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!"# $" $%"& !'& (& ')* +,- ! . $+ /" %"# $0 /$') 1 ( 21+ ! ' -* " 0+'34 #) .5 6 78 5 5 - $%"& 1"- ' $9"*4 #" (-: /"%"# $( /$') 5 ; 1%'" ! ( (0" + "# $" +% ! '- $+ 2( ("# $"* '"%34 & + %$( [a, b] " Ox4 + %$(" 1+&(-: x = a4 x = b " 0+/"$( 1+ +-* +"9 ')* /$9"" y = f (x)4 x ∈ [a, b]5 *! ( 1'4 +* f (τ )B5 0! ) 1)4 1+*! -* % 1+( H$ + ( " [T , T ]4 1+",'" H + 1
1
2
0
1
1
k−1
2
k
n
2
k−1
k−1
k
k−1
k
k
k
k
k
k
k
k−1
k
1
s≈
n
2
f (τk )∆tk .
k=1
# %# " 1" (- 1'#"(4 1 + :!& J( + $ 1+ ! ' 1+" '""4 # λ = max ∆t → 0 1kn
k
s = lim
λ→0
n
f (τk )∆tk .
k=1
7) /$9"& y = f (x) 1+ ! ' 0( +%," " 0( n # *6
[a, b]
5 7+"% ! (
a = x0 < x1 < x2 < . . . < xn = b. x0 xn xk−1 xk a b
555
$H!( (' )$( 0( [x , x ] -, + ( 1+"%')> #$ ξ 4 ξ ∈ [x , x ] " "( (( σ = f (ξ )∆x 4 0! ∆x = x −x 5 ; (( % (
4 ' * !'& !0 +%," "& " !0 -,+ # $ ξ 5 ,%#"( # + % λ6 λ = max ∆x " % ( J #"' λ K 5 k−1
k
k−1
k
n
k=1
k
k
k
k
k
k
1kn
k
k
k−1
" % I
σ λ → 0 ∀ ε > 0 ∃ δ(ε) |I − σ| < ε [a, b] λ < δ
ξk
" %$ y = f (x)
[a, b]
[a, b] ξk !
" # [a, b]
b
f (x)
f (x) dx
a
& % !'( ) * $ # y = f (x) [a, b] "
! ( !$%-) ( !( 1+"05 7+ !1' H"(4 # J $4 " /$9"& &'& & 0+"# * [a, b]5 0! ,! 0+"# * $$( #"#( 0( [x , x ] " % #"4 % # -,+ #$" ξ ∈ [x , x ] '0 ( f (ξ )∆x (H ! ') $$ 0! ,')="(5 7J( " 0+')& (( σ (H "( ) $ #0 1+ ! ' 1+" λ → 04 # 1+"+ #" " 0+"+ (" /$9"" f (x) 0( [a, b]5 + ( !$%5 # + ," 0+"# " /$9"" &'& & !# -( '" (5 (+"(4 1+"( +4 /$9"> "+":' 6 ⎧ ⎪ ⎨ 1, '" x K +9"') #"', f (x) = ⎪ ⎩ 0, '" x K "++9"') #"'. # "!4 # J /$9"& &'& & 0+"# * * #"'* "5 7$H (4 # 4 ( ( 4 &'& & " 0+"+ (* '>,( 0 ( 5 (+"( 1+"%') +%," " [a, b]5 #$" ξ -, + ( $4 %
k−1
k
k−1
k
k
k
k
k
#,- " ,-'" +9"')-("4 " "( " 0+')> (( σ 6 1
σ1 =
n
f (ξk )∆xk =
k=1
n
1 · ∆xk = b − a.
k=1
'& 0 H +%," "& $# ξ -,"+ ( "++9"')- #$" " ) "( " 0+')> (( σ 6 k
2
σ2 =
n
f (ξk )∆xk =
n
k=1
0 · ∆xk = 0.
k=1
#"4 σ %"" -,+ # $ ξ 4 0! σ "( 1+ ! '4 %" &< 0 -,+ # $ ξ @!H !'& !0 +%," "&B "4 ' ! ')4 /$9"& " 0+"+ (5 k
k
+ 7')%&) 1+ &
! ' " (4 -#"'") "( " 0+')> (( σ=
n
b f (x) dx
4 '" f (x) = c5
a
c∆xk = c(b − a),
k=1
b I=
f (x) dx = a
2◦
b c dx = c(b − a). a
!'( )
+ (& $ 0 ( +"# $* %!# .5 y6
r
r
O
x0 a
x1
xk−1 ξk xk
xn b x
# "!4 # " 0+')& (( σ = f (ξ )∆x ) (( 1' 5 7+$"# $" # "! ' !> y = f (x) 1+ +-> (H X 5 ; %#"4 # 1+ +- $H!* #$ J0 (H 4 1+"( + #$ x " #$ x 5 % 1+ ! ' "& 1+ +-" #$ ' ! 4 # !'&
∀ ε > 0 ∃ δ : |f (x) − f (x )| < ε; ∃ δ : |f (x) − f (x )| < ε;
|x − x | < δ , |x − x | < δ .
# "!4 # !'& !0 " 0 H ε > 04 δ ,! 4 ,< 0+& +%-(4 ' ! ') δ %"" ')$ ε4 " x5 , 0'&! J +H! " +(+" & 0 ( +"# $* $+"$ 5 # "!4 # !'& !0 " y 0 H ε #"' δ +%-: #$: y = f (x) " Ox -,"+ & +%-(6 (4 0! 0+/"$ + ,-+ δ -,"+ &4 ,< 0+&4 ( )= 4 # ( (4 0! ε 0+/"$ + ( !' 5 6
ε
O a
δ x x r
δ x x r
b
-
x
" %. y = f (x) * X ∀ ε > 0 δ ε (∃ δ = δ(ε)) |f (x ) − f (x )| < ε, √
∀ x , x ∈ X : |x − x | < δ.
+ - .B y = x4 x 1 @x = [1, +∞)B5
0! |f (x )−f (x )| = |√x −√x | = 2√1 ξ |x −x | @(- 1')%'") + (* 80+HB5 += # "!4 # ξ > 14 %#" 1 1 √ |x − x | < |x − x |. @.B 2 2 ξ !!"( ∀ ε > 04 " 1$H (4 # ∃ δ(ε)5 -, + ( δ = 2ε5 $ ')$ 1 |x − x | < δ 4 $ ,&% ') |f (x ) − f (x )| < 2ε "' + @.B4 2 √ ' ! ')4 /$9"& f (x) = x +( + 1+ +- (H X 5 B y = x 4 x 14 X = [1, +∞) 0! |f (x ) − f (x )| = |(x ) − (x ) | = 2ξ|x − x |5 7$H (4 # /$9"& y = x &'& & +( + 1+ +-*5 '& J04 # "!4 !# 1$%)4 # :& ,- !'& $+0 ε >< 0 δ *! &4 5 5 $$"( ,- ,+%( (- -,+'" #"' δ *!& x , x ∈ X 4 $" # |x − x | < δ4 |f (x ) − f (x )| ε 4 0! ε K :& ,- ! !" 5 7$H (4 # !( $$+ ( 1+"( + 21':"(3 $H & '>, ε > 05 -,"+ ( ∀ δ " x > ε/δ4 x = x + δ/25 0! # "!4 # |x − x | = δ/2 < δ 4 ' ! ') ξ > ε/δ @$ $$ ' H" ( H! x " x B "
2
2
2
2
0
0
0
ε δ |f (x ) − f (x )| = 2ξ|(x − x )| > 2 · = ε. δ 2
& %. $ # y = f (x) [a, b]
"
7+ !1'H"(4 # y = f (x) &'& & +( + 1+ +-*4 5 5 ∃ ε > 04 # !'& ∀ δ ∃ x , x ∈ [a, b] : |x − x | < δ 4 |f (x ) − f (x ) ε 5 -, + ( δ = 15 *!& #$" x , x ∈ [a, b]4 |x − x | < 1L |f (x ) − f (x )| ε 5 -, + ( δ = 1/25 *!& % + ,
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
x2 , x2 ∈ [a, b] 1 |x2 − x2 | < ; 2 1 δ= , 3
|f (x2 ) − f (x2 )| ε0 ,
........................, δ=
1 , n
∃ xn , xn ∈ [a, b],
|xn − xn |
05 1')%& ,:!"( " !# '" " 0+"+ (" /$9""4 1$H (4 # !'& J0 ε *! & $ +%," " [a, b] #"4 # ,! -1'&)& S − s < ε5 #' 1')% (& + (* + " 1 %!( ε 1!, + ( $ δ4 % "&< ε " ')$ ε @δ(ε)B4 # |f (x ) − f (x )| < ε4 $$ ')$ |x − x | < δ @!'& ∀ x , x ∈ [a, b]B5 7+"% ! ( 1 +) +%," " [a, b] # " $4 #,- =0 +%," "& λ @λ = max ∆x B ,-' ( )= δ " "( +%) %
k
1kn
S−s=
n
Mk ∆xk −
k=1
n
mk ∆xk =
k=1
n
(Mk − mk )∆xk .
k=1
% 1+ +-" /$9"" 0( [a, b] ' ! 1+ +-) x x '>,( 0( [x , x ]4 1( "' +* + (- * +=+ J( 0( !"0 ": #-: 0+"94 5 5 M = f (ξ ), m = f (ξ )4 ξ , ξ ∈ [x , x ]5 r k−1
ξk r
ξk r
r k
k−1
k
k
S−s =
n
(Mk − mk )∆xk =
k=1
< ε
@∆x
n
k
k
n
k
k
k
k−1
k
[f (ξk ) − f (ξk )]∆xk
" 0+')> ((6 σ= f (ξ )∆x 5 "' '"& + (- $H! '0 ( J* (( +"9 ')4 ' ! ')4 +"9 ')* ,! " & (( σ4 ' ! ')4 " 1+ ! '4 +-* 1+ ! ' ( " 0+'5 % n
k=1
k
k
$ f (x)
g(x) [a, b] b b f (x) g(x) f (x) dx g(x) dx a
"
a
,%#"( # + % ϕ(x) = f (x)−g(x)5 $9"& ϕ(x)4 # "!4 " 0+"+ ( [a, b] $$ +%) " 0+"+ (-: /$9"*5 + ( 04 1 '"> + (- f (x) 04 ' ! ') "' 1+ !-!< 0 * ? %
b
b ϕ(x) dx 0,
a
a
b
b f (x) dx −
a
[f (x) − g(x)] dx 0, b g(x) dx 0,
a
b f (x) dx
a
g(x) dx. a
b a
#"4 '" "( ( + f (x) m4 ∀ x ∈ [a, b]4 f (x) dx m(b − a)5 (( ! ' 4 "' ' !"& b
b f (x) dx
a
m dx = m(b − a). a
# , 1 '" /$9"& y = f (x)
1+ +- [a, b]4
y +"9 ') ( " + H c ! '>4 f (x) dx c > 04 0! c K $+& $5 x a b O '" /$9"& y = f (x) " 0+"+ ( [a, b]4 /$9"& |f (x)| $H " 0+"+ ( J( 0( 4 1+"# ( -1'& & + 6
b
a
r
r
b b f (x) dx |f (x)| dx. a
-
@?B
a
7+ H! 0 !$H ( " 0+"+ () /$9"" |f (x)|5 !!"( ∀ ε > 05 0!4 $ $$ f (x) " 0+"+ ( [a, b]4 *! & $ +%," " J0 0( 4 # ,! -1'&)& + S − s < ε5 ,%#"( # + % S 4 s K ((-4 ' - !'& |f (x)|5 8 0$ 1$%)4 # "( ( + S − s S − s < ε4 "% $+0 ' ! " 0+"+ () /$9"" |f (x)|5 7 + :!"( $ !$% ') + @?B5 # "!4 # "( > ( ' !>!4 "' * (!'& @−b c b ⇐⇒ |c| bB "( ( b b f (x) dx |f (x)| dx. a
a
I " + ,') !$%)5 ! + ( + ! (
& %1 ! # f (x) [a, b] " #
M m )
[a, b] . µ
m µ M b f (x) dx = µ(b − a).
@EB
a
( ( m f (x) M 4 1$')$ M " m #- 0+" 9- /$9"" f (x)4 0! "' * ? ,! -1'&)& m(b − a) f (x) dx M (b − a) "'" % b
a
1 m b−a
b f (x) dx M.
@NB
a
b
b
a
a
,%#"( f (x) dx # + % µ =⇒ f (x) dx = µ(b − a)5 +( 04 "' + @NB "( ( m µ M 4 # " + ,') !$%)5 1 b−a
$ f (x) [a, b] γ ∈ [a, b]
b f (x) dx = f (γ)(b − a). a
$ $$ f (x) 1+ +- [a, b]4 " 0+"+ ( [a, b]5 +( 04 f (x) 0+"# [a, b]5 ' ! ')4 %1"= (
%
b
+ ( + ! (6 f (x) dx = µ(b − a)4 m µ M 5 $ $$ /$9"& f (x) 1+ +- [a, b]4 "' +* + (- =" < γ ∈ [a, b] $&4 # f (γ) = µ4 # " + ,') !$%)5 a
6◦
2 - (
7) /$9"& f (x) " 0+"+ ( [a, b]4 " 1) c K $+& /"$"+& #$ J0 0( 4 1!>! "' /+('- )>8 *,"9 (H %1")4 #
β f (g(t)) dt = Φ(g(β)) − Φ(g(α)) = Φ(b) − Φ(a). α
@.B
+"& + @..B " @.B "!"(4 # 1+- #" ": 1!>4 ' ! ')4 1!> " ' - 4 # " + ,') !$%)5
+ , & %5 ! u(x) [a, b] #
v(x) ) ##
. ' b
b b u(x) · v (x) dx = [u(x) · v(x)] − v(x) · u (x) dx a
a
b
a
b b u(x) dv = u(x)v(x) − v(x) du. a
a
@.B
a
# "!4 # /$9"& u(x) · v(x) &'& & 1 +,+% * !'& /$9"" [u(x)·v(x)] 4 0! "' /+('- )>8 *,"9 %
b
b [u(x) · v(x)] dx = [u(x) · v(x)] .
a
a
>! b
b [u(x)v (x) + u (x)v(x)] dx = [u(x) · v(x)] ,
a
a
b
b b u(x)v (x) dx = [u(x) · v(x)] − v(x) · u (x) dx. a
a
+ ( !$%5 + - .B -#"'") &
+"&6
1 √ √
1 − x2 dx x2
a
5
2/2
( x = sin t ⇒ dx = cos t dt5 7 + #" ( 1+ ! '- " 0+" √ π 2 2 =⇒ sin t = =⇒ t = = α, x= 2 2 4 π x = 1 =⇒ sin t = 1 =⇒ t = = β. 2 √
+ %$ [π/4; π/2] /$9"& g(t) = sin t 1+ ! ' 4√ 1+ +-!"/ / + 9"+ ( " %# "& -:!& % 1+ ! '- [ 2/2; 1]4 $0! t ∈ [π/4; π/2]5 7J( 1+ !'" /+(' @.B6 1 √ √ 2/2
1− x2
x2
π/2 dx = π/4
π/2 = π/4
=
B -#"'")
e
π/2
2
1 − sin t cos t dt = sin2 t
1 − sin2 t dt = sin2 t
π/2 π/4
π/4
1 − 1 dt = sin2 t
π/2 π π π π π − ctg t − t = − ctg − + ctg + = 1 − . π/4 2 2 4 4 4
x2 ln x dx
5
1
7'H"( u = ln x4 dv = x dx5 >! "( /+(' " 0+"+"& 1 #&( @.B6 2
& e 1
cos2 t dt = sin2 t
e x3 2 x ln x dx = · ln x1 − 3
e 1
dx x3 du = v= x 3
L
e3 ln e ln 1 1 x3 1 · dx = − − 3 x 3 3 3
e3 1 3 e e3 = − x= − 3 9 1 3
e3 1 − 9 9
e
5 7+"(
x2 dx =
1
1 2e3 1 = + = (1 + 2e3 ). 9 9 9
O.P - ( ("# $0 '"%5 K 56 $4 .F?E5 OP -=& ( ("$5 K 56 -=& =$'4 .FF5 OP !#" " 1+H "& 1 ( ("# $( '"% @!'& %B5 K 56 + ') 4 5 ODP !"# $ !%"& ' ( 7+"'H "& 1+ ! ' 0 " 0+'5 !"# $" $%"& " "!""!')- %!"& !'& ! . $+ /"%"# $0 /$') 5 K Q6 78 4 .FFD5