH 6enuM '" KOPOHHOM rsapAMM 6blJlO a6COniOTHO MA6HTMMranynoM, MJIM iuanKa'o6i^eno/iKOBoro o6pasija. HO 3HaweHM caKCOHCKOM neweü rsapAMM, sa MCApyrue rionbCKMe HOJIKM HOCMJIM oöMyHAMposaK/iKweHMeM MenKMX AeTa/iePi: na asepce pacTMHMe Hai(MOHanbHoro noKpoa — fl/iHHHbiM KanTejlbHblM bpHaMSHT 30J10TOM, Kpafl M yr/lbl 3H3lyiu (KacpTan) nonKOBbix I^BBTOB c ranyHHOM M6HM KpacHbie, none 6enoe; na pasepce: swiepacujMBKOM na rpyAM B necKoribKO psiAOB, M UUMCTO Mso6pa>KeHMfl BeHsena AsrycTa II naTMHpoKMe iuT3Hbi. Ha ronose Hocwnacb tuariKa ocoCKMM A3BM3: «Deo fidem regt fidelitatem legi 60M CpOpMbl C MeXOBblM HanOOHMKOM M BepXOM obseqvium». Xopyrsb KoponescKaa AsrycTa II nonKOBoro i^era. Ha norax Hocn/incb canorn. npeACTasnnna COÖOM nonoTHMu^e paswepoivi KaK npaBMjio Kaniyuj noAnoacbiBanca KywaKOM 280x280 CM. KpacHoro i^seTa. B^eHTpe nonoTinséra Kaïwsojia. Pewinu flenanncb MS KOSJIMHOM HMLi^a BblUJMTblM Cepe6peHHblMM HMTK3MM H6nM• M-nOCMHOM KO>KM, 3 naipOHHbie CyMbl SbinM J1M-
K3H, KOpM5)LL(MM DflTb CBOMX nTeHLJOB, pa3M6pOM
60 nepnenbiMM, nnöo ne OKpawMBsnMCb. BeH37x67 CM. l/l3o6pa>KeHMe saKnKweno B nasporepCKaa nexora HOCMns dpopwfy HaiJMOHsnbHoro BbiM B6HOK senenoro i^seTa. HaA BBHKOM neHTa noKpOfl — KSHTyiu c KopOTKMMM pyK3B3MM AnMc A6BM3OM: «Pro lege et grece». B yrnax xopyrHOM AO mMKOnoTOK nonKOBOTO L4B6T3. Ha rpyAM BM HeTbipe 6enbie rpanaTW, no nonio nonoTHMOT 12 AO 16 psiAOB BMTOTO uinypa i^seia noAma BbiiiiMTbi SBesAbi. lÜTaHAapTbi peMTapos .KnaAKM. Ha Horax Hocmincb 6aujMaKM. LUranbi, MS ce6a npaiwoyronbHue nonoTK3K npaBMno, 6buiM ysKne B o6ia>KKy. Ha ronose KMCTsiMM, cnneTeHHbiMM MS sonoHocMnscb HM3K351 manors c nepoM. Tbix ujemoBbix HMT6M. B ^eHTpe M3o6paxeHMe DonbCKMe rycspbi. HOCMnM pssnooSpssHoe repwaHCkoro ii^MTa; B U^MTB KpacHbiM Kpecr na o6MyHAMpoB3HMe. HpMseAeM OAMH oSpaaei^ rySenoM none. BBTBM nasposbie — cepe6pencspCKOM cpopMbi. >KynaH Kpscnoro Lisera. lilraHbie, SWUM™ aoKpyr mMTa. Baxpowa sonoTaa. Hbi CMHMe, canorM we/iTbie. nosepx Aocnexos Ha AparyncKMX M apKeoysMpCKMX snaMenax c rycapw OAesanM sonnbM, pbicbM MJIM weflBexbM OflHOM CTOpOHbl M306paX3nCfl BbISOnOMeHHblM ujKypbi. Hs naHi^upe H3 cnMHHbix naTsx paswesensenb AsrycTa II nofl KOponescKOM KoponoM B cneijHanbHbie npMcnocooneHMfl Ana oSpaMneHMM seneHbixnaspoBbix BeTseM. Ha paKpunbes. Ho upeiy nepbes na sepce M3o6pa>KeHMe sensena nosTopajiocb. Ha M cpnaxKax na Konbax pasiiMHSJiscb snawenw nonbCKMx 'rycap (KoponescKMM nonK) npMH3AJie>KHOCTb rycapcKMX xapyrseM. TBK y KOnonoTHMine cocToano MS Asyx nonoc — 6enoM poneBCKOiî xopyrBM nepwi 6binM öenuwM, a y M KpacHOM. B i^eHTpe Mso6pa>Kancfl socbMMKoxqpyrsM KHJISJI Jlto6oMMpcKOro — ^epHbiwu. KoHeHHbiM ManbTMMCKMM KpecT Senoro t^aeTa B i xopyrseii — poTMucrpbi, noAsopaMnKpacHOM none M Kpacnoro B 6enoM. Snawa nonpaBbiM pyKas KaHTyma M Aep>Kann B pyKe riKa BenMKOro KOpOHHOro reTMana TaioKe 6bino 6ynasy — CMMBOJI BJiac™. naHi4npHbie xopyrBM - pasAeneno ropMSOHTanbno na 6enyio M KpacHÖCMJIM OAe>KAy noAoönyio rycspcKoPi. XopyrBM Hyro nonocy. Mso6pa>KeHMe ManbTMMCKoro KpepaSJlMMa/lMCb JlMLUb HO L\B8Ty 3H3HKOB H3 KOHbCT3 noBTOpaeTca KBK M na snaivienM KoponescKOax M'snawensx. flparyHbi rsapAeMCKoro no/iKa ro nonKa, HO B i(eHTpe KpecTS cepeopennoM KOpOHHOM K3B3^epMM HOCM/IM Kp3CHN6 K3CpT3HMTbro BbiujMTO M3o6pa>KeHMe flesbi MapMM. l~yHbi, o6iunara, ujiaHbi M Kawisonw — senenue. capcKMe npanopLibi HS Konbax BwnM AnMHOM Ta/icryKH 6enbie. Ha ronose TpeyronKM c'oejioPi 3,5-4 M M K3K npasMno nosTopanM M3o6pa>KeHMe ra/iyHHOM OÖUJMBKOM. flyrosMi^bi nocepeôpanpoTHOM M nonKOBOM xopyrBM. Hs npanopuax M Hbie. Ha Horax BucoKMe cwassHHwe BoTdpopibi LUTaHAapTax npeoSnaAano coneTanMe KpacnolunopaMM. YHjep-ocpMuepbi oiriMMaro M 6enoro HBBTOB. Ha nMTOBCKMx SHaMenax, or pHAOBbix cepe6peHHbiMM nyrosMi^sMM KaK npasMno, Mso6pa>Kancfl rep6 KHfl>KecTBa — na o6iunarax. flparynw KopOHHbix HOJIKOB HOCM«riorona», a na KopOHHbix — 6enwM open. TaKnM K3K seneHbie, TBK M Kpacnue Kacpianbi. FlpMTMKa nonbCKOM apMMM Mano M3M6HMnacb c naBBASM Asa npMMeps. flpsryn no/iKa CennBCKOro Majl3 XVII B6K3. nonbCKOe BOMCKO, BblCTynMB B 6bl/l OA6T B KpaCHblM KaCpTBH C JKejlTblMMI BO-
nOXOA M npMOnMSMBUJMCb K npOTMBHMKy, B03BO-
pOTHMKOM, oöiunarawiM M cpariAaMM. HyroBMi^bi e. KaM3o/i cepbiPi, a ujraHbi senenbie. Ha
AMno seiwnaHbie yKpenneHMa B BMAB peTpaiueM luaHLies. Ms Tener 06033 TSIOKB coooopOHMTenbHbiü none. nowecTMB B CTane 0603, nexoTy M apTMnnepMio, M, o6ecneHMB T3KMM o6pa30M ce6e 33i4MTy M noAAep^Ky c Tbina, B none BbixoAwna Tfl>Kenasi KasanepMfl — rycapCKMe, nani^MpHbie xopyrBM. KaK npaBMno cpa>KeHMe sasasbisanM nerKMe xopyrBM. 33T6M na npoTMBHMKa ABMranscb Tawenaa M cpeAH^a KasanepM«. TycapcKMe xopyrBM pasMemanncb B LjeHTpe, a nani^Mpnue xopyrBM, ApsryncKMe, apM peüTapcKMe nonKM na dpnanrax. npoTMBHMKa, nerKafl M cpeAHFfl KasanepMfl oTXOAMna K narepra, 3 rycspcKMe xopyrBM H36Mpa/iM pssroH M onycTMB Konba na nonnoM ranone spessnMCb s paAbi HPOTMBHMKS. rycsp o46Hb MacTO peiuan MCXOA Boa. KasanepMfl BenMKonenno snaAena BCSMM TMnaMM opy>KMfl M 6bma npeKpacHO noAroTosnens, MÔO ee OCHOBHOM COCT3B 6bin npeACTasnen LunaxTOM. HpasAa, K KOHLiy npasneHM« ïïna CoSeccKoro nocTeneHHO Ha^MHaeT BOSpacraTb
BblCOKlie 60TCp'OpTbl C MBAHblMM UJHOpa-
MM. flparyn HeycranoBJieHHoro noriKa OAST B seJieHblM K3CpT3H C KpaCHbIMM OOUJ/ISrSMM, OTBO-
pOTaMM cpaiiA M BOpoTHMKOM. O6wMBKa neiefib, nyroBMi4 — Kpacnaa. LUraHbi M .KaMSOJi nocnHbie. YHiep-ocpMLiepbi M ocpni^epbi OTJiMManMCb OT PHAOBWX 6onee csernbiMM KacpTanawiM. ApKe6y3npbi HOCMJiM cepbie Kacpianw c KpacnuM npM6ÓpHblM CyKHOM. PeMTSpbl 6bmM OA6Tbl B
6neAHO->KenTbie (nanesbie) KacpraHbi. KaMson, o6ainar3 M luianbi — 6enwe. flyroBMi^bi onoBsiHHbie. Tpeyro/iKa oöujMTa 6e/ibiM ranynow. BcaAHMKM jierKMX xopyreeü nocMriM naL(MOH3nbHyro nojibCKyw OAe>Kfly. HpMMep: HJSHKS cyKOHH3fl, o6LUMT3fl BOJlMbMM M6XOM. >KyH3H CepblM,
ujTanbi reMHO-CMHMe, canorn KOpoiKMe — >KenTbie. nonbCKMe apiMnnepMCTw no HeKOTOpbiw A3HHUM HOCMJIM CpOpMy, MA6HTMHHyK5'caKCOH-
CKOM apTMnnepMM. JlMTOBCKMe xopyrBM oiriMMa/IMCb OT KOpOHHblX JlMUJb M306pa>KeHMaMM T6p-
ponb nexoTbi M apTM/inepMM. PlonbCKan nexoTa peAKO BbixoAMna sa yKpenneHvifl B OTKpbiToe none. Ho ecnM STO M cnyManocb, TO eü OTSOAMnacb naccMBHan ponb noAAep>KKM jmKenoü vaM. JlMUJb B CJiy43flX 3T3KM npOTMBHMKS,
B yKpenneHHOM nsrepe ponb nexoTbi BospacTana. Yposenb noAroTOBKM neXOTbl 6bin HeBbICOK. rieXOTMHL(bl, HBCMJlbHO 33-
Bep6oB3HHbie na KoponeBCKyro cny>K6y, o6naAanM HMSKMM MOpanbHblM flyXOM. TpOMOSAKMe
oöosbi M orpOMHoe Konw^ecTBo cnyr, conpoBo>KA3BLUMX nonbCKyio apMMKD B noxoAe, CHM>KanM flHesHbie nepexoAbi ne npesbimanM 8-10 KM. L(eHTpanM3OBaHHbie 6asbi cna6>KeHMa OTcyrcrBOsanM M conflaTbi KOpwiMnMCb 33 CMBT PSKBMSMUMM y MecTHoro naceneHMfl, MTO Bbisbisano sonny HaCMnMfl CO CTOpOHbl apMMM M HenaSMCTb M conpoTMsneHMe co CTOpOHbl oSbiBaTenePi. TaKMM OSpaSOM Mbl MOXŒM CA6n3Tb BblBOA, 4TO
apwMH PeMM DocnonMTOM nsnanacb nocToaHHOM apMMeM co cnaSbiMM npMsnaKawiM perynapCTB3. no ypOBHio CBO6M noAroTOBKM ons ycTynana He TonbKO sanaAHO-eBponeMCKMM apMM51M, HO M POCCMM. PIOnbCKaH SpMMfl 6bin3 M3nO-
MMcneHHOM, nnoxo AMct<MnnMHMpOB3HHOM M Mano ooecnocoöHOM. XoTa nonnKM M oönaAanu npeKpacHOM Tn>KenoM KSssnepMePi, HO ee ponb B CB513M c B03p3CT3K>meM Moiubto pyMHoro omeCTpenbHoro opyxMa, nocTenenno CBOAMnacb na H6T. HecMOTpsq na xpaôpocTb M nMMHoe My>KecrBO nonbCKMx conAaT, Koponnan apMMa nMUJb MaCTMMHO noAflep>KMBana csoeroKoponn. AsrycT II — H6M614 na nonbCKOM Tpone, 6bin ne nonynapen B ujMpoKMX cnoax nonbCKoro oômecrsa M nonaKM ne wenanM soesaTb 33 MHTepecw caKconija B nonbCKOM KOpOHe. 33 MCKnKWeHMBM HBKOTOpblX
BMAOB xonoflHoro opyxMfl, non^KM M3-sa OTcyrCTBMS1 HOpM3nbHO P33BMTOM TOprOBO-npOMbllU-
neHHOM Basbi 6binM Bbiny>KAeHbi OKCnopTMpoB3Tb 6onbiiioe KonM4ecTBO omecTpenbnoro opy>KMa, nyujeK M 6oenpMn3COB MS-SS rp3HMt(bi, rnasHbiM oöpasow MS TepMaHMM. STO eine 60nee orpaHM^Msano M 6es TOTO HeswcoKMe BOSMO>KHOCTM PeMM ROCnOnMTOM B6CTM BOMHy. MTO K3C36TCJ1 flSHMM, TO H6O6XOAMMO
ynO-
MflHyrb o TOM, HTO ons pacnonarsjis 15-25 TNC. apMMBM M MOLL(HblM B06HHO-MOpCKMM CpnOTOM.
TaKMM oopasoM COKDSHMKM Mornw secTM BOMHy npoTMB lllsei^MM oAHospeMeHHo na Tpex HanpssneHMsix. flsTCKsn SPMMR M cpnoT B TonbUJTMHMM, CKOHB M HopserMM; pyccKsn B HHrepMawnaHAMM, Kapennn M caKCOHCKaa spMMfl B JlMCpnaHflMM M COIOSHMKM npesocxoACTBOM HBA apMMeü lilsei^MM. 06cT3HOBK3, cnoxMBiuaflCfl B Espone, B CBHSM c O>KMAaeMoiï BOMHOM sa HcnaHCKoe nacneACTBO, MM KpSMHe 6naronpMHTCTBOBan3. (OnbiM IUBBACKMÜ Kopojib Kapn XII He Bbisbisan onaceHMM co cropOHbi MOHspxoB — mas rocyAapcTB CeBepnoro COK333, C^MTaBUJMX 6rO 4enOB6KOM H6A3neKMM.
M nerKOMbicneHHbiM. MS BbiweMsnowéHHOro, MW MO>KeM BblBOA, HTO CTpsnbi — yMacTHMi^bi CeBepnoro COK333 o6naAanM BCBMM neoSxoAMMbiMM B03MO)KHOCTi1MM p,nf\ BBASHMfl n068AOHOCHOM BOMHbl C UjBei<MeM, H6 CMOTpfl H3 p^A
Cy--
mecrseHHbix npocMeTOB M HeAocTaTKOB B noArOTOBKe MX BOOpyXeHHblX CMn, 4TO M 6binO Bbl-
flBneno B xoAe cpaxeHMM nananbHoro nepMOfla CeeepnoM
37
Taenia IV o CesepHOM BOMHB (1700-1721 rr.) M apMMM LLlBeijMM, MW ne MO>KeM ynycTMTb ponb Kap/ia XII, Koponn-nonKOBOfli^a. Kapn XII Baaa[IcpanbLj-UBeMepiOKKeH Koporib IUBSAOB, TOTOB M BaHAanoB poAwnca 16/17 MIOHH 1682 r. Kapn XI, ajeu, npMHija, flenan see BOSMOXHOB f\nn CMCTeM3TM3a°L(MM BOCHMTaHMH M o6p33OBaHMR Cbl-
Ha. flpMHij Kapn snaAen Tpewa MHOCTPSHHHMM aabiKSMM (naTMHCKMiï, cppanL^yacKMü, neiviei^KMM), BenMKonenno cpexTOBan, xopoujo snan cpopTMCpMKai(Mio, TBKTMKy, CTpaTerMio, MaTeiwaTMKy. KywiMpoM WHOro npMHL(a 6bm KDnMM U,eaapb. Ero KHura «SanncKM o fanbCKOM BOMHB» erana fln« npuHt^a HacranbHow. Boo6me B OTenecTBeHHOM nuTepaType nuMHocTb Kopona Kapna XII ocsemeHa Kpawne Mano M OAHo6oKO. Ms COBBTCKMX M pyccKMX HCTOPMKOB naM6onee nonHO /iMMHOCTb M xapaiaep 3Toro Monapxa flanw araAeMMKOM E.B.Tapjie B paooTe «CesepHaa BOMHB n wseACKoe naujecTBM6 na PoccMKi». Kapn XII M ero >KM3Hb naMHOro ny^uje MCcneAOBana nHocrpaHHbiMM ncTopn'K3MM M B nepsyro o^epeflb luseACKHMM. flawe MX MHeHne 06 STOM Kopone Kpaüne paanMHHoe — OT BOCTOp>KeHHbix naHerpMKOB (AflnepdpenbA, Hopfl6epr, CTunne, OpuKcenb) AO KPMTMMBCKMX uccneAOsaHMM (Kapncon, UJëHrpeH, Kvinbx). OAHBKO Mbl AOJDKHbl BO3A3Tb AOn>KHO6 46-
noseKy, KOToporo FleTp l Hassan CBOMM AOCTOMHblM flpOTMBHMKOM. BC6 MCCnSAOBaTenH >KM3HM
Kopona cxoAsiTCfl B TOM, 4TO OH 6bin Kpaüne CKpbiTen M HMKOMy ne OTKpbisan CBOMX Mbicneü M nnanoB. STO ecTecTsenno. Pano ocTasujMCb 6es OTi^a Kapn CTO/iKHyncn co sceMM HM3M6HHbiMM npoasneHMflMM xapaiaepoB OKpyKasiuMX ero nKDAeM. KaK HMKTO AO Hero, OH ocosnasan BCK> T3>KeCTb OTBeTCTBeHHOCTM, B03nO>KeHHOM
Ha ero-nnesM. Flo CBoen/iy xapaKTepy OH 6wn ^enoseKOM BCribinb4MBblM, CKpblTHblM M 046Hb ynp^MblM. K
MH6HMK) OKpyxaraaiMX Bro nioAew OH npMcnyujMBancfl o«neHb peAKO. K TOiwy xe Koponb Bbin no/iHOCTbio nviiuen flunnoMaTimecKoro M nonnTM4ecKoro 4yTbfl, MTU snocneflCTBMM cbirpano ponb B cyAb6e Kapna M KoponescTsa. CTOPOHbl OH 6bin O46Hb CMneH K3K TaKTMK, H3XOA4MB B OOK), 6blCTp, Heo6blMaMHO
peiUMTenen, ocoôenno B MMHyTy onacnocTM, KorAa BH63anHO npMXOAMnocb Men^Tb nnan 3T3KM, noA orneM npOTMBHMKa. CnocoGnocTH Kopona, K3K CTpaTera onenb cep-besno ocnapnsanMCb. HanpuMep M3BecTHWM pyccKnü MCTOPMK Jleep B CBoeM TpyAe «Ocnosbi cTpaTerMM» TBK OTSbisancfl o CTpaTernsecKMx cnoco6HocTax KOpona: «6006146 CTpaTerMa He 6wna AS/IOM Kapna XII».24 DoAOÔHoro MH6HMS1 npMAepxMBaKDTCfl Tapne, nasneHKo, MonManoB, TenbnyxoscKMM M ApyrMe MccneAosaTenM MCTOPMM CesepnoM BOÜHbi (1700-1721 rr.). C flpyroM cTopoHbi A.CTwnne B cBoeü paöoTe «Kapn XII KSK CTpaTer M T3KTMK» npMAep>KMsaeTca aoconioTHO Apyroro wneHMfl. MW >Ke nocTapaeMCH M3no>KMTb Hame MHBHM6 B XOA6 HanMCaHMfl 3TOM TnaBbl.
Koponb 6bin onenb "BUHOCHMB KpaMHe BO3Aep>KaH B eAe M nMn TonbKO
38
o6paa >KM3HM, HeAOCTynHOCTb coönaanaw, CBOM-
6bicTpo. floAnonKOBHMKOM CTan B 26 neT. OH 6bin B BbiciueM cjeneHM KowneTen-
CTBBHHblM MOnOAOCTM (a
T6H K3K nOnKOBOA6LV>28. BM6CT6 C T6M OH 6bin
«ErO B03A6p>KaHHOCTb, CypOBblM CnapTaHCKMM B6Ab OH yOMT 6bin
CpaBHMTenbHO MOnOAblM, TpMALjaTMfiaTM C H6-
6onbiijMM neT) — see 3TO snyiuano K Heiuiy ysaxenne cpeAM OKpy>KaK3inMX»25. K TOMy >Ke Koponb own BO MHorow ucKaTeneivi npMKnio^eHMM (asaHTiopMCTOM). MenoseK HeOÖbIHaMHOM rOpAOCTM M OTBarM OH 43CTO, H6
saAyMbisaacb o nocneACTBMax, npMHMMan caMbie neo6bNHbie peaieHMfl M onepTfl ronosy 6pocancfl B aTBKy BO rnase CBOMX conAaT B cawibix TpyAHbix M onacHbix MecTax 6oa. flna con-< A3T M OCpML(epOB CB06M apMMM OH CTafl CMMBO-
noM noßeAbi. PMCKya CBOCM >KM3HKD, Koponb Tpe6osan TOTO xe can/ioro M OT CBOMX noAAannbix. no OTHOLueHMK) K nneHHbiM conAaTaM, B nepsyio o^epeflb pyccxnM M iwecTHowy HaceneHMra (nonbCKOMy, caKCOHCKOMy, pyccKOwy) OH 6bin 6ea>KanocTeH. PyccKnx nneHHwx nM nM6o yoMsanM. MecTHoe naceneHMe, ujee waneMLuee conpoTMsnenMe LUBeAaM, TBK>Ke noAsepranocb penpeccMHM co cTOpOHbi KOponn. OAHSKO, OTMe^aa TBKOM cpaicr, KaK6es>KanocTHOCTb M »ecTOKOCTb He cneAyeT 3a6bisaTb
O46Hb xecTOK M MM6HHO no ero npMKasy ujseflbi nocne OMTBW npM OpayiuTaATe nepeOMnM scex pyccKMX nneHHbix. Tenepan A.n.neseHraynT (1659-1719 rr.), noTOMOK Apesnero apMCTOKpaTM^ecKoro PDAS, no MaTepMHCKoPi nMHMM npMXOAMnca Kapny XII ' AanbHMM POACTB6HHMKOM. ErO M3Tb M3 pOA3
i rorennos-HoMiufaMH YHA fnaüxen npMcecTpoM Koponra Kapny X Tycrasy (1654-166,0 r.). Panö ocMpoTes OH BOCnuTbisanca y CBOMX poACTseHHMKOB •— flenarapflM M BpaHrenb. JlesenraynT yHMnca B Tpex yHMsepcMTeTax — JlyHACKOM, YnncaiibCKOM M PoCTOKCKOM.npMHeM-B nocneAH6M aaiUMTMn flMCcepTai(MK3. He nafleacb HBMTM ceße flocTOMHoe wiecTO na KOponescKOM cny>K6e OH nocTynMn B BOMCK3 KypcpiopcTa BaBapCKoro M Boesan npoTMB TypoK. 3aT6M, BCTynMB B ronnaHACKMe BOMCKa, npMHfln y^acTMe B BOMHB npoTMB paHLiMM (1688-1697 rr.). B 1700 r. npunnn KOMaHAOBaHMe OAHMM M3 peSepBHblx' nOnKOB UJBeACKOM
KOponeBCKOM apMMM, HOCMBLuero ero MMS.
O nOAOßHOM nOBeABHMM pyCCKMX BOMCK B OTHO-
«OneHb MCKyCHblM M XpaÖpblM BOMH, 3H3IO1HMM,
iiieHMM nneHHbix LUBBAOB M naceneHMn LuseACKMX npM6anTMMCKMX nposMHL(MM M KapenMu. V\3 BbiLueMsnoweHHOro MW MOXBM cflenaTb BbiBOA, MTO BenMKonennyK) liiseACKyio apMMK) Bosrnasnan «orpOMHbiü BoenHbiü TanaHT»26 Kapn XII. «Boesan Kapn XII, sonpeKM MHorMM riMHeüHbiM uja6nonaM, npeAnMCbisasiuMM BbiMrpwBaTb BOiïHy MaHeapMpoBaHMeM c iienbra aa-
ysepeHHbiM B ce6e, HenpMBbWHO oSpaaosaHHbiü Ana BOflKM (npexKecTBo: BO speMn 6oa OH BcerAa sen ce6n xnaAHOKpoBHO M cnoKOMHO M scerAa 6ea Kone6aHMM 6pocancn TyAa, rp,e nynM poMnncb ryu^e Bcero. H see >Ke nMMHocTbio OH 6bin cno>KHOM. Y nero 6bin MpaMHbiM ssrnaA na >KM3Hb M CKnoHHOCTb K neccMMMSwy... OH o6paa «OTi4a-KowaHAMpa Ana ero BpeMBHM, M 4acTO BbicKaabisan MCKpen- • HWK3 3a6oTy o CBOMX conAaTax M odpML(epax, a ero noAHMHeHHbie, KBK npasMno, TO>Ke OTHOCMnMCb K K6My xopoiiio... Ha BOMHB OH 6bin OCTO-
LL|MTbl KapAOHHblX nMHMM M KOMMyHMK3L(MM. Ma-
rasMHbi, o6o3bi, apTwnnepM« — see ßpocanöcb MM paAM BHesannocTM»27. HaMHOro panbine PyMsiHL(eBa, Cysoposa, «tpMApMXa II M MopMLja CaKCOHCKOrO LUBeflCKMM
Koponb CTan AeMCTBOsaTb no npMHi^Mny, snocneACTBMM ccpopMynwpoBaHHbiM HanoneonoM l «CMna apMMM, KBK B MexaHMKe, naMepaeTca
PO>K6H —
Ka^eCTBO, KOTOpOe B 3TMX Ó6CTOfl-
M3CCOM, yMHOKSHHOM H3 CKOpOCTb». HOfl CT3Tb
Te/ibCTsax 43CTO, xoTfl M ne scerfla, 6w.no no/io-
CBoewiy MOnapxy 6unM ero renepanw M crapocpMijepbi. Kai4MM Koponro M Kopone, CAep>KaHHbiM, CMnbHbiPi, xonepMMecKoro TeMnepa-
>KMTenbHblM. 3T3 OCTOpO>KHOCTb MHOrA3 H6pe-
M6HTa. HO OTHOLueHMK) K COCny>KMBI4aM M nOA-
BbiCKaabisan H6Apy>Kenio6Hoe BbicoAeCaTM
C6MM neT, pOAOM M3
LUTpanbsyHAa B LUBBACKOM RepeAHePi floMepaHMM, TAB ero OTBLJ 6bin 4neHOM rocyAapCTseHHoro cyAa... Bo speMa CKOHCKOM BOMHH B 70-e i XVII B. c noriHOTOM npoasnn cnocoOHOCTb M 6eccTpaLUM6 B 6010. Ho cny>K6e
B ne^To, noxowee na anaTMio»29. nonKOM, a aaTewi Kopnycowi B JleBenraynT npoflBMn ce6fl KBK TanaHTnMBbiM BpeHHOHananbHMK. OH oAepxan no6eAy HBA pyccKMMM BOMCKaMM npM TeMayspTrocpe B MK>ne 1705 r. MnorMe flpyrMe renepanbi M odpMuepw UJBeACKOM apMMM MMenw 6onbiuoM 6oesoM onbiT, HTO T3K->Ke nono>KMTenbHo cKaabisanocb na ypoBHe noAroTOBKM KOponeBCKOM apwiMM. TO, 4TO BOMH3 6yA6T 046Hb T51>KenOM, A™TenbHOM M KpOBOnpOJIMTHOM BCKOpe BbIHBMnOCb
H3 nonsix cpaxeHMM CesepHOM BOMHN '(17001721 rr). CornacHO saicnKweHHoro florosopa, coroaHMKM Aon>KHbi 6binM npMCTypMTb K 6o6BbiM p,eüCTBMHM npoTMB ujBeAOB cpaay nocne ero sarnKDM cornacosaHHO. OAHBKO cpOKM BWCTynnpoTMB nenpMRTena 6unM copsannu. TaK, ecnM AsrycT II, cornacHO Aorosopa OT 11.11.1699 r., Aon>KeH 6bin BCTyriMTb B BOMHy co' uJBeAaMM c MOMeHTa ero noAnMcaHMfl, TO na nocaKCOHUbi BCTynMnn B BOMny
• 12.02.1700 r. B STOT fleHb caKCOHCKne BoiiCKa 6ea oOTaHB/ieHMH BOMHU BTOprriMCb B JlucpnanAMK> M ocaAMflM Pury. AsrycT II pacHMTbisan na noMoii(b /IMCP/IHHACKoro ABopflHCTBa, HeAOBonbHoro npaBnennew Kap/ia XII u BOCcraHwe PVDKCKMX ropoxKAeHbl
OT CBOMX auiGimnosHux ruiaHOB. . CornacHo ycnoBMHM Aorosopa <J>peflepnK IV paapbisan coios c CaKCOHMeü M BbinnaMMsan KOHTpM6yL(MK) B 200 TWC. TanepOB. TpaseHAanbCKHM TpaicraT 6bi^i sa- ' KJlKWeH AO OTKpblTlia BOeHHblX A6MCTBMM PoCCMM npOTMB lilsei^MM, TO p6AepMK IV HMK3KMX
PyccKue i oTHOCMTe/ibHo fipeKpameHMH AOrosopa c FleTpoM He naean»^. OAH3KO A3TCKMM MOH3pX BOJlOTb AO BTOpOM
nojiOBMHbi 1709 r. ne npeAnpMHMMan HMIOKMX nonuTOK npoAOJi>KMTb BOMHy na CTOpone POCCMM. He jiymuuM oSpasow nocryriMn M AsrycT II. Ysnaa o TOM, HTO mseACKUM Kopojib CKOpo npM6yA6T c apMMeiî B ripnôajiTMKy, OH cnan 15 cenocaÀy c PMFM M OTCTyriMii na BMHTep-
OTHOujeHMeM K ero nepcone BO BpeMa npeowBaHMH B PMPC «BenMKOro noconbCTsa» B 1697 r. Ha cawioM p.ene pyccKMe, A/iMTe/ibnoe rOTOBMBUJUeCfl K BOMH6, CTpeMMflMCb
TaKMM o6pasoM MW MOx<eM BHAeTb, HTO eine AO BCTynneHMfl POCCMM B Boüny, nonoxœ-
ce6e yTpaMeHHbie panee SBM^M — jiaHAMio M KapenMK). 22 asrycTa 1700 r. Bbiexa/i MS MocKBbi, a 24-ro B HOXOA ABUHy pyccKaa apwiMH. U,ent> noxoAa — Hapsa, nepyccKaa KpenocTb PyroAes, KOTOPOM coöMpancn osnaAeTb B nepsyio onepeAb. PyccKaa apMMfl 6bma pasAenena na TPM «reHepa/ibCTsa» (AMBMSMM): ABTOHOMB MsaHO-
HM6 COK33HMKOB 6bmO OMCHb TJWeflblM, T6M 6O-
BMM3 PonOBMHa C AeCHTblO HeXOTHblMM HOIlKaMM
nee, HTO OHM jiMiuMJiMCb xopomeu ASTCKOM apMMM M sennKOJienHoro dpnoTa. PyccKoe rocyAapCTBO BCTynMno B BOMHy npOTMB LUseuMM 19-asrycTa 1700 r. OAHOM MS rnasHbix npwHMH BCTynneHMa POCCMM B BOMHy c i i^apb MOTMBnposan Heysa>KHTe/ibHbiM
M OAHMM AparyHOBCKMM, o6inew HMcneHHOCTbio . B 14726 HenoBeK; AAawa AABMOEMMB Beiïfle c 9 nexoTHbIMM noriKaMM M OAHMM AparyncKMM mnKOM — 11222 MenoseKa M A^BMSMM AHMKMTU PenHMHa: 9 nexoTHbix HOJIKOB, na11000
39
o g
f o
•o o
i
l
CeeMCKOM BOMHbl», Öbl/lO HaHMCaHO MM
Q6mee KOMaHAosaHMe apiviueü 6bmo BOSnoxeno na fonoBuna, npOMsseAeHHoro B cpenbAMapwa/ibi. fonoBMH Jii/iwb HOwinnaribHO HBrwncH crapwMM BoeHHOHaHaiibHMKOM, TBK KSK
neT cnycrra nocre HapscKoro cpaxeHMfl, KorAa Poccufl no6eAMJia B CeBepnoü BOMH6 (1700-1721 rr.), M KBK rosopuTcn: Te^fl ne cyAflT». M pyccKne u coseTCKiie MCTOPMKM npMSHanne FleTpa o nnoxowi COCTOSHMU apwnn noA HapsoPi BÖ rnasy yrna, oAnaKO na cawiOM Aene B Hasane BOMHW n ocaAbi MHenne Pleipa l
BC6MM ßeViCTBMHMM apMMM pyKOBOflMJl CaM'PleTp.
KpoMe Bbiiue nepeMMCJieHHbix ^acTeu B coCT3B apwiMM BxoflMJio ABOpHHCKoe önormeHMe — 11533 MenoseKa. B HoaropOAe K apMMM AOJDKHbl 6bl/1M npMCOeAMHMTbCfl AB3 COJlAaTCKMX M
aÖCOHKITHO
CTpeneijKMx no/iras — 4700 MenoseK. C Hapsy öwnn OTpaxenbi 10500 Ka33KOB BÖ rnase c HaKasHbiM reTiwanoM OOMAOBCKMM. TaKMM o6pasoM noA Hapsy öwno ' >K6HO 63515 Méiose*. OAH3KO PénHWH M 'O6nAOBCKoro K Hapse He nocnenn. CneAOBaTenbHO, pyccKaa apwina noA HapBOM nac4MTbiBana 32-35 TUC. HenoBeK npn 184
npOTMBOnO/10>KHblM,
KpenocTb Hapsa, pacnojioxeHHaa na JieBOM'6epery peKM Haposw, B 15 KM OT ee ycTb«, 6bma cn/ibHO yKpennena, npUMOM HNM yKpennenneM na npaBOM 6epery 33MOK MBan-ropOA, nocTpoeHHbiM pyccKMMH npn Usane III. Usan-ropoA M Hapsa 6binn csasaHbi nOCTOflHHbIM MOCTOM.
BwecTe c apwuePi Asura/icn orpowinwi/i 0603, npi/iMepno B 10000 Tener, KOTOpwü ses 12 Tbic. nyAOB nopoxa, 5018 nyAOB CBMHi^a, 6 TWC. nyflOB flAep, 1 1 337 nyflos 6oM6 M 1 1 500 py4Hemp l, UMnepamop Bcepoccuücnuü Hbix rpanaT. JleTO M oceHb 1700 r. 6t>i™ o^enb AO>KfljiMBbiMi(i. Te^ern Bflsnn B rpasn, nowaMS CesepHoro corasa flannn M TWKenoro nonob. OT nnoxoîi KopwexKii Hanancfl naAe>K noü. KojioHHbi na wiapuie cn/ibno ripe»«ie Bcero OH cwnan, HTO yposenb 6oeb. y>Ke na noxofle conp,ar CTarin BOM nOflrOTOBKM pyCCKOM apMMM AOCTaTO4HO oneHb nnoxo. O6wiyHAnpoBaHMe ncTpena/iocb M BbICOK. B 3TOM MH6HMM 6CO BCH4eCKM nOAASP>KMpacnonsnocb no liisaivi. BoücKa co6npajincb Ba/lM A3TCKMM M CaKCOHCKMM HOCJiaHHMKH TeMHC noAiHapsoM o^enb MefljieHHO, 9 ceHTa6pfl npnM JlaHr, a TBIOKB 6nn>KaMUjee OKpyxeHne. 6bin OTpflA KHflSfl Tpy6ei^Koro, a 23-ro — OTpsiA K3K y>Ke yKasbisanocb Bbiiue, B BÖ rnase c FleTpOM I. 1/1 TonbKO 14 BOMHU sä McnancKoe nacueACTBo, noAouj/in orp^A To/iOBUHa M AsopsiHocTasanacb 6es COHDSHMKOB, HTO flenano mancbi noMecTHan KOHHima LUepewieTeBa. K 25 pyccKMX Ha noßefly O4enb BbicoKUMM. Kpowe TOOKTfl6pn pyccKaa apwwfl, sa MCK/noneHneM p,v\TO, pyccKidü Ljapb ne >Kenaji ocTaTbca MOHapxoM BM3MM PenHMHa M KasaKOB OÖMAOBCKOro cocpe- 'ne yweiomnMAepxaTb cßoe cnoso B masax esAOTQ4M/iacb noA Hapsoiî M o6/io>KMJia ee. pOneÜCKMX COK53HMKOB. Mewi >Ke pyKOBOACTBOBanca'PleTp l , scrynan HeoAHOKpaTHO npusoflUMoe winenne FleTpa B BOüHy c UlBei^nePi, snaa npn STOM o o cocroflHMM pyccKoü apMMM noA HapBOM B «FM-
fl/lfl
OBJiafleHMfl HapBOM
Tpeoosanocb paspyiunTb MOCT M os/iaASTb MBaH-ropOACKMMM yKpeniieHMflMM, B npoTUBHOM cny^ae rapnuson Hapsbi Mor ywTM B HBan-ropoA, nosTOMy npnni/iocb oca>KAaTb o6e xpenocru. rierp l, npnöbiB K KpenocTH c MM cneuMaJiMCTaMM M renepanaMM — A6 Kpoa M 6apOHOM AnnapTOM, B TOT nponsBen peKomocuposKy KpenocTM M ee oKpeCTHOCT6M.
HeAOBOJlbHblM
AnnapTa, uapb JIMMHO cocTasM/i n/ian OH saicnioHaiica B TOM, MTO OAHOBpeweHHO c o6enx CTOPOH peKM Haposbi saxsaTMTb noACTynbi K KpenocTM. Onacaacb npnöbiTna noAKpenM noAxoAa lUseflCKUx BOÜCK p,m p,e6noi rapHnsona Hapsbi, na neBOM 6epery peKM HapoBbl 6bino peuieno BOSeecTM ABOMHwe JIMHUM HenpepbiBHoro sana, ynnparainerocji cpnanraMM B peKy. PaccToanne Me>Kfly STUMM " MM 6blJ1O HeOAMH3KOBO, H3
KP3MH6M
dpJiaHre OHO AOCTura/io 600 caxeH, B 120 ca>KeH, na nesoM dpnanre HB 6onee 41-50
Cpawewtie nod Hapaoü c KapmuHbi
4l
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AJW paaweineHMfl BOMCK, oicipoeHHbie no sceu JIMHMM, CTeCHflJIM MaHBBpeHHOCTb BOMCK.
PyccKaa apMi/w 6una pacnojiowena B cjienop^AKe c npasoro cpnanra na JIBBUM: flpeo6pa>KeHCKMM, jieMÔCeivieHOBCKMM, ctriMBepKa, LUneBenca, KOTO, Mesca, BMiibi^a, BonbMana, BepToaa, Epraca, Andpeposa, Kyjibwa, flesceHa, EaMLuesa, CTpeKSjiosa, EjmaHMHOsa, Cyxapesa, JlMMa, TopAOHa, TpeMAena, BepAena, cpOH EajiKa, lÜBeAena, KDnrepa, H.Bama, B.flejibAena, M.fleJibAena nexoiHbie noJiKM. BoMCKa cocraBJiflJiM rpM rpynnbi — renepajia A.fonoBMHa (14 Tbic. Men.) na npasowi dpnanre; B u,eHTpe na rope repManc6epr — rpynna KHHSH Tpy6eu,Koro (6 Tbic..Men.); na JISBOM cpjianre AMBM3MH BeiïAe (3 Tbic. 4en.); Jiesee ee we>KAy yKJIMHMSIMM nesoro cpjianra, ynnpaB 6eper Haposw, KOHHMu,a ABOPHHCKOFO LUepewereßa B cociase 5 f J10B6K. 32
iM napK B KoiiMMecTse 146 HacTHO 6bin paccpeAOTO46H no JIMHMM yKpenJieHMM (22 nyiuKM M 17 MopiMp), a BCH ocranbnaa apTMJiJiepMfl AeüCTBOBa/ia c nosni^MM ycipoenHbix npOTMB MsaH-ropOAa. CnaBHafl KsapiMpa pyccKOM apwiMM HBXOAMjiacb na npasowi dpjianre na o-se KawneproJibM. rapHMSOH B Hapse noA nojiKOBHMKa TopHa 6t>m M cocroflji MS 1300 nexoTMHU,eB, 200 KasaJiepucTOB M 400 BOOpy>KeHHbix xmeneü. YciaHOBMB 6aiapeM, pyccKMe 18 OKrn6pa nepsbiü npo6HbiM Bbicrpeji. C 20 OK6arapeM HBMBJIM perynapHbiM o6cipen KpenocTM. CnapfiAOB XBBTMJIO posHO Ha ABB neA6J1M. SdpdpeKTMBHOCTb
60M6apAMpOBKM 6blJia
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nJioxMM KaMecTBOM nopoxa. HMSKOB
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riocjie yA3MHoro pj\a pycCKHx 6oa y FlypT1(3, B KOTOPOM lilBeACKMM KOHHblM OTpflfl HOTep-
HaxoAMJiacb B KaracrpodpM^ecKOM COCTOSHMM M neji nopa>KeHMe, 6biJiM BSSITW B njien Maiïop ne Morna oöecneMMTb BOMCKB BCBM neoSxoAMriSTKyjlb, pOTMMCTp AA6PK3C M HSCKOJlbKO peiîTapos. OT HMX 6biJiM noJiyneHbi cseAeHMH o npMMbiM. HaKanyne HapscKoro cpaxenMsi cojiflaibi MHOPMX nojiKOB cyiKM HM^ero ne eJin. Bbiy^Ka 6jlM>KeHMM K HapBe TpMAU,aTMTblC5WHOI/i UJBeACOJ1A3T M ocpML(epoB 6bijia Ha njia^esHo HMSKOM CKOM apMMM BO rj!3B6 C KOpOJlBM M O TOM, 4TO B ypOBHe. Bce aio nopo>Kflajio HeAOsepMe B cojiPaKBepe HSXOAMTCH nepeAOBOM OTPHA s 5000 AaiCKOM cpeAe no OTHOUJCHMIO K odpMU,epaM4ejioB6K. 12/13 HoaQpa luseACKMM Kopnyc noA KOMaHAOsaHMeM Kapji XII MS PaKsepe ABMnyjica MHOCTpani4aM. OicyTCTBMe Heo6xoAMMbix cseK Hapse. HlepeMeTes, BMBCTO A6HMM o njianax M nepeABM>KeHM5ix npoiMBHMKa, npMKasa u,apa HeTpa l 06 yAep>K3H jiniiiaJiM pyccKoe KOMaHAOsanMe HBOÖXOAMMOM FlMxaMorM, npM npMOJiMweHMM LUseACKoro KopnyMHdpopMaijMM. LLJepeMereB, KOMaHAOBaBUJMM ca 16/17 HonSpa OTCTynMJi K Hapse. ABOpflHCKOM KasaJiepMeM noAoiueJi 3 OKraöpa K PyccKMe BOMCKa K 3TOMy speMSHM neAocTaBesenoepry TAB M ocraHOBMJicfl, ne npeAnpMHMTOHHO yKpenMJiM sanaAHyro CTOpony CBOMX nowiaa HMK3KMX AeücTBMM. 25 OKTflöpsi K BeseH3ML(MM. LUseACKMe BOMCKa Tenepb 6ecnpenaTCTöepry npMÖJiMSMjicfl orpaA LuseACKoro renepaB6HHO ABMrariMCb K Hapse. jia BejiJiMHra. LUepeivieTeB, onacaacb sa CBOM B STOM CMTyai^MM neTp l nepeAaJi KOMaHAOjiesbiM dpjianr, KoropuM MO>KHO 6biJio OÔOMTM, BaHMe apMMeiï repi(ory Ae Kpoa M B HOMb c 18' OTcrynMn 6es 6oa K Aepesne nypTL( (36 sepci OT Besenöepra). MMcnennocib UJBBACKMX BOMCK Ha 19 Hosiopa OTObiJi B HoBropOA- OcpM4MajibHOM sepCMePi oTbesAa MS apwiMM naKanyne cpaHe 6biJia Bbmsjiena. BocnojibSOsasmMCb on>K6HMfl nocjiy>KMJio TO, MTO HeTp l noacHMfl ero jioüUHOCTbra LUepewieTeBa, BejiJiMHr BbiABMHyji asanrapA csoero oipaAa K flypmy M BHesanno HeoSxoflMMOCTbK) noToponMTb pesepsbi, oöosbi M BCTpeTMTbcn c AsrycTOM II. TaK Kak pyccKoro 26 OKTaSpa y AepesHM Beprjie araKOBaji pycL(apS1 HBJlbSfl OßBMHMTb B M3J10AyUJMM M TpyCOCKoe npMKpuTMe, cojiAaibi Koroporo 6ecneMHO CTM, MÖO H3 npOTfl>KeHMM BC6M CB06M B06HHOM CToajiM no AOM3M, Ses AOJDKHbix wep oxpaneKapbepu neTp AeMCTBosan B caMux onacHbix HMfl. PyCCKMB BblJIM BblHy>KAeHbl OSOpOHflTbCfl no OAMH04K6. LLlBeAbi sawn™ cejieHMe, MTO ei^e MecTax M ne pas PMCKOBBJI CBOBM «MSHbio, TO 3TO MO>KHO nORCHMTb AByMfl OOCTOflTejlbCTSa6onee ocJiowHMJio nono>KeHMe pyccKMx. HSKOMM. nepsoe cocTosiJio B HBHOM neAOOi^eHKe yrTopbiM cojiAaTawi pyccKoro oipaAa yAanocb Bbiposbi pyccKOM apwMM co CTopoHbi LUB6AOB M neM3 OKpy>KeHMS1 M C006li(MTb O npOMCpeoi^eHKOM ee BOSMO>KHocTeM. HecMOTpa na LUepeMeiesy, croasiueMy c rnaBHUMM MHO>KeCTBO RBHblX npOCM6TOB M HeAOCTBTKOB, CMJiaMM oip^Aa y noBMHfla. lilepeMeies BUBbmsjieHHbix B xoA6 ocaAbi, fleTp ynosaji na TO, CJiaji na noMouj,b oKpy>KeHHbiM 21 acKaApon KasajiepMM. MajiOHMCJieHHbiM ujseACKMM OTP^A". 4TO ero spwMfl cnocoSna A3Tb HIBBASM no6eAo6biJi OKpy>KeH M 6bin BbiHy>«AeH npo6MBaibca MS nocny>KMJio TO, -MTO PleTp l npeKpscno ocosnaOKpyweHMH. BMBCTO roro, 4To6bi pasBMTb ycB3J1 BCK) KaTaCTpOdpMHHOCTb M liiaTKOCTb CBOerO nex, LLJepeMereB B cneuiKe ojcrynMJi K Aepesne nojioœeHMSR. B cjiy^ae ero TMOBJIM MJIM njiena, riMxaPiorM. flerp 6biji KpaiîHe HeAosonen AeücTpedpOpMbl H34aTbie C T3KMM TpyAOM, COUJJIM 6bl BMHMM LUepeweTesa y Hypri^a M npMKasan ewiy Ha H6T, T3K K3K OnnO3ML(Mfl, npOTMBMBUIMXCq HOflep>KaTbCfl AO nocjieAHeü KpaMHOCTM y FlMXaMOBOBBeA6HMflM 6oflp, ABOpflH M M3CTM Kyn646CTTM. riMxaüorM naxoAMJiMCb B 32 sepcrax OT HaBa 6bma oneHb CMJibHa. EesycjioBHo neTp BepBbi. Mecïo 6bmo KpaPine BbiroAHO Ann oöopoJIMKMM 3TO npeKpacHO ocosnaBSJi, nosTOMy OH Hbi Aa>Ke Hesna^MTejibHbiMM CMJIBMM. LUepewereB B onpasAaHMe CBOMX ABMCTEMM HMKOFA3 H6 pMCKOBan T3M, TA6 nO erO MH6HMKD ycnex Mor 6biTb MMHMManen. y flypma ni/icaji u,apio: «TaM ne CTOSJI p,nfl TOLLlBeflCKaa apMMH 18 Hon6psi npMOwjia B JleTO: 6oJioTa M TonM necKasanHbie M jieca npMserenbi. PapHMsoH KpenocTM 6bui onosemeH AByjiMKMe. \A MS Jiecy noAKpaAMM OAMH ^ejioseK M sa>Ker 6u flepesnio M ynMHMji 6w seJinKMe 6eAbi, Mfl aannaMM o npuGbiinu noMouj,M. KaKOsa >KB 6biJi3 ^MCJiennocTb uiBeACKOM a nane TOFO 6wji onacen, 4To6w OÔOIJJJIM nac apwiMM B HapscKOM cpa>KeHMM? B pyccKOM M coOKOJio K PyroAMBy (Hapsbi)».33 B6TCKOM MCTOpMOrpaCpMM U,M(}}pa KOJlMHeCTBeHTaKMM oöpasoM, snnoTb A° nanajia cpa»eHOrO COCT3B3 lilBBACKOM SpMMM BapbMpyeTCfl OT HMfl, pyccKoe KOwaHAosaHMe npeöbisajio B ne12 Tbic. AO 32 Tbic. MejioseK npM 37 opyAMflx. BefleHMM OTHOCMTejlbHO A6MCTBMM M njlBHOB CoseTCKMM MCTOPMK TejibnyxoBCKMM, onMCbisaa UJBeACKoro KopoJin. Kapji XII, nocaAMB apMMK) XOA HapscKoro cpa>KeHMR, Boo6me ne yKasbmaHa KopaÖJiM, 16 OKra6pa 1700 r. BbicaAMJica B 6T MMCJ16HHOCTM UJB6ACKMX BOMCK. PeeeJie M flapny. HaM6ojiee TOHHbie CBep,e»v\a B OTe^ecTBeH3naa o TSDKCJIOM nojio>KeHMM Maji04MCJieHHOM MCTOpMOrpSd^MM npMBOAHTCfl H.naBJ16HKO B Horo rapHMSOHa M onacaacb ero KanMTyjiflu,MM, Kapji XII BbicTynMJi MS Pesejin 4 H0fl6pa M cpop- ero pa6oTe «27 MIOHJI 1709 r.» — 8430 HeJioseK npM 37 opyAMax. LUseACKMe MCTOPMKM KapncCMposaHHbiM Mapiuew c nacTbro BOMCK ABUHyjiCOH, HOPA6HCB3H M 3CTOHCKMM MCTOpMK Cenn cfl K Hapse. flna ycKopeHMa AsuxeHMfl 6biJio yKasbieaioT ^McnennocTb apMMM KopoJin B npMKasano ocïasMTb 0603. B noxoA ABMHyjiMCb 10537 HejiOBeK npM 37 nyuJKax. OAH3KO no ASHnexoTMHijbi M KasajiepMCTbi, narpyxeHHbie npoTycTasa AAJiepdpejibTä, apwiM« LuseACKoro M 6oenpMnacaMM, a TaioKe sana nocjieAHeM cTosiHKe B 10 sepcTax OT opyAMM. Hapsbi COCTOJ1J13 MS 5300 ^exoTMH^eB M 3130 OAHOM MS masHbix npMMMH ABM>KeHMfl K HaK3B3JiepMCTOB npM 37 opyAMflx, TO ecTb 8430 pB6 6blJ10 TO 06CTO«Tej1bCTBO, nacTM aiseflCKOM nexoru, sopssBLUMCb
HMfl. repu,or p,e Kpoa npmraaan npMsecTM BOMCKa B 6oeByio roiOBHOCTb M nocTasMTb MX B ofl-
Bbiflenena KonoHHa renepana BennMHra B coerase 1 1 6aT3JibOHOB nexoTbi M 24 SCKSAPOHOB
B pyccKMM 0603 nepenwnMCb, a Asa 6aranbona
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RMnM we>KAy coBoM s 6ou. Kapn XII npeKpacHO noHMMSn, MTO no6eAa MO>KeT ycKonbsnyTb y Hero MS pyK, T.K. CMnw ap-
H6 yKpenneHMfl B TOHKYKD JIMHMKJ 6es pesepsa
OHOB. BnepeAM K3>KflOM KonoHHbi ujnM 500 rpeHaflep c cpaiuMHaiviM. flpM ocoBe Kopojia naxoAMncsq Kopnyc neM6-Apa6aHTOs.
fljifl
6pOA M cywiHTMLiy cpeflM pyccKoro KOManAosa-
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psHBHMe firm «6epe>KeHMa OT LUBBAOB». OAH3KO 3TO pscnopsDKeHue 6wrio npourHOpuposaHHO KowiaHflMpaMM MHOFMX pyccKMX no/iKOB, MTO fla-
Koponb npeAycMorpen BbifleneHMe pesepsa CMnoM B 12 SCKBAPOHOB. ApTMnjiepMfl 6wna pasAenens HS ABB nac-
no B03Mo>KHOCTb ujBeflCKoi/i pa3BeAKe 6ecnpenaTCTBeHHO MSMepMTb rny6MHy psos M Bbicoiy sanoB pyccKMX yKpenneHMM.
TM, cornacHO Asyw oôteicraM STSKM. PyccKoe KOM3HflOB3HMe, nepeAas MHMi(MaTMsy s pyKM SHeprMHHoro liiseflCKoro Kopona no
HoMbio 19 Hoa6pa wseflCKafl apn/iiw, co6moAafl nonnyio rniiinHy, Bbicrynnna K pyccKOwiy nsrepio. OKOJIO 10 Macos yjpa fleHb npoacM pyccKne ysnAe/in p^Ati umeflOB. «flpn tpy6 M nniasp, flsywiH nyweMHbiMM BbiCTpenaiwM wseAbi npefljiowMnvi cpa>xeHMe».34
cyrM Aena npeApeiuMno MCXOA cpa>KeHMa. B Asa M3ca nononyAHH luseAbi noA npMKpwTM6M apTMnnepMMCKoro omn M H3M3Biueroca CHeronaAa, ÔMBiuero B JIMI^O pyccKMM, pnnynMCb B araKy. TpeHaAepN, ujeAUJue B ronose KOJIOHH
PyccKoe KOM3HAOB3HM6 He OTBeinno Ha
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B rewiHore npMHsis Apyr Apyra 33 spsroB scry-
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CnO>KMBUJMXCS1 oBCTOflTenbCTBaX OC-
npeACTSBMTenM pyccKoro renepsnM— Jl.KeHMeM o CA3M6 na pasywiHbix ycnoBMax. fenepan flonropyras BbiroBopMn cso6ofl-
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B3fl H3 pSCTHHyTOCTb OOOpOHMTenbHblX n03M-
yAsnocb sopssTbca B pyccKMM Jisrepb. B pyc-
yTpoM 20/21 Hoa6pa nocne AsyKpSTHoro npMK3-
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F3PHM30HOM, 3 OCTa/lbHbie BOMCK3 BbIBeCTM B
peKy Haposy. CaM lilepeMeres cnacca, HO 60-
>KMfl M 3H3M6H. lilseACKMe Canepbl BCK5 HOMb C
none M A3Tb cpaxeHMe.
nee 1 000 MenoseK M3 cocrasa ero orp^Aa noronyjiM B peKe. PyccKaa nexora, BMecTO OKSSSHMS
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conpoTMsneHMfl, ncKsns cnacenMe B Sercrse. KPMKM «Hen/mbi — MSMBHHMKM!» eine 6onee ycM-
OTKpbiTOM 6010. Ha coseie 6bmo peiueno ocrasaibCfl na weere. HaccMBHoe noseAenMe pycCKoro KOM3HAOB3HM
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riOTepM pyCCKOM SplVlMM COCT3BMnM
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meHMa, CflanMCb B n/ien.
cneAyeT saôusaTb MTO MacTb pyccKwx conflaT
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B Tbin pyccKOM apwMM H3Hec yp,ap M rspHM-
no 1700 MenoBeK y6MTbiMM M panenbiMM. He flesepTMposana
M norMôna OT ronofla M xonofla.
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PMMCKMX opyAMM. riposeAfl peKomocL(MpoBKy,
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renepan-wiaMops. T3KMM oôpasoM pyccKan apwiMfl noTepnena
cpnsHroB pyccKMX BOMCK. Kspn cipêiviMJicn npM>K3Tb pyccKMX K KpenocTM M côpocMTb MX B Hapoßy.
nonKOB AMBM3MM TonoBMHa, oropOAMBUJMCb no-
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luee conpoTMBneHMe HacrynaioLUMM
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cno>KMBLueMca AJi" nero önaronpMaTHOM CMTya-
PeHUJMnbAS 6biii3 psccrpoeHa MSTKMM ornen/i pyccKMX rBapAetiu,eB. K weciy 6oa npwßbiji Kapn XII, HO OH ne wor cnowMTb CMny conpoiMB-
PMKM, Koponb 6bin TOTOS K npoflon>xeHMio pyc-
Ha nesoM dpnanre AMBMSMH
riKa Tusenraysa, BecTwiaHnaflCKOro nexoTHoro nonKa, scr/iaHACKOro acKaApona ABOpaHCKoro
neHMfl pyccKOM rsapAMM, necMorpa HS ro, KMAanM, 410 Kapn XII, ne fias OTflOXHyTb
CBOMM COnAaT3M M H6 flO>KA3BUJMCb
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PyCCKMB MCTOpMKM, TOBOpfl 0 HapBCKOM Cp3-
KaK yKasbisaiOT pyccKMe M ujseflCKne MCTOCKOro noxofls, oflnaKO ero reHepanw yKasanM Kapny XII Ha TpyAHOCTM noxofla M CMnbHyw ycTanocTb BOMCK. flpyroM npMMMHOM, KOTOpyro CTapaHDTca ne oTBMecTBeHHbie MCTOPMKM Bbinn noronofls M neypOMoa 1695-1697 rr. B ripM6anTMKe. 3cTnaHAMR ne wiorna npoKopwMTb KoponescKyro apwMio M o6ecneMHTb ee neoôxo-
>K6HMM yKasbisarar, MTO MMCHHO 3T3 no6eAa KOpona onpeAenMna ero npeHe6pe>KMTenbHoe OT-
AMMblMM 33n3C3MM djyp3>K3 M npOBMBHTa.
HOliieHMe K pyCCKMM.
yAariocb saxsaTMTb na peKe Hapose Tpancnopr
3ro ne TBK, n6o SFIMSOA 6ofl pyccKMX rsapno/mes OTMenen B McropMorpacpMM dppssoM Kspna XII, o6pauJieHHOM K renepany PenujMnbfly: «KaKOBbi My>KMKM!».
npasAS 21/22 Hoa6pa 1700 r. Kapny XII pyccKMX cyflOB co sHSMUTenbHbiM ssnacoM npoBManTa, a B fliviax 6onbujoM pyccKMM Marasun c sepHOM, HO 3Toro öbino ^BHO HBAOCTSTOMHO. Kapn XII 2/3fleKa6pa 1700 r. onyônMKOBan rpa-
43
Moma noweujaTb coeAMneHMra corosHbix M MX COBMeCTHblM
fleMCTBMflM.
Tpeibeü npMMMHOM nocny>KMno nannHMe B Tbiny UJB6ACKOÜ apMMM 6oecnoco6HOü v\ npeKpaCHO
nOflrOTOBJieHHOM CaKCOHCKOÜ apMMM
Kopona Aerycia II. , Kapn XII ne MOP npoflonxaib noxofl na PocCMKD, ne o6ëcneHMB crparerMMecKMii Tbin csoeü rjiaBHOvi npidHMHOw nonbCKoro neCeeepHOM BOMHN (1701-1707 rr.) noc/iy>KMna 6opb6a LÜBBI^MM c flojibCKO-caKCOHCKHM rocyAapCTBOM sa o6naA3HMe CTpaierMHecKHM npocTpaHCTBOM, Rtm oöecneMenidR rwnoBbix KOMMyHMKai^Mîi B npeACTOflUJieM PyccKoiw-noxoAe. Flopa>KeHMe nofl Hapeoiï Kpaiine yxyflujn.no K3K BoeHHoe, TBK M BHeujHenoriMTMHecKoe nono>K6HMe POCCMM.
HeoAHOKpaTHbie nonuTKM Herpa l npM noMOUJ.M ascTpMMCKMX M cfspaHi^yscKnx nocpeAHMKOB saiuiKWMTb MMp ociajiMCb 6es oTBera UIBBACKOTO Kopojw. Bce 3TO npuseno K yciaHOBneHMKD Sonee recHbix pyccKo-caKCOHCKnx OTHOujeHMM. Xoifl caKCOHCKaa apn/iMfl Asrycia II M yuma sa SanaAHyra flsMHy, HO npeAcraansuia co6oü Kpynnyw CMny. npaBfla AsrycT II B revenue SMMU 1700/1701 rr. npeAnpMHMMan nonbiTKM saioiioHMib MMP min nepewMpwe c LLlBeu,Meiï. HecMOTpa na yroBopbl CBOMX MMHMCTPOB, B TOM 4noie M rpacpa riwnepa, Koponb orsepr BbiroAHue p,nn LLlBeL(MM npeflJioxeHMa. SAecb snepswe nponsjiaeicsi nojiMTMHecKaa 6jiM3opyKocib Kopojin, • yiioBaBuiero na nsHoe npesocxoACTBO OTKpbiTOM B06HHOM CMJIbl 6FO apMMM.
AsrycTy II HM^ero He ocraßanocb Aenaib, K3K floroBapMBarbCfl c Poccuei) o 6onee TÖCHOM coiose. nonbiTKM nonbCKoro Koponsi npMBJie^b na CBoro cropony MarnaioB PBMM nocnojiMTOM HM K^en/iy ne npwBenM. BOMHB ne no/ibsosanacb nonynapHocTbio B UJMPOKMX cnoax nonbCKO-nnTOBCKoro ABOpsiHCTBa M HaceneHMfl. Macib nonbCKoro AB°P"HCTBa BbmauiMBaJia nnaHbi BOMHbl C PoCCMeM 33 B03Bp3T paH66 yiepflHHblX
sewienb B corose c IÜBeL(MeM. AsrycTa noAAep>KMBana riMiub ujjiaxia AByx BOBBOACTB — CanAOMMpCKOrO M KpaKOBCKOrO.
15/16 cpespajia 1701 r. B BMpxox cocToanacb BCTpena nonbCKoro M pyccKoro MonapxoB. 26/27 dpespsjia 1701 r. neperoBopw ssBepuJujiMCb saKriKDMeHnew BMp>KaMCKoro Aorosopa. VcnoBMfl AuroBopa 6binM cneAyroiHMMM: 1 . COKDSHMKM BSaMMHO OßflSaJIHCb H6 SaKJlK)-
4aib cenapaiHoro MMpa. 2. rierp l AOJi>KeH 6bm nocnarb B pacnopn>K6HMe Asrycia II BcnoMoraïe/ibHbiM Kopnyc cnoOMyttdupoeanue u eoopymenue pyccmü apMuu noü B 15-20 Tbic. nenoseK npM 40 nyoiKax. 3. Herp l o6euj,aji AaBatb ekeroAHO nonbMoiy na pyccKOM asbiKe, B KOTOPOM OH npMsw, no nanpasneHMro K Pesento — Kasane- CKOMy KopojiK) AeHexHyio cyöcnAUK) B paswiepe sa/i pyccKMX KpecTbHH npMBoanib nyxnue TosaPMSR M AparyHbi. Macib noriKos (nanpMwep 100TWC. pyöneM. pw B WB6ACKMM jiarepb. OAHaKO 310 o6paui,eMAHupoia) pacnono>KMnMCb B SCT/WHAMM, a Bouée toHHbiM njian BoenHbix fiewcrem Hue AOJiXHoro sdpcpeiaa ne MMeno. Kopnyc Cnenca y Orena. 6bin corjiacosaH na BoeHHOM coBeie 28/29 Tpn HeflejiM CTOH/ia apMiw UlBeu,MM noA YesA TapryMaa 6bm OAHMM na caMbix 6oradpespansi, (11 wiapra no Hauieiviy CTHJIKI). HapBOM. Kapji XII Mcxoflfl MS Heso3MO>KHocTM Tbix B /lncpnnHAMM. Koponb BeflHKO/ierwo pacAsrycT II npM noMouj,M pyccKoro Kopnyca pyccKMiï noxoA, 12/13 Aeraopa, nono>KMJi CBoro apMMw. STOT paüon 6bin o6fl3biBancH B na^ane asrycia ocaAMTb Pury. peKy Haposy HanpaBtuica no ee BOCyAo6en f\na nepë6pocKM apMMM. Oïc PyccKMe MpperyjinpHbie BOMCKS Aonxnbi 6binn TOMHOMy Sepery K rory. Aopora een a K Hapee, flpyraa K HeMopaM n Aenaib Ha6ern na jeppMiopMio nHjwHAMM, a LUseACKaa apwMa pacnono>Knnacb na BMHipeTbfl — K PMre. Ho apivina Koponn, naxoAflCb rnaBHbie cnjibi PyccKMX BOMCK AOJi>KHbi 6binM OTTep-KsapTMpax -B yesAe. Tapiywiaa. rnasHaa B Jlaüyae, 6onbUJe TsroTena K cesepy, K Hapse. BfieMb UJB6AOB AeMCTBMflMM y FleMOp M^M HaKBapiMpa Kapn XII naxoflM/iacb B sawiKe JlaMyOna He Morna yrpo>KaTb KOMwiyHMKau,MaM, CBJIpsbi. riocjie naAeHMsi PMPM AsrycT AO/DKBH 6bm 36, KyAa OH npM6bm 18/19 A6Ka6pa 1700 r. BOK- SblBaiomMM CaKCOHCKyKD apMMK) B KypJIHHAMM C nowoMb rierpy l Bsnib Hapsy. B cnyMae Bbicrynpyr rnaBHOM KsapiMpw pacnoiiojKMJiacb nexora, pyccKOM apwiMSM y FlcKosa M HoBropoAa, He UJB6AOB K MocKBe, Aaryci II o6flSbiBancn
44
nocnaib na noivioinb pyccKOM apMMM caKCOH. CKM6 BOMCKa.
LuseACKoro KowaHAOBaHMfl B npeAKOwnaHMM 6biniir6onee.peanbHbi. KOpOnb CHMTan HeoSxOAMMblM paSOMTb C3KCOHCKne BoiîcKa y Purn, a aareivi Bbicrynuib npoiMs pyccKMX. K M3K) 1701
T. imaHbl UUBeACKOÜ CTOpOHbl
CT3J1M 6onee KOHKpeiHbiMM. fnaBHa« wseACKaa apMM« Ao/DKHa Öbma BbiciynnTb npoTus caKCOHCKOM apMMM Asrycia II. flnanoM npeAycMarpMBanocb BSflTMe KpenocieM flayrasrpiuBbi, Ko6pona M KoKHeca, a raioKe sansm/ie KypnaHAMM. renepan Kponruopr, KOwanAyioinMM BOMcKaMM B MnrpwM, nonywn npMKaa Hanacrt Ha pyccKMe BOMCKa co cropoHbi JlaAorn, a HaPBCKMM KOiweHflawT PopH — npeflnpuHflTb noxoA K TflOBy. Plocne sanflTMH KypnaHAMM BOMCKa Kapna XII Aonwnw 6wnM B3STb RCKOB. CaKCOHCKaa apMMs B KypJisjHflun nacwrbiBana scero OKono 12-15 TNG. MenoBBK. 25/26 MIOHH 1701 r. K caKCOHCKOM apMi/w lilTewHay npwcoeflMHMnca pyccKMM Kopnyc renepana Pennnna, CMnow B 17-20 TbiCHM ^enoBBK. riocne COBAMH6HMH BOMCK COK53HMKOB yrpO33 PWS B03pOCfla.
K secne 1701 r. B OCTJISIHAMM, M HHrepMannaHAMH HacMMTbisanocb 29 lüBeflCKMX conAar. l/la HMX 10500 (sioiKiMaa BCKD pH)KCKyio rpynnwpOBKy — 4500 MenoaeK) npwxoAM/iocb na rapHMSOHbi ropOAOB-KpenocieM. Ha TeppmopHM coBpewieHHOM SCTOHMM naxoAMnocb 19300 4enoB6K. Xoin apwinn Kapna XII naCHMTbiBana nomn 15 TWCSW nenoseK, Koponb ne MOF no/iHOCTbio ncno^b3OBaib MX npoiMB CBKCQHCKOM apMMM — MBCTb CMH H606XOAMMO 6bmO
ociaBMTb AH« CAep>KMBaHMfl pyccKMX na BOCTOK6. BwiecTe c len/i, Koponb B cnoxMBmeMCsi cwTya^MM, MOF McnonbsoBaib Macrb BOMCK PM>KCKOM rpynnnposKM, ocoSeHHO Ha KDKHOM cpjianre. K Maw 1701 r. Koponb nony^MJi Hbie noAKpenneHMfl MS LUeei^MM M fl ciariM npeobmaïb 17 was 1701 r. cociaBMnn 9350 4enoseK. MMCJieHHOCTb apMMM Kapna XII flociMma 24 Tbicsm 4e/ioB6K, a Bcex uieeflCKMx BOMCK s OcrsePiCKMx — OKonp 39 TWC. MenoBeK. 3MMa M CMJibHoe BSceHHee nonosaflep>KMBaTiM BbicryoneHMe KoponesCKMX BOMCK. JlMUJb B Kontje Mas apwMfl Kapna XII 6bina roTOsa K nosowy noxoAy. 21/22 Ma« 1701 r. Koponb BO rnase Jievi6BbiciynM/i B noxoA- Saieivi K neiwy npMApyrMe nonKM. BoMCKa cocpeAoTOHM^MCb B OKpeCTHOCTflX
flepHTB.
K HaMany Mrana IÜBSAW ROAOWJW K peKe flayrasa (SanaAnaa flsMna). LUreüHay, KoiwaHAO-
noAAep>KMBana ornew nepenpaBnnioiUMeca na-
B3BUJMM C3KCOHCKMMM BOMCK3MM, paSÔpOCan MX
lÜBeACKMe renepanbi M cppani^yscKMPi nocon rpacp FwcKap yKaabisanM Koponra na onacHOCTb nepenpasbi noA omew caKCOHCKMX nyiueK, HO Kapn XII, npeKpacHO anaBLUMü, MTO lilreMHay nosBonMT LuseAaM BbicaAMTbca na 6eper, AI« TOTO, MTo6bi nonbiTafbCfl MX paaSuib, npMKaaan nepenpasnaibcn. LUseAbi noA npMKpbiTMewi AbiMa BbicaAnnMCb na 6eper M cranM BbicrpaMBaTbCfl B 6o6BOM nop«AK6. UJieMHay Spocnn B aiaKy na ne ycnesiuMe nocipoMTbca oaranbOHbi npoTMBHMKa CBOMX KMpacMp. KopojiescKan nexora 6bina cumra M onpOKMHyra s peKy. O6Ha>KMB lunary, Kapn XII ocraHOBMn CBOMX conAar. UlBe-
no 6epery flBMHbi ne anaa, B K3KOM Meere luseAbi nonbiraiOTcsi nepenpasMTbca. Kapn XII ne aawieAnnn BocnonbaoBaibc« OLUMÔKOM CBKCOHCKoro KOMaHflyramero. flo npMKaay Kopo^n 6binM CKOnOM6Hbl nnOTbl C BbICOKMMM 6OpT3MM. Hflfl 06M3Ha npOTMBHMKa lilBSAbl SarOTOBMJlM 60^b-
ujoe KOJiMinecTBO cena. Vrpoivi 8/9 MIOJW 1701 r. npMCTynMJiM K nepenpase y sawa öo/ibwoe KOCTpOB M3 MOKPOM COnOMbl.
flblM
OT KOCTpOB
aacTjia/i peKy M AesopMHTMposan caKCOHLjeB. K Hasany cpa^eHwa caKcoHCKaa apwwa na12 TNCSM nenoseK c MOLUHOM ap— 36 opyflMM. OHM pacno/iara/iMCb B Ase JIMHMM: B nepsoiii .HMHMM Shesa Hanpaso 6ujiM nocipoenbi KwpacMpcKMM nojiK Kopo/iesbi, HO/IK neiuePi rsapflMM caKCOHCKoro xypcpropujeCTsa, nom HacjieAHoro npMHU,a, HOJIK KoponeBbi, nonK nonbCKOïi KopoHHOn neiueu rsapAMM M KMpacMpCKMM nonK KypjwHflCKoro repijora 3neK'lOpa. BO BTOpOM J1MHMM 6bmM nOCTpOSHbl CJie-
CTM UJBeACKOM apMMM.
Abl COMKHynM CBOM P«Abl M BCTpeTMnM C3KCOH-
468 omew n ujibiKawM. OTÖMB araKy caKCOHCKOM KasanepMM, KaponMHLjw BbiiunM na 6eper. UJieMHay oiciynMn K rnasnoM nosMi^MM CBOMX BOMCK, npUKpblTblX C OAHOM CTOpOHbl 6OJ10TOM, 3
c ApyroM necoM. CaKCOHCKaa nexoia noA npMKpbiTneiui oma CBoew apiMnnepMM rpM>fKHblM 06p330M, KO-
Ba-Hanpaso: KMpacwpcKMM nonK LUieünay, nexoTHwe noflKM CaKena, LUieMnay, Teunay, KMpaCMpw KypnflHACKoro repL(ora 3neKTOpa, AparynCKMM nonK MiOJibxay. Bcero CMJIU caKconi^es coCTOSRjiM M3 14 nexoTHbix 6aianbOHOB M 30 KasanepMMCKMx 3CKaApOHOB (oKono 6200 nexoiMHi^es M 7500 KasanepucTOB). LLlBeACKMM Koponb pacnonaran scero nMiiib 7000 MenoBSK (1400 KasanepMCtaMM M 5600 nexoTMHLjaivw) — 15 6aiajibOHOB nexoïbi M 1 1 por KasanepMM. LUseACKne HBCTM pacnonara/iMCb s cneAywinew 6oesoM nop^AKe cnesa — nanpaBO: BecTMaHnaHACKMM nexoiHbiM nonK (ABB 6aranbOHa) sen reHepan JleBeHraynr; BO rnaee 1-ro SaranbOHa YnnjiaHACKoro nonKa, 1-ro Saia/iboHa no^Ka XenbCMHren M 1-ro ôaianbona neiî6rsapAMM neiiiero no/iKa men rêHepan-Maüop nocce; renepan JlMBen sen 2-ii 6aranbOH neMÖneiiiero nojiKa, ôaranbOH rsapAeMCKMX M 1-iï 6aranbOH HëpKe-BepwinaHACKOTO no™a; renepan CTBHOOK BO3rnaamn 4-ü 6aianbOH Jleüo-rsapAMM neiuero nonKa M 2-vi 6aianbOH YnnnaHACKoro nonKa; renepan Cnenc
ponb araKoaan caKCOHLies. flas OAMH py>K6MHbiM sann, luseAbi pMHynMCb B ujibiKosyio araKy. CaKCOHLibi ne BbiAep>KanM araKM M oopaTMnncb B 6ercTBO. KypnsiHACKne KMpacMpbi OKasanu H3M6onee oxecio^eHHoe conpoTusneHMe, HO nocne panenna csoero repi^ora M OHM o6paTMnMCb B oercTBo. CaKCOHL(bi noiepanM 900 MenoB6K yOMTbiMM, 500 nneHHbiMM, 3 liiTaHAapia, OAHO 3H3MH M 36 nyuieK. LUseAbi norepanM AO 300 HenoseK. Kopnyc renepana PenHMna ne npMHMMan ynacTM«' B cpaxeHMM. Hocne nopa>KeHMfl caKcoHijeB, pyccKMü Kopnyc orcrynMn K flcKosy. LUseflCKMe BOMCKB, npecneAy« caKCOHL\es saHflnu sera KypnsiHAMK) M saxsaiMnM B Enrase caKcoHCKMe MarasMHbi, cKnaAbi opywta, apxMB, 6M6nMOT6Ky M MMymecTso KypnanACKOro rept(ora. CaKcoHCKMe BOMCKB OTCTynMnM B SanaAHyio ripyccMK). LUseAbi Hano>KMnM na KypnaHAMio KOHTPM6ynnK>: 60 THCJW puKcianepos, 90 rwcym nuccpyniOB cyxapeü, 60 TbicaM nMccpyHTOB KormeHoro Mflca, 30 TbicflM 6046K nMBa, 40 TNC«H 60-
CKoro nonKa; renepan fopn cronn BO rnase rpeHaAepOB YnnnaHACKoro nonKa M 10 por KOHHOTO neMö-pernweHTa; Koponb sen poiy neM6-Apa6aHTOB, a reHepan Ciraapi Becrep6oTTeHCKMM nexoTHbiiï nonK (ABB öaianbOHa). LUseACKaa apTMnnepMa 6bina cocpeAOTOHena Ha öepery M
M6K BOAKM.
46K OBCa, 100 TblC«M CTOTOB C6Ha, 1 TblC5)Ha 60-
HecMOipa na OAep>KaHHyKi noöeAy, Kapn XII He cMor paarpoMMTb caKcoHCKMe BOMCKa M ne AOÔMncn HM3no>KeHMH Asrycra II. HnaHbi pasrpoMa COKDSHMKOB nooAnno^Ke ne yflanMCb. HpeACTonna BOMHB na ABB tppoHia.
cjiêdyem
4-
45
OrJlABJlEHME rnaea 1. Me>KflyHapoflHbie OTHomemm w BHSIUHBH nonnTUKa LLlBeunn B X — Hasa.Jie XVIII BB. OT SriOXM BUKMHrOB AO KpeCTOBblX FIOXOAOB (X-XIV BB.).
OT KaribMapCKOM yni/iM AO Hesasi/icMMOc™ (1397-1523 rr). OT CycTasa l Baabi flo Kapna XI (1523-1697 rr.). HaKaHyne CesepHoPi BOMHbi (1697-1700 rr.). r/iasa II. Apiumn LUBCUMM (1523-1709 rr.) OpramisauMfl, KOMruieKTOBatuie, Boopywemie, o6MyHflnpoBaHne. OcHOBbi cosflaHua nocTOHHHOi/i apMMM. PecpopMbi TycTasa l Basw. (1523-1 560 rr.). PecpopMbi TycTasa II AAOJiwpa v\ co3Aam/ie perynapi-iOM apivinn (1617-1625 rr). BoeHHafl pecpopwia Kapna XI. «Hosaa nHAenbia» (1680-1697 rr.). r/iasa III. Apuufl n BHCLUHH» noriMTMKa rocyflapCTB — nporuBHUKOB UlBemw B CesepHOM BOMHC (1700-1721 rr.). nonnTMKa POCCMU M ee apiwi^i npu fleipe l BenuKOM (1697-1709 rr). apMi/ia n BHeuiHflfl noni/nwa Aßrycia II CnnbHoro (1697-1709 rr). ' n cpnoi, BHetuHflfl nonnrnKa KpucinaHa V n OpeAepuKa IV B 1697-1700 rr. fnaea IV. Crparemn M raKTUKa LuseflCKOM apwun. nojiKOBOflnecKan flenreribHOCTb Kapna XII M ero renepanoB B HanajibHbm nepuoA CeBepHoiî BoPiHbi (1700-1709 rr.). Kapn XII: Koponb — BOMH, cipaTer M TaKTMK. , • • OT KoneHrarena AO Hapsbi n flsuHbi (1700-1701 rr.).
nPMMEHAHMH 1. B. Haiuyio «A^eKcaHflp HescKUM», M., 1995, crp. 60. 2. A.C.Kan «Mcropufl CKaHAMHaBCKMX cipaH», M., 1971, cip. 36. 3. «McropMfl HopeeruM», M., 1984, cip. 187. 4. «McTOpufl Hopsernn», M., 1984, cip. 188. 5. A.C.KaH «HcTOpufl CKaHflUHaecKUX cipaH», M., 1971, crp. 67. 6. rieiep 3HrjiyHfl «nojirasa. PaccKas o rnöenn OAHOM apn/inn», M., 1995, crp. 32. 7. rierep 3nrnyHA «no/iiasa. PaccKaa o rnoejin OAHOM apMMM», M., 1995, cip. 32. 8. K.MapKC, 0>.3HrenbC, B.M.JleHMH «O BOMHB M apMMM», M., BoeHMSflai, 1982, cip. 85. 9. A.KaH «l/lcropun lilBeunn», M., 1973, crp. 161. 10. A.KaH «McTopufl LUsemin», M., 1973, crp. 161. 11. A.KaH «1/lcTopufl lilsequid», M., 1973, cip. 161. 12. E.A.PaanH «McTopufl BoeHHoro ncKycciBa», T.3, CnB, 1994, crp. 203.. 13. E.A.PasMH «McTopun eoeHHOro MCKyccTsa», T.3, CnB, 1994, crp. 388. 14. E.A.PasMH «HcTopufl Boennoro MCKyccTsa», T.3, CnB, 1994, cip. 388. 15. PWCTOB «HcTOpun nexoTbi», T.2, CnB, 1976, crp. 4. 16. K.MapKC M (J>.3Hrenbc. Co6pam/ie coMMHeHnü, T.14, M., 1983, cip. 369. 17. E.A.PasMH «McTopun eoeHHOro MCKyccTBa», T.3, CnB, 1994, CTp. 382. 18. X.flaann «Me>Kfly flsyivin ÔORMM sa Hapsy», TannnH, 1966, crp. 67. 19. X.naaJin «Me>KAy flBywin 6oflMM 3a Hapsy», TannuH, 1966, CTp. 69. 20. CsefleHMfl o useTax ujTaHflapTOB M SHawen no^ynenbi na cnncKOB TpoiJieeB. 21. K.MapKC, O. SnreJibc, B.M. JlennH «O BoiÎHe M apMMM», M., BoeHMSflaT, 1982, CTp. 85. 22. BonbTep «l/lcropua Kap^a XII Kopona mseflCKoro», M., M.2, 1803, CTp. 169. 23. BonbTep «McTOpufl Kapna XII Koporm LUBeflCKoro», M., M.2, 1803, CTp. 171. 24. TAJleep «CTpaTerna» CnB, 1898, CTp. 36. 25. E.B.Tapne «CesepHaa BOMHa M mseflCKoe HamecTsne Ha POCCMHD», «eHHKC», 1994, T.3, CTp. 43. 26. K.MapKC, <J>.3nreJibc. Co6panMe co^nnenuM, UsAanne 2, M., 1958, T.11, crp. 501. 27. H.nasneHKO, B.ApTaMOHOB «27 MKDHH 1709», M., 1989, CTp. 151. 28. rierep SnmyHfl. «no/iTasa. PaccKaa o rnôenu OAHOM apwMM», M., 1995, CTp. 73. 29. rieTep SHrnyHA «nojiTaea. PaccKaa o rn6enn OAHOÜ apwinn», M., 1995, crp. 62-63. 30. O.A.BojibTep «HcTOpMfl Kapna XII Koponn ujßeACKoro», 4.2, CnB, cip. 111. 31. H.naBJieHKO, B.ApTaMOHOB «27 utona 1709», M., 1989, CTp. 51. 32. TenbnyxoBCKMM B. «CesepHaa BOMHa (1700-1721). no/iKOBOA^ecKaa AeaTenbHocrt HeTpa l», M., BoennsAaT, 1946, CTp. 34. 33. «PlncbMa M 6yMarn DeTpa BejiMKoro», T.1, CnB, 1887, CTp. 841. 34. flKOB fle CaHrneH «noABium pyccKux noA Hapsoü B 1700 r.», CnB, 1831, CTp. 22. 35. H.r.ycTpanoB «McTOpua i^apCTBOBanusi FleTpa BennKoro»,T.IV, CnB, 1863, CTp. 47-48.
,
B HanMcaHMM pa6oTbi 6bma ncnbnbsosaHa cneflywma» OTenecTBeHHan M 3apy6e*Ha5i nuTeparypa: A.K.riysbipeBCKMM «PasBMTne nocToaHHbix perynnpnbix apMMÜ M cocroanne BoeHHoro MCKyccTsa B BBK JliOAOBMKa XIV M ReTpa BennKoro». A.S.MbiLiinaeBCKoro «CeeepHan BOMHB. OT peKM Ynnbi AO BepesuHbi sa flnenp», «CeBepnan soüHa. JleTHfla KowinaHnn 1708 r.». A. Konstam. «Poltava 1709». R. Brzezinski. «Polish Armies. 1569-1676». Zechlin H. «Die Schlacht bei Fraustadt. Eine militargeschichtliche studio». Adlerfeit G. «Histoire militaire de Sharles XII roy de suede, de puis l'an 1700 ins gua la bataille de Pultowa». Carlson F.F. «Sveriges historia under konungarna at pfalziska huset» Berg A., Gransson G. «Kapoliner».
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«Pewrap» 103051, MocKBa, a/a 116
METOÄYS SL. ~
B IBJBMBJBJBMi
»• »• •• y« •• "•• • "
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Northern War - Carl XII and the Swedish Army From Copenhagen to Perevolochniy, 1700-1709 Captions & Charts translated by Craig Martelle, November 1999 Pg4 - Map of Sweden in 1700 Pg5 - Carl X Gustav, King of Sweden Pg6 - Combat formation of a Swedish Battalion in the first part of the 17th Century. Pg7 Top - schematic of the Swedish Brigade formations from 1617 to 1680. Musketeers All three Firfenlein (Firing Lines) in the first line. Pikemen are the linear representations. Musketeers forward.
All musketeers in the rear.
Musketeers on the pikemen flanks.
Musketeers head (Bn) firing line is behind the pikemen and both rear firing lines are on the flanks of the pikemen..
Pikemen: formed in 6 ranks of Edge flank musketeers are Musketeers: formed in 6 ranks on each flank of the firing line 32 rows (192 pikemen in a behind the pike line in 12 rows (144). firing line). (battalions).
Pg7 Bottom - Combat formation of the Swedish Army, 1617-1680. Batteries of cannons are on the flanks. Distance between the 1st and 2nd lines is 200m. Pg8 Top - Organization of the Swedish Army in the 17th Century. Top Circle: High Command. 1st top row, left to right: Stores & Transport, Cavalry, Infantry, Battery of Artillery, Sappers. Particulars: Cavalry - 512-528 horses, 3 regiments of 125 horses in four Squadrons, and four "horse cornets" in each Squadron. Infantry has 192 pikemen and 216 musketeers in each Regiment and each Regiment also has Regimental artillery. Four Companies in each Regiment. Each company has 48 pikemen, 54 musketeers, and 18 supply soldiers. In combat formation, a Brigade has 576 pikemen and 648 musketeers in each regiment. Pg8 Bottom - Linear Formation of a Swedish Battalion. Pg9 Left - Finnish ritter from Carl XI, 1675-1696. Pg 9 Right - Swedish Infantryman, 1696-1712. PglO Top - Officer and Grenadier of the Swedish Infantry. PglO Bottom - Swedish Infantry Musketeers. Pgl 1 - Pikeman of the Swedish Infantry and Dragoons.
Northern War, translated by Craig Martelle
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Pgl2 - Parts of Swedish Infantry uniforms and equipment. Pgl3 - Infantrymen of Carl XII (pikeman and musketeer) in winter uniform. Pgl4 - Swedish musketeers in summer uniform. Pgl5 - Carl XII, King of Sweden Pgl6 Top - Swedish Artilleryman. Pg 16 ChartRegimental Facing Colors Name of the Regiment
Facing Colors Ritter Regiments
Smolandskiy South Skonskiy North Skonskiy Estgyotskiy Uppland Third-order Kruz Newlandiy Abosskiy Karel'skiy Leaflyandskiy Fortress Adel'sfan
Yellow Yellow Cornflower Azure Cornflower Red Red Red Red
Dragoon Regiments Skonskiy of the Prince Wurttemburg nobility Uppland Wennerstedt Recruits German El'm Recruits German Meierfeldt Recruits German Ducher Recruits German Al'bedil Recruits German Yulenstern Recruits Leaflyand Shlippenbach Recruits Leaflyand Shreiterfeldt Recruits
Azure Azure Yellow Orange Raspberry Azure Azure Azure Azure
Pgl8 - Combat formation of Swedish Infantry until 1680. 2nd Brigade on the left, 1st Brigade on the right, and 3rd in the rear. Note that pikemen lead and are on the flanks of the musketeers. Pg 19 - The Swedish Expansion, 1560 to 1658. Chart Legend: (from top to bottom) Sweden, The Danish-Norwegian Kingdom, Disputed border territory, (year number) year of annexation, Borders of the Annexation to Sweden: (solid line) Russian Territory, (dashed line) Dutch Territory.
Northern War, translated by Craig Martelle
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Light Khorugv' of Branitskiy, 1703, 4) Winged Hussar of the Royal Guard at the end of 17th Century, beginning of the 18th C., 5) Drummer and Grenadier - 4th unmounted Regiment of the Great Mace Crown, 1707. Pg30 - Soldiers and Officers of the Army of Peter I. Pg31 - Augustus II, King of Poland Pg33 - Cold steel weapons during the time of the Northern War Pg34 - Metal Headgear of the Pospolitaya River Army, 1700's. Pg35 (left to right) - Carl XII - King of Sweden, Field Marshal Bam Carl Gustav Reinshield, General Count Adam-Ludwig Lewengaupt. Pg36 - Russian Infantrymen Pg40 Map - schematic of the Battle of Narva, 19 November 1700. (Look for the Russian to English transliteration chart at the end so all place names can be determined.) P41 Top - Peter I, Emperor of Russia. Pg41 Bottom - Battle of Narva from the picture by Kotsev. Pg42 - Field Marshal Count B.P. Sheremetev Pg44 - Standards, uniforms, and equipment of the Russian Army.
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B6 - B 3s - Z HH - N 0<j> - F 33 -EH
BB-V HH-I Oo-O Xx-KH K)K>-YU
Northern War, translated by Craig Martelle
Fr- G HH- Y Pp -R U.11-TS ^H-YA
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Page 4 of 4
Pg 20 - Swedish firearms at the beginning of the 18th Century. Pg21 Swedish Army -1) Company Standard of the Yonchepinskiy (alternate spelling, Enchepinskiy) Regiment, 1697, 2) Company Standard of the Leaflyand Nobility Regiment of Count Delgarda, 1701, 3) Regimental Standard of Krunuberg Infantry Regiment, 1696, 4) Company Standard Abosskiy Infantry Regiment (Finland), 1698, 5) Company Standard Kal'marsk Infantry Regiment, 1696, 6) Oboe player and drummer of the Life Guard unmounted Infantry, 1700, 7) Grenadier - Uppland Infantry Regiment, 1701, 8) Cannoneer and Officer of an Artillery Regiment, 1706. Pg22 Swedish Army- 1) Company Standard Uppland Infantry Regiment, 1696, 2) Company Standard Life Guard Unmounted Infantry, 1698, 3) Company Standard Dalekarliyskiy Regiment, 1696, 4) Grenadier and Staff Officer Life Guard Unmounted Infantry, 1700, 5) Ritter - Life Regiment, 1701, 6) Drabant - Life Drabant of His Imperial Majesty Corps, 1700. Pg23 Swedish Army -1) Company Standard Ezel'skiy (Estland) Infantry Battalion of Count Von der Osten-Saken, 1708, 2) Company Standard Smolandskiy Ritter Regiment, 1700, 3) Company Dragoon Standard of the German Recruits Regiment of Count Nils Yullensherna 1708, 4) Dragoon of the German Meierfeldt Recruits Regiment, 5) Officer Leaflyand Recruits Regiment, 1701, 6) Dragoon Leaflyand Shlippenbach Recruits Regiment, 1701, 7) Musketeer Leaflyand Count Nirot Infantry Regiment, 1702. Pg24 Saxon Army - 1) Standard for the du Kelya Infantry Regiment, 2) Stnadard for the Horse Guard, 3) Musketeer, Corporal-Musketeer and Grenadier of the Heir Prince Regiment, 4) Cavalryman Grand Musketeer Corps, 5) Drabant of the Swiss Guard, 6) Musician of the Levendal' Infantry Regiment. Pg25 Saxon Army -1) Grenadier, Staff Officer, and Musketeer of the du Kelya Regiment, 2) Cuirassier of the von Polenz Regiment, 3) Dragoon Cadet Standard Bearer of the Saxony Cavalry Regiment, 4) Artilleryman Gunner of the foot artillery. Pg26 Russian Army - 1) Dragoon Regiment Standard, 1700, 2) Infantry Regiment Standard, 1700, 3) Grenadier Butyrskiy Infantry Regiment, 1702, 4) 3-pounder cannon, 5) Fusilier and Artilleryman gunner of an Artillery Regiment, 1702, 6) Private - Dragoon Regiment, 1702. Pg27 Russian Army -1) Color Standard of the Life Guard Preobrazhenskiy Regiment, 1706, 2) Color Standard of the Life Guard Semenovskiy Regiment, 3) Drummer and Staff Officer - Life Guard Preobrazhenskiy Regiment, 1702, 4) Fusilier - Life Regiment of Prince A.D. Men'shikov in regulation horse uniform, 1702, 5) Fusilier - Life Guard Semenovskiy Regiment. Pg28 The Pospolitaya River Army -1) Church Standard of the Kingdom of Augustus II, 1698, 2) Church Standard Hussars of Prince Lyubomirskiy, 1701, 3) Cavalryman of the
Northern War, translated by Craig Martelle
Page 3 of 4
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