МІНІСТЕРСТВО ОСВІТИ І НАУКИ УКРАЇНИ ЛЬВІВСЬКИЙ НАЦІОНАЛЬНИЙ УНІВЕРСИТЕТ ІМЕНІ ІВАНА ФРАНКА
М. П. Мальська, І. Г. Пандяк
ГОТЕЛЬНИЙ БІЗНЕС: ТЕОРІЯ ТА ПРАКТИКА ПІДРУЧНИК 2-ге видання, перероблене та доповнене Затверджено Міністерством освіти і науки України для студентів вищих навчальних закладів
Київ «Центр учбової літератури» 2012
УДК 640.41(075.8) ББК 65.432я73 М 21 Гриф надано Міністерством освіти і науки України (Лист № 1.4/18-Г-343 від 9.01.2009 р.)
Рецензенти: Башнянин Г. І. — доктор економічних наук, професор, завідувач кафедри економічної теорії Львівської комерційної академії; Дністрянський М. С. — доктор географічних наук, професор Львівського національного університету імені Івана Франка; Кульчицький Б. В. — доктор економічних наук, професор Львівського національного університету імені Івана Франка.
Мальська М. П., Пандяк І. Г. М 21 Готельний бізнес: теорія та практика. Підручник. 2- вид. перероб. та
доп. – К.: Центр учбової літератури, 2012. – 472 с. ISBN 978-611-01-0286-5
У підручнику систематизовано виклад організаційних, управлінських та технологічних засад вивчення готельної сфери як навчальної дисципліни теоретико-методологічного та прикладного спрямування. Послідовно розкрито питання еволюції сфери гостинності, проаналізовано проблему типології та класифікації готельних підприємств, організації та управління, технології обслуговування, архітектурно-планувальні особливості споруд готельних підприємств. Підручник пропонується для студентів вищих навчальних закладів, які готуються працювати у сфері туризму, викладачів вищих навчальних закладів, працівників готельної та туристичної сфери, усіх, хто цікавиться розвитком сфери гостинності. УДК 640.41(075.8) ББК 65.432я73
ISBN 978-611-01-0286-5
© Мальська М. П., Пандяк І. Г. 2012. © Центр учбової літератури, 2012.
ɁɆȱɋɌ
ȼɫɬɭɩ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Ɋɨɡɞɿɥ 1. ȱɫɬɨɪɿɹ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ ɫɮɟɪɢ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 1.1. Ƚɨɥɨɜɧɿ ɿɫɬɨɪɢɱɧɿ ɩɟɪɿɨɞɢ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨʀ ɫɮɟɪɢ ɭ ɫɜɿɬɿ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 1.1.1. ȼɢɧɢɤɧɟɧɧɹ ɩɟɪɲɢɯ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿɜ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ (ȱV ɬɢɫ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɟ. — V ɫɬ. ɧ.ɟ.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 1.1.2. Ɏɨɪɦɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ (Vȱ–ɏV ɫɬ.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 1.1.3. Ɋɨɡɜɢɬɨɤ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨʀ ɬɚ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɧɨʀ ɫɮɟɪɢ ɭ ɏVȱ — ɩɨɱ. ɏɏ ɫɬ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 1.1.4. ɋɭɱɚɫɧɢɣ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɨɤ ɫɜɿɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ: ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɿ ɬɚ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɿɚɥɶɧɿ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 1.2. ȱɫɬɨɪɿɹ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨʀ ɫɮɟɪɢ ɜ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɿ . . . . . . . . . . 41 1.3. ɋɭɱɚɫɧɢɣ ɫɬɚɧ ɬɚ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɢ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 ɉɢɬɚɧɧɹ ɞɥɹ ɫɚɦɨɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Ɋɨɡɞɿɥ 2. Ɉɫɧɨɜɢ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɛɿɡɧɟɫɭ . . . . . 2.1. Ɇɨɞɟɥɶ ɬɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɿ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɿʀ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2. ɋɭɬɧɿɫɬɶ ɬɚ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3. Ɍɢɩɨɥɨɝɿɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.1. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɿ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢ ɬɢɩɨɥɨɝɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.2. Ɂɚɫɨɛɢ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɭ . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4. Ʉɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4.1. ɋɭɬɶ ɬɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɿ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
57 57 59 71 71 78 95 95
2.4.2. ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ ɭ ɫɜɿɬɨɜɿɣ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɿɣ ɿɧɞɭɫɬɪɿʀ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 2.4.3. Ʉɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɭ ɤɪɚʀɧɚɯ ɫɜɿɬɭ. . . . . . . . . . 103 2.4.4. Ʉɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ ɜ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɿ . . 111 2.5. Ɇɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɚ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ . . . . . . . . 130 ɉɢɬɚɧɧɹ ɞɥɹ ɫɚɦɨɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 Ɋɨɡɞɿɥ 3. Ɉɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɹ ɣ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɦ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɨɦ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 3.1. ɋɭɬɧɿɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɭ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɨɦ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 3.2. ɉɨɧɹɬɬɹ ɿ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢ ɩɨɛɭɞɨɜɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 3.3. Ɍɢɩɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɣɧɢɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ . . 142 3.4. Ɏɨɪɦɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿɣ ɫɮɟɪɿ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 ɉɢɬɚɧɧɹ ɞɥɹ ɫɚɦɨɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 Ɋɨɡɞɿɥ 4. əɤɿɫɬɶ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿɣ ɫɮɟɪɿ . . . . 168 4.1. ɉɨɧɹɬɬɹ ɬɚ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ . . . . 168 4.2. Ɇɟɯɚɧɿɡɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɹɤɿɫɬɸ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ . . . . . . 176 4.3. ɇɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɩɪɚɜɨɜɿ ɬɚ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɟɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɿɣɧɿ ɨɫɧɨɜɢ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿɣ ɫɮɟɪɿ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 4.4. ɋɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɚɰɿɹ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ. . . . . . . . . . . . 185 4.5. ɋɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 ɉɢɬɚɧɧɹ ɞɥɹ ɫɚɦɨɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 Ɋɨɡɞɿɥ 5. Ɇɟɯɚɧɿɡɦ ɬɚ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ ɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɬɚɪɢɮɿɜ ɧɚ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198 5.1. ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɜɚɪɬɨɫɬɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198 5.2. ɐɿɧɨɜɚ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɿɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 5.3. ɋɜɿɬɨɜɢɣ ɞɨɫɜɿɞ ɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɬɚɪɢɮɿɜ ɧɚ ɧɨɦɟɪɢ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214 ɉɢɬɚɧɧɹ ɞɥɹ ɫɚɦɨɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 Ɋɨɡɞɿɥ 6. Ɉɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɹ ɿ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɹ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224 6.1. Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɢɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ. . 224 6.2. Ɉɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɹ ɬɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɿʀ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɫɶɤɨʀ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 4
6.3. Ɉɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɹ ɿ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɹ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɫɥɭɠɛɨɸ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.4. Ɉɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɹ ɿ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɹ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɫɥɭɠɛɨɸ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ ɿ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.5. Ɉɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɹ ɿ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɮɨɧɞɭ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.6. Ɉɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɹ ɿ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɸɥɶɧɨʀ ɝɪɭɩɢ . . . . 6.7. Ɉɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɹ ɬɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɿʀ ɮɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɨ-ɤɨɦɟɪɰɿɣɧɨʀ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.8. Ɉɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɹ ɬɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɿʀ ɿɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɨ-ɟɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɿɣɧɨʀ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.9. Ɉɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɹ ɬɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɿʀ ɤɚɞɪɨɜɨʀ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ . . . ɉɢɬɚɧɧɹ ɞɥɹ ɫɚɦɨɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ɋɨɡɞɿɥ 7. Ɉɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ, ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿʀ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚɯ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.1. Ɍɢɩɢ ɬɚ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.2. Ʉɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɹ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿɜ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɜ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɿ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.3. Ɉɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɹ ɣ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɫɥɭɠɛɨɸ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.4. Ɉɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɹ ɣ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɹ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɡ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɚɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ɉɢɬɚɧɧɹ ɞɥɹ ɫɚɦɨɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ɋɨɡɞɿɥ 8. Ⱥɪɯɿɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨ-ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɥɶɧɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɹ ɫɩɨɪɭɞ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.1. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɿ ɱɢɧɧɢɤɢ ɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɚɪɯɿɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɢɯ ɬɢɩɿɜ ɫɩɨɪɭɞ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.2. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɿ ɬɢɩɢ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɫɩɨɪɭɞ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ . . . . . . . . . . . 8.3. Ƚɨɥɨɜɧɿ ɬɢɩɢ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.3.1. ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɬɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɩɪɢɥɟɝɥɨʀ ɞɨ ɫɩɨɪɭɞɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɿʀ . . . . . . . 8.3.2. Ɏɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɚ ɿ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɥɶɧɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɹ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɶɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
231 247 272 294 300 304 308 309
311 311 315 317 329 333 334 334 339 341 342 345
8.3.3. Ɏɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɚ ɿ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɥɶɧɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɹ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɸɥɶɧɨʀ ɝɪɭɩɢ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ . . . . . . . . 8.3.4. Ɏɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɚ ɿ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɥɶɧɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɹ ɠɢɬɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɚ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.3.5. Ɏɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɚ ɬɚ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɥɶɧɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɹ ɠɢɬɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.3.6. Ɏɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɚ ɿ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɥɶɧɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɹ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ . . . . . . . . . . . ɉɢɬɚɧɧɹ ɞɥɹ ɫɚɦɨɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ʌɿɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ⱦɨɞɚɬɤɢ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6
348 355 356 365 374 375 381
«Ɉɛɨɜ’ɹɡɨɤ ɞɨɛɪɨɝɨ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ — ɞɨɝɨɞɠɚɬɢ ɫɜɨʀɦ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚɦ. Ⱦɚɣɬɟ ɡɪɨɡɭɦɿɬɢ ɤɨɠɧɨɦɭ, ɳɨ ɡɚ ɫɜɨʀ ɝɪɨɲɿ ɜɿɧ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɽ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɤɪɚɳɨʀ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ, ɧɿɠ ɜɿɧ ɨɬɪɢɦɭɜɚɜ ɪɚɧɿɲɟ ɜ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ» ȿɥɫɜɨɪɬ ɋɬɚɬɥɟɪ
ȼɋɌɍɉ Ƚɨɬɟɥɶɧɟ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ — ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɣ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɦ ɿ ɜɚɠɥɢɜɚ ɫɤɥɚɞɨɜɚ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɨʀ ɿɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢ, ɜɿɞɿɝɪɚɽ ɩɪɨɜɿɞɧɭ ɪɨɥɶ ɭ ɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɚɰɿʀ ɜɿɬɱɢɡɧɹɧɨɝɨ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɭ ɧɚ ɫɜɿɬɨɜɨɦɭ ɪɢɧɤɭ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ. ɐɹ ɫɮɟɪɚ ɜ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɿ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɫɜɿɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɪɨɡɜɢɜɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɲɜɢɞɤɢɦɢ ɬɟɦɩɚɦɢ ɿ ɜ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɿ, ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɿɜ ɜɿɞɨɦɢɯ ɩɪɨɮɿɥɶɧɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɣ, ɦɨɠɟ ɫɬɚɬɢ ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲ ɜɚɠɥɢɜɢɦ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɨɦ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɨʀ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ. ɋɬɚɧ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨʀ ɫɮɟɪɢ ɜɩɥɢɜɚɽ ɧɚ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɨɤ ɿɧɞɭɫɬɪɿʀ ɬɭɪɢɡɦɭ ɡɚɝɚɥɨɦ, ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɿɧɲɿ ɤɥɸɱɨɜɿ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɢ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɤɢ — ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬ, ɛɭɞɿɜɧɢɰɬɜɨ, ɡɜ’ɹɡɨɤ, ɬɨɪɝɿɜɥɸ ɬɚ ɿɧ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɱɢɧɨɦ, ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹ ɜɢɫɨɤɨɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɜɿɞɿɝɪɚɽ ɜɚɠɥɢɜɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɹɤ ɨɞɢɧ ɡ ɩɪɿɨɪɢɬɟɬɧɢɯ ɧɚɩɪɹɦɿɜ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨʀ ɩɟɪɟɛɭɞɨɜɢ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɤɢ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ. Ƚɨɬɟɥɶɧɚ ɫɮɟɪɚ — ɰɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɚ ɫɤɥɚɞɨɜɚ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɨʀ ɿɧɞɭɫɬɪɿʀ ɡɚ ɨɛɫɹɝɨɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɿ ɮɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɢɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɿɜ, ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɸ ɡɚɣɧɹɬɢɯ ɩɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤɿɜ, ɨɛɫɹɝɨɦ ɞɨɯɨɞɿɜ ɭ ɬɭɪɢɡɦɿ. Ƚɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɣ ɫɟɪɜɿɫ ɦɿɫɬɢɬɶ ɰɿɥɢɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɞɥɹ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɿɜ ɿ ɽ ɤɥɸɱɨɜɢɦ ɱɢɧɧɢɤɨɦ, ɳɨ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɢ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ ɬɭɪɢɡɦɭ. Ɍɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ, ɡɨɤɪɟɦɚ ɜ ɦɟɠɚɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɧɚɥɟɠɚɬɶ ɞɨ ɫɨɰɿɚɥɶɧɨɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ. ȼɨɧɢ ɫɬɜɨɪɸɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚɯ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɨʀ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ, ɳɨ ɩɿɞɜɢɳɭɽ ʀɯɧɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɭ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ ɜɿɬɱɢɡɧɹɧɨɝɨ ɬɭɪɢɡɦɭ, ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɡɭɦɨɜɥɸɽ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɿɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɣɧɨʀ ɩɿɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɤɚɞɪɿɜ ɞɥɹ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɪɜɿɫɭ. Ⱦɥɹ ɭɫɩɿɲɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɪɿɲɟɧɧɹ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɭ ɡɚɜɞɚɧɶ ɡ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ, ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɚɦɢ ɿɡ ɡɛɟɪɟɠɟɧɧɹɦ ɦɿɰɧɢɯ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɧɢɯ ɩɨɡɢɰɿɣ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɨɜɨɥɨɞɿɬɢ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɣɧɢɦɢ ɡɧɚɧɧɹɦɢ ɿ ɩɨɫɬɿɣɧɨ ʀɯ ɜɞɨɫɤɨɧɚɥɸɜɚɬɢ. ȼ ɭɦɨɜɚɯ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɢɧɤɭ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɛɿɡɧɟɫɭ ɩɪɢ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɿɜ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɣ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɹɧ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɢɬɢ ɧɟ ɥɢɲɟ ɜɢɫɨɤɢɣ ɪɿɜɟɧɶ 7
ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɭ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ, ɚɥɟ ɣ ɩɨɫɬɿɣɧɨ ɩɿɞɜɢɳɭɜɚɬɢ ɪɿɜɟɧɶ ɫɟɪɜɿɫɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ, ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɜɚɬɢ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɣ ɜɢɛɿɪ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɯ ɬɚ ɫɭɩɭɬɧɿɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɜ ɬɨɦɭ ɱɢɫɥɿ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɣɧɿ, ɩɨɛɭɬɨɜɿ, ɩɨɫɟɪɟɞɧɢɰɶɤɿ, ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɛɿɡɧɟɫ-ɰɟɧɬɪɭ, ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɞɨɡɜɿɥɥɹ ɬɚ ɿɧ. Ⱥɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɜɩɪɨɜɚɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɿ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɜɿɬɱɢɡɧɹɧɢɦɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɢɯ ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɢɯ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ, ɳɨ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɸɬɶ ɫɜɿɬɨɜɢɦ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɚɦ, ɨɛɭɦɨɜɥɟɧɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɿɫɬɸ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɜɢɫɨɤɨɹɤɿɫɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɡɧɢɠɟɧɧɿ ɜɢɬɪɚɬ, ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɰɿʀ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɨɦ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɦɚɪɤɟɬɢɧɝɨɜɢɯ ɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɶ ɪɢɧɤɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ. Ⱦɨɫɜɿɞ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɨʀ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɨɫɬɚɧɧɿɯ ɪɨɤɿɜ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɬɜɿ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ ɫɜɿɞɱɢɬɶ ɩɪɨ ɩɨɜɿɥɶɧɟ ɩɿɞɜɢɳɟɧɧɹ ɹɤɿɫɧɢɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɿɜ ɨɰɿɧɤɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɿ ɩɪɚɰɿ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɝɚɥɭɡɿ. Ɉɞɧɨɱɚɫɧɨ ɫɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ ɪɨɡɜɢɜɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɦɟɪɟɠɚ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɜɢɫɨɤɨʀ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɹɤɿ ɧɚɞɚɸɬɶ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɡ ɜɢɦɨɝɚɦɢ ɫɜɿɬɨɜɢɯ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɿɜ. ɍ ɬɚɤɿɣ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɿʀ ɜɢɧɢɤɚɽ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɿɫɬɶ ɩɿɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɤɜɚɥɿɮɿɤɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɫɬɿɜ, ɧɚɫɚɦɩɟɪɟɞ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɿɜ ɪɿɡɧɨɝɨ ɪɿɜɧɹ, ɧɚɜɱɚɥɶɧɨ-ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɬɚ ɧɚɜɱɚɥɶɧɨ-ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ ʀɯɧɶɨʀ ɩɿɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ, ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ ɧɚɭɤɨɜɢɯ ɧɚɩɪɹɦɤɿɜ ɞɥɹ ɰɿɽʀ ɜɚɠɥɢɜɨʀ ɬɚ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨ ɫɤɥɚɞɧɨʀ ɫɭɛɝɚɥɭɡɿ ɬɭɪɢɡɦɭ. ɇɚɜɱɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɩɿɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɫɬɿɜ ɭ ɫɮɟɪɿ ɬɭɪɢɡɦɭ ɫɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɢɣ ɡ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɧɿɦ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹɦ ɧɚɜɱɚɥɶɧɨɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɧɢɦɢ ɩɨɫɿɛɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɡ ɧɚɭɤɨɜɨ-ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɧɨɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɿɽɸ ɬɟɨɪɿʀ ɿ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ, ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ, ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿʀ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɚɪɯɿɬɟɤɬɭɪɢ ɿ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɫɩɨɪɭɞ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ. ɉɪɢ ɩɿɞɝɨɬɨɜɰɿ ɧɚɜɱɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɿɛɧɢɤɚ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɨ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɿ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɜɱɨ-ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɿ ɛɚɡɢ ɿ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɣɧɿ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢ ɳɨɞɨ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɭ ɫɮɟɪɿ ɬɭɪɢɡɦɭ, ɡɨɤɪɟɦɚ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɛɿɡɧɟɫɿ, ɧɚɩɪɚɰɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɫɮɟɪɿ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬɭ ɫɮɟɪɢ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɢ ɧɚɭɤɨɜɢɯ ɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɶ ɿ ɪɨɡɪɨɛɨɤ ɜɢɤɥɚɞɚɰɶɤɨɝɨ ɫɤɥɚɞɭ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɢ ɬɭɪɢɡɦɭ Ʌɶɜɿɜɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɧɿɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɭ ɿɦɟɧɿ ȱɜɚɧɚ Ɏɪɚɧɤɚ. ɇɚɜɱɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɩɨɫɿɛɧɢɤ «Ɉɫɧɨɜɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɛɿɡɧɟɫɭ» ɪɨɡɪɨɛɥɟɧɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɮɚɯɨɜɨʀ ɩɿɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɿɜ ɜɢɳɢɯ ɧɚɜɱɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿɜ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ, ɹɤɿ ɧɚɜɱɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɡɚ ɧɚɩɪɹɦɨɦ «Ɍɭɪɢɡɦ», «Ɇɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬ» (ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɚɰɿɹ «Ɇɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɨʀ ɿɧɞɭɫɬɪɿʀ»). ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɿ ɡɦɿɫɬ ɧɚɜɱɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɿɛɧɢɤɚ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɸɬɶ ɜɢɦɨɝɚɦ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɭ ɡ ɩɿɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɮɚɯɿɜɰɿɜ ɨɫɜɿɬɧɶɨ-ɤɜɚɥɿɮɿɤɚɰɿɣɧɨɝɨ ɪɿɜɧɹ «ɦɚɝɿɫɬɪ» ɿ «ɛɚɤɚɥɚɜɪ», ɫɭɱɚɫɧɢɦ ɜɢɦɨɝɚɦ ɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɪɢɧɤɭ ɳɨɞɨ ɩɿɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɫɬɿɜ ɞɥɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨʀ ɫɮɟɪɢ.
8
Ɋɨɡɞɿɥ 1 ȱɋɌɈɊȱə ɋɌȺɇɈȼɅȿɇɇə ɌȺ ɊɈɁȼɂɌɄɍ ɋɎȿɊɂ ȽɈɋɌɂɇɇɈɋɌȱ
1.1. Ƚɨɥɨɜɧɿ ɿɫɬɨɪɢɱɧɿ ɩɟɪɿɨɞɢ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨʀ ɫɮɟɪɢ ɭ ɫɜɿɬɿ ɋɮɟɪɚ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ ɹɤ ɜɚɠɥɢɜɚ ɫɨɰɿɚɥɶɧɚ, ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɚ ɬɚ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɚ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɹ, ɨɞɧɚ ɡ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɫɤɥɚɞɨɜɢɯ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɨʀ ɿɧɞɭɫɬɪɿʀ, ɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɚ ɭ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɦ ɟɬɚɩɚɦ ɟɜɨɥɸɰɿʀ ɥɸɞɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɫɭɫɩɿɥɶɫɬɜɚ. ȱɫɬɨɪɿɹ ɫɮɟɪɢ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ ɬɿɫɧɨ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɚ ɡ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɨɦ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɢ, ɩɨɞɨɪɨɠɟɣ ɬɚ ɬɭɪɢɡɦɭ, ɜɿɞɨɛɪɚɠɚɽ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɿ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɿ ɪɢɫɢ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɟɩɨɯ ɿ ɧɚɪɨɞɿɜ ɜɬɿɥɟɧɿ ɭ ɬɢɩɚɯ ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ, ɦɟɬɨɞɚɯ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɦɨɞɟɥɿ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ, ɹɤɿ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɭɜɚɥɢɫɹ ɡɚɫɨɛɚɦɢ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ. ȱɫɬɨɪɢɱɧɢɣ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɭ ɜɢɜɱɟɧɧɿ ɫɮɟɪɢ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ ɞɨɡɜɨɥɹɽ ɜɢɹɜɢɬɢ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɿ ɟɬɚɩɢ, ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ ɬɚ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɿʀ ʀʀ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ. ȼɚɠɥɢɜɨ ɜɢɹɜɢɬɢ ɜɩɥɢɜ ɦɨɬɢɜɿɜ ɩɨɞɨɪɨɠɟɣ ɬɚ ɬɭɪɢɡɦɭ, ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɢɯ, ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɢɯ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɟɣ ɧɚ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɨɤ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ, ɜɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ ɜɚɠɥɢɜɨ ɜɢɹɜɢɬɢ ɡɜɨɪɨɬɧɿɣ ɡɜ’ɹɡɨɤ — ɜɩɥɢɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ ɧɚ ɦɨɬɢɜɢ ɿ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɩɨɞɨɪɨɠɟɣ, ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɢɣ ɿ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɢɣ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɨɤ ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɶ. Ƚɨɥɨɜɧɢɦɢ ɱɢɧɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ ɫɮɟɪɢ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ ɽ: — ɫɨɰɿɚɥɶɧɿ. Ɋɨɡɜɢɬɨɤ ɫɭɫɩɿɥɶɧɢɯ ɜɿɞɧɨɫɢɧ ɡɭɦɨɜɢɜ ɞɟɦɨɝɪɚɮɿɱɧɿ ɬɚ ɦɿɝɪɚɰɿɣɧɿ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɢ, ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɿɫɬɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ ɞɥɹ ʀɯɧɶɨʀ ɪɟɚɥɿɡɚɰɿʀ; — ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɿ. Ɂɛɿɥɶɲɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɯɨɞɿɜ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɧɹ, ɡɧɚɱɧɢɣ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɢɣ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɿɚɥ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɪɟʉɿɨɧɿɜ ɿ ɰɟɧɬɪɿɜ ɡɭɦɨɜɥɸɽ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɨɤ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɨ-ɪɟɤɪɟɚɰɿɣɧɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɿɜ ɿ ɧɚɫɚɦɩɟɪɟɞ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɨɤ ɫɮɟɪɢ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ; — ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɿ. Ɉɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ ɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ, ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɢ, ɪɟɥɿɝɿʀ ɜɩɥɢɧɭɥɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢ, ɦɨɬɢɜɢ, ɰɿɧɧɨɫɬɿ ɩɨɞɨɪɨɠɭɸɱɢɯ, ɡɭɦɨɜɢɥɢ ɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ, ɜɢɡɧɚɱɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɮɿɥɶ ʀɯɧɶɨʀ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɚɰɿʀ; 9
— ɧɚɭɤɨɜɨ-ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫ. ȼɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɞɨɫɹɝɧɟɧɶ ɧɚɭɤɢ ɿ ɬɟɯɧɿɤɢ ɡɭɦɨɜɢɥɨ ɡɦɿɧɭ ɮɨɪɦ ɬɚ ɦɟɬɨɞɿɜ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ — ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɜɿɬɧɿɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɣ, ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɢɯ ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ, ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɣɧɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɭ ʀɯɧɿɣ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ; — ɩɨɥɿɬɢɱɧɢɣ. ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɜɱɢɯ ɿ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɢɯ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɿɜ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɢ ɡɭɦɨɜɥɸɽ ɜɩɥɢɜ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ, ɛɭɞɿɜɧɢɰɬɜɨ ɿ ɭɦɨɜɢ ɨɫɧɚɳɟɧɧɹ ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ, ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɢɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ. Ɏɚɤɬɨɪ ɨɫɜɨɽɧɧɹ ɚɛɨ ɡɚɜɨɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɿɣ ɡɭɦɨɜɢɜ ɝɟɨɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɨɜɟ ɩɨɲɢɪɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɿɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɫɮɟɪɢ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ ɩɟɜɧɨʀ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɢ; — ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨ-ɪɟɫɭɪɫɧɢɣ. Ɉɫɜɨɽɧɧɹ ɪɟɤɪɟɚɰɿɣɧɨ-ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɢɯ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɢɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɿɜ, ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɢɯ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɿɜ ɡɭɦɨɜɥɸɽ ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹ ɪɟɤɪɟɚɰɿɣɧɨ-ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɨʀ ɿɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢ, ɧɚɫɚɦɩɟɪɟɞ ɫɮɟɪɢ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ; — ɿɫɬɨɪɢɱɧɢɣ. ȼɿɞɨɛɪɚɡɢɜɫɹ ɜ ɟɜɨɥɸɰɿʀ ɮɨɪɦ ɿ ɦɟɬɨɞɿɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ ɬɚ ɫɮɟɪɢ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ ɜ ɰɿɥɨɦɭ ɬɚ ɡɦɿɧɭ ɨɞɧɢɯ ɿɫɬɨɪɢɱɧɢɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ ɬɚ ɦɟɬɨɞɿɜ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ ɿɧɲɢɦɢ. ȼ ɟɜɨɥɸɰɿʀ ɫɮɟɪɢ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ ɜɢɞɿɥɹɸɬɶɫɹ ɬɚɤɿ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɿ ɩɟɪɿɨɞɢ: — ɜɢɧɢɤɧɟɧɧɹ ɩɟɪɲɢɯ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿɜ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ (ȱV ɬɢɫ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɟ. — V ɫɬ. ɧ.ɟ.); — ɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿɜ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ (Vȱ– ɏV ɫɬ.); — ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨʀ ɬɚ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɧɨʀ ɫɮɟɪɢ ɭ ɏVȱ — ɧɚ ɩɨɱ. ɏɏ ɫɬ.; — ɫɭɱɚɫɧɢɣ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɨɤ ɫɜɿɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ. 1.1.1. ȼɢɧɢɤɧɟɧɧɹ ɩɟɪɲɢɯ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿɜ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ (ȱV ɬɢɫ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɟ. — V ɫɬ. ɧ.ɟ.)
ȼɢɧɢɤɧɟɧɧɹ ɩɟɪɲɢɯ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿɜ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɭ ȱV ɬɢɫ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɟ. ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɿɫɬɸ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɢɬɢ ɩɨɞɨɪɨɠɧɿɯ ɦɿɫɰɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɧɨɱɿɜɥɿ, ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɤɭ. ȼɿɞ ɫɬɚɧɭ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ ɫɭɬɬɽɜɨ ɡɚɥɟɠɚɥɚ ɿɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɿɫɬɶ ɩɨɞɨɪɨɠɟɣ, ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɰɟɧɬɪɿɜ ɬɚ ɪɟʉɿɨɧɿɜ. Ɂɚɫɨɛɢ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ ɜɿɞɨɛɪɚɠɚɸɬɶ ɪɢɫɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɬɚ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɨʀ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɢ, ɬɪɚɞɢɰɿʀ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɧɚɪɨɞɿɜ. 10
ɉɟɪɲɿ ɿɫɬɨɪɢɱɧɿ ɡɝɚɞɤɢ ɩɪɨ ɩɨɞɨɪɨɠɿ ɦɿɫɬɹɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɚɧɬɢɱɧɢɯ ɞɠɟɪɟɥɚɯ ɿ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɪɟʉɿɨɧɚɦɢ ɋɬɚɪɨɞɚɜɧɶɨɝɨ ȯɝɢɩɬɭ, Ȼɥɢɡɶɤɨɝɨ ɋɯɨɞɭ ɬɚ Ƚɪɟɰɿʀ. ɋɚɦɟ ɦɿɠ ɰɢɦɢ ɪɟʉɿɨɧɚɦɢ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲ ɿɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɿ ɩɨɞɨɪɨɠɿ ɡ ɦɟɬɨɸ ɬɨɪɝɿɜɥɿ, ɩɚɥɨɦɧɢɰɬɜɚ, ɡɚɜɨɸɜɚɧɧɹ, ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɨɡɞɨɪɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ, ɪɨɡɜɚɝ ɬɚ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɿɡɧɚɧɧɹ. ɉɟɪɲɿ ɩɢɫɶɦɨɜɿ ɡɝɚɞɤɢ ɩɪɨ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɨɜɚɧɿ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɢ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɜɢɹɜɥɟɧɨ ɫɟɪɟɞ ɜɚɜɢɥɨɧɫɶɤɢɯ ɦɚɧɭɫɤɪɢɩɬɿɜ. Ɂɨɤɪɟɦɚ, ɭ ɤɨɞɟɤɫɿ ɜɚɜɢɥɨɧɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɰɚɪɹ ɏɚɦɦɭɪɚɩɿ (1792–1750 ɪɪ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɟ.) ɡɝɚɞɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɬɚɜɟɪɧɢ, ɹɤɿ ɨɤɪɿɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɣ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɡ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɛɭɞɢɧɤɿɜ ɪɨɡɩɭɫɬɢ, ɜɿɞɨɦɿ ɹɤ ɡɚɫɨɛɢ, ɳɨ ɧɚɞɚɜɚɥɢ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɡ ɧɨɱɿɜɥɿ. ɍ ɤɨɞɟɤɫɿ ɰɚɪ ɏɚɦɦɭɪɚɩɿ ɡɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɭɽ ɜɥɚɫɧɢɤɿɜ ɬɚɜɟɪɧ ɞɨɧɨɫɢɬɢ ɜɥɚɞɿ ɧɚ ɜɿɞɜɿɞɭɜɚɱɿɜ, ɹɤɿ ɭ ɪɨɡɦɨɜɿ ɜɢɹɜɥɹɥɢ ɧɚɦɿɪ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɢɬɢ ɡɥɨɱɢɧ. Ɋɨɡɲɢɪɟɧɧɹ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɢɯ ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɿɜ ɧɚ Ȼɥɢɡɶɤɨɦɭ ɋɯɨɞɿ ɬɚ ɭ ɋɬɚɪɨɞɚɜɧɿɣ Ƚɪɟɰɿʀ ɭ ȱ ɬɢɫ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɟ. ɿ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɿ ɡ ɧɢɦɢ ɬɪɢɜɚɥɿ ɩɨɞɨɪɨɠɿ ɫɩɪɢɹɸɬɶ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɪɨɡɝɚɥɭɠɟɧɨʀ ɦɟɪɟɠɿ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿɜ ɧɟ ɬɿɥɶɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɡ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɚɥɟ ɣ ɬɢɩɨɜɢɯ ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ ɡ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ — ɩɨɫɬɨɹɥɢɯ ɞɜɨɪɿɜ. Ɉɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɸ ɜɢɲɭɤɚɧɿɫɬɸ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɨɪɢɝɿɧɚɥɶɧɿɫɬɸ ɚɪɯɿɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɢɥɸ ɬɚ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɦ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹɦ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɢɜɧɢɯ ɧɨɜɨɜɜɟɞɟɧɶ ɞɥɹ ɡɪɭɱɧɨɫɬɿ ɩɟɪɟɛɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɜɿɞɡɧɚɱɚɥɢɫɶ ɞɚɜɧɶɨɝɪɟɰɶɤɿ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɥɿ ɞɜɨɪɢ. ɍ ɋɬɚɪɨɞɚɜɧɿɣ Ƚɪɟɰɿʀ ɧɚɛɭɥɢ ɩɨɲɢɪɟɧɧɹ ɞɜɚ ɬɢɩɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɥɢɯ ɞɜɨɪɿɜ — ɩɪɢɜɚɬɧɿ — ɤɚɬɚɝɨɝɿʀ, ɬɚ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɿ — ɩɚɧɞɨɤɟʀ. ɍ ɦɿɫɶɤɢɯ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɥɢɯ ɞɜɨɪɚɯ, ɧɟɡɚɥɟɠɧɨ ɜɿɞ ɮɨɪɦɢ ɜɥɚɫɧɨɫɬɿ, ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɚɥɨɫɶ ɩɨɫɬɿɣɧɟ ɜɨɞɨɩɨɫɬɚɱɚɧɧɹ ɩɨ ɤɟɪɚɦɿɱɧɢɯ ɬɪɭɛɚɯ, ɧɚɹɜɧɿɫɬɶ ɭ ɞɜɨɪɢɤɭ ɬɭɚɥɟɬɭ — ɥɚɬɪɢɤɢ, ɜɨɞɨɣɦɢɳ, ɮɨɧɬɚɧɿɜ, ɞɟɤɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɨɡɟɥɟɧɟɧɧɹ. ɍ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɚɯ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɩɟɪɟɛɭɜɚɥɢ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɿ ɫɥɭɠɛɨɜɰɿ, ɛɚɝɚɬɿ ɩɚɬɪɢɰɿʀ, ɹɤɿ ɩɪɢɛɭɜɚɥɢ ɧɚ ɫɩɨɪɬɢɜɧɿ ɡɦɚɝɚɧɧɹ, ɜɿɞɜɿɞɭɜɚɥɢ ɬɟɚɬɪɢ, ɜɿɞɨɦɿ ɯɪɚɦɢ. ɍ ɩɟɪɿɨɞ Ɋɢɦɫɶɤɨʀ ɿɦɩɟɪɿʀ ɦɟɪɟɠɚ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɥɢɯ ɞɜɨɪɿɜ ɬɚ ɬɚɜɟɪɧ, ɝɨɥɨɜɧɢɦ ɱɢɧɨɦ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɢɯ, ɫɬɚɽ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨ ɪɨɡɝɚɥɭɠɟɧɨɸ. ɉɨɫɬɨɹɥɿ ɞɜɨɪɢ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɭɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɨɤɪɿɦ ɦɿɫɬ, ɭ ɫɟɥɚɯ, ɜɡɞɨɜɠ ɭɫɿɯ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɢɯ ɞɨɪɿɝ, ɧɚ ɜɿɞɫɬɚɧɿ ɛɥɢɡɶɤɨ 25 ɦɢɥɶ (40,225 ɤɦ) ɨɞɢɧ ɜɿɞ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɡ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɭɧɤɨɦ, ɳɨɛ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɿ ɱɢɧɨɜɧɢɤɢ ɧɟ ɜɬɨɦɥɸɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɭ ɞɨɪɨɡɿ, ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɜɚɸɱɢ ɭ ɤɨɠɧɨɦɭ ɡ ɧɢɯ. ɋɬɪɨɝɚ ɫɭɫɩɿɥɶɧɚ ɞɢɮɟɪɟɧɰɿɚɰɿɹ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɚ ɞɥɹ Ɋɢɦɫɶɤɨʀ ɿɦɩɟɪɿʀ, ɜɿɞɨɛɪɚɡɢɥɚɫɶ ɧɚ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɹɯ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨ11
ɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ. ɉɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɭ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɢɯ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɚɯ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ ɧɚɞɚɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɢɦ ɫɥɭɠɛɨɜɰɹɦ ɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɡɚ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɨɸ ɭɪɹɞɨɜɨɸ ɩɟɪɟɩɭɫɬɤɨɸ. ɍ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɥɢɯ ɞɜɨɪɚɯ, ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɬɜɟɪɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɜɿɞɨɦɨɝɨ ɦɚɧɞɪɿɜɧɢɤɚ Ɇɚɪɤɨ ɉɨɥɨ, ɭɦɨɜɢ ɨɛɥɚɲɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɞɨɡɜɨɥɹɥɢ ɡɭɩɢɧɹɬɢɫɶ ɱɢɧɨɜɧɢɤɚɦ ɧɚɣɜɢɳɨɝɨ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɿɜɧɹ. Ⱦɨ ɱɚɫɭ ɩɨɞɨɪɨɠɿ ɜɿɞɨɦɨɝɨ ɜɟɧɟɰɿɚɧɰɹ ɭ ɋɯɿɞɧɭ Ⱥɡɿɸ, ɬɚɤɢɯ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɥɢɯ ɞɜɨɪɿɜ ɧɚɪɚɯɨɜɭɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɛɥɢɡɶɤɨ ɞɟɫɹɬɢ ɬɢɫɹɱ. Ɉɤɪɿɦ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɥɢɯ ɞɜɨɪɿɜ, ɜɢɫɨɤɢɣ ɪɿɜɟɧɶ ɫɟɪɜɿɫɭ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɜɚɥɢ ɩɪɢɜɚɬɧɿ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɥɿ ɞɜɨɪɢ, ɹɤɿ ɫɬɜɨɪɸɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɛɚɝɚɬɢɦɢ ɡɟɦɥɟɜɥɚɫɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɧɚ ɨɤɪɚʀɧɚɯ ɫɜɨʀɯ ɜɨɥɨɞɿɧɶ, ɝɥɚɞɿɚɬɨɪɚɦɢ, ɹɤɿ ɜɤɥɚɞɚɥɢ ɫɜɨʀ ɡɚɨɳɚɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɭ ɫɮɟɪɭ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ. ɉɨɫɬɨɹɥɿ ɞɜɨɪɢ ɬɚ ɬɚɜɟɪɧɢ ɡɨɪɿɽɧɬɨɜɚɧɿ ɧɚ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɚ ɜɿɞɜɿɞɭɜɚɱɿɜ — ɤɭɩɰɿɜ, ɪɟɦɿɫɧɢɤɿɜ, ɫɟɥɹɧ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɣ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɥɸɞɭ, ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɜɚɥɢ ɨɛɦɟɠɟɧɢɣ ɨɛɫɹɝ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ. ɇɚɣɱɚɫɬɿɲɟ ɦɿɫɰɟ ɞɥɹ ɧɨɱɿɜɥɿ ɧɚɞɚɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɧɚ ɫɨɥɨɦɿ ɩɨɪɹɞ ɡ ɯɭɞɨɛɨɸ, ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɛɭɥɢ ɡɨɜɫɿɦ ɜɿɞɫɭɬɧɿ. Ɍɚɜɟɪɧɢ ɜɜɚɠɚɥɢɫɶ ɦɿɫɰɟɦ ɪɨɡɩɭɫɬɢ, ɤɭɞɢ ɚɪɢɫɬɨɤɪɚɬɚɦ ɡɚɯɨɞɢɬɢ ɜɜɚɠɚɥɨɫɶ ɧɟɩɪɢɫɬɨɣɧɨ. ȼɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ, ɭ ɋɬɚɪɨɞɚɜɧɶɨɦɭ Ɋɢɦɿ ɡɧɚɱɧɚ ɭɜɚɝɚ ɩɪɢɞɿɥɹɥɚɫɶ ɥɿɤɭɜɚɥɶɧɢɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɚɦ — ɨɡɞɨɪɨɜɥɟɧɧɸ ɦɿɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɬɚ ɬɟɪɦɚɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɜɨɞɚɦɢ, ɰɿɥɸɳɢɦ ɝɿɪɫɶɤɢɦ ɩɨɜɿɬɪɹɦ. ɍ ȱȱȱ–ȱV ɫɬ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɟ. ɛɭɥɚ ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɚ ɦɟɪɟɠɚ ɨɡɞɨɪɨɜɱɢɯ ɰɟɧɬɪɿɜ ɧɚ ɚɞɪɿɚɬɢɱɧɨɦɭ ɭɡɛɟɪɟɠɠɿ, ɞɟ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɬɟɪɦɚɥɶɧɿ ɞɠɟɪɟɥɚ ɬɚ ɦɨɪɫɶɤɟ ɩɨɜɿɬɪɹ, ɬɚ ɤɥɿɦɚɬɢɱɧɢɯ ɤɭɪɨɪɬɿɜ ɭ ɜɚɠɤɨɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɢɯ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɯ Ⱥɥɶɩ, ɩɨɫɥɭɝɚɦɢ ɹɤɢɯ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɭɜɚɥɚɫɹ ɜɢɤɥɸɱɧɨ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɱɧɚ ɟɥɿɬɚ ɪɢɦɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɫɭɫɩɿɥɶɫɬɜɚ. ɍ ɪɟʉɿɨɧɚɯ ɋɬɚɪɨɞɚɜɧɶɨʀ ɉɟɪɫɿʀ, ɋɟɪɟɞɧɶɨɝɨ ɋɯɨɞɭ ɬɚ Ɂɚɤɚɜɤɚɡɡɹ, ɱɟɪɟɡ ɹɤɿ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɥɢ ɜɚɠɥɢɜɿ ɤɚɪɚɜɚɧɧɿ ɲɥɹɯɢ ɡ Ʉɢɬɚɸ ɜ ȯɜɪɨɩɭ, ɧɚɣɱɚɫɬɿɲɟ ɡɭɩɢɧɤɚ ɧɚ ɧɨɱɿɜɥɸ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɭ ɲɚɬɪɿ, ɹɤɟ ɪɨɡɛɢɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɩɨɪɹɞ ɿɡ ɲɥɹɯɨɦ. ɍ ɜɭɡɥɨɜɢɯ ɩɭɧɤɬɚɯ, ɩɨɛɥɢɡɭ ɝɿɪɫɶɤɢɯ, ɪɿɱɤɨɜɢɯ ɩɟɪɟɩɪɚɜ, ɧɚ ɩɪɨɦɿɠɧɢɯ ɡɭɩɢɧɤɚɯ ɬɪɢɜɚɥɨɝɨ ɲɥɹɯɭ ɫɜɨɽɪɿɞɧɨɸ ɮɨɪɦɨɸ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɥɢɯ ɞɜɨɪɿɜ ɛɭɥɢ ɤɚɪɚɜɚɧ-ɫɚɪɚʀ. Ʉɚɪɚɜɚɧ-ɫɚɪɚʀ, ɜɿɞɨɦɿ ɡ ȱȱ–ȱ ɬɢɫ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɟ., ɧɚɛɭɥɢ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɲɢɪɟɧɧɹ ɭ ȱɏ–ɏVȱȱȱ ɫɬ., ɜɨɧɢ ɭɬɜɨɪɸɜɚɥɢ ɰɿɥɿ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɿ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɢ, ɳɨ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɥɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɢɣ ɩɪɹɦɨɤɭɬɧɢɣ ɜɧɭɬɪɿɲɧɿɣ ɞɜɿɪ ɜɿɞ ɹɤɨɝɨ ɜɟɥɢ ɜɯɨɞɢ ɭ ɠɢɬɥɨɜɿ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɢ, ɜ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɤɚɪɚɜɚɧ-ɫɚɪɚɹɯ ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɚɥɢɫɶ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɞɥɹ ɞɿɥɨɜɢɯ ɫɬɨɫɭɧɤɿɜ, 12
ɞɜɿɪ ɡ ɨɝɨɪɨɠɟɸ ɞɥɹ ɬɜɚɪɢɧ. Ɂɡɨɜɧɿ ɰɿ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɢ ɛɭɥɢ ɨɬɨɱɟɧɿ ɨɛɨɪɨɧɧɢɦɢ ɦɭɪɚɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɯɢɫɬɭ ɜɿɞ ɪɨɡɛɿɣɧɢɤɿɜ ɬɚ ɫɬɢɯɿɣ (ɩɿɳɚɧɢɯ ɛɭɪ, ɜɿɬɪɭ). ɇɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɡɚɡɧɚɱɢɬɢ, ɠɜɚɜɿ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɟɥɶɧɿ ɫɬɨɫɭɧɤɢ ɚɡɿɚɬɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɪɟʉɿɨɧɭ ɜɿɞɨɛɪɚɡɢɥɢɫɶ ɧɚ ɜɢɳɿɣ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɛɿɥɶɲɨɦɭ ɨɛɫɹɡɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɹɤɿ ɧɚɞɚɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɩɨɞɨɪɨɠɧɿɦ ɭ ɩɨɪɿɜɧɹɧɧɿ ɡ ɽɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɶɤɢɦɢ ɤɪɚʀɧɚɦɢ. ɍ Ƚɪɭɡɿʀ ɤɚɪɚɜɚɧ-ɫɚɪɚʀ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɧɚɤɪɢɬɨɸ ɩɨɡɞɨɜɠɧɶɨɸ ɡɚɥɨɸ, ɳɨ ɨɫɜɿɬɥɸɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɥɿɯɬɚɪɟɦ, ɞɨ ɹɤɨʀ ɜɢɯɨɞɢɥɨ ɞɟɤɿɥɶɤɚ ɤɿɦɧɚɬ. ɉɿɡɧɿɲɟ ɤɚɪɚɜɚɧ-ɫɚɪɚʀ ɡɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɦ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹɦ ɞɢɮɟɪɟɧɰɿɸɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɧɚ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɿ ɬɚ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɥɿ. ɉɟɪɲɚ ɝɪɭɩɚ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɥɚɫɶ ɡ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɢɯ ɿ ɪɟɦɿɫɧɢɱɨ-ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɱɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ; ɩɨɫɬɨɹɥɿ ɤɚɪɚɜɚɧ-ɫɚɪɚʀ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɨɜɭɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɧɚ ɬɪɢɜɚɥɟ ɩɟɪɟɛɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɡ ɜ’ɸɱɧɢɦɢ ɬɜɚɪɢɧɚɦɢ ɬɚ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɢɦɢ ɡɚɫɨɛɚɦɢ, ɫɤɥɚɞɚɥɢɫɶ ɡ ɠɢɬɥɨɜɢɯ ɿ ɫɥɭɠɛɨɜɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɧɚɜɤɨɥɨ ɜɧɭɬɪɿɲɧɶɨɝɨ ɞɜɨɪɭ. Ɂɧɚɱɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ ɫɮɟɪɚ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ ɧɚɛɭɥɚ ɭ ȼɿɪɦɟɧɿʀ. ɍ ɏȱȱȱ ɫɬ. ɤɚɪɚɜɚɧ-ɫɚɪɚʀ ɭ ȼɿɪɦɟɧɿʀ ɱɿɬɤɨ ɩɨɞɿɥɹɥɢɫɶ ɧɚ ɞɜɿ ɝɪɭɩɢ — ɯɚɧɚɩɚɪɢ, ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɚɧɿ ɭ ɰɟɧɬɪɿ, ɩɨɛɥɢɡɭ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɢɯ ɩɥɨɳ, ɛɚɝɚɬɨ ɨɡɞɨɛɥɟɧɿ ɪɿɡɶɛɥɟɧɢɦ ɨɪɧɚɦɟɧɬɨɦ, ɜ ɨɞɢɧ-ɞɜɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɢ, ɭ ɹɤɢɯ ɡɭɩɢɧɹɥɢɫɶ ɤɭɩɰɿ ɡ ɤɚɪɚɜɚɧɧɢɯ ɲɥɹɯɿɜ ɬɚ ɞɪɭɝɭ ɝɪɭɩɭ — ɩɧɞɭɤɢ, ɪɨɡɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɿ ɧɚ ɨɫɿɛ ɫɤɪɨɦɧɿɲɨɝɨ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɭ. ɏɚɧɚɩɚɪɢ ɜɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ ɜɢɤɨɧɭɜɚɥɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɿʀ ɞɿɥɨɜɢɯ ɰɟɧɬɪɿɜ, ɭ ɹɤɢɯ ɭɤɥɚɞɚɥɢɫɶ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɿ ɭɝɨɞɢ, ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɢɫɶ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɭɧɤɢ, ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɨɜɭɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɤɚɪɚɜɚɧɢ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɱɢɧɨɦ, ɜɢɧɢɤɧɟɧɧɹ ɩɟɪɲɢɯ ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ — ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɪɟɝɿɨɧɚɦɢ ɧɚɣɜɢɳɨɝɨ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ — Ȼɥɢɡɶɤɢɦ ɋɯɨɞɨɦ ɬɚ ɋɟɪɟɞɧɶɨɸ Ⱥɡɿɽɸ, ɬɹɠɿɸɬɶ ɞɨ ɦɿɫɰɶ ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɪɭɯɭ ɥɸɞɟɣ — ɧɚɣɜɚɠɥɢɜɿɲɢɯ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɢɯ ɲɥɹɯɿɜ, ɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɦɿɫɬ. ɋɟɪɟɞ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿɜ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ ɩɪɨɫɬɟɠɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɞɢɮɟɪɟɧɰɿɚɰɿɹ ɳɨɞɨ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ, ɹɤɿ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɥɢɫɶ, ɪɟʉɿɨɧɭ ɜɢɧɢɤɧɟɧɧɹ. 1.1.2. Ɏɨɪɦɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ (Vȱ–ɏV ɫɬ.)
ɇɨɜɢɣ ɟɬɚɩ ɭ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ ɫɮɟɪɢ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ ɧɚɫɬɚɽ ɡ ɩɚɞɿɧɧɹɦ Ɋɢɦɫɶɤɨʀ ɿɦɩɟɪɿʀ ɭ 476 ɪ. ɧ.ɟ., ɭ ɩɟɪɿɨɞ ɋɟɪɟɞɧɶɨɜɿɱɱɹ. Ɉɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ ɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɦɟɪɟɠɿ ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɿɨɞɭ ɧɚɫɚɦɩɟɪɟɞ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɥɢɫɶ ɿɞɟɨɥɨɝɿɽɸ ɫɭɫɩɿɥɶɧɢɯ ɜɿɞ13
ɧɨɫɢɧ, ɫɮɨɪɦɨɜɚɧɨɸ ɧɚ ɡɚɫɚɞɚɯ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɹɧɫɶɤɢɯ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɿɣ. ɇɚɣɱɢɫɟɥɶɧɿɲɨɸ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɽɸ ɦɚɧɞɪɿɜɧɢɤɿɜ ɛɭɥɢ ɩɚɥɨɦɧɢɤɢ, ɫɜɹɳɟɧɢɤɢ, ɦɿɫɿɨɧɟɪɢ, ɹɤɿ ɜɿɞɜɿɞɭɜɚɥɢ ɫɜɹɬɿ ɦɿɫɰɹ, ɜɢɧɢɤɥɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɿɫɬɶ ɭ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɥɢɯ ɞɜɨɪɚɯ ɛɿɥɹ ɯɪɚɦɿɜ ɬɚ ɦɨɧɚɫɬɢɪɿɜ. ɉɪɨ ɦɚɫɨɜɢɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɩɚɥɨɦɧɢɰɬɜɚ ɬɚ ɣɨɝɨ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɭ ɩɿɞɬɪɢɦɤɭ ɫɜɿɞɱɢɬɶ ɟɞɢɤɬ ɿɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ Ʉɚɪɥɚ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɝɨ (742–814 ɪɪ.), ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɡ ɹɤɢɦɢ ɜɫɿ ɦɨɧɚɫɬɢɪɿ ɬɚ ɰɟɪɤɜɢ ɡɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɭɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɭɬɪɢɦɭɜɚɬɢ ɩɚɥɨɦɧɢɤɿɜ, ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɜɚɬɢ ɩɪɢɬɭɥɨɤ ɿ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ. ɍɦɨɜɢ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɥɢɯ ɞɜɨɪɚɯ ɛɭɥɢ ɫɤɪɨɦɧɢɦɢ, ɧɚɛɥɢɠɟɧɢɦɢ ɞɨ ɦɨɧɚɫɬɢɪɫɶɤɢɯ. ɍ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɜɨɧɢ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɥɢɫɶ ɡ ɬɪɶɨɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɧ — ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɞɥɹ ɱɨɥɨɜɿɤɿɜ, ɠɿɧɨɤ ɿ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɞɥɹ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ. ɍɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɥɢɦɢ ɞɜɨɪɚɦɢ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɜɚɥɢ ɦɨɧɚɯɢ ɚɛɨ ɨɫɨɛɢ, ɹɤɿ ɩɟɪɟɛɭɜɚɥɢ ɧɚ ɫɥɭɠɛɿ ɭ ɦɨɧɚɫɬɢɪɿ. ɉɪɨ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɢ ɬɚ ɫɭɫɩɿɥɶɧɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɪɟɥɿɝɿʀ ɭ ɋɟɪɟɞɧɶɨɜɿɱɱɿ ɬɚ ʀʀ ɜɿɞɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɧɹ ɭ ɩɚɥɨɦɧɢɰɬɜɿ ɫɜɿɞɱɢɬɶ ɬɟ, ɳɨ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɢɦ ɡɚɜɞɚɧɧɹɦ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɪɢɰɚɪɫɶɤɢɯ ɨɪɞɟɧɿɜ ɛɭɜ ɡɚɯɢɫɬ ɩɚɥɨɦɧɢɤɿɜ ɬɚ ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɢɯ ɭɦɨɜ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ ɧɚ ʀɯɧɶɨɦɭ ɲɥɹɯɭ ɞɨ ɫɜɹɬɢɯ ɦɿɫɰɶ. Ɂɨɤɪɟɦɚ, ɛɿɥɹ ɦɿɫɬɚ Ɋɨɫɟ, ɧɚ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɿʀ Ɏɥɚɧɞɪɿʀ, ɛɭɞɢɧɨɤ ɞɥɹ ɩɚɥɨɦɧɢɤɿɜ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɜɚɜ ɧɨɱɿɜɥɸ, ɛɟɡɤɨɲɬɨɜɧɢɣ ɯɥɿɛ, ɮɪɭɤɬɢ, ɝɨɪɿɯɢ, ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɩɟɪɭɤɚɪɹ, ɪɟɦɨɧɬ ɜɡɭɬɬɹ, ɛɭɥɢ ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɿ ɞɜɚ ɯɨɫɩɿɫɢ ɞɥɹ ɛɟɡɧɚɞɿɣɧɨ ɯɜɨɪɢɯ ɿ ɧɚɜɿɬɶ ɨɫɜɹɱɟɧɟ ɦɿɫɰɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɯɨɜɚɧɧɹ — ɜɫɟ ɰɟ ɧɚɞɚɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɡɚ ɤɨɲɬɢ ɚɛɚɬɫɬɜɚ. ɏɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɚɥɨɦɧɢɤɿɜ, ɳɨ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɜɚɥɢ ɦɨɧɚɫɬɢɪɿ, ɛɭɥɨ ɫɤɪɨɦɧɢɦ, ɩɪɨɬɟ ɡɧɚɱɧɨ ɤɪɚɳɢɦ ɧɿɠ ɭ ɩɪɢɞɨɪɨɠɧɿɯ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɥɢɯ ɞɜɨɪɚɯ. ɐɟ ɡɭɦɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɬɢɦ, ɳɨ ɦɨɧɚɫɬɢɪɿ ɜɨɥɨɞɿɥɢ ɡɧɚɱɧɢɦɢ ɡɟɦɟɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɧɚɞɿɥɚɦɢ, ɜɟɥɢ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɿɣɧɟ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ, ɹɤɟ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɜɚɥɨ ʀɯ ɭɫɿɦ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɢɦ, ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɫɬɪɨɝɢɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɡɚ ɜɥɚɫɧɢɦɢ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚɦɢ ɬɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɽɸ ɜɧɭɬɪɿɲɧɶɨɝɨ ɠɢɬɬɹ. Ƚɨɫɬɢɧɧɿɫɬɸ ɳɨɞɨ ɩɚɥɨɦɧɢɤɿɜ ɜɿɞɡɧɚɱɚɥɢɫɶ ɣ ɦɿɫɶɤɿ ɝɿɥɶɞɿʀ (ɤɭɩɟɰɶɤɿ ɫɨɸɡɢ). Ɂɚ ɩɨɦɿɪɧɭ ɩɥɚɬɭ ɬɭɬ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɛɭɥɨ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɱɭɜɚɬɢ ɬɚ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɬɢ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɡ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɦɿɫɰɟɜɨɦɭ ɬɪɚɤɬɢɪɿ. Ɂɚɜɠɞɢ ɬɚɤɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɧɚɞɚɜɚɥɢɫɶ Ʌɨɧɞɨɧɫɶɤɨɸ ɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɰɿɽɸ ɜɿɞɨɦɨɝɨ Ƚɟɣɡɟɧɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɸɡɭ — Steelyard. ɍɦɨɜɢ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ ɛɭɥɢ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɲ ɫɬɪɨɝɢɦɢ ɬɚ ɧɚɛɥɢɠɟɧɢɦɢ ɞɨ ɦɨɧɚɫɬɢɪɿɜ. ɍ ɪɟʉɿɨɧɚɯ ɿɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨʀ ɬɨɪɝɿɜɥɿ ɬɚ ɩɚɥɨɦɧɢɰɬɜɚ, ɫɮɟɪɚ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ ɧɚɛɭɜɚɽ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨ ɫɩɪɢɹɬɥɢɜɨɝɨ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ, ɳɨ ɡɭɦɨɜ14
ɥɸɽ ɩɨɹɜɭ ɫɨɸɡɿɜ (ɝɿɥɶɞɿɣ) ɜɥɚɫɧɢɤɿɜ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɥɢɯ ɞɜɨɪɿɜ. Ɉɫɨɛɥɢɜɨ ɫɩɪɢɹɬɥɢɜɢɦ ɞɥɹ ɝɿɥɶɞɿɣ ɛɭɜ ɩɟɪɿɨɞ ɏɪɟɫɬɨɜɢɯ ɩɨɯɨɞɿɜ ɏȱȱ–ɏȱȱȱ ɫɬ., ɜɨɧɢ ɜɢɧɢɤɚɸɬɶ ɭ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɯ ɿɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɭɯɭ ɩɚɥɨɦɧɢɤɿɜ ɬɚ ɠɜɚɜɨɝɨ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɠɢɬɬɹ. ɋɨɸɡɢ ɜɥɚɫɧɢɤɿɜ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɥɢɯ ɞɜɨɪɿɜ ɜɿɞɨɦɿ ɧɚ ɩɿɜɧɨɱɿ ȱɬɚɥɿʀ, ɭ ɒɜɟɣɰɚɪɿʀ, Ɏɪɚɧɰɿʀ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɤɪɚʀɧɚɯ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɿ ɡɚɜɞɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɣɧɢɯ ɫɨɸɡɿɜ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɥɢɫɶ ɫɬɚɬɭɬɨɦ ɨɤɪɟɦɨ ɞɥɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɬɚ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ, ɡɚ ɞɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹɦ ɫɬɚɬɭɬɧɢɯ ɧɨɪɦ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɜɚɜɫɹ ɫɬɪɨɝɢɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ. ȼɿɞɨɦɨ ɩɪɨ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɭ ɫɩɿɜɩɪɚɰɸ ɝɿɥɶɞɿɣ ɡ ɦɿɫɰɟɜɢɦɢ ɦɭɧɿɰɢɩɚɥɿɬɟɬɚɦɢ. Ɂɨɤɪɟɦɚ ɭ Ɏɥɨɪɟɧɰɿʀ, ɭ 1282 ɪ., ɝɿɥɶɞɿɹ ɜɥɚɫɧɢɤɿɜ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɥɢɯ ɞɜɨɪɿɜ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɜɚɥɚ ɫɥɭɠɛɭ ɛɿɥɹ ɦɿɫɶɤɢɯ ɜɨɪɿɬ ɿ ɫɤɟɪɨɜɭɜɚɥɚ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɭ ɝɿɥɶɞɿɸ, ɞɟ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɜɚɜɫɹ ʀɯɧɿɣ ɪɨɡɩɨɞɿɥ ɡɚ ɩɿɞɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɜɚɧɢɦɢ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɚɦɢ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ. Ɂɦɿɰɧɟɧɧɹ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɨʀ ɜɥɚɞɢ ɭ ɤɪɚʀɧɚɯ ȯɜɪɨɩɢ ɡɭɦɨɜɥɸɽ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɿɫɬɶ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɞɥɹ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɢɯ ɱɢɧɨɜɧɢɤɿɜ, ɹɤɿ ɩɟɪɟɛɭɜɚɥɢ ɩɨɡɚ ɦɿɫɰɟɦ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɢɯ ɫɩɪɚɜɚɯ. Ʉɚɪɥ ȱV ɿ ɣɨɝɨ ɫɢɧ Ʌɸɞɨɜɿɤ ȱ ɛɭɞɭɸɬɶ ɩɪɢɞɨɪɨɠɧɿ ɞɜɨɪɢ ɞɥɹ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɢɯ ɫɥɭɠɛɨɜɰɿɜ. Ⱥɤɬɢɜɿɡɚɰɿɹ ɭ ɩɿɡɧɶɨɦɭ ɋɟɪɟɞɧɶɨɜɿɱɱɿ ɬɨɪɝɿɜɥɿ, ɞɿɥɨɜɿ ɩɨɞɨɪɨɠɿ ɡɭɦɨɜɥɸɸɬɶ ɩɨɹɜɭ ɩɪɢɜɚɬɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɥɢɯ ɞɜɨɪɿɜ, ɬɚɤ ɡɜɚɧɢɯ ɨɫɬɟɪɿɣ. ɉɪɨ ɨɞɢɧ ɡ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɥɢɯ ɞɜɨɪɿɜ ɭ Ƚɪɚɭɛɸɧɞɟɧɿ (ɒɜɟɣɰɚɪɿɹ, 881 ɪ.) ɡɝɚɞɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɿɫɬɨɪɢɱɧɢɯ ɞɠɟɪɟɥɚɯ. Ȼɿɥɶɲɿɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɞɨɪɨɠɧɿɯ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɥɢɯ ɞɜɨɪɿɜ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɜɚɥɚ ɧɚɞɡɜɢɱɚɣɧɨ ɫɤɪɨɦɧɿ ɭɦɨɜɢ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ. Ƚɨɫɬɿ ɫɩɚɥɢ ɨɞɢɧ ɛɿɥɹ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɧɚɛɢɬɢɯ ɫɿɧɨɦ ɦɚɬɪɚɰɚɯ, ɳɨ ɪɨɡɤɥɚɞɚɥɢɫɶ ɧɚ ɩɿɞɥɨɡɿ ɨɞɧɿɽʀ ɜɟɥɢɤɨʀ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɢ. ɏɚɪɱɭɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɩɨɞɨɪɨɠɧɿ ɜɥɚɫɧɢɦɢ ɩɪɢɩɚɫɚɦɢ, ɦɨɝɥɢ ɫɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɬɢɫɶ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɚɦɢ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɹ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɥɨɝɨ ɞɜɨɪɭ ɚɛɨ ɬɚɜɟɪɧɢ. Ɍɚɜɟɪɧɢ ɭ ɡɚɯɿɞɧɨɽɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɶɤɢɯ ɤɪɚʀɧɚɯ ɡɚ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɿɽɸ ɜɿɬɱɢɡɧɹɧɨʀ ɤɨɪɱɦɢ, ɛɭɥɢ ɦɿɫɰɟɦ ɲɭɦɧɢɯ ɝɭɥɹɧɨɤ, ɱɚɫɬɨ ɡ ɧɚɞɦɿɪɧɢɦ ɜɠɢɜɚɧɧɹɦ ɚɥɤɨɝɨɥɶɧɢɯ ɧɚɩɨʀɜ, ɛɿɣɨɤ, ɚɧɬɢɫɚɧɿɬɚɪɧɢɦɢ ɭɦɨɜɚɦɢ. Ⱥɫɨɪɬɢɦɟɧɬ ɫɬɪɚɜ ɭ ɡɜɢɱɚɣɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɥɢɯ ɞɜɨɪɚɯ, ɬɚɜɟɪɧɚɯ, ɬɪɚɤɬɢɪɚɯ ɛɭɜ ɞɨɫɢɬɶ ɫɤɪɨɦɧɢɦ. ɍ ɯɚɪɱɨɜɨɦɭ ɪɚɰɿɨɧɿ ɧɚɣɱɚɫɬɿɲɟ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɜɚɜɫɹ ɯɥɿɛ, ɦ’ɹɫɨ, ɪɢɛɚ, ɩɢɜɨ, ɭ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɬɪɚɤɬɢɪɚɯ ɤɨɥɢ ɨɱɿɤɭɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɡɧɚɱɧɚ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ (ɬɪɚɩɟɡɚ ɡ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɢɯ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ) ɝɨɬɭɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɞɟɤɿɥɶɤɚ ɞɟɫɹɬɤɿɜ ɫɬɪɚɜ. ɍ ɏVȱ ɫɬ. ɜ Ⱥɧɝɥɿʀ ɜɢɧɢɤɥɢ ɬɚɜɟɪɧɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɝɨ ɥɸɞɭ, ɹɤɿ ɧɚɡɢɜɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɨɪɞɢɧɚɪɧɢɦɢ. ɍ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɬɚɜɟɪɧɚɯ ɞɨ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ 15
ɫɬɨɥɭ ɩɨɞɚɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɡɚ ɩɨɦɿɪɧɭ ɧɟɡɦɿɧɧɭ ɩɥɚɬɭ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɿ ɞɟɲɟɜɿ ɫɬɪɚɜɢ. ȼɿɞɜɿɞɭɜɚɱɿ ɭ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɬɚɜɟɪɧɚɯ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɜɢɫɥɨɜɥɸɜɚɬɢ ɩɨɛɚɠɚɧɧɹ ɳɨɞɨ ɩɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɧɹ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɧɚɫɚɦɩɟɪɟɞ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɫɬɪɚɜ, ɹɤɿ ɝɨɬɭɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɡ ɧɟɫɜɿɠɢɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɿɜ, ɫɜɿɠɟ ɦ’ɹɫɨ ɜɡɚɝɚɥɿ ɛɭɥɨ ɜɢɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɹɦ. ɋɬɪɚɜɢ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɢɦ ɱɢɧɨɦ ɝɨɬɭɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɡ ɨɜɨɱɿɜ ɡ ɞɨɞɚɜɚɧɧɹɦ ɦ’ɹɫɚ, ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɞɟɲɟɜɟ ɜɢɧɨ ɬɚ ɩɢɜɨ. Ɂɛɿɥɶɲɟɧɧɹ ɤɿɥɶɤɨɫɬɿ ɦɿɫɬ, ʀɯ ɪɨɡɦɿɪɿɜ ɭ ɩɟɪɿɨɞ ɋɟɪɟɞɧɶɨɜɿɱɱɹ, ɡɭɦɨɜɥɸɽ ɲɜɢɞɤɟ ɬɚ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɸɜɚɧɟ ɩɨɲɢɪɟɧɧɹ ɿɧɮɟɤɰɿɣɧɢɯ ɡɚɯɜɨɪɸɜɚɧɶ. ɐɟɣ ɱɢɧɧɢɤ ɫɩɪɢɹɽ ɿɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɦɭ ɡɪɨɫɬɚɧɧɸ ɤɿɥɶɤɨɫɬɿ ɥɿɤɚɪɟɧɶ («ɛɨɠɢɯ ɛɭɞɢɧɤɿɜ»), ɹɤɿ ɧɚɫɚɦɩɟɪɟɞ ɜɢɤɨɧɭɜɚɥɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɿʀ ɿɡɨɥɹɰɿʀ ɿɧɮɿɤɨɜɚɧɢɯ. ɉɿɡɧɿɲɟ ɛɭɞɿɜɧɢɰɬɜɨ ɥɿɤɚɪɟɧɶ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɧɚ ɡɪɚɡɨɤ ɦɨɧɚɫɬɢɪɫɶɤɢɯ — ɩɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɨɝɨ ɛɭɞɢɧɤɭ ɡ ɜɟɥɢɤɨɸ ɥɿɤɚɪɧɹɧɨɸ ɩɚɥɚɬɨɸ ɿ ɤɚɩɟɥɥɨɸ, ɭ ɹɤɢɯ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɥɿɤɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɯɜɨɪɢɯ, ɱɚɫɬɨ ɡɭɩɢɧɹɥɢɫɶ ɩɚɥɨɦɧɢɤɢ. Ʌɿɤɚɪɧɿ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɭ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɭɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɧɚ ɲɥɹɯɭ ɪɭɯɭ ɩɚɥɨɦɧɢɤɿɜ, ɛɿɥɹ ɦɿɫɶɤɢɯ ɜɨɪɿɬ, ɭ ɦɚɥɨɡɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɯ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɯ. ɉɨɲɬɨɜɯɨɦ ɚɤɬɢɜɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɩɪɢɜɚɬɧɢɯ ɤɨɦɟɪɰɿɣɧɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɬɚ ɬɚɜɟɪɧ, ɳɨ ɡɦɿɧɢɥɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɥɿ ɞɜɨɪɢ ɩɪɢ ɦɨɧɚɫɬɢɪɹɯ ɭ ɩɿɡɧɶɨɦɭ ɋɟɪɟɞɧɶɨɜɿɱɱɿ ɛɭɥɨ ɪɨɡɞɟɪɠɚɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɦɨɧɚɫɬɢɪɫɶɤɢɯ ɡɟɦɟɥɶ (ɫɟɤɭɥɹɪɢɡɚɰɿɹ) ɭ 1539 ɪ ɚɧɝɥɿɣɫɶɤɢɦ ɤɨɪɨɥɟɦ Ƚɟɧɪɿɯɨɦ Vȱȱȱ. ȼɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ ɡ ɥɿɤɜɿɞɚɰɿɽɸ ɦɨɧɚɫɬɢɪɿɜ ɜ Ⱥɧɝɥɿʀ ɬɚ ɍɟɥɶɫɿ ɦɚɧɞɪɿɜɧɢɤɢ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɛɟɡɤɨɲɬɨɜɧɨɸ ɧɨɱɿɜɥɟɸ. Ɂɝɿɞɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɩɢɫɭ 1577 ɪ., ɜ Ⱥɧɝɥɿʀ ɬɚ ɍɟɥɶɫɿ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɜ 1631 ɩɨɫɬɨɹɥɢɣ ɞɜɿɪ, 329 ɬɚɜɟɪɧ ɬɚ 14202 ɩɢɜɧɢɯ. ɋɚɦɟ ɡ ɩɟɪɿɨɞɨɦ ɋɟɪɟɞɧɶɨɜɿɱɱɹ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɜɢɧɢɤɧɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɧɹɬɬɹ «ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɿɫɬɶ». Ⱥɧɝɥɿɣɫɶɤɟ ɫɥɨɜɨ «hospitality» (ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɿɫɬɶ) ɩɨɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɜɿɞ ɫɬɚɪɨɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɶɤɨɝɨ «hospiɫɟ», ɳɨ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɽ ɛɭɞɢɧɨɤ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɣɦɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɞɨɪɨɠɧɿɯ. Ɉɞɢɧ ɡ ɧɚɣɫɬɚɪɿɲɢɯ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿɜ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɭ ɽ «Hospice de Beaune» ɭ Ȼɭɪɝɭɧɞɿʀ, ɜɿɞɨɦɢɣ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɹɤ «Hotel Dieu», ɳɨ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɽ «Ⱦɿɦ Ȼɨɝɚ», ɡɚɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɭ 1443 ɪ. ɹɤ ɥɿɤɚɪɧɹ ɬɚ ɩɪɢɬɭɥɨɤ ɞɥɹ ɛɿɞɧɢɯ ɇɿɤɨɥɹ Ɋɨɥɟɧɨɦ, ɤɚɧɰɥɟɪɨɦ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɨʀ ɿɧɫɩɟɤɰɿʀ Ȼɭɪɝɭɧɞɿʀ. Ʌɿɤɚɪɧɹ «Hospice de Beaune» ɛɟɡɩɟɪɟɪɜɧɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɽ ɩɨ ɧɢɧɿ, ɫɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ ɜɨɧɚ ɨɫɧɚɳɟɧɚ ɧɚɣɫɭɱɚɫɧɿɲɢɦ ɦɟɞɢɱɧɢɦ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹɦ ɿ ɜɿɞɨɦɚ ɹɤ ɩɪɨɜɿɞɧɢɣ ɦɟɞɢɱɧɢɣ ɡɚɤɥɚɞ ɜɢɧɨɝɪɚɞɚɪɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɪɟʉɿɨɧɭ Ɏɪɚɧɰɿʀ — Ȼɭɪɝɭɧɞɿʀ. 16
1.1.3. Ɋɨɡɜɢɬɨɤ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨʀ ɬɚ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɧɨʀ ɫɮɟɪɢ ɭ ɏVȱ — ɩɨɱ. ɏɏ ɫɬ.
ɉɟɪɿɨɞ ɇɨɜɨɝɨ ɱɚɫɭ (ɏVȱ–ɏȱɏ ɫɬ.) ɽ ɜɚɠɥɢɜɢɦ ɟɬɚɩɨɦ ɭ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ ɫɭɫɩɿɥɶɧɢɯ ɜɿɞɧɨɫɢɧ ɭ ȯɜɪɨɩɿ ɜɿɧ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɽɸ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɬɚ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɠɢɬɬɹ. Ⱥɤɬɢɜɿɡɚɰɿɹ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɤɢ ɲɥɹɯɨɦ ɩɨɠɜɚɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɬɨɪɝɿɜɥɿ, ɪɨɡɲɢɪɟɧɧɹ ɫɮɟɪɢ ɡɚɣɧɹɬɨɫɬɿ ɜɿɞɨɛɪɚɠɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɩɨɞɨɪɨɠɚɯ, ɡɭɦɨɜɥɸɽ ɟɜɨɥɸɰɿɸ ɭ ɫɮɟɪɿ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ — ɡɛɿɥɶɲɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɜɨɧɢ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɿɡɭɸɬɶɫɹ, ɧɚɛɭɜɚɸɬɶ ɱɿɬɤɢɯ ɪɢɫ ɭ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɚɰɿʀ, ɩɨɤɪɚɳɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɹɤɿɫɬɶ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ. ȼ ɤɿɧɰɿ ɏVȱ ɫɬ. ɭ Ɏɪɚɧɰɿʀ ɜɢɧɢɤɥɢ ɩɟɪɲɿ ɡɧɚɱɧɢɯ ɪɨɡɦɿɪɿɜ ɡɚɫɨɛɢ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɭ ɭ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɛɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɩɪɢɜɚɬɧɢɯ ɩɚɥɚɰɚɯ ɿ ɪɨɡɤɿɲɧɢɯ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɢɯ ɨɫɨɛɧɹɤɚɯ, ɹɤɿ ɨɬɪɢɦɭɸɬɶ ɧɚɡɜɭ «ɨɬɟɥɶ». ɍ ɞɨɫɥɿɜɧɨɦɭ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɿ ɰɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɬɹ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɽ «ɦɿɫɶɤɢɣ ɩɚɥɚɰ ɦɚɝɧɚɬɚ», ɦɿɫɰɟ ɩɟɪɟɛɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɚ ɿɧɨɡɟɦɧɨʀ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɢ ɚɛɨ ɦɿɫɶɤɨʀ ɜɥɚɞɢ. ɑɢɫɟɥɶɧɿ ɨɬɟɥɿ — ɩɚɥɚɰɨɜɿ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɢ, ɳɨ ɜɢɧɢɤɚɸɬɶ ɛɿɥɹ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɦɿɫɬ Ɂɚɯɿɞɧɨʀ ȯɜɪɨɩɢ ɭ ɏVȱ–ɏVȱȱ ɫɬ., ɜɢɤɨɧɭɸɬɶ ɮɭɧɤɰɿʀ ɡɚɦɿɫɶɤɨʀ ɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɰɿʀ ɬɢɦɱɚɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɜɚɠɥɢɜɢɯ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ, ɨɤɪɿɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɥɚɰɭ, ɭ ɹɤɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɜ ɜɥɚɫɧɢɤ ɨɬɟɥɸ. ɋɟɪɟɞ ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲ ɜɿɞɨɦɢɯ ɬɨɝɨɱɚɫɧɢɯ ɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɭ ɉɚɪɢɠɿ — ɨɬɟɥɶ Ʉɚɪɧɚɜɚɥɿ, Ʉɥɸɧɿ (ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɚ ɏVȱ ɫɬ.), Ȼɭɪɛɨɧɫɶɤɢɣ ɩɚɥɚɰ, ɹɤɢɣ ɜɿɞɨɦɢɣ ɹɤ «ɨɬɟɥɶ ɩɪɢɧɰɚ Ʉɨɧɞɟ» ɭ ɩɭɬɿɜɧɢɤɭ ɩɨ ɉɚɪɢɠɭ ɏVȱȱȱ ɫɬ. — ɫɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ ɦɿɫɰɟ ɡɚɫɿɞɚɧɶ ɩɚɥɚɬɢ ɞɟɩɭɬɚɬɿɜ Ɏɪɚɧɰɿʀ. ɍ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɿʀ ɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɰɿʀ, ɩɨɫɟɪɟɞ ɹɤɨʀ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɭɜɚɜɫɹ ɪɨɡɤɿɲɧɢɣ ɨɫɨɛɧɹɤ-ɨɬɟɥɶ, ɩɪɨɫɬɟɠɭɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɫɩɿɥɶɧɿ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɿɣɧɿ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢ: ɡɿ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɢ ɚɪɯɿɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨ ɛɚɝɚɬɨɝɨ ɮɚɫɚɞɭ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɭɜɚɜɫɹ ɞɜɿɪ ɡ ɩɿɞ’ʀɡɞɨɦ, ɡɚ ɹɤɢɦ ɡ ɛɨɤɭ ɜɭɥɢɰɿ, ɩɿɞɜɢɳɭɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɫɬɿɧɚ. ɉɨɡɚɞɭ ɨɬɟɥɸ ɡɚɜɠɞɢ ɜɢɞɿɥɹɜɫɹ ɫɚɞ ɭ ɫɬɢɥɿ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɶɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɤɭ ɡ ɱɿɬɤɢɦɢ ɤɨɧɬɭɪɚɦɢ, ɩɪɹɦɢɦɢ ɚɥɟɹɦɢ, ɫɢɦɟɬɪɢɱɧɨ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɚɧɨɸ ɛɚɪɨɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɬɢɥɸ ɦɚɪɦɭɪɨɜɨɸ ɿ ɛɪɨɧɡɨɜɨɸ ɫɤɭɥɶɩɬɭɪɨɸ, ɜɨɞɨɣɦɚɦɢ. ȼ ɚɪɯɿɬɟɤɬɭɪɿ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɶɤɢɯ ɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɜɢɞɿɥɹɥɢɫɶ ɧɨɜɨʀ ɥɚɦɚɧɨʀ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɿʀ ɞɚɯɢ, ɹɤɿ ɫɩɪɢɹɥɢ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɸ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɩɿɞ ɞɚɯɨɦ — ɦɚɧɫɚɪɞɢ, ɞɥɹ ɠɢɬɥɚ. ɍ ɏVȱ ɫɬ. ɲɢɪɨɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɲɢɪɟɧɧɹ ɭ ȯɜɪɨɩɿ ɧɚɛɭɜɚɽ ɛɭɞɿɜɧɢɰɬɜɨ ɩɪɢɞɨɪɨɠɧɿɯ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɥɢɯ ɞɜɨɪɿɜ ɬɚ ɬɪɚɤɬɢɪɿɜ. ɋɭɬɬɽɜɢɦ 17
ɱɢɧɧɢɤɨɦ ɡɛɿɥɶɲɟɧɧɹ ʀɯɧɶɨʀ ɤɿɥɶɤɨɫɬɿ ɛɭɜ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɨɤ ɞɢɥɿɠɚɧɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɹ. Ɉɫɨɛɥɢɜɨ ɩɨɲɢɪɟɧɢɦɢ ɛɭɥɢ ɮɚɯɜɟɪɤɨɜɿ ɩɪɢɞɨɪɨɠɧɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɬɢɩɭ ɿɧɧ, ɩɨɲɢɪɟɧɿ ɜ Ⱥɧɝɥɿʀ. ɍ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɿʀ ɮɚɯɜɟɪɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɜɢɞɿɥɹɜɫɹ ɤɚɦ’ɹɧɢɣ ɰɨɤɨɥɶ ɧɚɞ ɹɤɢɦ ɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɜɫɹ ɞɟɪɟɜ’ɹɧɢɣ ɤɚɪɤɚɫ (ɮɚɯɜɟɪɤɚ) ɜ ɨɞɢɧ-ɞɜɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɢ. ɐɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɦɚɥɢ ɨɞɧɨɬɢɩɧɟ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ: ɠɢɬɥɨɜɿ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɢ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɭɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɨɦɭ ɩɨɜɟɪɫɿ, ɡ’ɽɞɧɭɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɝɚɥɟɪɟɽɸ ɿ ɜɢɯɨɞɢɥɢ ɭ ɜɿɞɤɪɢɬɢɣ ɞɜɿɪ. ɇɚ ɰɨɤɨɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɩɨɜɟɪɫɿ ɜɢɞɿɥɹɥɢɫɶ ɤɨɧɸɲɧɹ, ɬɚɜɟɪɧɚ, ɫɥɭɠɛɨɜɿ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ. ɉɪɹɦɨɤɭɬɧɨʀ ɮɨɪɦɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɿɲɧɿɣ ɞɜɿɪ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɜɚɜɫɹ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɦɢ ɬɟɚɬɪɚɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɬɟɚɬɪɚɥɿɡɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɞɿɣɫɬɜ. ɍ ɬɟɚɬɪɚɯ, ɹɤɿ ɜɢɧɢɤɚɸɬɶ ɩɿɡɧɿɲɟ ɜ Ⱥɧɝɥɿʀ, ɭ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɜɿɞɬɜɨɪɸɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɫɯɟɦɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɜɨɪɭ. ɍ ɦɿɫɬɚɯ ɜɢɧɢɤɚɸɬɶ ɩɟɪɲɿ ɞɜɨɯ-, ɬɪɶɨɯɩɨɜɟɪɯɨɜɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ. ɇɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɭ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɬɪɶɨɯɩɨɜɟɪɯɨɜɨɝɨ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɭ ɉɪɨɜɟɧɿ (Ɏɪɚɧɰɿɹ, ɏVȱ ɫɬ.) — ɪɨɡɜɢɧɟɧɨɦɭ ɰɟɧɬɪɿ ɩɪɨɦɢɫɥɨɜɨɫɬɿ ɿ ɬɨɪɝɿɜɥɿ, ɧɚ ɩɟɪɲɨɦɭ ɩɨɜɟɪɫɿ, ɩɟɪɟɤɪɢɬɨɦɭ ɫɤɥɟɩɿɧɧɹɦ, ɡɨɫɟɪɟɞɠɭɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɞɥɹ ɡɛɟɪɿɝɚɧɧɹ ɬɨɜɚɪɿɜ, ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɨɦɭ — ɜɟɥɢɤɚ ɡɚɥɚ, ɭ ɹɤɿɣ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɜɚɜɫɹ ɩɪɢɣɨɦ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɬɚ ɜɢɞɿɥɹɥɚɫɶ ɡɨɧɚ ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɤɭ, ɧɚ ɬɪɟɬɶɨɦɭ ɩɨɜɟɪɫɿ ɡɨɫɟɪɟɞɠɭɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɠɢɬɥɨɜɿ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɢ. Ɉɞɢɧ ɡ ɩɟɪɲɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɭ ȯɜɪɨɩɿ, «Hotel Henri ȱV», ɛɭɜ ɡɛɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɭ ɦɿɫɬɿ ɇɚɧɬ ɭ 1788 ɪ. ɐɟɣ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ, ɪɨɡɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɧɚ 60 ɥɿɠɤɨ-ɦɿɫɰɶ, ɜɜɚɠɚɜɫɹ ɧɚɣɤɪɚɳɢɦ ɭ ȯɜɪɨɩɿ. ɇɚ ɩɨɱɚɬɤɭ ɏVȱȱ ɫɬ., ɜ Ⱥɧɝɥɿʀ, ɜɢɧɢɤɚɽ ɡɨɜɫɿɦ ɧɨɜɢɣ ɬɢɩ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿɜ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ — ɛɚɧɤɟɬɧɿ ɞɜɨɪɢ ɿ ɤɥɭɛɢ. Ȼɚɧɤɟɬɧɿ ɡɚɥɢ ɩɨɽɞɧɭɜɚɥɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɿʀ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɨɮɿɰɿɣɧɢɯ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɿɜ, ɫɜɹɬɤɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭɪɨɱɢɫɬɢɯ ɩɨɞɿɣ, ɬɚɤɨɠ ɧɚɞɚɜɚɥɢ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɡ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ, ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɚɧɿɦɚɰɿʀ. ɉɟɪɲɢɣ ɛɚɧɤɟɬɧɢɣ ɡɚɥ — «Banqueting House», ɩɨɛɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɭ Ʌɨɧɞɨɧɿ, ɩɪɢɡɧɚɱɚɜɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɢɯ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɿɜ, ɡɭɫɬɪɿɱɟɣ ɩɨɫɥɿɜ ɿɧɨɡɟɦɧɢɯ ɞɟɪɠɚɜ, ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɚɰɿʀ ɩɪɢɞɜɨɪɧɢɯ ɫɩɟɤɬɚɤɥɿɜ. Ɂɝɨɞɨɦ ɭ Ʌɨɧɞɨɧɿ ɩɨɛɭɞɨɜɚɧɨ ɛɚɧɤɟɬɧɢɣ ɡɚɥ «Pantheon», ɹɤɢɣ ɜɢɪɿɡɧɹɜɫɹ ɝɪɚɧɞɿɨɡɧɿɫɬɸ ɪɨɡɦɿɪɿɜ, ɜɢɲɭɤɚɧɿɫɬɸ ɚɪɯɿɬɟɤɬɭɪɢ ɬɚ ɜɧɭɬɪɿɲɧɶɨɝɨ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɧɹ, ɟɥɿɬɧɢɦ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ. ɇɚ ɩɨɱɚɬɤɭ ɏVȱȱȱ ɫɬ., ɭ Ɏɪɚɧɰɿʀ ɜɢɧɢɤɥɢ ɩɪɢɛɭɬɤɨɜɿ ɛɭɞɢɧɤɢ ɡ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɦɢ ɤɜɚɪɬɢɪɚɦɢ, ɳɨ ɧɚɞɚɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɨɪɟɧɞɭ ɡɚ ɩɥɚɬɭ. ȼɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ, ɡɪɨɫɬɚɸɬɶ ɜɢɦɨɝɢ ɳɨɞɨ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɭ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɚɯ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ: ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɡɛɿɥɶɲɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɤɿɥɶ18
ɤɿɫɬɶ ɤɿɦɧɚɬ ɩɨɛɭɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ, ɡɛɿɥɶɲɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɞɨ ɪɨɡɦɿɪɿɜ ɠɢɬɥɨɜɨʀ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɢ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɡ ɜɢɝɨɞɚɦɢ (ɜɚɧɧɚ ɿ ɬɭɚɥɟɬ), ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɜɨɞɨɩɪɨɜɿɞ, ɤɚɧɚɥɿɡɚɰɿɹ, ɩɨɤɪɚɳɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɨɫɜɿɬɥɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɜɧɚɫɥɿɞɨɤ ɡɛɿɥɶɲɟɧɧɹ ɜɿɤɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɭ. ɍ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɛɭɞɢɧɤɿɜ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɤɨɪɢɞɨɪɧɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ, ɳɨ ɩɨɤɪɚɳɭɜɚɥɚ ɿɡɨɥɹɰɿɸ ɤɿɦɧɚɬ, ɡɦɟɧɲɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɪɨɡɦɿɪɢ ɝɚɥɟɪɟɣ ɿ ɜɿɬɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɤɿɦɧɚɬ-ɫɚɥɨɧɿɜ. ȼɚɠɥɢɜɢɦɢ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɜ ɿɧɬɟɪ’ɽɪɿ ɫɬɚɸɬɶ ɧɟɜɢɫɨɤɿ ɤɚɦɿɧɢ, ɞɡɟɪɤɚɥɚ, ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɢ, ɪɿɡɶɛɥɟɧɟ ɞɟɪɟɜɨ, ɥɿɩɧɢɧɚ, ɪɨɡɩɢɫ ɮɪɢɡɨɜɨʀ ɱɚɫɬɢɧɢ ɫɬɿɧɢ ɜɢɤɨɧɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɡɚ ɤɢɬɚɣɫɶɤɢɦɢ ɦɨɬɢɜɚɦɢ ɚɛɨ ɜ ɫɬɢɥɿ ɮɚɧɬɚɫɬɢɱɧɢɯ ɫɸɠɟɬɿɜ. Ʉɥɚɫɢɱɧɢɦ ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɨɦ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ, ɡɛɭɞɨɜɚɧɨɝɨ ɭ Ɏɪɚɧɰɿʀ ɜ ɰɟɣ ɩɟɪɿɨɞ ɽ ɨɬɟɥɶ «Hotel de Soubise». ȼɚɠɥɢɜɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɭ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨ-ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɿɣ ɬɚ ɝɟɨɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɨɜɿɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɫɮɟɪɢ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ ɭ ɫɜɿɬɨɜɿɣ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɿɣ ɿɧɞɭɫɬɪɿʀ ɧɚɥɟɠɢɬɶ ɋɒȺ. Ʉɪɚʀɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɥɟɧɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɤɚɩɿɬɚɥɭ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɨɫɜɨɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɏVȱȱ ɫɬ. ɜɧɚɫɥɿɞɨɤ ɿɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨʀ ɟɦɿɝɪɚɰɿʀ ɜɢɯɿɞɰɿɜ ɡ ȯɜɪɨɩɢ. Ⱥɪɯɿɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɿ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ, ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɹ ɣ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ, ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥ (ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɶɤɿ ɲɟɮ-ɤɭɯɚɪɿ ɭ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɚɯ), ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨ ɧɚ ɟɬɚɩɿ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɫɮɟɪɢ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ, ɫɬɜɨɪɸɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɡɪɚɡɨɤ ɽɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɶɤɢɯ, ɭ ɩɪɟɫɬɢɠɧɢɯ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɚɯ ɲɟɮ-ɤɭɯɚɪɿ ɡɚɩɪɨɲɭɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɡ ɽɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɶɤɢɯ ɞɟɪɠɚɜ. ȼ ɡɚɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɿ ɜɿɞ ɫɮɟɪɢ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ ɩɨɦɿɬɧɚ ɨɪɿɽɧɬɚɰɿɹ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ʀʀ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɿɜ ɧɚ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɭ ɩɟɜɧɢɯ ɞɟɪɠɚɜ. ɍ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿɣ ɿɧɞɭɫɬɪɿʀ ɋɒȺ, ɭ ɏVȱȱ– ɏVȱȱȱ ɫɬ., ɩɪɨɫɬɟɠɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɨɦɿɬɧɢɣ ɚɧɝɥɿɣɫɶɤɢɣ ɜɩɥɢɜ, ɭ ɫɮɟɪɿ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɛɿɡɧɟɫɭ ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲɟ ɜɿɞɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɿ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɿʀ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɶɤɨɝɨ ɬɚ ɿɬɚɥɿɣɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɤɭɥɿɧɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɦɢɫɬɟɰɬɜɚ ɬɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ. ɉɟɪɲɢɣ ɡɚɫɿɛ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɭ ɋɒȺ — ɩɨɫɬɨɹɥɢɣ ɞɜɿɪ, ɜɢɧɢɤ ɭ 1607 ɪ. ɇɟɜɟɥɢɤɿ, ɩɪɢɞɨɪɨɠɧɿ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɥɿ ɞɜɨɪɢ ɭ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɿ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɨɞɧɨɱɚɫɧɨ ɹɤ ɠɢɬɥɨɜɢɣ ɛɭɞɢɧɨɤ ɜɥɚɫɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɬɚ ɬɢɦɱɚɫɨɜɢɣ ɩɪɢɬɭɥɨɤ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɨɪɨɠɧɿɯ. Ʌɢɲɟ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɞɜɚ ɫɬɨɥɿɬɬɹ, ɭ 1794 ɪ. ɭ ɇɶɸ-Ƀɨɪɤɭ ɧɚ Ȼɪɨɞɜɟʀ ɜɿɞɤɪɢɜɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɟɪɲɢɣ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ, ɳɨ ɜɢɤɨɧɭɜɚɜ ɮɭɧɤɰɿʀ ɥɢɲɟ ɤɨɦɟɪɰɿɣɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɫɨɛɭ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ. ȼɿɞɤɪɢɬɬɹ «Hotel City» ɫɬɚɽ ɩɨɱɚɬɤɨɦ ɪɨɡɛɭɞɨɜɢ ɩɨɞɿɛɧɢɯ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿɜ ɜ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɦɿɫɬɚɯ ɋɒȺ. ɉɟɪɲɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɧɟɜɟɥɢɤɢɦɢ ɪɨɡɦɿɪɚɦɢ ɭ ɞɜɚ-ɬɪɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɢ, ɞɨ 100 ɤɿɦɧɚɬ, ɭ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɩɨɞɿɛ19
ɧɿ ɞɨ ɡɜɢɱɚɣɧɨɝɨ ɠɢɬɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɛɭɞɢɧɤɭ ɡ ɜɿɞɫɭɬɧɿɦɢ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɸɥɟɦ, ɫɚɧɜɭɡɥɚɦɢ. ɇɚ ɩɟɪɲɨɦɭ ɩɨɜɟɪɫɿ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɭɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɤɪɚɦɧɢɰɹ. ɉɨɫɬɨɹɥɿ ɞɜɨɪɢ ɬɚ ɬɚɜɟɪɧɢ, ɨɫɧɨɜɧɿ ɡɚɫɨɛɢ ɭ ɫɮɟɪɿ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ, ɫɬɜɨɪɸɸɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɚɧɝɥɿɣɫɶɤɨɦɭ ɫɬɢɥɿ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɹɤɢɣ ɭ ɰɟɣ ɱɚɫ ɜɜɚɠɚɜɫɹ ɧɚɣɤɪɚɳɢɦ ɭ ȯɜɪɨɩɿ. ɉɟɪɲɚ ɡ ɜɿɞɨɦɢɯ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɶɤɢɯ ɬɚɜɟɪɧ «Stadt Hays» ɛɭɥɚ ɜɿɞɤɪɢɬɚ ɭ ɇɨɜɨɦɭ Ⱥɦɫɬɟɪɞɚɦɿ (ɇɶɸ-Ƀɨɪɤɭ) ɭ 1642 ɪ. ɑɟɪɟɡ ɪɿɤ ɜɿɞɤɪɢɜɚɽɬɶɫɹ «Kreiger’s Tavern», ɹɤɚ ɭ ɪɨɤɢ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɶɤɨʀ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɿʀ ɧɚɡɢɜɚɽɬɶɫɹ «King’s Arms» ɿ ɫɬɚɽ ɲɬɚɛɨɦ ɚɧɝɥɿɣɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɚ T. Ƚɟɣɞɠɚ. ȱɧɲɚ ɬɚɜɟɪɧɚ — «Fraunces Tavern» ɫɬɚɥɚ ɲɬɚɛɨɦ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɚ Ⱦɠɨɪɞɠɚ ȼɚɲɢɧɝɬɨɧɚ. ɐɿ ɬɚɜɟɪɧɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɸɬɶ ɣ ɫɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ ɿ ɨɤɪɿɦ ɜɚɠɥɢɜɨɝɨ ɿɫɬɨɪɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɜɿɞɨɦɿ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɿɹɦɢ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ. Ɂɛɿɥɶɲɟɧɧɹ ɤɿɥɶɤɨɫɬɿ ɦɿɫɬ ɭ ɋɒȺ ɬɚ ɡɪɨɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɞɨɪɨɠɟɣ, ɡɭɦɨɜɥɸɽ ɪɨɡɝɚɥɭɠɟɧɧɹ ɦɟɪɟɠɿ ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ. ɐɿ ɡɚɫɨɛɢ ɨɤɪɿɦ ɛɟɡɩɨɫɟɪɟɞɧɿɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɣ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɫɬɚɸɬɶ ɦɿɫɰɟɦ ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɤɭ, ɭɤɥɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɞɿɥɨɜɢɯ ɭɝɨɞ, ɬɭɬ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɢɫɶ ɡɛɨɪɢ, ɜɥɚɲɬɨɜɭɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɪɨɡɜɚɝɢ. ȼɥɚɫɧɢɤɢ ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ ɛɭɥɢ ɩɨɜɚɠɧɢɦɢ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɫɶɤɢɦɢ ɞɿɹɱɚɦɢ, ɱɚɫɬɨ ɡɚɣɦɚɥɢ ɜɚɠɥɢɜɿ ɩɨɫɚɞɢ ɭ ɦɿɫɰɟɜɨɦɭ ɫɚɦɨɜɪɹɞɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɬɚ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɨɦɭ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɿ. Ɂɨɤɪɟɦɚ, ɞɪɭɝɢɣ ɩɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɬ ɋɒȺ — Ⱦɠɨɧ Ⱥɞɚɦɫ (1783 –1789 ɪɪ.), ɨɤɪɿɦ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɢɯ ɿɧɬɟɪɟɫɿɜ, ɛɭɜ ɜɥɚɫɧɢɤɨɦ ɬɚɜɟɪɧɢ. ɍ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɪɟʉɿɨɧɚɯ ɤɪɚʀɧɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɥɢ ɪɿɡɧɿ ɭ ɬɢɩɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɿɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɿ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢ — ɭ ɉɟɧɫɿɥɶɜɚɧɿʀ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɥɿ ɞɜɨɪɢ, ɧɚ ɉɿɜɞɧɿ — ɨɪɞɢɧɚɪɧɿ ɬɚɜɟɪɧɢ, ɇɶɸ-Ƀɨɪɤɭ ɬɚ ɇɨɜɿɣ Ⱥɧɝɥɿʀ — ɩɪɢɞɨɪɨɠɧɿ ɬɚɜɟɪɧɢ. ɍ 1829 ɪ. ɜ Ȼɨɫɬɨɧɿ, ɜɿɞɤɪɢɜɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɟɪɲɢɣ ɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɚɛɟɥɶɧɢɣ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ ɜɢɳɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɭ «Tremont Hotel». ȼɿɞɤɪɢɬɬɹ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɩɨɤɥɚɥɨ ɩɨɱɚɬɨɤ ɧɨɜɨɦɭ ɟɬɚɩɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨʀ ɿɧɞɭɫɬɪɿʀ ɭ ɋɒȺ. «Tremont Hotel» ɫɬɚɽ ɫɜɨɽɪɿɞɧɢɦ ɟɬɚɥɨɧɨɦ, ɧɚ ɡɪɚɡɨɤ ɹɤɨɝɨ ɿɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨ ɪɨɡɛɭɞɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɦɟɪɟɠɚ ɮɟɲɟɧɟɛɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ, ɧɚɫɚɦɩɟɪɟɞ ɭ ɦɿɫɬɚɯ ɋɯɿɞɧɨɝɨ ɭɡɛɟɪɟɠɠɹ, ɡɝɨɞɨɦ ɧɚ Ɂɚɯɨɞɿ ɬɚ ɉɿɜɞɧɿ ɤɪɚʀɧɢ. ɍ ɑɢɤɚɝɨ ɜɢɧɢɤɚɽ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ «Palmer House», ɇɨɜɨɦɭ Ɉɪɥɟɚɧɿ «St. Charles» ɬɚ «St. Louis», ɋɚɧȾɿɽɝɨ «Hotel del Coronado». ɐɿ ɜɟɥɢɤɿ ɬɚ ɪɨɡɤɿɲɧɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ, ɳɨ ɛɥɢɡɶɤɿ ɞɨ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɢɯ, ɦɚɸɬɶ ɭɫɿ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɿ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɿ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ — ɜɟɫɬɢɛɸɥɶ, ɪɟɰɟɩɰɿɸ, ɛɚɧɤɟɬɧɿ ɡɚɥɢ, ɡɿ ɜɫɿɦɚ ɡɪɭɱ20
ɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɫɚɧɜɭɡɥɢ, ɜɢɫɨɤɨɹɤɿɫɧɟ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɡɚɦɨɠɧɢɯ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ. ɍ ɤɨɠɧɨɦɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɩɪɚɰɸɜɚɜ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧ, ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɨ ɡ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɶɤɢɦ ɲɟɮ-ɤɭɯɚɪɟɦ. Ɉɩɥɚɬɚ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɽɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɶɤɢɯ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɿɣ: ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɨɩɥɚɱɭɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɨɤɪɟɦɨ, ɳɨ ɞɚɜɚɥɨ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɿɫɬɶ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚɦ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɧɚ ɜɢɛɿɪ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ (ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɦɟɧɸ), ɚɛɨ ɜ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɚɯ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɱɢɧɨɦ, ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɿɜ — ɚɪɯɿɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɢɯ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɟɣ, ɬɢɩɭ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ, ɨɛɥɚɲɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɿɧɬɟɪ’ɽɪɭ, ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɜ ɋɒȺ ɮɨɪɦɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɬɢɩ ɜɢɫɨɤɨɤɥɚɫɧɨɝɨ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ, ɹɤɢɣ ɡ ɭɪɚɯɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ ɽɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɶɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɿɜ ɭ ɫɮɟɪɿ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɿɡɭɜɚɜɫɹ ɜ ɿɧɞɭɫɬɪɿɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɛɚɝɚɬɨɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɫɭɫɩɿɥɶɫɬɜɿ ɿ ɫɬɚɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɨɸ ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɨʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨʀ ɿɧɞɭɫɬɪɿʀ. ɍ ɋɒȺ ɡ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɨɦ ɡɚɥɿɡɧɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɹ ɜɢɧɢɤɚɽ ɧɨɜɚ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɚɫɚɠɢɪɿɜ — ɩɪɢɞɨɪɨɠɧɿ ʀɞɚɥɶɧɿ. ɉɟɪɲɿ ʀɞɚɥɶɧɿ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɨɤɡɚɥɚɯ ɿ ɧɚɣɱɚɫɬɿɲɟ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɜɚɥɢ ɜ ɚɧɬɢɫɚɧɿɬɚɪɧɢɯ ɭɦɨɜɚɯ ɧɟɚɩɟɬɢɬɧɿ ɫɬɪɚɜɢ. Ɂɝɨɞɨɦ, ɭ 1876 ɪ., Ɏɪɟɞ ɏɚɪɜɟɣ ɧɚ ɜɨɤɡɚɥɿ ɦɿɫɬɚ Ɍɨɩɿɤɚ (ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɢɣ ɰɟɧɬɪ ɲɬɚɬɭ Ʉɚɧɡɚɫ) ɜɿɞɤɪɢɜɚɽ ɩɟɪɲɢɣ ɧɟɜɟɥɢɤɢɣ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧ, ɳɨ ɡɚɩɨɱɚɬɤɭɜɚɜ ɿɫɬɨɪɿɸ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɭ ɡɚɤɫɨɛɿɜ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ. ɍ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɚɯ ɏɚɪɜɟɹ ɜɿɞɜɿɞɭɜɚɱɿ ɜɿɞɱɭɜɚɥɢ ɡɚɬɢɲɨɤ, ɨɬɪɢɦɭɜɚɥɢ ɜɢɫɨɤɨɹɤɿɫɧɟ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɫɦɚɱɧɿ ɫɬɪɚɜɢ. ɐɶɨɝɨ ɠ ɪɨɤɭ ɜ ɦɿɫɬɿ Ɏɥɨɪɟɧɫ, ɧɚ ɰɿɣ ɠɟ ɜɿɬɰɿ ɡɚɥɿɡɧɢɰɿ, Ɏɪɟɞ ɏɚɪɜɟɣ ɜɿɞɤɪɢɜɚɽ ɩɟɪɲɢɣ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ. ɍɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ 1880 — 1890 ɪɪ., ɜɡɞɨɜɠ ɡɚɥɿɡɧɢɱɧɨʀ ɤɨɥɿʀ ɜ ɋɚɧɬɚ-Ɏɟ, ɱɟɪɟɡ ɤɨɠɧɿ 100 ɦɢɥɶ, ɛɭɞɭɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɦɟɪɟɠɚ «Ȼɭɞɢɧɤɿɜ ɏɚɪɜɟɹ». Ȳɯɧɿɦ ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬɨɦ ɛɭɥɨ ɹɤɿɫɧɟ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɹɤɟ ɧɚɞɚɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɦɨɥɨɞɢɦ, ɩɿɞɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɦ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɨɦ, ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦɭ ɝɚɪɧɢɦɢ ɞɿɜɱɚɬɚɦɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɫɭɦɿɫɧɢɣ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧ, ɭ ɹɤɨɦɭ ɡɚɜɠɞɢ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɛɭɥɨ ɡɚɦɨɜɢɬɢ ɨɛɿɞ ɿɡ ɫɜɿɠɢɯ ɬɚ ɫɦɚɱɧɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɜ. ɍ ɏȱɏ ɫɬ., ɭ ȯɜɪɨɩɿ, ɚɧɚɥɨɝɿɱɧɨ ɋɒȺ, ɜɢɧɢɤɚɸɬɶ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɡ ɜɢɫɨɤɢɦ ɪɿɜɧɟɦ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɭ, ɡɨɪɿɽɧɬɨɜɚɧɿ ɧɚ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɛɚɝɚɬɢɯ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ — ɩɨɥɿɬɢɤɿɜ, ɜɢɳɨɝɨ ɨɮɿɰɟɪɫɬɜɚ, ɿɧɬɟɥɿɝɟɧɰɿʀ. ɍ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɪɨɡɤɿɲɧɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɬɹɠɿɥɢ ɞɨ ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲɢɯ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɢɯ ɰɟɧɬɪɿɜ, ɜɿɞɨɦɢɯ ɦɿɫɰɶ ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɤɭ ɬɚ ɨɡɞɨɪɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ. ɋɟɪɟɞ ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲ ɜɿɞɨɦɢɯ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɚɛɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ — «Badishe Hof», ɳɨ ɜɢɧɢɤɚɽ ɭ 1801 ɪ. ɭ Ȼɚɞɟɧ-Ȼɚɞɟɧɿ (ɇɿɦɟɱɱɢɧɚ), «Grand Hotel Schweizerhof» 1859 ɪ., ɜ ɦɿɫɬɿ ȱɧɬɟɪɥɚɤɟɧɿ 21
(ɒɜɟɣɰɚɪɿɹ) ɬɚ ɿɧ. ȼɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ, ɜɿɞɤɪɢɬɬɹ ɬɚ ɜɢɜɱɟɧɧɹ ɦɿɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɜɨɞ ɡɭɦɨɜɥɸɽ ɜɿɞɤɪɢɬɬɹ ɩɟɪɲɢɯ ɽɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɶɤɢɯ ɛɚɥɶɧɟɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɢɯ ɤɭɪɨɪɬɿɜ ɭ ɦɿɫɬɿ ɏɚɣɥɢɝɟɧ-ɞɚɦ, ɇɨɪɞɟɪɧɟɣ, Ɍɪɚɜɟɦɸɧɞ (ɇɿɦɟɱɱɢɧɚ). ɉɨɹɜɚ ɨɫɜɿɬɧɿɯ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿɜ ɭ ȯɜɪɨɩɿ ɡɭɦɨɜɥɸɽ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɿɫɬɶ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿɜ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɞɥɹ ɭɱɧɿɜ ɬɚ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɿɜ. ɉɟɪɲɿ ɝɭɪɬɨɠɢɬɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɿɜ ɤɨɥɟɞɠɿɜ ɜɢɧɢɤɚɸɬɶ ɭ ɏȱȱ ɫɬ., ɭ Ɏɪɚɧɰɿʀ, ȱɫɩɚɧɿʀ, ɬɚ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɽɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɶɤɢɯ ɤɪɚʀɧɚɯ. Ɂɧɚɱɧɨ ɩɿɡɧɿɲɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ʀɞɚɥɶɧɿ ɩɪɢ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɚɯ ɨɫɜɿɬɢ. ɉɟɪɲɿ ɲɤɿɥɶɧɿ ʀɞɚɥɶɧɿ ɜɢɧɢɤɥɢ ɭ Ɏɪɚɧɰɿʀ 1849 ɪ. ɍ 1865 ɪ. ɜɿɞɨɦɢɣ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɶɤɢɣ ɩɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɢɤ ȼɿɤɬɨɪ Ƚɸɝɨ ɧɚ ɨɫɬɪɨɜɿ Ƚɟɪɧɫɟɣ, ɳɨ ɧɚɥɟɠɢɬɶ Ⱥɧɝɥɿʀ, ɭ ɜɥɚɫɧɨɦɭ ɛɭɞɢɧɤɭ, ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɨɜɭɽ ʀɞɚɥɶɧɸ ɞɥɹ ɦɿɫɰɟɜɢɯ ɲɤɨɥɹɪɿɜ. ɍ 1853 ɪ. ɚɧɚɥɨɝɿɱɧɢɣ ɡɚɤɥɚɞ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɨɜɭɽ Ɍɨɜɚɪɢɫɬɜɨ ɞɨɩɨɦɨɝɢ ɭ ɇɶɸ-Ƀɨɪɤɭ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɦɢɫɥɨɜɿɣ ɲɤɨɥɿ. ɍ ɧɚɣɛɥɢɠɱɿ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɥɿɬɬɹ ɩɨɞɿɛɧɿ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɢ ɜɢɧɢɤɚɸɬɶ ɭ ɛɚɝɚɬɶɨɯ ɲɤɨɥɚɯ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɦɿɫɬ ɋɒȺ. Ɂ ɜɢɧɢɤɧɟɧɧɹɦ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿɜ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ ɜ ɨɫɜɿɬɧɿɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɚɯ ɮɨɪɦɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢ ʀɯɧɶɨɝɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ. ɇɚɣɱɚɫɬɿɲɟ ɭɬɪɢɦɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɭɪɬɨɠɢɬɤɿɜ ɬɚ ʀɞɚɥɟɧɶ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɧɚ ɤɨɲɬɢ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɿɜ, ɡ ɞɨɛɪɨɱɢɧɧɢɯ ɩɨɠɟɪɬɜɭɜɚɧɶ, ɮɨɧɞɿɜ ɧɚɜɱɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿɜ ɬɚ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɮɿɧɚɧɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ. ɍ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɿ ɏVȱ ɫɬ., ɭ Ɏɪɚɧɰɿʀ, ɜɢɧɢɤɚɸɬɶ ɩɟɪɲɿ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɨɜɚɧɿ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɢ ɡ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ. ɍ ɩɨɪɿɜɧɹɧɧɿ ɡ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɥɢɦɢ ɞɜɨɪɚɦɢ ɬɚ ɬɚɜɟɪɧɚɦɢ, ɩɪɢɝɨɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɩɪɨɞɚɠ ɝɨɬɨɜɨʀ ʀɠɿ ɫɬɚɽ ɽɞɢɧɨɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɽɸ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɿɜ. ɉɟɪɲɢɣ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧ «Tour d’Argent» ɜɢɧɢɤɚɽ ɭ 1533 ɪ. ɭ ɉɚɪɢɠɿ, ɿ ɡɚɥɢɲɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɽɞɢɧɢɦ ɩɨɞɿɛɧɢɦ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɨɦ ɭɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ ɦɚɣɠɟ ɞɜɨɯ ɫɬɨɥɿɬɶ. ɉɨɹɜɚ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɿɜ ɭ Ɏɪɚɧɰɿʀ ɪɟɝɥɚɦɟɧɬɭɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɜɫɬɜɨɦ, ɹɤɟ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɜɚɥɨ ɝɿɥɶɞɿʀ ɩɨɫɬɚɱɚɥɶɧɢɤɿɜ ɩɪɨɜɿɡɿʀ ɜɢɤɥɸɱɧɟ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɬɨɪɝɿɜɥɸ ɦ’ɹɫɧɢɦɢ ɫɬɪɚɜɚɦɢ ɩɿɞ ɱɚɫ ɛɚɧɤɟɬɿɜ. Ɍɟɪɦɿɧ «ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧ» ɡɚɤɪɿɩɥɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɡɚ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɚɦɢ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɡɧɚɱɧɨ ɩɿɡɧɿɲɟ, ɭ ɞɪɭɝɿɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɿ ɏVȱȱȱ ɫɬ. ɣ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɦ ɦɚɣɫɬɪɨɦ ɤɭɥɿɧɚɪɧɨʀ ɫɩɪɚɜɢ Ⱦ. Ȼɭɥɚɧɠɟ. Ȼɭɥɚɧɠɟ ɭɬɪɢɦɭɜɚɜ ɧɚ ɜɭɥɢɰɿ Ȼɚɽɥɶ ɬɚɜɟɪɧɭ «Le Champ d’Oiseau», ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɸ ɫɬɪɚɜɨɸ ɹɤɨʀ ɛɭɜ ɜɥɚɫɧɢɣ ɫɭɩ ɜɟɥɢɤɨɝɨ ɦɚɣɫɬɪɚ — restorantes, ɳɨ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɽ «ɡɦɿɰɧɸɸɱɢɣ, ɜɿɞɧɨɜɥɸɸɱɢɣ». Ɂɝɨɞɨɦ, ɭ 1782 ɪ. ɭ ɉɚɪɢɠɿ ɧɚ ɜɭɥɢɰɿ Ɋɢɲɟɥɶɽ ɜɿɞɤɪɢɜɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɟɪ22
ɲɢɣ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧ «Grand Tavern de Londres». ɉɿɞ ɤɿɧɟɰɶ ȼɟɥɢɤɨʀ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɶɤɨʀ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɿʀ 1789–1794 ɪɪ. ɭ ɉɚɪɢɠɿ ɧɚɪɚɯɨɜɭɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɛɥɢɡɶɤɨ ɩ’ɹɬɢɫɨɬ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɿɜ. ȼɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ, ɩɨɥɿɬɢɱɧɚ ɧɟɫɬɚɛɿɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ ɭ Ɏɪɚɧɰɿʀ ɩɿɞ ɱɚɫ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɿʀ ɡɭɦɨɜɥɸɽ ɟɦɿɝɪɚɰɿɸ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɶɤɢɯ ɤɭɥɿɧɚɪɿɜ ɬɚ ɩɨɲɢɪɟɧɧɹ ɿɞɟʀ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɿɜ ɜ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɽɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɶɤɢɯ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɚɯ ɬɚ ɜ ɋɒȺ, ɧɚɫɚɦɩɟɪɟɞ ɭ ɇɨɜɨɦɭ Ɉɪɥɟɚɧɿ, ɚɧɤɥɚɜɿ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɶɤɨʀ ɤɨɥɨɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ. ȿɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɿɫɬɶ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɶɤɨɝɨ ɤɭɥɿɧɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɦɢɫɬɟɰɬɜɚ ɬɚ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɿɸ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɭ ɮɨɪɦɿ ɦɟɪɟɠɿ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɿɜ, ɧɚ ɩɨɱɚɬɤɭ ɏȱɏ ɫɬ., ɩɟɪɟɣɦɚɸɬɶ ɚɧɝɥɿɣɰɿ. Ⱦɨ ɜɢɫɨɤɨʀ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɶɤɨʀ ɤɭɥɿɧɚɪɿʀ ɚɧɝɥɿɣɰɿ ɞɨɞɚɸɬɶ ɜɥɚɫɧɭ ɞɟɤɨɪɚɰɿɸ ɬɚ ɜɢɫɨɤɢɣ ɪɿɜɟɧɶ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɳɨ ɡɭɦɨɜɥɸɽ ɩɪɟɫɬɢɠ ɚɧɝɥɿɣɫɶɤɢɯ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɿɜ. ȿɤɫɩɨɪɬɨɜɚɧɚ ɡ Ɏɪɚɧɰɿʀ ɭ ɋɒȺ ɿɞɟɹ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿɜ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɲɜɢɞɤɨ ɩɪɢɠɢɜɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɬɚ ɧɚɛɭɜɚɽ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɪɢɫ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ ɜ ɿɧɞɭɫɬɪɿɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɫɭɫɩɿɥɶɫɬɜɿ, ɹɤɟ ɲɜɢɞɤɨ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɿɡɭɽɬɶɫɹ. ɍ ɋɒȺ ɝɚɫɬɪɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɿ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɢ ɧɚɛɭɜɚɸɬɶ ɱɿɬɤɨʀ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɚɰɿʀ, ɜɨɧɢ ɨɪɿɽɧɬɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɦɿɫɰɟɜɨɝɨ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ ɡ ɪɿɡɧɢɦɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɬɚ ɩɨɩɢɬɨɦ. Ɍɭɬ ɜɨɧɢ ɧɚɛɭɜɚɸɬɶ ɡɧɚɱɧɨ ɛɿɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɫɭɫɩɿɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɜ ɩɨɪɿɜɧɹɧɧɿ ɡ ɿɧɲɢɦɢ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɚɦɢ, ɧɚɫɚɦɩɟɪɟɞ ɽɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɶɤɢɯ. ɏɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɫɶɤɢɯ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɚɯ, ɧɟɡɚɥɟɠɧɨ ɜɿɞ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɧɭ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ, ɫɬɚɽ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɡ ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬɿɜ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɭ ɠɢɬɬɹ. ɉɟɪɲɢɣ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧ ɭ ɋɒȺ ɜɿɞɤɪɢɜɚɽ ɭ 1831 ɪ. ɜ ɇɶɸɃɨɪɤɭ, ɫɿɦ’ɹ Ⱦɟɥɶɦɨɧɿɤɨ. Ɂɝɨɞɨɦ ɩɿɞ ɰɿɽɸ ɧɚɡɜɨɸ ɜ ɤɪɚʀɧɿ ɫɮɨɪɦɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɦɟɪɟɠɚ ɞɨɪɨɝɢɯ, ɚɪɢɫɬɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɧɢɯ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɿɜ ɲɜɟɣɰɚɪɫɶɤɨ-ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɶɤɨʀ ɤɭɯɧɿ, ɹɤɿ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɸɬɶ ɜɢɲɭɤɚɧɿ ɫɬɪɚɜɢ ɬɚ ɛɟɡɞɨɝɚɧɧɟ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɫɬɚɸɬɶ ɟɬɚɥɨɧɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɿɽʀ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɶɤɨʀ ɤɭɥɿɧɚɪɿʀ ɭɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ ɏȱɏ–ɏɏ ɫɬ. ɍ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɚɯ «Delmonico’s» ɨɪɢɝɿɧɚɥɶɧɚ ɤɭɥɿɧɚɪɿɹ, ɡɨɤɪɟɦɚ ɫɬɪɚɜɢ — «ɛɿɮɲɬɟɤɫɢ Ⱦɟɥɶɦɨɧɿɤɨ», «ɤɭɪɱɚɬɚ ɩɨ-ɤɨɪɨɥɿɜɫɶɤɢ», «ɨɦɚɪɢ ɩɨ-ɧɶɸɪɧɛɟɪɡɶɤɢ» ɬɨɳɨ, ɩɨɽɞɧɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɢɦɢ ɭ ɝɚɫɬɪɨɧɨɦɿʀ ɧɨɜɨɜɜɟɞɟɧɧɹɦɢ. ɒɟɮ-ɤɭɯɚɪɿ ɭ ɩɪɟɫɬɢɠɧɢɯ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɚɯ ɋɒȺ ɧɚɣɱɚɫɬɿɲɟ ɛɭɥɢ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɚɦɢ, ɬɭɬ ɩɚɧɭɜɚɥɚ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɶɤɚ ɤɭɯɧɹ, ɦɟɧɸ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɥɨɫɶ ɧɚ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɶɤɿɣ ɦɨɜɿ, ɳɨ ɜɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ ɡɭɦɨɜɥɸɜɚɥɨ ɩɟɜɧɿ ɦɨɜɧɿ ɬɪɭɞɧɨɳɿ ɜ ɚɧɝɥɨɦɨɜɧɿɣ ɤɪɚʀɧɿ. Ɂ ɦɟɬɨɸ ɥɿɤɜɿɞɚɰɿʀ ɦɨɜɧɢɯ ɛɚɪ’ɽɪɿɜ ɨɞɢɧ ɡ ɜɥɚɫɧɢɤɿɜ, Ⱦɠɨɧ Ⱦɟɥɶɦɨɧɿɤɨ, ɜɜɿɜ ɞɜɨɦɨɜɧɟ ɦɟɧɸ, ɭ ɹɤɨɦɭ ɧɚɡɜɢ ɫɬɪɚɜ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɶɤɨɸ ɬɚ ɚɧɝɥɿɣɫɶɤɨɸ ɦɨɜɚɦɢ ɩɨɞɚɜɚɥɢ ɨɞɧɚ ɧɚɜɩɪɨɬɢ ɞɪɭɝɨʀ. ɐɟ ɧɨɜɨɜɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɡɝɨɞɨɦ ɧɚɛɭɥɨ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɲɢɪɟɧɧɹ 23
ɭ ɫɜɿɬɨɜɿɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɰɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɚ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ. ȼɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ, ɰɹ ɦɟɪɟɠɚ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɿɜ ɜɜɟɥɚ ɽɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɶɤɭ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɭ ɩɟɪɟɛɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɚɯ, ɡɨɤɪɟɦɚ ɭ ɫɩɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɿ ʀɠɿ. Ⱦɨ 1848 ɪ. ɭ ɋɒȺ ɫɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɪɿɡɧɨɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɣɧɢɯ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɿɜ. Ɂɨɤɪɟɦɚ, ɭ ɇɶɸ-Ƀɨɪɤɭ, ɨɤɪɿɦ ɪɨɡɤɿɲɧɢɯ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɿɜ «Delmonico’s», ɜɿɞɨɦɚ ɦɟɪɟɠɚ ɦɟɧɲ ɟɥɟɝɚɧɬɧɢɯ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɿɜ Ȼɪɚɭɧɚ. ɋɟɪɟɞɧɶɨɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɣɧɿ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɢ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɭ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɜɚɥɢ ɹɤɿɫɧɭ ɤɭɥɿɧɚɪɿɸ ɬɚ ɟɮɟɤɬɧɟ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɨɪɿɽɧɬɭɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɧɚ ɲɢɪɨɤɟ ɤɨɥɨ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ, ɧɚɫɚɦɩɟɪɟɞ ɡ ɫɟɪɟɞɧɿɦɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɨɫɬɹɦɢ. Ƚɨɫɬɿ ɨɬɪɢɦɭɜɚɥɢ ɦɟɧɸ ɿɡ ɡɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹɦ ɰɿɧɢ ɫɬɪɚɜ ɬɚ ɧɚɩɨʀɜ, ɤɨɠɟɧ ɤɥɿɽɧɬ ɩɟɪɟɛɭɜɚɜ ɩɿɞ ɭɜɚɝɨɸ ɨɮɿɰɿɚɧɬɿɜ. Ⱦɥɹ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɦɚɥɨɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɢɯ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɹɧ ɭ ɋɒȺ ɫɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɹ ɞɟɲɟɜɢɯ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿɜ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɡ ɫɚɦɨɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ, ɱɚɫɬɨ ɚɧɬɢɫɚɧɿɬɚɪɧɢɦɢ ɭɦɨɜɚɦɢ. Ƚɨɥɨɜɧɟ ɭ ɩɨɞɿɛɧɢɯ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɚɯ — ɰɟ ɧɢɡɶɤɚ ɜɚɪɬɿɫɬɶ ɫɬɪɚɜ, ɜɫɿ ɿɧɲɿ ɭɦɨɜɢ ɛɭɥɢ ɧɟɫɭɬɬɽɜɢɦɢ. ɋɟɪɟɞ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿɜ ɿɡ ɫɭɦɧɿɜɧɨɸ ɪɟɩɭɬɚɰɿɽɸ ɛɭɥɢ ʀɞɚɥɶɧɿ Ⱦɚɧɿɟɥɹ ɋɭɿɧɿ ɭ ɇɶɸ-Ƀɨɪɤɭ. Ⱥɤɬɢɜɧɢɣ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɨɤ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɿɜ ɭ ȯɜɪɨɩɿ ɡɭɦɨɜɥɸɽ ɜɞɨɫɤɨɧɚɥɟɧɧɹ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɩɨɹɜɭ ɤɭɥɿɧɚɪɧɢɯ ɞɨɜɿɞɧɢɤɿɜ ɡ ɨɩɢɫɨɦ ɫɬɪɚɜ, ɩɪɢɩɪɚɜ, ɧɚɩɨʀɜ, ɪɨɡɪɨɛɥɹɸɬɶɫɹ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɿʀ ɳɨɞɨ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ. ɍ ɩɪɟɫɬɢɠɧɢɯ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɚɯ, ɧɚɫɚɦɩɟɪɟɞ ɭ Ɏɪɚɧɰɿʀ, ɜɿɞɜɿɞɭɜɚɱɚɦ ɩɨɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɦɟɧɸ (ɚ la carte) ɫɬɪɚɜ ɬɚ ɧɚɩɨʀɜ. ɍ 1856 ɪ. ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡ Ⱥɧɬɨɧɟɧ Ʉɚɪɟɧ ɜɢɞɚɽ ɩɟɪɲɢɣ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɡɛɿɪɧɢɤ «La Cuisine Classique», ɡɝɨɞɨɦ ɧɢɡɤɭ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɡ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɢɦ ɨɩɢɫɨɦ ɡɧɚɱɧɨʀ ɤɿɥɶɤɨɫɬɿ ɫɬɪɚɜ. ɋɩɪɚɜɠɧɿɦ ɟɧɰɢɤɥɨɩɟɞɢɱɧɢɦ ɜɢɞɚɧɧɹɦ ɡ ɝɚɫɬɪɨɧɨɦɿʀ ɜɜɚɠɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɚɰɹ «Le Guide Culinaire» («Ⱦɨɜɿɞɧɢɤ ɡ ɤɭɥɿɧɚɪɿʀ») ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɡ ɧɚɣɜɿɞɨɦɿɲɢɯ ɦɚɣɫɬɪɿɜ ɤɭɥɿɧɚɪɿʀ, ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɚ ɀɨɪɠɚ Ɉɝɸɫɬɚ ȿɫɤɨɮ’ɽ. ɀɨɪɠ ȿɫɤɨɮ’ɽ ɭ 90-ɯ ɪɨɤɚɯ ɏȱɏ ɫɬ. ɡɞɿɣɫɧɢɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɿɸ ɩɪɚɰɶ Ⱥɧɬɨɧɿɧɚ Ʉɚɪɟɧɚ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɜɿɞɨɦɢɯ ɤɭɥɿɧɚɪɿɜ. ȼɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ, ɀɨɪɠ ȿɫɤɨɮ’ɽ ɪɚɡɨɦ ɡ ɐɟɡɚɪɟɦ Ɋɿɬɰɨɦ, ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɱɢɦ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ «Savoy», ɳɨ ɜɿɞɤɪɢɜɫɹ ɜ Ʌɨɧɞɨɧɿ ɭ 1898 ɪ., ɜɧɟɫɥɢ ɤɚɪɞɢɧɚɥɶɧɿ ɡɦɿɧɢ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɸ ɫɮɟɪɢ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ. ɇɨɜɚɰɿɹ ɫɬɨɫɭɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɜɿɞɤɪɢɬɬɹ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɿɜ ɩɪɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ, ɜɞɨɫɤɨɧɚɥɟɧɧɹ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ ɭ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɚɯ — ɜɧɚɫɥɿɞɨɤ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɛɪɢɝɚɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɿɞɪɹɞɭ. ɉɨɹɜɚ ɭ ȯɜɪɨɩɿ ɬɨɧɿɡɭɸɱɢɯ ɧɚɩɨʀɜ (ɤɚɜɢ ɬɚ ɱɚɸ), ɡɭɦɨɜɥɸɽ ɜɢɧɢɤɧɟɧɧɹ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿɜ ɡ ʀɯɧɶɨɝɨ ɫɩɨɠɢ24
ɜɚɧɧɹ. ɉɪɨɬɟ, ɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɤɚɜ’ɹɪɟɧɶ ɬɚ ɱɚɣɧɢɯ ɜɿɞɛɭɜɚɽɬɶɫɹ, ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨ, ɥɢɲɟ ɜ ɤɿɧɰɿ ɏVȱȱ ɫɬ. ɬɚ ɜ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɿ ɏȱɏ ɫɬ. Ʉɚɜɚ, ɳɨ ɩɨɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɡ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɢ ɿ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɜɿɞɨɦɚ ɜ ɚɪɚɛɫɶɤɨɦɭ ɫɜɿɬɿ ɭ ɪɚɧɧɶɨɦɭ ɋɟɪɟɞɧɶɨɜɿɱɱɿ, ɭ ȯɜɪɨɩɿ ɛɭɥɚ ɜɿɞɨɦɚ ɥɢɲɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɨɞɢɧɨɤɢɯ ɚɪɢɫɬɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɧɢɯ ɪɨɞɢɧ. ɇɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɡɚɡɧɚɱɢɬɢ, ɫɭɬɬɽɜɨɸ ɩɟɪɟɲɤɨɞɨɸ ɭ ɩɨɲɢɪɟɧɧɿ ɤɚɜɢ ɛɭɥɚ ɡɚɛɨɪɨɧɚ ɫɩɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ «ɫɚɬɚɧɢɧɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɩɨɸ» ɡ ɛɨɤɭ ɤɚɬɨɥɢɰɶɤɨʀ ɰɟɪɤɜɢ. Ɍɿɥɶɤɢ ɭ ɏVȱ ɫɬ. ɩɚɩɚ Ʉɥɟɦɟɧɬ Vȱȱȱ ɡɧɿɦɚɽ ɰɸ ɡɚɛɨɪɨɧɭ. ɍ ɏVȱȱ ɫɬ. ɤɚɜ’ɹɪɧɿ ɫɬɚɸɬɶ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɩɨɲɢɪɟɧɢɦɢ ɭ ɜɫɿɣ ȯɜɪɨɩɿ, ɥɢɲɟ ɭ ȼɟɧɟɰɿʀ ɭ 1675 ɪ. ʀɯ ɧɚɪɚɯɨɜɭɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɞɟɤɿɥɶɤɚ ɞɟɫɹɬɤɿɜ. ȼ Ⱥɧɝɥɿʀ ɩɟɪɲɚ ɤɚɜ’ɹɪɧɹ ɜɿɞɤɪɢɜɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɭ 1652 ɪ. ɭ Ʌɨɧɞɨɧɿ ɧɚ ɜɭɥɢɰɿ ɋɟɧɬ-Ɇɚɣɤɥ Ⱥɥɥɟɣ ɜɢɯɿɞɰɟɦ ɡ ȼɿɪɦɟɧɿʀ. ɉɟɪɲɚ ɤɚɜ’ɹɪɧɹ ɭ ɐɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɿɣ ȯɜɪɨɩɿ ɜɿɞɤɪɢɜɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɭ ȼɿɞɧɿ ɭ 1683 ɪ. Ȳʀ ɜɥɚɫɧɢɤɨɦ ɛɭɜ ɜɢɯɨɞɟɰɶ ɡ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ — ɘɪɿɣ Ʉɭɥɶɱɢɰɶɤɢɣ, ɹɤɢɣ ɜɿɞɿɝɪɚɜ ɜɢɧɹɬɤɨɜɭ ɪɨɥɶ ɭ ɡɜɿɥɶɧɟɧɧɿ ɦɿɫɬɚ ɜɿɞ ɬɭɪɤɿɜ, ɡɚ ɳɨ ɜ ɧɚɝɨɪɨɞɭ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɜ ɞɨɡɜɿɥ ɧɚ ɜɿɞɤɪɢɬɬɹ ɤɚɜ’ɹɪɧɿ. Ʉɚɜ’ɹɪɧɹ ɘɪɿɹ Ʉɭɥɶɱɢɰɶɤɨɝɨ ɲɜɢɞɤɨ ɧɚɛɭɜɚɽ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɨɫɬɿ ɭ ɜɿɞɜɿɞɭɜɚɱɿɜ ɡɚɜɞɹɤɢ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɦɭ ɬɨɧɿɡɭɸɱɨɦɭ ɩɿɞɫɨɥɨɞɠɟɧɨɦɭ ɦɟɞɨɦ ɬɚ ɪɨɡɛɚɜɥɟɧɨɦɭ ɦɨɥɨɤɨɦ ɧɚɩɨɸ. ɑɚɣ, ɫɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ ɧɟɜɿɞ’ɽɦɧɢɣ ɭ ɪɚɰɿɨɧɿ ɬɨɧɿɡɭɸɱɢɣ ɧɚɩɿɣ, ɭɬɜɟɪɞɠɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɫɟɪɟɞ ɽɜɪɨɩɟɣɰɿɜ ɬɚ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɰɿɜ ɥɢɲɟ ɭ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɿ ɏȱɏ ɫɬ. ɐɟɣ ɧɚɩɿɣ, ɳɨ ɩɨɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɡ ɉɿɜɞɟɧɧɨ — ɋɯɿɞɧɨʀ Ⱥɡɿʀ, ɩɨɱɢɧɚɸɬɶ ɫɩɨɠɢɜɚɬɢ ɜ Ⱥɧɝɥɿʀ, ɹɤɚ ɦɚɥɚ ɜ ɰɶɨɦɭ ɪɟʉɿɨɧɿ ɜɟɥɢɤɿ ɤɨɥɨɧɿʀ, ɡɝɨɞɨɦ ɜ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɽɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɶɤɢɯ ɤɪɚʀɧɚɯ. Ʌɢɲɟ ɭ ɏɏ ɫɬ. ɱɚɣ ɫɬɚɽ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɨɜɢɡɧɚɧɢɦ ɧɚɩɨɽɦ ɭ ɫɜɿɬɿ. ɉɨɫɢɥɟɧɧɹ ɪɨɥɿ ɦɿɫɬ ɧɚ ɮɨɧɿ ɲɜɢɞɤɨɝɨ ɿɧɞɭɫɬɪɿɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ ɭ ɞɪɭɝɿɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɿ ɏȱɏ ɫɬ. — ɧɚ ɩɨɱɚɬɤɭ ɏɏ ɫɬ., ɡɭɦɨɜɥɸɽ ɦɚɫɨɜɭ ʀɯ ɡɚɛɭɞɨɜɭ, ɜ ɬɨɦɭ ɱɢɫɥɿ ɩɨɹɜɭ ɪɨɛɿɬɧɢɱɢɯ ɤɜɚɪɬɚɥɿɜ ɬɚ ɨɤɪɟɦɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɭ ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ — ɝɭɪɬɨɠɢɬɤɿɜ. Ɍɢɩɨɜɢɦ ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɨɦ ɛɭɞɿɜɧɢɰɬɜɚ ɝɭɪɬɨɠɢɬɤɿɜ (ɮɚɦɿɥɿɫɬɟɪɿɜ) ɭ Ɏɪɚɧɰɿʀ ɛɭɥɢ ɩɨɛɭɞɨɜɚɧɿ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɰɟɦ Ƚɨɞɟɧɨɦ ɩɪɢ ɡɚɜɨɞɿ ɨɛɿɝɪɿɜɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɪɢɥɚɞɿɜ ɭ Ƚɿɡɿ ɬɪɶɨɯ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɤɨɪɩɭɫɿɜ ɞɥɹ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ 1200 ɪɨɛɿɬɧɢɤɿɜ. Ȼɿɥɹ ɤɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɪɩɭɫɭ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɭɜɚɜɫɹ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɣ ɞɜɿɪ, ɧɚ ɤɨɠɧɨɦɭ ɩɨɜɟɪɫɿ ɛɭɞɿɜɟɥɶ ɜɢɞɿɥɹɥɢɫɶ ɨɤɪɟɦɿ ɤɜɚɪɬɢɪɢ, ɳɨ ɞɨɩɨɜɧɸɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɬɭɚɥɟɬɨɦ ɬɚ ɜɚɧɧɨɸ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɨɸ. Ʉɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɮɚɦɿɥɿɫɬɟɪɢ ɞɨɩɨɜɧɸɜɚɜɫɹ ɤɨɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɢɦ ɦɚɝɚɡɢɧɨɦ, ɹɫɥɚɦɢ, ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɨɦ, ɞɢɫɩɚɧɫɟɪɨɦ, ɥɿɤɚɪɧɟɸ, ɬɟɚɬɪɨɦ, ɲɤɨɥɨɸ, ɩɪɚɥɶɧɟɸ ɬɚ ɦɿɫɰɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɤɭɩɚɧɧɹ ɧɚ ɪɿɱɰɿ. 25
ɍ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɿ ɏȱɏ ɫɬ. ɭ ɛɚɝɚɬɶɨɯ ɽɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɶɤɢɯ ɤɪɚʀɧɚɯ ɜɢɧɢɤɚɸɬɶ ɩɟɪɲɿ ɤɥɭɛɢ, ɳɨ ɨɛ’ɽɞɧɭɸɬɶ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɡ ɫɩɿɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɿɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɦɢ, ɜ ɬɨɦɭ ɱɢɫɥɿ ɳɨɞɨ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɢɯ ɩɨɞɨɪɨɠɟɣ. Ⱦɥɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɤɥɭɛɿɜ ɫɬɜɨɪɸɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɟ ɿɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɟ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ — ɤɥɭɛɧɿ ɛɭɞɢɧɤɢ, ɨɛɥɚɲɬɨɜɭɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɦɚɪɲɪɭɬɢ, ɜ ɬɨɦɭ ɱɢɫɥɿ ɛɭɞɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɢɬɭɥɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɬɢɦɱɚɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ. ɉɟɪɲɢɣ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɢɣ ɤɥɭɛ — «Ʉɥɭɛ ɩɨɞɨɪɨɠɟɣ» ɜɢɧɢɤ ɭ 1832 ɪ. ɜ Ʌɨɧɞɨɧɿ. Ɂɝɨɞɨɦ ɜ Ʌɨɧɞɨɧɿ ɜɿɞɤɪɢɜɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɜɿɞɨɦɢɣ «Ⱥɥɶɩɿɣɫɶɤɢɣ ɤɥɭɛ» (1857 ɪ.), ɭ Ɍɢɮɥɿɫɿ ɩɪɢ Ʉɚɜɤɚɡɶɤɨɦɭ ɬɨɜɚɪɢɫɬɜɿ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɨɡɧɚɜɫɬɜɚ ɭ 1877 ɪ. ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɣ ɤɥɭɛ ɡ ɨɞɧɨɣɦɟɧɧɨɸ ɧɚɡɜɨɸ, ɭ ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɡɿ ɜ 1885 ɪ. ɜɢɧɢɤɚɽ ɩɟɪɲɚ ɜɟɥɢɤɚ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɹ «ɉɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɨ ɞɥɹ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɫɶɤɢɯ ɩɨɞɨɪɨɠɟɣ ɭ ɜɫɿ ɤɪɚʀɧɢ ɫɜɿɬɭ». ȼ ɫɤɥɚɞɿ ɭɤɪɚʀɧɫɶɤɢɯ ɡɟɦɟɥɶ ɩɨɞɿɛɧɢɣ ɤɥɭɛ ɜɢɧɢɤɚɽ ɭ 1890 ɪ. ɜ Ɉɞɟɫɿ, ɩɿɞ ɧɚɡɜɨɸ «Ʉɪɢɦɫɶɤɢɣ ɝɿɪɫɶɤɢɣ ɤɥɭɛ». ȼɿɞ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɤɥɭɛɭ ɜɿɞɤɪɢɜɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɮɿɥɿɚɥɢ ɭ əɥɬɿ ɬɚ ɋɟɜɚɫɬɨɩɨɥɿ, ɡɝɨɞɨɦ ɧɚ Ʉɚɜɤɚɡɿ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɪɟʉɿɨɧɚɯ Ɋɨɫɿɣɫɶɤɨʀ ɿɦɩɟɪɿʀ. Ⱦɥɹ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɨɫɜɨɽɧɧɹ Ʉɪɢɦɫɶɤɢɯ ɝɿɪ ɨɛɥɚɲɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɞɟɤɿɥɶɤɚ ɦɚɪɲɪɭɬɿɜ ɡ ɩɟɪɲɢɦ ɭ Ɋɨɫɿʀ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɫɶɤɢɦ ɩɪɢɬɭɥɤɨɦ ɧɚ 12 ɦɿɫɰɶ, ɭ ɹɤɨɦɭ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɚɦ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɜɚɥɢ ɧɨɱɿɜɥɸ, ɡɚ ɛɚɠɚɧɧɹɦ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɝɚɪɹɱɿ ɧɚɩɨʀ, ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɫɬɪɚɜɢ ɡ ɦ’ɹɫɚ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɿɜ, ɹɤɢɦɢ ɬɭɪɢɫɬ ɦɿɝ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɢɬɢ ɨɯɨɪɨɧɰɹ ɩɪɢɬɭɥɤɭ. ȼɚɠɥɢɜɢɦ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɭ ɪɟɤɥɚɦɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ ɫɬɚɽ ɜɢɩɭɫɤ ɭ 1854 ɪ. ɭ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɿʀ ɩɟɪɲɨɝɨ ɞɨɜɿɞɧɢɤɚ. Ⱦɨɜɿɞɧɢɤ ɦɿɫɬɢɜ ɞɟɬɚɥɶɧɭ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɸ ɩɪɨ 8 ɬɢɫ. ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ, ɭ ɧɶɨɦɭ ɜɤɚɡɭɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɚɞɪɟɫɚ, ɦɿɫɬɤɿɫɬɶ ɬɚ ɨɩɢɫ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ. ȼɢɯɿɞ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɞɨɜɿɞɧɢɤɚ ɡɚɩɨɱɚɬɤɭɜɚɜ ɿɫɬɨɪɿɸ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɣɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɧɚ ɫɩɨɠɢɜɱɢɣ ɪɢɧɨɤ, ɡɝɨɞɨɦ ɭ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɤɪɚʀɧɚɯ ɜɢɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɿɱɧɿ ɞɨɜɿɞɧɢɤɢ, ɤɚɬɚɥɨɝɢ, ɛɭɤɥɟɬɢ, ɹɤɿ ɜɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ ɫɬɚɸɬɶ ɩɟɪɲɨɸ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɨɸ ɪɟɤɥɚɦɨɸ. ȼ ɤɿɧɰɿ ɏȱɏ ɫɬ. ɧɚ ɩɨɱɚɬɤɭ ɏɏ ɫɬ. ɭ ɫɮɟɪɿ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ ɜɿɞɛɭɥɢɫɹ ɡɧɚɱɧɿ ɡɦɿɧɢ. Ʉɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿɜ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ ɿɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨ ɡɛɿɥɶɲɭɽɬɶɫɹ, ɪɨɡɲɢɪɸɽɬɶɫɹ ʀɯɧɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɚ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ, ɜɞɨɫɤɨɧɚɥɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɦɨɞɟɪɧɿɡɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɚɪɯɿɬɟɤɬɭɪɚ, ɫɬɜɨɪɸɸɬɶɫɹ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢ ɜ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɬɚ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɯ ɨɡɞɨɛɥɟɧɧɹ. Ɉɫɨɛɥɢɜɨ ɿɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨ ɡɛɿɥɶɲɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɿ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɿɜ ɭ ȯɜɪɨɩɿ ɿ ɋɒȺ. ɍ ɇɿɦɟɱɱɢɧɿ, ɜ 1913 ɪ. ɧɚɪɚɯɨɜɭɜɚɥɨɫɶ 90 ɬɢɫ. ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ, Ⱥɜɫɬɪɨ-ɍɝɨɪɳɢɧɿ — 15 ɬɢɫ., ɭ Ɋɨɫɿʀ ɜ 1910 ɪ. — 4685 ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɿ ɬ.ɞ. Ȼɭɞɿɜɧɢɰɬɜɨ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɝɨ26
ɬɟɥɿɜ ɡɭɦɨɜɥɸɽ ɱɿɬɤɭ ɞɢɮɟɪɟɧɰɿɚɰɿɸ ɭ ɪɨɡɦɿɪɚɯ, ɭɦɨɜɚɯ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ, ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ. ɍ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɫɬɜɨɪɸɸɬɶɫɹ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɧɿ ɭɦɨɜɢ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ, ɜɨɧɢ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɰɟɧɬɪɿ ɦɿɫɬ ɩɨɛɥɢɡɭ ɜɚɠɥɢɜɢɯ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɢɯ ɤɨɦɭɧɿɤɚɰɿɣ — ɜɨɤɡɚɥɿɜ, ɦɚɝɿɫɬɪɚɥɟɣ. ɑɚɫɬɨ ɧɨɜɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɛɭɞɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɦɿɫɰɿ ɡɪɭɣɧɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɫɬɚɪɢɯ, ɳɨ ɧɟ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɥɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɢɦ ɜɢɦɨɝɚɦ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɱɚɫɭ. ɍ ɩɪɟɫɬɢɠɧɢɯ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɯ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɦɿɫɬ ɜɢɧɢɤɚɸɬɶ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɨɜɚɧɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɞɥɹ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨ ɛɚɝɚɬɢɯ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ — ɛɿɡɧɟɫɦɟɧɿɜ, ɩɨɥɿɬɢɤɿɜ, ɞɿɹɱɿɜ ɦɢɫɬɟɰɬɜɚ. Ɍɚɤɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɜɚɥɢ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚɦ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɿ ɡɪɭɱɧɨɫɬɿ, ɜɢɲɤɨɥɟɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥ ɡ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɸ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɿɫɬɸ ɫɩɪɢɹɜ ɡɚɞɨɜɨɥɟɧɧɸ ɩɨɛɚɠɚɧɶ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ. ɉɟɪɲɢɣ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ, ɨɪɿɽɧɬɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɜɢɧɹɬɤɨɜɨ ɧɚ ɛɿɡɧɟɫɦɟɧɿɜ ɜɿɞɤɪɢɜɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɭ 1908 ɪ. ɭ ɦɿɫɬɿ Ȼɭɮɮɚɥɨ (ɋɒȺ) ȿɥɫɜɨɪɬɨɦ ɋɬɚɬɥɟɪɨɦ. Ɂɛɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ȿ. ɋɬɚɬɥɟɪɨɦ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ «Statler Hotel» ɭ ɫɜɿɣ ɱɚɫ ɜɜɚɠɚɜɫɹ ɚɪɯɿɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɢɦ ɲɟɞɟɜɪɨɦ — ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɢɣ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɸɥɶ, ɥɿɮɬɢ, ɨɛɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɿ ɞɨɪɨɝɢɦɢ ɦɟɛɥɹɦɢ ɧɨɦɟɪɢ, ɞɟɤɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɿ ɬɤɚɧɢɧɢ, ɞɨɪɨɝɚ ɫɚɧɬɟɯɧɿɤɚ. ɍ Ʌɨɧɞɨɧɿ ɭ 1905-1908 ɪɪ. ɜɿɞɤɪɢɜɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɨɞɿɛɧɢɣ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ «Piccadilly», ɜ Ⱥɦɫɬɟɪɞɚɦɿ (ɇɿɞɟɪɥɚɧɞɢ) — ɝɨɬɟɥɶ «Victoria», «American Hotel», ɭ Ɇɨɫɤɜɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ «Ɇɟɬɪɨɩɨɥɶ», «Ƚɪɚɧɞ-Ƚɨɬɟɥɶ», «ɉɚɪɢɠ» ɬɚ ɿɧ. ɇɚ ɦɟɠɿ ɏȱɏ — ɏɏ ɫɬ. ɿɧɞɭɫɬɪɿɹ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ ɫɬɚɽ ɜɚɠɥɢɜɨɸ ɫɮɟɪɨɸ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɤɢ ɛɚɝɚɬɶɨɯ ɤɪɚʀɧ. ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɢ ɛɭɞɿɜɧɢɰɬɜɚ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ, ɩɿɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ, ɰɿɧɨɭɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹ ɜɢɪɿɲɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɫɨɸɡɚɦɢ, ɚɤɰɿɨɧɟɪɧɢɦɢ ɬɨɜɚɪɢɫɬɜɚɦɢ, ɤɨɧɰɟɪɧɚɦɢ. ɇɚ ɩɨɱɚɬɤɭ ɏɏ ɫɬ. ɡ ɩɨɦɿɠ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɜɢɞɿɥɹɽɬɶɫɹ «Ʌɨɧɞɨɧɫɶɤɢɣ ɫɢɧɞɢɤɚɬ ɜɥɚɫɧɢɤɿɜ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ», ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɶɤɢɣ «ɋɨɸɡ ɜɥɚɫɧɢɤɿɜ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ». ɍ 1906 ɪ. ɜɢɧɢɤɚɽ «Ɇɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɣ ɫɨɸɡ ɜɥɚɫɧɢɤɿɜ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ», ɳɨ ɨɛ’ɽɞɧɚɜ ɜɥɚɫɧɢɤɿɜ 1700 ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɭ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɤɪɚʀɧɚɯ. 1.1.4. ɋɭɱɚɫɧɢɣ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɨɤ ɫɜɿɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ: ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɿ ɬɚ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɿɚɥɶɧɿ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ
ɋɭɱɚɫɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɿɨɞ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨʀ ɿɧɞɭɫɬɪɿʀ ɩɨɱɢɧɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɿɫɥɹ Ⱦɪɭɝɨʀ ɫɜɿɬɨɜɨʀ ɜɿɣɧɢ. Ƀɨɝɨ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɿ ɡ ɦɚɫɨɜɢɦ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɨɦ ɬɭɪɢɡɦɭ, ɹɤɢɣ ɫɬɚɽ ɨɛ’ɽɤɬɨɦ ɿɧɬɟɪɟɫɭ ɡɧɚɱɧɨʀ ɱɚɫɬɢɧɢ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɧɹ ɧɚɫɚɦɩɟɪɟɞ ɭ ɜɢɫɨɤɨɪɨɡɜɢɧɟɧɢɯ ɤɪɚʀ27
ɧɚɯ. Ɋɨɡɜɢɬɨɤ ɬɭɪɢɡɦɭ ɬɚ ɜɢɫɨɤɚ ɞɿɥɨɜɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɿɫɬɶ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɧɹ ɡɭɦɨɜɥɸɽ ɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ 50 — 70-ɯ ɪɨɤɿɜ ɏɏ ɫɬ. ɩɨɬɭɠɧɨʀ ɦɟɪɟɠɿ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿɜ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ, ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɪɨɡɜɚɝ. Ɂɝɿɞɧɨ ɞɚɧɢɯ ȼɫɟɫɜɿɬɧɶɨʀ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɨʀ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ (ȼɌɈ), ɭ 1980 ɪ. ɭ ɫɜɿɬɿ ɧɚɪɚɯɨɜɭɜɚɥɨɫɶ 8 ɦɥɧ. ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ, ɭ 2003 ɪ. ʀɯɧɹ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɡɛɿɥɶɲɢɥɚɫɶ ɞɨ 15,4 ɦɥɧ. Ʌɿɞɟɪɚɦɢ ɳɨɞɨ ɱɚɫɬɤɢ ɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɮɨɧɞɭ ɽ ȯɜɪɨɩɚ (38,5 % ɜɿɞ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɤɿɥɶɤɨɫɬɿ) ɬɚ ɋɒȺ (33,5 %). ȼ ɨɫɬɚɧɧɽ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɪɿɱɱɹ ɏɏ ɫɬ. ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲɟ ɡɛɿɥɶɲɟɧɧɹ ɤɿɥɶɤɨɫɬɿ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɫɩɨɫɬɟɪɿɝɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɉɿɜɞɟɧɧɿɣ Ⱥɡɿʀ, ɡ 111,1 ɬɢɫ. ɞɨ 171,5 ɬɢɫ., ɞɪɭɝɟ ɦɿɫɰɟ ɡɚɣɦɚɽ ɋɯɿɞɧɚ Ⱥɡɿɹ ɿ Ɍɢɯɨɨɤɟɚɧɫɶɤɢɣ ɪɟʉɿɨɧ, ɞɟ ɧɚɪɚɯɨɜɭɜɚɥɨɫɶ 3,5 ɦɥɧ. ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɿ ɡɛɿɥɶɲɟɧɧɹ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɥɨ 45,3 %. ɍ ɩɟɪɿɨɞ 1997 — 1998 ɪɪ. ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɭ ɪɟʉɿɨɧɿ Ȼɥɢɡɶɤɨɝɨ ɋɯɨɞɭ ɡɪɨɫɥɚ ɧɚ 6,9 %, ɜɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ ɜ Ⱥɮɪɢɰɿ ʀɯɧɹ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɡɦɟɧɲɢɥɚɫɶ ɧɚ 0,4 %. ɇɚ ɮɨɧɿ ɲɜɢɞɤɨɝɨ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɛɿɥɶɲɟɧɧɹ ɤɿɥɶɤɨɫɬɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ, ɫɭɱɚɫɧɚ ɫɜɿɬɨɜɚ ɫɮɟɪɚ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ ɩɟɪɟɬɜɨɪɢɥɚɫɶ ɜ ɿɧɞɭɫɬɪɿɸ ɡ ɛɚɝɚɬɨɦɿɥɶɹɪɞɧɢɦɢ ɞɨɯɨɞɚɦɢ ɭ ɜɫɿɯ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɚɯ ɪɢɧɤɭ. ɋɟɪɟɞ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɢɯ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɿɣ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ ɿɧɞɭɫɬɪɿʀ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɜɢɞɿɥɢɬɢ: 1. ɉɨɝɥɢɛɥɟɧɧɹ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɬɚ ɞɢɜɟɪɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ; 2. ɍɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹ ɡɧɚɱɧɢɯ ɡɚ ɪɨɡɦɿɪɚɦɢ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɢɯ ɮɨɪɦ — ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɥɚɧɰɸɝɿɜ, ɹɤɿ ɫɬɚɸɬɶ ɬɪɚɧɫɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɿɹɦɢ; 3. ɒɢɪɨɤɟ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɜ ɿɧɞɭɫɬɪɿʀ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɣɧɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ, ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ, ɦɚɪɤɟɬɢɧɝɭ; 4. ȱɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɿɹ ɤɚɩɿɬɚɥɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ ɡ ɤɚɩɿɬɚɥɨɦ ɮɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɢɯ, ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɢɯ, ɛɭɞɿɜɟɥɶɧɢɯ, ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɢɯ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɫɮɟɪ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɤɢ; 5. ɒɢɪɨɤɟ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɧɚɭɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬɭ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɬɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɦ ɛɿɡɧɟɫɨɦ; 6. Ɋɨɡɜɢɬɨɤ ɦɟɪɟɠɿ ɧɟɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ ɡɨɪɿɽɧɬɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɢɣ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬ ɪɢɧɤɭ. ɍ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɿɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ ɩɨɪɹɞ ɡ ɬɢɩɨɜɢɦɢ ɩɨɜɧɨɫɟɪɜɿɫɧɢɦɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɪɨɡɜɢɜɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɨɜɚɧɿ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɢ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɡɨɪɿɽɧɬɨɜɚɧɿ ɧɚ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɟɜɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɭ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɪɢɧɤɭ. ɋɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɨɜɚɧɿ 28
ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɩɪɨɮɿɥɸ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɱɨʀ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɨɪɿɽɧɬɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɟɜɧɨʀ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ, ɮɨɪɦɭɸɬɶ ɜɭɡɶɤɢɣ ɩɟɪɟɥɿɤ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɧɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɡɨɪɿɽɧɬɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ, ɹɤɿ ɩɪɢɣɦɚɸɬɶ ɭɱɚɫɬɶ ɭ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɿɹɯ, ɤɨɧɝɪɟɫɚɯ, ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬɶ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɢɣ ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɨɤ ɬɚ ɿɧ. Ƚɨɥɨɜɧɟ ɡɚɜɞɚɧɧɹ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ ɩɨɥɹɝɚɽ ɭ ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɿ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɞɨɜɨɥɟɧɧɹ ɿ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɭ ɩɿɞ ɱɚɫ ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɤɭ. ȼɚɠɥɢɜɢɦ ɧɚɩɪɹɦɤɨɦ ɨɩɬɢɦɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɭ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɛɿɡɧɟɫɿ ɽ ɞɢɜɟɪɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɹ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɰɬɜɚ, ɳɨ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɪɨɡɲɢɪɟɧɧɹɦ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɱɢɯ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɨɫɬɟɣ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ ɡɚ ɪɚɯɭɧɨɤ ɪɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɿɜ. ɋɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ ɞɢɜɟɪɫɢɮɿɤɭɸɬɶ ɹɤ ɨɤɪɟɦɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ — ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɸɬɶ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɨɜɿ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɩɨɩɢɬɭ ɬɚ ɰɿɧɢ ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲ ɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɧɢɣ ʀʀ ɜɚɪɿɚɧɬ, ɜɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɭɸɬɶ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ ɩɪɨ ɧɨɜɿ ɮɨɪɦɢ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɭ ɰɶɨɦɭ ɜɢɞɿ ɫɟɪɜɿɫɭ. ɉɪɢ ɫɩɨɪɭɞɠɟɧɧɿ ɮɟɲɟɧɟɛɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɬɚ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɭ, ɫɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɢɦɢ ɽ ɪɨɡɜɚɠɚɥɶɧɿ, ɫɩɨɪɬɢɜɧɿ, ɨɡɞɨɪɨɜɱɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ, ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɝɚɫɬɪɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɢɯ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿɜ, ɩɥɚɜɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɛɚɫɟɣɧɭ, ɮɿɬɧɟɫ-ɤɥɭɛɭ, ɫɚɭɧɢ, ɫɨɥɹɪɿɸ, ɧɿɱɧɢɯ ɤɥɭɛɿɜ, ɤɨɫɦɟɬɢɱɧɢɯ ɫɚɥɨɧɿɜ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿɜ ɡ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ. ɋɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿɣ ɫɮɟɪɿ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɣɧɿ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɿ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɿ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɦɿɫɰɶ. ɋɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɿ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɪɨɡɪɨɛɥɟɧɿ ɞɥɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɪɜɿɫɭ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɸɬɶ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɿ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ ɧɨɦɟɪɧɢɦ ɮɨɧɞɨɦ, ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɢɯ ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ, ɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɪɚɯɭɧɤɿɜ, ɛɟɡɩɟɤɢ ɬɨɳɨ. ȼɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɢɯ ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ ɜ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɿʀ ɬɚ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɣɧɨɦɭ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨʀ ɫɮɟɪɢ ɡɭɦɨɜɢɥɨ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɤɜɚɥɿɮɿɤɨɜɚɧɨʀ ɩɪɚɰɿ, ɫɟɪɟɞ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ ɡɛɿɥɶɲɢɥɚɫɶ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɿɜ ɡ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɣɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ, ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɿɫɬɿɜ, ɩɨɪɬɶɽ-ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɿɜ. ȼɟɥɢɤɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɿʀ ɡ ɪɨɡɝɚɥɭɠɟɧɨɸ ɦɟɪɟɠɟɸ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶ ɽɞɢɧɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɦɿɫɰɶ ɿɧɬɟɝɪɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɭ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ȱɧɬɟɪɧɟɬ. ɋɟɪɟɞ ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲ ɜɿɞɨɦɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɜɢɞɿɥɹɽɬɶɫɹ «Amadeus», «Worldspan», «Galileo», «Sabre», «Fedelio Hotel Bank». «Amadeus» ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ, ɳɨ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɽ ɫɤɨɪɟɝɨɜɚɧɭ, ɱɿɬɤɭ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɸ ɩɪɨ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɭ ɛɥɢɡɶɤɨ 35 ɬɢɫ. ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɡɚɫɨɛɚɯ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɭ ɜɫɶɨɦɭ ɫɜɿɬɿ. ɐɹ ɫɢɫ29
ɬɟɦɚ ɧɚɞɚɽ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɸ ɩɪɨ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ, ɣɨɝɨ ɧɨɦɟɪɧɢɣ ɮɨɧɞ, ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ, ɬɚɪɢɮɢ, ɨɤɪɟɦɭ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɸ ɳɨɞɨ ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɧɹ ɭ ɹɤɨɦɭ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɚɧɟ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɟ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɨ. Ⱦɥɹ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɨʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨʀ ɿɧɞɭɫɬɪɿʀ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɿ ɪɿɡɧɨɦɚɧɿɬɧɿ ɬɚ ɫɤɥɚɞɧɿ ɬɢɩɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɿ ɨɞɧɨɨɫɿɛɧɢɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹɦ, ɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬɨɦ, ɮɪɚɧɲɢɡɨɸ, ɨɪɟɧɞɨɸ, ɤɨɧɫɨɪɰɿɭɦɚɦɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɪɿɡɧɨɦɚɧɿɬɧɢɦ ʀɯ ɩɨɽɞɧɚɧɧɹɦ. Ɂɧɚɱɧɚ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɿɣ, ɳɨ ɜɨɥɨɞɿɽ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɦɢ, ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɨɜɭɽ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɨɧɚɥɚɦɢ-ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɚɦɢ ɧɚ ɩɿɞɫɬɚɜɿ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɭ ɩɪɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ. Ɍɢɩɨɜɚ ɫɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ, ɤɨɥɢ ɨɤɪɟɦɿ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɿʀ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɬɶ ɧɟ ɬɿɥɶɤɢ ɜɥɚɫɧɢɦɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɦɢ, ɚɥɟ ɣ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɦ ɛɿɡɧɟɫɨɦ, ɳɨ ɧɚɥɟɠɢɬɶ ɿɧɲɢɦ ɜɥɚɫɧɢɤɚɦ. ɑɚɫɬɢɧɚ ɜɥɚɫɧɨɫɬɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɜ ɚɤɰɿɨɧɟɪɧɿɣ ɮɨɪɦɿ — ɜɥɚɫɧɢɤɢ ɜɨɥɨɞɿɸɬɶ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɢɦ ɩɚɤɟɬɨɦ ɚɤɰɿɣ ɚɛɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬɶ ɥɢɲɟ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɧɭ ɣɨɝɨ ɱɚɫɬɤɭ, ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɩɪɨɞɚɜɚɬɢ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɮɪɚɧɲɢɡɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɜɨɥɨɞɿɬɢ ɱɚɫɬɤɨɸ ɜɥɚɫɧɨɫɬɿ, ɳɨ ɜɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɜ ɤɨɧɫɨɪɰɿɭɦ. ȱɧɲɿ ɭɱɚɫɧɢɤɢ ɪɢɧɤɭ ɡɚɣɦɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɥɢɲɟ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɚɛɨ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɢɧɝɨɦ. ɇɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɝɨɬɟɥɶ «Marriot Chateau Champlain» ɜ Ɇɨɧɪɟɚɥɿ (Ʉɚɧɚɞɚ) ɜɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɭ ɜɥɚɫɧɿɫɬɶ ɞɟɤɿɥɶɤɨɯ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɿɣ — «Ocean Properties», «Thibault», «Messier», «Savard and Associates», ɡɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɿ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɿʀ «Atlantic Group» ɬɚ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɦ ɩɿɞɪɨɡɞɿɥɨɦ «Ocean Properties»; ɦɚɽ ɫɬɚɬɭɫ ɮɪɚɧɲɢɡɢ «Marriot», ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɧɚɞɫɶɤɨɸ ɝɪɭɩɨɸ «Marriot Hotels of Canada», ɹɤɚ ɽ ɩɿɞɪɨɡɞɿɥɨɦ «Marriot International Inc». Ʉɨɠɧɚ ɿɡ ɡɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɣɧɢɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɛɿɡɧɟɫɭ ɦɚɽ ɩɟɜɧɿ ɩɟɪɟɜɚɝɢ ɿ ɧɟɞɨɥɿɤɢ, ɩɪɨɬɟ ɭ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɿɣ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɿʀ ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲ ɜɞɚɥɨ ɩɨɡɢɰɿɨɧɭɽ ɧɚ ɪɢɧɤɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ. Ɉɞɧɿɽɸ ɿɡ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɯ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɿɣ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿɣ ɿɧɞɭɫɬɪɿʀ ɨɫɬɚɧɧɿɯ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɥɿɬɶ, ɧɚɫɚɦɩɟɪɟɞ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɿɣ ɭ ɋɒȺ ɿ Ʉɚɧɚɞɿ, ɽ ɭɱɚɫɬɶ ɭ ʀɯɧɿɣ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɿɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɿɣɧɢɯ ɮɨɧɞɿɜ ɧɟɪɭɯɨɦɨɫɬɿ. ɍ ɩɨɽɞɧɚɧɧɿ ɡ ɿɧɲɢɦɢ ɮɨɪɦɚɦɢ ɮɿɧɚɧɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɿɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɿɣɧɿ ɮɨɧɞɢ ɞɨɤɨɪɿɧɧɨ ɡɦɿɧɢɥɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɛɿɡɧɟɫɭ, ɜɿɞɨɤɪɟɦɢɜɲɢ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɜɥɚɫɧɨɫɬɿ ɬɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɦɢ. ȼɧɚɫɥɿɞɨɤ ɜɩɪɨɜɚɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɜɢɞɭ ɮɿɧɚɧɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɜɢɧɢɤ ɧɨɜɢɣ ɬɢɩ ɜɥɚɫɧɢɤɿɜ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ, ɹɤɿ ɥɢɲɟ ɜɨɥɨɞɿɸɬɶ ɧɟɪɭɯɨɦɿɫɬɸ, ɳɨ ɩɪɢɧɨɫɢɬɶ ɞɨɯɨɞɢ, ɿ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɨɪɿɜ, ɹɤɿ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɸɬɶ ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɜ ɭɦɨɜɚɯ ɠɨɪɫɬɤɨʀ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɿʀ. ȼɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨ ɞɨ ɮɨɪɦɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɫɮɨɪ30
ɦɭɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɞɜɚ ɬɢɩɢ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿɣ ɫɮɟɪɿ: ɩɟɪɲɢɣ — ɡɨɪɿɽɧɬɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɟ ɡɚɞɨɜɨɥɟɧɧɹ ɫɩɨɠɢɜɚɱɿɜ ɭ ɞɨɜɝɨɬɪɢɜɚɥɿɣ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɿ, ɞɪɭɝɢɣ — ɡɨɪɿɽɧɬɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɮɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɿ ɿɧɬɟɪɟɫɢ ɿɧɜɟɫɬɨɪɿɜ, ɳɨ ɧɚɣɱɚɫɬɿɲɟ ɦɚɽ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɬɟɪɦɿɧɨɜɢɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ. ɉɨɹɜɚ ɧɨɜɨʀ ɮɨɪɦɢ ɿɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɿɣ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿɣ ɫɮɟɪɿ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɩɨɱɚɬɤɨɦ 90-ɯ ɪɨɤɿɜ ɏɏ ɫɬ., ɤɨɥɢ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɶɤɚ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɚ ɿɧɞɭɫɬɪɿɹ ɫɬɜɨɪɢɥɚ ɧɨɜɭ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɮɿɧɚɧɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɿɞ ɧɚɡɜɨɸ REIT, ɬɨɛɬɨ ɿɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɿɣɧɢɣ ɮɨɧɞ ɧɟɪɭɯɨɦɨɫɬɿ. ɉɿɞ ɰɿɽɸ ɧɚɡɜɨɸ ɧɚ ɪɢɧɤɭ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɥɚ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɿɹ ɡ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɦɢ ɩɿɥɶɝɚɦɢ ɭ ɧɟɪɭɯɨɦɨɫɬɿ. ȼɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ, ɛɭɥɨ ɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɨ ɡɚɤɨɧ ɩɪɨ ɿɧɜɟɫɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɧɟɪɭɯɨɦɿɫɬɶ «The Real Estate Investment Act», ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɡ ɹɤɢɦ ɧɟɜɟɥɢɤɿ ɿɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɿɣɧɿ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɜɤɥɚɞɚɬɢ ɿɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɿʀ ɭ ɧɟɪɭɯɨɦɿɫɬɶ (ɨɮɿɫɧɿ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ, ɬɨɪɝɨɜɿ ɰɟɧɬɪɢ, ɠɢɬɥɨɜɿ ɛɭɞɢɧɤɢ, ɤɭɪɨɪɬɢ ɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ). ɍ 1993 ɪ. ɜɢɧɢɤɥɢ ɩɟɪɲɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿ ɮɨɧɞɢ, ɳɨ ɲɜɢɞɤɨ ɩɟɪɟɬɜɨɪɸɸɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɩɪɢɛɭɬɤɨɜɿ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ ɞɥɹ ɿɧɜɟɫɬɨɪɿɜ ɿ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɞɥɹ ɭɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɯ ɧɚ ʀɯɧɿɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɿ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɿɣ ɞɠɟɪɟɥɨɦ ɲɜɢɞɤɨɝɨ ɮɿɧɚɧɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɞɛɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɜɨʀ ɜɥɚɫɧɨɫɬɿ. ɍ 1999 ɪ. ɛɭɥɨ ɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɨ «Ɂɚɤɨɧ ɩɪɨ ɪɨɡɲɢɪɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɯ ɩɿɥɶɝ» («Tax Relief Extension Act»), ɹɤɢɣ ɫɩɪɢɹɜ ɿɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɿɣɧɢɦ ɮɨɧɞɚɦ ɨɬɪɢɦɭɜɚɬɢ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɿ ɞɠɟɪɟɥɚ ɩɪɢɛɭɬɤɿɜ. ɇɨɜɚɰɿʀ ɭ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɜɫɬɜɿ ɳɨɞɨ ɩɿɥɶɝɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɩɨɞɚɬɤɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɡɭɦɨɜɢɥɢ ɲɢɪɨɤɟ ɿɧɜɟɫɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨʀ ɫɮɟɪɢ ɬɚ ɡɦɿɧɢ ɭ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɿʀ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɧɢɰɬɜɚ. ɇɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɜɿɞɨɦɚ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɚ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɿɹ «Starwood» ɫɤɥɚɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ «Starwood Hotels & Resorts», ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɿɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɿɣɧɨɝɨ ɮɨɧɞɭ «REIT» ɿ «Starwood Hotels & Resorts Worldwide» — ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɱɨʀ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɿʀ, ɹɤɭ ɰɟɣ ɮɨɧɞ ɧɚɣɧɹɜ ɞɥɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɧɧɹ ɦɟɪɟɠɟɸ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ. ɉɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɿɫɬɶ ɩɿɥɶɝɨɜɨɝɨ ɿɧɜɟɫɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɡ ɩɨɜɟɪɧɟɧɧɹɦ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɿɣ ɲɜɢɞɤɢɯ ɬɚ ɡɧɚɱɧɢɯ ɞɨɯɨɞɿɜ, ɳɨ ɞɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬɶ ɞɢɜɟɪɫɢɮɿɤɭɜɚɬɢ ɜɢɞɢ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ, ɡɭɦɨɜɥɸɽ ɣɨɝɨ ɩɨɲɢɪɟɧɧɹ ɭ ɉɿɜɧɿɱɧɿɣ Ⱥɦɟɪɢɰɿ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɪɟʉɿɨɧɚɯ ɫɜɿɬɭ. ɍ ɩɟɪɿɨɞ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɨʀ ɤɪɢɡɢ ɭ Ⱥɡɿɚɬɫɶɤɨ-Ɍɢɯɨɨɤɟɚɧɫɶɤɨɦɭ ɪɟʉɿɨɧɿ ɭɪɹɞɢ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɤɪɚʀɧ ɪɨɡɝɥɹɞɚɥɢ ɩɿɥɶɝɨɜɟ ɿɧɜɟɫɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɧɟɪɭɯɨɦɿɫɬɶ ɹɤ ɨɞɢɧ ɿɡ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɿɜ ɩɨɜɟɪɧɟɧɧɹ ɛɨɪɝɨɜɢɯ ɡɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɶ. ɉɪɨɬɟ, ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɧɿɣ ɨɛɫɹɝ ɿɧɜɟɫɬɭɜɚɧɶ ɬɚ ɜɿɞɫɭɬɧɿɫɬɶ ɧɚ ɪɢɧɤɭ ɧɚɥɟɠɧɢɯ ɨɛ’ɽɤɬɿɜ ɞɥɹ ɿɧɜɟɫɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɞɨ ɧɟɜɞɚɱɿ. 31
Ⱥɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɨɯɨɩɥɸɸɬɶ ɪɢɧɨɤ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɪɿɟɥɬɟɪɫɶɤɿ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɿʀ ɭ ȯɜɪɨɩɿ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɢɦɢ ɿɧɜɟɫɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɜɢɫɬɭɩɚɸɬɶ ɩɟɧɫɿɣɧɿ ɮɨɧɞɢ ɬɚ ɛɚɧɤɢ, ɳɨ ɜɤɥɚɞɚɸɬɶ ɝɪɨɲɿ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɭ ɫɮɟɪɭ ɡɚ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɤɬɚɦɢ ɛɥɢɡɶɤɢɦɢ ɡ US REIT. ɉɨɝɥɢɛɥɟɧɧɹ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɭ ɫɮɟɪɿ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ ɫɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɟ ɡ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɢɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɨɦ ɭɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɢɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ — ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɯ ɿ ɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɥɚɧɰɸɝɿɜ. Ƚɨɬɟɥɶɧɿ ɥɚɧɰɸɝɢ — ɰɟ ɨɛ’ɽɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɝɪɭɩɢ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ, ɹɤɿ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɸɬɶ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɢɣ ɛɿɡɧɟɫ ɿ ɞɨɬɪɢɦɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɛɿɡɧɟɫɭ ɽɞɢɧɢɯ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɿɜ, ɩɟɪɟɛɭɜɚɸɬɶ ɩɿɞ ɛɟɡɩɨɫɟɪɟɞɧɿɦ ɽɞɢɧɢɦ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɟɦ ɚɩɚɪɚɬɭ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ. ɍɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɥɚɧɰɸɝɿɜ ɜɿɞɿɝɪɚɽ ɜɚɠɥɢɜɭ ɪɨɥɶ ɭ ɪɨɡɪɨɛɰɿ ɿ ɩɪɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɧɚ ɫɜɿɬɨɜɢɣ ɪɢɧɨɤ ɜɢɫɨɤɢɯ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɿɜ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ, ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɬɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ. ɋɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿ ɥɚɧɰɸɝɢ ɨɯɨɩɥɸɸɬɶ 30 % ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɢɧɤɭ ɫɜɿɬɭ, ɩɨɧɚɞ 200 ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɿɣ, ɡ ɹɤɢɯ 25 — ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲɿ ɿ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸɸɬɶ 25 % ɫɜɿɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɮɿɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɢɧɤɭ. ɇɚɣɱɚɫɬɿɲɟ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨʀ ɝɪɭɩɢ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɸ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ. Ɂɝɿɞɧɨ ɡ ɰɢɦ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɿɽɦ ɧɚ ɫɜɿɬɨɜɨɦɭ ɪɢɧɤɭ ɫɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ ɞɨɦɿɧɭɸɬɶ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɶɤɿ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɿʀ. ȼɿɫɿɦ ɿɡ ɞɟɫɹɬɢ ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɿɣ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɚɧɿ ɜ ɋɒȺ, ɬɭɬ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɡɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɛɿɥɶɲɟ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɢ ɡ ɩ’ɹɬɞɟɫɹɬɢ ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɥɚɧɰɸɝɿɜ. Ʉɪɿɦ ɋɒȺ, ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲɢɦɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɥɚɧɰɸɝɚɦɢ ɜɨɥɨɞɿɽ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɿɹ, ɬɭɬ ɡɨɫɟɪɟɞɠɟɧɨ ɫɿɦ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɿɣ, ȱɫɩɚɧɿɹ ɿ əɩɨɧɿɹ — ɩɨ ɱɨɬɢɪɢ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɿʀ ɬɚ ɳɟ ɩ’ɹɬɶ ɞɟɪɠɚɜ. Ɂɝɿɞɧɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɿ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɢɯ ɦɚɪɨɤ, ɫɿɦ ɡ ɞɟɫɹɬɢ ɧɚɥɟɠɚɬɶ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɿɹɦ ɋɒȺ, ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɿʀ ɬɚ Ɏɪɚɧɰɿʀ, ɡɨɤɪɟɦɚ ɜɿɞɨɦɚ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɿɹ «Accor». ɇɚ ɩɨɱɚɬɨɤ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɫɬɨɥɿɬɬɹ ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲɢɦɢ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɶɤɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɿɣ ɭ ȯɜɪɨɩɿ ɛɭɥɢ «Bass», «Accor» ɿ «Sol Melia». ɍɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ 1998 — 2000 ɪɪ. ɩɪɨɜɿɞɧɿ ɽɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɶɤɿ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɿʀ ɡɧɚɱɧɨ ɡɦɿɰɧɢɥɢ ɫɜɨʀ ɩɨɡɢɰɿʀ ɧɚ ɪɟʉɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɪɢɧɤɭ ɬɚ ɡɚ ɣɨɝɨ ɦɟɠɚɦɢ, ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɚ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɡɛɿɥɶɲɢɥɚɫɶ ɧɚ 13,7 %. Ⱥɧɚɥɿɡ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɧɢɯ ɞɚɧɢɯ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ ɫɜɿɬɨɜɨʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨʀ ɿɧɞɭɫɬɪɿʀ ɫɜɿɞɱɢɬɶ, ɥɿɞɟɪɨɦ ɨɫɬɚɧɧɿɯ ɪɨɤɿɜ ɽ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɶɤɚ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɿɹ «Candant», ɳɨ ɡɚɣɦɚɽ ɩɟɪɲɟ ɦɿɫɰɟ ɡɚ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɸ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ — 6455 ɿ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ — 541315, ɬɚ ɤɿɥɶɤɨɫɬɿ ɮɪɚɧɲɢɡ — 6455. ȼɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ, ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɢ ɱɿɬɤɢɣ ɩɨɪɿɜɧɹɥɶɧɢɣ 32
ɚɧɚɥɿɡ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɿ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɧɢɯ ɞɚɧɢɯ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɽɞɢɧɢɯ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɿʀɜ ɞɨɫɢɬɶ ɜɚɠɤɨ. ɇɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɡɚ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɿɽɦ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɧɨɫɬɿ ɧɚ ɫɜɿɬɨɜɨɦɭ ɪɢɧɤɭ ɧɚɣɜɢɳɢɣ ɪɟɣɬɢɧɝ ɦɚɽ ɚɧɝɥɿɣɫɶɤɚ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɿɹ «Bass Hotels & Resorts», ɚ «Marriot» ɡɚɣɦɚɽ ɩɟɪɲɟ ɦɿɫɰɟ ɡɚ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɸ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɹɤɢɦɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɽ. Ɏɪɚɧɰɭɡɶɤɚ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɿɹ «Accor» ɜɿɞɨɦɚ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɦ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɨɦ ɨɯɨɩɥɟɧɧɹ ɪɢɧɤɭ ɭ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɹɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ — ɜɿɞ ɨɞɧɨɡɿɪɤɨɜɢɯ «Etar» ɞɨ ɩ’ɹɬɢɡɿɪɤɨɜɢɯ «Sofitel». Ⱦɨɫɜɿɞ ɲɢɪɨɤɨʀ ɞɢɜɟɪɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ, ɜɥɚɫɬɢɜɢɣ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɿʀ «Accor», ɫɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ ɫɤɨɪɿɲɟ ɽ ɜɢɧɹɬɤɨɦ. ɋɭɱɚɫɧɿ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɿʀ ɜ ɭɦɨɜɚɯ ɠɨɪɫɬɤɨʀ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɿʀ ɧɚɣɱɚɫɬɿɲɟ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɿɡ ɡɚɤɪɿɩɥɟɧɧɹɦ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɿʀ ɥɢɲɟ ɭ ɜɭɡɶɤɨɦɭ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɿ ɪɢɧɤɭ ɬɚ ɡɦɿɰɧɟɧɧɹ ɭ ɰɿɣ ɩɨɡɢɰɿʀ ɫɜɨɽʀ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɨʀ ɦɚɪɤɢ ɡɚ ɪɚɯɭɧɨɤ ɩɨɝɥɢɧɚɧɧɹ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɦɟɪɟɠ. Ɋɨɡɲɢɪɟɧɧɹ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɡɿ ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹɦ ɧɨɜɨʀ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɨʀ ɦɟɪɟɠɿ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿɣ ɫɮɟɪɿ ɫɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ ɜɢɧɹɬɤɨɜɟ ɹɜɢɳɟ. ɉɪɨɬɟ, ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɡɚɡɧɚɱɢɬɢ, ɨɤɪɟɦɿ ɪɢɧɤɨɜɿ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɿʀ ɬɚ ɛɭɪɯɥɢɜɢɣ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɨɤ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɣ ɡɭɦɨɜɥɸɽ ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹ ɧɟ ɥɢɲɟ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɬɢɩɿɜ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ. ɍ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿɣ ɫɮɟɪɿ ɫɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ ɩɨɫɢɥɢɥɢɫɶ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɿʀ ɿɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɿʀ — ɤɭɩɿɜɥɹ, ɨɛ’ɽɞɧɚɧɧɹ, ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɫɶɤɿ ɭɝɨɞɢ, ɲɜɢɞɤɟ ɡɪɨɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɤɿɥɶɤɨɫɬɿ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɜ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɿɹɯ. Ƚɨɬɟɥɶɧɚ ɫɮɟɪɚ ɧɚɛɭɜɚɽ ɽɞɢɧɨɝɨ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɚ ɫɜɿɬɨɜɨʀ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɤɢ. ɉɪɨ ɩɨɫɢɥɟɧɧɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɿʀ ɪɢɧɤɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɫɜɿɞɱɚɬɶ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɧɿ ɞɚɧɿ — ɭ 2000 ɪ. ɞɟɫɹɬɶ ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɦɟɪɟɠ ɜɨɥɨɞɿɥɢ 3,23 ɦɥɧ. ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ. ɇɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɡɚɡɧɚɱɢɬɢ, ɳɨ ɧɟɡɜɚɠɚɸɱɢ ɧɚ ɡɧɚɱɧɢɣ ɜɩɥɢɜ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɿɣ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿɣ ɫɮɟɪɿ ɡɭɦɨɜɥɟɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɬɿɣɧɢɦ ɩɨɫɢɥɟɧɧɹɦ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɿ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɿɫɬɸ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɢɯ ɦɚɪɨɤ, ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨ ɭ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɿ ɞɿɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɬɭɪɢɡɦɭ, ɜɨɧɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬɶ ɥɢɲɟ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɧɭ ɱɚɫɬɤɭ ɫɜɿɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɢɧɤɭ (18,4 % ɭ 1998 ɪ.). ȱɧɲɿ ɥɿɞɟɪɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɳɨ ɪɚɡɨɦ ɮɨɪɦɭɸɬɶ ɩ’ɹɬɶɞɟɫɹɬ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɿɣ, ɡɨɫɟɪɟɞɠɭɸɬɶ ɥɢɲɟ 26 % ɜɫɿɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ. ɉɨɪɹɞ ɡ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɿɡɚɰɿɽɸ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿɣ ɫɮɟɪɿ ɪɨɡɜɢɜɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɿ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɿʀ, ɱɚɫɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɿ ɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɦɟɪɟɠɚɦɢ («Dorint», «Maritim» — ɭ ɇɿɦɟɱɱɢɧɿ, «Jolly» ɜ ȱɬɚɥɿʀ, «Fujita Kanko» ɜ əɩɨɧɿʀ, «Southern Sun Hotels» ɜ ɉɿɜɞɟɧɧɿɣ Ⱥɮɪɢɰɿ, «Scandic Hotels» ɭ ɒɜɟɰɿʀ ɬɚ ɿɧ.). Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɱɢɧɨɦ, ɩɨɪɹɞ ɿɡ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɿɹɦɢ ɞɨ ɤɨɧɫɨɥɿɞɚɰɿʀ, ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɚ ɫɮɟɪɚ 33
ɫɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɢɦ ɱɢɧɨɦ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɧɟɡɚɥɟɠɧɢɦɢ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɚɛɨ ɧɟɜɟɥɢɤɢɦɢ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɿɹɦɢ. Ɉɞɧɿɽɸ ɿɡ ɜɚɠɥɢɜɢɯ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɿɣ ɫɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ ɽ ɩɨɫɢɥɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɡɢɰɿɣ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɿɣ ɭ ɫɭɦɿɠɧɢɯ ɝɚɥɭɡɹɯ — ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɿɣ, ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɿɣ, ɫɮɟɪɿ ɧɟɪɭɯɨɦɨɫɬɿ ɬɚ ɿɧ. Ɂɨɤɪɟɦɚ, ɜɿɞɨɦɚ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɶɤɚ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɚ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɿɹ «Cendant» ɭ 2001 ɪ. ɩɪɢɞɛɚɥɚ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɭ ɪɨɡɩɨɞɿɥɶɱɭ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɭ ɦɟɪɟɠɭ «Galileo» ɭ ɬɭɪɿɧɞɭɫɬɪɿʀ, ɳɨ ɩɪɚɰɸɽ ɭ 109-ɢ ɤɪɚʀɧɚɯ, ɡ 45 ɬɢɫ. ɬɭɪɚɝɟɧɬɚɦɢ, 505-ɚ ɚɜɿɚɤɨɦɩɚɧɿɹɦɢ, 37-ɚ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɡ ɨɪɟɧɞɢ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɿɥɿɜ, 47 ɬɢɫ. ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ, 368-ɚ ɬɭɪɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɚɦɢ, ɡ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɦɢ ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɦɢ ɤɪɭʀɡɧɢɦɢ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɿɹɦɢ. ɍ 2000 ɪ. «Cendant» ɤɭɩɢɥɚ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɿ ɦɚɪɤɢ «Ameri Host Inn» i «Ameri Host Inn and Suites», ɤɨɦɩɚɧɿɸ ɡ ɨɪɟɧɞɢ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɿɥɿɜ «Avis» ɬɚ ɿɧ. Ʉɭɩɿɜɥɹ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨʀ ɦɟɪɟɠɿ «Galileo» ɬɚ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɿʀ «Cheap Tickets» ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɢɥɚ «Cendant» ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɞɨ ɚɜɿɚɰɿɣɧɢɯ ɩɟɪɟɜɟɡɟɧɶ ɿ ɞɚɽ ɡɦɨɝɭ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɜɚɬɢ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɿ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɨʀ ɿɧɞɭɫɬɪɿʀ. Ⱦɥɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɿɣ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɿɜɧɹ ɚɧɚɥɿɬɢɤɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɛɿɡɧɟɫɭ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɢɥɢ ɬɚɤɢɣ ɪɿɜɟɧɶ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɝɟɨɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɨɜɨʀ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ — ɩɪɢɫɭɬɧɿɫɬɶ ɭ 120-ɢ ɤɪɚʀɧɚɯ, ɧɚɹɜɧɿɫɬɶ 250 ɬɢɫ. ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɬɚ 1000 ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ. ɋɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ ɥɢɲɟ ɞɟɤɿɥɶɤɚ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɿɣ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɬɢ ɡɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɦ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚɦ, ɡɨɤɪɟɦɚ «Accor», «Six Continents» («Bass»), «Best Western», «Carlson», «Marriot» ɿ «Starwood». Ɂɚ ɜɢɧɹɬɤɨɦ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɿɣ «Carlson», «Accor» ɿ «Cendant» ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɿʀ ɡɨɫɟɪɟɞɠɭɸɬɶ ɫɜɨɸ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦɭ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɿ, ɿ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɿʀ ʀɯɧɶɨɝɨ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɿ ɧɚ ɤɭɩɿɜɥɸ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɢɯ ɦɚɪɨɤ, ɡɛɿɥɶɲɟɧɧɹ ɤɿɥɶɤɨɫɬɿ ɮɪɚɧɲɢɡ ɿ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɿɱɧɭ ɟɤɫɩɚɧɫɿɸ, ɜɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ ɤɨɠɧɚ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɿɹ ɨɪɿɽɧɬɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɭɡɶɤɢɣ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬ ɪɢɧɤɭ. Ɂɝɿɞɧɨ ɩɪɨɜɿɞɧɢɯ ɩɨɡɢɰɿɣ ɭ ɫɜɿɬɿ, ɉɿɜɧɿɱɧɭ Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɭ ɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɭɽ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɿɹ «Cendant», ɭ ɉɿɜɞɟɧɧɿɣ Ⱥɦɟɪɢɰɿ ɥɿɞɢɪɭɽ «Six Continents», ɜ Ⱥɡɿɚɬɫɶɤɨ-Ɍɢɯɨɨɤɟɚɧɫɶɤɨɦɭ ɪɟʉɿɨɧɿ — ɩɟɪɲɟ ɦɿɫɰɟ ɡɚɣɦɚɽ «Six Continents», ɞɪɭɝɟ — «Accor». Ⱥɧɚɥɿɡ ɞɚɧɢɯ ȼɌɈ ɫɟɪɟɞ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɪɟʉɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɪɢɧɤɿɜ ɫɜɿɞɱɢɬɶ, ɳɨ ɭ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨʀ ɫɮɟɪɢ ɫɩɨɫɬɟɪɿɝɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɬɚɤɿ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɿʀ: ɉɿɜɧɿɱɧɚ Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɚ. ɍ ɫɮɟɪɿ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɿɫɬɶ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɪɟʉɿɨɧɭ ɡɦɟɧɲɢɥɚɫɶ, ɳɨ ɡɭɦɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɬɟɪɨɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɢɦ ɚɤɬɨɦ 34
11 ɜɟɪɟɫɧɹ 2001 ɪ. ɭ ɋɒȺ. Ɂɝɿɞɧɨ ɬɜɟɪɞɠɟɧɶ ɟɤɫɩɟɪɬɿɜ ɪɢɧɤɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨʀ ɫɮɟɪɢ ɰɟɣ ɫɩɚɞ ɫɭɬɬɽɜɨ ɧɟ ɜɿɞɨɛɪɚɡɢɜɫɹ ɧɚ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿɣ ɿɧɞɭɫɬɪɿʀ, ɫɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ ʀʀ ɩɨɡɢɰɿʀ ɜɿɞɧɨɜɢɥɢɫɶ. ȿɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɿ ɤɪɢɡɢ ɜɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ ɨɫɬɚɧɧɿɯ 30-ɢ ɪɨɤɿɜ ɜ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɫɭɬɬɽɜɨ ɧɟ ɜɩɥɢɜɚɥɢ ɧɚ ɪɟɧɬɚɛɟɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ, ɤɥɿɽɧɬɢ ɥɢɲɟ ɱɚɫɬɤɨɜɨ ɡɦɟɧɲɢɥɢ ɫɜɨʀ ɜɢɬɪɚɬɢ ɚɛɨ ɬɟɪɦɿɧ ɩɟɪɟɛɭɜɚɧɧɹ. ɋɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɶɤɢɣ ɪɟʉɿɨɧ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɡɧɚɱɧɨɸ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɿɽɸ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ ɦɚɣɠɟ ɜɫɿɯ ɜɿɞɨɦɢɯ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɢɯ ɦɚɪɨɤ ɫɜɿɬɭ. ɍ ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɭ ɿɡ ɜɢɫɨɤɨɸ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɿɽɸ ɛɿɥɶɲɿɫɬɶ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɶɤɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɿɣ ɧɚɦɚɝɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɜɢɣɬɢ ɡɚ ɦɟɠɿ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɪɢɧɤɭ. ȼɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ, ɜɿɞɛɭɜɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɨɝɥɢɧɚɧɧɹ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɦɢ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɿɹɦɢ ɞɪɿɛɧɢɯ ɧɟɡɚɥɟɠɧɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɲɥɹɯɨɦ ʀɯɧɶɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɭ ɭ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɸ ɮɪɚɧɲɢɡ. ȱɧɲɢɣ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɩɨɝɥɢɧɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɥɚɧɰɸɝɚɦɢ ɧɟɡɚɥɟɠɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ ɫɬɨɫɭɽɬɶɫɹ ʀɯɧɶɨɝɨ ɮɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɲɥɹɯɨɦ ɡɦɟɧɲɟɧɧɹ ɱɥɟɧɫɶɤɢɯ ɜɧɟɫɤɿɜ, ɡɜɿɥɶɧɟɧɧɹ ɜɿɞ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɿɜ ɜɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ ɩɟɪɲɨɝɨ ɪɨɤɭ, ɱɚɫɬɤɨɜɟ ɩɨɜɟɪɧɟɧɧɹ ɿɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɿɣ ɬɚ ɿɧ. Ɂɝɿɞɧɨ ɜɢɫɥɨɜɥɸɜɚɧɶ ɟɤɫɩɟɪɬɿɜ ɪɢɧɤɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɭ ɧɚɣɛɥɢɠɱɿɣ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɿ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɡɧɢɠɟɧɧɹ ɬɟɦɩɿɜ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨʀ ɿɧɞɭɫɬɪɿʀ ɿ ɡɦɟɧɲɟɧɧɹ ɤɿɥɶɤɨɫɬɿ ɭɝɨɞ ɭ ɰɿɣ ɫɮɟɪɿ. ɋɟɪɟɞ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɢɯ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ ɜɢɞɿɥɹɽɬɶɫɹ ɦɨɧɨɩɨɥɿɡɚɰɿɹ ɪɢɧɤɭ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɦɢ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɿɹɦɢ ɬɚ ɡɚɜɢɳɟɧɧɹ ɰɿɧ, ɧɚɫɚɦɩɟɪɟɞ ɫɟɪɟɞ ɦɨɧɨɩɨɥɿɣ. ɋɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ ɧɚ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɶɤɨɦɭ ɪɢɧɤɭ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɤɨɧɫɨɥɿɞɚɰɿʀ ɿ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɧɿ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɪɿɱɱɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɿʀ ɨɱɿɤɭɽ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɩɨɞɪɿɛɧɟɧɧɹ. ȯɜɪɨɩɚ. Ƚɨɬɟɥɶɧɚ ɿɧɞɭɫɬɪɿɹ ȯɜɪɨɩɢ ɩɨɞɿɛɧɨ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɶɤɿɣ, ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲ ɪɨɡɜɢɧɟɧɚ, ɩɪɨɬɟ ɪɨɡɜɢɜɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɛɿɥɶɲ ɫɬɚɛɿɥɶɧɨ ɿɡ ɫɬɿɣɤɢɦɢ ɬɟɦɩɚɦɢ ɡɛɿɥɶɲɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɯɨɞɿɜ. ɍ ȯɜɪɨɩɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɚ ɿɧɞɭɫɬɪɿɹ ɫɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ ɩɪɢɧɨɫɢɬɶ ɪɟɤɨɪɞɧɿ ɞɨɯɨɞɢ ɿ ɞɚɽ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɿɫɬɶ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɿɹɦ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɧɶɨ ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ ɞɥɹ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɬɚ ɿɧɜɟɫɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɤɚɩɿɬɚɥɭ. ɍ ɰɶɨɦɭ ɪɟʉɿɨɧɿ ɡɧɚɱɧɨ ɜɢɳɚ ɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɧɟɡɚɥɟɠɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ, ɳɨ ɭɪɿɡɧɨɦɚɧɿɬɧɸɸɬɶ ɪɢɧɨɤ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɡɭɦɨɜɥɸɸɬɶ ɜɢɳɭ ɣɨɝɨ ɝɧɭɱɤɿɫɬɶ. ɉɪɨɬɟ, ɫɜɿɬɨɜɿ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɢ ɿɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɿʀ ɬɚ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɞɚɸɬɶ ɩɿɞɫɬɚɜɢ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɭɜɚɬɢ ɭ ɧɚɣɛɥɢɠɱɨɦɭ ɦɚɣɛɭɬɧɶɨɦɭ ɛɿɥɶɲ ɿɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɟ ɩɨɝɥɢɧɚɧɧɹ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɦɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɿɹɦɢ ɦɟɧɲ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɧɨɡɞɚɬɧɢɯ. ɉɪɨɝɧɨɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɿɹ ɞɨɫɢɬɶ ɣɦɨɜɿɪɧɚ, ɨɫɤɿɥɶɤɢ ɧɚ ɽɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɶɤɨɦɭ ɪɢɧɤɭ ɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɥɚɧɰɸɝɿɜ ɡɧɚɱɧɨ ɦɟɧɲɚ ɧɿɠ ɭ ɋɒȺ. 35
ȯɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɶɤɚ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɚ ɿɧɞɭɫɬɪɿɹ ɭ ɩɨɪɿɜɧɹɧɧɿ ɿɡ ɩɿɜɧɿɱɧɨɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɶɤɨɸ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɜɢɫɨɤɨɸ ɱɚɫɬɤɨɸ ɧɟɡɚɥɟɠɧɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ. ɉɪɨɬɟ, ɡ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɨɦ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɢɧɝɭ, ɳɨ ɞɚɽ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɿɫɬɶ ɲɜɢɞɤɨɝɨ ɪɨɡɲɢɪɟɧɧɹ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɩɪɢ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɧɢɯ ɿɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɿɹɯ, ɜɫɟ ɛɿɥɶɲɟ ɜɿɞɨɦɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɿɣ ɩɨɝɥɢɧɚɽ ɧɟɡɚɥɟɠɧɿ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ. ɇɚɣɱɚɫɬɿɲɟ ɩɪɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɜɿɞɨɦɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɿɣ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɲɥɹɯɨɦ ɛɭɞɿɜɧɢɰɬɜɚ ɭ ɜɟɥɢɤɨɦɭ ɦɿɫɬɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɤɥɚɫɭ «ɥɸɤɫ» ɬɚ ɞɟɤɿɥɶɤɨɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨɝɨ ɬɚ ɧɢɠɱɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɭ, ɹɤɿ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɭɸɬɶ ɡ ɧɟɡɚɥɟɠɧɢɦɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɦɢ. Ɂɨɤɪɟɦɚ, ɭ Ɋɨɫɿʀ ɬɚɤɭ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɿɸ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɿɹ «Marriott», ɭ ɩɥɚɧɚɯ ɹɤɨʀ ɛɭɞɿɜɧɢɰɬɜɨ ɩ’ɹɬɢɡɿɪɤɨɜɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɭ Ɇɨɫɤɜɿ, ɋɚɧɤɬ-ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɡɿ, ɜ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɦɿɫɬɚɯ — ɇɢɠɧɶɨɦɭ ɇɨɜɝɨɪɨɞɿ, Ʉɚɡɚɧɿ, ȯɤɚɬɟɪɢɧɛɭɪɡɿ — ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɟɧɨ ɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɢ ɦɟɪɟɠɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɭ. ȼ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɿ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɿɱɧɭ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɿɸ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɶɤɚ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɿɹ «Accor», ɳɨ ɩɥɚɧɭɽ ɛɭɞɿɜɧɢɰɬɜɨ ɭ Ʉɢɽɜɿ ɬɪɢ-ɩ’ɹɬɢɡɿɪɤɨɜɢɯ ɬɚ ɬɪɢ-ɱɨɬɢɪɶɨɯɡɿɪɤɨɜɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɭ ɏɚɪɤɨɜɿ, Ⱦɧɿɩɪɨɩɟɬɪɨɜɫɶɤɭ, Ɉɞɟɫɿ, Ⱦɨɧɟɰɶɤɭ ɿ Ʌɶɜɨɜɿ, ɪɚɡɨɦ 10–12 ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɞɨ 201 ɪ. Ɂ ɨɝɥɹɞɭ ɧɚ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɿʀ ɞɨ ɤɨɧɫɨɥɿɞɚɰɿʀ ɿ ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɿɣ ɜ ɨɫɬɚɧɧɽ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɪɿɱɱɹ, ɭ ȯɜɪɨɩɿ ɦɚɣɠɟ 70 % ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɡɚɥɢɲɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɟɡɚɥɟɠɧɢɦɢ. Ⱦɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɧɹ 83 ɽɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɶɤɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɦɟɪɟɠ ɜɢɹɜɢɥɨ ɥɢɲɟ 16, ɳɨ ɨɯɨɩɥɸɸɬɶ ɩɨɧɚɞ 100 ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ. ɇɚɣɛɿɥɶɲɨɸ ɦɟɪɟɠɟɸ ɽ «Ibis» (483 ɝɨɬɟɥɿ), ɬɚ «Mercure», «Companile» ɿ «Formule 1». ɇɚɣɛɿɥɶɲɚ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɿɡ ɜɿɞɨɦɢɦɢ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɢɦɢ ɦɚɪɤɚɦɢ ɡɨɫɟɪɟɞɠɟɧɚ ɭ Ɏɪɚɧɰɿʀ, ɧɚɣɦɟɧɲɟ ɜ ȱɬɚɥɿʀ ɬɚ Ⱥɜɫɬɪɿʀ. Ⱦɥɹ ȯɜɪɨɩɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɬɚ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɿʀ, ɳɨ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɸɬɶ ɨɪɢɝɿɧɚɥɶɧɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ, ɤɨɠɟɧ ɡ ɹɤɢɯ ɜɢɞɿɥɹɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɟɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɢɦ ɩɪɨɮɿɥɟɦ. ɇɚɣɛɿɥɶɲɭ ɱɚɫɬɤɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ — 71,6 % ɨɯɨɩɥɸɽ ɥɢɲɟ ɞɟɜ’ɹɬɶ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɿɣ, ɫɟɪɟɞ ɹɤɢɯ ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲɢɦɢ ɽ ɚɧɝɥɿɣɫɶɤɚ «Six Continents» ɬɚ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɶɤɚ «Accor». ɉɪɨɰɟɫ ɨɛ’ɽɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɜɿɞɛɭɜɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɜ ȱɫɩɚɧɿʀ, ɞɟ ɜ ɨɫɬɚɧɧɿ ɪɨɤɢ ɡɚɮɿɤɫɨɜɚɧɨ ɞɟɤɿɥɶɤɚ ɡɧɚɱɧɢɯ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɢɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɿɣ ɡ ɤɭɩɿɜɥɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ. ɇɚɣɛɿɥɶɲɨɸ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɸ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɿɽɸ ɜ ɤɪɚʀɧɿ ɽ «Sol Melia», ɳɨ ɡɚɣɦɚɽ 11-ɟ ɦɿɫɰɟ ɭ ɫɜɿɬɨɜɨɦɭ ɪɟɣɬɢɧɝɭ ɿ ɫɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɩɪɨɫɭɜɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɪɢɧɨɤ ɉɿɜɞɟɧɧɨʀ Ⱥɡɿʀ. ɇɚɣɛɿɥɶɲɿ ɽɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɶɤɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɿʀ ɫɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɩɪɨɫɭɜɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɪɟʉɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɿ ɪɢɧɤɢ ɋɯɿɞɧɨʀ ɬɚ ɉɿɜɧɿɱɧɨʀ ȯɜɪɨɩɢ. Ɂɨɤɪɟɦɚ, ɭ 2002–2004 ɪɪ., «Accor» ɩɪɢɞɛɚɥɚ ɤɨɧɬ36
ɪɨɥɶɧɢɣ ɩɚɤɟɬ ɚɤɰɿɣ ɩɨɥɶɫɶɤɨʀ ɦɟɪɟɠɿ «Orbis» (56 ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ), «Hilton International» ɤɭɩɢɥɚ ɲɜɟɞɫɶɤɭ ɦɟɪɟɠɭ «Scandic», ɭ ɹɤɭ ɜɯɨɞɢɬɶ 150 ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ. Ⱥɡɿɚɬɫɶɤɨ-Ɍɢɯɨɨɤɟɚɧɫɶɤɢɣ ɪɟʉɿɨɧ. Ⱥɡɿɚɬɫɶɤɨ-Ɍɢɯɨɨɤɟɚɧɫɶɤɢɣ ɪɟʉɿɨɧ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɬɟɦɩɚɯ ɡɪɨɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɫɬɚɛɿɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɶɤɨɦɭ ɬɚ ɽɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɶɤɨɦɭ ɪɢɧɤɚɦ. ɐɟɣ ɪɢɧɨɤ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɢɡɶɤɨɸ ɱɚɫɬɤɨɸ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɧɨɫɬɿ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɿɣ, ɛɥɢɡɶɤɨ 75 % ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɩɨɡɢɰɿɨɧɭɸɬɶ ɧɚ ɪɢɧɤɭ ɹɤ ɧɟɡɚɥɟɠɧɿ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ. ɇɚɣɛɿɥɶɲɢɦɢ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɿɹɦɢ, ɩɪɢɫɭɬɧɿɫɬɶ ɹɤɢɯ ɩɨɦɿɬɧɚ ɭ ɪɟʉɿɨɧɿ ɽ «Six Continents», «Marriot», «Accor», «Starwood», ɳɨ ɜɨɥɨɞɿɸɸɬɶ ɬɿɥɶɤɢ 8–12 % ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɤɿɥɶɤɨɫɬɿ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ. ɇɟɡɧɚɱɧɚ ɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɢɧɤɭ ɡɭɦɨɜɥɟɧɚ ɩɟɜɧɢɦ ɪɢɡɢɤɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɿɧɜɟɫɬɨɪɿɜ, ɚ ɫɚɦɟ: ɜɢɫɨɤɢɦɢ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɚɦɢ, ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɧɶɨ ɪɨɡɜɢɧɟɧɨɸ ɛɚɧɤɿɜɫɶɤɨɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɸ, ɩɨɥɿɬɢɱɧɨɸ ɣ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɨɸ ɧɟɫɬɚɛɿɥɶɧɿɫɬɸ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɞɟɪɠɚɜ. ȿɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɚ ɤɪɢɡɚ ɜ ɤɿɧɰɿ 1990-ɯ — ɩɨɱɚɬɤɭ 2000-ɯ ɪɨɤɿɜ ɩɨɡɧɚɱɢɥɚɫɶ ɧɚ ɧɢɡɶɤɨɦɭ ɿɧɜɟɫɬɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɪɟʉɿɨɧɭ. Ʌɢɲɟ Ⱥɜɫɬɪɚɥɿɹ, ɳɨ ɜɢɞɿɥɹɽɬɶɫɹ ɫɬɚɛɿɥɶɧɢɦ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɢɦ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɨɦ, ɫɬɚɥɚ ɨɛ’ɽɤɬɨɦ ɭɜɚɝɢ ɞɟɤɿɥɶɤɨɯ ɿɧɨɡɟɦɧɢɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɿɜ, ɧɚɫɚɦɩɟɪɟɞ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɿʀ «Accor» ɬɚ «Six Continents». ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿ ɰɿɽʀ ɞɿɥɨɜɨʀ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɿ «Accor» ɫɬɚɥɚ ɩɟɪɲɨɸ ɡɚ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɸ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ, «Six Continents» — ɞɪɭɝɨɸ ɜ ɰɶɨɦɭ ɪɟʉɿɨɧɿ. Ɂɧɚɱɧɢɦ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɿɚɥɨɦ ɭ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ ɜ Ⱥɡɿɚɬɫɶɤɨ-Ɍɢɯɨɨɤɟɚɧɫɶɤɨɦɭ ɪɟʉɿɨɧɿ ɜɨɥɨɞɿɽ Ʉɢɬɚɣ ɬɚ ȱɧɞɿɹ. ɒɜɢɞɤɟ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɟ ɡɪɨɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɜɞɨɫɤɨɧɚɥɟɧɧɹ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɭ ɰɢɯ ɤɪɚʀɧɚɯ ɡɭɦɨɜɢɬɶ ɿɧɜɟɫɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɫɟɤɬɨɪ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɦɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɿɹɦɢ. Ɂ ɭɪɚɯɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ ɧɢɡɶɤɨʀ ɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨʀ ɩɥɚɬɨɫɩɪɨɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɿ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɿɜ ɭ ɰɢɯ ɤɪɚʀɧɚɯ, ɜɟɥɢɤɿ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɿʀ, ɡɨɤɪɟɦɚ «Accor», «Carlson», «Six Continents» i «Hyatt» ɫɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ ɨɫɜɨɸɸɬɶ ɪɢɧɨɤ ɡ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɢɯ ɦɚɪɨɤ ɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɭ ɿ ɜ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɿ ɩɥɚɧɭɸɬɶ ɪɨɡɜɢɧɭɬɢ ɦɟɪɟɠɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɜɢɳɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɭ. ɉɪɢɜɚɛɥɢɜɢɦ ɧɚɩɪɹɦɤɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɬɪɚɧɫɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɿɣ ɜ ɨɫɜɨɽɧɧɿ ȺɡɿɚɬɫɶɤɨɌɢɯɨɨɤɟɚɧɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɪɟʉɿɨɧɭ ɽ ɭɤɥɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɫɶɤɢɯ ɫɨɸɡɿɜ ɿɡ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɦɢ ɦɿɫɰɟɜɢɦɢ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɚɦɢ, ɡɨɤɪɟɦɚ «Asia Pacific», «Mandarin Oriental Hotel Group», «Shangri-La» ɬɚ ɿɧ. ɋɚɦɟ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɱɢɧɨɦ ɫɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ ɨɫɜɨɸɽ ɚɡɿɚɬɫɶɤɢɣ ɪɢɧɨɤ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɶɤɚ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɿɹ «Cendant». 37
Ɉɫɨɛɥɢɜɨ ɩɪɢɜɚɛɥɢɜɚ ɫɮɟɪɚ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ Ʉɢɬɚɸ, ɳɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɡ ɧɚɣɜɢɳɢɯ ɭ ɫɜɿɬɿ ɬɟɦɩɚɦɢ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɡɪɨɫɬɚɧɧɹ, ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲɨɸ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɸ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɧɹ, ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɨɜɚɧɨɝɨ ɲɜɢɞɤɨɝɨ ɜɫɬɭɩɭ ɭ ȼɫɟɫɜɿɬɧɸ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɟɥɶɧɭ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɸ, ɽ ɦɿɫɰɟ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ Ɉɥɿɦɩɿɣɫɶɤɢɯ ɿɝɨɪ ɭ 2008 ɪ. Ɉɫɜɨɽɧɧɹ ɪɢɧɤɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ Ʉɢɬɚɸ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɿɽɸ «Six Continents», ɳɨ ɤɭɩɢɥɚ ɡɚ ɪɟɤɨɪɞɧɭ ɫɭɦɭ — 346 ɦɥɧ. ɞɨɥ. ɜ Ƚɨɧɤɨɧɝɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ «Regent Hotel», «Accor» ɜɿɞɤɪɢɥɚ ɞɟɜ’ɹɬɶ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ «Sofitel» ɿ «Novotel», ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɭɤɥɚɥɚ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɫɶɤɭ ɭɝɨɞɭ ɡ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɿɽɸ «Zenith Hotels International», ɳɨ ɜɨɥɨɞɿɽ ɭ Ʉɢɬɚʀ ɦɟɪɟɠɟɸ ɿɡ ɜɨɫɶɦɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ. Ⱥɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɸɬɶ ɩɨɲɭɤ ɜɚɪɿɚɧɬɿɜ ɤɭɩɿɜɥɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɚɛɨ ɭɤɥɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɫɶɤɢɯ ɭɝɨɞ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɿʀ «Starwood» ɬɚ «Marriot». ɍ ɉɿɜɞɟɧɧɨ-ɋɯɿɞɧɿɣ Ⱥɡɿʀ ɧɢɡɶɤɢɣ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɢɣ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɿɚɥ ɬɚ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɱɧɚ ɧɟɫɬɚɛɿɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ ɡɭɦɨɜɥɸɸɬɶ ɬɪɭɞɧɨɳɿ ɭ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɨʀ ɬɚ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨʀ ɫɮɟɪɢ. ɇɚɣɜɢɳɢɦ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɿɚɥɨɦ ɭ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ ɫɮɟɪɢ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ ɜɨɥɨɞɿɽ ɉɯɭɤɟɬ (Ɍɚʀɥɚɧɞ) ɿ ɋɿɦɩɿɧ (Ʉɚɦɛɨɞɠɚ). ɉɪɨɬɟ, ɪɟɚɥɿɡɚɰɿɹ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɿɚɥɭ, ɳɨ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɿɡ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɸ ɟɤɡɨɬɢɤɨɸ, ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɮɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɢɯ ɦɟɯɚɧɿɡɦɿɜ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɠɜɚɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɭ ɧɚɣɛɥɢɠɱɿ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɪɿɱɱɹ, ɡɭɦɨɜɢɬɶ ɚɤɬɢɜɿɡɚɰɿɸ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨʀ ɿɧɞɭɫɬɪɿʀ. ɋɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ ɨɫɜɨɽɧɧɹ ɪɢɧɤɭ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɪɟʉɿɨɧɭ ɪɨɡɩɨɱɚɥɚ ɚɧɝɥɿɣɫɶɤɚ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɿɹ «Six Continents». Ȼɥɢɡɶɤɢɣ ɋɯɿɞ. Ⱥɤɬɢɜɧɢɣ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɨɤ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɨʀ ɫɮɟɪɢ, ʀʀ ɞɢɜɟɪɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɹ ɭ ɪɹɞɿ ɤɪɚʀɧ Ȼɥɢɡɶɤɨɝɨ ɋɯɨɞɭ, ɧɢɡɶɤɿ ɰɿɧɢ ɧɚ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ ɡɭɦɨɜɥɸɸɬɶ ɜɢɫɨɤɿ ɬɟɦɩɢ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨʀ ɿɧɞɭɫɬɪɿʀ. ɍ 1988 ɪ. ɭ ɰɶɨɦɭ ɪɟʉɿɨɧɿ ɡɚɮɿɤɫɨɜɚɧɨ ɧɚɣɜɢɳɟ ɡɛɿɥɶɲɟɧɧɹ ɤɿɥɶɤɨɫɬɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ — 15,3 ɬɢɫ. (6,9 %) ɜɿɞ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɤɿɥɶɤɨɫɬɿ ɭ 221 ɬɢɫ., ɳɨ ɫɩɪɢɱɢɧɢɬɶ ɭ ɧɚɣɛɥɢɠɱɿɣ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɿ ɩɟɪɟɧɚɫɢɱɟɧɧɹ ɪɢɧɤɭ ɬɚ ɠɨɪɫɬɤɭ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɿɸ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿɣ ɫɮɟɪɿ. Ⱥɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɢɦ ɧɚɩɪɹɦɤɨɦ ɽ ɞɢɜɟɪɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɹ ɝɚɥɭɡɿ ɿɡ ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹɦ ɝɧɭɱɤɢɯ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɧɢɯ ɩɨɡɢɰɿɣ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ. Ɂɝɿɞɧɨ ɬɚɤɨʀ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɿʀ ɩɨɡɢɰɿɨɧɭɸɬɶ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ Ɉɛ’ɽɞɧɚɧɢɯ Ⱥɪɚɛɫɶɤɢɯ ȿɦɿɪɚɬɿɜ, ɞɟ ɪɨɡɪɨɛɥɟɧɿ ɬɚ ɪɟɚɥɿɡɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢ ɛɭɞɿɜɧɢɰɬɜɚ ɲɬɭɱɧɢɯ ɨɫɬɪɨɜɿɜ-ɤɭɪɨɪɬɿɜ, ɫɩɨɪɬɢɜɧɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɿɜ ɞɥɹ ɡɢɦɨɜɢɯ ɜɢɞɿɜ ɫɩɨɪɬɭ, ɦɨɞɟɪɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨʀ ɫɮɟɪɢ. ȱɧɜɟɫɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨʀ ɫɮɟɪɢ ɧɚ Ȼɥɢɡɶɤɨɦɭ ɋɯɨɞɿ ɫɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɡɚ ɪɚɯɭɧɨɤ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɶɤɢɯ, ɽɜɪɨ38
ɩɟɣɫɶɤɢɯ ɬɚ ɚɡɿɚɬɫɶɤɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɥɚɧɰɸɝɿɜ, ɡɨɤɪɟɦɚ «Six Continents», «Accor», «Starwood» ɿ «Marriot». ɋɟɪɟɞ ɦɿɫɰɟɜɢɯ ɪɟʉɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɥɿɞɟɪɿɜ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿɣ ɫɮɟɪɿ, ɡ ɹɤɢɦɢ ɞɨɜɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɭɜɚɬɢ ɜɢɞɿɥɹɽɬɶɫɹ «Rotana Hotels» (Ⱦɭɛɚɣ). Ⱥɮɪɢɤɚ. Ɋɢɧɨɤ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɢ ɭ ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɭ ɿɡ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɱɧɢɦɢ ɤɨɧɮɥɿɤɬɚɦɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɜɢɫɨɤɨɸ ɧɟɫɬɚɛɿɥɶɧɿɫɬɸ, ɡɦɟɧɲɟɧɧɹɦ ɤɿɥɶɤɨɫɬɿ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ, ɧɟɡɧɚɱɧɢɦ ɿɧɜɟɫɬɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ ɬɚ ɩɪɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɿɣ. ɍ ɩɟɪɿɨɞ 1997–1998 ɪɪ. ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɚ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɡɦɟɧɲɢɥɚɫɶ ɧɚ ɩɨɧɚɞ 1000 ɨɞɢɧɢɰɶ ɿ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɥɚ 428 ɬɢɫ. Ⱥɮɪɢɤɚ ɡɚɥɢɲɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɽɞɢɧɢɦ ɤɨɧɬɢɧɟɧɬɨɦ, ɞɟ ɫɩɨɫɬɟɪɿɝɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɡɦɟɧɲɟɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ ɧɚ ɮɨɧɿ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɨɫɜɿɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɡɪɨɫɬɚɧɧɹ, ɳɨ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɜ ɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨɦɭ 3 % ɭ ɪɿɤ. ɉɨɡɢɬɢɜɧɿ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɿʀ ɭ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨʀ ɫɮɟɪɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɿ ɥɢɲɟ ɞɥɹ ɉɿɜɧɿɱɧɨʀ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɢ ɬɚ ɉȺɊ. ɉɿɜɧɿɱɧɚ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɚ ɡɨɪɿɽɧɬɨɜɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɨɤ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɨʀ ɫɮɟɪɢ, ɜɿɞɨɦɚ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɢɦɢ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɦɢ, ɤɭɪɨɪɬɚɦɢ, ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɚ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɧɚ ɦɟɪɟɠɚ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ ɧɚ ɡɪɚɡɨɤ ɫɜɿɬɨɜɢɯ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɿɜ. ɉɿɜɞɟɧɧɚ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɚ — ɽɞɢɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɬɢɧɟɧɬɿ ɪɟʉɿɨɧ, ɳɨ ɡɛɿɥɶɲɭɽ ɫɜɨɸ ɱɚɫɬɤɭ ɧɚ ɪɢɧɤɭ ɤɨɧɬɢɧɟɧɬɭ, ɚ ɪɟʉɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿ ɦɟɪɟɠɿ «Southern Sun» ɿ «Protea», ɳɨ ɭ 2000 ɪ. ɧɚɪɚɯɨɜɭɜɚɥɢ 26 ɬɢɫ. ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɿ 200 ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ, ɫɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɭɸɬɶ ɡ «Six Continents», «Accor» ɿ «Club Med». Ʌɚɬɢɧɫɶɤɚ Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɚ. Ʌɚɬɢɧɫɶɤɚ Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɧɢɦɢ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɿɹɦɢ ɡɛɿɥɶɲɟɧɧɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɿɲɧɶɨɝɨ ɬɚ ɦɿɠɪɟʉɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɩɢɬɭ. ɍ ɩɟɪɿɨɞ 1995 — 1998 ɪɪ. ɭ ɉɿɜɞɟɧɧɿɣ Ⱥɦɟɪɢɰɿ ɫɩɨɫɬɟɪɿɝɚɥɨɫɶ ɧɚɣɜɢɳɟ ɭ ɫɜɿɬɿ ɡɛɿɥɶɲɟɧɧɹ ɤɿɥɶɤɨɫɬɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ — ɧɚ 11,9 %, ɬɨɞɿ, ɹɤ ɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨɪɿɱɧɢɣ ɫɜɿɬɨɜɢɣ ɪɿɜɟɧɶ ɡɪɨɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɜ — 3 %. ɍ ɪɟʉɿɨɧɿ ɡɨɫɟɪɟɞɠɟɧɨ 773 ɬɢɫ. ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ, ɳɨ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ 5 % ɜɫɶɨɝɨ ɫɜɿɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɮɨɧɞɭ. ȼɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ, ɞɥɹ ɪɟʉɿɨɧɭ ɜɥɚɫɬɢɜɿ ɱɿɬɤɨ ɜɢɪɚɠɟɧɿ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɫɬɢ ɧɟɪɿɜɧɨɦɿɪɧɨɝɨ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ, ɬɢɩɨɜɚ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɛɟɡɩɟɤɢ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɿɜ, ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɧɶɨ ɪɨɡɜɢɧɟɧɚ ɿɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ. Ʌɢɲɟ ɭ Ȼɪɚɡɢɥɿʀ ɬɚ Ɇɟɤɫɢɰɿ ɭɪɹɞɢ ɤɪɚʀɧ ɜɠɢɜɚɸɬɶ ɡɚɯɨɞɿɜ ɿɡ ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɿɲɨɝɨ ɩɨɡɢɰɿɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɭ, ɿɧɜɟɫɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɨɤ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨʀ ɫɮɟɪɢ. ɉɪɨɜɿɞɧɿ ɩɨɡɢɰɿʀ ɧɚ ɥɚɬɢɧɨɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɶɤɨɦɭ ɪɢɧɤɭ ɫɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ ɡɚɣɦɚɸɬɶ ɿɫɩɚɧɫɶɤɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɿʀ. ɋɟɪɟɞ ɪɟʉɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɯ 39
ɥɿɞɟɪɿɜ ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲɨɸ ɬɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɸ ɭ ɡɚɜɨɸɜɚɧɧɿ ɪɢɧɤɭ ɜɢɫɬɭɩɚɽ ɦɟɤɫɢɤɚɧɫɶɤɚ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɿɹ «Protɟa», ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ «Cubanacan SA» (Ʉɭɛɚ) — 46 ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ (10859 ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ), «Super Clubs» (əɦɚɣɤɚ) — 14 ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ (3990 ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ), «Blue Trec H&R» — 17 ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ (3419 ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ) ɬɚ ɿɧ. Ɂɝɿɞɧɨ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɿɜ ɟɤɫɩɟɪɬɿɜ ɪɢɧɤɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ȼɌɈ, ɭ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɿ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɿʀ ɡɛɿɥɶɲɟɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɿɣ ɛɭɞɭɬɶ ɡɛɟɪɿɝɚɬɢɫɶ ɡɚ ɪɚɯɭɧɨɤ ɨɯɨɩɥɟɧɧɹ ɪɢɧɤɭ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɢɧɝɨɦ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɦ ɛɿɡɧɟɫɨɦ. ɐɹ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɿɹ ɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɧɨ ɜɿɞɨɛɪɚɡɢɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɮɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɨɦɭ ɿ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɨɦɭ ɫɬɚɧɿ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɶɤɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɿɣ, ɹɤɿ ɫɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ ɡɚɣɦɚɸɬɶ ɩɪɨɜɿɞɧɿ ɩɨɡɢɰɿʀ ɭ ɰɶɨɦɭ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɿ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɤɢ. ɍ ɋɒȺ ɤɨɧɫɨɥɿɞɚɰɿɹ ɜɿɞɛɭɜɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɚɫɚɦɩɟɪɟɞ ɡɚ ɪɚɯɭɧɨɤ ɡɥɢɬɬɹ ɿɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɿɣɧɢɯ ɮɨɧɞɿɜ ɧɟɪɭɯɨɦɨɫɬɿ (REIT) ɿ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɱɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɿɣ, ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɟ ʀɯ ɨɛ’ɽɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɡ ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɦɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɿɹɦɢ. Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɿɱɧɢɣ, ɩɪɨɬɟ ɞɟɳɨ ɧɢɠɱɨʀ ɿɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɿ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɤɨɧɫɨɥɿɞɚɰɿʀ ɜɿɞɛɭɜɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɭ ȯɜɪɨɩɿ. ɇɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, «Bass» ɡɚ ɪɚɯɭɧɨɤ ɩɪɨɞɚɠɭ ɩɢɜɧɢɯ ɡɚɜɨɞɿɜ ɧɚɦɚɝɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɧɿ ɩ’ɹɬɶ ɪɨɤɿɜ ɡɛɿɥɶɲɢɬɢ ɜɞɜɿɱɿ ɤɚɩɿɬɚɥ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿɣ ɫɮɟɪɿ ɿ ɩɪɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɞɢɜɟɪɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɸ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ. Ɍɟɧɞɟɧɰɿɹ ɤɨɧɫɨɥɿɞɚɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ ɭ ȯɜɪɨɩɿ ɡɭɦɨɜɢɬɶ ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹ ɜ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɿ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɿɣ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɨɫɜɿɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɭ. ɉɨɪɹɞ ɿɡ ɬɪɚɧɫɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɿɹɦɢ, ɡɚɩɨɜɧɸɸɱɢ ɨɤɪɟɦɿ ɧɿɲɿ, ɜɢɧɢɤɚɸɬɶ ɧɟɜɟɥɢɤɿ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɿʀ. ɀɨɪɫɬɤɚ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɿɹ ɡ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɥɚɧɰɸɝɚɦɢ, ɹɤɿ ɧɚɦɚɝɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɬɜɨɪɢɬɢ ʀɯ ɭ ɮɪɚɧɲɢɡɢ, ɡɭɦɨɜɢɥɚ ɩɨɹɜɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɫɨɸɡɿɜ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɟ ɡɚɜɞɚɧɧɹ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɫɨɸɡɿɜ ɩɨɥɹɝɚɽ ɭ ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɿ ɪɿɜɧɨɰɿɧɧɢɯ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɨɫɬɟɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɪɢɧɤɭ ɬɚ ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɫɶɤɢɯ ɫɬɨɫɭɧɤɿɜ ɿɡ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɦɢ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɿɹɦɢ. ɉɟɪɲɿ ɫɨɸɡɢ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿɣ ɫɮɟɪɿ ɜɢɧɢɤɥɢ ɭ ȯɜɪɨɩɿ, ɡɝɨɞɨɦ ɜɨɧɢ ɩɨɲɢɪɢɥɢɫɶ ɭ ɉɿɜɧɿɱɧɿɣ Ⱥɦɟɪɢɰɿ. ɋɨɸɡɢ ɧɟɡɚɥɟɠɧɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɫɬɜɨɪɸɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɿ ɩɨɞɿɛɧɢɯ ɭ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɿʀ, ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɬɚ ɪɟɣɬɢɧɝɭ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ. Ɉɞɧɢɦ ɿɡ ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲɢɯ ɭ ɫɜɿɬɿ ɫɨɸɡɿɜ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɭ ɽ «Best Western» ɭ ɋɒȺ, ɭ Ɏɪɚɧɰɿʀ «Logis de France», ɳɨ ɨɛ’ɽɞɧɭɽ 3650 ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ. ɇɚ ɩɨɱɚɬɨɤ 2000 ɪ. ɭ Ɏɪɚɧɰɿʀ ɿɫɧɭɜɚɥɨ 26 ɩɨɞɿɛɧɢɯ ɫɨɸɡɢ. ȼɞɨɫɤɨɧɚɥɟɧɧɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɚɫɨɰɿɚɰɿɣ ɭ ɧɚɣɛɥɢɠɱɿɣ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɿ ɡɭɦɨɜɢɬɶ ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹ ɞɥɹ ɧɢɯ ɧɚɥɟɠɧɨɝɨ ɿɦɿɞɠɭ, ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɞɨ ɧɨɜɿɬɧɿɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɣ. 40
Ƚɨɬɟɥɶɧɿ ɚɫɨɰɿɚɰɿʀ ɫɬɜɨɪɸɸɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɦɟɬɨɸ ɩɪɨɩɨɡɢɰɿʀ ɦɚɪɤɟɬɢɧɝɨɜɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɡ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ. ɇɚɣɛɿɥɶɲɢɦɢ ɭ ɫɜɿɬɿ ɨɛ’ɽɞɧɚɧɧɹɦɢ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɭ ɽ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɚ ɭ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɿʀ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɿɹ «UTELL». ȱɧɲɚ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɶɤɚ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɿɹ «Design Hotels» ɭɫɩɿɲɧɨ ɡɚɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɜɚɥɚ ɫɟɛɟ ɩɪɨɩɨɡɢɰɿɽɸ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɡ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ. Ɂɛɿɥɶɲɟɧɧɹ ɤɿɥɶɤɨɫɬɿ ɫɨɸɡɿɜ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿɣ ɫɮɟɪɿ ɡɭɦɨɜɥɸɽ ʀɯɧɸ ɤɨɧɫɨɥɿɞɚɰɿɸ. ɍ 2000 ɪ. «Relais & Chateaux» (Ɏɪɚɧɰɿɹ) ɿ «Leading Hotels of the World» (ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɿɹ) ɨɛ’ɽɞɧɚɥɢɫɶ ɭ ɫɨɸɡ «Luxury Alliance». Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɿɱɧɿ ɨɛ’ɽɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɬɢɩɨɜɢɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɛɚɝɚɬɶɨɯ ɫɨɸɡɿɜ ɧɟɡɚɥɟɠɧɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ. Ⱦɥɹ ɫɨɸɡɿɜ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿɣ ɫɮɟɪɿ, ɧɟɡɚɥɟɠɧɨ ɜɿɞ ɨɛɪɚɧɨʀ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɿʀ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɬɢɫɬɨɹɧɧɹ ɞɿɥɨɜɿɣ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɿʀ, ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɪɨɡɜɢɜɚɬɢ ɲɢɪɨɤɿ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɫɶɤɿ ɜɿɞɧɨɫɢɧ ɡ ɦɟɬɨɸ ɡɚɥɭɱɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɿɜ. ɑɚɫɬɨ ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹ ɫɨɸɡɿɜ ɪɨɡɝɥɹɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɹɤ ɡɚɫɿɛ ɪɟɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢɡɚɰɿʀ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɰɬɜɚ ɿ ɩɪɢɫɬɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɣɨɝɨ ɞɨ ɭɦɨɜ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɿɜ ɿ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɪɢɧɤɭ, ɩɪɨɬɟ ɧɟ ɪɨɡɝɥɹɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɹɤ ɬɪɢɜɚɥɟ ɹɜɢɳɟ. Ⱥɧɚɥɿɡ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɣɧɢɯ ɫɨɸɡɿɜ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿɣ ɫɮɟɪɿ ɫɜɿɞɱɢɬɶ, ɳɨ ɛɥɢɡɶɤɨ 60 % ɜɿɞ ʀɯɧɶɨʀ ɤɿɥɶɤɨɫɬɿ ɿɫɧɭɽ ɧɟ ɛɿɥɶɲɟ ɱɨɬɢɪɶɨɯ, ɦɟɧɲɟ 20 % ɞɨ ɞɟɫɹɬɢ ɪɨɤɿɜ. ɒɜɢɞɤɟ ɪɨɡɩɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɚɥɶɹɧɫɿɜ ɡɭɦɨɜɥɟɧɟ ɜɿɞɦɿɧɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɭ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɿʀ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ, ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɶɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɢɦɢ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɣɨɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɧɢɤɿɜ, ɧɢɡɶɤɢɦ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɟɦ ɜɡɚɽɦɨɞɿʀ. 1.2. ȱɫɬɨɪɿɹ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨʀ ɫɮɟɪɢ ɜ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɿ ɉɟɪɲɿ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɢ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɿʀ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ ɜɢɧɢɤɚɸɬɶ ɭ ɏȱȱ–ɏȱȱȱ ɫɬ., ɭ ɩɟɪɿɨɞ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɬɚ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ Ʉɢʀɜɫɶɤɨʀ Ɋɭɫɿ. ȼɢɝɿɞɧɟ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɿɱɧɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɹ Ʉɢʀɜɫɶɤɨʀ Ɋɭɫɿ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɯɪɟɫɬɿ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɢɯ ɲɥɹɯɿɜ, ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɿ ɬɚ ɪɟɥɿɝɿɣɧɿ ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɢ ɡ ɤɪɚʀɧɚɦɢ ɋɟɪɟɞɡɟɦɧɨɦɨɪ’ɹ, Ȼɚɥɬɢɤɢ, Ɂɚɯɿɞɧɨʀ ȯɜɪɨɩɢ ɡɭɦɨɜɥɸɸɬɶ ɪɨɡɛɭɞɨɜɭ ɦɿɫɬ ɬɚ ɩɨɹɜɭ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿɜ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ. ɋɭɬɬɽɜɢɦ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɦ ɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɿɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ ɧɚ Ɋɭɫɿ ɛɭɥɢ ɪɢɫɢ ɫɥɨɜ’ɹɧɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɦɟɧɬɭ, ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɚ ɭɜɚɝɚ ɞɨ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ, ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹ ɞɥɹ ɧɢɯ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɧɢɯ ɭɦɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɿ, ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ ʀɯ ʀɠɟɸ. ɋɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɡ ɩɨɜɚɝɨɸ ɞɨ 41
ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɡɚɩɨɜɿɞɚɽ ɫɢɧɚɦ ɜ «ɉɨɭɱɟɧɢɢ» ɤɢʀɜɫɶɤɢɣ ɤɧɹɡɶ ȼɨɥɨɞɢɦɢɪ Ɇɨɧɨɦɚɯ, ɨɫɤɿɥɶɤɢ ɰɿ ɥɸɞɢ «ɦɢɦɨɯɨɞɹɱɢ ɪɨɡɧɟɫɭɬɶ ɩɨ ɫɜɿɬɭ ɞɨɛɪɭ ɚɛɨ ɥɢɯɭ ɜɿɫɬɶ». ɉɪɢɣɨɦ ɿɧɨɡɟɦɧɢɯ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɤɢʀɜɫɶɤɢɦɢ ɤɧɹɡɹɦɢ ɧɚɣɱɚɫɬɿɲɟ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɜɚɜɫɹ ɭ ɥɿɬɧɿɯ ɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɰɿɹɯ, ɫɟɪɟɞ ɹɤɢɯ ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲ ɜɿɞɨɦɢɦɢ ɛɭɥɢ Ʉɪɚɫɧɢɣ ɞɜɿɪ ȼɨɥɨɞɢɦɢɪɚ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɉɟɱɟɪɫɶɤɭ ɬɚ ȼɢɲɝɨɪɨɞ ɛɿɥɹ Ʉɢɽɜɚ. ɋɟɪɟɞ ɩɟɪɲɢɯ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿɜ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ ɭ Ʉɢʀɜɫɶɤɿɣ Ɋɭɫɿ ɛɭɥɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɥɿ ɞɜɨɪɢ, ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɚɧɿ ɨɞɢɧ ɜɿɞ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɜɿɞɫɬɚɧɿ ɤɿɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɭ, ɹɤɿ ɬɭɬ ɧɚɡɢɜɚɥɢɫɶ «ɹɦɚɦɢ». Ɂ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɨɦ ɩɨɲɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɹ ɭ ɏV ɫɬ. ɩɨɫɬɨɹɥɿ ɞɜɨɪɢ ɫɬɜɨɪɸɸɬɶɫɹ ɛɿɥɹ ɩɨɲɬɨɜɢɯ ɫɬɚɧɰɿɣ, ɩɿɞɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɜɚɧɢɯ əɦɫɶɤɨɦɭ ɧɚɤɚɡɭ. ɍ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɦɿɫɬɚɯ ɜɢɧɢɤɚɸɬɶ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɿ ɞɜɨɪɢ, ɳɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɜɢɳɢɦ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɨɦ ɭ ɩɨɪɿɜɧɹɧɧɿ ɡ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɥɢɦɢ ɞɜɨɪɚɦɢ. Ȳɯɧɿɦɢ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɚɦɢ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɭɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɢɦ ɱɢɧɨɦ ɤɭɩɰɿ, ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɿ ɫɥɭɠɛɨɜɰɿ, ɞɥɹ ɹɤɢɯ ɛɭɥɢ ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɿ ɭɦɨɜɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɤɨɦɟɪɰɿɣɧɢɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɿɣ — ɭ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɿ ɜɢɞɿɥɹɥɢɫɶ ɤɪɚɦɧɢɰɿ, ɬɨɪɝɨɜɿ ɪɹɞɢ, ɫɤɥɚɞɫɶɤɿ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ. Ƚɨɫɬɢɧɧɿ ɞɜɨɪɢ ɛɭɥɢ ɧɟɛɚɝɚɬɨɱɢɫɟɥɶɧɢɦɢ, ɩɪɨɬɟ ɜɢɞɿɥɹɥɢɫɹ ɡɧɚɱɧɢɦɢ ɪɨɡɦɿɪɚɦɢ, ɿɡɨɥɶɨɜɚɧɿɫɬɸ ɬɚ ɫɚɦɨɛɭɬɧɿɫɬɸ, ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨ ɳɨɞɨ ɪɨɡɫɟɥɟɧɧɹ ɿɧɨɡɟɦɰɿɜ ɡɚ ɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɸ ɨɡɧɚɤɨɸ. Ɂɡɨɜɧɿ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɿ ɞɜɨɪɢ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɨɝɨɪɨɞɠɭɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɨɛɨɪɨɧɧɢɦɢ ɫɬɿɧɚɦɢ, ɛɚɲɬɚɦɢ, ɡ ɞɟɤɿɥɶɤɨɦɚ ɜ’ʀɡɧɢɦɢ ɜɨɪɨɬɚɦɢ. ɇɚ ɱɭɦɚɰɶɤɢɯ ɬɚ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɢɯ ɲɥɹɯɚɯ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ ɧɚɞɚɜɚɥɢ ɤɨɪɱɦɢ, ɳɨ ɬɨɪɝɭɜɚɥɢ ɯɦɿɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɧɚɩɨɹɦɢ, ɛɭɥɢ ɦɿɫɰɟɦ ɡɭɩɢɧɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɨɪɨɠɧɿɯ, ɦɿɫɰɟɦ ɪɨɡɜɚɝ. Ʉɨɪɱɦɢ ɜ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɪɟʉɿɨɧɚɯ ɧɚɡɢɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɬɚɤɨɠ «ɲɢɧɤɨɦ», «ɤɨɪɱɦɨɸɡɚʀɡɞɨɦ», ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɞɚɜɧɶɨɸ ɿɫɬɨɪɿɽɸ, ɜɿɞɨɦɿ ɳɟ ɡ ɱɚɫɿɜ Ʉɢʀɜɫɶɤɨʀ Ɋɭɫɿ. ȼ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɤɨɪɱɦɚ ɧɚɣɱɚɫɬɿɲɟ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɥɚɫɶ ɡ ɞɜɨɯ ɱɿɬɤɨ ɪɨɡɞɿɥɟɧɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɧ: ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɞɥɹ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɧɨɱɿɜɥɿ. ɍ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɿ ɞɥɹ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɜɢɞɿɥɹɥɨɫɶ ɞɜɚ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ: ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɛɭɜ ɲɢɧɨɤ ɡ ɩɪɢɥɚɜɤɚɦɢ, ɜ ɞɪɭɝɨɦɭ — ɨɞɢɧ ɚɛɨ ɞɟɤɿɥɶɤɚ ɦɚɫɢɜɧɢɯ ɫɬɨɥɿɜ, ɞɟ ɜɿɞɜɿɞɭɜɚɱɿ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɜɚɬɢ ɿ ɪɨɡɜɚɠɚɬɢɫɶ. ɍ ɦɿɫɬɟɱɤɚɯ ɿ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɫɟɥɚɯ, ɧɚ ɭɡɛɿɱɱɿ ɞɨɪɿɝ, ɛɭɥɢ ɤɨɪɱɦɢ ɿɡ ɡɚʀɡɞɚɦɢ. ɍ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɭ ɤɨɪɱɦɢ ɩɨɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɿ ɮɚɫɚɞɧɨʀ ɫɬɿɧɢ ɛɭɜ ɜ’ʀɡɞ ɭ ɮɨɪɦɿ ɛɪɚɦɢ ɭ ɩɿɞɫɿɧɧɹ (ɤɨɪɢɞɨɪ), ɳɨ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɜ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɭɫɸ ɛɭɞɿɜɥɸ. ɉɨ ɛɨɤɚɯ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɭɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢʀɠɞɠɢɯ, ɤɨɪɱɦɚ ɿ ɠɢɬɥɨ ɤɨɪɱɦɚɪɹ. 42
ɋɭɫɩɿɥɶɧɿ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɢ ɋɟɪɟɞɧɶɨɜɿɱɱɹ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɿ ɞɥɹ ȯɜɪɨɩɢ, ɧɟ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɧɟ ɩɨɡɧɚɱɢɬɢɫɶ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɿʀ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ, ɳɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɩɨɞɿɛɧɢɦɢ ɪɟɥɿɝɿɣɧɢɦɢ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɿɹɦɢ. ɉɚɥɨɦɧɢɰɬɜɨ ɞɨ ɜɿɞɨɦɢɯ ɪɟɥɿɝɿɣɧɢɯ ɰɟɧɬɪɿɜ Ȼɥɢɡɶɤɨɝɨ ɋɯɨɞɭ, ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɫɮɨɪɦɨɜɚɧɿ ɜ ɋɟɪɟɞɧɿ ɜɿɤɢ ɰɟɧɬɪɢ ɩɚɥɨɦɧɢɰɬɜɚ ɜ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɿ, ɧɚɫɚɦɩɟɪɟɞ Ʉɢɽɜɨ-ɉɟɱɟɪɫɶɤɚ ɬɚ ɉɨɱɚʀɜɫɶɤɚ ɥɚɜɪɢ, ɜɩɥɢɧɭɥɢ ɧɚ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɨɤ ɫɮɟɪɢ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ. ɉɚɥɨɦɧɢɤɚɦ ɜ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɿ ɩɪɢɞɿɥɹɥɚɫɶ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɚ ɭɜɚɝɚ — ɜɨɧɢ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɭɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɡɧɚɱɧɨɸ ɩɨɜɚɝɨɸ, ɛɭɥɨ ɡɚ ɱɟɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɢ ɩɪɨɱɚɧ ɧɚ ɧɨɱɿɜɥɸ ɬɚ ɧɚɝɨɞɭɜɚɬɢ. Ȼɿɥɹ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɰɟɧɬɪɿɜ ɩɚɥɨɦɧɢɰɬɜɚ — ɦɨɧɚɫɬɢɪɿɜ ɬɚ ɯɪɚɦɿɜ ɡɚɜɠɞɢ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɛɭɥɨ ɡɧɚɣɬɢ ɩɪɢɬɭɥɨɤ ɭ ɡɜɢɱɚɣɧɨɦɭ ɚɛɨ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɨɜɚɧɨɦɭ ɠɢɬɥɨɜɨɦɭ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɿ — ɰɟɪɤɨɜɧɨɦɭ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɦɭ ɞɜɨɪɿ. Ɇɢɬɪɨɩɨɥɢɬ ȯɜɝɟɧ ȼɨɥɯɨɜɢɬɢɧɨɜ ɜ ɨɩɢɫɿ Ʉɢɽɜɨɉɟɱɟɪɫɶɤɨʀ ɥɚɜɪɢ ɡɚɡɧɚɱɚɽ: «Ɂɚ ɩɿɜɞɟɧɧɨɸ ɨɝɨɪɨɠɟɸ ɫɬɿɧɨɸ, ɱɟɪɟɡ ɞɨɪɨɝɭ, ɡɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɥɚɜɪɫɶɤɢɣ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɬɭɥɤɭ ɭɫɿɦ ɞɨɪɨɠɧɿɦ, ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨ ɛɿɞɧɢɦ ɛɨɝɨɦɨɥɶɰɹɦ, ɳɨ ɿɫɧɭɽ ɧɚ ɰɶɨɦɭ ɦɿɫɰɿ ɳɟ ɡ ɱɚɫɿɜ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɨɛɧɨɝɨ Ɏɟɨɞɨɫɿɹ (ɏVȱȱ ɫɬ.). ɍ 1829 ɬɚ 1830 ɪɪ. ɡɚɦɿɫɬɶ ɞɟɪɟɜ’ɹɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɫɩɨɪɭɞɢɥɢ ɤɚɦ’ɹɧɢɣ ɭ ɞɜɚ ɹɪɭɫɢ ɩɿɞ ɡɚɥɿɡɧɢɦ ɞɚɯɨɦ ɡ ɤɭɯɧɟɸ ɩɨɛɥɢɡɭ ɧɶɨɝɨ...». ȼ ɩɟɪɿɨɞ ɏVȱȱȱ ɫɬ., ɩɿɫɥɹ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɽɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ ɞɨ Ɋɨɫɿɣɫɶɤɨʀ ɿɦɩɟɪɿʀ, ɩɨɱɢɧɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɛɭɞɿɜɧɢɰɬɜɨ ɩɨɲɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɤɬɭ ɜɿɞ Ɇɨɫɤɜɢ ɞɨ Ʉɢɽɜɚ ɡ ɩɨɲɬɨɜɢɦɢ ɞɜɨɪɚɦɢ ɬɚ ɫɬɚɧɰɿɹɦɢ, ɳɨ ɨɞɧɨɱɚɫɧɨ ɜɢɤɨɧɭɜɚɥɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɿʀ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿɜ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ. ɉɨɦɿɬɧɢɣ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɨɤ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨʀ ɫɮɟɪɢ ɜ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɿ ɩɨɱɢɧɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɥɢɲɟ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɿɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɿ ɏȱɏ ɫɬ. ɿ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɚɫɚɦɩɟɪɟɞ ɡ Ʉɢɽɜɨɦ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɢɦɢ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɦɢ ɦɿɫɬɚɦɢ. ɉɨɲɬɨɜɯɨɦ ɪɨɡɛɭɞɨɜɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɛɭɥɨ ɜɿɞɤɪɢɬɬɹ ɭ 1889 ɪ. ɪɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɥɿɡɧɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɹ, ɳɨ ɡɭɦɨɜɥɸɽ ɡɛɿɥɶɲɟɧɧɹ ɤɿɥɶɤɨɫɬɿ ɩɨɞɨɪɨɠɭɸɱɢɯ, ɹɤɿ ɩɪɢɛɭɜɚɥɢ ɭ Ʉɢʀɜ. Ⱦɨ ɜɿɞɤɪɢɬɬɹ ɡɚɥɿɡɧɢɰɿ ɭ Ʉɢɽɜɿ ɩɨɦɿɬɧɨ ɜɢɞɿɥɹɜɫɹ «Ɂɟɥɟɧɢɣ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ», ɩɨɛɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɭ 1803–1805 ɪɪ., ɳɨ ɧɚɥɟɠɚɜ ɉɟɱɟɪɫɶɤɿɣ Ʌɚɜɪɿ ɿ ɛɭɜ ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲ ɜɿɞɨɦɢɦ ɭ 50-ɯ ɪɨɤɚɯ ɏȱɏ ɫɬ. (ɫɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ ɠɢɬɥɨɜɢɣ ɛɭɞɢɧɨɤ ɧɚ ɜɭɥ. Ɇɨɫɤɨɜɫɶɤɿɣ, 30). «Ɂɟɥɟɧɢɣ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ» ɫɤɥɚɞɚɜɫɹ ɡ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ 4-ɩɨɜɟɪɯɨɜɨɝɨ ɿ ɬɪɶɨɯ 2-ɩɨɜɟɪɯɨɜɢɯ ɤɨɪɩɭɫɿɜ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɩɨɡɚ ɦɟɠɚɦɢ ɦɨɧɚɫɬɢɪɹ ɭ Ƚɨɫɬɢɧɧɨ-ɥɚɜɪɫɶɤɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɜɭɥɤɭ ɧɚ ɦɿɫɰɿ «ɫɬɪɚɧɧɨɩɪɿɿɦɧɿɰɢ» ɞɥɹ ɛɿɞɧɢɯ, ɡɚɫɧɨɜɚɧɨʀ ɳɟ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɨɛɧɢɦ Ɏɟɨɞɨɫɿɽɦ [91, ɫ. 40]. 43
ɍ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɿ ɏȱɏ ɫɬ. ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɧɚɪɚɯɨɜɭɜɚɥɨɫɶ 200 ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɿ ɛɥɢɡɶɤɨ 20 ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɤɿɦɧɚɬ ɨɤɪɿɦ ɤɿɥɶɤɨɯ ɧɟɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɛɭɞɢɧɤɿɜ ɬɚ ɬɢɦɱɚɫɨɜɢɯ ɫɩɨɪɭɞ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɱɚɧ. ɉɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɛɟɡɩɥɚɬɧɨ ɜɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ ɞɜɨɯ ɬɢɠɧɿɜ, ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɡ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɛɭɥɢ ɩɥɚɬɧɢɦɢ, ɧɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ ɩɨɪɰɿɹ ɫɬɪɚɜɢ ɤɨɲɬɭɜɚɥɚ 20-25 ɤɨɩ. Ɉɞɢɧ ɡ ɣɨɝɨ ɤɨɪɩɭɫɿɜ ɡɚɣɦɚɥɚ ɥɿɤɚɪɧɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɱɚɧ ɡ ɠɿɧɨɱɢɦ ɿ ɱɨɥɨɜɿɱɢɦ ɜɿɞɞɿɥɟɧɧɹɦɢ, ɧɚ 40 ɥɿɠɨɤ ɜ ɤɨɠɧɨɦɭ. ɓɨɪɿɱɧɨ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ ɜɿɞɜɿɞɭɜɚɥɨ ɞɨ 85 ɬɢɫ. ɨɫɿɛ. ɍɬɪɢɦɭɜɚɜɫɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ ɧɚ ɤɨɲɬɢ ɦɟɰɟɧɚɬɿɜ — ɝɪɚɮɢɧɿ Ɉɪɥɨɜɨʀ ɬɚ Ɍɭɪɱɚɧɿɧɨɜɨʀ. Ⱦɨ 1880 ɪ. ɭ Ʉɢɽɜɿ ɧɚɪɚɯɨɜɭɜɚɥɨɫɶ 15 ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ. Ȼɿɥɶɲɿɫɬɶ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿɜ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɨɤɪɿɦ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɚɞɚɜɚɥɚ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɡ ɞɨɫɬɚɜɤɢ ɩɚɫɚɠɢɪɿɜ ɬɚ ɛɚɝɚɠɭ ɤɿɧɧɢɦɢ ɟɤɿɩɚɠɚɦɢ ɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɨɦɧɿɛɭɫɚɦɢ. ɍɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɧɢɯ 20-ɢ ɪɨɤɿɜ ɭ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɿɣ ɱɚɫɬɢɧɿ ɦɿɫɬɚ, ɝɨɥɨɜɧɢɦ ɱɢɧɨɦ ɜ ɪɚɣɨɧɿ ɏɪɟɳɚɬɢɤɚ ɬɚ ɩɪɢɥɟɝɥɢɯ ɜɭɥɢɰɶ, ɛɭɥɨ ɩɨɛɭɞɨɜɚɧɨ 64 ɧɨɜɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ, ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲɟ ɡɚ ɜɫɸ ɿɫɬɨɪɿɸ ɦɿɫɬɚ. Ɂɚɤɥɚɞɢ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ Ʉɢɽɜɚ ɩɨɱɚɬɤɭ ɏɏ ɫɬ. ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ, ɹɤɿ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɥɢɫɶ, ɭɦɨɜɧɨ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɩɨɞɿɥɢɬɢ ɧɚ ɱɨɬɢɪɢ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ: ɮɟɲɟɧɟɛɟɥɶɧɿ, ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɭ, ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɿ ɩɨɪɭɱ ɡ ɜɨɤɡɚɥɨɦ ɿ ɦɟɛɥɶɨɜɚɧɿ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɢ, «ɩɨɞɜɿɪ’ɹ», ɩɨɫɬɨɹɥɿ ɞɜɨɪɢ. Ɏɟɲɟɧɟɛɟɥɶɧɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɭɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɭ ɰɟɧɬɪɿ ɦɿɫɬɚ ɿ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɜɚɥɢ ɭ ɫɜɿɣ ɱɚɫ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɫɜɿɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɿɜɧɹ: ɪɨɡɤɿɲɧɿ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɢ ɡ ɽɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɶɤɨɸ ɤɭɯɧɟɸ, ɧɚ ɞɟɫɟɪɬ ɩɨɞɚɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɟɤɡɨɬɢɱɧɿ ɮɪɭɤɬɢ. Ƚɨɬɟɥɿ ɦɚɥɢ ɫɜɨʀɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɤɿɜ ɧɚ ɜɨɤɡɚɥɿ ɬɚ ɜɥɚɫɧɿ ɨɦɧɿɛɭɫɢ, ɭ ɤɨɠɧɨɦɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɿ ɛɭɜ ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧ, ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɟ ɩɚɪɨɜɟ ɨɩɚɥɟɧɧɹ, ɜɚɧɧɚ, ɟɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɧɟ ɨɫɜɿɬɥɟɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɿ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɿ ɡɪɭɱɧɨɫɬɿ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɱɚɫɭ. Ɉɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɜɚɜ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɨ ɩɿɞɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥ, ɭ ɩɿɞɛɨɪɿ ɹɤɨɝɨ ɞɨ ɭɜɚɝɢ ɩɪɢɣɦɚɥɚɫɶ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɚ ɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ, ɜɨɥɨɞɿɧɧɹ ɩɪɢɧɚɣɦɧɿ ɪɨɫɿɣɫɶɤɨɸ ɬɚ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɶɤɨɸ ɦɨɜɚɦɢ. ɋɟɪɟɞ ɪɨɡɤɿɲɧɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɩɨɱɚɬɤɭ ɏɏ ɫɬ. ɜɢɞɿɥɹɥɢɫɶ «ȯɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɶɤɢɣ», ɧɚɣɫɬɚɪɿɲɢɣ ɭ Ʉɢɽɜɿ ɬɚ ɡ ɧɚɣɤɪɚɳɢɦ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɨɦ ɭ ɦɿɫɬɿ, «Ƚɪɚɧɞ-Ɉɬɟɥɶ», «Ʉɨɧɬɢɧɟɧɬɚɥɶ», «Ɉɬɟɥɶ-ɋɚɜɨɣ». Ƚɨɬɟɥɿ ɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɭ ɨɪɿɽɧɬɭɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɧɚ ɦɟɧɲ ɡɚɦɨɠɧɢɯ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ, ɜɨɧɢ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɭɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɧɚ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɜɭɥɢɰɹɯ, ɜɢɦɨɳɟɧɢɯ ɛɪɭɤɿɜɤɨɸ, ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɢɯ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɧɢɦ ɨɫɜɿɬɥɟɧɧɹɦ, ɛɿɥɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɛɭɥɢ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɨ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɿ ɫɬɨɹɧɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɟɤɿɩɚɠɿɜ. 44
ɉɟɪɟɞ ɉɟɪɲɨɸ ɫɜɿɬɨɜɨɸ ɜɿɣɧɨɸ ɭ Ʉɢɽɜɿ ɧɚɪɚɯɨɜɭɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɛɥɢɡɶɤɨ 80 ɬɚɤɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ. ɋɟɪɟɞ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɰɿɽʀ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲ ɜɿɞɨɦɢɦɢ ɜɜɚɠɚɥɢɫɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ «Ⱥɜɫɬɪɿɹ», «Ⱥɧɝɥɿɹ», «Ȼɪɿɫɬɨɥɶ», «ȼɟɪɫɚɥɶ», «Ɇɚɪɫɟɥɶ» ɬɚ ɿɧ., ɧɚɡɜɚ ɹɤɢɯ ɜɿɞɨɛɪɚɠɚɥɚ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɿɸ ɜɫɿɽʀ ȯɜɪɨɩɢ. Ɉɫɨɛɥɢɜɿɫɬɸ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɭ ɩɨɱɚɬɤɭ ɦɢɧɭɥɨɝɨ ɫɬɨɥɿɬɬɹ ɛɭɥɚ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɧɶɨ ɜɢɫɨɤɚ ɹɤɿɫɬɶ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ. ɍ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɧɨɜɨɩɪɢɛɭɥɨɝɨ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɨ ɜɿɞɜɿɞɭɜɚɜ ɜɥɚɫɧɢɤ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɭ, ɞɹɤɭɜɚɜ ɣɨɦɭ ɡɚ ɜɢɛɿɪ ɫɚɦɟ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɭ, ɰɿɤɚɜɢɜɫɹ ɜ ɝɨɫɬɹ ɩɪɨ ɡɚɭɜɚɠɟɧɧɹ ɚɛɨ ɩɨɛɚɠɚɧɧɹ ɳɨɞɨ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ. ɉɿɞɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥ ɪɟɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɿ ɲɜɢɞɤɨ ɜɢɤɨɧɭɜɚɜ ɩɨɛɚɠɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ. Ɉɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɽɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɶɤɢɯ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɿɜ, ɞɥɹ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɡɚɩɪɨɲɭɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɦɚɣɫɬɪɢ ɡ ɇɿɦɟɱɱɢɧɢ ɿ Ɏɪɚɧɰɿʀ. ɍ ɧɨɦɟɪɢ ɩɨɞɚɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɝɚɪɹɱɚ ɜɨɞɚ, ɞɥɹ ɚɪɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɿʀ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɪɿɡɧɿ ɡɚɩɚɲɧɿ ɬɪɚɜɢ, ɭ ɛɿɥɶɲɨɫɬɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɧɚɞɚɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɥɚɡɧɿ, ɜɚɧɧɢ, ɩɪɢ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɩɪɚɰɸɜɚɥɢ ɦɚɝɚɡɢɧɢ. Ɍɢɩɨɜɢɦ ɞɥɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɱɚɫɭ ɛɭɥɢ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɤɨɦɿɫɿɨɧɟɪɿɜ-ɩɨɫɢɥɶɧɢɯ, ɹɤɿ ɜɢɤɨɧɭɜɚɥɢ ɞɪɿɛɧɿ ɞɨɪɭɱɟɧɧɹ: ɞɨɫɬɚɜɤɭ ɥɢɫɬɿɜ, ɩɨɫɢɥɨɤ, ɤɜɿɬɿɜ, ɧɚɣɦɚɧɧɹ ɜɿɡɧɢɤɚ ɬɚ ɿɧ. ɍɬɪɢɦɭɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɤɨɦɿɫɿɨɧɟɪɢ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɦɢ ɤɨɧɬɨɪɚɦɢ, ɳɨ ɡɧɚɯɨɞɢɥɢɫɶ ɧɟɩɨɞɚɥɿɤ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ. ɍ Ʉɢɽɜɿ ɩɪɚɰɸɜɚɥɨ ɞɜɿ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɨɧɬɨɪɢ — Ɇɢɪɨɜɢɱɚ ɿ ɒɩɢɝɚɧɨɜɢɱɚ, ɳɨ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɭɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɧɚ ɏɪɟɳɚɬɢɤɭ. ȼɚɪɬɿɫɬɶ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɤɨɦɿɫɿɨɧɟɪɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɥɚ ɜɿɞ 10 ɞɨ 50 ɤɨɩ. ɧɟɡɚɥɟɠɧɨ ɜɿɞ ɜɿɞɫɬɚɧɿ. ȼ ɤɿɧɰɿ ɏȱɏ ɫɬ. ɭ Ʉɢɽɜɿ ɜɿɞɨɦɨ ɩɪɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɱɨɬɢɪɶɨɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ, ɹɤɿ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɭɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɛɿɥɹ ɜɨɤɡɚɥɭ ɿ ɨɪɿɽɧɬɭɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɧɚ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ, ɹɤɿ ɩɪɢɛɭɜɚɥɢ ɡɚɥɿɡɧɢɱɧɢɦ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɨɦ. ȼɫɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɭ ɛɭɥɢ ɡɛɭɞɨɜɚɧɿ ɭɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ 1880-1890 ɪɪ. ɿ ɡɧɚɯɨɞɢɥɢɫɶ ɧɚ ɜɭɥɢɰɿ Ȼɚɡɚɪɧɿɣ. Ɇɟɛɥɶɨɜɚɧɿ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɢ — ɨɞɢɧ ɡ ɧɚɣɩɨɲɢɪɟɧɿɲɢɯ ɬɢɩɿɜ ɧɟɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ, ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɭ ɛɭɞɢɧɤɚɯ ɠɢɬɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɭ, ɳɨ ɡɚ ɩɨɦɿɪɧɭ ɰɿɧɭ ɧɚɞɚɜɚɥɢ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ, ɹɤɿ ɡɚ ɪɿɜɧɟɦ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɧɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɥɢɫɶ ɩɟɪɲɨɤɥɚɫɧɢɦ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɦ. ɐɿ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɢ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɭɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɭ ɜɫɿɯ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɯ ɦɿɫɬ, ɧɚɣɱɚɫɬɿɲɟ ɭ ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲ ɥɸɞɧɢɯ. Ɇɟɛɥɶɨɜɚɧɿ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɢ ɛɭɥɢ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɭ ɫɩɿɜɜɿɞɧɨɲɟɧɧɿ ɰɿɧɚ — ɹɤɿɫɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɨɫɿɛ, ɹɤɿ ɡɭɩɢɧɹɥɢɫɶ ɭ ɦɿɫɬɚɯ ɧɚ ɬɪɢɜɚɥɢɣ ɬɟɪɦɿɧ, ɨɤɪɿɦ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ ɬɭɬ ɧɚɞɚɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ «ɫɚɦɨɜɚɪɚ ɿ ɩɪɢɫɥɭɝɢ». 45
Ɉɤɪɿɦ Ʉɢɽɜɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɪɨɡɜɢɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɿɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ ɜ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɦɿɫɬɚɯ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ — Ɉɞɟɫɿ, ɏɚɪɤɨɜɿ, əɥɬɿ. ȼ Ɉɞɟɫɿ ɡɧɚɱɧɢɣ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɨɤ ɿɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɭɜɚɜɫɹ ɡ ɜɚɠɥɢɜɢɦ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɢɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹɦ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɦɿɫɬɚ — ɜɿɞɨɦɨɝɨ ɦɨɪɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɪɬɭ, ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɡɧɚɱɧɢɦ ɪɟɤɪɟɚɰɿɣɧɨ-ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɢɦɢ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚɦɢ. Ƚɨɬɟɥɿ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɭɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɢɦ ɱɢɧɨɦ ɜ ɰɟɧɬɪɿ ɦɿɫɬɚ, ɛɿɥɹ ɦɨɪɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɜɨɤɡɚɥɭ ɧɚ ɉɪɢɦɨɪɫɶɤɨɦɭ ɛɭɥɶɜɚɪɿ, ɧɚ ɜɭɥɢɰɿ ɉɭɲɤɿɧɫɶɤɿɣ, ɳɨ ɡ’ɽɞɧɭɜɚɥɚ ɦɨɪɫɶɤɢɣ ɿ ɡɚɥɿɡɧɢɱɧɢɣ ɜɨɤɡɚɥɢ. Ⱦɨ ɉɟɪɲɨʀ ɫɜɿɬɨɜɨʀ ɜɿɣɧɢ ɜ ɦɿɫɬɿ ɞɿɹɥɨ 34 ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɿ 6 ɩɨɫɬɨɹɥɢɯ ɞɜɨɪɿɜ. ɇɚɣɛɿɥɶɲ ɜɿɞɨɦɢɦɢ ɛɭɥɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ «Ʌɨɧɞɨɧɫɶɤɢɣ» (ɡɛɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ 1899 ɪ.), «Ȼɪɿɫɬɨɥɶ» (1899 ɪ.), «ɉɚɫɚɠ» (1898 ɪ.). ȼ əɥɬɿ ɩɟɪɲɢɣ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ «əɥɬɚ» ɩɨɛɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɜ 60-ɯ ɪɨɤɚɯ ɏȱɏ ɫɬ. ( ɭ 1906 ɪ. ɩɟɪɟɣɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɭ «Ȼɪɿɫɬɨɥɶ»). Ⱥɤɬɢɜɧɚ ɪɨɡɛɭɞɨɜɚ ɿɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢ ɬɭɪɢɡɦɭ — ɮɟɲɟɧɟɛɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ, ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɿɜ, ɫɚɧɚɬɨɪɿʀɜ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɚɩɪɢɤɿɧɰɿ ɏȱɏ ɫɬ. ɍ 1875 ɪ. ɩɨɛɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɣ ɮɟɲɟɧɟɛɟɥɶɧɢɣ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ «Ɋɨɫɿɹ» (ɫɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ «Ɍɚɜɪɢɞɚ»). ɍ 1915 ɪ. ɜ əɥɬɿ ɞɿɹɥɨ 14 ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɧɚ 800 ɦɿɫɰɶ, 3 ɩɪɢɜɚɬɧɢɯ ɫɚɧɚɬɨɪɿʀ, 5 ɩɚɧɫɿɨɧɚɬɿɜ. ɉɟɪɟɞ ɉɟɪɲɨɸ ɫɜɿɬɨɜɨɸ ɜɿɣɧɨɸ ɜ Ʉɪɢɦɭ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɥɨ 43 ɝɨɬɟɥɿ, 18 ɫɚɧɚɬɨɪɿʀɜ ɬɚ 16 ɩɚɧɫɿɨɧɚɬɿɜ. Ɉɫɨɛɥɢɜɨ ɜɢɫɨɤɢɦ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɨɦ ɜɢɞɿɥɹɥɢɫɶ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ «Ɋɨɫɿɹ» ɭ əɥɬɿ (150 ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ), ɝɨɬɟɥɶ «Ⱦɸɥɶɛɟɪ» ɜ ȯɜɩɚɬɨɪɿʀ ɩɪɢɪɿɜɧɸɜɚɜɫɹ ɞɨ ɤɪɚɳɢɯ ɽɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɶɤɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ. Ɉɤɪɿɦ ɜɢɫɨɤɨʀ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɩɨɛɭɞɨɜɚɧɿ ɜ ɤɿɧɰɿ ɏȱɏ ɧɚ ɩɨɱɚɬɤɭ ɏɏ ɫɬ. ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɨɪɢɝɿɧɚɥɶɧɿɫɬɸ ɚɪɯɿɬɟɤɬɭɪɢ, ɡɪɭɱɧɢɦ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ. Ɉɤɪɿɦ ɞɨɪɨɝɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ, ɩɚɧɫɿɨɧɚɬɿɜ, ɫɚɧɚɬɨɪɿʀɜ, ɩɪɢɜɚɬɧɢɯ ɞɚɱ ɞɥɹ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɪɟɤɪɟɚɧɬɿɜ ɜ Ʉɪɢɦɭ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɡɧɚɱɧɚ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɦɚɥɨɩɪɢɞɚɬɧɢɯ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɟɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɛɭɞɢɧɤɿɜ, ɩɨɛɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɡ ɥɟɝɤɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɿɜ. ɍ ɋɯɿɞɧɿɣ Ƚɚɥɢɱɢɧɿ, ɳɨ ɜɯɨɞɢɥɚ ɜ ɫɤɥɚɞ Ⱥɜɫɬɪɨ-ɍɝɨɪɳɢɧɢ, ɭ ɞɪɭɝɿɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɿ ɏȱɏ — ɩɨɱɚɬɤɭ ɏɏ ɫɬ. ɫɮɟɪɚ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨ ɜɢɫɨɤɢɦ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɨɦ. Ɇɚɣɠɟ ɭ ɤɨɠɧɨɦɭ ɦɿɫɬɟɱɤɭ ɛɭɥɢ ɧɟɜɟɥɢɤɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ, ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɢ, ɤɚɜ’ɹɪɧɿ. Ɂɚɝɚɥɨɦ ɭ 1902 ɪ. ɭ Ƚɚɥɢɱɢɧɿ (ɋɯɿɞɧɚ ɿ Ɂɚɯɿɞɧɚ ɪɚɡɨɦ) ɧɚɪɚɯɨɜɭɜɚɥɨɫɶ 935 ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ, ɫɟɪɟɞɧɹ ɡɚɣɧɹɬɿɫɬɶ ɭ ɹɤɢɯ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɥɚ ɬɪɢ ɨɫɨɛɢ ɧɚ ɨɞɢɧ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ. Ƚɨɬɟɥɿ, ɭ ɹɤɢɯ ɩɪɚɰɸɜɚɥɨ ɛɿɥɶɲɟ 20 ɨɫɿɛ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɥɢ ɥɢɲɟ 0,5 % ɜɿɞ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɤɿɥɶɤɨɫɬɿ ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ. 46
Ȼɿɥɶɲɿɫɬɶ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɧɢɡɶɤɢɦ ɪɿɜɧɟɦ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɭ — ɫɤɪɨɦɧɢɦ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɧɹɦ ɿɧɬɟɪ’ɽɪɭ, ɜɿɞɫɭɬɧɿɦ ɜɨɞɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɨɦ, ɤɚɧɚɥɿɡɚɰɿɽɸ. ɐɹ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɨɜɭɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɧɚ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ ɿɡ ɧɢɡɶɤɢɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɶɧɢɦ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɦ, ɤɨɦɟɪɰɿɣɧɢɯ ɚɝɟɧɬɿɜ. ɇɚ ɰɶɨɦɭ ɮɨɧɿ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɫɬɭɜɚɥɢ ɜɟɥɢɤɿ ɬɚ ɩɨɨɞɢɧɨɤɿ ɦɚɥɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɡ ɞɨɪɨɝɢɦ ɨɡɞɨɛɥɟɧɧɹɦ ɿɧɬɟɪ’ɽɪɭ, ɪɨɡɤɿɲɧɢɦɢ ɦɟɛɥɹɦɢ, ɜɢɲɤɨɥɟɧɨɸ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɸ, ɤɨɦɭɧɚɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɡɪɭɱɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ. Ɍɚɤɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɥɢ ɬɨɝɨɱɚɫɧɨɦɭ ɫɬɢɥɸ ɮɟɲɟɧɟɛɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɽɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɶɤɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ. ȼɟɥɢɤɿ ɞɨɪɨɝɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɧɚɞɚɜɚɥɢ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɭ, ɤɚɜ’ɹɪɧɿ, ɥɚɡɧɿ, ɞɭɲɭ, ɬɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɫɨɛɿ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɢɬɢ ɥɢɲɟ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨ ɛɚɝɚɬɿ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɢ. ɍ ɋɯɿɞɧɿɣ Ƚɚɥɢɱɢɧɿ ɧɚ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɮɨɧɿ ɳɨɞɨ ɤɿɥɶɤɨɫɬɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ, ɜ ɬɨɦɭ ɱɢɫɥɿ ɮɟɲɟɧɟɛɟɥɶɧɢɯ, ɜɢɞɿɥɹɜɫɹ Ʌɶɜɿɜ. ɇɚ ɩɨɱɚɬɤɭ ɏɏ ɫɬ. ɭ Ʌɶɜɨɜɿ ɧɚɪɚɯɨɜɭɜɚɥɨɫɶ 48 ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ, ɞɥɹ ɩɨɪɿɜɧɹɧɧɹ ɭ ȼɚɪɲɚɜɿ — 32, Ʉɪɚɤɨɜɿ — ɥɢɲɟ 18. ɇɚɣɛɿɥɶɲ ɜɿɞɨɦɢɦɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɦɢ Ʌɶɜɨɜɚ ɛɭɥɢ «ɀɨɪɠ», ɡɚɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɭ 1796 ɪ. ɿ ɜ ɱɚɫ ɡɚɫɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɚɡɢɜɚɜɫɹ «De La Rus». Ɂɝɨɞɨɦ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ ɛɭɥɨ ɩɟɪɟɣɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɨ ɡɚ ɿɦɟɧɟɦ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɿɡ ɡɚɫɧɨɜɧɢɤɿɜ ɀɨɪɠɚ Ƚɨɮɦɚɧɚ. Ⱦɨ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ ɛɭɥɢ 93 ɧɨɦɟɪɚ: 32 — ɚɩɚɪɬɚɦɟɧɬɢ ɡ ɥɚɡɧɢɱɤɚɦɢ, ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɟ ɨɩɚɥɟɧɧɹ, ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɚɯ ɬɟɩɥɚ ɿ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɚ ɜɨɞɚ, ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧ. ɐɿɧɚ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɥɚɫɶ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹɦ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ ɿ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɥɚ ɜɿɞ 6 ɡɥɨɬ. — ɨɞɧɨɦɿɫɧɢɣ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɞɨ 24 ɡɥɨɬ. — ɞɜɨɦɿɫɧɢɣ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɡ ɜɚɧɧɨɸ. Ⱦɨ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ ɛɭɥɢ ɮɟɲɟɧɟɛɟɥɶɧɢɣ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧ, ɤɚɜ’ɹɪɧɹ, ɭ ɦɚɪɦɭɪɨɜɿɣ ɡɚɥɿ ɳɨɜɟɱɨɪɚ ɝɪɚɜ ɨɪɤɟɫɬɪ. ɋɟɪɟɞ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɜɿɞɨɦɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ Ʌɶɜɨɜɚ ɜɢɞɿɥɹɜɫɹ «Ⱥɧɝɥɿɣɫɶɤɢɣ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ» (1840 ɪ.), ɦɿɫɬɢɜ 100 ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ. ɍ 1888 ɪ. ɛɭɞɿɜɥɸ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɪɨɡɿɛɪɚɧɨ ɿ ɡɚɤɥɚɞ ɩɟɪɟɦɿɳɟɧɨ ɧɚ ɜɭɥ. Ʉɚɪɥɚ Ʌɸɞɜɿɤɚ ʋ 21 (ɫɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ ɩɪɨɫɩɟɤɬ ɋɜɨɛɨɞɢ). Ƚɨɬɟɥɶ «Ƚɪɚɧɞ» ɜɿɞɤɪɢɬɢɣ ɭ 1893 ɪ. — ɨɞɢɧ ɡ ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲ ɪɨɡɤɿɲɧɢɯ ɭ ɦɿɫɬɿ. Ƚɨɬɟɥɶ ɦɿɫɬɢɜ 48 ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ, ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧ, ɜɢɞɿɥɹɜɫɹ ɨɪɢɝɿɧɚɥɶɧɨɸ ɚɪɯɿɬɟɤɬɭɪɨɸ, ɿɧɬɟɪ’ɽɪ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɨ ɜ ɧɟɨɛɚɪɨɤɨɜɨɦɭ ɫɬɢɥɿ. ɋɟɪɟɞ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɥɶɜɿɜɫɶɤɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ, ɳɨ ɜɢɞɿɥɹɥɢɫɶ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɨɦ ɧɚ ɮɨɧɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ ɦɿɫɬɚ — «ɇɚɪɨɞɧɚ Ƚɨɫɬɢɧɢɰɹ» (1906 ɪ.), ɡɚɫɧɨɜɚɧɚ ɜɿɞɨɦɢɦ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɢɦ ɞɿɹɱɟɦ, ɚɪɯɿɬɟɤɬɨɪɨɦ ȼɚɫɢɥɟɦ ɇɚɝɿɪɧɢɦ; «ȯɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɶɤɢɣ» — ɨɞɢɧ ɡ ɧɚɣɫɬɚɪɿɲɢɯ ɭ Ʌɶɜɨɜɿ, ɜɿɞɤɪɢɬɢɣ ɭ 1804 ɪ., «Ʉɪɚɤɿɜɫɶɤɢɣ», «Ɏɪɚɧɰɭɡɶɤɢɣ», «ɐɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɢɣ». 47
Ɂɧɚɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɲɢɪɟɧɧɹ ɭ Ƚɚɥɢɱɢɧɿ ɧɚɛɭɥɢ ɩɚɧɫɿɨɧɚɬɢ — ɦɟɛɥɶɨɜɚɧɿ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɢ, ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɿ ɧɚ ɡɪɚɡɨɤ ɡɚɯɿɞɧɨɽɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɶɤɢɯ ɿ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɿ ɧɚ ɬɪɢɜɚɥɟ ɩɟɪɟɛɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ. ɉɚɧɫɿɨɧɚɬɢ ɛɭɥɢ ɦɟɧɲɢɦɢ ɡɚ ɪɨɡɦɿɪɚɦɢ ɳɨɞɨ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɫɿɦɟɣɧɢɦ ɡɚɬɢɲɤɨɦ, ɧɚɞɚɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɨɤɪɟɦɨ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɧɭ, ʀɞɚɥɶɧɹ ɿ ɫɚɥɨɧ ɛɭɥɢ ɫɩɿɥɶɧɢɦɢ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɱɢɧɨɦ, ɦɟɪɟɠɚ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿɜ ɜ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɿ ɿɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨ ɪɨɡɲɢɪɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɥɢɲɟ ɜ ɤɿɧɰɿ ɏȱɏ ɫɬ. ɐɶɨɦɭ ɫɩɪɢɹɥɨ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɟ ɡɪɨɫɬɚɧɧɹ, ɪɨɡɜɢɬɨɤ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɨʀ ɿɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢ, ɩɿɞɧɟɫɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɨɫɜɿɬɧɢɰɬɜɚ ɜ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɿ, ɲɢɪɨɤɿ ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɢ ɡ ɽɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɶɤɢɦɢ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɚɦɢ. ȼɚɠɥɢɜɚ ɪɢɫɚ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɫɮɟɪɢ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɭɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɡ ɜɢɫɨɤɨɸ ɹɤɿɫɬɸ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɳɨ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɥɚ ɫɜɿɬɨɜɢɦ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɚɦ, ɜɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ ɜɢɫɨɤɚ ɰɿɧɚ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɛɭɥɚ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɸ ɧɚɫɚɦɩɟɪɟɞ ɞɥɹ ɨɫɿɛ ɜɢɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɭ. ɍ ɏȱɏ ɫɬ. ɩɨɦɿɬɧɢɦ ɽ ɩɨɞɿɥ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿɜ ɧɚ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɳɨɞɨ ɪɿɜɧɹ ɿ ɰɿɧɢ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɨɤɪɿɦ ɪɨɡɤɿɲɧɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɪɨɡɜɢɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɦɟɪɟɠɚ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿɜ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ ɡɨɪɿɽɧɬɨɜɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɨɫɿɛ ɪɿɡɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɭ. ȼ ɩɟɪɿɨɞ ɦɿɠ ɉɟɪɲɨɸ ɿ Ⱦɪɭɝɨɸ ɫɜɿɬɨɜɢɦɢ ɜɿɣɧɚɦɢ ɭ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨʀ ɫɮɟɪɢ ɜɿɞɛɭɥɢɫɹ ɫɭɬɬɽɜɿ ɡɦɿɧɢ. ȼ ɦɟɠɚɯ Ɋɚɞɹɧɫɶɤɨʀ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɿɡɚɰɿɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ ɿ ɫɬɜɨɪɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɽɞɢɧɚ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɦ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɬɜɨɦ. ȼɿɞɫɭɬɧɿɫɬɶ ɞɨɫɜɿɞɭ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɡɭɦɨɜɥɸɽ ɫɬɢɯɿɣɧɢɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ʀʀ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ, ɩɨɫɬɿɣɧɭ ɡɦɿɧɭ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɣɧɢɯ ɰɟɧɬɪɿɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ. ɇɟɫɩɪɢɹɬɥɢɜɢɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɛɭɥɢ ɫɤɥɚɞɧɿ ɫɨɰɿɚɥɶɧɨ-ɩɨɛɭɬɨɜɿ ɭɦɨɜɢ ɜ ɤɪɚʀɧɿ, ɳɨ ɡɭɦɨɜɢɥɢ ɡɦɟɧɲɟɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ ɡɚ ɪɚɯɭɧɨɤ ʀɯɧɶɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɩɪɨɮɿɥɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɠɢɬɥɨɜɿ ɛɭɞɿɜɥɿ ɬɚ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɣ. Ʌɢɲɟ ɭ ɞɪɭɝɿɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɿ 30-ɯ ɪɨɤɿɜ ɏɏ ɫɬ. ɫɢɬɭɚɰɿɹ ɡɦɿɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ. ɍ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɦɿɫɬɚɯ ɛɭɞɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɨɜɿ ɿ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɡɚ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹɦ ɨɤɪɟɦɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ. Ɂɨɤɪɟɦɚ, ɭ Ʉɢɽɜɿ ɛɭɥɨ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɧɨ ɭ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ 10 ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɿɡ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɢɦ ɧɨɦɟɪɧɢɦ ɮɨɧɞɨɦ 649 ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ (ɝɨɬɟɥɿ «Ɏɪɚɧɫɭɚ», «ȿɪɦɿɬɚɠ», «ɑɟɪɜɨɧɢɣ Ʉɢʀɜ», «ȱɦɩɟɪɿɚɥɶ», «ȱɧɬɟɪɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶ», «Ƚɪɚɧɞ-Ƚɨɬɟɥɶ», «ɉɟɝɚɫ»). ɍ 1937 ɪ., ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɢ «ɉɪɨ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɩɥɚɧ ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɿʀ ɫɬɨɥɢɰɿ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ» ɛɭɥɨ ɡɛɭɞɨɜɚɧɨ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ «Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ» [89, ɫ. 65]. ȼ ɦɟɠɚɯ Ɂɚɯɿɞɧɨʀ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ, ɳɨ ɩɟɪɟɛɭɜɚɥɚ ɜ ɫɤɥɚɞɿ ɉɨɥɶɳɿ, ɑɟɯɨɫɥɨɜɚɱɱɢɧɢ ɬɚ Ɋɭɦɭɧɿʀ, ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ ɡɧɚɯɨ48
ɞɢɥɢɫɶ ɭ ɩɪɢɜɚɬɧɨɦɭ ɜɨɥɨɞɿɧɧɿ, ɳɨ ɫɩɪɢɹɥɨ ɤɪɚɳɨɦɭ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɸ, ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ. ɋɭɬɬɽɜɨɸ ɪɢɫɨɸ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨʀ ɫɮɟɪɢ ɛɭɥɚ ɞɨɜɨɥɿ ɱɢɫɟɥɶɧɚ ɦɟɪɟɠɚ ɧɟɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿɜ, ɡɨɪɿɽɧɬɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɧɚ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɣ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɧɹ. Ⱥɤɬɢɜɿɡɚɰɿɹ ɩɨɞɨɪɨɠɟɣ, ɹɤɢɦ ɧɚɞɚɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɡɧɚɱɧɨʀ ɭɜɚɝɢ ɿɧɬɟɥɿɝɟɧɰɿɽɸ ɤɪɚɸ, ɭɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹ ɤɪɚɽɡɧɚɜɱɨ-ɬɭɪɢɫɬɫɶɤɢɯ ɬɨɜɚɪɢɫɬɜ «ɉɥɚɣ» ɬɚ «ɑɨɪɧɨɝɨɪɚ», ɫɩɨɪɬɢɜɧɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɣ, ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɢɡɚɰɿɹ ɩɿɲɢɯ ɩɨɞɨɪɨɠɟɣ ɬɚ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɨɤ ɥɢɠɧɨɝɨ ɫɩɨɪɬɭ ɭ Ʉɚɪɩɚɬɚɯ, ɡɭɦɨɜɥɸɽ ɩɨɹɜɭ ɬɭɬ ɧɟɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ, ɬɭɪɢɫɬɫɶɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɬɭɥɤɿɜ ɬɚ ɞɨɦɿɜɨɤ, ɭ ɤɭɪɨɪɬɧɢɯ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɯ — ɜɿɥɥ ɜɿɞɨɦɢɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ. ȼ ɩɟɪɿɨɞ ɩɿɫɥɹ Ⱦɪɭɝɨʀ ɫɜɿɬɨɜɨʀ ɜɿɣɧɢ, ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨ «ɯɪɭɳɨɜɫɶɤɨʀ ɜɿɞɥɢɝɢ» ɫɩɨɫɬɟɪɿɝɚɥɨɫɶ ɩɨɠɜɚɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɬɭɪɢɡɦɭ, ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɯ ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɿɜ ɋɊɋɊ. Ɂɪɨɫɬɚɸɱɿ ɨɛɫɹɝɢ ɬɭɪɢɡɦɭ ɡɭɦɨɜɢɥɢ ɪɨɡɲɢɪɟɧɧɹ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɨʀ ɿɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢ — ɛɭɞɿɜɧɢɰɬɜɨ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ, ɦɨɬɟɥɿɜ, ɤɟɦɩɿɧɝɿɜ. ɍ Ʉɢɽɜɿ ɭ 1964 ɪ. ɩɨɛɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɧɚɣɤɪɚɳɢɣ ɧɚ ɰɟɣ ɱɚɫ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ «Ⱦɧɿɩɪɨ», ɛɿɥɹ Ʉɢɽɜɚ ɧɚ ɀɢɬɨɦɢɪɫɶɤɿɣ ɬɪɚɫɿ ɭ 1965 ɪ. ɜɿɞɤɪɢɬɨ ɦɨɬɟɥɶ-ɤɟɦɩɿɧɝ «ɉɪɨɥɿɫɨɤ» ɬɚ ɿɧ. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɬɪɟɛ ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɬɭɪɢɡɦɭ, ɪɨɡɜɢɬɨɤ ɹɤɨɝɨ ɜɿɞɧɨɜɥɸɽ ɚɤɰɿɨɧɟɪɧɟ ɬɨɜɚɪɢɫɬɜɨ «ȱɧɬɭɪɢɫɬ», ɭ 1972 ɪ. ɭ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɦɿɫɬɚɯ ɋɊɋɊ ɫɩɨɪɭɞɠɟɧɨ 40 ɬɭɪɢɫɬɫɶɤɢɯ ɨɛ’ɽɤɬɿɜ ɿ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɧɨ ɡɧɚɱɧɭ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ — ɭ Ʉɢɽɜɿ «ȿɪɦɿɬɚɠ» (ɫɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ «ȱɧɬɭɪɢɫɬ»), Ʌɶɜɨɜɿ — «ɀɨɪɠ», Ɉɞɟɫɿ — «Ʉɪɚɫɧɚɹ», əɥɬɿ — «Ɉɪɟɚɧɞɚ» ɿ «Ɍɚɜɪɢɞɚ» — ɩɨɛɭɞɨɜɚɧɿ ɜ ɤɿɧɰɿ ɏȱɏ ɫɬ. ɍ 70-ɯ ɪɨɤɚɯ ɫɬɪɿɦɤɢɣ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɨɤ ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɬɭɪɢɡɦɭ ɡɭɦɨɜɥɸɽ ɪɨɡɲɢɪɟɧɧɹ ɣɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɶɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɨʀ ɛɚɡɢ. Ȼɭɥɢ ɩɨɛɭɞɨɜɚɧɿ ɧɨɜɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɦɟɪɟɠɿ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɬɭɪɢɡɦɭ «ȱɧɬɭɪɢɫɬ» — ɭ Ʉɢɽɜɿ — «Ʌɢɛɿɞɶ» ɿ «Ȼɪɚɬɢɫɥɚɜɚ», ɏɚɪɤɨɜɿ «ȱɧɬɭɪɢɫɬ», «Ɇɢɪ», ɦɨɬɟɥɶ «Ⱦɪɭɠɛɚ», Ʌɶɜɨɜɿ — «Ⱦɧɿɫɬɟɪ», ɍɠɝɨɪɨɞɿ — «Ɂɚɤɚɪɩɚɬɬɹ», Ɉɞɟɫɿ — «ɑɨɪɧɟ ɦɨɪɟ», Ɂɚɩɨɪɿɠɠɿ — «Ɂɚɩɨɪɿɠɠɹ», ɉɨɥɬɚɜɿ — ɦɨɬɟɥɶ «ȱɧɬɭɪɢɫɬ» ɬɚ ɿɧ. Ɂɚɝɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɣ ɮɨɧɞ «ȱɧɬɭɪɢɫɬɚ» ɜ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɿ ɧɚ ɩɨɱɚɬɤɭ 1980-ɯ ɪɨɤɿɜ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɜ 10096 ɦɿɫɰɶ [91, ɫ. 88]. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɬɪɟɛ ɜɧɭɬɪɿɲɧɶɨɝɨ ɬɭɪɢɡɦɭ ɿɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨ ɲɜɢɞɤɨ ɡɪɨɫɬɚɽ ɭ 70-ɯ — ɩɟɪɲɿɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɿ 80-ɯ ɪɨɤɿɜ. Ɂɚ ɪɚɯɭɧɨɤ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɮɿɧɚɧɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɫɬɚɧɨɦ ɧɚ 1983 ɪ. ɜ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɿ ɛɭɥɨ ɜɿɞɤɪɢɬɨ 25 ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ, 75 ɬɭɪɛɚɡ, 4 ɬɭ49
ɪɢɫɬɫɶɤɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɢ, 11 ɩɪɢɬɭɥɤɿɜ, 6 ɤɟɦɩɿɧɝɿɜ, 36 ɫɬɨɹɧɨɤ ɿ ɧɚɦɟɬɨɜɢɯ ɩɪɢɬɭɥɤɿɜ. ȼɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ 1986–1990 ɪɪ. ɮɿɧɚɧɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɳɨ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɜɚɥɚ ɐɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɚ ɪɚɞɚ ɩɨ ɬɭɪɢɡɦɭ ɬɚ ɟɤɫɤɭɪɫɿɹɯ ȼɐɊɉɋ, ɡɭɦɨɜɥɸɽ ɡɛɿɥɶɲɟɧɧɹ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɦɿɫɰɶ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ, ɬɭɪɢɫɬɫɶɤɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚɯ, ɛɚɡɚɯ ɿ ɤɟɦɩɿɧɝɚɯ ɳɟ ɧɚ 40 ɬɢɫ. 1.3. ɋɭɱɚɫɧɢɣ ɫɬɚɧ ɬɚ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɢ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ Ƚɨɬɟɥɶɧɟ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɽ ɨɞɧɿɽɸ ɡ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɢɯ ɫɤɥɚɞɨɜɢɯ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɨʀ ɿɧɞɭɫɬɪɿʀ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ. ɉɪɨɬɟ, ɫɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɬɭɜɚɬɢ ɩɪɨ ɜɿɞɫɭɬɧɿɫɬɶ ɜɢɫɨɤɨɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɧɢɯ ɩɨɡɢɰɿɣ ɭ ɰɶɨɦɭ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɿ ɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɤɢ. ȱɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿɜ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɜ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɿ ɧɟ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɽ ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɦ ɧɨɪɦɚɦ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɤɭ: ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɧɹ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ, ɭ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ ɧɢɡɶɤɚ ɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿɜ ɜɢɫɨɤɨʀ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ, ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɶɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɚ ɛɚɡɚ ɡɚɫɬɚɪɿɥɚ ɬɚ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɭɽ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ, ɜɿɞɫɭɬɧɿ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɿ ɡɚɫɨɛɢ ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɭ ɬɚ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɣɧɢɯ ɤɨɦɭɧɿɤɚɰɿɣ, ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɿ ɬɚ ɧɚɞɿɣɧɿ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɡɚɯɢɫɬɭ, ɹɤɿ ɽ ɩɟɪɟɞɭɦɨɜɨɸ ɜɢɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɪɿɜɧɹ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ. ɇɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɧɹ ɜ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɿ, ɭ ɩɨɪɿɜɧɹɧɧɿ ɡ ɩɪɨɜɿɞɧɢɦɢ ɤɪɚʀɧɚɦɢ ɭ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ ɬɭɪɢɡɦɭ, ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ. ɍ 2004 ɪ. ɜ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɿ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɥɨ 1218 ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɧɚ 50,4 ɬɢɫ. ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɬɚ 104,6 ɬɢɫ. ɦɿɫɰɶ. ɇɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɭ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɿʀ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɽ ɛɥɢɡɶɤɨ 26 ɬɢɫ. ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ, Ɏɪɚɧɰɿʀ 19,7 ɬɢɫ., Ɋɭɦɭɧɿʀ ɩɨɧɚɞ 3 ɬɢɫ., ȱɡɪɚʀɥɿ 318 ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɧɚ 41770 ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ. ɍ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɿ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɪɨɡɦɿɪɿɜ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ, ɭ ɤɪɚʀɧɚɯ ȯɜɪɨɩɢ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ 15–25 % ɜɿɞ ʀɯ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɤɿɥɶɤɨɫɬɿ, 75–85 % — ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɫɿɦɟɣɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɭ ɬɚ ɦɨɬɟɥɿ. ȼ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɿ ɛɥɢɡɶɤɨ 70 % ɜɫɿɯ ɦɿɫɰɶ ɡɨɫɟɪɟɞɠɭɸɬɶ ɜɟɥɢɤɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ, ɦɨɬɟɥɿ, ɤɟɦɩɿɧɝɢ, ɦɨɥɨɞɿɠɧɿ ɛɚɡɢ — ɬɢɩɨɜɿ ɭ ɽɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɶɤɢɯ ɤɪɚʀɧɚɯ, ɜ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɿ ɦɚɥɨɱɢɫɟɥɶɧɿ. əɤ ɫɜɿɞɱɢɬɶ ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɣ ɞɨɫɜɿɞ, ɫɚɦɟ ɧɟɜɟɥɢɤɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ ɫɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ ɮɨɪɦɭɸɬɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ ɫɮɟɪɢ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ — ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭɸɬɶ ɪɢɧɨɤ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɩɨɩɢɬɭ ɫɩɨɠɢɜɚɱɿɜ, ɮɨɪɦɭɸɬɶ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɧɟ ɫɟɪɟɞɨɜɢɳɟ ɬɚ ɫɬɜɨɪɸɸɬɶ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɿ ɪɨɛɨɱɿ ɦɿɫɰɹ. 50
ɍ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɟ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɨ ɫɬɚɬɢ ɩɪɨɜɿɞɧɢɦ ɱɢɧɧɢɤɨɦ ɚɤɬɢɜɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɬɭɪɢɡɦɭ, ɿɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɿʀ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɢ ɭ ɫɜɿɬɨɜɿ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢ ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɩɿɜɪɨɛɿɬɧɢɰɬɜɚ, ɡɪɨɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɞɨɫɹɝɧɟɧɧɹ ɰɿɽʀ ɦɟɬɢ ɧɚ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɨɦɭ ɪɿɜɧɿ ɫɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɜɢɪɿɲɢɬɢ ɪɹɞ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ. ɇɚɫɚɦɩɟɪɟɞ, ɜɿɞɫɭɬɧɽ ɱɿɬɤɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɜɱɟ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɦɿɫɰɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɛɿɡɧɟɫɭ ɭ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɿɣ ɫɮɟɪɿ, ɣɨɝɨ ɜɿɞɨɦɱɟ ɩɿɞɩɨɪɹɞɤɭɜɚɧɧɹ. ɇɚ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɜɱɨɦɭ ɪɿɜɧɿ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɢɬɢ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɿ, ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɿ ɬɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɣɧɿ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɢ ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹ ɿ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɪɟɞɨɜɢɳɚ ɧɚ ɪɢɧɤɭ ɫɮɟɪɢ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ. Ɂɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɜɱɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɫɩɪɢɹɬɢ ɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɧɧɸ ɬɚ ɜɯɨɞɠɟɧɧɸ ɭ ɪɢɧɤɨɜɢɣ ɩɪɨɫɬɿɪ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ, ɡɨɤɪɟɦɚ ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɸ ɭɦɨɜ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɝɨ ɡɚɯɢɫɬɭ ɬɚ ɜɢɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ ɦɚɥɢɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɭ ɫɮɟɪɿ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ. ȼ ɭɤɪɚʀɧɫɶɤɨɦɭ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɜɫɬɜɿ ɧɟɱɿɬɤɨ ɜɪɟɝɭɥɶɨɜɚɧɟ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɜɥɚɫɧɨɫɬɿ ɧɚ ɡɟɦɥɸ, ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨ ɞɥɹ ɿɧɨɡɟɦɧɢɯ ɿɧɜɟɫɬɨɪɿɜ. ȼɿɞɫɭɬɧɿ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ ɩɪɢɜɚɬɢɡɚɰɿʀ ɡɟɦɥɿ ɬɚ ɧɟɜɢɝɿɞɧɿ ɭɦɨɜɢ ʀʀ ɨɪɟɧɞɢ ɞɥɹ ɛɭɞɿɜɧɢɰɬɜɚ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ, ɦɟɯɚɧɿɡɦɭ ɤɨɧɰɟɫɿʀ ɿɫɬɨɪɢɤɨɚɪɯɿɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɢɯ ɨɛ’ɽɤɬɿɜ, ɧɟ ɩɪɢɜɚɛɥɸɽ ɿɧɨɡɟɦɧɿ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɿʀ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɣ ɛɿɡɧɟɫ. ɇɟ ɜɢɪɿɲɟɧɨɸ ɡɚɥɢɲɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɡɦɿɧɢ ɮɨɪɦɢ ɜɥɚɫɧɨɫɬɿ, ɚɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ. ȼɟɥɢɤɿ ɬɚ ɡɧɚɱɧɚ ɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɫɟɪɟɞɧɿɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ ɜ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɿ ɩɟɪɟɛɭɜɚɸɬɶ ɭ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɿɣ ɬɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɚɥɶɧɿɣ ɮɨɪɦɿ ɜɥɚɫɧɨɫɬɿ (39,8 %); ɜ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɪɟʉɿɨɧɚɯ ɩɪɢɜɚɬɧɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɡɨɜɫɿɦ ɜɿɞɫɭɬɧɿ. ɍ ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɭ ɿɡ ɧɢɡɶɤɨɸ ɩɪɢɛɭɬɤɨɜɿɫɬɸ ɬɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪɧɢɦ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɦ ɬɢɫɤɨɦ ɜɥɚɫɧɢɤɢ ɛɿɥɶɲɨɫɬɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɪɨɡɝɥɹɞɚɸɬɶ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɣ ɛɿɡɧɟɫ ɹɤ ɞɨɩɨɜɧɟɧɧɹ ɞɨ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɫɮɟɪ ɫɜɨɽʀ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ. ɉɪɢɜɚɬɢɡɚɰɿɹ ɬɚ ɚɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɡɭɦɨɜɢɬɶ ɩɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɧɹ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɧɚ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ, ɜɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ ɿ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɶɧɨ-ɮɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɢɣ ɫɬɚɧ ɝɚɥɭɡɿ. Ɏɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɨ-ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɭ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɤɭ ɿɡ ɡɦɿɧɢ ɮɨɪɦɢ ɜɥɚɫɧɨɫɬɿ ɞɨɰɿɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɢ ɲɥɹɯɨɦ ɡɚɥɭɱɟɧɧɹ ɡ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɞɠɟɪɟɥ ɮɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɢɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɿɜ. ȼɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ, ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɿɧɜɟɫɬɨɪɿɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɢɯ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɿɣ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɯɢɫɬɭ ɩɪɢɜɚɬɧɨʀ ɜɥɚɫɧɨɫɬɿ ɿ ɤɚɩɿɬɚɥɭ. ɋɭɱɚɫɧɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɿ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɬɢɩɨɜɨɸ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɸ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɧɢɡɶɤɨɸ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɚɰɿɽɸ. ɉɨɪɹɞ ɿɡ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɿɣɧɢɦɢ ɩɨɜɧɨɫɟɪɜɿɫɧɢɦɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɫɬɜɨɪɢ51
ɬɢ ɦɟɪɟɠɭ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ ɡ ɜɭɡɶɤɢɦ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɨɦ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɡɨɪɿɽɧɬɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɧɚ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɟɜɧɨʀ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɿɜ. ɇɚɫɚɦɩɟɪɟɞ, ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɿɫɬɶ ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ ɫɬɨɫɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɢɯ ɰɟɧɬɪɿɜ ɿɡ ɱɿɬɤɨ ɜɢɪɚɠɟɧɨɸ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɚɰɿɽɸ ɭ ɫɩɨɪɬɢɜɧɨ-ɨɡɞɨɪɨɜɱɨɦɭ, ɤɨɧɝɪɟɫɨɜɨɦɭ ɬɭɪɢɡɦɿ, ɰɟɧɬɪɚɯ ɡ ɿɝɪɨɜɢɦɢ ɚɬɪɚɤɰɿɹɦɢ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɢɦɢ ɜɢɞɚɦɢ ɬɭɪɢɡɦɭ. ɉɨɝɥɢɛɥɟɧɧɹ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɬɚ ɜɩɪɨɜɚɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɜɢɫɨɤɢɯ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɿɜ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɿɣ ɫɮɟɪɿ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɿɡ ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹɦ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɿɣɧɢɯ ɭ ɫɜɿɬɨɜɿɣ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿɣ ɿɧɞɭɫɬɪɿʀ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɢɯ ɮɨɪɦ — ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɥɚɧɰɸɝɿɜ. Ɉɛ’ɽɞɧɚɧɿ ɭ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɿɸ ɩɪɨɜɿɞɧɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɸɬɶ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɢɣ ɛɿɡɧɟɫ, ɩɟɪɟɛɭɜɚɸɱɢ ɩɿɞ ɽɞɢɧɢɦ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɟɦ ɤɟɪɿɜɧɢɰɬɜɚ ɥɚɧɰɸɝɚ. ɉɪɨɮɟɫɿɣɧɢɣ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬ ɧɟɫɟ ɩɨɜɧɭ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ ɡɚ ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɿɫɬɶ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɩɨɫɢɥɟɧɧɹ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɧɢɯ ɩɨɡɢɰɿɣ. Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɨ ɭɫɩɿɯɢ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɢɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɭ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɞɨɬɪɢɦɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ ɜɢɫɨɤɨʀ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɭ, ɿɞɟɧɬɢɱɧɿɫɬɸ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɬɚ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɿɫɬɸ ɰɿɧ ɧɚ ɜɫɿɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚɯ ɦɟɪɟɠɿ. ɇɚ ɭɤɪɚʀɧɫɶɤɨɦɭ ɪɢɧɤɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿ ɥɚɧɰɸɝɢ ɥɢɲɟ ɮɨɪɦɭɸɬɶ ɤɨɧɬɭɪɢ ɦɚɣɛɭɬɧɶɨʀ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ. Ɋɿɱɧɢɣ ɞɨɫɜɿɞ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɭ ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɿɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɿ «The Greatest Hotels of the World» ɫɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ ɪɨɡɜɢɜɚɽ ɥɢɲɟ ɨɞɢɧ ɿɡ ɥɿɞɟɪɿɜ ɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɢɧɤɭ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ — ɞɨɧɟɰɶɤɢɣ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ «Ⱦɨɧɛɚɫ ɉɚɥɚɫ». Ⱦɜɨɪɿɱɧɢɣ ɞɨɫɜɿɞ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɦɚɽ ɩɟɪɲɚ ɭɤɪɚʀɧɫɶɤɚ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɚ ɦɟɪɟɠɚ «Premier Hotels», ɫɮɨɪɦɨɜɚɧɚ ɡ ɩ’ɹɬɢ ɩɪɨɜɿɞɧɢɯ ɭ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ — «ɉɪɟɦ’ɽɪ ɉɚɥɚɫ» (Ʉɢʀɜ), «Ɉɪɟɚɧɞɚ» (əɥɬɚ), «Ⱦɧɿɫɬɟɪ» (Ʌɶɜɿɜ), «ɋɬɚɪ» (Ɇɭɤɚɱɟɜɟ), «Ʌɨɧɞɨɧɫɶɤɚ» (Ɉɞɟɫɚ). ɉɪɿɨɪɢɬɟɬɧɢɦ ɧɚɩɪɹɦɤɨɦ ɿɧɜɟɫɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɜ ɭɤɪɚʀɧɫɶɤɭ ɫɮɟɪɭ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ ɪɨɡɝɥɹɞɚɽ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɶɤɚ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɚ ɦɟɪɟɠɚ «Accor». ɋɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɿɹ «Accor» ɩɨɟɬɚɩɧɨ ɩɥɚɧɭɽ ɛɭɞɿɜɧɢɰɬɜɨ ɞɟɤɿɥɶɤɨɯ 3-5 ɡɿɪɤɨɜɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɭ Ʉɢɽɜɿ, ɡɝɨɞɨɦ, ɞɨ 2010 ɪ., ɪɨɡɲɢɪɢɬɢ ɦɟɪɟɠɭ ɞɨ 10–12 ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɜ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɦɿɫɬɚɯ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ — ɏɚɪɤɨɜɿ, Ⱦɧɿɩɪɨɩɟɬɪɨɜɫɶɤɭ, Ɉɞɟɫɿ, Ⱦɨɧɟɰɶɤɭ ɬɚ Ʌɶɜɨɜɿ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɢɣ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨʀ ɦɟɪɟɠɿ ɧɚ ɭɤɪɚʀɧɫɶɤɨɦɭ ɪɢɧɤɭ ɭ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɿ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɫɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɿɡ ɧɨɜɨɡɛɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɧɢɯ 3-, 4-ɡɿɪɤɨɜɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ, ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɢɯ ɞɥɹ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɚ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɿɜ — ɡ ɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨɸ ɜɚɪɬɿɫɬɸ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ 50–60 ɽɜɪɨ. 52
ɍɧɿɮɿɤɚɰɿɹ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɰɿɧɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɦɢ, ɳɨ ɜɯɨɞɹɬɶ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿ ɥɚɧɰɸɝɢ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɧɟ ɜɢɪɿɲɭɽ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɢ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ ɬɚ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɿ. Ɋɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ ɡɛɚɥɚɧɫɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɫɟɤɬɨɪ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɚɽ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɿɫɬɶ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ ɦɟɪɟɠɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɫɿɦɟɣɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɭ, ɦɨɥɨɞɿɠɧɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɬɚ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ, ɡɨɪɿɽɧɬɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɧɚ ɨɪɢɝɿɧɚɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɬɚ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɟɜɧɨʀ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɿɜ. ɇɟɜɟɥɢɤɿ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɧɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɿɡ ɪɟɝɥɚɦɟɧɬɨɜɚɧɢɦ ɨɛɫɹɝɨɦ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɜɚɬɢ ɡɚ ɩɨɦɿɪɧɭ ɰɿɧɭ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɿ ɞɥɹ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɬɚ ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɤɭ ɹɤɿɫɧɟ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɿɮɿɤɨɜɚɧɟ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɫɬɚɬɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɦ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɨɦ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨʀ ɿɧɞɭɫɬɪɿʀ, ɭɬɜɨɪɸɸɱɢ ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲ ɱɢɫɟɥɶɧɭ ɦɟɪɟɠɭ ɪɨɡɨɫɟɪɟɞɠɟɧɢɯ, ɧɚɫɚɦɩɟɪɟɞ, ɭ ɧɟɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɚɛɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɞɥɹ ɬɭɪɢɡɦɭ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɯ ɩɭɧɤɬɚɯ — ɦɿɫɬɟɱɤɚɯ, ɫɿɥɶɫɶɤɢɯ ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɧɹɯ. Ɋɟɚɥɿɡɚɰɿɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨɝɨ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɧɨɝɨ ɬɚ ɹɤɿɫɧɨɝɨ ɪɿɜɧɹ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ ɿɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢ ɫɮɟɪɢ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ ɡɭɦɨɜɥɸɽ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɿɫɬɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɬɚ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɿɡɭ ɿɧɜɟɫɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɜ ɨɤɪɟɦɿ ɪɟʉɿɨɧɢ ɬɚ ɨɤɪɟɦɿ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ. Ɋɟɚɥɿɡɚɰɿɹ ɿɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɿɣɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɿɜ ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɚɽ ɚɧɚɥɿɡ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɿɜ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ — ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɦɿɫɰɶ ɪɿɡɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɭ, ɞɢɧɚɦɿɤɢ ɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨʀ ɰɿɧɢ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ, ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɿʀ ɩɨɩɢɬɭ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɯ ɡɚɪɭɛɿɠɧɢɯ ɪɢɧɤɚɯ, ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿʀ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɨʀ ɿɡ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɨɸ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɿɽɸ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɢɯ ɿ ɤɭɪɨɪɬɧɢɯ ɰɟɧɬɪɿɜ. ɋɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ ɿɧɨɡɟɦɧɿ ɿɧɜɟɫɬɨɪɢ ɡɚɰɿɤɚɜɥɟɧɿ ɜ ɿɧɜɟɫɬɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɛɭɞɿɜɧɢɰɬɜɚ ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲ ɩɪɢɜɚɛɥɢɜɢɯ ɱɨɬɢɪɢ-, ɩ’ɹɬɢɡɿɪɤɨɜɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɭ Ʉɢɽɜɿ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɦɿɫɬɚɯ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ. Ɂɨɤɪɟɦɚ, ɭ Ʉɢɽɜɿ, ɭɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ ɨɫɬɚɧɧɿɯ ɬɪɶɨɯ ɪɨɤɿɜ ɡɚɥɢɲɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɟɪɟɚɥɿɡɨɜɚɧɢɦɢ ɳɨɧɚɣɦɟɧɲɟ ɞɜɚ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢ ɛɭɞɿɜɧɢɰɬɜɚ ɩ’ɹɬɢɡɿɪɤɨɜɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ, ɳɨ ɡɭɦɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɜɿɞɫɭɬɧɿɫɬɸ ɩɪɨɩɨɡɢɰɿʀ ɿɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɿɣɧɨ ɩɪɢɜɚɛɥɢɜɨʀ ɡɟɦɟɥɶɧɨʀ ɞɿɥɹɧɤɢ ɤɢʀɜɫɶɤɨɸ ɦɿɫɶɤɨɸ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɰɿɽɸ. ȼ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɦɿɫɬɚɯ — ɏɚɪɤɨɜɿ, Ⱦɧɿɩɪɨɩɟɬɪɨɜɫɶɤɭ, Ɉɞɟɫɿ, Ʌɶɜɨɜɿ, Ɂɚɩɨɪɿɠɠɿ, ɋɟɜɚɫɬɨɩɨɥɿ, ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɿɫɬɶ ɜɿɞɤɪɢɬɬɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɜɢɫɨɤɨʀ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɡɧɚɱɧɨ ɧɢɠɱɚ. Ɍɭɬ ɭ ɧɚɣɛɥɢɠɱɿ ɪɨɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɩɢɬɭ ɛɿɡɧɟɫ-ɬɭɪɢɫɬɿɜ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɢɬɢ ɪɟɚɥɿɡɚɰɿɸ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ — ɞɜɨɯ ɩ’ɹɬɢɡɿɪɤɨɜɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ. ɍ Ⱦɨɧɟɰɶɤɭ ɿɡ ɜɿɞɤɪɢɬɬɹɦ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ «Ⱦɨɧɛɚɫ-ɉɚɥɚɫ» ɬɚ «ȼɿɤɬɨɪɿʀ», ɩɨɩɢɬ ɧɚ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɜɢɫɨɤɨʀ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɫɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ ɜɞɚɥɨɫɶ ɡɚɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɢɬɢ. 53
Ƚɥɨɛɚɥɿɡɚɰɿɹ ɫɜɿɬɨɜɨʀ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɤɢ ɬɚ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɣɧɿ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɢ ɭ ɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɿɣ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɰɿ ɡɭɦɨɜɥɸɸɬɶ ɿɧɬɟɧɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɸ ɞɿɥɨɜɢɯ, ɧɚɭɤɨɜɢɯ ɬɚ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɢɯ ɨɛɦɿɧɿɜ, ɡɪɨɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɫɨɰɿɚɥɶɧɿɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɿ ɱɚɫɬɤɢ ɨɫɿɛ ɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨɝɨ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɭ. Ɋɨɥɶ ɜɢɫɨɤɨɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɣɧɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɬɚ ɩɨɩɢɬ ɧɚ ɜɢɫɨɤɨɹɤɿɫɧɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɭ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ ɞɿɥɨɜɨʀ ɿɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ ɛɭɞɟ ɡɛɿɥɶɲɭɜɚɬɢɫɶ. Ɍɨɦɭ, ɜɚɠɥɢɜɨ ɭ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɿ ɜɪɚɯɨɜɭɜɚɬɢ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢ ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɨʀ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɨʀ ɿɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢ, ɩɪɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɦɚɪɤɟɬɢɧɝɨɜɿ ɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɲɥɹɯɿɜ ɿ ɦɟɬɨɞɿɜ ɩɿɞɜɢɳɟɧɧɹ ɿɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɿɣɧɨʀ ɩɪɢɜɚɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɿɜ ɛɭɞɿɜɧɢɰɬɜɚ, ɦɨɞɟɪɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ, ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɨ ɩɪɢɜɚɛɥɢɜɨɝɨ — ɞɿɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɬɭɪɢɡɦɭ. Ɂ ɭɪɚɯɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɿ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɿ ɞɿɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɬɭɪɢɡɦɭ ɜ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɿ, ɫɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ ɭ ɜɫɿɯ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɦɿɫɬɚɯ — ɜɚɠɥɢɜɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɯ ɜɢɧɢɤɥɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɿɫɬɶ ɜɿɞɤɪɢɬɬɹ ɱɨɬɢɪɢɡɿɪɤɨɜɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ. Ɂɝɿɞɧɨ ɨɮɿɰɿɣɧɨʀ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɤɢ, ɭ 2003 ɪ. ɜ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɿ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɥɨ 17 (2,1 %) ɜɢɫɨɤɨɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɣɧɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ: 1 — ɩ’ɹɬɢɡɿɪɤɨɜɢɣ ɬɚ 16 — ɱɨɬɢɪɢɡɿɪɤɨɜɢɯ. ɍ ɝɟɨɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɨɜɨɦɭ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɿ ɜɢɫɨɤɨɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɣɧɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɡɨɫɟɪɟɞɠɭɸɬɶɫɹ, ɧɚɫɚɦɩɟɪɟɞ ɭ Ʉɢɽɜɿ (4), Ɉɞɟɫɿ (3), Ʌɶɜɿɜɫɶɤɿɣ (5) ɬɚ Ⱦɧɿɩɪɨɩɟɬɪɨɜɫɶɤɿɣ (2) ɨɛɥɚɫɬɿ, ɩɨ ɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɭ Ⱦɨɧɟɰɶɤɿɣ, Ɂɚɤɚɪɩɚɬɫɶɤɿɣ ɬɚ ȺɊ Ʉɪɢɦ. ȼɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ, ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɧɶɨɸ ɡɚɥɢɲɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɹɤɿɫɬɶ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ. Ɂɝɿɞɧɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɿɜ ɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɯ ɞɿɥɨɜɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɣ, ɫɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ ɦɟɧɲɟ 20 % ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɸɬɶ ɜɢɦɨɝɚɦ ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɯ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɿɜ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ. ɉɪɢɜɚɛɥɢɜɢɦ ɞɥɹ ɿɧɜɟɫɬɨɪɿɜ ɫɬɚɽ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬ ɬɪɶɨɯɡɿɪɤɨɜɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ. Ʉɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɹ ɬɪɶɨɯɡɿɪɤɨɜɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɫɬɚɬɢ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɸ ɡ ɩɨɡɢɰɿʀ ɰɿɧɢ ɬɚ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɨɪɿɽɧɬɭɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɧɚ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɦɚɫɨɜɢɯ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɿɜ, ɹɤɿ ɩɨɞɨɪɨɠɭɸɬɶ ɡ ɩɿɡɧɚɜɚɥɶɧɨɸ ɬɚ ɤɨɦɟɪɰɿɣɧɨɸ ɦɟɬɨɸ. ɋɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ ɭ ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɭ ɿɡ ɜɢɫɨɤɨɸ ɜɚɪɬɿɫɬɸ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɞɥɹ ɭɤɪɚʀɧɫɶɤɢɯ ɬɚ ɽɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɶɤɢɯ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɿɜ ɭ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɱɨɬɢɪɢ-, ɩ’ɹɬɶ ɡɿɪɨɤ, ɩɨɹɜɚ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɬɪɶɨɯɡɿɪɤɨɜɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɡɭɦɨɜɢɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɨɪɿɽɧɬɚɰɿɸ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ ɫɚɦɟ ɞɨ ɰɿɽʀ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ. Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɿɱɧɭ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɭ ɦɚɸɬɶ ɧɨɜɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɜ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɿɣ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ — «ɞɜɿ ɡɿɪɤɢ». ɍ ɰɿɧɨɜɨɦɭ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɿ ɞɜɨɯɡɿɪɤɨɜɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɨɪɿɽɧɬɭɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɧɚ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɿɲɧɿɯ ɦɚɫɨɜɢɯ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɿɜ, ɞɪɿɛɧɢɣ ɬɚ ɫɟɪɟɞɧɿɣ ɛɿɡɧɟɫ, ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɢɯ ɫɥɭɠɛɨɜɰɿɜ, ɬɭɪɢɫɬɿɜ ɿɡ ɤɨɥɢɲɧɶɨɝɨ ɋɇȾ. Ɋɨɡɲɢɪɟɧɧɹ ɦɟɪɟɠɿ 54
ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɪɟɚɥɿɡɭɜɚɬɢ ɜɧɚɫɥɿɞɨɤ ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɿʀ ɛɟɡɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɣɧɢɯ ɬɚ ɨɞɧɨɡɿɪɤɨɜɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ, ɛɭɞɿɜɧɢɰɬɜɚ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɢɯ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɿɜ. ȼɚɠɥɢɜɢɦ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɨɦ, ɳɨ ɡɭɦɨɜɢɬɶ ɡɪɨɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɿɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɿɣ ɭ ɛɭɞɿɜɧɢɰɬɜɨ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɽ ɲɜɢɞɤɚ ɨɤɭɩɧɿɫɬɶ ɭ ɩɨɪɿɜɧɹɧɧɿ ɿɡ ɜɢɫɨɤɨɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɣɧɢɦɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɦɢ. ȼɚɠɥɢɜɢɣ ɧɚɩɪɹɦɨɤ ɚɤɬɢɜɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɫɮɟɪɢ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ ɫɬɨɫɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨɝɨ ɨɫɜɨɽɧɧɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɬɚ ɿɫɬɨɪɢɤɨ-ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɿɚɥɭ ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲ ɩɪɢɜɚɛɥɢɜɢɯ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɢɯ ɪɟʉɿɨɧɿɜ — Ʉɪɢɦɫɶɤɨɝɨ, Ʉɚɪɩɚɬɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɬɚ Ⱥɡɨɜɨ-ɑɨɪɧɨɦɨɪɫɶɤɨɝɨ, ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɰɟɧɬɪɿɜ ɪɟɤɪɟɚɰɿʀ. Ɇɨɞɟɪɧɿɡɚɰɿɸ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɢɯ ɪɟɤɪɟɚɰɿɣɧɢɯ ɰɟɧɬɪɿɜ, ɜɿɞɤɪɢɬɬɹ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɤɭɪɨɪɬɿɜ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɫɬɢ, ɨɩɢɪɚɸɱɢɫɶ ɧɚ ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹ ɦɚɥɢɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɭ ɫɮɟɪɿ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ — ɫɿɦɟɣɧɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ, ɩɚɧɫɿɨɧɚɬɿɜ, ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿɜ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ. ɍ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɯ ɬɭɪɢɡɦɭ ɡ ɜɿɞɨɦɢɦɢ ɿɫɬɨɪɢɤɨ-ɚɪɯɿɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɢɦɢ ɩɚɦ’ɹɬɤɚɦɢ — ɡɚɦɤɚɦɢ, ɩɚɥɚɰɚɦɢ, ɫɚɞɢɛɚɦɢ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɢɦɢ ɨɛ’ɽɤɬɚɦɢ, ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹ ɦɟɪɟɠɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ, ɡɨɤɪɟɦɚ ɡ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹɦ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɡɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɯ ɨɛ’ɽɤɬɿɜ, ɫɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ ɡɚ ɜɿɞɫɭɬɧɨɫɬɿ ɛɭɞɶ-ɹɤɨʀ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɨʀ ɿɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢ — ɜɚɠɥɢɜɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɭɦɨɜɚ ʀɯɧɶɨɝɨ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɨɫɜɨɽɧɧɹ. Ⱦɥɹ ɿɧɜɟɫɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɿʀ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɢɯ ɬɚ ɛɭɞɿɜɧɢɰɬɜɚ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɧɟɜɢɫɨɤɨʀ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɫɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɚ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɚ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɚ ɜɿɞɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɚ ɭ ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɦɭ ɞɿɽɡɞɚɬɧɨɦɭ ɦɟɯɚɧɿɡɦɿ ɫɩɿɜɩɪɚɰɿ ɡɚɰɿɤɚɜɥɟɧɢɯ ɿɧɜɟɫɬɨɪɿɜ, ɦɿɫɰɟɜɨɝɨ ɫɚɦɨɜɪɹɞɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɜ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɿ ɦɿɫɰɟɜɨʀ ɜɥɚɞɢ. ɐɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɚ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɤɨɪɢɝɭɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɩɪɿɨɪɢɬɟɬɚɦɢ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɨʀ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɤɢ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ ɬɭɪɢɡɦɭ, ʀʀ ɪɟɚɥɿɡɚɰɿɸ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɜɚɬɢ ɡɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɸ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɣɧɢɯ ɤɨɧɫɭɥɶɬɚɧɬɿɜ ɩɪɨɮɿɥɶɧɢɯ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɿɜ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɨʀ ɫɮɟɪɢ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɬɚ ɧɟɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɿɜɧɹ ɿɡ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹɦ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɿɣɧɨɝɨ ɬɚ ɧɨɜɿɬɧɶɨɝɨ ɞɨɫɜɿɞɭ ɫɜɿɬɨɜɢɯ ɥɿɞɟɪɿɜ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨʀ ɫɮɟɪɢ. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɢ ɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɧɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨʀ ɫɮɟɪɢ ɜ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɿ ɫɜɿɞɱɚɬɶ, ɫɚɦɟ ɜɿɞ ɩɿɞɜɢɳɟɧɧɹ ʀʀ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ, ɿɧɜɟɫɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɜ ɡɧɚɱɧɿɣ ɦɿɪɿ ɡɚɥɟɠɢɬɶ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɫɬɚɧ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɨʀ ɿɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢ ɜ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɿ. Ⱦɥɹ ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨʀ ɫɮɟɪɢ ɫɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɚ ɝɧɭɱɤɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɰɿɽʀ ɝɚɥɭɡɿ ɜɿɞɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɚ ɭ ɪɨɡɪɨɛɥɟɧɿɣ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɜɱɿɣ ɛɚɡɿ. ȼɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ, ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɡɛɿɥɶɲɢɬɢ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɣ ɡ ɱɿɬɤɨɸ ɞɢɮɟ55
ɪɟɧɰɿɚɰɿɽɸ ɭ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ, ɜɞɨɫɤɨɧɚɥɢɬɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɜ ɭɦɨɜɚɯ ɞɢɧɚɦɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɰɿɚɥɶɧɨ-ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɭ ɬɚ ɪɨɡɲɢɪɟɧɧɹ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɨʀ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ, ɩɨɤɪɚɳɢɬɢ ɹɤɿɫɬɶ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɿɫɬɶ ɦɚɪɤɟɬɢɧɝɭ ɿ ɜɡɚɽɦɨɞɿʀ ɧɚ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɨɦɭ ɪɢɧɤɭ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ, ɧɚ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɨɦɭ ɪɿɜɧɿ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɩɿɞɬɪɢɦɭɜɚɬɢ ɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɥɚɧɰɸɝɿɜ, ɹɤɿ ɜɩɪɨɜɚɞɠɭɸɬɶ ɧɨɜɿ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɪɜɿɫɭ, ɽɞɢɧɿ ɩɿɞɯɨɞɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ. ɉɢɬɚɧɧɹ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ 1. ɇɚɡɜɿɬɶ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɿ ɱɢɧɧɢɤɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɿ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ ɫɮɟɪɢ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ. 2. ɇɚɡɜɿɬɶ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɿ ɿɫɬɨɪɢɱɧɿ ɩɟɪɿɨɞɢ ɭ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ ɫɮɟɪɢ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ. 3. Ɉɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɣɬɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɿ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ ɬɚ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɿɸ ɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɟɪɲɢɯ ɿɫɬɨɪɢɱɧɢɯ ɬɢɩɿɜ ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ. 4. ɉɪɨɚɧɚɥɿɡɭɣɬɟ ɿɫɬɨɪɿɸ ɜɢɧɢɤɧɟɧɧɹ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿɜ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɭ ɭ ɤɪɚʀɧɚɯ ȯɜɪɨɩɢ ɬɚ ɋɒȺ ɭ ɏVȱ — ɩɨɱ. ɏɏ ɫɬ. 5. ɇɚɡɜɿɬɶ ɬɚ ɨɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɣɬɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɿ ɬɢɩɢ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿɜ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɜ ɟɜɨɥɸɰɿʀ ɫɮɟɪɢ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ. 6. Ɉɩɢɲɿɬɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɿ ɪɢɫɢ ɬɚ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɿʀ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ ɫɜɿɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ. 7. Ɉɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɣɬɟ ɿɫɬɨɪɿɸ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨʀ ɫɮɟɪɢ ɜ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɿ.
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Ɋɨɡɞɿɥ 2 ɈɋɇɈȼɂ ɆȿɇȿȾɀɆȿɇɌɍ ȽɈɌȿɅɖɇɈȽɈ ȻȱɁɇȿɋɍ
2.1. Ɇɨɞɟɥɶ ɬɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɿ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɿʀ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ «Ƚɨɫɬɢɧɧɿɫɬɶ», «ɩɪɢɣɦɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɫɬɹ» — ɨɞɧɟ ɡ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɯ ɩɨɧɹɬɶ ɫɭɫɩɿɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ, ɡɚɤɥɚɞɟɧɟ ɭ ɦɨɪɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚɯ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɢ ɛɭɞɶ-ɹɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɪɨɞɭ, ɜɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɿɣ ɫɮɟɪɿ, ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɹ ɧɚɭɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɬɚ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɣɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ, ɜɚɠɥɢɜɚ ɫɮɟɪɚ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɤɢ. Ƚɨɫɬɢɧɧɿɫɬɶ — ɰɟ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɚ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɚ, ɳɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɫɩɨɠɢɜɱɢɦɢ ɜɥɚɫɬɢɜɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɿ ɡɭɦɨɜɥɸɽ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɿɫɬɶ ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɿɦɿɞɠɭ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ. ɉɨɡɢɬɢɜɧɚ ɨɰɿɧɤɚ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ ɽ ɩɪɨɹɜɨɦ ɜɬɨɪɢɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɩɢɬɭ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ, ɨɡɧɚɤɨɸ ɪɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɿɞɯɨɞɭ ɞɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɬɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɱɢɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɨɦ. ɋɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɿɦɿɞɠɭ ɭ ɫɮɟɪɿ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɜɢɪɿɲɭɜɚɬɢ ɲɥɹɯɨɦ ɜɫɟɛɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɿɜ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ, ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ ɜɢɫɨɤɨʀ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɜɢɪɨɛɥɟɧɧɹ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɿʀ ɿ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɿʀ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ. ɋɭɤɭɩɧɚ ɜɡɚɽɦɨɞɿɹ ɭɦɨɜ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ ɜ ɽɞɢɧɨɦɭ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɭɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɪɨɡɪɨɛɤɨɸ «ɦɨɞɟɥɿ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ». Ɇɨɞɟɥɶ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ ɜɿɞɨɛɪɚɠɚɽ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɫɬɜɨɪɸɜɚɧɨʀ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ, ʀʀ ɮɿɥɨɫɨɮɫɶɤɭ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɿɸ, ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽ ɩɪɿɨɪɢɬɟɬɢ, ɰɿɧɧɨɫɬɿ ɣ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢ, ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɡ ɹɤɢɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɹ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɜɚɬɢɦɟ ɫɜɨɸ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ. ɍ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɛɿɡɧɟɫɿ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ ɚɫɨɰɿɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɿɫɬɸ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɲɜɢɞɤɨ ɪɟɚɝɭɜɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɡɦɿɧɢ ɹɤ ɜɧɭɬɪɿɲɧɶɨɝɨ ɬɚɤ ɿ ɡɨɜɧɿɲɧɶɨɝɨ ɫɟɪɟɞɨɜɢɳɚ, ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɬɢ ɫɭɬɶ ɿɫɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɫɭɬɬɽɜɿ ɜɿɞɦɿɧɧɨɫɬɿ ɜɿɞ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɣ. Ɇɨɞɟɥɶ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɽ ɱɨɬɢɪɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɿ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɿʀ: ɝɭɦɚɧɿɬɚɪɧɭ, ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɭ, ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɭ ɿ ɤɨɦɟɪɰɿɣɧɭ, ɳɨ 57
ɜɢɹɜɥɹɸɬɶ ɜɡɚɽɦɨɜɿɞɧɨɫɢɧɢ ɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɿ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ ɦɿɠ ɝɨɫɬɟɦ (ɤɥɿɽɧɬɨɦ) — ɩɨɫɥɭɝɨɸ — ɫɟɪɟɞɨɜɢɳɟɦ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ. Ƚɭɦɚɧɿɬɚɪɧɚ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɿɹ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɽ ɜɢɪɨɛɥɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɿɦɿɞɠɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɧɚ ɦɨɪɚɥɶɧɨ-ɟɬɢɱɧɨɦɭ ɪɿɜɧɿ, ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹ ɟɦɨɰɿɣɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɞɨɜɨɥɟɧɧɹ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ ɜɿɞ ɫɩɿɥɤɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɡ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɨɦ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ. ȼ ɰɶɨɦɭ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ ɫɩɨɠɢɜɱɿ ɜɥɚɫɬɢɜɨɫɬɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɿɡ ɜɦɿɧɧɹɦ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ ɩɪɨɹɜɢɬɢ ɩɨɜɚɝɭ, ɭɜɚɠɧɟ ɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɹ, ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɿɫɬɶ, ɡɚɝɚɥɨɦ ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹ ɝɚɪɦɨɧɿɣɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɿɦɿɞɠɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɭ. Ⱦɥɹ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɸɱɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɿɫɬɶ ɜɢɹɜɥɹɽɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɞɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɿ ɟɬɢɱɧɢɯ ɧɨɪɦ ɩɨɜɟɞɿɧɤɢ, ɫɩɨɠɢɜɚɱ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɜɩɟɜɧɟɧɢɦ ɭ ɞɨɛɪɨɡɢɱɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ, ɤɨɦɭɧɿɤɚɛɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ. Ɉɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɸɱɢɣ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɚɦ’ɹɬɚɬɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɿ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢ ɭ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɿʀ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ: «ɤɥɿɽɧɬ ɡɚɜɠɞɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɣ», «ɜɫɿ ɩɨɛɚɠɚɧɧɹ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ ɦɚɸɬɶ ɛɭɬɢ ɩɨ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɿ», «ɜɫɟ ɞɥɹ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ». Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɚ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɿɹ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ ɨɯɨɩɥɸɽ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɪɟɚɥɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɝɭɦɚɧɿɬɚɪɧɢɯ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɿɜ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɩɨɽɞɧɚɧɧɿ ɡ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɦ ɨɫɨɛɢɫɬɢɯ ɿ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɣɧɨ-ɤɜɚɥɿɮɿɤɚɰɿɣɧɢɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɸɱɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ, ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɶɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɨɸ ɛɚɡɨɸ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ, ɚɪɯɿɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨ-ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɫɩɨɪɭɞɢ, ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɭ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɣɧɢɦɢ ɤɨɦɭɧɿɤɚɰɿɹɦɢ ɬɚ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɣɧɨɸ ɛɚɡɨɸ ɞɚɧɢɯ. Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɹ — ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽ ɜɡɚɽɦɨɡɜ’ɹɡɨɤ ɿ ɜɿɞɨɛɪɚɠɚɽ ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɿɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɬɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɦ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɨɦ. Ɏɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɚ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɿɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɽ ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɿɫɬɶ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɨɦ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ. əɤɿɫɬɶ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɪɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɿɫɬɸ ɩɨɛɭɞɨɜɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɣɧɨʀ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢ ɬɚ ɪɟɚɥɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɿɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ. ȼɢɫɨɤɚ ɹɤɿɫɬɶ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿʀ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɟ ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɭɽ ɧɟɪɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɭ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɸ ɿ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɨɦ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ. Ʉɨɦɟɪɰɿɣɧɚ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɿɹ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹɦ ɞɨɯɨɞɿɜ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɨɦ, ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɿɽɸ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ, ɩɨɛɭɞɨɜɚɧɿɣ ɧɚ ɞɢɜɟɪɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ, ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɿʀ, ɟɤɨɥɨɝɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɫɟɪɟɞɨɜɢɳɚ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ. ɐɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɿɹ ɛɟɡɩɨɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨ ɡɚɥɟɠɢɬɶ ɜɿɞ ɪɟɚɥɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɞɧɿɯ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɿɜ ɦɨɞɟɥɿ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ. 58
2.2. ɋɭɬɧɿɫɬɶ ɬɚ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɋɮɟɪɚ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ ɰɟ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɝɚɥɭɡɟɣ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɟ ɡɚɜɞɚɧɧɹ ɹɤɢɯ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɿɜ ɩɿɞ ɱɚɫ ʀɯɧɶɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɛɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɡɚ ɦɿɫɰɟɦ ɩɨɫɬɿɣɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ. Ⱦɨ ɫɮɟɪɢ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ, ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɶ ɩɪɨɜɿɞɧɢɯ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɫɬɿɜ ɭ ɫɮɟɪɿ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɤɢ ɬɭɪɢɡɦɭ, ɧɚɥɟɠɚɬɶ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɣ ɬɚ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɧɢɣ ɛɿɡɧɟɫ, ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɫɮɟɪɚ ɪɨɡɜɚɝ. Ƚɨɬɟɥɶɧɚ ɫɮɟɪɚ ɜ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɿ ɿɧɞɭɫɬɪɿʀ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ ɜɢɤɨɧɭɽ ɤɥɸɱɨɜɿ ɮɭɧɤɰɿʀ, ɨɫɤɿɥɶɤɢ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɽ ɜɿɞɜɿɞɭɜɚɱɚɦ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɭ ɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɬɚ ɪɟɚɥɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɹɤɢɯ ɛɟɪɭɬɶ ɭɱɚɫɬɶ ɜɫɿ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɢ ɣ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɢ ɿɧɞɭɫɬɪɿʀ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɱɢɧɨɦ, ɞɨɰɿɥɶɧɨ ɜɢɞɿɥɢɬɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɭ ɿɧɞɭɫɬɪɿɸ ɹɤ ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɭ ɫɤɥɚɞɨɜɭ ɿɧɞɭɫɬɪɿʀ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ ɬɚ ɪɨɡɝɥɹɞɚɬɢ ʀʀ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɿɣɧɨ. Ɂɦɿɫɬ ɩɨɧɹɬɶ «ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɚ ɫɩɪɚɜɚ», «ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɣ ɛɿɡɧɟɫ», «ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɚ ɿɧɞɭɫɬɪɿɹ» — ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɨɸ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɿɫɬɸ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ, ɳɨ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɸɬɶ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɟɪɰɿɣɧɿɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɿ ɜɥɚɫɧɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɿ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɸɬɶ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚɦ, ɹɤɿ ɩɨɞɨɪɨɠɭɸɬɶ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɿ ɭɦɨɜɢ ɞɥɹ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ. ȼ ɭɦɨɜɚɯ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɢɧɤɭ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ, ɩɪɚɝɧɟɧɧɹ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ ɞɨ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɛɭɬɤɭ ɬɚ ɡɪɨɫɬɚɸɱɚ ɩɥɚɬɨɫɩɪɨɦɨɠɧɿɫɬɶ ɫɩɨɠɢɜɚɱɿɜ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɫɩɨɧɭɤɚɽ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɛɿɡɧɟɫɭ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɢɬɢ ɧɟ ɥɢɲɟ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɡɭɦɨɜɥɸɽ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɿɫɬɶ ɪɨɡɲɢɪɟɧɧɹ ɨɛɫɹɝɭ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɯ ɿ ɫɭɩɭɬɧɿɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ. ɐɟ ɡɛɚɝɚɱɭɽ ɡɦɿɫɬ ɩɨɧɹɬɬɹ «ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɣ ɛɿɡɧɟɫ», ɪɨɡɲɢɪɸɽ ɫɮɟɪɭ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ, ɳɨ ɧɚɞɚɸɬɶ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɧɟ ɬɿɥɶɤɢ ɜɥɚɫɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɰɬɜɚ, ɚɥɟ ɣ ɫɭɦɿɠɧɢɯ ɝɚɥɭɡɟɣ. ɇɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɡɚɡɧɚɱɢɬɢ, ɿɫɬɨɪɢɱɧɨ ɩɨɧɹɬɬɹ «ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɟ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ» ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɥɢɲɟ ɞɥɹ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ. Ɂɝɨɞɨɦ, ɭ ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɭ ɡ ɭɪɿɡɧɨɦɚɧɿɬɧɟɧɧɹɦ ɬɢɩɿɜ ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ, ɰɹ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ ɨɯɨɩɥɸɽ ɦɨɬɟɥɿ, ɤɟɦɩɿɧɝɢ, ɬɭɪɢɫɬɫɶɤɿ ɛɚɡɢ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɿ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɱɢɧɨɦ, ɝɨɬɟɥɶ ɽ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɦ ɬɢɩɨɦ ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ, ɳɨ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɢɜ ɧɚɡɜɭ ɰɿɣ ɫɮɟɪɿ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ. Ƚɨɬɟɥɶɧɟ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ — ɫɭɤɭɩɧɿɫɬɶ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɬɢɩɿɜ, ɳɨ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɸɬɶ ɩɪɢɣɦɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɡ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ, ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɯ ɿ ɫɭɦɿɠɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ. 59
Ɉɤɪɿɦ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ, ɜɢɞɿɥɹɸɬɶɫɹ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɢ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ, ɳɨ ɧɟ ɜɯɨɞɹɬɶ ɞɨ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ. Ⱦɨ ɰɿɽʀ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɧɚɥɟɠɚɬɶ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɨɜɚɧɿ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢ ɥɿɤɭɜɚɥɶɧɨ-ɨɡɞɨɪɨɜɱɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɮɿɥɸ ɬɚ ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɤɭ, ɭ ɹɤɢɯ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɧɟ ɽ ʀɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɦ ɜɢɞɨɦ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ, ɚ ɰɿɧɢ ɧɚɛɥɢɠɟɧɿ ɞɨ ɫɨɛɿɜɚɪɬɨɫɬɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ. ȿɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɚ ɫɭɬɧɿɫɬɶ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨʀ ɿɧɞɭɫɬɪɿʀ ɩɨɥɹɝɚɽ ɭ ɧɟɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɿ ʀʀ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɦ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɱɨɟɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɿɣɧɨʀ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɽ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ ɭ ɮɨɪɦɿ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɝɨ ɜɢɞɭ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ — ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ, ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɿɫɬɶ ɹɤɢɯ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɿɡ ɬɢɦ, ɳɨ ɜɨɧɢ ɫɬɜɨɪɸɸɬɶɫɹ ɿ ɪɟɚɥɿɡɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɦɟɠɚɯ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ. ȼɢɪɨɛɧɢɰɬɜɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɭ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɨɤɪɟɦɨ ɜɿɞ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɭ, ɬɨɛɬɨ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɱɨɝɨ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɶɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɨʀ ɛɚɡɢ (ɫɩɨɪɭɞɢ, ɤɨɦɭɧɿɤɚɰɿɣ, ɭɫɬɚɬɤɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɿɧɜɟɧɬɚɪɸ), ɽ ɨɫɧɨɜɨɸ ɨɞɧɨɱɚɫɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɰɬɜɚ ɬɚ ɪɟɚɥɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ. Ɂɝɿɞɧɨ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɟɣ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɬɜɿ, ɞɟ ɩɨɽɞɧɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɰɬɜɨ ɬɚ ɫɩɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɰɟɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɨɧɹɬɬɹɦ «ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ». Ƚɨɬɟɥɶɧɚ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɚ — ɰɟ ɞɿɹ (ɨɩɟɪɚɰɿɹ) ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ ɡ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɫɩɨɠɢɜɚɱɚ ɲɥɹɯɨɦ ɩɪɨɩɨɡɢɰɿʀ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ (ɦɿɫɰɹ) ɞɥɹ ɬɢɦɱɚɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ, ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɿɧɲɚ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ, ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɚ ɡ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹɦ ɿ ɬɢɦɱɚɫɨɜɢɦ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹɦ [5]. Ƚɨɬɟɥɶɧɚ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɚ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɯ ɿ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɳɨ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɫɩɨɠɢɜɚɱɭ ɩɪɢ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɿ ɿ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɿ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ. Ɂɨɤɪɟɦɚ: — ɨɫɧɨɜɧɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ — ɰɟ ɨɛɫɹɝ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ (ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ, ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ), ɹɤɿ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɿ ɭ ɰɿɧɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ (ɦɿɫɰɹ) ɿ ɧɚɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɫɩɨɠɢɜɚɱɭ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɭɤɥɚɞɟɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɭ; — ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ — ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ, ɳɨ ɧɟ ɧɚɥɟɠɚɬɶ ɞɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ, ɡɚɦɨɜɥɹɸɬɶɫɹ ɿ ɨɩɥɚɱɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɫɩɨɠɢɜɚɱɟɦ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɨ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɨɤɪɟɦɨɝɨ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɭ (ɧɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɚɜɬɨɫɬɨɹɧɤɢ, ɩɪɚɥɶɧɿ, ɫɚɭɧɢ ɬɚ ɿɧ.). ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨɸ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɿɫɬɸ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɽ ɞɟɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɿɡɚɰɿɹ ɪɟɚɥɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ. ȼɟɥɢɤɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿ ɨɛ’ɽɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɮɨɪɦɭɸɬɶ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɨɜɚɧɿ ɥɚɧɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɚɥɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ. Ɍɨɦɭ, ɱɚɫɬɢɧɚ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɿɣ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɿɜ (ɩɨɩɟɪɟɞɧɿɣ ɩɪɨɞɚɠ, ɪɟɡɟɪɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɦɿɫɰɶ ɬɚ ɿɧ.) ɧɟ ɧɚɥɟɠɚɬɶ ɞɨ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɰɿʀ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɥɚɧɨɤ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ 60
ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ ɬɚ ɡɨɫɟɪɟɞɠɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɛɸɪɨ ɩɨɞɨɪɨɠɟɣ ɚɛɨ ɫɚɦɨɦɭ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɿ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɱɢɧɨɦ, ɧɚ ɹɤɿɫɬɶ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɜɩɥɢɜɚɽ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ ɩɨɫɟɪɟɞɧɢɰɶɤɢɯ ɥɚɧɨɤ, ɳɨ ɪɟɚɥɿɡɭɸɬɶ ʀɯɧɿ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ. Ɉɛɫɹɝ, ɹɤɿɫɬɶ ɿ ɚɫɨɪɬɢɦɟɧɬ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿɣ ɫɮɟɪɿ ɡɭɦɨɜɥɟɧɿ ɧɚɫɚɦɩɟɪɟɞ ɫɬɚɧɨɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɶɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɨʀ ɛɚɡɢ ɿ ɪɿɜɧɟɦ ɬɚ ɤɜɚɥɿɮɿɤɚɰɿɽɸ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɭ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ. ɋɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ ɫɩɨɫɬɟɪɿɝɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɨɫɬɿɣɧɟ ɪɨɡɲɢɪɟɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɭɪɿɡɧɨɦɚɧɿɬɧɟɧɧɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɶɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɨʀ ɛɚɡɢ ɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ. ɉɨɪɹɞ ɡ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɦɢ ɛɭɞɿɜɥɹɦɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɫɬɜɨɪɸɸɬɶɫɹ ɿɧɲɿ ɫɩɨɪɭɞɢ — ɫɩɨɪɬɢɜɧɿ, ɦɟɞɢɱɧɿ, ɪɨɡɜɚɠɚɥɶɧɿ ɬɨɳɨ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɱɢɧɨɦ, ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɿɜ ɭɫɤɥɚɞɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ, ɚ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ, ɳɨ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɦɚɸɬɶ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɢɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ. Ʉɥɸɱɨɜɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɬɹ «ɝɨɬɟɥɶ» ɬɿɫɧɨ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɟ ɡ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɽɸ «ɝɿɫɬɶ», «ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɿɫɬɶ», ɣɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɿɣɧɚ ɞɟɮɿɧɿɰɿɹ, ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɫɥɨɜɧɢɤɚ ȼ. Ⱦɚɥɹ, ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɥɢɦ ɞɜɨɪɨɦ ɚɛɨ ɛɭɞɢɧɤɨɦ ɡ ɩɪɢɫɥɭɝɨɸ, ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹɦ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢʀɠɞɠɢɯ ɡ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ. ɍ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɿɣ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɿɣ ɥɿɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɿ ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲ ɜɢɡɧɚɧɢɦ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹɦ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɩɨɧɹɬɬɹ ɽ: «Ƚɨɬɟɥɶ — ɰɟ ɡɚɤɥɚɞ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ ɭ ɹɤɨɦɭ ɩɨɞɨɪɨɠɭɸɱɿ ɡɚ ɜɢɧɚɝɨɪɨɞɭ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɫɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɬɢɫɶ ɡ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɧɨɱɿɜɥɿ, ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ». Ƚɨɬɟɥɶ — ɰɟ ɡɚɫɿɛ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ, ɳɨ ɧɚɞɚɽ ɨɫɨɛɚɦ, ɹɤɿ ɩɟɪɟɛɭɜɚɸɬɶ ɩɨɡɚ ɦɿɫɰɟɦ ɩɨɫɬɿɣɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɝɨɥɨɜɧɢɦɢ ɫɟɪɟɞ ɹɤɢɯ ɽ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ. ɋɩɿɜɜɿɞɧɨɲɟɧɧɹ ɰɢɯ ɞɜɨɯ ɫɤɥɚɞɨɜɢɯ ɦɨɠɟ ɜɢɪɚɠɚɬɢɫɶ ɭ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ: — ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ + ɫɧɿɞɚɧɨɤ (ɤɨɧɬɢɧɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɚɛɨ ɚɧɝɥɿɣɫɶɤɢɣ) ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɚɯ ɚɛɨ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɚɯ; — ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ + ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɿ; — ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ + ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɿ, ɛɚɪɿ, ɤɚɮɟ; — ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ + ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɚɯ ɽɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɶɤɨʀ ɿ ɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɤɭɯɧɿ, ɛɚɪɚɯ, ɰɿɥɨɞɨɛɨɜɢɣ ɫɟɪɜɿɫ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɚɯ. Ɂɦɿɫɬ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɫɬɨɫɭɽɬɶɫɹ: — ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɨɜɚɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ — ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ; — ɩɪɨɩɨɡɢɰɿʀ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɣɧɨ ɩɿɞɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɦ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɨɦ — ɩɨɪɬɶɽ, ɡ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɧɹ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ, ɩɨɤɨʀɜɨɤ ɡ ɩɪɢɛɢɪɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɬɚ ɿɧ. Ƚɨɬɟɥɶɧɿ ɧɨɦɟɪɢ — ɰɟ ɛɚɝɚɬɨɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɿ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ, ɩɪɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɿ ɞɥɹ ɜɿɞɩɨ61
ɱɢɧɤɭ, ɫɧɭ, ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ, ɹɤɿ ɽ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɦ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ. ȼɧɚɫɥɿɞɨɤ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɝɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿ ʀɯɧɶɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɛɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɢɦ ɱɢɧɨɦ ɭ ɜɟɱɿɪɧɿɣ ɿ ɧɿɱɧɢɣ ɱɚɫ, ɧɚɣɝɨɥɨɜɧɿɲɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ ɫɬɨɫɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ ɫɧɭ ɿ ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɤɭ. Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɣ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɡɚɥɟɠɢɬɶ ɜɿɞ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɿ ɩɨɬɪɟɛ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ. ɇɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɞɿɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɧɚɣɝɨɥɨɜɧɿɲɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɿɡ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹɦ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɿɫɬɸ ɩɪɚɰɸɜɚɬɢ, ɞɥɹ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɚɯ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɢɣ ɩɢɫɶɦɨɜɢɣ ɫɬɿɥ, ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧ, ɮɚɤɫ, ɤɨɦɩ’ɸɬɟɪ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɟ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ. ɍ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɜɢɞɿɥɹɸɬɶɫɹ ɪɿɡɧɿ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ, ɳɨ ɜɿɞɪɿɡɧɹɸɬɶɫɹ ɩɥɨɳɟɸ, ɦɟɛɥɹɦɢ, ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹɦ, ɩɪɨɬɟ, ɧɟɡɚɥɟɠɧɨ ɜɿɞ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ, ɤɨɠɟɧ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɜɚɬɢ: ɥɿɠɤɨ, ɤɪɿɫɥɨ ɭ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɭɧɤɭ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɟ ɦɿɫɰɟ, ɧɿɱɧɢɣ ɫɬɨɥɢɤ ɚɛɨ ɬɭɦɛɭ ɭ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɭɧɤɭ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɟ ɥɿɠɤɨ, ɲɚɮɭ ɞɥɹ ɨɞɹɝɭ, ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɟ ɨɫɜɿɬɥɟɧɧɹ, ɤɨɲɢɤ ɞɥɹ ɫɦɿɬɬɹ, ɭ ɤɨɠɧɨɦɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɿ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɛɭɬɢ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɹ ɩɪɨ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ ɿ ɩɥɚɧ ɟɜɚɤɭɚɰɿʀ ɧɚ ɜɢɩɚɞɨɤ ɩɨɠɟɠɿ. ɉɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɡ ɩɪɨɩɨɡɢɰɿʀ ɝɨɫɬɹɦ ʀɠɿ ɨɯɨɩɥɸɸɬɶ ɩɨɽɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿɜ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɱɨɝɨ (ɩɪɢɝɨɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ʀɠɿ ɧɚ ɤɭɯɧɿ), ɬɨɪɝɨɜɨɝɨ (ɩɪɨɞɚɠ ɝɨɬɨɜɢɯ ɞɨ ɫɩɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɿɜ, ɚɥɤɨɝɨɥɶɧɢɯ ɿ ɛɟɡɚɥɤɨɝɨɥɶɧɢɯ ɧɚɩɨʀɜ), ɿ ɫɟɪɜɿɫɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɨɮɿɰɿɚɧɬɚɦɢ ɭ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɿ, ɛɚɪɿ, ɤɚɮɟ, ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɧɨɦɟɪɚɯ. Ⱦɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɨɯɨɩɥɸɸɬɶ ɩɪɨɩɨɡɢɰɿɸ ɛɚɫɟɣɧɭ, ɫɩɨɪɬɢɜɧɨʀ ɡɚɥɢ, ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰ-ɡɚɥɢ, ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɞɥɹ ɞɿɥɨɜɢɯ ɡɭɫɬɪɿɱɟɣ, ɩɪɨɤɚɬ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɿɥɿɜ, ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɯɿɦɱɢɫɬɤɢ, ɩɪɚɥɶɧɿ, ɩɟɪɭɤɚɪɧɿ, ɤɚɛɿɧɟɬɭ ɞɥɹ ɦɚɫɚɠɭ ɬɚ ɿɧ. ɋɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɧɚɛɭɜɚɸɬɶ ɜɫɟ ɛɿɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɭ ɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɪɢɧɤɨɜɨʀ ɩɪɢɜɚɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿɜ. ȼ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɛɿɡɧɟɫɭ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɬɟɪɦɿɧ «ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ» ɚɛɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ «ɝɨɬɟɥɶ», ɳɨ ɩɿɞɤɪɟɫɥɸɽ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɢɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ. ɍ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ «ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ» ɜɿɞɨɛɪɚɠɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɶɤɨʀ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɭ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɶɧɿɣ ɮɨɪɦɿ (ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ), ɞɭɯɨɜɧɿɣ, ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɣɧɿɣ (ɿɧɬɟɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ) ɚɛɨ ɭ ɮɨɪɦɿ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ (ɪɢɫ. 2.1). 62
Ƚɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ
Ɇɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɶɧɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ
ɇɟɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɶɧɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ
ɇɨɦɟɪɢ, ɦɟɛɥɿ, ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɟ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ, ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢ, ɳɨ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɸɬɶ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ
ɋɟɪɜɿɫ, ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɚ, ɥɸɛ’ɹɡɧɿɫɬɶ, ɡɧɚɧɧɹ ɦɨɜ, ɿɧɿɰɿɚɬɢɜɚ ɬɚ ɿɧ.
Ɋɟɚɥɶɧɿ, ɨɛ’ɽɤɬɢɜɧɿ, ɩɨɪɿɜɧɹɥɶɧɿ, ɫɩɿɜɜɿɞɧɨɲɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɚ-ɰɿɧɚ ɡɪɨɡɭɦɿɥɿ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɭ
Ⱥɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɿ, ɫɭɛ’ɽɤɬɢɜɧɿ, ɜɿɞɫɭɬɧɹ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɿɫɬɶ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɞɧɶɨʀ ɨɰɿɧɤɢ, ɫɬɜɨɪɸɸɬɶ ɜɧɭɬɪɿɲɧɽ ɜɿɞɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɧɹ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ
Ɇɚɸɬɶ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɬɟɪɦɿɧɨɜɭ ɞɿɸ
Ɇɚɸɬɶ ɬɪɢɜɚɥɭ ɞɿɸ
Ɏɨɪɦɭɸɬɶ ɪɿɲɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɨ ɤɭɩɿɜɥɸ ɿ ɫɩɪɢɣɦɚɧɧɹ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ
Ɋɢɫ. 2.1. Ƚɨɥɨɜɧɿ ɪɢɫɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɭ
ɍ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɿ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɭ ɪɨɡɪɿɡɧɹɸɬɶ ɬɚɤɿ ɣɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɢ: ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɣ, ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɢɣ, ɫɭɩɭɬɧɿɣ, ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɣ. ɉɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ ɬɚ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɮɨɪɦɭɸɬɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ. ȼɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ ɤɨɠɟɧ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɧɚɞɚɜɚɬɢ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ — ɫɤɥɚɞɨɜɿ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɳɨ ɜɢɞɿɥɹɸɬɶ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ ɫɟɪɟɞ ɛɭɞɶ-ɹɤɨɝɨ ɿɧɲɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɪɢɧɤɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɧɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɬɭɪɢɫɬɫɶɤɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ, ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɛɿɡɧɟɫ-ɰɟɧɬɪɚ, ɩɟɜɧɢɣ ɬɢɩ ɪɨɡɜɚɝ, ɫɩɨɪɬɢɜɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɬɚ ɿɧ. ɋɭɩɭɬɧɢɣ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ — ɰɟ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɿ ɬɨɜɚɪɿɜ, ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɢɯ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚɦ ɞɥɹ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɬɚ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɭ. ɇɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧɧɨɝɨ, ɩɨɲɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɭ, ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɢɯ ɩɨɛɭɬɨɜɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɿ ɬɨɜɚɪɿɜ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɩɢɬɭ. 63
Ⱦɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɣ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ ɧɚɞɚɽ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɭ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɿ ɩɟɪɟɜɚɝɢ ɣ ɫɩɪɢɹɽ ɜɢɞɿɥɟɧɧɸ ɣɨɝɨ ɫɟɪɟɞ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɧɢɯ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɿɱɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɿɜ. ɐɟ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɛɭɬɢ ɨɡɞɨɪɨɜɱɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ, ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɛɿɡɧɟɫ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ, ɝɪɚɥɶɧɿ ɚɬɪɚɤɰɿɨɧɢ ɬɚ ɿɧ. ɋɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɣ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ ɧɚɛɭɜɚɽ ɜɫɟ ɛɿɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɭ ɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɪɢɧɤɨɜɨʀ ɩɪɢɜɚɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ. Ɂɚɥɢɲɚɸɱɢɫɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɸ, ɩɨɫɥɭɝɚ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɪɨɡɝɥɹɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɝɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɹɤ ɡɜɢɱɚɣɧɟ ɹɜɢɳɟ. ɉɿɞɜɢɳɟɧɢɣ ɿɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɜɢɤɥɢɤɚɸɬɶ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ, ɳɨ ɜɢɞɿɥɹɸɬɶ ɩɟɜɧɟ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɟ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɨ ɫɟɪɟɞ ɿɧɲɢɯ. ɍ ɛɿɥɶɲɨɫɬɿ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɿɜ ɬɚɤɢɦɢ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɚɦɢ ɜɢɫɬɭɩɚɸɬɶ ɬɚɤɿ, ɳɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɸɬɶ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ. ɉɪɨ ɰɟ ɫɜɿɞɱɚɬɶ ɭɫɩɿɯɢ ɜɿɞɨɦɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɥɚɧɰɸɝɿɜ ɬɚ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ. ɇɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɝɨɬɟɥɿ Ȼɪɸɫɫɟɥɹ, ɋɬɪɚɫɛɭɪɝɚ, Ⱦɚɜɨɫɚ, ɞɟ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɡɭɫɬɪɿɱɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɜɢɫɨɤɨɨɩɥɚɱɭɜɚɧɿ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɨɧɚɥɢ — ɩɨɥɿɬɢɤɢ, ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɫɬɢ, ɛɚɧɤɿɪɢ, ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɸɬɶ ɡ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹɦ ɧɨɜɿɬɧɶɨɝɨ ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ ɡɪɭɱɧɨ ɨɛɥɚɲɬɨɜɚɧɿ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰ-ɡɚɥɢ, ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɮɿɬɧɟɫ-ɰɟɧɬɪɿɜ, ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɿɜ ɬɿ ɿɧ. Ɂɨɤɪɟɦɚ, ɜɿɞɨɦɢɣ ɮɟɲɟɧɟɛɟɥɶɧɢɣ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ «Steigenberger belvedere» ɭ Ⱦɚɜɨɫɿ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɽ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰ- ɿ ɮɿɬɧɟɫ-ɰɟɧɬɪɚ, ɛɚɫɟɣɧ, ɫɚɭɧɭ, ɦɚɫɚɠ, ɩɚɪɤɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɞɟɤɿɥɶɤɚ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɿɜ ɽɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɶɤɨʀ ɬɚ ɟɤɡɨɬɢɱɧɨʀ ɤɭɯɧɿ, ɿɧɲɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ. ɍ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ, ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɜɡɚɽɦɨɞɨɩɨɜɧɸɸɬɶɫɹ ɿ ɫɩɪɢɣɦɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚɦɢ ɹɤ ɽɞɢɧɟ ɰɿɥɟ. ȼɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ ɪɿɡɧɢɰɹ ɦɿɠ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɢɦ ɿ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɦ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɦ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɦ ɧɟ ɡɚɜɠɞɢ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɚ. ɉɨɫɥɭɝɢ, ɳɨ ɜɢɫɬɭɩɚɸɬɶ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɢɦ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɦ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɪɢɧɤɭ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɛɭɬɢ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɦ ɧɚ ɿɧɲɨɦɭ. Ⱦɨɫɜɿɞ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɜɿɞɨɦɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ ɫɜɿɞɱɢɬɶ, ɳɨ ɪɨɡɪɨɛɤɚ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɭ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɫɭɩɪɨɜɨɞɠɭɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɪɟɬɟɥɶɧɢɦ ɜɢɜɱɟɧɧɹɦ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɢɯ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɿɣ ɬɚ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɫɩɨɠɢɜɱɨɝɨ ɪɢɧɤɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ. Ʉɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɢɣ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ, ɤɪɿɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ, ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɣ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɿɜ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɽ ɬɚɤɿ ɣɨɝɨ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɢ ɬɚ ɹɤɿɫɧɿ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ, ɳɨ ɫɬɜɨɪɸɸɬɶ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɿɦɿɞɠ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ, ɜɢɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ ɭ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɿɣ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɿ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɮɨɪɦɿ ɩɪɨɩɨɡɢɰɿʀ, ɬɨɥɟɪɚɧɬɧɨɫɬɿ ɭ ɫɩɿɥɤɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɸɱɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ, ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɯ. Ʌɢɲɟ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɚ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɚ ɩɪɨɩɨɡɢɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ 64
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɭ ɦɨɠɟ ɫɬɚɬɢ ɜɢɪɿɲɚɥɶɧɢɦ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɦ ɭ ɜɢɛɨɪɿ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚɦɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɭ. ȿɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɿɫɬɶ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɛɭɞɶ-ɹɤɨɝɨ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ, ɡɨɤɪɟɦɚ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɝɪɭɩɨɸ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɿɜ. ɋɟɪɟɞ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɿɜ — ɪɨɡɬɚɲɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ, ɳɨ ɜɩɥɢɜɚɽ ɧɚ ɜɚɪɬɿɫɬɶ ɡɟɦɥɿ, ɛɭɞɿɜɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɪɨɛɿɬ, ɪɨɡɦɿɪ ɨɩɥɚɬɢ ɩɪɚɰɿ, ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɡɛɭɬ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɿʀ. ɐɿ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɢ ɧɚɥɟɠɚɬɶ ɞɨ ɩɟɪɜɢɧɧɢɯ. Ⱦɨ ɜɬɨɪɢɧɧɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɿɜ ɧɚɥɟɠɢɬɶ ɧɚɹɜɧɿɫɬɶ ɫɢɪɨɜɢɧɧɢɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɿɜ, ɪɨɛɨɱɨʀ ɫɢɥɢ, ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɱɨʀ ɿɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢ. ȼ ɡɚɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɿ ɜɿɞ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɿɜ ɭ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ, ɜɢɞɿɥɹɸɬɶɫɹ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ, ɳɨ ɨɪɿɽɧɬɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɢɪɨɜɢɧɧɿ, ɬɪɭɞɨɜɿ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɢ, ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɿ ɤɨɦɭɧɿɤɚɰɿʀ, ɧɚ ɡɛɭɬ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɿʀ. Ƚɨɬɟɥɿ ɧɚɫɚɦɩɟɪɟɞ ɨɪɿɽɧɬɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɡɛɭɬ ɫɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɭ. ɍ ɩɨɪɿɜɧɹɧɧɿ ɡ ɩɪɨɦɢɫɥɨɜɢɦɢ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚɦɢ, ɳɨ ɩɨɫɬɚɱɚɸɬɶ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɿɸ ɫɩɨɠɢɜɚɱɚɦ, ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿɣ ɫɮɟɪɿ ɫɩɨɠɢɜɚɱ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ — ɤɥɿɽɧɬ, ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɜɢɛɪɚɬɢ ɿ ɩɪɢɣɬɢ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɿɣɧɨ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ, ɬɨɦɭ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɭɜɚɧɧɸ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɧɚɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɡɧɚɱɧɚ ɭɜɚɝɚ. ɇɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɭ ɜɢɛɨɪɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɞɿɥɨɜɢɦɢ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɚɦɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɰɟɧɬɪɿ ɦɿɫɬɚ ɽ ɜɢɪɿɲɚɥɶɧɢɦ. Ʉɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɹ «ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ» ɡ ɩɨɡɢɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɽ ɬɪɢ ɪɿɜɧɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ: ɨɤɪɟɦɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ, ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ «ɝɨɬɟɥɶ» ɹɤ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɪɨɡɲɢɪɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ «ɝɨɬɟɥɶ» (ɪɢɫ. 2.2). Ɉɤɪɟɦɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ — ɰɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɣ ɨɛɫɹɝ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɳɨ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɧɚɞɚɜɚɬɢ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɢ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɧɟɡɚɥɟɠɧɨ ɜɿɞ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɿ ɬɢɩɭ. ɇɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɞɨ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɧɚɥɟɠɚɬɶ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɲɜɟɣɰɚɪɚ, ɩɨɪɬɶɽ, ɩɨɤɨʀɜɨɤ, ɨɮɿɰɿɚɧɬɿɜ ɬɚ ɿɧ., ɹɤɿ ɮɨɪɦɭɸɬɶ ɜɧɭɬɪɿɲɧɿɣ ɪɿɜɟɧɶ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ «ɝɨɬɟɥɶ». ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬ «ɝɨɬɟɥɶ» ɹɤ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɭɬɜɨɪɸɽ ɫɟɪɟɞɧɿɣ ɪɿɜɟɧɶ ɿ ɨɯɨɩɥɸɽ ɜɫɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ, ɳɨ ɧɚɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɩɟɜɧɨɦɭ ɬɢɩɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɭ, ɹɤɿ ɜɡɚɽɦɨɡɚɥɟɠɧɿ, ɞɨɩɨɜɧɸɸɬɶ ɨɞɢɧ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɿ ɫɩɪɢɣɦɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚɦɢ ɹɤ ɽɞɢɧɟ ɰɿɥɟ. ɋɟɪɟɞɧɿɣ ɪɿɜɟɧɶ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɭ «ɝɨɬɟɥɶ» ɭ ɩɨɽɞɧɚɧɧɿ ɡ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɩɪɨɩɨɡɢɰɿʀ ɧɚɜɤɨɥɢɲɧɶɨʀ ɞɨ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɿʀ ɭɬɜɨɪɸɽ ɪɨɡɲɢɪɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ «ɝɨɬɟɥɶ» — ɬɪɟɬɿɣ (ɡɨɜɧɿɲɧɿɣ) ɪɿɜɟɧɶ. ɋɟɪɟɞ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɿɜ ɧɚɜɤɨɥɢɲɧɶɨʀ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɿʀ ɿɫɬɨɬɧɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɦɚɽ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ, ɿɫɬɨɪɢɤɨ-ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɿ, ɫɨɰɿɚɥɶɧɿ ɚɬɪɚɤɰɿʀ, ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɢɣ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬ. 65
ɨɤɪɟɦɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ «ɝɨɬɟɥɶ» ɹɤ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɪɨɡɲɢɪɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ
Ɋɢɫ. 2.2. Ɋɿɜɧɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɭ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɨɜɚɧɿ ɡɚɫɨɛɚɦɢ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ
Ɂ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɨɪɭ ɨɱɿɤɭɜɚɧɶ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ ɭ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɿ «ɝɨɬɟɥɶ» ɦɨɠɧɚ ɜɢɞɿɥɢɬɢ ɱɨɬɢɪɢ ɪɿɜɧɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ: ɪɨɞɨɜɢɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ, ɨɱɿɤɭɜɚɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ, ɪɨɡɲɢɪɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ, ɩɨɬɟɧɰɿɣɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ (ɪɢɫ. 2.3.). ɪɨɞɨɜɢɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ ɨɱɿɤɭɜɚɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ ɪɨɡɲɢɪɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɿɣɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ
Ɋɢɫ. 2.3. Ɋɿɜɧɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɭ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɨɱɿɤɭɜɚɧɶ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ
Ɋɨɞɨɜɢɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ ɨɯɨɩɥɸɽ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɣ ɩɟɪɟɥɿɤ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɣɧɢɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɩɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤɿɜ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɳɨɞɨ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹ ɫɥɭɠɛɨɜɢɯ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɿɜ ɬɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɶɧɿ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɿ ɞɥɹ ɣɨɝɨ ɭɫɩɿɲɧɨʀ ɭɱɚɫɬɿ ɭ ɪɢɧɤɨɜɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿ. Ⱦɥɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɿʀ «ɪɨɞɨɜɨɝɨ» ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɭ ɜɢɤɨɧɭɸɬɶ ɨɤɪɟɦɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ. 66
Ɉɱɿɤɭɜɚɧɢɣ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ — ɜɿɞɨɛɪɚɠɚɽ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ, ɳɨ ɡɞɚɬɧɿ ɡɚɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɹɬɢ ɨɱɿɤɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ. ȼɿɧ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɽ ɫɭɩɭɬɧɿ ɨɛɫɬɚɜɢɧɢ ɫɩɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ ɪɨɞɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɭ — ɱɚɫ, ɭɦɨɜɢ, ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɿɧɬɟɪ’ɽɪ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ, ɜɟɫɬɢɛɸɥɹ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ, ɡɨɜɧɿɲɧɿɣ ɜɢɝɥɹɞ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ, ɰɿɧɭ ɬɨɳɨ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɭ ɪɨɡɲɢɪɟɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɭ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɹɬɶ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɿ ɩɟɪɟɜɚɝɢ, ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɿ ɡ ɣɨɝɨ ɤɭɩɿɜɥɟɸ ɿ ɫɩɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹɦ, ɜɿɞɪɿɡɧɹɸɬɶ ɰɟɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ ɜɿɞ ɪɢɧɤɨɜɢɯ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɿɜ. Ⱦɥɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɭ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɦɢ ɩɟɪɟɜɚɝɚɦɢ ɧɚɫɚɦɩɟɪɟɞ ɽ ɪɢɫɢ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɚ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɿɫɬɶ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɩɪɢɥɟɝɥɨʀ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɿʀ, ɡɪɭɱɧɟ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɛɭɞɿɜɟɥɶ ɬɚ ɿɧ., ɳɨ ɡ ɱɚɫɨɦ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɚɸɬɶ ɪɨɡɝɥɹɞɚɬɢɫɶ ɹɤ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɿ ɿ ɫɬɚɸɬɶ ɱɚɫɬɢɧɨɸ «ɨɱɿɤɭɜɚɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɭ». ɉɨɬɟɧɰɿɣɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ ɨɯɨɩɥɸɽ ɣɦɨɜɿɪɧɿ ɿ ɞɨɫɹɠɧɿ ɞɥɹ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ ɧɚɩɪɹɦɤɢ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ, ɳɨ ɡɭɦɨɜɥɹɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɜɚɝɢ ɭ ɪɢɧɤɨɜɨɦɭ ɩɨɡɢɰɿɸɜɚɧɧɿ ɧɚɞ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɚɦɢ, ɡɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɭɬɪɢɦɚɬɢ ɬɚ ɡɚɥɭɱɢɬɢ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ. ɉɪɨɜɿɞɧɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ ɲɥɹɯɨɦ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɿɱɧɢɯ ɦɚɪɤɟɬɢɧɝɨɜɢɯ ɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɶ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɸɬɶ ɩɨɲɭɤ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɿɣ, ɦɟɬɨɞɿɜ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɬɢɩɿɜ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ. ɋɟɪɟɞ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɟɣ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɳɨ ɜɿɞɪɿɡɧɹɸɬɶ ʀɯ ɜɿɞ ɬɨɜɚɪɭ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɜɢɞɿɥɢɬɢ ɬɚɤɿ: — ɧɟɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɿɣ ɫɤɥɚɞɨɜɿɣ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ; — ɨɛɦɟɠɟɧɿ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ ɡɛɟɪɿɝɚɧɧɹ; — ɬɟɪɦɿɧɨɜɢɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ; — ɩɟɪɿɨɞɢɱɧɢɣ (ɫɟɡɨɧɧɢɣ) ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɩɨɩɢɬɭ ɧɚ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ; — ɧɟɨɞɧɨɪɿɞɧɿɫɬɶ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ. ɇɟɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɿɣ ɫɤɥɚɞɨɜɿɣ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ. ɋɩɟɰɢɮɿɤɚ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɭ ɩɨɪɿɜɧɹɧɧɿ ɡ ɩɪɨɞɚɠɟɦ ɬɨɜɚɪɭ, ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɧɟɜɿɞɱɭɬɧɿɫɬɸ, ɧɟɦɨɠɥɢɜɿɫɬɸ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚɦɢ ɨɞɪɚɡɭ ɜ ɩɨɜɧɨɦɭ ɨɛɫɹɡɿ ɨɯɨɩɢɬɢ ʀɯɧɿ ɫɩɨɠɢɜɱɿ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ. ɋɩɨɠɢɜɚɱɚɦ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɜɚɠɤɨ ɨɰɿɧɢɬɢ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɭ ɞɨ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɭ ɩɪɢɞɛɚɧɧɹ, ɿɧɨɞɿ ɧɚɜɿɬɶ ɩɿɫɥɹ ɤɭɩɿɜɥɿ. Ʉɥɿɽɧɬɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ, ɹɤɿ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɜɢɹɜɢɬɢ ɹɤɿɫɧɿ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɜɿɞɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɿ ɭ ɰɿɧɨɜɨɦɭ ɟɤɜɿɜɚɥɟɧɬɿ, ɽ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɧɨɸ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɽɸ ɫɩɨɠɢɜɚɱɿɜ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ. ȼɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ, ɧɟɜɿɞɱɭɬɧɿɫɬɶ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɭɫɤɥɚɞɧɸɽ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɨɦ ʀɯɧɶɨɝɨ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɰɬɜɚ ɿ ɩɪɨɞɚɠɭ. Ƚɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɦ ɩɿɞɩɪɢ67
ɽɦɫɬɜɚɦ ɫɤɥɚɞɧɨ ɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɭɜɚɬɢ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɨɜɿ ɫɜɿɣ ɬɨɜɚɪ, ɳɟ ɫɤɥɚɞɧɿɲɟ ɨɛʉɪɭɧɬɭɜɚɬɢ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɰɿɧ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ. ɉɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɨ ɦɨɠɟ ɥɢɲɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɬɢ ɩɟɪɟɜɚɝɢ ɩɟɜɧɨʀ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ, ɚ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɹɤ ɬɚɤɿ ɤɥɿɽɧɬ ɦɨɠɟ ɨɰɿɧɢɬɢ ɥɢɲɟ ɩɿɫɥɹ ʀɯɧɶɨʀ ɤɭɩɿɜɥɿ. ɋɟɪɟɞ ɡɚɯɨɞɿɜ, ɳɨ ɩɿɞɜɢɳɭɸɬɶ ɞɨɜɿɪɭ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ ɞɨ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ ɜɢɞɿɥɹɸɬɶ ɬɚɤɿ: — ɩɿɞɤɪɟɫɥɢɬɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɿ ɜɢɝɨɞɢ ɜɿɞ ʀʀ ɩɪɢɞɛɚɧɧɹ; — ɩɿɞɜɢɳɢɬɢ ɜɿɞɱɭɬɧɿɫɬɶ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ; — ɲɢɪɨɤɟ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɦɚɪɤɟɬɢɧɝɨɜɢɯ ɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɶ, ɡɨɤɪɟɦɚ ɜɿɞɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɯ ɭ ɪɟɤɥɚɦɿ; — ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɚɤɰɿɣ ɡɿ ɡɦɿɧɢ ɬɚɪɢɮɿɜ, ɡɚɥɭɱɟɧɧɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ ɜɿɞɨɦɢɯ ɭ ɫɭɫɩɿɥɶɫɬɜɿ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ (ɚɪɬɢɫɬɿɜ, ɩɨɥɿɬɢɤɿɜ, ɫɩɨɪɬɫɦɟɧɿɜ ɬɚ ɿɧ.). Ɉɛɦɟɠɟɧɿ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ ɡɛɟɪɿɝɚɧɧɹ. Ʉɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɭ ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɭ ɡ ʀɯɧɿɦ ɧɟɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɶɧɢɦ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɨɦ ɦɚɽ ɨɛɦɟɠɟɧɢɣ ɬɟɪɦɿɧ ɡɛɟɪɿɝɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɛɭɬɢ ɡɛɟɪɟɠɟɧɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɚɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɚɠɭ. ɇɚɞɚɬɢ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɭ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɥɢɲɟ ɬɨɞɿ, ɤɨɥɢ ɧɚɞɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɜɿɞ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ. əɤɳɨ ɡɚ ɩɨɬɨɱɧɭ ɞɨɛɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɣ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɡɚɥɢɲɢɜɫɹ ɧɟɩɪɨɞɚɧɢɦ, ɣɨɝɨ ɧɟɦɨɠɥɢɜɨ ɩɪɨɞɚɬɢ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɨ. ɇɚɜɿɬɶ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɶɧɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ, ɧɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɿ, ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿɜ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ (ɫɬɪɚɜɢ, ɧɚɩɨʀ), ɹɤɿ ɦɚɸɬɶ ɩɟɜɧɢɣ ɬɟɪɦɿɧ ɡɛɟɪɿɝɚɧɧɹ, ɬɨɞɿ ɹɤ ɫɟɪɜɿɫ, ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɢɣ ɡ ʀɯɧɶɨɸ ɪɟɚɥɿɡɚɰɿɽɸ ɛɭɞɟ ɧɟ ɡɚɞɿɹɧɢɣ ɿ ɧɟ ɨɩɥɚɱɟɧɢɣ. Ɂɝɿɞɧɨ ɬɜɟɪɞɠɟɧɶ ɪɹɞɭ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɫɬɿɜ, ɧɟɪɨɡɞɿɥɶɧɢɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿɜ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɰɬɜɚ ɿ ɫɩɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ ɽ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɸ ɨɡɧɚɤɨɸ ɜɿɞɦɿɧɧɨɫɬɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɜɿɞ ɬɨɜɚɪɭ. Ɍɟɪɦɿɧɨɜɢɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɡɭɦɨɜɥɸɽ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɿɫɬɶ ɪɨɡɪɨɛɤɢ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɿʀ, ɳɨ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɟ ɫɩɿɜɜɿɞɧɨɲɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɩɢɬɭ ɬɚ ɩɪɨɩɨɡɢɰɿʀ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ. Ɂɨɤɪɟɦɚ, ɫɬɢɦɭɥɸɜɚɬɢ ɩɨɩɢɬ ɧɚ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɿ ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨʀ ɰɿɧɨɜɨʀ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɤɢ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɬɚɪɢɮɿɜ. ȼɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɹɦ ɞɢɮɟɪɟɧɰɿɣɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɬɚɪɢɮɿɜ ɿ ɰɿɧ, ɡɧɢɠɨɤ, ɨɩɬɢɦɿɡɭɸɱɢ ɚɫɨɪɬɢɦɟɧɬ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɿ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢ, ɦɨɠɧɚ ɡɦɿɫɬɢɬɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɧɭ ɩɨɩɢɬɭ ɡ ɩɿɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɿɨɞɭ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɿɨɞ ɡɚɬɢɲɤɭ. ȱɧɲɢɦ ɜɚɠɥɢɜɢɦ ɡɚɫɨɛɨɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɨɛɫɹɝɨɦ ɩɨɩɢɬɭ ɽ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɞɧɿɯ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɶ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɬɚ ɡɛɿɥɶɲɟɧɧɹ ɲɜɢɞɤɨɫɬɿ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɜ ɬɨɦɭ ɱɢɫɥɿ ɡɚ ɪɚɯɭɧɨɤ 68
ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɿʀ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿɜ. ɍ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɿ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɢɯ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɣɧɢɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɣ ɡɛɿɥɶɲɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɩɢɬɭ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɢɬɢ ɲɥɹɯɨɦ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɝɨ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɪɟɤɥɚɦɢ, ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨ ɡɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɸ ɬɟɥɟɤɨɦɭɧɿɤɚɰɿɣɧɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɡɨɤɪɟɦɚ ɦɟɪɟɠɿ ȱɧɬɟɪɧɟɬ. Ɍɟɪɦɿɧɨɜɢɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ. ɋɭɬɶ ɰɿɽʀ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ ɡɭɦɨɜɥɟɧɚ ɫɭɬɬɽɜɨɸ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɨɸ ɜ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ — ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɨ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɭ ɧɚɣɤɨɪɨɬɲɢɣ ɬɟɪɦɿɧ. ɐɟɣ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɩɨɪɹɞ ɡ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ ɦɚɽ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɜɩɥɢɜ ɧɚ ɜɢɛɿɪ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚɦɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ. ɑɚɫ ɩɪɨɩɨɡɢɰɿʀ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɡɨɤɪɟɦɚ ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɧɹ, ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ, ɩɪɢɛɢɪɚɧɧɹ ɜɢɦɿɪɹɸɬɶɫɹ ɯɜɢɥɢɧɚɦɢ, ɧɚɜɿɬɶ ɫɟɤɭɧɞɚɦɢ. ɇɚɣɲɜɢɞɲɟ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɫɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɸɬɶ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɡ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ Ɍɨɤɿɨ. Ɍɭɬ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɡ ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɧɹ — ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɟ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɧɹ, ɨɩɥɚɬɚ, ɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɤɥɸɱɿɜ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɸɬɶɫɹ ɡɚ 45 ɫɟɤ. ȼ ɛɿɥɶɲɨɫɬɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɧɨɪɦɚ ɱɚɫɭ, ɳɨ ɜɿɞɜɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɧɹ ɜ ɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨɦɭ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ 10–15 ɯɜ. ɉɟɪɿɨɞɢɱɧɢɣ (ɫɟɡɨɧɧɢɣ) ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɩɨɩɢɬɭ ɧɚ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɪɢɧɤɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨ ɞɥɹ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɬɢɩɿɜ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɟ ɫɟɡɨɧɧɟ ɬɚ ɭɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ ɬɢɠɧɹ ɤɨɥɢɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɩɢɬɭ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ. ɍ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɞɿɥɨɜɢɯ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɯ ɧɚɣɜɢɳɚ ɡɚɩɨɜɧɸɜɚɧɿɫɬɶ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɚ ɜ ɨɫɿɧɧɿɣ ɬɚ ɜɟɫɧɹɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɿɨɞɢ, ɬɨɞɿ ɹɤ ɭ ɤɭɪɨɪɬɧɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɢɦ ɱɢɧɨɦ ɥɿɬɨɦ. ȼɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ, ɜɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ ɬɢɠɧɹ, ɭ ɛɿɥɶɲɨɫɬɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɧɚɣɜɢɳɟ ɡɚɜɚɧɬɚɠɟɧɧɹ ɫɩɨɫɬɟɪɿɝɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɛɭɞɧɿ ɞɧɿ. ɇɟɨɞɧɨɪɿɞɧɿɫɬɶ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ. ȼɚɠɥɢɜɚ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɿɫɬɶ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɳɨ ɜɿɞɪɿɡɧɹɽ ʀɯ ɜɿɞ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɱɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɭ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɦɢɫɥɨɜɨɦɭ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɿ, ɞɟ ɧɚɫɚɦɩɟɪɟɞ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɦɚɲɢɧɢ ɣ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢ, ɫɬɨɫɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɚɰɿ ɥɸɞɟɣ. Ʌɸɞɫɶɤɢɣ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɫɭɬɬɽɜɨ ɜɩɥɢɜɚɽ ɧɚ ɧɟɨɞɧɨɪɿɞɧɿɫɬɶ, ɦɿɧɥɢɜɿɫɬɶ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ, ɧɟɞɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɿɜ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ. əɤɿɫɬɶ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɫɭɬɬɽɜɨ ɡɚɥɟɠɢɬɶ ɜɿɞ ɪɿɜɧɹ ɤɜɚɥɿɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɩɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤɿɜ, ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɱɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɭ — ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɭ ɬɚ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɱɢɯ ɤɨɦɭɧɿɤɚɰɿɣ, ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ ɡɚ ɹɤɿɫɬɸ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ, ɩɫɢɯɨɮɿɡɢɱɧɢɯ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɟɣ ɤɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤɚ. ȼɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ, ɜɚɠɥɢɜɢɦ ɞɠɟɪɟɥɨɦ ɦɿɧɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɽ ɤɥɿɽɧɬ. Ɉɫɨɛɢɫɬɿɫɬɶ ɩɨɬɪɟɛ ɤɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ, ɣɨɝɨ ɭɧɿɤɚɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ, ɡɭɦɨɜɥɸɽ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɿɫɬɶ ɜɢɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɹ ɿɧɞɢ69
ɜɿɞɭɚɥɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɭɧɟɦɨɠɥɢɜɥɸɽ ɦɚɫɨɜɢɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɰɬɜɚ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ. ȱɧɞɢɜɿɞɭɚɥɿɡɚɰɿɹ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɩɨɪɨɞɠɭɽ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɭ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɩɨɜɟɞɿɧɤɨɸ ɫɩɨɠɢɜɚɱɿɜ, ɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɿɜ ɜɩɥɢɜɭ ɧɚ ʀɯɧɸ ɩɨɜɟɞɿɧɤɭ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ. Ⱦɥɹ ɡɧɢɠɟɧɧɹ ɧɟɨɞɧɨɪɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɱɨʀ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɭ ɛɚɝɚɬɶɨɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚɯ ɪɨɡɪɨɛɥɟɧɿ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ. ɋɬɚɧɞɚɪɬ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ — ɰɟ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɢɯ ɞɥɹ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɚɜɢɥ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ, ɳɨ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɭɜɚɬɢ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɪɿɜɟɧɶ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɜɫɿɯ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɱɢɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɿɣ. ɋɬɚɧɞɚɪɬ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɿ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɿʀ ɨɰɿɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɹɤɿɫɧɨɝɨ ɪɿɜɧɹ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ ɬɚ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɛɭɞɶ-ɹɤɨɝɨ ɫɩɿɜɪɨɛɿɬɧɢɤɚ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɭ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿʀ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɨɯɨɩɥɸɽ: — ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɨ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɧɟ ɛɿɥɶɲɟ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨɝɨ ɱɚɫɭ: ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɟ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɧɹ ɧɚ ɪɟɰɟɩɰɿʀ, ɜɢɞɚɱɚ ɤɥɸɱɿɜ ɿ ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɧɹ ɜ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɧɟɡɚɥɟɠɧɨ ɜɿɞ ɦɚɫɨɜɨɫɬɿ ɡɚʀɡɞɭ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɨ ɬɪɢɜɚɬɢ ɧɟ ɛɿɥɶɲɟ 5–15 ɯɜ., ɩɪɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɩɪɚɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɨɫɨɛɢɫɬɢɯ ɪɟɱɟɣ — ɧɟ ɛɿɥɶɲɟ ɞɨɛɢ, ɞɨɫɬɚɜɤɚ ɛɚɝɚɠɭ ɜ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɧɟ ɛɿɥɶɲɟ 3 ɯɜ., ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɶ ɧɚ ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧɧɢɣ ɞɡɜɿɧɨɤ 10–30 ɫɟɤ. ɬɚ ɿɧ.; — ɮɨɪɦɟɧɢɣ ɨɞɹɝ ɿ ɜɡɭɬɬɹ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɬɢ ɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɨɦɭ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɿ ɡɪɚɡɤɭ; — ɡɧɚɧɧɹ ɿɧɨɡɟɦɧɢɯ ɦɨɜ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɸɱɢɦ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɨɦ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨ ɞɨ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɬɚ ɿɧ. ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿ ɪɨɡɪɨɛɤɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɿɜ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ ɿɧɞɭɫɬɪɿʀ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɜɪɚɯɨɜɭɜɚɬɢ ɪɹɞ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɿɱɧɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɿɜ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɢɯ ɞɥɹ ɰɿɽʀ ɫɮɟɪɢ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɡɨɤɪɟɦɚ: — ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɟɬɚɥɨɧɭ ɬɚ ɜɢɦɿɪɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɽ ɫɤɥɚɞɧɢɦ ɡɚɜɞɚɧɧɹɦ, ɳɨ ɡɭɦɨɜɥɸɽ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɿɫɬɶ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨɝɨ ɩɿɞɯɨɞɭ; — ɹɤɿɫɬɶ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɚɫɚɦɩɟɪɟɞ ɥɸɞɫɶɤɢɦ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɦ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɰɬɜɚ, ɬɨɦɭ ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɹ ɬɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɬɪɭɞɨɜɢɦ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɨɦ ɡɭɦɨɜɢɬɶ ɞɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɯ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɿɜ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ; — ɭ ɪɨɡɪɨɛɰɿ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɿɜ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɜɪɚɯɨɜɭɜɚɬɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢ ɬɚ ɩɨɛɚɠɚɧɧɹ ɫɩɨɠɢɜɚɱɿɜ, ɹɤɿ ɡɚɜɠɞɢ ɽ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɢɦɢ 70
ɭ ɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɢɯ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɿɜ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ; — ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɚ ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɿɫɬɶ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɟ ɬɿɥɶɤɢ ɹɤɿɫɬɸ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ — ɫɭɬɬɽɜɢɣ ɜɩɥɢɜ ɦɚɽ ɤɨɥɢɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɩɢɬɭ ɫɩɨɠɢɜɚɱɿɜ; — ɹɤɿɫɬɶ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɦɚɽ ɿɧɞɢɜɿɞɭɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɿ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɫɢɯɨɮɿɡɢɱɧɢɦ, ɟɬɧɿɱɧɢɦ, ɪɟɥɿɝɿɣɧɢɦ, ɫɨɰɿɚɥɶɧɢɦ ɫɬɚɬɭɫɨɦ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɢɦɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɦɢ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ (ɤɚɪɬɚ ɿɧɞɢɜɿɞɭɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɨɰɿɧɤɢ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ); — ɹɤɿɫɬɶ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɿ ɦɚɪɤɟɬɢɧɝ ɭ ɫɮɟɪɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɪɨɡɝɥɹɞɚɬɢ ɹɤ ɧɟɪɨɡɞɿɥɶɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ. Ɂɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɿ ɬɢɩɨɜɿ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ ɡɭɦɨɜɥɸɸɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɬɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɭ ɰɿɣ ɫɮɟɪɿ ɭ ɫɤɥɚɞɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɭ ɩɨɪɿɜɧɹɧɧɿ ɡ ɝɚɥɭɡɹɦɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɰɬɜɚ, ɡ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɨɪɭ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɿ ɦɟɯɚɧɿɡɦɭ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɰɿɧɨɭɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹ, ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɸɬɶ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɿɤɭ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɡɚɫɬɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɦɚɪɤɟɬɢɧɝɭ ɭ ɰɿɣ ɫɮɟɪɿ. 2.3. Ɍɢɩɨɥɨɝɿɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ 2.3.1. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɿ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢ ɬɢɩɨɥɨɝɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ
ɋɭɱɚɫɧɟ ɫɜɿɬɨɜɟ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɟ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɡɧɚɱɧɨɸ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɸ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ, ɳɨ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɸɬɶ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚɦ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɩɨɩɢɬɭ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɣ ɨɛɫɹɝ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɪɜɿɫɭ. ɍɪɿɡɧɨɦɚɧɿɬɧɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɩɢɬɭ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ ɡɭɦɨɜɢɥɨ ɩɨɹɜɭ ɧɚ ɪɢɧɤɭ ɫɮɟɪɢ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɿ ɮɨɪɦ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ, ɞɢɮɟɪɟɧɰɿɚɰɿɸ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɬɨɦɭ ɛɭɞɶ-ɹɤɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɿɹ ɬɢɩɿɜ ɿ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɫɢɬɶ ɭɦɨɜɧɚ. ɍ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ, ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɞɨɩɨɜɧɸɸɬɶ ɨɞɧɟ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ, ɜ ɛɿɥɶɲɨɫɬɿ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɿɜ ɜɡɚɽɦɨɡɚɥɟɠɧɿ ɿ ɫɩɪɢɣɦɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚɦɢ ɹɤ ɨɞɧɟ ɰɿɥɟ. Ɂ ɨɝɥɹɞɭ ɧɚ ɩɨɽɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɭ ɝɨ71
ɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɛɿɡɧɟɫɿ ɮɨɪɦɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɟɜɧɢɣ ɬɢɩ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ. Ɍɢɩɨɥɨɝɿɹ ɜɚɠɥɢɜɚ ɹɤ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɣɧɢɣ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɞɥɹ ɤɟɪɿɜɧɢɤɿɜ ɭ ɜɢɜɱɟɧɧɿ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɟɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ, ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɤɨɠɧɢɦ ɬɢɩɨɦ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ, ɜɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ ɞɥɹ ɜɢɛɨɪɭ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚɦɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ, ɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬɿ ɫɥɭɠɛ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɭ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɜɢɬɪɚɬ ʀɯɧɶɨɝɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɣ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɿ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɿɜɧɹ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɭ ɩɿɞ ɱɚɫ ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɤɭ, ɥɿɤɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɣɧɢɯ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɿɜ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚɦɢ. Ɂɚɫɨɛɢ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɿɜ, ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɬɢɩɨɥɨɝɿʀ ȼɫɟɫɜɿɬɧɶɨʀ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɨʀ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ (ȼɌɈ) ɩɨɞɿɥɹɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɞɜɿ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ — ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɿ ɬɚ ɩɪɢɜɚɬɧɿ (ɪɢɫ. 2.4.). Ʉɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɿ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬɶ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɬɚ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɿɱɧɿ ɡɚɫɨɛɢ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ, ɤɨɦɟɪɰɿɣɧɿ ɿ ɫɨɰɿɚɥɶɧɿ, ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɨɜɚɧɿ ɡɚɫɨɛɢ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ. Ɂɝɿɞɧɨ «ɉɪɚɜɢɥ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɬɚ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɿɱɧɢɦɢ ɡɚɫɨɛɚɦɢ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɿ ɩɪɨɩɨɡɢɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɡɚɬɜɟɪɞɠɟɧɢɯ ɧɚɤɚɡɨɦ Ⱦɟɪɠɚɜɧɨʀ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɨʀ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɰɿʀ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ ɜɿɞ 16. ɛɟɪɟɡɧɹ. 2004 ɪ. ʋ 19», ɞɨ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɬɚ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɿɱɧɢɯ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿɜ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɧɚɥɟɠɚɬɶ ɦɚɣɧɨɜɿ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɢ, ɳɨ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɡ 7 ɿ ɛɿɥɶɲɟ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ, ɩɿɞɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɜɚɧɿ ɽɞɢɧɨɦɭ ɤɟɪɿɜɧɢɰɬɜɭ ɿ ɡɝɪɭɩɨɜɚɧɿ ɭ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɥɿɤɭ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɦɚɸɬɶ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɟ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ. Ƚɨɬɟɥɶ — ɰɟ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɨ ɛɭɞɶ-ɹɤɨʀ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɣɧɨ-ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨʀ ɮɨɪɦɢ ɜɥɚɫɧɨɫɬɿ, ɳɨ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ, ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɽ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɳɨ ɧɟ ɨɛɦɟɠɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɡɚɫɬɟɥɹɧɧɹɦ ɥɿɠɨɤ, ɩɪɢɛɢɪɚɧɧɹɦ ɤɿɦɧɚɬ ɿ ɫɚɧɜɭɡɥɿɜ. Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɿɱɧɿ ɡɚɫɨɛɢ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ — ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ ɛɭɞɶ-ɹɤɨʀ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɣɧɨ-ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨʀ ɮɨɪɦɢ ɜɥɚɫɧɨɫɬɿ, ɳɨ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɿ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɸɬɶ ɨɛɦɟɠɟɧɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɧɨ ɡ ɡɚɫɬɟɥɹɧɧɹɦ ɥɿɠɨɤ, ɩɪɢɛɢɪɚɧɧɹɦ ɤɿɦɧɚɬ ɿ ɫɚɧɜɭɡɥɿɜ (ɩɚɧɫɿɨɧɚɬɢ, ɤɥɭɛɢ ɡ ɧɨɦɟɪɚɦɢ, ɝɨɫɬɶɨɜɿ ɛɭɞɢɧɤɢ ɬɚ ɿɧ.). Ʉɨɦɟɪɰɿɣɧɿ ɿ ɫɨɰɿɚɥɶɧɿ ɡɚɫɨɛɢ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɨɯɨɩɥɸɸɬɶ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ, ɳɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɸɬɶ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɟɪɰɿɣɧɿɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɿ (ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɿ ɛɚɡɢ, ɛɭɧɝɚɥɨ ɬɚ ɿɧ.), ɦɚɸɬɶ ɫɨɰɿɚɥɶɧɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɿ ɜ ɛɿɥɶɲɨɫɬɿ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɿɜ ɫɭɛɫɢɞɭɸɬɶɫɹ (ɝɭɪɬɨɠɢɬɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɦɨɥɨɞɿ, ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɿ ɝɭɪɬɨɠɢɬɤɢ, ɛɭɞɢɧɤɢ ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɤɭ ɞɥɹ ɨɫɿɛ ɩɨɯɢɥɨɝɨ ɜɿɤɭ, ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɞɥɹ ɪɨɛɿɬɧɢɤɿɜ, ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɫɶɤɿ ɬɚ ɲɤɨɥɹɪɫɶɤɿ ɝɭɪɬɨɠɢɬɤɢ ɬɚ ɿɧ.). 72
ɁȺɋɈȻɂ ɊɈɁɆȱɓȿɇɇə ɌɍɊɂɋɌȱȼ ȱ ɉɈȾɈɊɈɀɍɘɑɂɏ
Ʉɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɿ ɡɚɫɨɛɢ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ
Ƚɨɬɟɥɿ ɬɚ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɿɱɧɿ ɡɚɫɨɛɢ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ Ƚɨɬɟɥɿ
Ɇɨɬɟɥɿ
Ʉɨɦɟɪɰɿɣɧɿ ɿ ɫɨɰɿɚɥɶɧɿ ɡɚɫɨɛɢ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ
ɋɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɨɜɚɧɿ ɡɚɫɨɛɢ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ
Ɍɭɪɢɫɬɫɶɤɿ ɛɚɡɢ
ɋɚɧɚɬɨɪɿʀ
Ƚɨɬɟɥɿ ɡ ɥɿɤɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ
Ɇɨɥɨɞɿɠɧɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ
ɉɚɧɫɿɨɧɚɬɢ
Ɍɚɛɨɪɢ ɩɪɚɰɿ
Ɍɭɪɢɫɬɫɶɤɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ Ʉɥɭɛɢ ɡ ɧɨɦɟɪɚɦɢ
ɉɪɢɜɚɬɧɿ ɡɚɫɨɛɢ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ
Ɉɪɟɧɞɨɜɚɧɿ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɢ ɉɪɢɜɚɬɧɟ ɠɢɬɥɨ Ɋɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɭ ɪɨɞɢɱɿɜ ɬɚ ɡɧɚɣɨɦɢɯ
ɉɪɢɬɭɥɤɢ
Ȼɭɞɢɧɤɢ ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɤɭ
ȱɧɲɿ
Ƚɨɫɬɶɨɜɿ ɛɭɞɢɧɤɢ
Ɋɨɬɟɥɿ Ʉɟɦɩɿɧɝɢ
ȱɧɲɿ
Ɏɥɨɬɟɥɿ Ȼɭɧɝɚɥɨ Ȼɨɬɟɥɿ Ƚɭɪɬɨɠɢɬɤɢ ȱɧɲɿ ȱɧɲɿ
Ɋɢɫ. 2.4. Ɍɢɩɨɥɨɝɿɹ ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ (ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɿɣ ȼɫɟɫɜɿɬɧɶɨʀ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɨʀ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ) 73
Ⱦɨ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɧɚɥɟɠɚɬɶ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ, ɳɨ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɛɭɬɢ ɛɟɡɩɪɢɛɭɬɤɨɜɢɦɢ, ɧɚɞɚɸɬɶ ɦɿɧɿɦɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɟɥɿɤ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɧɟ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɨ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ, ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɦ ɠɢɬɥɨɜɢɦ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹɦ ɦɨɠɟ ɛɭɬɢ ɠɢɬɥɨɜɚ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɚ ɚɛɨ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɟ ɫɩɚɥɶɧɟ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ. Ɉɤɪɿɦ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɡ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɜɨɧɢ ɜɢɤɨɧɭɸɬɶ ɿɧɲɿ ɮɭɧɤɰɿʀ, ɳɨ ɽ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɦɢ — ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɸɬɶ ɥɿɤɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɨɡɞɨɪɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ, ɩɪɨɮɿɥɚɤɬɢɤɭ, ɫɨɰɿɚɥɶɧɭ ɞɨɩɨɦɨɝɭ, ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɿɞ ɱɚɫ ɩɟɜɧɨʀ ɬɪɭɞɨɜɨʀ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ. Ɋɚɡɨɦ ɡ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɦɢ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɚɦɢ ɰɿ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɨɜɭɸɬɶ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ — ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɨɤ, ɫɩɨɪɬɢɜɧɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ. Ⱦɨ ɨɡɞɨɪɨɜɱɢɯ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿɜ ɧɚɥɟɠɚɬɶ ɫɚɧɚɬɨɪɿʀ, ɛɭɞɢɧɤɢ ɪɟɚɛɿɥɿɬɚɰɿʀ, ɨɡɞɨɪɨɜɧɢɰɿ. Ɂɚɤɥɚɞɢ ɨɡɞɨɪɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ, ɳɨ ɧɚɞɚɸɬɶ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɿ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬɶ ɳɨɞɟɧɧɟ ɡɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɥɿɠɨɤ, ɩɪɢɛɢɪɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɬɚ ɫɚɧɜɭɡɥɿɜ, ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɹɤ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ. Ⱦɨ ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ, ɳɨ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɸɬɶ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɿɞ ɱɚɫ ɩɟɜɧɨʀ ɬɪɭɞɨɜɨʀ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɚɛɨ ɩɨɽɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɬɪɭɞɨɜɨʀ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɡ ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɤɨɦ ɧɚɥɟɠɚɬɶ ɬɚɛɨɪɢ ɩɪɚɰɿ ɬɚ ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɤɭ, ɧɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ ɫɿɥɶɫɶɤɨɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɶɤɿ, ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɿ, ɟɤɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɿ ɬɚɛɨɪɢ ɩɪɚɰɿ, ɬɚɛɨɪɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɭɧɿɜ (ɫɤɚɭɬɿɜ), ɝɿɪɫɶɤɿ ɩɪɢɬɭɥɤɢ, ɞɢɬɹɱɿ ɬɚɛɨɪɢ, ɯɢɠɿ ɬɚ ɿɧ. Ʉɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɹ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɫɶɤɢɯ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɢɯ ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ ɨɯɨɩɥɸɽ ɡɚɫɨɛɢ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɡ ɫɩɚɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹɦɢ, ɳɨ ɧɚɥɟɠɚɬɶ ɞɨ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɭ ɿ ɧɟ ɜɿɞɨɤɪɟɦɥɟɧɿ ɜɿɞ ɧɶɨɝɨ ɜ ɨɩɥɚɬɿ. Ⱦɨ ɰɿɽʀ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɧɚɥɟɠɚɬɶ, ɝɨɥɨɜɧɢɦ ɱɢɧɨɦ, ɩɨʀɡɞɢ, ɫɭɞɧɚ, ɹɯɬɢ. Ⱦɨ ɩɪɢɜɚɬɧɢɯ ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɧɚɥɟɠɢɬɶ ɩɪɢɜɚɬɧɟ ɠɢɬɥɨ ɜ ɹɤɨɦɭ ɡɚ ɩɥɚɬɭ ɚɛɨ ɛɟɡɨɩɥɚɬɧɨ ɧɚɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɨɛɦɟɠɟɧɚ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɦɿɫɰɶ, ɹɤɿ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢ ɿ ɜɥɚɫɧɢɤɢ ɠɢɬɥɚ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶ ɭɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ ɨɛɦɟɠɟɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɪɦɿɧɭ ɹɤ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɟ ɠɢɬɥɨ ɚɛɨ ɡ ɦɟɬɨɸ ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɤɭ (ɞɚɱɚ). ɋɟɪɟɞ ɩɪɢɜɚɬɧɢɯ ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɜɢɞɿɥɹɸɬɶɫɹ ɨɪɟɧɞɨɜɚɧɿ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɢ ɭ ɫɿɦɟɣɧɢɯ ɤɜɚɪɬɢɪɚɯ, ɛɭɞɢɧɤɚɯ, ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɤɜɚɪɬɢɪɢ, ɨɫɨɛɧɹɤɢ, ɛɭɞɢɧɤɢ, ɤɨɬɟɞɠɿ, ɳɨ ɧɚ ɭɦɨɜɚɯ ɬɢɦɱɚɫɨɜɨʀ ɞɨɦɨɜɥɟɧɨɫɬɿ ɡɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɨɪɟɧɞɭ ɹɤ ɩɨɜɧɿɫɬɸ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɿ ɠɢɬɥɨɜɿ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ. Ⱦɨ ɧɟɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɜɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɠɢɬɥɚ ɧɚɥɟɠɚɬɶ ɡɚɫɨɛɢ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ — ɤɜɚɪɬɢɪɢ, ɨɫɨɛɧɹɤɢ, ɤɨɬɟɞɠɿ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɿ, ɳɨ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢ, ɹɤɿ ɽ ɱɥɟɧɚɦɢ ɪɨɞɢɧɢ ɜɥɚɫɧɢɤɚ ɩɿɞ ɱɚɫ ɩɨɞɨɪɨɠɿ. ɋɟɪɟɞ ɿɧɲɢɯ 74
ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɣ ɿɧɞɢɜɿɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɠɢɬɥɚ, ɳɨ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɚɦɢ ɧɚɥɟɠɢɬɶ ɠɢɬɥɨ, ɳɨ ɧɚɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɛɟɡɨɩɥɚɬɧɨ, ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɠɢɬɥɨ, ɳɨ ɧɟ ɩɨɜɧɿɫɬɸ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɽ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɿɧɞɢɜɿɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɿ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɧɚɦɟɬɿɜ ɧɚ ɧɟɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɦɚɣɞɚɧɱɢɤɚɯ, ɫɭɞɧɚɯ, ɫɬɨɹɧɤɚɯ. ɍ ɬɢɩɨɥɨɝɿʀ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ ɧɚɣɱɚɫɬɿɲɟ ɜɪɚɯɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɬɚɤɿ ɨɡɧɚɤɢ: — ɪɨɡɬɚɲɭɜɚɧɧɹ; — ɦɿɫɬɤɿɫɬɶ ɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɮɨɧɞɭ; — ɪɿɜɟɧɶ ɰɿɧ; — ɪɟɠɢɦ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ; — ɦɟɬɚ ɩɟɪɟɛɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ; — ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ; — ɮɨɪɦɚ ɜɥɚɫɧɨɫɬɿ; — ɚɪɯɿɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨ-ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɥɶɧɿ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ. Ɂɝɿɞɧɨ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ: ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɚɧɿ ɜ ɦɿɫɬɿ, ɤɭɪɨɪɬɧɢɯ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɯ, ɫɿɥɶɫɶɤɿɣ ɦɿɫɰɟɜɨɫɬɿ, ɧɚ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɢɯ ɡɚɫɨɛɚɯ. Ɂɚ ɦɿɫɰɟɦ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɧɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɩɨɞɿɥɢɬɢ ɧɚ: — ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɜ ɰɟɧɬɪɿ ɦɿɫɬɚ (ɧɚɫɚɦɩɟɪɟɞ ɤɥɚɫɭ Lux, ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ 5* ɿ 4*, ɳɨ ɧɚɥɟɠɚɬɶ ɞɨ ɦɚɥɢɯ ɿ ɫɟɪɟɞɧɿɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ, ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɸɬɶ ɜɢɫɨɤɨɨɩɥɚɱɭɜɚɧɢɯ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ — ɭɱɚɫɧɢɤɿɜ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɿɣ, ɞɿɥɨɜɢɯ ɡɭɫɬɪɿɱɟɣ, ɛɿɡɧɟɫɦɟɧɿɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɭ); — ɝɨɬɟɥɿ, ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɚɧɿ ɭ ɦɿɫɶɤɿɣ ɡɨɧɿ, ɛɥɢɡɶɤɿɣ ɞɨ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ, ɡɚɤɥɚɞɢ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɭ, ɳɨ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɸɬɶ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ ɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨɝɨ ɬɚ ɜɢɳɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɭ; — ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɚɧɿ ɧɚ ɨɤɨɥɢɰɹɯ ɦɿɫɬɚ — ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ ɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨɝɨ ɬɚ ɧɢɡɶɤɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɭ ɡ ɫɩɪɨɳɟɧɢɦ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɨɦ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ — ɧɚɣɱɚɫɬɿɲɟ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɟɩɨɞɚɥɿɤ ɜɚɠɥɢɜɢɯ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɢɯ ɤɨɦɭɧɿɤɚɰɿɣ, ɩɭɧɤɬɿɜ — ɜɨɤɡɚɥɿɜ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɿɥɶɧɨɝɨ, ɡɚɥɿɡɧɢɱɧɨɝɨ, ɜɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɭ, ɚɟɪɨɩɨɪɬɿɜ, ɪɨɡɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɿ ɧɚ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɿɜ, ɹɤɿ ɪɭɯɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɬɪɚɧɡɢɬɨɦ, ɧɢɡɶɤɨɨɩɥɚɱɭɜɚɧɿ ɬɚ ɫɨɰɿɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɿɜ — ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɫɶɤɨ-ɭɱɧɿɜɫɶɤɭ ɦɨɥɨɞɶ, ɪɨɛɿɬɧɢɤɿɜ. Ƚɨɬɟɥɿ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɚɧɿ ɭ ɤɭɪɨɪɬɧɢɯ ɡɨɧɚɯ ɭɦɨɜɧɨ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɭɜɚɬɢ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ʀɯɧɶɨɝɨ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɳɨɞɨ ɩɪɢɜɚɛɥɢɜɢɯ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɫɶɤɢɯ ɚɬɪɚɤɰɿɣ — ɦɨɪɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɭɡɛɟɪɟɠɠɹ, ɛɚɥɶɧɟɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɢɯ, ɫɩɨɪɬɢɜɧɨ-ɨɡɞɨɪɨɜɱɢɯ ɨɛ’ɽɤɬɿɜ ɬɚ ɿɧ. ȱɡ ɧɚɛɥɢɠɟɧɧɹɦ ɞɨ 75
ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲ ɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɚɛɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɨɛ’ɽɤɬɿɜ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɹ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɭ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɧɚɣɱɚɫɬɿɲɟ ɩɿɞɜɢɳɭɽɬɶɫɹ. Ɂɚɤɥɚɞɢ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɧɚ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɢɯ ɡɚɫɨɛɚɯ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨ ɜɢɞɭ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɫɨɛɭ ɬɚ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɭ ɣɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ: ɚɟɪɨɝɨɬɟɥɶ, ɮɥɨɬɟɥɶ, ɪɨɬɟɥɶ, ɛɨɬɟɥɶ ɬɚ ɿɧ. Ʉɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɡɚ ɦɿɫɬɤɿɫɬɸ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɤɿɥɶɤɨɫɬɿ ɩɨɫɬɿɣɧɢɯ ɫɩɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɦɿɫɰɶ (ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ) ɿ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɚɦɢ ɭ ɤɨɠɧɿɣ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɿ. ɇɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɭ ɋɒȺ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɞɨ 100 ɧɨɦɟɪɿ ɜɜɚɠɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɦɚɥɢɦɢ, 100–500 — ɫɟɪɟɞɧɿɦɢ, ɩɨɧɚɞ 500 — ɜɟɥɢɤɢɦɢ; Ⱥɜɫɬɪɿʀ ɬɚ ɒɜɟɣɰɚɪɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɞɨ 100 ɦɿɫɰɶ — ɦɚɥɿ, 100–200 — ɫɟɪɟɞɧɿ, ɩɨɧɚɞ 200 ɦɿɫɰɶ — ɜɟɥɢɤɿ. ȼ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɿ, ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɨɮɿɰɿɣɧɨʀ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɡɚ ɦɿɫɬɤɿɫɬɸ, ɞɨ 150 ɦɿɫɰɶ (ɧɟ ɛɿɥɶɲɟ 100 ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ) — ɦɚɥɿ, 150–400 ɦɿɫɰɶ (ɞɨ 300 ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ) — ɫɟɪɟɞɧɿ, ɩɨɧɚɞ 400 ɦɿɫɰɶ (300 ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ) — ɜɟɥɢɤɿ. ɋɜɿɬɨɜɢɣ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɣ ɧɨɦɟɪɧɢɣ ɮɨɧɞ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦɭ ɡɨɫɟɪɟɞɠɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɫɟɪɟɞɧɿɯ ɿ ɦɚɥɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ. Ɂɚ ɪɿɜɧɟɦ ɰɿɧ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɿ ɩɥɚɬɧɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ: ɛɸɞɠɟɬɧɿ — 25–35 ɞɨɥ. ɋɒȺ, ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɿ — 35– 55 ɞɨɥ. ɋɒȺ, ɫɟɪɟɞɧɿ — 55–95 ɞɨɥ. ɋɒȺ, ɚɩɚɪɬ-ɝɨɬɟɥɿ — 65–125 ɞɨɥ. ɋɒȺ, ɩɟɪɲɨɤɥɚɫɧɿ 95–195 ɞɨɥ. ɋɒȺ, ɮɟɲɟɧɟɛɟɥɶɧɿ 125 — 425 ɞɨɥ. ɋɒȺ. Ɂɝɿɞɧɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɭ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɭ ɫɜɿɬɨɜɿɣ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿɣ ɫɮɟɪɿ ɜɢɞɿɥɹɽɬɶɫɹ ɞɜɿ ɝɪɭɩɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ: ɞɥɹ ɩɨɫɬɿɣɧɨɝɨ ɿ ɬɢɦɱɚɫɨɜɨɝɨ (ɫɟɡɨɧɧɨɝɨ — ɥɿɬɨɦ, ɡɢɦɨɸ) ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɿɜ. Ɂɚ ɦɟɬɨɸ ɩɟɪɟɛɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɭɸɬɶɫɹ: — ɞɥɹ ɞɿɥɨɜɢɯ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ (ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɭ, ɜɿɞɨɦɱɿ, ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰ-ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɬɚ ɿɧ); — ɞɥɹ ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɤɭ (ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɿ, ɤɭɪɨɪɬɧɿ, ɦɨɬɟɥɿ, ɤɟɦɩɿɧɝɢ ɬɚ ɿɧ.); — ɞɥɹ ɬɪɚɧɡɢɬɧɢɯ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ (ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɩɪɢ ɜɚɠɥɢɜɢɯ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɢɯ ɨɛ’ɽɤɬɚɯ — ɜɨɤɡɚɥɚɯ, ɞɥɹ ɦɨɥɨɞɿ, ɫɩɨɪɬɫɦɟɧɿɜ ɬɚ ɿɧ.). Ɂɝɿɞɧɨ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɿɸ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚɦ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɩɨɞɿɥɹɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɬɚɤɿ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ: — ɝɨɬɟɥɿ, ɳɨ ɧɟ ɧɚɞɚɸɬɶ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɡɚɤɥɚɞɢ ɛɟɡ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɚɛɨ ɧɢɡɶɤɨʀ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ, ɭ ɹɤɢɯ ɜɿɞɫɭɬɧɿ ɜɥɚɫɧɿ ɝɚɫɬɪɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɿ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ — ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɢ, ɤɚɮɟ, ɛɚɪɢ; — ɝɨɬɟɥɿ, ɳɨ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɸɬɶ ɫɧɿɞɚɧɨɤ; — ɝɨɬɟɥɿ, ɳɨ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɸɬɶ ɩɨɜɧɢɣ ɩɚɧɫɿɨɧ. 76
Ɂɚ ɮɨɪɦɨɸ ɜɥɚɫɧɨɫɬɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɩɨɞɿɥɹɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ: — ɩɪɢɜɚɬɧɿ (ɨɪɟɧɞɨɜɚɧɿ); — ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɿ; — ɦɭɧɿɰɢɩɚɥɶɧɿ. ɉɪɢɜɚɬɧɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ — ɚɜɬɨɧɨɦɧɿ, ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲ ɝɧɭɱɤɿ ɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɿ ɬɚ ɩɪɢɫɬɨɫɨɜɚɧɿ ɞɨ ɡɦɿɧ ɰɿɥɶɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɢɧɤɭ. Ɏɨɪɦɚ ɩɪɢɜɚɬɧɨʀ ɜɥɚɫɧɨɫɬɿ ɦɨɠɟ ɛɭɬɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɚɤɰɿɨɧɟɪɧɢɦ ɬɨɜɚɪɢɫɬɜɨɦ (ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲ ɩɨɲɢɪɟɧɚ ɮɨɪɦɚ), ɫɿɦɟɣɧɢɦɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɦɢ, ɨɞɧɨɨɫɨɛɨɜɢɦ ɜɨɥɨɞɿɧɧɹɦ. Ⱦɟɪɠɚɜɧɚ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɜɥɚɫɧɨɫɬɿ ɦɟɧɲ ɬɢɩɨɜɚ ɭ ɫɜɿɬɨɜɿɣ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿɣ ɿɧɞɭɫɬɪɿʀ, ɜɨɧɚ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɿɡ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɚɦɢ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɜɿɞɨɦɱɨɝɨ ɩɿɞɩɨɪɹɞɤɭɜɚɧɧɹ. ȼ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɿ, ɤɪɚʀɧɚɯ ɤɨɥɢɲɧɶɨɝɨ Ɋɚɞɹɧɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɋɨɸɡɭ, ɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɡɚɥɢɲɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɡɧɚɱɧɨɸ. Ɇɭɧɿɰɢɩɚɥɶɧɚ (ɤɨɦɭɧɚɥɶɧɚ) ɮɨɪɦɚ ɜɥɚɫɧɨɫɬɿ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɩɟɪɟɛɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿɜ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ ɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɿ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɜ ɦɿɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɫɚɦɨɜɪɹɞɭɜɚɧɧɹ. ɑɚɫɬɤɚ ɦɭɧɿɰɢɩɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɭ ɫɜɿɬɨɜɨɦɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɬɜɿ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɧɚ (2–5 %). ɍɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɦɭɧɿɰɢɩɚɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɞɨɪɭɱɟɧɧɹ ɧɚ ɞɨɝɨɜɿɪɧɿɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɿ ɨɞɧɿɽɸ ɨɫɨɛɨɸ ɚɛɨ ɝɪɭɩɨɸ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɨɧɚɥɿɜ ɭɩɨɜɧɨɜɚɠɟɧɢɯ ɦɭɧɿɰɢɩɚɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦɢ ɜɥɚɞɢ. ɉɨɞɿɛɧɨ ɞɨ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɨʀ ɮɨɪɦɢ, ɦɭɧɿɰɢɩɚɥɶɧɚ ɜɥɚɞɚ ɧɟɫɟ ɮɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɭ ɬɚ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɜɱɭ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ, ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɡɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹɦ. Ⱥɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɨʀ ɬɚ ɦɭɧɿɰɢɩɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɮɨɪɦɢ ɜɥɚɫɧɨɫɬɿ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿɜ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɭ ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɭ ɡ ɛɸɪɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɧɨɸ ɮɨɪɦɨɸ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ, ɫɬɨɫɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ ɞɢɜɟɪɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɬɚ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ. ɐɟɧɬɪɚɥɿɡɚɰɿɹ, ɦɨɧɨɩɨɥɿɡɦ ɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɿ ɧɟ ɫɩɪɢɹɽ ɩɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɧɸ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɪɨɡɲɢɪɟɧɧɹ ɚɫɨɪɬɢɦɟɧɬɭ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ. Ⱥɪɯɿɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨ-ɩɪɚɧɭɜɚɥɶɧɿ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɜɢɪɚɠɟɧɿ ɭ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɿ ɬɚ ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɚɯ ɦɿɠ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹɦɢ, ɳɨ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɸɬɶ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɣ. Ɋɨɡɪɿɡɧɹɸɬɶ ɬɚɤɿ ɬɢɩɢ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ: — ɛɥɨɱɧɟ, ɨɫɧɨɜɧɿ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɿ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɿ ɭ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɨɛ’ɽɦɧɨ-ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɨɜɢɯ ɛɥɨɤɚɯ; — ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɿɡɨɜɚɧɟ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɟ ɞɥɹ ɨɞɧɨɩɨɜɟɪɯɨɜɢɯ ɱɢ ɛɚɝɚɬɨɩɨɜɟɪɯɨɜɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ, ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɫɩɿɥɶɧɨ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɚɛɨ ɧɚ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɪɿɜɧɹɯ; 77
— ɩɨɞɿɭɦɧɟ, ɝɪɨɦɚɞɫɶɤɚ ɱɚɫɬɢɧɚ ɛɭɞɿɜɥɿ ɪɨɡɜɢɧɭɬɚ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɨ ɿ ɽ ɨɫɧɨɜɨɸ ɞɥɹ ɠɢɬɥɨɜɨʀ ɱɚɫɬɢɧɢ ɛɭɞɿɜɥɿ, ɳɨ ɪɨɡɜɢɧɭɬɚ ɩɨ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɿ. ɍ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɦɿɫɶɤɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲ ɩɨɲɢɪɟɧɢɣ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɿɡɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɬɚ ɛɥɨɱɧɢɣ ɬɢɩɢ. ɍ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɿ «əɥɬɚ» ɡ ɬɢɩɨɜɢɦ ɛɥɨɱɧɢɦ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ ɜɚɠɥɢɜɿ ɠɢɬɥɨɜɢɣ ɤɨɪɩɭɫ, ɤɨɪɩɭɫ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɦɚɸɬɶ ɨɤɪɟɦɟ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɭɜɚɧɧɹ. ȼ ɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɡ ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲɢɯ ɫɜɿɬɨɜɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɿɜ «ȱɡɦɚɣɥɨɜɨ» ɭ Ɇɨɫɤɜɿ ɛɥɨɱɧɟ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɟ ɞɥɹ ɠɢɬɥɨɜɢɯ ɤɨɪɩɭɫɿɜ. ɍ ɦɿɫɶɤɢɯ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɯ ɿɡ ɳɿɥɶɧɨɸ ɡɚɛɭɞɨɜɨɸ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɿɡɨɜɚɧɟ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ. Ɍɚɤɢɣ ɩɿɞɯɿɞ ɬɢɩɨɜɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ «Ⱦɧɿɩɪɨ» ɭ Ʉɢɽɜɿ, «Holiday Inn» ɜ Ⱥɭɫɛɭɪɡɿ (ɇɿɦɟɱɱɢɧɚ). ɍ 36-ɩɨɜɟɪɯɨɜɨɦɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ-ɛɚɲɬɿ «Holiday Inn» ɧɨɦɟɪɢ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɚɧɿ ɡ 1-ɝɨ ɩɨ 11-ɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯ, ɝɪɨɦɚɞɫɶɤɿ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɦɿɫɬɹɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɬɚɧɧɿɯ ɿ ɩɿɞɜɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɰɨɤɨɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɚɯ. ɉɨɞɿɭɦɧɢɣ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɭ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨɝɨ ɬɚ ɜɢɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɭ, ɳɨ ɡɚɣɦɚɸɬɶ ɡɧɚɱɧɭ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɿɸ ɿ ɦɚɸɬɶ ɞɟɤɿɥɶɤɚ ɩɿɞ’ʀɡɞɿɜ. Ɂɨɤɪɟɦɚ, ɰɟɣ ɬɢɩ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ «Ɋɭɫɶ» ɭ Ʉɢɽɜɿ, «Europa» ɭ Ȼɭɞɚɩɟɲɬɿ, «Sokos Viru» ɜ Ɍɚɥɥɿɧɿ ɬɚ ɿɧ. 2.3.2. Ɂɚɫɨɛɢ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɭ
ɍ ɫɜɿɬɨɜɨɦɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɛɿɡɧɟɫɿ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ, ɪɿɜɧɹ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɭ, ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ, ɪɨɡɬɚɲɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɚɪɯɿɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨ-ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɟɣ, ɪɿɜɧɹ ɰɿɧ, ɿɧɲɢɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ, ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɿ ɡɚɫɨɛɢ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɿɜ ɩɨɞɿɥɹɸɬɶɫɹ: Ƚɨɬɟɥɿ-ɥɸɤɫ (ɚɧɝɥ. suite) — ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɨɜɚɧɿ ɮɟɲɟɧɟɛɟɥɶɧɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ, ɳɨ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɸɬɶ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɟɥɿɤ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɞɥɹ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ ɡ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɢɦɢ ɜɢɦɨɝɚɦɢ ɳɨɞɨ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɭ — ɛɿɡɧɟɫɦɟɧɿɜ, ɜɢɫɨɤɨɨɩɥɚɱɭɜɚɧɢɯ ɞɿɹɱɿɜ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɢ, ɧɚɭɤɢ, ɦɢɫɬɟɰɬɜɚ, ɜɢɫɨɤɨɩɨɫɚɞɨɜɢɯ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɢɯ ɱɢɧɨɜɧɢɤɿɜ, ɫɩɨɪɬɫɦɟɧɿɜ ɬɚ ɿɧ. ɉɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɰɿɽʀ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɨɡɞɨɛɥɟɧɿ ɞɨɪɨɝɢɦɢ ɦɟɛɥɹɦɢ ɜɢɳɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɭ, ɯɭɞɨɠɧɶɨ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɢɦ ɞɟɤɨɪɨɦ, ɧɨɦɟɪɢ ɜɢɧɹɬɤɨɜɨ ɤɥɚɫɭ «ɥɸɤɫ» ɿ ɜɢɳɟ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɜɟɥɢ78
ɤɢɦɢ ɪɨɡɦɿɪɚɦɢ, ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɟɧɿ ɨɤɪɟɦɚ ɫɩɚɥɶɧɹ, ɜɿɬɚɥɶɧɹ, ɤɚɛɿɧɟɬ, ɜ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɧɨɦɟɪɚɯ — ɧɟɜɟɥɢɤɿ ɤɭɯɧɿ ɿ ɦɿɧɿ-ɛɚɪɢ. Ɂɚ ɦɿɫɬɤɿɫɬɸ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ «ɥɸɤɫ» ɧɚɥɟɠɚɬɶ ɞɨ ɦɚɥɢɯ ɿ ɫɟɪɟɞɧɿɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ, ɜɿɞ 100 ɞɨ 400 ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ, ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɚɧɿ ɧɚɫɚɦɩɟɪɟɞ ɭ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɿɣ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɧɿɣ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ ɱɚɫɬɢɧɿ ɦɿɫɬɚ. Ƚɨɬɟɥɿ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɭ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨ ɜɢɫɨɤɢɦɢ ɰɿɧɚɦɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ. Ɉɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɸɱɢɣ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥ ɤɜɚɥɿɮɿɤɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɩɿɞɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɭ ɩɪɨɮɿɥɶɧɢɯ ɧɚɜɱɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɚɯ, ɦɚɣɫɬɟɪɧɨ ɧɚɞɚɽ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ. Ʉɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ ɩɨ ɜɿɞɧɨɲɟɧɧɸ ɞɨ ɤɿɥɶɤɨɫɬɿ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɜɢɫɨɤɚ, ɜ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ, ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨ ɮɟɲɟɧɟɛɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɧɚ ɤɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚɽ ɞɟɤɿɥɶɤɚ ɨɫɿɛ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɸɱɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ. ɋɟɪɟɞ ɬɢɩɨɜɢɯ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɯ ɩɥɚɬɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ — ɩɪɨɤɚɬ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɿɥɿɜ, ɟɤɫɤɭɪɫɿʀ, ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɨʀɡɧɢɯ ɤɜɢɬɤɿɜ ɬɚ ɿɧ. ɍ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɿ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɜɢɞɿɥɹɸɬɶɫɹ ɞɨɪɨɝɿ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɢ, ɛɚɧɤɟɬɧɿ ɡɚɥɢ, ɛɚɫɟɣɧ, ɫɚɭɧɚ, ɧɨɦɟɪɢɚɩɚɪɬɚɦɟɧɬɢ, ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɧɹɬɬɹ ɫɩɨɪɬɨɦ ɬɨɳɨ. Ƚɨɬɟɥɿ ɞɥɹ ɞɿɥɨɜɢɯ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɿɜ, ɛɿɡɧɟɫ-ɝɨɬɟɥɿ (business-hotel) — ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɨɜɚɧɿ ɮɟɲɟɧɟɛɟɥɶɧɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ, ɳɨ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɸɬɶ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɣ ɨɛɫɹɝ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɡɨɪɿɽɧɬɨɜɚɧɿ ɧɚɫɚɦɩɟɪɟɞ ɧɚ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɛɿɡɧɟɫɦɟɧɿɜ, ɩɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤɿɜ ɭ ɫɮɟɪɿ ɮɿɧɚɧɫɿɜ, ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɢɯ ɱɢɧɨɜɧɢɤɿɜ, ɞɿɹɱɿɜ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɢ, ɦɢɫɬɟɰɬɜɚ, ɿɧɲɢɯ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɨɧɚɥɿɜ — ɭɱɚɫɧɢɤɿɜ ɞɿɥɨɜɢɯ, ɧɚɭɤɨɜɢɯ ɡɭɫɬɪɿɱɟɣ. ȼ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɿ, ɿɧɲɢɯ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɚɯ ɤɨɥɢɲɧɶɨɝɨ Ɋɚɞɹɧɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɋɨɸɡɭ, ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɸ ɛɿɡɧɟɫɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɜɿɞɧɨɫɹɬɶ ɞɨ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɭ. ɍ ɫɜɿɬɨɜɨɦɭ ɞɨɫɜɿɞɿ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɭ ɭ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɭ ɧɚɥɟɠɚɬɶ ɞɨ ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲ ɪɟɧɬɚɛɟɥɶɧɢɯ. Ƚɨɬɟɥɿ ɞɥɹ ɞɿɥɨɜɢɯ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɿɜ ɧɚɣɱɚɫɬɿɲɟ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɿɣ ɞɿɥɨɜɿɣ ɱɚɫɬɢɧɿ ɦɿɫɬɚ ɿɡ ɡɪɭɱɧɢɦɢ ɩɿɞ’ʀɡɧɢɦɢ ɲɥɹɯɚɦɢ, ɡɚ ɦɿɫɬɤɿɫɬɸ ɧɚɥɟɠɚɬɶ ɞɨ ɫɟɪɟɞɧɿɯ ɬɚ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ, ɦɚɸɬɶ ɜɿɞ 400 ɞɨ 2000 ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ. Ⱦɥɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɛɿɡɧɟɫ-ɤɥɚɫɭ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɿ ɜɢɫɨɤɿ ɰɿɧɢ, ɜɢɳɟ ɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨɝɨ ɪɿɜɧɹ ɭ ɪɟʉɿɨɧɿ. Ȼɿɡɧɟɫ-ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɸɬɶ ɜɢɫɨɤɢɣ ɪɿɜɟɧɶ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɭ, ɳɨ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɹɤɿɫɧɢɦ ɬɚ ɞɨɪɨɝɢɦ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹɦ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ, ɜɢɫɨɤɨɸ ɤɜɚɥɿɮɿɤɚɰɿɽɸ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ. ɋɟɪɟɞ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɫɹɝɭ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɯ ɩɥɚɬɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɰɿɽʀ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɸɬɶ ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɨ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɿ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɞɥɹ ɿɧɞɢɜɿɞɭɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɧɚɪɚɞ, ɡɭɫɬɪɿɱɟɣ, ɜɢɫɬɚɜɨɤ, ɪɿɡɧɿ ɬɢɩɢ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿɜ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɜɿɞɞɿɥɟɧɧɹ ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɭ ɬɚ ɿɧ. 79
Ɉɤɪɟɦɢɦ ɬɢɩɨɦ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɞɥɹ ɞɿɥɨɜɢɯ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɿɜ ɽ ɜɿɞɨɦɱɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɣ (ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɢɯ, ɝɪɨɦɚɞɫɶɤɢɯ, ɜɿɣɫɶɤɨɜɢɯ ɬɚ ɿɧ.), ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ, ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿɜ (ɧɚɜɱɚɥɶɧɢɯ, ɫɩɨɪɬɢɜɧɢɯ, ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɢ ɬɚ ɿɧ.), ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɿ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɣɦɚɧɧɹ ɨɫɿɛ, ɳɨ ɩɪɢɛɭɜɚɸɬɶ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɡ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɣɧɢɦɢ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɚɦɢ, ɧɚɜɱɚɧɧɹ, ɡɚɧɹɬɬɹ ɫɩɨɪɬɨɦ. Ƚɨɬɟɥɿ ɰɿɽʀ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɛɿɥɹ ɜɿɞɨɦɱɨʀ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢ ɚɛɨ ɜ ɦɿɫɰɹɯ ɿɡ ɡɪɭɱɧɢɦ ɫɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɹɦ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɭ. əɤɿɫɬɶ ɬɚ ɨɛɫɹɝ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɰɿɽʀ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɡɚɥɟɠɢɬɶ ɜɿɞ ɬɢɩɭ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ, ɭ ɩɿɞɩɨɪɹɞɤɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɹɤɨʀ ɚɛɨ ɭ ɫɩɿɜɩɪɚɰɿ ɡ ɹɤɨɸ ɩɟɪɟɛɭɜɚɽ ɡɚɤɥɚɞ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ. Ɏɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɿ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɢ ɜɿɞɨɦɱɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɜɿɞɨɛɪɚɠɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɿ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɫɶɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ, ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɹɯ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɸɱɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ, ɰɿɧɨɜɿɣ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɰɿ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢ ɹɤɿɣ ɜɨɧɢ ɩɿɞɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɜɚɧɿ. Ʉɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰ-ɝɨɬɟɥɿ (conference-hotel) — ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɨ ɫɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜɚɧɿ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɣɦɚɧɧɹ ɡɧɚɱɧɨʀ ɤɿɥɶɤɨɫɬɿ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɿ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɦɚɫɨɜɢɯ ɡɿɛɪɚɧɶ: ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɿɣ, ɡ’ʀɡɞɿɜ, ɧɚɪɚɞ, ɫɟɦɿɧɚɪɿɜ, ɬɪɟɧɿɧɝɿɜ ɬɚ ɿɧ. ɐɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɜɢɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɪɿɜɧɹ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɭ, ɦɚɸɬɶ ɪɨɡɜɢɧɟɧɭ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɬɢɩɿɜ — ɡɚɥɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɤɨɧɝɪɟɫɿɜ, ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɪɚɞ, ɧɚɜɱɚɥɶɧɿ ɚɭɞɢɬɨɪɿʀ, ɪɿɡɧɿ ɬɢɩɢ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɿɜ, ɤɚɮɟ, ɛɚɪɿɜ, ɜɿɞɞɿɥɟɧɧɹ ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɭ ɿ ɛɚɧɤɿɜ, ɬɟɥɟɬɚɣɩ, ɬɟɥɟɤɫ, ȱɧɬɟɪɧɟɬ, ɛɚɫɟɣɧ, ɫɚɭɧɭ, ɤɟɝɟɥɶɛɚɧ ɬɚ ɿɧ. ȼɚɠɥɢɜɢɦ ɭ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɫɶɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ — ʀɯɧɽ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɢɦ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹɦ, ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɢɦɢ ɡɚɫɨɛɚɦɢ ɚɤɭɫɬɢɤɢ, ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɭ, ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɤɥɚɞɭ ɧɚ ɪɿɡɧɿ ɦɨɜɢ, ɡɪɭɱɧɢɦɢ ɦɟɛɥɹɦɢ ɬɚ ɿɧ. Ʉɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰ-ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɦɿɫɬɚɯ ɡ ɧɟɳɿɥɶɧɨɸ ɡɚɛɭɞɨɜɨɸ ɩɪɢɥɟɝɥɨʀ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɿʀ ɞɥɹ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɨɝɨ ɿɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɥɚɲɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɭ ɜɭɡɥɨɜɢɯ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɢɯ ɩɭɧɤɬɚɯ — ɚɟɪɨɩɨɪɬɚɯ, ɡɚɥɿɡɧɢɱɧɢɯ ɜɨɤɡɚɥɚɯ. Ƚɨɬɟɥɿ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɭ ɫɟɪɟɞɧɿɯ ɬɚ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɪɨɡɦɿɪɿɜ, ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɸɬɶ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɣ ɨɛɫɹɝ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɨɤɪɿɦ ɦɚɫɨɜɢɯ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɫɶɤɢɯ ɡɚɯɨɞɿɜ, ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɞɨɡɜɿɥɥɹ ɪɿɡɧɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɭ: ɡɚɧɹɬɬɹ ɫɩɨɪɬɨɦ, ɟɤɫɤɭɪɫɿʀ, ɝɪɭ ɜ ɝɨɥɶɮ, ɫɚɭɧɭ ɬɚ ɿɧ. ɐɿɧɢ ɫɟɪɟɞɧɿ ɬɚ ɜɢɫɨɤɿ, ɱɚɫɬɨ ɭ ɰɿɧɭ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɨ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ, ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɦɿɫɰɟ ɭ ɡɚɥɿ, ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɟ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ. Ƚɨɬɟɥɿ-ɚɩɚɪɬɚɦɟɧɬɢ, ɚɩɚɪɬ-ɝɨɬɟɥɿ (apartament-hotel, aparthotel) — ɝɨɬɟɥɿ, ɳɨ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɠɢɬɥɨɜɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɤɜɚɪɬɢɪɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɭ, ɰɿɧɚ ɹɤɢɯ ɧɟ ɡɚɥɟɠɢɬɶ ɜɿɞ ɤɿɥɶɤɨɫɬɿ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ, 80
ɚ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɬɟɪɦɿɧɨɦ ɩɟɪɟɛɭɜɚɧɧɹ: ɹɤɳɨ ɬɟɪɦɿɧ ɩɟɪɟɛɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɡɧɚɱɧɢɣ, ɤɥɿɽɧɬ ɨɬɪɢɦɭɽ ɡɧɢɠɤɭ. Ʉɥɿɽɧɬɚɦɢ ɚɩɚɪɬ-ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɧɚɣɱɚɫɬɿɲɟ ɽ ɛɿɡɧɟɫɦɟɧɢ, ɫɿɦɟɣɧɿ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢ, ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢ-ɿɧɞɢɜɿɞɭɚɥɢ, ɹɤɿ ɩɨɞɨɪɨɠɭɸɬɶ ɿ ɡɭɩɢɧɹɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɬɪɢɜɚɥɢɣ ɬɟɪɦɿɧ ɬɚ ɨɱɿɤɭɸɬɶ ɭɦɨɜ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ ɛɥɢɡɶɤɢɯ ɞɨ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɿɯ. Ƚɨɬɟɥɿ-ɚɩɚɪɬɚɦɟɧɬɢ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɿ ɧɚ ɱɚɫɬɤɨɜɟ ɫɚɦɨɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɡɨɤɪɟɦɚ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɿɣɧɟ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ʀɠɿ, ɬɨɦɭ ɜ ɧɨɦɟɪɚɯ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɨ ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɟɧɚ ɤɭɯɧɹ ɡ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɢɦ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹɦ ɬɚ ɿɧɜɟɧɬɚɪɟɦ. Ƚɨɬɟɥɿ-ɚɩɚɪɬɚɦɟɧɬɢ ɡɚ ɦɿɫɬɤɿɫɬɸ ɧɚɥɟɠɚɬɶ ɞɨ ɦɚɥɢɯ ɬɚ ɫɟɪɟɞɧɿɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ, ɡ ɧɨɦɟɪɧɢɦ ɮɨɧɞɨɦ 100–400 ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ. ɐɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɿ ɞɥɹ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɦɿɫɬ, ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɠɢɬɥɨɜɢɯ ɤɜɚɪɬɚɥɚɯ. Ⱥɩɚɪɬ-ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɬɢɩɨɜɿ ɞɥɹ ɞɟɪɠɚɜ ȯɜɪɨɩɢ, ɋɒȺ, ɜ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɿ, ɞɟɪɠɚɜɚɯ ɤɨɥɢɲɧɶɨɝɨ Ɋɚɞɹɧɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɋɨɸɡɭ ɰɟɣ ɬɢɩ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɧɟ ɧɚɛɭɜ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ. ɍ ȯɜɪɨɩɿ ɩɨɲɢɪɟɧɢɣ ɪɿɡɧɨɬɢɩ ɚɩɚɪɬ-ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ — ɚɧɨɧɿɦɧɢɣ ɩɚɧɫɿɨɧ, ɮɨɪɦɚ, ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɹɤɨʀ ɜɥɚɫɧɢɤ ɤɜɚɪɬɢɪɢ ɭɤɥɚɞɚɽ ɞɨɝɨɜɿɪ ɡ ɚɝɟɧɬɫɬɜɨɦ ɧɟɪɭɯɨɦɨɫɬɿ ɩɪɨ ɡɞɚɱɭ ɫɜɨɽʀ ɤɜɚɪɬɢɪɢ, ɜɫɶɨɝɨ ɠɢɬɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɛɭɞɢɧɤɭ, ɣɨɝɨ ɱɚɫɬɢɧɢ ɧɟ ɩɟɜɧɢɣ ɬɟɪɦɿɧ. Ƚɨɬɟɥɿ ɛɿɥɹ ɚɟɪɨɩɨɪɬɿɜ, ɡɚɥɿɡɧɢɱɧɢɯ ɜɨɤɡɚɥɿɜ, ɚɜɬɨɜɨɤɡɚɥɿɜ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɜɚɠɥɢɜɢɯ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɢɯ ɤɨɦɭɧɿɤɚɰɿɣ (transit-hotel). Ɋɨɡɬɚɲɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɛɿɥɹ ɜɚɠɥɢɜɢɯ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɿɜ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɨʀ ɿɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢ, ɦɿɫɰɶ ɩɟɪɟɬɢɧɭ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɢɯ ɲɥɹɯɿɜ — ɡɜɢɱɚɣɧɟ ɹɜɢɳɟ ɭ ɫɜɿɬɨɜɨɦɭ ɞɨɫɜɿɞɿ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɿɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿɜ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ. ɐɟ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɨɜɚɧɿ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ, ɳɨ ɨɪɿɽɧɬɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɬɟɪɦɿɧɨɜɟ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ ɛɿɡɧɟɫɦɟɧɿɜ, ɫɩɨɪɬɫɦɟɧɿɜ, ɧɚɭɤɨɜɰɿɜ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɣ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɿɜ, ɹɤɿ ɩɟɪɟɛɭɜɚɸɬɶ ɜ ɨɱɿɤɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɫɨɛɭ, ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɸɬɶ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥ ɚɜɿɚɤɨɦɩɚɧɿɣ, ɡɚɥɿɡɧɢɰɶ, ɦɨɪɫɶɤɢɯ ɩɨɪɬɿɜ, ɩɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤɿɜ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɜɢɞɿɜ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɭ. Ƚɨɬɟɥɿ ɞɥɹ ɬɪɚɧɡɢɬɧɢɯ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɿɜ ɭ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɦɿɫɬɚɯ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɜɢɤɨɧɭɜɚɬɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɿʀ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɡɭɫɬɪɿɱɟɣ ɞɿɥɨɜɢɯ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɿɜ. Ɂɚ ɦɿɫɬɤɿɫɬɸ ɰɹ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɦɚɽ ɡɧɚɱɧɟ ɤɨɥɢɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɪɨɡɦɿɪɚɯ, ɜɿɞ ɦɚɥɢɯ ɭ ɜɿɞɞɚɥɟɧɢɯ ɧɟɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɢɯ ɩɭɧɤɬɚɯ — ɞɨ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ — ɭ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɢɯ ɜɭɡɥɚɯ ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ. ȼɿɞ ɪɨɡɦɿɪɿɜ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɭ ɡɚɥɟɠɢɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɥɿɤ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɿ ɪɿɜɟɧɶ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ. Ƚɨɬɟɥɿ ɞɥɹ ɬɪɚɧɡɢɬɧɢɯ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɿɜ ɭ ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɭ ɡ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɢɦ ɬɟɪɦɿɧɨɦ ɩɟɪɟɛɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɦɚɸɬɶ ɩɟɜɧɿ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ ɜɿɞɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɿ ɭ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɿ, ɩɪɨɩɨɡɢɰɿʀ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ. 81
ɍ ɧɟɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɧɨɦɟɪɢ ɦɚɸɬɶ ɦɟɧɲɭ ɩɥɨɳɭ ɧɿɠ ɜ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɹɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ, ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɨɜɚɧɿ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɨ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɿ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɤɭ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ ɭɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ ɞɟɤɿɥɶɤɨɯ ɝɨɞɢɧ, ɡɛɿɥɶɲɟɧɚ ɡɨɧɚ ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɤɭ ɭ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɸɥɶɧɿɣ ɝɪɭɩɿ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ, ɭ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɿ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿɜ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɸɬɶ ɛɚɪɢ ɬɚ ɤɚɮɟ. ɍ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ, ɳɨ ɜɢɤɨɧɭɸɬɶ ɨɞɧɨɱɚɫɧɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɿʀ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰ-ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɦɚɸɬɶ ɛɥɢɡɶɤɭ ɞɨ ɡɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɭ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ. Ʉɭɪɨɪɬɧɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ (spa-hotel) — ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɿ ɿ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɿɜ, ɹɤɿ ɩɪɢɛɭɥɢ ɡ ɦɟɬɨɸ ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɤɭ, ɨɡɞɨɪɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɧɚ ɬɪɢɜɚɥɢɣ ɩɟɪɿɨɞ. ɐɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɬɢɩɨɜɿ ɞɥɹ ɤɭɪɨɪɬɧɢɯ ɰɟɧɬɪɿɜ ɪɿɡɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɮɿɥɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ. ɉɪɨɮɿɥɶ ɤɭɪɨɪɬɭ (ɦɨɪɫɶɤɢɣ, ɝɿɪɫɶɤɨɥɢɠɧɢɣ, ɤɥɿɦɚɬɢɱɧɢɣ ɬɚ ɿɧ.) ɜ ɡɧɚɱɧɿɣ ɦɿɪɿ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽ ɨɛɫɹɝ, ɬɢɩɢ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɪɟɠɢɦ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ. Ʉɭɪɨɪɬɧɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɭ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ ɡ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɽɸ ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɤɭ ɿ ɨɡɞɨɪɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ, ɳɨ ɧɚɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɭɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ ɬɪɢɜɚɥɨɝɨ ɱɚɫɭ, ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɧɟɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɧɹɯ ɿɡ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɧɶɨ ɪɨɡɜɢɧɟɧɨɸ ɫɨɰɿɚɥɶɧɨɸ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɨɸ ɿɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɸ, ɨɤɪɿɦ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɚɞɚɸɬɶ ɡɧɚɱɧɨ ɛɿɥɶɲɢɣ ɩɟɪɟɥɿɤ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɭ ɩɨɪɿɜɧɹɧɧɿ ɡ ɿɧɲɢɦɢ ɬɢɩɚɦɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ: ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɞɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɫɩɨɪɬɢɜɧɨ-ɨɡɞɨɪɨɜɱɿ, ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɪɨɡɜɚɝ, ɩɿɡɧɚɜɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɭɪɢɡɦɭ ɬɚ ɿɧ. Ɉɫɨɛɥɢɜɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɜ ɟɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɿʀ ɤɭɪɨɪɬɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɧɚɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɞɢɬɹɱɨɝɨ ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɤɭ. Ⱦɥɹ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɸɬɶ ɤɚɛɿɧɟɬɢ ɦɟɞɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɝɥɹɞɭ, ɿɧɝɚɥɹɰɿʀ, ɦɚɫɚɠɭ, ɫɩɨɪɬɢɜɧɨ-ɬɪɟɧɚɠɟɪɧɿ ɡɚɥɢ, ɡɚɥɢ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɧɹɬɶ ɥɿɤɭɜɚɥɶɧɨɸ ɮɿɡɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɨɸ, ɪɿɡɧɿ ɬɢɩɢ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɤɿɧɨɡɚɥ, ɫɨɥɹɪɿɣ, ɛɚɫɟɣɧɢ ɨɡɞɨɪɨɜɱɨɝɨ ɬɚ ɥɿɤɭɜɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɜɚɧɧɹ, ɩɪɨɤɚɬɭ ɫɩɨɪɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɨɞɹɝɭ ɣ ɿɧɜɟɧɬɚɪɸ ɬɚ ɿɧ. ȼ ɚɪɯɿɬɟɤɬɭɪɿ ɤɭɪɨɪɬɧɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɨɪɢɝɿɧɚɥɶɧɿ ɮɨɪɦɢ, ɳɨ ɹɪɭɫɚɦɢ ɥɨɞɠɿɣ, ɝɚɥɟɪɟɣ, ɜɿɞɤɪɢɬɢɯ ɦɚɣɞɚɧɱɢɤɿɜ ɡɥɢɜɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɧɚɜɤɨɥɢɲɧɿɦ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɢɦ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɨɦ. ɍ ɪɟɠɢɦɿ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɤɭɪɨɪɬɧɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɜɢɞɿɥɹɸɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɩɨɦɿɠ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɬɢɩɿɜ ɱɿɬɤɨ ɜɢɪɚɠɟɧɨɸ ɫɟɡɨɧɧɿɫɬɸ: ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɦɨɪɫɶɤɢɯ ɤɭɪɨɪɬɿɜ ɦɚɸɬɶ ɜɢɫɨɤɭ ɡɚɩɨɜɧɸɜɚɧɿɫɬɶ ɭɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ ɥɿɬɧɿɯ ɦɿɫɹɰɿɜ, ɝɿɪɫɶɤɿ — ɰɟɧɬɪɢ ɡɢɦɨɜɢɯ ɜɢɞɿɜ ɫɩɨɪɬɭ — ɡɢɦɨɸ, ɥɢɲɟ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɭ ɛɚɥɶɧɟɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɢɯ ɤɭɪɨɪɬɚɯ ɡ ɟɮɟɤɬɨɦ ɥɿɤɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɸɬɶ ɰɿɥɨɪɿɱɧɨ. 82
Ɂ ɦɟɬɨɸ ɰɿɥɨɪɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɜɚɧɬɚɠɟɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɮɨɧɞɭ ɨɤɪɟɦɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɜɢɫɨɤɨʀ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ — 5*, 4*, ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɨɜɭɸɬɶ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɿʀ, ɡ’ʀɡɞɢ, ɜɢɫɬɚɜɤɢ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɿ ɛɚɝɚɬɨɥɸɞɧɿ ɡɚɯɨɞɢ. Ɋɨɡɦɿɪɢ ɤɭɪɨɪɬɧɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɡɚɥɟɠɚɬɶ ɜɿɞ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɨʀ ɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɚɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɿ ɤɭɪɨɪɬɭ, ɦɚɸɬɶ ɧɨɦɟɪɧɢɣ ɮɨɧɞ ɭ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɭɧɤɭ ɧɚ 300 — 1000 ɦɿɫɰɶ. ɇɨɦɟɪɧɢɣ ɮɨɧɞ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɢɦ ɱɢɧɨɦ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɨɞɧɨ- ɿ ɞɜɨɦɿɫɧɢɦɢ ɧɨɦɟɪɚɦɢ. ɐɿɧɚ ɡɚɥɟɠɢɬɶ ɜɿɞ ɫɟɡɨɧɭ, ɭ ɫɟɡɨɧ ɰɿɧɢ ɜɢɫɨɤɿ. ɍ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɤɭɪɨɪɬɧɢɯ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɯ (əɥɬɚ, ɋɨɱɿ, Ʉɚɪɥɨɜɿ ȼɚɪɢ) ɡɛɿɥɶɲɟɧɧɹ ɦɿɫɬɤɨɫɬɿ ɬɚ ɨɛɫɹɝɭ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɡɭɦɨɜɢɥɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɿɜ. Ƚɨɬɟɥɶɧɿ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɢ — ɫɤɥɚɞɧɟ ɩɨɽɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɜ ɦɟɠɚɯ ɧɟɜɟɥɢɤɨʀ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɿʀ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ ɡɧɚɱɧɨʀ ɦɿɫɬɤɨɫɬɿ (ɩɨɧɚɞ 1000 ɦɿɫɰɶ) ɨɛ’ɽɞɧɚɧɢɯ ɫɩɿɥɶɧɨɸ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɱɨɸ ɿɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɸ ɡ ɦɟɬɨɸ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹ ɫɩɿɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɜɞɚɧɧɹ — ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɡ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɫɭɩɭɬɧɿɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ. ɍ ɤɭɪɨɪɬɧɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚɯ ɩɨɽɞɧɚɧɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ ɪɿɡɧɨʀ ɦɿɫɬɤɨɫɬɿ, ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ, ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɭ ɬɚ ɡɧɚɱɧɚ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɫɭɦɿɠɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ ɡ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɪɨɡɜɚɝ, ɦɟɞɢɱɧɨɝɨ, ɩɨɛɭɬɨɜɨɝɨ, ɫɩɨɪɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɨɝɨ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ. ɋɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɿɜ — ɨɞɢɧ ɡ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɢɯ ɧɚɩɪɹɦɤɿɜ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨʀ ɫɮɟɪɢ ɭ ɤɭɪɨɪɬɧɨɦɭ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɬɜɿ. Ɍɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ (tourist hotel) — ɪɨɡɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɿ ɞɥɹ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɿɜ, ɹɤɿ ɡɚɣɧɹɬɿ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɢɦ ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɤɨɦ, ɩɪɢɣɦɚɸɬɶ ɭɱɚɫɬɶ ɜ ɟɤɫɤɭɪɫɿɣɧɨɦɭ, ɫɩɨɪɬɢɜɧɨ-ɨɡɞɨɪɨɜɱɨɦɭ ɬɭɪɢɡɦɿ. Ɍɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɢɦ ɱɢɧɨɦ ɭ ɦɿɫɬɚɯ, ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɛɭɬɢ ɩɪɢɛɟɪɟɠɧɢɦɢ, ɝɿɪɫɶɤɢɦɢ, ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɭɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɧɚ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɦɭ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɫɶɤɨɦɭ ɦɚɪɲɪɭɬɿ. Ɉɫɨɛɥɢɜɿɫɬɶ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɭ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ — ɧɚɹɜɧɿɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ — ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɤɚɬɭ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɫɩɨɪɹɞɠɟɧɧɹ, ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɢɯ ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ, ɦɚɣɞɚɧɱɢɤɿɜ, ɮɭɧɿɤɭɥɟɪɿɜ; ɭ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɿ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɜɢɞɿɥɹɸɬɶɫɹ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɨ-ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɧɿ ɤɚɛɿɧɟɬɢ, ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɞɥɹ ɿɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɚɠɭ ɬɚ ɿɧ. Ɍɢɩ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɡɭɦɨɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɚɰɿɽɸ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ. ɇɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɭ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɯ ɝɿɪɫɶɤɨɥɢɠɧɨɝɨ ɫɩɨɪɬɭ ɭ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɿ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɟɧɿ ɩɭɧɤɬɢ ɩɪɨɤɚɬɭ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɿ ɫɩɨɪɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɫɩɨɪɹɞɠɟɧɧɹ, ɿɧɜɟɧɬɚɪɹ — ɥɢɠ, ɤɨɜɡɚɧɿɜ, ɫɚɧɟɣ; ɩɪɢɛɟɪɟɠɧɢɯ — ɪɢɛɚɥɶɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɿ ɦɢɫɥɢɜɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɫɩɨɪɹɞɠɟɧɧɹ, ɱɨɜɧɿɜ ɬɚ ɿɧ. 83
ɍ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɨɛɫɹɝ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɳɨ ɧɚɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɡɧɚɱɧɢɣ — ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɸɬɶ ɪɿɡɧɿ ɬɢɩɢ ɝɚɫɬɪɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɢɯ, ɬɨɪɝɨɜɢɯ, ɪɨɡɜɚɠɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ. Ƚɨɬɟɥɿ ɜɢɫɨɤɨʀ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɸɬɶ ɜɢɫɨɤɢɣ ɪɿɜɟɧɶ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɭ — ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɟɧɿ ɧɨɦɟɪɢ «ɥɸɤɫ», «ɚɩɚɪɬɚɦɟɧɬ», ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧ, ɫɚɭɧɚ, ɤɟɝɟɥɶɛɚɧ, ɛɚɫɟɣɧ, ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰ-ɡɚɥɢ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ. Ƚɨɬɟɥɿ-ɤɚɡɢɧɨ (ɫasino-hotel). Ƚɨɬɟɥɿ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɭ ɩɨɲɢɪɟɧɿ ɭ ɤɪɚʀɧɚɯ ɡ ɪɨɡɜɢɧɟɧɨɸ ɚɡɚɪɬɧɨ-ɪɨɡɜɚɠɚɥɶɧɨɸ ɿɧɞɭɫɬɪɿɽɸ — ɋɒȺ, ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɿʀ, Ʌɿɯɬɟɧɲɬɟɣɧɿ, Ɇɨɧɚɤɨ ɬɚ ɿɧ., ɞɥɹ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ ɡɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɚ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɧɟ ɬɢɩɨɜɚ. Ʉɚɡɢɧɨ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɿ — ɰɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɚ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɚ ɥɚɧɤɚ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɭ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ, ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɽɸ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɽ ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹ ɫɩɪɢɹɬɥɢɜɢɯ ɭɦɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɚɡɚɪɬɧɢɯ ɿɝɨɪ. Ƚɨɬɟɥɿ-ɤɚɡɢɧɨ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɞɿɥɨɜɿɣ ɱɚɫɬɢɧɿ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɦɿɫɬ ɭ ɛɭɞɿɜɥɹɯ ɡ ɜɢɪɚɡɧɨɸ ɚɪɯɿɬɟɤɬɭɪɨɸ — ɱɚɫɬɨ ɭ ɜɿɞɨɦɢɯ ɩɚɦ’ɹɬɤɚɯ ɿɫɬɨɪɿʀ ɬɚ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɢ. ɇɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɭ Ʌɚɫ-ȼɟɝɚɫɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɤɚɡɢɧɨ ɜɿɞɬɜɨɪɸɸɬɶ ɚɪɯɿɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɿ ɲɟɞɟɜɪɢ ɉɚɪɢɠɭ, Ɋɢɦɭ, ȼɟɧɟɰɿʀ, ɇɶɸ-Ƀɨɪɤɚ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɿ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɧɢɯ ɿɫɬɨɪɢɱɧɢɯ ɦɿɫɬ ɫɜɿɬɭ. ɉɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ-ɤɚɡɢɧɨ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɸɬɶ ɧɚ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨ ɜɢɫɨɤɨɦɭ ɪɿɜɧɿ: ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɮɟɲɟɧɟɛɟɥɶɧɿ ɧɨɦɟɪɢ, ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɢ ɜ ɦɟɧɸ ɹɤɢɯ ɟɤɡɨɬɢɱɧɚ ɤɭɯɧɹ, ɞɨɪɨɝɿ ɧɚɩɨʀ, ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɱɚɪɬɟɪɧɿ ɪɟɣɫɢ ɧɚ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ, ɱɚɫɬɨ ɛɟɡɩɥɚɬɧɢɣ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɟɪ. Ɂ ɦɟɬɨɸ ɡɚɥɭɱɟɧɧɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ ɬɚ ɡɛɿɥɶɲɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɯɨɞɿɜ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɰɿɽʀ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬɶ ɤɿɧɨɮɟɫɬɢɜɚɥɿ, ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɿʀ, ɦɭɡɢɱɧɿ ɮɟɫɬɢɜɚɥɿ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɿ ɦɚɫɨɜɿ ɩɭɛɥɿɱɧɿ ɡɚɯɨɞɢ. Ɂɧɚɱɧɟ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɬɭɪɢɡɦɿ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɢɯ ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ ɡɭɦɨɜɢɥɨ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɨɤ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿɜ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɦɨɛɿɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɭɪɢɡɦɭ. Ⱦɨ ɰɿɽʀ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɧɚɥɟɠɚɬɶ ɫɬɚɰɿɨɧɚɪɧɿ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɢ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ — ɦɨɬɟɥɿ ɿ ɤɟɦɩɿɧɝɢ, ɳɨ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɛɿɥɹ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɿɥɶɧɢɯ ɲɥɹɯɿɜ — ɭ ɩɪɢɦɿɫɶɤɿɣ, ɦɿɫɶɤɿɣ ɱɢ ɦɿɠɫɟɥɢɬɟɛɧɿɣ ɡɨɧɿ, ɬɚ ɦɨɛɿɥɶɧɿ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɿ ɡɚɫɨɛɢ: ɪɨɬɟɥɶ (ɩɟɪɟɫɭɜɧɢɣ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ), ɤɟɦɩɟɪ (ɠɢɬɥɨɜɢɣ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɿɥɶ), ɤɚɪɚɜɚɧ (ɩɪɢɰɟɩ-ɞɚɱɚ), ɳɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɨɜɭɸɬɶ ɬɪɟɣɥɟɪɧɿ ɩɚɪɤɢ ɿ ɤɚɪɚɜɚɧɿɧɝɢ. Ɇɨɥɨɞɿɠɧɢɣ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ, ɯɨɫɬɟɥ (youth hostel) — ɡɚɤɥɚɞɢ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɭ, ɪɨɡɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɿ ɧɚ ɨɫɿɛ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɬɚ ɭɱɧɿɜɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɜɿɤɭ, ɹɤɿ ɩɨɞɨɪɨɠɭɸɬɶ, ɩɟɪɟɛɭɜɚɸɬɶ ɧɚ ɧɚɜɱɚɧɧɿ, ɪɨɛɨɬɿ. Ƚɨɥɨɜɧɚ ɜɿɞɦɿɧɧɿɫɬɶ ɯɨɫɬɟɥɿɜ ɜɿɞ ɡɜɢɱɚɣɧɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɩɨɥɹɝɚɽ ɭ ɩɨɽɞɧɚɧɧɿ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɨɫɬɿ ɬɚ ɪɟɝɥɚɦɟɧɬɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɜɚɪɬɨɫɬɿ ɭɦɨɜ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ. 84
Ɇɨɥɨɞɿɠɧɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɚɧɿ ɭ ɛɭɞɿɜɥɹɯ ɡ ɤɨɪɢɞɨɪɧɨɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɸ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɫɤɥɚɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɩɟɪɲɨʀ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɿ ɧɢɠɱɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɭ, ɱɚɫɬɨ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɢɯ ɞɜɨɩɨɜɟɪɯɨɜɢɦɢ ɥɿɠɤɚɦɢ. ɍ ɯɨɫɬɟɥɚɯ ɧɚɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɦɿɧɿɦɚɥɶɧɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ — ɤɭɯɧɹ, ɫɚɧɜɭɡɨɥ, ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɚɧɿ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɫɿ, ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɟɧɿ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɿ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɩɿɥɤɭɜɚɧɧɹ (common rooms). ȼ ɛɿɥɶɲɨɫɬɿ ɯɨɫɬɟɥɿɜ ɫɧɿɞɚɧɨɤ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɣ ɭ ɜɚɪɬɿɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɤɚɮɟ, ʀɞɚɥɶɧɹɯ, ɛɭɮɟɬɚɯ, ɳɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɸɬɶ ɭ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɿ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɭ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ, ɬɚɤɨɠ ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɟɧɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɡ ɪɨɡɜɚɝ (ɫɩɨɪɬɢɜɧɿ ɦɚɣɞɚɧɱɢɤɢ, ɞɢɫɤɨɬɟɤɢ, ɬɪɟɧɚɠɟɪɧɿ ɡɚɥɢ), ɩɨɛɭɬɨɜɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ(ɡɜ’ɹɡɨɤ, ɤɚɦɟɪɚ ɫɯɨɜɭ, ɬɟɥɟɛɚɱɟɧɧɹ). Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɚ ɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɯɨɫɬɟɥɿɜ ɭ ɫɜɿɬɿ ɫɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ ɡɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɩɪɢɜɚɬɧɿɣ ɜɥɚɫɧɨɫɬɿ, ɛɥɢɡɶɤɨ ɬɪɟɬɢɧɢ ɧɚɥɟɠɢɬɶ ɭɧɿɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚɦ ɿ ɪɿɡɧɢɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɹɦ. Ɂ ɦɟɬɨɸ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɫɜɿɬɨɜɨɸ ɦɟɪɟɠɟɸ ɯɨɫɬɟɥɿɜ ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɚ Ɇɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɚ ɮɟɞɟɪɚɰɿɹ ɦɨɥɨɞɿɠɧɢɯ ɯɨɫɬɟɥɿɜ (International Youth Hostels Federation, IYHF), ɳɨ ɨɛ’ɽɞɧɭɽ ɛɿɥɶɲɟ 6 ɬɢɫ. ɦɨɥɨɞɿɠɧɢɯ ɯɨɫɬɟɥɿɜ ɭ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɤɪɚʀɧɚɯ. Ⱥɝɪɨɝɨɬɟɥɶ (agrohotel) — ɡɚɫɨɛɢ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɭ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɚɧɿ ɭ ɫɿɥɶɫɶɤɿɣ ɦɿɫɰɟɜɨɫɬɿ ɿ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɿ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɚɦ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɞɥɹ ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɤɭ, ɨɡɞɨɪɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ, ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɸɬɶ ɭɦɨɜɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɿɥɶɫɶɤɨɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɶɤɨʀ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɩɿɞ ɱɚɫ ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɤɭ. ɐɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɿ ɧɚ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ, ɹɤɿ ɩɨɞɨɪɨɠɭɸɬɶ ɫɿɦ’ɹɦɢ ɿ ɨɱɿɤɭɸɬɶ ɭɦɨɜ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ ɛɥɢɡɶɤɢɯ ɞɨ ɫɿɥɶɫɶɤɨʀ ɦɿɫɰɟɜɨɫɬɿ. Ⱥɝɪɨɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɡɚ ɦɿɫɬɤɿɫɬɸ — ɦɚɥɿ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ, ɳɨ ɧɚɞɚɸɬɶ ɞɨ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɢ ɚɛɨ ɨɤɪɟɦɿ ɛɭɞɢɧɤɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɨɜɭɸɬɶ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɞɨɡɜɿɥɥɹ ɚɝɪɨɬɭɪɢɫɬɿɜ. Ƚɨɬɟɥɶɧɨ-ɨɮɿɫɧɢɣ ɰɟɧɬɪ (hotel-office center) — ɝɨɬɟɥɿ, ɳɨ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɠɢɬɥɨɜɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ — ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɿ ɧɟɠɢɬɥɨɜɢɯ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɨ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɢɯ ɞɥɹ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɩɿɞ ɨɮɿɫɢ, ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɰɟɧɬɪɿ ɞɿɥɨɜɨʀ ɱɚɫɬɢɧɢ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɦɿɫɬ, ɛɿɥɹ ɜɚɠɥɢɜɢɯ ɤɨɦɟɪɰɿɣɧɢɯ ɨɛ’ɽɤɬɿɜ. ȼ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɚɯ ɭɬɜɨɪɸɸɬɶ ɡɧɚɱɧɿ ɡɚ ɪɨɡɦɿɪɚɦɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿ ɤɨɦɟɪɰɿɣɧɨ-ɪɨɡɜɚɠɚɥɶɧɿ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɢ ɡɧɚɱɧɨʀ ɦɿɫɬɤɨɫɬɿ ɡ ɪɨɡɜɢɧɟɧɨɸ ɿɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɸ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɢɯ ɥɚɧɨɤ (ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧ, ɤɚɮɟ. Ɏɿɬɧɟɫ-ɤɥɭɛ, ɡɚɤɥɚɞɢ ɬɨɪɝɿɜɥɿ ɬɚ ɿɧ.). Ɇɨɬɟɥɶ (motel) — ɡɚɤɥɚɞ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɭ ɰɿɥɨɪɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɞɥɹ ɚɜɬɨɬɭɪɢɫɬɿɜ, ɳɨ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɬɪɢɜɚɥɟ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ ɡ ɩɨɜɧɢɦ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɦ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨ-ɩɨɛɭɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɿ ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ. 85
Ɂɚ ɪɨɡɦɿɪɚɦɢ ɦɨɬɟɥɿ — ɧɟɜɟɥɢɤɿ ɚɛɨ ɫɟɪɟɞɧɿ, 20–30 ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ, ɞɨ 400 ɦɿɫɰɶ, ɨɞɧɨ-, ɞɟɤɿɥɶɤɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɨɜɿ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ, ɪɨɡɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɿ ɧɚ ɪɿɡɧɿ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɿɜ, ɹɤɿ ɩɟɪɟɫɭɜɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɿɥɹɯ, ɧɚɫɚɦɩɟɪɟɞ ɡ ɩɿɡɧɚɜɚɥɶɧɨɸ ɦɟɬɨɸ. ɍ ɩɨɪɿɜɧɹɧɧɿ ɡ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɦɨɬɟɥɿ ɧɚɞɚɸɬɶ ɦɟɧɲɢɣ ɨɛɫɹɝ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɡɚ ɧɢɠɱɢɦɢ ɰɿɧɚɦɢ. ɇɚɣɱɚɫɬɿɲɟ ɦɨɬɟɥɿ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɸɬɶ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɿ, ɛɚɪɿ, ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰ-ɡɚɥɭ, ɩɟɪɟɝɥɹɞ ɤɿɧɨ- ɿ ɜɿɞɟɨɮɿɥɶɦɿɜ, ɬɪɟɧɚɠɟɪɧɿ ɣ ɿɝɪɨɜɿ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ, ɛɚɫɟɣɧ, ɜɿɞɤɪɢɬɿ ɫɩɨɪɬɢɜɧɿ ɦɚɣɞɚɧɱɢɤɢ, ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɨ ɦɚɣɞɚɧɱɢɤɢ (ɝɚɪɚɠ) ɞɥɹ ɩɚɪɤɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɚɜɬɨɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɭ ɡ ɨɯɨɪɨɧɨɸ, ɭ ɛɿɥɶɲɨɫɬɿ ɦɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɩɨɜɧɟ ɚɛɨ ɱɚɫɬɤɨɜɟ ɣɨɝɨ ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɟ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɛɟɧɡɨɡɚɩɪɚɜɧɿ ɤɨɥɨɧɤɢ. Ⱥɪɯɿɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨ-ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɥɶɧɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɹ ɦɨɬɟɥɸ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɿɱɧɚ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿɣ ɛɭɞɿɜɥɿ, ɩɪɨɬɟ ɹɤɳɨ ɞɥɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɦ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɽ ɧɨɦɟɪ, ɭ ɦɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɡ ɦɚɣɞɚɧɱɢɤɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɨɹɧɤɢ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɿɥɹ. ȼ ɡɚɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɿ ɜɿɞ ɚɪɯɿɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨ-ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɟɣ ɦɨɬɟɥɸ ɿ ɤɿɥɶɤɨɫɬɿ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɿɜ ɪɨɡɪɿɡɧɹɸɬɶ ɞɜɚ ɩɿɞɯɨɞɢ ɭ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ ɿ ɫɬɨɹɧɤɚ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɿɥɹ: ɜɿɞɨɫɨɛɥɟɧɟ, ɫɬɨɹɧɤɚ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɚɧɚ ɨɤɪɟɦɨ ɿ ɫɭɦɿɳɟɧɟ, ɫɬɨɹɧɤɚ ɿ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɚɧɿ ɩɨɪɭɱ. ȼ ɨɞɧɨɩɨɜɟɪɯɨɜɢɯ ɦɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɞɨɰɿɥɶɧɨ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɜɚɬɢ ɫɭɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ ɿ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɿɥɶɧɨʀ ɫɬɨɹɧɤɢ. Ȼɚɝɚɬɨɩɨɜɟɪɯɨɜɿ ɦɨɬɟɥɿ (ɞɨ 16 ɩɨɜɟɪɯɿɜ, ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɢɯ ɛɭɞɿɜɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɧɨɪɦ) ɡ ɫɭɦɿɳɟɧɢɦɢ ɧɨɦɟɪɚɦɢ ɿ ɫɬɨɹɧɤɨɸ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɿɥɹ ɧɚɡɢɜɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɦɨɬɨɪ-ɝɨɬɟɥɿ. ɇɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɭ 18-ɬɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɨɜɨɦɭ ɦɨɬɨɪ-ɝɨɬɟɥɿ «Hilton Hotel» ɭ ɋɚɧ-Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɫɤɨ (ɋɒȺ) ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɿɥɿ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɛɿɥɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɚɯ, ɜɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ ɭ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɿ ɛɭɞɢɧɤɭ ɜɢɞɿɥɹɽɬɶɫɹ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɚ ɫɬɨɹɧɤɚ. Ɉɤɪɿɦ ɩɨɨɞɢɧɨɤɢɯ ɦɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɿɡɨɜɚɧɨʀ ɡɚɛɭɞɨɜɢ ɞɥɹ ɞɟɤɿɥɶɤɚɩɨɜɟɪɯɨɜɢɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜ ɭ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɥɶɧɿɣ ɡɚɛɭɞɨɜɿ ɚɜɬɨɬɭɪɢɫɬɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɭ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɛɥɨɱɧɟ ɿ ɩɚɜɿɥɶɣɨɧɧɟ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ. ɍ ɛɥɨɱɧɿɣ ɡɚɛɭɞɨɜɿ ɡɝɪɭɩɨɜɚɧɿ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɛɭɞɢɧɤɭ ɠɢɬɥɨɜɿ ɿ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɫɶɤɿ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɦɨɬɟɥɸ. Ɂɛɥɨɤɨɜɚɧɿ ɭ ɞɨɜɿɥɶɧɿɣ ɮɨɪɦɿ (ɩɨɩɚɪɧɨ, ɩɨ-ɞɜɚ, ɩɨ-ɱɨɬɢɪɢ) ɠɢɬɥɨɜɿ ɧɨɦɟɪɢ ɭɬɜɨɪɸɸɬɶ ɩɚɜɿɥɶɣɨɧɢ. Ʉɟɦɩɿɧɝ — ɚɜɬɨɬɭɪɢɫɬɫɶɤɢɣ ɡɚɫɿɛ ɫɟɡɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɡ ɨɛɦɟɠɟɧɢɦ ɧɚɛɨɪɨɦ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨ-ɩɨɛɭɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɿ ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɭ, ɩɪɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɬɟɪɦɿɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɫɬɚɰɿɨɧɚɪɧɢɯ ɧɟɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɛɭɞɢɧɤɚɯ ɚɛɨ ɧɚɦɟɬɚɯ ɬɚ ɩɚɪ86
ɤɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɚɜɬɨɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɢɯ ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ. ɉɟɪɲɿ ɤɟɦɩɿɧɝɢ, ɳɨ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɹɤ ɡɚɫɨɛɢ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɜɢɧɢɤɥɢ ɭ 30-ɯ ɪɨɤɚɯ ɏɏ ɫɬ. ɭ ɋɒȺ. Ʉɟɦɩɿɧɝɢ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɜɡɞɨɜɠ ɲɨɫɟ ɭ ɜɭɡɥɨɜɢɯ ɩɭɧɤɬɚɯ — ɩɪɢ ɜ’ʀɡɞɿ-ɜɢʀɡɞɿ ɡ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɨɝɨ ɩɭɧɤɬɭ, ɩɟɪɟɯɪɟɳɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɲɥɹɯɿɜ ɚɛɨ ɩɪɢɜɚɛɥɢɜɢɯ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɢɯ, ɿɫɬɨɪɢɤɨ-ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɢɯ, ɪɟɤɪɟɚɰɿɣɧɨ-ɬɭɪɢɫɬɫɶɤɢɯ ɩɭɧɤɬɚɯ — ɛɿɥɹ ɝɿɞɪɨɨɛ’ɽɤɬɿɜ, ɧɚ ɝɿɪɫɶɤɨɦɭ ɩɟɪɟɜɚɥɿ ɬɚ ɿɧ. Ɂɚ ɦɿɫɬɤɿɫɬɸ ɤɟɦɩɿɧɝɢ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɿ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ 20 — 200 ɨɫɿɛ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɣ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɿɜ. Ʉɟɦɩɿɧɝɢ ɡɧɚɱɧɢɯ ɪɨɡɦɿɪɿɜ ɧɚɣɱɚɫɬɿɲɟ ɜɯɨɞɹɬɶ ɭ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɚɜɬɨɬɭɪɢɫɬɫɶɤɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɿɜ, ɳɨ ɨɯɨɩɥɸɸɬɶ ɿɧɲɿ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿɜ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɪɨɡɜɢɧɟɧɭ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨ-ɪɟɤɪɟɚɰɿɣɧɭ ɛɚɡɭ. ɇɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ ɦɨɬɟɥɶ-ɤɟɦɩɿɧɝ «Ɉɥɶɝɢɧɨ», ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɦɿɠ ɉɪɢɦɨɪɫɶɤɢɦ ɲɨɫɟ ɿ Ɏɿɧɫɶɤɨɸ ɡɚɬɨɤɨɸ ɦɚɽ ɰɿɥɨɪɿɱɧɭ ɦɿɫɬɤɿɫɬɶ ɧɚ 444 ɨɫɨɛɢ ɿ ɫɟɡɨɧɧɭ — 1100 ɨɫɿɛ (ɤɟɦɩɿɧɝ 200, ɧɚɦɟɬɨɜɟ ɦɿɫɬɟɱɤɨ — 250, ɤɨɬɟɞɠɿ — 200 ɨɫɿɛ ɬɨɳɨ). Ʉɟɦɩɿɧɝɢ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɸɬɶ ɨɛɦɟɠɟɧɢɣ ɨɛɫɹɝ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɝɨɥɨɜɧɢɦ ɱɢɧɨɦ ɡ ɫɚɦɨɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ. ɉɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɚɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɥɿɬɧɿɯ ɛɟɡ ɨɩɚɥɟɧɧɹ ɛɭɞɢɧɤɚɯ ɡ ɥɟɝɤɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɿɜ (ɧɚɣɱɚɫɬɿɲɟ ɞɟɪɟɜ’ɹɧɢɯ), ɫɚɧɜɭɡɨɥ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɭ, ɦɚɣɞɚɧɱɢɤ ɞɥɹ ɩɚɪɤɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɿɥɿɜ, ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɧɚɞɚɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɩɟɪɟɝɥɹɞɭ ɬɟɥɟ-, ɜɿɞɟɨɮɿɥɶɦɿɜ, ɦɿɧɿ-ɛɚɪɭ, ɜ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɚɯ ɛɿɥɹ ɤɟɦɩɿɧɝɭ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɚɜɬɨɡɚɩɪɚɜɧɚ ɫɬɚɧɰɿɹ, ɦɚɣɫɬɟɪɧɹ ɧɟɫɤɥɚɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɦɨɧɬɭ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɿɥɿɜ. Ɋɨɬɟɥɶ — ɩɟɪɟɫɭɜɧɢɣ ɡɚɫɿɛ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɜɚɝɨɧɨɦ-ɬɪɟɣɥɟɪɨɦ (ɚɧɝɥ. ɬrailer ɜɿɞ ɬrail — ɬɹɝɧɭɬɢ) ɡ ɨɞɧɨ-, ɞɜɨɦɿɫɧɢɦɢ ɧɨɦɟɪɚɦɢ — ɫɩɚɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɜɿɞɫɿɤɚɦɢ, ɹɤɢɣ ɹɤ ɩɪɢɱɿɩ ɪɭɯɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɿɥɟɦ. Ɍɪɟɣɥɟɪɢ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɤɿɧɰɹ 50-ɯ ɪɨɤɿɜ ɏɏ ɫɬ. ɭ ɋɒȺ, ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɿʀ, Ɏɪɚɧɰɿʀ ɡ ɦɟɬɨɸ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɥɿɬɧɶɨɝɨ ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɤɭ. Ɉɫɨɛɥɢɜɨ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɟ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɤɭ ɧɚ ɬɪɟɣɥɟɪɚɯ ɭ ɋɒȺ, ɞɟ ɪɨɡɪɨɛɥɟɧɿ ɪɿɡɧɿ ɜɢɞɢ ɬɪɟɣɥɟɪɿɜ — ɜɿɞ ɩɪɨɫɬɢɯ ɜɚɝɨɧɿɜɩɪɢɰɟɩɿɜ ɞɨ ɩɟɪɟɫɭɜɧɢɯ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɢɯ ɤɜɚɪɬɢɪ. ɇɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɢɣ ɬɢɩ ɬɪɟɣɥɟɪɿɜ «Penthouse» ɫɤɥɚɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɞɜɨɯ ɜɿɞɫɿɤɿɜ ɡ ɩ’ɹɬɶɦɚ ɫɩɚɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɦɿɫɰɹɦɢ, ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɢɦɢ ɫɚɧɜɭɡɥɨɦ, ɝɚɡɨɜɨɸ ɩɥɢɬɨɸ, ɦɟɛɥɹɦɢ. Ʉɟɦɩɟɪ — ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɨ ɫɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɦɨɛɿɥɶɧɢɣ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ ɧɚ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɿɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɲɚɫɿ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɥɿɬɧɶɨɝɨ ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɤɭ. Ɇɨɛɿɥɶɧɿ ɫɩɨɪɭɞɢ ɡɛɿɪɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɭ ɡ ɥɟɝɤɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɿɜ (ɩɥɚɫɬ87
ɦɚɫɚ, ɮɚɧɟɪɚ), ɬɪɚɞɢɰɿɣɧɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɿɜ, ɳɨ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɡɚɫɨɛɚɯ ɧɚ ɩɿɞɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɦɚɣɞɚɧɱɢɤ ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɭɸɬɶ ɡ 70-ɯ ɪɨɤɿɜ ɏɏ ɫɬ. ɜ ɋɒȺ, ɇɿɦɟɱɱɢɧɿ, ɒɜɟɰɿʀ, Ɏɪɚɧɰɿʀ. ɇɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɡɚɩɪɨɩɨɧɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɭ ɇɿɦɟɱɱɢɧɿ ɦɨɛɿɥɶɧɢɣ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɩ’ɹɬɢɜɿɫɧɢɦ ɚɜɬɨɤɪɚɧɨɦ, ɳɨ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɫɩɨɪɭɞɢ ɡ ɞɟɫɹɬɢ ɹɪɭɫɿɜ. ɇɚ ɤɨɠɧɨɦɭ ɩɨɜɟɪɫɿ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɱɨɬɢɪɢ ɫɩɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ, ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɟɧɚ ɬɟɪɚɫɚ ɡ ɛɚɪɨɦ. Ɂɚɝɚɥɶɧɚ ɦɿɫɬɤɿɫɬɶ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɤɟɦɩɟɪɚ 80 ɨɫɿɛ. Ɂ ɦɟɬɨɸ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɚɜɬɨɬɭɪɢɫɬɿɜ, ɹɤɿ ɩɨɞɨɪɨɠɭɸɬɶ ɧɚ ɦɨɛɿɥɶɧɢɯ ɚɜɬɨɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɢɯ ɡɚɫɨɛɚɯ — ɪɨɬɟɥɹɯ, ɤɟɦɩɟɪɚɯ, ɤɚɪɚɜɚɧɚɯ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɿ ɬɪɟɣɥɟɪɧɿ ɩɚɪɤɢ ɡ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨɸ ɿɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɸ ɞɥɹ ɩɚɪɤɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɪɟɦɨɧɬɭ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɢɯ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɫɶɤɢɯ ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ, ɫɚɧɿɬɚɪɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɟ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɫɬɨɹɧɨɤ, ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɦɟɪɟɠɚ, ɩɭɧɤɬɢ ɩɪɨɤɚɬɭ, ɡɚɤɥɚɞɢ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ. Ɉɫɨɛɥɢɜɨ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɬɪɟɣɥɟɪɧɢɯ ɩɚɪɤɿɜ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɿɡ ɡɛɟɪɟɠɟɧɧɹɦ ɧɚɜɤɨɥɢɲɧɶɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɭ. ȼɞɨɫɤɨɧɚɥɟɧɧɹ ɜɨɞɧɢɯ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɢɯ ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ, ɩɨɹɜɚ ɧɚ ɩɨɱɚɬɤɭ 60-ɯ ɪɨɤɿɜ ɏɏ ɫɬ. ɥɟɝɤɢɯ ɧɟɞɨɪɨɝɢɯ ɫɭɞɟɧ ɡ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɿɜ ɿɧɞɢɜɿɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɡɭɦɨɜɥɸɽ ɲɢɪɨɤɟ ɡɚɥɭɱɟɧɧɹ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɿɜ ɞɨ ɜɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɬɭɪɢɡɦɭ, ɩɨɹɜɭ ɩɪɢɛɟɪɟɠɧɨʀ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɫɶɤɨʀ ɿɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢ — ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɩɨɪɬɿɜ ɿ ɩɚɪɤɿɧɝɿɜ ɞɥɹ ɱɨɜɧɿɜ. ɍ ɋɒȺ, Ʉɚɧɚɞɿ, Ɏɪɚɧɰɿʀ ɡ ɰɿɽɸ ɦɟɬɨɸ ɩɪɨɤɥɚɞɚɥɢɫɶ ɤɚɧɚɥɢ-ɥɚɝɭɧɢ — ɦɚɪɢɧɢ, ɞɥɹ ɹɤɢɯ ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɚɥɚɫɶ ɦɿɧɿɦɚɥɶɧɚ ɩɥɨɳɚ ɚɤɜɚɬɨɪɿʀ ɞɨ 100 ɝɚ. ɇɚ ɭɡɛɟɪɟɠɠɿ ɫɬɜɨɪɸɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɿɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ, ɳɨ ɩɨɽɞɧɭɜɚɥɚ ɫɟɡɨɧɧɟ ɠɢɬɥɨ, ɩɪɢɱɚɥɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɚɪɤɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɪɟɦɨɧɬɭ ɩɪɨɝɭɥɨɱɧɢɯ ɫɭɞɟɧ. ɇɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɭ ɩɨɪɬɭ ɋɟɧɬ-Ɇɚɤɫɿɦɟ ɛɿɥɹ ɤɭɪɨɪɬɭ ɋɟɧ-Ɍɪɨɩɟ ɿ Ⱦɨɜɿɥɶɫɸɪ-Ɇɟɪ (Ʌɚ-Ɇɚɧɲ, Ɏɪɚɧɰɿɹ) ɜ ɰɟɧɬɪɿ ɜɨɞɧɨʀ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɿ ɧɚ ɩɿɜɨɫɬɪɨɜɿ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɛɭɞɢɧɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɚɜɤɨɥɨ ɹɤɢɯ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɚɧɿ ɩɪɢɱɚɥɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɤɭ. ɍ 70-ɯ ɪɨɤɚɯ ɜɢɧɢɤɥɢ ɩɥɚɜɭɱɿ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɫɶɤɿ ɡɚɫɨɛɢ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ, ɳɨ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɛɚɪɠɚɯ, ɞɟɛɚɪɤɚɞɟɪɚɯ (ɞɟɛɚɪɤɚɞɟɪɢ — ɩɥɚɜɭɱɿ ɫɭɞɧɚ, ɤɨɪɩɭɫ ɹɤɨɝɨ ɜɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɡ ɬɨɧɤɨɝɨ ɡɚɥɿɡɨɛɟɬɨɧɭ), ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɮɥɨɬɟɥɿ, ɮɥɨɬɨɤɟɦɩɿɧɝɢ, ɛɨɬɟɥɿ, ɛɨɬɨɤɟɦɩɿɧɝɢ. Ɏɥɨɬɟɥɶ — ɡɧɚɱɧɢɯ ɪɨɡɦɿɪɿɜ ɩɥɚɜɚɸɱɢɣ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɨ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɨɦɭ ɫɭɞɧɿ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɬɭ88
ɪɢɫɬɿɜ, ɹɤɿ ɩɨɞɨɪɨɠɭɸɬɶ ɩɨ ɜɨɞɿ. Ɏɥɨɬɟɥɿ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɩɥɚɜɭɱɢɯ ɤɨɪɩɭɫɿɜ ɪɿɡɧɨɝɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ, ɳɨ ɡɚ ɨɛɫɹɝɨɦ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɿɧɤɨɥɢ ɧɚɡɢɜɚɸɬɶ «ɤɭɪɨɪɬɨɦ ɧɚ ɜɨɞɿ». Ɇɿɫɬɤɿɫɬɶ ɮɥɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɦɨɠɟ ɤɨɥɢɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɜ ɦɟɠɚɯ 100–3000 ɨɫɿɛ, ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɿɹ ɡɪɭɱɧɚ ɭ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɿ, ɦɨɠɟ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɭɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɧɚ ɞɟɛɚɪɤɚɞɟɪɿ. Ɏɥɨɬɟɥɿ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɸɬɶ ɭ ɰɿɥɨɪɿɱɧɨɦɭ ɪɟɠɢɦɿ. Ɏɥɨɬɟɥɿ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɜɭɡɥɨɜɢɯ ɩɭɧɤɬɚɯ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɜɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɪɲɪɭɬɭ ɡ ɫɩɪɢɹɬɥɢɜɢɦ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɢɦ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɡɚɧɹɬɶ ɜɨɞɧɢɦ ɫɩɨɪɬɨɦ, ɦɢɫɥɢɜɫɬɜɨɦ, ɪɢɛɚɥɤɨɸ ɬɚ ɿɧ. Ɏɥɨɬɟɥɿ ɰɿɥɨɪɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɡɦɿɧɸɜɚɬɢ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɜ ɡɚɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɿ ɜɿɞ ɫɟɡɨɧɭ: ɥɿɬɨɦ ɩɟɪɟɛɭɜɚɸɬɶ ɭ ɦɿɫɰɹɯ ɦɚɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɤɭ, ɡɢɦɨɸ — ɜ ɦɟɠɚɯ ɦɿɫɬɚ ɿ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɹɤ ɫɬɚɰɿɨɧɚɪɧɢɣ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ. ɍ ɮɥɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɚɦ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɚɛɟɥɶɧɿ ɧɨɦɟɪɢ, ɡɧɚɱɧɢɣ ɨɛɫɹɝ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɤɭ: ɛɚɫɟɣɧ, ɬɪɟɧɚɠɟɪɧɿ ɡɚɥɢ, ɜɨɞɧɿ ɥɢɠɿ, ɡɚɫɨɛɢ ɪɢɛɧɨʀ ɥɨɜɥɿ, ɨɫɧɚɳɟɧɧɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɿɞɜɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɜɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɩɨɥɸɜɚɧɧɹ, ɡɚɥɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɤɨɧɝɪɟɫɿɜ ɿ ɤɨɧɰɟɪɬɿɜ, ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧ, ɛɿɛɥɿɨɬɟɤɚ, ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɞɥɹ ɬɢɦɱɚɫɨɜɢɯ ɨɮɿɫɿɜ, ɡɚɫɨɛɢ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɭ ɬɚ ɿɧ. ɋɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɧɚ ɜɨɞɿ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɩɨɞɨɪɨɠɟɣ ɿ ɤɪɭʀɡɿɜ, ɡɨɤɪɟɦɚ ɛɿɡɧɟɫɬɭɪɿɜ, ɤɨɧɝɪɟɫ-ɬɭɪɿɜ, ɬɭɪɢ ɡ ɧɚɜɱɚɧɧɹɦ ɬɚ ɿɧ. ɇɨɪɦɚ ɠɢɬɥɨɜɨʀ ɩɥɨɳɿ ɭ ɮɥɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɭ ɩɨɪɿɜɧɹɧɧɿ ɡ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɧɢɠɱɚ ɿ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɨɞɧɨɦɿɫɧɨɝɨ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ 7 ɦ2, ɞɜɨɦɿɫɧɨɝɨ — 9 ɦ2, ɬɪɢɦɿɫɧɨɝɨ — 14 ɦ2. Ɏɥɨɬɨɤɟɦɩɿɧɝɢ — ɡɚɫɨɛɢ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɿɜ ɭ ɧɚɩɥɚɜɧɢɯ ɡɚɫɨɛɚɯ, ɳɨ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɚɧɿ ɭ ɩɪɨɦɿɠɧɢɯ ɩɭɧɤɬɚɯ ɱɟɪɟɡ 20–25 ɤɦ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɜɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɪɲɪɭɬɭ. Ɉɫɨɛɥɢɜɿɫɬɶ ɮɥɨɬɨɤɟɦɩɿɧɝɿɜ ɫɬɨɫɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɿɜ, ɹɤɿ ɪɭɯɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɿɧɞɢɜɿɞɭɚɥɶɧɢɦ ɜɨɞɧɢɦ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɨɦ (ɹɯɬɚ, ɤɚɬɟɪ, ɱɨɜɟɧ) ɚɛɨ ɤɪɭʀɡɧɢɦ ɫɭɞɧɨɦ ɠɢɬɥɨɦ, ɜɨɞɧɢɦɢ ɜɢɞɚɦɢ ɫɩɨɪɬɭ, ɫɬɨɹɧɤɨɸ ɬɚ ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɨɝɭɥɨɱɧɢɯ ɫɭɞɟɧ. ɍ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɿ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɡɨɧɢ ɮɥɨɬɨɤɟɦɩɿɧɝɚ ɜɢɞɿɥɹɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɚɞɜɨɞɧɚ ɱɚɫɬɢɧɚ — ɤɨɪɩɭɫ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɿɜ, ʀɞɚɥɶɧɹ, ɩɭɧɤɬ ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɫɭɞɟɧ, ɩɪɢɱɚɥ ɞɥɹ ɩɥɚɜɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ ɬɚ ɫɭɯɨɞɿɥɶɧɭ — ɩɥɹɠ, ɛɭɞɢɧɤɢ, ɧɚɦɟɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ, ɨɤɪɟɦɿ ɫɩɨɪɭɞɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɛɭɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɪɨɡɜɚɝ. 89
Ȼɨɬɟɥɶ — ɫɬɚɰɿɨɧɚɪɧɢɣ ɡɚɤɥɚɞ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɿɜ ɰɿɥɨɪɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ, ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɛɟɪɟɡɿ ɭ ɩɨɱɚɬɤɨɜɨɦɭ ɚɛɨ ɤɿɧɰɟɜɨɦɭ ɩɭɧɤɬɿ ɜɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɦɚɪɲɪɭɬɭ, ɭ ɩɪɢɦɿɫɶɤɿɣ ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɤɨɜɿɣ ɡɨɧɿ ɧɚ ɜɿɞɫɬɚɧɿ 150–200 ɤɦ ɨɞɢɧ ɜɿɞ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ. Ɂɚɫɨɛɢ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɬɢɩɭ ɛɨɬɟɥɶ — ɰɟ ɡɧɚɱɧɿ ɡɚ ɨɛɫɹɝɨɦ ɩɪɢɛɟɪɟɠɧɿ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɿʀ ɡ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɸ ɠɢɬɥɨɜɢɯ ɤɨɪɩɭɫɿɜ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɭ, ɛɭɞɿɜɟɥɶ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨ-ɩɨɛɭɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɫɬɚɰɿɨɧɚɪɧɢɯ ɫɩɨɪɭɞ ɿ ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɥɚɜɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ. Ɇɿɫɬɤɿɫɬɶ ɛɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɡɚɥɟɠɢɬɶ ɜɿɞ ʀɯɧɶɨɝɨ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɟɣ ɜɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɭ, ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɭ ɠɢɬɥɨɜɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɧɚ ɭɡɛɟɪɟɠɠɿ ɡ ɜɨɞɧɢɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɨɦ ɿ ɦɨɠɟ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɢ 500–5000 ɨɫɿɛ. ɍ ɛɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɧɚɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɡɧɚɱɧɢɣ ɨɛɫɹɝ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ. Ɉɤɪɿɦ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ, ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɥɚɜɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ ɧɚɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɿɡ ɡɚɧɹɬɬɹ ɫɩɨɪɬɨɦ, ɜɿɞɤɪɢɬɿ ɛɚɫɟɣɧɢ, ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰ-ɡɚɥɢ ɬɚ ɿɧ. Ȼɨɬɨɤɟɦɩɿɧɝ — ɫɟɡɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ (ɥɿɬɨɦ) ɫɬɚɰɿɨɧɚɪɧɿ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɿɜ, ɹɤɿ ɩɟɪɟɦɿɳɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɜɨɞɧɢɦ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɫɶɤɢɦ ɦɚɪɲɪɭɬɨɦ. Ȼɨɬɨɤɟɦɩɿɧɝɢ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɬɪɚɧɡɢɬɧɿɣ ɡɨɧɿ ɦɚɪɲɪɭɬɭ ɧɚ ɜɿɞɫɬɚɧɿ 20–25 ɤɦ. Ɂɚ ɪɨɡɦɿɪɨɦ — ɰɟ ɧɟɜɟɥɢɤɿ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɫɶɤɿ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢ, ɪɨɡɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɿ ɧɚ 50–100 ɨɫɿɛ ɬɚ 10–25 ɫɭɞɟɧ. Ȼɨɬɨɤɟɦɩɿɧɝɢ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɸɬɶ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɭ ɧɟɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɛɭɞɢɧɤɚɯ ɬɚ ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɟ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɥɚɜɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ. Ɏɥɚɣɬɟɥɿ — ɡɚɫɨɛɢ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɭ, ɪɨɡɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɿ ɧɚ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɢɣ ɬɟɪɦɿɧ ɩɟɪɟɛɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɜɥɚɫɧɢɤɿɜ ɥɿɬɚɤɿɜ. ɐɿ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɢ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɦɿɫɰɹɯ ɡ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɧɿɦ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɨɦ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɬɢɩɿɜ ɿɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ. Ɏɥɚɣɬɟɥɿ ɪɚɡɨɦ ɡ ɚɟɪɨɞɪɨɦɚɦɢ, ɚɧɝɚɪɚɦɢ, ɪɟɦɨɧɬɧɢɦɢ ɦɚɣɫɬɟɪɧɹɦɢ, ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɚɦɢ, ɤɨɧɰɟɪɬɧɢɦɢ ɡɚɥɚɦɢ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɢɦɢ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɚɦɢ ɭɬɜɨɪɸɸɬɶ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɫɶɤɿ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɢ ɞɥɹ ɧɨɱɿɜɥɿ, ɡɚɧɹɬɬɹ ɫɩɨɪɬɨɦ ɿɡ ɫɬɪɢɛɤɿɜ ɧɚ ɩɚɪɚɲɭɬɿ, ɩɪɨɝɭɥɹɧɤɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɿɬɪɹɧɿɣ ɤɭɥɿ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɪɬɿɜ, ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɿɣ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɡɚɯɨɞɿɜ. ɉɟɪɲɢɣ ɮɥɚɣɬɟɥɶ ɜɢɧɢɤ ɭ ɋɒȺ ɜ ɲɬɚɬɿ Ɉɤɥɚɯɨɦɚ ɩɨɛɥɢɡɭ ɦɿɫɬɚ Ɍɚɥɚɫɚ. Ɍɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɿ ɬɚɛɨɪɢ — ɡɚɫɨɛɢ ɫɟɡɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɩɪɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɿ ɞɥɹ ɦɚɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɤɭ ɦɨɥɨɞɿ. ɋɭɱɚɫɧɿ ɧɨɪɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɢɯ ɬɚɛɨɪɿɜ ɪɟɝɥɚɦɟɧɬɭɸɬɶ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɜɿɞ 20 ɞɨ 40 % ʀɯɧɶɨʀ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɦɿɫɬɤɨɫɬɿ ɰɿɥɨɪɿɱɧɨ. 90
Ɍɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɿ ɬɚɛɨɪɢ ɧɚɣɱɚɫɬɿɲɟ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɩɪɢɦɿɫɶɤɿɣ ɡɨɧɿ ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɤɭ ɿ ɬɭɪɢɡɦɭ. ȼ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɜɭɡɥɨɜɢɯ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɢɯ ɩɭɧɤɬɚɯ ɡ ɫɩɪɢɹɬɥɢɜɢɦɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɢɦɢ ɭɦɨɜɚɦɢ ɭɬɜɨɪɸɸɬɶ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɢ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɢɯ ɦɨɥɨɞɿɠɧɢɯ ɬɚɛɨɪɿɜ ɦɿɠɫɟɥɢɬɟɛɧɨʀ ɡɨɧɢ. Ɂɝɿɞɧɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɭɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɜ ɨɡɞɨɪɨɜɱɨ-ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɢɯ, ɫɩɨɪɬɢɜɧɨ-ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɹɯ, ɛɭɬɢ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɨɜɚɧɢɦɢ (ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɫɶɤɿ, ɭɱɧɿɜɫɶɤɿ, ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɿ ɦɨɥɨɞɿɠɧɿ ɬɚɛɨɪɢ). ȼ ɨɡɞɨɪɨɜɱɨ-ɬɭɪɢɫɬɫɶɤɢɯ ɬɚɛɨɪɚɯ ɨɤɪɿɦ ɨɡɞɨɪɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɧɚɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɨ-ɟɤɫɤɭɪɫɿɣɧɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ, ɭ ɫɩɨɪɬɢɜɧɨɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɢɯ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɫɩɨɪɬɢɜɧɿ ɬɪɟɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɮɨɪɦɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɫɶɤɿ ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɿ ɧɚɜɢɤɢ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ ɜ ɬɚɛɨɪɿ ɿ ɩɟɪɟɛɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɩɨɯɨɞɿ. Ɇɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɿ ɦɨɥɨɞɿɠɧɿ ɿ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɫɶɤɿ ɬɚɛɨɪɢ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɩɨɲɢɪɟɧɿ ɭ ɫɜɿɬɿ ɿ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɿ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɧɹɬɬɹ ɫɩɨɪɬɢɜɧɢɦ ɬɭɪɢɡɦɨɦ, ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨ-ɩɿɡɧɚɜɚɥɶɧɨɸ ɿ ɤɪɚɽɡɧɚɜɱɨɸ ɪɨɛɨɬɨɸ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɫɶɤɨʀ ɦɨɥɨɞɿ. Ɍɚɤɿ ɬɚɛɨɪɢ ɫɬɜɨɪɸɸɬɶɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɰɿɥɨɪɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɪɨɡɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɿ ɧɚ 100–1000 ɦɿɫɰɶ. Ɉɞɢɧ ɡ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɢɯ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɿɜ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɯ ɦɨɥɨɞɿɠɧɢɯ ɬɚɛɨɪɿɜ — ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɭɧɿɤɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨ-ɪɟɤɪɟɚɰɿɣɧɨɝɨ ɣ ɿɫɬɨɪɢɤɨ-ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɿɚɥɭ ɪɟʉɿɨɧɭ, ɳɨ ɡɭɦɨɜɥɸɽ ʀɯɧɽ ɬɹɠɿɸɬɶ ɞɨ ɩɪɢɦɨɪɫɶɤɢɯ, ɝɿɪɫɶɤɢɯ, ɨɡɟɪɧɢɯ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɪɿɡɧɨɦɚɧɿɬɧɢɯ ɭ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɧɿɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɿ ɪɟʉɿɨɧɿɜ. Ʉɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɢɣ ɩɿɞɯɿɞ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɯ ɦɨɥɨɞɿɠɧɢɯ ɬɚɛɨɪɿɜ ɡɭɦɨɜɢɜ ɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɡɧɚɱɧɢɯ ɡɚ ɪɨɡɦɿɪɚɦɢ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɿɜ ɦɿɫɬɤɿɫɬɸ ɞɨ 5 ɬɢɫ. ɨɫɿɛ. ɇɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɢɣ ɬɚɛɿɪ ɭ Ƚɭɪɡɭɮɿ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ. ɫɩɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɜɿɥɶɣɨɧɭ, ʀɞɚɥɶɧɿ, ɫɨɥɹɪɿɸ, ɿɝɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɚɜɿɥɶɣɨɧɭ, ɚɟɪɚɪɿɸ, ɫɚɧɿɬɚɪɧɢɯ ɩɚɜɿɥɶɣɨɧɿɜ, ɫɩɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɪɩɭɫɭ ɰɿɥɨɪɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ, ɥɿɬɧɶɨɝɨ ɤɿɧɨɬɟɚɬɪɭ, ɫɩɨɪɬɢɜɧɢɯ ɦɚɣɞɚɧɱɢɤɿɜ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɫɩɨɪɭɞ. ȼɚɪɬɿɫɬɶ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɭ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɢɯ ɬɚɛɨɪɚɯ ɧɟɜɢɫɨɤɚ, ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɚ ɭɱɧɿɜɫɶɤɨ-ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɫɶɤɨʀ ɦɨɥɨɞɿ. ȼ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɿ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɚɯ ɋɯɿɞɧɨʀ ȯɜɪɨɩɢ ɩɟɪɟɛɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɢɯ ɬɚɛɨɪɚɯ ɞɨ 65 % ɮɿɧɚɧɫɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɨɮɫɩɿɥɤɨɜɢɦɢ ɬɚ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɢɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɹɦɢ. Ɉɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɸɱɢɣ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥ ɭ ɬɚɛɨɪɚɯ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɬɢ ɨɫɿɛ ɡ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɣɧɨɸ ɨɫɜɿɬɨɸ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɚ ɿ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɚ. Ɍɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɿ ɛɚɡɢ — ɡɚɫɨɛɢ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɭ ɡ ɫɟɡɨɧɧɢɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɦ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɿ ɧɚ ɨɛɫɥɭ91
ɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɿɡɧɚɜɚɥɶɧɨ-ɟɤɫɤɭɪɫɿɣɧɢɯ, ɫɩɨɪɬɢɜɧɢɯ ɿ ɨɡɞɨɪɨɜɱɢɯ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɢɯ ɦɚɪɲɪɭɬɿɜ, ɜɿɞɪɿɡɧɹɸɬɶɫɹ ɜɿɞ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɨɦ, ɪɨɡɬɚɲɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ, ɦɿɫɬɤɿɫɬɸ, ɪɿɜɧɟɦ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ. Ɂɚ ɦɿɫɬɤɿɫɬɸ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɿ ɛɚɡɢ — ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ ɫɟɪɟɞɧɿɯ ɬɚ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɪɨɡɦɿɪɿɜ, ɪɨɡɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɿ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ 100–1000 ɨɫɿɛ. ȼ ɚɪɯɿɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨɦɭ ɩɥɚɧɿ ɰɿ ɡɚɫɨɛɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɿ ɞɟɤɿɥɶɤɚɩɨɜɟɪɯɨɜɢɦɢ ɛɭɞɿɜɥɹɦɢ, ɯɨɱ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɿ ɛɭɞɿɜɟɥɶɧɿ ɧɨɪɦɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɚɸɬɶ ɩɿɞɜɢɳɟɧɧɹ ʀɯɧɶɨʀ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɨɜɨɫɬɿ ɞɨ 9-ɬɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɿɜ. Ɉɤɪɿɦ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɧɨʀ ɭ ɪɨɡɦɿɪɚɯ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɫɶɤɨʀ ɱɚɫɬɢɧɢ, ɠɢɬɥɨɜɚ ɱɚɫɬɢɧɚ — ɧɨɦɟɪɢ, ɪɨɡɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɨɱɚɫɧɟ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ ɫɿɦ’ʀ ɡ ɞɿɬɶɦɢ ɬɚ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɫɶɤɢɯ ɝɪɭɩ ɞɨ 10 ɿ ɛɿɥɶɲɟ ɨɫɿɛ, ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɿ ɫɚɧɜɭɡɥɨɦ. ȼɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ, ɫɭɱɚɫɧɿ ɧɨɪɦɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɬɭɪɛɚɡ ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɚɸɬɶ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɸ ʀɯɧɶɨʀ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɭ ɰɿɥɨɪɿɱɧɨɦɭ ɪɟɠɢɦɿ, ɭ ɫɟɡɨɧ — ɥɿɬɧɿɣ (ɡɢɦɨɜɢɣ) ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɸɬɶ ɜɫɿ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɿ ɩɿɞɪɨɡɞɿɥɢ, ɜ ɿɧɲɢɣ ɩɟɪɿɨɞ ɥɢɲɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɟ ɹɞɪɨ. Ɂɝɿɞɧɨ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɧɚ ɦɚɪɲɪɭɬɿ, ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɿ ɛɚɡɢ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɛɭɬɢ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɢɦɢ ɿ ɩɪɨɦɿɠɧɢɦɢ, ɡ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ ɭ ɩɪɢɦɿɫɶɤɢɯ ɡɨɧɚɯ ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɤɭ, ɦɿɫɬɚɯ, ɭ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɿ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɨ-ɨɡɞɨɪɨɜɱɢɯ ɪɚɣɨɧɿɜ ɿ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɿɜ. ɋɭɬɬɽɜɢɣ ɜɩɥɢɜ ɧɚ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɱɢɣ ɩɪɨɮɿɥɶ ɬɭɪɛɚɡɢ, ɚɪɯɿɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨ-ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɥɶɧɭ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɸ, ɪɟɠɢɦ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɦɚɸɬɶ ɤɥɿɦɚɬɢɱɧɿ ɿ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɧɨ-ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɿɱɧɿ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɢ. Ɂɨɤɪɟɦɚ ɭ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɿ ɝɿɪɫɶɤɢɯ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɿɜ, ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɿ ɛɚɡɢ ɨɤɪɿɦ ɩɿɡɧɚɜɚɥɶɧɨ-ɟɤɫɤɭɪɫɿɣɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɮɿɥɸ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɛɭɬɢ ɝɿɪɫɶɤɨɥɢɠɧɢɦɢ ɿ ɚɥɶɩɿɧɿɫɬɫɶɤɢɦɢ. Ɍɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɿ ɛɚɡɢ, ɳɨ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɚɧɿ ɭ ɩɟɪɟɞɝɿɪ’ʀ ɦɚɸɬɶ ɞɨɛɪɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɨɜɚɧɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɢɯ ɤɨɦɭɧɿɤɚɰɿɣ ɿ ɤɨɦɭɧɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɿɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢ, ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɢɯ ɚɬɪɚɤɰɿɣ, ɹɤɿ ɞɨɩɨɜɧɸɸɬɶɫɹ ɿɫɬɨɪɢɤɨ-ɚɪɯɿɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɢɦɢ ɩɚɦ’ɹɬɤɚɦɢ. Ɍɭɪɛɚɡɢ ɡɧɚɱɧɢɯ ɪɨɡɦɿɪɿɜ ɡ ɞɟɤɿɥɶɤɨɦɚ ɫɩɚɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɤɨɪɩɭɫɚɦɢ, ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɸɬɶ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬ ɧɚɛɥɢɠɟɧɢɣ ɞɨ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ. ȼɢɪɨɛɧɢɱɚ ɿɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɭ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɬɭɪɛɚɡɚɯ ɞɨɩɨɜɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɫɩɨɪɬɢɜɧɢɦɢ, ɬɚɧɰɸɜɚɥɶɧɢɦ ɦɚɣɞɚɧɱɢɤɚɦɢ, ɜ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɚɯ ɩɥɚɜɚɥɶɧɢɦ ɛɚɫɟɣɧɨɦ, ɿɧɲɢɦɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɩɿɞɪɨɡɞɿɥɚɦɢ. Ƚɿɪɫɶɤɨɥɢɠɧɿ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɿ ɛɚɡɢ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɢɦ ɱɢɧɨɦ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɸɬɶ ɡɢɦɨɸ, ɿ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɿ ɭ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɿ ɩɪɢɬɭɥɤɚɦɢ, ɨɤɪɟɦɢɦɢ ɛɭɞɢɧɤɚɦɢ, ɫɬɨɹɧɤɚɦɢ. Ɇɿɫɬɤɿɫɬɶ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɭ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɢɯ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿɜ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ 50–300 ɨɫɿɛ. 92
Ⱥɥɶɩɿɧɿɫɬɫɶɤɿ ɬɭɪɛɚɡɢ ɨɪɿɽɧɬɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɢɦ ɱɢɧɨɦ ɧɚ ɥɿɬɧɿ ɜɢɞɢ ɫɩɨɪɬɭ, ɭ ʀɯɧɸ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɿ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɿ ɩɪɢɬɭɥɤɢ, ɧɚɦɟɬɨɜɿ ɬɚɛɨɪɢ, ɫɩɨɪɬɢɜɧɿ ɦɚɣɞɚɧɱɢɤɢ. Ⱥɪɯɿɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɿ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɢɯ ɛɚɡ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɨɦ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɿʀ, ɪɢɫɚɦɢ ɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɢ. ɍɧɿɤɚɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ ɚɪɯɿɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɨɪɢɬɭ, ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɪɟʉɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɟɣ ɡɭɦɨɜɥɸɽ ɡɚɬɢɲɨɤ ɬɚ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬ — ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɩɨɜɧɨɰɿɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɤɭ ɞɥɹ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ. Ȼɭɞɢɧɨɤ ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɤɭ — ɪɟɤɪɟɚɰɿɣɧɨ-ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɢɣ ɡɚɫɿɛ ɰɿɥɨɪɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɦɿɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɤɭ ɡ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹɦ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɭ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ. ɍ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɛɭɞɢɧɤɢ ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɤɭ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɿɡ ɡɛɥɨɤɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɨɞɧɨ-, ɞɜɨ-, ɬɪɶɨɯɤɿɦɧɚɬɧɢɯ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɡɨɪɿɽɧɬɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɧɚ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɫɿɦɟɣ ɪɿɡɧɨɝɨ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɧɨɝɨ ɫɤɥɚɞɭ ɿɡ ɫɩɿɥɶɧɨɸ ɤɭɯɧɟɸ ɿ ɫɚɧɜɭɡɥɨɦ. ɍ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɛɭɞɢɧɤɚɯ ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɤɭ, ɪɨɡɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɞɨ 1000 ɦɿɫɰɶ, ɡɚɤɥɚɞ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɞɟɤɿɥɶɤɚɩɨɜɟɪɯɨɜɢɯ ɤɨɪɩɭɫɿɜ ɿɡ ɫɩɿɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɚɦɢ ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɤɭ, ɨɡɞɨɪɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ, ɪɨɡɜɚɝ. ɉɚɧɫɿɨɧɚɬ — ɪɟɤɪɟɚɰɿɣɧɨ-ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɤɨɜɢɣ ɡɚɤɥɚɞ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɛɥɢɡɶɤɢɣ ɡɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɹɦɢ ɞɨ ɛɭɞɢɧɤɿɜ ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɤɭ. Ɍɢɩɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɨ ɰɿ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɢ ɜɿɞɪɿɡɧɹɸɬɶɫɹ ɥɢɲɟ ɮɨɪɦɨɸ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ; ɭ ɩɚɧɫɿɨɧɚɬɚɯ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɦɟɪɟɠɭ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɿɣɧɢɯ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿɜ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ — ɦɚɝɚɡɢɧɢ, ɚɩɬɟɤɭ, ɩɟɪɭɤɚɪɧɸ, ɠɢɬɥɨɜɿ ɧɨɦɟɪɢ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɿ ɤɭɯɧɟɸ-ɧɿɲɟɸ. Ȼɭɞɢɧɤɢ ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɤɭ ɿ ɩɚɧɫɿɨɧɚɬɢ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɜɯɨɞɹɬɶ ɭ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɨ-ɨɡɞɨɪɨɜɱɢɯ ɪɚɣɨɧɿɜ (ɩɪɢɦɿɫɶɤɢɯ, ɝɿɪɫɶɤɢɯ), ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɰɿɥɨɪɿɱɧɢɦ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɦ ɹɞɪɨɦ, ɪɟɲɬɚ ɱɚɫɬɢɧɚ ɞɿɽ ɥɢɲɟ ɜ ɥɿɬɧɿɣ ɩɟɪɿɨɞ. Ȼɚɡɚ ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɤɭ — ɫɟɡɨɧɧɢɣ ɡɚɫɿɛ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ, ɳɨ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɬɪɢɜɚɥɢɣ ɳɨɬɢɠɧɟɜɢɣ ɫɿɦɟɣɧɢɣ ɬɚ ɿɧɞɢɜɿɞɭɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɨɤ ɡ ɦɿɧɿɦɚɥɶɧɢɦ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ ɡɚ ɧɢɡɶɤɭ ɰɿɧɭ. Ɂɝɿɞɧɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɭ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɰɟɣ ɬɢɩ ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲ ɝɧɭɱɤɢɣ ɳɨɞɨ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɿ ɬɟɪɦɿɧɭ ʀɯɧɶɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɛɭɜɚɧɧɹ: ɥɿɬɨɦ ɩɟɪɟɜɚɠɚɽ ɫɿɦɟɣɧɢɣ ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɨɤ ɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨɝɨ ɬɚ ɬɪɢɜɚɥɨɝɨ ɬɟɪɦɿɧɭ ɩɟɪɟɛɭɜɚɧɧɹ (12–24 ɞɨɛɢ), ɡɢɦɨɸ — ɿɧɞɢɜɿɞɭɚɥɶɧɢɣ (ɝɪɭɩɨɜɢɣ) ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɬɪɢɜɚɥɢɣ (1–3 ɞɨɛɢ). ɍ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɿ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɪɟɠɢɦɿ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɛɚɡɢ ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɤɭ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɛɭɞɿɜɟɥɶ ɥɿɬɧɶɨɝɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ, 93
ɩɨɛɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɡ ɥɟɝɤɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɿɜ (60–75 % ɦɿɫɰɶ) ɿ ɤɚɩɿɬɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɰɿɥɨɪɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɛɭɞɿɜɟɥɶ (25–40 %). Ɇɿɫɬɤɿɫɬɶ ɛɚɡ ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɤɭ 100–1000 ɦɿɫɰɶ. Ⱦɢɬɹɱɿ ɬɚɛɨɪɢ — ɡɚɫɨɛɢ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɰɿɥɨɪɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɿɡ ɡɦɿɧɧɢɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɦ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ — ɜ ɥɿɬɧɿɣ ɩɟɪɿɨɞ ɩɪɢɣɦɚɸɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɤɭ ɞɿɬɟɣ, ɚ ɜ ɨɫɿɧɧɶɨ-ɡɢɦɨɜɢɣ ɩɟɪɿɨɞ — ɞɨɪɨɫɥɢɯ, ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɚɧɿ ɭ ɡɚɦɿɫɶɤɢɯ ɪɟɤɪɟɚɰɿɣɧɢɯ ɡɨɧɚɯ. Ⱦɢɬɹɱɿ ɬɚɛɨɪɢ — ɨɞɧɨ-, ɞɜɨɩɨɜɟɪɯɨɜɿ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɢ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɡ ɛɥɨɱɧɢɦ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ — ɠɢɬɥɨɜɿ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɢ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɿ ɧɚ 3–6 ɨɫɿɛ ɡɝɪɭɩɨɜɚɧɿ ɩɨ ɞɟɤɿɥɶɤɚ ɭ ɛɥɨɤ ɿɡ ɫɩɿɥɶɧɢɦ ɫɚɧɜɭɡɥɨɦ. ȼ ɨɫɿɧɧɶɨ-ɡɢɦɨɜɢɣ ɩɟɪɿɨɞ ɠɢɬɥɨɜɿ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɭ 2–3 ɦɿɫɧɿ ɞɥɹ ɞɨɪɨɫɥɢɯ ɪɟɤɪɟɚɧɬɿɜ. Ɂɝɿɞɧɨ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɢɯ ɧɨɪɦ ɞɢɬɹɱɿ ɬɚɛɨɪɢ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɩɪɢɣɦɚɬɢ 100–500 ɨɫɿɛ, ɭ ɤɭɪɨɪɬɧɢɯ ɡɨɧɚɯ ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɿ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɢ ɞɢɬɹɱɢɯ ɬɚɛɨɪɿɜ ɦɿɫɬɤɿɫɬɸ ɩɨɧɚɞ 1000 ɨɫɿɛ. Ⱦɢɬɹɱɿ ɬɚɛɨɪɢ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɸɬɶ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɧɟ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɡ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɦ ɨɛɫɹɝɨɦ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɞɥɹ ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɤɭ, ɧɚɜɱɚɧɧɹ, ɨɡɞɨɪɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ. ɍ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɟɤɫɤɭɪɫɿʀ, ɤɿɧɨɡɚɥ ɬɨɳɨ. Ɍɚɛɿɪ ɩɪɚɰɿ ɿ ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɤɭ — ɡɚɫɿɛ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɜɿɞɨɦɱɨɝɨ ɩɿɞɩɨɪɹɞɤɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɢɦ ɱɢɧɨɦ ɫɟɡɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɭ ɡ ɪɟɝɥɚɦɟɧɬɨɜɚɧɢɦɢ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɚɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ ɜ ɩɨɥɶɨɜɢɯ ɭɦɨɜɚɯ ɩɟɜɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɞɭ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ (ɫɿɥɶɫɶɤɨɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɶɤɚ, ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɚ, ɝɟɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɚ ɬɚ ɿɧ.) ɿ ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɤɭ. Ɍɚɛɨɪɢ ɩɪɚɰɿ ɬɚ ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɤɭ ɛɭɞɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɥɟɝɤɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɿɜ, ɥɟɝɤɨ ɦɨɧɬɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɿ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɭɜɚɬɢɫɶ (ɜɚɝɨɧɢ-ɩɪɢɱɟɩɢ ɞɨ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɿɥɹ). Ɍɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɿ ɩɪɢɬɭɥɤɢ — ɡɚɫɨɛɢ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɬɟɪɦɿɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɤɭ, ɳɨ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɚɧɿ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɦɿɠɧɢɯ ɡɭɩɢɧɤɚɯ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɢɯ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɢɯ ɦɚɪɲɪɭɬɿɜ. ɉɪɢɬɭɥɤɢ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɸɬɶ ɨɞɧɨ-, ɞɜɨɞɟɧɧɢɣ ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɨɤ, ɦɚɸɬɶ ɦɿɫɬɤɿɫɬɶ ɞɨ 100 ɨɫɿɛ, ɧɚɣɱɚɫɬɿɲɟ 20–30 ɨɫɿɛ. ɉɨɛɭɞɨɜɚɧɿ ɡ ɥɟɝɤɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɿɜ (ɧɚɣɱɚɫɬɿɲɟ ɞɟɪɟɜɚ) ɭ ɩɪɢɬɭɥɤɚɯ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɫɩɚɥɶɧɿ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɢ ɧɚ 5–10 ɨɫɿɛ, ɨɤɪɟɦɿ ɧɚ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɫɶɤɭ ɝɪɭɩɭ ɞɨ 20 ɨɫɿɛ. ɋɟɪɟɞ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɱɢ ɩɿɞɿɝɪɿɜ ʀɠɿ, ɟɤɫɤɭɪɫɿɣɧɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ. Ȼɭɧɝɚɥɨ — ɡɚɦɿɫɶɤɿ ɨɤɪɟɦɨ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɚɧɿ ɨɞɧɨ-, ɞɟɤɿɥɶɤɚɩɨɜɟɪɯɨɜɿ ɛɭɞɿɜɥɿ ɤɜɚɪɬɢɪɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɭ ɡ ɥɟɝɤɢɯ ɛɭɞɿɜɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɿɜ ɞɥɹ ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɤɭ ɜ ɥɿɬɧɿɣ ɩɟɪɿɨɞ. ɍ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɛɭɧɝɚɥɨ ɦɚɸɬɶ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɣ ɜɯɿɞ, ɦɿɫɬɹɬɶ ɨɞɧɭ ɚɛɨ ɞɟɤɿɥɶɤɚ ɤɿɦɧɚɬ ɪɨɡɪɚ94
ɯɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɧɚ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɨɞɧɿɽʀ ɚɛɨ ɞɟɤɿɥɶɤɨɯ ɫɿɦɟɣ. ɍ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɿ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɟɧɿ ɦɿɫɰɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ʀɠɿ, ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɢɤ, ɬɟɥɟɜɿɡɨɪ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɟ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ, ɛɿɥɹ ɛɭɞɿɜɥɿ ɨɛɥɚɲɬɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɦɚɣɞɚɧɱɢɤ ɞɥɹ ɩɚɪɤɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɿɥɹ. 2.4. Ʉɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ 2.4.1. ɋɭɬɶ ɬɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɿ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ
ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿɜ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɚɽ ʀɯɧɿɣ ɩɨɞɿɥ ɧɚ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɩɟɜɧɢɯ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɿʀɜ. Ɇɟɬɚ ɛɭɞɶ-ɹɤɨʀ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ — ɜɢɡɧɚɱɢɬɢ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɿɫɬɶ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ, ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɢɦ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɚɦ ɚɛɨ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨɦɭ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɭ ɧɚ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ. Ʉɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ — ɨɞɧɚ ɡ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɯ ɣɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ, ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɹɤɨʀ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɣɨɝɨ ɪɢɧɤɨɜɿ ɩɨɡɢɰɿʀ, ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ, ɨɛɫɹɝ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɬɚɪɢɮ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɿ ɬɚ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ. Ɂɧɚɱɧɚ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ, ɪɟʉɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɿ ɿ ɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɿ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ ɩɿɞɯɨɞɿɜ ɞɨ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ, ɡɭɦɨɜɥɸɸɬɶ ɛɭɞɶ-ɹɤɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɿɸ ɬɢɩɿɜ ɿ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿɜ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɫɢɬɶ ɭɦɨɜɧɨɸ. Ʉɪɢɬɟɪɿʀ, ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɹɤɢɯ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɢ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɿ ɧɨɦɟɪɢ, ɭɡɝɨɞɠɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɿ ɡɚɬɜɟɪɞɠɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɦɢ ɿ ɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɹɦɢ, ɳɨ ɨɯɨɩɥɸɸɬɶ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɿ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ, ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɣɧɿ ɫɨɸɡɢ, ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɿ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ. ɍ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɿɣ ɫɜɿɬɨɜɿɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɰɿ ɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɿ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿɜ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɭɦɨɜɧɨ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɜɢɞɿɥɢɬɢ ɞɜɚ ɩɿɞɯɨɞɢ (ɞɨɞɚɬɨɤ Ȼ): — ɨɮɿɰɿɣɧɢɣ, ɪɨɡɪɨɛɤɨɸ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹɦ ɿ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɟɦ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɭ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɢɯ ɜɢɦɨɝ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɭ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɭ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɡɚɣɦɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɿ ɨɪɝɚɧɢ, ɩɪɢɫɜɨɽɧɧɹ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɮɿɤɫɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɮɿɰɿɣɧɨɦɭ ɪɿɜɧɿ. Ɍɚɤɢɣ ɩɿɞɯɿɞ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɢɣ ɞɥɹ Ƚɪɟɰɿʀ, ȯɝɢɩɬɭ, ȱɫɩɚɧɿʀ, ȱɬɚɥɿʀ, Ɏɪɚɧɰɿʀ, ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɞɟɪɠɚɜ; — ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɣɧɢɣ, ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɧɟɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɢɦɢ ɨɛ’ɽɞɧɚɧɧɹɦɢ ɬɚ ɫɨɸɡɚɦɢ ɭ ɫɮɟɪɿ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ. Ɂɨɤɪɟɦɚ, ɜ Ⱥɜɫɬɪɿʀ ɰɟɣ 95
ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽ Ⱥɜɫɬɪɿɣɫɶɤɚ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɚ ɚɫɨɰɿɚɰɿɹ, ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɿʀ — Ⱥɜɬɨɦɨɛɿɥɶɧɚ ɚɫɨɰɿɚɰɿɹ, ɒɜɟɣɰɚɪɿʀ — ɒɜɟɣɰɚɪɫɶɤɚ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɚ ɚɫɨɰɿɚɰɿɹ ɬɚ ɿɧ. ɉɪɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɿ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɞɥɹ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɣ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɭ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɜɪɚɯɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɪɿɜɟɧɶ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɭ — ɰɟ ɧɚɣɝɨɥɨɜɧɿɲɢɣ ɿ ɜɢɪɿɲɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ. Ʉɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿɜ ɡɚ ɪɿɜɧɟɦ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɭ ɜɿɞɿɝɪɚɽ ɜɚɠɥɢɜɭ ɪɨɥɶ ɭ ɜɢɪɿɲɟɧɧɿ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɹɤɿɫɬɸ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ. Ɋɿɜɟɧɶ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɭ — ɰɟ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɢɣ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɿɣ, ɳɨ ɨɯɨɩɥɸɽ: — ɫɬɚɧ ɛɭɞɿɜɥɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ, ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɭ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɿɫɬɶ ɬɚ ɿɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ, ɨɛɥɚɲɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɢɥɟɝɥɨʀ ɞɨ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɭ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɿʀ; — ɫɬɚɧ ɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɮɨɧɞɭ: ɩɥɨɳɚ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ, ɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɨɞɧɨ-, ɞɜɨɦɿɫɧɢɯ, ɨɞɧɨɤɿɦɧɚɬɧɢɯ, ɛɚɝɚɬɨɤɿɦɧɚɬɧɢɯ, ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ-ɚɩɚɪɬɚɦɟɧɬɿɜ, ɧɚɹɜɧɿɫɬɶ ɤɨɦɭɧɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɡɪɭɱɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɬɚ ɿɧ.; — ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɧɹ ɿɧɬɟɪ’ɽɪɭ; — ɧɚɹɜɧɿɫɬɶ ɿ ɫɬɚɧ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿɜ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ: ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɭ, ɤɚɮɟ, ɦɿɧɿ-ɛɚɪɭ ɬɚ ɿɧ.; — ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɫɶɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ, ɧɚɹɜɧɿɫɬɶ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰ-ɡɚɥɭ, ɯɨɥɿɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɞɥɹ ɞɿɥɨɜɢɯ ɡɭɫɬɪɿɱɟɣ, ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɤɭ, ɫɩɨɪɬɭ ɬɚ ɿɧ.; — ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɶɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɟ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ: ɫɬɚɧ ɦɟɛɥɿɜ, ɿɧɜɟɧɬɚɪɸ, ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɿɜ ɫɚɧɿɬɚɪɧɨ-ɝɿɝɿɽɧɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ, ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɢɤɿɜ, ɦɿɧɿ-ɫɟɣɮɿɜ ɬɚ ɿɧ.; — ɪɟɤɥɚɦɧɨ-ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɣɧɟ ɬɚ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɣɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɟ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ: ɫɬɚɧ ɬɚ ɬɢɩɢ ɪɟɤɥɚɦɢ, ɧɚɹɜɧɿɫɬɶ ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧɭ, ɫɭɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɭ, ɬɟɥɟɜɿɡɨɪɚ, ȱɧɬɟɪɧɟɬɭ ɬɚ ɿɧ.; — ɧɨɦɟɧɤɥɚɬɭɪɚ ɣ ɹɤɿɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɩɨɡɢɰɿʀ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɯ ɩɥɚɬɧɢɯ ɬɚ ɛɟɡɤɨɲɬɨɜɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ; — ɪɿɜɟɧɶ ɩɿɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɬɚ ɹɤɿɫɬɶ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ: ɨɫɜɿɬɚ, ɤɜɚɥɿɮɿɤɚɰɿɹ, ɜɿɤ, ɫɬɚɧ ɡɞɨɪɨɜ’ɹ, ɡɧɚɧɧɹ ɦɨɜ, ɡɨɜɧɿɲɧɿɣ ɜɢɝɥɹɞ, ɩɨɜɟɞɿɧɤɚ. Ɇɨɠɧɚ ɜɢɞɿɥɢɬɢ ɞɜɚ ɩɿɞɯɨɞɢ ɞɨ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɜ ɡɚɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɿ ɜɿɞ ɪɿɜɧɹ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɭ. ɉɟɪɲɢɣ ɩɿɞɯɿɞ ɛɚɡɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ «ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɧɿɣ» ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɰɿ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɶɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɨʀ ɛɚɡɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ. Ɂɝɿɞɧɨ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ ɩɿɞɯɨɞɭ, ɞɨ ɭɜɚɝɢ ɩɪɢɣɦɚɸɬɶ «ɹɤɿɫɧɿ» ɩɨɤɚɡɧɢɤɢ, ɳɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɶ ɪɿɜɟɧɶ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɭ — ɹɤɿɫɬɶ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ, ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɤɜɚɥɿɮɿɤɚɰɿɸ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ. ɍɫɿ ɧɚ96
ɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɿ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɭɦɨɜɧɨ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɨɛ’ɽɞɧɚɬɢ ɭ ɞɜɿ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɿ ɝɪɭɩɢ: — ɽɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɶɤɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ, ɡɚɫɧɨɜɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɿ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɶɤɨʀ ɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ, ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɛɿɥɶɲɨɫɬɿ ɪɨɡɜɢɧɟɧɢɯ ɞɟɪɠɚɜ; — ɿɧɞɿɣɫɶɤɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ, ɩɨɛɭɞɨɜɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɛɚɥɶɧɿɣ ɨɰɿɧɰɿ, ɩɨɲɢɪɟɧɚ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɢɦ ɱɢɧɨɦ ɭ ɤɪɚʀɧɚɯ, ɳɨ ɪɨɡɜɢɜɚɸɬɶɫɹ. Ɂɝɿɞɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɿʀɜ ɬɚ ɩɿɞɯɨɞɿɜ ɫɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ ɜɿɞɨɦɨ ɩɨɧɚɞ ɬɪɢɞɰɹɬɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿɜ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ. ɇɚɣɛɿɥɶɲ ɬɢɩɨɜɢɦɢ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɹɦɢ ɽ ɬɚɤɿ: — ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ «ɡɿɪɨɤ», ɚɛɨ ɽɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɶɤɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ; — ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ «ɛɭɤɜ» — Ⱥ, ȼ, ɋ, D, ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɭ Ƚɪɟɰɿʀ; — ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ «ɤɨɪɨɧ», ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɭ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɿʀ; — ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ «ɛɚɥɿɜ», ɚɛɨ ɿɧɞɿɣɫɶɤɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ. ɍ ɤɨɠɧɿɣ ɨɤɪɟɦɿɣ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɿ ɞɨ ɪɨɡɭɦɿɧɧɹ ɪɿɜɧɹ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɭ ɹɤ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɿɸ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɩɿɞɯɨɞɹɬɶ ɩɨ-ɪɿɡɧɨɦɭ. Ɍɨɦɭ, ɧɚɜɿɬɶ ɭ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɚɯ ɡ ɨɞɧɚɤɨɜɨɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɸ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ, ɧɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ Ɏɪɚɧɰɿʀ, ɍɤɪɚʀɧɿ ɱɢ ȯɝɢɩɬɿ, ɞɟ ɩɨɲɢɪɟɧɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ «ɡɿɪɨɤ», ɦɿɠ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɨɞɧɿɽʀ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɽ ɡɧɚɱɧɿ ɜɿɞɦɿɧɧɨɫɬɿ. ɍ ȯɝɢɩɬɿ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɿɞɟɧɬɢɱɧɚ Ɏɪɚɧɰɿʀ, ɩɪɨɬɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɡɚ ɪɿɜɧɟɦ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɭ ɧɚ 1–2 ɡɿɪɤɢ. ȼɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ, ɞɥɹ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ, ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨ ɮɟɲɟɧɟɛɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ, ɜɢɡɧɚɱɢɬɢ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɸ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɢɯ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɿɜ ɭ ɤɪɚʀɧɿ, ɚɛɨ ɩɨɪɿɜɧɹɬɢ ɡ ɛɭɞɶ-ɹɤɨɸ ɿɧɲɨɸ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɽɸ ɞɨɫɢɬɶ ɜɚɠɤɨ. ɇɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɧɨɜɿɬɧɿɣ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ «Burj-AlArab» ɡɚ ɪɿɜɧɟɦ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɭ ɫɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ ɜɢɩɟɪɟɞɠɚɽ ɛɭɞɶ-ɹɤɢɣ ɿɧɲɢɣ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ ɭ ɫɜɿɬɿ. ɍ ɰɶɨɦɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɞɜɚ ɩɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɬɫɶɤɢɯ ɿ ɤɨɪɨɥɿɜɫɶɤɢɯ ɚɩɚɪɬɚɦɟɧɬɢ, ɜɫɿ ɧɨɦɟɪɢ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɿ ɭ ɞɜɨɯ ɪɿɜɧɹɯ ɿ ɦɚɸɬɶ ɩɨ ɞɟɤɿɥɶɤɚ ɫɩɚɥɟɧɶ, ɜ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɧɿ ɿɧɬɟɪ’ɽɪɭ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨ ɞɨɪɨɝɿ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɢ. Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɿɱɧɚ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɿɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɿɯ ɞɟɪɠɚɜ, ɭ ɹɤɢɯ ɜɢɞɿɥɹɸɬɶɫɹ ɨɤɪɟɦɿ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɢ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ — ɫɢɦɜɨɥɢ ɫɟɪɜɿɫɭ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿɣ ɿɧɞɭɫɬɪɿʀ. ɍ ɛɿɥɶɲɨɫɬɿ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɨɤɪɿɦ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɿɡ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɢɦ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹɦ ɪɿɜɧɹ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ, ɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɨ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɜɚɬɢ ɪɹɞ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɛɿɥɶɲ ɜɢɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɚɛɨ ɧɢɠɱɨɝɨ ɪɿɜɧɹ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɭ. ɇɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ «Marriott» (ɩ’ɹɬɶ ɡɿɪɨɤ) ɭ Ɏɪɚɧɤɮɭɪɬɿ-ɧɚɆɚɣɧɿ (ɇɿɦɟɱɱɢɧɚ) ɧɚ ɜɟɪɯɧɿɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɚɯ, ɜɢɳɟ 37 ɩɨɜɟɪɯɭ, ɧɨɦɟɪɢ ɩɿɞɜɢɳɟɧɨɝɨ ɪɿɜɧɹ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɭ, ɬɚɤ ɡɜɚɧɨɝɨ «ɪenthouse», ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɞɨ ɹɤɢɯ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹɦ ɫɚɣɬ-ɤɥɸɱɚ (ɫɚɣɬ-ɤɥɸɱ — ɰɟ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɤɨɜɚ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɚ ɤɚɪɬɤɚ ɡ ɤɨɞɨɦ, ɳɨ 97
ɜɫɬɚɜɥɹɽɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɨɬɜɿɪ ɭ ɩɚɧɟɥɿ ɿɡ ɤɧɨɩɤɚɦɢ ɜ ɥɿɮɬɿ, ɤɨɞ ɧɚɞɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɭ ɤɨɦɩ’ɸɬɟɪ ɿ ɥɿɮɬ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽ ɪɭɯ ɞɨ ɩɟɜɧɨʀ ɜɢɫɨɬɢ). Ʉɨɠɟɧ ɧɨɜɢɣ ɤɥɿɽɧɬ ɨɬɪɢɦɭɽ ɧɨɜɢɣ ɤɥɸɱ ɡ ɧɨɜɢɦ ɤɨɞɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɭ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯ ɿ ɞɜɟɪɟɣ ɫɜɨɝɨ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ. Ɂɚ ɞɚɧɢɦɢ HOTREC ɬɿɥɶɤɢ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɚ ɜɫɿɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨʀ ɬɚ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɧɨʀ ɿɧɞɭɫɬɪɿʀ ɤɪɚʀɧ ȯɋ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɿ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɽ ɨɮɿɰɿɣɧɢɦ ɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɦ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɚɦ. Ⱦɥɹ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɿʀɜ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɡɚɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɬɚ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɨɫɬɿ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɣ ɭ ɤɨɠɧɿɣ ɨɤɪɟɦɿɣ ɽɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɶɤɿɣ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɿ ɩɿɞɯɨɞɹɬɶ ɩɨɪɿɡɧɨɦɭ. Ɍɚɤɿ ɤɪɚʀɧɢ, ɹɤ Ɏɿɧɥɹɧɞɿɹ, ȱɡɪɚʀɥɶ ɜɡɚɝɚɥɿ ɧɟ ɦɚɸɬɶ ɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ. ȼ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɚɯ, ɡɨɤɪɟɦɚ Ⱥɜɫɬɪɿʀ, ɇɿɦɟɱɱɢɧɿ, Ʉɢɬɚɸ, Ɏɪɚɧɰɿʀ, ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɿʀ, ɒɜɟɰɿʀ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɡɚɰɿɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɞɨɛɪɨɜɿɥɶɧɢɯ ɡɚɫɚɞɚɯ; ɭ Ȼɟɥɶɝɿʀ, ɍɝɨɪɳɢɧɿ, Ƚɪɟɰɿʀ, Ⱦɚɧɿʀ, ȯɝɢɩɬɿ, ȱɬɚɥɿʀ, ȱɫɩɚɧɿʀ, ɉɨɥɶɳɿ ɬɚ ɛɚɝɚɬɶɨɯ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɡɚɰɿɹ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɨɦɭ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɭ (ɞɨɞɚɬ. 2.1.). 2.4.2. ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ ɭ ɫɜɿɬɨɜɿɣ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɿɣ ɿɧɞɭɫɬɪɿʀ
ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɫɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɚ ɭ ɫɜɿɬɨɜɿɣ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿɣ ɬɚ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɿɣ ɫɮɟɪɚɯ. Ɂɝɿɞɧɨ ɫɩɿɥɶɧɢɯ ɞɚɧɢɯ ɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɧɹ ȼɫɟɫɜɿɬɧɶɨʀ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɨʀ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɬɚ Ɇɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɨʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨʀ ɚɫɨɰɿɚɰɿʀ ɭ 2004 ɪ. ɨɮɿɰɿɣɧɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɚ ɭ 83 ɤɪɚʀɧɚɯ ɫɜɿɬɭ, ɜɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ ɭ 23 ɤɪɚʀɧɚɯ ɬɚɤɚ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɹ ɩɨɲɢɪɸɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɧɚ ɚɩɚɪɬɝɨɬɟɥɿ, ɦɨɬɟɥɿ, ɩɚɧɫɿɨɧɚɬɢ; ɭ 20 ɞɟɪɠɚɜɚɯ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɹ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɚ ɿɡ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɹɦ ɬɚɪɢɮɿɜ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɜɧɢɯ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɣ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ. ɍ 49 ɤɪɚʀɧɚɯ ɫɜɿɬɭ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɇɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɸ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɨɸ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɰɿɽɸ ɫɩɿɥɶɧɨ ɡ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɦ ɦɿɫɰɟɜɨɝɨ ɫɚɦɨɜɪɹɞɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɭ 48 ɞɟɪɠɚɜɚɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɭ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɜɢɪɿɲɭɸɬɶ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɣɧɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿ ɚɫɨɰɿɚɰɿʀ (ɫɚɦɨɫɬɿɣɧɨ ɚɛɨ ɪɚɡɨɦ ɡ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦɢ ɦɿɫɰɟɜɨɝɨ ɫɚɦɨɜɪɹɞɭɜɚɧɧɹ). Ʉɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɹ ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɽ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɨɸ ɭ 46 ɤɪɚʀɧɚɯ, ɭ 55 ɤɪɚʀɧɚɯ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɛɿɡɧɟɫɭ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɬɢ ɥɿɰɟɧɡɿɸ, ɜɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ ɭ 32 ɤɪɚʀɧɚɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɬɢ ɛɟɡ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɢ ɨɮɿɰɿɣɧɨʀ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ (Ⱦɨɞɚɬɨɤ Ȼ). 98
ɇɚ ɪɢɧɤɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɩɨɪɹɞ ɡ ɨɮɿɰɿɣɧɨɸ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɽɸ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɹ ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲɢɦɢ ɬɭɪɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɚɦɢ, ɳɨ ɩɪɚɰɸɸɬɶ ɿɡ ɡɧɚɱɧɨɸ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɸ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿɜ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɭ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɤɪɚʀɧɚɯ. Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɿɱɧɢɣ ɩɿɞɯɿɞ ɫɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɜɫɹ ɫɟɪɟɞ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɿɣ, ɳɨ ɩɨɡɢɰɿɨɧɭɸɬɶ ɭ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɚɯ ɪɢɧɤɭ ɫɜɨʀ ɥɚɧɰɸɝɢ ɿ ɦɚɪɤɢ ɬɚ ɪɨɡɪɨɛɢɥɢ ɫɜɨɸ ɜɥɚɫɧɭ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɸ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɦɚɪɤɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɭ. Ɂ ɩɨɡɢɰɿʀ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɢɯ ɞɚɧɢɯ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿɣ ɿɧɞɭɫɬɪɿʀ ɞɨ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɱɚɫɭ ɧɟ ɪɨɡɪɨɛɥɟɧɚ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɨɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ. ɋɩɪɨɛɢ ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹ ɽɞɢɧɨʀ ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɨʀ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɦɚɸɬɶ ɬɪɢɜɚɥɭ ɿ ɫɤɥɚɞɧɭ ɿɫɬɨɪɿɸ. ɓɟ ɭ 1952 ɪ. IUOTO — Ɇɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɣ ɫɨɸɡ ɨɮɿɰɿɣɧɢɯ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɣ (ɩɨɩɟɪɟɞɧɢɤ ȼɌɈ) ɪɨɡɪɨɛɢɜ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬ «Hotel Trade Charter», ɭ ɹɤɨɦɭ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɿ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɿ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɿʀ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ. ɍ 1971 ɪ. ɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɨ ɪɿɲɟɧɧɹ, ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɹɤɨɝɨ ɛɭɞɶ-ɹɤɚ ɭɧɿɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɞɥɹ ʀʀ ɭɫɩɿɲɧɨʀ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɿʀ ɿ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɜ ɭɦɨɜɚɯ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨʀ ɤɪɚʀɧɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɫɬɜɨɪɸɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɭ ɬɿɫɧɿɣ ɫɩɿɜɩɪɚɰɿ ɿɡ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɚɫɨɰɿɚɰɿɹɦɢ. ɉɿɫɥɹ ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹ ɭ 1975 ɪ. ȼɫɟɫɜɿɬɧɶɨʀ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɨʀ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ, ɜɫɿ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɞɧɿ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɿʀ ɿ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɢ IUOTO ɛɭɥɢ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɿ ɹɤ ɨɮɿɰɿɣɧɿ. Ɉɪɿɽɧɬɚɰɿɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɿɨɪɢɬɟɬɢ ɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɡɭɦɨɜɥɸɽ ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹ ɜ ɩɟɪɿɨɞ 1976–1982 ɪɪ. ɪɟʉɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɤɨɦɿɫɿɣ ȼɌɈ, ɹɤɿ ɪɨɡɪɨɛɥɹɥɢ ɿ ɜɩɪɨɜɚɞɠɭɜɚɥɢ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɨɜɚɧɿ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɣɧɿ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɜ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɤɪɚʀɧɚɯ ɡ ɭɪɚɯɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ ɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɟɣ. ɍ 1982 ɪ. ȯɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɶɤɢɣ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɢɣ ɫɨɸɡ ɡɚɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɜɚɜ ɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɢ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɭ ɽɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɶɤɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɡɚɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ. ɐɟɣ ɩɪɨɟɤɬ ɡɭɦɨɜɢɜ ɝɨɫɬɪɿ ɫɭɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɫɬɿ ɦɿɠ ɨɮɿɰɿɣɧɢɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦɢ ȯȿɋ ɿ HOTREC — ɽɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɶɤɨɸ Ʉɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɿɽɸ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ, ɤɚɮɟ ɿ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɿɜ. HOTREC ɜɢɫɬɭɩɢɥɚ ɡɚ ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹ ɛɿɥɶɲ ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨʀ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɨɜɚɧɨʀ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɫɩɨɠɢɜɚɱɿɜ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɩɨɛɭɞɨɜɚɧɨʀ ɧɚ ɽɞɢɧɢɯ ɝɪɚɮɿɱɧɢɯ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɚɯ, ɚɥɟ ɛɟɡ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɨɮɿɰɿɣɧɨʀ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ. ȼɧɚɫɥɿɞɨɤ ɰɿɽʀ ɞɢɫɤɭɫɿʀ ɡ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɿʀ Ɋɚɞɢ ȯȿɋ ɜɿɞ 31 ɝɪɭɞɧɹ 1986 ɪ. ɩɪɨ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɚɰɿɸ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿʀ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ «Standardized Information in Existing Hotels», ɞɟɪɠɚɜɚɦ-ɱɥɟɧɚɦ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɫɩɪɢɹɬɢ ɜɩɪɨɜɚɞɠɟɧɧɸ ɧɚ ɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɪɿɜɧɿ ɭ ɫɩɿɜɩɪɚɰɿ ɡ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɚɫɨɰɿɚɰɿɹɦɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɝɪɚɮɿɱɧɢɯ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɿɜ 99
ɞɥɹ ɩɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ. ȼɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ, ɭ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɿɹɯ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɜɢɫɧɨɜɨɤ ɩɪɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɿɫɬɶ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɿɡɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɿ ɜɢɜɱɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɧɨʀ ɜɢɝɨɞɢ ɿ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ ɪɨɡɪɨɛɤɢ ɽɞɢɧɨʀ ɽɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɶɤɨʀ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ. ɍ 1988 ɪ. HOTREC ɨɩɭɛɥɿɤɭɜɚɥɚ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɢ ɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɧɹ «ɉɪɨ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɨɜɚɧɭ ɽɞɢɧɭ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɣɧɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɞɥɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɭ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɚɯɱɥɟɧɚɯ ȯɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɩɿɜɬɨɜɚɪɢɫɬɜɚ». ɍ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɿ ɧɚɝɨɥɨɲɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɿɫɬɶ ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹ ɧɟ ɥɢɲɟ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɨɽɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɶɤɨʀ, ɚ ɽɞɢɧɨʀ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɨɜɚɧɨʀ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɣɧɨʀ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ. ɍ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɧɿ ɪɨɤɢ ɫɭɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɫɬɿ ɳɨɞɨ ɩɿɞɯɨɞɿɜ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɦɿɠ ɽɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɶɤɢɦɢ ɨɮɿɰɿɣɧɢɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦɢ, ɳɨ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɸɬɶ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɚɰɿʀ, Ɇɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɸ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɽɸ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɚɰɿʀ (ISO) — ɡ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɛɨɤɭ, ɿ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɚɫɨɰɿɚɰɿɹɦɢ IHRA ɿ HOTREC — ɡ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ, ɹɤɿ ɜɿɞɯɢɥɹɸɬɶ ɛɭɞɶ-ɹɤɭ ɿɞɟɸ ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹ ɽɞɢɧɨɝɨ ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɭ ɞɥɹ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ. ɍ 1997 ɪ., ɧɟɡɜɚɠɚɸɱɢ ɧɚ ɜɢɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɹ ɡ ɛɨɤɭ ɽɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɶɤɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɚɫɨɰɿɚɰɿɣ ɽɞɢɧɢɯ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɿɜ, ISO ɫɬɜɨɪɸɽ ɪɨɛɨɱɭ ɝɪɭɩɭ ɡ ɩɢɬɚɧɶ «ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɡ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ». ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿ ɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɨɤɪɿɦ ɭɧɿɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɬɟɪɦɿɧɨɥɨɝɿʀ, ɛɭɥɨ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɨ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɿ ɨɮɿɰɿɣɧɨ ɡɚɩɪɨɩɨɧɨɜɚɧɨ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɜɚɬɢ ISO 9000 ɹɤ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɿɜ ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɨʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨʀ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ. ȼɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ISO 9000 ɫɭɬɬɽɜɨ ɡɚɝɨɫɬɪɢɥɨ ɫɭɩɟɪɟɱɤɢ ɡ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɚɫɨɰɿɚɰɿɹɦɢ IHRA ɿ HOTREC, ɹɤɿ ɡɚɡɧɚɱɚɸɬɶ, ɳɨ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢ ɡɚɩɪɨɜɚɞɠɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ, ɩɪɨɬɟ ɧɟ ɜɢɪɿɲɭɸɬɶ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɢ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ. ɉɿɫɥɹ ɧɢɡɤɢ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɜɨɪɿɜ ɦɿɠ ɽɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɶɤɢɦɢ ɨɮɿɰɿɣɧɢɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦɢ ɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɚɫɨɰɿɚɰɿɹɦɢ ɡɝɨɞɢ ɡ ɩɢɬɚɧɶ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɧɟ ɛɭɥɨ ɞɨɫɹɝɧɭɬɨ ɿ ɜɢɪɿɲɟɧɨ ɩɨɜɟɪɧɭɬɢɫɶ ɞɨ ɪɨɡɪɨɛɤɢ ɬɟɪɦɿɧɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɢɯ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɿɜ. ɍ 2001 ɪ. ɨɩɭɛɥɿɤɨɜɚɧɨ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬ «European Standart on Tourism Services-Hotels and other types of tourism accommodationTerminology» (ȯɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɶɤɢɣ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬ ɩɨ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɚɯ — ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɣ ɿɧɲɿ ɬɢɩɢ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɿɜ-ɬɟɪɦɿɧɨɥɨɝɿɹ). ɍ 2003 ɪ. Ʉɨɦɿɬɟɬ ɽɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɥɚɦɟɧɬɭ ɡ ɩɢɬɚɧɶ ɪɟʉɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɤɢ, ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɭ ɿ ɬɭɪɢɡɦɭ ɡɜɟɪɧɭɜɫɹ ɜ ȯɋ ɡ ɩɪɨɯɚɧɧɹɦ ɩɪɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɟ ɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɢɯ ɫɯɟɦ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɭ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɚɯ-ɱɥɟɧɚɯ ȯɜɪɨɫɨɸɡɭ. ɋɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ ɰɹ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɧɟ ɜɢɪɿɲɟɧɚ ɿ ɩɟɪɟɛɭɜɚɽ ɭ ɪɨɛɨɱɨɦɭ ɫɬɚɧɿ. ɉɪɨ100
ɬɟ, ɭ ɛɭɞɶ-ɹɤɨɦɭ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɫɬɜɟɪɞɠɭɜɚɬɢ, ɳɨ ɭ ɧɚɣɛɥɢɠɱɿɣ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɿ ɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɢ ɽɞɢɧɭ ɫɜɿɬɨɜɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ, ɹɤɚ ɜ ɨɞɧɚɤɨɜɿɣ ɦɿɪɿ ɛɭɥɚ ɛ ɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɧɨɸ ɞɥɹ ɨɮɿɰɿɣɧɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɜ ɬɚ ɛɿɡɧɟɫ-ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɧɨ ɧɟɦɨɠɥɢɜɨ. ɉɪɨɬɟ, ɧɟɦɨɠɥɢɜɿɫɬɶ ɜɢɪɿɲɟɧɧɹ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɡɚɜɞɚɧɶ ɧɟ ɫɭɩɟɪɟɱɢɬɶ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹ ɧɚ ɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɪɿɜɧɿ ɦɟɯɚɧɿɡɦɭ ɩɪɢɫɜɨɽɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɦ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɣ, ɹɤɢɣ ɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɨ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɜ ɛɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɚɦ ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ ɬɭɪɿɧɞɭɫɬɪɿʀ ɜ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɤɪɚʀɧɚɯ. ɋɭɬɬɽɜɢɦ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɦ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɧɟɨɮɿɰɿɣɧɨʀ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɨɪɿɽɧɬɨɜɚɧɨʀ ɧɚ ɫɩɨɠɢɜɚɱɚ ɫɬɚɥɨ ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹ GDS — ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɞɢɫɬɪɢɛ’ɸɬɨɪɫɶɤɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ (Amadeus, Galileo, Worldspan, Sabre). ȼɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɡ ɤɨɦɟɪɰɿɣɧɨɸ ɦɟɬɨɸ ɡ 1994 ɪ. ȱɧɬɟɪɧɟɬɭ, ɹɤ ɫɭɩɭɬɧɶɨɝɨ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɫɨɛɭ ɩɪɨɞɚɠ, ɡɭɦɨɜɢɥɨ ɩɨɹɜɭ ɡɧɚɱɧɨʀ ɤɿɥɶɤɨɫɬɿ ɫɚɣɬɿɜ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ, ɛɿɥɶɲɿɫɬɶ ɡ ɹɤɢɯ ɨɪɿɽɧɬɭɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɧɚ ɤɿɧɰɟɜɨɝɨ ɫɩɨɠɢɜɚɱɚ. Ɂɚɜɞɚɧɧɹ ɨɛ’ɽɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɪɿɜɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɩɨɫɬɚɽ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɛɿɥɶɲ ɱɿɬɤɨʀ ɨɪɿɽɧɬɚɰɿʀ ɹɤ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɢɯ ɚɝɟɧɬɫɬɜ ɬɚɤ ɿ ɛɟɡɩɨɫɟɪɟɞɧɿɯ ɫɩɨɠɢɜɚɱɿɜ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ. ɐɟ ɫɩɨɧɭɤɚɽ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɡ ɩɪɨɜɿɞɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɜɚɣɞɟɪɿɜ ɜ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɦɭ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ UTELL ɜɩɪɨɜɚɞɢɬɢ ɭ 2001 ɪ. ɜɥɚɫɧɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɡɚɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɞɥɹ ɛɿɥɶɲ 6400 ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ. ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɡɚɰɿʀ UTELL ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɥɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚɯ ɡɚɩɪɨɩɨɧɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɜɫɟɫɜɿɬɧɶɨ ɜɿɞɨɦɢɦ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɶɤɢɦ ɞɨɜɿɞɧɢɤɨɦ «Official Hotel Guide» (OHG). Ɂɝɿɞɧɨ ɰɿɽʀ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɡɚ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɿɽɦ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɛɭɥɢ ɩɨɞɿɥɟɧɿ ɧɚ ɬɪɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɿ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ, ɚ ɡɚ ɪɢɧɤɨɜɢɦ ɩɨɡɢɰɿɸɜɚɧɧɹ — ɧɚ ɱɨɬɢɪɢ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ. Ɂɚ ɹɤɿɫɬɸ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɩɨɞɿɥɹɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ: Luxury — ɤɭɪɨɪɬɧɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɞɥɹ ɞɿɥɨɜɢɯ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɿɜ, ɳɨ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɸɬɶ ɧɚɣɜɢɳɢɣ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ. Ƚɨɬɟɥɿ ɰɿɽʀ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɿ ɧɚ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ ɡ ɜɢɫɨɤɢɦɢ ɞɨɯɨɞɚɦɢ, ɹɤɿ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɭɸɬɶ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɧɢɯ ɭɦɨɜ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ. Ʉɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɹ Luxury, ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɞɨɜɿɞɧɢɤɚ «Official Hotel Guide» ɭɦɨɜɧɨ ɩɨɞɿɥɹɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɬɪɢ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ — Superior Deluxe, Deluxe, Moderate Deluxe ɿ ɦɨɠɟ ɜɿɞɧɨɫɢɬɢɫɶ ɡ ɪɿɡɧɢɦɢ ɜɚɪɿɚɧɬɚɦɢ ɜɿɞɦɿɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɞɨ ɩ’ɹɬɢɡɿɪɤɨɜɢɯ ɚɛɨ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɧɢɯ ɱɨɬɢɪɢɡɿɪɤɨɜɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ. Superior — ɝɨɬɟɥɿ, ɳɨ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɸɬɶ ɜɢɫɨɤɭ ɹɤɿɫɬɶ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɞɥɹ ɛɿɡɧɟɫ-ɬɭɪɢɫɬɿɜ ɬɚ ɨɫɿɛ, ɹɤɿ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɸɬɶ ɩɨʀɡɞɤɭ ɡ ɦɟɬɨɸ ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɤɭ, ɡɚɝɚɥɨɦ ɡɨɪɿɽɧɬɨɜɚɧɿ ɧɚ ɨɫɿɛ ɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨɝɨ ɫɨɰɿɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɧɭ. Ɂɝɿɞɧɨ «Official Hotel Guide» ɭ ɰɿɣ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɬɚɤɨɠ 101
ɜɢɞɿɥɹɸɬɶɫɹ ɬɪɢ ɩɿɞɬɢɩɢ — Superior First Class, First Class, Limited Service First Class. Ɂɝɿɞɧɨ ɽɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɶɤɨʀ ɩ’ɹɬɢɡɿɪɤɨɜɨʀ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɞɨ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ Superior ɜɿɞɧɨɫɢɬɶɫɹ ɱɚɫɬɢɧɚ ɱɨɬɢɪɢɡɿɪɤɨɜɢɯ ɬɚ ɛɿɥɶɲɿɫɬɶ ɬɪɢɡɿɪɤɨɜɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ. Value — ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɢɣ ɤɥɚɫ, ɭ ɹɤɨɦɭ ɧɚ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɪɿɜɧɹɯ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɰɿɧɚ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ. Ⱦɨɜɿɞɧɢɤ ɡ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɩɨɡɢɰɿɨɧɭɽ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɭ ɭ ɱɨɬɢɪɶɨɯ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɹɯ — Maderate First Class, Superior Tourist Class, Tourist Class, Maderate Tourist Class, ɳɨ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɸɬɶ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɜɿɞ ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲ ɫɤɪɨɦɧɢɯ ɬɪɢɡɿɪɤɨɜɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɞɨ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɨɞɧɚ ɡɿɪɤɚ. ȼɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ, ɭ ɡɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɿɣ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ, ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɜɿɬɱɢɡɧɹɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɫɜɿɞɭ, ɞɨɰɿɥɶɧɨ ɜɢɞɿɥɢɬɢ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɸ Limited Service Tourist Class, ɳɨ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɽ ɛɟɡɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɣɧɢɦ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɦ ɬɚ ɦɨɥɨɞɿɠɧɢɦ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɦ — ɯɨɫɬɟɥɚɦ. Ʉɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɹ ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɚɽ ɱɨɬɢɪɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɿ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɨɪɿɽɧɬɨɜɚɧɿ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɿ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɢ ɪɢɧɤɭ: Style — ɫɬɢɥɶɧɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ, ɞɨ ɹɤɢɯ ɧɚɥɟɠɚɬɶ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɢ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ, ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɚɧɿ ɭ ɛɭɞɢɧɤɚɯ-ɩɚɦ’ɹɬɤɚɯ ɿɫɬɨɪɿʀ ɬɚ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɢ, ɚɛɨ ɡɛɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɡɚ ɿɧɞɢɜɿɞɭɚɥɶɧɢɦ ɞɢɡɚɣɧɨɦ. Resort — ɤɭɪɨɪɬɧɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ, ɳɨ ɨɪɿɽɧɬɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɪɟɤɪɟɚɰɿɸ ɿ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɸɬɶ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɛɟɡɩɨɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɚɛɨ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɛɚɥɶɧɟɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɢɯ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɚɯ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɩɨɛɥɢɡɭ. Apartment — ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɰɿɽʀ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɡɨɪɿɽɧɬɨɜɚɧɿ ɧɚ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɫɶɤɿ ɝɪɭɩɢ, ɹɤɿ ɡɭɩɢɧɹɸɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɧɚ ɬɪɢɜɚɥɢɣ ɬɟɪɦɿɧ; ɧɨɦɟɪɢ ɭ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɚɯ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɡɚɜɠɞɢ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɿ ɧɟɜɟɥɢɤɨɸ ɤɭɯɧɟɸ. Airport — ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɰɿɽʀ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɚɟɪɨɩɨɪɬɚɯ ɚɛɨ ɧɚ ɜɿɞɫɬɚɧɿ ɞɨ ɫɟɦɢ ɦɢɥɶ ɜɿɞ ɧɶɨɝɨ ɿ ɧɚɣɱɚɫɬɿɲɟ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɸɬɶ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɟɪ «ɩɪɢɥɿɬ-ɜɿɞɥɿɬ». ɉɪɨɩɨɧɨɜɚɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɱɨɬɢɪɶɨɯ ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲɢɯ ɞɢɫɬɪɢɛ’ɸɬɨɪɫɶɤɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɡɝɚɞɚɧɢɯ ɜɢɳɟ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɭ ɪɨɡɪɨɛɰɿ ɹɤɨʀ ɩɪɢɣɦɚɥɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɜɿɞɧɿ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɿ ɚɝɟɧɬɫɬɜɚ ɬɚ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ, ɬɨɛɬɨ ɡɚɰɿɤɚɜɥɟɧɿ ɭ ɜɢɫɨɤɿɣ ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɿ ɪɟɚɥɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɛɿɡɧɟɫ-ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢ, ɞɨɰɿɥɶɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɛɟɡɩɨɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨɝɨ ɫɩɨɠɢɜɚɱɚ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ. ɋɚɦɟ ɬɚɤɚ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɞɨɡɜɨɥɹɽ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɭ ɲɜɢɞɤɨ ɿɞɟɧɬɢɮɿɤɭɜɚɬɢ ɫɜɨʀ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɿ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ ɿ ɜɢɛɢɪɚɬɢ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɭ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɸ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ. ɇɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨ ɩɪɨɚɧɚɥɿɡɭɜɚɬɢ ɪɨɥɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ, ɳɨ ɩɨɡɢɰɿɨɧɭɸɬɶ ɧɚ ɪɢɧɤɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ — ɦɿɠɧɚ102
ɪɨɞɧɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɿɣ ɭ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ. ɇɚɣɛɿɥɶɲɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɢ ɭɧɢɤɚɸɬɶ ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɚɰɿʀ ɫɜɨʀɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɛɪɟɧɞɿɜ ɲɥɹɯɨɦ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɩɟɜɧɨʀ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɿɤɢ (ɡɿɪɨɤ, ɛɭɤɜ ɬɚ ɿɧ.) ɭ ɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɣɧɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ. Ʌɢɲɟ ɭ ɤɪɚʀɧɚɯ ɡ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɨɸ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɽɸ ɜɥɚɫɧɢɤɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ, ɳɨ ɧɚɥɟɠɚɬɶ ɞɨ ɜɿɞɨɦɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɥɚɧɰɸɝɿɜ, ɩɪɨɯɨɞɹɬɶ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɸ ɿ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶ ɩɟɜɧɭ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɿɤɭ. ɇɚɣɱɚɫɬɿɲɟ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɭɸɬɶ ɫɟɛɟ ɭ ɩɟɜɧɢɯ ɰɿɧɨɜɢɯ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɚɯ Luxury, Upperscale, Mid-market, Economy/Budget — ɨɪɿɽɧɬɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɧɚ ɩɟɜɧɿ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɫɩɨɠɢɜɚɱɿɜ. ɇɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɜɿɞɨɦɚ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɶɤɚ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɚ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɿɹ «Accor», ɩɨɡɢɰɿɨɧɭɽ ɧɚ ɪɢɧɤɭ ɭ ɲɭɫɬɢ ɤɥɚɫɚɯ — Sofitel, Novotel, Mercury, Ibis, Etap ɿ Formula-I. Ɂɝɿɞɧɨ ɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɨʀ ɭ ɛɿɥɶɲɨɫɬɿ ɤɪɚʀɧ ɫɜɿɬɭ ɡɿɪɤɨɜɨʀ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ, ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɸ Sofitel ɦɨɠɧɚ ɩɪɢɪɿɜɧɹɬɢ ɞɨ «ɩ’ɹɬɢ ɡɿɪɨɤ», Novotel — «ɱɨɬɢɪɢ», Mercury — «ɬɪɢ», Ibis — «ɞɜɿ», Etap ɿ Formula-I — ɞɨ «ɨɞɧɿɽʀ ɡɿɪɤɢ». ȼɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ, ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɥɢɲɟ ɞɥɹ ɨɞɧɿɽʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨʀ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɿʀ ɭ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɤɪɚʀɧɚɯ ɦɨɠɟ ɜɿɞɪɿɡɧɹɬɢɫɶ ɥɢɲɟ ɜ ɨɞɧɿɣ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɿɞɧɢɯ ɽɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɶɤɢɯ ɞɟɪɠɚɜ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ Novotel ɫɭɬɬɽɜɨ ɜɢɩɟɪɟɞɠɚɸɬɶ ɡɚ ɹɤɿɫɬɸ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɿɱɧɨʀ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɭ ɤɪɚʀɧɚɯ ɬɪɟɬɶɨɝɨ ɫɜɿɬɭ. ɐɹ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɽ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɸ ɩɟɪɟɲɤɨɞɨɸ ɹɤ ɞɥɹ ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɿɣ ɬɚɤ ɿ ɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɢɯ ɚɫɨɰɿɚɰɿɣ ɞɨ ɿɞɟʀ ɬɪɚɧɫɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ. ȼ ɞɚɧɨɦɭ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ ɭ ɫɤɥɚɞɧɿɣ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɿʀ ɩɟɪɟɛɭɜɚɽ ȼɌɈ, ɹɤɚ ɨɞɧɨɱɚɫɧɨ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɜɪɚɯɨɜɭɜɚɬɢ ɿɧɬɟɪɟɫɢ ɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɢɯ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɰɿɣ ɿ ɩɪɢɜɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɛɿɡɧɟɫɭ. Ɂɝɿɞɧɨ ɩɪɨɩɨɡɢɰɿɣ, ɳɨ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɬɶ ɜɿɞ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɞɟɪɠɚɜ ɿ ɪɟʉɿɨɧɿɜ, ȼɌɈ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɨɜɭɽ ɦɿɫɿʀ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɧɫɭɥɶɬɚɰɿɣ ɿ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɿ ɞɨɫɜɿɞɭ ɧɚɩɪɚɰɶɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɭ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɚɯ, ɩɪɨɬɟ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɣɦɚɽ ɽɞɢɧɢɯ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɿɜ. Ɂɝɿɞɧɨ ɩɨɡɢɰɿʀ ȼɌɈ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɩɪɨɞɨɜɠɭɜɚɬɢ ɪɨɛɨɬɭ ɡ ɦɟɬɨɸ ɞɨɫɹɝɧɟɧɧɹ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɨɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɨʀ ɡɝɨɞɢ ɦɿɠ ɜɫɿɦɚ ɡɚɰɿɤɚɜɥɟɧɢɦɢ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɚɦɢ — ɭɪɹɞɨɜɢɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦɢ, ɩɪɢɜɚɬɧɢɦ ɛɿɡɧɟɫɨɦ, ɫɩɨɠɢɜɚɱɚɦɢ ɿ ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɹɦɢ. 2.4.3. Ʉɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɭ ɤɪɚʀɧɚɯ ɫɜɿɬɭ
ɇɚɣɛɿɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɩɨɲɢɪɟɧɧɹ ɭ ɫɜɿɬɨɜɿɣ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿɣ ɫɮɟɪɿ ɧɚɛɭɥɚ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɶɤɚ (ɡɿɪɤɨɜɚ) ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ, ɩɨɛɭɞɨɜɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɿ ɩɨɞɿɥɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɧɚ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɜɿɞ ɧɢɠɱɨʀ — «ɨɞɧɚ ɡɿɪɤɚ», ɞɨ 103
ɜɢɳɨʀ «ɩ’ɹɬɶ ɡɿɪɨɤ». Ɂ ɞɟɹɤɢɦɢ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɰɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɛɚɝɚɬɶɨɯ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɚɯ, ɫɟɪɟɞ ɹɤɢɯ Ⱥɜɫɬɪɿɹ, ɉɨɥɶɳɚ, ɍɝɨɪɳɢɧɚ, Ʉɢɬɚɣ, ȯɝɢɩɟɬ, ɍɤɪɚʀɧɚ, Ɋɨɫɿɹ ɬɚ ɿɧ. ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɭ Ɏɪɚɧɰɿʀ. ɍ Ɏɪɚɧɰɿʀ ɧɨɪɦɢ ɿ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɚ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɡɚɬɜɟɪɞɠɟɧɿ 1986 ɪ. ɿ ɱɿɬɤɨ ɩɪɢɜ’ɹɡɚɧɿ ɞɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɰɿɧ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɬɚ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɚɯ. ɍ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɚɯ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɡɚɰɿʀ ɜɢɞɿɥɹɽɬɶɫɹ ɞɜɚ ɬɢɩɢ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ: ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ, ɭ ɹɤɢɯ ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɟɧɨ ɳɨɧɚɣɦɟɧɲɟ 5 ɦɿɫɰɶ ɬɚ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɿ ɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɰɿʀ, ɭ ɹɤɢɯ ɦɚɽ ɛɭɬɢ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɲɟ 100 ɥɿɠɨɤ. ɍ ɝɪɭɩɿ «ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ» ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɟɧɨ ɲɿɫɬɶ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɣ: ɜɿɞ ɧɚɣɧɢɠɱɨʀ «ɛɟɡ ɡɿɪɨɤ» ɞɨ ɧɚɣɜɢɳɨʀ «4+L» (de Luxe ɚɛɨ Palace). ɍ ɝɪɭɩɿ «ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɚ ɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɰɿɹ» ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɜɿɞ ɨɞɧɿɽʀ ɞɨ ɱɨɬɢɪɶɨɯ ɡɿɪɨɤ. ɍ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɶɤɿɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɿ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɡɚɰɿʀ ɞɥɹ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɜɪɚɯɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɬɚɤɿ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɿ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɿʀ: — ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ: ɦɿɧɿɦɚɥɶɧɚ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɜ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɜɿɞ 5 ɞɨ 10 ɡɚɥɟɠɧɨ ɜɿɞ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ; — ɝɪɨɦɚɞɫɶɤɿ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ: ɦɿɧɿɦɚɥɶɧɚ ɩɥɨɳɚ ɯɨɥɭ ɡɚɥɟɠɢɬɶ ɜɿɞ ɤɿɥɶɤɨɫɬɿ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɿ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ, ɱɿɬɤɨ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɚ ɧɨɪɦɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨʀ ɩɥɨɳɿ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɫɶɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɞɥɹ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɬɚ ɿɧ; — ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɟ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ: ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɚ ɝɚɪɹɱɚ ɿ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɚ ɜɨɞɚ, ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧ, ɤɨɧɞɢɰɿɨɧɟɪ; — ɠɢɬɥɨɜɚ ɱɚɫɬɢɧɚ: ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɿɫɬɶ ɡɚɯɢɫɬɭ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɜɿɞ ɫɜɿɬɥɚ ɡ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹɦ ɡɚɜɿɫ, ɠɚɥɸɡɟɣ, ɚɤɭɫɬɢɱɧɢɣ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬ; ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɚ ɦɿɧɿɦɚɥɶɧɚ ɩɥɨɳɚ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ, ɫɚɧɿɬɚɪɧɟ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ, ɩɥɨɳɚ ɜɚɧɧɢɯ ɤɿɦɧɚɬ, ɨɫɜɿɬɥɟɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɿɧ.; — ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥ: ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɿɫɬɶ ɡɧɚɧɧɹ ɦɨɜ, ɤɜɚɥɿɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ, ɮɨɪɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɞɹɝɭ ɬɚ ɿɧ. ɍɫɿ ɜɢɦɨɝɢ ɽ ɦɿɧɿɦɚɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɿ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɢɦɢ ɞɨ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹ. Ɏɪɚɧɰɭɡɶɤɿ ɜɢɦɨɝɢ ɞɨ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɱɿɬɤɨ ɧɟ ɪɟɝɥɚɦɟɧɬɭɸɬɶ ɬɚɤɿ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɢ ɨɰɿɧɤɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ, ɹɤ ɜɢɦɨɝɢ ɞɨ ɭɦɟɛɥɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ, ɧɚɹɜɧɨɫɬɿ ɬɟɥɟɜɿɡɿɣɧɨɝɨ ɬɚ ɪɚɞɿɨ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ, ɞɪɿɛɧɨɝɨ ɿɧɜɟɧɬɚɪɹ, ɧɟ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɸɸɬɶ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɣ ɳɨɞɨ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɫɚɧɿɬɚɪɧɢɯ ɜɭɡɥɿɜ, ɩɟɪɟɥɿɤ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ. ȼɢɫɧɨɜɨɤ ɩɪɨ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɿɫɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɜɢɦɨɝɚɦ ɩɟɜɧɨʀ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɩɨɤɥɚɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɟɤɫɩɟɪɬɿɜ ɬɚ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɨɧɚɥɿɜ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿɣ ɫɮɟɪɿ, ɹɤɿ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬɶ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɸ ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɿ ɞɨɬɪɢɦɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɭ — ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ 104
ɝɨɬɟɥɸ — ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ ɡɭɦɨɜɥɸɽ ɬɢɩ ɨɫɧɚɳɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ. Ʉɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɸ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɭ Ɏɪɚɧɰɿʀ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬɶ ɫɥɭɠɛɨɜɰɿ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɨʀ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɰɿʀ ɭ ɫɩɪɚɜɚɯ ɬɭɪɢɡɦɭ, ɭɩɨɜɧɨɜɚɠɟɧɿ ɪɿɲɟɧɧɹɦ Ʉɨɦɿɫɚɪɚ Ɏɪɚɧɰɭɡɶɤɨʀ ɪɟɫɩɭɛɥɿɤɢ, ɧɚ ɞɨɛɪɨɜɿɥɶɧɢɯ ɡɚɫɚɞɚɯ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɡɚɹɜɤɢ ɜɥɚɫɧɢɤɚ. ɍ Ɏɪɚɧɰɿʀ ɩɟɪɟɜɚɠɚɸɬɶ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɭ. Ɋɨɡɩɨɞɿɥ ɡɚ ɡɿɪɤɚɦɢ ɬɚɤɢɣ: 40,6 % — «ɨɞɧɚ ɡɿɪɤɚ», 32,2 % — «ɞɜɿ ɡɿɪɤɢ», 18,3 % — «ɬɪɢ ɡɿɪɤɢ», 5,3 % — «ɱɨɬɢɪɢ ɡɿɪɤɢ», 3,6 % — «ɩ’ɹɬɶ ɡɿɪɨɤ». ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɭ ɇɿɦɟɱɱɢɧɿ. ɍ ɇɿɦɟɱɱɢɧɿ ɜɿɞɫɭɬɧɹ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ, ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɡɚɰɿɸ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɸɬɶ ɩɪɢɜɚɬɧɿ ɮɿɪɦɢ, ɳɨ ɜɢɞɚɸɬɶ ɩɭɬɿɜɧɢɤɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɿʀ. ȼɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɪɟʉɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɿ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ, ɧɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɡɚɫɧɨɜɚɧɚ ɋɩɿɥɤɨɸ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɢɯ ɬɚ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ ɡɟɦɥɿ ɉɿɜɧɿɱɧɢɣ-Ɋɟɣɧ-ȼɟɫɬɮɚɥɿɹ. Ʉɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɹ ɩɨɡɧɚɱɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɡɿɪɤɚɦɢ ɜɿɞ ɨɞɧɿɽʀ ɞɨ ɩ’ɹɬɢ, ɚ ɜɢɫɧɨɜɨɤ ɳɨɞɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɩɪɢɣɦɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɿ ɦɨɧɿɬɨɪɢɧɝɭ ɝɪɭɩɢ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɢɯ ɡɚɩɢɬɚɧɶ. Ɋɚɡɨɦ ɡ ɦɿɧɿɦɚɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɢɦɢ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɿɹɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɠɧɨʀ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɞɨɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɣ ɩɟɪɟɥɿɤ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɬɚ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɿ ʀɯɧɹ ɛɚɥɶɧɚ ɨɰɿɧɤɚ, ɡ ɹɤɢɯ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɧɚɛɪɚɬɢ ɩɟɜɧɭ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɛɚɥɿɜ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɭ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɜɧɨʀ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ. ɍ ɇɿɦɟɰɶɤɿɣ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɜɢɞɿɥɹɽɬɶɫɹ ɩ’ɹɬɶ ɤɥɚɫɿɜ: — ɬɭɪɢɫɬɫɶɤɢɣ ɤɥɚɫ — «ɨɞɧɚ ɡɿɪɤɚ»; — ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɢɣ ɤɥɚɫ — «ɞɜɿ ɡɿɪɤɢ»; — ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɧɢɣ ɤɥɚɫ — «ɬɪɢ ɡɿɪɤɢ»; — ɩɟɪɲɢɣ ɤɥɚɫ — «ɱɨɬɢɪɢ ɡɿɪɤɢ»; — ɥɸɤɫ — «ɩ’ɹɬɶ ɡɿɪɨɤ»; ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɭ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɿʀ. ɍ ɰɿɣ ɤɪɚʀɧɿ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɹ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿɜ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɞɨɛɪɨɜɿɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɨɮɿɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɹɦɢ, ɡɨɤɪɟɦɚ Ⱥɜɬɨɦɨɛɿɥɶɧɨɸ ɚɫɨɰɿɚɰɿɽɸ (ȺȺ Automobile Association Development Limited (AA ADL), Ⱥɫɨɰɿɚɰɿɽɸ ɛɪɢɬɚɧɫɶɤɢɯ ɬɭɪɚɝɟɧɬɫɬɜ (British Travel Authority (BTA). ɋɯɟɦɚ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɚɽ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɡɚɰɿɸ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ, ɦɚɥɢɯ ɩɪɢɞɨɪɨɠɧɿɯ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿɜ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɮɟɪɦɟɪɫɶɤɢɯ ɛɭɞɢɧɤɿɜ ɡɚ ɩ’ɹɬɶɦɚ ɪɿɜɧɹɦɢ, ɜɿɞ ɨɞɧɿɽʀ Q — ɞɨ ɩ’ɹɬɢ Q (Quality — ɹɤɿɫɬɶ), ɜɿɞɨɛɪɚɠɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɨɦ «ɤɨ105
ɪɨɧɢ» ɚɛɨ «ɡɿɪɤɢ». Ʉɨɠɧɟ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɨ ɿɧɫɩɟɤɬɭɸɬɶ ɳɨɪɿɱɧɨ ɿ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɭɸɬɶ ɡɚ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɢɦɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚɦɢ. Ɂɝɿɞɧɨ ɩɨɫɬɭɥɚɬɭ, ɳɨ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɡɿɪɨɤ ɧɟ ɦɚɽ ɩɪɹɦɨɝɨ ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɭ ɡ ɹɤɿɫɬɸ, ɚ ɜɤɚɡɭɽ ɧɚ ɪɿɡɧɢɣ ɬɢɩ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɿ ɪɿɜɟɧɶ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɚɦɢ ɬɚ ɡɪɭɱɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ, ɞɥɹ ɤɨɠɧɨʀ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɨɤɚɡɧɢɤ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɭ ɜɿɞɫɨɬɤɚɯ ɞɨ ɩɟɜɧɨɝɨ ɟɬɚɥɨɧɭ. ɐɟɣ ɩɨɤɚɡɧɢɤ ɦɨɠɟ ɤɨɥɢɜɚɬɢɫɹ ɜɿɞ 50 %, ɨɬɪɢɦɚɜɲɢ ɦɟɧɲɟ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɭ ɧɢɠɱɭ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɸ, ɞɨ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦ 80 %, ɜɢɳɟ ɹɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɩɪɢɫɜɨɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɡɧɚɤ ɜɢɳɨʀ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ — «ɱɟɪɜɨɧɿ ɡɿɪɤɢ», ɹɤɿ ɧɚɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɳɨɪɿɱɧɨ ɨɤɪɟɦɿɣ ɝɪɭɩɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ, ɜɢɡɧɚɧɢɯ ɤɪɚɳɢɦɢ ɭ ɫɜɨʀɣ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ. Ɂɚ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɩɿɞɯɨɞɭ ɞɨ ɭɜɚɝɢ ɩɪɢɣɦɚɸɬɶ ɪɿɜɟɧɶ ɫɟɪɜɿɫɭ ɬɚ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ, ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɨɧɚɥɿɡɦ, ɜɜɿɱɥɢɜɿɫɬɶ, ɥɸɛ’ɹɡɧɿɫɬɶ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ, ɫɬɚɧ ɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɮɨɧɞɭ ɬɚ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɫɶɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ, ɹɤɿɫɬɶ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɟ ɜɪɚɠɟɧɧɹ ɜɿɞ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɢ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɩɭɛɥɿɤɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɳɨɪɿɱɧɨɦɭ ɡɛɿɪɧɢɤɭ. Ɂɝɿɞɧɨ ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲ ɩɨɲɢɪɟɧɨʀ ɭ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɿʀ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ, ɡɚɩɪɨɩɨɧɨɜɚɧɨʀ Ⱥɫɨɰɿɚɰɿɽɸ ɛɪɢɬɚɧɫɶɤɢɯ ɬɭɪɚɝɟɧɬɫɬɜ, ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɩɨɞɿɥɹɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ: — ɛɸɞɠɟɬɧɿ («ɨɞɧɚ ɡɿɪɤɚ»), ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɚɧɿ ɜ ɰɟɧɬɪɿ ɦɿɫɬɚ, ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɸɬɶ ɨɛɦɟɠɟɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɟɥɿɤ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ; — ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɭ («ɞɜɿ ɡɿɪɤɢ»), ɧɚɞɚɸɬɶ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ — ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɜɨɥɨɞɿɬɢ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɨɦ ɬɚ ɛɚɪɨɦ; — ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɭ («ɬɪɢ ɡɿɪɤɢ»), ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɸɬɶ ɜɢɫɨɤɢɣ ɪɿɜɟɧɶ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ; — ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɩɟɪɲɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɭ («ɱɨɬɢɪɢ ɡɿɪɤɢ»), ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɸɬɶ ɜɢɫɨɤɭ ɹɤɿɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ; — ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɜɢɳɨʀ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ («ɩ’ɹɬɶ ɡɿɪɨɤ»), ɪɿɜɟɧɶ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨ ɜɢɫɨɤɢɣ. ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɜ Ⱥɜɫɬɪɿʀ. ȼ Ⱥɜɫɬɪɿʀ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɿ ɜɢɦɨɝɢ ɞɨ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɣ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɿ ɭ 1990 ɪ. Ɉɛ’ɽɞɧɚɧɧɹɦ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨʀ ɬɚ ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɤɨɜɨʀ ɫɮɟɪɢ Ⱥɜɫɬɪɿʀ (Ⱦɢɪɟɤɬɢɜɢ ɞɥɹ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨʀ ɬɚ ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɤɨɜɨʀ ɝɚɥɭɡɿ ɡɚ ɜɢɧɹɬɤɨɦ ɛɭɞɢɧɤɿɜ ɡ ɚɩɚɪɬɚɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ, ɳɨ ɧɟ ɧɚɞɚɸɬɶ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ). Ⱥɜɫɬɪɿɣɫɶɤɿ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨʀ ɬɚ ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɤɨɜɨʀ ɝɚɥɭɡɿ ɩɨɞɿɥɹɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ 5 ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɣ, ɩɪɢ ɰɶɨɦɭ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ, ɳɨ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɸɬɶ ɥɢɲɟ ɫɧɿɞɚɧɨɤ, ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɬɢ ɧɚɣɜɢɳɟ 4-ɬɭ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɸ — «ɱɨɬɢɪɢ ɡɿɪɤɢ». Ɂɚɪɚɯɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɩɟɜɧɭ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɸ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɨɝɥɹɞɭ ɧɚ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɭ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɭ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦ106
ɫɬɜɚ, ɬɨɛɬɨ ɣɨɝɨ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ, ɩɪɨɩɨɧɨɜɚɧɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ, ɦɨɠɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɜɿɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɱɚɫɭ, ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ, ɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨʀ ɤɿɥɶɤɨɫɬɿ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ. ȼɪɚɯɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɨɛɦɟɠɟɧɧɹ ɳɨɞɨ ɹɤɿɫɧɢɯ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɿʀɜ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɠɧɨʀ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ. Ⱦɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɨ ɞɨ Ⱦɢɪɟɤɬɢɜ, ɹɤɢɦɢ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɸɸɬɶɫɹ ɞɟɬɚɥɶɧɿ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɢ, ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɜɪɚɯɨɜɭɜɚɬɢɫɹ ɮɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɿ ɬɚ ɦɿɫɰɟɜɿ ɩɪɢɩɢɫɢ ɫɬɨɫɨɜɧɨ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿɜ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ. ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɜ ȱɫɩɚɧɿʀ. ȼ ȱɫɩɚɧɿʀ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɢ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɞɿɥɹɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɞɜɿ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ: ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɬɚ ɩɚɧɫɿɨɧɢ. ɍ ɝɪɭɩɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɜɢɞɿɥɹɸɬɶ: — ɝɨɬɟɥɿ — ɡɚɤɥɚɞɢ, ɳɨ ɧɚɞɚɸɬɶ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɡ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ ɚɛɨ ɛɟɡ ɧɶɨɝɨ; — ɝɨɬɟɥɿ-ɚɩɚɪɬɚɦɟɧɬɢ — ɡɚɤɥɚɞɢ, ɳɨ ɦɚɸɬɶ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɟ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɞɥɹ ɡɛɟɪɿɝɚɧɧɹ, ɩɟɪɟɪɨɛɤɢ ɬɚ ɫɩɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɿɜ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ; — ɦɨɬɟɥɿ — ɡɚɤɥɚɞɢ, ɳɨ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɚɧɿ ɛɿɥɹ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɿɥɶɧɢɯ ɬɪɚɫ, ɧɚɞɚɸɬɶ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ, ɝɚɪɚɠ ɬɚ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɣ ɜɯɿɞ. ɍ ɜɫɿɯ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɚɯ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɨɸ ɽ ɜɢɜɿɫɤɚ ɛɿɥɹ ɜɯɨɞɭ, ɧɚ ɹɤɿɣ ɡɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɨ ɝɪɭɩɭ ɬɚ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɸ. ȼɢɜɿɫɤɚ ɜɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɹɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɦɟɬɚɥɭ ɭ ɮɨɪɦɿ ɩɪɹɦɨɤɭɬɧɢɤɚ, ɧɚ ɝɨɥɭɛɨɦɭ ɮɨɧɿ ɹɤɨʀ ɡɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɚ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɡɿɪɨɤ, ɳɨ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɽ ɩɪɢɫɜɨɽɧɿɣ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ, ɩɨɡɨɥɨɱɟɧɿ — ɞɥɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɬɚ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ-ɚɩɚɪɬɚɦɟɧɬɿɜ, ɫɪɿɛɧɿ — ɞɥɹ ɦɿɧɿ-ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ, ɩɚɧɫɿɨɧɿɜ. Ɍɢɩ ɬɚ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɹ ɡɚɫɨɛɭ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɨ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧɿ ɡɚɡɧɚɱɚɬɢɫɶ ɭ ɪɟɤɥɚɦɿ, ɡɚɫɨɛɚɯ ɦɚɫɨɜɨʀ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿʀ, ɪɚɯɭɧɤɚɯ ɬɚ ɤɜɢɬɚɧɰɿɹɯ. Ɂɝɿɞɧɨ ɛɭɞɿɜɟɥɶɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɢɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ, ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɳɨ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɝɪɭɩɚɯ ɬɚ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɹɯ, ɡɚɤɥɚɞɢ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ȱɫɩɚɧɿʀ ɩɨɞɿɥɹɸɬɶ: — ɝɪɭɩɚ 1– ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ 5*, 4*, 3*, 2*, 1*; — ɝɪɭɩɚ 2 — ɦɿɧɿ-ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɿ ɩɚɧɫɿɨɧɢ 3*, 2*, 1*; — ɝɪɭɩɚ 3 — ɝɨɫɬɶɨɜɿ ɛɭɞɢɧɤɢ, ɛɟɡ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ; — ɝɪɭɩɚ 4 — ɝɨɬɟɥɿ — ɚɩɚɪɬɚɦɟɧɬɢ 4*, 3*, 2*, 1*. ȱɫɩɚɧɫɶɤɚ ɨɮɿɰɿɣɧɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɸɽ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɭ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɸ ɬɚ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɿ ɜɢɦɨɝɢ ɳɨɞɨ ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɜ ɡɚɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɿ ɜɿɞ ɦɿɫɰɹ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɫɟɡɨɧɧɨɫɬɿ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ, ɜɪɚɯɨɜɭɸɱɢ ɬɚɤɿ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɿʀ: — ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɚɧɿ ɧɚ ɩɥɹɠɿ; — ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɚɧɿ ɭ ɝɨɪɚɯ; — ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɚɧɿ ɧɚ ɜɨɤɡɚɥɚɯ; 107
— ɫɟɡɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɭ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ; — ɿɡ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹɦ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ; — ɦɨɬɟɥɿ. Ɂɚɫɨɛɢ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ, ɳɨ ɜɯɨɞɹɬɶ ɭ ɰɿ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɿ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ, ɭ ɪɟɤɥɚɦɧɢɯ ɬɚ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɣɧɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɚɯ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɡɚɡɧɚɱɚɬɢ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɭ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɸ, ɧɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ — ɜɿɞɫɬɚɧɶ ɞɨ ɦɨɪɹ, ɦɿɧɿɦɚɥɶɧɚ ɜɢɫɨɬɚ ɧɚɞ ɪɿɜɧɟɦ ɦɨɪɹ, ɞɥɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɭ ɝɨɪɚɯ (ɞɥɹ ɝɿɪɫɶɤɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɿ ɛɿɥɶɲ ɥɿɛɟɪɚɥɶɧɿ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɢ ɞɨ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɿɜ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ). Ⱦɥɹ ɦɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɨ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɧɶɨ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɣ ɧɚɛɿɪ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɯ ɜɢɦɨɝ, ɧɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɪɨɡɬɚɲɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɜ ɨɤɪɟɦɿɣ ɛɭɞɿɜɥɿ ɚɛɨ ɡ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɦɢ ɜɯɨɞɚɦɢ; ɧɚɹɜɧɿɫɬɶ ɨɤɪɟɦɨɝɨ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɠɧɨʀ ɛɭɞɿɜɥɿ ɝɚɪɚɠɭ; ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɚ ɨɫɜɿɬɥɟɧɚ ɜɢɜɿɫɤɚ ɡ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɽɸ ɳɨɞɨ ɤɿɥɶɤɨɫɬɿ ɜɿɥɶɧɢɯ ɦɿɫɰɶ ɛɿɥɹ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɿɥɶɧɨʀ ɬɪɚɫɢ; ɰɿɥɨɞɨɛɨɜɚ ɪɨɛɨɬɚ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɭ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɿɧ. Ɉɤɪɿɦ ɡɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɯ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɟɣ ɜ ȱɫɩɚɧɿʀ ɿɫɧɭɽ ɦɟɪɟɠɚ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɢɯ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿɜ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɿɜ (paradores), ɳɨ ɡɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɩɿɞɩɨɪɹɞɤɭɜɚɧɧɿ Ⱦɟɪɠɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɦɿɧɿɫɬɟɪɫɬɜɚ ɩɨ ɬɭɪɢɡɦɭ. ɐɿ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɢ ɧɚɣɱɚɫɬɿɲɟ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɚɧɿ ɭ ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲ ɦɚɥɶɨɜɧɢɱɢɯ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɯ, ɞɟ ɜɿɞɫɭɬɧɿ ɿɧɲɿ ɬɢɩɢ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ, ɿ ɜɨɧɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɿ ɮɨɪɬɟɰɹɦɢ, ɡɚɦɤɚɦɢ, ɩɚɥɚɰɚɦɢ, ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɿ ɩɿɞ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɤɥɚɫɭ «ɥɸɤɫ». ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɜ ȱɬɚɥɿʀ. ȼ ȱɬɚɥɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɣ ɛɿɡɧɟɫ ɞɨɬɪɢɦɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɜɥɚɫɧɢɯ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɿɜ ɩɪɢ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɿ ɤɥɚɫɭ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɭ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ. Ʉɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɹ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿɜ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɫɢɬɶ ɫɤɥɚɞɧɚ ɬɚ ɡɚɩɥɭɬɚɧɚ. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ «ɡɿɪɤɨɜɚ» ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ, ɯɨɱ ɨɮɿɰɿɣɧɨ ɲɤɚɥɚ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɡɚɰɿʀ ɭ ɤɪɚʀɧɿ ɜɿɞɫɭɬɧɹ. Ɂɝɿɞɧɨ ɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɢɯ ɜ ȱɬɚɥɿʀ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɿʀɜ, ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɩɨɞɿɥɹɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɬɪɢ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ: — ɩɟɪɲɚ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɹ — «ɱɨɬɢɪɢ ɡɿɪɤɢ»; — ɞɪɭɝɚ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɹ — «ɬɪɢ ɡɿɪɤɢ»; — ɬɪɟɬɹ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɹ — «ɞɜɿ ɡɿɪɤɢ»; Ʉɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɹ «ɩ’ɹɬɶ ɡɿɪɨɤ», ɬɨɛɬɨ «ɜɢɳɚ» ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɹ, ɭ ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɭ ɡ ɜɢɫɨɤɢɦ ɨɩɨɞɚɬɤɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ, ɹɤɟ ɡɚɥɟɠɢɬɶ ɜɿɞ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɭ ɤɪɚʀɧɿ ɜɿɞɫɭɬɧɹ. ȼɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ, ɤɨɠɧɚ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɹ ɦɚɽ ɫɜɨɸ ɝɪɚɞɚɰɿɸ. ɋɟɪɟɞ ɩɨɦɿɬɧɢɯ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɟɣ ɿɬɚɥɿɣɫɶɤɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ — ɧɟɡɧɚɱɧɚ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ, ɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɧɟ — 50–80, ɬɨ108
ɦɭ ɩɟɪɟɜɚɠɚɸɬɶ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɧɟɜɢɫɨɤɨʀ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ, ɳɨ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɸɬɶ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ «ɞɜɿ ɡɿɪɤɢ». ɍ ɤɭɪɨɪɬɧɢɯ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɯ ɫɟɪɟɞ ɞɜɨɡɿɪɤɨɜɢɯ ɬɪɚɩɥɹɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɟɜɟɥɢɤɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ, ɳɨ ɡɚ ɨɫɧɚɳɟɧɧɹɦ ɿ ɪɿɜɧɟɦ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɸɬɶ ɡɧɚɱɧɨ ɜɢɳɿɣ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɯ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɿɜ. ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɭ Ƚɪɟɰɿʀ. ɍ Ƚɪɟɰɿʀ ɞɥɹ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿɜ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ «ɛɭɤɜ», ɜɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ ɧɚ ɮɚɫɚɞɚɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɡɜɢɱɧɿ ɞɥɹ ȯɜɪɨɩɢ — «ɡɿɪɤɢ». Ɂɝɿɞɧɨ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɭ ɇɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɨʀ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɰɿʀ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɢ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ Ƚɪɟɰɿʀ ɩɨɞɿɥɹɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɱɨɬɢɪɢ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ: Ⱥ, ȼ, ɋ, D. Ɂɨɤɪɟɦɚ: — ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ «Ⱥ»(«ɱɨɬɢɪɢ ɡɿɪɤɢ»), ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɜɢɫɨɤɢɦ ɪɿɜɧɟɦ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɧɚɣɱɚɫɬɿɲɟ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɚɧɿ ɭ ɜɿɞɨɦɢɯ ɤɭɪɨɪɬɚɯ; — ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ «ȼ»(«ɬɪɢ ɡɿɪɤɢ»), ɧɚɣɱɚɫɬɿɲɟ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɤɭɪɨɪɬɧɿɣ ɡɨɧɿ, ɧɚ ɭɡɛɟɪɟɠɠɿ; — ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ «ɋ»(«ɞɜɿ ɡɿɪɤɢ»), ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɸɬɶ ɦɿɧɿɦɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɧɚɛɿɪ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɚɧɿ ɧɚ ɩɟɜɧɿɣ ɜɿɞɞɚɥɿ ɜɿɞ ɭɡɛɟɪɟɠɠɹ ɭ ɤɭɪɨɪɬɧɢɯ ɡɨɧɚɯ; — ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ «D»(«ɨɞɧɚ ɡɿɪɤɚ»). ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɭ ɋɤɚɧɞɢɧɚɜɫɶɤɢɯ ɤɪɚʀɧɚɯ. Ⱥɫɨɰɿɚɰɿɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɋɤɚɧɞɢɧɚɜɿʀ (Ⱦɚɧɿɹ, ɒɜɟɰɿɹ, ɇɨɪɜɟɝɿɹ) ɪɨɡɪɨɛɢɥɚ ɜɥɚɫɧɭ ɦɿɠɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɭ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɸ, ɭ ɹɤɿɣ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɟ «ɡɿɪɤɚɦɢ», ɚ «ɫɨɧɟɱɤɚɦɢ» — ɡɧɚɤ ɦɚɽ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɤɢ ɫɨɧɰɹ, ɳɨ ɫɯɨɞɢɬɶ, ɧɚ ɮɨɧɿ ɧɟɛɚ. Ʉɥɚɫ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɸɬɶ ɟɤɫɩɟɪɬɢ ɚɫɨɰɿɚɰɿʀ. ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɭ ɉɨɥɶɳɿ. ɉɨɥɶɫɶɤɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɽ ɨɞɧɿɽɸ ɡ ɧɚɣɧɨɜɿɲɢɯ ɜ ȯɜɪɨɩɿ, ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɚ ɭ 2001 ɪ. ɜ ɦɟɠɚɯ ɩɥɚɧɭ ɩɿɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɞɨ ɜɫɬɭɩɭ ɜ ȯɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɶɤɢɣ ɋɨɸɡ ɬɚ ɨɪɿɽɧɬɚɰɿʀ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɨʀ ɝɚɥɭɡɿ ɧɚ ɽɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɶɤɢɣ ɪɿɜɟɧɶ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ. ȼɢɦɨɝɢ ɞɨ ɨɫɧɚɳɟɧɧɹ, ɤɜɚɥɿɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ ɬɚ ɩɟɪɟɥɿɤɭ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɭ ɬɨɦɭ ɱɢɫɥɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɞɥɹ ɤɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ ɡɚɬɜɟɪɞɠɟɧɿ ɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɨɦ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɤɢ. Ɋɟɝɥɚɦɟɧɬ ɬɚ ɫɤɥɚɞ ɤɨɦɿɫɿʀ, ɹɤɚ ɦɚɽ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɨɰɿɧɸɜɚɬɢ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɿɫɬɶ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɦ ɜɢɦɨɝɚɦ, ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽ ɜɨɽɜɨɞɚ ɤɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɽɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ. ɇɚ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɩɨɞɿɥɹɸɬɶɫɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɬɚ ɦɨɬɟɥɿ, ɩɚɧɫɿɨɧɚɬɢ, ɤɟɦɩɿɧɝɢ, ɛɭɞɢɧɤɢ ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɤɭ, ɦɨɥɨɞɿɠɧɿ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɿ ɛɚɡɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɸɸɬɶɫɹ ɦɿɧɿɦɚɥɶɧɿ 109
ɜɢɦɨɝɢ ɞɨ ɩɪɢɜɚɬɧɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ, ɹɤɿ ɡɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɧɚɣɦ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɿɜ. ɍ ɉɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɿ ɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɤɢ ɡɚɬɜɟɪɞɠɟɧɿ ɭɦɨɜɢ, ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɹɤɢɯ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɿ ɜɿɞɯɢɥɟɧɧɹ ɜɿɞ ɜɢɦɨɝ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɭ ɬɚ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɭ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ, ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɩɟɪɟɥɿɤ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɿɜ, ɳɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɬɢ ɜɿɞ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɢɯ ɧɚɝɥɹɞɨɜɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɜ ɭ ɫɮɟɪɿ ɛɭɞɿɜɧɢɰɬɜɚ, ɩɨɠɟɠɧɨʀ ɛɟɡɩɟɤɢ, ɫɚɧɿɬɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɜɥɚɫɧɢɤɚɦ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ ɛɭɞɶ-ɹɤɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɭ. ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɜ Ɋɨɫɿʀ ɬɚ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɚɯ ɤɨɥɢɲɧɶɨɝɨ Ɋɚɞɹɧɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɋɨɸɡɭ. ɇɚ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɿʀ ɤɨɥɢɲɧɶɨɝɨ Ɋɚɞɹɧɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɋɨɸɡɭ ɞɿɹɥɨ ɞɟɤɿɥɶɤɚ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɣɧɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ (ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɥɿɬɟɪ ɬɚ ɪɨɡɪɹɞɿɜ) ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ʀɯɧɶɨɝɨ ɝɚɥɭɡɟɜɨɝɨ ɩɿɞɩɨɪɹɞɤɭɜɚɧɧɹ — ɞɥɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɿʀ «ȱɧɬɭɪɢɫɬ», ɩɪɨɮɫɩɿɥɤɨɜɢɯ ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ, ɤɨɦɭɧɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ, ɜɿɞɪɿɡɧɹɥɢɫɹ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɢ ɨɫɧɚɳɟɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɜ ɤɨɠɧɿɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɿ. Ƚɨɬɟɥɿ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɿʀ «ȱɧɬɭɪɢɫɬ» ɤɨɪɢɫɬɭɜɚɥɢɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɜɚɝɚɦɢ ɳɨɞɨ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɢɯ ɤɨɲɬɿɜ ɧɚ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɨɤ ɿ ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɿɸ, ɛɭɥɢ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɿ ɩɿɞɜɢɳɟɧɿ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɣɧɿ ɜɢɦɨɝɢ ɞɨ ɤɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɡɪɹɞɭ, ɯɨɱ ɜɿɞ ɫɜɿɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɿɜɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɣ ɫɟɪɜɿɫ ɜɿɞɫɬɚɜɚɜ ɿ ɬɭɬ. Ɂ ɪɨɡɩɚɞɨɦ ɋɊɋɊ ɬɚ ɩɨɝɿɪɲɟɧɧɹɦ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɧɭ, ɜ ɭɫɿɯ ɤɪɚʀɧɚɯ, ɹɤɿ ɩɿɡɧɿɲɟ ɫɬɜɨɪɢɥɢ ɋɨɸɡ ɇɟɡɚɥɟɠɧɢɯ Ⱦɟɪɠɚɜ (ɋɇȾ), ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɧɨ ɡɚɥɢɲɢɥɢɫɹ ɛɟɡ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɨʀ ɩɿɞɬɪɢɦɤɢ ɬɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ. ɍ 1995 ɪ. ɜ Ɇɨɫɤɜɿ ɛɭɥɨ ɡɚɬɜɟɪɞɠɟɧɨ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɢɯ ɪɨɫɿɣɫɶɤɢɯ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɿɜ ɧɚ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɫɶɤɨ-ɟɤɫɤɭɪɫɿɣɧɟ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ (ȽɈɋɌ) (ɡɨɤɪɟɦɚ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬ, ɳɨ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɸɜɚɜ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɸ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ), ɹɤɿ ɜɠɟ ɜ ɤɜɿɬɧɿ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɠ ɪɨɤɭ ɛɭɥɢ ɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɿ Ɇɿɠɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɨɸ Ɋɚɞɨɸ ɡ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɚɰɿʀ, ɦɟɬɪɨɥɨɝɿʀ ɿ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɹɤ ɦɿɠɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɿ ɞɟɫɹɬɶɦɚ ɤɪɚʀɧɚɦɢ ɋɇȾ, ɭ ɬɨɦɭ ɱɢɫɥɿ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɨɸ, ɡ’ɹɜɢɥɚɫɶ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɿɫɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹ ɧɨɜɨʀ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ. ɉɨɹɜɚ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɭ (ȽɈɋɌ 28681.4-95. Ɍɭɪɢɫɬɫɤɨ-ɷɤɫɤɭɪɫɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɟ. Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɢɰ) ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨ ɜɚɠɥɢɜɚ, ɚɞɠɟ ɡɚɜɞɹɤɢ ɣɨɦɭ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɿʀ ɤɪɚʀɧ ɋɇȾ ɜɩɟɪɲɟ ɜɢɧɢɤɥɚ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɿɫɬɶ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɽɞɢɧɨʀ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨ ɞɨ ɫɜɿɬɨɜɢɯ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɿɜ ɡɚ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɹɦɢ ɜɿɞ «ɨɞɧɿɽʀ ɡɿɪɤɢ» ɞɨ «ɩ’ɹɬɢ ɡɿɪɨɤ». 110
2.4.4. Ʉɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ ɜ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɿ
ɍ 2003 ɪ. ɜ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɿ ɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɨ ɞɜɚ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢ, ɳɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɸɸɬɶ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ ɫɭɛ’ɽɤɬɿɜ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɛɿɡɧɟɫɭ — «ɉɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɿ. Ɂɚɫɨɛɢ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ. Ɂɚɝɚɥɶɧɿ ɜɢɦɨɝɢ» ɿ «ɉɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɿ. Ʉɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ». Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɚ ɦɟɬɚ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɿɜ — ɝɚɪɦɨɧɿɡɭɜɚɬɢ ɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɜɫɬɜɨ ɡ ɽɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɶɤɢɦ, ɜɢɡɧɚɱɢɬɢ ɡɦɿɫɬ ɬɟɪɦɿɧɿɜ ɿ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɶ, ɡɨɪɿɽɧɬɭɜɚɬɢ ɜɥɚɫɧɢɤɿɜ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɧɚ ɞɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɽɞɢɧɢɯ ɧɨɪɦ ɭ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ. Ⱦɨ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɿɜ ɜ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɿ ɞɿɹɥɨ ɫɩɿɥɶɧɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɫɬɪɚɞɹɧɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɭ «ɉɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɨ ɜɿɞɧɟɫɟɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɞɨ ɪɨɡɪɹɞɭ, ɚ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɞɨ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɣ» ɪɚɡɨɦ ɡ ɉɪɟɣɫɤɭɪɚɧɬɨɦ ʋ Ʉ-05 ɧɚ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ. Ɂɝɿɞɧɨ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɭ, ɳɨ ɨɩɭɛɥɿɤɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɭ 1979 ɪ. ɬɚ ɡ ɞɨɩɨɜɧɟɧɧɹɦ ɭ 1984 ɪ. ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɢ ɜ ɡɚɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɿ ɜɿɞ ɪɿɜɧɹ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ, ɤɨɦɭɧɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ ɫɥɭɠɛ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ (ɝɪɨɦɚɞɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɩɨɛɭɬɭ, ɬɨɪɝɿɜɥɿ, ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɭ), ɪɨɡɦɿɪɿɜ ɿ ɬɢɩɿɜ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɫɶɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ, ɩɨɞɿɥɹɥɢɫɶ ɧɚ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ «Ʌɸɤɫ», «ȼɢɳɚ Ⱥ», «ȼɢɳɚ Ȼ», «ɉɟɪɲɚ», «Ⱦɪɭɝɚ», «Ɍɪɟɬɹ», «ɑɟɬɜɟɪɬɚ»; ɦɨɬɟɥɿ — «ȼɢɳɚ Ⱥ», «ȼɢɳɚ Ȼ», «ɉɟɪɲɚ», «Ⱦɪɭɝɚ», «Ɍɪɟɬɹ». Ⱥɬɟɫɬɚɰɿɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɜɚɥɢ ɦɿɧɿɫɬɟɪɫɬɜɚ ɿ ɜɿɞɨɦɫɬɜɚ ɭ ɩɿɞɩɨɪɹɞɤɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɹɤɢɯ ɜɨɧɢ ɩɟɪɟɛɭɜɚɥɢ. ɍ 1991 ɪ. Ⱦɟɪɠɚɜɧɢɦ Ʉɨɦɿɬɟɬɨɦ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ ɿɡ ɠɢɬɥɨɜɨɤɨɦɭɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɜɢɞɚɧɿ Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɿʀ «ɉɪɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɜɿɞɧɟɫɟɧɧɹ ɤɨɦɭɧɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ ɞɨ ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɨʀ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ» ʋ Ɋ204 ɍɤɪɚʀɧɚ 235-91. Ɇɟɬɚ ɭɧɿɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɭɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɡ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɿɫɬɸ ɧɚɛɥɢɡɢɬɢ ɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɿ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿɣ ɫɮɟɪɿ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨ ɡ ɞɿɸɱɢɦɢ ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɦɢ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɚɦɢ. Ɂɝɿɞɧɨ ɿɡ ɧɨɜɨɜɜɟɞɟɧɧɹɦɢ, ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɭɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɭ ɡɿɪɤɨɜɿɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɿ ɡɚ ɱɨɬɢɪɦɚ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɹɦɢ. Ɉɞɧɨɱɚɫɧɨ ɡ ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɦɢ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚɦɢ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɿɣɧɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɪɨɡɪɹɞɿɜ, ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɚ ɭ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ ɡ «ɉɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɹɦ ɩɪɨ ɜɿɞɧɟɫɟɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɞɨ ɪɨɡɪɹɞɿɜ ɿ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɞɨ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɣ». Ɉɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɚ ɭɦɨɜɚ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɿɣ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɫɬɨɫɭɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɞɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ «Ɂɚɝɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɜɢɦɨɝ». Ⱦɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɪɦ «Ɂɚɝɚɥɶɧɢɯ 111
ɜɢɦɨɝ» ɛɭɥɨ ɩɿɞɫɬɚɜɨɸ ɞɥɹ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɩɟɜɧɨʀ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɿ ɡɿɪɨɤ. ɍ 1994 ɪ. Ⱦɟɪɠɚɜɧɢɣ Ʉɨɦɿɬɟɬ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ ɩɨ ɬɭɪɢɡɦɭ ɜɢɞɚɜ «ɉɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɨ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɭ ɚɬɟɫɬɚɰɿɸ ɿ ɩɟɪɟɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿɸ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ, ɦɨɬɟɥɿɜ, ɤɟɦɩɿɧɝɿɜ, ɬɭɪɢɫɬɫɶɤɢɯ ɛɚɡ ɿ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɿɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ, ɹɤɿ ɩɪɢɣɦɚɸɬɶ ɿ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɸɬɶ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɿɜ». ȱɡ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɧɹɦ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɉɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɹ ɜɜɨɞɢɥɚɫɶ ɽɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɶɤɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɿɡ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹɦ ɡɿɪɨɤ. Ɉɞɧɨɱɚɫɧɨ, ɭ 1994 ɪ. ɜ Ɋɨɫɿʀ ɪɨɡɪɨɛɥɹɽɬɶɫɹ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɽɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɭ ȽɈɋɌ Ɋ50645-94 «Ɍɭɪɢɫɬɫɶɤɨ-ɟɤɫɤɭɪɫɿɣɧɟ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ. Ʉɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ». ɍ 1995 ɪ. Ɇɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɸ Ɋɚɞɨɸ ɩɨ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɚɰɿʀ, ɦɟɬɪɨɥɨɝɿʀ ɿ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ, ɳɨ ɞɿɹɥɚ ɜ ɦɟɠɚɯ ɋɇȾ ɰɟɣ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬ ɛɭɥɨ ɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɚɯ — ɱɥɟɧɚɯ ɋɇȾ. ȼ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɿ ɰɟɣ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬ ɛɭɥɨ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɭ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ 1 ɫɿɱɧɹ 1997 ɪ. ȼɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɿ ȽɈɋɌ Ɋ50645-94 «Ɍɭɪɢɫɬɫɶɤɨɟɤɫɤɭɪɫɿɣɧɟ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ. Ʉɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ» ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɸɜɚɜ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɸ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ (ɦɨɬɟɥɿɜ) ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɣɧɨ-ɩɪɚɜɨɜɢɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɦɿɫɬɤɿɫɬɸ ɛɿɥɶɲɟ 10 ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ, ɡɚ ɜɢɧɹɬɤɨɦ ɩɪɢɜɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɠɢɬɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɚ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɿ ɜɢɦɨɝɢ ɞɨ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɫɬɨɫɭɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɶɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ, ɧɨɦɟɧɤɥɚɬɭɪɢ ɿ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɪɿɜɧɹ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ. Ƚɨɬɟɥɿ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɭɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɡɚ ɩ’ɹɬɶɦɚ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɹɦɢ, ɦɨɬɟɥɿ — ɡɚ ɱɨɬɢɪɦɚ. ɋɬɚɧɞɚɪɬ «Ɂɚɫɨɛɢ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ. Ɂɚɝɚɥɶɧɿ ɜɢɦɨɝɢ» ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ ɭ 2003 ɪ. ɜ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɿ ɜɩɟɪɲɟ ɪɟɝɥɚɦɟɧɬɭɽ ɜɢɦɨɝɢ ɞɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɶɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɨʀ ɛɚɡɢ ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ, ɧɚɞɚɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɡ ɭɪɚɯɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɿɜ, ɜɢɫɭɧɭɬɢɯ ȼɌɈ. ȼɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨ ɞɨ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɭ, ɡɚɫɨɛɢ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɞɿɥɹɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɿ ɬɚ ɿɧɞɢɜɿɞɭɚɥɶɧɿ. Ⱦɨ ɩɟɪɲɢɯ ɧɚɥɟɠɚɬɶ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɬɚ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɿɱɧɿ ʀɦ ɡɚɫɨɛɢ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ. Ⱦɨ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ — ɤɿɦɧɚɬɢ, ɨɪɟɧɞɨɜɚɧɿ ɭ ɫɿɦɟɣɧɢɯ ɛɭɞɢɧɤɚɯ, ɿ ɠɢɬɥɨ, ɨɪɟɧɞɨɜɚɧɟ ɜ ɩɪɢɜɚɬɧɢɯ ɨɫɿɛ ɚɛɨ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɚɝɟɧɬɫɬɜɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɧɟɨɫɧɨɜɧɟ ɨɫɨɛɢɫɬɟ ɠɢɬɥɨ, ɳɨ ɧɚɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɛɟɡɩɥɚɬɧɨ ɪɨɞɢɱɚɦ ɿ ɡɧɚɣɨɦɢɦ. ɍ ɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɿ ɜɢɤɥɚɞɟɧɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɿ ɜɢɦɨɝɢ ɳɨɞɨ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɹɤ — ɚɪɯɿɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨ-ɛɭɞɿɜɟɥɶɧɟ, ɿɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɟ, ɞɨɜɿɞɤɨɜɨ-ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɣɧɟ ɡɚɛɟɡ112
ɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ, ɜɢɦɨɝɢ ɞɨ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ — ɬɢɩɨɜɿ ɞɥɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɛɭɞɶ-ɹɤɨʀ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ. Ɂɨɤɪɟɦɚ, ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɢɬɢ: — ɚɪɯɿɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨ-ɛɭɞɿɜɟɥɶɧɿ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɿ ʀɯ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɬɢ ɛɭɞɿɜɟɥɶɧɢɦ ɧɨɪɦɚɦ ɬɚ ɜɢɦɨɝɚɦ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɭ ɋɚɧɢɧ 42-1212-4719; — ɡɪɭɱɧɿ ɩɿɞ’ʀɡɧɿ ɲɥɹɯɢ, ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɢɬɢ ɞɨɪɨɠɧɿ ɡɧɚɤɢ ɬɚ ɜɢɦɨɳɟɧɧɹ ɩɿɲɨɯɿɞɧɢɯ ɞɨɪɿɠɨɤ; — ɩɪɢɥɟɝɥɚ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɿɹ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɛɭɬɢ ɭɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɜɚɧɚ ɬɚ ɨɡɟɥɟɧɟɧɚ, ɞɨɛɪɟ ɨɫɜɿɬɥɟɧɚ; — ɦɚɣɞɚɧɱɢɤ ɡ ɬɜɟɪɞɢɦ ɩɨɤɪɢɬɬɹɦ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɬɟɪɦɿɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɤɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɚɜɬɨɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɭ; — ɞɨɜɿɞɤɨɜɨ-ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɣɧɿ ɫɬɟɧɞɢ ɿɡ ɡɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹɦ ɧɚɡɜɢ ɡɚɫɨɛɭ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ, ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿʀ ɫɬɨɫɨɜɧɨ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɜɰɿɜ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɪɟɠɢɦɭ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɬɚ ɩɟɪɟɥɿɤɭ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɳɨ ɧɚɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ, ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɚɬɢɫɶ ɩɪɢ ɜɯɨɞɿ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɿɸ ɬɚ/ɚɛɨ ɜ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ. Ɂɚɫɨɛɢ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɿɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɢɦɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɜɚɬɢ: — ɨɫɜɿɬɥɟɧɧɹ ɭ ɠɢɬɥɨɜɢɯ ɬɚ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɫɶɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹɯ — ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɟ ɬɚ ɲɬɭɱɧɟ, ɭ ɤɨɪɢɞɨɪɚɯ ɰɿɥɨɞɨɛɨɜɟ; — ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɨɫɬɚɱɚɧɧɹ ɩɿɞɜɟɞɟɧɭ ɞɨ ɠɢɬɥɨɜɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ, ɟɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɧɿ ɪɨɡɟɬɤɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɩɪɨɦɚɪɤɨɜɚɧɿ ɿɡ ɡɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹɦ ɧɚɩɪɭɝɢ; — ɯɨɥɨɞɧɟ ɣ ɝɚɪɹɱɟ ɜɨɞɨɩɨɫɬɚɱɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɤɚɧɚɥɿɡɚɰɿɸ ɰɿɥɨɞɨɛɨɜɨ; ɭ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɯ ɿɡ ɩɟɪɟɛɨɹɦɢ ɭ ɜɨɞɨɩɨɫɬɚɱɚɧɧɿ, ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɢɬɢ ɦɿɧɿɦɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɡɚɩɚɫ ɜɨɞɢ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɲɟ ɧɿɠ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɭ ɞɨɛɭ ɬɚ ɩɿɞɿɝɪɿɜ ɜɨɞɢ; — ɨɩɚɥɟɧɧɹ ɿɡ ɩɿɞɬɪɢɦɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɢ ɩɨɜɿɬɪɹ ɭ ɠɢɬɥɨɜɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹɯ ɜ ɦɟɠɚɯ 18 — 22 0ɋ; — ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɰɿɸ, ɳɨ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɿɸ ɩɨɜɿɬɪɹ ɿ ɡɚɩɨɛɿɝɚɽ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɧɟɧɧɹ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɿɯ ɡɚɩɚɯɿɜ ɭ ɠɢɬɥɨɜɿ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ; — ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧɧɢɣ ɡɜ’ɹɡɨɤ; — ɦɟɪɟɠɭ ɪɚɞɿɨɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɚɛɨ ɧɟɡɚɥɟɠɧɟ ɜɿɞ ɦɟɪɟɠɿ — ɪɚɞɿɨɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ; — ɩɚɫɚɠɢɪɫɶɤɢɣ ɥɿɮɬ (ɡɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ); ɍ ɩɭɧɤɬɿ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɠɢɬɥɨɜɨʀ ɿ ɧɟ ɠɢɬɥɨɜɨʀ ɱɚɫɬɢɧɢ, ɡɚɤɥɚɞɢ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɜɚɬɢ: — ɩɥɨɳɚ ɠɢɬɥɨɜɨʀ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɛɭɬɢ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɲɟ 8 ɦ2; ɭ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɭɧɤɭ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɭ ɨɫɨɛɭ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɲɟ 6 ɦ2 — ɭ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɚɯ ɰɿ113
ɥɨɪɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɿ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɲɟ 4,5 ɦ2 — ɭ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɚɯ ɫɟɡɨɧɧɨɝɨ (ɥɿɬɧɶɨɝɨ) ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ; ɞɥɹ ɬɚɛɨɪɿɜ — ɧɟ ɦɟɧɲɟ 4 ɦ2 ɧɚ ɨɫɨɛɭ; — ɭ ɡɚɫɨɛɚɯ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ, ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɿ, ɦɚɽ ɛɭɬɢ ɫɚɧɜɭɡɨɥ ɡ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɢɦ ɫɚɧɿɬɚɪɧɢɦ ɿɧɜɟɧɬɚɪɟɦ ɬɚ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹɦ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ; ɨɤɪɟɦɚ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɚ ɩɨɛɭɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ; ɦɿɫɰɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɚɰɿ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɢɦ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹɦ ɬɚ ɿɧɜɟɧɬɚɪɟɦ; ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɚɛɨ ɱɚɫɬɢɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɟɝɥɹɞɭ ɬɟɥɟɩɟɪɟɞɚɱ; ɤɚɦɟɪɚ ɡɛɟɪɿɝɚɧɧɹ; ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɬɚ/ɚɛɨ ɤɭɯɧɹ ɞɥɹ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɿɣɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ʀɠɿ, ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɨʀ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɢɤɨɦ, ɟɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɧɨɸ (ɝɚɡɨɜɨɸ) ɩɥɢɬɨɸ ɚɛɨ ɩɿɱɧɢɦ ɨɩɚɥɟɧɧɹɦ; — ɩɪɢɫɬɪɨʀ ɞɥɹ ɡɪɭɱɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɿɧɜɟɧɬɚɪɟɦ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɭ. Ɉɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɸɱɢɣ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥ, ɹɤɢɣ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɭ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɢɯ ɡɚɫɨɛɚɯ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ: — ɦɚɬɢ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɭ ɨɫɜɿɬɭ ɬɚ ɤɜɚɥɿɮɿɤɚɰɿɸ, ɳɨ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɽ ɜɢɤɨɧɭɜɚɧɿɣ ɪɨɛɨɬɿ; — ɫɬɜɨɪɸɜɚɬɢ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɭ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ, ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɭ, ɜɢɹɜɥɹɬɢ ɞɨɛɪɨɡɢɱɥɢɜɿɫɬɶ ɬɚ ɜɜɿɱɥɢɜɿɫɬɶ; — ɞɨɬɪɢɦɭɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɪɨɡɪɨɛɥɟɧɢɯ ɭ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɡɚɬɜɟɪɞɠɟɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɚɞɨɜɢɯ ɿɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɿɣ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ. Ʉɨɠɟɧ ɡɚɫɿɛ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɧɚɞɚɜɚɬɢ ɦɿɧɿɦɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɨɛɫɹɝ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɚ ɫɚɦɟ: — ɰɿɥɨɞɨɛɨɜɟ ɩɪɢɣɦɚɧɧɹ; — ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɚɛɨ ɭɦɨɜɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɿɣɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ʀɠɿ; — ɳɨɞɟɧɧɟ ɩɪɢɛɢɪɚɧɧɹ ɠɢɬɥɨɜɨʀ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɢ ɬɚ ɫɚɧɜɭɡɥɚ (ɤɪɿɦ ɝɭɪɬɨɠɢɬɤɿɜ, ɬɚɛɨɪɿɜ ɩɪɚɰɿ ɬɚ ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɤɭ, ɝɿɪɫɶɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɬɭɥɤɿɜ ɬɚ ɿɧ.); — ɡɦɿɧɭ ɩɨɫɬɿɥɶɧɨʀ ɛɿɥɢɡɧɢ — ɧɟ ɦɟɧɲɟ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɭ ɧɚ ɩ’ɹɬɶ ɞɿɛ, ɡɦɿɧɭ ɪɭɲɧɢɤɿɜ — ɧɟ ɦɟɧɲɟ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɭ ɧɚ ɬɪɢ ɞɨɛɢ; — ɜɿɞɩɪɚɜɤɭ, ɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɞɨɫɬɚɜɤɭ ɩɨɲɬɢ; — ɡɛɟɪɿɝɚɧɧɹ ɰɿɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɬɚ ɛɚɝɚɠɭ; — ɦɟɞɢɱɧɭ ɞɨɩɨɦɨɝɭ ɿ ɜɢɤɥɢɤ ɲɜɢɞɤɨʀ ɞɨɩɨɦɨɝɢ, ɤɨɪɢɫɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɚɩɬɟɱɤɨɸ ɩɟɪɲɨʀ ɞɨɩɨɦɨɝɢ; — ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɭ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɸ. 114
ɋɬɚɧɞɚɪɬ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɪɟɝɥɚɦɟɧɬɭɽ ɜɢɦɨɝɢ ɳɨɞɨ ɛɟɡɩɟɤɢ ɬɚ ɨɯɨɪɨɧɢ ɧɚɜɤɨɥɢɲɧɶɨɝɨ ɫɟɪɟɞɨɜɢɳɚ. Ɂɝɿɞɧɨ ɩɭɧɤɬɭ — ɜɢɦɨɝɢ ɛɟɡɩɟɤɢ, ɡɚɤɥɚɞɢ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ: — ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɭɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɜ ɟɤɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɨ ɛɟɡɩɟɱɧɿɣ ɡɨɧɿ; — ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɜɚɬɢ ɛɟɡɩɟɤɭ ɠɢɬɬɹ ɬɚ ɡɞɨɪɨɜ’ɹ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ, ʀɯɧɶɨɝɨ ɦɚɣɧɚ; — ɛɭɬɢ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɢɦɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɩɨɠɟɠɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɯɢɫɬɭ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨ «ɉɪɚɜɢɥ ɩɨɠɟɠɧɨʀ ɛɟɡɩɟɤɢ ɜ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɿ»; — ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɢɬɢ ɚɜɚɪɿɣɧɿ ɜɢɯɨɞɢ, ɫɯɨɞɢ, ɞɨɛɪɟ ɩɨɦɿɬɧɭ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɣɧɭ ɞɨɜɿɞɤɭ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ ɜɿɥɶɧɨʀ ɨɪɿɽɧɬɚɰɿʀ, ɹɤ ɭ ɡɜɢɱɚɣɧɿɣ ɬɚɤ ɿ ɡɚ ɧɚɞɡɜɢɱɚɣɧɨʀ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɿʀ; — ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɜɚɬɢ ɭ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɧɶɨɦɭ ɞɥɹ ɨɝɥɹɞɭ ɦɿɫɰɿ ɩɥɚɧɢ ɟɜɚɤɭɚɰɿʀ ɬɚ ɩɨɜɟɞɿɧɤɢ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ ɿ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɿɜ ɭ ɧɚɞɡɜɢɱɚɣɧɢɯ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɿɹɯ (ɫɬɢɯɿɣɧɟ ɥɢɯɨ, ɩɨɠɟɠɿ ɬɚ ɿɧ.); — ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɢɬɢ ɫɩɪɚɜɧɿɫɬɶ ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɧɭ, ɟɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɿʀ ɬɚ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɿɫɬɶ ɜɢɦɨɝɚɦ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɢɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɿɜ ɬɚ ɿɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɿɣ ɟɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɿʀ ɭɫɶɨɝɨ ɫɚɧɿɬɚɪɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɨɝɨ, ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɨɝɨ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ; — ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɢɬɢ ɜɢɦɨɝɢ ɟɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɿʀ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɧɨɝɨ, ɝɚɡɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɭ; — ɞɨɬɪɢɦɭɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɫɚɧɿɬɚɪɧɨ-ɝɿɝɿɽɧɿɱɧɢɯ ɬɚ ɩɪɨɬɢɟɩɿɞɟɦɿɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɢɯ ɩɪɚɜɢɥ ɿ ɧɨɪɦ ɳɨɞɨ ɭɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɫɚɧɿɬɚɪɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɿɧɜɟɧɬɚɪɸ, ɫɬɚɧɭ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɿʀ, ɦɿɫɰɶ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɚ ɿɧɞɢɜɿɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɛɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɿɜ, ɩɪɚɧɧɹ, ɩɪɚɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɡɛɟɪɿɝɚɧɧɹ ɛɿɥɢɡɧɢ, ɜɢɞɚɥɟɧɧɹ ɜɿɞɯɨɞɿɜ ɿ ɡɚɯɢɫɬɭ ɜɿɞ ɤɨɦɚɯ ɬɚ ɝɪɢɡɭɧɿɜ; — ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɢɬɢ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɢɣ ɪɿɜɟɧɶ ɡɜɭɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɬɢɫɤɭ ɬɚ ɪɿɜɟɧɶ ɡɜɭɤɭ ɜ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɿ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɭ; — ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɢɬɢ ɜ ɟɩɿɞɟɦɿɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɨɦɭ ɛɟɡɩɟɱɧɨɦɭ ɫɬɚɧɿ ɩɢɬɧɭ ɜɨɞɭ; — ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɢɬɢ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɸ ɬɚ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɿɫɬɶ ɦɢɸɱɢɯ ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ, ɳɨ ɜɯɨɞɹɬɶ ɞɨ «ɉɟɪɟɥɿɤɭ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɿʀ, ɳɨ ɩɿɞɥɹɝɚɽ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɿɣ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɜ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɿ» ɩɪɟɩɚɪɚɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɞɟɡɢɧɮɟɤɰɿʀ, ɞɟɡɢɧɫɟɤɰɿʀ, ɞɟɪɚɬɢɡɚɰɿʀ, ɞɟɡɨɞɨɪɚɰɿʀ — «Ƚɿɝɿɽɧɿɱɧɨɦɭ ɜɢɫɧɨɜɤɭ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɨʀ ɫɚɧɿɬɚɪɧɨ-ɝɿɝɿɽɧɿɱɧɨʀ ɟɤɫɩɟɪɬɢɡɢ ɧɚ ɜɿɬɱɢɡɧɹɧɭ ɬɚ ɿɦɩɨɪɬɨɜɚɧɭ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɿɸ»; — ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɢɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɸɱɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ ɩɿɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɭ ɞɨ ɞɿɣ ɭ ɧɚɞɡɜɢɱɚɣɧɢɯ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɿɹɯ. ȼɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ ɡɚ ɩɿɞɝɨ115
ɬɨɜɥɟɧɿɫɬɶ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ ɭ ɧɚɞɡɜɢɱɚɣɧɢɯ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɿɹɯ ɧɟɫɟ ɤɟɪɿɜɧɢɤ ɡɚɫɨɛɭ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ (ɜɥɚɫɧɢɤ); — ɩɪɨɯɨɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɦɟɞɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɨɝɥɹɞɭ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɸɱɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨ ɜɢɦɨɝ, ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɯ ɱɢɧɧɢɦ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɜɫɬɜɨɦ. ɍ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɿ ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɟɧɿ ɜɢɦɨɝɢ ɳɨɞɨ ɨɯɨɪɨɧɢ ɧɚɜɤɨɥɢɲɧɶɨɝɨ ɫɟɪɟɞɨɜɢɳɚ, ɡɨɤɪɟɦɚ: — ɡɚɫɨɛɢ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɦɚɸɬɶ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɬɢ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨ ɞɨ ɜɢɦɨɝ ɨɯɨɪɨɧɢ ɧɚɜɤɨɥɢɲɧɶɨɝɨ ɫɟɪɟɞɨɜɢɳɚ (ɳɨɞɨ ɭɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɿʀ, ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɧɭ ɿ ɭɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ, ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɰɿʀ, ɜɨɞɨɩɨɫɬɚɱɚɧɧɹ, ɤɚɧɚɥɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɡ ɱɢɧɧɢɦɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɢɦɢ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ; — ɭ ɡɚɫɨɛɚɯ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɢɬɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɫɚɧɿɬɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɩɪɢɛɢɪɚɧɧɹ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɿʀ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɢɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɿɜ; — ɩɿɞ ɱɚɫ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɿ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɧɟ ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɲɤɿɞɥɢɜɢɣ ɜɩɥɢɜ ɧɚ ɧɚɜɤɨɥɢɲɧɽ ɫɟɪɟɞɨɜɢɳɟ; — ɡɚɫɨɛɢ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɦɚɬɢ ɟɤɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɢɣ ɩɚɫɩɨɪɬ ɚɛɨ ɜɢɫɧɨɜɨɤ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɨɨɯɨɪɨɧɧɢɯ ɫɥɭɠɛ, ɳɨ ɩɿɞɬɜɟɪɞɠɭɽ ɜɿɞɫɭɬɧɿɫɬɶ ɲɤɿɞɥɢɜɢɯ ɜɩɥɢɜɿɜ ɧɚ ɧɚɜɤɨɥɢɲɧɽ ɫɟɪɟɞɨɜɢɳɟ ɬɚ ɞɨɜɿɞɤɭ ɳɨɞɨ ɟɤɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɧɭ ɧɚɜɤɨɥɢɲɧɶɨɝɨ ɫɟɪɟɞɨɜɢɳɚ. Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɡɚ ɞɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹɦ ɜɢɦɨɝ ɡɚɫɨɛɚɦɢ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦɢ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɜ ɦɟɠɚɯ ʀɯɧɶɨʀ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɰɿʀ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨ ɞɨ ɜɢɦɨɝ ɱɢɧɧɢɯ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɢɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɿɜ. ɍ ɇɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɿ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ «ɉɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɿ. Ʉɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ» ɜɿɞɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɿ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɿ ɩɿɞɯɨɞɢ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɬɚ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɿɱɧɢɯ ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɡɚ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɹɦɢ. Ʉɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɹ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿɜ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɡ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɨɸ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɨɸ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɭ ɜɢɦɨɝ ɞɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɶɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɨɫɧɚɳɟɧɧɹ, ɩɟɪɟɥɿɤɭ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɳɨ ɧɚɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɿ ɤɜɚɥɿɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ. Ʉɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɩɨɡɧɚɱɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɢɦ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɨɦ — «*» (ɡɿɪɤɚ). Ʉɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɡɿɪɨɤ ɡɛɿɥɶɲɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨ ɩɿɞɜɢɳɟɧɧɸ ɪɿɜɧɹ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ. Ƚɨɬɟɥɿ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɡɚ ɩ’ɹɬɶɦɚ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɹɦɢ — ɜɿɞ ɧɚɣɜɢɳɨʀ «*****» ɞɨ ɧɢɠɱɨʀ «*»; ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɹ ɡɚɡɧɚɱɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɢɜɿɫɰɿ, ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɿɣ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɿʀ, ɪɟɤɥɚɦɿ. ȼɢɦɨɝɢ, ɹɤɿ ɜɢɤɥɚɞɟɧɿ ɭ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɿ ɽ ɦɿɧɿɦɚɥɶɧɢɦɢ, ɬɨɦɭ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɜɢɤɨɧɭɜɚɬɢ ɭ ɩɨɜɧɨɦɭ ɨɛɫɹɡɿ. 116
ɇɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɡɚɡɧɚɱɢɬɢ, ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɭ, ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɡɚɰɿɹ ɱɢ ɩɪɢɫɜɨɽɧɧɹ «ɡɿɪɨɤ» ɧɟɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɚ. Ɉɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɨɸ ɽ ɥɢɲɟ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɹ ɧɚ ɛɟɡɩɟɤɭ. ȼɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ, ɫɭɬɬɽɜɢɦ ɱɢɧɧɢɤɨɦ, ɳɨ ɡɭɦɨɜɢɜ ɫɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ ɡɛɿɥɶɲɟɧɧɹ ɤɿɥɶɤɨɫɬɿ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɽ ɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɬɹ ɧɨɜɨʀ ɪɟɞɚɤɰɿʀ ɡɚɤɨɧɭ «ɉɪɨ ɬɭɪɢɡɦ». ȼɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨ ɞɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɭ ɬɭɪɮɿɪɦɢ ɦɚɸɬɶ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɩɪɚɰɸɜɚɬɢ ɥɢɲɟ ɿɡ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɨɜɚɧɢɦɢ ɡɚɫɨɛɚɦɢ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ. Ⱦɨɩɭɫɤɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɜɿɞɯɢɥɟɧɧɹ ɜɿɞ ɜɢɦɨɝ ɞɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɶɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɨɫɧɚɳɟɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɬɚ ɩɟɪɟɥɿɤɭ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɹɤɳɨ ɛɭɞɢɧɨɤ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɜɿɞɧɨɫɢɬɶɫɹ ɞɨ ɩɚɦ’ɹɬɨɤ ɿɫɬɨɪɿʀ ɱɢ ɚɪɯɿɬɟɤɬɭɪɢ. ɍ ɬɚɤɨɦɭ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ ɤɟɪɿɜɧɢɰɬɜɨ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɩɨɞɚɽ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɟ ɩɿɞɬɜɟɪɞɠɟɧɧɹ, ɡɚɫɜɿɞɱɟɧɟ ɭɩɨɜɧɨɜɚɠɟɧɢɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦɢ, ɳɨ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹ ɜɢɦɨɝɢ ɧɟɦɨɠɥɢɜɟ ɡ ɨɝɥɹɞɭ ɡɛɟɪɟɠɟɧɧɹ ɿɫɬɨɪɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɭ ɛɭɞɢɧɤɭ, ɧɚɜɤɨɥɢɲɧɶɨʀ ɡɚɛɭɞɨɜɢ ɬɚ ɩɪɢɥɟɝɥɨʀ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɿʀ ɬɚ ɿɧ., ɜɿɞɯɢɥɟɧɧɹ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɡɜɟɞɟ ɞɨ ɡɧɚɱɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɢɠɟɧɧɹ ɜɢɦɨɝ, ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɯ ɞɥɹ ɰɿɽʀ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ. ȼ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɣɧɢɯ ɬɚ ɪɟɤɥɚɦɧɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɚɯ, ɳɨ ɫɬɨɫɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ, ɩɨɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɹ ɩɪɨ ɿɫɬɨɪɢɱɧɢɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɛɭɞɢɧɤɭ ɿ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɿ ɡ ɰɢɦ ɜɿɞɯɢɥɟɧɧɹ ɜɿɞ ɜɢɦɨɝ ɞɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɶɧɨɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɨɫɧɚɳɟɧɧɹ ɱɢ ɧɨɦɟɧɤɥɚɬɭɪɢ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɳɨ ɧɚɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ. Ƚɨɬɟɥɶ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɦɚɬɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɿɲɧɿ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ, ɹɤɿ ɧɟ ɫɭɩɟɪɟɱɚɬɶ ɉɪɚɜɢɥɚɦ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɦɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɤɧɢɝɭ ɜɿɞɝɭɤɿɜ ɿ ɩɪɨɩɨɡɢɰɿɣ. Ʉɪɿɦ ɰɶɨɝɨ, ɝɨɬɟɥɶ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɦɚɬɢ ɠɭɪɧɚɥ ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿʀ ɜɫɬɭɩɧɨɝɨ ɿɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɚɠɭ ɩɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤɿɜ ɡ ɩɢɬɚɧɶ ɨɯɨɪɨɧɢ ɩɪɚɰɿ ɿ ɠɭɪɧɚɥ ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿʀ ɿɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɚɠɿɜ ɡ ɩɢɬɚɧɶ ɨɯɨɪɨɧɢ ɩɪɚɰɿ. ȼɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ « ɡɿɪɨɤ» ɹɤ ɨɡɧɚɤɢ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɩɟɜɧɿɣ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɛɟɡ ɩɿɞɬɜɟɪɞɠɟɧɧɹ ʀʀ ɭ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨɦɭ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɭ, ɬɨɛɬɨ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ, ɡɚɛɨɪɨɧɹɽɬɶɫɹ. ȼɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨ ɞɨ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɜɢɦɨɝ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ, ɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɮɨɧɞɭ, ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ, ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɣ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɬɢ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɜɢɦɨɝɚɦ: Ƚɨɬɟɥɿ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ «ɨɞɧɚ» ɡɿɪɤɚ. Ƚɨɬɟɥɿ ɰɿɽʀ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɛɭɞɭɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɡ ɧɟɞɨɪɨɝɢɯ ɛɭɞɿɜɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɿɜ, ɦɚɬɢ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɦɟɛɥɿ, ɳɨ ɜɢɪɨɛɥɹɸɬɶɫɹ ɫɟɪɿɣɧɨ, ɭɫɿ ɦɟɛɥɿ ɬɚ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɪɢɥɚɞɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɫɩɪɚɜɧɢɦɢ. ɇɚ ɮɚɫɚɞɿ ɛɭɞɢɧɤɭ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɚ ɜɢɜɿɫɤɚ ɿɡ ɡɨɜɧɿɲɧɿɦ ɨɫɜɿɬɥɟɧɧɹɦ ɚɛɨ ɜɢɜɿɫɤɚ, ɳɨ ɫɜɿɬɢɬɶɫɹ. Ȼɿɥɹ ɛɭɞɢɧɤɭ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɟ, ɨɤɪɿɦ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɭ ɫɭɰɿɥɶɧɿɣ ɦɿɫɶɤɿɣ ɡɚɛɭɞɨɜɿ, ɞɟɤɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɟ ɬɚ/ɚɛɨ ɨɝɨɪɨ117
ɞɠɭɜɚɥɶɧɟ ɨɡɟɥɟɧɟɧɧɹ. Ⱥɜɬɨɫɬɨɹɧɤɚ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɭɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɧɚ ɜɿɞɫɬɚɧɿ ɧɟ ɛɿɥɶɲɟ 400 ɦ, ɡ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɸ ɦɿɫɰɶ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɲɟ 20 % ɜɿɞ ɤɿɥɶɤɨɫɬɿ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ. Ɂɚɫɨɛɢ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɰɿɽʀ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɦɚɬɢ ɡɨɧɭ ɩɪɢɣɦɚɧɧɹ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ ɩɥɨɳɟɸ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɲɟ 10 ɦ2, ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɞɨ 50 ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ; ɹɤɳɨ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ ɛɿɥɶɲɢɣ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɭ ɩɥɨɳɭ ɭ 0,2 ɦ2 ɧɚ ɤɨɠɟɧ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɩɨɧɚɞ 50 ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ. ɍ ɠɢɬɥɨɜɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹɯ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɿ ɦɟɛɥɿ ɬɚ ɤɢɥɢɦɨɜɟ ɩɨɤɪɢɬɬɹ, ɫɟɣɮ ɞɥɹ ɡɛɟɪɿɝɚɧɧɹ ɞɨɪɨɝɢɯ ɪɟɱɟɣ ɭ ɪɟɰɟɩɰɿʀ. ɍ ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɨɦɭ ɩɥɚɧɿ ɨɞɧɨɡɿɪɤɨɜɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɦɚɬɢ ɚɜɚɪɿɣɧɟ ɨɫɜɿɬɥɟɧɧɹ, ɪɟɡɟɪɜɭɚɪ ɞɥɹ ɨɞɧɨɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɩɚɫɭ ɜɨɞɢ, ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɰɿɸ, ɨɩɚɥɟɧɧɹ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɦɢ ɩɪɢɥɚɞɚɦɢ ɚɛɨ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɟ, ɥɿɮɬ, ɹɤɳɨ ɛɭɞɢɧɨɤ ɦɚɽ ɛɿɥɶɲɟ ɱɨɬɢɪɶɨɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɿɜ, ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧ ɭ ɪɟɰɟɩɰɿʀ ɬɚ ɦɿɫɶɤɢɣ ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɫɿ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ. ɍ ɤɨɠɧɨɦɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɿ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɿ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɧɿ ɪɨɡɟɬɤɢ ɿɡ ɡɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹɦ ɧɚɩɪɭɝɢ, ɡɜɭɤɨɿɡɨɥɹɰɿɹ, ɬɟɥɟɜɿɡɨɪ (ɧɚ ɩɪɨɯɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɫɬɹ), ɪɚɞɿɨɩɪɢɣɦɚɱ. ɇɨɦɟɪɧɢɣ ɮɨɧɞ ɭ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɿ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɬɢɫɶ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɲɟ 60 % ɡ ɨɞɧɨ-, ɞɜɨɦɿɫɧɢɯ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ. ɀɢɬɥɨɜɚ ɩɥɨɳɚ ɨɞɧɨɦɿɫɧɢɯ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ (ɛɟɡ ɩɥɨɳɿ ɫɚɧɜɭɡɥɚ, ɤɨɪɢɞɨɪɭ, ɛɚɥɤɨɧɚ) — 8 ɦ2, ɞɜɨɦɿɫɧɨɝɨ 10 ɦ2, ɬɪɢɦɿɫɧɨɝɨ — 14 ɦ2, ɱɨɬɢɪɢɦɿɫɧɨɝɨ 16 ɦ2; ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɚɯ ɛɿɥɶɲɨʀ ɦɿɫɬɤɨɫɬɿ ɞɨ ɩɥɨɳɿ ɱɨɬɢɪɢɦɿɫɧɨɝɨ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ ɞɨɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɤɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɬɹ 4,5 ɦ2 ɩɥɨɳɿ. ɍ ɧɨɦɟɪɚɯ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɢɬɢ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɬ ɦɟɛɥɿɜ ɬɚ ɿɧɜɟɧɬɚɪɸ: — ɨɞɧɨɫɩɚɥɶɧɟ ɥɿɠɤɨ ɪɨɡɦɿɪɨɦ 80ɯ190 ɫɦ, ɞɜɨɫɩɚɥɶɧɟ 140ɯ190 ɫɦ, ɞɢɬɹɱɟ ɚɛɨ ɪɨɡɤɥɚɞɧɟ ɥɿɠɤɨ (ɧɚ ɩɪɨɯɚɧɧɹ), ɬɭɦɛɨɱɤɭ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɫɩɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɿɫɰɹ, ɫɬɿɥɶɰɿ ɞɥɹ ɫɢɞɿɧɧɹ, ɫɬɿɥ, ɩɨɥɢɱɤɭ ɞɥɹ ɛɚɝɚɠɭ, ɲɚɮɭ; — ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɬ ɩɨɫɬɿɥɶɧɢɯ ɪɟɱɟɣ ɿ ɛɿɥɢɡɧɢ; — ɤɢɥɢɦɨɤ ɛɿɥɹ ɤɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɥɿɠɤɚ ɡɚ ɜɿɞɫɭɬɧɨɫɬɿ ɤɢɥɢɦɚ ɚɛɨ ɤɢɥɢɦɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɪɢɬɬɹ ɩɿɞɥɨɝɢ; — ɜɿɲɚɤ ɞɥɹ ɜɟɪɯɧɶɨɝɨ ɨɞɹɝɭ ɬɚ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɢɯ ɭɛɨɪɿɜ; — ɰɭɩɤɿ ɬɚ ɩɪɨɡɨɪɿ ɝɚɪɞɢɧɢ ɧɚ ɜɿɤɧɚ; — ɞɡɟɪɤɚɥɨ ɜ ɬɨɦɭ ɱɢɫɥɿ ɧɚɞ ɭɦɢɜɚɥɶɧɢɤɨɦ ɭ ɜɚɧɧɿɣ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɿ; — ɳɿɬɤɭ ɞɥɹ ɨɞɹɝɭ; — ɫɤɥɹɧɤɭ ɧɚ ɤɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɬɹ; — ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɣɧɿ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɢ ɩɪɨ ɩɟɪɟɥɿɤ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɬɚ ɩɪɟɣɫɤɭɪɚɧɬɢ ɰɿɧ; ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪ «ɉɪɨɲɭ ɧɟ ɬɭɪɛɭɜɚɬɢ», «Ɇɨɠɧɚ ɩɪɢ118
ɛɢɪɚɬɢ»; ɩɪɨɬɢɩɨɠɟɠɧɚ ɿɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɿɹ ɬɚ ɿɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɿɹ ɳɨɞɨ ɞɿɣ ɜ ɟɤɫɬɪɟɦɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɿɹɯ. ȼ ɨɞɧɨɡɿɪɤɨɜɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɡ ɩɨɜɧɢɦ ɫɚɧɜɭɡɥɨɦ (ɭɦɢɜɚɥɶɧɢɤ, ɭɧɿɬɚɡ, ɜɚɧɧɚ ɚɛɨ ɞɭɲ) ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɢ 25 % ɜɿɞ ʀɯɧɶɨʀ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɤɿɥɶɤɨɫɬɿ, ɩɥɨɳɚ ɫɚɧɜɭɡɥɚ — ɞɨɫɬɚɬɧɹ ɞɥɹ ɜɿɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ. ɍ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ, ɹɤɳɨ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɛɟɡ ɫɚɧɜɭɡɥɚ ɜɿɧ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɢɣ ɭɦɢɜɚɥɶɧɢɤɨɦ ɡ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨɸ ɿ ɝɚɪɹɱɨɸ ɜɨɞɨɸ. ɇɚ ɤɨɠɧɨɦɭ ɩɨɜɟɪɫɿ, ɞɟ ɡɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɶɫɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɢ ɛɟɡ ɫɚɧɜɭɡɥɿɜ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɨɞɢɧ ɬɭɚɥɟɬ ɬɚ ɨɞɧɚ ɜɚɧɧɚ (ɞɭɲɨɜɚ) ɧɚ ɤɨɠɧɿ ɩ’ɹɬɶ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɛɟɡ ɫɚɧɜɭɡɥɿɜ, ɚɥɟ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɲɟ ɧɿɠ ɞɜɚ ɬɭɚɥɟɬɢ ɬɚ ɞɜɿ ɜɚɧɧɢ (ɞɭɲɨɜɿ) ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯ ɨɤɪɟɦɨ ɞɥɹ ɱɨɥɨɜɿɤɿɜ ɬɚ ɠɿɧɨɤ. ɍ ɤɨɠɧɨɦɭ ɫɚɧɜɭɡɥɿ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɢɬɢ ɿɧɜɟɧɬɚɪ: ɞɡɟɪɤɚɥɨ ɧɚɞ ɭɦɢɜɚɥɶɧɢɤɨɦ ɡ ɨɫɜɿɬɥɟɧɧɹɦ, ɩɨɥɢɱɤɭ ɞɥɹ ɬɭɚɥɟɬɧɢɯ ɪɟɱɟɣ, ɤɢɥɢɦɨɤ ɧɚ ɩɿɞɥɨɡɿ, ɬɪɢɦɚɱ ɞɥɹ ɨɞɹɝɭ, ɫɤɥɹɧɤɭ, ɧɟ ɦɟɧɲɟ ɞɜɨɯ ɪɭɲɧɢɤɿɜ ɧɚ ɤɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɬɹ, ɜ ɬɨɦɭ ɱɢɫɥɿ ɛɚɧɧɢɣ ɪɭɲɧɢɤ, ɬɭɚɥɟɬɧɟ ɦɢɥɨ, ɬɭɚɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɩɚɩɿɪ, ɬɪɢɦɚɱ ɞɥɹ ɬɭɚɥɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɩɟɪɭ, ɳɿɬɤɭ ɞɥɹ ɭɧɿɬɚɡɭ, ɤɨɲɢɤ ɞɥɹ ɫɦɿɬɬɹ ɡ ɜɨɝɧɟɬɪɢɜɤɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɭ. Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɿɱɧɿ ɜɢɦɨɝɢ ɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɞɨ ɬɭɚɥɟɬɭ ɬɚ ɜɚɧɧɨʀ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɢ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ. Ɉɫɨɛɥɢɜɿɫɬɸ ɜɢɦɨɝ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɭ ɳɨɞɨ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ «ɨɞɧɚ ɡɿɪɤɚ» ɭ ɩɨɪɿɜɧɹɧɧɿ ɡ ɿɧɲɢɦɢ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɹɦɢ — ɧɟ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɚ ɧɚɹɜɧɿɫɬɶ ɭ ʀɯɧɿɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɿ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿɜ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɡ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ. Ɂ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɢɬɢ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɭ ɩɨɛɭɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɤɚɦɟɪɭ ɫɯɨɜɭ, ɳɨ ɩɪɚɰɸɽ ɰɿɥɨɞɨɛɨɜɨ. Ⱦɨ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ «ɨɞɧɚ ɡɿɪɤɚ» ɧɚɥɟɠɚɬɶ: — ɰɿɥɨɞɨɛɨɜɚ ɪɨɛɨɬɚ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɩɪɢɣɦɚɧɧɹ; — ɳɨɞɟɧɧɟ ɩɪɢɛɢɪɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɬɚ ɡɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɥɿɠɨɤ ɩɨɤɨʀɜɤɨɸ; — ɡɚɦɿɧɚ ɩɨɫɬɿɥɶɧɨʀ ɛɿɥɢɡɧɢ ɿ ɪɭɲɧɢɤɿɜ — ɨɞɢɧ ɪɚɡ ɧɚ ɬɪɢ ɞɧɿ ɚɛɨ ɡɚ ɛɚɠɚɧɧɹɦ ɝɨɫɬɹ; — ɩɪɚɧɧɹ ɡ ɩɨɜɟɪɧɟɧɧɹɦ ɛɿɥɢɡɧɢ ɱɟɪɟɡ 24 ɝɨɞ.; — ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɚɫɤɢ; — ɞɪɿɛɧɢɣ ɪɟɦɨɧɬ ɨɞɹɝɭ; — ɡɛɟɪɿɝɚɧɧɹ ɰɿɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɭ ɫɟɣɮɿ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɰɿʀ ɬɚ ɡɛɟɪɿɝɚɧɧɹ ɛɚɝɚɠɭ; — ɜɢɤɥɢɤ ɬɚɤɫɿ. 119
ɉɟɪɫɨɧɚɥ ɨɞɧɨɡɿɪɤɨɜɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ: — ɩɪɨɣɬɢ ɩɿɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɭ, ɳɨ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɽ ɜɢɤɨɧɭɜɚɧɿɣ ɪɨɛɨɬɿ; — ɡɧɚɬɢ ɿɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɿʀ, ɳɨ ɮɿɤɫɭɸɬɶ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɿ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɢ ɿ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɿ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ; — ɞɨɛɪɟ ɜɨɥɨɞɿɧɧɹ (ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɩɪɢɣɦɚɧɧɹ) ɨɞɧɿɽɸ ɿɧɨɡɟɦɧɨɸ ɦɨɜɨɸ ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɩɿɥɤɭɜɚɧɧɹ; — ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬɢ ɩɟɪɿɨɞɢɱɧɢɣ ɦɟɞɢɱɧɢɣ ɨɝɥɹɞ; — ɦɚɬɢ ɮɨɪɦɟɧɢɣ ɨɞɹɝ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɢɣ ɞɨ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɫɥɭɠɛɨɜɿ ɩɨɡɧɚɱɤɢ. Ƚɨɬɟɥɿ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ «ɞɜɿ» ɡɿɪɤɢ ɭ ɜɢɦɨɝɚɯ ɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɭ ɡ ɦɟɬɨɸ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ, ɡɚ ɜɢɧɹɬɤɨɦ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɩɭɧɤɬɿɜ, ɛɥɢɡɶɤɿ ɞɨ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ «ɨɞɧɚ ɡɿɪɤɚ», ɬɨɦɭ ɞɨɰɿɥɶɧɨ ɡɜɟɪɧɭɬɢ ɭɜɚɝɭ ɫɚɦɟ ɧɚ ɧɢɯ. Ɇɿɧɿɦɚɥɶɧɚ ɩɥɨɳɚ ɪɟɰɟɩɰɿʀ, ɹɤɳɨ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɦɟɧɲɚ ɡɚ 50–20 ɦ2, ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɚ ɩɥɨɳɚ ɭ 0,3 ɦ2 ɧɚ ɤɨɠɟɧ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɪɨɡɦɿɪɚɦɢ ɩɨɧɚɞ 50 ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ. ɇɨɦɟɪɧɢɣ ɮɨɧɞ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɬɢɫɶ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɲɟ ɧɿɠ ɡ 80 % ɡ ɨɞɧɨ-, ɞɜɨɦɿɫɧɢɯ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ. ɀɢɬɥɨɜɚ ɩɥɨɳɚ ɨɞɧɨɤɿɦɧɚɬɧɢɯ ɨɞɧɨɦɿɫɧɢɯ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ (ɛɟɡ ɩɥɨɳɿ ɫɚɧɜɭɡɥɚ, ɤɨɪɢɞɨɪɭ ɬɚ ɛɚɥɤɨɧɚ) ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɛɭɬɢ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɲɚ 9 ɦ2, ɞɜɨɦɿɫɧɢɯ — 12 ɦ2, ɬɪɢɦɿɫɧɢɯ — 16 ɦ2, ɱɨɬɢɪɢɦɿɫɧɢɯ — 18 ɦ2. Ʉɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɡ ɩɨɜɧɢɦ ɫɚɧɜɭɡɥɨɦ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɢ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɲɟ 50 %. ɍ ɞɜɨɡɿɪɤɨɜɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ, ɭ ɩɨɪɿɜɧɹɧɧɿ ɡ ɨɞɧɨɡɿɪɤɨɜɢɦɢ, ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɨɞɢɧ ɡ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɯ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿɜ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ — ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧ, ɤɚɮɟ ɱɢ ɛɚɪ. Ɉɤɪɿɦ ɰɶɨɝɨ, ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɧɚɞɚɜɚɬɢ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɡ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɚɛɨ ɩɪɨɞɚɠɭ ɤɜɢɬɤɿɜ ɞɨ ɬɟɚɬɪɭ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɪɨɡɜɚɠɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿɜ. Ƚɨɬɟɥɿ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ «ɬɪɢ» ɡɿɪɤɢ. Ȼɭɞɿɜɥɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɝɚɪɦɨɧɿɣɧɨ ɜɩɢɫɭɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɜ ɚɪɯɿɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɢɯ ɚɧɫɚɦɛɥɶ ɜɭɥɢɰɿ, ɦɿɤɪɨɪɚɣɨɧɭ; ɝɨɥɨɜɧɢɣ ɮɚɫɚɞ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɬɢ ɩɟɜɧɨɦɭ ɚɪɯɿɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨɦɭ ɫɬɢɥɸ ɡ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹɦ ɭ ɛɭɞɿɜɧɢɰɬɜɿ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɯɨɞɿɜ ɜɢɪɚɠɟɧɢɯ ɭ ɛɭɞɿɜɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɹɯ ɿɡ ɡɚɫɬɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ ɧɨɜɿɬɧɿɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɿɜ, ɳɨ ɞɚɸɬɶ ɡɦɨɝɭ ɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɢ ɩɪɢɜɚɛɥɢɜɢɣ ɡɨɜɧɿɲɧɿɣ ɜɢɝɥɹɞ. Ɇɟɛɥɿ ɬɚ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɛɭɬɢ ɡ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɿɜ ɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨʀ ɜɚɪɬɨɫɬɿ, ɩɪɨɬɟ ɟɫɬɟɬɢɱɧɨ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɦɢ ɿ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɬɢ ɽɞɢɧɨɦɭ ɫɬɢɥɸ. ɍɫɟ ɭɫɬɚɬɤɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɨ ɛɭɬɢ ɭ ɞɨɛɪɨɦɭ ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɨɦɭ ɫɬɚɧɿ ɿɡ ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹɦ ɡɚɬɢɲɤɭ. ɍ ɡɨɜɧɿɲɧɿɯ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɯ ɛɥɚɝɨɭɫɬɪɨɸ ɬɚ ɨɛɥɚɲɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɿʀ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɢɬɢ ɜɢɜɿɫɤɭ, ɳɨ ɫɜɿɬɢɬɶɫɹ 120
ɡ ɟɦɛɥɟɦɨɸ ɧɚ ɮɚɫɚɞɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ. Ƚɨɬɟɥɶ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɦɚɬɢ ɳɨɧɚɣɦɟɧɲɟ ɞɜɚ ɜɯɨɞɢ — ɩɚɪɚɞɧɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɭ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɸɥɶ, ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɢɣ ɞɚɲɤɨɦ ɧɚɞ ɞɜɟɪɢɦɚ ɚɛɨ ɩɨɞɜɿɣɧɢɦɢ ɞɜɟɪɢɦɚ, ɳɨ ɜɿɞɤɪɢɜɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɧɨ, ɬɚ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɣ ɫɥɭɠɛɨɜɢɣ ɜɯɿɞ. ȼɯɿɞ ɭ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ, ɿɧɲɢɣ ɜɯɿɞ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɡ ɜɭɥɢɰɿ. Ⱥɜɬɨɫɬɨɹɧɤɚ ɡ ɨɯɨɪɨɧɨɸ ɦɚɽ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɭɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɧɚ ɜɿɞɫɬɚɧɿ ɧɟ ɛɿɥɶɲɟ 400 ɦ, ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɛɭɬɢ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɲɟ 20 % ɜɿɞ ɤɿɥɶɤɨɫɬɿ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ. əɤɳɨ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɡɟɥɟɧɿɣ ɡɨɧɿ — ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɢɬɢ ɞɟɤɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɟ ɬɚ ɨɝɨɪɨɞɠɭɜɚɥɶɧɟ ɨɡɟɥɟɧɟɧɧɹ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɿʀ. ɍ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɿ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɫɶɤɨʀ ɱɚɫɬɢɧɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ, ɡɨɧɚ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɦɚɬɢ ɦɿɧɿɦɚɥɶɧɭ ɩɥɨɳɭ 20 ɦ2, ɹɤɳɨ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɞɨ 50 ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ, ɹɤɳɨ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɛɿɥɶɲɟ — 0,5 ɦ2 ɭ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɭɧɤɭ ɧɚ ɤɨɠɟɧ ɧɨɦɟɪ. Ɂɨɧɚ ɪɟɰɟɩɰɿʀ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɦɟɛɥɹɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɤɭ, ɜ ɬɨɦɭ ɱɢɫɥɿ ɝɚɪɧɿɬɭɪɧɢɦɢ; ɩɨɤɪɢɬɬɹ ɩɿɞɥɨɝɢ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɟ ɡ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹɦ ɝɪɚɧɿɬɭ, ɦɨɡɚʀɤɢ, ɨɡɞɨɛɥɸɜɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɩɥɢɬɤɢ, ɞɟɤɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɟ ɨɡɟɥɟɧɟɧɧɹ, ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɧɹ ɿɧɬɟɪ’ɽɪɚ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɚɦɢ ɚɛɨ ɿɧɲɢɦɢ ɯɭɞɨɠɧɿɦɢ ɬɜɨɪɚɦɢ, ɨɫɜɿɬɥɸɜɚɥɶɧɿ ɩɪɢɥɚɞɢ ɝɚɪɦɨɧɿɣɧɨ ɡɥɢɜɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɿɡ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɢɦ ɫɬɢɥɟɦ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ, ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɤɢɥɢɦɚɦɢ ɚɛɨ ɤɢɥɢɦɨɜɢɦ ɩɨɤɪɢɬɬɹɦ (ɜ ɬɨɦɭ ɱɢɫɥɿ ɧɚ ɤɨɪɢɞɨɪɚɯ), ɫɟɣɮɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɡɛɟɪɿɝɚɧɧɹ ɰɿɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɣɧɢɦɢ ɬɚ ɪɟɤɥɚɦɧɢɦɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɚɦɢ, ɜ ɬɨɦɭ ɱɢɫɥɿ ɧɚ ɿɧɨɡɟɦɧɢɯ ɦɨɜɚɯ. ɏɨɥɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɢɬɢ ɿ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɚɯ. ɍ ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɨɦɭ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɢɬɢ ɫɬɚɰɿɨɧɚɪɧɢɣ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪ, ɪɟɡɟɪɜɭɚɪ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɩɚɫɭ ɜɨɞɢ ɳɨɧɚɣɦɟɧɲɟ ɧɚ ɞɨɛɭ, ɪɟɡɟɪɜɧɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɝɚɪɹɱɨɝɨ ɜɨɞɨɩɨɫɬɚɱɚɧɧɹ, ɤɨɧɞɢɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɜɿɬɪɹ ɭ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹɯ ɫɩɿɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɡ ɞɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹɦ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɢ 18–22 0ɋ ɿ ɜɨɥɨɝɨɫɬɿ 45–60 %, ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɰɿɸ ɫɚɧɜɭɡɥɿɜ, ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɟ ɨɩɚɥɟɧɧɹ, ɩɚɫɚɠɢɪɫɶɤɢɣ ɥɿɮɬ, ɹɤɳɨ ɛɭɞɢɧɨɤ ɛɿɥɶɲɟ ɬɪɶɨɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɿɜ, ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧ ɭ ɪɟɰɟɩɰɿʀ, ɜɟɫɬɢɛɸɥɿ ɬɚ ɩɪɹɦɢɣ ɡ ɦɿɫɶɤɨɸ, ɦɿɠɦɿɫɶɤɨɸ, ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɸ ɦɟɪɟɠɟɸ ɭ ɜɫɿɯ ɧɨɦɟɪɚɯ. ɇɨɦɟɪɧɢɣ ɮɨɧɞ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɬɢɫɶ ɧɚ 100 % ɡ ɨɞɧɨ-, ɞɜɨɦɿɫɧɢɯ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ, ɜɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɛɚɝɚɬɨɤɿɦɧɚɬɧɿ ɧɨɦɟɪɢ. ɀɢɬɥɨɜɚ ɩɥɨɳɚ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɤɿɦɧɚɬɧɢɯ ɧɨɦɟɪɚɯ — ɨɞɧɨɦɿɫɧɢɯ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɲɟ 10 ɦ2, ɞɜɨɦɿɫɧɢɯ — 14 ɦ2. Ɇɿɠ ɧɨɦɟɪɚɦɢ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɡɜɭɤɨɿɡɨɥɹɰɿɹ ɧɚ ɪɿɜɧɿ 35 ɞȻȺ. 121
ɍ ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɿɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɰɿ ɧɨɦɟɪɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɨɫɧɚɳɟɧɿ: — ɡɚɦɤɚɦɢ ɡ ɜɧɭɬɪɿɲɧɿɦ ɡɚɩɨɛɿɠɧɢɤɚɦɢ; — ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɢɦ ɨɫɜɿɬɥɟɧɧɹɦ, ɫɜɿɬɢɥɶɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɛɿɥɹ ɤɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɥɿɠɤɚ, ɥɚɦɩɚɦɢ, ɳɨ ɨɫɜɿɬɥɸɸɬɶ ɪɨɛɨɱɿ ɦɿɫɰɹ; — ɟɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɧɢɦɢ ɪɨɡɟɬɤɚɦɢ ɿɡ ɡɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹɦ ɧɚɩɪɭɝɢ; — ɤɨɥɶɨɪɨɜɢɦ ɬɟɥɟɜɿɡɨɪɨɦ ɬɚ ɪɚɞɿɨɩɪɢɣɦɚɱɟɦ ɭ ɤɨɠɧɨɦɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɿ; — ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɢɤɨɦ. ȼ ɨɫɧɚɳɟɧɧɿ ɦɟɛɥɹɦɢ ɬɚ ɿɧɜɟɧɬɚɪɟɦ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɬɪɢɡɿɪɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɢɬɢ: — ɨɞɧɨɫɩɚɥɶɧɟ ɥɿɠɤɨ ɪɨɡɦɿɪɨɦ 90ɯ200 ɫɦ, ɞɜɨɫɩɚɥɶɧɟ — 140ɯ190 ɫɦ ɬɚ ɞɢɬɹɱɟ ɚɛɨ ɪɨɡɤɥɚɞɧɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɯɚɧɧɹ; — ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɬ ɩɨɫɬɿɥɶɧɢɯ ɪɟɱɟɣ ɿ ɛɿɥɢɡɧɢ; — ɤɢɥɢɦɨɤ ɛɿɥɹ ɤɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɥɿɠɤɚ, ɡɚ ɜɿɞɫɭɬɧɨɫɬɿ ɤɢɥɢɦɚ ɚɛɨ ɤɢɥɢɦɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɪɢɬɬɹ ɩɿɞɥɨɝɢ; — ɬɭɦɛɨɱɤɭ ɚɛɨ ɫɬɨɥɢɤ ɛɿɥɹ ɤɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɫɩɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɿɫɰɹ; — ɲɚɮɭ ɡ ɩɨɥɢɱɤɚɦɢ ɿ ɜɿɲɚɥɤɨɸ; — ɜɿɲɚɤ ɞɥɹ ɜɟɪɯɧɶɨɝɨ ɨɞɹɝɭ ɿ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɢɯ ɭɛɨɪɿɜ; — ɫɬɿɥɶɰɿ ɚɛɨ ɿɧɲɿ ɦɟɛɥɿ ɞɥɹ ɫɢɞɿɧɧɹ (ɨɞɢɧ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬ ɧɚ ɤɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɬɹ ɚɥɟ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɲɟ ɞɜɨɯ ɧɚ ɧɨɦɟɪ); — ɫɬɿɥ; — ɩɨɥɢɱɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɛɚɝɚɠɭ; — ɰɭɩɤɿ ɡɚɜɿɫɢ ɚɛɨ ɠɚɥɸɡɿ, ɳɨ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɸɬɶ ɡɚɬɟɦɧɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ; — ɞɡɟɪɤɚɥɨ — ɭ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɿ ɿ ɨɤɪɟɦɨ ɭ ɜɚɧɧɿɣ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɿ ɧɚɞ ɭɦɢɜɚɥɶɧɢɤɨɦ; — ɲɜɚɰɶɤɢɣ ɧɚɛɿɪ, ɳɿɬɤɭ ɞɥɹ ɨɞɹɝɭ ɿ ɜɡɭɬɬɹ; — ɫɤɥɹɧɤɭ ɧɚ ɤɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɬɹ; — ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɣɧɿ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɢ ɜ ɧɨɦɟɪɿ, ɜ ɬɨɦɭ ɱɢɫɥɿ ɧɚ ɿɧɨɡɟɦɧɿɣ ɦɨɜɿ ɭ ɩɚɩɰɿ ɡ ɟɦɛɥɟɦɨɸ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ, ɩɪɟɣɫɤɭɪɚɧɬɢ ɰɿɧ, ɪɟɤɥɚɦɧɿ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɢ, ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧɧɢɣ ɞɨɜɿɞɧɢɤ; — ɧɚɛɿɪ ɩɢɫɶɦɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɥɚɞɞɹ (ɤɨɧɜɟɪɬɢ, ɩɨɲɬɨɜɢɣ ɩɚɩɿɪ, ɪɭɱɤɚ, ɨɥɿɜɟɰɶ); — ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪɢ «ɉɪɨɲɭ ɧɟ ɬɭɪɛɭɜɚɬɢ», «Ɇɨɠɧɚ ɩɪɢɛɢɪɚɬɢ»; ɩɚɤɟɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɚɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɯɿɦɱɢɫɬɤɢ; — ɩɪɨɬɢɩɨɠɟɠɧɚ ɿɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɿɹ ɬɚ ɿɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɿɹ ɳɨɞɨ ɞɿɣ ɜ ɟɤɫɬɪɟɦɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɭɦɨɜɚɯ. ɍ ɬɪɢɡɿɪɤɨɜɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɡ ɩɨɜɧɢɦ ɫɚɧɜɭɡɥɨɦ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɢ 100 %, ʀɯɧɹ ɩɥɨɳɚ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɧɹ ɞɥɹ ɜɿɥɶ122
ɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ. ɋɚɧɿɬɚɪɧɟ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɨ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɬɢ: — ɞɡɟɪɤɚɥɨ ɧɚɞ ɭɦɢɜɚɥɶɧɢɤɨɦ ɡ ɛɿɱɧɢɦ ɚɛɨ ɜɟɪɯɧɿɦ ɨɫɜɿɬɥɟɧɧɹɦ; — ɩɨɥɢɱɤɭ ɞɥɹ ɬɭɚɥɟɬɧɢɯ ɪɟɱɟɣ; — ɡɚɜɿɫɢ ɞɥɹ ɜɚɧɧɢ ɱɢ ɞɭɲɭ; — ɤɢɥɢɦɨɤ ɧɚ ɩɿɞɥɨɡɿ; — ɬɪɢɦɚɱ ɞɥɹ ɪɭɲɧɢɤɿɜ, ɝɚɱɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɞɹɝɭ; — ɫɤɥɹɧɤɭ; — ɪɭɲɧɢɤɢ, ɧɟ ɦɟɧɲɟ ɬɪɶɨɯ ɧɚ ɤɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɬɹ, ɜ ɬɨɦɭ ɱɢɫɥɿ ɛɚɧɧɢɣ ɪɭɲɧɢɤ; — ɲɚɩɨɱɤɭ ɛɚɧɧɭ ɧɚ ɤɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɬɹ; — ɬɭɚɥɟɬɧɟ ɦɢɥɨ, ɬɭɚɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɩɚɩɿɪ, ɬɪɢɦɚɱ ɞɥɹ ɩɚɩɟɪɭ; — ɳɿɬɤɭ ɞɥɹ ɭɧɿɬɚɡɭ; — ɤɨɲɢɤ ɞɥɹ ɫɦɿɬɬɹ ɡ ɜɨɝɧɟɬɪɢɜɤɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɭ. Ƚɨɬɟɥɿ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ «ɬɪɢ ɡɿɪɤɢ», ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɜɢɦɨɝ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɭ, ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɨ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɦɚɬɢ: ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧ ɚɛɨ ɤɚɮɟ ɡ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɸ ɦɿɫɰɶ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɲɟ 75 % ɜɿɞ ɤɿɥɶɤɨɫɬɿ ɦɿɫɰɶ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ, ɡɚɥ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨ-ɦɚɫɨɜɢɯ (ɞɿɥɨɜɢɯ) ɡɚɯɨɞɿɜ ɡ ɚɭɞɿɨ- ɬɚ ɜɿɞɟɨɚɩɚɪɚɬɭɪɨɸ, ɨɛ’ɽɤɬ ɞɥɹ ɛɿɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɜɿɞɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɦɭ — ɩɥɚɜɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɛɚɫɟɣɧ, ɫɚɭɧɭ, ɬɪɟɧɚɠɟɪɧɢɣ ɡɚɥ, ɫɨɥɹɪɿɣ ɬɚ ɿɧ., ɩɟɪɭɤɚɪɧɸ, ɤɿɦɧɚɬɭ ɩɨɛɭɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɤɚɦɟɪɭ ɫɯɨɜɭ, ɬɨɪɝɨɜɢɣ ɡɚɤɥɚɞ. ɋɟɪɟɞ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɰɿɽʀ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɢɬɢ: — ɰɿɥɨɞɨɛɨɜɭ ɪɨɛɨɬɭ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ; — ɩɿɞɧɟɫɟɧɧɹ ɛɚɝɚɠɭ (ɧɚ ɩɪɨɯɚɧɧɹ); — ɳɨɞɟɧɧɟ ɩɪɢɛɢɪɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ, ɡɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɥɿɠɤɚ; — ɡɚɦɿɧɭ ɩɨɫɬɿɥɶɧɨʀ ɛɿɥɢɡɧɢ ɨɞɢɧ ɪɚɡ ɧɚ ɬɪɢ ɞɧɿ ɚɛɨ ɡɚ ɛɚɠɚɧɧɹɦ ɝɨɫɬɹ, ɳɨɞɟɧɧɭ ɡɚɦɿɧɭ ɪɭɲɧɢɤɿɜ; — ɩɪɚɧɧɹ ɡ ɩɨɜɟɪɧɟɧɧɹɦ ɛɿɥɢɡɧɢ ɭɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ 24 ɝɨɞ.; — ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɚɫɤɢ; — ɱɢɳɟɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɞɪɿɛɧɢɣ ɪɟɦɨɧɬ ɨɞɹɝɭ; — ɱɢɳɟɧɧɹ ɜɡɭɬɬɹ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɨɦ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɚɛɨ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɨɦ; — ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɜ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɤɨɦɩ’ɸɬɟɪɿɜ, ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɢɯ ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɭ, ɜɿɞɟɨ-, ɚɭɞɿɨɚɩɚɪɚɬɭɪɢ; — ɡɛɟɪɿɝɚɧɧɹ ɤɨɲɬɨɜɧɢɯ ɪɟɱɟɣ ɭ ɫɟɣɮɿ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɰɿʀ; — ɨɛɦɿɧ ɜɚɥɸɬɢ, ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɚɹɜɧɿɫɬɶ ɩɭɧɤɬɭ ɨɛɦɿɧɭ ɜɚɥɸɬɢ ɚɛɨ ɛɚɧɤɨɦɚɬɭ ɧɚ ɜɿɞɫɬɚɧɿ ɞɨ 100 ɦ; 123
— ɩɪɢɣɨɦ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɧɢɯ ɤɚɪɬɨɤ; — ɜɢɤɥɢɤ ɬɚɤɫɿ; — ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɤɜɢɬɤɿɜ ɧɚ ɪɿɡɧɿ ɜɢɞɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɭ, ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɩɪɨɞɚɠ ɤɜɢɬɤɿɜ ɞɨ ɬɟɚɬɪɭ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɿ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɢ ɪɨɡɜɚɝ; — ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ; — ɩɪɨɤɚɬ ɫɩɨɪɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɬɚ ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɿɧɜɟɧɬɚɪɸ ɞɥɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ, ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɭ ɤɭɪɨɪɬɧɨ-ɪɟɤɪɟɚɰɿɣɧɿɣ ɡɨɧɿ; — ɜɢɤɥɢɤ ɲɜɢɞɤɨʀ ɞɨɩɨɦɨɝɢ; — ɫɧɿɞɚɧɨɤ, ɜ ɬɨɦɭ ɱɢɫɥɿ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɡ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɜ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɡɚ ɛɚɠɚɧɧɹɦ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ ɜɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ 7.00 — 24.00 ɝɨɞ. Ɉɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɸɱɢɣ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɡɧɚɬɢ ɩɨɫɚɞɨɜɿ ɿɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɿʀ, ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɿ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɢ ɬɚ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ, ɦɚɬɢ ɤɜɚɥɿɮɿɤɚɰɿɸ ɳɨɞɨ ɜɢɤɨɧɭɜɚɧɨʀ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɬɚ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ ɛɟɡɩɟɤɢ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ. ɉɟɪɫɨɧɚɥ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɩɪɢɣɦɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɜɿɥɶɧɨ ɜɨɥɨɞɿɬɢ ɚɧɝɥɿɣɫɶɤɨɸ ɬɚ ɳɟ ɨɞɧɿɽɸ ɦɨɜɨɸ ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɜɚɧɨɸ ɭ ɰɶɨɦɭ ɪɟʉɿɨɧɿ, ɳɨ ɩɿɞɬɜɟɪɞɠɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɩɪɨ ɨɫɜɿɬɭ. ȼɟɫɶ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɸɱɢɣ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɦɚɬɢ ɮɨɪɦɟɧɢɣ ɨɞɹɝ ɡ ɞɢɮɟɪɟɧɰɿɣɨɜɚɧɢɦɢ ɜɿɞɦɿɧɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɳɨɞɨ ɫɥɭɠɛ, ɫɥɭɠɛɨɜɿ ɩɨɡɧɚɱɤɢ ɬɚ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬɢ ɩɟɪɿɨɞɢɱɧɢɣ ɦɟɞɢɱɧɢɣ ɨɝɥɹɞ. Ƚɨɬɟɥɿ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ «ɱɨɬɢɪɢ» ɡɿɪɤɢ. Ȼɭɞɢɧɨɤ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɜɩɢɫɭɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɜ ɚɪɯɿɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɢɣ ɚɧɫɚɦɛɥɶ ɧɚɜɤɨɥɢɲɧɶɨʀ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɿʀ, ɝɨɥɨɜɧɢɣ ɮɚɫɚɞ ɛɭɞɢɧɤɭ — ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɬɢ ɚɪɯɿɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨɦɭ ɫɬɢɥɸ, ɛɭɬɢ ɩɪɢɜɚɛɥɢɜɢɦ ɞɥɹ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ. ɍ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɰɿɽʀ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɚ ɚɜɬɨɫɬɨɹɧɤɚ ɡ ɨɯɨɪɨɧɨɸ ɚɛɨ ɝɚɪɚɠ ɡ ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɢɦ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɿɥɿɜ, ɳɨ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɛɟɡɩɨɫɟɪɟɞɧɿɣ ɛɥɢɡɶɤɨɫɬɿ ɞɨ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ. ɇɚɜɤɨɥɢɲɧɿɣ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɞɟɤɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨ ɨɡɟɥɟɧɟɧɢɣ, ɨɤɪɿɦ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɭ ɫɭɰɿɥɶɧɿɣ ɦɿɫɶɤɿɣ ɡɚɛɭɞɨɜɿ. Ƚɨɬɟɥɶ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɦɚɬɢ ɜɢɜɿɫɤɭ, ɳɨ ɫɜɿɬɢɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɟɦɛɥɟɦɨɸ, ɞɟɤɿɥɶɤɚ ɜɯɨɞɿɜ — ɛɟɡɩɨɫɟɪɟɞɧɿɣ ɞɨ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɸɥɹ, ɞɟ ɦɿɫɬɢɬɶɫɹ ɫɥɭɠɛɚ ɩɪɢɣɦɚɧɧɹ, ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɢɣ ɩɨɜɿɬɪɹɧɨ-ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɸ ɡɚɜɿɫɨɸ ɬɚ ɞɚɲɤɨɦ ɧɚ ɲɥɹɯɭ ɜɿɞ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɿɥɹ, ɨɤɪɟɦɢɣ ɫɥɭɠɛɨɜɢɣ ɜɯɿɞ. ɍ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɜɯɿɞ ɡ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɬɚ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɣ ɜɯɿɞ ɡ ɜɭɥɢɰɿ. Ƚɪɨɦɚɞɫɶɤɚ ɱɚɫɬɢɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ, ɧɚɫɚɦɩɟɪɟɞ ɡɨɧɚ ɪɟɰɟɩɰɿʀ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɦɚɬɢ ɦɿɧɿɦɚɥɶɧɭ ɩɥɨɳɭ 30 ɦ2 — ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɞɨ 50 ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ, ɭ ɛɿɥɶɲɢɯ — 0,8 ɦ2 ɧɚ ɤɨɠɟɧ ɧɨɦɟɪ. Ȼɭɞɿɜɟɥɶɧɿ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɢ, ɦɟɛɥɿ ɬɚ ɭɫɬɚɬɤɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɫɶɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ 124
ɿ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɿ ɡ ɞɨɪɨɝɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɿɜ, ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɧɢɦɢ ɬɚ ɭ ɛɟɡɞɨɝɚɧɧɨɦɭ ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɨɦɭ ɫɬɚɧɿ. ɍɫɿ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɦɚɸɬɶ ɛɭɬɢ ɨɫɧɚɳɟɧɢɦɢ ɤɢɥɢɦɚɦɢ ɚɛɨ ɤɢɥɢɦɨɜɢɦ ɩɨɤɪɢɬɬɹɦ ɜɢɫɨɤɨʀ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ. ɉɿɞɥɨɝɚ ɜɢɤɨɧɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɿɡ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɪɢɬɬɹ — ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɨɛɥɟɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɦɟɧɸ, ɦɨɡɚʀɤɢ, ɨɡɞɨɛɥɸɜɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɩɥɢɬɤɢ. ɇɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɢɬɢ ɞɟɤɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɟ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɧɹ ɿɧɬɟɪ’ɽɪɭ — ɤɚɪɬɢɧɚɦɢ ɚɛɨ ɿɧɲɢɦɢ ɯɭɞɨɠɧɿɦɢ ɬɜɨɪɚɦɢ, ɨɫɜɿɬɥɸɜɚɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɩɪɢɥɚɞɚɦɢ, ɹɤɿ ɝɚɪɦɨɧɿɣɧɨ ɜɩɢɫɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɿɧɬɟɪ’ɽɪ, ɨɡɟɥɟɧɟɧɧɹ. ɍ ɡɨɧɿ ɩɪɢɣɦɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɫɟɣɮ ɞɥɹ ɡɛɟɪɿɝɚɧɧɹ ɰɿɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɣɧɿ ɬɚ ɪɟɤɥɚɦɧɿ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɢ, ɜ ɬɨɦɭ ɱɢɫɥɿ ɧɚ ɿɧɨɡɟɦɧɢɯ ɦɨɜɚɯ. ɇɚɹɜɧɿɫɬɶ ɯɨɥɿɜ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɚɯ — ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɚ. Ɋɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿɹ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ, ɹɤɳɨ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɛɿɥɶɲɚ ɡɚ 30, ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɡ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹɦ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ. Ɍɟɯɧɿɱɧɟ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɱɨɬɢɪɢɡɿɪɤɨɜɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɨ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɬɢ: — ɫɬɚɰɿɨɧɚɪɧɢɣ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪ ɩɨɞɚɱɿ ɫɬɪɭɦɭ, ɳɨ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭɫɿɯ ɠɢɬɬɽɜɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɢɯ ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɭɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɲɟ 24 ɝɨɞ.; — ɪɟɡɟɪɜɭɚɪ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɩɚɫɭ ɜɨɞɢ ɳɨɧɚɣɦɟɧɲɟ ɧɚ ɞɨɛɭ; — ɪɟɡɟɪɜɧɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɝɚɪɹɱɨɝɨ ɜɨɞɨɩɨɫɬɚɱɚɧɧɹ ɧɚ ɱɚɫ ɚɜɚɪɿʀ ɱɢ ɩɪɨɮɿɥɚɤɬɢɱɧɢɯ ɪɨɛɿɬ; ɤɨɧɞɢɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɳɨ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽ ɡɚɦɿɧɭ ɩɨɜɿɬɪɹ ɬɚ ɞɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɢ 18–22 0ɋ ɿ ɜɨɥɨɝɨɫɬɿ 45–60 %; — ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɰɿɸ ɫɚɧɜɭɡɥɿɜ; — ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɟ ɨɩɚɥɟɧɧɹ ɡ ɬɟɪɦɨɫɬɚɬɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɿɧɞɢɜɿɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɢ; — ɩɚɫɚɠɢɪɫɶɤɢɣ ɥɿɮɬ, ɹɤɳɨ ɭ ɛɭɞɢɧɤɭ ɛɿɥɶɲɟ ɞɜɨɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɿɜ, ɭ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɭɧɤɭ ɨɞɢɧ ɥɿɮɬ ɧɚ ɤɨɠɧɿ 60 ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ; — ɜɚɧɬɚɠɧɢɣ ɥɿɮɬ, ɹɤɳɨ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɛɿɥɶɲɟ 30; — ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧ: ɭ ɪɟɰɟɩɰɿʀ, ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ; ɩɪɹɦɢɣ ɡ’ɽɞɧɚɧɢɣ ɡ ɦɿɫɶɤɨɸ, ɦɿɠɦɿɫɶɤɨɸ, ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɸ ɦɟɪɟɠɟɸ ɜ ɭɫɿɯ ɧɨɦɟɪɚɯ; ɭ ɛɚɝɚɬɨɤɿɦɧɚɬɧɢɯ ɧɨɦɟɪɚɯ — ɭ ɭ ɤɨɠɧɿɣ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɿ; ɭ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɸɥɿ — ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɜ ɤɚɛɿɧɿ ɚɛɨ ɩɿɞ ɤɨɜɩɚɤɨɦ — ɦɿɫɶɤɢɣ, ɦɿɠɦɿɫɶɤɢɣ, ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɣ. ɀɢɬɥɨɜɚ ɱɚɫɬɢɧɚ ɭ ɱɨɬɢɪɢɡɿɪɤɨɜɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɬɢɫɶ ɧɚ 100 % ɡ ɨɞɧɨ-, ɞɜɨɦɿɫɧɢɯ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɿɡ ɠɢɬɥɨɜɨɸ ɩɥɨɳɟɸ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɲɟ 12 ɦ2, ɞɜɨɦɿɫɧɢɯ — 15 ɦ2. Ȼɚɝɚɬɨɤɿɦɧɚɬɧɿ ɧɨɦɟɪɢ, ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɹɤɢɯ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɛɭɬɢ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɲɟ 5 % ɜɿɞ ɡɚ125
ɝɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɤɿɥɶɤɨɫɬɿ, ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɦɚɬɢ ɜɿɬɚɥɶɧɸ ɩɥɨɳɟɸ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɲɟ 16 ɦ2, ɫɩɚɥɶɧɸ ɡ ɫɚɧɜɭɡɥɨɦ, ɤɨɪɢɞɨɪ ɡ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɦ ɬɭɚɥɟɬɨɦ. ɍɫɿ ɧɨɦɟɪɢ ɡ ɩɿɞɜɢɳɟɧɨɸ ɡɜɭɤɨɿɡɨɥɹɰɿɽɸ ɞɜɟɪɟɣ ɬɚ ɜɿɤɨɧ, ɳɨ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽ ɡɚɯɢɫɬ ɜɿɞ ɜɭɥɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɲɭɦɭ. Ɍɟɯɧɿɱɧɟ ɨɫɧɚɳɟɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɨ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɬɢ: — ɡɚɦɨɤ ɧɚ ɞɜɟɪɹɯ ɩɿɞɜɢɳɟɧɨʀ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɧɨɫɬɿ ɡ ɜɧɭɬɪɿɲɧɿɦ ɡɚɩɨɛɿɠɧɢɤɨɦ; — ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɟ ɨɫɜɿɬɥɟɧɧɹ, ɫɜɿɬɢɥɶɧɢɤ ɛɿɥɹ ɤɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɥɿɠɤɚ, ɥɚɦɩɭ ɧɚ ɪɨɛɨɱɨɦɭ ɫɬɨɥɿ, ɜɢɦɢɤɚɱ ɞɢɫɬɚɧɰɿɣɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɫɜɿɬɥɟɧɧɹ; — ɟɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɧɿ ɪɨɡɟɬɤɢ ɿɡ ɡɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹɦ ɧɚɩɪɭɝɢ, ɧɟ ɦɟɧɲɟ ɞɜɨɯ ɧɚ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɭ, ɭ ɫɚɧɜɭɡɥɿ, ɞɥɹ ɩɿɞɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɹ ȱɧɬɟɪɧɟɬɭ, ɪɿɡɧɨɩɚɡɨɜɿ; — ɬɟɥɟɜɿɡɨɪ ɤɨɥɶɨɪɨɜɢɣ ɭ ɤɨɠɧɨɦɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɿ ɡ ɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɬɹɦ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɯ ɬɟɥɟɤɨɦɩɚɧɿɣ ɫɜɿɬɭ, ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɿɞɟɨɤɚɧɚɥɭ, ɡ ɞɢɫɬɚɧɰɿɣɧɢɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹɦ; — ɦɿɧɿ-ɛɚɪ ɚɛɨ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɢɤ ɭ ɜɫɿɯ ɧɨɦɟɪɚɯ; — ɦɿɧɿ-ɫɟɣɮ ɭ ɤɨɠɧɨɦɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɿ ɚɛɨ ɫɟɣɮ ɡ ɿɧɞɢɜɿɞɭɚɥɶɧɢɦ ɜɿɞɞɿɥɟɧɧɹɦ ɭ ɫɥɭɠɛɿ ɩɪɢɣɦɚɧɧɹ. ɇɨɦɟɪɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɨɫɧɚɳɟɧɿ: — ɥɿɠɤɨɦ ɨɞɧɨɫɩɚɥɶɧɢɦ 90u200 ɫɦ, ɞɜɨɫɩɚɥɶɧɢɦ 160u 200 ɫɦ, ɞɢɬɹɱɢɦ ɚɛɨ ɪɨɡɤɥɚɞɧɢɦ ɥɿɠɤɨɦ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɯɚɧɧɹ; — ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɬɨɦ ɩɨɫɬɿɥɶɧɨʀ ɛɿɥɢɡɧɢ ɡ ɛɿɥɢɯ ɤɨɥɶɨɪɨɜɢɯ ɬɨɧɤɨɬɤɚɧɢɯ ɧɚɬɭɪɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɬɤɚɧɢɧ; — ɬɭɦɛɨɱɤɨɸ ɛɿɥɹ ɤɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɫɩɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɿɫɰɹ; — ɜɿɲɚɤɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɜɟɪɯɧɶɨɝɨ ɨɞɹɝɭ ɿ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɢɯ ɭɛɨɪɿɜ; — ɲɚɮɨɸ ɡ ɩɨɥɢɱɤɨɸ; — ɤɪɿɫɥɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɤɭ, ɳɨɧɚɣɦɟɧɲɟ ɞɜɚ ɧɚ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɚɛɨ ɦ’ɹɤɢɦ ɞɢɜɚɧɨɦ; — ɩɢɫɶɦɨɜɢɦ ɫɬɨɥɨɦ ɿɡ ɫɬɿɥɶɰɹɦɢ; — ɠɭɪɧɚɥɶɧɢɦ ɫɬɨɥɨɦ; — ɩɨɥɢɱɤɨɸ ɞɥɹ ɛɚɝɚɠɭ; — ɰɭɩɤɢɦɢ ɡɚɜɿɫɚɦɢ ɚɛɨ ɠɚɥɸɡɹɦɢ, ɳɨ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɸɬɶ ɡɚɬɟɦɧɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ, ɩɪɨɡɨɪɿ ɡɚɜɿɫɢ; — ɞɡɟɪɤɚɥɨ — ɨɞɧɟ ɜɟɥɢɤɨɝɨ ɪɨɡɦɿɪɭ ɚɛɨ ɭ ɩɨɜɧɢɣ ɡɪɿɫɬ, ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɟ ɭ ɜɚɧɧɿɣ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɿ; — ɲɜɚɰɶɤɢɣ ɧɚɛɿɪ; — ɧɚɛɿɪ ɩɨɫɭɞɭ ɞɥɹ ɩɢɬɧɨʀ ɜɨɞɢ, ɱɚɸ ɬɚ ɦɿɧɿ-ɛɚɪɭ; — ɜɨɞɨɸ ɦɿɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɸ ɚɛɨ ɫɬɨɥɨɜɨɸ — 0,2 ɥ ɧɚ ɝɨɫɬɹ ɳɨɞɟɧɧɨ; 126
— ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɣɧɿ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɢ ɩɪɨ ɩɟɪɟɥɿɤ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɰɿɧɢ ɧɚ ɧɢɯ, ɪɟɤɥɚɦɧɿ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɢ, ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧɧɢɣ ɞɨɜɿɞɧɢɤ ɭ ɩɚɩɰɿ ɡ ɟɦɛɥɟɦɨɸ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ, ɜ ɬɨɦɭ ɱɢɫɥɿ ɧɚ ɿɧɨɡɟɦɧɢɯ ɦɨɜɚɯ; — ɧɚɛɿɪ ɩɢɫɶɦɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɥɚɞɞɹ; — ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪɢ «ɉɪɨɲɭ ɧɟ ɬɭɪɛɭɜɚɬɢ», «Ɇɨɠɧɚ ɩɪɢɛɢɪɚɬɢ»; — ɩɚɤɟɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɚɥɶɧɿ ɬɚ ɯɿɦɱɢɫɬɤɢ; — ɩɪɨɬɢɩɨɠɟɠɧɚ ɿɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɿɹ ɬɚ ɿɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɿɹ ɳɨɞɨ ɞɿɣ ɜ ɟɤɫɬɪɟɦɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɿɹɯ. ɋɚɧɿɬɚɪɧɟ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɧɚ 100 % ɩɨɜɢɧɧɨ ɛɭɬɢ ɡ ɩɨɜɧɢɦ ɫɚɧɜɭɡɥɨɦ. ȱɧɜɟɧɬɚɪ ɬɚ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɢ ɫɚɧɿɬɚɪɧɨ-ɝɿɝɿɽɧɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɨɫɧɚɳɟɧɧɹ ɫɚɧɜɭɡɥɚ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɨɯɨɩɥɸɜɚɬɢ: — ɞɡɟɪɤɚɥɨ ɧɚɞ ɭɦɢɜɚɥɶɧɢɤɨɦ; — ɩɨɥɢɱɤɭ ɞɥɹ ɬɭɚɥɟɬɧɢɯ ɪɟɱɟɣ; — ɡɚɜɿɫɢ ɞɥɹ ɜɚɧɧɢ ɱɢ ɞɭɲɭ; — ɤɢɥɢɦɨɤ ɧɚ ɩɿɞɥɨɡɿ; — ɮɟɧ ɞɥɹ ɫɭɲɿɧɧɹ ɜɨɥɨɫɫɹ; — ɬɪɢɦɚɱ ɞɥɹ ɪɭɲɧɢɤɿɜ, ɝɚɱɨɤ ɞɥɹ ɨɞɹɝɭ; — ɫɤɥɹɧɤɭ; — ɧɟ ɦɟɧɲɟ ɱɨɬɢɪɢ ɪɭɲɧɢɤɢ ɧɚ ɤɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɬɹ, ɜ ɬɨɦɭ ɱɢɫɥɿ ɛɚɧɧɢɣ ɪɭɲɧɢɤ; — ɲɚɩɨɱɤɭ ɛɚɧɧɭ ɧɚ ɤɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɬɹ; — ɬɭɚɥɟɬɧɟ ɦɢɥɨ ɚɛɨ ɞɨɡɚɬɨɪ ɪɿɞɤɨɝɨ ɦɢɥɚ, ɲɚɦɩɭɧɶ, ɩɿɧɚ (ɫɿɥɶ) ɞɥɹ ɜɚɧɧɢ ɜ ɭɩɚɤɨɜɰɿ ɡ ɟɦɛɥɟɦɨɸ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ; — ɬɭɚɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɩɚɩɿɪ ɬɚ ɬɪɢɦɚɱ ɞɥɹ ɬɭɚɥɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɩɟɪɭ; — ɳɿɬɤɚ ɞɥɹ ɭɧɿɬɚɡɭ; — ɤɨɲɢɤ ɞɥɹ ɫɦɿɬɬɹ ɡ ɜɨɝɧɟɬɪɢɜɤɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɭ; — ɩɚɤɟɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɿɜ ɝɿɝɿɽɧɢ. Ƚɚɫɬɪɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɨɦ ɡ ɞɟɤɿɥɶɤɨɦɚ ɡɚɥɚɦɢ, ɨɤɪɟɦɢɦɢ ɤɚɛɿɧɚɦɢ, ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɫɬɨɥɿɜ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɛɭɬɢ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɲɟ 75 % ɜɿɞ ɤɿɥɶɤɨɫɬɿ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɡ ɤɥɚɫɨɦ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɟ ɧɢɠɱɟ ɡɚ «ɜɢɳɢɣ». ɋɟɪɟɞ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɡ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɛɚɧɤɟɬɧɢɣ ɡɚɥ, ɛɚɪ, ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɣ ɛɚɪ ɜ ɡɚɥɿ ɩɪɢɣɦɚɧɧɹ, ɨɤɪɟɦɟ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɞɥɹ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ. Ƚɨɬɟɥɿ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ «ɱɨɬɢɪɢ ɡɿɪɤɢ» ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɜɚɬɢ: — ɭɧɿɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɡɚɥ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨ-ɦɚɫɨɜɢɯ (ɞɿɥɨɜɢɯ) ɡɚɯɨɞɿɜ ɿɡ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹɦ ɚɭɞɿɨ-, ɜɿɞɟɨɚɩɚɪɚɬɭɪɢ; — ɛɿɡɧɟɫ-ɰɟɧɬɪ ɡ ɬɟɥɟɮɚɤɫɨɦ, ɤɨɩɿɸɜɚɥɶɧɨɸ ɬɟɯɧɿɤɨɸ, ɤɨɦɩ’ɸɬɟɪɚɦɢ ɩɿɞɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɦɢ ɞɨ ȱɧɬɟɪɧɟɬɚ; 127
— ɩɥɚɜɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɛɚɫɟɣɧ, ɫɚɭɧɭ, ɬɪɟɧɚɠɟɪɧɢɣ ɡɚɥ, ɫɨɥɹɪɿɣ, ɦɚɫɚɠɧɭ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɭ — ɳɨɧɚɣɦɟɧɲɟ ɞɜɚ ɨɛ’ɽɤɬɢ ɡ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɯ; — ɩɟɪɭɤɚɪɧɸ ɜɢɳɨʀ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ, ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨ ɜɢɦɨɝ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɭ; — ɤɿɦɧɚɬɢ ɩɨɛɭɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ; — ɤɚɦɟɪɭ ɡɛɟɪɿɝɚɧɧɹ; — ɦɚɝɚɡɢɧ ɬɚ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɿ ɤɿɨɫɤɢ. ɋɟɪɟɞ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɢɯ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ: — ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɩɪɢɣɦɚɧɧɹ; — ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɲɜɟɣɰɚɪɚ; — ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɟ ɩɿɞɧɟɫɟɧɧɹ ɛɚɝɚɠɭ; — ɳɨɞɟɧɧɟ ɩɪɢɛɢɪɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɡ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɟɦ ʀɯɧɶɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɧɭ ɩɪɨɬɹɝɨɦ ɞɨɛɢ; — ɡɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɥɿɠɨɤ; — ɳɨɞɟɧɧɚ ɚɛɨ ɡɚ ɛɚɠɚɧɧɹɦ ɝɨɫɬɹ ɡɦɿɧɚ ɩɨɫɬɿɥɶɧɨʀ ɛɿɥɢɡɧɢ ɬɚ ɪɭɲɧɢɤɿɜ; — ɩɪɚɧɧɹ, ɡ ɩɨɜɟɪɧɟɧɧɹɦ ɛɿɥɢɡɧɢ ɩɪɨɬɹɝɨɦ 12 ɝɨɞ.; — ɩɪɚɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɩɪɨɬɹɝɨɦ 1 ɝɨɞ., ɜ ɬɨɦɭ ɱɢɫɥɿ ɭ ɜɢɯɿɞɧɿ ɞɧɿ; — ɱɢɳɟɧɧɹ ɨɞɹɝɭ (ɯɿɦɱɢɫɬɤɚ); — ɞɪɿɛɧɢɣ ɪɟɦɨɧɬ ɨɞɹɝɭ; — ɱɢɳɟɧɧɹ ɜɡɭɬɬɹ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɨɦ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ; — ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɚɪɹ, ɫɬɟɧɨɝɪɚɮɿɫɬɚ, ɩɟɪɟɤɥɚɞɚɱɚ, ɩɨɫɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ; — ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɤɨɦɩ’ɸɬɟɪɚ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɢɯ ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɭ ɣ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ; — ɡɛɟɪɿɝɚɧɧɹ ɤɨɲɬɨɜɧɢɯ ɪɟɱɟɣ ɭ ɫɟɣɮɿ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɰɿʀ; — ɡɛɟɪɿɝɚɧɧɹ ɛɚɝɚɠɭ; — ɨɛɦɿɧ ɜɚɥɸɬɢ ɰɿɥɨɞɨɛɨɜɨ; — ɩɪɢɣɦɚɧɧɹ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɧɢɯ ɤɚɪɬɨɤ; — ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɹ ɡɭɫɬɪɿɱɿ ɬɚ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɿɜ (ɚɟɪɨɩɨɪɬ, ɜɨɤɡɚɥ ɬɚ ɿɧ.); — ɜɢɤɥɢɤ ɬɚɤɫɿ; — ɨɪɟɧɞɚ, ɩɪɨɤɚɬ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɿɥɹ; — ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɤɜɢɬɤɿɜ ɧɚ ɪɿɡɧɿ ɜɢɞɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɭ; — ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɚɛɨ ɩɪɨɞɚɠ ɤɜɢɬɤɿɜ ɞɨ ɬɟɚɬɪɭ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɿ ɪɨɡɜɚɠɚɥɶɧɿ ɡɚɯɨɞɢ; — ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ; — ɩɪɨɤɚɬ ɫɩɨɪɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɬɚ ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɿɧɜɟɧɬɚɪɹ ɞɥɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ, ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɭ ɤɭɪɨɪɬɧɨ-ɪɟɤɪɟɚɰɿɣɧɿɣ ɡɨɧɿ; — ɜɢɤɥɢɤ ɲɜɢɞɤɨʀ ɞɨɩɨɦɨɝɢ ɬɚ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɚɩɬɟɱɤɨɸ ɩɟɪɲɨʀ ɞɨɩɨɦɨɝɢ. 128
Ɉɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɡ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɫɬɨɫɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɫɧɿɞɚɧɤɿɜ, ɰɿɥɨɞɨɛɨɜɚ ɪɨɛɨɬɚ ɩɪɢɧɚɣɦɧɿ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɛɚɪɭ, ɰɿɥɨɞɨɛɨɜɟ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɜ ɧɨɦɟɪɿ. ɉɟɪɫɨɧɚɥ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɡɧɚɬɢ ɩɨɫɚɞɨɜɿ ɿɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɿʀ, ɳɨ ɮɿɤɫɭɸɬɶ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɿ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɢ ɿ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɿ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ, ɦɚɬɢ ɤɜɚɥɿɮɿɤɚɰɿɸ, ɳɨ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɽ ɜɢɤɨɧɭɜɚɧɿɣ ɪɨɛɨɬɿ ɬɚ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽ ɛɟɡɩɟɤɭ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ, ɜɿɥɶɧɨ ɜɨɥɨɞɿɬɢ ɞɜɨɦɚ ɿɧɨɡɟɦɧɢɦɢ ɦɨɜɚɦɢ (ɜ ɬɨɦɭ ɱɢɫɥɿ ɩɨɤɨʀɜɤɢ, ɲɜɟɣɰɚɪɢ, ɬɚ ɿɧ.). ɉɟɪɫɨɧɚɥ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɞɨɛɪɟ ɩɿɞɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɬɚ ɥɸɛ’ɹɡɧɢɦ, ɝɨɬɨɜɢɦ ɲɜɢɞɤɨ ɬɚ ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɜɢɤɨɧɭɜɚɬɢ ɩɪɨɯɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ, ɩɟɪɿɨɞɢɱɧɨ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬɢ ɦɟɞɢɱɧɢɣ ɨɝɥɹɞ, ɦɚɬɢ ɮɨɪɦɟɧɧɢɣ ɨɞɹɝ ɡ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɢɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɹɦɢ, ɞɢɮɟɪɟɧɰɿɣɨɜɚɧɢɦɢ ɡɚ ɫɥɭɠɛɚɦɢ ɡ ɫɥɭɠɛɨɜɢɦɢ ɩɨɡɧɚɱɤɚɦɢ. Ƚɨɬɟɥɿ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ «ɩ’ɹɬɶ» ɡɿɪɨɤ. ȼɢɦɨɝɢ ɞɨ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ «ɩ’ɹɬɶ ɡɿɪɨɤ», ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɭ, ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɿɣ ɱɚɫɬɢɧɿ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɿɱɧɿ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ «ɱɨɬɢɪɢ ɡɿɪɤɢ». ȱɧɬɟɪ’ɽɪ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɜɢɧɹɬɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɞɢɡɚɣɧɭ, ɧɨɦɟɪɢ, ɯɨɥɢ, ɜɟɫɬɢɛɸɥɶ ɩɪɢɤɪɚɲɟɧɿ ɚɜɬɨɪɫɶɤɢɦɢ ɪɨɛɨɬɚɦɢ: ɤɚɪɬɢɧɚɦɢ, ɞɟɤɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɢɦ ɨɡɞɨɛɥɟɧɧɹɦ, ɠɢɜɢɦɢ ɤɜɿɬɚɦɢ, ɤɟɪɚɦɿɤɨɸ, ɝɨɛɟɥɟɧɚɦɢ ɬɚ ɿɧ. Ɂɚɝɚɥɶɧɟ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ, ɭɫɬɚɬɤɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɫɶɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ, ɤɿɦɧɚɬ ɬɚ ɫɚɧɜɭɡɥɿɜ, ɦɟɛɥɿ ɬɚ ɤɢɥɢɦɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɜɢɪɨɛɥɟɧɿ ɡ ɞɨɪɨɝɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɿɜ, ɛɭɬɢ ɨɪɢɝɿɧɚɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɿ ɡɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɢɫɶ ɭ ɛɟɡɞɨɝɚɧɧɨɦɭ ɫɬɚɧɿ. ɉɨɫɭɞ ɬɚ ɫɬɨɥɨɜɿ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɢ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɿ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɫɬɢɥɿ, ɝɚɪɧɿɬɭɪɧɿ. ɉɨɫɬɿɥɶɧɚ ɛɿɥɢɡɧɚ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɜɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɹɬɢɫɶ ɡ ɬɨɧɤɨɬɤɚɧɢɯ ɬɤɚɧɢɧ ɡ ɜɢɲɢɬɨɸ ɚɛɨ ɜɢɬɤɚɧɨɸ ɟɦɛɥɟɦɨɸ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ. ɍ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ «ɩ’ɹɬɶ» ɡɿɪɨɤ ɩɥɨɳɚ ɨɞɧɨɤɿɦɧɚɬɧɢɯ ɨɞɧɨɦɿɫɧɢɯ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɢ ɳɨɧɚɣɦɟɧɲɟ 14 ɦ2, ɞɜɨɦɿɫɧɢɯ 16 ɦ2. ɋɚɧɜɭɡɥɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɭ ɜɫɿɯ ɧɨɦɟɪɚɯ ɡ ɩɥɨɳɟɸ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɲɟ 5 ɦ2. ɍ ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɨɦɭ ɨɫɧɚɳɟɧɧɿ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɢɬɢ ɨɯɨɪɨɧɧɭ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɿɡɚɰɿɸ ɚɛɨ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɿ ɡɚɫɨɛɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ ɡɚ ɛɟɡɩɟɤɨɸ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ. Ɂɚɦɤɢ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɚɯ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɩɿɞɜɢɳɟɧɨʀ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɧɨɫɬɿ ɡ ɜɿɱɤɨɦ ɭ ɞɜɟɪɹɯ; ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧ ɜ ɚɩɚɪɬɚɦɟɧɬɚɯ — ɭ ɤɨɠɧɿɣ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɿ; ɦɿɧɿ-ɛɚɪ ɬɚ ɦɿɧɿ-ɫɟɣɮ ɭ ɤɨɠɧɨɦɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɿ; ɭ ɜɚɧɧɿɣ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɿ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɩɿɞɿɝɪɿɜ ɩɿɞɥɨɝɢ. ɍ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɜɢɳɟ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɚ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɪɚɰɸɜɚɬɢ ɥɿɮɬ ɚɛɨ ɟɫɤɚɥɚɬɨɪ. ɍ ɫɚɧɿɬɚɪɧɨɦɭ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɿ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɢɬɢ ɧɚ ɤɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɬɹ ɛɚɧɧɢɣ ɯɚɥɚɬ ɬɚ ɛɚɧɧɿ ɬɚɩɨɱɤɢ. ɋɟɪɟɞ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡ129
ɤɨɜɢɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜ ɭ ɩ’ɹɬɢɡɿɪɤɨɜɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬ ɪɟɝɥɚɦɟɧɬɭɽ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɣ ɛɚɪ ɜ ɡɨɧɿ ɩɪɢɣɦɚɧɧɹ, ɩɥɚɜɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɛɚɫɟɣɧ, ɦɟɞɢɱɧɢɣ ɤɚɛɿɧɟɬ; ɫɟɪɟɞ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ — ɩɚɪɤɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɿɥɿɜ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɨɦ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɬɚ ɩɨɞɚɧɧɹ ɡ ɝɚɪɚɠɭ (ɫɬɨɹɧɤɢ) ɞɨ ɩɿɞ’ʀɡɞɭ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɿɥɹ ɝɨɫɬɹ. ɍ ɩɨɪɿɜɧɹɧɧɿ ɡ ɱɨɬɢɪɢɡɿɪɤɨɜɢɦɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɦɢ, ɭ ɩ’ɹɬɢɡɿɪɤɨɜɢɯ, ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɸɱɢɣ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɜɿɥɶɧɨ ɜɨɥɨɞɿɬɢ ɞɜɨɦɚ-ɬɪɶɨɦɚ ɿɧɨɡɟɦɧɢɦɢ ɦɨɜɚɦɢ ɦɿɠɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɩɿɥɤɭɜɚɧɧɹ. 2.5. Ɇɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɚ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ Ʉɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɹ ɠɢɬɥɨɜɢɯ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɚɽ ʀɯɧɿɣ ɩɨɞɿɥ ɧɚ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɪɨɡɦɿɪɿɜ, ɦɿɫɬɤɨɫɬɿ, ɬɢɩɭ ɠɢɬɥɨɜɢɯ ɿ ɧɟɠɢɬɥɨɜɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ, ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ, ɪɿɜɧɹ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɭ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɿɜ. Ʉɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ — ɜɚɠɥɢɜɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ, ɳɨ ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɚɽ ɣɨɝɨ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɿɫɬɶ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɦ ɧɨɪɦɚɦ, ɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɨɦɭ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɭ ɳɨɞɨ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɭ. Ɂɝɿɞɧɨ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɣɨɝɨ ɰɿɧɚ, ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɮɨɧɞɭ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽ ɣɨɝɨ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɿɫɬɶ ɩɟɜɧɿɣ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɳɨɞɨ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ. Ʉɪɢɬɟɪɿʀ, ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɹɤɢɯ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɨɰɿɧɤɚ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ ɭɡɝɨɞɠɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɿ ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɦɢ ɩɪɨɮɿɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɭ ɫɮɟɪɿ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ ɿ ɬɭɪɢɡɦɭ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɹɦɢ ɿ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɚɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɭ. Ɂɝɿɞɧɨ ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɭ ɳɨɞɨ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ, ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɦɢ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɿɹɦɢ ɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɿ: ɩɥɨɳɚ, ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɠɢɬɥɨɜɢɯ ɿ ɧɟɠɢɬɥɨɜɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ, ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬ, ɨɛɫɹɝ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɜɢɝɨɞ, ɦɿɫɬɤɿɫɬɶ, ɫɚɧɿɬɚɪɧɨ-ɝɿɝɿɽɧɿɱɧɟ ɿ ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɟ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ, ɨɫɧɚɳɟɧɧɹ ɦɟɛɥɹɦɢ, ɿɧɜɟɧɬɚɪɟɦ. ɀɢɬɥɨɜɿ ɧɨɦɟɪɢ, ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɫɜɿɞɭ ɳɨɞɨ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɭ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ, ɦɿɫɬɤɨɫɬɿ, ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ, ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ, ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɬɚɤɿ ɬɢɩɢ (Ⱦɨɞɚɬɨɤ Ƚ): — ɩɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɬɫɶɤɢɣ (ɤɨɪɨɥɿɜɫɶɤɢɣ) ɚɩɚɪɬɚɦɟɧɬ (ɚɧɝɥ. presidential apartament) — ɧɨɦɟɪ ɤɜɚɪɬɢɪɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɭ ɡɧɚɱɧɨʀ ɩɥɨɳɿ, ɫɤɥɚɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɱɨɬɢɪɶɨɯ ɿ ɛɿɥɶɲɟ ɠɢɬɥɨɜɢɯ ɤɿɦɧɚɬ (ɜɿɬɚɥɶɧɹ, ɫɩɚɥɶɧɹ, ɤɚɛɿɧɟɬ, ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɧɚɪɚɞ), ɤɭɯɧɿ ɡ ʀɞɚɥɶɧɟɸ, ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɫɚɧɜɭɡɥɚ (ɭɦɢɜɚɥɶɧɢɤ, ɜɚɧɧɚ (ɞɠɚɤɭɡɿ), ɞɭɲ, ɭɧɿɬɚɡ, ɛɿɞɟ) ɿ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ-, ɜ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɧɨɦɟɪɚɯ, ɞɟ130
ɤɿɥɶɤɨɯ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɯ ɫɚɧɜɭɡɥɿɜ. ɇɨɦɟɪ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ ɨɞɧɿɽʀ-ɞɜɨɯ ɨɫɿɛ; — ɚɩɚɪɬɚɦɟɧɬ (apartament) — ɧɨɦɟɪ ɤɜɚɪɬɢɪɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɭ, ɳɨ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɬɪɶɨɯ ɿ ɛɿɥɶɲɟ ɠɢɬɥɨɜɢɯ ɤɿɦɧɚɬ (ɜɿɬɚɥɶɧɹ, ɫɩɚɥɶɧɹ, ɤɚɛɿɧɟɬ), ɤɭɯɧɿ (ɤɭɯɧɿ-ɧɿɲɿ), ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɜɧɨɝɨ (ɜɚɧɧɚ, ɭɦɢɜɚɥɶɧɢɤ, ɭɧɿɬɚɡ, ɞɭɲ, ɛɿɞɟ) ɿ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɚɧɜɭɡɥɚ. ɇɨɦɟɪ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ ɨɞɧɿɽʀ-ɞɜɨɯ ɨɫɿɛ; — ɞɭɩɥɟɤɫ (duplex) — ɞɜɨɯɩɨɜɟɪɯɨɜɢɣ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɡ’ɽɞɧɚɧɢɣ ɜɧɭɬɪɿɲɧɿɦɢ ɫɯɨɞɚɦɢ, ɳɨ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɞɜɨɯ ɿ ɛɿɥɶɲɟ ɠɢɬɥɨɜɢɯ ɤɿɦɧɚɬ, ɩɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɫɚɧɜɭɡɥɚ (ɜɚɧɧɚ, ɭɦɢɜɚɥɶɧɢɤ, ɭɧɿɬɚɡ, ɞɭɲ, ɛɿɞɟ). ɇɨɦɟɪ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ ɨɞɧɿɽʀ-ɞɜɨɯ ɨɫɿɛ. — ɥɸɤɫ (suite) — ɧɨɦɟɪ, ɳɨ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɞɜɨɯ ɿ ɛɿɥɶɲɟ ɠɢɬɥɨɜɢɯ ɤɿɦɧɚɬ — ɫɩɚɥɶɧɿ, ɜɿɬɚɥɶɧɿ (ɤɚɛɿɧɟɬ), ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɢɣ ɩɨɜɧɢɦ ɫɚɧɜɭɡɥɨɦ; — ɧɚɩɿɜɥɸɤɫ, ɫɬɭɞɿɨ (junior suite, studio) — ɧɨɦɟɪ, ɳɨ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɨɞɧɿɽʀ ɠɢɬɥɨɜɨʀ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɢ ɡɧɚɱɧɢɯ ɪɨɡɦɿɪɿɜ ɭ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɹɤɨʀ ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɟɧɨ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɱɚɫɬɢɧɢ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɜɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ ɹɤ ɜɿɬɚɥɶɧɿ, ɤɚɛɿɧɟɬɭ, ʀɞɚɥɶɧɿ, ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɜɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɩɨɜɧɢɣ ɫɚɧɜɭɡɨɥ (ɭɦɢɜɚɥɶɧɢɤ, ɜɚɧɧɚ (ɞɭɲ), ɭɧɿɬɚɡ). ɇɨɦɟɪ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ ɨɞɧɿɽʀ-ɞɜɨɯ ɨɫɿɛ; — ɩɟɪɲɚ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɹ (first category) — ɧɨɦɟɪ, ɳɨ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɨɞɧɿɽʀ ɠɢɬɥɨɜɨʀ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɢ, ɩɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɫɚɧɜɭɡɥɚ (ɭɦɢɜɚɥɶɧɢɤ, ɜɚɧɧɚ (ɞɭɲ), ɭɧɿɬɚɡ), ɪɨɡɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ ɨɞɧɿɽʀ-ɞɜɨɯ ɨɫɿɛ; — ɞɪɭɝɚ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɹ (second category) — ɧɨɦɟɪ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɨɞɧɿɽʀ ɠɢɬɥɨɜɨʀ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɢ ɿ ɫɚɧɜɭɡɥɚ (ɭɦɢɜɚɥɶɧɢɤ ɿ ɭɧɿɬɚɡ), ɪɨɡɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ ɨɞɧɿɽʀ-ɞɜɨɯ ɨɫɿɛ; — ɬɪɟɬɹ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɹ (third category) — ɧɨɦɟɪ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɨɞɧɿɽʀ ɠɢɬɥɨɜɨʀ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɢ ɿ ɫɚɧɜɭɡɥɚ (ɭɦɢɜɚɥɶɧɢɤ ɿ ɭɧɿɬɚɡ), ɪɨɡɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ ɬɪɶɨɯ ɿ ɛɿɥɶɲɟ ɨɫɿɛ; — ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɚ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɹ (fourth category) — ɧɨɦɟɪ, ɳɨ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɨɞɧɿɽʀ ɠɢɬɥɨɜɨʀ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɢ ɡ ɭɦɢɜɚɥɶɧɢɤɨɦ, ɪɨɡɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ ɬɪɶɨɯ ɿ ɛɿɥɶɲɟ ɨɫɿɛ; — ɩ’ɹɬɚ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɹ (fifth category) — ɧɨɦɟɪ, ɳɨ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɨɞɧɿɽʀ ɠɢɬɥɨɜɨʀ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɢ ɛɟɡ ɫɚɧɿɬɚɪɧɨ-ɝɿɝɿɽɧɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ (ɫɚɧɜɭɡɨɥ ɭ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɤɨɪɢɞɨɪɿ). ɇɨɦɟɪ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ ɬɪɶɨɯ ɿ ɛɿɥɶɲɟ ɨɫɿɛ; — ɫɭɦɿɳɟɧɿ ɧɨɦɟɪɢ, ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ (complex) — ɞɜɚ ɿ ɛɿɥɶɲɟ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ ɡ’ɽɞɧɚɧɢɯ ɦɿɠ ɫɨɛɨɸ ɫɩɿɥɶɧɨɸ ɤɭɯɧɟɸ, ɫɚɧɜɭɡɥɨɦ ɚɛɨ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɢɯ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɦ ɫɚɧɜɭɡɥɨɦ; 131
— ɨɞɧɨɦɿɫɧɢɣ ɧɨɦɟɪ (SNGL, singl room) — ɧɨɦɟɪ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɢɣ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɨɞɧɨɫɩɚɥɶɧɢɦ ɥɿɠɤɨɦ, ɪɨɡɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ ɨɞɧɿɽʀ ɨɫɨɛɢ; — ɞɜɨɦɿɫɧɢɣ ɧɨɦɟɪ (DBL, double room) — ɧɨɦɟɪ, ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɢɣ ɞɜɨɫɩɚɥɶɧɢɦ ɚɛɨ ɞɜɨɦɚ ɫɩɚɪɟɧɢɦɢ ɨɞɧɨɫɩɚɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɥɿɠɤɚɦɢ, ɪɨɡɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ ɞɜɨɯ ɨɫɿɛ; — ɞɜɨɦɿɫɧɢɣ ɧɨɦɟɪ (TWN, twin room) — ɧɨɦɟɪ, ɪɨɡɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ ɞɜɨɯ ɨɫɿɛ ɧɚ ɞɜɨɯ ɨɤɪɟɦɨ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɥɿɠɤɚɯ; — ɬɪɶɨɯɦɿɫɧɢɣ ɧɨɦɟɪ (TRPL, triple room) — ɧɨɦɟɪ, ɪɨɡɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ ɬɪɶɨɯ ɿ ɛɿɥɶɲɟ ɨɫɿɛ, ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɢɣ ɨɞɧɨɫɩɚɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɥɿɠɤɚɦɢ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨ ɤɿɥɶɤɨɫɬɿ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ; — ɛɚɝɚɬɨɦɿɫɧɢɣ ɧɨɦɟɪ (multiple bedded room) — ɧɨɦɟɪ, ɪɨɡɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ ɱɨɬɢɪɶɨɯ ɿ ɛɿɥɶɲɟ ɨɫɿɛ, ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɢɣ ɨɞɧɨɫɩɚɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɥɿɠɤɚɦɢ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨ ɤɿɥɶɤɨɫɬɿ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ. ɉɢɬɚɧɧɹ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ 1. Ɋɨɡɤɪɢɣɬɟ ɡɦɿɫɬ ɩɨɧɹɬɬɹ «ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ» ɬɚ ɨɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɣɬɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɿ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɿʀ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ. 2. Ɉɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɣɬɟ ɡɦɿɫɬ ɩɨɧɹɬɬɹ «ɝɨɬɟɥɶ», «ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɚ ɫɩɪɚɜɚ», «ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɟ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ». 3. ɇɚɡɜɿɬɶ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɿ ɫɤɥɚɞɨɜɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ. 4. Ⱦɚɣɬɟ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ «ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ», ɧɚɡɜɿɬɶ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɿ ɪɿɜɧɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɭ. 5. ɇɚɡɜɿɬɶ ɬɚ ɨɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɣɬɟ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɿ ɬɢɩɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɭ. 6. ɇɚɡɜɿɬɶ ɬɚ ɨɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɣɬɟ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ. 7. əɤɿ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɜɢɞɿɥɹɸɬɶɫɹ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɬɢɩɨɥɨɝɿʀ ȼɌɈ, ɨɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɣɬɟ ʀɯ ɬɢɩɨɜɿ ɨɡɧɚɤɢ. 8. ɇɚɡɜɿɬɶ ɬɚ ɩɪɨɚɧɚɥɿɡɭɣɬɟ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɿ ɨɡɧɚɤɢ ɬɢɩɨɥɨɝɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ. 9. Ⱦɚɣɬɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɭ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɢɦ ɜɢɞɚɦ ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɭ. 10. ɇɚɡɜɿɬɶ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɿ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ. 11. Ɉɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɣɬɟ ɜɿɞɨɦɿ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɭ ɤɪɚʀɧɚɯ ɫɜɿɬɭ. 12. Ⱦɚɣɬɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɭ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɜ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɿ. 13. ɇɚɡɜɿɬɶ ɬɚ ɨɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɣɬɟ ɬɢɩɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɫɜɿɞɭ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ. 132
Ɋɨɡɞɿɥ 3 ɈɊȽȺɇȱɁȺɐȱə Ƀ ɍɉɊȺȼɅȱɇɇə ȽɈɌȿɅɖɇɂɆ ɉȱȾɉɊɂȯɆɋɌȼɈɆ
3.1. ɋɭɬɧɿɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɭ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɨɦ ɍɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚɦɢ — ɜɚɠɥɢɜɢɣ ɜɢɞ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɣɧɨ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɜɚɧɨʀ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɨʀ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɨʀ ɧɚ ɞɨɫɹɝɧɟɧɧɹ ɦɟɬɢ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ ɲɥɹɯɨɦ ɪɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɶɧɢɯ, ɬɪɭɞɨɜɢɯ, ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɣɧɢɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɿɜ ɿɡ ɡɚɫɬɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɿɜ, ɮɭɧɤɰɿɣ ɿ ɦɟɬɨɞɿɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ. Ɇɟɬɨɸ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɽ ɡɛɟɪɟɠɟɧɧɹ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɧɢɯ ɩɨɡɢɰɿɣ ɭ ɫɟɪɟɞɨɜɢɳɿ ɫɮɟɪɢ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ, ɳɨ ɪɟɚɥɿɡɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɩɿɞɫɭɦɤɭ ɭ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɿ ɪɟɧɬɚɛɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ. Ⱦɨɫɹɝɧɟɧɧɹ ɪɟɧɬɚɛɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿɣ ɫɮɟɪɿ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɜɢɪɿɲɟɧɧɹɦ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɭ ɡɚɜɞɚɧɶ: ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹɦ ɪɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ, ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɤɚɞɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɿɚɥɭ, ɪɨɡɜɢɬɨɤ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɶɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɨʀ ɛɚɡɢ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ, ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿʀ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɲɢɪɨɤɟ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɢɯ ɦɚɪɤɟɬɢɧɝɨɜɢɯ ɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɶ, ɤɨɨɩɟɪɚɰɿʀ ɬɚ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɚɰɿʀ. ȼ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɦ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɨɦ ɜɢɞɿɥɹɸɬɶɫɹ ɬɚɤɿ ɩɿɞɯɨɞɢ: — ɩɪɨɰɟɫɭɚɥɶɧɢɣ — ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɚɽ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɹɤ ɛɟɡɩɟɪɟɪɜɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɜɡɚɽɦɨɩɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɢɯ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɫɶɤɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɣ; — ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɢɣ — ɩɪɢ ɬɚɤɨɦɭ ɩɿɞɯɨɞɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɟ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɨ ɪɨɡɝɥɹɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɹɤ ɩɨɽɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɜɡɚɽɦɨɩɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɢɯ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɿɜ — ɥɸɞɫɶɤɢɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɿɜ, ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɪɨɡɞɿɥɿɜ, ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿʀ, ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɫɶɤɢɯ ɪɿɲɟɧɶ, ɹɤɿ ɡɨɪɿɽɧɬɨɜɚɧɿ ɧɚ ɞɨɫɹɝɧɟɧɧɹ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɰɿɥɟɣ ɜ ɭɦɨɜɚɯ ɡɦɿɧɧɨɝɨ ɡɨɜɧɿɲɧɶɨɝɨ ɫɟɪɟɞɨɜɢɳɚ; — ɫɢɬɭɚɰɿɣɧɢɣ — ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɚɽ ɡɚɫɬɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɿɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɨɛɫɬɚɜɢɧ, ɳɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɫɟɪɟɞɨɜɢɳɿ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ. ɋɟɪɟɞɨɜɢɳɟ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ ɽ ɦɿɧɥɢɜɢɦ, ɩɟɪɟɛɭɜɚɽ 133
ɩɿɞ ɩɨɫɬɿɣɧɢɦ ɜɩɥɢɜɨɦ ɜɧɭɬɪɿɲɧɿɯ ɿ ɡɨɜɧɿɲɧɿɯ ɱɢɧɧɢɤɿɜ, ɳɨ ɡɭɦɨɜɥɸɽ ɡɪɨɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲ ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɭ ɩɟɜɧɿɣ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɿʀ ɦɟɬɨɞɭ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ. 3.2. ɉɨɧɹɬɬɹ ɿ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢ ɩɨɛɭɞɨɜɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ Ⱦɥɹ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɛɭɞɶ-ɹɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ ɜɚɠɥɢɜɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɦɚɽ ɩɨɛɭɞɨɜɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɣɧɨ-ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ. Ɉɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɣɧɨ-ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɚ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ — ɰɟ ɜɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɜɚɧɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɫɶɤɢɯ ɥɚɧɨɤ, ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɭ ɫɬɪɨɝɨɦɭ ɩɿɞɩɨɪɹɞɤɭɜɚɧɧɿ, ɳɨ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɸɬɶ ɜɡɚɽɦɨɡɜ’ɹɡɨɤ ɦɿɠ ɤɟɪɭɸɱɨɸ ɿ ɤɟɪɨɜɚɧɨɸ ɩɿɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦɢ, ɪɨɡɜɢɬɨɤ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɹɤ ɽɞɢɧɨɝɨ ɰɿɥɨɝɨ. Ʌɚɧɤɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɭɬɜɨɪɸɸɬɶ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɡ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɢɦ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ, ɫɩɿɜɜɿɞɧɨɲɟɧɧɹɦ ɿ ɜɡɚɽɦɨɡɜ’ɹɡɤɨɦ ɦɿɠ ɫɨɛɨɸ. ɋɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɣɧɨʀ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɡɭɦɨɜɥɟɧɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɿɫɬɸ ɪɨɡɩɨɞɿɥɭ ɩɪɚɜ ɿ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɿɜ ɦɿɠ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɦɢ ɩɿɞɪɨɡɞɿɥɚɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ. Ɉɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɣɧɚ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ — ɨɞɧɟ ɡ ɤɥɸɱɨɜɢɯ ɩɨɧɹɬɶ ɭ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬɿ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɟ ɞɥɹ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɱɿɬɤɨɝɨ ɜɡɚɽɦɨɡɜ’ɹɡɤɭ ɿ ɜɡɚɽɦɨɞɿʀ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɢɯ ɥɚɧɨɤ ɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɫɶɤɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿ ɿ ɤɨɪɢɝɭɜɚɧɧɹ ʀɯɧɿɦ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɨɦ ɭ ɞɨɫɹɝɧɟɧɧɿ ɰɿɥɟɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ. Ɉɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɣɧɚ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ ɮɨɪɦɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ ɣɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɨʀ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɧɨɡɞɚɬɧɨɫɬɿ, ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɨʀ ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɿ, ɪɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɤɨɨɩɟɪɚɰɿʀ. ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɣɧɨ-ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɚ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɭ ɜɢɝɥɹɞɿ ɫɯɟɦɢ, ɳɨ ɜɿɞɨɛɪɚɠɚɽ ɜɡɚɽɦɨɡɜ’ɹɡɤɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɪɨɡɞɿɥɿɜ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ, ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɣ ɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɿ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɨɦ. ɐɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɜɿɞɨɛɪɚɠɚɽ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɤɨɠɧɨʀ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɿ ɩɨɫɚɞɢ ɭ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɿɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ, ɿɥɸɫɬɪɭɽ ɪɨɡɩɨɞɿɥ ɩɨɜɧɨɜɚɠɟɧɶ ɿ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɿɜ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ, ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹ ɤɥɸɱɨɜɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɣ ɩɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤɚɦɢ, ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ʀɯ ɩɿɞɡɜɿɬɧɨɫɬɿ. ɍɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɨɦ ɿɧɞɭɫɬɪɿʀ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɢɦ ɪɨɡɩɨɞɿɥɨɦ ɰɿɥɟɣ ɿ ɡɚɜɞɚɧɶ ɦɿɠ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɢɦɢ ɥɚɧɤɚɦɢ (ɫɥɭɠɛɚɦɢ, ɡɦɿɧɚɦɢ, ɛɪɢɝɚɞɚɦɢ ɬɚ ɿɧ.) 134
ɿ ɤɨɠɧɢɦ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɦ ɩɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤɨɦ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ. ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ, ɬɚɤɢɦ ɱɢɧɨɦ, ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɪɨɡɩɨɞɿɥɨɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɿɧɞɭɫɬɪɿʀ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɨɦ ʀɯɧɶɨʀ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɚɰɿʀ — ɡɚɜɞɚɧɧɹɦɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɿ ɮɨɪɦɚɦɢ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɰɿʀ ʀɯɧɶɨʀ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ. ȼɿɡɭɚɥɶɧɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɣɧɚ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ ɜɿɞɨɛɪɚɠɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɝɪɚɮɿɱɧɢɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ ɭ ɜɢɝɥɹɞɿ ɞɜɨɜɢɦɿɪɧɨʀ ɫɯɟɦɢ. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɮɿɤɫɭɽ ɭ ɤɨɦɩɚɤɬɧɿɣ ɮɨɪɦɿ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɸ ɩɪɨ ɿɽɪɚɪɯɿɱɧɿɫɬɶ, ɩɨɜɧɨɜɚɠɟɧɧɹ ɿ ɩɿɞɩɨɪɹɞɤɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɪɿɜɧɿɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ. Ɉɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɣɧɚ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɦ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɨɦ ɫɬɜɨɪɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɤɟɪɿɜɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ ɧɚ ɩɨɱɚɬɤɨɜɿɣ ɫɬɚɞɿʀ ɣɨɝɨ ɜɢɧɢɤɧɟɧɧɹ ɿ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɚɰɿɽɸ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɭ, ɣɨɝɨ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɽɸ, ɨɛɫɹɝɨɦ ɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɮɨɧɞɭ, ɪɨɡɬɚɲɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ, ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɽɸ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɢɦɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ. ɍ ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɿ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɣɧɨʀ ɫɯɟɦɢ ɜɚɝɨɦɭ ɪɨɥɶ ɜɿɞɿɝɪɚɽ ɚɧɚɥɿɡ ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹ ɩɿɞɪɨɡɞɿɥɿɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ, ɱɿɬɤɨɝɨ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ʀɯɧɿɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɿɜ, ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɿɜ ɭ ɫɚɦɨɦɭ ɩɿɞɪɨɡɞɿɥɿ (ɫɥɭɠɛɿ, ɜɿɞɞɿɥɿ) ɬɚ ɦɿɠ ɩɿɞɪɨɡɞɿɥɚɦɢ ɭ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɱɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿ. Ɂɚɬɜɟɪɞɠɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɋɬɚɬɭɬɨɦ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ ɿ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɹɽɬɶɫɹ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɢɦ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɹɦ ɩɪɨ ɫɮɟɪɭ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɩɨɫɚɞɨɜɢɦɢ ɿɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɿɹɦɢ ɜɫɿɯ ɪɿɜɧɿɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ. Ɉɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɣɧɚ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɦ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɨɦ ɽ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɸ ɬɨɞɿ, ɤɨɥɢ ɜɫɿ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɿ ɩɿɞɪɨɡɞɿɥɢ ɞɨɩɨɜɧɸɸɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨʀ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɬɚ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɸɬɶ ɣɨɝɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɜɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ ɜɨɧɢ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɸɬɶ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɭ ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɿɫɬɶ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɞɨɫɹɝɧɟɧɧɿ ɤɿɧɰɟɜɨɝɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɭ, ɹɤɢɦ ɜɜɚɠɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɧɨɡɞɚɬɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ. ɋɟɪɟɞ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɢɯ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɿɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɜɢɞɿɥɹɸɬɶɫɹ: — ɨɪɿɽɧɬɚɰɿɹ ɧɚ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɰɬɜɨ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɩɨɩɢɬɭ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ; — ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɣɧɚ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɜɿɞɨɛɪɚɠɚɬɢ ɣɨɝɨ ɰɿɥɿ ɿ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɿɸ; — ɩɨɫɬɿɣɧɟ ɜɩɪɨɜɚɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɰɬɜɚ ɲɥɹɯɨɦ ɣɨɝɨ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɬɚ ɞɢɜɟɪɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ; — ɩɨɽɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɚɜ ɬɚ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɿɜ, ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɬɚ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ ɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɿ; 135
— ɲɜɢɞɤɚ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɿɹ — ɡɞɚɬɧɿɫɬɶ ɱɿɬɤɨ ɪɟɚɝɭɜɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɡɦɿɧɢ ɩɨɩɢɬɭ, ɜɞɨɫɤɨɧɚɥɸɜɚɬɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɸ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɰɬɜɚ, ɡɚɩɪɨɜɚɞɠɭɜɚɬɢ ɿɧɧɨɜɚɰɿʀ; — ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɿɫɬɶ — ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɬɢ ɜɢɬɪɚɬɚɦ ɧɚ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɨɫɬɹɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ; — ɩɪɨɫɬɨɬɚ ɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɿ — ɫɮɨɪɦɨɜɚɧɨɸ ɡ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɧɨʀ ɤɿɥɶɤɨɫɬɿ ɪɿɜɧɿɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ, ɭɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɬɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɤɜɚɥɿɮɿɤɨɜɚɧɢɦɢ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɫɬɚɦɢ, ɥɟɝɤɨɸ ɞɥɹ ɪɨɡɭɦɿɧɧɹ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɨɦ ɬɚ ɩɪɢɫɬɨɫɨɜɚɧɨɸ ɞɨ ɩɟɜɧɨʀ ɮɨɪɦɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ; — ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ ɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɿ — ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɹ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɜɚɬɢ ɪɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɿ ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɢ ɦɿɠ ɫɥɭɠɛɚɦɢ ɬɚ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɨɦ; — ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɤɟɪɨɜɚɧɨɫɬɿ ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɚɽ ɡɞɚɬɧɿɫɬɶ ɤɟɪɿɜɧɢɤɿɜ ɫɜɨɽɱɚɫɧɨ ɩɪɢɣɦɚɬɢ ɬɚ ɞɨɜɨɞɢɬɢ ɞɨ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɜɰɿɜ ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɿ ɪɿɲɟɧɧɹ, ɞɨɛɢɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɱɿɬɤɨɝɨ ʀɯɧɶɨɝɨ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹ ɞɥɹ ɞɨɫɹɝɧɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɯ ɰɿɥɟɣ. Ɉɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɣɧɚ ɫɯɟɦɭ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɩɨɫɬɿɣɧɨ ɡɦɿɧɸɜɚɬɢɫɶ, ɡɨɤɪɟɦɚ ɩɪɢ ɞɢɧɚɦɿɱɧɨɦɭ ɡɨɜɧɿɲɧɶɨɦɭ ɫɟɪɟɞɨɜɢɳɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɿ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɿ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ. ȼɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨ ɞɨ ɡɦɿɧ ɭ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɿ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ, ɹɤɿ ɡɭɦɨɜɥɸɸɬɶ ɡɦɿɧɢ ɭ ɱɢɫɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ, ɜɚɠɥɢɜɨ, ɳɨɛ ɰɿ ɡɦɿɧɢ ɫɭɬɬɽɜɨ ɧɟ ɩɨɡɧɚɱɚɥɢɫɶ ɧɚ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ. ɉɟɪɫɨɧɚɥ ɭ ɫɮɟɪɿ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ ɡɚɜɠɞɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɜɡɚɽɦɨɞɨɩɨɜɧɸɜɚɬɢɫɶ, ɛɭɬɢ ɜɡɚɽɦɨɡɚɦɿɧɧɢɦ ɭ ɩɟɜɧɨɦɭ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɦɭ ɩɿɞɪɨɡɞɿɥɿ. ȼ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɣɧɿɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɿ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɜɢɞɿɥɹɸɬɶɫɹ ɪɿɜɧɿ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ, ɥɚɧɤɢ (ɜɿɞɞɿɥɢ) ɿ ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɢ. Ⱦɨ ɥɚɧɨɤ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ ɿɧɞɭɫɬɪɿʀ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ ɧɚɥɟɠɚɬɶ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɿ ɩɿɞɪɨɡɞɿɥɢ, ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɢ ɜɢɤɨɧɭɸɬɶ ɮɭɧɤɰɿʀ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ, ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɸɬɶ ɪɟɝɭɥɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɰɿɸ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɞɟɤɿɥɶɤɨɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɪɨɡɞɿɥɿɜ, ɨɤɪɟɦɿ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɫɬɢ, ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɢ ɦɿɠ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɦɢ ɜɿɞɞɿɥɚɦɢ (ɩɿɞɪɨɡɞɿɥɚɦɢ) ɦɚɸɬɶ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ. Ɋɿɜɟɧɶ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ — ɰɟ ɫɭɤɭɩɧɿɫɬɶ ɥɚɧɨɤ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ, ɳɨ ɡɚɣɦɚɸɬɶ ɩɟɜɧɢɣ ɿɽɪɚɪɯɿɱɧɢɣ ɪɿɜɟɧɶ ɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɿ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɟɦ. Ɋɿɜɧɿ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɡɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɩɿɞɩɨɪɹɞɤɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɨɞɢɧ ɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɿ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬɶ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɰɿɸ (ɤɟɪɿɜɧɢɤɿɜ ɜɢɳɨɝɨ ɪɿɜɧɹ), ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɿɜ ɫɥɭɠɛ ɬɚ ɤɟɪɿɜɧɢɤɿɜ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɜɿɞɞɿɥɿɜ. Ɍɢɩɨɜɚ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɬɪɶɨɦɚ ɪɿɜɧɹɦɢ: ɿɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɿɣɧɢɦ (ɜɢɳɢɦ), ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɫɶɤɢɦ (ɫɟɪɟɞɧɿɦ), ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɢɦ (ɧɢɠɱɢɦ) (ɪɢɫ. 3.1). 136
ȱɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɿɣɧɢɣ ɪɿɜɟɧɶ
ɍɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɫɶɤɢɣ ɪɿɜɟɧɶ Ɍɟɯɧɿɱɧɢɣ ɪɿɜɟɧɶ
ȼɥɚɫɧɢɤ Ƚɟɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪ
ɍɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɜɢɳɨʀ ɥɚɧɤɢ
Ɇɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɢ ɜɿɞɞɿɥɿɜ, ɫɥɭɠɛ, ɫɬɚɪɲɢɣ ɡɦɿɧɢ ɋɬɚɪɲɿ ɩɨɪɬɶɽ, ɫɬɚɪɲɿ ɩɨɤɨʀɜɤɢ, ɦɟɬɪɞɨɬɟɥɿ, ɫɬɚɪɲɿ ɨɮɿɰɿɚɧɬɢ ɬɚ ɿɧ.
ɍɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨʀ ɥɚɧɤɢ ɍɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɧɢɠɱɨʀ ɥɚɧɤɢ
Ɋɢɫ. 3.1. Ɋɿɜɧɿ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɦ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɨɦ
Ʌɚɧɤɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ — ɜɿɞɨɤɪɟɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɨɪɝɚɧ, ɧɚɞɿɥɟɧɢɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɹɦɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ, ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɨɸ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɥɶɧɿɫɬɸ ɡɚ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɣ. Ʌɚɧɤɚɦɢ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɽ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ, ɜɿɞɞɿɥɢ, ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ, ɳɨ ɧɚɞɚɸɬɶ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ, ɨɤɪɟɦɿ ɨɫɨɛɢ. ȼɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɜɧɨɜɚɠɟɧɶ, ɪɨɡɩɨɞɿɥ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɣ ɿ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɿɜ, ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɢ ɦɿɠ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɨɦ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɛɭɞɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɮɿɰɿɣɧɿɣ ɿ ɧɟɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɿɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɿ. Ɂɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɨɦ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɱɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɣ ɫɩɿɜɪɨɛɿɬɧɢɤɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɩɨɞɿɥɹɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɸɱɢɣ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥ ɬɚ ɫɥɭɠɛɨɜɰɿɜ. Ɉɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɸɱɢɣ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥ ɛɟɡɩɨɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨ ɧɚɞɚɽ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚɦ ɬɚ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɿ ɩɪɢɥɟɝɥɨʀ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɿʀ (ɩɪɢɛɢɪɚɧɧɹ, ɪɟɦɨɧɬ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɿ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɿɧ.). Ⱦɨ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɸɱɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ, ɳɨ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɧɚɥɟɠɢɬɶ ɦɨɥɨɞɲɢɣ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɸɱɢɣ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥ — ɩɪɢɛɢɪɚɥɶɧɢɤɢ, ɞɜɿɪɧɢɤɢ, ɟɥɟɤɬɪɢɤɢ, ɫɬɨɥɹɪɿ ɬɚ ɿɧ. ɋɥɭɠɛɨɜɰɿ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɸɬɶ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ, ɜɢɜɱɟɧɧɹ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɱɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɭ, ɦɨɧɿɬɨɪɢɧɝ ɪɢɧɤɭ, ɜɞɨɫɤɨɧɚɥɸɸɬɶ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɸ, ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɸɬɶ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɧɿ, ɮɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɨ-ɛɭɯɝɚɥɬɟɪɫɶɤɿ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɿ ɮɭɧɤɰɿʀ. ȼ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɣɧɿɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɜɢɞɿɥɢɬɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɿ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ, ɬɢɩɨɜɿ ɞɥɹ ɛɿɥɶɲɨɫɬɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ, ɞɨɩɨɦɿɠɧɿ ɬɚ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɿ. Ⱦɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɯ ɫɥɭɠɛ ɧɚɥɟɠɚɬɶ — ɫɥɭɠɛɚ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ ɿ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ, ɫɥɭɠɛɚ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ, ɫɥɭɠɛɚ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ, ɫɥɭɠɛɚ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɮɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɚ, ɤɨɦɟɪɰɿɣɧɚ ɫɥɭɠɛɚ, ɿɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɨ-ɟɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɿɣɧɚ ɫɥɭɠɛɚ. Ⱦɨɩɨɦɿɠɧɿ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɸɬɶ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɯ ɫɥɭɠɛ, ɭɪɿɡɧɨɦɚɧɿɬɧɸɸɬɶ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿ 137
ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ. ɋɟɪɟɞ ɞɨɩɨɦɿɠɧɢɯ ɫɥɭɠɛ ɜɢɞɿɥɹɸɬɶɫɹ — ɩɪɚɥɶɧɹ, ɯɿɦɱɢɫɬɤɚ, ɦɚɣɫɬɟɪɧɹ ɡ ɪɟɦɨɧɬɭ ɜɡɭɬɬɹ, ɨɞɹɝɭ ɬɚ ɿɧ. Ⱦɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɿ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɧɚɞɚɸɬɶ ɩɥɚɬɧɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ — ɛɿɡɧɟɫɰɟɧɬɪ, ɫɩɨɪɬɢɜɧɨ-ɨɡɞɨɪɨɜɱɢɣ ɰɟɧɬɪ, ɩɟɪɭɤɚɪɧɹ, ɤɨɫɦɟɬɢɱɧɢɣ ɤɚɛɿɧɟɬ, ɬɨɪɝɨɜɿ ɤɿɨɫɤɢ, ɜɿɞɞɿɥɟɧɧɹ ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɭ, ɫɨɥɹɪɿɣ ɬɚ ɿɧ. ɇɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɡɚɡɧɚɱɢɬɢ, ɜ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɢɯ ɭɦɨɜɚɯ ɲɢɪɨɤɨʀ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɚɰɿʀ, ɞɢɜɟɪɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɭ, ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɪɨɡɦɿɪɿɜ ɬɚ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ ɧɟ ɿɫɧɭɽ ɿɞɟɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɿ ɽɞɢɧɨʀ ɦɨɞɟɥɿ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɦɢ. ȼɢɛɿɪ ɦɨɞɟɥɿ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɣɧɨɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɢɦɢ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɩɨɡɢɰɿɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɚ ɪɢɧɤɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ ɿ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɫɩɪɹɦɨɜɭɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɞɨɜɨɥɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɩɢɬɭ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ. Ɉɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɣɧɚ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚɯ ɡɚɥɟɠɢɬɶ ɜɿɞ ʀɯɧɿɯ ɪɨɡɦɿɪɿɜ ɿ ɬɢɩɭ. ɍ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɣɧɚ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɪɨɡɝɚɥɭɠɟɧɚ ɿ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɿɫɬɶ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɪɿɡɧɢɦɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɧɚɩɪɹɦɤɚɦɢ. ɍ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɧɢɡɶɤɨʀ ɬɚ ɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨʀ ɦɿɫɬɤɨɫɬɿ ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɦɿɧɿɦɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɧɚɛɿɪ ɫɥɭɠɛ, ɳɨ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɸɬɶ ɩɪɨɩɨɡɢɰɿɸ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ. ɇɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɥɢɲɟ ɭ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɿ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɿɜ ɫɥɭɠɛɚ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ, ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɮɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɨ-ɛɭɯɝɚɥɬɟɪɫɶɤɚ, ɤɨɦɟɪɰɿɣɧɚ, ɿɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɨ-ɟɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɿɣɧɚ ɿ ɦɚɪɤɟɬɢɧɝɨɜɚ ɫɥɭɠɛɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɿ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɦɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɢɦɢ ɩɿɞɪɨɡɞɿɥɚɦɢ. ɍ ɦɚɥɢɯ ɿ ɫɟɪɟɞɧɿɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɿʀ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ ɜɢɤɨɧɭɸɬɶ ɨɤɪɟɦɿ ɫɩɿɜɪɨɛɿɬɧɢɤɢ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ ɬɚ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ. Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɿɱɧɚ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɿɹ ɭ ɩɨɡɢɰɿɸɜɚɧɧɿ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɫɥɭɠɛ. ɋɥɭɠɛɢ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ, ɜ ɡɚɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɿ ɜɿɞ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɟɧɧɹ ɛɟɡɩɨɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨʀ ɜɡɚɽɦɨɞɿʀ ɡ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚɦɢ ɭɦɨɜɧɨ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɩɨɞɿɥɢɬɢ ɧɚ ɞɜɿ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ — ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɧɿ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ, ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥ ɹɤɢɯ ɦɚɽ ɛɟɡɩɨɫɟɪɟɞɧɸ ɜɡɚɽɦɨɞɿɸ ɡ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚɦɢ ɬɚ ɛɟɡɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɧɿ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ — ɫɥɭɠɛɢ, ɭ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɹɤɢɯ ɧɟ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɛɟɡɩɨɫɟɪɟɞɧɹ ɜɡɚɽɦɨɞɿɹ ɡ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚɦɢ. ɍ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿɣ ɿɧɞɭɫɬɪɿʀ ɬɚɤɢɣ ɩɨɞɿɥ ɫɥɭɠɛ ɦɚɽ ɜɚɠɥɢɜɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɨɫɤɿɥɶɤɢ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽ ɩɿɞɯɨɞɢ ɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɿ ɬɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɤɟɪɿɜɧɢɤɿɜ ɫɥɭɠɛ ɬɚ ɪɟɝɥɚɦɟɧɬɭɽ ɜɢɦɨɝɢ ɳɨɞɨ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ. Ɂɨɤɪɟɦɚ, ɝɨɥɨɜɧɢɦɢ ɜɢɦɨɝɚɦɢ, ɳɨ ɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɞɨ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɧɢɯ ɫɥɭɠɛ ɽ: — ɩɪɢɜɚɛɥɢɜɢɣ ɡɨɜɧɿɲɧɿɣ ɜɢɝɥɹɞ, ɳɨ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨɸ ɡɚɱɿɫɤɨɸ, ɦɚɤɿɹɠɟɦ, ɨɞɹɝɨɦ, ɩɪɢɤɪɚɫɚɦɢ ɬɚ ɿɧ.; 138
— ɡɧɚɧɧɹ ɟɬɢɤɢ ɿ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɿʀ ɫɩɿɥɤɭɜɚɧɧɹ; — ɤɨɦɭɧɿɤɚɛɟɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ; — ɡɧɚɧɧɹ ɿɧɨɡɟɦɧɢɯ ɦɨɜ; — ɨɛɦɟɠɟɧɧɹ ɭ ɜɿɰɿ (ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ ɪɟɰɟɩɰɿʀ ɜɿɤ ɞɨ 30 ɪɨɤɿɜ). ȱɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɿɣɧɢɣ ɪɿɜɟɧɶ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɦ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɨɦ ɭɨɫɨɛɥɸɽ ɜɥɚɫɧɢɤ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ, ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪ, ɚɛɨ ɝɨɥɨɜɚ ɪɚɞɢ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɿɜ (ɧɚɝɥɹɞɨɜɚ ɪɚɞɚ). ȼɢɳɟ ɤɟɪɿɜɧɢɰɬɜɨ ɞɿɥɢɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɞɜɚ ɩɿɞɪɿɜɧɿ: ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɟ ɤɟɪɿɜɧɢɰɬɜɨ — ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɟ ɜɥɚɫɧɢɤɨɦ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɿ ɭɩɨɜɧɨɜɚɠɟɧɢɦ ɜɥɚɫɧɢɤɨɦ ɤɟɪɿɜɧɢɰɬɜɨɦ. Ɏɨɪɦɚ ɜɥɚɫɧɨɫɬɿ ɭ ɧɟɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɧɚɣɱɚɫɬɿɲɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɨɞɧɨɨɫɿɛɧɢɦ ɜɨɥɨɞɿɧɧɹɦ, ɭ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ, ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɥɚɧɰɸɝɚɯ — ɚɤɰɿɨɧɟɪɧɨɸ ɮɨɪɦɨɸ ɜɥɚɫɧɨɫɬɿ. ȼɢɳɢɣ ɪɿɜɟɧɶ ɩɪɢɣɦɚɽ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɿ ɪɿɲɟɧɧɹ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɭ, ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɭɽ ɪɨɛɨɬɭ ɤɟɪɿɜɧɢɤɿɜ ɜɿɞɞɿɥɿɜ, ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɿɜ ɫɥɭɠɛ. ɋɬɪɚɬɟɝɿɱɧɿ ɡɚɜɞɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ, ɹɤɿ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɸɬɶ ɬɚ ɜɢɪɿɲɭɸɬɶ ʀɯɧɿ ɜɥɚɫɧɢɤɢ ɫɬɨɫɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɨɪɿɽɧɬɚɰɿʀ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ ɧɚ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɟɜɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɚ ɪɢɧɤɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɦɨɞɟɪɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɬɚ ɞɢɜɟɪɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɭɱɚɫɬɿ ɭ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɢɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɨʀ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ, ɰɿɧɨɜɨʀ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɤɢ ɬɚ ɿɧ. ȼɿɞ ɜɢɪɿɲɟɧɧɹ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɢɬɚɧɶ ɡɚɥɟɠɢɬɶ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ, ɣɨɝɨ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɹ, ɦɿɫɬɤɿɫɬɶ, ɚɪɯɿɬɟɤɬɭɪɚ, ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ, ɩɿɞɛɿɪ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ. Ƚɟɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪ — ɨɫɨɛɚ, ɹɤɚ ɭɩɨɜɧɨɜɚɠɟɧɚ ɜɥɚɫɧɢɤɨɦ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɿ ɞɟɥɟɝɭɽ ɣɨɝɨ ɡɚɜɞɚɧɧɹ ɞɥɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɪɿɜɧɹ ɭ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɿ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɫɶɤɿ ɪɿɲɟɧɧɹ. ȼɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ, ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪ ɜɢɤɨɧɭɽ ɮɭɧɤɰɿʀ ɩɨɫɟɪɟɞɧɢɤɚ ɦɿɠ ɜɥɚɫɧɢɤɨɦ — ɡ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɛɨɤɭ, ɿ ɝɨɫɬɹɦɢ — ɡ ɿɧɲɨɝɨ. Ɉɤɪɿɦ ɰɶɨɝɨ, ɜɿɧ ɨɛʉɪɭɧɬɨɜɭɽ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɿ ɧɚɩɪɹɦɤɢ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɤɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ, ɮɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɭ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɤɭ ɜɿɞɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɭ ɭ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɿ ɥɿɦɿɬɿɜ ɜɢɬɪɚɬ ɧɚ ɭɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ, ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɿ ɬɚ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɶɤɿ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢ, ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɡɚ ɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɬɹ ɪɿɲɟɧɶ ɳɨɞɨ ɨɪɿɽɧɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɭ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɧɚ ɨɛɪɚɧɢɣ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬ ɪɢɧɤɭ. Ƚɟɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪ ɜɢɪɿɲɭɽ ɩɢɬɚɧɧɹ ɡɚɤɭɩɿɜɟɥɶɧɨʀ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɤɢ, ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ — ɩɨɫɬɚɱɚɥɶɧɢɤɢ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɿɜ, ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽ ɩɪɿɨɪɢɬɟɬɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɬɚɱɚɥɶɧɢɤɿɜ. ȼɢɳɟ ɤɟɪɿɜɧɢɰɬɜɨ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɜɢɪɿɲɭɽ ɩɢɬɚɧɧɹ ɡɚɩɪɨɜɚɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɭɧɤɿɜ ɡ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚɦɢ, ɩɨɥɿɬɢɤɭ ɬɚɪɢɮɿɜ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɦɚɪɤɟɬɢɧɝɨɜɢɯ ɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɶ ɪɢɧɤɭ. 139
ɍ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɿɡ ɡɧɚɱɧɨɸ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɸ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɫɶɤɚ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɜɢɳɨɸ ɥɚɧɤɢ ɦɨɠɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɬɢ ɩɨɫɚɞɭ ɡɚɫɬɭɩɧɢɤɚ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɚ. Ɂɚɫɬɭɩɧɢɤ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɚ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɽ ɡɚ ɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɬɹ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɢɯ ɪɿɲɟɧɶ, ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽ ɩɨɫɬɿɣɧɢɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɡɚ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɢɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɨɦ, ɬɨɦɭ ɡɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɢɣ ɹɤɧɚɣɞɨɜɲɟ ɩɟɪɟɛɭɜɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɿ. ȼɿɧ ɦɚɽ ɛɿɥɶɲ ɬɿɫɧɿ ɫɬɨɫɭɧɤɢ ɡ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚɦɢ, ɡɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɢɣ ɜɢɪɿɲɭɜɚɬɢ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɢ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɿ ɡ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ. ȼ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ ɰɿɥɨɞɨɛɨɜɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɰɿʀ ɡɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ ɜɢɞɿɥɹɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɨɫɚɞɚ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɜɱɨɝɨ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɚ. ɍɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɫɶɤɢɣ ɪɿɜɟɧɶ ɭ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɚɯ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽ ɪɟɚɥɿɡɚɰɿɸ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɤɢ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ, ɪɨɡɪɨɛɥɟɧɨʀ ɤɟɪɿɜɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɜɢɳɨɝɨ ɪɿɜɧɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ, ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɸɬɶ ɡɚ ɧɚɞɯɨɞɠɟɧɧɹ, ɭɬɨɱɧɟɧɧɹ, ɪɨɡɩɨɞɿɥ ɡɚɜɞɚɧɶ ɭ ɩɿɞɪɨɡɞɿɥɚɯ, ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸɸɬɶ ʀɯɧɽ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹ. ɇɚ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɿɜ ɜɿɞɞɿɥɿɜ ɩɨɤɥɚɞɟɧɨ ɲɢɪɨɤɿ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɢ ɿ ɜɟɥɢɤɚ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ ɭ ɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɬɿ ɪɿɲɟɧɶ. Ɉɤɪɿɦ ɪɟɚɥɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɯ ɡɚɜɞɚɧɶ ɭ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɿ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɫɶɤɿ ɪɿɲɟɧɧɹ, ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɢ ɜɿɞɞɿɥɿɜ ɜɢɪɿɲɭɸɬɶ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɢ ɨɩɬɢɦɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɭ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɧɨɜɿɬɧɿɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɿɜ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ, ɤɚɞɪɨɜɨʀ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɭ ɜɿɞɞɿɥɿ, ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɶɧɨɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ, ɜɡɚɽɦɨɞɿʀ ɡ ɿɧɲɢɦɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɢɦɢ ɩɿɞɪɨɡɞɿɥɚɦɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ. ɍ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɰɟɣ ɪɿɜɟɧɶ ɦɨɠɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɬɢ 5–6 ɡɚɫɬɭɩɧɢɤɿɜ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɚ (ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɿɜ ɜɿɞɞɿɥɿɜ) ɬɚ 10–15 ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɿɜ ɫɥɭɠɛ. Ⱦɨ ɤɟɪɿɜɧɢɤɿɜ ɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨɝɨ ɪɿɜɧɹ ɧɚɥɟɠɚɬɶ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɢ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ, ɮɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɨɝɨ, ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɨɝɨ, ɤɨɦɟɪɰɿɣɧɨɝɨ ɜɿɞɞɿɥɿɜ ɬɚ ɿɧ. Ɇɟɧɟɞɠɟɪ ɡ ɩɢɬɚɧɶ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɨɦ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɢɦɢ ɮɨɪɦɚɦɢ ɝɚɫɬɪɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɢɯ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿɜ, ɳɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɸɬɶ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ. Ƀɨɦɭ ɛɟɡɩɨɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨ ɩɿɞɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɲɟɮ-ɩɨɜɚɪ, ɦɟɬɪɞɨɬɟɥɶ, ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪ ɛɚɧɤɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɫɬɚɪɲɢɣ ɨɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ. Ɇɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɭ ɡ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɩɿɞɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɫɥɭɠɛ — ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ, ɩɪɢɣɦɚɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɧɹ, ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɶɤɨʀ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ. Ɇɟɧɟɞɠɟɪ ɮɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɜɿɞɞɿɥɭ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɽ ɪɨɛɨɬɨɸ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɛɭɯɝɚɥɬɟɪɚ, ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɚ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɶɤɨʀ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ, ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɤɨɦɩ’ɸɬɟɪɚ, ɡɚɜɿɞɭɸɱɨɝɨ ɜɿɞɞɿɥɭ ɡɚɪɨɛɿɬɧɨʀ ɩɥɚɬɢ. 140
Ɇɟɧɟɞɠɟɪ ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɜɿɞɞɿɥɭ ɨɱɨɥɸɽ ɿɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɨ-ɟɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɿɣɧɢɣ ɜɿɞɞɿɥ. ɍ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɩɨɫɚɞɚ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɚ ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɜɿɞɞɿɥɭ ɧɚɡɢɜɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɨ-ɪɿɡɧɨɦɭ — ɝɨɥɨɜɧɢɣ ɿɧɠɟɧɟɪ, ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪ ɡ ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɨʀ ɟɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɿʀ ɬɚ ɿɧ. Ƀɨɦɭ ɩɿɞɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɫɬɚɪɲɢɣ ɦɚɣɫɬɟɪ, ɡɚɜɿɞɭɜɚɱɿ ɦɚɣɫɬɟɪɧɹɦɢ ɡ ɪɟɦɨɧɬɭ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɨɩɚɥɟɧɧɹ, ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɨʀ ɛɟɡɩɟɤɢ, ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɢɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ, ɦɟɛɥɿɜ ɬɚ ɿɧ. Ɇɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɭ ɤɨɦɟɪɰɿɣɧɨɝɨ ɜɿɞɞɿɥɭ ɩɿɞɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪ ɡ ɩɢɬɚɧɶ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɶɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɬɚɱɚɧɧɹ, ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɤɨɧɝɪɟɫɿɜ, ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪ ɡ ɪɟɤɥɚɦɢ ɬɚ ɿɧ. Ɍɟɯɧɿɱɧɢɣ ɪɿɜɟɧɶ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɤɟɪɿɜɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɧɢɠɱɨʀ ɥɚɧɤɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ, ɹɤɿ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɸɬɶ ɤɟɪɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɛɟɡɩɨɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɸɱɢɦ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɨɦ. ɍ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɞɨ ɰɿɽʀ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɧɚɥɟɠɚɬɶ ɤɟɪɿɜɧɢɤɢ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɱɢɯ ɥɚɧɨɤ, ɹɤɿ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɸɬɶ ɡɚ ɪɨɡɩɨɞɿɥ ɡɚɜɞɚɧɶ ɫɟɪɟɞ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɜɰɿɜ, ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸɸɬɶ ʀɯɧɽ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹ, ɜɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ ɫɚɦɿ ɩɪɢɣɦɚɸɬɶ ɭɱɚɫɬɶ ɭ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɱɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿ. Ʉɟɪɿɜɧɢɤɢ ɜɫɿɯ ɜɿɞɞɿɥɿɜ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ, ɨɤɪɿɦ ɮɭɧɤɰɿʀ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɜɢɤɨɧɭɸɬɶ ɮɭɧɤɰɿʀ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹ ɞɨɪɭɱɟɧɶ ɤɟɪɿɜɧɢɤɿɜ ɜɢɳɨɝɨ ɪɿɜɧɹ. ɑɚɫɬɤɚ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɜɱɨʀ ɮɭɧɤɰɿʀ ɡɪɨɫɬɚɽ ɡ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɧɹɦ ɪɿɜɧɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ. ɇɟ ɜɢɤɨɧɭɽ ɞɨɪɭɱɟɧɶ ɥɢɲɟ ɜɥɚɫɧɢɤ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ. ȼɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹ ɞɨɪɭɱɟɧɶ, ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɜɢɬɪɚɱɟɧɨɝɨ ɱɚɫɭ, ɹɤ ɫɜɿɞɱɢɬɶ ɦɨɧɿɬɨɪɢɧɝ, ɧɚ ɜɢɳɨɦɭ ɪɿɜɧɿ ɡɚɣɦɚɽ ɛɥɢɡɶɤɨ 10 %, ɧɚ ɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨɦɭ — 50 %, ɧɢɠɱɨɦɭ — ɛɥɢɡɶɤɨ 70 % ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɱɚɫɭ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɿɜ. Ɋɟɲɬɚ ɱɚɫɭ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɢ ɜɢɬɪɚɱɚɸɬɶ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɬɹ ɪɿɲɟɧɶ ɡ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ. Ɂɜ’ɹɡɤɢ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɸɬɶ ɜɡɚɽɦɨɞɿɸ ɿ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɰɿɸ ɞɿɣ ɦɿɠ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɦ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɨɦ. Ɂɝɿɞɧɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɭ ɜɿɞɧɨɫɢɧ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɿɜ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢ, ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɢ ɩɨɞɿɥɹɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɿ ɿ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɿ. ȼɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɿ ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɢ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɸɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɿ ɩɿɞɩɨɪɹɞɤɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɧɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɡɜ’ɹɡɨɤ ɦɿɠ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɢɦ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɨɦ ɿ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɨɦ ɩɟɜɧɨʀ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ. ɐɿ ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɢ ɜɢɧɢɤɚɸɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɿɽɪɚɪɯɿɱɧɿɣ ɩɨɛɭɞɨɜɿ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ, ɧɚɹɜɧɨɫɬɿ ɱɿɬɤɨʀ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɪɿɜɧɿɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɦ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɨɦ, ɤɨɠɟɧ ɡ ɹɤɢɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɜɥɚɫɧɢɦɢ ɰɿɥɹɦɢ. Ƚɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɿ ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɢ ɜɿɞɨɛɪɚɠɚɸɬɶ ɫɬɨɫɭɧɤɢ ɡ ɤɨɨɩɟɪɚɰɿʀ ɿ ɭɡɝɨɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɿɣ ɦɿɠ ɪɿɜɧɨɩɪɚɜɧɢɦɢ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɿɽɪɚɪɯɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɪɿɜɧɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ. ɇɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɬɚɤɢɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ 141
ɜɡɚɽɦɨɞɿʀ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɦɿɠ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɚɦɢ ɫɥɭɠɛ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ ɡ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɭɡɝɨɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɫɭɦɿɫɧɢɯ ɞɿɣ ɭ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿ. ɍ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɿ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɭ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɫɶɤɢɯ ɪɿɲɟɧɶ ɪɨɡɪɿɡɧɹɸɬɶ ɥɿɧɿɣɧɿ ɬɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɿ ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɢ. Ʌɿɧɿɣɧɿ ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɢ ɜɿɞɨɛɪɚɠɚɸɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɭ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɫɶɤɨʀ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿʀ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɭ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨʀ ɞɥɹ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹ ɿɡ ɩɿɞɩɨɪɹɞɤɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ ɭ ɜɫɿɯ ɩɢɬɚɧɧɹɯ ɧɢɠɱɢɯ ɩɿɞɪɨɡɞɿɥɿɜ ɜɢɳɢɦ. ɐɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɚ ɿ ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɚ ɹɤɳɨ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɢ ɧɟɫɤɥɚɞɧɿ ɿ ɪɿɲɟɧɧɹ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɩɪɢɣɦɚɬɢɫɶ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɿɣɧɨ ɭ ɩɿɞɪɨɡɞɿɥɚɯ. Ɏɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɿ ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɢ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɩɿɞɩɨɪɹɞɤɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ ɧɢɠɱɢɯ ɩɿɞɪɨɡɞɿɥɿɜ ɪɹɞɭ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɪɨɡɞɿɥɿɜ, ɹɤɿ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ ɜɢɪɿɲɭɸɬɶ ɨɤɪɟɦɿ ɮɭɧɤɰɿʀ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɟɦ, ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɿ ɡ ɮɿɧɚɧɫɚɦɢ, ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ, ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɽɸ ɬɚ ɿɧ. ɐɿ ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɢ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɸɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɭ ɡɦɿɫɬɨɜɧɨ ɨɛʉɪɭɧɬɨɜɚɧɨʀ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɫɶɤɨʀ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿʀ. Ɉɫɤɿɥɶɤɢ ɞɠɟɪɟɥ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿʀ ɨɞɧɨɱɚɫɧɨ ɦɨɠɟ ɛɭɬɢ ɞɟɤɿɥɶɤɚ ɜɢɧɢɤɚɸɬɶ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɢ ɧɟɭɡɝɨɞɠɟɧɨɫɬɿ ɞɿɣ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɪɨɡɞɿɥɿɜ. 3.3. Ɍɢɩɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɣɧɢɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɍ ɞɨɫɜɿɞɿ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿɜ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɩɨɲɢɪɟɧɧɹ ɧɚɛɭɥɢ ɬɚɤɿ ɬɢɩɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɣɧɢɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ: — ɥɿɧɿɣɧɚ; — ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɚ; — ɥɿɧɿɣɧɨ-ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɚ; — ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜɚ; — ɦɚɬɪɢɱɧɚ. Ʌɿɧɿɣɧɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɣɧɚ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ. Ʌɿɧɿɣɧɢɣ ɬɢɩ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɣɧɨʀ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɜɿɞɨɛɪɚɠɚɽ ɥɿɧɿɣɧɿ ɮɨɪɦɢ ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɭ ɦɿɠ ɥɚɧɤɚɦɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ; ɜɟɫɶ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɣ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɜɢɪɨɛɥɟɧɧɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɫɶɤɢɯ ɪɿɲɟɧɶ ɡɨɫɟɪɟɞɠɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɥɿɧɿɣɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɚ. Ʌɿɧɿɣɧɢɣ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪ ɩɨɜɧɿɫɬɸ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɡɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɜɫɶɨɝɨ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ (ɧɟɜɟɥɢɤɨɝɨ ɡɚ ɪɨɡɦɿɪɚɦɢ) ɚɛɨ ɣɨɝɨ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɪɨɡɞɿɥɿɜ 142
(ɜɟɥɢɤɨɝɨ ɡɚ ɪɨɡɦɿɪɚɦɢ). Ʉɨɠɟɧ ɩɿɞɥɟɝɥɢɣ ɩɿɞɪɨɡɞɿɥɭ ɛɟɡɩɨɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨ ɩɿɞɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɥɢɲɟ ɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɤɟɪɿɜɧɢɤɭ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɹɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɞɯɨɞɹɬɶ ɜɫɿ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɫɶɤɿ ɪɿɲɟɧɧɹ. ȼɢɳɢɣ ɨɪɝɚɧ (ɤɟɪɿɜɧɢɤ) ɧɟ ɦɚɽ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɜɿɞɞɚɜɚɬɢ ɪɨɡɩɨɪɹɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɸɱɨɦɭ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ, ɨɦɢɧɚɸɱɢ ʀɯɧɶɨɝɨ ɛɟɡɩɨɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨɝɨ ɤɟɪɿɜɧɢɤɚ — ɬɨɛɬɨ ɪɟɚɥɿɡɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɽɞɢɧɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɫɬɜɚ. ɇɚ ɰɿɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɿ ɫɬɜɨɪɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɿɽɪɚɪɯɿɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ, ɧɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ: ɤɟɪɿɜɧɢɤ ɞɿɥɶɧɢɰɿ — ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ — ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ. Ɉɤɪɟɦɿ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɫɬɢ ɞɨɩɨɦɚɝɚɸɬɶ ɥɿɧɿɣɧɨɦɭ ɤɟɪɿɜɧɢɤɭ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɬɢ ɬɚ ɚɧɚɥɿɡɭɜɚɬɢ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɸ, ɜɢɪɨɛɥɹɬɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɫɶɤɿ ɪɿɲɟɧɧɹ, ɚɥɟ ɫɚɦɿ ɜɤɚɡɿɜɨɤ ɬɚ ɿɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɿɣ ɤɟɪɨɜɚɧɨɦɭ ɨɛ’ɽɤɬɭ ɧɟ ɞɚɸɬɶ (ɪɢɫ. 3.2., ɬɚɛɥ. 3.1.) ȽȿɇȿɊȺɅɖɇɂɃ ȾɂɊȿɄɌɈɊ
ȼɢɤɨɧɚɜɟɰɶ ȼ
ȼɢɤɨɧɚɜɟɰɶ Ȼ
ȱɧɲɿ ɥɿɧɿɣɧɿ ɤɟɪɿɜɧɢɤɢ ɆȿɇȿȾɀȿɊɂ ȱɇɒɂɏ ȼȱȾȾȱɅȱȼ
ȼɢɤɨɧɚɜɟɰɶ Ⱥ
ȼɢɤɨɧɚɜɟɰɶ ȼ
ȼɢɤɨɧɚɜɟɰɶ Ȼ
Ʌɿɧɿɣɧɢɣ ɤɟɪɿɜɧɢɤ Ȼ ɆȿɇȿȾɀȿɊ Ɂ ȽɊɈɆȺȾɋɖɄɈȽɈ ɏȺɊɑɍȼȺɇɇə
ȼɢɤɨɧɚɜɟɰɶ Ⱥ
ȼɢɤɨɧɚɜɟɰɶ ȼ
ȼɢɤɨɧɚɜɟɰɶ Ȼ
ȼɢɤɨɧɚɜɟɰɶ Ⱥ
Ʌɿɧɿɣɧɢɣ ɤɟɪɿɜɧɢɤ Ⱥ ɆȿɇȿȾɀȿɊ Ɂ ɈȻɋɅɍȽɈȼɍȼȺɇɇə
Ɋɢɫ. 3.2. Ʌɿɧɿɣɧɢɣ ɬɢɩ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɣɧɨʀ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɦ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɨɦ
Ʌɿɧɿɣɧɿɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɿ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɜɥɚɫɬɢɜɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɬɚ, ɱɿɬɤɿɫɬɶ, ɭɡɝɨɞɠɟɧɿɫɬɶ ɞɿɣ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɜɰɿɜ, ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɿɫɬɶ, ɜɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ ɦɟɧɲɚ ɝɧɭɱɤɿɫɬɶ ɜ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɿʀ ɞɨ ɦɿɧɥɢɜɨɝɨ ɪɢɧɤɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ. Ʉɨɠɟɧ ɤɟɪɿɜɧɢɤ ɦɚɽ ɲɢɪɨɤɭ ɩɨɜɧɨɬɭ ɜɥɚɞɢ, ɩɪɨɬɟ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɧɿ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ ɜɢɪɿɲɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ, ɳɨ ɛɚɡɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɝɥɢɛɨɤɢɯ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɡɧɚɧɧɹɯ. 143
ɍ ɞɨɫɜɿɞɿ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɥɿɧɿɣɧɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɣɧɚ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɚɫɚɦɩɟɪɟɞ ɭ ɦɚɥɢɯ ɡɚ ɪɨɡɦɿɪɚɦɢ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɚɯ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ, ɳɨ ɧɚɞɚɸɬɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɿ ɬɚ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɧɢɣ ɨɛɫɹɝ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ (ɨɞɧɨɪɿɞɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ) ɩɪɢ ɜɿɞɫɭɬɧɨɫɬɿ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɯ ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɿɜ ɭ ɤɨɨɩɟɪɚɰɿʀ. Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɹ 3.1 ɉȿɊȿȼȺȽɂ ɌȺ ɇȿȾɈɅȱɄɂ ɅȱɇȱɃɇɈȲ ɈɊȽȺɇȱɁȺɐȱɃɇɈȲ ɋɌɊɍɄɌɍɊɂ ɍɉɊȺȼɅȱɇɇə ɉɟɪɟɜɚɝɢ
ɇɟɞɨɥɿɤɢ
1. ɑɿɬɤɿ ɿ ɩɪɨɫɬɿ ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɢ ɦɿɠ ɩɿɞɪɨɡɞɿɥɚɦɢ (ɨɞɢɧ ɤɚɧɚɥ ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɿɜ); 2. ȯɞɧɿɫɬɶ ɿ ɱɿɬɤɿɫɬɶ ɪɨɡɩɨɪɹɞɠɟɧɶ; 3. ɑɿɬɤɚ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ ɤɟɪɿɜɧɢɤɚ ɡɚ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɢ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɨɱɨɥɸɜɚɧɨɝɨ ɩɿɞɪɨɡɞɿɥɭ; 4. Ɉɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɿɫɬɶ ɭ ɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɬɿ ɪɿɲɟɧɶ; 5. Ɉɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɜɰɹɦɢ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɢɯ ɦɿɠ ɫɨɛɨɸ ɪɨɡɩɨɪɹɞɠɟɧɶ ɿ ɡɚɜɞɚɧɶ, ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɢɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚɦɢ.
1. ȼɢɫɨɤɿ ɜɢɦɨɝɢ ɞɨ ɤɟɪɿɜɧɢɤɚ, ɹɤɢɣ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɦɚɬɢ ɪɿɡɧɨɛɿɱɧɿ ɡɧɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɞɨɫɜɿɞ ɡ ɭɫɿɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɣ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɫɮɟɪ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ, ɳɨ ɜɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ ɨɛɦɟɠɭɽ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ ɤɟɪɿɜɧɢɤɚ ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɬɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɽɸ; 2. ɉɟɪɟɜɚɧɬɚɠɟɧɧɹ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɽɸ, ɜɟɥɢɤɢɣ ɩɨɬɿɤ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɿʀ, ɛɟɡɥɿɱ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɿɜ ɡ ɩɿɞɥɟɝɥɢɦɢ, ɜɢɳɢɦɢ ɬɚ ɫɭɦɿɠɧɢɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɹɦɢ; 3. ȼɿɞɫɭɬɧɿɫɬɶ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɫɬɿɜ ɡ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɣ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɿ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ; 4. ɇɟɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɿɫɬɶ ɞɨ ɡɪɨɫɬɚɸɱɢɯ ɜɢɦɨɝ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɰɬɜɚ.
Ɏɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɣɧɚ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ. ɋɭɬɶ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɩɨɥɹɝɚɽ ɭ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɿ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɣ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɨɜɚɧɢɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɦɢ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɫɬɚɦɢ, ɹɤɿ ɧɚɞɿɥɟɧɿ ɡɧɚɱɧɢɦɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɫɶɤɢɦɢ ɩɨɜɧɨɜɚɠɟɧɧɹɦɢ. ȼ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɧɚɣɱɚɫɬɿɲɟ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɫɬɢ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɮɿɥɸ ɨɛ’ɽɞɧɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɿ ɩɿɞɪɨɡɞɿɥɢ (ɜɿɞɞɿɥɢ), ɧɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ ɜɿɞɞɿɥ ɦɚɪɤɟɬɢɧɝɭ, ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ ɬɚ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ, ɮɿɧɚɧɫɿɜ, ɤɨɦɟɪɰɿɣɧɢɣ ɬɚ ɿɧ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɱɢɧɨɦ, ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɟ ɡɚɜɞɚɧɧɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɟɦ, ɩɨɱɢɧɚɸɱɢ ɜɿɞ ɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨɝɨ ɪɿɜɧɹ ɩɨɞɿɥɹɽɬɶɫɹ ɡɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɦ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɿɽɦ, ɡɜɿɞɫɢ ɿ ɩɨɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɧɚɡɜɚ — ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɚ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ. 144
ɉɪɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɿɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɿ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɿʀ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɫɶɤɢɯ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɿɜ, ɹɤɿ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɦɚɬɢ ɭɧɿɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɭ ɩɿɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɭ ɿ ɜɢɤɨɧɭɜɚɬɢ ɜɫɿ ɮɭɧɤɰɿʀ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ, ɜɢɧɢɤɚɽ ɲɬɚɬ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɫɬɿɜ ɡ ɜɢɫɨɤɨɸ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɰɿɽɸ ɭ ɩɟɜɧɿɣ ɫɮɟɪɿ, ɹɤɿ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɸɬɶ ɡɚ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɢɣ ɧɚɩɪɹɦɨɤ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ. Ɏɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɚ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɚɰɿɹ ɚɩɚɪɚɬɭ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɡɧɚɱɧɨ ɩɿɞɜɢɳɭɽ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɢɜɧɿɫɬɶ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ. ɐɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɭɦɨɜɚɯ ɲɜɢɞɤɨɝɨ ɡɛɿɥɶɲɟɧɧɹ ɨɛɫɹɝɿɜ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɰɬɜɚ ɬɚ ɣɨɝɨ ɭɫɤɥɚɞɧɟɧɧɹ, ɩɨɹɜɢ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɜɢɞɿɜ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɬɚ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚɯ. ȽȿɇȿɊȺɅɖɇɂɃ ȾɂɊȿɄɌɈɊ
Ɋɢɫ. 3.3. Ɏɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɬɢɩ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɣɧɨʀ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɦ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɨɦ 145
ȼɢɤɨɧɚɜɟɰɶ ȼ
ȼɢɤɨɧɚɜɟɰɶ Ȼ
ȱɧɲɿ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɿ ɤɟɪɿɜɧɢɤɢ ɆȿɇȿȾɀȿɊɂ ȱɇɒɂɏ ɋɅɍɀȻ
ȼɢɤɨɧɚɜɟɰɶ Ⱥ
ȼɢɤɨɧɚɜɟɰɶ ȼ
ȼɢɤɨɧɚɜɟɰɶ Ȼ
Ɏɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɤɟɪɿɜɧɢɤ ȼ ɆȿɇȿȾɀȿɊ ɋɅɍɀȻɂ ɈȻɋɅɍȽɈȼɍȼȺɇɇə ɇɈɆȿɊȱȼ
ȼɢɤɨɧɚɜɟɰɶ Ⱥ
ȼɢɤɨɧɚɜɟɰɶ ȼ
ȼɢɤɨɧɚɜɟɰɶ Ȼ
Ɏɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɤɟɪɿɜɧɢɤ Ȼ ɆȿɇȿȾɀȿɊ ɋɅɍɀȻɂ ɉɊɂɃɆȺɇɇə ɌȺ ɊɈɁɆȱɓȿɇɇə
ȼɢɤɨɧɚɜɟɰɶ Ⱥ
ȼɢɤɨɧɚɜɟɰɶ ȼ
ȼɢɤɨɧɚɜɟɰɶ Ȼ
ȼɢɤɨɧɚɜɟɰɶ Ⱥ
Ɏɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɤɟɪɿɜɧɢɤ Ⱥ ɆȿɇȿȾɀȿɊ ɋɅɍɀȻɂ ȻɊɈɇɘȼȺɇɇə
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɹ 3.2 ɉȿɊȿȼȺȽɂ ɌȺ ɇȿȾɈɅȱɄɂ ɎɍɇɄɐȱɈɇȺɅɖɇɈȲ ɈɊȽȺɇȱɁȺɐȱɃɇɈȲ ɋɌɊɍɄɌɍɊɂ ɍɉɊȺȼɅȱɇɇə ɉɟɪɟɜɚɝɢ
ɇɟɞɨɥɿɤɢ
1. ȼɢɫɨɤɚ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɿɫɬɶ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɫɬɿɜ, ɹɤɿ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɸɬɶ ɡɚ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɟɧɧɹ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɣ; 2. Ɋɨɡɲɢɪɟɧɧɹ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɨɫɬɟɣ ɥɿɧɿɣɧɢɯ ɤɟɪɿɜɧɢɤɿɜ ɭ ɩɢɬɚɧɧɹɯ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɰɬɜɨɦ ɲɥɹɯɨɦ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɿ ɪɹɞɭ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɣ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɨɜɚɧɢɦ ɥɚɧɤɚɦ; 3. ɋɬɜɨɪɸɽ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɿɫɬɶ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɿɡɨɜɚɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɿɱɧɢɯ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɿɜ; 4. ȼɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɿɫɬɶ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢ ɞɨ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɿʀ; 5. ɉɿɞɜɢɳɭɽ ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɿɫɬɶ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɬɚɦ, ɞɟ ɡɚɜɞɚɧɧɹ ɽ ɩɨɜɫɹɤɞɟɧɧɢɦɢ ɬɚ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɸɜɚɧɢɦɢ; 6. ɒɜɢɞɤɨ ɪɟɚɝɭɽ ɧɚ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɫɥɭɠɛ.
1. Ɍɪɭɞɧɨɳɿ ɭ ɩɿɞɬɪɢɦɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɩɨɫɬɿɣɧɢɯ ɜɡɚɽɦɨɡɜ’ɹɡɤɿɜ ɦɿɠ ɪɿɡɧɢɦɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɫɥɭɠɛɚɦɢ; 2. ȼɿɞɫɭɬɧɿɫɬɶ ɜɡɚɽɦɨɪɨɡɭɦɿɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɽɞɧɨɫɬɿ ɞɿɣ ɦɿɠ ɩɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɫɥɭɠɛ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɱɢɯ ɜɿɞɞɿɥɟɧɶ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ; 3. Ɂɦɟɧɲɟɧɧɹ ɪɿɜɧɹ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɜɰɿɜ ɡɚ ɪɨɛɨɬɭ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɨɞɜɿɣɧɟ ɩɿɞɩɨɪɹɞɤɭɜɚɧɧɹ; 4. ɉɨɪɭɲɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɭ ɽɞɢɧɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ; 5. ȼɢɧɢɤɧɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɰɿʀ, ɦɨɠɥɢɜɿɫɬɶ ɦɿɠɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɭɩɟɪɧɢɰɬɜɚ, ɤɨɧɮɥɿɤɬɿɜ; 6. Ɏɨɪɦɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɜɭɡɶɤɨʀ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɨɪɭ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬɭ ɬɚ ɜɢɪɨɛɥɟɧɧɹ ɞɪɿɛɧɢɯ, ɱɚɫɬɤɨɜɢɯ ɪɿɲɟɧɶ; 7. ɉɟɪɟɧɟɫɟɧɧɹ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɡɚ ɩɪɢɛɭɬɨɤ ɧɚ ɜɢɳɿ ɪɿɜɧɿ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ; 8. ȼɢɩɚɞɤɢ ɧɟɪɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɿɨɪɢɬɟɬɿɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɫɬɚɦɢ; 9. Ɏɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɚ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɡɨɪɿɫɬɶ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɫɩɪɚɰɶɨɜɭɽ ɩɪɨɬɢ ɞɿɽɜɨɝɨ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɧɢɰɬɜɚ, ɩɪɢɫɬɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɞɨ ɡɦɿɧ.
Ʌɿɧɿɣɧɨ-ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɚ (ɤɨɦɛɿɧɨɜɚɧɚ) ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɟɦ ɫɬɜɨɪɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɿɡ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɥɚɧɨɤ (ɡɦɿɧ, ɛɪɢɝɚɞ) ɩɪɢ ɤɨɠɧɨɦɭ ɥɿɧɿɣɧɨɦɭ ɤɟɪɿɜɧɢɤɭ. ɐɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɞɨɩɨɦɚɝɚɽ ɤɟɪɿɜɧɢɤɚɦ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɜɢɜɱɚɬɢ ɿ ɩɪɢɣɦɚɬɢ ɪɿɲɟɧɧɹ ɳɨɞɨ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ, ɹɤɿ ɜɢɧɢɤɚɸɬɶ, ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɭɜɚɬɢ ɭɜɚɝɭ ɧɚ ɩɨɬɨɱɧɿɣ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ. Ʉɨɦɛɿɧɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɬɢɩ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɭɫɭɜɚɽ ɧɟɞɨɥɿɤɢ ɥɿɧɿɣɧɨɝɨ ɬɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɿɜ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ. ɍ ɰɿɣ ɫɬɪɭɤ146
ɬɭɪɿ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɿ ɥɚɧɤɢ ɩɨɡɛɚɜɥɟɧɿ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɛɟɡɩɨɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨɝɨ ɜɩɥɢɜɭ ɧɚ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɜɰɿɜ, ɜɨɧɢ ɝɨɬɭɸɬɶ ɪɿɲɟɧɧɹ ɞɥɹ ɥɿɧɿɣɧɨɝɨ ɤɟɪɿɜɧɢɤɚ, ɹɤɢɣ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽ ɩɪɹɦɢɣ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɢɣ ɜɩɥɢɜ ɧɚ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɜɰɿɜ. ɉɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɚɽɬɶɫɹ, ɳɨ ɩɟɪɲɨɦɭ (ɥɿɧɿɣɧɨɦɭ) ɤɟɪɿɜɧɢɤɭ ɭ ɜɢɪɨɛɥɟɧɧɿ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɢɯ ɩɢɬɚɧɶ ɿ ɩɿɞɝɨɬɨɜɰɿ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɢɯ ɪɿɲɟɧɶ, ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦ, ɩɥɚɧɿɜ ɞɨɩɨɦɚɝɚɽ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɚɩɚɪɚɬ, ɳɨ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɪɨɡɞɿɥɿɜ (ɜɿɞɞɿɥɿɜ, ɝɪɭɩ) (ɪɢɫ. 3.4, ɬɚɛɥ. 3.3). ȽȿɇȿɊȺɅɖɇɂɃ ȾɂɊȿɄɌɈɊ
ȼɢɤɨɧɚɜɟɰɶ ȼ
ȼɢɤɨɧɚɜɟɰɶ Ȼ
ȼɢɤɨɧɚɜɟɰɶ Ⱥ
ȼɢɤɨɧɚɜɟɰɶ ȼ
ȼɢɤɨɧɚɜɟɰɶ Ȼ
Ɇɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɢ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɫɥɭɠɛ
ȼɢɤɨɧɚɜɟɰɶ Ⱥ
Ɇɟɧɟɞɠɟɪ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚ ɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ
ȼɢɤɨɧɚɜɟɰɶ ȼ
Ɇɟɧɟɞɠɟɪ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ
ȼɢɤɨɧɚɜɟɰɶ Ȼ
Ɇɟɧɟɞɠɟɪ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɩɪɢɣɦɚɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ
ȼɢɤɨɧɚɜɟɰɶ Ⱥ
ȱɧɲɿ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɿ ɥɚɧɤɢ ȱɇɒȱ ȼȱȾȾȱɅɂ
ȼɢɤɨɧɚɜɟɰɶ ȼ
Ɏɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɚ ɥɚɧɤɚ ȼ ɘɊɂȾɂɑɇɂɃ ȼȱȾȾȱɅ
ȼɢɤɨɧɚɜɟɰɶ Ȼ
Ɏɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɚ ɥɚɧɤɚ Ȼ ɄɈɆȿɊɐȱɃɇɂɃ ȼȱȾȾȱɅ
ȼɢɤɨɧɚɜɟɰɶ Ⱥ
Ɏɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɚ ɥɚɧɤɚ Ⱥ ȼȱȾȾȱɅ ɉɈɉȿɊȿȾɇɖɈȽɈ ȻɊɈɇɘȼȺɇɇə
Ɋɢɫ. 3.4. Ʌɿɧɿɣɧɨ-ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɬɢɩ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɣɧɨʀ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɦ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɨɦ
Ɋɨɥɶ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɜ (ɫɥɭɠɛ) ɡɚɥɟɠɢɬɶ ɜɿɞ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɿɜ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɶɤɨʀ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɬɚ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɟɦ. ɉɪɢ ɥɿɧɿɣɧɨ-ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɿɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɿ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɦɚɽ 147
ɩɟɪɟɜɚɝɢ ɥɿɧɿɣɧɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɹ, ɚɥɟ ɡ ɩɿɞɜɢɳɟɧɧɹɦ ɪɿɜɧɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɡɪɨɫɬɚɽ ɪɨɥɶ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ. əɤɳɨ ɜ ɦɟɠɚɯ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɧɟɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɢɯ ɥɚɧɨɤ ɣɨɝɨ ɪɨɥɶ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɧɚ, ɩɪɨɬɟ ɜ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɿ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɨɦ ɪɨɥɶ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɜ ɡɧɚɱɧɚ. Ɏɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɿ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɸɬɶ ɜɟɫɶ ɨɛɫɹɝ ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɨʀ ɩɿɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɰɬɜɚ, ɝɨɬɭɸɬɶ ɜɚɪɿɚɧɬɢ ɜɢɪɿɲɟɧɧɹ ɡɚɜɞɚɧɶ, ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɢɯ ɡ ɤɟɪɿɜɧɢɰɬɜɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɨɦ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɰɬɜɚ, ɡɜɿɥɶɧɹɸɬɶ ɥɿɧɿɣɧɢɯ ɤɟɪɿɜɧɢɤɿɜ ɜɿɞ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɮɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɢɯ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɭɧɤɿɜ ɬɚ ɿɧ. Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɹ 3.3 ɉȿɊȿȼȺȽɂ ɌȺ ɇȿȾɈɅȱɄɂ ɅȱɇȱɃɇɈ-ɎɍɇɄɐȱɈɇȺɅɖɇɈȲ ɈɊȽȺɇȱɁȺɐȱɃɇɈȲ ɋɌɊɍɄɌɍɊɂ ɍɉɊȺȼɅȱɇɇə ɉɟɪɟɜɚɝɢ
ɇɟɞɨɥɿɤɢ
1. ȼɢɜɿɥɶɧɟɧɧɹ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɥɿɧɿɣɧɨɝɨ ɤɟɪɿɜɧɢɤɚ ɜɿɞ ɞɟɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɜɱɟɧɧɹ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɱɢɯ ɡɚɜɞɚɧɶ ɿ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɫɶɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ; 2. ɉɪɨɮɟɫɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɟ ɨɩɪɚɰɸɜɚɧɧɹ, ɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɿ ɚɧɚɥɿɡ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɫɶɤɢɯ ɪɿɲɟɧɶ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɡɚɜɞɹɤɢ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɸ ɞɨɫɜɿɞɭ ɜɢɫɨɤɨɤɜɚɥɿɮɿɤɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɫɬɿɜ; 3. Ɇɨɠɥɢɜɿɫɬɶ ɡɚɥɭɱɟɧɧɹ ɞɥɹ ɜɢɜɱɟɧɧɹ ɿ ɜɞɨɫɤɨɧɚɥɟɧɧɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɭ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɟɤɫɩɟɪɬɿɜ, ɤɨɧɫɭɥɶɬɚɧɬɿɜ, ɧɚɭɤɨɜɰɿɜ, ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɫɬɿɜ-ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɿɜ.
1. Ɍɟɧɞɟɧɰɿʀ ɞɨ ɧɚɞɦɿɪɧɨʀ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɬɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɫɶɤɢɯ ɪɿɲɟɧɶ; 2. ȼɿɞɫɭɬɧɿɫɬɶ ɬɿɫɧɨɝɨ ɜɡɚɽɦɨɡɜ’ɹɡɤɭ ɿ ɜɡɚɽɦɨɞɿʀ ɧɚ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɪɿɜɧɿ ɦɿɠ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɢɦɢ ɩɿɞɪɨɡɞɿɥɚɦɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ; 3. ɍɫɤɥɚɞɧɟɧɚ ɪɟɚɥɿɡɚɰɿɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɢɯ ɧɨɜɨɜɜɟɞɟɧɶ ɛɟɡ ɡɚɥɭɱɟɧɧɹ ɤɟɪɿɜɧɢɤɿɜ ɜɢɳɨʀ ɥɚɧɤɢ.
Ʉɨɦɛɿɧɨɜɚɧɿ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɸɬɶ ɬɚɤɢɣ ɪɨɡɩɨɞɿɥ ɩɪɚɰɿ ɩɪɢ ɹɤɨɦɭ ɥɿɧɿɣɧɿ ɥɚɧɤɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɩɪɢɣɦɚɬɢ ɪɿɲɟɧɧɹ ɿ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸɜɚɬɢ, ɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɿ — ɤɨɧɫɭɥɶɬɭɜɚɬɢ, ɿɧɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɬɢ, ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɨɜɭɜɚɬɢ, ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɬɢ. ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜɢɣ ɬɢɩ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɣɧɨʀ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ. ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜɢɣ ɬɢɩ ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɚɽ ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹ ɭ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɿɣɧɢɯ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɶɤɢɯ ɥɚɧɨɤ, ɨɪɿɽɧɬɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɧɚ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɰɬɜɨ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɪɢɧɨɤ ɚɛɨ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɸ ɫɩɨɠɢɜɚɱɿɜ. ɍ ɬɚɤɿɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɿ ɩɿɞɪɨɡɞɿɥɢ, ɹɤɿ ɧɚɡɢɜɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɦ (ɰɟɧɬɪ ɩɪɢɛɭɬɤɭ, ɰɟɧɬɪ ɪɟɚɥɿɡɚɰɿʀ, 148
ɰɟɧɬɪ ɿɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɿɣ) ɦɚɸɬɶ ɫɜɨʀ ɩɿɞɪɨɡɞɿɥɢ (ɫɥɭɠɛɢ, ɛɪɢɝɚɞɢ, ɡɦɿɧɢ), ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɰɬɜɚ, ɡɛɭɬ, ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɿɧ. ɍ ɩɿɞɩɨɪɹɞɤɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɩɟɪɟɛɭɜɚɸɬɶ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ (ɜɿɞɞɿɥɢ, ɩɿɞɪɨɡɞɿɥɢ), ɹɤɿ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɭɸɬɶ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɿ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɭ ɩɢɬɚɧɧɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ. Ɍɚɤɚ ɞɟɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɿɡɚɰɿɹ ɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɿ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽ ɜɢɫɨɤɭ ɝɧɭɱɤɿɫɬɶ ɭ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɿʀ ɤɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɩɿɞɪɨɡɞɿɥɭ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ, ɡɭɦɨɜɥɸɽ ɡɜɿɥɶɧɟɧɧɹ ɤɟɪɿɜɧɢɤɚ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɜɿɞ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɢɦɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɚɦɢ ɿ ɞɚɽ ɣɨɦɭ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɿɫɬɶ ɡɨɫɟɪɟɞɠɭɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɧɚ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɿɣ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɿʀ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ. ȽȿɇȿɊȺɅɖɇɂɃ ȾɂɊȿɄɌɈɊ Ɏɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɢɣ ɜɿɞɞɿɥ ɘɪɢɞɢɱɧɢɣ ɜɿɞɞɿɥ ȼɿɞɞɿɥ ɦɚɪɤɟɬɢɧɝɭ ȼɿɞɞɿɥ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ
Ⱦɢɪɟɤɬɨɪ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɋɥɭɠɛɚ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɋɥɭɠɛɚ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ ɬɚ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɋɥɭɠɛɚ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɋɥɭɠɛɚ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɚɯ
Ȼɭɯɝɚɥɬɟɪɿɹ
ȼɿɞɞɿɥ ɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɿ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ ȼɿɞɞɿɥ ɤɚɞɪɿɜ Ʉɨɦɟɪɰɿɣɧɢɣ ɜɿɞɞɿɥ
Ⱦɢɪɟɤɬɨɪ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɭ Ɋɟɫɬɨɪɚɧ Ʉɭɯɧɹ Ȼɚɪ Ȼɚɧɤɟɬɧɢɣ ɡɚɥ
Ⱦɢɪɟɤɬɨɪ ɪɟɤɪɟɚɰɿɣɧɢɯ, ɫɩɨɪɬɢɜɧɨɪɨɡɜɚɠɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿɜ Ȼɚɫɟɣɧ Ɍɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ Ɏɿɬɧɟɫ-ɤɥɭɛ ɇɿɱɧɢɣ ɤɥɭɛ
ȱɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɚ ɫɥɭɠɛɚ
ȼɿɞɞɿɥ ɤɚɞɪɿɜ
Ⱦɢɪɟɤɬɨɪ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɯ ɫɥɭɠɛ ȱɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɨɟɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɿɣ ɧɚ ɫɥɭɠɛɚ Ⱥɜɬɨɪɟɦɨɧɬɧ ɚ ɦɚɣɫɬɟɪɧɹ ɐɟɯ ɬɟɩɥɨɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ ɋɬɨɥɹɪɧɚ ɦɚɣɫɬɟɪɧɹ
ȼɿɞɞɿɥ ɦɚɪɤɟɬɢɧɝɭ
Ɋɢɫ. 3.5. ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜɢɣ ɬɢɩ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɣɧɨʀ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɦ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɨɦ (ɤɭɪɨɪɬɧɢɣ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ) 149
ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɣɧɚ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɿɜ ɿɡ ɫɤɥɚɞɧɨɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɸ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɸ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɱɨʀ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ. Ɉɤɪɿɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɿ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ ɧɚɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɪɹɞ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɨɜɚɧɢɦɢ ɩɿɞɪɨɡɞɿɥɚɦɢ. Ɍɚɤɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɣɧɚ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɤɭɪɨɪɬɧɢɯ, ɬɭɪɢɫɬɫɶɤɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɿɜ (ɪɢɫ 3.5, ɬɚɛɥ. 3.4). Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɹ 3.4 ɉȿɊȿȼȺȽɂ ɌȺ ɇȿȾɈɅȱɄɂ ɉɊɈȾɍɄɌɈȼɈȲ ɈɊȽȺɇȱɁȺɐȱɃɇɈȲ ɋɌɊɍɄɌɍɊɂ ɍɉɊȺȼɅȱɇɇə ɉɟɪɟɜɚɝɢ
ɇɟɞɨɥɿɤɢ
1. ɋɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹ ɥɨɝɿɱɧɢɯ ɿ ɞɿɽɜɢɯ ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ ɞɟɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɜɥɚɞɢ; 2. ɑɿɬɤɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɩɿɞɡɜɿɬɧɨɫɬɿ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɿɜ ɩɿɞɪɨɡɞɿɥɿɜ ɡɚ ɩɪɢɛɭɬɤɢ (ɡɛɢɬɤɢ); 3. Ɂɞɚɬɧɿɫɬɶ ɲɜɢɞɤɨ ɪɟɚɝɭɜɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɡɦɿɧɭ ɭɦɨɜ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɿʀ, ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿʀ, ɩɨɩɢɬɭ; 4. ɉɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɧɹ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɰɿʀ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɣ ɩɿɞɪɨɡɞɿɥɿɜ.
1. Ɂɛɿɥɶɲɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɜɢɬɪɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɭɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ; 2. ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɿɜɧɹ ɞɟɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɿɡɚɰɿʀ; 3. Ⱥɜɬɨɧɨɦɿɹ ɩɿɞɪɨɡɞɿɥɿɜ ɦɨɠɟ ɛɥɨɤɭɜɚɬɢ ɞɨɫɹɝɧɟɧɧɹ ɜɢɝɨɞ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɽɞɧɚɧɧɹ; 4. ȼɢɩɚɞɤɢ ɧɚɞɦɿɪɧɨʀ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɿʀ ɦɿɠ ɩɿɞɪɨɡɞɿɥɚɦɢ ɡɚ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɢ ɬɚ ɭɜɚɝɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɭ.
Ɇɚɬɪɢɱɧɢɣ ɬɢɩ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɣɧɨʀ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ. Ɇɚɬɪɢɱɧɢɣ ɬɢɩ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ, ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ ɹɤɢɯ ɦɚɽ ɜɿɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɧɟɬɪɢɜɚɥɢɣ ɠɢɬɬɽɜɢɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɿ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɡɦɿɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ, ɬɨɛɬɨ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚɦ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɦɚɬɢ ɜɢɫɨɤɭ ɝɧɭɱɤɿɫɬɶ ɭ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɰɬɜɿ ɬɚ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɿʀ. ɉɪɢ ɬɚɤɿɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɿ ɮɨɪɦɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɬɢɦɱɚɫɨɜɿ ɝɪɭɩɢ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɫɬɿɜ, ɭ ɹɤɿ ɫɤɟɪɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥ ɿ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɿ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɢ ɡ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɜɿɞɞɿɥɿɜ. ɍ ɦɚɬɪɢɱɧɿɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɿ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɿɜ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɿ: — ɩɿɞɛɿɪ ɿ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɤɟɪɿɜɧɢɤɚ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɢ (ɩɪɨɟɤɬɭ), ɣɨɝɨ ɡɚɫɬɭɩɧɢɤɿɜ ɜ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɩɿɞɪɨɡɞɿɥɚɯ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɞɨ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɢ; — ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɜɰɿɜ ɜ ɤɨɠɧɨɦɭ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɨɜɚɧɨɦɭ ɜɿɞɞɿɥɿ; — ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɹ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɨɜɚɧɨʀ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɨɸ. 150
Ⱦɥɹ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɜ ɦɟɠɚɯ ɦɚɬɪɢɱɧɨʀ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɢɬɢ ɡɦɿɧɢ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɣɧɿɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɿ: ɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɢ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɿ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɨɜɚɧɿ ɰɿɥɶɨɜɿ ɩɿɞɪɨɡɞɿɥɢ, ɹɤɿ ɛ ɨɛ’ɽɞɧɭɜɚɥɢ ɩɪɨɜɿɞɧɢɯ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɫɬɿɜ ɞɥɹ ɫɩɿɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɪɨɛɥɟɧɧɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɯ ɿɞɟɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɢ. ɉɪɢ ɦɚɬɪɢɱɧɿɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɿ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɤɟɪɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɢ ɩɪɚɰɸɽ ɛɟɡɩɨɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨ ɡ ɩɿɞɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɜɚɧɢɦɢ ɣɨɦɭ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɫɬɚɦɢ, ɹɤɿ ɜɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ ɧɟɫɭɬɶ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɥɿɧɿɣɧɢɦɢ ɤɟɪɿɜɧɢɤɚɦɢ (ɪɢɫ 3.6). ȼɿɧ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽ ɬɟɪɦɿɧ ɿ ɨɛɫɹɝɢ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹ ɜ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɿɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɿ, ɚ ɥɿɧɿɣɧɿ ɤɟɪɿɜɧɢɤɢ ɩɪɢɣɦɚɸɬɶ ɪɿɲɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɨ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɜɰɿɜ ɩɟɜɧɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɣ. ɉɿɫɥɹ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹ ɡɚɜɞɚɧɶ ɤɟɪɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɢ, ɪɟɫɭɪɫɢ ɿ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥ ɩɨɜɟɪɬɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɫɜɨʀ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ (ɩɿɞɪɨɡɞɿɥɢ). Ɂɚɜɞɹɤɢ ɝɧɭɱɤɨɫɬɿ ɰɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɞɨɡɜɨɥɹɽ ɩɪɢɫɤɨɪɸɜɚɬɢ ɜɩɪɨɜɚɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɧɨɜɨɜɜɟɞɟɧɶ. ȽȿɇȿɊȺɅɖɇɂɃ ȾɂɊȿɄɌɈɊ
ɋɥɭɠɛɚ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɋɥɭɠɛɚ ɩɪɢɣɦɚɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɋɥɭɠɛɚ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɋɥɭɠɛɚ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɚɯ
Ⱦɢɪɟɤɬɨɪ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɭ Ɋɟɫɬɨɪɚɧ Ʉɭɯɧɹ Ȼɚɪ Ȼɚɧɤɟɬɧɢɣ ɡɚɥ
Ȼɭɯɝɚɥɬɟɪɿɹ Ʉɨɦɟɪɰɿɣɧɢɣ ɜɿɞɞɿɥ ȼɿɞɞɿɥ ɦɚɪɤɟɬɢɧɝɭ Ʉɚɞɪɨɜɚ ɫɥɭɠɛɚ ɋɥɭɠɛɚ ɩɨɫɬɚɱɚɧɧɹ
Ɇɟɧɟɞɠɟɪ ɜɿɞɞɿɥɭ
Ⱦɢɪɟɤɬɨɪ ɫɭɩɭɬɧɶɨɝɨ ɧɚɩɪɹɦɤɭ Ȼ
Ɇɟɧɟɞɠɟɪ ɜɿɞɞɿɥɭ
Ɇɟɧɟɞɠɟɪ ɜɿɞɞɿɥɭ
Ⱦɢɪɟɤɬɨɪ ɫɭɩɭɬɧɶɨɝɨ ɧɚɩɪɹɦɤɭ Ⱥ
Ⱦɢɪɟɤɬɨɪ ɞɨɩɨɦɿɠɧɢɯ ɫɥɭɠɛ
Ɇɟɧɟɞɠɟɪ ɜɿɞɞɿɥɭ
Ⱦɢɪɟɤɬɨɪ ɡ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ
Ɋɢɫ. 3.6. Ɇɚɬɪɢɱɧɢɣ ɬɢɩ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɣɧɨʀ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɦ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɨɦ 151
ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɢ, ɹɤɿ ɜɢɧɢɤɚɸɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɿ ɩɪɿɨɪɢɬɟɬɧɢɯ ɡɚɜɞɚɧɶ ɿ ɪɨɡɩɨɞɿɥɭ ɱɚɫɭ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ ɧɚɞ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚɦɢ, ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɩɨɪɭɲɭɜɚɬɢ ɫɬɚɛɿɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɬɚ ɭɬɪɭɞɧɸɜɚɬɢ ɞɨɫɹɝɧɟɧɧɹ ɣɨɝɨ ɞɨɜɝɨɬɟɪɦɿɧɨɜɢɯ ɰɿɥɟɣ. Ɂ ɦɟɬɨɸ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɰɿʀ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɣ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɦɚɬɪɢɱɧɨʀ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢ, ɰɟɧɬɪ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɚɦɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɭɜɚɬɢ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɫɶɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɦɢ ɩɿɞɪɨɡɞɿɥɚɦɢ (ɫɥɭɠɛɚɦɢ). Ɇɚɬɪɢɱɧɿ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ, ɹɤɿ ɞɨɩɨɜɧɸɸɬɶ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɣɧɭ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɧɨɜɢɦɢ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ, ɜɿɞɤɪɢɥɢ ɹɤɿɫɧɨ ɧɨɜɢɣ ɧɚɩɪɹɦ ɭ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɢɯ ɬɚ ɞɢɧɚɦɿɱɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɧɨ-ɰɿɥɶɨɜɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɣɧɢɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ, ɳɨ ɫɩɪɹɦɨɜɚɧɿ ɧɚ ɩɿɞɧɟɫɟɧɧɹ ɬɜɨɪɱɨʀ ɿɧɿɰɿɚɬɢɜɢ ɤɟɪɿɜɧɢɤɿɜ ɿ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɫɬɿɜ ɿ ɜɢɹɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɨɫɬɟɣ ɡɧɚɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɿɞɜɢɳɟɧɧɹ ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɿ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ (ɬɚɛɥ. 3.5). Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɹ 3.5 ɉȿɊȿȼȺȽɂ ɌȺ ɇȿȾɈɅȱɄɂ ɆȺɌɊɂɑɇɈȽɈ Ɍɂɉɍ ɈɊȽȺɇȱɁȺɐȱɃɇɈȲ ɋɌɊɍɄɌɍɊɂ ɍɉɊȺȼɅȱɇɇə ɉɟɪɟɜɚɝɢ
ɇɟɞɨɥɿɤɢ
1. Ⱦɨɫɬɚɬɧɹ ɭɜɚɝɚ ɤɨɠɧɨɦɭ ɿɡ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɿɱɧɢɯ ɩɪɿɨɪɢɬɟɬɿɜ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ; 2. Ɇɨɠɥɢɜɿɫɬɶ ɨɞɧɨɱɚɫɧɨɝɨ ɜɩɪɨɜɚɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɬɢɩɿɜ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɿɱɧɨʀ ɿɧɿɰɿɚɬɢɜɢ; 3. ɋɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹ ɭɦɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɬɹ ɪɿɲɟɧɧɹ ɡɚ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɿɽɦ ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲɨʀ ɜɢɝɨɞɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ; 4. Ɂɚɨɯɨɱɟɧɧɹ ɤɨɨɩɟɪɚɰɿʀ, ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɰɿʀ ɫɩɨɪɿɞɧɟɧɢɯ ɜɢɞɿɜ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿɜ; 5. Ɂɧɚɱɧɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɿɡɚɰɿɹ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɤɟɪɿɜɧɢɤɿɜ ɿ ɩɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤɿɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɚɩɚɪɚɬɭ; 6. Ɋɨɡɩɨɞɿɥ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɣ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɦɿɠ ɤɟɪɿɜɧɢɤɚɦɢ, ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɡɚ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ ɜɢɫɨɤɢɯ ɤɿɧɰɟɜɢɯ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɿɜ (ɤɟɪɿɜɧɢɤɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɢɯ ɝɪɭɩ), ɬɚ ɤɟɪɿɜɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɪɨɡɞɿɥɿɜ; 7. Ɂɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ ɝɧɭɱɤɨɫɬɿ ɬɚ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɿ ɦɚɧɟɜɪɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚɦɢ ɩɪɢ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɿ ɤɿɥɶɤɨɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦ ɜ ɦɟɠɚɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ.
1. Ɍɪɭɞɧɨɳɿ ɜ ɭɬɪɢɦɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɭ ɦɿɠ ɞɜɨɦɚ ɥɿɧɿɹɦɢ ɜɥɚɞɢ; 2. Ɇɨɠɥɢɜɿɫɬɶ ɧɟɪɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɜɢɬɪɚɬ ɱɚɫɭ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɿɤɚɰɿʀ; 3. Ɍɪɭɞɧɨɳɿ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɪɿɲɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɭ ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɭ ɡ ɪɿɡɧɢɦɢ ɩɿɞɯɨɞɚɦɢ ɡɧɚɱɧɨʀ ɤɿɥɶɤɨɫɬɿ ɤɟɪɿɜɧɢɤɿɜ; 4. ɋɩɪɢɹɧɧɹ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɣɧɨʀ ɛɸɪɨɤɪɚɬɿʀ ɬɚ ɩɨɫɥɚɛɥɟɧɧɹ ɞɿɽɜɨɝɨ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɧɢɰɬɜɚ; 5. Ɂɧɚɱɧɿ ɪɨɡɦɿɪɢ ɬɚ ɫɤɥɚɞɧɿɫɬɶ ɤɨɦɭɧɿɤɚɰɿɣɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɭ.
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ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢ, ɨɪɿɽɧɬɨɜɚɧɿ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɚɛɨ ɜɩɪɨɜɚɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɣ, ɳɨ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɤɪɚɳɢɦɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɥɚɧɰɸɝɚɦɢ — ɨɞɧɚ ɡ ɧɨɜɿɬɧɿɯ ɫɯɟɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ. ȼɨɧɚ ɫɬɨɫɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɨɛ’ɽɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɩɨɬɨɱɧɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɰɬɜɚ ɿ ɡɛɭɬɭ ɨɫɜɨɽɧɢɯ ɪɟɧɬɚɛɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɿɜ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨ-ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɱɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɭ ɜ ɝɪɭɩɭ ɩɨɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɰɬɜɚ, ɚ ɪɨɡɪɨɛɤɚ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɿɜ ɿ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɣ ɭ — ɩɨɲɭɤɨɜɭ ɝɪɭɩɭ. Ɉɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɽ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɟɤɬ ɞɨ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɭ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɣɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɟɪɰɿɣɧɨʀ ɪɟɚɥɿɡɚɰɿʀ. ɍ ɩɨɲɭɤɨɜɿɣ ɝɪɭɩɿ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɞɨɫɥɿɞɧɟ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɰɬɜɨ, ɿ ɧɨɜɢɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɪɢɧɤɭ ɰɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ. 3.4. Ɏɨɪɦɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿɣ ɫɮɟɪɿ ȼ ɭɦɨɜɚɯ ɩɨɫɢɥɟɧɧɹ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɿʀ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿɣ ɿɧɞɭɫɬɪɿʀ ɜɢɧɢɤɥɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɿɫɬɶ ɭɪɿɡɧɨɦɚɧɿɬɧɟɧɧɹ, ɩɨɽɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɣɧɢɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ, ɳɨ ɡɭɦɨɜɥɸɽ ɞɨɫɹɝɧɟɧɧɹ ɛɿɥɶɲɨʀ ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɿ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɨɝɨ, ɮɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɨɝɨ, ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɣɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɿɚɥɭ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ. ɋɭɱɚɫɧɢɣ ɫɬɚɧ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ ɮɨɪɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿɣ ɫɮɟɪɿ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɨɞɧɨɨɫɿɛɧɢɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɧɚ ɧɟɡɚɥɟɠɧɿɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɿ ɬɚ ɪɿɡɧɢɦɢ ɮɨɪɦɚɦɢ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ. ɋɟɪɟɞ ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲ ɩɨɲɢɪɟɧɢɯ ɭ ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɞɨɫɜɿɞɿ ɮɨɪɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɜɢɞɿɥɹɸɬɶɫɹ: ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɡɚ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɤɬɨɦ, ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɭ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɢɧɝɚ, ɨɪɟɧɞɚ. ɍɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɡɚ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɤɬɨɦ. ɍɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɡɚ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɤɬɨɦ ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɚɽ ɩɢɫɶɦɨɜɭ ɭɝɨɞɭ, ɳɨ ɭɤɥɚɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɦɿɠ ɜɥɚɫɧɢɤɨɦ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɿ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɿɽɸ ɚɛɨ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɨɦ, ɹɤɿ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɿ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɭ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚɦɢ. ɍɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɡɚ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɤɬɨɦ ɫɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ ɽ ɨɞɧɚ ɡ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɭ ɫɮɟɪɿ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ, ɳɨ ɧɚɛɭɜɚɽ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɲɢɪɟɧɧɹ ɡ 70-ɯ ɪɨɤɿɜ ɏɏ ɫɬ. ɿ ɫɬɚɥɚ ɜɚɠɥɢɜɨɸ ɩɟɪɟɞɭɦɨɜɨɸ ɜɢɫɨɤɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɿɜ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ ɝɚɥɭɡɿ ɜ ɨɫɬɚɧɧɿ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɪɿɱɱɹ. Ƚɨɥɨɜɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɜɚɝɚ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɭ ɡɭɦɨɜɥɟɧɚ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɧɨɸ ɱɚɫɬɤɨɸ ɚɤɰɿɨɧɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɩɿɬɚɥɭ ɭ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɮɨɧɞɿ, ɦɨɠɥɢɜɿɫɬɸ ɨɛɯɨɞɢɬɢɫɶ ɛɟɡ ɣɨɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɿ ɭ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ. ɋɭɬɬɽɜɭ ɪɨɥɶ ɭ ɜɢɫɨɤɿɣ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɿɣ ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɿ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɜɿɞɿɝɪɚɽ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɜɢɫɨɤɨɤɜɚɥɿɮɿɤɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɫɬɿɜ, ɹɤɿ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɸɬɶ ɦɟɧɲɢɣ ɪɢɡɢɤ ɭ ɤɨɧɤɭ153
ɪɟɧɬɧɢɯ ɭɦɨɜɚɯ ɫɟɪɟɞɨɜɢɳɚ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ, ɦɚɸɬɶ ɞɨɫɜɿɞ ɦɚɪɤɟɬɢɧɝɭ ɿ ɡɛɭɬɭ, ɲɢɪɨɤɨɝɨ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɢɯ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɣɧɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɡɨɤɪɟɦɚ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɿɡɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ. ȼɚɠɥɢɜɢɦ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɦ ɭɤɥɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɜɡɚɽɦɨɜɢɝɿɞɧɢɯ ɭɝɨɞ ɦɿɠ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɫɶɤɨɸ ɮɿɪɦɨɸ ɿ ɜɥɚɫɧɢɤɨɦ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ ɽ ɧɟɛɚɠɚɧɧɹ ɚɛɨ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɧɿ ɡɧɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɞɨɫɜɿɞ ɭ ɜɥɚɫɧɢɤɿɜ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ, ɫɬɪɚɯɨɦ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɪɢɡɢɤɨɦ. Ʉɨɧɬɪɚɤɬ ɦɿɠ ɜɥɚɫɧɢɤɨɦ ɿ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɱɨɸ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɿɽɸ ɧɚɣɱɚɫɬɿɲɟ ɭɤɥɚɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɦɿɧ ɩ’ɹɬɶ, ɞɟɫɹɬɶ ɚɛɨ ɞɜɚɞɰɹɬɶ ɪɨɤɿɜ. Ɂɚ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɡ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɿɹ ɨɬɪɢɦɭɽ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɫɶɤɭ ɜɢɧɚɝɨɪɨɞɭ ɭ ɜɿɞɫɨɬɤɚɯ ɜɿɞ ɜɚɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɚɛɨ ɱɢɫɬɨɝɨ ɟɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɿɣɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɯɨɞɭ, ɧɚɣɱɚɫɬɿɲɟ ɜ ɦɟɠɚɯ 2–4,5 %. ɋɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ ɜɪɟɝɭɥɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɱɚɫɬɤɢ ɜɢɧɚɝɨɪɨɞɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨʀ ɱɚɫɬɤɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɫɶɤɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɿɣ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ 2 % ɡ ɧɚɪɚɯɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ ɡɚɨɯɨɱɭɜɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɜɢɧɚɝɨɪɨɞɢ, ɪɨɡɦɿɪ ɹɤɨʀ ɡɚɥɟɠɢɬɶ ɜɿɞ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɞɨɯɨɞɿɜ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ. Ɉɤɪɟɦɿ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɤɬɢ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɬɢɫɶ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɭ: ɜ ɩɟɪɲɢɣ ɪɿɤ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɿɹ ɨɬɪɢɦɭɽ 2 %, ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ ɪɨɤɭ — 2,5 %, ɭ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɧɢɣ 3,5 % ɟɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɿɣɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɯɨɞɭ. Ɍɟɧɞɟɧɰɿʀ ɩɨɫɢɥɟɧɧɹ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɿʀ ɦɿɠ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɫɶɤɢɦɢ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɿɹɦɢ ɜ ɨɫɬɚɧɧɿ ɪɨɤɢ ɡɭɦɨɜɥɸɽ ɡɧɢɠɟɧɧɹ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɤɬɧɨʀ ɜɢɧɚɝɨɪɨɞɢ. Ʉɨɦɩɚɧɿʀ, ɳɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɬɶ ɡɚ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɤɬɨɦ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɩɨɲɢɪɸɜɚɬɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɫɶɤɿ ɮɭɧɤɰɿʀ ɧɚ ɩɚɤɟɬ ɿɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɿɣ ɫɮɨɪɦɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɿɡ ɡɧɚɱɧɨʀ ɤɿɥɶɤɨɫɬɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɦɟɪɟɠɿ, ɚɛɨ ɨɤɪɟɦɨɝɨ ɪɟʉɿɨɧɭ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɢ. ɇɚɣɱɚɫɬɿɲɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɦɢ, ɳɨ ɩɪɚɰɸɸɬɶ ɜ ɩɟɜɧɨɦɭ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɿ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɚɰɿʀ, ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɚɦɢ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɪɿɡɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɭ ɡɧɚɱɧɨ ɫɤɥɚɞɧɿɲɟ. ɍ 1990-ɯ ɪɨɤɚɯ ɭ ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɭ ɿɡ ɡɧɢɠɟɧɧɹɦ ɰɿɧ ɧɚ ɧɟɪɭɯɨɦɿɫɬɶ ɡɦɟɧɲɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɚɞɯɨɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɿɜɤɢ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɣ ɛɿɡɧɟɫ, ɱɚɫɬɤɨɜɨ ɡɧɢɠɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɪɟɧɬɚɛɟɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ ɰɿɽʀ ɝɚɥɭɡɿ. ɐɟ ɡɭɦɨɜɥɸɽ ɭɬɨɱɧɟɧɧɹ ɭ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɤɬɚɯ ɧɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɫɶɤɢɯ ɮɿɪɦ ɡɚ ɧɚɞɯɨɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɚɤɰɿɨɧɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɩɿɬɚɥɭ. Ɉɤɪɿɦ ɰɶɨɝɨ, ɫɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ ɜɥɚɫɧɢɤɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɧɚɦɚɝɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɜɚɬɢ ɩɨɫɢɥɟɧɢɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɿ ɜɩɥɢɜ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɬɹ ɜɚɠɥɢɜɢɯ ɪɿɲɟɧɶ, ɡɛɿɥɶɲɢɬɢ ɫɜɨʀ ɞɨɯɨɞɢ ɡ ɚɤɰɿɨɧɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɩɿɬɚɥɭ, ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɜɚɬɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸɸɱɿ ɮɭɧɤɰɿʀ ɧɚɞ ɿɧɲɢɦɢ ɚɤɰɿɨɧɟɪɚɦɢ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɱɢɧɨɦ, ɫɩɨɫɬɟɪɿɝɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɿʀ ɩɨɫɬɿɣɧɨɝɨ ɡɪɨɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɜɢɦɨɝ ɞɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɫɶɤɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɿɣ. 154
ɋɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ ɳɨɞɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɫɶɤɢɯ ɮɿɪɦ ɧɚɣɱɚɫɬɿɲɟ ɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɬɚɤɿ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɿ ɜɢɦɨɝɢ: — ɞɨɫɜɿɞ ɿ ɧɚɞɿɣɧɿɫɬɶ, ɜɦɿɧɧɹ ɭɫɩɿɲɧɨ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɢɬɢ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬ ɪɢɧɤɭ ɿ ɜɞɚɥɨ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɢɬɢ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɿʀ ɡɛɿɥɶɲɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɯɨɞɿɜ; — ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɢɬɢ ɜɢɫɨɤɭ ɹɤɿɫɬɶ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɭ; — ɜɦɿɧɧɹ ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɤɟɪɭɜɚɬɢ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɨɦ; — ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɜɚɬɢ ɧɚɞɯɨɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɚɤɰɿɨɧɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɩɿɬɚɥɭ ɬɚ ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɟ ɣɨɝɨ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ; — ɭɤɥɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɜɢɝɿɞɧɢɯ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɤɬɿɜ ɭ ɫɩɿɜɩɪɚɰɿ ɡ ɿɧɲɢɦɢ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚɦɢ-ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɚɦɢ ɜ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɿɱɧɨɦɭ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɨɦɭ ɛɿɡɧɟɫɿ. ɉɪɢ ɭɤɥɚɞɚɧɧɿ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɤɬɭ ɧɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɪɟɝɥɚɦɟɧɬɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɬɚɤɿ ɭɦɨɜɢ: — ɩɨɡɛɚɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɚɜ ɜɥɚɫɧɢɤɚ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ ɿɧɞɭɫɬɪɿʀ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ ɜɬɪɭɱɚɬɢɫɶ ɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɦɿɧ ɞɿʀ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɤɬɭ; — ɡɚɯɢɫɬ ɚɛɨ ɡɜɿɥɶɧɟɧɧɹ ɜɿɞ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɱɨʀ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɿʀ (ɮɿɡɢɱɧɨʀ ɨɫɨɛɢ) ɡɚ ɛɭɞɶ-ɹɤɿ ɞɿʀ, ɡɚ ɜɢɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɹɦ ɧɚɜɦɢɫɧɢɯ ɞɿɣ ɜɧɚɫɥɿɞɨɤ ɧɟɨɛɟɪɟɠɧɨɫɬɿ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ; — ɮɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɚ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ ɜɥɚɫɧɢɤɚ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɡɚ ɭɫɿ ɜɢɬɪɚɬɢ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɜɚɧɢɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɿɣ, ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɜɫɿɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɢɯ ɪɢɡɢɤɿɜ, ɳɨ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɿ ɡ ɩɪɚɜɨɦ ɜɥɚɫɧɨɫɬɿ; — ɤɨɧɬɪɚɤɬ ɧɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɭɤɥɚɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɢɣ ɬɟɪɦɿɧ — ɧɚ ɩɟɪɿɨɞ 5, 10 ɚɛɨ 20 ɪɨɤɿɜ; — ɡɚɡɧɚɱɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɪɨɡɦɿɪ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɫɶɤɨʀ ɜɢɧɚɝɨɪɨɞɢ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɜɚɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɞɨɯɨɞɭ ɚɛɨ ɱɢɫɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɛɭɬɤɭ; — ɭɦɨɜɢ ɜɿɞɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɤɬɭ; — ɞɨɫɬɪɨɤɨɜɟ ɩɪɢɩɢɧɟɧɧɹ ɞɿʀ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɤɬɭ ɭ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ ɧɟɞɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɨɞɧɿɽɸ ɿɡ ɫɬɨɪɿɧ ɡɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɯ ɭ ɧɶɨɦɭ ɭɦɨɜ ɜɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɜɱɨ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨɝɨ ɱɚɫɭ ɡ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɭ ɩɨɜɿɞɨɦɥɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɨ ɜɢɹɜɥɟɧɿ ɩɨɪɭɲɟɧɧɹ, ɡɞɿɣɫɧɟɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɬɢɥɟɠɧɨɸ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɨɸ. ɉɨɞɿɛɧɚ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɿɹ ɜɢɧɢɤɚɽ ɤɨɥɢ ɨɞɧɚ ɿɡ ɫɬɨɪɿɧ ɜɢɡɧɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɛɚɧɤɪɭɬɨɦ ɚɛɨ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɽ ɫɬɚɬɭɬɧɢɣ ɤɚɩɿɬɚɥ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɨɪɚɦ ɡɚ ɛɨɪɝɢ. Ⱦɨ ɪɨɡɿɪɜɚɧɧɹ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɤɬɭ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɩɪɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɪɿɲɟɧɧɹ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɜ ɜɥɚɞɢ ɩɪɨ ɩɪɢɡɭɩɢɧɟɧɧɹ ɚɛɨ ɜɿɞɦɨɜɚ ɥɿɰɟɧɡɿʀ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɟɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɟɦ ɜɥɚɫɬɢɜɢɯ ɣɨɦɭ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɣ. Ʉɨɧɬɪɚɤɬ ɪɨɡɪɢɜɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɞɜɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɶɨʀ ɡɝɨɞɢ ɫɭɛ’ɽɤɬɿɜ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɤɬɭ. Ʉɨɦɩɚɧɿɹ, ɳɨ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɩɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɤɬɭ, ɹɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɧɟ ɨɬɪɢɦɭɽ ɧɿɹɤɢɯ ɩɪɚɜ ɧɚ ɦɚɣɧɨ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɿɞɩɪɢ155
ɽɦɫɬɜɚ. Ʌɢɲɟ ɜ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɚɯ, ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɭɦɨɜ ɭɤɥɚɞɟɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɤɬɭ, ɦɨɠɥɢɜɚ ɱɚɫɬɤɨɜɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɶ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɱɨʀ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɿʀ ɭ ɜɥɚɫɧɨɫɬɿ. Ɍɚɤɿ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɿ ɧɚɫɚɦɩɟɪɟɞ ɞɥɹ ɬɪɚɧɫɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɿɣ. ɉɟɪɟɜɚɝɢ ɬɚ ɧɟɞɨɥɿɤɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɩɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɤɬɭ ɞɥɹ ɜɥɚɫɧɢɤɚ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɬɚ ɞɥɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɫɶɤɨʀ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɿʀ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɭ ɬɚɛɥ. 3.6 ɿ ɬɚɛɥ. 3.7. Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɹ 3.6 ɉȿɊȿȼȺȽɂ ɌȺ ɇȿȾɈɅȱɄɂ ɍɉɊȺȼɅȱɇɇə ɉɈ ɄɈɇɌɊȺɄɌɍ ȾɅə ȼɅȺɋɇɂɄȺ ȽɈɌȿɅɘ ɉɟɪɟɜɚɝɢ
ɇɟɞɨɥɿɤɢ
1. ɍɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɱɚ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɿɹ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɢɦ ɱɢɧɨɦ ɧɟ ɜɨɥɨɞɿɽ ɱɚɫɬɤɨɸ ɦɚɣɧɚ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ; 2. ɋɜɨɛɨɞɚ ɜɢɛɨɪɭ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɱɨʀ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɿʀ ɚɛɨ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɚ; 3. ȱɧɜɟɫɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɨ ɧɟɡɚɥɟɠɧɨ ɜɿɞ ɩɨɡɢɰɿʀ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɱɨʀ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɿʀ; 4. Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɩɪɢɛɭɬɨɤ ɡ ɜɿɞɪɚɯɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɫɶɤɨʀ ɜɢɧɚɝɨɪɨɞɢ.
1. ȼɿɞɫɭɬɧɿɫɬɶ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ; 2. Ɂɧɚɱɧɢɣ ɪɢɡɢɤ ɿ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɿɫɬɶ ɜɢɩɥɚɬɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɫɶɤɨʀ ɜɢɧɚɝɨɪɨɞɢ; 3. ȼɿɞɫɭɬɧɿɫɬɶ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɜɬɪɭɱɚɧɧɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ; 4. Ɍɪɭɞɧɨɳɿ ɡ ɞɨɫɬɪɨɤɨɜɢɦ ɪɨɡɿɪɜɚɧɧɹɦ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɭ.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɹ 3.7 ɉȿɊȿȼȺȽɂ ɌȺ ɇȿȾɈɅȱɄɂ ɍɉɊȺȼɅȱɇɇə ɉɈ ɄɈɇɌɊȺɄɌɍ ȾɅə ɍɉɊȺȼɅȱɇɋɖɄɈȲ ɄɈɆɉȺɇȱȲ ɉɟɪɟɜɚɝɢ
ɇɟɞɨɥɿɤɢ
1. Ɋɨɡɲɢɪɟɧɧɹ ɫɮɟɪɢ ɜɩɥɢɜɭ; 2. Ɂɛɿɥɶɲɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɯɨɞɿɜ ɡ ɦɿɧɿɦɚɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɚɦɢ; 3. ȼɿɞɫɭɬɧɿɫɬɶ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ ɜɢɩɥɚɬ ɜɥɚɫɧɢɤɭ.
1. Ɉɛɦɟɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɯɨɞɿɜ ɪɨɡɦɿɪɚɦɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɫɶɤɨʀ ɜɢɧɚɝɨɪɨɞɢ; 2. Ɂɚɥɟɠɧɿɫɬɶ ɜɿɞ ɮɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɧɭ ɜɥɚɫɧɢɤɚ; 3. ɉɪɢɩɢɧɟɧɧɹ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ, ɜɬɪɚɬɚ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɭ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ ɡɚɤɿɧɱɟɧɧɹ ɬɟɪɦɿɧɭ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɤɬɭ ɬɚ ɣɨɝɨ ɧɟ ɜɿɞɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ.
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ɍɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɭ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɢɧɝɚ. Ɏɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɢɧɝ (ɮɪɚɧɰ. franchise — ɩɿɥɶɝɚ, ɩɪɢɜɿɥɟɝɿɹ) — ɰɟ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɤɬɧɟ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɫɬɜɨ ɦɿɠ ɜɥɚɫɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɿɣ ɿ ɧɟɡɚɥɟɠɧɢɦɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚɦɢ, ɹɤɿ ɤɭɩɭɸɬɶ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɰɬɜɨ ɿ ɪɟɚɥɿɡɚɰɿɸ ɜɿɞ ɣɨɝɨ ɿɦɟɧɿ ɿ ɩɿɞ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɨɸ ɦɚɪɤɨɸ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɿʀ ɜɥɚɫɧɢɤɚ ɩɟɜɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɞɭ ɬɨɜɚɪɿɜ ɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ. ɍ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɿɣ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɧɿɣ ɬɚ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɿɣ ɥɿɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɿ ɩɨɪɹɞ ɡ ɬɟɪɦɿɧɨɦ «ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɢɧɝ» ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɬɟɪɦɿɧɢ «ɮɪɚɧɲɢɡɢɧɝ», «ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡ», «ɭɝɨɞɚ ɮɪɚɧɲɢɡɢ». ɇɚɣɛɿɥɶɲ ɩɨɜɧɟ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹɦ ɩɨɧɹɬɬɹ «ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɢɧɝ» ɞɚɽ Ɇɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɚ ɚɫɨɰɿɚɰɿɹ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɢɧɝɨɜɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɣ: «Ɏɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɢɧɝ — ɰɟ ɬɪɢɜɚɥɿ ɭ ɱɚɫɿ ɜɡɚɽɦɨɜɿɞɧɨɫɢɧɢ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɹɤɢɯ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɟɪ (ɮɪɚɧɲɢɡɨɞɚɬɟɥɶ) ɧɚɞɚɽ ɡɚɯɢɳɟɧɟ ɜ ɡɚɤɨɧɧɨɦɭ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɭ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɡɚɣɦɚɬɢɫɶ ɩɟɜɧɨɸ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɧɢɰɶɤɨɸ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɿɫɬɸ, ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɞɨɩɨɦɨɝɭ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɧɚɜɱɚɧɧɹ, ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɡɚ ɜɢɧɚɝɨɪɨɞɭ ɜɿɞ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɢ (ɮɪɚɧɲɢɡɨɨɬɪɢɦɭɜɚɱɚ)»[41]. ɍ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿɣ ɫɮɟɪɿ ɰɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɡɚɩɪɨɜɚɞɠɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɭ 1907 ɪ. ɜɧɚɫɥɿɞɨɤ ɤɭɩɿɜɥɿ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɿɽɸ «Ritz Development Company» ɜ ɧɶɸ-ɣɨɪɤɫɶɤɨʀ ɮɿɪɦɢ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɨʀ ɦɚɪɤɢ — ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚɡɢɜɚɬɢɫɶ «Ritz-Carlton». ɉɟɪɲɢɣ ɡɧɚɱɧɢɣ ɞɨɝɨɜɿɪ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɢɧɝɭ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɛɿɡɧɟɫɿ ɛɭɜ ɭɤɥɚɞɟɧɢɣ ɭ 1927 ɪ. ɏɨɭɪɞɨɦ Ⱦɠɨɧɫɨɧɨɦ. ȼɿɧ ɡɭɦɿɜ ɪɨɡɲɢɪɢɬɢ ɫɜɿɣ ɛɿɡɧɟɫ ɧɚ ɋɯɿɞɧɨɦɭ ɭɡɛɟɪɟɠɠɿ, ɡɝɨɞɨɦ ɋɟɪɟɞɧɶɨɦɭ Ɂɚɯɨɞɿ ɿ Ʉɚɥɿɮɨɪɧɿʀ. ɋɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ ɣɨɝɨ ɦɟɪɟɠɚ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿɜ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ ɨɯɨɩɥɸɽ ɩɨɧɚɞ 900 ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɚ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɛɿɡɧɟɫɭ. ɍ 50–80 ɪɨɤɚɯ ɏɏ ɫɬ. ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɢɧɝ ɫɬɚɽ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɸ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɧɢɰɬɜɚ, ɳɨ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɧɨɦɭ ɬɚ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɛɿɡɧɟɫɿ. ȼ ɟɜɨɥɸɰɿʀ ɰɿɽʀ ɮɨɪɦɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɜɢɧɢɤɚɸɬɶ ɧɨɜɿ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɛɿɡɧɟɫɭ: ɭ ɛɨɪɨɬɶɛɿ ɡɚ ɪɢɧɨɤ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɲɨɦɭ ɟɬɚɩɿ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ ɨɪɿɽɧɬɚɰɿɹ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬ ɡ ɰɿɧɚɦɢ ɧɟ ɜɢɳɟ ɫɟɪɟɞɧɿɯ ɿɡ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹɦ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɭ. ɋɚɦɟ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɱɢɧɨɦ ɜɢɧɢɤɚɸɬɶ ɛɸɞɠɟɬɧɿ (ɧɚɣɞɟɲɟɜɲɿ) ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɬɚ ɦɨɬɟɥɿ, ɹɤɿ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɜɭɡɥɨɜɢɯ ɩɭɧɤɬɚɯ ɞɟɲɟɜɢɯ ɤɜɚɪɬɚɥɿɜ ɦɿɫɬ ɬɚ ɜ ɩɟɪɟɞɦɿɫɬɿ. Ɂɝɨɞɨɦ, ɿɡ ɡɪɨɫɬɚɧɧɹɦ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɨɫɬɿ ɬɚ ɞɨɯɨɞɿɜ, ɤɨɦɩɚɧɿʀ ɞɢɜɟɪɫɢɮɿɤɭɜɚɥɢ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɰɬɜɨ, ɦɨɞɟɪɧɿɡɭɜɚɥɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɭ ɞɨɪɨɝɿ ɮɟɲɟɧɟɛɟɥɶɧɿ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɢ, ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɢɧɝ ɪɨɡɝɥɹɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɹɤ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɚ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɿɹ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ ɿ ɡɪɨɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɬɚ ɦɨɬɟɥɿɜ. ɐɿ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɿʀ ɡɛɟɪɿɝɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɿ ɩɨɧɢɧɿ. 157
Ɏɚɤɬɨɪ ɭɤɥɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɭɝɨɞ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɢɧɝɭ ɫɬɚɽ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɢɦ ɭ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɿ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɜɿɞɨɦɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɿɣ ɹɤ «ɏɨɥɿɞɟɣ Ʉɨɪɩɨɪɟɣɲɧ», «ɒɟɪɚɬɨɧ», «ɏɿɬɨɧ». ɋɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲɢɦɢ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɿɹɦɢ, ɳɨ ɩɪɚɰɸɸɬɶ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɭ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɢɧɝɚ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿɣ ɫɮɟɪɿ ɜɜɚɠɚɸɬɶɫɹ «Hospitaliti Franchise System» (3413 ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ, ɲɬɚɬ ɇɶɸ-Ⱦɠɟɪɫɿ), «Choice Hotels International» (2487 ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ, ɇɶɸ-Ƀɨɪɤ), «Holiday Inn Worldwide» ɬɚ ɿɧ. ɍ ɫɮɟɪɿ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɛɿɡɧɟɫɭ — «Mc Donald’s», «Burger King», «Kentucky Fried Chicken», «Pizza Hut» ɬɚ ɿɧ. ɍɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɭ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɢɧɝɭ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɡɚ ɬɚɤɨɸ ɫɯɟɦɨɸ: ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɟɪ ɧɚɞɚɽ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɢ (ɮɪɚɧɲɢɡɨɨɬɪɢɦɭɜɚɱɭ) ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɜɚɬɢ ɫɜɨɸ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɭ ɦɚɪɤɭ, ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɸ ɿ ɦɟɬɨɞɢ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɧɚɩɪɚɰɶɨɜɚɧɿ ɦɚɪɤɟɬɢɧɝɨɜɿ ɦɟɬɨɞɢ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɡɧɢɠɨɤ ɬɚ ɿɧ. Ɏɿɪɦɚ-ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɢ ɩɨɪɹɞ ɡ ɿɧɲɢɦɢ ɩɿɥɶɝɚɦɢ ɩɪɢɣɦɚɽ ɭɱɚɫɬɶ ɭ ɪɢɧɤɨɜɿɣ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɿʀ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɟɪɚ. Ⱦɥɹ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɟɪɚ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɡɚɣɦɚɬɢɫɶ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɧɢɰɶɤɨɸ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɿɫɬɸ ɽ ɫɜɨɽɪɿɞɧɨɸ ɮɨɪɦɨɸ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ ɛɿɡɧɟɫɭ, ɳɨ ɡɭɦɨɜɥɸɽ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɞɠɟɪɟɥɚ ɞɨɯɨɞɿɜ, ɬɨɦɭ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɟɪ ɡɚɰɿɤɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɭ ɪɨɡɲɢɪɟɧɧɿ ɫɜɨɽʀ ɪɢɧɤɨɜɨʀ ɦɟɪɟɠɿ ɡɚ ɪɚɯɭɧɨɤ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɱɥɟɧɿɜ. Ɂɚ ɪɚɯɭɧɨɤ ɡɛɿɥɶɲɟɧɧɹ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɩɿɬɚɥɭ ɬɚ ɫɩɿɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɪɿɲɟɧɧɹ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɬɚ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɿɱɧɢɯ ɡɚɜɞɚɧɶ, ɡɧɢɠɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɜɢɬɪɚɬ ɧɚ ɦɚɪɤɟɬɢɧɝɨɜɿ ɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɪɢɧɤɭ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ, ɩɪɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɭ ɧɚ ɪɢɧɨɤ, ɧɚɜɱɚɧɧɹ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ, ɜɢɧɢɤɚɸɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɜɚɝɢ ɭ ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɭ ɡ ɪɨɡɲɢɪɟɧɧɹɦ ɫɮɟɪɢ ɜɩɥɢɜɭ ɧɚ ɡɨɜɧɿɲɧɽ ɫɟɪɟɞɨɜɢɳɟ ɫɮɟɪɢ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ. Ƚɨɬɟɥɶɧɿ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɿʀ ɡɚɰɿɤɚɜɥɟɧɿ ɭ ɪɨɡɲɢɪɟɧɧɿ ɦɟɪɟɠɿ ɡɚ ɪɚɯɭɧɨɤ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɱɥɟɧɿɜ ɪɨɡɪɨɛɥɹɸɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɰɿɤɚɜɥɟɧɢɯ ɨɫɿɛ ɩɚɤɟɬ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɣɧɢɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɿɜ ɩɪɨ ɭɦɨɜɢ ɜɫɬɭɩɭ ɬɚ ɫɩɿɜɩɪɚɰɿ, ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɸ ɩɪɨ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɿɸ, ɫɮɟɪɭ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɢɦ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɭ ɰɶɨɦɭ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɭ ɽ «Ɂɚɹɜɤɚ ɩɪɨ ɭɦɨɜɢ». ɍ ɰɶɨɦɭ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɿ ɨɤɪɿɦ ɿɧɲɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɤɜɚɥɿɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɤɟɪɿɜɧɢɤɿɜ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɟɪɚ, ɚɧɚɥɿɡ ɣɨɝɨ ɮɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɨʀ ɫɬɚɛɿɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ, ɭɦɨɜɢ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɢɧɝɭ — ɫɭɬɶ ɜɿɞɧɨɫɢɧ ɩɪɢ ɭɤɥɚɞɚɧɧɿ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɤɬɭ, ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɿ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢ, ɭ ɹɤɢɯ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɟɪ ɛɭɞɟ ɞɨɩɨɦɚɝɚɬɢ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɿ, ɧɚɩɪɹɦɤɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɶɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɨʀ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ, ɹɤɿ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɪɟɚɥɿɡɭɜɚɬɢ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɿ ɬɚ ɿɧ. ɉɟɪɟɞ ɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɬɹɦ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɪɿɲɟɧɧɹ ɭɤɥɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɭ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɢɧɝɭ, ɞɨ158
ɰɿɥɶɧɢɦ ɞɥɹ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɿ ɽ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɡɭɫɬɪɿɱɿ ɡ ɱɥɟɧɚɦɢ ɚɛɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɿɣɧɢɦɢ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɭɡɝɨɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɢɯ ɜɡɚɽɦɨɜɿɞɧɨɫɢɧ. ɉɿɫɥɹ ɭɡɝɨɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɩɢɬɚɧɶ ɜɫɬɭɩɭ ɦɿɠ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɟɪɨɦ ɿ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɿ ɭɤɥɚɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɞɨɝɨɜɿɪ. Ⱦɨɝɨɜɿɪ ɦɨɠɟ ɪɟɝɥɚɦɟɧɬɭɜɚɬɢ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ ɭ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɦɭ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɿɱɧɢɯ ɚɛɨ ɪɢɧɤɨɜɢɯ ɭɦɨɜɚɯ, ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ ɨɯɨɩɥɟɧɢɯ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɢɧɝɨɦ, ɬɟɪɦɿɧ ɞɿʀ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɭ ɬɚ ɿɧ. ɍ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿɣ ɫɮɟɪɿ ɞɨɝɨɜɿɪ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɢɧɝɭ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɪɟɝɥɚɦɟɧɬɭɽ ɜɢɦɨɝɢ ɞɨ ɡɨɜɧɿɲɧɶɨɝɨ ɜɢɝɥɹɞɭ ɛɭɞɿɜɥɿ, ɿɧɬɟɪ’ɽɪ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɬɚ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ, ɩɪɨɩɨɧɨɜɚɧɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ, ɪɿɜɟɧɶ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɟ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɿɧ., ɜɚɠɥɢɜɨ, ɳɨɛ ɭ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɿ ɭɡɝɨɞɠɭɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɪɿɡɧɿ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɢ, ɹɤɿ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɭɜɚɬɢ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɿɜ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ. ȼɚɠɥɢɜɢɣ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɭ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɢɧɝɭ ɫɬɨɫɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɭɡɝɨɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɮɨɪɦ ɨɩɥɚɬɢ, ɹɤɭ ɜɧɨɫɹɬɶ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ-ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɿ. ɍ ɫɜɿɬɨɜɨɦɭ ɞɨɫɜɿɞɿ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɬɚɤɿ ɮɨɪɦɢ ɨɩɥɚɬɢ, ɹɤ ɜɫɬɭɩɧɢɣ ɜɧɟɫɨɤ, ɜɿɞɪɚɯɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɚɛɨ ɪɿɡɧɿ ɮɿɤɫɨɜɚɧɿ ɜɢɩɥɚɬɢ (ɪɨɹɥɬɿ), ɩɥɚɬɚ ɡɚ ɦɚɪɤɟɬɢɧɝɨɜɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ, ɩɥɚɬɚ ɡɚ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɿɡɨɜɚɧɨʀ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ. ȼɫɬɭɩɧɢɣ ɜɧɟɫɨɤ ɽ ɨɞɧɨɪɚɡɨɜɨɸ ɮɿɤɫɨɜɚɧɨɸ ɜɢɩɥɚɬɨɸ ɡɚ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɢ ɿ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ. ɍ ɜɧɟɫɨɤ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɜɚɪɬɿɫɬɶ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɬɭ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɢɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɿɜ, ɩɨɜɧɢɣ ɧɚɛɿɪ ɿɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɿɣ ɩɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɸ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɨɦ, ɩɿɞɜɢɳɟɧɧɹ ɤɜɚɥɿɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɜɢɳɨʀ ɿ ɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨʀ ɥɚɧɤɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ, ɧɚɜɱɚɧɧɹ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɸɱɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ ɞɨ ɜɿɞɤɪɢɬɬɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ, ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɜɚɪɬɿɫɬɶ ɩɟɪɿɨɞɢɱɧɨʀ ɩɿɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɸɱɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ ɜɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ ɬɟɪɦɿɧɭ ɞɿʀ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɭ. ȼɢɩɥɚɬɚ ɜɫɬɭɩɧɨɝɨ ɜɧɟɫɤɭ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɨɞɪɚɡɭ ɩɿɫɥɹ ɩɿɞɩɢɫɚɧɧɹ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɭ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɢɧɝɭ ɚɛɨ ɩɨɞɿɥɹɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɞɜɿ ɱɚɫɬɢɧɢ: ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɚ ɞɨ ɧɚɜɱɚɧɧɹ, ɞɪɭɝɚ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɚ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿ ɧɚɜɱɚɧɧɹ. Ɉɤɪɿɦ ɜɫɬɭɩɧɨɝɨ ɜɧɟɫɤɭ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɿ ɡɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɢɣ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɜɚɬɢ ɪɨɹɥɬɿ (ɜɿɞɪɚɯɭɜɚɧɧɹ), ɹɤɿ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɨɛɫɹɝɚɦɢ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɿɣ. ɍ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿɣ ɫɮɟɪɿ ɜɨɧɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɹɬɶ ɜ ɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨɦɭ 3–4 % ɜɿɞ ɞɨɯɨɞɭ ɡ ɤɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɡɞɚɧɨɝɨ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ. Ɉɛɫɹɝ ɜɫɬɭɩɧɨɝɨ ɜɧɟɫɤɭ ɿ ɪɨɹɥɬɿ ɡɚɥɟɠɢɬɶ ɜɿɞ ɩɨɡɢɰɿɣ ɩɟɜɧɨʀ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɨʀ ɦɚɪɤɢ ɧɚ ɪɢɧɤɭ; ɿɡ ɡɦɿɰɧɟɧɧɹɦ ɩɨɡɢɰɿɣ ɬɚ ɲɢɪɨɤɨʀ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɿɱɧɨʀ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɨɫɬɿ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɿʀ-ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɟɪɚ ɰɿɧɚ ɮɿɪɦɨɜɨʀ ɦɚɪɤɢ ɡɪɨɫɬɚɽ. 159
Ɂ ɦɟɬɨɸ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ ɬɚ ɡɛɿɥɶɲɟɧɧɹ ɪɨɹɥɬɿ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɟɪ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɜɚɬɢ ɩɟɪɿɨɞɢɱɧɢɣ ɦɨɧɿɬɨɪɢɧɝ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ, ɩɟɪɟɜɿɪɤɭ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɰɬɜɚ ɿ ɧɚɞɚɜɚɬɢ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɿʀ ɳɨɞɨ ɩɿɞɜɢɳɟɧɧɹ ɣɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɿ. Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɿʀ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɫɬɨɫɭɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɜɩɪɨɜɚɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɜɢɞɿɜ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ, ɫɭɱɚɫɧɢɯ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɣɧɢɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɣ, ɡɦɿɧɢ ɿɧɬɟɪ’ɽɪɭ, ɬɚ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɿɜ ɞɢɜɟɪɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɡ ɦɟɬɨɸ ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɿɦɿɞɠɭ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ. Ɉɤɪɟɦɿ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɿʀ-ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɟɪɢ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɧɚɞɚɜɚɬɢ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɿʀ ɩɪɨ ɦɿɫɰɟ ɛɭɞɿɜɧɢɰɬɜɚ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ, ɭɤɥɚɞɚɸɬɶ ɭɝɨɞɢ ɩɪɨ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɤɢ ɛɭɞɿɜɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɿɜ ɬɚ ɿɧ. ɍ ɬɨɦɭ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ, ɤɨɥɢ ɰɿ ɩɢɬɚɧɧɹ ɜɢɪɿɲɭɽ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɿ, ɡ ɛɨɤɭ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɟɪɚ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɡɚ ɞɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹɦ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɿɜ ɿ ɧɨɪɦ ɭɡɝɨɞɠɟɧɢɯ ɜ ɭɝɨɞɿ. ȼ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɚɯ, ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɭ ɦɿɠ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɟɪɨɦ ɿ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɿ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɣ ɪɟɤɥɚɦɧɢɣ ɡɛɿɪ, ɪɨɡɦɿɪ ɹɤɨɝɨ ɧɟ ɩɟɪɟɜɢɳɭɽ 1–5 % ɜɚɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɞɨɯɨɞɭ. ɇɚ ɰɿ ɡɚɫɨɛɢ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬɶɫɹ ɪɟɤɥɚɦɧɿ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɿʀ, ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɨɞɚɠ ɿ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɪɟɚɥɿɡɚɰɿɹ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦ. ɉɪɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɿ ɪɟɤɥɚɦɧɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɿɣ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɨɦ-ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɿ ɧɚɣɱɚɫɬɿɲɟ ɧɟ ɜɤɚɡɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɫɬɭɩɿɧɶ ɣɨɝɨ ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɭ ɡ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɨɦ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɟɪɨɦ, ɜɨɧɨ ɜɢɫɬɭɩɚɽ ɹɤ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɨ-ɜɥɚɫɧɿɫɬɶ ɦɟɪɟɠɿ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɟɪɚ ɚɛɨ ɽ ɥɢɲɟ ɞɨɝɨɜɿɪɧɢɦ ɱɥɟɧɨɦ. Ɍɚɤɿ ɡɚɯɨɞɢ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɸɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɦɟɬɨɸ ɭɧɢɤɧɟɧɧɹ ɡɥɨɜɠɢɜɚɧɶ ɜɢɞɿɥɟɧɢɦɢ ɧɚ ɪɟɤɥɚɦɭ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɿ ɡɚɫɨɛɚɦɢ, ɜ ɿɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɟɪɚ. Ɂ ɦɟɬɨɸ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɢɧɝɨɦ, ɤɨɪɢɝɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɜɡɚɽɦɨɜɿɞɧɨɫɢɧ ɭ ɣɨɝɨ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɿ, ɩɪɢ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɟɪɿ ɫɬɜɨɪɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɚɝɥɹɞɨɜɚ ɪɚɞɚ, ɹɤɭ ɨɱɨɥɸɽ ɩɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɬ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨʀ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɿʀ ɬɚ ɝɪɭɩɚ ɩɪɨɜɿɞɧɢɯ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɿɜ. ɇɚɝɥɹɞɨɜɚ ɪɚɞɚ ɜɢɤɨɧɭɽ ɮɭɧɤɰɿʀ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ ɬɚ ɤɨɪɢɝɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɜɢɫɧɨɜɤɿɜ ʀʀ ɦɨɧɿɬɨɪɢɧɝɭ ɩɪɢɣɦɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɪɿɲɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɨ ɩɪɢɣɨɦ ɭ ɦɟɪɟɠɭ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɟɪɚ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɱɥɟɧɿɜ ɬɚ ɪɨɡɿɪɜɚɧɧɹ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɭ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɢɧɝɚ. Ɍɢɩɨɜɢɦɢ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚɦɢ ɪɨɡɿɪɜɚɧɧɹ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɭ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɢɧɝɭ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɛɭɬɢ: — ɧɟɦɨɠɥɢɜɿɫɬɶ ɞɨɫɹɝɧɟɧɧɹ ɪɿɜɧɹ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɿɜ, ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɯ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɟɪɨɦ; — ɡɧɚɱɧɿ ɜɿɞɯɢɥɟɧɧɹ ɜɿɞ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨʀ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿʀ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɨɛɫɹɝɭ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ; — ɜɿɞɫɭɬɧɿɫɬɶ ɫɩɥɚɬɢ ɩɥɚɬɟɠɿɜ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɭ; 160
— ɩɨɪɭɲɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɭ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɿ ɭ ɦɟɪɟɠɿ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɟɪɚ; — ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɨɜɚ ɡɦɿɧɚ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɿʀ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɿʀ-ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɟɪɚ. Ɂɝɿɞɧɨ ɞɨɫɜɿɞɭ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ, ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɸ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɨɸ ɪɨɡɿɪɜɚɧɧɹ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɭ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɢɧɝɭ ɛɭɥɢ ɧɟɞɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɪɿɜɧɹ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɿɜ ɬɚ ɩɨɪɭɲɟɧɧɹ ɹɤɿɫɧɢɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɧɢɤɿɜ ɜ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɿ. ɇɚɬɨɦɿɫɬɶ ɫɟɪɟɞ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɪɨɡɿɪɜɚɧɧɹ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɭ ɡɭɦɨɜɥɸɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɧɟɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹɦ ɮɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɢɯ ɡɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɶ. ȿɜɨɥɸɰɿɹ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɢɧɝɭ ɡɭɦɨɜɢɥɚ ɩɨɹɜɭ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɣɨɝɨ ɜɚɪɿɚɧɬɿɜ. Ɉɤɪɿɦ ɤɥɚɫɢɱɧɨʀ ɦɨɞɟɥɿ, ɭ ɹɤɿɣ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɟɪ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽ ɛɟɡɩɨɫɟɪɟɞɧɿɣ ɡɜ’ɹɡɨɤ ɡ ɝɪɭɩɨɸ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɿ, ɜɢɞɿɥɹɽɬɶɫɹ ɪɟʉɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɢɧɝ ɿ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɢɧɝ, ɳɨ ɪɨɡɜɢɜɚɽɬɶɫɹ. Ɋɟʉɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɢɧɝ ɨɯɨɩɥɸɽ ɩɟɜɧɢɣ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɿɱɧɢɣ ɪɟʉɿɨɧ — ɜ ɦɟɠɚɯ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɢɯ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɿɣ ɚɛɨ ɡɚɝɚɥɨɦ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɭ. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɲɢɪɟɧɧɹ ɜɩɥɢɜɭ ɧɚ ɡɧɚɱɧɢɣ ɪɟʉɿɨɧ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɟɪ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɜɨɥɨɞɿɬɢ ɡɧɚɱɧɢɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɮɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɢɦɢ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚɦɢ ɿ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɨɦ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɫɬɿɜ. ȼɿɞɫɭɬɧɿɫɬɶ ɭ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɧɶɨɦɭ ɨɛɫɹɡɿ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɿɜ ɫɩɨɧɭɤɚɽ ɣɨɝɨ ɨɩɢɪɚɬɢɫɶ ɧɚ ɩɿɞɬɪɢɦɤɭ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɿ, ɹɤɢɣ ɜɨɥɨɞɿɽ ɞɥɹ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɧɨɸ ɱɚɫɬɤɨɸ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɿɜ ɿ ɜɡɚɦɿɧ ɨɬɪɢɦɭɽ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɩɪɢɽɞɧɚɬɢ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɿ, ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɭ ɞɨ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɿɜ ɩɿɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɭ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ, ɪɟɤɥɚɦɧɭ ɩɿɞɬɪɢɦɤɭ, ɧɚɞɚɽ ɿɧɲɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ, ɹɤɿ ɡɚɡɜɢɱɚɣ ɭ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɰɿʀ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɟɪɚ. Ƚɨɥɨɜɧɢɣ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɿ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɡɧɚɱɧɢɦɢ ɩɿɥɶɝɚɦɢ, ɹɤɿ ɧɚɞɚɽ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɢɧɝ, ɱɚɫɬɨ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɚɜɨɦ ɪɨɡɩɨɞɿɥɭ ɪɨɹɥɬɿ, ɜɧɟɫɤɿɜ ɭ ɪɟɤɥɚɦɧɢɣ ɮɨɧɞ, ɜɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ, ɫɚɦ ɫɩɥɚɱɭɽ ɛɟɡɩɨɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɟɪɭ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɿ ɮɿɤɫɨɜɚɧɿ ɜɿɞɪɚɯɭɜɚɧɧɹ. Ɋɟɝɥɚɦɟɧɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɫɮɟɪɢ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɦɿɠ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɟɪɨɦ ɿ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɢɦ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɿ, ɬɟɪɦɿɧ ɞɿʀ ɫɚɦɟ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɿɞɧɨɫɢɧ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɤɬɨɦ. Ɍɪɢɜɚɥɚ ɫɩɿɜɩɪɚɰɹ ɭ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɿ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɢɧɝɭ ɜ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɿ ɡɭɦɨɜɥɸɽ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɜɿɞ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɟɪɚ ɪɨɹɥɬɿ, ɪɨɡɦɿɪɢ ɹɤɨɝɨ ɡɚɥɟɠɚɬɶ ɜɿɞ ɱɚɫɬɤɢ ɜ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɨɛɫɹɡɿ ɪɟɚɥɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɿ, ɹɤɿ ɡɚɥɭɱɟɧɿ ɭ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɢɧɝɨɜɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ. ɍ ɦɨɞɟɥɿ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɢɧɝɭ, ɳɨ ɪɨɡɜɢɜɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɿʀ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɿ ɜɢɤɨɧɭɽ ɝɪɭɩɚ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɿ, ɹɤɚ ɧɚɞɿɥɟɧɚ ɜɢɤɥɸɱɧɢɦɢ ɩɪɚɜɚɦɢ ɧɚ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɨɤ ɪɟʉɿɨɧɭ. ɉɟɪɟɜɚɝɢ ɬɚ ɧɟɞɨɥɿɤɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɭ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɢɧɝɭ ɞɥɹ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɟɪɚ ɿ ɞɥɹ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɿ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɭ ɬɚɛɥ. 3.8 ɿ ɬɚɛɥ. 3.9. 161
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɹ 3.8 ɉȿɊȿȼȺȽɂ ɌȺ ɇȿȾɈɅȱɄɂ ɍɉɊȺȼɅȱɇɇə ɁȽȱȾɇɈ ȾɈȽɈȼɈɊɍ ɎɊȺɇɑȺɃɁɂɇȽɍ ȾɅə ɎɊȺɇɑȺɃɁȿɊȺ ɉɟɪɟɜɚɝɢ
ɇɟɞɨɥɿɤɢ
1. Ɇɨɠɥɢɜɿɫɬɶ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɧɟɧɧɹ ɧɚ ɪɢɧɨɤ, ɪɨɡɲɢɪɟɧɧɹ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɰɬɜɚ ɡ ɦɿɧɿɦɚɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɿɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɿɹɦɢ; 2. Ɇɨɧɨɩɨɥɿɡɚɰɿɹ ɪɢɧɤɭ ɡɚ ɪɚɯɭɧɨɤ ɩɿɞɩɨɪɹɞɤɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ — ɩɨɬɟɧɰɿɣɧɢɯ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɿɜ; 3. Ɉɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɯ ɞɨɯɨɞɿɜ ɜɿɞ ɜɢɩɥɚɬ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɿ.
1. Ƀɦɨɜɿɪɧɿɫɬɶ ɜɬɪɚɬɢ ɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɿɦɿɞɠɭ ɧɚ ɪɢɧɤɭ ɭ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ ɧɟɞɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɿ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɯ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɿɜ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ; 2. Ⱦɨɯɨɞɢ ɜɿɞ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɭ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɢɧɝɭ ɨɛɦɟɠɟɧɿ ɮɿɤɫɨɜɚɧɢɦɢ ɜɢɩɥɚɬɚɦɢ ɜɿɞ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɿ; 3. ɍɫɤɥɚɞɧɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɭ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɭ ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɭ ɿɡ ɡɧɚɱɧɨɸ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɸ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɿ, ɹɤɿ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶ ɫɜɨʀ ɦɨɞɟɥɿ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɹ 3.9 ɉȿɊȿȼȺȽɂ ɌȺ ɇȿȾɈɅȱɄɂ ɍɉɊȺȼɅȱɇɇə ɁȽȱȾɇɈ ȾɈȽɈȼɈɊɍ ɎɊȺɇɑȺɃɁɂɇȽɍ ȾɅə ɎɊȺɇɑȺɃɁȱ ɉɟɪɟɜɚɝɢ
ɇɟɞɨɥɿɤɢ
1. Ⱦɨɩɨɦɨɝɚ ɜ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɧɿ ɩɚɤɟɬɭ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɿɜ ɬɚ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɿɣ ɳɨɞɨ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɭ ɩɟɪɿɨɞ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ; 2. ȼɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɜɿɞɨɦɨʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨʀ ɦɚɪɤɢ ɭ ɪɟɤɥɚɦɿ ɜ ɦɟɠɚɯ ɡɧɚɱɧɨɝɨ ɪɟʉɿɨɧɭ; 3. ȼɞɨɫɤɨɧɚɥɟɧɧɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿʀ ɿ ɦɟɬɨɞɿɜ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɿɜ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɟɪɚ; 4. Ⱦɨɫɬɭɩ ɞɨ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɿɡɨɜɚɧɨʀ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ; 5. Ɉɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɡɧɢɠɨɤ ɩɪɢ ɤɭɩɿɜɥɿ ɦɟɛɥɿɜ, ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɬɨɜɚɪɿɜ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɢɯ ɜ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ.
1. Ɋɟɝɥɚɦɟɧɬɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɭɝɨɞɨɸ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɫɬɨɫɭɧɤɿɜ ɡ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚɦɢ, ɹɤɿ ɧɟ ɜɯɨɞɹɬɶ ɭ ɞɨɝɨɜɿɪ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɢɧɝɚ; 2. ɇɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɿɫɬɶ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɜɚɬɢ ɜɢɩɥɚɬɢ ɜɫɬɭɩɧɨɝɨ ɜɧɟɫɤɭ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɟɪɭ, ɪɨɹɥɬɿ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɿ ɜɢɩɥɚɬɢ; 3. ɇɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɿɫɬɶ ɞɨɬɪɢɦɭɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɿɜ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɯ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɟɪɨɦ; 4. Ƀɦɨɜɿɪɧɿɫɬɶ ɧɚɛɭɬɬɹ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɿɦɿɞɠɭ ɭ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ ɧɟɪɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɟɪɚ.
162
Ɂ ɦɟɬɨɸ ɡɚɯɢɫɬɭ ɿɧɬɟɪɟɫɿɜ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɿ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɟɪɚɦɢ ɿ ɜɢɪɿɲɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɦɟɪɟɠɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɫɬɜɨɪɸɸɬɶɫɹ ɚɫɨɰɿɚɰɿʀ ɱɥɟɧɿɜ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɿ. ȼɨɧɢ ɩɿɞɬɪɢɦɭɸɬɶ ɹɤɿɫɬɶ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɭ, ɪɨɡɜɢɜɚɸɬɶ ɦɚɪɤɟɬɢɧɝɨɜɿ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɢ ɡ ɦɟɬɨɸ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɩɟɪɟɜɚɝ ɞɥɹ ɫɜɨʀɯ ɱɥɟɧɿɜ ɜ ɭɦɨɜɚɯ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɿʀ. ɍɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɞɨɝɨɜɿɪ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɢɧɝɭ ɜ ɿɧɞɭɫɬɪɿʀ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ ɫɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ ɽ ɨɞɧɿɽɸ ɡ ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɢɯ ɮɨɪɦ. Ɂɝɿɞɧɨ ɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɶ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɯ ɭ ɋɒȺ, 50 % ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ ɩɪɢɩɢɧɹɽ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ ɜɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ 2–3 ɪɨɤɿɜ ɩɿɫɥɹ ɜɿɞɤɪɢɬɬɹ, ɱɟɪɟɡ 5 ɪɨɤɿɜ ɪɿɜɟɧɶ ɛɚɧɤɪɨɬɫɬɜɚ ɞɨɫɹɝɚɽ 70 %. ɋɟɪɟɞ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɿɣ, ɹɤɿ ɩɪɚɰɸɸɬɶ ɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɿ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɢɧɝɭ ɪɿɜɟɧɶ ɛɚɧɤɪɭɬɫɬɜɚ ɱɟɪɟɡ 5 ɪɨɤɿɜ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ 4 %. Ɂɝɿɞɧɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɿɜ ɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɧɹ Ɇɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɨʀ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɢɧɝɨɜɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɿɣ, ɫɟɪɟɞ ʀʀ ɱɥɟɧɿɜ ɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɡɛɚɧɤɪɭɬɿɥɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɦɟɧɲɟ 1 % [41, ɫ.79]. Ɉɪɟɧɞɚ. Ɉɪɟɧɞɚ (ɥɿɡɢɧɝ) ɹɤ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿɣ ɫɮɟɪɿ ɪɨɡɜɢɜɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɢ ɏɏ ɫɬ., ɫɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ ɜɨɧɚ ɦɚɣɠɟ ɧɟ ɬɢɩɨɜɚ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɛɿɡɧɟɫɿ. Ɉɤɪɟɦɿ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɢ ɥɿɡɢɧɝɭ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɢɦɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɦɢ, ɹɤɿ ɞɥɹ ɩɿɞɜɢɳɟɧɧɹ ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɿ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɜɿɞɞɚɸɬɶ ʀɯ ɜ ɨɪɟɧɞɭ ɛɿɥɶɲ ɞɨɫɜɿɞɱɟɧɢɦ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɚɦ; ɿɧɲɢɣ ɜɢɩɚɞɨɤ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɨɸ ɟɤɫɩɚɧɫɿɽɸ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɿɣ, ɹɤɿ ɩɨɫɥɚɛɥɸɸɬɶ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɧɿ ɩɨɡɢɰɿʀ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ ɬɚ ɡɦɭɲɭɸɬɶ ʀɯ ɭɤɥɚɞɚɬɢ ɭɝɨɞɢ ɨɪɟɧɞɢ. Ɉɪɟɧɞɚ ɞɨɡɜɨɥɹɽ ɨɪɟɧɞɚɬɨɪɭ, ɹɤɢɣ ɧɟ ɩɨɡɢɰɿɨɧɭɽ ɧɚ ɪɢɧɤɭ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɛɿɡɧɟɫɿ, ɜɢɣɬɢ ɧɚ ɪɢɧɨɤ ɿ ɡɦɿɰɧɢɬɢɫɶ ɧɚ ɧɶɨɦɭ. ɑɚɫɬɨ ɨɪɟɧɞɚɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɜɢɫɬɭɩɚɸɬɶ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɿʀ ɡ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɧɿɦɢ ɮɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɢɦɢ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚɦɢ, ɹɤɿ ɡɦɿɰɧɸɸɬɶ ɫɜɨʀ ɩɨɡɢɰɿʀ ɿ ɜɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɸɬɶ ɛɿɥɶɲ ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɨɸ ɨɪɟɧɞɧɢɯ ɜɿɞɧɨɫɢɧ ɽ ɞɨɝɨɜɿɪ ɭ ɹɤɨɦɭ ɡɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɿ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɢ ɫɬɨɪɿɧ ɬɚ ɬɟɪɦɿɧ ɞɿʀ ɨɪɟɧɞɢ. Ɋɨɡɦɿɪ ɩɥɚɬɢ ɡɚ ɨɪɟɧɞɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɹɤ ɩɟɜɧɢɣ ɜɿɞɫɨɬɨɤ ɜɿɞ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɯ ɿ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɝɨɬɟɥɟɦ, ɣɨɝɨ ɪɨɡɦɿɪɢ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɡɦɿɧɸɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɜ ɦɟɠɚɯ ɜɿɞ 20 % ɞɨ 50 %. Ⱥɧɚɥɿɡ ɮɨɪɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɛɿɡɧɟɫɿ ɫɜɿɞɱɢɬɶ ɩɪɨ ɡɪɨɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɨɫɬɿ ɥɿɡɢɧɝɭ ɜ ɩɟɪɿɨɞ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɩɚɞɭ ɭ ɰɶɨɦɭ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɿ ɪɢɧɤɭ. Ɉɤɪɿɦ ɱɢɫɬɨɝɨ ɥɿɡɢɧɝɭ, ɫɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ ɜɢɧɢɤɚɸɬɶ ɣɨɝɨ ɪɿɡɧɿ ɦɨɞɢɮɿɤɨɜɚɧɿ ɮɨɪɦɢ. Ɂɨɤɪɟɦɚ, ɧɚ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɪɢɧɤɭ ɋɒȺ ɫɟɪɟɞ ɧɟɞɨɮɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɿɜ ɪɨɡɪɨɛɥɟɧɢɣ ɧɨɜɢɣ ɬɢɩ ɨɪɟɧɞɢ, ɹɤɢɣ ɞɚɽ ɩɪɢɛɭɬɨɤ ɜɥɚɫɧɢɤɚɦ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ 163
ɛɟɡ ɩɨɱɚɬɤɨɜɢɯ ɡɚɬɪɚɬ ɤɚɩɿɬɚɥɭ. Ɉɪɟɧɞɚɬɨɪ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɽ ɝɨɬɟɥɟɦ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɿ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɭ ɩɨɛɭɞɨɜɚɧɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɜɚɥɨɜɨɦɭ ɞɨɯɨɞɿ ɡ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ. ȼɿɧ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɽ ɡɚ ɫɬɪɚɯɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɧɚɣɦɚɧɧɹ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ, ɩɨɫɬɚɱɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɿɜ ɿ ɦɚɪɤɟɬɢɧɝɨɜɿ ɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɧɹ. Ɂɚ ɫɜɨɸ ɱɚɫɬɤɭ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɨɪɟɧɞɚɬɨɪ ɨɬɪɢɦɭɽ ɛɿɥɶɲɭ ɱɚɫɬɢɧɭ ɱɢɫɬɨɝɨ ɞɨɯɨɞɭ ɡ ɩɪɨɞɚɧɢɯ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɿ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ. Ⱥɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɭɤɥɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɭɝɨɞɢ ɡ ɨɪɟɧɞɢ ɫɬɨɫɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɭɡɝɨɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɹɤɨɦɨɝɚ ɛɿɥɶɲɨʀ ɤɿɥɶɤɨɫɬɿ ɩɭɧɤɬɿɜ ɜɡɚɽɦɨɜɿɞɧɨɫɢɧ ɦɿɠ ɨɪɟɧɞɚɪɟɦ ɿ ɨɪɟɧɞɨɞɚɬɟɥɟɦ. Ɉɫɨɛɥɢɜɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɜɿɞɿɝɪɚɸɬɶ ɩɢɬɚɧɧɹ ɩɥɚɬɢ ɩɨ ɨɪɟɧɞɿ, ɬɟɪɦɿɧ ʀʀ ɞɿʀ, ɭɦɨɜɢ ɫɭɛɨɪɟɧɞɢ. ȼ ɛɿɥɶɲɨɫɬɿ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɿɜ ɭɦɨɜɢ ɜɿɞɧɨɫɢɧ ɦɿɠ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɚɦɢ ɨɪɟɧɞɢ ɛɭɞɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɱɢɫɬɿɣ ɨɪɟɧɞɿ, ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɹɤɨʀ ɨɪɟɧɞɚɪ ɫɚɦ ɩɥɚɬɢɬɶ ɡɚ ɜɫɿ ɤɨɦɟɪɰɿɣɧɿ ɜɢɬɪɚɬɢ, ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɤɭ, ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ (ɨɛɥɚɲɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɢɥɟɝɥɨʀ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɿʀ, ɛɟɡɩɟɤɭ ɬɚ ɿɧ.). ɇɚɣɛɿɥɶɲ ɜɢɝɿɞɧɨɸ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɽ ɞɨɜɝɨɬɟɪɦɿɧɨɜɚ ɨɪɟɧɞɚ ɡ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɿɫɬɸ ɜɿɞɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɭ ɿ ɭɬɨɱɧɟɧɧɹ ɭɦɨɜ ɭɝɨɞɢ ɭ ɜɢɝɥɹɞɿ ɫɭɛɨɪɟɧɞɢ. ɍ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɛɿɡɧɟɫɿ ɭɦɨɜɚ ɫɭɛɨɪɟɧɞɢ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɚ, ɨɫɤɿɥɶɤɢ ɨɪɟɧɞɧɚ ɩɥɚɬɚ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɪɟɝɥɚɦɟɧɬɨɜɚɧɨʀ ɫɬɚɜɤɢ, ɧɟɡɚɥɟɠɧɨ ɜɿɞ ɫɬɚɧɭ ɛɿɡɧɟɫɭ. ɍ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ ɫɢɬɭɚɬɢɜɧɢɯ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ, ɨɤɪɟɦɿ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɜɚɬɢ ɜ ɿɧɲɨɦɭ ɜɢɞɿ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɚɛɨ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɬɢ ɿɧɲɨɦɭ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɭ. ɉɟɪɟɜɚɝɢ ɬɚ ɧɟɞɨɥɿɤɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɡ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɨɦ ɨɪɟɧɞɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɪɟɧɞɨɞɚɜɰɹ ɬɚ ɞɥɹ ɨɪɟɧɞɚɪɹ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɭ ɬɚɛɥ. 3.10 ɿ ɬɚɛɥ. 3. 11. Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɹ 3.10 ɉȿɊȿȼȺȽɂ ɌȺ ɇȿȾɈɅȱɄɂ ɍɉɊȺȼɅȱɇɇə ɁȽȱȾɇɈ ȾɈȽɈȼɈɊɍ ɈɊȿɇȾɂ ȾɅə ɈɊȿɇȾɈȾȺȼɐə ɉɟɪɟɜɚɝɢ
ɇɟɞɨɥɿɤɢ
1. Ɇɨɠɥɢɜɿɫɬɶ ɭɬɪɢɦɚɬɢɫɶ ɧɚ ɪɢɧɤɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɪɨɡɲɢɪɢɬɢ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɰɬɜɨ ɡɚ ɪɚɯɭɧɨɤ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɿɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɨɪɟɧɞɚɬɨɪɚ; 2. Ɉɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɞɨɯɨɞɿɜ ɜɿɞ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɨɪɟɧɞɨɜɚɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɣɧɚ; 3. Ʉɨɦɩɚɧɿɹ-ɨɪɟɧɞɚɬɨɪ ɧɟ ɜɨɥɨɞɿɽ ɦɚɣɧɨɦ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ; 4. Ɇɨɠɥɢɜɿɫɬɶ ɪɨɡɿɪɜɚɬɢ ɞɨɝɨɜɿɪ ɨɪɟɧɞɢ ɭ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ ɧɟɞɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɭɦɨɜ ɨɪɟɧɞɢ ɨɪɟɧɞɚɬɨɪɨɦ.
1. Ɋɢɡɢɤ ɩɨɝɿɪɲɟɧɧɹ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɢɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɿɜ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ ɭ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ ɧɟɪɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬɭ ɨɪɟɧɞɚɬɨɪɿɜ; 2. ȼɬɪɚɬɚ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ ɧɚɞ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɨɦ; 3. Ɍɪɭɞɧɨɳɿ ɞɨɫɬɪɨɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɨɡɿɪɜɚɧɧɹ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɭ; 4. ȼɬɪɚɬɚ ɡɧɚɱɧɨʀ ɱɚɫɬɤɢ ɞɨɯɨɞɿɜ, ɹɤɭ ɨɬɪɢɦɭɽ ɹɤ ɜɢɧɚɝɨɪɨɞɭ ɨɪɟɧɞɚɬɨɪ.
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Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɹ 3.11 ɉȿɊȿȼȺȽɂ ɌȺ ɇȿȾɈɅȱɄɂ ɍɉɊȺȼɅȱɇɇə ɁȽȱȾɇɈ ȾɈȽɈȼɈɊɍ ɈɊȿɇȾɂ ȾɅə ɈɊȿɇȾȺɊə ɉɟɪɟɜɚɝɢ
ɇɟɞɨɥɿɤɢ
1. ɉɪɨɧɢɤɧɟɧɧɹ ɧɚ ɪɢɧɨɤ ɩɪɢ ɦɿɧɿɦɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɿɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɿɹɯ; 2. Ɉɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɡɧɚɱɧɨʀ ɱɚɫɬɤɢ ɞɢɜɿɞɟɧɞɿɜ ɜɿɞ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɞɨɯɨɞɿɜ; 3. Ɂɧɚɱɧɿ ɩɨɜɧɨɜɚɠɟɧɧɹ ɭ ɜɢɛɨɪɿ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ, ɩɿɞɛɨɪɿ ɤɚɞɪɿɜ, ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿʀ, ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ; 4. Ɇɨɠɥɢɜɿɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɜɚɬɢɡɚɰɿʀ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ ɩɿɫɥɹ ɡɚɤɿɧɱɟɧɧɹ ɭɝɨɞɢ ɡ ɨɪɟɧɞɢ.
1. Ɋɟɝɥɚɦɟɧɬɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɭɝɨɞɨɸ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɬɚ ɬɟɪɦɿɧ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɿɜ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ; 2. Ɉɪɟɧɞɨɜɚɧɿ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ ɧɟɩɪɢɜɚɛɥɢɜɿ ɞɥɹ ɡɧɚɱɧɨʀ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɬɚ ɞɢɜɟɪɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɰɬɜɚ; 3. ɉɪɢɩɢɧɟɧɧɹ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ, ɬɚ ɜɬɪɚɬɚ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɩɿɫɥɹ ɡɚɤɿɧɱɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɭ ɨɪɟɧɞɢ.
Ʉɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɿ ɮɨɪɦɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ. Ʉɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɿ ɮɨɪɦɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɜ ɿɧɞɭɫɬɪɿʀ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ ɡɚ ɤɨɪɞɨɧɨɦ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɩɨɲɢɪɟɧɿ. Ɉɛ’ɽɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ ɭ ɜɟɥɢɤɿ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɿʀ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɪɿɡɧɢɦɢ ɰɿɥɹɦɢ: — ɡɧɢɠɟɧɧɹ ɜɢɬɪɚɬ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɰɬɜɚ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɿ ɫɩɿɥɶɧɨʀ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ; — ɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɨɫɬɟɣ ɪɟɚɥɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ; — ɩɿɞɜɢɳɟɧɧɹ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɦɚɪɤɟɬɢɧɝɭ ɿ ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹ ɝɧɭɱɤɨʀ ɰɿɧɨɜɨʀ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɤɢ; — ɨɜɨɥɨɞɿɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɜɢɦɢ ɪɢɧɤɚɦɢ ɡɛɭɬɭ; — ɡɧɢɠɟɧɧɹ ɪɢɡɢɤɭ ɩɪɢ ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɿ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɱɢɯ ɩɨɬɭɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ; — ɦɨɠɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ ɭɧɢɤɧɟɧɧɹ ɫɟɡɨɧɧɨɫɬɿ ɭ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɿ. ɋɟɪɟɞ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɢɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿɣ ɫɮɟɪɿ ɜɢɞɿɥɹɸɬɶɫɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɿʀ, ɨɛ’ɽɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɝɪɭɩɢ ɨɫɿɛ ɞɥɹ ɫɩɿɥɶɧɨʀ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɿ ɭɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɿɣɧɨɝɨ ɫɭɛ’ɽɤɬɚ — ɸɪɢɞɢɱɧɨʀ ɨɫɨɛɢ. ɇɚɣɱɚɫɬɿɲɟ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɿʀ ɜɢɧɢɤɚɸɬɶ ɭ ɮɨɪɦɿ ɚɤɰɿɨɧɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɜɚɪɢɫɬɜɚ. ɍ ɩɪɢɜɚɬɧɿɣ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɿʀ ɛɿɥɶɲɿɫɬɶ ɚɤɰɿɣ ɧɚɥɟɠɢɬɶ ɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɜɥɚɫɧɢɤɭ, ɪɨɞɢɧɿ ɚɛɨ ɜɭɡɶɤɿɣ ɝɪɭɩɿ ɚɤɰɿɨɧɟɪɿɜ. Ʉɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɿɽɸ ɦɨɠɟ ɛɭɬɢ ɨɛ’ɽɞɧɚɧɧɹ, ɚɤɰɿɨɧɟɪɧɚ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɿɹ ɡ ɪɨɡɝɚɥɭɠɟɧɨɸ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɸ, ɚɛɨ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɯ ɝɨɫɩɨ165
ɞɚɪɫɶɤɢɯ ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɿɜ ɭ ɫɮɟɪɿ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ. ȼɢɞɿɥɹɸɬɶɫɹ ɪɿɡɧɿ ɮɨɪɦɢ ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɯ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɿɣ: — ɫɩɿɥɶɧɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ ɭɬɜɨɪɟɧɿ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɿ ɫɩɿɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɩɿɬɚɥɭ ɜɥɚɫɧɢɤɿɜ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɞɟɪɠɚɜ; — ɜɨɥɨɞɿɧɧɹ ɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɸ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɿɽɸ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɤɟɬɚ ɚɤɰɿɣ ɿɧɨɡɟɦɧɨʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨʀ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɿʀ; — ɡɥɢɬɬɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ ɞɟɤɿɥɶɤɨɯ ɞɟɪɠɚɜ; — ɨɛ’ɽɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ ɞɟɤɿɥɶɤɨɯ ɞɟɪɠɚɜ ɜɧɚɫɥɿɞɨɤ ɨɛɦɿɧɭ ɚɤɰɿɹɦɢ ɚɛɨ ɫɩɿɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɿʀ ɭ ɮɨɪɦɿ ɯɨɥɞɢɧɝɭ. ɋɟɪɟɞ ɮɨɪɦ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɢɯ ɨɛ’ɽɞɧɚɧɶ ɜɢɞɿɥɹɸɬɶɫɹ ɫɢɧɞɢɤɚɬ, ɤɨɧɰɟɪɧ, ɚɫɨɰɿɚɰɿɹ. ɋɢɧɞɢɤɚɬ — ɮɨɪɦɚ ɨɛ’ɽɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ, ɦɟɬɨɸ ɹɤɨʀ ɽ ɫɩɿɥɶɧɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɹ ɤɨɦɟɪɰɿɣɧɨʀ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ. ɐɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɩɨɧɢɧɿ ɡɚɥɢɲɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɨɸ ɭ ɮɿɧɚɧɫɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɭ ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɭ ɿɡ ɡɚɥɭɱɟɧɧɹɦ ɤɚɩɿɬɚɥɭ ɿɧɜɟɫɬɨɪɿɜ, ɹɤɿ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɛɭɬɢ ɭ ɪɨɞɢɧɧɢɯ ɫɬɨɫɭɧɤɚɯ ɡ ɜɥɚɫɧɢɤɨɦ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ. ɍɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹ ɫɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɿɜ ɧɚɫɚɦɩɟɪɟɞ ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɚɽ ɨɛ’ɽɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɡɧɚɱɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɩɿɬɚɥɭ ɡ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɦɢ ɿɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɿɹɦɢ, ɳɨ ɡɭɦɨɜɥɸɽ ɡɦɟɧɲɟɧɧɹ ɪɢɡɢɤɭ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɧɢɤɚ ɫɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɭ. Ƚɨɬɟɥɶɧɿ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ, ɹɤɿ ɜɯɨɞɹɬɶ ɭ ɫɢɧɞɢɤɚɬ, ɡɛɟɪɿɝɚɸɬɶ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɭ ɿ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɧɭ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɿɣɧɿɫɬɶ. Ʉɨɧɰɟɪɧ — ɬɢɩɨɜɚ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɨɛ’ɽɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ ɿ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɣ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɝɚɥɭɡɟɣ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɿ ɫɩɿɥɶɧɢɯ ɿɧɬɟɪɟɫɿɜ, ɳɨ ɡɭɦɨɜɥɸɽ ɡɦɟɧɲɟɧɧɹ ɪɢɡɢɤɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ. ɍ ɤɨɧɰɟɪɧ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɜɯɨɞɢɬɢ ɮɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɿ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢ, ɛɭɞɿɜɟɥɶɧɿ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɿʀ, ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɿ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ. ɍ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ ɡɚɝɪɨɡɢ ɛɚɧɤɪɭɬɫɬɜɚ ɮɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɿ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɢ ɭ ɤɨɧɰɟɪɧɿ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɢɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɡ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɞɭ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɜ ɿɧɲɢɣ. Ɂɚ ɮɨɪɦɨɸ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɪɧ ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɚɽ ɞɟɥɟɝɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɱɚɫɬɤɢ ɩɪɚɜ ɱɥɟɧɿɜ ɤɨɧɰɟɪɧɭ ɤɨɥɟɝɿɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɨɪɝɚɧɭ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɽɞɢɧɨʀ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɨʀ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɤɢ, ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɿɡɚɰɿɸ ɱɚɫɬɤɢ ɮɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɢɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɿɜ. Ⱥɫɨɰɿɚɰɿɹ — ɮɨɪɦɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɿ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ, ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɞɨɛɪɨɜɿɥɶɧɢɯ ɡɚɫɚɞɚɯ ɡ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ ɪɿɡɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɮɿɥɸ, ɹɤɿ ɧɟ ɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɫɨɛɨɸ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɞɨɯɨɞɿɜ, ɨɛ’ɽɞɧɚɧɢɯ ɧɚɫɚɦɩɟɪɟɞ ɞɥɹ ɜɢɪɨɛɥɟɧɧɹ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɿɜ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɥɿɰɟɧɡɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɪɟɚɥɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɧɚɜɱɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɫɩɿɥɶɧɢɯ ɿɧɬɟɪɟɫɿɜ. 166
ɉɢɬɚɧɧɹ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ 1. Ɉɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɣɬɟ ɡɦɿɫɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɭ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɦ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɨɦ. 2. ɉɪɨɚɧɚɥɿɡɭɣɬɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɿɡɦ, ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ, ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢ ɩɨɛɭɞɨɜɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɣɧɨʀ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ. 3. ɇɚɡɜɿɬɶ ɿ ɞɚɣɬɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɭ ɬɢɩɨɜɢɦ ɜɢɞɚɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɣɧɢɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ. 4. Ɉɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɣɬɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɡɚ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɤɬɨɦ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ, ɧɚɡɜɿɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɜɚɝɢ ɬɚ ɧɟɞɨɥɿɤɢ ɰɿɽʀ ɮɨɪɦɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ. 5. Ɉɩɢɲɿɬɶ ɦɟɯɚɧɿɡɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɭ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɢɧɝɚ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ. 6. əɤɿ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɿ ɞɥɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɭ ɨɪɟɧɞɢ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ?
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Ɋɨɡɞɿɥ 4 əɄȱɋɌɖ ɈȻɋɅɍȽɈȼɍȼȺɇɇə ɍ ȽɈɌȿɅɖɇȱɃ ɋɎȿɊȱ
4.1. ɉɨɧɹɬɬɹ ɬɚ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ əɤɿɫɬɶ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ — ɰɟ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɚ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɹ, ɨɞɢɧ ɡ ɧɚɣɜɚɠɥɢɜɿɲɢɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɧɢɤɿɜ ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɿ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ, ɨɛ’ɽɤɬ ɚɧɚɥɿɡɭ, ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ. Ƚɨɥɨɜɧɨɸ ɫɤɥɚɞɨɜɨɸ ɜɫɿɽʀ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɹɤɿɫɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɽ ɹɤɿɫɬɶ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ. Ɂɝɿɞɧɨ ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɭ ȱɋɈ 9000, ɹɤɿɫɬɶ — ɰɟ ɫɭɤɭɩɧɿɫɬɶ ɜɥɚɫɬɢɜɨɫɬɟɣ ɿ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɹɤɿ ɡɞɚɬɧɿ ɡɚɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɹɬɢ ɨɛɭɦɨɜɥɟɧɿ ɚɛɨ ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɭɜɚɧɿ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢ ɫɩɨɠɢɜɚɱɿɜ. əɤɿɫɬɶ ɫɩɨɧɭɤɚɽ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ ɨɛɪɚɬɢ ɬɨɣ ɚɛɨ ɿɧɲɢɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ (ɹɤɳɨ ɧɟ ɛɪɚɬɢ ɞɨ ɭɜɚɝɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɰɿɧɢ), ɭ ɞɟɹɤɢɯ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɚɯ ɪɢɧɤɭ, ɹɤɿɫɬɶ ɜɩɥɢɜɚɽ ɧɚ ɪɿɲɟɧɧɹ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ ɫɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɬɢɫɶ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɚɦɢ ɩɟɜɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ, ɚ ɧɟ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ-ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɚ. Ɇɿɠ ɹɤɿɫɬɸ ɿ ɭɫɩɿɲɧɨɸ ɪɟɚɥɿɡɚɰɿɽɸ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɿɫɧɭɽ ɩɪɹɦɨ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɿɣɧɚ ɡɚɥɟɠɧɿɫɬɶ, ɬɨɦɭ ɩɨɝɿɪɲɟɧɧɹ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɡɭɦɨɜɥɸɽ ɜɬɪɚɬɭ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ. ɉɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ, ɹɤɢɦɢ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɧɚ ɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɫɭɫɩɿɥɶɫɬɜɚ, ɡɚɝɚɥɨɦ ɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɨ ɜɜɚɠɚɬɢ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɚɦɢ ɜɢɳɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɭ, ɧɟɡɚɥɟɠɧɨ ɜɿɞ ʀɯɧɶɨʀ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɰɿɧɢ ɿ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ, ɰɟ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ, ɹɤɢɦɢ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɧɹ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɟɩɿɡɨɞɢɱɧɨ. ɍ ɤɨɠɧɨɦɭ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ ɝɿɫɬɶ ɨɛɢɪɚɽ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ, ɹɤɿ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɸɬɶ ɣɨɝɨ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɿɹɦ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ. ɇɚɣɛɿɥɶɲɿ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ ɪɟɚɥɿɡɭɜɚɬɢ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɦɚɽ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɟ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɨ, ɹɤɟ: — ɫɩɪɨɦɨɠɧɟ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɩɨɩɢɬɭ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ ɡɚɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɢɬɢ ɭ ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲ ɩɨɜɧɨɦɭ ɨɛɫɹɡɿ ʀɯɧɿ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢ; — ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɽ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɜ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɫɩɿɜɜɿɞɧɨɲɟɧɧɿ ɰɿɧɚɹɤɿɫɬɶ; — ɪɟɚɥɿɡɭɽ ɧɨɜɢɣ ɪɿɜɟɧɶ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ, ɳɨ ɫɬɚɽ ɜɚɝɨɦɨɸ ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɿɽɸ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɛɭɬɬɹ ɩɨɫɬɿɣɧɢɯ ɿ ɡɚɥɭɱɟɧɧɹ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ. 168
ɇɟɡɚɥɟɠɧɨ ɜɿɞ ɡɭɫɢɥɶ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ, ɞɥɹ ɩɿɞɬɪɢɦɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɜɢɫɨɤɨʀ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɩɪɨɜɿɞɧɚ ɿɞɟɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɹɤɿɫɬɸ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɨɪɿɽɧɬɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ ɧɚ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ, ɩɨɜɧɟ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ ɣɨɝɨ ɜɢɦɨɝ. Ɇɟɯɚɧɿɡɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɹɤɿɫɬɸ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɫɩɪɹɦɨɜɭɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɧɚ ɜɢɪɨɛɥɟɧɧɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɫɶɤɢɯ ɪɿɲɟɧɶ ɿ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɟɧɧɹ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɭ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɫɶɤɢɯ ɞɿɣ ɳɨɞɨ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɪɟɚɥɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɜɢɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɪɿɜɧɹ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ. ɍ ɦɿɠɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɨɦɭ ɞɨɫɜɿɞɿ ɳɨɞɨ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɜɢɞɿɥɹɽɬɶɫɹ ɞɜɚ ɩɿɞɯɨɞɢ: — ɹɤɿɫɬɶ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɿ ɨɰɿɧɤɢ ɤɨɪɢɫɧɢɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɭ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ; — ɨɰɿɧɤɚ ɧɟɞɨɥɿɤɿɜ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ. Ɂɝɿɞɧɨ ɩɟɪɲɨɝɨ ɩɿɞɯɨɞɭ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɿɽɦ ɜɢɫɨɤɨʀ ɨɰɿɧɤɢ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɽ ɧɚɹɜɧɿɫɬɶ ɤɨɪɢɫɧɢɯ ɜɥɚɫɬɢɜɨɫɬɟɣ ɿ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɟɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɭ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɹɤɿ ɡɭɦɨɜɥɸɸɬɶ ɡɚɞɨɜɨɥɟɧɧɹ ɭ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ. ɋɭɬɧɿɫɬɶ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ ɩɿɞɯɨɞɭ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɜɿɞɫɭɬɧɿɫɬɸ ɧɟɞɨɥɿɤɿɜ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɳɨ ɫɩɪɢɹɽ ɞɨɫɹɝɧɟɧɧɸ ɜɢɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɪɿɜɧɹ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ. ɓɨɞɨ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɚɫɚɦɩɟɪɟɞ ɜɢɞɿɥɹɽɬɶɫɹ ɹɩɨɧɫɶɤɢɣ ɿ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɶɤɢɣ ɩɿɞɯɨɞɢ. əɩɨɧɫɶɤɿ ɮɚɯɿɜɰɿ ɜɢɞɿɥɹɸɬɶ ɩ’ɹɬɶ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɢɯ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɣ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ: — ɜɧɭɬɪɿɲɧɸ ɹɤɿɫɬɶ (ɧɟɩɨɦɿɬɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɫɩɨɠɢɜɚɱɿɜ) — ɜɢɹɜɥɹɽɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿʀ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɿɣ ɜɡɚɽɦɨɞɿʀ ɩɿɞɪɨɡɞɿɥɿɜ; — ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɶɧɚ ɹɤɿɫɬɶ (ɩɨɦɿɬɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɫɩɨɠɢɜɚɱɿɜ) — ɜɿɞɨɛɪɚɠɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɹɯ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɧɹ ɿɧɬɟɪ’ɽɪɭ — ɞɢɡɚɣɧɿ, ɭɦɟɛɥɸɜɚɧɧɿ, ɛɿɥɢɡɧɿ, ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɩɨɫɭɞɭ, ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɜɚɧɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɚɯ ɬɚ ɿɧ; — ɧɟɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɶɧɚ ɹɤɿɫɬɶ — ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɪɿɜɧɟɦ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɭ, ɟɫɬɟɬɢɱɧɢɦ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɧɹɦ, ɧɚɹɜɧɿɫɬɸ ɦɭɡɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɧɹ, ɪɟɤɥɚɦɢ; — ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɚ ɹɤɿɫɬɶ — ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɽɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɞɨɬɪɢɦɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɿɜ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɸɱɢɦ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɨɦ; — ɬɪɢɜɚɥɿɫɬɶ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ — ɨɯɨɩɥɸɽ ɱɚɫ ɨɱɿɤɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɿɫɬɶ ɬɚ ɲɜɢɞɤɿɫɬɶ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ. 169
Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɶɤɿ ɮɚɯɿɜɰɿ ɹɤɿɫɬɶ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɪɨɡɝɥɹɞɚɸɬɶ ɭ ɫɤɥɚɞɿ ɬɪɶɨɯ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɣ: — ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɨʀ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ — ɞɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɦ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɨɦ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɢɯ ɜɢɦɨɝ ɳɨɞɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɶɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɨʀ ɛɚɡɢ: ɚɪɯɿɬɟɤɬɭɪɢ ɿ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɛɭɞɿɜɥɿ, ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɧɹ ɿɧɬɟɪ’ɽɪɭ, ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ ɹɤɿɫɧɢɦɢ ɦɟɛɥɹɦɢ, ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɢɦ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹɦ ɞɥɹ ɜɨɞɨɩɨɫɬɚɱɚɧɧɹ, ɩɨɫɬɚɱɚɧɧɹ ɬɟɩɥɚ, ɟɧɟɪɝɿʀ, ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɣɧɢɦɢ ɤɨɦɭɧɿɤɚɰɿɹɦɢ ɬɚ ɿɧ.; — ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɚ ɹɤɿɫɬɶ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɿɡ ɡɞɚɬɧɿɫɬɸ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ ɹɤɿɫɧɨ ɜɢɤɨɧɭɜɚɬɢ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɣɧɿ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɢ, ɜɿɞɨɛɪɚɠɚɽ ɟɮɟɤɬɧɿ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ — ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɿɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɭ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ, ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿʀ ɿ ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɧɹ, ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɚɯ ɬɚ ɿɧ.; — ɟɬɢɱɧɚ (ɫɨɰɿɚɥɶɧɚ) ɹɤɿɫɬɶ — ɰɟ ɩɨɡɢɰɿʀ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ ɧɚ ɪɢɧɤɭ, ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɿ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɿ ɦɨɧɿɬɨɪɢɧɝɭ ɪɢɧɤɭ ɫɟɪɟɞ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ, ɧɟɡɚɥɟɠɧɢɯ ɟɤɫɩɟɪɬɿɜ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɫɨɰɿɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɢɯ ɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɶ. əɤɿɫɬɶ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɽ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɢɦ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɹɦ ɧɟɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɰɬɜɚ ɿ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɬɚɤɢɦɢ ɪɢɫɚɦɢ: ɧɟɜɿɞɱɭɬɧɿɫɬɶ, ɧɟɡɞɚɬɧɿɫɬɶ ɞɨ ɡɛɟɪɿɝɚɧɧɹ, ɦɿɧɥɢɜɿɫɬɶ ɭ ɞɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɿ ɹɤɿɫɧɢɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɧɢɤɿɜ. Ƚɨɬɟɥɶɧɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɢɦ ɱɢɧɨɦ ɧɟɜɿɞɱɭɬɧɿ, ɨɫɤɿɥɶɤɢ ɧɟ ɡɭɦɨɜɥɸɸɬɶ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɛɥɚɝ, ɜɨɧɢ ɧɟ ɿɫɧɭɸɬɶ ɞɨ ʀɯɧɶɨɝɨ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ. ɇɟɜɿɞɱɭɬɧɿɫɬɶ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɭɧɟɦɨɠɥɢɜɥɸɽ ɨɰɿɧɤɭ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɞɨ ɫɩɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ, ɹɤɿɫɬɶ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɩɨɪɿɜɧɹɬɢ ɥɢɲɟ ɩɿɫɥɹ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɜɢɝɨɞɢ. əɤɨɫɬɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɜɥɚɫɬɢɜɚ ɜɢɫɨɤɚ ɧɟɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɿɫɬɶ, ɹɤɚ ɭɬɪɭɞɧɸɽ ʀɯɧɽ ɫɩɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚɦɢ ɬɚ ɩɪɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɧɚ ɪɢɧɨɤ. ɍɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɹɤɿɫɬɸ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚɯ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɮɨɪɦɿ ɡɨɜɧɿɲɧɶɨɝɨ ɿ ɜɧɭɬɪɿɲɧɶɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ. Ɂɨɜɧɿɲɧɿɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɢɦɢ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɚɦɢ ɜɿɞɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɯ ɭ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɜɱɿɣ, ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɿɣ ɛɚɡɿ ɬɚ ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɯ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɚɯ ɳɨɞɨ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɭ ɫɮɟɪɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɛɿɡɧɟɫɭ, ɹɤɿ ɜ ɩɟɜɧɨɦɭ ɨɛɫɹɡɿ ɜɪɚɯɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɢɦɢ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɚɦɢ, ɩɪɨɰɟɫɨɦ ɪɟɚɥɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɿɜ ɭ ɮɨɪɦɿ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ, ɥɿɰɟɧɡɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɟɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɢɦɢ ɩɪɨɮɿɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɹɦɢ, ɫɨɸɡɚɦɢ, ɚɫɨɰɿɚɰɿɹɦɢ, ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɿɹɦɢ, ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚɦɢ, ɳɨ ɫɩɿɜɩɪɚɰɸɸɬɶ ɡ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɭ ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɿ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɭ. ɇɚɣɛɿɥɶɲɢɣ ɡɨɜɧɿɲɧɿɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɫɩɨɠɢɜɚɱɚɦɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ. 170
ȼɧɭɬɪɿɲɧɿɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɰɿɽɸ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ ɿ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹɦ ɹɤɿɫɬɸ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ, ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿʀ, ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɜɡɚɽɦɨɞɿʀ, ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɶɧɨɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ, ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɢɦ ɪɿɜɧɟɦ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɭ. Ɂɨɜɧɿɲɧɿɣ ɬɚ ɜɧɭɬɪɿɲɧɿɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɚɽ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɢɯ, ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɣɧɢɯ ɬɚ ɫɨɰɿɚɥɶɧɨ-ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɢɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɿɜ. ȿɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɿ ɦɟɬɨɞɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɩɨɫɿɞɚɸɬɶ ɧɚɣɜɚɠɥɢɜɿɲɟ ɦɿɫɰɟ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɿ ɦɟɬɨɞɿɜ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬɭ. ɐɟ ɡɭɦɨɜɥɟɧɟ ɬɢɦ, ɬɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɫɶɤɿ ɜɿɞɧɨɫɢɧɢ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɚɫɚɦɩɟɪɟɞ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɢɦɢ ɜɿɞɧɨɫɢɧɚɦɢ, ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɹɤɢɯ ɩɨɤɥɚɞɟɧɨ ɨɛ’ɽɤɬɢɜɧɿ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢ ɣ ɿɧɬɟɪɟɫɢ ɥɸɞɟɣ. ȼɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɫɭɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɿ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɢɯ ɜɚɠɟɥɿɜ, ɡɚ ɞɨɩɨɦɨɝɨɸ ɹɤɢɯ ɞɨɫɹɝɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɟɮɟɤɬ, ɳɨ ɡɚɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɹɽ ɜɢɦɨɝɢ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɭ ɜ ɰɿɥɨɦɭ ɣ ɤɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤɚ ɡɨɤɪɟɦɚ ɽ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɨɜɢɦ ɩɢɬɚɧɧɹɦ ɞɥɹ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɛɿɡɧɟɫɭ. ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɢɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɿɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɩɨɞɿɥɹɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɦɟɬɨɞɢ, ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɟɧɿ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɢɦ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɜɫɬɜɨɦ ɿ ɬɚɤɿ, ɳɨ ɡɚɫɬɨɫɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɛɟɡɩɨɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨ ɤɟɪɿɜɧɢɰɬɜɨɦ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ. Ⱦɨ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɢɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɿɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ, ɡɚɫɬɨɫɨɜɭɜɚɧɢɯ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɨɸ ɜɿɞɧɨɫɹɬɶ: ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɩɿɥɶɝ ɬɚ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɿɜ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɨɩɨɞɚɬɤɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɰɿɧɨɜɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɿ ɫɚɧɤɰɿʀ. Ⱦɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɿɜ, ɡɚɫɬɨɫɨɜɭɜɚɧɢɯ ɤɟɪɿɜɧɢɰɬɜɨɦ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ ɜɿɞɧɨɫɹɬɶ: ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɸɜɚɧɧɹ, ɦɟɬɨɞ ɝɨɫɩɪɨɡɪɚɯɭɧɤɭ ɬɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɶɧɿ ɫɚɧɤɰɿʀ. Ʉɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɢɣ ɧɚɛɿɪ ɿ ɡɦɿɫɬ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɢɯ ɜɚɠɟɥɿɜ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɿɤɨɸ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɛɿɡɧɟɫɭ. ȼ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɫɶɤɿɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɰɿ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ ɰɿɽʀ ɫɮɟɪɢ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɿ ɦɟɬɨɞɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɜɢɫɬɭɩɚɸɬɶ ɭ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ: ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɟ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɸɜɚɧɧɹ, ɮɿɧɚɧɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɤɪɟɞɢɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɣ ɰɿɧɨɭɬɜɨɪɨɧɧɹ. ȿɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɿɫɬɶ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɢɯ ɜɚɠɟɥɿɜ ɿ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɿɜ, ɳɨ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɸɬɶ ɡɦɿɫɬ ɤɨɠɧɨʀ ɮɨɪɦɢ, ɡɚɥɟɠɢɬɶ, ɜɿɞ ɭɦɨɜ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɶɤɨʀ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ. ɍɞɨɫɤɨɧɚɥɟɧɧɹ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɢɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɿɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɬɿɫɧɨ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɟ ɿɡ ɭɞɨɫɤɨɧɚɥɟɧɧɹɦ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɿɜ, ɳɨ ɽ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨ ɜɚɠɥɢɜɢɦ, ɨɫɤɿɥɶɤɢ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɿ ɦɟɬɨɞɢ ɽ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɸ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɨɸ ɫɤɥɚɞɨɜɨɸ ɦɟɯɚɧɿɡɦɭ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɣ ɜɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ ɜɢɫɬɭɩɚɸɬɶ ɛɚɡɨɸ ɪɟɚɥɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɣɧɨ-ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɢɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɿɜ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɨɸ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɣɧɨ-ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɢɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɿɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɽ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɣɧɿ ɜɿɞɧɨɫɢɧɢ, ɹɤɿ ɽ ɫɤɥɚɞɨɜɨɸ ɦɟɯɚɧɿɡɦɭ 171
ɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬɭ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɛɿɡɧɟɫɭ. Ɉɫɤɿɥɶɤɢ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɧɢɯ ɛɟɡɩɨɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨ ɪɟɚɥɿɡɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɨɞɧɚ ɡ ɧɚɣɜɚɠɥɢɜɿɲɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɣ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ — ɮɭɧɤɰɿɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ, ɬɨɦɭ ɡɚɜɞɚɧɧɹɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɣɧɨ-ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɨʀ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɽ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɰɿɹ ɞɿɣ ɩɿɞɥɟɝɥɢɯ. Ȼɟɡ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɣɧɨ-ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɜɩɥɢɜɭ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɪɟɚɥɿɡɭɜɚɬɢɫɹ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɿ ɦɟɬɨɞɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ, ɜɩɥɢɜ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽ ɱɿɬɤɿɫɬɶ, ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɿɧɨɜɚɧɿɫɬɶ ɿ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɭ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɭ. Ɉɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɣɧɨ-ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɿ ɦɟɬɨɞɢ ɡɭɦɨɜɥɸɸɬɶ ɩɪɹɦɢɣ ɜɩɥɢɜ ɧɚ ɨɛ’ɽɤɬ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ, ɩɪɢ ɰɶɨɦɭ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɚɤɚɡɢ, ɪɨɡɩɨɪɹɞɠɟɧɧɹ, ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɿ ɜɤɚɡɿɜɤɢ, ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɡɚ ʀɯ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹɦ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɢɯ ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ ɩɿɞɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɬɪɭɞɨɜɨʀ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɿɧɢ. ɇɚɣɜɚɠɥɢɜɿɲɚ ɦɟɬɚ ɰɢɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɿɜ — ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɟ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɨɫɬɟɣ ɩɿɞɜɢɳɟɧɧɹ ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɿ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɰɬɜɚ ɲɥɹɯɨɦ ɚɧɚɥɿɡɭ, ɜɢɛɨɪɭ, ɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɜɡɚɽɦɨɞɿʀ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɢɯ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɿɜ. əɤɿɫɬɶ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɬɢ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɦ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɚɦ. Ɏɨɪɦɚ ɿ ɡɦɿɫɬ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɿɜ ɽ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɿɽɦ ɹɤɿɫɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ. Ʉɪɢɬɟɪɿɣ ɨɰɿɧɤɢ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɞɥɹ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ — ɰɟ ɫɬɭɩɿɧɶ ɣɨɝɨ ɡɚɞɨɜɨɥɟɧɧɹ, ɬɨɛɬɨ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɿɫɬɶ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɨɝɨ ɿ ɨɱɿɤɭɜɚɧɨɝɨ. Ʉɪɢɬɟɪɿɽɦ ɡɚɞɨɜɨɥɟɧɧɹ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ — ɽ ɛɚɠɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨ ɜɿɞɜɿɞɚɬɢ ɿ ɩɨɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɜɚɬɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ ɿ ɡɚɥɭɱɢɬɢ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ ɛɿɥɶɲɟ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ ɫɟɪɟɞ ɡɧɚɣɨɦɢɯ ɿ ɪɨɞɢɱɿɜ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɢɦ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɦ, ɳɨ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽ ɜɡɚɽɦɨɜɿɞɧɨɫɢɧɢ ɦɿɠ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɰɿɽɸ, ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɨɦ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ ɿ ɫɩɨɠɢɜɚɱɚɦɢ ɽ «ɉɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ», ɪɨɡɪɨɛɥɟɧɿ ɭ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ ɞɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɭ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ «ɉɪɨ ɡɚɯɢɫɬ ɩɪɚɜ ɫɩɨɠɢɜɚɱɿɜ». Ɂɝɿɞɧɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɥ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɹɤɿɫɬɶ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɬɢ ɭɦɨɜɚɦ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɭ, ɹɤɳɨ ɞɨɝɨɜɿɪ ɜɿɞɫɭɬɧɿɣ ɚɛɨ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɧɶɨ ɨɛʉɪɭɧɬɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɜɢɦɨɝɚɦ, ɳɨ ɜɢɫɭɜɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɞɨ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɜɢɞɭ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ. ɇɚ ɹɤɿɫɬɶ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɜɩɥɢɜɚɸɬɶ ɬɚɤɿ ɱɢɧɧɢɤɢ: — ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɶɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɚ ɛɚɡɚ — ɡɪɭɱɧɟ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɹɤɿɫɧɟ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ, ɭɦɟɛɥɸɜɚɧɧɹ, ɹɤɿɫɬɶ ɛɿɥɢɡɧɢ, ɫɭɱɚɫɧɿ ɬɟɥɟɤɨɦɭɧɿɤɚɰɿʀ; — ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɹ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ; — ɜɢɫɨɤɢɣ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɨɧɚɥɿɡɦ ɿ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɿɫɬɶ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɸɱɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ; 172
— ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɹɤɿɫɬɸ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɳɨ ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɚɽ ɪɨɡɪɨɛɤɭ ɿ ɜɩɪɨɜɚɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɿɜ ɹɤɿɫɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɧɚɜɱɚɧɧɹ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ, ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ, ɤɨɪɢɝɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɜɞɨɫɤɨɧɚɥɟɧɧɹ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɲɥɹɯɨɦ ɪɨɡɪɨɛɤɢ ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨʀ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɣɧɨʀ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ. ɍɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɹɤɿɫɬɸ ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɚɽ ɧɚɹɜɧɿɫɬɶ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɫɶɤɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ, ɳɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸɸɬɶ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɸ ɿ ɩɪɨɩɨɡɢɰɿɸ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ: — ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɩɿɞɛɨɪɭ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ ɿ ɣɨɝɨ ɧɚɜɱɚɧɧɹ. Ⱥɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɰɿɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɭɜɚɬɢ ɤɚɞɪɨɜɭ ɫɥɭɠɛɭ, ɳɨ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽ ɩɿɞɛɿɪ ɩɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤɿɜ, ɹɤɿ ɜɨɥɨɞɿɸɬɶ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɢɦɢ ɡɧɚɧɧɹɦɢ, ɦɚɸɬɶ ɧɚɜɢɤɢ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɜɢɫɨɤɨʀ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ, ɩɨɫɬɿɣɧɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸɽ ɩɿɞɜɢɳɟɧɧɹ ɤɜɚɥɿɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ; — ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ, ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɚɰɿɸ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ. ɉɪɢ ɪɨɡɪɨɛɰɿ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɿɜ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɜɥɚɫɧɢɤɢ ɿ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɱɿɬɤɨ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɢɬɢ ɰɿɥɶ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɚɰɿʀ. ɋɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɝɧɭɱɤɢɦɢ, ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɬɢ ɜɢɦɨɝɚɦ ɿ ɩɨɛɚɠɚɧɧɹɦ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ; — ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɹ ɡɚɞɨɜɨɥɟɧɧɹ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɚɽ ɚɧɚɥɿɡ ɫɤɚɪɝ ɿ ɩɪɨɩɨɡɢɰɿɣ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ, ɩɨɪɿɜɧɹɧɧɹ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɿɜ ɡ ɹɤɿɫɬɸ ɜɥɚɫɧɨʀ ɩɪɨɩɨɡɢɰɿʀ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɱɢɧɨɦ, ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɹɤɿɫɬɸ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɚɽ ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɩɿɞɜɢɳɟɧɧɹ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɞɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɪɦ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɿɜ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ. ȿɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɹɤɿɫɬɸ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɨ ɜɪɚɯɨɜɭɜɚɬɢ: — ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɿ ɦɚɪɤɟɬɢɧɝɨɜɿ ɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɧɹ; — ɡɚɩɪɨɜɚɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɝɚɥɭɡɟɜɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɭ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ; — ɪɨɡɪɨɛɤɭ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿʀ (ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨʀ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ) ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɱɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿɜ; — ɡɚɩɪɨɜɚɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɤɜɚɥɿɮɿɤɚɰɿɣɧɢɯ ɜɢɦɨɝ ɞɨ ɩɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤɿɜ (ɤɜɚɥɿɮɿɤɚɰɿɣɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɭ); — ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɿɜ ɩɪɚɰɿ (ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɿɜ ɜɢɪɨɛɿɬɤɭ); — ɜɢɧɚɝɨɪɨɞɭ ɿ ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɿɸ ɩɪɚɰɿ; — ɧɚɹɜɧɿɫɬɶ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨʀ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɢ. Ɇɚɪɤɟɬɢɧɝɨɜɿ ɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ — ɰɟ ɫɤɥɚɞɧɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɜɢɜɱɟɧɧɹ ɪɢɧɤɭ, ɩɨɡɢɰɿɣ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ ɧɚ ɪɢɧɤɭ, ɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɩɢɬɭ, ɜɢɹɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɲɥɹɯɿɜ ɡɚɞɨɜɨɥɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɬɪɟɛ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ. 173
Ɂɚɩɪɨɜɚɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɝɚɥɭɡɟɜɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɭ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ, ɩɨɫɬɿɣɧɢɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɽɞɢɧɢɣ ɩɿɞɯɿɞ ɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɿ ɨɰɿɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɿ ɫɩɨɠɢɜɚɱɚɦɢ, ɛɟɡɩɟɪɟɪɜɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɣɧɨʀ ɩɿɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ. ȼɧɭɬɪɿɲɧɿɣ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɿ ɿɞɟɧɬɢɮɿɤɭɽ ɣɨɝɨ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɭ ɦɚɪɤɭ ɿ ɡɦɿɰɧɸɽ ɩɨɡɢɰɿʀ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ ɭ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨɦɭ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɿ ɪɢɧɤɭ. Ʉɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɿ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢ ɜɿɞɨɛɪɚɠɚɸɬɶ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɞɧɿɣ ɞɨɫɜɿɞ ɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɿ ɹɤɿɫɬɸ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɨɦ, ɿɞɟɧɬɢɮɿɤɭɸɬɶ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɚɰɿɸ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ, ɪɨɡɜɢɬɨɤ ɫɩɨɠɢɜɱɨɝɨ ɩɨɩɢɬɭ ɧɚ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ, ʀɯɧɿ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɿɱɧɿ ɜɥɚɫɬɢɜɨɫɬɿ ɿ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɿɸ. ɋɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ ɤɨɠɟɧ ɜɿɞɨɦɢɣ ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɣ ɛɪɟɧɞ ɦɚɽ ɫɜɿɣ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɢɣ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬ, ɹɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɨɬɪɢɦɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɟɡɚɥɟɠɧɨ ɜɿɞ ɤɪɚʀɧɢ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ, ɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɭ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɭ ɰɿɣ ɤɪɚʀɧɿ. ȼɿɞɨɦɿ ɫɜɿɬɨɜɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɿʀ ɫɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ ɦɚɸɬɶ ɫɮɨɪɦɨɜɚɧɭ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɭ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɭ — ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɰɿɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɿ ɩɟɪɟɤɨɧɚɧɶ, ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɭ ɫɜɿɞɨɦɿɫɬɶ, ɦɟɧɬɚɥɿɬɟɬ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ, ɹɤɨɝɨ ɞɨɬɪɢɦɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɜɫɿ ɩɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤɢ. Ʉɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɚ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɚ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽ ɩɨɜɟɞɿɧɤɭ ɩɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤɿɜ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ, ʀɯɧɿ ɫɬɨɫɭɧɤɢ ɡ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚɦɢ, ɤɟɪɿɜɧɢɤɚɦɢ, ɩɨɫɬɚɱɚɥɶɧɢɤɚɦɢ, ɿɧɲɢɦɢ ɡɚɞɿɹɧɢɦɢ ɭ ɛɿɡɧɟɫɿ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɹɦɢ ɩɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤɿɜ. Ʉɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɚ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɚ ɫɟɪɟɞ ɩɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤɿɜ ɫɬɜɨɪɸɽ ɩɨɱɭɬɬɹ ɜɿɞɞɚɧɨɫɬɿ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ, ɧɚɦɚɝɚɧɧɹ ɞɨɫɹɝɬɢ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɯ ɰɿɥɟɣ. ȼɚɠɥɢɜɨɸ ɫɤɥɚɞɨɜɨɸ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨʀ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɢ ɽ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ Ɂɚɝɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɹɤɿɫɬɸ (TQM), ɡɨɪɿɽɧɬɨɜɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɡɚɞɨɜɨɥɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɩɢɬɭ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɭ TQM ɮɨɪɦɭɸɬɶ ɬɚɤɿ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢ: — ɨɪɿɽɧɬɚɰɿɹ ɧɚ ɫɩɨɠɢɜɚɱɚ. Ƚɨɬɟɥɶɧɟ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɨ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɢɬɢ ɩɨɬɨɱɧɿ ɿ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɿ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢ ɫɜɨʀɯ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ, ɜɢɤɨɧɭɜɚɬɢ ʀɯɧɿ ɩɨɛɚɠɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɧɚɦɚɝɚɬɢɫɶ ɩɟɪɟɜɟɪɲɢɬɢ ʀɯɧɿ ɨɱɿɤɭɜɚɧɧɹ; — ɥɿɞɟɪɫɬɜɨ ɤɟɪɿɜɧɢɤɚ. Ʉɟɪɿɜɧɢɤɢ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɸɬɶ ɽɞɧɿɫɬɶ ɰɿɥɿ ɿ ɧɚɩɪɹɦɤɭ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ. ȼɨɧɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɫɬɜɨɪɸɜɚɬɢ ɿ ɩɿɞɬɪɢɦɭɜɚɬɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɿɲɧɸ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɭ, ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɜɚɬɢ ɩɨɜɧɟ ɡɚɥɭɱɟɧɧɹ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɭ ɜɢɪɿɲɟɧɧɹ ɡɚɜɞɚɧɶ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ; — ɡɚɥɭɱɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤɿɜ. ɉɟɪɫɨɧɚɥ ɭɫɿɯ ɪɿɜɧɿɜ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ, ɩɨɜɧɟ ɡɚɥɭɱɟɧɧɹ ɡɭɦɨɜɥɸɽ ɧɚɣɩɨɜɧɿɲɟ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ʀɯɧɿɯ ɡɞɿɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ; 174
— ɩɿɞɯɿɞ ɞɨ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɹɤ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɭ. ɐɿɥɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ ɞɨɫɹɝɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɡɧɚɱɧɨ ɲɜɢɞɲɟ ɬɨɞɿ, ɤɨɥɢ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ ɿ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚɦɢ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɹɤ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɨɦ; — ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɢɣ ɩɿɞɯɿɞ ɞɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ. ɍɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɹɤɿɫɬɸ ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɟ ɭ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ ɜɫɟɛɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɡɭɦɿɧɧɹ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɿ ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬɭ ɜɡɚɽɦɨɩɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿɜ ɹɤ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɩɿɞɜɢɳɟɧɧɹ ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɿ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɩɪɢ ɞɨɫɹɝɧɟɧɧɿ ʀʀ ɰɿɥɟɣ; — ɩɨɫɬɿɣɧɟ ɩɿɞɜɢɳɟɧɧɹ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɿɜ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ — ɜ ɰɿɥɨɦɭ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɪɨɡɝɥɹɞɚɬɢ ɹɤ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɭ, ɧɟɡɦɿɧɧɭ ɰɿɥɶ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ. Ƚɨɥɨɜɧɿ ɜɢɦɨɝɢ ɹɤɿɫɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɳɨɞɨ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚɯ: — ɜɜɿɱɥɢɜɿɫɬɶ — ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɥɸɛ’ɹɡɧɢɦ, ɩɪɢɜɿɬɧɢɦ, ɭɜɚɠɧɢɦ ɭ ɫɬɨɫɭɧɤɚɯ ɡ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚɦɢ; — ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɿɫɬɶ — ɧɟɡɚɥɟɠɧɨ ɜɿɞ ɩɨɫɚɞɨɜɢɯ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɿɜ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɜɨɥɨɞɿɬɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɢɦɢ ɡɧɚɧɧɹɦɢ ɿ ɧɚɜɢɤɚɦɢ ɡɞɨɛɭɬɢɦɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɣɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɜɱɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɫɬɚɠɭɜɚɧɧɹ; — ɤɨɦɭɧɿɤɚɛɟɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ — ɲɜɢɞɤɚ ɪɟɚɤɰɿɹ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ ɿ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɧɚɣɤɨɪɨɬɲɿ ɬɟɪɦɿɧɢ ɩɨɛɚɠɚɧɶ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ; — ɪɨɡɭɦɿɧɧɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɦɟɧɬɭ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ — ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɸɱɢɣ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɪɨɡɭɦɿɬɢ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɿʀ ɤɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ; — ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ ɬɚ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɛɟɡɩɟɱɧɢɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɠɢɬɬɹ ɬɚ ɡɞɨɪɨɜ’ɹ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ, ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɧɢɦɢ, ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɭɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɞɨɜɿɪɨɸ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ; — ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɿɫɬɶ — ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɢɦɢ ɜ ɩɨɬɪɿɛɧɢɣ ɱɚɫ ɿ ɩɨɬɪɿɛɧɨɦɭ ɦɿɫɰɿ ɜ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨɦɭ ɨɛɫɹɡɿ. ȼɢɬɪɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɩɿɞɜɢɳɟɧɧɹ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɰɟ ɜɧɟɫɨɤ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɭ ɡɪɟɚɥɿɡɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɭ ɡɚɥɭɱɟɧɧɿ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɬɚ ɭɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɿ ɩɨɫɬɿɣɧɢɯ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ. ɐɟ ɬɜɟɪɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɩɿɞɬɜɟɪɞɠɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɧɹɦɢ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɜɢɫɧɨɜɤɿɜ ɹɤɢɯ — ɡɚɥɭɱɟɧɧɹ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ ɡɭɦɨɜɥɸɽ ɭ ɩ’ɹɬɶ ɪɚɡɿɜ ɛɿɥɶɲɟ ɜɢɬɪɚɬ ɡɚ ɭɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɫɬɿɣɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ ɲɥɹɯɨɦ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɹɤɿɫɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ. Ⱥɞɠɟ ɩɨɫɬɿɣɧɢɣ ɤɥɿɽɧɬ ɧɟ ɡɭɦɨɜɥɸɽ ɜɢɬɪɚɬ ɧɚ ɦɚɪɤɟɬɢɧɝ, ɜɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ ɡɚ ɭɦɨɜɢ ɡɚɞɨɜɨɥɟɧɧɹ ɜɿɞ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽ ɛɟɡɤɨɲɬɨɜɧɭ ɪɟɤɥɚɦɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ. 175
4.2. Ɇɟɯɚɧɿɡɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɹɤɿɫɬɸ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɍɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɹɤɿɫɬɸ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿɣ ɫɮɟɪɿ — ɨɞɧɚ ɿɡ ɫɤɥɚɞɨɜɢɯ ɦɟɯɚɧɿɡɦɭ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ, ɫɩɨɫɿɛ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ. ɍɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɹɤɿɫɬɸ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɨɯɨɩɥɸɽ ɤɨɪɢɝɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɜɿɞɧɨɫɢɧ ɦɿɠ ɭɱɚɫɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɭ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɦɿɠ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɨɦ ɿ ɫɩɨɠɢɜɚɱɚɦɢ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɮɨɪɦɚɦɢ ɿ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦɢ ɜɩɥɢɜɭ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɰɬɜɚ ɬɚ ɪɟɚɥɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɣɧɨɸ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɸ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɭɦɨɜɚɦɢ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ. Ɂɦɿɫɬ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɹɤɿɫɬɸ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɫɩɪɹɦɨɜɭɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɧɚ ɜɢɪɨɛɥɟɧɧɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɫɶɤɢɯ ɪɿɲɟɧɶ ɿ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɟɧɧɹ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɭ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɫɶɤɢɯ ɞɿɣ ɳɨɞɨ ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹ, ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɜɢɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɪɿɜɧɹ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ. ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɹɤɿɫɬɸ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɪɨɡɝɥɹɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɹɤ ɫɜɨɽɪɿɞɧɢɣ ɦɟɯɚɧɿɡɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɫɶɤɢɯ ɜɿɞɧɨɫɢɧ ɫɮɨɪɦɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɡ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɿɜ: — ɡɚɤɨɧɿɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɹɤɿɫɬɸ, ɬɨɛɬɨ ɡ ɫɭɬɬɽɜɢɯ ɩɟɪɿɨɞɢɱɧɨ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɸɜɚɧɢɯ ɜɡɚɽɦɨɡɜ’ɹɡɤɿɜ ɦɿɠ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɹɤɿɫɬɸ, ɹɤɿ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɸɬɶ ʀʀ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɰɿɥɿɫɧɿɫɬɶ; — ɨɛ’ɽɤɬɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɹɤɿɫɬɸ (ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɪɨɡɞɿɥɿɜ ɭ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ, ɤɟɪɿɜɧɢɤɿɜ ɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨɝɨ ɿ ɧɢɡɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɿɜɧɿɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɩɿɞɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɜɚɧɨɝɨ ʀɦ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ); — ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɹɤɿɫɬɸ — ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨʀ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɚɛɨ ɡ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɭ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɳɨ ɧɚɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ; — ɮɚɤɬɨɪɿɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɹɤɿɫɬɸ (ɧɚ ɳɨ ɫɩɪɹɦɨɜɚɧɨ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ ɭ ɫɮɟɪɿ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɡ ɦɟɬɨɸ ɞɨɫɹɝɧɟɧɧɹ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɯ ɰɿɥɟɣ); — ɮɭɧɤɰɿɣ ɬɚ ɦɟɬɨɞɿɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɹɤɿɫɬɸ — ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɢɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɿ ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ ɰɿɥɟɫɩɪɹɦɨɜɚɧɨɝɨ ɜɩɥɢɜɭ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɹɤɿɫɬɸ ɧɚ ɿɧɬɟɪɟɫɢ ɬɚ ɭɦɨɜɢ ɠɢɬɬɽɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɩɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤɿɜ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ; — ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿʀ — ɫɭɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɿ ɞɚɧɢɯ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɬɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɫɶɤɢɯ ɪɿɲɟɧɶ ɳɨɞɨ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ; — ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɢ — ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨɝɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɭ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɬɚ ɿɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɪɿɸ ɜɩɥɢɜɭ ɫɭɛ’ɽɤɬɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɹɤɿɫɬɸ ɧɚ ɨɛ’ɽɤɬ (ɩɥɚɧɿɜ, ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɣ, ɪɿɲɟɧɶ, ɧɨɪɦ ɬɚ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɿɜ, ɮɨɪɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɚ ɦɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɸɜɚɧɧɹ); 176
— ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɣɧɨʀ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢ — ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɿɜ, ɩɨɜɧɨɜɚɠɟɧɶ ɿ ɜɡɚɽɦɨɜɿɞɧɨɫɢɧ, ɩɨɞɚɧɢɯ ɭ ɜɢɝɥɹɞɿ ɫɯɟɦɢ, ɡɚ ɹɤɨɸ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɟ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɨ ɜɢɤɨɧɭɽ ɫɜɨʀ ɮɭɧɤɰɿʀ, ɬɨɛɬɨ ɡ ɜɧɭɬɪɿɲɧɶɨʀ ɛɭɞɨɜɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ, ɹɤɚ ɜɿɞɨɛɪɚɠɚɽ ɪɨɡɩɨɞɿɥ ɩɪɚɰɿ ɜ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɬɚ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɿɤɭ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɣ ɿ ɦɟɬɨɞɿɜ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɭ ɫɮɟɪɿ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ; — ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɢɯ ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ ɡɛɨɪɭ, ɨɛɪɨɛɤɢ ɬɚ ɡɛɟɪɟɠɟɧɧɹ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿʀ, ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿʀ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹ ɪɨɛɿɬ, ɹɤɿ ɩɿɞɜɢɳɭɸɬɶ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɿɫɬɶ ɬɚ ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɿɫɬɶ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɫɶɤɨʀ ɩɪɚɰɿ ɭ ɫɮɟɪɿ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ; — ɤɚɞɪɿɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɹɤɿɫɬɸ — ɤɟɪɿɜɧɢɤɿɜ, ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɫɬɿɜ, ɞɨɩɨɦɿɠɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ. Ɇɟɬɨɸ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɹɤɿɫɬɸ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɽ ɜɞɨɫɤɨɧɚɥɟɧɧɹ ɮɨɪɦ ɿ ɦɟɬɨɞɿɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɭ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ, ɫɩɪɹɦɨɜɚɧɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɿɩɲɟɧɧɹ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɬɚ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ ɫɬɿɣɤɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɬɭɫɭ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ. Ⱦɥɹ ɞɨɫɹɝɧɟɧɧɹ ɰɿɽʀ ɦɟɬɢ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɰɿɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɢɬɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɸ ɜɫɿɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɩɿɞɪɨɡɞɿɥɿɜ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ, ɫɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɨɜɚɧɭ ɧɚ ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɹɤɿɫɬɸ. ɍɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɹɤɿɫɬɸ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɚɬɢ ɜɢɜɱɟɧɧɹ ɪɢɧɤɭ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɦɚɪɤɟɬɢɧɝɨɜɢɯ ɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɶ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨ ɡ ɹɤɢɦɢ ɩɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɧɹ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɨ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛ ɫɩɨɠɢɜɚɱɿɜ. ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩɚɦɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɹɤɿɫɬɸ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɿ ɜɩɪɨɜɚɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɽ [10]: — ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ ɤɟɪɿɜɧɢɰɬɜɚ ɡɚ ɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɤɢ ɭ ɫɮɟɪɿ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɬɚ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ ɡɚɞɨɜɨɥɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɬɪɟɛ ɫɩɨɠɢɜɚɱɿɜ; — ɭ ɜɩɪɨɜɚɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɬɚ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɿ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɯ ɡɚɜɞɚɧɶ ɭ ɫɮɟɪɿ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɤɟɪɿɜɧɢɰɬɜɨ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɨ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɢɬɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɿ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɢ (ɤɜɚɥɿɮɿɤɨɜɚɧɿ ɬɪɭɞɨɜɿ ɬɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɶɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɿ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɢ); — ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɟ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɨ ɞɥɹ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɭ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɨ ɪɨɡɪɨɛɢɬɢ, ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨ ɨɮɨɪɦɢɬɢ, ɜɩɪɨɜɚɞɢɬɢ ɬɚ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɢɬɢ ɞɿɽɡɞɚɬɧɿɫɬɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɚɥɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɯ ɡɚɜɞɚɧɶ; — ɦɿɠ ɫɩɨɠɢɜɚɱɚɦɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɿ ɩɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɛɭɬɢ ɧɚɥɚɝɨɞɠɟɧɚ ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɚ ɜɡɚɽɦɨɞɿɹ, ɡɨɪɿɽɧɬɨɜɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɭ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɹɤɿɫɬɸ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɬɚ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ. 177
ɉɪɨɰɟɫ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɹɤɿɫɬɸ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ ɨɯɨɩɥɸɽ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɿɸ ɪɟɚɥɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ, ɳɨ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɿ ɧɚɩɪɹɦɤɢ ɬɚ ɰɿɥɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɭ ɫɮɟɪɿ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ, ɨɮɿɰɿɣɧɨ ɡɚɬɜɟɪɞɠɟɧɿ ɤɟɪɿɜɧɢɰɬɜɨɦ ɡ ɭɪɚɯɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ ɜɢɦɨɝ ɫɩɨɠɢɜɚɱɿɜ, ɡɚɜɞɚɧɶ ɭ ɫɮɟɪɿ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ, ɦɟɬɨɞɿɜ ʀɯ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹ, ɪɨɥɿ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ ɭ ɪɟɚɥɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɿʀ, ɿɦɿɞɠɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɬɚ ɿɧ. ɋɬɪɚɬɟɝɿɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ ɭ ɫɮɟɪɿ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɦɨɠɟ ɛɭɬɢ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɟɧɚ ɲɥɹɯɨɦ ɩɨɫɥɿɞɨɜɧɨʀ ɪɟɚɥɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɫɬɪɨɤɨɜɨʀ ɚɛɨ ɞɨɜɝɨɫɬɪɨɤɨɜɨʀ ɰɿɥɿ ɿ ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɚɬɢ: ɩɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɧɹ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɢɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɧɢɤɿɜ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ, ɞɨɫɹɝɧɟɧɧɹ ɜɢɳɨɝɨ ɪɿɜɧɹ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɳɨɞɨ ɪɿɜɧɹ ɩɪɨɜɿɞɧɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ, ɨɪɿɽɧɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɚ ɡɚɞɨɜɨɥɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɬɪɟɛ ɩɟɜɧɢɯ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɣ ɫɩɨɠɢɜɚɱɿɜ ɚɛɨ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɿɜ ɪɢɧɤɭ, ɪɨɡɜɢɬɨɤ ɿ ɩɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɧɹ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɨɸ ɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ ɭ ɫɮɟɪɿ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɽ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɜɱɚ ɬɚ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɚ ɛɚɡɚ ɭ ɫɮɟɪɿ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɚɰɿʀ ɬɚ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ. Ɂɚɫɨɛɨɦ ɪɟɚɥɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɿʀ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɽ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ, ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɹɤɨʀ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ, ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɹɤɿɫɬɸ, ɩɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɧɹ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ. ɉɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ — ɞɿɹɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ ɤɟɪɿɜɧɢɤɿɜ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɳɨɞɨ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɰɿɥɟɣ ɬɚ ɜɢɦɨɝ ɳɨɞɨ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɬɚ ɞɨ ɡɚɫɬɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɿɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ, ɳɨ ɨɯɨɩɥɸɽ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɫɶɤɨʀ ɬɚ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɜɱɨʀ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ, ɩɿɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɭ ɩɪɝɪɚɦ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ. Ɉɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɹɤɿɫɬɸ — ɰɟ ɫɭɤɭɩɧɿɫɬɶ ɦɟɬɨɞɿɜ ɬɚ ɜɢɞɿɜ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ, ɳɨ ɡɚɫɬɨɫɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɯ ɜɢɦɨɝ ɞɨ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɡ ɦɟɬɨɸ ɩɨɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɚɦɢ ɭ ɫɮɟɪɿ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɬɚ ɭɫɭɧɟɧɧɹ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɫɬɪɨɤɨɜɢɯ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ ɧɟɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɹɤɿɫɬɸ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ. Ɂɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ — ɰɟ ɩɥɚɧɨɜɿ ɬɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɧɨ ɜɢɤɨɧɭɜɚɧɿ ɜ ɦɟɠɚɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɜɢɞɢ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ, ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɿ ɞɥɹ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹ ɜɢɦɨɝ ɳɨɞɨ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ. ɉɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɧɹ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ — ɰɟ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɳɨɞɨ ɩɿɞɜɢɳɟɧɧɹ ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɿ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿɜ ɡ ɦɟɬɨɸ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɢɛɭɬɤɭ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɨɦ ɬɚ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɿ (ɜɢɝɨɞ) ɞɥɹ ɫɩɨɠɢɜɚɱɿɜ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ. ɍ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚɯ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɚɥɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɭ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɹɤɿɫɬɸ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɪɨɡɪɨɛɥɹɬɢ, ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɹɬɢ, ɜɩɪɨɜɚɞɠɭɜɚɬɢ ɿ ɩɿɞɬɪɢɦɭɜɚɬɢ ɭ ɪɨɛɨɱɨɦɭ ɫɬɚɧɿ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɡ ɪɨɡɪɨɛɥɟɧɨɸ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɨɸ ɳɨɞɨ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɜɢɦɨɝ ɞɥɹ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɟɧɧɹ ɜɫɿɯ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɢɯ ɿɡ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹɦ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿɜ. 178
ɋɭɱɚɫɧɿ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɹɤɿɫɬɸ ɨɯɨɩɥɸɸɬɶ ɭɫɿ ɟɬɚɩɢ ɠɢɬɬɽɜɨɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨʀ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ, ɩɨɱɢɧɚɸɱɢ ɡ ɦɚɪɤɟɬɢɧɝɨɜɢɯ ɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɶ ɿ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɩɿɫɥɹɨɩɟɪɚɰɿɣɧɢɦ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɟɦ ɬɚ ɨɰɿɧɤɨɸ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɹ ɡɚɞɨɜɨɥɟɧɧɹ ɫɩɨɠɢɜɚɱɿɜ ɩɿɫɥɹ ɩɟɪɟɛɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ. Ⱥɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ ɩɚɪɚɞɢɝɦɢ, ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɹɤɨʀ ɹɤɿɫɬɶ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɛɭɬɢ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɸ ɫɤɥɚɞɨɜɨɸ ɭɫɿɯ ɟɬɚɩɿɜ ɠɢɬɬɽɜɨɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɭ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɿ ɥɢɲɟ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɚ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɭɽ ɫɬɿɣɤɿ ɪɢɧɤɨɜɿ ɩɨɡɢɰɿʀ, ɡɭɦɨɜɢɥɨ ɡɦɿɧɢ ɭ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɧɿɣ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ ɳɨɞɨ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ. ɍ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɚɯ ȱɋɈ 9000 ɩɪɨɰɟɫɭɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɩɿɞɯɿɞ ɳɨɞɨ ɜɩɪɨɜɚɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬɭ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɽ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɢɦ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɦ. ɍ ɦɟɯɚɧɿɡɦɿ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɹɤɿɫɬɸ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɿ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɿɞɯɨɞɭ ɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɿ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɜɢɞɿɥɹɸɬɶɫɹ ɞɜɿ ɝɪɭɩɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿɜ: ɨɫɧɨɜɧɿ ɿ ɞɨɩɨɦɿɠɧɿ. ɉɟɪɲɭ ɝɪɭɩɭ ɨɯɨɩɥɸɸɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɢ ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹ ɿ ɪɟɚɥɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ (ɛɿɡɧɟɫ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɢ). Ⱦɪɭɝɭ ɝɪɭɩɭ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɸɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɢ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬɭ ɬɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɢ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ. ɍ ɞɨɫɜɿɞɿ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ ɭɫɿ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɹɤɿɫɬɸ ɡɜɨɞɹɬɶɫɹ ɞɨ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɣ, ɹɤɿ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɜɢɤɨɧɭɜɚɬɢ ɫɭɛ’ɽɤɬ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɹɤɿɫɬɸ. Ⱦɥɹ ɪɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɹɤɿɫɬɸ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɜɢɪɿɲɚɥɶɧɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɦɚɽ ɜɢɹɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɨɛɫɹɝɭ, ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢ ɿ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɭ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɣ. ȼɢɜɱɟɧɧɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɣ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɹɤɿɫɬɸ ɞɚɽ ɡɦɨɝɭ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɢɬɢ ɨɛɫɹɝ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɣ, ɹɤɿ ɜɢɤɨɧɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɫɭɛ’ɽɤɬɚɦɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɿ, ɜɢɡɧɚɱɢɬɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ, ɩɪɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɪɨɡɩɨɞɿɥ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɣ ɦɿɠ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ, ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɭɜɚɬɢ ɫɚɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɱɢɧɨɦ, ɮɭɧɤɰɿʀ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɫɩɪɢɹɸɬɶ ɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɧɧɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɹɤɿɫɬɸ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɹɤ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢ ɬɚ ʀʀ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɹɤ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɭ. ɋɭɬɧɿɫɬɶ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɣ ɚɧɚɥɿɡɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɩɨɡɢɰɿɣ: — ɮɭɧɤɰɿɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɹɤɿɫɬɸ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ — ɰɟ ɜɢɞ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɫɶɤɨʀ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ; — ɮɭɧɤɰɿɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɹɤɿɫɬɸ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ — ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɫɶɤɨʀ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ; — ɮɭɧɤɰɿɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɽ ɨɫɧɨɜɨɸ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɟɧɧɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ. ɍɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɹɤɿɫɬɸ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɽ ɜɢɞɨɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɫɶɤɨʀ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ, ɹɤɢɣ ɜɢɧɢɤ ɜɧɚɫɥɿɞɨɤ ɩɨɝɥɢɛɥɟɧɧɹ ɪɨɡɩɨɞɿɥɭ ɩɪɚɰɿ ɬɚ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɣ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɨɦ. Ɏɭɧɤɰɿɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɹɤɿɫɬɸ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɞɿɹɬɢ ɧɚ ɜɫɿɯ ɫɬɚɞɿɹɯ ɠɢɬ179
ɬɽɜɨɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɭ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ. ɉɪɢ ɪɟɚɥɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɞɟɤɿɥɶɤɚ ɟɬɚɩɿɜ: ɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɬɹ ɪɿɲɟɧɧɹ, ɡɞɿɣɫɧɟɧɧɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɜɩɥɢɜɭ, ɡɛɿɪ, ɨɛɪɨɛɤɚ ɬɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɚ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿʀ, ɫɤɥɚɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɿɜ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɱɨ-ɟɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɿɣɧɨɝɨ, ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɨɝɨ, ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɿ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɭ. ɋɩɟɰɢɮɿɱɧɿ ɮɭɧɤɰɿʀ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɹɤɿɫɬɸ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɶ ɨɤɪɟɦɿ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɫɶɤɨʀ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɬɚ ɜɿɞɨɛɪɚɠɚɸɬɶ ɜɩɥɢɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɫɶɤɨʀ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɧɚ ɨɤɪɟɦɭ ɱɚɫɬɢɧɭ ɨɛ’ɽɤɬɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ. ɋɩɟɰɢɮɿɱɧɿ ɮɭɧɤɰɿʀ ɡɦɿɧɸɸɬɶɫɹ ɩɿɞ ɜɩɥɢɜɨɦ ɿɧɧɨɜɚɰɿɣ ɧɚ ɪɢɧɤɭ (ɜɞɨɫɤɨɧɚɥɟɧɧɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɹɤɿɫɬɸ ɡ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹɦ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɨɜɚɧɨɝɨ ɨɩɪɚɰɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿʀ), ɩɨɝɥɢɛɥɟɧɧɹ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɚɰɿʀ, ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɽɸ, ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ, ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɬɪɟɛ ɬɚ ɪɿɜɧɹ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɧɚɭɤɨɜɢɣ ɚɧɚɥɿɡ ɿ ɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɿɣ ɭ ɫɮɟɪɿ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ, ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɜɞɨɫɤɨɧɚɥɟɧɧɹ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɦɚɪɤɟɬɢɧɝɨɜɢɯ ɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɶ, ɬɟɯɧɿɤɨ-ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɢɣ ɚɧɚɥɿɡ ɩɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɧɹ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ. 4.3. ɇɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɩɪɚɜɨɜɿ ɬɚ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨɟɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɿɣɧɿ ɨɫɧɨɜɢ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿɣ ɫɮɟɪɿ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ ɍ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɿ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɹɤɿɫɬɸ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɭ ɪɨɥɶ ɜɿɞɿɝɪɚɸɬɶ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɩɪɚɜɨɜɿ ɦɟɬɨɞɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ, ɹɤɿ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɭɸɬɶ ɜɢɫɨɤɭ ɫɬɚɛɿɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ ɬɚ ɫɬɿɣɤɿɫɬɶ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ. ɇɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɿɫɬɶ ɩɿɞɜɢɳɟɧɧɹ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɫɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɡɭɦɨɜɥɟɧɚ ɧɟɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɿɫɬɸ ɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɿɜ ɞɨ ɫɜɿɬɨɜɢɯ. Ɂ ɰɿɽʀ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɢ ɧɚ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɨɦɭ ɪɿɜɧɿ ɜɢɧɢɤɥɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɿɫɬɶ ɝɚɪɦɨɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɬɚ ɫɜɿɬɨɜɨʀ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɨʀ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɿʀ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨ ɞɨ ɱɢɧɧɨʀ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɜɱɨʀ ɛɚɡɢ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ. əɤɿɫɬɶ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɸ ɬɚ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨɸ ɛɚɡɨɸ. ɉɪɚɜɨɜɭ ɛɚɡɭ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽ Ɂɚɤɨɧ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ «ɉɪɨ ɬɭɪɢɡɦ», Ⱦɟɤɪɟɬ Ʉɚɛɿɧɟɬɭ Ɇɿɧɿɫɬɪɿɜ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ «ɉɪɨ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɚɰɿɸ ɿ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɸ», Ɂɚɤɨɧ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ «ɉɪɨ ɩɿɞɬɜɟɪɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ» ɬɚ «ɉɟɪɟɥɿɤ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɿʀ, ɳɨ ɩɿɞɥɹɝɚɽ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɿɣ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɜ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɿ». Ɉɫɧɨɜɭ ɪɟɝɭɥɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɿɣ ɫɮɟɪɿ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɤɢ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ, ɡɨɤɪɟɦɚ ɳɨɞɨ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ, ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ Ɂɚɤɨɧ 180
ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ «ɉɪɨ ɬɭɪɢɡɦ». ɐɟɣ Ɂɚɤɨɧ ɞɿɽ ɡ 15 ɜɟɪɟɫɧɹ 1995 ɪ. ɿɡ ɡɦɿɧɚɦɢ ɿ ɞɨɩɨɜɧɟɧɧɹɦɢ, ɜɧɟɫɟɧɢɦɢ Ɂɚɤɨɧɨɦ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ «ɉɪɨ ɜɧɟɫɟɧɧɹ ɡɦɿɧ ɞɨ Ɂɚɤɨɧɭ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ «ɉɪɨ ɬɭɪɢɡɦ» ɜɿɞ 18 ɥɢɫɬɨɩɚɞɚ 2003 ɪ. ȼɿɧ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɿ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɿ, ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɣɧɿ ɬɚ ɫɨɰɿɚɥɶɧɨ-ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɿ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢ ɪɟɚɥɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɨʀ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɤɢ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ ɭ ɫɮɟɪɿ ɬɭɪɢɡɦɭ ɬɚ ɫɩɪɹɦɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ ɡɚɤɪɿɩɥɟɧɢɯ Ʉɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɿɽɸ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ ɩɪɚɜ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɹɧ ɧɚ ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɨɤ, ɫɜɨɛɨɞɭ ɩɟɪɟɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɨɯɨɪɨɧɭ ɡɞɨɪɨɜ’ɹ, ɧɚ ɛɟɡɩɟɱɧɟ ɞɥɹ ɠɢɬɬɹ ɿ ɡɞɨɪɨɜ’ɹ ɞɨɜɤɿɥɥɹ, ɡɚɞɨɜɨɥɟɧɧɹ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɢɯ ɩɨɬɪɟɛ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɩɪɚɜ ɩɪɢ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɟɧɧɿ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɢɯ ɩɨɞɨɪɨɠɟɣ. ȼɿɧ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɸɽ ɡɚɫɚɞɢ ɪɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɢɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɿɜ ɬɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɸɽ ɜɿɞɧɨɫɢɧɢ, ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɿ ɡ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɽɸ ɿ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɟɧɧɹɦ ɬɭɪɢɡɦɭ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɿʀ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ. Ɂɚɤɨɧ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ «ɉɪɨ ɬɭɪɢɡɦ» ɫɬɚɜ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɢɦ ɩɿɞʉɪɭɧɬɹɦ ɞɥɹ ɪɨɡɪɨɛɤɢ ɰɿɥɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɭ ɝɚɥɭɡɟɜɢɯ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɿɧɫɬɪɭɤɢɜɧɢɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɿɜ, ɳɨ ɪɟɝɥɚɦɟɧɬɭɸɬɶ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɿ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɢ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɨʀ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ. ɍ ɪɨɡɞɿɥɿ «Ɉɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɹ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɨʀ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ» ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɿ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɿ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɿ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɚɰɿʀ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɨʀ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ, ɩɪɨɚɧɚɥɿɡɨɜɚɧɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɿ ɧɚɩɪɹɦɤɢ Ⱦɟɪɠɚɜɧɨʀ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɚɰɿʀ ɬɚ ɦɟɬɭ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɬɨɜɚɪɿɜ, ɪɨɛɿɬ ɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɭ ɫɮɟɪɿ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɨʀ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ. ɋɬɨɫɨɜɧɨ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨʀ ɿɧɞɭɫɬɪɿʀ ɛɿɥɶɲ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɢɦɢ ɽ Ⱦɟɤɪɟɬ Ʉɚɛɿɧɟɬɭ Ɇɿɧɿɫɬɪɿɜ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ «ɉɪɨ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɚɰɿɸ ɿ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɸ», ɳɨ ɞɿɽ ɡ 10 ɬɪɚɜɧɹ 1993 ɪ. ɿɡ ɡɦɿɧɚɦɢ ɿ ɞɨɩɨɜɧɟɧɢɦɢ, ɜɧɟɫɟɧɢɦɢ 3 ɥɸɬɨɝɨ 2004 ɪ. ȼɿɧ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɿ ɬɚ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɿ ɨɫɧɨɜɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɚɰɿʀ ɬɚ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ, ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɸɽ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɣɧɿ ɮɨɪɦɢ ʀɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ. Ⱦɿɹ Ⱦɟɤɪɟɬɭ ɩɨɲɢɪɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ, ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢ ɿ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɧɟɡɚɥɟɠɧɨ ɜɿɞ ɮɨɪɦɢ ɜɥɚɫɧɨɫɬɿ ɬɚ ɜɢɞɿɜ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ, ɳɨ ɞɿɸɬɶ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɿʀ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɧɚ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɹɧ — ɫɭɛ’ɽɤɬɿɜ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɧɢɰɶɤɨʀ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ. ɉɟɪɟɥɿɤ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɢɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɿɜ ɿɡ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɚɰɿʀ ɜɿɞɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 4.1. ɍ ɩɟɪɟɥɿɤɭ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɢɯ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɣ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɿɜ — ɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɿ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢ, ɹɤɿ ɡɚɬɜɟɪɞɠɟɧɿ Ⱦɟɪɠɤɨɦɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɨɦ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ ɬɚ ɦɿɫɬɹɬɶ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɿ ɿ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɨɜɚɧɿ ɜɢɦɨɝɢ, ɹɤɢɯ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɞɨɬɪɢɦɭɜɚɬɢɫɶ. Ⱦɨ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɢɯ ɜɢɦɨɝ ɧɚɥɟɠɚɬɶ: — ɜɢɦɨɝɢ, ɳɨ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɸɬɶ ɛɟɡɩɟɤɭ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɿʀ (ɩɨɫɥɭɝ) ɞɥɹ ɠɢɬɬɹ, ɡɞɨɪɨɜ’ɹ ɿ ɦɚɣɧɚ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɹɧ, ʀʀ ɫɭɦɿɫɧɿɫɬɶ ɿ ɜɡɚɽɦɨɡɚɦɿɧɧɿɫɬɶ, ɨɯɨɪɨɧɭ ɧɚɜɤɨɥɢɲɧɶɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɪɟɞɨɜɢɳɚ; 181
— ɜɢɦɨɝɢ ɬɟɯɧɿɤɢ ɛɟɡɩɟɤɢ ɿ ɝɿɝɿɽɧɢ ɩɪɚɰɿ ɡ ɩɨɫɢɥɚɧɧɹɦ ɧɚ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɿ ɫɚɧɿɬɚɪɧɿ ɧɨɪɦɢ ɿ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ; — ɦɟɬɪɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɿ ɧɨɪɦɢ, ɩɪɚɜɨɩɢɫ, ɜɢɦɨɝɢ ɬɚ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɹ, ɳɨ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɸɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɨɜɿɪɧɿɫɬɶ ɿ ɽɞɧɿɫɬɶ ɜɢɦɿɪɸɜɚɧɶ; — ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɹ, ɳɨ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɸɬɶ ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɭ ɽɞɧɿɫɬɶ ɩɿɞ ɱɚɫ ɪɨɡɪɨɛɤɢ, ɜɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɟɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɿʀ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɿʀ. Ʉɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɹ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɿɜ
ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɿ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ (ȾɋɌɍ) ɝɚɥɭɡɟɜɿ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢ (ȽɋɌɍ) ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢ ɧɚɭɤɨɜɨ-ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɢɯ ɬɚ ɿɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɢɯ ɬɨɜɚɪɢɫɬɜ, ɫɩɿɥɨɤ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ (ɋɌɌɍ) ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɿ ɭɦɨɜɢ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ (Ɍɍɍ) ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ (ɋɌɉ)
Ɋɢɫ. 4.1. ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɢɯ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɿɜ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ
Ƚɚɥɭɡɟɜɿ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢ ɪɨɡɪɨɛɥɹɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɿɸ ɬɚ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ (ɡɨɤɪɟɦɚ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɿ) ɡɚ ɜɿɞɫɭɬɧɨɫɬɿ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɢɯ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɿɜ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ ɚɛɨ ɭ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɜɢɦɨɝ, ɹɤɿ ɩɟɪɟɜɢɳɭɸɬɶ ɚɛɨ ɞɨɩɨɜɧɸɸɬɶ ɜɢɦɨɝɢ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɢɯ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɿɜ. Ɉɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɿ ɜɢɦɨɝɢ ɝɚɥɭɡɟɜɢɯ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɿɜ ɩɿɞɥɹɝɚɸɬɶ ɛɟɡɭɦɨɜɧɨɦɭ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɸ. ɋɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢ ɧɚɭɤɨɜɨ-ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɢɯ ɬɚ ɿɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɢɯ ɬɨɜɚɪɢɫɬɜ, ɫɩɿɥɨɤ, ɪɨɡɪɨɛɥɹɸɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ ɩɨɲɢɪɟɧɧɹ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɿɜ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɬɚ ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɢɯ ɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɶ, ɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɢɯ ɜ ɨɤɪɟɦɿɣ ɫɮɟɪɿ ɡɧɚɧɶ ɚɛɨ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɣɧɢɯ ɿɧɬɟɪɟɫɿɜ. Ɍɟɯɧɿɱɧɿ ɭɦɨɜɢ — ɰɟ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɢɣ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬ, ɹɤɢɣ ɪɨɡɪɨɛɥɹɸɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɜɢɦɨɝ, ɳɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɸɸɬɶ ɫɬɨɫɭɧɤɢ ɦɿɠ ɩɨɫɬɚɱɚɥɶɧɢɤɨɦ (ɪɨɡɪɨɛɧɢɤɨɦ, ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɤɨɦ) ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɿʀ (ɩɨ182
ɫɥɭɝ), ɞɥɹ ɹɤɢɯ ɜɿɞɫɭɬɧɿ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɿ ɚɛɨ ɝɚɥɭɡɟɜɿ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢ (ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɢɡɚɰɿʀ ɜɢɦɨɝ ɡɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɿɜ). ɋɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ ɪɨɡɪɨɛɥɹɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɿɸ (ɩɪɨɰɟɫɢ, ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ), ɹɤɿ ɜɢɪɨɛɥɹɸɬɶ ɿ ɡɚɫɬɨɫɨɜɭɸɬɶ (ɧɚɞɚɸɬɶ) ɥɢɲɟ ɭ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɦɭ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɿ. ɍ Ⱦɟɤɪɟɬɿ Ʉɚɛɿɧɟɬɭ Ɇɿɧɿɫɬɪɿɜ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ ɡɧɚɱɧɚ ɪɨɥɶ ɧɚɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɿʀ, ɹɤɚ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɦɟɬɨɸ: — ɡɚɯɢɫɬɭ ɩɪɚɜ ɬɚ ɿɧɬɟɪɟɫɿɜ ɫɩɨɠɢɜɚɱɿɜ ɳɨɞɨ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɬɚ ɛɟɡɩɟɤɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ; — ɤɨɧɫɬɚɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɮɚɤɬɭ ɞɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɜɫɬɜɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɽɸ ɳɨɞɨ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɿ ɛɟɡɩɟɤɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ; — ɤɨɧɫɬɚɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɜɿɞɫɭɬɧɨɫɬɿ ɫɭɬɬɽɜɢɯ ɧɟɞɨɥɿɤɿɜ ɭ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɬɚ ɧɟ ɞɚɽ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɜɢɫɭɧɭɬɢ ɩɪɨɬɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ ɧɟɨɛʉɪɭɧɬɨɜɚɧɿ ɩɪɟɬɟɧɡɿʀ ɜ ɭɦɨɜɚɯ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɿʀ; — ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɿɸ ɤɟɪɿɜɧɢɤɿɜ ɬɚ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ ɧɚ ɟɬɚɩɿ ɞɨ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɬɭ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ ɞɨ ɜɞɨɫɤɨɧɚɥɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɤɚɡɧɢɤɿɜ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɧɚ ɟɬɚɩɿ ɩɿɫɥɹ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɬɭ ɞɨɬɪɢɦɭɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɭ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ. Ⱦɟɪɠɚɜɧɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɨɜɭɽ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɢɣ ɤɨɦɿɬɟɬ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ ɡ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɚɰɿʀ, ɦɟɬɪɨɥɨɝɿʀ ɬɚ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ — ɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɨɪɝɚɧ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ ɡ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ, ɹɤɢɣ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɬɚ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɭɽ ɪɨɛɨɬɭ ɳɨɞɨ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ ʀʀ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ. ȼɿɧ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɿ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢ, ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɬɚ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɜ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɿ, ɡɚɬɜɟɪɞɠɭɽ ɩɟɪɟɥɿɤ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɿʀ, ɳɨ ɩɿɞɥɹɝɚɽ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɿɣ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ, ɩɪɢɡɧɚɱɚɽ ɨɪɝɚɧɢ ɡ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɿʀ ɬɚ ɿɧ. ɋɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɩɨɞɿɥɹɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɭ ɬɚ ɞɨɛɪɨɜɿɥɶɧɭ. ɓɨɞɨ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɨʀ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ, ɜ Ⱦɟɤɪɟɬɿ ɡɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɨ, ɳɨ ɜɨɧɚ ɜ ɭɫɿɯ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɚɯ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɬɢ ɩɟɪɟɜɿɪɤɭ ɬɚ ɜɢɩɪɨɛɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɿʀ ɞɥɹ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ʀʀ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɿ ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɢɣ ɧɚɝɥɹɞ. Ʉɨɲɬɢ, ɜɢɬɪɚɱɟɧɿ ɡɚɹɜɧɢɤɨɦ ɧɚ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɭ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɸ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɿʀ, ɜɪɚɯɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɫɨɛɿɜɚɪɬɨɫɬɿ. ȼɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɟɧɨ, ɳɨ ɨɪɝɚɧ ɿɡ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɿʀ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɿ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɨʀ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɽ ɡɚ ɧɟɨɛʉɪɭɧɬɨɜɚɧɭ ɱɢ ɧɟɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɭ ɜɢɞɚɱɭ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɬɚ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ, ɩɨɪɭɲɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɚɜɢɥ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ. Ɂɚɤɨɧ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ «ɉɪɨ ɩɿɞɬɜɟɪɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ» ɞɿɽ ɜɿɞ 17 ɬɪɚɜɧɹ 2001 ɪ. ɿɡ ɡɦɿɧɚɦɢ ɿ ɞɨɩɨɜɧɟɧɧɹɦɢ ɜɿɞ 21 ɠɨɜɬɧɹ 2004 ɪ. ȼɿɧ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɿ ɬɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɣɧɿ ɡɚɫɚɞɢ ɩɿɞɬɜɟɪ183
ɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɿʀ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɹɤɿɫɬɸ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɞɨɜɤɿɥɥɹɦ, ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɨɦ ɬɚ ɫɩɪɹɦɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ ɽɞɢɧɨʀ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɨʀ ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɨʀ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɤɢ ɭ ɫɮɟɪɿ ɩɿɞɬɜɟɪɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ. ȼɿɧ ɪɟɝɭɥɸɽ ɜɿɞɧɨɫɢɧɢ, ɳɨ ɜɢɧɢɤɚɸɬɶ ɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿ ɩɿɞɬɜɟɪɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɿʀ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɹɤɿɫɬɸ, ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ ɜɢɦɨɝɚɦ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɦ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɜɫɬɜɨɦ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ. Ɉɪɝɚɧɚɦɢ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɜɱɨʀ ɜɥɚɞɢ ɭ ɫɮɟɪɿ ɩɿɞɬɜɟɪɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ ɽ Ʉɚɛɿɧɟɬ Ɇɿɧɿɫɬɪɿɜ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ, ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɨ ɭɩɨɜɧɨɜɚɠɟɧɢɣ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɨɪɝɚɧ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɜɱɨʀ ɜɥɚɞɢ ɭ ɫɮɟɪɿ ɩɿɞɬɜɟɪɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ, ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɿ ɨɪɝɚɧɢ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɜɱɨʀ ɜɥɚɞɢ, ɧɚ ɹɤɿ ɩɨɤɥɚɞɟɧɿ ɮɭɧɤɰɿʀ ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɨɪɝɚɧ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɜɱɨʀ ɜɥɚɞɢ ɡ ɩɢɬɚɧɶ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɤɢ. ɉɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɚ ɩɿɞɬɜɟɪɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ ɜ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɜɱɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɶɨɜɚɧɿɣ ɫɮɟɪɿ, ɞɨ ɹɤɨʀ ɜɿɞɧɨɫɢɬɶɫɹ ɿ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɽ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɨɸ ɞɥɹ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɤɚ (ɝɨɬɟɥɸ) ɱɢ ɭɩɨɜɧɨɜɚɠɟɧɨɝɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɭ ɿɡ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ. ɋɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɽ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɨɸ ɩɿɞɬɜɟɪɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ. Ƚɨɬɟɥɶ ɩɿɞɬɜɟɪɞɠɭɽ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɿɫɬɶ (ɧɟ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɿɫɬɶ) ɫɜɨʀɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɭɫɿɦ ɡɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɦ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɜɫɬɜɨɦ ɜɢɦɨɝɚɦ. ȱɧɲɢɣ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬ, ɳɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɸɽ ɹɤɿɫɬɶ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ — «ɉɟɪɟɥɿɤ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɿʀ, ɳɨ ɩɿɞɥɹɝɚɽ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɿɣ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ", ɡɚɬɜɟɪɞɠɟɧɢɣ ɧɚɤɚɡɨɦ Ⱦɟɪɠɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɿɬɟɬɭ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɚɰɿʀ, ɦɟɬɪɨɥɨɝɿʀ ɬɚ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ ɜɿɞ 30 ɫɟɪɩɧɹ 2001 ɪ. Ⱦɨ ɩɟɪɟɥɿɤɭ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɿʀ, ɳɨ ɩɿɞɥɹɝɚɽ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɿɣ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɜ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɿ ɧɚɥɟɠɚɬɶ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɬɚ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɳɨ ɧɚɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɫɭɛ’ɽɤɬɚɦɢ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɨʀ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ. Ⱦɨ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɧɚɥɟɠɚɬɶ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɡ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɚɦɢ ɿ ɨɤɪɟɦɨ ɛɟɡ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɿɜ ɳɨɞɨ ɹɤɢɯ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɿ ɿɞɟɧɬɢɱɧɿ ɜɢɦɨɝɢ. Ⱦɨ ɿɧɲɨʀ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨʀ ɛɚɡɢ ɜ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɿ, ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɹɤɨʀ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɪɟɝɭɥɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɹɤɿɫɬɶ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ, ɧɚɥɟɠɢɬɶ ɞɜɚ ɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɿ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ: «ɉɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɿ. Ʉɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ», «ɉɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɿ. Ɂɚɫɨɛɢ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɭɜɚɧɧɹ. Ɂɚɝɚɥɶɧɿ ɜɢɦɨɝɢ», ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ «ɉɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɨʀ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ». ɇɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ, ɳɨ ɫɬɨɫɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɲɢɪɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɡɚɫɨɛɢ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ, ɩɪɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɿ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɿɜ. ȼɿɧ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɸɽ ʀɯ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɸ 184
ɬɚ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɿ ɜɢɦɨɝɢ. ȼɢɦɨɝɢ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɭ ɩɨɲɢɪɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɭɛ’ɽɤɬɢ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɸɜɚɧɧɹ, ɳɨ ɧɚɞɚɸɬɶ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ. ȱɧɲɢɣ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɢɣ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬ, ɹɤɢɣ ɜɿɞɿɝɪɚɽ ɨɞɧɭ ɡ ɧɚɣɜɚɠɥɢɜɿɲɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɣ ɭ ɩɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɧɿ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ — «ɉɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɨʀ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ», ɜɿɞ 27 ɫɿɱɧɹ 1999 ɪ. ɋɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɹ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿɜ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿɜ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɦɨɠɟ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɡɚ ɪɿɡɧɢɦɢ ɫɯɟɦɚɦɢ, ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɦɢ «ɉɪɚɜɢɥɚɦɢ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɨʀ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ», ɞɟ ɡɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ʀɯ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ, ɩɪɚɜɚ ɿ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɢ ɫɬɨɪɿɧ. ɇɟɡɜɚɠɚɸɱɢ ɧɚ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɣ ɩɟɪɟɥɿɤ ɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɢɯ ɡɚɤɨɧɿɜ, ɩɨɫɬɚɧɨɜ ɬɚ ɿɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɿɣ, ɹɤɿɫɬɶ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɜ ɛɿɥɶɲɨɫɬɿ ɜɿɬɱɢɡɧɹɧɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ ɡɚɥɢɲɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɢɡɶɤɨɸ, ɚ ɰɿɧɢ ɣ ɬɚɪɢɮɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɧɚɛɥɢɠɟɧɿ ɞɨ ɧɚɣɜɢɳɢɯ. ɐɟ ɩɨɹɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɡɚɫɬɚɪɿɥɨɸ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɶɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɨɸ ɛɚɡɨɸ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɬɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɿɫɬɸ ɤɨɲɬɿɜ ɧɚ ʀʀ ɩɨɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɩɨɩɨɜɧɟɧɧɹ. ɇɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɧɽ ɮɿɧɚɧɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɚɫɚɦɩɟɪɟɞ ɫɩɪɢɱɢɧɟɧɟ ɧɟɞɨɫɤɨɧɚɥɿɫɬɸ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɜɱɨʀ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ, ɚ ɫɚɦɟ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɨɸ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɤɨɸ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɢ ɫɬɨɫɨɜɧɨ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨʀ ɿɧɞɭɫɬɪɿʀ. ɇɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɧɿɣ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɣɧɢɣ ɪɿɜɟɧɶ ɹɤ ɤɟɪɿɜɧɢɰɬɜɚ, ɬɚɤ ɿ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɸɱɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ, ɧɟɞɨɫɤɨɧɚɥɿɫɬɶ ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ — ɬɚɤɨɠ ɜɚɝɨɦɿ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɢ ɩɿɞɜɢɳɟɧɧɹ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ. ȼɢɪɿɲɟɧɧɹ ɰɿɽʀ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɢ ɭɫɤɥɚɞɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɟɞɨɫɤɨɧɚɥɿɫɬɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɨɰɿɧɤɢ ɬɚ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɦɟɯɚɧɿɡɦɨɦ ɪɟɝɭɥɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɰɿɧ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ. ȼɡɚɽɦɨɡɜ’ɹɡɨɤ ɿ ɜɡɚɽɦɨɡɚɥɟɠɧɿɫɬɶ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɬɚ ɪɿɜɧɹ ɰɿɧ ɪɟɝɭɥɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɨɸ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɚɰɿʀ ɣ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ. 4.4. ɋɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɚɰɿɹ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ Ɉɞɧɢɦ ɡ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɿɜ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɽ ʀɯɧɹ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɚɰɿɹ. ɋɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɚɰɿɹ ɽ ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲ ɜɚɝɨɦɢɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ, ɳɨ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɸɽ ɧɨɪɦɢ ɿ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ, ɫɮɨɪɦɭɥɶɨɜɚɧɿ ɭ ɜɢɝɥɹɞɿ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ ɡ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɧɨɸ ɫɢɥɨɸ ɜɩɥɢɜɭ. 185
ɋɬɚɧɞɚɪɬ — ɰɟ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɢɣ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬ, ɳɨ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɧɨɪɦ, ɩɪɚɜɢɥ, ɜɢɦɨɝ ɞɨ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɡɚɬɜɟɪɞɠɟɧɢɣ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɢɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɦ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɚɰɿʀ. ɋɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɸɸɬɶ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɿ ɦɟɬɨɞɢ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɿɞɜɢɳɟɧɧɹ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɚ ɜɫɿɯ ɟɬɚɩɚɯ ɝɨɫɬɶɨɜɨɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɭ, ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɸɬɶ ɜɢɦɨɝɢ ɳɨɞɨ ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ ɿ ɦɟɬɨɞɿɜ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ ɿ ɨɰɿɧɤɢ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ. Ⱦɟɪɠɚɜɧɢɣ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɜɿɞɨɛɪɚɠɚɽ ɦɿɠɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɿ, ɝɚɥɭɡɟɜɿ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢ, ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɿɣ. Ƚɨɥɨɜɧɚ ɰɿɥɶɨɜɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɹɤɿɫɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɫɩɪɹɦɨɜɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɿɫɬɶ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɚɦ ȱɋɈ 9000, ɹɤɿ ɧɚ ɦɿɠɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɨɦɭ ɪɿɜɧɿ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɸɬɶ ɜɢɦɨɝɢ ɳɨɞɨ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ. Ɂɝɿɞɧɨ ɦɿɠɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɢɯ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɿɜ ȱɋɈ 9000, ɞɥɹ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɚ: — ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɶɧɚ ɛɚɡɚ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ; — ɤɜɚɥɿɮɿɤɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥ, ɹɤɢɣ ɜɢɫɨɤɨɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɜɢɤɨɧɭɽ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɣɧɿ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɢ; — ɪɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ ɨɛʉɪɭɧɬɨɜɚɧɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɣɧɨ-ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɚ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɿ ɱɿɬɤɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɨɦ ɡɚɝɚɥɨɦ ɿ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɹɤɿɫɬɸ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɡɨɤɪɟɦɚ. Ɇɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɶɧɚ ɛɚɡɚ ɿ ɤɜɚɥɿɮɿɤɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥ ɮɨɪɦɭɸɬɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɜɢɫɨɤɨɹɤɿɫɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɹ ɿ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɨɦ ɡɭɦɨɜɥɸɸɬɶ ɪɟɚɥɿɡɚɰɿɸ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɨɫɬɟɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɛɚɡɢ ɿ ɥɸɞɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɭ. ɇɨɪɦɢ ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɨʀ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɚɰɿʀ ɜɿɞɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɿ ɜ ȱɋɈ 9000 ɡɭɦɨɜɢɥɢ ɩɨɱɚɬɨɤ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɹɤɿɫɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ — ɫɚɦɨɫɬɿɣɧɢɣ ɧɚɩɪɹɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɹɤɿɫɬɸ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ. ɋɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢ ȱɋɈ 9000 ɜɢɡɧɚɱɢɥɢ ɽɞɢɧɢɣ ɦɿɠɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɢɣ ɩɿɞɯɿɞ ɞɨ ɞɨɝɨɜɿɪɧɢɯ ɭɦɨɜ ɡɚ ɨɰɿɧɤɨɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɿ ɨɞɧɨɱɚɫɧɨ ɪɟɝɥɚɦɟɧɬɭɜɚɥɢ ɜɿɞɧɨɫɢɧɢ ɦɿɠ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɦ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɨɦ ɿ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚɦɢ. ɇɨɪɦɢ ɦɿɠɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɭ ȱɋɈ 9000 ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɸɬɶ ɜɿɞɜɿɞɭɜɚɱɭ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɿɲɟ ɜɩɥɢɜɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɹɤɿɫɬɶ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɸɬɶ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɜɱɭ ɛɚɡɭ, ɳɨ ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɚɽ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɭ ɪɨɥɶ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ. ɇɨɪɦɢ ɦɿɠɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɢɯ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɿɜ ɡɭɦɨɜɥɸɸɬɶ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɿɫɬɶ ɨɛʉɪɭɧɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɫɶɤɢɯ ɪɿɲɟɧɶ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ. Ɉɫɨɛɥɢɜɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɧɚɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɛɟɡɩɨɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɨʀ ɡ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɰɬɜɨɦ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ — 186
ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ ɹɤɿɫɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿɜ, ɫɜɨɽɱɚɫɧɨɦɭ ɜɢɹɜɥɟɧɧɸ ɩɨɪɭɲɟɧɶ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ. ɋɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ ɞɥɹ ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɹɤɿɫɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɚ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɚɦ ȱɋɈ 9000 ɿ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɬ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ ʀʀ ɜɢɦɨɝɚɦ — ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɚ ɭɦɨɜɚ ɩɨɡɢɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɚ ɪɢɧɤɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ. 4.5. ɋɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɋɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɹ ɬɚ ɥɿɰɟɧɡɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɰɟ — ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɡɚɯɨɞɿɜ, ɳɨ ɧɚ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɟɬɚɩɿ ɡɚɫɜɿɞɱɭɸɬɶ ɿ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨ ɩɿɞɬɜɟɪɞɠɭɸɬɶ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɿɫɬɶ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɦ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɢɦ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɚɦ. ɋɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɹ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ — ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬ, ɳɨ ɩɿɞɬɜɟɪɞɠɭɽ ɹɤɿɫɬɶ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɬɚ ʀɯɧɸ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɿɫɬɶ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɦɭ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɭ, ɚɛɨ ɿɧɲɨɦɭ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨɦɭ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɭ. Ʌɿɰɟɧɡɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɚ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɟɧɧɹ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɨʀ ɡ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹɦ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ — ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɞɨɡɜɿɥ, ɳɨ ɩɿɞɬɜɟɪɞɠɭɽ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɣɨɝɨ ɜɥɚɫɧɢɤɚ ɧɚ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɟɧɧɹ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɞɭ ɚɛɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɭ ɜɢɞɿɜ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ, ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɯ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɜɫɬɜɚ. ɋɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɦɟɬɨɸ: — ɧɟ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɬɢ ɪɟɚɥɿɡɚɰɿɸ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɬɨɜɚɪɿɜ, ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɜɢɞɿɜ ɪɨɛɿɬ, ɧɟɛɟɡɩɟɱɧɢɯ ɞɥɹ ɠɢɬɬɹ, ɡɞɨɪɨɜ’ɹ ɫɩɨɠɢɜɚɱɿɜ, ʀɯɧɶɨɝɨ ɦɚɣɧɚ ɿ ɧɚɜɤɨɥɢɲɧɶɨɝɨ ɫɟɪɟɞɨɜɢɳɚ; — ɫɩɪɢɹɬɢ ɫɩɨɠɢɜɚɱɚɦ ɭ ɫɜɿɞɨɦɨɦɭ ɜɢɛɨɪɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɬɨɜɚɪɿɜ ɬɚ ɜɢɞɿɜ ɪɨɛɿɬ; — ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɢɯ ɧɨɪɦ, ɩɪɚɜɢɥ, ɜɢɦɨɝ ɡ ɨɯɨɪɨɧɢ ɧɚɜɤɨɥɢɲɧɶɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɪɟɞɨɜɢɳɚ, ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɢɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɿɜ ɿ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ ɟɤɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɨʀ ɛɟɡɩɟɤɢ; — ɝɚɪɦɨɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɿɜ, ɧɨɪɦ ɿ ɩɪɚɜɢɥ ɡ ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɦɢ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɚɦɢ, ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɿɹɦɢ, ɧɨɪɦɚɦɢ ɿ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚɦɢ, ɳɨ ɫɬɨɫɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɜɢɦɨɝ ɞɨ ɨɛ’ɽɤɬɿɜ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɿ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ. ɇɚ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɿʀ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɉɟɪɟɥɿɤɭ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɿʀ, ɳɨ ɩɿɞɥɹɝɚɽ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɿɣ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɜ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɿ, ɡɚɬɜɟɪɞɠɟɧɿ ɧɚɤɚɡɨɦ Ⱦɟɪɠɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɿɬɟɬɭ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɚɰɿʀ, ɦɟɬɪɨɥɨɝɿʀ ɿ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ ɜɿɞ 30 ɫɟɪɩɧɹ 2002 ɪ. ʋ 498, ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ ɿ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɿɞɥɹɝɚɸɬɶ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɿɣ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ. 187
Ɉɛ’ɽɤɬɚɦɢ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɨʀ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɽ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ, ɳɨ ɧɚɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɫɭɛ’ɽɤɬɚɦɢ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɨʀ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ — ɡɚɫɨɛɢ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ (ɝɨɬɟɥɿ, ɦɨɬɟɥɿ, ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɿ ɛɚɡɢ, ɝɿɪɫɶɤɿ ɩɪɢɬɭɥɤɢ, ɤɟɦɩɿɧɝɢ, ɡɚɤɥɚɞɢ ɡɞɨɪɨɜ’ɹ, ɡɚɤɥɚɞɢ ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɤɭ ɬɚ ɿɧ.), ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ. Ɉɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɭ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɸ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɜ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɿ ɦɚɸɬɶ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɢ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ (ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ, ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢ) ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɨʀ ɮɨɪɦɢ ɜɥɚɫɧɨɫɬɿ, ɭɩɨɜɧɨɜɚɠɟɧɿ ɹɤ ɨɪɝɚɧɢ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɿ ɍɤɪɋȿɉɊɈ. Ɉɪɝɚɧɢ, ɳɨ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬɶ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɸ, ɞɟɬɚɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɿɧɮɨɪɦɨɜɚɧɿ ɩɪɨ ɜɢɦɨɝɢ ɿ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɸ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɞɨɜɿɞɧɢɤɚ ɍɤɪɋȿɉɊɈ, ɜɢɞɚɧɨɝɨ Ⱦɟɪɠɤɨɦɫɬɚɬɨɦ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ ɭ 1997 ɪ. ɐɟɣ ɞɨɜɿɞɧɢɤ ɨɤɪɿɦ ɮɚɯɿɜɰɿɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɜ ɡ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɬɚ ɜɢɩɪɨɛɨɜɭɜɚɥɶɧɢɯ (ɫɨɰɿɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɢɯ) ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɿɣ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɫɭɛ’ɽɤɬɿɜ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɧɢɰɶɤɨʀ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ, ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɨʀ ɡ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹɦ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɢɯ ɬɚ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɜ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɿ. ɉɨɪɹɞɨɤ, ɦɟɬɨɞɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ, ɫɯɟɦɢ (ɦɨɞɟɥɿ) ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ, ɫɭɤɭɩɧɿɫɬɶ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ, ɳɨ ɩɿɞɬɜɟɪɞɠɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɩɿɞ ɱɚɫ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɨʀ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɢɯ ɬɚ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɬɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɢɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɿɜ, ɳɨ ɪɟɝɥɚɦɟɧɬɭɸɬɶ ɰɿ ɩɨɤɚɡɧɢɤɢ, ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɸɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɩɨɫɥɿɞɨɜɧɨɫɬɿ ɜɿɞɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɿɣ ɭ ɜɢɝɥɹɞɿ ɪɢɫ. 4.2. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɨʀ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɜ ɍɤɪɋȿɉɊɈ ɭɩɨɜɧɨɜɚɠɟɧɚ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɞɚɽ ɡɚɹɜɤɭ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɨʀ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɿ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨʀ ɮɨɪɦɢ ɭ ɛɭɞɶɹɤɢɣ ɚɤɪɟɞɢɬɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɨɪɝɚɧ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɹɤɳɨ ɜɿɞɫɭɬɧɹ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɹ ɩɪɨ ɣɨɝɨ ɧɚɹɜɧɿɫɬɶ — ɭ Ⱦɟɪɠɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ, ɹɤɢɣ ɫɤɟɪɨɜɭɽ ɡɚɹɜɤɭ ɜ ɚɤɪɟɞɢɬɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɨɪɝɚɧ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ. Ⱥɤɪɟɞɢɬɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɨɪɝɚɧ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɪɨɡɝɥɹɞɚɽ ɡɚɹɜɤɭ ɿ ɫɤɟɪɨɜɭɽ ɡɚɹɜɧɢɤɭ ɨɩɢɬɭɜɚɥɶɧɭ ɚɧɤɟɬɭ ɡ ɩɪɨɩɨɡɢɰɿɽɸ ʀʀ ɡɚɩɨɜɧɟɧɧɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɞɧɶɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɿɡɭ (ɨɩɢɬɭɜɚɥɶɧɚ ɚɧɤɟɬɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɧɚɞɚɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɨɞɧɨɱɚɫɧɨ ɿɡ ɡɚɹɜɤɨɸ). Ⱥɧɤɟɬɚ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɞɧɶɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɿɡɭ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɹɽɬɶɫɹ ɹɤ ɞɨɞɚɬɨɤ ɞɨ ɡɚɹɜɤɢ ɿ ɽ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɬɹ ɪɿɲɟɧɧɹ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɡɚɹɜɤɢ. ɉɿɫɥɹ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɡɚɩɨɜɧɟɧɨʀ ɨɩɢɬɭɜɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɚɧɤɟɬɢ ɨɪɝɚɧ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɩɪɢɣɦɚɽ ɪɿɲɟɧɧɹ ɩɨ ɡɚɹɜɰɿ. 188
Ɋɿɲɟɧɧɹ ɩɨ ɡɚɹɜɰɿ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɨʀ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɿɜ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɞɧɶɨʀ ɨɰɿɧɤɢ ɩɪɢɣɦɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɬɟɪɦɿɧ, ɧɟ ɛɿɥɶɲɟ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɦɿɫɹɰɹ ɡ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɭ ʀʀ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɦ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ. ɉɨɞɚɧɧɹ ɧɚ ɪɨɡɝɥɹɞ ɡɚɹɜɤɢ ɳɨɞɨ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ
Ɋɨɡɝɥɹɞ ɿ ɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɬɹ ɪɿɲɟɧɧɹ ɭɩɨɜɧɨɜɚɠɟɧɢɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦɢ ɳɨɞɨ ɡɚɹɜɤɢ ɬɚ ɫɯɟɦɢ (ɦɨɞɟɥɿ) ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ
ɋɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ
ɋɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɣɧɿ ɜɢɩɪɨɛɭɜɚɧɧɹ
Ⱥɧɚɥɿɡ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɿɜ ɿ ɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɬɹ ɪɿɲɟɧɧɹ
Ⱥɬɟɫɬɚɰɿɹ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ
Ɋɨɡɪɨɛɤɚ, ɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɬɹ ɬɚ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɟɧɧɹ ɤɨɪɢɝɭɸɱɢɯ ɡɚɯɨɞɿɜ
ȼɢɞɚɱɚ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɬɚ, ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɥɿɰɟɧɡɿʀ ɬɚ ɡɚɧɟɫɟɧɧɹ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɨɜɚɧɨʀ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɿʀ (ɩɨɫɥɭɝ) ɞɨ Ɋɟɽɫɬɪɭ
Ɍɟɯɧɿɱɧɢɣ ɧɚɝɥɹɞ ɡɚ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɨɜɚɧɨɸ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɿɽɸ ɬɚ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɚɦɢ ɩɿɞ ɱɚɫ ʀɯɧɶɨɝɨ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ
ȱɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɹ ɩɪɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɢ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɿʀ (ɩɨɫɥɭɝ)
Ɋɢɫ. 4.2. ɉɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɨʀ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɿ ɍɤɪɋȿɉɊɈ 189
ɍ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ ɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɬɹ ɪɿɲɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɨ ɧɟɦɨɠɥɢɜɿɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ, ɡɚɹɜɤɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɬɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɡɚɹɜɧɢɤɭ ɡ ɩɢɫɶɦɨɜɨɸ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɿɽɸ ɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɨɝɨ ɪɿɲɟɧɧɹ. əɤɳɨ ɡɚɹɜɧɢɤ ɭ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɞɟɧɧɢɣ ɬɟɪɦɿɧ ɩɿɫɥɹ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɪɿɲɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɨ ɜɿɞɦɨɜɭ ɜ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɿɣ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɧɟ ɩɨɜɿɞɨɦɢɜ ɩɪɨ ɫɜɨʀ ɧɚɦɿɪɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɡɚɯɨɞɿɜ ɡ ɤɨɪɟɤɰɿʀ, ɬɨɞɿ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɡ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɨʀ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɩɪɢɩɢɧɹɽɬɶɫɹ. əɤɳɨ ɡɚɹɜɧɢɤ ɦɚɽ ɧɚɦɿɪ ɨɫɤɚɪɠɢɬɢ ɪɿɲɟɧɧɹ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɩɨɞɚɧɨʀ ɡɚɹɜɤɢ ɧɚ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɬ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɜɿɧ ɩɨɞɚɽ ɭ ɩɢɫɶɦɨɜɿɣ ɮɨɪɦɿ ɚɩɟɥɹɰɿɸ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɧɟ ɩɿɡɧɿɲɟ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɦɿɫɹɰɹ ɩɿɫɥɹ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɜɿɞɨɦɥɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɨ ɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɟ ɪɿɲɟɧɧɹ. ɉɨɞɚɱɚ ɚɩɟɥɹɰɿʀ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɩɢɧɹɽ ɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɨɝɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɦ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɪɿɲɟɧɧɹ. Ⱥɩɟɥɹɰɿɹ ɪɨɡɝɥɹɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɦ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɭ ɦɿɫɹɱɧɢɣ ɬɟɪɦɿɧ ɡ ɱɚɫɭ ʀʀ ɧɚɞɯɨɞɠɟɧɧɹ. Ⱦɥɹ ɪɨɡɝɥɹɞɭ ɫɩɿɪɧɢɯ ɩɢɬɚɧɶ ɫɬɜɨɪɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɚɩɟɥɹɰɿɣɧɚ ɤɨɦɿɫɿɹ. Ɂɚɹɜɧɢɤ ɦɚɽ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɛɭɬɢ ɡɚɫɥɭɯɚɧɢɦ ɧɚ ɡɚɫɿɞɚɧɧɿ ɰɿɽʀ ɤɨɦɿɫɿʀ. ɍ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ ɧɟɡɝɨɞɢ ɡ ɪɿɲɟɧɧɹɦ ɚɩɟɥɹɰɿɣɧɨʀ ɤɨɦɿɫɿʀ ɡɚɹɜɧɢɤ ɦɚɽ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɭ ɬɟɪɦɿɧ ɞɟɫɹɬɢ ɞɧɿɜ ɡ ɱɚɫɭ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɪɿɲɟɧɧɹ ɡɜɟɪɧɭɬɢɫɶ ɭ Ʉɨɦɿɫɿɸ ɡ ɚɩɟɥɹɰɿʀ ɇɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɭ ɿɡ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɚɛɨ ɜ ɫɭɞ. ɇɚ ɩɿɞɫɬɚɜɿ ɡɚɹɜɤɢ ɿ ɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɿɲɟɧɧɹ ɨɪɝɚɧ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɽ ɡɚɹɜɧɢɤɭ ɪɚɡɨɦ ɿɡ ɫɭɩɪɨɜɿɞɧɢɦ ɥɢɫɬɨɦ ɞɨɝɨɜɿɪ ɩɪɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɸ ɿ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɭ ɡɚɯɨɞɿɜ ɡ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɨʀ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ. Ⱦɨ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɭ ɞɨɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ: — ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɧɢɣ ɩɥɚɧ ɡɚɯɨɞɿɜ, ɞɟ ɜɤɚɡɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɿ ɜɢɞɢ ɡɚɯɨɞɿɜ, ɜɚɪɬɿɫɬɶ ɿ ɬɟɪɦɿɧ ʀɯɧɶɨɝɨ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹ, ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɿɧɲɿ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɡɚɞɿɹɧɿ ɞɨ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹ ɪɨɛɿɬ ɩɨ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ; — ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥ ɭɡɝɨɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɝɨɜɿɪɧɨʀ ɰɿɧɢ. ɉɿɫɥɹ ɭɡɝɨɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɿɡ ɡɚɹɜɧɢɤɨɦ ɨɪɝɚɧ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɦɨɠɟ ɜɢɤɨɧɭɜɚɬɢ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɦɢ ɟɬɚɩɚɦɢ — ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɿɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɩɪɹɦɢɦ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɨɦ ɿɡ ɫɭɛɩɿɞɪɹɞɧɢɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɹɦɢ. ɉɿɫɥɹ ɩɿɞɩɢɫɚɧɧɹ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɭ ɡɚɹɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɞɧɶɨ ɨɩɥɚɱɭɽ ɜɚɪɬɿɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɪɨɛɿɬ. ɍ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɭ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɨʀ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɡɚɹɜɧɢɤ ɧɟ ɡɜɿɥɶɧɹɽɬɶɫɹ ɜɿɞ ɨɩɥɚɬɢ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɢɯ ɪɨɛɿɬ. Ɉɪɝɚɧ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɮɨɪɦɭɽ ɤɨɦɿɫɿɸ ɡ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɜɢɩɪɨɛɭɜɚɧɶ (ɩɟɪɟɜɿɪɨɤ). Ƚɨɥɨɜɨɸ ɤɨɦɿɫɿʀ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɱɚɽɬɶɫɹ 190
ɚɬɟɫɬɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɚɭɞɢɬɨɪ ɡ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ. ɑɥɟɧɚɦɢ ɤɨɦɿɫɿʀ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɛɭɬɢ ɚɭɞɢɬɨɪɢ ɿ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɢ ɜ ɚɭɞɢɬɨɪɢ ɡ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɚɭɞɢɬɨɪɢ ɡ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ, ɤɜɚɥɿɮɿɤɨɜɚɧɿ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɫɬɢ ɡ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɿ ɡɚɯɢɫɬɭ ɩɪɚɜ ɫɩɨɠɢɜɚɱɿɜ. ɋɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɫɬɢ ɭ ɫɤɥɚɞɿ ɤɨɦɿɫɿʀ ɧɟ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɫɩɿɜɪɨɛɿɬɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ ɿ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɣ, ɡɚɰɿɤɚɜɥɟɧɢɯ ɭ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɯ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ. Ƚɨɥɨɜɚ ɤɨɦɿɫɿʀ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɩɿɞɝɨɬɨɜɱɿ ɡɚɯɨɞɢ: ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽ ɬɟɪɦɿɧɢ, ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɭ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɜɢɩɪɨɛɨɜɭɜɚɧɶ (ɩɟɪɟɜɿɪɤɢ), ɿɧɮɨɪɦɭɽ ɩɪɨ ɡɚɯɨɞɢ ɱɥɟɧɿɜ ɤɨɦɿɫɿʀ. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɡɚɯɨɞɿɜ ɡ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɨʀ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɡɚɹɜɧɢɤ ɡɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɢɣ ɧɚɞɚɬɢ ɤɨɦɿɫɿʀ ɜɫɿ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɿ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɢ ɿ ɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɢ ɭɦɨɜɢ ɞɥɹ ʀʀ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ, ɡɨɤɪɟɦɚ ɛɟɡɩɟɪɟɲɤɨɞɧɢɣ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɭ ɜɫɿ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ, ɞɟ ɧɚɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ, ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɞɨ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɿɜ. ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɨʀ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɡɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɭɜɚɧɢɦɢ ɫɯɟɦɚɦɢ (ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ, ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɣɧɢɯ ɜɢɩɪɨɛɭɜɚɧɶ, ɚɬɟɫɬɚɰɿʀ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ) ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɚɹɜɧɿɫɬɶ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɿɜ, ɳɨ ɩɿɞɬɜɟɪɞɠɭɸɬɶ ɧɚɝɥɹɞ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦɢ ɫɚɧɟɩɿɞɟɦɧɚɝɥɹɞɭ, ɩɨɠɟɠɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɝɥɹɞɭ, ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɝɥɹɞɭ, ɿɧɲɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɜ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɝɥɹɞɭ ɜ ɦɟɠɚɯ ʀɯɧɶɨʀ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɰɿʀ ɭ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨɦɭ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɭ. ɉɟɪɟɜɿɪɹɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɚɹɜɧɿɫɬɶ ɭɝɨɞ ɡ ɰɢɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦɢ, ɚɤɬɿɜ, ɜɢɫɧɨɜɤɿɜ ɨɫɬɚɧɧɶɨʀ ɩɟɪɟɜɿɪɤɢ, ɞɚɬɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɭ ɬɟɪɦɿɧ ɧɟ ɩɿɡɧɿɲɟ ɧɿɠ ɩɿɜɪɨɤɭ ɞɨ ɩɨɱɚɬɤɭ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɣɧɢɯ ɜɢɩɪɨɛɭɜɚɧɶ. ɉɪɢ ɧɚɹɜɧɨɫɬɿ ɰɢɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɿɜ ɿ ɞɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɿ ɜɢɦɨɝ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɜ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ ɛɟɡɩɟɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɠɢɬɬɹ ɿ ɡɞɨɪɨɜ’ɹ ɩɟɪɟɛɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ, ɤɨɦɿɫɿɹ ɪɨɡɩɨɱɢɧɚɽ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɨʀ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ. Ɉɤɪɿɦ ɰɶɨɝɨ, ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɣɧɢɯ ɜɢɩɪɨɛɨɜɭɜɚɧɶ (ɩɟɪɟɜɿɪɨɤ) ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ: — ɩɨɜɧɟ ɚɛɨ ɜɢɛɿɪɤɨɜɟ ɨɛɫɬɟɠɟɧɧɹ ɱɥɟɧɚɦɢ ɤɨɦɿɫɿʀ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ, ɭ ɹɤɢɯ ɧɚɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ; — ɩɟɪɟɜɿɪɤɚ ɧɚɹɜɧɨɫɬɿ ɫɤɚɪɝ, ɩɪɟɬɟɧɡɿɣ ɿ ɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɢɯ ɡɚɯɨɞɿɜ ʀɯɧɶɨʀ ɥɨɤɚɥɿɡɚɰɿʀ; — ɩɟɪɟɜɿɪɤɢ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ ɤɜɚɥɿɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ ɜɢɦɨɝɚɦ ɩɨɫɚɞɨɜɢɯ ɿɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɿɣ, ɡɚɬɜɟɪɞɠɟɧɢɯ ɭ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨɦɭ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɭ; — ɨɰɿɧɤɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɭ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɚɬɟɫɬɚɰɿɹ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ ɚɛɨ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ; — ɜɢɛɿɪɤɨɜɿ ɜɢɩɪɨɛɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɫɨɰɿɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɢɦɢ (ɟɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɢɦɢ) ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦɢ. 191
ɋɯɟɦɚ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɨʀ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɜ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɿ ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɚɽ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɨɤ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɭ ɡɚ ɬɪɶɨɦɚ ɦɨɞɟɥɹɦɢ: — ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɣɧɿ ɜɢɩɪɨɛɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ; — ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ; — ɚɬɟɫɬɚɰɿɹ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ. Ⱥɬɟɫɬɚɰɿɹ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɬɚ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɥɢɲɟ ɩɪɢ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɿɣ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ, ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɣɧɿ ɜɢɩɪɨɛɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ — ɩɪɢ ɞɨɛɪɨɜɿɥɶɧɿɣ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ. ɋɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɣɧɿ ɜɢɩɪɨɛɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ, ɳɨ ɧɟ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɸɬɶ ɜɢɦɨɝɚɦ ɧɚɣɧɢɠɱɨʀ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ (ɛɟɡ ɡɿɪɤɨɜɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ) ɬɚ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɬɟɪɦɿɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ. ɋɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɬ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɨʀ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɜɢɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɦɿɧ ɧɟ ɛɿɥɶɲɟ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɤɭ. Ⱥɬɟɫɬɚɰɿɹ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɟɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ (ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ, ɦɨɬɟɥɿɜ), ɹɤɿ ɩɥɚɧɭɸɬɶ ɩɪɢɫɜɨɽɧɧɹ ɩɟɜɧɨʀ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ. Ɂɝɿɞɧɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɨʀ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɡɚ ɰɿɽɸ ɫɯɟɦɨɸ, ɡɚɹɜɧɢɤ ɡɚɩɨɜɧɸɽ ɞɟɤɥɚɪɚɰɿɸ ɩɪɨ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɿɫɬɶ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ ɜɢɦɨɝɚɦ ɳɨɞɨ ɩɪɢɫɜɨɽɧɧɹ ɩɟɜɧɨʀ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ (ɡɿɪɤɢ). ɉɿɫɥɹ ɚɧɚɥɿɡɭ ɿ ɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɧɢɯ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɯ ɜɢɜɱɟɧɧɹ ɞɟɤɥɚɪɚɰɿʀ ɨɪɝɚɧ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽ ɩɟɪɟɜɿɪɤɭ ɧɚ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɿɫɬɶ ɜɢɦɨɝɚɦ ɛɟɡɩɟɤɢ, ɩɟɪɟɜɿɪɤɭ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ ɧɨɦɟɧɤɥɚɬɭɪɢ ɿ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨɦɭ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɢɦɢ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɩɟɪɟɥɿɤɭ ɜɢɦɨɝ ɳɨɞɨ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɩɟɜɧɨʀ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ (ɡɿɪɤɢ) ɬɚ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿʀ, ɳɨ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɭ ɞɟɤɥɚɪɚɰɿʀ. ɋɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɬ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ ɜɢɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɦɿɧ ɧɟ ɛɿɥɶɲɟ ɬɪɶɨɯ ɪɨɤɿɜ. ɋɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɨɜɚɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ, ɳɨ ɦɚɸɬɶ ɩɪɢɫɜɨɽɧɭ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɸ ɿ ɧɚɦɚɝɚɸɬɶɫɹ ʀʀ ɩɿɞɬɜɟɪɞɢɬɢ ɚɛɨ ɡɞɨɛɭɬɢ ɜɢɳɭ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɸ. ɋɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɿɧɿɰɿɚɬɢɜɢ ɡɚɹɜɧɢɤɚ ɡ ɦɟɬɨɸ ɩɿɞɬɜɟɪɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɿ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɿɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ ɭ ɩɨɫɬɿɣɧɨɦɭ ɪɟɠɢɦɿ ɧɚɞɚɜɚɬɢ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ, ɹɤɿ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɸɬɶ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɢɦ ɜɢɦɨɝɚɦ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɢɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɿɜ ɡ ɛɟɡɩɟɤɢ ɿ ɜɢɦɨɝ ɳɨɞɨ ɩɟɜɧɨʀ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ (ɡɿɪɤɢ). ɋɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɬ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ ɜɢɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɦɿɧ ɞɨ ɩ’ɹɬɢ ɪɨɤɿɜ. 192
ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɨɞɧɿɽʀ ɡ ɬɪɶɨɯ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ, ɤɨɦɿɫɿɹ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɽ ɡɜɿɬ ɡɚ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦɢ ɨɰɿɧɤɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɭ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɚɛɨ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥ ɜɢɩɪɨɛɨɜɭɜɚɧɶ (ɩɟɪɟɜɿɪɤɢ) ɧɚ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɿɫɬɶ ɜɢɦɨɝɚɦ ɛɟɡɩɟɤɢ ɿ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥ ɜɢɩɪɨɛɨɜɭɜɚɧɶ ɧɚ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɿɫɬɶ ɜɢɦɨɝɚɦ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ, ɹɤɿ ɽ ɨɫɧɨɜɨɸ ɞɥɹ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɚɤɬɭ ɿ ɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɬɹ ɪɿɲɟɧɧɹ. ɉɪɨɬɨɤɨɥ ɜɢɩɪɨɛɨɜɭɜɚɧɶ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɩɿɞɩɢɫɭɽ ɝɨɥɨɜɚ ɿ ɜɫɿ ɱɥɟɧɢ ɤɨɦɿɫɿʀ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɤ ɡɚɹɜɧɢɤɚ. əɤɳɨ ɭ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɿ ɜɢɩɪɨɛɨɜɭɜɚɧɶ ɩɪɢɣɦɚɥɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɶ ɜɢɩɪɨɛɨɜɭɜɚɧɚ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɿɹ, ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɿɜ ʀʀ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥ ɜɢɩɪɨɛɨɜɭɜɚɧɶ ɿ ɪɚɡɨɦ ɡ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɨɦ ɤɨɦɿɫɿʀ ɩɨɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɤɨɩɿɹ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɿɜ — ɡɚɹɜɧɢɤɭ. ɉɿɫɥɹ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɹ ɜɢɩɪɨɛɨɜɭɜɚɧɶ (ɩɟɪɟɜɿɪɤɢ) ɫɤɥɚɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɚɤɬ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɨʀ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɹɤɢɣ ɩɿɞɩɢɫɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɝɨɥɨɜɨɸ ɿ ɱɥɟɧɚɦɢ ɤɨɦɿɫɿʀ. Ɉɞɢɧ ɟɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪ ɚɤɬɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɡɚɹɜɧɢɤɭ. Ɉɪɝɚɧ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɚɧɚɥɿɡɭɽ ɜɫɿ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɿ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɢ (ɡɜɿɬ, ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɢ, ɚɤɬ. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɢ ɫɨɰɿɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɢɯ ɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɶ ɬɚ ɿɧ.) ɿ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɧɢɯ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɯ ɪɨɡɝɥɹɞɭ ɜɢɞɚɽ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɬ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ. əɤɳɨ ɨɪɝɚɧ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɩɪɢɣɦɚɽ ɪɿɲɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɨ ɜɿɞɦɨɜɭ ɜɢɞɚɱɿ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɬɚ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ, ɬɨɞɿ ɪɿɲɟɧɧɹ ɡ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɢɦ ɜɢɤɥɚɞɨɦ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ ɜɿɞɦɨɜɢ ɫɤɟɪɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɡɚɹɜɧɢɤɭ ɭ ɬɟɪɦɿɧ ɧɟ ɛɿɥɶɲɟ ɞɟɫɹɬɢ ɞɧɿɜ ɡ ɞɧɹ ɩɿɞɩɢɫɚɧɧɹ ɚɤɬɚ, ɚ ɡɚɹɜɤɚ ɚɧɭɥɸɽɬɶɫɹ. ɉɨɜɬɨɪɧɟ ɜɢɩɪɨɛɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɡ ɦɟɬɨɸ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɩɿɫɥɹ ɩɨɞɚɱɿ ɩɨɜɧɨʀ ɡɚɹɜɤɢ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɿ ɩɟɪɟɤɨɧɥɢɜɢɯ ɞɨɤɚɡɿɜ ɡɚɹɜɧɢɤɚ ɳɨɞɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɤɨɪɢɝɭɸɱɢ ɡɚɯɨɞɿɜ. ȼɢɞɚɱɚ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɬɭ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɦ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɿ ɣɨɝɨ ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿɹ ɭ Ɋɟɽɫɬɪɿ ɋɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɬɟɪɦɿɧ, ɳɨ ɧɟ ɩɟɪɟɜɢɳɭɽ ɞɟɫɹɬɢ ɞɧɿɜ ɡ ɞɧɹ ɜɢɞɚɱɿ ɚɤɬɚ. Ɉɪɢɝɿɧɚɥ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɬɚ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ ɿ ɥɿɰɟɧɡɿɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɬɚ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ ɜɢɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɡɚɹɜɧɢɤɭ. əɤɳɨ ɜɢɦɨɝɢ ɳɨɞɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɧɢɤɿɜ (ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ) ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɡɦɿɧɸɸɬɶɫɹ, ɬɨɞɿ ɞɿɹ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɬɚ ɩɪɢɡɭɩɢɧɹɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɱɚɫɭ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɡɦɿɧ. ɍ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ ɡɦɿɧ ɜ ɭɦɨɜɚɯ ɩɨɞɚɧɧɹ ɚɛɨ ɧɨɦɟɧɤɥɚɬɭɪɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɨʀ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɿʀ ɧɚ ʀɯɧɽ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ, ɳɨ ɦɨɠɟ ɡɭɦɨɜɢɬɢ ɜɩɥɢɜ ɧɚ 193
ɩɨɤɚɡɧɢɤɢ, ɩɿɞɬɜɟɪɞɠɟɧɿ ɩɿɞ ɱɚɫ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ, ɡɚɹɜɧɢɤ ɡɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɢɣ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɞɢɬɢ ɩɪɨ ɰɟ ɨɪɝɚɧ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ. ɇɚ ɩɿɡɧɿɲɟ ɧɿɠ ɡɚ ɬɪɢ ɦɿɫɹɰɿ ɞɨ ɡɚɤɿɧɱɟɧɧɹ ɞɿʀ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɬɚ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ ɡɚɹɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɞɚɽ ɧɨɜɭ ɡɚɹɜɤɭ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɞɥɹ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɫɟɪɬɢɤɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɿɨɞ. Ɉɪɝɚɧ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɢɣ ɨɛɫɹɝ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɝɥɹɞɭ. Ɍɟɯɧɿɱɧɢɣ ɧɚɝɥɹɞ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɩɿɞ ɱɚɫ ʀɯɧɶɨɝɨ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽ ɨɪɝɚɧ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɳɨ ɜɢɞɚɜ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɬ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ. Ɍɟɯɧɿɱɧɢɣ ɧɚɝɥɹɞ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɭɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ ɜɫɶɨɝɨ ɬɟɪɦɿɧɭ ɞɿʀ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɬɚ ɭ ɮɨɪɦɿ ɩɥɚɧɨɜɢɯ ɿ ɩɨɡɚɩɥɚɧɨɜɢɯ ɩɟɪɟɜɿɪɨɤ. ɉɥɚɧɨɜɿ ɩɟɪɟɜɿɪɤɢ, ʀɯɧɹ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɿ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɟɧɿ ɭɦɨɜɚɦɢ ɭɝɨɞɢ ɧɚ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɟɧɧɹ ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɝɥɹɞɭ ɦɿɠ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɦ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɿ ɡɚɦɨɜɧɢɤɨɦ. ɉɪɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɿ ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɝɥɹɞɭ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ: — ɩɟɪɟɜɿɪɤɚ ɞɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɨɦ ɜɢɦɨɝ ɞɨ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɲɥɹɯɨɦ ɩɟɪɟɜɿɪɤɢ ʀɯɧɶɨʀ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɿɣ ɿ ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɿɣ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɿʀ, ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ ɡɦɿɧ ɭ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɿʀ; — ɨɰɿɧɤɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɭ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɚɬɟɫɬɚɰɿɹ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ; — ɩɟɪɟɜɿɪɤɚ ɞɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɭɦɨɜ ɥɿɰɟɧɡɿɣɧɨʀ ɭɝɨɞɢ, ɳɨ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɩɟɪɟɜɿɪɤɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɧɚɧɟɫɟɧɧɹ ɡɧɚɤɭ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ (ɡɿɪɤɢ) ɧɚ ɤɚɪɬɰɿ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ, ɤɜɢɬɚɧɰɿʀ, ɪɟɤɥɚɦɧɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɚɯ, ɜɢɜɿɫɤɚɯ. Ɂɝɿɞɧɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɿɜ ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɝɥɹɞɭ ɨɪɝɚɧɭ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɡɜɿɬ, ɭ ɹɤɨɦɭ ɜɤɚɡɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɿ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɢ ɧɟɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɦ ɜɢɦɨɝɚɦ ɿ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɤɨɪɢɝɭɸɱɢ ɡɚɯɨɞɢ. Ɉɞɢɧ ɟɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪ ɡɜɿɬɭ ɨɬɪɢɦɭɽ ɡɚɹɜɧɢɤ. ɉɨɡɚɩɥɚɧɨɜɚ ɩɟɪɟɜɿɪɤɚ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɦ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɞɯɨɞɠɟɧɧɿ ɫɤɚɪɝ ɳɨɞɨ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɜɿɞ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ, ɨɪɝɚɧɿɜ, ɳɨ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɸɬɶ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɢɣ ɚɛɨ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɫɶɤɢɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɜɱɢɯ ɚɤɬɿɜ. Ⱦɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɿ ɩɟɪɟɜɿɪɤɢ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɢɫɶ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɞɯɨɞɠɟɧɧɿ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿʀ ɩɪɨ ɡɦɿɧɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿʀ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɚɛɨ ɧɨɦɟɧɤɥɚɬɭɪɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɚɛɨ ɭɦɨɜ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ. 194
Ⱦɿɹ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɬɚ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ ɿ ɥɿɰɟɧɡɿɣɧɨʀ ɭɝɨɞɢ ɦɨɠɟ ɛɭɬɢ ɩɪɢɡɭɩɢɧɟɧɚ ɭ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ: — ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɧɟɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɜɢɦɨɝɚɦ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɢɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɿɜ ɳɨɞɨ ʀɯɧɶɨʀ ɛɟɡɩɟɤɢ; — ɧɟɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ ɭɦɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ ɛɟɡɩɟɤɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ; — ɜɢɹɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɧɟɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɜɢɦɨɝɚɦ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɢɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɿɜ ɫɬɨɫɨɜɧɨ ɧɚɞɚɧɨʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ (ɡɿɪɤɢ); — ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɡɦɿɧ, ɜɧɟɫɟɧɢɯ ɭ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɭ ɿ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɭ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɿɸ ɧɚ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɛɟɡ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɞɧɶɨʀ ɡɝɨɞɢ ɡ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɦ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ; — ɩɨɪɭɲɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɚɜɢɥ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɬɚ ɿ ɡɧɚɤɚ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ; — ɧɚɞɯɨɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɫɤɚɪɝ ɿ ɩɪɟɬɟɧɡɿɣ ɳɨɞɨ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ; — ɜɿɞɦɨɜɢ ɡɚɹɜɧɢɤɚ ɜɿɞ ɨɩɥɚɬɢ ɪɨɛɿɬ ɡ ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɝɥɹɞɭ. ɍ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ ɩɪɢɡɭɩɢɧɟɧɧɹ ɞɿʀ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɬɚ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ ɨɪɝɚɧ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɭ ɬɪɶɨɯɞɟɧɧɢɣ ɬɟɪɦɿɧ ɧɚɞɚɽ ɩɢɫɶɦɨɜɭ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɸ ɩɪɨ ɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɟ ɪɿɲɟɧɧɹ ɫɬɨɫɨɜɧɨ ɩɪɢɡɭɩɢɧɟɧɧɹ ɚɛɨ ɜɿɞɦɿɧɭ ɞɿʀ ɜɢɞɚɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɬɚ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ ɜ Ⱦɟɪɠɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ, ɣɨɝɨ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɿɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɨɪɝɚɧ, Ⱦɟɪɠɤɨɦɬɭɪɢɡɦɭ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ ɿ ɡɚɹɜɧɢɤɭ. Ɋɿɲɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɨ ɩɪɢɡɭɩɢɧɟɧɧɹ ɞɿʀ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɬɚ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ ɦɨɠɟ ɛɭɬɢ ɜɿɞɦɿɧɟɧɨ ɭ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɤɨɪɢɝɭɸɱɢ ɡɚɯɨɞɿɜ ɡɚɹɜɧɢɤɨɦ ɭ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɿ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɦ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɬɟɪɦɿɧ. ɉɿɫɥɹ ɡɚɤɿɧɱɟɧɧɹ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɬɟɪɦɿɧɭ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɢɣ ɧɚɝɥɹɞ, ɹɤɢɣ ɦɨɠɟ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɢɫɶ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɫɩɪɨɳɟɧɨʀ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɢ ɡ ɭɪɚɯɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɿɜ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɞɧɶɨɝɨ ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɝɥɹɞɭ. Ɋɿɲɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɨ ɜɿɞɦɿɧɭ ɞɿʀ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɬɚ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ ɦɨɠɟ ɩɪɢɣɦɚɬɢɫɶ ɭ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ: — ɧɟɞɨɥɿɤɢ ɧɟɦɨɠɥɢɜɨ ɭɫɭɧɭɬɢ ɭ ɜɿɞɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ ɱɚɫ; — ɤɨɪɢɝɭɸɱɢ ɡɚɯɨɞɢ ɧɟ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɿ ɚɛɨ ɧɟ ɦɚɥɢ ɧɚɫɥɿɞɤɿɜ ɭ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɪɿɲɟɧɧɹɦ ɩɪɨ ɩɪɢ ɡɭɩɢɧɤɭ ɞɿʀ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɬɭ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ ɬɟɪɦɿɧ; — ɧɟ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɨ ɭɦɨɜɢ ɥɿɰɟɧɡɿɣɧɨʀ ɭɝɨɞɢ. ȼɿɞɦɿɧɚ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɬɚ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ ɧɚɫɬɚɽ ɡ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɭ ɣɨɝɨ ɜɢɥɭɱɟɧɧɹ ɡ Ɋɟɽɫɬɪɭ ɋɢɫɬɟɦɢ. Ƚɨɬɟɥɶɧɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ, ɧɚ ɹɤɿ ɜɿɞɦɿɧɟɧɨ ɞɿɸ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɬɚ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɛɭɬɢ ɡɚɹɜɥɟɧɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɦ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɨɦ ɧɚ 195
ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɭ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɭ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɸ ɩɿɫɥɹ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹ ɡɚɫɨɛɨɦ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɤɨɪɢɝɭɸɱɢ ɡɚɯɨɞɿɜ, ɫɤɟɪɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɧɚ ɭɫɭɧɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɪɭɲɟɧɶ, ɜɢɹɜɥɟɧɢɯ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿ ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɝɥɹɞɭ. ɍ ɬɚɤɿɣ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɿʀ ɡɚɯɨɞɢ ɿɡ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬɶɫɹ ɛɟɡ ɭɪɚɯɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɿɜ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɞɧɶɨʀ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɨʀ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɩɟɜɧɨʀ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ. əɤɳɨ ɡɚɹɜɧɢɤ ɧɚɦɚɝɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɨɫɤɚɪɠɢɬɢ ɪɿɲɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɨ ɜɿɞɦɿɧɭ ɥɿɰɟɧɡɿʀ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɬɚ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ ɿ ɦɚɪɤɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɡɧɚɤɚ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ (ɡɿɪɨɤ) ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɡɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɯ ɭ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɬɿ ɿ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɡɚɹɜɧɢɤɨɦ ɭɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ ɬɟɪɦɿɧɭ ɞɿʀ ɥɿɰɟɧɡɿʀ, ɩɨɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɚɩɟɥɹɰɿɹ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɧɟ ɩɿɡɧɿɲɟ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɦɿɫɹɰɹ ɩɿɫɥɹ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɜɿɞɨɦɥɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɨ ɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɟ ɪɿɲɟɧɧɹ. ɉɨɞɚɱɚ ɚɩɟɥɹɰɿʀ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɡɭɩɢɧɹɽ ɞɿʀ ɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɨɝɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɦ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɪɿɲɟɧɧɹ. Ⱥɩɟɥɹɰɿɹ ɪɨɡɝɥɹɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɦ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɭ ɦɿɫɹɱɧɢɣ ɬɟɪɦɿɧ ɡ ɞɧɹ ɧɚɞɯɨɞɠɟɧɧɹ. Ⱦɥɹ ɪɨɡɝɥɹɞɭ ɫɩɿɪɧɢɯ ɩɢɬɚɧɶ ɫɬɜɨɪɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɚɩɟɥɹɰɿɣɧɚ ɤɨɦɿɫɿɹ. Ɂɚɹɜɧɢɤ ɦɚɽ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɜɢɫɬɭɩɭ ɧɚ ɡɚɫɿɞɚɧɧɿ ɤɨɦɿɫɿʀ. ɍ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ ɧɟɡɝɨɞɢ ɡ ɪɿɲɟɧɧɹɦ ɚɩɟɥɹɰɿɣɧɨʀ ɤɨɦɿɫɿʀ, ɡɚɹɜɧɢɤ ɦɚɽ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɭɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ ɞɟɫɹɬɢ ɞɧɿɜ ɡ ɞɧɹ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɪɿɲɟɧɧɹ ɡɜɟɪɧɭɬɢɫɶ ɭ Ʉɨɦɿɫɿɸ ɡ ɚɩɟɥɹɰɿɣ ɇɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɭ ɡ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɚɛɨ ɭ ɫɭɞ. Ƚɨɬɟɥɶɧɿ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ, ɹɤɿ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɸɬɶ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɶɤɭ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ ɛɟɡ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɬɚ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ ɡɚɫɬɨɫɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɡɚɯɨɞɢ ɮɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɜɩɥɢɜɭ ɭ ɮɨɪɦɿ ɲɬɪɚɮɧɢɯ ɫɚɧɤɰɿɣ ɜ ɨɛɫɹɝɚɯ, ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɟɧɢɯ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ. Ʌɿɰɟɧɡɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿɣ ɫɮɟɪɿ, ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɜɱɨʀ ɿ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨʀ ɛɚɡɢ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ ɳɨɞɨ ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɿɜ, ɹɤɿ ɧɚɞɚɸɬɶ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɡ ɬɢɦɱɚɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ, ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɟɤɫɤɭɪɫɿɣɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɪɨɡɜɚɝ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɩɪɨɬɟ ɧɟ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɸɬɶ ɪɨɡɪɨɛɤɭ ɿ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɭ ɩɪɨɩɨɡɢɰɿɸ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ (ɬɭɪ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɫɶɤɚ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ) ɿ ɧɟ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɸɬɶ ɩɨɫɟɪɟɞɧɢɰɶɤɭ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ ɡ ɪɟɚɥɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɭ ɚɛɨ ɪɟɚɥɿɡɚɰɿɸ ɫɭɩɭɬɧɿɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ (ɬɭɪɚɝɟɧɬɫɶɤɚ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ) ʀɯɧɹ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ ɧɟ ɩɿɞɥɹɝɚɽ ɥɿɰɟɧɡɭɜɚɧɧɸ. Ɉɤɪɿɦ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɨʀ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ, ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬɢ ɞɨɛɪɨɜɿɥɶɧɭ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɸ. Ⱦɨɛɪɨɜɿɥɶɧɚ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɥɢɲɟ ɳɨɞɨ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ. 196
ɉɢɬɚɧɧɹ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ 1. ɇɚɡɜɿɬɶ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɿ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɫɜɿɬɨɜɨɦɭ ɞɨɫɜɿɞɿ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɹɤɿɫɬɸ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ. 2. Ɉɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɣɬɟ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ. 3. əɤɿ ɮɨɪɦɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ ɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɿ ɹɤɿɫɬɸ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚɯ. 4. ɇɚɡɜɿɬɶ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɿ ɱɢɧɧɢɤɢ, ɳɨ ɜɩɥɢɜɚɸɬɶ ɧɚ ɹɤɿɫɬɶ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ. 5. Ɉɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɣɬɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɿɡɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɹɤɿɫɬɸ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ. 6. ɉɪɨɚɧɚɥɿɡɭɣɬɟ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɩɪɚɜɨɜɿ ɬɚ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɟɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɿɣɧɿ ɩɟɪɟɞɭɦɨɜɢ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿɣ ɫɮɟɪɿ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ. 7. Ɉɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɣɬɟ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ.
197
Ɋɨɡɞɿɥ 5 ɆȿɏȺɇȱɁɆ ɌȺ ɈɋɈȻɅɂȼɈɋɌȱ ɎɈɊɆɍȼȺɇɇə ɌȺɊɂɎȱȼ ɇȺ ȽɈɌȿɅɖɇȱ ɉɈɋɅɍȽɂ
5.1. ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɜɚɪɬɨɫɬɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ Ɏɨɪɦɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɬɚɪɢɮɿɜ (ɜɚɪɬɨɫɬɿ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ) ɧɚ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿ ɧɨɦɟɪɢ (ɦɿɫɰɹ), ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ — ɨɞɢɧ ɿɡ ɜɚɠɥɢɜɢɯ ɧɚɩɪɹɦɤɿɜ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɿɜ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ, ɳɨ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽ ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɿɫɬɶ ɣɨɝɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɚ ɪɢɧɤɭ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ. ȼɢɪɿɲɟɧɧɹ ɰɿɽʀ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɜɚɬɢ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨ ɡ ɭɪɚɯɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ ɛɚɝɚɬɶɨɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɿɜ. ɉɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɨɦ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ ɫɜɨɽʀ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɡɭɦɨɜɥɸɽ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɿɫɬɶ ɩɨɫɬɿɣɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɧɿɬɨɪɢɧɝɭ ɫɬɚɧɭ ɪɢɧɤɭ, ɝɨɬɨɜɧɨɫɬɿ ɞɨ ɪɢɧɤɨɜɢɯ ɤɨɥɢɜɚɧɶ ɡ ɦɟɬɨɸ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ ɪɟɚɥɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɿʀ ɫɚɦɨɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ ɬɚ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ ɜ ɭɦɨɜɚɯ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɿʀ. ɍ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɿ ɬɚɪɢɮɿɜ ɧɚɫɚɦɩɟɪɟɞ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɜɪɚɯɨɜɭɜɚɬɢ: — ɫɨɛɿɜɚɪɬɿɫɬɶ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɜ ɰɿɥɨɦɭ; — ɿɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɿʀ, ɳɨ ɧɚɞɿɣɲɥɢ ɚɛɨ ɩɥɚɧɭɽɬɶɫɹ ʀɯɧɽ ɧɚɞɯɨɞɠɟɧɧɹ; — ɫɢɬɭɚɰɿɸ ɿ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɿʀ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɯ ɰɿɥɶɨɜɢɯ ɪɢɧɤɚɯ; — ɧɨɪɦɢ ɩɪɢɛɭɬɤɭ ɿ ɩɨɜɟɪɧɟɧɧɹ ɜɢɬɪɚɬ ɧɚ ɜɤɥɚɞɟɧɢɣ ɤɚɩɿɬɚɥ; — ɪɟɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɩɨɩɢɬ ɿ ɩɪɨɩɨɡɢɰɿʀ ɧɚ ɰɿɥɶɨɜɨɦɭ ɪɢɧɤɭ ɭ ɞɚɧɢɣ ɱɚɫ; — ɦɨɠɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɿɜ ɿ ɧɚɹɜɧɿɫɬɶ ɭ ɞɚɧɿɣ ɦɿɫɰɟɜɨɫɬɿ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ ɬɢɦɱɚɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ; — ɹɤɿɫɬɶ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɬɚ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ ɣɨɝɨ ɜɞɨɫɤɨɧɚɥɟɧɧɹ. ɍ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɚɪɢɮɭ (ɜɚɪɬɨɫɬɿ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ), ɨɤɪɿɦ ɜɚɪɬɨɫɬɿ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɿ ɩɟɜɧɨʀ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ, ɜɯɨɞɹɬɶ ɿɧɲɿ ɫɤɥɚɞɨɜɿ, ɬɚɤɿ, ɹɤ ɞɜɨɪɚɡɨɜɟ ɱɢ ɬɪɢɪɚɡɨɜɟ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɚɛɨ ɥɢɲɟ ɫɧɿɞɚɧɨɤ, ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɦɿɧɿ-ɛɚɪɭ (ɧɚɩɨʀ), ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɫɚɭɧɢ ɬɚ ɿɧ. ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɜɿɞ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɟɣ ɩɨɩɢɬɭ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ ɬɚ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨʀ ɦɚɪɤɟɬɢɧɝɨɜɨʀ (ɜ ɬɨɦɭ ɱɢɫɥɿ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜɨʀ) ɩɨɥɿɬɢɤɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨ198
ɝɨ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ. ȼɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ, ɧɚɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɡɧɢɠɤɢ, ɹɤɳɨ ɞɟɹɤɿ ɫɤɥɚɞɨɜɿ ɧɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɞɨ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɚɪɢɮɭ, ɚɛɨ ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɟɧɿ ɧɚɞɛɚɜɤɢ, ɧɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɩɪɢ ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɧɿ ɜ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɞɨɪɨɫɥɨʀ ɨɫɨɛɢ ɚɛɨ ɞɢɬɢɧɢ ɬɨɳɨ. ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɿ ɰɢɯ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɟɣ ɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɬɚɪɢɮɿɜ, ɹɤɢɦ ɩɪɢɫɜɨɽɧɿ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɿ ɧɚɡɜɢ — «ɫɿɦɟɣɧɢɣ ɬɚɪɢɮ», «ɪɨɞɢɧɧɢɣ ɬɚɪɢɮ», «ɽɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɶɤɢɣ ɬɚɪɢɮ», «ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɶɤɢɣ ɬɚɪɢɮ» ɬɚ ɿɧ. Ɂɝɿɞɧɨ ɜɿɬɱɢɡɧɹɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɫɜɿɞɭ, ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɰɿɧɢ ɛɭɞɶ-ɹɤɨʀ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɚ ʀʀ ɩɨɜɧɚ ɫɨɛɿɜɚɪɬɿɫɬɶ. ɉɨɜɧɚ ɫɨɛɿɜɚɪɬɿɫɬɶ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɿ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨʀ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɨɯɨɩɥɸɽ ɫɭɤɭɩɧɿɫɬɶ ɬɪɭɞɨɜɢɯ, ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɬɚ ɮɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɢɯ ɜɢɬɪɚɬ, ɜɿɞɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɯ ɭ ɝɪɨɲɨɜɿɣ ɮɨɪɦɿ ɜ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɭɧɤɭ ɧɚ ɨɞɢɧɢɰɸ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ. ȼɨɧɚ ɜɿɞɨɛɪɚɠɚɽ ɬɟɯɧɿɤɨ-ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɣɧɢɣ ɪɿɜɟɧɶ ɟɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɿɣɧɨʀ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ, ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɨʀ ɡ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɰɬɜɨɦ ɿ ɪɟɚɥɿɡɚɰɿɽɸ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ. Ɂɚɝɚɥɶɧɿ ɩɨɬɨɱɧɿ ɜɢɬɪɚɬɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɭ, ɨɤɪɿɦ ɟɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɿɣɧɢɯ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬɶ ɜɢɬɪɚɬɢ ɜ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɜɢɞɚɯ ɣɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɶɤɨʀ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɬɚ ɩɪɢ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɟɧɧɿ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɶɤɢɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɿɣ. ɉɨɬɨɱɧɿ ɜɢɬɪɚɬɢ — ɜɚɠɥɢɜɢɣ ɹɤɿɫɧɢɣ ɩɨɤɚɡɧɢɤ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ, ɳɨ ɜɩɥɢɜɚɽ ɹɤ ɧɚ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɿ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɢ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɶɤɨʀ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ, ɬɚ ɨɛɫɹɝ ɫɨɛɿɜɚɪɬɨɫɬɿ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɜɢɞɿɜ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ʀɯ ɩɪɢɛɭɬɤɨɜɿɫɬɶ ɬɚ ɪɟɧɬɚɛɟɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ. ɍ ɜɿɬɱɢɡɧɹɧɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɩɪɢ ɰɿɧɨɭɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɿ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɸɬɶ ɫɟɪɟɞɧɸ ɜɚɪɬɿɫɬɶ ɨɞɧɿɽʀ ɥɸɞɢɧɨ-ɞɨɛɢ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɹɤ ɱɚɫɬɤɭ ɜɿɞ ɞɿɥɟɧɧɹ ɜɫɿɽʀ ɫɭɦɢ ɜɢɬɪɚɬ ɟɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ, ɩɪɢɛɭɬɤɭ ɡ ɭɪɚɯɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɯ ɩɥɚɬɟɠɿɜ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɧɢɣ ɨɛɫɹɝ ɧɚɞɚɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ (ɥɸɞɢɧɨ-ɞɿɛ). ɍ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚɯ, ɳɨ ɧɚɞɚɸɬɶ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɣ ɨɛɫɹɝ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɩɨɬɨɱɧɿ ɜɢɬɪɚɬɢ ɩɨɞɿɥɹɸɬɶɫɹ, ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɜɢɞɿɜ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɧɚ ɩɪɹɦɿ (ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɱɚ ɡɚɪɨɛɿɬɧɚ ɩɥɚɬɚ, ɤɨɦɭɧɚɥɶɧɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ, ɫɢɪɨɜɢɧɚ ɬɚ ɿɧ.) ɬɚ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɿ ɟɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɿɣɧɿ, ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɿ, ɜɢɬɪɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɡɛɭɬ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɿ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɨɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɶɤɿ ɜɢɬɪɚɬɢ. əɤɳɨ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ ɧɚɞɚɽ ɨɞɢɧ ɜɢɞ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ — ɥɢɲɟ ɧɨɦɟɪ, ɜɢɬɪɚɬɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɸɬɶ ɧɚ ɨɞɢɧɢɰɸ ɰɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ʀɯ ɧɚ ɩɪɹɦɿ ɬɚ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɿ ɧɟ ɩɨɞɿɥɹɸɬɶ. əɤɳɨ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɿ ɟɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɿɣɧɿ, ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɿ ɜɢɬɪɚɬɢ, ɜɢɬɪɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɡɛɭɬ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɿ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɶɤɿ ɜɢɬɪɚɬɢ ɪɨɡɩɨɞɿɥɹɸɬɶ ɦɿɠ ɜɥɚɫɧɟ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɚɦɢ ɣ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɚɦɢ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɩɿɞɪɨɡɞɿɥɿɜ, ɩɿɞɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ (ɩɿɞɫɨɛɧɿ ɩɿɞɪɨɡɞɿɥɢ), ɬɨɞɿ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɨɩɨɫɟɪɟɞɤɨɜɚɧɨɝɨ 199
ɩɨɞɿɥɭ ɜɤɚɡɚɧɢɯ ɜɢɬɪɚɬ ɧɚ ɫɨɛɿɜɚɪɬɿɫɬɶ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɰɢɯ ɩɿɞɪɨɡɞɿɥɿɜ. ɇɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɹɤɳɨ ɭ ɩɿɞɩɨɪɹɞɤɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɽ ɫɚɭɧɚ, ɩɪɚɥɶɧɹ, ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɨ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɱɚɫɬɢɧɚ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɜɢɬɪɚɬ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɞɿɥɹɬɶ ɧɚ ɫɨɛɿɜɚɪɬɿɫɬɶ ɰɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɿɣɧɨ ɞɨ ɫɭɦɢ ɩɪɹɦɢɯ ɜɢɬɪɚɬ. əɤɳɨ ɡɚ ɤɚɥɶɤɭɥɹɰɿɣɧɢɦɢ ɞɚɧɢɦɢ, ɹɤɿ ɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɿ ɩɪɢ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɭɧɤɭ ɫɨɛɿɜɚɪɬɨɫɬɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬɶ ɝɪɭɩɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɹɦɢɯ ɩɨɬɨɱɧɢɯ ɜɢɬɪɚɬ, ɜɪɚɯɨɜɭɸɬɶ ɦɿɫɰɟ ʀɯ ɜɢɧɢɤɧɟɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ. ȼɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɜɧɨʀ ɫɨɛɿɜɚɪɬɨɫɬɿ ɨɞɢɧɢɰɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɸɬɶ ɜ ɬɚɤɿɣ ɩɨɫɥɿɞɨɜɧɨɫɬɿ: ɉɨɜɧɚ ɫɨɛɿɜɚɪɬɿɫɬɶ = ȿɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɿɣɧɚ ɫɨɛɿɜɚɪɬɿɫɬɶ + Ⱥɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɿ ɜɢɬɪɚɬɢ, ɜɢɬɪɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɡɛɭɬ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɿ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɿ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɶɤɿ ɜɢɬɪɚɬɢ Ⱦɨ ɟɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɿɣɧɨʀ ɫɨɛɿɜɚɪɬɨɫɬɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬɶ ɩɪɹɦɿ ɬɚ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɿ ɟɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɿɣɧɿ ɜɢɬɪɚɬɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ. Ⱦɨ ɩɪɹɦɢɯ ɟɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɿɣɧɢɯ ɜɢɬɪɚɬ ɧɚɥɟɠɚɬɶ: — ɜɢɬɪɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɨɩɥɚɬɭ ɩɪɚɰɿ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ ɡ ɜɿɞɪɚɯɭɜɚɧɧɹɦɢ ɧɚ ɫɨɰɿɚɥɶɧɿ ɡɚɯɨɞɢ; — ɚɦɨɪɬɢɡɚɰɿɣɧɿ ɜɿɞɪɚɯɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɿ ɡɚɫɨɛɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ; — ɤɨɦɭɧɚɥɶɧɿ ɜɢɬɪɚɬɢ: ɨɩɚɥɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ, ɜɨɞɨɩɨɫɬɚɱɚɧɧɹ, ɤɚɧɚɥɿɡɚɰɿɹ, ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɟɧɟɪɝɿɹ, ɩɪɚɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɩɪɚɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɛɿɥɢɡɧɢ, ɚɛɨɧɟɧɬɫɶɤɚ ɩɥɚɬɚ ɡɚ ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧ ɬɚ ɪɚɞɿɨ, ɩɨɬɨɱɧɢɣ ɪɟɦɨɧɬ ɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɮɨɧɞɭ. ɍ ɪɨɡɩɨɞɿɥɿ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɟɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɿɣɧɢɯ, ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɢɯ ɜɢɬɪɚɬ, ɜɢɬɪɚɬ ɧɚ ɡɛɭɬ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɶɤɢɯ ɜɢɬɪɚɬ ɦɿɠ ɩɿɞɪɨɡɞɿɥɚɦɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɭ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɜɪɚɯɨɜɭɜɚɬɢ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ ɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɤɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɞɭ ɜɢɬɪɚɬ. ɇɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɩɪɢ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɿ ɫɨɛɿɜɚɪɬɨɫɬɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ, ɜɢɬɪɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɨɩɥɚɬɭ ɩɪɚɰɿ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ ɪɨɡɩɨɞɿɥɹɸɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɿɣɧɨ ɞɨ ɩɪɹɦɢɯ ɜɢɬɪɚɬ ɧɚ ɨɩɥɚɬɭ ɩɪɚɰɿ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɸɱɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɱɢɧɨɦ, ɫɟɪɟɞɧɹ ɜɿɞɩɭɫɤɧɚ ɜɚɪɬɿɫɬɶ ɨɞɢɧɢɰɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ (ɥɸɞɢɧɨ-ɞɨɛɢ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ) ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ ɽ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɦ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɦ ɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɬɚɪɢɮɿɜ ɿ ɰɿɧɨɜɨʀ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɤɢ. ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿ ɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɬɚɪɢɮɿɜ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɜɿɬɱɢɡɧɹɧɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɨ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɧɶɨ ɨɛʉɪɭɧɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɜɚɪɬɿɫɬɶ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɡɨɤɪɟɦɚ ɞɢɮɟɪɟɧɰɿɚɰɿɹ ɜɿɞɩɭɫɤɧɨʀ ɜɚɪɬɨɫɬɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ, ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɧɶɨ ɡɚɫɬɨɫɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɢ ɦɚɪɤɟ200
ɬɢɧɝɨɜɢɯ ɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɶ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿ ɨɛʉɪɭɧɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɪɟɤɥɚɦɧɢɯ ɬɚ ɜɿɞɩɭɫɤɧɢɯ ɬɚɪɢɮɿɜ. ɍ ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɞɨɫɜɿɞɿ ɤɪɚʀɧ ȯɜɪɨɩɢ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɞɢɮɟɪɟɧɰɿɚɰɿɹ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɜɚɪɬɨɫɬɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɣ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɡɚ «ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɟɤɜɿɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɢɯ ɱɢɫɟɥ» ɡ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹɦ ɩɨɤɚɡɧɢɤɿɜ ɩɪɹɦɢɯ ɟɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɿɣɧɢɯ ɜɢɬɪɚɬ ɡɚ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɹɦɢ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɬɚ ɜɪɚɯɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɨʀ ɧɨɪɦɢ ɩɪɢɛɭɬɤɭ ɣ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɯ ɩɥɚɬɟɠɿɜ. Ɍɚɤɿ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɭɧɤɢ ɽ ɨɛ’ɽɤɬɢɜɧɨɸ ɨɫɧɨɜɨɸ ɞɢɮɟɪɟɧɰɿɚɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɬɚɪɢɮɿɜ. Ɂ ɭɪɚɯɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɿʀ ɰɿɧɨɭɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ — ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɞɨɜɨɥɟɧɧɹ ɪɿɡɧɨɦɚɧɿɬɧɢɯ ɩɨɬɪɟɛ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ, ɧɟ ɦɟɧɲ ɜɚɠɥɢɜɢɦ ɽ ɜɞɨɫɤɨɧɚɥɟɧɧɹ ɦɟɯɚɧɿɡɦɭ ɰɿɧɨɭɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹ ɧɚ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɜ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚɯ — ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɩɨɛɭɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɭ, ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɡ ɩɨɛɚɠɚɧɧɹɦɢ ɝɨɫɬɹ, ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɫɩɨɪɬɢɜɧɨ-ɪɨɡɜɚɠɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɭ, ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɭ ɬɚ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿʀ, ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɿ, ɬɨɪɝɨɜɟɥɶɧɿ, ɛɚɧɤɿɜɫɶɤɿ, ɦɟɞɢɱɧɿ ɬɚ ɿɧ. Ɉɛɫɹɝ ɬɚ ɚɫɨɪɬɢɦɟɧɬ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɡɚɥɟɠɚɬɶ ɜɿɞ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ. Ɂɚɝɚɥɶɧɚ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɹɤɚ ɧɚɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɟɦ, ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɹɤ «ɩɨɜɧɢɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ» ɿ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɽ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ, ɳɨ ɡɚɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɹɽ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɿɱɧɢɣ ɩɨɩɢɬ ɬɚ ɫɬɜɨɪɸɽ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɢɣ ɿɦɿɞɠ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ. ɇɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɧɢɣ ɿɦɿɞɠ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ, ɳɨ ɨɪɿɽɧɬɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ-ɿɧɞɢɜɿɞɭɚɥɿɜ, ɹɤɿ ɩɪɢɛɭɜɚɸɬɶ ɭ ɫɩɪɚɜɚɯ ɛɿɡɧɟɫɭ, ɫɬɜɨɪɸɸɬɶ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɞɿɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɭ: ɛɿɡɧɟɫ-ɰɟɧɬɪ (ɮɚɤɫ, ɬɟɥɟɤɫ, ɤɫɟɪɨɤɫ, ɟɤɫɩɪɟɫ-ɩɨɲɬɚ); ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɦɟɪɟɠɿ ȱɧɬɟɪɧɟɬ; ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɭ; ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰ-ɡɚɥɿɜ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɞɿɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɭ. Ⱦɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɧɚɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɦɟɬɨɸ ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦɭ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɧɨɫɬɿ ɬɚ ɡɚɞɨɜɨɥɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɬɪɟɛ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ, ɡ ɭɪɚɯɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ ɛɚɡɨɜɨʀ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɿʀ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ. Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɹ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɦɚɽ ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɚɬɢ ɪɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɟ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɫɥɭɠɛ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɞɥɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɱɟɧɧɹ ɞɨ ɦɿɧɿɦɭɦɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɢ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɧɹ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɶ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɣ ɜɢɤɥɸɱɚɬɢ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɟ ɡɜɟɪɧɟɧɧɹ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ ɿɡ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹɦ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɭ ɣ ɬɭ ɠ ɫɚɦɭ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɭ. ɇɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɭ ɫɬɨɥɢɱɧɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ ɩɪɢ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɿɜ, ɹɤɿ ɩɪɢɛɭɜɚɸɬɶ ɡ ɞɿɥɨɜɢɦɢ ɰɿɥɹɦɢ, ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɟɧɨ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ: ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ 201
ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɶɧɢɯ ɬɚ ɞɿɥɨɜɢɯ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɜɨɪɿɜ, ɡɭɫɬɪɿɱɟɣ, ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɩɟɪɟɤɥɚɞɚɱɿɜ ɭ ɯɨɞɿ ɞɿɥɨɜɢɯ ɡɭɫɬɪɿɱɟɣ, ɤɨɦɩ’ɸɬɟɪɧɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ, ɛɟɡɩɟɪɟɛɿɣɧɢɣ ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɣ ɡɜ’ɹɡɨɤ, ɰɿɥɨɞɨɛɨɜɟ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɟ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɿɧ. ɉɪɢ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɿ ɪɟɤɥɚɦɧɢɯ ɰɿɧ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɩɿɞɫɨɛɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɪɨɡɞɿɥɿɜ ɜɚɪɬɿɫɬɶ ɨɞɢɧɢɰɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɨɜɭɸɬɶ ɹɤ ɛɚɡɨɜɭ ɚɛɨ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɭ ɰɿɧɭ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ (ɧɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɜɚɪɬɿɫɬɶ ɩɪɚɧɧɹ ɡɚ ɿɧɞɢɜɿɞɭɚɥɶɧɢɦ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹɦ, ɜɚɪɬɿɫɬɶ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɫɧɿɞɚɧɤɭ ɜ ɧɨɦɟɪɿ ɬɨɳɨ). Ʉɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɚ (ɪɢɧɤɨɜɚ) ɰɿɧɚ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɫɬɚɧɭ ɪɢɧɤɭ ɬɚ ɰɿɧɨɜɨʀ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɤɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ. ɉɟɜɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɟɥɿɤ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ ɧɚɞɚɽ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɿɣɧɨ, ɚ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɚɦɢ ɮɿɪɦ, ɹɤɿ ɨɪɟɧɞɭɸɬɶ ɣɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ. ɉɪɨɰɟɫ ɰɿɧɨɭɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɰɿɧɨɜɚ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɿɹ ɳɨɞɨ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɢɯ, ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɯ ɿ ɫɭɩɭɬɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɪɨɡɝɥɹɞɚɬɢ ɹɤ ɽɞɢɧɢɣ ɦɟɯɚɧɿɡɦ ɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɬɚɪɢɮɿɜ. ɐɟ ɩɨɹɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɬɢɦ, ɳɨ ɩɨɩɢɬ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɧɟɦɨɠɥɢɜɢɣ ɛɟɡ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɯ ɬɚ ɧɚɜɩɚɤɢ. Ɉɞɧɿ ɣ ɬɿ ɠ ɫɚɦɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨ ɛɚɡɨɜɨʀ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɿʀ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɛɭɬɢ ɜɿɞɧɟɫɟɧɿ ɞɨ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɢɯ, ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɯ ɱɢ ɫɭɩɭɬɧɢɯ, ɬɨɞɿ ɹɤ ɞɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɭ ɡɚɜɠɞɢ ɜɿɞɧɨɫɢɬɶɫɹ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɚ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɜ ɧɨɦɟɪɿ. ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ ɨɤɪɿɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ, ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ, ɫɭɩɭɬɧɶɨɝɨ ɣ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɭ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɽ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɢ ɬɚ ɹɤɿɫɧɿ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ, ɹɤɿ ɫɬɜɨɪɸɸɬɶ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɿɦɿɞɠ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ ɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɭ ɣɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ — ɰɟ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɚ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɚ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɮɨɪɦɢ ɩɪɨɩɨɡɢɰɿʀ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɭ, ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɿɫɬɶ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿʀ ɩɪɨ ɰɿɧɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɬɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɰɿɧɨɜɢɯ ɡɧɢɠɨɤ ɬɨɳɨ. 5.2. ɐɿɧɨɜɚ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɿɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ Ɂɚɜɞɚɧɧɹ ɰɿɧɨɜɨʀ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɤɢ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ ɿɧɞɭɫɬɪɿʀ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɪɨɡɪɨɛɤɨɸ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɿʀ ɣ ɬɚɤɬɢɤɢ ɰɿɧɨɭɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹ ɧɚ ɫɜɨʀ ɬɨɜɚɪɢ ɬɚ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ, ɡɨɤɪɟɦɚ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɜɢɯɿɞɧɢɯ ɪɢɧɤɨɜɢɯ ɰɿɧ ɧɚ ɧɨɜɿ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢ ɬɚ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ. Ɉɩɬɢɦɿɡɚɰɿɹ ɦɟɯɚɧɿɡɦɭ ɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɪɢɧɤɨɜɢɯ ɰɿɧ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɬɚɤɿ ɟɬɚɩɢ ɪɨɡɪɨɛɤɢ ɰɿɧɨɜɨʀ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɤɢ: — ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɰɿɥɟɣ ɰɿɧɨɭɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹ; — ɚɧɚɥɿɡ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɿɜ, ɳɨ ɜɩɥɢɜɚɸɬɶ ɧɚ ɰɿɧɨɜɭ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɤɭ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ; 202
— ɜɢɛɿɪ ɰɿɧɨɜɨʀ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɿʀ ɞɥɹ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɜɢɞɿɜ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɫɶɤɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ; — ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ ɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɜɢɯɿɞɧɢɯ ɪɢɧɤɨɜɢɯ ɰɿɧ; — ɪɨɡɪɚɯɭɧɨɤ ɪɟɤɥɚɦɧɢɯ ɪɢɧɤɨɜɢɯ ɰɿɧ; — ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɿɜ ɬɚɤɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɪɢɧɤɨɜɢɯ ɰɿɧ. ɇɚ ɩɟɪɲɨɦɭ ɟɬɚɩɿ ɮɨɪɦɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɰɿɥɿ ɰɿɧɨɭɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹ, ɹɤɿ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɨɸ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɿɽɸ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ ɿɧɞɭɫɬɪɿʀ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ. ɐɿɥɿ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɭɜɚɬɢ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɿʀɜ: — ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ ɭ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɧɨɦɭ ɪɢɧɤɨɜɨɦɭ ɫɟɪɟɞɨɜɢɳɿ; — ɡɛɿɥɶɲɟɧɧɹ ɱɚɫɬɤɢ ɪɢɧɤɭ ɡɚ ɪɚɯɭɧɨɤ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɧɢɡɶɤɢɯ ɰɿɧ; — ɡɚɜɨɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɥɿɞɟɪɫɬɜɚ ɧɚ ɪɢɧɤɭ ɡɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɧɢɤɨɦ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ; — ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɟ ɡɛɿɥɶɲɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɛɭɬɤɭ; Ɂ ɦɟɬɨɸ ɪɟɚɥɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɨɛɪɚɧɨʀ ɰɿɧɨɜɨʀ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɿʀ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɨ ɨɛɢɪɚɽ ɨɞɢɧ ɿɡ ɦɟɬɨɞɿɜ ɰɿɧɨɭɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹ: — ɫɟɪɟɞɧɿ ɜɢɬɪɚɬɢ ɿ ɫɟɪɟɞɧɿɣ ɩɪɢɛɭɬɨɤ; — ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ ɰɿɥɶɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɛɭɬɤɭ; — ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɰɿɧɢ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɿ ɜɿɞɱɭɬɧɨʀ ɰɿɧɧɨɫɬɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨʀ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ; — ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɰɿɧɢ ɧɚ ɪɿɜɧɿ ɩɨɬɨɱɧɢɯ ɰɿɧ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɿɜ; — ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɰɿɧɢ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɿ «ɡɚɤɪɢɬɢɯ ɬɨɪɝɿɜ». ɉɿɫɥɹ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɜɢɯɿɞɧɨʀ ɪɢɧɤɨɜɨʀ ɰɿɧɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɡ’ɹɫɭɜɚɬɢ, ɹɤ ɫɚɦɟ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɡɦɿɧɸɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɪɢɧɤɨɜɚ ɰɿɧɚ, ɹɤ ɜɚɪɿɚɧɬ ɛɚɠɚɧɨʀ ɡɦɿɧɢ ɜɩɥɢɜɚɽ ɧɚ ɪɟɚɥɿɡɚɰɿɸ ɰɿɥɟɣ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɱɢɧɨɦ, ɰɿɧɨɜɚ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɤɚ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ — ɰɟ ɨɛʉɪɭɧɬɨɜɚɧɟ ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɣɦɨɜɿɪɧɨʀ ɡɦɿɧɢ ɜɢɯɿɞɧɨʀ ɪɢɧɤɨɜɨʀ ɰɿɧɢ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɨɜɚɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɭ, ɳɨ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɽ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɿɣ ɦɟɬɿ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ ɧɚ ɪɢɧɤɭ. Ɋɨɡɪɨɛɤɚ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɿɣɧɨʀ ɰɿɧɨɜɨʀ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɿʀ ɣ ɬɚɤɬɢɤɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɰɿɧɨɸ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɭ — ɰɟ ɩɨɫɬɿɣɧɨ ɜɿɞɬɜɨɪɸɜɚɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ. ɇɟɦɨɠɥɢɜɨ ɨɛɪɚɬɢ ɩɟɜɧɭ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɤɭ ɨɞɧɨɪɚɡɨɜɨ ɿ ɪɟɚɥɿɡɨɜɭɜɚɬɢ ʀʀ ɜɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ ɬɪɢɜɚɥɨɝɨ ɱɚɫɭ. ɐɿɧɨɜɚ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɤɚ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɩɨɫɬɿɣɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɜɿɪɹɬɢɫɶ ɬɚ ɩɪɢɫɬɨɫɨɜɭɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɞɨ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɿʀ, ɳɨ ɫɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɧɚ ɪɢɧɤɭ. ɇɚɫɚɦɩɟɪɟɞ, ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɨ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɢ ɧɚ ɪɢɧɤɭ ɫɜɨɸ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɭ, ɜɢɛɪɚɬɢ ɨɩɬɢ203
ɦɚɥɶɧɭ ɰɿɧɭ ɬɚ ɹɤɿɫɬɶ. ɇɚ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɨɦɭ ɟɬɚɩɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶ ɪɿɡɧɿ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɿɱɧɿ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ. ȼɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɰɿɧɨɜɨʀ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɿʀ ɡɚɥɟɠɢɬɶ ɜɿɞ ɬɨɝɨ, ɧɚ ɹɤɭ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɭ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɰɿɧɚ: ɧɚ ɧɨɜɭ, ɱɢ ɜɠɟ ɡɚɩɪɨɩɨɧɨɜɚɧɭ ɧɚ ɪɢɧɤɭ. əɤɳɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ ɱɢ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɚ ɩɟɪɟɛɭɜɚɸɬɶ ɧɚ ɫɬɚɞɿʀ ɜɩɪɨɜɚɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɧɚ ɪɢɧɨɤ, ɰɿɧɨɜɚ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɿɹ ɛɭɞɟ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɨɜɨ ɜɿɞɪɿɡɧɹɬɢɫɹ ɜɿɞ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɿʀ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɿɜ ɱɢ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɹɤɿ ɩɟɪɟɛɭɜɚɸɬɶ ɧɚ ɫɬɚɞɿʀ ɡɪɿɥɨɫɬɿ ɱɢ ɫɬɚɪɿɧɧɹ. ȼɢɛɿɪ ɬɿɽʀ ɱɢ ɿɧɲɨʀ ɰɿɧɨɜɨʀ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɿʀ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ ɿɧɞɭɫɬɪɿʀ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ ɡɚɥɟɠɢɬɶ ɜɿɞ ɪɹɞɭ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɿɜ, ɝɨɥɨɜɧɢɦɢ ɡ ɹɤɢɯ ɽ: ɫɬɚɞɿɹ ɠɢɬɬɽɜɨɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɭ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɿ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɬɚ ʀɯ ɜɿɞɦɿɧɧɿɫɬɶ ɜɿɞ ɹɤɿɫɧɢɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɿɜ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɫɬɚɧ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɿʀ ɧɚ ɪɢɧɤɭ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɫɩɨɠɢɜɱɨɝɨ ɩɨɩɢɬɭ ɬɚ ɣɨɝɨ ɰɿɧɨɜɚ ɟɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɿɫɬɶ, ɜɥɚɫɧɿ ɩɨɬɨɱɧɿ ɜɢɬɪɚɬɢ, ɧɨɪɦɚ ɩɪɢɛɭɬɤɭ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ ɬɚ ɫɟɪɟɞɧɹ ɧɨɪɦɚ ɩɪɢɛɭɬɤɭ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɿɜ, ɿɦɿɞɠ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ ɧɚ ɪɢɧɤɭ. ȿɬɚɩ ɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɰɿɧɨɜɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɿɜ ɽ ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲ ɬɪɭɞɨɦɿɫɬɤɢɦ. ȼɿɞ ɬɨɝɨ, ɧɚɫɤɿɥɶɤɢ ɪɟɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɚɧɚɥɿɡ, ɡɚɥɟɠɢɬɶ ɨɛʉɪɭɧɬɨɜɚɧɿɫɬɶ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɿɱɧɢɯ ɿ ɬɚɤɬɢɱɧɢɯ ɪɿɲɟɧɶ ɳɨɞɨ ɰɿɧ. ȿɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɚ ɰɿɧɨɜɚ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɤɚ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɽ ɧɟ ɥɢɲɟ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɜɢɯɿɞɧɨʀ ɪɢɧɤɨɜɨʀ ɰɿɧɢ, ɚɥɟ ɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɢ ɨɩɥɚɬɢ, ɜɢɞɢ ɡɧɢɠɨɤ, ɞɢɮɟɪɟɧɰɿɚɰɿɸ ɰɿɧ ɡɚ ɪɿɡɧɢɦɢ ɨɡɧɚɤɚɦɢ. ɇɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɭ ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɭ ɡ ɬɢɦ, ɳɨ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿɣ ɫɮɟɪɿ ɜɥɚɫɬɢɜɿ ɫɭɬɬɽɜɿ ɤɨɥɢɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɩɢɬɭ, ɰɿɧɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɡɦɿɧɸɜɚɬɢɫɹ ɧɟ ɥɢɲɟ ɡ ɭɪɚɯɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ ɫɟɡɨɧɭ, ɚɥɟ ɣ ɞɧɹ ɬɢɠɧɹ. Ɉɬɠɟ, ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɚ ɰɿɧɨɜɚ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɤɚ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɛɭɬɢ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɚ ɡ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɢɦɢ ɰɿɥɹɦɢ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ ɬɚ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɢɦ ɧɚɩɪɹɦɨɦ ɣɨɝɨ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ, ɡɨɤɪɟɦɚ ɡ ɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ ɩɨɫɬɿɣɧɢɯ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ, ɜɢɬɿɫɧɟɧɧɹ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɿɜ, ɩɪɨɧɢɤɧɟɧɧɹ ɧɚ ɧɨɜɢɣ ɪɢɧɨɤ, ɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɛɭɬɤɭ ɬɨɳɨ. Ⱦɨɫɜɿɞ ɫɜɿɞɱɢɬɶ, ɳɨ ɧɚɣɱɚɫɬɿɲɟ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɩɨɽɞɧɭɸɬɶ ɞɟɤɿɥɶɤɚ ɰɿɧɨɜɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɿɣ. ȼɢɛɿɪ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɿɣ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɿ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɭ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɿɜ ɡ ɦɚɪɤɟɬɢɧɝɭ ɳɨɞɨ ɰɿɧɨɜɨʀ ɟɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɿ ɩɨɩɢɬɭ, ɞɢɧɚɦɿɤɢ ɰɿɧ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɿɜ, ɫɬɚɞɿʀ ɠɢɬɬɽɜɨɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɭ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ, ɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨɝɨ ɨɛɫɹɝɭ ɦɚɪɠɢɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɯɨɞɭ ɧɚ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɿɱɧɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ. ɋɟɪɟɞ ɜɿɞɨɦɢɯ ɰɿɧɨɜɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɿɣ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ: ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɿɹ «ɡɧɹɬɬɹ ɜɟɪɲɤɿɜ» (ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɿɹ ɜɢɫɨɤɢɯ ɰɿɧ), ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɿɹ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɧɟɧɧɹ ɧɚ ɪɢɧɨɤ ɚɛɨ ɡɚɜɨɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɪɢɧɤɭ (ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɿɹ ɧɢɡɶɤɢɯ 204
ɰɿɧ), ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɿɹ ɩɪɟɫɬɢɠɧɢɯ (ɜɢɫɨɤɢɯ) ɰɿɧ, ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɿɹ ɨɪɿɽɧɬɚɰɿʀ ɧɚ «ɰɿɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɥɿɞɟɪɚ» (ɰɿɧɢ ɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨɝɨ ɪɿɜɧɹ), ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɿɹ ɞɢɮɟɪɟɧɰɿɣɨɜɚɧɢɯ (ɝɧɭɱɤɢɯ) ɰɿɧ, ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɿɹ ɩɿɥɶɝɨɜɢɯ (ɧɢɡɶɤɢɯ) ɰɿɧ ɞɥɹ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɣ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ. ɋɬɪɚɬɟɝɿɹ «ɡɧɹɬɬɹ ɜɟɪɲɤɿɜ» (ɜɢɫɨɤɢɯ ɰɿɧ) ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɚɽ ɫɬɚɪɬɨɜɢɣ ɩɪɨɞɚɠ ɧɨɜɨʀ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɡɚ ɧɚɣɜɢɳɨɸ ɰɿɧɨɸ. ɐɟ ɫɬɚɽ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɢɦ ɥɢɲɟ ɡɚ ɭɦɨɜɢ ɜɿɞɫɭɬɧɨɫɬɿ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɿɜ, ɤɨɥɢ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɚ ɽ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɨɜɨ ɧɨɜɨɸ ɧɚ ɞɚɧɨɦɭ ɪɢɧɤɭ. Ɂɚɫɬɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɿʀ «ɡɧɹɬɬɹ ɜɟɪɲɤɿɜ», ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɩɟɜɧɢɣ ɱɚɫ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɭɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɫɜɨɽɸ ɦɨɧɨɩɨɥɿɽɸ, ɩɪɨɬɟ ɧɟ ɬɪɢɜɚɥɢɣ ɱɚɫ. ȼ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɿ, ɧɚ ɪɢɧɤɭ ɡ’ɹɜɥɹɸɬɶɫɹ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɿɱɧɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɿ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ ɡɦɭɲɟɧɿ ɡɧɢɡɢɬɢ ɰɿɧɢ. ɍ ɜɿɬɱɢɡɧɹɧɨɦɭ ɞɨɫɜɿɞɿ ɬɢɩɨɜɢɦɢ ɽ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɿʀ «ɡɧɹɬɬɹ ɜɟɪɲɤɿɜ» ɬɚ «ɩɪɨɧɢɤɧɟɧɧɹ ɧɚ ɪɢɧɨɤ». ɐɿɧɨɜɚ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɿɹ «ɡɧɹɬɬɹ ɜɟɪɲɤɿɜ» ɧɚ ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɪɢɧɤɭ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ ɧɟɬɢɩɨɜɟ ɹɜɢɳɟɦ, ɨɫɤɿɥɶɤɢ ɜɚɠɤɨ ɜɢɧɚɣɬɢ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ, ɡɚ ɹɤɿ ɫɩɨɠɢɜɚɱɿ ɩɨɝɨɞɹɬɶɫɹ ɩɥɚɬɢɬɢ ɧɚɣɜɢɳɿ ɰɿɧɢ. Ⱦɨ ɬɨɝɨ ɠ, ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɢ ɲɜɢɞɤɨ ɞɿɡɧɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɨ ɬɚɤɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ, ɿ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɨ ɡɦɭɲɟɧɟ ɪɨɡɪɨɛɥɹɬɢ ɧɨɜɭ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɿɸ, ɛɿɥɶɲ ɩɪɢɞɚɬɧɭ ɞɥɹ ɧɨɜɨʀ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɿʀ. Ɍɨɦɭ, ɭ ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɞɨɫɜɿɞɿ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɿɹ «ɡɧɹɬɬɹ ɜɟɪɲɤɿɜ» ɛɿɥɶɲɟ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɫɟɪɟɞ ɝɚɥɭɡɟɣ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɱɨʀ ɫɮɟɪɢ ɡ ɜɢɫɨɤɢɦɢ ɜɢɬɪɚɬɚɦɢ ɧɚ ɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɪɨɡɪɨɛɤɭ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɬɨɜɚɪɿɜ. ɋɬɪɚɬɟɝɿɹ «ɩɪɨɧɢɤɧɟɧɧɹ ɧɚ ɪɢɧɨɤ» ɛɚɡɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɿ ɧɢɡɶɤɨɝɨ ɪɿɜɧɹ ɰɿɧ ɡ ɦɟɬɨɸ ɡɚɥɭɱɟɧɧɹ ɡɧɚɱɧɨʀ ɤɿɥɶɤɨɫɬɿ ɫɩɨɠɢɜɚɱɿɜ. ɇɢɡɶɤɚ ɰɿɧɚ ɜ ɞɚɧɨɦɭ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ ɽ ɫɜɨɽɪɿɞɧɨɸ ɩɥɚɬɨɸ ɡɚ ɜɩɪɨɜɚɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɭ (ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ) ɧɚ ɪɢɧɨɤ. Ɍɚɤɚ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɿɹ ɡɚɫɬɨɫɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɨɜɢɦɢ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɬɚ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚɦɢ, ɹɤɿ ɩɪɚɝɧɭɬɶ ɡɚɯɨɩɢɬɢ ɛɿɥɶɲɭ ɱɚɫɬɤɭ ɪɢɧɤɭ. ȱɡ ɡɪɨɫɬɚɧɧɹɦ ɨɛɫɹɝɿɜ ɪɟɚɥɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɬɚ ɡɦɿɰɧɟɧɧɹɦ ɩɨɡɢɰɿɣ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ ɧɚ ɪɢɧɤɭ, ɰɿɧɚ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɨɜɨ ɩɿɞɜɢɳɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɞɨ ɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨɝɨ ɪɿɜɧɹ ɭ ɝɚɥɭɡɿ ɿɡ ɡɛɟɪɟɠɟɧɧɹɦ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɞɧɶɨɝɨ ɩɨɩɢɬɭ. ɋɬɪɚɬɟɝɿɹ «ɩɪɨɧɢɤɧɟɧɧɹ ɧɚ ɪɢɧɨɤ» ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨ ɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɧɚ ɭ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɨɦɭ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ ɫɮɟɪɢ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɜɢɬɪɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɹɤɢɯ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɨɜɨ ɡɧɢɠɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɞɨ «ɟɮɟɤɬɭ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɭ». ɐɟɣ ɟɮɟɤɬ ɜɿɞɨɛɪɚɠɚɽ ɟɦɩɿɪɢɱɧɭ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɿɪɧɿɫɬɶ: ɩɪɢ ɧɚɩɪɚɰɸɜɚɧɧɿ ɞɨɫɜɿɞɭ ɬɚ ɡɛɿɥɶɲɟɧɧɹ ɨɛɫɹɝɿɜ ɪɟɚɥɿɡɚɰɿʀ, ɜɢɬɪɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɨɞɢɧɢɰɸ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɡɦɟɧɲɭɸɬɶɫɹ. ɋɬɪɚɬɟɝɿɹ «ɩɪɨɧɢɤɧɟɧɧɹ ɧɚ ɪɢɧɨɤ» ɦɨɠɟ ɛɭɬɢ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɝɨ ɪɨɡɩɨɜɫɸɞɠɟɧ205
ɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɭ ɧɚ ɜɧɭɬɪɿɲɧɶɨɦɭ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɨɦɭ ɪɢɧɤɭ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ, ɚɥɟ ɡɚ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɭɦɨɜ: — ɜɥɚɫɧɿ ɜɢɬɪɚɬɢ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɧɶɨ ɧɢɡɶɤɢɦɢ, ɳɨɛ ɧɚɜɿɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɧɢɡɶɤɢɯ ɬɚɪɢɮɚɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɨ ɦɨɝɥɨ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɬɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɢɣ ɩɪɢɛɭɬɨɤ; — ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ, ɳɨɛ ɧɚ ɪɢɧɤɭ ɫɤɥɚɥɚɫɹ ɬɚɤɚ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɿɹ, ɤɨɥɢ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɢ ɧɟ ɜɫɬɢɝɧɭɬɶ ɜɿɞɪɟɚɝɭɜɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɡɧɢɠɟɧɧɹ ɰɿɧɢ. əɤɳɨ ɞɨ ɰɿɽʀ «ɝɪɢ ɧɚ ɡɧɢɠɟɧɧɹ» ɩɪɢɽɞɧɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɢ, ɫɬɭɩɿɧɶ ɪɢɡɢɤɭ ɛɚɧɤɪɭɬɫɬɜɚ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨ ɜɢɫɨɤɚ. ɋɬɪɚɬɟɝɿɹ «ɩɪɟɫɬɢɠɧɢɯ ɰɿɧ» ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɚɽ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɧɚɞɦɿɪɧɨ ɜɢɫɨɤɨʀ ɰɿɧɢ ɡɨɪɿɽɧɬɨɜɚɧɨʀ ɧɚ ɨɤɪɟɦɭ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɸ ɫɩɨɠɢɜɚɱɿɜ, ɰɿɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɧɢɯ ɦɚɽ ɧɟɫɭɬɬɽɜɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ, ɞɥɹ ɫɩɨɠɢɜɚɱɿɜ ɧɚɫɚɦɩɟɪɟɞ ɜɚɠɥɢɜɚ ɹɤɿɫɬɶ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɿɦɿɞɠ, ɭɧɿɤɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɫɬɚɬɭɫ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ ɧɚ ɪɢɧɤɭ. ɇɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɬɚɤɚ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɿɹ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɧɚɣɤɪɚɳɢɯ ɜ ȯɜɪɨɩɿ ɧɨɦɟɪɚɯ ɤɥɚɫɭ «ɥɸɤɫ». ȼɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ, ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɿɹ ɩɪɟɫɬɢɠɧɢɯ ɰɿɧ ɽ ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɸ ɥɢɲɟ ɩɪɢ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɧɿɣ ɚɛɨ ɜɿɞɫɭɬɧɿɣ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɿʀ ɧɚ ɪɢɧɤɭ, ɤɨɥɢ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɬɚɤɿ ɡɚɯɨɞɢ, ɹɤ ɩɚɬɟɧɬɧɢɣ ɡɚɯɢɫɬ, ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɢɣ ɩɪɟɫɬɢɠ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɨʀ ɦɚɪɤɢ ɬɚ ɿɧ. ɋɬɪɚɬɟɝɿɹ ɨɪɿɽɧɬɚɰɿʀ ɧɚ ɰɿɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɥɿɞɟɪɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɚɽ ɪɨɡɪɨɛɤɭ ɰɿɧɨɜɨʀ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɤɢ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɿ ɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɰɿɧɨɜɨʀ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɤɢ ɥɿɞɟɪɚ ɧɚ ɪɢɧɤɭ. ɉɪɨɬɟ, ɰɟ ɧɟ ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɚɽ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɰɿɧɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɭ ɫɬɪɨɝɿɣ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ ɞɨ ɪɿɜɧɹ ɰɿɧ ɩɪɨɜɿɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ ɧɚ ɪɢɧɤɭ, ɚ ɥɢɲɟ ɡɚɩɨɡɢɱɟɧɧɹ ɩɟɜɧɢɯ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɿɜ ɣɨɝɨ ɰɿɧɨɜɨʀ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɤɢ. ɐɿɧɚ ɧɚ ɧɨɜɭ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɭ, ɚɛɨ ɬɨɜɚɪ ɦɨɠɟ ɜɿɞɯɢɥɹɬɢɫɶ ɜɿɞ ɰɿɧɢ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ-ɥɿɞɟɪɚ, ɜ ɦɟɠɚɯ, ɡɭɦɨɜɥɟɧɢɯ ɹɤɿɫɧɢɦɢ ɩɟɪɟɜɚɝɚɦɢ ɬɢɯ ɚɛɨ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ. ɑɢɦ ɦɟɧɲɟ ɧɨɜɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɱɢ ɬɨɜɚɪɢ ɜɿɞɪɿɡɧɹɸɬɶɫɹ ɜɿɞ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɧɚ ɪɢɧɤɭ, ɬɢɦ ɛɥɢɠɱɢɦ ɛɭɞɟ ʀɯɧɿɣ ɪɿɜɟɧɶ ɰɿɧ ɞɨ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɯ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɿɜ, ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɯ ɥɿɞɟɪɨɦ. ɉɨɞɿɛɧɢɣ ɩɿɞɯɿɞ ɡɡɨɜɧɿ ɽ ɞɨɫɢɬɶ ɩɪɢɜɚɛɥɢɜɢɦ ɞɥɹ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ, ɹɤɿ ɧɟ ɛɚɠɚɸɬɶ, ɚɛɨ ɧɟ ɦɚɸɬɶ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɿɣɧɨ ɪɨɡɪɨɛɥɹɬɢ ɰɿɧɨɜɭ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɿɸ. Ɉɞɧɚɤ, ɜɿɧ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɽ ɧɟɛɟɡɩɟɱɧɢɦ, ɫɬɪɢɦɭɸɱɢ ɰɿɧɨɜɭ ɿɧɿɰɿɚɬɢɜɭ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ, ɰɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɡɭɦɨɜɢɬɢ ɫɟɪɣɨɡɧɿ ɩɪɨɪɚɯɭɧɤɢ (ɧɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɹɤɳɨ ɥɿɞɟɪ ɩɟɜɧɢɣ ɱɚɫ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɜ ɩɨɦɢɥɤɨɜɭ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɤɭ ɚɛɨ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɜ ɜɿɞɜɨɥɿɤɚɸɱɢɣ ɦɚɧɟɜɪ ɬɚ ɿɧ). ɍ ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɞɨɫɜɿɞɿ ɰɿɧɨɜɿ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɿʀ ɡɚɫɬɨɫɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɟ ɜɿɞɨɤɪɟɦɥɟɧɨ, ɜ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɿ, ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɡ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɸ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɿɽɸ ɧɚ ɪɢɧɤɭ ɬɚ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɨɸ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɿɽɸ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ. 206
ɋɬɪɚɬɟɝɿɹ ɞɢɮɟɪɟɧɰɿɣɨɜɚɧɢɯ (ɝɧɭɱɤɢɯ) ɰɿɧ ɩɨɥɹɝɚɽ ɭ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɿ ɰɿɧ ɜ ɩɨɽɞɧɚɧɧɿ ɡ ɭɫɿɦɚ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɢɦɢ ɡɧɢɠɤɚɦɢ ɣ ɧɚɞɛɚɜɤɚɦɢ ɞɨ ɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨɝɨ ɪɿɜɧɹ ɰɿɧ ɞɥɹ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɪɢɧɤɿɜ ɬɚ ʀɯ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɿɜ. ɐɿɧɢ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɸɸɬɶɫɹ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɩɨɩɢɬɭ ɬɚ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɡɦɿɧɸɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɲɥɹɯɨɦ ɜɩɪɨɜɚɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɡɧɢɠɨɤ ɬɚ ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɚɰɿɣ. ɋɬɪɚɬɟɝɿɹ ɩɿɥɶɝɨɜɢɯ ɰɿɧ ɡɨɪɿɽɧɬɨɜɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ ɭ ɹɤɢɯ ɡɚɰɿɤɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɮɿɪɦɚ, ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɸɱɢ ʀɦ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɡɚ ɩɿɥɶɝɨɜɢɦɢ ɰɿɧɚɦɢ. ȼ ɰɿɥɨɦɭ, ɱɢɦ ɛɿɥɶɲ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɿɱɧɢɦɢ, ɭɧɿɤɚɥɶɧɢɦɢ, ɹɤɿɫɧɢɦɢ ɬɚ ɰɿɧɧɢɦɢ ɽ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ, ɬɢɦ ɛɿɥɶɲɟ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɢ ɧɚɛɭɜɚɸɬɶ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɢ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɿ ɰɿɧ. Ʉɥɿɽɧɬɚɦ ɧɚɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɰɿɥɢɣ ɪɹɞ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɯ ɬɚ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ. Ⱥɥɟ, ɹɤ ɫɚɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɰɿɧɨɭɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹ, ɬɚɤ ɿ ɰɿɧɨɜɭ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɿɸ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɪɨɡɝɥɹɞɚɬɢ ɜɿɞɨɤɪɟɦɥɟɧɨ, ɰɟ ɡɭɦɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɬɢɦ, ɳɨ ɧɟ ɿɫɧɭɽ ɩɨɩɢɬɭ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɛɟɡ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɯ ɬɚ ɫɭɩɭɬɧɿɯ, ɿ ɧɚɜɩɚɤɢ. Ɂɝɿɞɧɨ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨʀ ɫɤɥɚɞɨɜɨʀ ɰɿɧɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɭ — ɜɚɪɬɨɫɬɿ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɭ ɪɨɡɪɨɛɰɿ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɿʀ ɿ ɬɚɤɬɢɤɢ ɰɿɧɨɭɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹ ɜɿɬɱɢɡɧɹɧɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ ɬɚ ɭ ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɞɨɫɜɿɞɿ ɜɢɞɿɥɹɸɬɶɫɹ ɩɟɜɧɿ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ. Ɂɚɝɚɥɶɧɚ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɚ ɧɟɫɬɚɛɿɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ ɬɚ ɧɟɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɿɫɬɶ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɿɜ, ɳɨ ɜɩɥɢɜɚɸɬɶ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɬɹ ɪɿɲɟɧɶ, ɡɭɦɨɜɥɸɽ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɿɫɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɤɟɪɿɜɧɢɤɿɜ ɜɿɬɱɢɡɧɹɧɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɡɜɟɪɬɚɬɢ ɡɧɚɱɧɭ ɭɜɚɝɭ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɸ ɰɿɧ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ. əɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɞɨ ɩɥɚɧɿɜ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɬɢɦɱɚɫɨɜɿ ɩɪɟɣɫɤɭɪɚɧɬɢ ɰɿɧ, ɡɚɬɜɟɪɞɠɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɰɿɧɨɜɢɯ ɡɧɢɠɨɤ, ɜ ɹɤɿɣ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɢɦ ɱɢɧɨɦ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɪɿɡɧɢɰɹ ɜ ɰɿɧɚɯ ɦɿɠ ɫɟɡɨɧɨɦ ɿ ɧɟɫɟɡɨɧɨɦ. ɋɭɬɬɽɜɢɦ ɧɟɞɨɥɿɤɨɦ ɽ ɬɟ, ɳɨ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɰɿɧ ɭ ɛɿɥɶɲɨɫɬɿ ɜɿɬɱɢɡɧɹɧɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɸɬɶ ɧɟ ɜɿɞɞɿɥɢ ɦɚɪɤɟɬɢɧɝɭ, ɚ ɛɭɯɝɚɥɬɟɪɿɹ ɬɚ ɩɥɚɧɨɜɨ-ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɢɣ ɜɿɞɞɿɥ. Ɂɝɿɞɧɨ ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɫɜɿɞɭ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɛɿɡɧɟɫɿ, ɫɚɦɟ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɢ ɡ ɦɚɪɤɟɬɢɧɝɭ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸɜɚɬɢ ɬɚɪɢɮɧɭ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɤɭ, ɜɨɧɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɜɡɚɽɦɨɞɿɹɬɢ ɡ ɿɧɲɢɦɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɿɲɧɿɦɢ ɜɿɞɞɿɥɚɦɢ, ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɡɚ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɰɿɧ. ɉɥɚɧɨɜɨ-ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɢɣ ɜɿɞɞɿɥ, ɛɭɯɝɚɥɬɟɪɿɹ ɿ ɜɿɞɞɿɥ ɦɚɪɤɟɬɢɧɝɭ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɩɨɫɬɿɣɧɨ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɭɜɚɬɢ ɫɜɨʀ ɞɿʀ ɳɨɞɨ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɰɿɧ, ɭɡɝɨɞɠɭɜɚɬɢ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɿɸ ɰɿɧɨɭɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹ. ȼɿɞ ɨɛ’ɽɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɿ ɜ ɨɛʉɪɭɧɬɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɰɿɧ ɡɚɥɟɠɢɬɶ ɪɟɧɬɚɛɟɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ, ɣɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɨɫɩɪɨɦɨɠɧɿɫɬɶ, ɨɛɫɹɝ ɧɚɞɚɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɿ ɩɨɤɚɡɧɢɤɢ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɶɤɨʀ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ. 207
ɉɪɨɰɟɫ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɜɢɯɿɞɧɢɯ ɪɢɧɤɨɜɢɯ ɰɿɧ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɽ ɤɿɥɶɤɚ ɟɬɚɩɿɜ. ɉɿɫɥɹ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɜɢɯɿɞɧɨʀ ɰɿɧɢ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɪɨɡɪɨɛɢɬɢ ɬɚɤɬɢɤɭ ɰɿɧɨɭɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹ, ɳɨ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɢɬɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɡɦɿɧɢ ɰɿɧ. ȼɢɪɿɲɟɧɧɹ ɰɢɯ ɩɢɬɚɧɶ ɞɨɫɹɝɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɪɨɡɪɨɛɤɨɸ ɦɟɬɨɞɿɜ ɿ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɿɜ ɬɚɤɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɰɿɧ. Ɍɚɤɬɢɤɚ ɰɿɧɨɭɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹ — ɰɟ ɜɢɛɿɪ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɦ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɨɦ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɨʀ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɿʀ ɡɦɿɧɢ ɜɢɯɿɞɧɨʀ ɪɢɧɤɨɜɨʀ ɰɿɧɢ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ, ɹɤɚ ɧɚɣɤɪɚɳɢɦ ɱɢɧɨɦ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɽ ɦɟɬɿ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ. ȼɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɢɯ ɰɿɧ ɧɚ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɚɽ, ɳɨ ɰɿɧɚ ɧɟ ɡɚɥɟɠɢɬɶ ɜɿɞ ɪɢɧɤɨɜɢɯ ɡɦɿɧ ɿ ɡɚɥɢɲɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɨɫɬɿɣɧɨɸ ɡ ɬɿɽɸ ɦɟɬɨɸ, ɳɨɛ ɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɢ ɭ ɫɩɨɠɢɜɚɱɚ ɚɫɨɰɿɚɰɿɸ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨʀ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɡ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɸ ɰɿɧɨɸ, ɳɨ ɧɚɞɚɽ ɭɧɿɤɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɡɿ. ɉɪɨɬɟ, ɩɟɪɟɥɿɤ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɧɢɣ ɡ ɨɞɧɨɱɚɫɧɢɦ ɜɪɚɯɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ ɜɢɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɪɿɜɧɹ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɿʀ ɧɚ ɪɢɧɤɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ. ȼɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɝɧɭɱɤɢɯ ɰɿɧ, ɳɨ ɡɦɿɧɸɸɬɶɫɹ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɫɬɚɧɭ ɪɢɧɤɭ. ȼ ɞɚɧɨɦɭ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ ɰɿɧɚ ɧɚ ɛɭɞɶ-ɹɤɭ ɡ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɳɨ ɧɚɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɟɦ, ɛɭɞɟ ɱɿɬɤɨ ɪɟɚɝɭɜɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɡɦɿɧɢ ɫɬɚɧɭ ɪɢɧɤɭ, ɫɩɿɜɜɿɞɧɨɲɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɩɢɬɭ ɬɚ ɩɪɨɩɨɡɢɰɿʀ. ɐɟ ɜɚɠɥɢɜɚ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɞɥɹ ɤɟɪɿɜɧɢɰɬɜɚ, ɳɨ ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɚɽ ɩɨɫɬɿɣɧɢɣ ɚɧɚɥɿɡ ɡɦɿɧ, ɹɤɿ ɜɿɞɛɭɜɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɿ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ ɬɚ ɜɩɥɢɜ ɡɦɿɧɢ ɰɿɧ ɿ ɬɚɪɢɮɿɜ ɧɚ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɿ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɢ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ. Ⱦɥɹ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɨɛɫɹɝɭ ɪɟɚɥɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɯ ɿ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɜɿɬɱɢɡɧɹɧɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶ ɪɿɡɧɿ ɰɿɧɨɜɿ ɡɧɢɠɤɢ ɬɚ ɞɢɮɟɪɟɧɰɿɚɰɿɸ ɰɿɧ ɿ ɬɚɪɢɮɿɜ. ɍ ɛɿɥɶɲɨɫɬɿ ɜɿɬɱɢɡɧɹɧɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɹɤ ɫɟɡɨɧɧɿ, ɬɚɤ ɿ ɤɨɦɟɪɰɿɣɧɿ ɡɧɢɠɤɢ, ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɿ ɡ ɬɟɪɦɿɧɨɦ ɩɟɪɟɛɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɜɿɞɜɿɞɭɜɚɱɿɜ ɚɛɨ ɧɟɧɚɞɚɧɧɹɦ ɝɨɬɟɥɟɦ ɩɟɜɧɢɯ ɜɢɞɿɜ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɡ ɨɛ’ɽɤɬɢɜɧɢɯ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ. Ⱦɨ ɫɟɡɨɧɧɢɯ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɜɿɞɧɟɫɬɢ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɡɧɢɠɤɢ ɧɚ ɱɚɫ ɪɿɡɞɜɹɧɢɯ ɬɚ ɧɨɜɨɪɿɱɧɢɯ ɫɜɹɬ, ɜɟɥɢɤɨɞɧɹ ɬɚ ɫɟɪɩɧɟɜɢɯ ɤɚɧɿɤɭɥ. ɍ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚɯ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ ɿɫɧɭɸɬɶ «ɉɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɨ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɡɧɢɠɨɤ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɸɱɢɦ», ɪɨɡɪɨɛɥɟɧɿ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨ ɞɨ Ɂɚɤɨɧɭ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ «ɉɪɨ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɿ» (ɫɬ. 23 ɩ. 1) ɬɚ «ɉɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɬɚ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɜ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɿ» (ɡɚɬɜɟɪɞɠɟɧɢɯ ɧɚɤɚɡɨɦ Ⱦɟɪɠɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɿɬɟɬɭ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ ɩɨ ɬɭɪɢɡɦɭ ɜɿɞ 10 ɜɟɪɟɫɧɹ 1996 ɪ. ʋ 77/44). 208
ȼɿɬɱɢɡɧɹɧɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɧɚɣɱɚɫɬɿɲɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬɶ ɞɨ «ɉɨɥɨɠɟɧɶ» ɬɚɤɿ ɜɢɞɢ ɰɿɧɨɜɢɯ ɡɧɢɠɨɤ: — ɫɟɡɨɧɧɿ ɡɧɢɠɤɢ — ɪɟɚɥɿɡɚɰɿɸ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɧɟɫɟɡɨɧ, ɭ ɫɜɹɬɤɨɜɿ ɞɧɿ (ɪɿɡɞɜɹɧɿ, ɜɟɥɢɤɨɞɧɿ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɿ ɪɟɥɿɝɿɣɧɿ ɫɜɹɬɚ) — ɜɨɧɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɹɬɶ 25–50 %; — ɡɚ ɬɢɦɱɚɫɨɜɟ ɡɧɢɠɟɧɧɹ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ ɡɚ ɛɭɞɶ-ɹɤɢɯ ɨɛ’ɽɤɬɢɜɧɢɯ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ (ɪɟɦɨɧɬɿ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ, ɬɢɦɱɚɫɨɜɚ ɜɿɞɫɭɬɧɿɫɬɶ ɝɚɪɹɱɨʀ ɜɨɞɢ, ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɭ, ɬɟɥɟɜɿɡɨɪɚ ɚɛɨ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɢɤɚ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɚɯ, ɞɟ ɜɨɧɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ) — ɫɭɦɚ ɡɧɢɠɤɢ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɜɪɚɯɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ ɦɿɧɿɦɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɞɨɛɨɜɨʀ ɜɚɪɬɨɫɬɿ ɧɟɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ; — ɡɚ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɭ ɛɟɡɩɨɫɟɪɟɞɧɿɣ ɛɥɢɡɶɤɨɫɬɿ ɞɨ ɞɭɲɨɜɢɯ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ, ɭ ɹɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬɶɫɹ ɪɟɦɨɧɬɧɿ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ — 5–10 %; — ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɿ ɡɧɢɠɤɢ — ɞɥɹ ɲɤɨɥɹɪɿɜ ɬɚ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɿɜ ɩɿɞ ɱɚɫ ɤɚɧɿɤɭɥ, ɩɪɢ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɿ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɿ ɱɥɟɧɿɜ ɨɞɧɿɽʀ ɪɨɞɢɧɢ (ɹɤɳɨ ɧɟ ɡɚɫɬɨɫɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɢɣ «ɪɨɞɢɧɧɢɣ ɬɚɪɢɮ»); — ɡɧɢɠɤɚ ɹɤɳɨ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɨɩɥɚɬɚ ɝɨɬɿɜɤɨɸ — ɞɨ 2 %; — ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɿ ɡɧɢɠɤɢ (ɞɢɥɟɪɫɶɤɿ) — ɩɪɢ ɪɟɚɥɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɬɨɜɚɪɿɜ ɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɡɚ ɞɨɩɨɦɨɝɨɸ ɩɨɫɟɪɟɞɧɢɤɿɜ (ɬɭɪɚɝɟɧɬɿɜ, ɞɢɫɬɪɢɛ’ɸɬɨɪɿɜ, ɿɧɲɢɯ ɩɨɫɟɪɟɞɧɢɤɿɜ). Ɂɧɢɠɤɚ ɧɚ ɜɿɞɲɤɨɞɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɜɢɬɪɚɬ ɩɨɫɟɪɟɞɧɢɤɿɜ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ 3–25 % ɜɿɞ ɫɨɛɿɜɚɪɬɨɫɬɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ; — ɡɧɢɠɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɫɬɿɣɧɢɯ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɹɬɶ 5–10 %. Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɰɢɯ ɡɧɢɠɨɤ ɤɨɪɢɝɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɜɿɞ ɱɚɫɭ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ — ɤɿɥɶɤɨɫɬɿ ɞɿɛ; — ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɢɱɧɿ ɡɧɢɠɤɢ ɧɚɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɹɜɧɨɫɬɿ ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɫɩɨɪɬɚ ɬɚ ɡɚ ɭɦɨɜɢ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɞɧɶɨɝɨ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ (10–20 %); — ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɿ ɡɧɢɠɤɢ ɧɚɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɫɩɿɜɪɨɛɿɬɧɢɤɚɦ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɧɚ ɨɤɪɟɦɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ; — ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɿ ɡɧɢɠɤɢ, ɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɹɤɢɯ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɦ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɭɧɤɨɦ; — ɮɨɪɫ-ɦɚɠɨɪɧɿ ɡɧɢɠɤɢ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɿ ɡ ɧɟɧɚɞɚɧɧɹɦ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɝɨɬɟɥɟɦ, ɧɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɬɪɢɜɚɥɚ ɜɿɞɫɭɬɧɿɫɬɶ ɝɚɪɹɱɨʀ ɚɛɨ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨʀ ɜɨɞɢ, ɜɿɞɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɹ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɟɧɟɪɝɿʀ, ɥɿɮɬɚ, ɨɩɚɥɟɧɧɹ ɜ ɨɫɿɧɧɶɨ-ɡɢɦɨɜɢɣ ɩɟɪɿɨɞ ɬɚ ɿɧ.; 209
— ɡɧɢɠɤɢ ɧɚ ɧɿɱɧɟ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɛɭɞɧɿ ɞɧɿ — ɧɚɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚɦ, ɳɨ ɩɨɫɟɥɹɸɬɶ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɡ 22.00 ɞɨ 8.00 ɝɨɞ. ɧɚɫɬɭɩɧɨɝɨ ɞɧɹ; — ɡɧɢɠɤɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ ɜ ɧɟɪɨɛɨɱɿ (ɜɢɯɿɞɧɿ ɬɚ ɫɜɹɬɤɨɜɿ) ɞɧɿ — ɧɚɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɡ 12.00 ɩ’ɹɬɧɢɰɿ ɞɨ 12.00 ɧɟɞɿɥɿ. Ɂɧɢɠɤɢ ɧɚ ɨɛɫɹɝ ɪɟɚɥɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ. Ƚɨɬɟɥɶ ɦɨɠɟ ɡɚɫɬɨɫɨɜɭɜɚɬɢ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɿ ɪɨɡɰɿɧɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɥɭɱɟɧɧɹ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ, ɹɤɿ ɫɩɪɨɦɨɠɧɿ ɨɩɥɚɬɢɬɢ ɛɿɥɶɲɭ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɥɸɞɢɧɨ-ɞɿɛ ɜɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɿɨɞɭ, ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɜɚɬɢ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɿ, ɩɿɥɶɝɨɜɿ ɬɚɪɢɮɢ ɚɛɨ ɧɚɞɚɜɚɬɢ ɛɟɡɩɥɚɬɧɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɞɥɹ ɚɫɨɰɿɚɰɿɣ ɬɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɬɨɪɿɜ ɡɭɫɬɪɿɱɟɣ, ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɿɣ. Ɉɤɪɿɦ ɡɧɢɠɨɤ ɞɥɹ ɝɪɭɩ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ, ɝɨɬɟɥɶ ɦɨɠɟ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɜɚɬɢ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɿ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɿ ɰɿɧɢ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚɦ, ɹɤɿ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɭɸɬɶ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɨʀ ɤɿɥɶɤɨɫɬɿ ɦɿɫɰɶ ɳɨɪɨɤɭ. Ɂɧɢɠɤɢ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɫɟɡɨɧɭ ɤɭɩɿɜɥɿ. Ɂɚɫɬɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɫɟɡɨɧɧɢɯ ɡɧɢɠɨɤ, ɬɨɛɬɨ ɡɧɢɠɟɧɧɹ ɰɿɧɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɩɨɠɢɜɚɱɿɜ, ɹɤɿ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɚɦɢ ɜ ɧɟɫɟɡɨɧ, ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɩɿɞɬɪɢɦɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɫɬɿɣɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɩɢɬɭ ɜɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ ɪɨɤɭ. ɋɟɡɨɧɧɿɫɬɶ ɫɭɬɬɽɜɨ ɜɩɥɢɜɚɽ ɧɚ ɰɿɧɢ, ɬɨɦɭ ɧɚ ɪɢɧɤɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɬɢ ɪɿɡɧɿ ɜɚɪɿɚɧɬɢ ɫɟɡɨɧɧɢɯ ɰɿɧ: ɰɿɧɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ ɜ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɢɣ ɫɟɡɨɧ, ɰɿɧɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ ɜ ɩɟɪɿɨɞ ɦɿɠɫɟɡɨɧɧɹ, ɰɿɧɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ ɭ ɧɟɫɟɡɨɧɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɿɨɞ. Ɋɿɡɧɢɰɹ ɦɿɠ ɫɟɡɨɧɧɢɦɢ ɬɚ ɧɟɫɟɡɨɧɧɢɦɢ ɰɿɧɚɦɢ ɦɨɠɟ ɜɿɞɪɿɡɧɹɬɢɫɶ ɭ ɞɜɚ ɿ ɛɿɥɶɲɟ ɪɚɡɢ. ȼɪɚɯɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɫɟɡɨɧɧɨɫɬɿ ɩɪɢ ɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɰɿɧ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ ɞɨɡɜɨɥɹɽ ɩɪɨɬɢɞɿɹɬɢ ɨɛɦɟɠɟɧɢɦ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɨɫɬɹɦ ɪɟɚɥɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɲɥɹɯɨɦ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɩɢɬɭ. ɍ ɜɿɬɱɢɡɧɹɧɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɩɨɲɢɪɟɧɚ ɞɢɮɟɪɟɧɰɿɚɰɿɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɬɚɪɢɮɿɜ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɹɧɫɬɜɚ ɬɚ ɮɨɪɦɢ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ: ɬɚɪɢɮɢ ɞɥɹ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɿɜ ɬɚ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɹɧ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ, ɞɥɹ ɿɧɨɡɟɦɧɢɯ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɿɜ ɬɚ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɹɧ, ɧɚ ɨɪɟɧɞɭ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɩɿɞ ɨɮɿɫɢ, ɧɚ ɞɨɜɝɨɫɬɪɨɤɨɜɟ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɿɧ. ɉɪɢ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɿ ɜɚɪɬɨɫɬɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ ɡɚɫɬɨɫɨɜɭɸɬɶ ɞɢɮɟɪɟɧɰɿɣɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɩɿɞɯɿɞ ɞɨ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɰɿɧ ɧɚ ɧɨɦɟɪɧɢɣ ɮɨɧɞ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɜɿɞ ɜɢɞɭ ɣ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ. ɉɪɢ ɰɶɨɦɭ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɸɸɬɶ ɬɚɤɿ ɜɢɞɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɬɚɪɢɮɿɜ: — ɛɚɡɨɜɢɣ ɬɚɪɢɮ; — ɬɚɪɢɮ ɫɿɦɟɣɧɨɝɨ ɬɭɪɭ; — ɬɚɪɢɮ ɧɚ ɜɢɯɿɞɧɿ ɞɧɿ; 210
— ɬɚɪɢɮ ɫɿɦɟɣɧɨɝɨ ɬɭɪɭ ɧɚ ɜɢɯɿɞɧɿ ɞɧɿ; — ɬɚɪɢɮ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɧɚɞ 7 ɞɿɛ; — ɬɚɪɢɮ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɧɚɞ 14 ɞɿɛ; — ɬɚɪɢɮɢ ɧɚ ɨɪɟɧɞɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɮɨɧɞɭ. ɉɨɪɿɜɧɹɥɶɧɢɣ ɚɧɚɥɿɡ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɜɿɬɱɢɡɧɹɧɢɯ ɬɚ ɿɧɨɡɟɦɧɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ ɫɜɿɞɱɢɬɶ ɩɪɨ ɧɟɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɿɫɬɶ ɞɢɫɤɪɢɦɿɧɚɰɿɣɧɨʀ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɞɢɮɟɪɟɧɰɿɚɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɬɚɪɢɮɿɜ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɹɧɫɬɜɚ. ȼɿɬɱɢɡɧɹɧɢɦ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɦ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɲɢɪɲɟ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɜɚɬɢ ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɣ ɞɨɫɜɿɞ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɞɨɯɨɞɚɦɢ ɬɚ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɬɚɪɢɮɿɜ, ɨɫɤɿɥɶɤɢ ɜɿɧ ɞɨɡɜɨɥɹɽ ɡɛɿɥɶɲɢɬɢ ɨɛɫɹɝ ɪɟɚɥɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɡɛɟɪɟɝɬɢ ɩɨɫɬɿɣɧɢɯ ɬɚ ɡɚɥɭɱɢɬɢ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɯ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ ɛɟɡ ɡɧɢɠɟɧɧɹ ɰɿɧɢ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɿɯ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɜɿɞɜɿɞɭɜɚɱɿɜ, ɚ ɹɤɳɨ ɩɨɩɢɬ ɧɟɟɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɢɣ ɡɚ ɰɿɧɨɸ — ɨɬɪɢɦɭɜɚɬɢ ɩɥɚɬɭ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ ɡɚ ɩɨɜɧɨɸ ɜɚɪɬɿɫɬɸ ɛɟɡ ɡɧɢɠɨɤ, ɳɨ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɣ ɞɨɯɿɞ ɬɚ ɞɨɡɜɨɥɹɽ ɨɩɬɢɦɿɡɭɜɚɬɢ ɜɢɬɪɚɬɢ. Ⱦɢɮɟɪɟɧɰɿɚɰɿɹ ɰɿɧ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɞɨɰɿɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɢ ɡɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɧɢɤɨɦ ɩɪɹɦɢɯ ɟɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɿɣɧɢɯ ɜɢɬɪɚɬ, ɹɤɳɨ ɜ ɰɿɧɭ ɤɨɠɧɨʀ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɽɞɢɧɚ ɧɨɪɦɚ ɩɪɢɛɭɬɤɭ, ɩɨɞɚɬɨɤ ɧɚ ɞɨɞɚɧɭ ɜɚɪɬɿɫɬɶ ɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɣ ɡɛɿɪ. Ɍɚɤɢɣ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɞɢɮɟɪɟɧɰɿɚɰɿʀ ɰɿɧ ɡɚ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɽɸ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɞɨɡɜɨɥɹɽ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɨ ɨɛʉɪɭɧɬɭɜɚɬɢ ɫɨɛɿɜɚɪɬɿɫɬɶ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɹɤɿɫɧɢɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ, ɞɚɽ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɿɫɬɶ ɩɨɪɿɜɧɸɜɚɬɢ ɞɢɧɚɦɿɤɭ ɟɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɿɣɧɢɯ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɜɢɬɪɚɬ, ɜɪɚɯɨɜɭɜɚɬɢ ʀɯɧɿɣ ɜɩɥɢɜ ɧɚ ɜɿɞɩɭɫɤɧɿ ɰɿɧɢ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ. ȿɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɟ ɜɩɪɨɜɚɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɰɿɧɨɜɨʀ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɿʀ ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɚɽ ɬɚɤɬɢɱɧɭ ɡɦɿɧɭ ɰɿɧ ɩɿɞ ɜɩɥɢɜɨɦ ɜɧɭɬɪɿɲɧɿɯ ɬɚ ɡɨɜɧɿɲɧɿɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɿɜ. Ƚɨɥɨɜɧɢɣ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɩɿɞɜɢɳɟɧɧɹ ɰɿɧ — ɿɧɮɥɹɰɿɣɧɿ ɜɢɬɪɚɬɢ. ɉɿɞ ɜɩɥɢɜɨɦ ɿɧɮɥɹɰɿʀ ɨɛɫɹɝ ɩɿɞɜɢɳɟɧɧɹ ɰɿɧ, ɹɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɩɟɪɟɜɢɳɭɽ ɞɢɧɚɦɿɤɭ ɡɪɨɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɜɢɬɪɚɬ. ȱɧɲɢɣ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ, ɹɤɢɣ ɡɭɦɨɜɥɸɽ ɡɪɨɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɬɚɪɢɮɿɜ, — ɧɚɞɦɿɪɧɢɣ ɩɨɩɢɬ. ɇɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɹɤɳɨ ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɢɛɭɬɬɹ ɡɧɚɱɧɨʀ ɤɿɥɶɤɨɫɬɿ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ, ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɟ ɡ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹɦ ɫɩɨɪɬɢɜɧɢɯ ɡɦɚɝɚɧɶ, ɭɪɨɱɢɫɬɢɯ ɡɚɯɨɞɿɜ, ɧɚɪɚɞ, ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɿɣ ɬɚ ɿɧ., ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɩɿɞɜɢɳɭɸɬɶ ɰɿɧɭ ɿɧɨɞɿ ɜ ɞɟɤɿɥɶɤɚ ɪɚɡɿɜ ɩɨɪɿɜɧɹɧɨ ɡ ɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨɸ ɜɚɪɬɿɫɬɸ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ. ȼɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ, ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɿ ɩɿɞɜɢɳɟɧɧɿ ɬɚɪɢɮɿɜ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ ɧɟ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɡɚɤɪɿɩɢɬɢ ɡɚ ɫɨɛɨɸ ɿɦɿɞɠ «ɰɿɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɯɢɠɚɤɚ». ɉɿɞɜɢɳɭɜɚɬɢ ɰɿɧɢ ɞɨɰɿɥɶɧɨ ɥɢɲɟ ɬɨɞɿ, ɤɨɥɢ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɢ ɜɿɞɱɭɜɚɸɬɶ ɨɛ211
ʉɪɭɧɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɡɚɯɨɞɿɜ ɡɚ ɭɦɨɜ, ɤɨɥɢ ɧɚɞɦɿɪɧɢɣ ɩɨɩɢɬ ɜɚɠɤɨ ɡɚɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɢɬɢ. ɉɿɞɜɢɳɟɧɧɹ ɚɛɨ ɡɧɢɠɟɧɧɹ ɬɚɪɢɮɿɜ ɡɚɜɠɞɢ ɫɬɨɫɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɿɧɬɟɪɟɫɿɜ ɫɩɨɠɢɜɚɱɿɜ, ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɿɜ, ɞɢɫɬɪɢɛ’ɸɬɨɪɿɜ ɬɚ ɩɨɫɬɚɱɚɥɶɧɢɤɿɜ. Ʉɥɿɽɧɬɢ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɧɟ ɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɨ ɪɟɚɝɭɜɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɡɦɿɧɭ ɰɿɧ. əɤɳɨ ɰɿɧɚ ɧɚ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɧɢɡɶɤɚ — ɰɟ ɡɭɦɨɜɥɸɽ ɡɦɟɧɲɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɯɨɞɿɜ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ, ɹɤɳɨ ɜɢɫɨɤɚ ɰɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɡɭɦɨɜɢɬɢ ɜɬɪɚɬɭ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ. ɍ ɜɢɪɿɲɟɧɧɿ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɪɟɝɭɥɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɰɿɧ, ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɟ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɨ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɨ ɪɟɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɢɜɱɢɬɢ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɟ ɪɟɚɝɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɣ ɫɩɨɠɢɜɚɱɿɜ ɬɚ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɿɜ. Ɋɟɚɤɰɿɹ ɫɩɨɠɢɜɚɱɿɜ ɡɚɥɟɠɢɬɶ ɜɿɞ ɬɨɝɨ, ɹɤɭ ɦɟɬɭ ɜɨɧɢ ɜɛɚɱɚɸɬɶ ɭ ɡɦɿɧɿ ɰɿɧɢ. Ɋɟɚɤɰɿɹ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɿɜ ɛɭɞɟ ɚɛɨ ɧɚɫɥɿɞɤɨɦ ɱɿɬɤɢɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ ɪɟɚɝɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɚɛɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɦ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨʀ ɨɰɿɧɤɢ ɤɨɠɧɨʀ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɿʀ, ɳɨ ɜɢɧɢɤɥɚ. ɍ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ ɡɦɿɧɢ ɰɿɧ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɚɦɢ, ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɨ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɢɬɢ ʀɯɧɸ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɿɸ ɬɚ ɣɦɨɜɿɪɧɭ ɬɪɢɜɚɥɿɫɬɶ ɰɿɽʀ ɡɦɿɧɢ. ɓɨɛ ɭɬɪɢɦɚɬɢɫɶ ɧɚ ɪɢɧɤɭ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɡɚɡɞɚɥɟɝɿɞɶ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɬɢ ɫɜɨʀ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɿ ɞɿʀ ɧɚ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɿ ɰɿɧɨɜɿ ɦɚɧɟɜɪɢ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɿɜ. Ƚɨɬɟɥɶɧɟ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɨ ɦɨɠɟ ɿɧɿɰɿɸɜɚɬɢ ɡɧɢɠɟɧɧɹ ɰɿɧɢ ɬɨɞɿ, ɤɨɥɢ ɽ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɿɫɬɶ ɡɚ ɞɨɩɨɦɨɝɨɸ ɧɢɡɶɤɢɯ ɰɿɧ ɡɚɣɧɹɬɢ ɞɨɦɿɧɭɸɱɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɹ ɧɚ ɪɢɧɤɭ. Ⱦɥɹ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɜɢɯɨɞɢɬɢ ɧɚ ɪɢɧɨɤ ɡ ɧɢɠɱɢɦɢ ɰɿɧɚɦɢ, ɧɿɠ ɭ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɿɜ, ɚɛɨ ɩɟɪɲɢɦ ɡɧɢɠɭɜɚɬɢ ɰɿɧɢ, ɫɩɨɞɿɜɚɸɱɢɫɶ ɨɯɨɩɢɬɢ ɬɚɤɭ ɱɚɫɬɤɭ ɪɢɧɤɭ, ɹɤɚ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɡɧɢɠɟɧɧɹ ɜɢɬɪɚɬ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɰɬɜɚ ɡɚ ɪɚɯɭɧɨɤ ɡɪɨɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɣɨɝɨ ɨɛɫɹɝɭ. Ⱦɥɹ ɜɿɬɱɢɡɧɹɧɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɞɨɰɿɥɶɧɨ ɜɪɚɯɨɜɭɜɚɬɢ ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɣ ɞɨɫɜɿɞ ɬɚɤɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɬɚɪɢɮɿɜ ɧɚ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɟ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɿ ɡɚɫɬɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɫɟɡɨɧɧɢɯ ɬɚ ɬɢɦɱɚɫɨɜɢɯ ɬɚɪɢɮɿɜ. Ɇɨɠɧɚ ɫɮɨɪɦɭɥɸɜɚɬɢ ɬɚɤɿ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɿ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢ ɰɿɧɨɭɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿɣ ɫɮɟɪɿ: — ɭ ɫɮɟɪɿ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ ɨɛ’ɽɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨɸ ɽ ɫɟɡɨɧɧɚ ɞɢɮɟɪɟɧɰɿɚɰɿɹ ɰɿɧ ɿ ɬɚɪɢɮɿɜ. Ɂɨɤɪɟɦɚ, ɩɨɩɢɬ ɧɚ ɛɿɥɶɲɿɫɬɶ ɜɢɞɿɜ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɹɤɿ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɜɢɪɨɛɥɹɬɢ «ɩɪɨ ɡɚɩɚɫ», ɚ ʀɯɧɽ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɰɬɜɨ, ɪɟɚɥɿɡɚɰɿɹ, ɫɩɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ ɡɛɿɝɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɱɚɫɿ ɣ ɦɚɸɬɶ ɜɢɪɚɡɧɢɣ ɫɟɡɨɧɧɢɣ ɬɚ ɱɚɫɨɜɢɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ: ɜɡɢɦɤɭ ɡɛɿɥɶɲɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɫɩɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɧɨʀ ɿ, ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨ, ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨʀ ɟɧɟɪɝɿʀ, ɝɚɡɭ, ɬɨɞɿ ɹɤ ɜɥɿɬɤɭ – ɛɚɝɚɬɶɨɯ ɜɢɞɿɜ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɩɚɫɚɠɢɪɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɭ, ɚɜɬɨɫɟɪɜɿɫɭ, ɭ ɜɢɯɿɞɧɿ ɞɧɿ ɡɦɟɧ212
ɲɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɚ ɭ ɦɿɫɶɤɨɦɭ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɿ. Ɂɛɿɥɶɲɟɧɧɹ ɧɟɪɢɬɦɿɱɧɨɫɬɿ ɫɩɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɭ ɱɚɫɿ, ɡɭɦɨɜɥɸɽ ɡɛɿɥɶɲɟɧɧɹ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɧɢɯ ɩɨɬɭɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɢɯ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɞɨɜɨɥɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɩɢɬɭ ɭ ɩɟɪɿɨɞ ɣɨɝɨ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ; — ɫɟɡɨɧɧɚ ɞɢɮɟɪɟɧɰɿɚɰɿɹ ɰɿɧ ɬɚ ɬɚɪɢɮɿɜ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɿɧɞɭɫɬɪɿʀ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ, ɡ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɛɨɤɭ, ɜɿɞɨɛɪɚɠɚɽ ɡɦɿɧɢ ɜ ɨɛɫɹɡɿ ɩɨɩɢɬɭ ɬɚ ɫɭɫɩɿɥɶɧɨ-ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɢɯ ɜɢɬɪɚɬ ɩɪɚɰɿ ɭ ɪɿɡɧɿ ɩɟɪɿɨɞɢ ɪɨɤɭ, ɬɢɠɧɹ, ɞɨɛɢ, ɚ ɡ ɿɧɲɨɝɨ — ɡɭɦɨɜɥɸɽ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɿɫɬɶ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɡɭɫɢɥɶ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɩɢɬɭ ɬɚ ɪɿɜɧɨɦɿɪɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɡɩɨɞɿɥɭ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɭ ɱɚɫɿ. Ɉɤɪɿɦ ɬɨɝɨ, ɲɜɢɞɤɿɫɬɶ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɪɹɞɭ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ (ɩɚɫɚɠɢɪɫɶɤɿ ɩɟɪɟɜɟɡɟɧɧɹ, ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹ ɬɟɪɦɿɧɨɜɢɯ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɶ, ɡɞɿɣɫɧɟɧɧɹ ɪɟɦɨɧɬɭ ɬɚ ɿɧ) ɽ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɡ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɿɜ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɳɨ ɜɪɚɯɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɪɿɡɧɢɦɢ ɪɿɜɧɹɦɢ ɰɿɧ ɿ ɬɚɪɢɮɿɜ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ; — ɞɥɹ ɛɚɝɚɬɶɨɯ ɜɢɞɿɜ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɿɧɞɭɫɬɪɿʀ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ (ɩɨɛɭɬɨɜɢɯ, ɤɨɦɭɧɚɥɶɧɢɯ, ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɭ, ɩɚɫɚɠɢɪɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɭ ɬɚ ɿɧ.) ɬɚɪɢɮɢ ɜɢɤɨɧɭɸɬɶ ɨɞɧɨɱɚɫɧɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɿʀ ɨɩɬɨɜɢɯ ɬɚ ɪɨɡɞɪɿɛɧɢɯ ɰɿɧ, ɳɨ ɨɛɭɦɨɜɥɸɸɬɶ ʀɯɧɸ ɞɢɮɟɪɟɧɰɿɚɰɿɸ. ɐɿɧɢ ɣ ɬɚɪɢɮɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɜɚɬɢ ɹɤ ɝɨɫɩɪɨɡɪɚɯɭɧɤɨɜɿ ɭɦɨɜɢ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ ɬɚ ɝɚɥɭɡɟɣ ɰɿɽʀ ɫɮɟɪɢ, ɬɚɤ ɿ ɪɟɚɥɿɡɚɰɿɸ ɫɨɰɿɚɥɶɧɨ-ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɣ, ɩɪɢɬɚɦɚɧɧɢɯ ɪɨɡɞɪɿɛɧɢɦ ɰɿɧɚɦ; — ɞɥɹ ɫɮɟɪɢ ɿɧɞɭɫɬɪɿʀ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɚ ɡɧɚɱɧɚ ɞɢɮɟɪɟɧɰɿɚɰɿɹ ɪɟɧɬɚɛɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɜɢɞɿɜ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɬɚ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ, ɹɤɿ ɜɿɞɪɿɡɧɹɸɬɶɫɹ ɪɿɜɧɟɦ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɿʀ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɰɬɜɚ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɚɰɿɽɸ, ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɢɦ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹɦ, ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɿɫɬɸ ɩɪɚɰɿ ɬɚ ɫɨɛɿɜɚɪɬɿɫɬɸ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɳɨ ɧɚɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ; — ɨɤɪɟɦɿ ɜɢɞɢ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ (ɩɚɫɚɠɢɪɫɶɤɿ ɩɟɪɟɜɟɡɟɧɧɹ, ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɟ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɿ ɩɨɞɨɪɨɠɿ) ɪɟɚɥɿɡɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɹɤ ɧɚ ɜɧɭɬɪɿɲɧɶɨɦɭ, ɬɚɤ ɿ ɧɚ ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɪɢɧɤɚɯ. ɍ ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɭ ɡ ɰɢɦ ɩɪɢ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɚɰɿʀ ɬɚ ɨɰɿɧɰɿ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ʀɯɧɶɨʀ ɫɩɨɠɢɜɱɨʀ ɜɚɪɬɨɫɬɿ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɜɪɚɯɨɜɭɜɚɬɢ ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɿ ɜɢɦɨɝɢ. Ɉɤɪɿɦ ɬɨɝɨ, ɞɨ ɪɹɞɭ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɳɨ ɧɚɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɨɞɧɢɦɢ ɿ ɬɢɦɢ ɠ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚɦɢ, ɡɚɫɬɨɫɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɞɜɚ ɜɢɞɢ (ɪɿɡɧɿ ɡɚ ɪɿɜɧɟɦ) ɰɿɧ — ɜɧɭɬɪɿɲɧɿ ɬɚ ɡɨɜɧɿɲɧɶɨɬɨɪɝɨɜɟɥɶɧɿ, ɧɚɫɚɦɩɟɪɟɞ, ɩɪɨ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɩɨɜɿɬɪɹɧɨɝɨ, ɦɨɪɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɬɚ ɡɚɥɿɡɧɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɭ; — ɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɰɿɧ ɿ ɬɚɪɢɮɿɜ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɿɧɞɭɫɬɪɿʀ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ ɡɧɚɱɧɨ ɛɿɥɶɲɭ ɪɨɥɶ ɧɿɠ ɭ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɱɢɯ ɝɚɥɭɡɹɯ ɜɿɞɿɝɪɚɽ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɿɱɧɢɣ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ, ɬɨɦɭ, ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɿɚɥɶɧɚ ɞɢɮɟɪɟɧɰɿɚɰɿɹ ɰɿɧ ɿ ɬɚɪɢɮɿɜ ɨɯɨɩɥɸɽ ɛɿɥɶɲɿɫɬɶ ɜɢɞɿɜ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ. 213
Ⱦɢɮɟɪɟɧɰɿɚɰɿɹ ɰɿɧ ɿ ɬɚɪɢɮɿɜ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɪɿɡɧɢɦ ɫɨɰɿɚɥɶɧɢɦ ɫɬɚɬɭɫɨɦ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ, ɹɤɿ ɩɪɢɛɭɜɚɸɬɶ ɡ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɪɟɝɿɨɧɿɜ, ɪɿɜɧɟɦ ɫɭɫɩɿɥɶɧɨ-ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɢɯ ɜɢɬɪɚɬ ɩɪɚɰɿ, ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɤɥɿɦɚɬɢɱɧɢɦɢ ɭɦɨɜɚɦɢ ɪɟʉɿɨɧɭ, ɪɿɜɧɟɦ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ, ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɢɦ ɨɫɧɚɳɟɧɧɹɦ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɢɦɢ ɱɢɧɧɢɤɚɦɢ. 5.3. ɋɜɿɬɨɜɢɣ ɞɨɫɜɿɞ ɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɬɚɪɢɮɿɜ ɧɚ ɧɨɦɟɪɢ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɍ ɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɬɚɪɢɮɿɜ ɧɚ ɧɨɦɟɪɢ ɜɪɚɯɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɞɜɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɢ: ɫɨɛɿɜɚɪɬɿɫɬɶ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ ɿ ɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɧɿɫɬɶ ɬɚɪɢɮɚ ɞɥɹ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ. Ƚɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɣ ɬɚɪɢɮ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɭɜɚɬɢ ɜɿɞɲɤɨɞɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɡɚɬɪɚɬ ɧɚ ɭɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɿ ɩɨɜɟɪɬɚɬɢ ɿɧɜɟɫɬɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɤɚɩɿɬɚɥ, ɜɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ, ɜɚɪɬɿɫɬɶ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ ɧɟ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɜɿɞɲɬɨɜɯɭɜɚɬɢ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɿɣɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ. Ɂɝɿɞɧɨ ɩɟɪɲɨɝɨ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ, ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɜɢɪɿɲɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɿ ɨɛ’ɽɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɨɝɨ ɿ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɿɡɨɜɚɧɨɝɨ ɩɿɞɯɨɞɭ, ɡɨɤɪɟɦɚ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤ ɿ ɮɨɪɦɭɥ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɭɧɤɭ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɜɚɧɢɯ ɭ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɨɦɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɬɜɿ. ȱɧɲɢɣ ɦɚɽ ɛɿɥɶɲ ɫɭɛ’ɽɤɬɢɜɧɢɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɿ ɧɟ ɡɚɜɠɞɢ ɩɿɞɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɿɣ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɿɡɚɰɿʀ, ɨɫɤɿɥɶɤɢ ɬɭɬ ɧɟ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɚ ɰɿɧɚ, ɡɚ ɹɤɭ ɤɥɿɽɧɬ ɝɨɬɨɜɢɣ ɤɭɩɢɬɢ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɭ, ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɜɪɚɯɨɜɭɜɚɬɢ ɡɧɚɱɧɭ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɿɜ, ɜɿɞ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɨɱɟɧɧɹ ɧɚ ɞɚɧɨɦɭ ɰɿɥɶɨɜɨɦɭ ɪɢɧɤɭ ɞɨ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɱɧɨʀ ɬɚ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɨʀ ɫɬɚɛɿɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɢ, ɪɟʉɿɨɧɭ. Ɂ ɭɪɚɯɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ ɡɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɨɝɨ, ɪɟɚɥɶɧɚ ɰɿɧɚ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɛɭɬɢ ɧɟ ɧɢɠɱɨɸ ɜɿɞɲɤɨɞɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɡɚɬɪɚɬ ɿ ɧɟ ɩɿɞɧɿɦɚɬɢɫɶ ɜɢɳɟ ɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɧɨʀ ɦɟɠɿ ɞɥɹ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɣ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ. ɋɚɦɟ ɿɡ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹɦ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɬɚɪɢɮɿɜ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɢɯ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɣ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ ɬɚ ɜ ɡɚɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɿ ɜɿɞ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨʀ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɿʀ, ɫɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɽ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɚ ɛɿɥɶɲɿɫɬɶ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ ɭ ɫɜɿɬɿ. ɋɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɬɚɪɢɮ — ɰɟ ɨɛʉɪɭɧɬɨɜɚɧɨ ɡɦɟɧɲɟɧɢɣ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɢɣ ɰɿɧɨɜɢɣ ɬɚɪɢɮ, ɹɤɢɣ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽ ɧɚɣɜɢɳɭ ɰɿɧɭ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ. ɉɪɨɩɨɡɢɰɿɹ ɫɤɢɞɨɤ — ɰɟ ɡɜɢɱɚɣɧɢɣ ɡɚɫɿɛ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɛɭɞɶ-ɹɤɨʀ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ ɩɪɢɜɚɛɢɬɢ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ ɬɚ ɪɨɡɲɢɪɢɬɢ ɪɢɧɨɤ ɡɛɭɬɭ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɿʀ ɭ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɧɨɦɭ ɫɟɪɟɞɨɜɢɳɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɭ. Ɍɨɦɭ, ɩɿɥɶɝɢ ɿ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɿ ɬɚɪɢɮɢ ɭ ɝɨɬɟ214
ɥɹɯ — ɰɟ ɡɜɢɱɚɣɧɢɣ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɧɨʀ ɛɨɪɨɬɶɛɢ ɿ ɡɚɫɿɛ ɲɜɢɞɤɨɝɨ ɩɿɞɜɢɳɟɧɧɹ ɡɛɭɬɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɭ, ɧɚɫɚɦɩɟɪɟɞ ɭ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ ɣɨɝɨ ɧɢɡɶɤɨɝɨ ɡɛɭɬɭ. ɋɟɪɟɞ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɯ ɜɢɞɿɥɹɸɬɶɫɹ ɬɚɤɿ ɬɢɩɢ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɬɚɪɢɮɿɜ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ: ɋɟɡɨɧɧɿ ɿ ɬɢɦɱɚɫɨɜɿ ɬɚɪɢɮɢ. ɋɟɡɨɧɧɿ ɿ ɬɢɦɱɚɫɨɜɿ ɬɚɪɢɮɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɿ ɞɥɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ ɤɭɪɨɪɬɧɢɯ ɡɨɧ, ɳɨ ɨɮɿɰɿɣɧɨ ɨɝɨɥɨɲɭɸɬɶ ɞɜɚ ɚɛɨ ɞɟɤɿɥɶɤɚ ɬɢɦɱɚɫɨɜɢɯ ɬɚɪɢɮɢ — ɜɢɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɫɟɡɨɧɭ, ɫɟɡɨɧɭ ɬɚ ɦɿɠɫɟɡɨɧɭ. ɇɚ ɪɨɡɦɿɪ ɬɚɪɢɮɿɜ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɜɩɥɢɜɚɸɬɶ ɩɟɜɧɿ ɫɭɛ’ɽɤɬɢɜɧɿ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɢ — ɩɪɨɮɿɥɶ ɤɭɪɨɪɬɭ (ɦɨɪɫɶɤɢɣ, ɝɿɪɫɶɤɢɣ), ɪɨɡɬɚɲɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɜ ɦɟɠɚɯ ɤɭɪɨɪɬɧɨʀ ɡɨɧɢ, ɤɥɿɦɚɬɢɱɧɿ ɭɦɨɜɢ ɬɚ ɿɧ. Ʉɨɥɢɜɚɧɧɹ ɬɚɪɢɮɿɜ ɧɚ ɩɟɜɧɢɣ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɨɫɹɝɚɬɢ 100 % ɿ ɛɿɥɶɲɟ. ɋɟɡɨɧɧɿ ɿ ɬɢɦɱɚɫɨɜɿ ɬɚɪɢɮɢ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɦɿɫɶɤɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ. ȼɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ ɪɨɤɭ, ɭ ɫɟɡɨɧ ɥɿɬɧɿɯ ɜɿɞɩɭɫɬɨɤ ɚɛɨ ɩɪɨɬɹɝɨɦ ɬɢɠɧɹ ɭ ɜɢɯɿɞɧɿ ɞɧɿ, ɤɨɥɢ ɞɿɥɨɜɟ ɠɢɬɬɹ ɭ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɦɿɫɬɚɯ ɭɩɨɜɿɥɶɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɿ ɧɚ ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲ ɛɚɝɚɬɢɯ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ — ɞɿɥɨɜɢɯ ɨɫɿɛ, ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɢɯ ɱɢɧɨɜɧɢɤɿɜ ɩɪɨɩɨɡɢɰɿɹ ɪɢɧɤɭ ɡɦɟɧɲɭɽɬɶɫɹ, ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɸɬɶ ɡɚ ɡɧɢɠɟɧɢɦɢ ɬɚɪɢɮɚɦɢ. ɍ ɩɟɪɿɨɞ ɡɧɚɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɩɢɬɭ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ — ɦɚɫɨɜɢɯ ɬɚ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɢɯ ɡɚɯɨɞɿɜ — Ɉɥɿɦɩɿɣɫɶɤɢɯ ɿɝɨɪ, ɱɟɦɩɿɨɧɚɬɿɜ ɡ ɩɟɜɧɢɯ ɜɢɞɿɜ ɫɩɨɪɬɭ, ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɯ ɜɢɫɬɚɜɨɤ, ɹɪɦɚɪɨɤ, ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɢɯ ɩɨɞɿɣ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɤɚ ɭ ɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɬɚɪɢɮɿɜ ɦɚɽ ɫɜɨʀ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ. Ɋɿɡɤɟ ɡɪɨɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɩɢɬɭ ɧɚ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɢ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɨɜɨɤɭɽ ɡɧɚɱɧɭ ɱɚɫɬɤɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɞɨ ɩɿɞɜɢɳɟɧɧɹ ɬɚɪɢɮɿɜ. ɐɿɧɢ ɧɚ ɧɨɦɟɪɢ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɡɪɨɫɬɚɬɢ ɞɟɤɿɥɶɤɚ ɪɚɡɿɜ ɿ ɩɪɢ ɰɶɨɦɭ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɪɿɡɧɿ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɢ. ɇɚɫɚɦɩɟɪɟɞ, ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɨɝɨɥɨɲɭɸɬɶ ɩɪɨ ɩɿɞɜɢɳɟɧɧɹ ɬɚɪɢɮɿɜ, ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨ ɞɨ ɧɚɣɜɢɳɢɯ, ɡɝɨɞɨɦ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɪɿɡɧɿ ɩɪɢɯɨɜɚɧɿ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɢ ɩɿɞɜɢɳɟɧɧɹ ɜɚɪɬɨɫɬɿ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ. Ɂɨɤɪɟɦɚ, ɪɿɲɟɧɧɹɦ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɰɿʀ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚɦ ɧɚɜ’ɹɡɥɢɜɨ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ — ɤɭɩɿɜɥɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ ɦɿɧɿɦɭɦ ɧɚ ɞɟɤɿɥɶɤɚ ɞɧɿɜ ɚɛɨ ɬɢɠɞɟɧɶ ɿ ɤɥɿɽɧɬ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɥɚɬɢɬɢ ɡɚ ɜɟɫɶ ɬɟɪɦɿɧ ɧɟɡɚɥɟɠɧɨ ɜɿɞ ɱɚɫɭ ɩɟɪɟɛɭɜɚɧɧɹ. ȼɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ, ɡ ɦɟɬɨɸ ɩɪɢɯɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɫɩɨɠɢɜɚɰɶɤɢɯ ɡɚɯɨɞɿɜ, ɭ ɛɚɝɚɬɶɨɯ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɶɤɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɡɧɚɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɲɢɪɟɧɧɹ ɧɚɛɭɥɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɚ ɩɪɨɞɚɠɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ ɧɚ ɜɟɫɶ ɬɢɠɞɟɧɶ ɡ ɩɟɜɧɨɸ ɫɤɢɞɤɨɸ ɨɩɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɚɠɭ (ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɜɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɭ ɜɚɪɬɿɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ). Ɂɝɿɞɧɨ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɬɚɪɢɮɿɜ, ɭ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɭɧɤɭ ɧɚ ɨɤɪɟɦɭ ɞɨɛɭ, 215
ɜɚɪɬɿɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ ɞɥɹ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ ɫɬɚɽ ɡɧɚɱɧɨ ɧɢɠɱɨɸ ɧɿɠ ɭ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ ɡɜɢɱɚɣɧɨʀ ɤɭɩɿɜɥɿ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ ɧɚ ɞɨɛɭ. ɍ ɰɶɨɦɭ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ ɞɨɯɨɞɢ ɜɿɞ ɩɪɨɞɚɠɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɫɬɚɸɬɶ ɧɢɠɱɢɦɢ, ɩɪɨɬɟ ɭ ɤɭɪɨɪɬɧɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɞɨɯɿɞ ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɡɛɿɥɶɲɟɧɧɹɦ ɧɚɞɯɨɞɠɟɧɶ ɜɿɞ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɞɠɟɪɟɥ — ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɿɜ, ɛɚɪɿɜ, ɛɚɫɟɣɧɿɜ, ɿɝɪɨɜɢɯ ɦɚɣɞɚɧɱɢɤɿɜ. Ʉɥɿɽɧɬ, ɹɤɢɣ ɡɚɥɢɲɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɬɢɠɞɟɧɶ, ɧɚɣɱɚɫɬɿɲɟ ɡ ɦɟɬɨɸ ɪɨɡɜɚɝ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɦɢ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɚɦɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ. ɍ ɩɪɨɞɚɠɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɡɚ ɡɧɢɠɟɧɢɦɢ ɬɚɪɢɮɚɦɢ ɩɪɢɯɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɳɟ ɨɞɢɧ ɜɚɠɥɢɜɢɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ, ɹɤɢɣ ɡɦɭɲɭɽ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ ɡɚɥɢɲɚɬɢɫɶ ɞɨ ɨɫɬɚɧɧɶɨɝɨ ɞɧɹ «ɨɩɬɨɜɨɝɨ» ɬɢɠɧɹ. Ɂɨɤɪɟɦɚ, ɫɟɪɟɞɧɹ ɰɿɧɚ ɧɚ ɪɟɰɟɩɰɿʀ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɿ ɤɭɪɨɪɬɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ 200 ɞɨɥ. əɤɳɨ ɤɥɿɽɧɬ ɤɭɩɭɽ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɳɨɞɨɛɨɜɨ, ɡɚ ɬɢɠɞɟɧɶ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ ɜɿɧ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɡɚɩɥɚɬɢɬɢ 1400 ɞɨɥ. ɍ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ ɤɭɩɿɜɥɿ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ ɧɚɩɟɪɟɞ ɧɚ ɬɢɠɞɟɧɶ, ɜɚɪɬɿɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ ɿɡ ɡɧɢɠɤɨɸ ɨɛɿɣɞɟɬɶɫɹ ɭ 1225 ɞɨɥ., ɫɚɦɟ ɰɹ ɰɿɧɚ ɛɭɞɟ ɡɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɚ ɭ ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿɣɧɿɣ ɤɚɪɬɰɿ ɜ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɦɭ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɭɧɤɭ. ɉɪɨɬɟ, ɪɟɚɥɶɧɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɚ ɧɚɪɚɯɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɨɩɥɚɬɢ ɡɚ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɧɚ: ɡɚ ɤɨɠɟɧ ɞɟɧɶ ɬɢɠɧɹ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɭ ɧɚɪɚɯɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɿ 200 ɞɨɥ., ɿ ɬɿɥɶɤɢ ɡɚ ɨɫɬɚɧɧɸ ɞɨɛɭ ɧɚɪɚɯɨɜɭɸɬɶ 25 ɞɨɥ. əɤɳɨ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɭ ɡɚ ɤɨɠɧɭ ɞɨɛɭ ɧɚɪɚɯɨɜɭɜɚɥɢ ɛ ɫɟɪɟɞɧɸ ɰɿɧɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ — 175 ɞɨɥ., ɬɨɞɿ ɿɫɧɭɜɚɥɚ ɛ ɧɟɛɟɡɩɟɤɚ, ɳɨ ɤɥɿɽɧɬ ɩɨɤɢɧɟ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ ɞɨ ɡɚɤɿɧɱɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɠɧɹ, ɳɨ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɬɪɚɩɥɹɽɬɶɫɹ, ɿ ɬɨɞɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɟ ɦɚɬɢ ɧɿɹɤɨʀ ɜɢɝɨɞɢ ɜɿɞ ɡɧɢɠɤɢ. ȱɫɧɭɸɬɶ ɣ ɿɧɲɿ ɜɚɪɿɚɧɬɢ, ɧɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɹɤɳɨ ɤɥɿɽɧɬ ɬɪɢɜɚɥɢɣ ɬɟɪɦɿɧ ɨɪɟɧɞɭɽ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɣ ɧɨɦɟɪ, ɜɿɧ ɧɟ ɨɬɪɢɦɭɽ ɡɧɢɠɨɤ ɧɚ ɜɚɪɬɿɫɬɶ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ, ɩɪɨɬɟ ɨɬɪɢɦɭɽ ɞɟɲɟɜɲɟ ɚɛɨ ɛɟɡɩɥɚɬɧɨ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ — ɫɚɭɧɭ, ɛɚɫɟɣɧ, ɝɨɥɶɮ, ɤɚɛɿɧɟɬ ɤɪɚɫɢ ɬɚ ɿɧ. Ɍɚɪɢɮɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɢɯ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɣ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ. ȼɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɡɧɢɠɨɤ ɭ ɮɨɪɦɿ ɬɚɪɢɮɿɜ ɞɥɹ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɢɯ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɣ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɥɨ ɲɢɪɨɤɟ ɩɨɲɢɪɟɧɧɹ ɿ ɨɯɨɩɥɸɽ ɜɫɿ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ. Ʉɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ, ɹɤɿ ɩɥɚɬɹɬɶ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɿ ɬɚɪɢɮɢ, ɡɚɥɢɲɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɦɟɧɲɟ ɿ ɦɟɧɲɟ. ȼɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ, ɞɥɹ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɛɿɡɧɟɫɭ ɬɚɤɚ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɿɹ ɧɟ ɫɬɜɨɪɸɽ ɡɚɝɪɨɡɢ. ȼɚɪɬɿɫɬɶ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ ɧɚ ɪɟɰɟɩɰɿʀ ɤɨɠɟɧ ɪɚɡ ɩɟɪɟɝɥɹɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɿ ɤɨɪɢɝɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɞɢɧɚɦɿɤɢ ɪɢɧɤɭ ɿ ɩɨɜɟɞɿɧɤɢ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɿɜ. ɇɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɹɤɳɨ ɞɥɹ ɞɚɧɨʀ ɪɢɧɤɨɜɨʀ ɤɨɧ’ɸɧɤɬɭɪɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿ ɬɚɪɢɮɢ ɜɢɹɜɢɥɢɫɶ ɡɚɧɚɞɬɨ ɜɢɫɨɤɢɦɢ, ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪ ɩɪɢɣɦɚɽ ɪɿɲɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɨ ʀɯ ɡɧɢɠɟɧɧɹ ɿ ɧɚɜɩɚɤɢ. Ɍɚɤɢɣ ɦɟɯɚɧɿɡɦ ɪɟɝɭɥɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɰɿɧ ɿ ɬɚɪɢɮɿɜ ɽ ɧɟɜɿɞ’ɽɦɧɨɸ ɫɤɥɚɞɨɜɨɸ 216
ɦɚɪɤɟɬɢɧɝɨɜɨʀ ɿ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɧɨʀ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɿʀ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɿʀ, ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɦ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɞɨɯɨɞɚɦɢ, ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɞɯɨɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɜɚɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɞɨɯɨɞɭ ɧɚ ɛɭɞɶ-ɹɤɨɦɭ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɿ. Ȼɭɞɶ-ɹɤɿ ɰɿɧɢ ɿ ɬɚɪɢɮɢ — ɰɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɿʀ ɩɨɩɢɬɭ ɿ ɩɪɨɩɨɡɢɰɿʀ, ɡɦɿɧɧɢɯ ɫɩɪɹɦɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɞɨ ɪɿɜɧɨɜɚɝɢ. ɉɪɨɬɟ, ɛɚɡɨɜɿ ɚɛɨ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɿ ɬɚɪɢɮɢ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɝɥɹɞɚɬɢɫɶ ɳɨɞɟɧɧɨ ɧɚ ɮɨɧɿ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɝɨ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɭ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɣ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ. ɑɚɫɬɨ ɜɢɧɢɤɚɽ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɿɹ, ɤɨɥɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ ɧɟ ɦɚɸɬɶ ɨɛ’ɽɤɬɢɜɧɨʀ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿʀ ɩɪɨ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɩɥɚɬɨɫɩɪɨɦɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɩɢɬɭ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ, ɞɥɹ ɹɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɚɛɨ ɨɤɪɟɦɿ ɣɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ. ɍ ɬɚɤɨɦɭ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ ɩɿɥɶɝɨɜɿ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɿ ɬɚɪɢɮɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɜɧɢɯ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɣ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɿɣɧɢɯ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɫɬɚɬɢ ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɢɦ ɦɟɯɚɧɿɡɦɨɦ ɦɨɧɿɬɨɪɢɧɝɭ ɪɢɧɤɭ. əɤɳɨ ɫɩɨɠɢɜɚɱɿ ɩɿɥɶɝɨɜɢɯ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɡɚɥɭɱɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɞɨ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɝɨɬɟɥɶ ɚɛɨ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɚ ɨɪɿɽɧɬɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɫɚɦɟ ɧɚ ɰɸ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɸ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ, ɚ ɩɿɥɶɝɨɜɚ ɰɿɧɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɫɬɚɬɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɨɸ ɬɚɪɢɮɭ ɧɚ ɪɟɰɟɩɰɿʀ. ɇɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɜ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɥɚɧɰɸɝɚɯ ɿɫɧɭɸɬɶ ɩɿɥɶɝɨɜɿ ɬɚɪɢɮɢ ɞɥɹ ɜɢɤɥɚɞɚɱɿɜ, ɜ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɿɜ ɬɚ ɭɱɧɿɜ, ɨɫɿɛ ɩɟɧɫɿɣɧɨɝɨ ɜɿɤɭ, ɜɿɣɫɶɤɨɜɢɯ, ɩɨɥɿɰɟɣɫɶɤɢɯ ɬɚ ɿɧ. Ƚɨɬɟɥɶɧɚ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɿɹ «Holiday Inn», ɡɨɤɪɟɦɚ, ɧɚɞɚɽ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɿ ɬɚɪɢɮɢ ɞɥɹ ɝɪɚɜɰɿɜ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɣɧɢɯ ɬɚ ɥɸɛɢɬɟɥɶɫɶɤɢɯ ɫɩɨɪɬɢɜɧɢɯ ɤɨɦɚɧɞ. Ɉɤɪɟɦɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɜɿɞɦɿɬɢɬɢ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɭ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɸ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜɩɿɥɶɝɨɜɢɤɿɜ — ɬɭɪɚɝɟɧɬɿɜ, ɠɭɪɧɚɥɿɫɬɿɜ, ɩɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɢɤɿɜ, ɹɤɿ ɩɪɨɩɚɝɭɸɬɶ ɩɨɞɨɪɨɠɿ ɿ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɪɨɡɪɟɤɥɚɦɭɜɚɬɢ ɡɚɤɥɚɞ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ, ɧɚɜɤɨɥɢɲɧɿ ɟɤɡɨɬɢɱɧɿ ɦɿɫɰɹ, ɦɚɪɲɪɭɬɢ. ȼ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɚɯ ɰɿɣ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ ɦɨɠɟ ɧɚɞɚɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɜɡɚɝɚɥɿ ɛɟɡɨɩɥɚɬɧɟ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɚ ɬɪɢɜɚɥɢɣ ɩɟɪɿɨɞ. ɑɚɫɬɨ ɪɟɤɥɚɦɧɿ ɩɨʀɡɞɤɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɫɚɦɢɦɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɦɢ, ɿɧɲɢɦɢ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɢɦɢ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɫɭɦɿɫɧɨ ɿɡ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɦɢ, ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɚɦɢ, ɪɨɡɜɚɠɚɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚɦɢ, ɡɚɰɿɤɚɜɥɟɧɢɯ ɭ ɧɚɩɥɢɜɿ ɭ ɩɟɜɧɭ ɦɿɫɰɟɜɿɫɬɶ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɿɜ. ɉɪɨɬɟ, ɧɚɜɿɬɶ ɭ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ ɡɜɢɱɚɣɧɢɯ ɩɨʀɡɞɨɤ ɬɭɪɚɝɟɧɬɢ ɿ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɿɫɬɢ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɨɜɭɜɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɡɧɢɠɤɭ ɞɨ 50 % (ɡɚ ɜɢɧɹɬɤɨɦ ɫɟɡɨɧɭ). ɋɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɿ ɿɡ ɡɧɢɠɤɚɦɢ ɬɚɪɢɮɢ ɡɜɢɱɚɣɧɟ ɹɜɢɳɟ ɩɪɢ ɜɩɪɨɜɚɞɠɟɧɧɿ ɜ ɟɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɿɸ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ, ɤɨɥɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɚ ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɚ ɪɟɤɥɚɦɚ ɞɥɹ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɚ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɿɣɧɢɯ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ. Ɍɨɦɭ, ɧɚ ɩɨɱɚɬɤɭ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɬɚɪɢɮɢ ɭ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɛɭɬɢ ɫɭɬɬɽɜɨ ɧɢɠɱɢɦɢ ɭ ɩɨɪɿɜɧɹɧɧɿ ɡ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɿɱɧɢɦɢ 217
ɝɨɬɟɥɹɦɢ, ɩɪɨɬɟ ɡ ɞɨɫɜɿɞɨɦ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɬɚ ɞɨɛɪɟ ɜɿɞɨɦɢɯ. ɐɟ ɡɜɢɱɚɣɧɚ ɬɚɤɬɢɤɚ ɭ ɪɨɡɤɪɭɱɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɭ. Ƚɨɬɟɥɶɧɿ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɿʀ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶ ɩɿɥɶɝɨɜɿ ɬɚɪɢɮɢ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɿɯ ɩɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤɿɜ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ, ɳɨ ɜɯɨɞɹɬɶ ɭ ɥɚɧɰɸɝ ɚɛɨ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɭ ɦɚɪɤɭ. ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨʀ ɦɟɪɟɠɿ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɭɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɩɿɥɶɝɨɜɢɦɢ ɬɚɪɢɮɚɦɢ ɜ ɿɧɲɨɦɭ ɪɟʉɿɨɧɿ, ɤɪɚʀɧɿ, ɭ ɜɫɿɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɰɿɽʀ ɦɟɪɟɠɿ ɧɟɡɚɥɟɠɧɨ ɜɿɞ ʀɯ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɭɜɚɧɧɹ. Ⱦɥɹ ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɿɣ ɬɚ ɥɚɧɰɸɝɿɜ ɫɜɨʀ ɩɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɹɬɶ ɡɧɚɱɧɢɣ ɪɢɧɨɤ ɩɿɥɶɝɨɜɢɤɿɜ, ɬɨɦɭ ɬɚɤɿ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɿʀ ɬɚ ɥɚɧɰɸɝɢ ɡɚɰɿɤɚɜɥɟɧɿ, ɳɨɛ ʀɯ ɩɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɢ ɫɜɨɽʀ ɜɿɞɩɭɫɬɤɢ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɿʀ-ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɚ. Ƚɨɬɟɥɶɧɿ ɩɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤɢ, ɹɤɿ ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɜɚɸɬɶ, ɨɬɪɢɦɭɸɬɶ ɧɟ ɬɿɥɶɤɢ ɡɧɚɱɧɭ ɡɧɢɠɤɭ ɜɿɞ ɦɿɧɿɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɚɪɢɮɭ (ɜɚɪɬɨɫɬɿ ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲ ɞɟɲɟɜɨɝɨ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ), ɚɥɟ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɩɨ ɰɶɨɦɭ ɬɚɪɢɮɭ ɪɨɡɦɿɫɬɢɬɢɫɶ ɭ ɛɿɥɶɲ ɞɨɪɨɝɨɦɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɿ, ɹɤɳɨ ɬɚɤɢɣ ɜɿɥɶɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɩɪɢɛɭɬɬɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ. Ɍɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɧɨ ɰɿɧɨɜɿ ɡɧɢɠɤɢ ɿ ɩɿɥɶɝɢ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɨɤ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɪɢɧɤɿɜ — ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɟ ɪɨɡɲɢɪɟɧɧɹ ɤɨɧɬɢɧɝɟɧɬɭ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ. ȱɡ ɫɬɚɛɿɥɿɡɚɰɿɽɸ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɪɢɧɤɿɜ, ɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɿɣɧɢɯ ɫɩɨɠɢɜɚɱɿɜ ɿ ɲɜɢɞɤɨɝɨ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɿɜ ɪɨɡɲɢɪɟɧɧɹ ɪɢɧɤɭ ɡɧɢɠɤɢ ɬɚ ɩɿɥɶɝɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɡɜɭɠɭɜɚɬɢ. ɉɪɨɬɟ, ɱɚɫɬɨ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɟɧɿ ɩɨɱɚɬɤɨɜɿ ɩɿɥɶɝɢ ɿ ɡɧɢɠɤɢ ɧɟ ɥɢɲɟ ɧɟ ɩɟɪɟɝɥɹɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ, ɚ ɫɬɚɸɬɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɨɸ ɬɪɢɜɚɥɨʀ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɰɿɧ ɿ ɬɚɪɢɮɿɜ. Ɍɚɪɢɮɢ ɞɥɹ ɱɢɧɨɜɧɢɤɿɜ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɨʀ ɬɚ ɦɿɫɰɟɜɨʀ ɜɥɚɞɢ. ɑɢɧɨɜɧɢɤɢ ɬɚ ɜɿɣɫɶɤɨɜɨɫɥɭɠɛɨɜɰɿ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɩɟɪɟɛɭɜɚɸɬɶ ɭ ɜɿɞɪɹɞɠɟɧɧɹɯ, ɬɨɦɭ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬɶ ɡɧɚɱɧɢɣ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɢɧɤɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɭ ɜɫɿɯ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɚɯ. ȱɡ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɬɚ ɦɿɫɰɟɜɨɝɨ ɛɸɞɠɟɬɭ ɫɥɭɠɛɨɜɰɹɦ ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɜɢɬɪɚɬɢ ɜ ɦɟɠɚɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɯ ɨɮɿɰɿɣɧɢɯ ɬɚɪɢɮɿɜ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɿ ɫɤɥɚɞɨɜɿ ɞɨɛɨɜɢɯ ɬɚɪɢɮɿɜ — ɜɢɬɪɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ. ȼɢɬɪɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɬɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɩɨ ɤɜɢɬɚɧɰɿɹɯ ɚɛɨ ɪɚɯɭɧɤɚɯ ɿɡ ɜɿɞɦɿɬɤɨɸ ɜɢɬɪɚɱɟɧɨʀ ɫɭɦɢ, ɩɪɨɬɟ ɧɟ ɜɢɳɟ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦɭ. ȼɢɬɪɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɿɡ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɭɧɤɭ ɞɨɛɨɜɨʀ ɧɨɪɦɢ ɿ ɧɟ ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɚɸɬɶ ɩɪɟɞ’ɹɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɤɜɢɬɚɧɰɿʀ ɚɛɨ ɪɚɯɭɧɤɭ. ɇɨɪɦɢ ɜɿɞɲɤɨɞɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɜɢɬɪɚɬ ɧɟ ɡɚɜɠɞɢ ɨɞɧɨɤɨɜɿ ɭ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɦɿɫɬɚɯ ɿ ɪɟʉɿɨɧɚɯ. ɍ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɦɿɫɬɚɯ, ɧɚɫɚɦɩɟɪɟɞ ɩɪɨɦɢɫɥɨɜɢɯ ɬɚ ɮɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɢɯ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɯ, ɜɚɪɬɿɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɜɢɫɨɤɚ, ɨɬɠɟ ɧɨɪɦɢ ɜɿɞɲɤɨɞɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɜɢɬɪɚɬ ɡɧɚɱɧɨ ɜɢɳɿ. 218
ɍ ɋɒȺ, Ʉɚɧɚɞɿ, ɽɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɶɤɢɯ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɚɯ, ɡɧɚɱɧɚ ɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɿɣ ɿ ɥɚɧɰɸɝɿɜ ɬɪɢɜɚɥɢɣ ɱɚɫ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɿ ɿɡ ɡɧɢɠɤɚɦɢ ɬɚɪɢɮɢ ɞɥɹ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɢɯ ɫɥɭɠɛɨɜɰɿɜ. ȼɬɪɚɬɢ ɭ ɰɿɧɿ ɡɚ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɿɽɸ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɬɢ ɩɟɜɧɢɣ ɦɿɧɿɦɭɦ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ ɜɿɞ ɭɪɹɞɨɜɢɯ ɬɚ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɢɯ ɫɥɭɠɛ. ɇɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɡɚɡɧɚɱɢɬɢ, ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɰɿɹ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɿɡ ɥɚɧɰɸɝɚ ɭ ɩɟɪɿɨɞ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɩɨɜɧɟɧɧɹ ɦɨɠɟ ɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɢ ɪɿɲɟɧɧɹ ɜɿɞɦɿɧɢɬɢ ɩɿɥɶɝɢ ɧɚ ɞɟɹɤɢɣ ɱɚɫ. ɍ ɩɟɪɿɨɞ ɜɢɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɡɚɩɨɜɧɟɧɧɹ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɿ ɬɚɪɢɮɢ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɡɧɚɱɧɨ ɩɨɧɢɠɭɜɚɬɢ ɡɜɢɱɚɣɧɿ ɰɿɧɢ. ɋɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɿ ɬɚɪɢɮɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɫɿɛ ɿɡ ɜɿɞɪɹɞɠɟɧɧɹɦ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨ ɞɨ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɩɿɥɶɝɨɜɢɯ ɬɚɪɢɮɿɜ ɞɿɸɬɶ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɭ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɧɚ ɜɿɥɶɧɿ ɧɟ ɡɚɛɪɨɧɶɨɜɚɧɿ ɭ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɩɪɢɛɭɬɬɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɢ. ɍ ɛɿɥɶɲɨɫɬɿ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɿɡɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɞɧɽ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ ɡɚ ɩɿɥɶɝɨɜɢɦ ɬɚɪɢɮɨɦ ɧɟ ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɟɧɟ. Ʉɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɿ ɬɚɪɢɮɢ. Ʉɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɿ ɬɚɪɢɮɢ — ɩɿɥɶɝɨɜɿ ɡɧɢɠɤɢ, ɳɨ ɧɚɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤɚɦ ɩɪɢɜɚɬɧɢɯ ɮɿɪɦ ɬɚ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɿɣ. ȼ ɭɦɨɜɚɯ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɬɚ ɿɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɿʀ ɫɜɿɬɨɜɨʀ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɤɢ, ɩɪɢɜɚɬɧɿ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɿʀ ɬɚ ɮɿɪɦɢ ɦɚɸɬɶ ɫɜɨʀ ɮɿɥɿɚɥɢ ɬɚ ɨɮɿɫɢ ɭ ɜɫɶɨɦɭ ɫɜɿɬɿ. Ȳɯ ɩɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤɢ — ɤɟɪɿɜɧɢɤɢ, ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɢ, ɧɚɭɤɨɜɨ-ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥ ɬɚ ɿɧ., ɱɚɫɬɨ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɸɬɶ ɞɿɥɨɜɿ ɩɨʀɡɞɤɢ ɬɚ ɡɦɭɲɟɧɿ ɡɭɩɢɧɹɬɢɫɶ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ. Ɋɢɧɨɤ ɞɿɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɬɭɪɢɡɦɭ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿɣ ɫɮɟɪɿ ɧɟ ɫɩɿɜɦɿɪɧɢɣ ɿɡ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɚɦɢ ɪɢɧɤɭ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɢɯ ɱɢɧɨɜɧɢɤɿɜ, ɩɪɨɬɟ ɜ ɟɤɜɿɜɚɥɟɧɬɿ ɨɛɿɝɭ ɮɿɧɚɧɫɿɜ, ɳɨ ɡɚɥɢɲɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɞɨɫɢɬɶ ɜɿɞɱɭɬɧɢɣ. Ɂɝɿɞɧɨ ɚɧɚɥɿɡɭ Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɶɤɨʀ ɚɫɨɰɿɚɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɬɚ ɦɨɬɟɥɿɜ, ɳɨɪɿɱɧɨ ɥɢɲɟ ɜ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɶɤɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɤɢ ɩɪɢɜɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɛɿɡɧɟɫɭ ɡɚɥɢɲɚɸɬɶ ɩɨɧɚɞ 100 ɦɥɪɞ. ɞɨɥ. Ɂ ɨɝɥɹɞɭ ɧɚ ɡɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɟ, ɫɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɿ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɿ ɬɚɪɢɮɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɜɩɪɨɜɚɞɠɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɦɚɣɠɟ ɜɫɿɦɚ ɜɿɞɨɦɢɦɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɥɚɧɰɸɝɚɦɢ ɿ ɦɚɪɤɚɦɢ; ɡɚ ɬɟɦɩɚɦɢ ɜɩɪɨɜɚɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɨɦ ʀɯ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɢɣ ɟɤɜɿɜɚɥɟɧɬ ɫɩɿɜɦɿɪɧɢɣ ɿɡ ɞɨɯɨɞɚɦɢ ɜɿɞ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɬɚɪɢɮɿɜ ɞɥɹ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɢɯ ɫɥɭɠɛɨɜɰɿɜ. Ɇɟɯɚɧɿɡɦ ɫɩɿɜɩɪɚɰɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɬɚ ɩɪɢɜɚɬɧɢɯ ɮɿɪɦ ɩɨɥɹɝɚɽ ɜ ɭɤɥɚɞɚɧɧɿ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɭ, ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɡ ɹɤɢɦ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɚ ɦɟɪɟɠɚ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɸɽ ɩɿɥɶɝɨɜɿ ɬɚɪɢɮɢ ɞɥɹ ɮɿɪɦ ɜ ɨɛɦɿɧ ɧɚ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɿɸ ɩɟɜɧɨʀ ɤɿɥɶɤɨɫɬɿ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɶ (ɧɚɣɱɚɫɬɿɲɟ ɤɿɥɶɤɨɫɬɿ ɧɨɱɟɣ ɭ ɪɿɤ). Ɂɚɝɚɥɶɧɨɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɚ ɧɨɪɦɚ ɞɥɹ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɩɿɥɶɝɨɜɢɯ ɬɚɪɢɮɿɜ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɲɟ 1000 ɧɨɱɟɣ ɜ ɪɿɤ, ɨɤɪɟɦɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿ ɥɚɧɰɸɝɢ 219
ɧɚɞɚɸɬɶ ɡɧɢɠɤɭ ɞɨ 50 ɧɨɱɟɣ. Ⱦɥɹ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɡɧɢɠɨɤ ɮɿɪɦɢ ɿɡ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɧɨɸ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɸ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ, ɨɛ’ɽɞɧɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɿ ɪɚɡɨɦ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɸɬɶ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɢɣ ɦɿɧɿɦɭɦ ɧɨɱɟɣ. ɍɩɨɜɧɨɜɚɠɟɧɧɹ ɳɨɞɨ ɭɤɥɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɭ ɩɪɨ ɩɿɥɶɝɢ ɿ ɨɛɫɹɝɢ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɚɫɨɰɿɚɰɿɣ ɞɪɿɛɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ ɧɚɣɱɚɫɬɿɲɟ ɦɚɸɬɶ ɩɨɫɟɪɟɞɧɢɤɢ-ɬɭɪɚɝɟɧɬɢ. Ʉɨɦɟɪɰɿɣɧɿ ɬɚɪɢɮɢ. Ʉɨɦɟɪɰɿɣɧɿ ɬɚɪɢɮɢ ɦɚɸɬɶ ɬɪɢɜɚɥɭ ɿɫɬɨɪɿɸ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿɣ ɫɮɟɪɿ, ɜɨɧɢ ɜɿɞɨɦɿ ɡ ɱɚɫɭ ɩɨɹɜɢ ɞɪɿɛɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɰɿɜ — ɩɨɞɨɪɨɠɭɸɱɢɯ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɰɿɜ. ɍ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ, ɤɨɥɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ, ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɯ ɬɚɪɢɮɿɜ ɜɿɞɱɭɜɚɽ ɞɟɮɿɰɢɬ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ, ɫɥɭɠɛɚ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ ɿ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɦɚɽ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɩɪɨɞɚɬɢ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɩɨ ɰɿɧɿ ɧɚɣɞɟɲɟɜɲɨɝɨ (ɡɚ ɜɚɪɬɿɫɬɸ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɚɛɨ ɜɿɞɩɭɫɤɧɿɣ ɰɿɧɿ). ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿ ɩɪɨɞɚɠɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɞɧɽ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ ɧɟɦɚɽ ɧɿɹɤɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɨɫɤɿɥɶɤɢ ɤɥɿɽɧɬ ɧɟ ɩɨɝɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɤɭɩɢɬɢ ɜɿɥɶɧɢɣ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɩɨ ɰɿɧɿ ɧɚ ɪɟɰɟɩɰɿʀ. ɋɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ ɤɨɦɟɪɰɿɣɧɿ ɬɚɪɢɮɢ ɧɚɣɱɚɫɬɿɲɟ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɟɜɟɥɢɤɢɦɢ ɧɟɡɚɥɟɠɧɢɦɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɿ ɦɨɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɭ ɛɨɪɨɬɶɛɿ ɡ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɢɦɢ ɬɚɪɢɮɚɦɢ ɿ ɡɧɢɠɤɚɦɢ, ɳɨ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɥɚɧɰɸɝɚɦɢ. ɇɟɜɟɥɢɤɿ ɩɪɢɞɨɪɨɠɧɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɬɢ ɡɚ ɡɧɢɠɟɧɢɦɢ ɬɚɪɢɮɚɦɢ, ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɤɢ, ɞɨ ɞɟɫɹɬɢ ɥɸɞɢɧɨ-ɞɿɛ ɭ ɪɿɤ ɜɿɞ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ. ɐɟ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɧɚ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ, ɩɪɨɬɟ ɡ ɜɪɚɯɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ ɠɨɪɫɬɤɨʀ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɿʀ ɬɚ ɤɿɥɶɤɨɫɬɿ ɞɪɿɛɧɢɯ ɮɿɪɦ, ɰɟɣ ɪɢɧɨɤ ɡɚɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɽ ɭɜɚɝɢ. Ɍɚɪɢɮɢ ɧɟɩɨɜɧɨʀ ɞɨɛɢ. Ɍɚɪɢɮɢ ɧɟɩɨɜɧɨʀ ɞɨɛɢ (ɬɚɪɢɮɢ ɫɜɿɬɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɞɥɹ, ɬɚɪɢɮɢ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɬɟɪɦɿɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ) ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ, ɹɤɿ ɡɭɩɢɧɹɸɬɶɫɹ ɛɟɡ ɧɨɱɿɜɥɿ, ɩɪɢɛɭɜɚɸɬɶ ɿ ɜɿɞ’ʀɠɞɠɚɸɬɶ ɜ ɨɞɢɧ ɞɟɧɶ. ɇɨɦɟɪɢ ɬɚ ɦɿɫɰɹ, ɳɨ ɨɪɟɧɞɭɸɬɶ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɢ ɬɚɤɨʀ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ, ɲɜɢɞɤɨ ɩɪɢɛɢɪɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɿ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɿɧɲɢɦ ɝɨɫɬɹɦ. ȼɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɬɚɪɢɮɭ ɧɟɩɨɜɧɨʀ ɞɨɛɢ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɡɚɥɟɠɢɬɶ ɜɿɞ ɪɟɠɢɦɭ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ; ɭ ɣɨɝɨ ɲɬɚɬɿ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɢɬɢ ɪɟɡɟɪɜ ɩɨɤɨʀɜɨɤ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɛɢɪɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɭ ɜɟɱɿɪɧɿɣ ɬɚ ɧɿɱɧɢɣ ɱɚɫ. Ɉɮɿɰɿɣɧɨ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɬɟɪɦɿɧ ɬɚɪɢɮɭ ɧɟɩɨɜɧɨʀ ɞɨɛɢ — 6 ɝɨɞɢɧ. ɍ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ ɜɿɞɫɭɬɧɨɫɬɿ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ, ɞɨɰɿɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɨɞɚɬɢ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɡɚ ɬɚɪɢɮɧɨɸ ɰɿɧɨɸ ɿ ɧɚ ɛɿɥɶɲ ɬɪɢɜɚɥɢɣ ɱɚɫ. ȼɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɧɟɩɨɜɧɢɯ ɞɨɛɨɜɢɯ ɬɚɪɢɮɿɜ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽ ɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨɞɨɛɨɜɟ ɡɚɜɚɧɬɚɠɟɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɛɿɥɶɲ ɧɿɠ ɧɚ 100 %. ɋɨɛɿɜɚɪɬɿɫɬɶ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ ɞɥɹ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ ɛɟɡ ɧɨɱɿɜɥɿ ɡɧɚɱɧɨ ɧɢɠɱɚ ɭ ɩɨɪɿɜɧɹɧɧɿ ɡ ɧɨɦɟɪɨɦ, ɳɨ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ 220
ɜɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ ɞɨɛɢ. ȼɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ, ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɞɨɫɜɿɞɭ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɰɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɧɟ ɧɚɛɭɥɚ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɝɨ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ. Ɉɛ’ɽɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɧɚɣɩɨɜɧɿɲɟ ɧɟɩɨɜɧɿ ɬɚɪɢɮɢ ɡɚɫɬɨɫɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɜ ɚɟɪɨɩɨɪɬɚɯ ɞɥɹ ɬɪɚɧɡɢɬɧɢɯ ɚɜɿɚɩɚɫɚɠɢɪɿɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɳɨɞɨ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɜɚɬɧɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɿɣ, ɳɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɨɜɭɸɬɶ ɭ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɡɭɫɬɪɿɱɿ ɿ ɧɚɪɚɞɢ ɜɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ ɫɜɿɬɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɞɧɹ. Ⱦɥɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɩɨɞɿɛɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɦɚɬɢ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɿ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ, ɡɚɥɢ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɪɚɞ ɿ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɿɣ, ɛɿɡɧɟɫ-ɰɟɧɬɪɢ, ɜɿɞɟɨɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɚɰɿɣɧɿ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɿɧ. Ɋɢɧɨɤ ɧɟɩɨɜɧɢɯ ɞɨɛɨɜɢɯ ɬɚɪɢɮɿɜ ɫɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ ɩɟɪɟɛɭɜɚɽ ɭ ɫɬɚɞɿʀ ɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ, ɬɭɬ ɩɨɫɬɿɣɧɨ ɡɚɪɨɞɠɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɨɜɿ ɰɿɧɨɜɿ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢ ɿ ɧɚɩɪɹɦɢ ɪɟɚɥɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ. Ɍɚɪɢɮɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɧɫɿɨɧɟɪɿɜ. Ʉɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɹ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɿɜ ɩɟɧɫɿɣɧɨɝɨ ɜɿɤɭ ɬɚ ɜɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ ɫɩɨɠɢɜɚɱɿɜ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɨɯɨɩɥɸɽ ɡɧɚɱɧɭ ɱɚɫɬɤɭ ɪɢɧɤɭ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ. Ɉɫɨɛɢ ɩɟɧɫɿɣɧɨɝɨ ɜɿɤɭ ɜɨɥɨɞɿɸɬɶ ɡɧɚɱɧɢɦɢ ɡɚɨɳɚɞɠɟɧɧɹɦɢ, ɞɨɫɬɚɬɧɶɨ ɜɢɫɨɤɢɦ ɩɟɧɫɿɣɧɢɦ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹɦ ɬɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɩɨɞɨɪɨɠɭɸɬɶ. ɋɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ ɰɹ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɹ ɫɩɨɠɢɜɚɱɿɜ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɪɿɡɧɢɦɢ ɫɨɸɡɚɦɢ, ɚɫɨɰɿɚɰɿɹɦɢ, ɪɟʉɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɬɚ ɦɿɫɰɟɜɢɦɢ ɤɥɭɛɚɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɧɫɿɨɧɟɪɿɜ, ɹɤɿ ɜɢɫɬɭɩɚɸɬɶ ɨɩɬɨɜɢɦɢ ɩɨɤɭɩɰɹɦɢ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ, ɝɚɪɚɧɬɭɸɬɶ ɩɟɜɧɢɣ ɪɿɜɟɧɶ ɡɚɩɨɜɧɟɧɧɹ ɜ ɨɛɦɿɧ ɧɚ ɩɿɥɶɝɨɜɿ ɚɛɨ ɿɡ ɡɧɢɠɤɚɦɢ ɬɚɪɢɮɢ. Ɍɚɪɢɮɢ ɿɡ ɡɧɢɠɤɚɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɧɫɿɨɧɟɪɿɜ ɿɧɨɞɿ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɫɹɝɚɬɢ 50 % ɿ ɜɿɞɨɛɪɚɠɚɬɢɫɶ ɭ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ. ɇɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɜɚɬɢ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɭɩɟɧɫɿɨɧɟɪɭ ɧɨɦɟɪ, ɡɚ ɹɤɢɣ ɜɿɧ ɩɥɚɬɢɬɶ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɬɚɪɢɮɭ ɧɚ ɪɟɰɟɩɰɿʀ ɬɿɥɶɤɢ ɡɚ ɩɟɪɲɭ ɞɨɛɭ, ɚ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɞɨɛɚ ɧɚɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɛɟɡɩɥɚɬɧɨ. Ⱥɫɨɰɿɚɰɿʀ, ɤɥɭɛɢ ɩɟɧɫɿɨɧɟɪɿɜ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɸɬɶ ɨɩɬɨɜɭ ɤɭɩɿɜɥɸ ɰɿɥɨɝɨ ɩɚɤɟɬɚ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ. ɍ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɚɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɧɚɞɚɸɬɶ ɡɧɢɠɤɢ ɧɟ ɬɿɥɶɤɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ, ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɧɚ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɡɛɟɪɟɠɟɧɧɹ ɿ ɩɟɪɟɜɟɡɟɧɧɹ ɛɚɝɚɠɭ, ɨɩɥɚɬɭ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɪɨɡɜɚɝ ɬɚ ɿɧ. ɑɚɫɬɨ ɡɧɚɱɧɿ ɡɧɢɠɤɢ ɭ ɬɚɪɢɮɚɯ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɧɫɿɨɧɟɪɿɜ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɩɟɪɿɨɞ ɦɿɠɫɟɡɨɧɭ, ɿɡ ɧɢɡɶɤɢɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɧɟɧɧɹɦ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ. Ɇɨɥɨɞɿɠɧɿ ɬɚɪɢɮɢ. ȼ ɨɫɬɚɧɧɿ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɪɿɱɱɹ ɭ ȯɜɪɨɩɿ ɬɚ ɋɒȺ ɲɢɪɨɤɨʀ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɨɫɬɿ ɧɚɛɭɜ ɦɨɥɨɞɿɠɧɢɣ ɬɭɪɢɡɦ. Ⱦɥɹ ɡɚɨɯɨɱɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ ɦɨɥɨɞɿ ɜɿɤɨɦ ɞɨ 26 ɪɨɤɿɜ ɭ ɩɨɜɧɨɫɟɪɜɿɫɧɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɿ ɬɚɪɢɮɢ. Ɂɧɢɠɤɚ ɧɚɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɦɨɥɨɞɢɦ ɨɫɨɛɚɦ, ɹɤɿ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɩɪɟɞ’ɹɜɢɬɢ ɬɚɥɨɧ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɫɶɤɨʀ ɚɫɨɰɿɚɰɿʀ ɚɛɨ ɦɨɥɨɞɿɠɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɸɡɭ. Ɉɫɤɿɥɶɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɿɜ ɬɚ ɭɱɧɿɜ, ɹɤɿ ɩɨɞɨɪɨɠɭɸɬɶ ɿɫɧɭɽ ɪɨɡɝɚɥɭɠɟɧɚ ɦɟɪɟ221
ɠɚ ɦɨɥɨɞɿɠɧɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ (ɯɨɫɬɟɥɿɜ), ɡɧɢɠɤɢ ɧɚɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɚɫɚɦɩɟɪɟɞ ɫɚɦɟ ɭ ɰɿɣ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɚɛɨ ɭ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɤɥɚɫɭ. ɉɪɢɤɥɚɞɨɦ ɜɫɟɫɜɿɬɧɶɨʀ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ, ɳɨ ɧɚɞɚɽ ɰɿɧɨɜɿ ɩɿɥɶɝɢ ɞɥɹ ɦɨɥɨɞɿ ɽ ɤɚɪɬɤɚ ISIC, ɹɤɚ ɞɿɽ ɭ 97 ɤɪɚʀɧɚɯ ɫɜɿɬɭ. ɍ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɦɚɫɨɜɢɯ ɦɨɥɨɞɿɠɧɢɯ ɡɚɯɨɞɿɜ — ɡ’ʀɡɞɿɜ, ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɿɣ ɬɚ ɿɧ., ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɬɨɪɢ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɨɬɪɢɦɭɜɚɬɢ ɡɧɢɠɤɢ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɜɢɳɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɭ. ɇɨɦɟɪɢ ɛɟɡ ɬɚɪɢɮɿɜ. ɉɪɨɩɨɡɢɰɿɹ ɛɟɡɩɥɚɬɧɢɯ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɭ ɫɜɿɬɨɜɨɦɭ ɞɨɫɜɿɞɿ ɫɮɟɪɢ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ ɬɢɩɨɜɟ ɹɜɢɳɟ. ɇɨɦɟɪɢ (ɦɿɫɰɹ) ɛɟɡ ɬɚɪɢɮɿɜ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɨɫɿɛ, ɹɤɿ ɩɟɪɟɛɭɜɚɸɬɶ ɭ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɿɣ ɪɟɤɥɚɦɧɿɣ ɩɨʀɡɞɰɿ, ɡɨɤɪɟɦɚ ɞɥɹ ɬɭɪɚɝɟɧɬɿɜ, ɠɭɪɧɚɥɿɫɬɿɜ, ɬɚɪɢɮ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɬɪɢɜɚɥɢɣ ɟɮɟɤɬ ɪɟɤɥɚɦɢ ɫɟɪɟɞ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɿɜ ɧɚ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɢɯ ɮɿɪɦɚɯ ɬɚ ɭ ɩɭɛɥɿɤɚɰɿɹɯ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɿɫɬɿɜ. ɇɨɦɟɪɢ ɛɟɡ ɬɚɪɢɮɿɜ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɭ ɚɛɨ ɞɟɤɿɥɶɤɚ ɞɿɛ ɭ ɪɟɤɥɚɦɧɢɯ ɡɚɯɨɞɚɯ ɧɨɜɨɡɛɭɞɨɜɚɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ. ɉɪɨɩɨɡɢɰɿɹ ɛɟɡɩɥɚɬɧɢɯ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ, ɹɤ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɪɟɤɥɚɦɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ, ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɫɟɪɟɞ ɩɟɪɟɦɨɠɰɿɜ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɜɿɞɨɦɢɯ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɫɿɜ ɿ ɡɦɚɝɚɧɶ (ɧɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɦɚɸɬɶ ɜɢɫɨɤɭ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɿɫɬɶ ɫɟɪɟɞ ɬɟɥɟɝɥɹɞɚɱɿɜ), ɹɤɿ ɨɬɪɢɦɭɸɬɶ ɪɚɡɨɦ ɿɡ ɩɪɢɡɚɦɢ ɬɚ ɧɚɝɨɪɨɞɚɦɢ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɛɟɡɩɥɚɬɧɟ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɚɛɨ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨʀ ɦɟɪɟɠɿ ɩɟɜɧɭ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɞɧɿɜ. ȿɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɛɟɡ ɬɚɪɢɮɿɜ ɫɟɪɟɞ «ɡɿɪɨɤ» ɤɿɧɨ, ɬɟɚɬɪɭ, ɫɩɨɪɬɭ, ɜɿɞɨɦɢɯ ɦɢɬɰɿɜ. ȼ ɞɚɧɨɦɭ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ ɪɟɤɥɚɦɧɢɣ ɟɮɟɤɬ ɜɿɞ ɪɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ ɫɩɥɚɧɨɜɚɧɨʀ ɚɤɰɿʀ ɦɨɠɟ ɭ ɞɟɫɹɬɤɢ-ɫɨɬɧɿ ɪɚɡɿɜ ɩɟɪɟɜɢɳɢɬɢ ɜɢɬɪɚɬɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɩɨɡɢɰɿɸ ɛɟɡɩɥɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ. ɇɨɦɟɪɢ ɛɟɡ ɬɚɪɢɮɿɜ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɨɛ’ɽɞɧɚɧɶ, ɫɨɸɡɿɜ, ɚɫɨɰɿɚɰɿɣ, ɝɨɫɬɟɣ, ɹɤɿ ɡɧɚɣɨɦɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɦɚɫɨɜɢɯ ɡɚɯɨɞɿɜ — ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɿɣ, ɡ’ʀɡɞɿɜ, ɜɢɫɬɚɜɨɤ ɬɚ ɿɧ. ɇɚɫɚɦɩɟɪɟɞ, ɬɚɤɿ ɬɚɪɢɮɢ ɡɚɩɪɨɜɚɞɠɟɧɿ ɭ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰ-ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ, ɤɭɪɨɪɬɧɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ, ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɜ ɦɟɠɚɯ ɚɟɪɨɩɨɪɬɿɜ, ɜɨɤɡɚɥɿɜ, ɳɨ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɿ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɩɭɛɥɿɱɧɢɯ ɡɚɯɨɞɿɜ. ɍ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ-ɤɚɡɢɧɨ, ɞɟ ɡɧɚɱɧɭ ɱɚɫɬɤɭ ɞɨɯɨɞɭ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɹɬɶ ɝɪɨɲɿ ɜɿɞ ɚɡɚɪɬɧɢɯ ɿɝɨɪ ɛɟɡɩɥɚɬɧɢɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɛɭɬɢ ɧɟ ɬɿɥɶɤɢ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ, ɜɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ ɿ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɧɚɩɨʀ, ɤɜɢɬɤɢ ɧɚ ɥɿɬɚɤ. Ⱦɨɛɚ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɨɦ ɡɚ ɿɝɪɨɜɢɦ ɫɬɨɥɨɦ, ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɭɽ ɜɫɿ ɜɢɬɪɚɬɢ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɭ ɬɚ ɩɪɢɧɨɫɢɬɶ ɡɧɚɱɧɿ ɞɨɯɨɞɢ. 222
ȼ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɭ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɡɚɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɜɚɬɢ ɛɟɡɩɥɚɬɧɢɣ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɜ ɨɛɦɿɧ ɧɚ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɭ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɧɚ ɩɟɜɧɭ ɫɭɦɭ. ɍ ɰɶɨɦɭ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ ɦɨɠɟ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɬɢ ɡɧɚɱɧɨ ɜɢɳɢɣ ɞɨɯɿɞ ɜɿɞ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɡ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɿɠ ɜɿɞ ɩɪɨɞɚɠɭ ɥɢɲɟ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ. Ɂɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɭ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɭ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɸɬɶ ɦɨɥɨɛɸɞɠɟɬɧɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ. ɇɨɦɟɪɢ ɛɟɡ ɬɚɪɢɮɿɜ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɛɭɬɢ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɦɿɠ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɥɚɧɰɸɝɚɦɢ. Ⱥɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɥɚɧɰɸɝɿɜ ɨɛɦɿɧɸɸɬɶɫɹ ɛɟɡɩɥɚɬɧɢɦɢ ɧɨɦɟɪɚɦɢ ɿ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɱɢɧɨɦ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɢ ɨɬɪɢɦɭɸɬɶ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɿ ɩɿɥɶɝɢ ɬɚ ɜɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ, ɳɨ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨ ɜɚɠɥɢɜɨ ɭ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɢɯ ɭɦɨɜɚɯ, ɿɦɩɭɥɶɫ ɞɨ ɬɨɥɟɪɚɧɬɧɢɯ ɫɬɨɫɭɧɤɿɜ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɛɿɡɧɟɫɿ. ɉɿɥɶɝɢ ɧɟ ɩɨɲɢɪɸɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɿɡ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɨɫɤɿɥɶɤɢ ɫɨɛɿɜɚɪɬɿɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɿɜ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɧɚɩɨʀɜ ɡɧɚɱɧɨ ɜɢɳɚ ɟɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ.
ɉɢɬɚɧɧɹ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ 1. ɇɚɡɜɿɬɶ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɿ ɫɤɥɚɞɨɜɿ ɬɚɪɢɮɿɜ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ. 2. Ɉɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɣɬɟ ɫɯɟɦɭ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɜɧɨʀ ɫɨɛɿɜɚɪɬɨɫɬɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ. 3. əɤɿ ɟɬɚɩɢ ɪɨɡɪɨɛɤɢ ɰɿɧɨɜɨʀ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɤɢ ɞɨɰɿɥɶɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɢɬɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿ ɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɰɿɧɢ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ? 4. ɉɪɨɚɧɚɥɿɡɭɣɬɟ ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲ ɜɿɞɨɦɿ ɰɿɧɨɜɿ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɿʀ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɛɿɡɧɟɫɿ. 5. ɉɪɨɚɧɚɥɿɡɭɣɬɟ ɰɿɧɨɜɿ ɡɧɢɠɤɢ, ɳɨ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɜ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɿ. 6. Ɉɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɣɬɟ ɜɢɞɢ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɚɪɢɮɭ, ɳɨ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɫɜɿɬɨɜɨɦɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɛɿɡɧɟɫɿ.
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Ɋɨɡɞɿɥ 6 ɈɊȽȺɇȱɁȺɐȱə ȱ ɌȿɏɇɈɅɈȽȱə ɈȻɋɅɍȽɈȼɍȼȺɇɇə ɍ ȽɈɌȿɅəɏ
6.1. Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɢɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɹ (ɝɪ. techno — ɦɢɫɬɟɰɬɜɨ, logos — ɜɱɟɧɧɹ) — ɰɟ ɫɭɤɭɩɧɿɫɬɶ ɦɟɬɨɞɿɜ, ɩɪɢɣɨɦɿɜ, ɪɟɠɢɦ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ, ɩɨɫɥɿɞɨɜɧɿɫɬɶ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɿɣ ɿ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪ ɭ ɩɨɽɞɧɚɧɧɿ ɡ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹɦ ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ, ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ, ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɿɜ, ɿɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɿɜ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɨɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ. Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɹ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɫɮɟɪɿ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ — ɰɟ ɜɚɠɥɢɜɢɣ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ, ɳɨ ɡɭɦɨɜɥɸɽ ɜɩɥɢɜ ɧɚ ɹɤɿɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɭ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɧɚ ɮɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɨ-ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɭ ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɿɫɬɶ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɦ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɨɦ. Ɉɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɭ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɽ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɨɸ ɳɨɞɨ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɭ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ, ɜɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ ɭ ɤɨɠɧɨɦɭ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɿ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɪɨɡɦɿɪɿɜ, ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ, ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ, ɬɢɩɭ (ɨɪɿɽɧɬɚɰɿɹ ɧɚ ɪɢɧɤɨɜɢɣ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬ) ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɟɜɧɨɸ ɿɞɟɧɬɢɱɧɿɫɬɸ. Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɹ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɰɢɤɥɿɱɧɿɫɬɸ — ɩɨɫɥɿɞɨɜɧɢɦ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɟɧɧɹɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɭ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɫɬɹ ɜɿɞ ɱɚɫɭ ɣɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɛɭɬɬɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ ɞɨ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɜɿɞ’ʀɡɞɭ ɡ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ. Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɢɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ — ɰɟ ɭɧɿɮɿɤɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɢɣ ɨɛɫɹɝ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɡ ɩɟɜɧɨɸ ɩɨɫɥɿɞɨɜɧɿɫɬɸ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ, ɹɤɢɦ ɦɚɽ ɧɚɦɿɪ ɫɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɬɢɫɶ ɤɥɿɽɧɬ ɿ ɹɤɿ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɽ ɡɚɫɿɛ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɩɿɞ ɱɚɫ ɩɟɪɟɛɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ. ɉɟɪɟɥɿɤ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ʀɯɧɹ ɹɤɿɫɬɶ, ɭ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɨɦɭ ɰɢɤɥɿ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɛɭɬɢ ɞɨɜɨɥɿ ɜɚɪɿɚɬɢɜɧɢɦɢ, ɩɪɨɬɟ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɿ ɟɬɚɩɢ, ɩɨɫɥɿɞɨɜɧɿɫɬɶ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɧɚ ɤɨɠɧɨɦɭ ɟɬɚɩɿ ɡɚɜɠɞɢ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɩɟɜɧɿɣ ɩɨɫɥɿɞɨɜɧɨɫɬɿ. Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɢɣ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦ ɝɨɫɬɶɨɜɨɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɭ ɭɦɨɜɧɨ ɩɨɞɿɥɹɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɱɨɬɢɪɢ ɟɬɚɩɢ: 1. Ⱦɨ ɩɪɢɛɭɬɬɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ — ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ (Reservation); 224
2. ɉɪɢɛɭɬɬɹ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ (Arrival), ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿɹ (Check in Procedure) ɿ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ (Accommodation); 3. ɉɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ (Staying) ɿ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɫɬɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ; 4. ȼɢʀɡɞ (Departure), ɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɚ ɨɩɥɚɬɚ ɝɨɫɬɟɦ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ. ɉɟɪɲɚ ɮɚɡɚ ɝɨɫɬɶɨɜɨɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɭ ɩɨɱɢɧɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɭ ɩɟɪɲɨɝɨ ɫɩɿɥɤɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɿɣɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ ɡ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɨɦ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɡɚɞɨɜɝɨ ɞɨ ɩɪɢɛɭɬɬɹ ɝɨɫɬɹ ɭ ɡɚɫɿɛ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ. ɋɩɿɥɤɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɬɟɥɟɤɨɦɭɧɿɤɚɰɿɣɧɿ ɡɚɫɨɛɢ ɿ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɿɫɬɸ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɞɧɶɨɝɨ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ (ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ) ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ. ȱɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɹ ɩɪɨ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɿɫɬɶ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ (ɦɿɫɰɶ) ɦɨɠɟ ɧɚɞɯɨɞɢɬɢ ɡ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɞɠɟɪɟɥ. Ⱦɠɟɪɟɥɚ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɛɭɬɢ ɩɨɫɬɿɣɧɢɦɢ ɿ ɟɩɿɡɨɞɢɱɧɢɦɢ. ɉɨɫɬɿɣɧɿ ɞɠɟɪɟɥɚ ɡɚɹɜɨɤ ɧɚ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɚɞɯɨɞɹɬɶ ɜɿɞ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɢɯ ɚɝɟɧɬɿɜ ɡ ɩɪɨɞɚɠɭ, ɤɨɩɚɧɿɣ, ɮɿɪɦ, ɳɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɨɜɭɸɬɶ ɜɢɫɬɚɜɤɢ, ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɿʀ, ɫɟɦɿɧɚɪɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɜɿɞ ɩɪɨɦɢɫɥɨɜɢɯ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɤɨɩɚɧɿɣ, ɛɥɢɡɶɤɢɯ ɭ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɞɨ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ, ɳɨ ɡɭɦɨɜɥɸɽ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɿɫɬɶ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɫɩɿɜɪɨɛɿɬɧɢɤɿɜ, ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɿɜ ɭ ɛɿɡɧɟɫɿ. Ⱦɨ ɩɨɫɬɿɣɧɢɯ ɞɠɟɪɟɥ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɧɚɥɟɠɢɬɶ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɿɡɨɜɚɧɟ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ (GDS). ɉɨɨɞɢɧɨɤɿ, ɟɩɿɡɨɞɢɱɧɿ ɡɚɹɜɤɢ ɧɚ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɚɞɯɨɞɹɬɶ ɜɿɞ ɮɿɡɢɱɧɢɯ ɨɫɿɛ ɚɛɨ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɿɣ, ɭ ɹɤɢɯ ɜɢɧɢɤɥɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɿɫɬɶ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɪɚɡɨɜɨɦɭ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɿ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ. ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿ ɩɟɪɲɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɭ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɿɣɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɿɽɧɬ ɨɬɪɢɦɭɽ ɜɿɞ ɩɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤɚ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɜɚɠɥɢɜɭ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɸ ɩɪɨ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɪɨɡɬɚɲɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɳɨɞɨ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɧɢɯ ɨɛ’ɽɤɬɿɜ, ɬɚɪɢɮɢ ɬɚ ɿɧ., ɚɛɨ ɤɥɿɽɧɬ ɦɨɠɟ ɩɿɞɬɜɟɪɞɢɬɢ ɜɚɠɥɢɜɭ ɞɥɹ ɫɟɛɟ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɸ ɩɪɨ ɡɚɫɿɛ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ. ɉɨɩɟɪɟɞɧɽ ɫɩɿɥɤɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɜɧɟɫɟɧɧɹɦ ɩɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤɨɦ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɪɟɰɟɩɰɿʀ ɡɚɹɜɤɢ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ ɭ ɠɭɪɧɚɥ ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿʀ ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ (ɦɿɫɰɶ) ɬɚ ɨɛɥɿɤɭ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ. ȼɿɞ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɭ ɩɨɱɢɧɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɨɮɿɰɿɣɧɢɣ ɩɨɱɚɬɨɤ ɝɨɫɬɶɨɜɨɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɭ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ. ɀɭɪɧɚɥ ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿʀ ɡɚɹɜɨɤ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ (ɦɿɫɰɶ) ɬɚ ɨɛɥɿɤɭ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɨɤɪɿɦ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɨɛɫɹɝɿɜ ɡɚɜɚɧɬɚɠɟɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɽ ɜɚɠɥɢɜɢɦ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɡɩɨɞɿɥɭ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɭ ɡɚɬɪɚɬ ɡɭɫɢɥɶ ɿ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɿɜ ɭ ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɭ, ɪɭɯɭ ɮɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɢɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɿɜ, ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨʀ ɤɿɥɶɤɨɫɬɿ ɲɬɚɬɧɢɯ ɩɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤɿɜ ɬɚ ɿɧ. 225
ɍɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ ɩɟɪɲɨʀ ɮɚɡɢ ɝɨɫɬɶɨɜɨɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɭ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɚ ɩɿɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɚ ɡɚɫɨɛɭ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɞɨ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ ɝɨɫɬɹ: ɞɨ ɩɪɢɛɭɬɬɹ ɝɨɫɬɹ ɩɿɞɬɜɟɪɞɠɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɮɚɤɬ ɣɨɝɨ ɩɪɢʀɡɞɭ, ɣɦɨɜɿɪɧɚ ɱɚɫɬɤɨɜɚ ɡɦɿɧɚ ɬɟɪɦɿɧɭ ɩɪɢɛɭɬɬɹ, ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɿɫɬɶ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɟɪɭ (ɹɤɳɨ ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɭ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɚɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ), ɟɤɫɤɭɪɫɿɣɧɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɡ ɨɡɧɚɣɨɦɥɟɧɧɹ ɡ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨ-ɿɫɬɨɪɢɱɧɢɦɢ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɦɿɫɬɚ. ɍ ɩɟɪɟɞɞɟɧɶ ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɧɹ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɚ ɫɚɧɿɬɚɪɧɚ ɩɿɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɚ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ. Ⱦɪɭɝɚ ɮɚɡɚ ɝɨɫɬɶɨɜɨɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɭ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɡɭɫɬɪɿɱɱɸ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɧɚ ɜɨɤɡɚɥɿ, ɚɟɪɨɩɨɪɬɭ, ɬɪɚɧɫɮɟɪɨɦ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ, ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿɽɸ ɿ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹɦ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ. Ɂɭɫɬɪɿɱ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɿ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɟɪ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ ɜɿɞɿɝɪɚɸɬɶ ɜɚɠɥɢɜɭ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɭ ɿ ɚɧɿɦɚɰɿɣɧɭ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɸ, ɚɞɠɟ ɩɟɪɲɿ ɜɪɚɠɟɧɧɹ ɜɿɞ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɭ ɡ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɨɦ, ɦɿɫɬɨɦ, ɝɨɬɟɥɟɦ ɧɚɣɹɫɤɪɚɜɿɲɟ ɿ ɧɚɣɞɨɜɲɟ ɡɚɩɚɦ’ɹɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚɦɢ. ȼɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ, ɡɭɫɬɪɿɱ ɿ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɟɪ ɦɟɧɲɟ ɜɬɨɦɥɸɸɬɶ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ. ȼɚɠɥɢɜɢɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɛɿɡɧɟɫɿ: ɧɚɞɬɨ ɜɬɨɦɥɟɧɢɣ, ɧɟɜɞɨɜɨɥɟɧɢɣ ɤɥɿɽɧɬ — ɰɟ ɜɬɪɚɱɟɧɿ ɤɨɲɬɢ ɜɿɞ ɧɟɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɧɢɦ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ. ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɟɪɭ ɜɚɠɥɢɜɢɦ ɽ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿʀ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɭ ɩɪɨ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɳɨɞɨ ɜɚɠɥɢɜɢɯ ɨɛ’ɽɤɬɿɜ ɫɨɰɿɚɥɶɧɨ-ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨʀ, ɞɿɥɨɜɨʀ ɿɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢ ɦɿɫɬɚ. Ɂ ɩɪɢɛɭɬɬɹɦ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɮɚɡɚ ɝɨɫɬɶɨɜɨɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɭ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɽɸ ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɧɹ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ. Ʉɥɿɽɧɬ ɨɬɪɢɦɭɽ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɸ ɩɪɨ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ, ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɡɚɫɨɛɭ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ, ɣɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ. ɍ ɰɿɣ ɮɚɡɿ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɞɧɹ ɨɩɥɚɬɚ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɧɚɩɟɪɟɞ ɨɛɭɦɨɜɥɟɧɿ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɿ ɿ ɫɭɩɭɬɧɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɱɢɧɨɦ, ɰɹ ɮɚɡɚ ɜɿɞɿɝɪɚɽ ɜɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ ɜɚɠɥɢɜɿ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɣɧɭ, ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɿɣɧɭ ɿ ɤɨɦɭɧɿɤɚɰɿɣɧɭ ɮɭɧɤɰɿʀ. Ɍɪɟɬɹ ɮɚɡɚ ɝɨɫɬɶɨɜɨɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɭ ɧɚɣɬɪɢɜɚɥɿɲɚ ɿ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɩɿɞ ɱɚɫ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ. Ⱦɥɹ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ, ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɨɤɪɿɦ ɩɪɨɩɨɡɢɰɿʀ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɧɚɞɚɜɚɬɢ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ, ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɚɰɿʀ, ɪɨɡɦɿɪɿɜ ɬɨɳɨ, ɩɟɜɧɢɣ ɨɛɫɹɝ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ. ɇɟɡɚɥɟɠɧɨ ɜɿɞ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ, ɛɭɞɶ-ɹɤɟ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɟ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɨ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɨ ɫɬɚɜɢɬɢ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɫɨɛɨɸ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɭ ɦɟɬɭ — ɭɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ ɭɫɶɨɝɨ ɬɟɪɦɿɧɭ ɩɟɪɟɛɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɜ ɧɶɨɦɭ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɧɚɛɥɢɡɢɬɢ ɭɦɨɜɢ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ ɞɨ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɿɯ, ɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɢ ɭɦɨɜɢ ɞɥɹ ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨʀ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ, ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɤɭ, ɪɨɡɜɚɝ. ɍ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɡ ɜɢɫɨɤɢɦ ɪɿɜ226
ɧɟɦ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɢɦɢ ɽ ɛɿɡɧɟɫ-ɰɟɧɬɪ, ɛɸɪɨ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɨɡɞɨɪɨɜɱɢɣ ɰɟɧɬɪ, ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɡ ɩɪɨɩɨɡɢɰɿʀ ɚɜɬɨɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɭ ɬɚ ɿɧ. Ⱦɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɿ ɿ ɫɭɩɭɬɧɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɽ ɜɚɠɥɢɜɢɦɢ ɭ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɿ ɞɨɯɨɞɿɜ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ. ɑɚɫɬɤɚ ɞɨɯɨɞɿɜ ɜɿɞ ɩɪɨɩɨɡɢɰɿʀ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɦɨɠɟ ɫɹɝɚɬɢ 30%. Ɋɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɛɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ, ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɣɧɿɫɬɶ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ — ɰɟ ɫɜɨɽɪɿɞɧɿ ɿɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɿʀ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɭ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɛɿɡɧɟɫɿ, ɚɞɠɟ ɡɝɨɞɨɦ ɜɨɧɢ ɨɤɭɩɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɮɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɨ ɩɿɞ ɱɚɫ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɜɿɡɢɬɭ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ, ɦɨɠɥɢɜɨ ʀɯɧɿɯ ɪɨɞɢɱɿɜ, ɡɧɚɣɨɦɢɯ ɩɪɢɜɚɛɥɟɧɢɯ ɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɧɢɦ ɜɿɞɝɭɤɨɦ ɩɪɨ ɧɚɥɟɠɧɢɣ ɪɿɜɟɧɶ ɫɟɪɜɿɫɭ. ɑɟɬɜɟɪɬɚ ɮɚɡɚ ɝɨɫɬɶɨɜɨɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɭ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɩɨɜɧɢɦ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɭɧɤɨɦ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɧɚɞɚɧɿ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɿ ɩɥɚɬɧɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ. ɉɪɢ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɦɭ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɭɧɤɭ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɜɿɪɢɬɢ ɬɨɱɧɿɫɬɶ ɪɚɯɭɧɤɭ, ɩɟɪɟɝɥɹɧɭɬɢ ɪɚɡɨɦ ɡ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɨɦ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɿɫɬɶ ɜɫɿɯ ɧɚɪɚɯɭɜɚɧɶ ɡɚ ɬɟɪɦɿɧ ɣɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɛɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ. ɇɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɡɚɜɠɞɢ ɡɜɟɪɧɭɬɢ ɭɜɚɝɭ ɝɨɫɬɹ ɩɟɪɟɜɿɪɢɬɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ ɧɚɪɚɯɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɫɭɦɢ. əɤɳɨ ɛɭɥɚ ɞɨɩɭɳɟɧɚ ɩɨɦɢɥɤɚ, ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɜɧɟɫɬɢ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɿ ɡɦɿɧɢ ɿ ɜɢɛɚɱɢɬɢɫɶ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɨɦ. ɉɿɞɬɜɟɪɞɠɟɧɧɹɦ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɪɚɯɭɧɤɭ ɽ ɩɿɞɩɢɫ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ. Ɂɚɜɟɪɲɚɥɶɧɚ ɮɚɡɚ ɝɨɫɬɶɨɜɨɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɭ ɜ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɟɪɨɦ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɧɚ ɜɨɤɡɚɥ. Ɂɚɩɪɨɜɚɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɰɿɽʀ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɛɿɡɧɟɫɿ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɸɜɚɬɢɦɟ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨ ɜɿɞɜɿɞɚɬɢ ɡɚɫɿɛ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɡɚɜɞɹɤɢ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɧɨɫɬɿ, ɿɧɞɢɜɿɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɩɿɞɯɨɞɭ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ. 6.2. Ɉɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɹ ɬɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɿʀ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɫɶɤɨʀ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ Ⱥɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɫɶɤɚ ɫɥɭɠɛɚ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɸ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɜɫɿɦɚ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɢɦɢ ɥɚɧɤɚɦɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɭ, ɩɪɢɣɦɚɽ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɿ ɪɿɲɟɧɧɹ ɳɨɞɨ ɣɨɝɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ — ɜɢɪɿɲɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɢ ɮɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɿ ɤɚɞɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ, ɦɨɞɟɪɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ, ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɢɯ ɫɬɨɫɭɧɤɿɜ, ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɧɚɩɪɹɦɤɿɜ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɬɚ ɿɧ. ɍɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɦ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɨɦ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽ ɝɪɭɩɚ ɤɟɪɿɜɧɢɤɿɜ, ɹɤɿ ɧɚɞɿɥɟɧɿ ɪɿɡɧɢɦɢ ɩɨɜɧɨɜɚɠɟɧɧɹɦɢ. ɇɚɣɜɢɳɢɦɢ ɩɨɜɧɨɜɚɠɟɧɧɹɦɢ ɧɚɞɿɥɟɧɢɣ ɤɟɪɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ, ɜɿɧ ɤɨɨɪ227
ɞɢɧɭɽ ɪɨɛɨɬɭ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɿɜ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɧɚɩɪɹɦɤɿɜ, ɹɤɿ ɭ ɫɜɨɸ ɱɟɪɝɭ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɭɸɬɶ ɪɨɛɨɬɭ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɿɜ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɫɥɭɠɛ (ɜɿɞɞɿɥɿɜ), ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɢ ɫɥɭɠɛ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸɸɬɶ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɱɢɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɧɟɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɫɶɤɢɯ ɤɚɞɪɿɜ — ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɸɱɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɱɢɧɨɦ, ɭ ɿɽɪɚɪɯɿɱɧɿɣ ɩɿɪɚɦɿɞɿ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɜɿɞ ɜɢɳɨɝɨ ɪɿɜɧɹ ɞɨ ɧɢɠɱɨɝɨ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ ɡɛɿɥɶɲɭɽɬɶɫɹ, ɜɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ ɡɦɟɧɲɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɿ ɩɨɜɧɨɜɚɠɟɧɧɹ ɡ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɿ ɡɪɨɫɬɚɸɬɶ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɜɫɶɤɿ ɮɭɧɤɰɿʀ. ȼɢɳɢɣ ɪɿɜɟɧɶ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɨɦ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɣɨɝɨ ɜɥɚɫɧɢɤɨɦ ɿ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɢɦ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɨɦ, ɹɤɿ ɩɪɢɣɦɚɸɬɶ ɪɿɲɟɧɧɹ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɭ. ȼɥɚɫɧɢɤɨɦ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɦɨɠɟ ɛɭɬɢ ɩɪɢɜɚɬɧɚ ɨɫɨɛɚ ɚɛɨ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɿɹ. ɍ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ — ɚɤɰɿɨɧɟɪɧɢɯ ɬɨɜɚɪɢɫɬɜɚɯ, ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪ ɨɛɢɪɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɡɛɨɪɚɦɢ ɚɤɰɿɨɧɟɪɿɜ. ȼɥɚɫɧɢɤ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɚɛɨ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽ: — ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɜɫɿɽɸ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɶɤɨɸ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɿɫɬɸ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ; — ɧɟɫɟ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ ɡɚ ɡɚɬɜɟɪɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɛɸɞɠɟɬɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ; — ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɿɱɧɿ ɧɚɩɪɹɦɤɢ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ, ɹɤɿ ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɚɸɬɶ ɨɪɿɽɧɬɚɰɿɸ ɧɚ ɩɟɜɧɢɣ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɪɢɧɤɭ; — ɜɩɪɨɜɚɞɠɭɽ ɿ ɞɨɬɪɢɦɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɽɞɢɧɨʀ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɤɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɩɪɚɰɿ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɣ, ɡɨɤɪɟɦɚ ɟɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɿʀ, ɡɛɭɬɭ, ɞɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɪɦ ɿ ɩɪɚɜɢɥ ɡ ɨɯɨɪɨɧɢ ɩɪɚɰɿ, ɩɿɞɜɢɳɟɧɧɹ ɤɜɚɥɿɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɤɚɞɪɿɜ, ɞɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɿɜ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɬɚ ɿɧ.; — ɩɟɪɿɨɞɢɱɧɨ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽ ɩɟɪɟɜɿɪɤɭ ɿ ɨɰɿɧɤɭ ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɧɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ; — ɤɨɪɢɫɬɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɜɫɿɦɚ ɜɢɞɚɦɢ ɛɚɧɤɿɜɫɶɤɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɡɨɤɪɟɦɚ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɚɦɢ, ɜɿɞɤɪɢɜɚɽ ɬɚ ɪɨɡɩɨɪɹɞɠɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɪɚɯɭɧɤɚɦɢ, ɩɿɞɩɢɫɭɽ ɱɟɤɢ ɧɚ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɿɜɤɢ ɬɚ ɿɧ.; — ɦɚɽ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɩɨɡɨɜɭ ɿ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɿ ɧɚ ɫɭɞɿ, ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɽ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ ɜ ɭɫɿɯ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɢɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɚɯ; — ɩɿɞɩɢɫɭɽ ɭɝɨɞɢ, ɡɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɧɹ, ɞɨɪɭɱɟɧɧɹ; — ɩɪɢɣɦɚɽ ɪɿɲɟɧɧɹ ɳɨɞɨ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɬɚɪɢɮɿɜ, ɪɨɡɪɚɯɭɧɤɿɜ ɿɡ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚɦɢ. ɍ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚɯ, ɳɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɫɤɥɚɞɧɢɦ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɢɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɨɦ, ɜɢɧɢɤɚɽ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɿɫɬɶ ɩɨɫɬɿɣɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ ɡ ɛɨɤɭ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɰɿʀ, ɬɨɦɭ ɜɢɞɿɥɹɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɨɫɚɞɚ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɜɱɨɝɨ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɚ, ɹɤɢɣ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɡɚ ɜɿɞɫɭɬɧɨɫɬɿ ɜɥɚɫɧɢɤɚ ɚɛɨ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɚ. 228
ɍ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚɯ, ɧɚɫɚɦɩɟɪɟɞ ɿɡ ɡɧɚɱɧɨɸ ɱɚɫɬɤɨɸ ɿɧɨɡɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɩɿɬɚɥɭ, ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɦɨɠɟ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɜɱɢɣ ɤɨɦɿɬɟɬ. ɍ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɜɱɢɣ ɤɨɦɿɬɟɬ ɜɯɨɞɹɬɶ ɤɟɪɿɜɧɢɤɢ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɪɨɡɞɿɥɿɜ — ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ ɬɚ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ, ɤɨɦɟɪɰɿɣɧɨʀ, ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɢɯ, ɹɤɿ ɜɢɪɿɲɭɸɬɶ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɿ ɡɚɜɞɚɧɧɹ, ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ʀɯɧɶɨɝɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɮɿɥɸ. ɍ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɿ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɦɨɠɟ ɜɢɞɿɥɹɬɢɫɶ 5–6 ɡɚɫɬɭɩɧɢɤɿɜ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɚ — ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪ ɡ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ, ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪ ɡ ɦɚɪɤɟɬɢɧɝɭ, ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɭ, ɮɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɢɣ ɿ ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɢɣ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪ. ɐɿ ɤɟɪɿɜɧɢɤɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬɶ ɫɟɪɟɞɧɿɣ ɪɿɜɟɧɶ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɿ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɸɬɶ ɪɟɚɥɿɡɚɰɿɸ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɤɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ, ɪɨɡɪɨɛɥɟɧɨʀ ɜɢɳɢɦɢ ɤɟɪɿɜɧɢɤɚɦɢ, ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɸɬɶ ɡɚ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹ ɡɚɜɞɚɧɶ ɭ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɪɨɡɞɿɥɚɯ, ɡɚɫɬɭɩɧɢɤɢ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɚ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɧɚɞɿɥɟɧɿ ɡɧɚɱɧɢɦɢ ɩɨɜɧɨɜɚɠɟɧɧɹɦɢ, ɦɚɸɬɶ ɲɢɪɨɤɟ ɤɨɥɨ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɿɜ, ɨɤɪɿɦ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɢɯ ɡɚɜɞɚɧɶ ɜɢɪɿɲɭɸɬɶ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɢ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɡɚɞɨɜɨɥɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɬɪɟɛ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ. Ⱦɢɪɟɤɬɨɪ ɡ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɭɽ ɪɨɛɨɬɭ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɿɜ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ, ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ ɬɚ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ, ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ, ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɚ ɡ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ. ȼɿɧ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽ: — ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɢɣ ɪɿɜɟɧɶ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɭɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɡ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɽɸ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ; — ɩɪɢɣɦɚɽ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɿ ɡɚɯɨɞɢ ɡ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɛɿɥɶɲɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɯɨɞɿɜ ɜɿɞ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ; — ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɡɚ ɜɢɬɪɚɬɚɦɢ ɧɚ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɱɿ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢ ɩɿɞɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɫɥɭɠɛ; — ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɿɫɬɶ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɿɜ ɡɨɜɧɿɲɧɶɨɝɨ ɜɢɝɥɹɞɭ ɿ ɜɢɦɨɝ ɨɫɨɛɢɫɬɨʀ ɝɿɝɿɽɧɢ ɜɫɶɨɝɨ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɸɱɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ; — ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɭ ɩɟɪɟɜɿɪɤɭ ɫɬɚɧɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ, ɤɨɪɢɞɨɪɿɜ, ɯɨɥɿɜ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ, ɳɨ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɝɨɫɬɹɦɢ, ɡ ɦɟɬɨɸ ɞɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɧɚɥɟɠɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɧɭ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɱɢɯ ɜɢɦɨɝ; — ɳɨɤɜɚɪɬɚɥɶɧɭ ɿɧɜɟɧɬɚɪɢɡɚɰɿɸ ɿ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɽ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɧɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɿ ɭ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɿ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɢ; — ɪɟɚɝɭɽ ɧɚ ɫɤɚɪɝɢ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɫɬɨɫɨɜɧɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɿɞɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɫɥɭɠɛ, ɩɪɢɣɦɚɽ ɡɚɯɨɞɢ ɳɨɞɨ ɥɨɤɚɥɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɤɨɧɮɥɿɤɬɧɢɯ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɿɣ ɡ ɝɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɬɚ ɫɟɪɟɞ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ; 229
— ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ ɡɚ ɜɩɪɨɜɚɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɿ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɭ ɩɿɞɜɢɳɟɧɧɹ ɤɜɚɥɿɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɭ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɫɥɭɠɛɚɯ; — ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɱɟɪɝɨɜɢɦɢ ɞɟɧɧɨʀ ɿ ɧɿɱɧɨʀ ɡɦɿɧɢ, ɳɨɞɟɧɧɨ ɚɧɚɥɿɡɭɽ ʀɯɧɸ ɡɜɿɬɧɭ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɿɸ. Ɍɟɯɧɿɱɧɢɣ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɿɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɨʀ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ. Ƚɨɥɨɜɧɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɹ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɚ ɡ ɤɨɪɢɝɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ ɡɚɯɨɞɿɜ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ ɟɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɿʀ ɛɭɞɿɜɥɿ ɿ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɿɡ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɦɢ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɚɦɢ. Ɏɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɢɣ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸɽ ɪɨɛɨɬɭ ɮɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɨʀ ɿ ɤɨɦɟɪɰɿɣɧɨʀ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ. Ɏɭɧɤɰɿʀ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɮɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɚ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɿ ɡ: — ɪɨɡɪɨɛɤɨɸ ɮɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɨʀ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ ɧɚ ɞɨɜɝɨɬɪɢɜɚɥɢɣ ɩɟɪɿɨɞ — ɜɚɠɥɢɜɨʀ ɫɤɥɚɞɨɜɨʀ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɿʀ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ; — ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɣɧɢɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ, ɳɨ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɸɬɶ ɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɬɹ ɿ ɪɟɚɥɿɡɚɰɿɸ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɫɶɤɢɯ ɪɿɲɟɧɶ ɭ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɧɚɩɪɹɦɤɚɯ ɮɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɨʀ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ; — ɡɞɿɣɫɧɟɧɧɹɦ ɚɧɚɥɿɡɭ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɿɜ ɮɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɨʀ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɡ ɩɨɝɥɢɛɥɟɧɢɦ ɚɧɚɥɿɡɨɦ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɮɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɢɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɿɣ ɿ ɮɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɢɯ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɿɜ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɮɿɥɿɚɥɿɜ ɬɚ ɜɿɞɨɤɪɟɦɥɟɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɪɨɡɞɿɥɿɜ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ, ɭɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɟɧɧɹ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɿɜ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɜ ɰɿɥɨɦɭ ɿ ɜ ɪɨɡɪɿɡɿ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɧɚɩɪɹɦɤɿɜ; — ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹɦ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɮɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɨʀ ɿ ɤɨɦɟɪɰɿɣɧɨʀ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɯ ɧɚɩɪɹɦɤɿɜ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɪɿɡɧɢɦɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɢɦɢ ɩɿɞɪɨɡɞɿɥɚɦɢ; — ɡɞɿɣɫɧɟɧɧɹɦ ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ ɡɚ ɪɟɚɥɿɡɚɰɿɽɸ ɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɢɯ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɫɶɤɢɯ ɪɿɲɟɧɶ. Ⱦɢɪɟɤɬɨɪ ɡ ɦɚɪɤɟɬɢɧɝɭ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɜɿɞɞɿɥɨɦ ɤɨɧɝɪɟɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɜɿɞɞɿɥɭ ɪɟɤɥɚɦɢ. Ƀɨɝɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɿ ɮɭɧɤɰɿʀ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɿ ɡ: — ɚɧɚɥɿɡɨɦ ɫɬɚɧɭ ɪɢɧɤɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ; — ɩɨɲɭɤɨɦ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɨɫɬɟɣ ɜɢɯɨɞɭ ɧɚ ɧɨɜɿ ɪɢɧɤɢ, ɩɨɲɭɤ ɿ ɜɿɞɩɪɚɰɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɤɚɧɚɥɿɜ ɩɪɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ; — ɨɰɿɧɤɚ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɿɚɥɭ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɯ ɪɢɧɤɨɜɢɯ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɿɜ; — ɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɫɩɨɠɢɜɱɨɝɨ ɩɨɩɢɬɭ ɡ ɦɟɬɨɸ ɜɢɹɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ; — ɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ, ɨɛɪɨɛɤɚ ɿ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɿɹ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿʀ ɩɪɨ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ; 230
— ɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɛɚɡɢ ɞɚɧɢɯ ɩɪɨ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɞɟɦɨɝɪɚɮɿɱɧɢɯ ɞɚɧɢɯ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɫɨɰɿɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɧɭ, ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɿɱɧɨʀ ɨɡɧɚɤɢ; — ɚɧɚɥɿɡ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɿ ɣɨɝɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɯ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɿɜ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɪɿɜɧɹ ɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨɪɿɱɧɨɝɨ, ɫɟɡɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɩɨɜɧɟɧɧɹ, ɫɟɪɟɞɧɿɯ ɰɿɧ, ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ; — ɪɨɛɨɬɚ ɡɿ ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɩɿɞɬɪɢɦɤɢ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɚɣɬɭ, ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨʀ ɪɟɤɥɚɦɢ ɣ ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ; — ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɦɚɪɤɟɬɢɧɝɨɜɨʀ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ, ɫɤɥɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɪɟɤɥɚɦɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦ. 6.3. Ɉɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɹ ɿ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɹ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɫɥɭɠɛɨɸ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɋɥɭɠɛɚ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ (ɪɟɡɟɪɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ) ɜɢɤɨɧɭɽ ɮɭɧɤɰɿʀ ɛɟɡɩɨɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨɝɨ ɡɛɭɬɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɭ, ɬɨɦɭ ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɿɫɬɶ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɨɦ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɜɿɞɨɛɪɚɠɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɪɟɧɬɚɛɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ. ɉɪɨɰɟɫ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ — ɰɟ ɧɚɥɚɝɨɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɫɩɿɜɩɪɚɰɿ ɦɿɠ ɭɩɨɜɧɨɜɚɠɟɧɢɦɢ ɩɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɣ ɝɨɫɬɹɦɢ, ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɦɿɫɰɶ ɿ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ, ɫɚɦɟ ɡ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɱɢɧɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ. ɐɟɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɦɨɠɟ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɪɿɡɧɢɦɢ ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɢɦɢ ɡɚɫɨɛɚɦɢ — ɩɨ ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧɭ, ȱɧɬɟɪɧɟɬɭ, ɩɨɲɬɨɸ, ɮɚɤɫɨɦ ɬɨɳɨ, ɩɪɨɬɟ ɫɚɦɟ ɜɿɞ ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨʀ ɣɨɝɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɡɚɥɟɠɢɬɶ ɜɪɚɠɟɧɧɹ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ ɩɪɨ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ, ɬɨɦɭ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ ɡ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɨ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɦɚɬɢ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɣɧɭ ɩɿɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɭ, ɬɟɥɟɦɚɪɤɟɬɢɧɝɨɜɿ ɧɚɜɢɤɢ ɫɩɿɥɤɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɨ ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧɭ, ɩɪɨɹɜɢɬɢ ɜɢɳɢɣ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɨɧɚɥɿɡɦ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ. ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿ ɩɨɲɭɤɭ ɤɥɿɽɧɬ ɡɧɚɣɨɦɢɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɞɟɤɿɥɶɤɨɦɚ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɦɢ, ɜɢɛɢɪɚɽ ɤɪɚɳɢɣ, ɬɨɦɭ ɚɝɟɧɬ ɡ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɜɩɥɢɧɭɬɢ ɧɚ ɣɨɝɨ ɜɢɛɿɪ, ɧɚɝɨɥɨɫɢɬɢ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɜɚɝɚɯ ɜ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɫɚɦɟ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɫɟɪɟɞ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɿɜ. ȼɿɞɞɿɥ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ (ɦɿɫɰɶ) ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɽ ɹɤ ɨɤɪɟɦɚ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɚ ɥɚɧɤɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ, ɩɪɨɬɟ ɧɚɣɱɚɫɬɿɲɟ ɭ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɿ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ ɬɚ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ. Ɉɱɨɥɸɽ ɜɿɞɞɿɥ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪ, ɹɤɢɣ ɭ ɛɿɥɶɲɨɫɬɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɡɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɫɥɭɠɛɨɜɨɦɭ ɪɿɜɧɿ ɡ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɢɦ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɨɪɨɦ ɿ ɩɿɞɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɭ ɜɿɞɞɿɥɭ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɚɛɨ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɭ ɜɿɞɞɿɥɭ ɡɛɭɬɭ. ɐɟɣ ɮɚɤɬ ɩɿɞɤɪɟɫɥɸɽ, ɳɨ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨ231
ɧɚɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɟ ɿɡ ɡɛɭɬɨɦ ɿ ɦɚɽ ɜɩɥɢɜ ɧɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɞɨɯɨɞɚɦɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ. ȼɿɞɞɿɥ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɚɣɱɚɫɬɿɲɟ ɩɪɚɰɸɽ ɭ ɩɟɪɿɨɞ ɧɚɣɜɢɳɨʀ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɿ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ — ɡ 8 ɞɨ 18 ɝɨɞ. Ʉɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɫɥɭɠɛɨɜɰɿɜ ɡɚɥɟɠɢɬɶ ɜɿɞ ɪɨɡɦɿɪɿɜ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɿ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ 3–5 ɨɫɿɛ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɟ ɡɚɜɞɚɧɧɹ ɫɥɭɠɛɨɜɰɿɜ ɩɨɥɹɝɚɽ ɭ ɪɟɚɥɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲɨʀ ɤɿɥɶɤɨɫɬɿ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɡɚ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɜɢɫɨɤɭ ɰɿɧɭ. Ɉɤɪɿɦ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɜɿɞɞɿɥ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽ ɦɚɪɤɟɬɢɧɝɨɜɿ ɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɪɢɧɤɭ — ɜɢɜɱɚɽ ɞɢɧɚɦɿɤɭ ɩɨɩɢɬɭ ɧɚ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ, ɚɧɚɥɿɡɭɽ ɡɚɩɨɜɧɟɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ, ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɭ ɡɚɯɨɞɿɜ, ɹɤɿ ɛɭɞɭɬɶ ɜɿɞɛɭɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɭ ɪɟʉɿɨɧɿ (ɫɩɨɪɬɢɜɧɿ ɡɦɚɝɚɧɧɹ, ɮɟɫɬɢɜɚɥɿ, ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɿʀ ɬɚ ɿɧ.) ɬɚ ɪɚɡɨɦ ɿɡ ɫɥɭɠɛɨɸ ɦɚɪɤɟɬɢɧɝɭ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɭɽ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ. ɍ ɩɟɪɿɨɞ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɦɚɫɨɜɢɯ ɡɚɯɨɞɿɜ ɩɨɩɢɬ ɧɚ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɡɛɿɥɶɲɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɞɟɤɿɥɶɤɚ ɪɚɡɿɜ. Ⱦɥɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɜɢɝɿɞɧɨ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɬɢ ɦɿɫɰɹ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɯɨɞɿɜ ɿɡ ɡɧɚɱɧɨɸ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɸ ɭɱɚɫɧɢɤɿɜ, ɨɫɤɿɥɶɤɢ ɭ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɚɯ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɞɧɽ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɡɚɡɞɚɥɟɝɿɞɶ ɞɨ ɩɨɞɿʀ ɿ ɪɢɡɢɤ ɣɨɝɨ ɚɧɭɥɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɧɢɣ. ɋɟɪɟɞ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɚɞɨɜɢɯ ɬɚ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɣɧɢɯ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɿɜ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ ɜɿɞɞɿɥɭ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɜɢɞɿɥɹɸɬɶɫɹ: — ɤɨɦɭɧɿɤɚɛɟɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ ɭ ɫɬɨɫɭɧɤɚɯ ɿɡ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚɦɢ, ɲɜɢɞɤɟ ɬɚ ɱɿɬɤɟ ɪɟɚɝɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɚ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɡ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ; — ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɟ ɡɧɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɭ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ, ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɿɹ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿʀ, ɳɨ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɽ ɜɿɞ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ ɬɚ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿʀ ɩɪɨ ɫɬɚɧ ɡɚɩɨɜɧɟɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɮɨɧɞɭ; — ɡɧɚɧɧɹ ɬɚɪɢɮɿɜ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ, ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ, ɰɿɧɨɜɿ ɩɿɥɶɝɢ ɬɚ ɫɟɡɨɧɧɿ ɡɦɿɧɢ ɰɿɧ; — ɜɦɿɧɧɹ ɨɪɿɽɧɬɭɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɭ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɦɟɧɬɿ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ ɬɚ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɭɜɚɬɢ ɣɨɝɨ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɿ ɧɚɦɿɪɢ, ɜɩɥɢɜɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ ɡ ɦɟɬɨɸ ɞɨɫɹɝɧɟɧɧɹ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɟɮɟɤɬɭ ɜɿɞ ɫɩɿɜɩɪɚɰɿ ɡ ɧɢɦ; — ɜɦɿɧɧɹ ɩɪɚɰɸɜɚɬɢ ɡ ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɢɦɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦɢ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɧɚɫɚɦɩɟɪɟɞ ɿɡ ɬɟɥɟɤɨɦɭɧɿɤɚɰɿɣɧɢɦɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɪɿɡɧɿ ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɿ ɡɚɫɨɛɢ ɬɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɣɧɿ ɮɨɪɦɢ. ɋɟɪɟɞ ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɢɯ ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ ɬɢɩɨɜɢɦɢ ɽ: — ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧ; — ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɣɧɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ȱɧɬɟɪɧɟɬ; — ɮɚɤɫ; — ɬɟɥɟɝɪɚɦɚ; — ɥɢɫɬ. 232
ɋɟɪɟɞ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɣɧɢɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɪɨɡɪɿɡɧɹɸɬɶ: — ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɿɡɨɜɚɧɟ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ; — ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɦɿɠɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɚɝɟɧɬɫɬɜɚɦɢ; — ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɨɮɿɫ ɿɡ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ; — ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɢɦɢ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚɦɢ; — ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɢɦɢ ɚɝɟɧɬɫɬɜɚɦɢ; — ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɿɣ ɿ ɧɚɪɚɞ; — ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɛɟɡɩɨɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ. ȼɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧɭ ɬɚ ȱɧɬɟɪɧɟɬɭ ɫɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲ ɩɨɲɢɪɟɧɿ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɢ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ. Ȼɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɨ ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧɭ ɦɚɽ ɩɟɜɧɿ ɩɟɪɟɜɚɝɢ ɭ ɩɨɪɿɜɧɹɧɧɿ ɡ ɿɧɲɢɦɢ ɜɢɞɚɦɢ, ɨɫɤɿɥɶɤɢ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽɬɶɫɹ «ɠɢɜɟ» ɫɩɿɥɤɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɳɨ ɦɚɽ ɜɚɠɥɢɜɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɞɥɹ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ ɬɚ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɡ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ. Ʉɥɿɽɧɬ ɭ ɫɩɿɥɤɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɿɡ ɫɥɭɠɛɨɜɰɟɦ ɨɬɪɢɦɭɽ ɩɟɪɲɿ ɜɪɚɠɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɨ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ, ɬɨɦɭ ɫɥɭɠɛɨɜɟɰɶ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɪɨɹɜɢɬɢ ɧɚɣɜɢɳɭ ɦɚɣɫɬɟɪɧɿɫɬɶ ɬɚ ɜɩɥɢɧɭɬɢ ɧɚ ɜɢɛɿɪ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ, ɩɿɞɤɪɟɫɥɢɬɢ ɩɟɪɟɜɚɝɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɫɟɪɟɞ ɿɧɲɢɯ. ȼɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ, ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ ɡ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɦɚɽ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɿɫɬɶ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɬɢ ɡɧɚɱɧɨ ɩɨɜɧɿɲɭ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɸ ɩɪɨ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ, ɡɚɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɜɚɬɢ ɣɨɦɭ ɨɤɪɿɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɯ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ. ɍ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ, ɳɨ ɩɪɢɣɦɚɸɬɶ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɧɚ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɩɨ ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧɭ, ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɿ ɛɥɚɧɤɢ ɡ ɝɪɚɮɚɦɢ, ɞɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬɶɫɹ ɜɿɞɦɿɬɤɢ ɩɪɨ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ. ɉɪɢ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɿ ɩɨ ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧɭ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɟ ɩɿɞɬɜɟɪɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɭ ɩɢɫɶɦɨɜɿɣ ɮɨɪɦɿ. Ȼɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɿɡ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹɦ ɦɟɪɟɠɿ ȱɧɬɟɪɧɟɬ ɧɚɛɭɜɚɽ ɡɧɚɱɧɨʀ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɨɫɬɿ ɭ ɜɿɬɱɢɡɧɹɧɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ, ɭ ɤɪɚʀɧɚɯ ȯɜɪɨɩɢ, ɭ ɋɒȺ ɬɚ ɿɧ. — ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲ ɩɨɲɢɪɟɧɢɣ ɫɩɨɫɿɛ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ. Ƀɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɜɚɝɢ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɡ: — ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɿɫɬɸ ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɭ — ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɪɿɡɧɢɦɢ ɪɟʉɿɨɧɚɦɢ ɫɜɿɬɭ ɜ ɪɟɠɢɦɿ on-line ɡɚ ɥɿɱɟɧɿ ɫɟɤɭɧɞɢ, ɩɟɪɟɚɞɪɟɫɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿɣ ɦɟɪɟɠɿ ɜɿɞ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɞɨ ɿɧɲɨɝɨ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ, ɳɨ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɚɧɿ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɦɿɫɬɿ; — ɩɨɜɧɨɬɨɸ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿʀ — ɧɚɛɨɪɨɦ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɿ ɜɿɡɭɚɥɶɧɢɦ ʀʀ ɫɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɬɹɦ ɧɚ ɦɨɧɿɬɨɪɿ ɤɨɦɩ’ɸɬɟɪɚ; — ɡɪɭɱɧɿɫɬɸ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɶ ɧɚ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɩɪɨɫɬɨɬɨɸ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ, ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɿɫɬɸ ɞɥɹ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ; — ɪɨɡɦɿɪɨɦ ɨɩɥɚɬɢ ɡɚ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɣɧɢɦɢ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɚɦɢ; — ɧɚɞɿɣɧɿɫɬɸ ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɭ. 233
Ɋɟɡɟɪɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɿɡ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹɦ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ȱɧɬɟɪɧɟɬ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɜɚɬɢ ɞɟɤɿɥɶɤɨɦɚ ɜɚɪɿɚɧɬɚɦɢ: — ɝɨɬɟɥɶ ɜɨɥɨɞɿɽ ɜɥɚɫɧɨɸ ȱɧɬɟɪɧɟɬ-ɫɬɨɪɿɧɤɨɸ; — ɝɨɬɟɥɶ ɜɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ȱɧɬɟɪɧɟɬ-ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ (Amadeus, Galileo, Worldspan, Sabre, Nota Bene ɬɚ ɿɧ.); — ɡɚɦɨɜɢɬɢ ɦɿɫɰɹ ɜ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɤɨɦɩ’ɸɬɟɪɧɭ ɦɟɪɟɠɭ ɩɨ ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧɭ. Ⱦɨɫɬɭɩ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɞɨ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɞɨɡɜɨɥɹɽ ɜɧɟɫɬɢ ɜɥɚɫɧɭ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɸ ɭ ɞɨɜɿɞɤɨɜɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ, ɳɨ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɚ ɜɫɿɦ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɿɣɧɢɦ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚɦ, ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɚɦ, ɡɚɣɧɹɬɢɯ ɪɟɚɥɿɡɚɰɿɽɸ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ. Ȼɟɡɩɨɫɟɪɟɞɧɿɣ ɜɢɯɿɞ ɧɚ ɪɢɧɨɤ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɞɨɡɜɨɥɹɽ ɭɧɢɤɧɭɬɢ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɭɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿʀ ɬɚ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨ ʀʀ ɤɨɪɢɝɭɜɚɬɢ ɭ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ ɡɦɿɧ. Ɋɨɛɨɬɚ ɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɿ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɥɟɝɲɭɽ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɸ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɭ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ, ɨɫɤɿɥɶɤɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ ɨɬɪɢɦɭɽ ɽɞɢɧɭ ɞɨɜɿɞɤɨɜɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ, ɩɨɛɭɞɨɜɚɧɭ ɡɚ ɽɞɢɧɨɸ ɫɯɟɦɨɸ. ɋɭɱɚɫɧɿ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬɶ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɣ ɫɩɟɤɬɪ ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿʀ — ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɮɨɬɨɝɪɚɮɿɣ, ɞɟɬɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɨɩɢɫ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ. Ⱦɟɹɤɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɢ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶ ɬɪɢɜɢɦɿɪɧɭ ɝɪɚɮɿɤɭ — ɤɥɿɽɧɬ ɦɨɠɟ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɢɬɢ ɜɿɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɟ ɨɡɧɚɣɨɦɥɟɧɧɹ ɡ ɝɨɬɟɥɟɦ. ɋɩɿɜɩɪɚɰɹ ɿɡ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɸ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɞɚɽ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɿɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɜɚɬɢ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚɦ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɣ ɚɫɨɪɬɢɦɟɧɬ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ — ɨɤɪɿɦ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ, ɧɢɡɤɭ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɳɨ ɪɨɡɲɢɪɸɽ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ. Ʉɨɦɩ’ɸɬɟɪɧɿ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɧɚɣɤɨɪɨɬɲɢɣ ɱɚɫ — ɞɟɤɿɥɶɤɚ ɯɜɢɥɢɧ-ɫɟɤɭɧɞ ɩɿɞɛɢɪɚɸɬɶ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɢ, ɧɚɞɚɸɬɶ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɸ ɩɪɨ ɦɿɫɬɨ, ɪɟʉɿɨɧ, ɜɚɠɥɢɜɿ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɿ ɚɬɪɚɤɰɿʀ. Ƚɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɿ ɤɨɦɩ’ɸɬɟɪɧɿ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɪɟʉɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɢɦɢ ɚɝɟɧɬɫɬɜɚɦɢ. Ʉɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɢɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɤɨɦɩ’ɸɬɟɪɧɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽ ɧɟ ɬɿɥɶɤɢ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ, ɚɜɿɚɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ, ɨɪɟɧɞɭ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɿɥɿɜ, ɤɪɭʀɡɧɿ ɩɨʀɡɞɤɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɸ ɩɪɨ ɤɭɪɫɢ ɜɚɥɸɬ, ɩɨɝɨɞɭ, ɪɨɛɨɬɭ ɦɿɫɰɟɜɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɹ. ɋɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ ɜɟɥɢɤɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɢ ɦɚɸɬɶ ɜɥɚɫɧɢɣ ɜɟɛ-ɫɚɣɬ ɭ ɦɟɪɟɠɿ ȱɧɬɟɪɧɟɬ ɧɚ ɹɤɨɦɭ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɭɸɬɶ ɜɥɚɫɧɭ ɫɬɨɪɿɧɤɭ ɞɥɹ online ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ. 234
Ⱦɥɹ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ, ɤɥɿɽɧɬ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɦɚɬɢ ɧɚɜɢɤɢ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɡ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɦ ɤɨɦɩ’ɸɬɟɪɨɦ. Ʉɥɿɽɧɬ ɡɚɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɜɟɛ-ɫɚɣɬ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ȱɧɬɟɪɧɟɬ-ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɡɧɚɣɨɦɢɬɶɫɹ ɿɡ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚɦɢ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ, ɨɛɢɪɚɽ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ, ɜɢɜɱɚɽ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɮɨɧɞɭ, ɬɚɪɢɮɢ. ɉɿɫɥɹ ɜɢɛɨɪɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ, ɤɥɿɽɧɬ ɡɚɩɨɜɧɸɽ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɿ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɣɧɿ ɩɨɥɹ ɿ ɜɿɞɩɪɚɜɥɹɽ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɸ ɩɨɲɬɨɸ. ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɧɨ ɨɩɪɚɰɶɨɜɭɽ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɿ ɜɿɞɩɪɚɜɥɹɽ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɞɧɽ ɩɿɞɬɜɟɪɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɡ ɭɦɨɜɨɸ ɜɧɟɫɟɧɧɹ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɨɦ ɩɟɪɟɞɨɩɥɚɬɢ, ɤɥɿɽɧɬ ɜɧɨɫɢɬɶɫɹ ɞɨ ɥɢɫɬɚ ɨɱɿɤɭɜɚɧɧɹ. ɉɿɫɥɹ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɿʀ ɩɟɪɟɞɨɩɥɚɬɢ, ɝɚɪɚɧɬɿɣɧɨɝɨ ɥɢɫɬɚ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɿɣ ɜɿɞ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ, ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ ɿɡ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɜɿɞɫɢɥɚɽ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɭ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɟ ɩɿɞɬɜɟɪɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɛɪɨɧɿ. ɍ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɹ ɡ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɜɧɨɫɢɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɤɨɦɩ’ɸɬɟɪ ɞɨ ɝɪɚɮɿɤɚ ɡɚɜɚɧɬɚɠɟɧɧɹ ɡ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɨɜɨɸ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɧɨɸ ɡɦɿɧɨɸ. ɍ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɨ ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧɭ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɢɦɢ ɧɟɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɨɜɚɧɢɦɢ ɮɨɪɦɚɦɢ, ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ ɡ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɜɧɨɫɢɬɶ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɸ ɭ ɀɭɪɧɚɥ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɹɜɨɤ ɧɚ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ( ɮɨɪɦɚ ʋ 7-Ƚ, ɞɨɞɚɬɨɤ Ȼ.1 ). Ɂɚɹɜɤɚ ɧɚ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɦɿɫɬɢɬɢ ɬɚɤɭ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɸ: — ɩɪɿɡɜɢɳɟ, ɿɦ’ɹ ɨɫɿɛ, ɳɨ ɩɪɢɛɭɜɚɸɬɶ; — ɞɚɬɭ ɩɪɢɛɭɬɬɹ, ɬɟɪɦɿɧ ɩɟɪɟɛɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɞɚɬɭ ɜɿɞ’ʀɡɞɭ; — ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ, ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ; — ɮɨɪɦɚ ɨɩɥɚɬɢ (ɝɨɬɿɜɤɨɜɚ, ɛɟɡɝɨɬɿɜɤɨɜɚ, ɪɟɤɜɿɡɢɬɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ, ɳɨ ɨɩɥɚɱɭɽ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ). Ɂɝɿɞɧɨ ɡɚɹɜɨɤ ɜɿɞɞɿɥ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɽ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɢɣ ɩɥɚɧ ɡɚɫɟɥɟɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɧɚ ɩɟɜɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɿɨɞ — ɞɨɛɭ, ɬɢɠɞɟɧɶ, ɦɿɫɹɰɶ, ɪɿɤ. ȼɚɠɥɢɜɢɣ ɚɫɩɟɤɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɭ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɥɹɝɚɽ ɭ ɫɜɨɽɱɚɫɧɿɣ ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿʀ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɩɪɢɫɤɿɩɥɢɜɨɦɭ ɜɟɞɟɧɧɿ ɛɚɡɢ ɞɚɧɢɯ. Ɏɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɜɿɞɞɿɥɭ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɛɟɡɩɨɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɟ ɿɡ ɫɥɭɠɛɨɸ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ ɿ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ, ɦɿɠ ɹɤɢɦɢ ɩɨɫɬɿɣɧɨ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɨɛɦɿɧ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɽɸ ɩɪɨ ɡɚɩɨɜɧɟɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɭ ɩɨɬɨɱɧɢɣ ɱɚɫ. ɇɟɞɨɫɬɨɜɿɪɧɚ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɹ ɩɪɨ ɧɨɦɟɪɧɢɣ ɮɨɧɞ ɬɚ ɫɬɚɧ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɡɭɦɨɜɢɬɶ ɡɧɢɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɯɨɞɿɜ ɜɿɞ ɧɟɪɟɚɥɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɬɚ ɜɬɪɚɬɭ ɞɨɜɿɪɢ ɭ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ ɭ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ ɩɨɞɜɿɣɧɨɝɨ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ. Ɍɢɩɢ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ. ɍ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɪɨɡɪɿɡɧɹɸɬɶ ɞɜɚ ɜɢɞɢ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ: ɝɚɪɚɧɬɨɜɚɧɟ ɿ ɧɟɝɚɪɚɧɬɨɜɚɧɟ. Ƚɚɪɚɧɬɨɜɚɧɟ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɿɞɬɜɟɪɞɠɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɿɽɸ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɢɬɢ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɭ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɞɨ ɧɚɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɭɧɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɱɚɫɭ 235
ɭ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɧɢɣ ɩɿɫɥɹ ɩɪɢɛɭɬɬɹ ɞɟɧɶ (12.00 ɝɨɞ). Ⱥɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɞɥɹ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ ɩɨɥɹɝɚɽ ɭ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ ɫɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɬɢɫɶ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɚɦɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɭ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ ɡɚɩɿɡɧɟɧɧɹ, ɚɥɟ ɧɟ ɛɿɥɶɲɟ ɧɿɠ ɞɨ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɭɧɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɱɚɫɭ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɧɨɝɨ ɞɧɹ. ȼɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ, ɝɨɬɟɥɶ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɿɸ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ, ɨɬɪɢɦɚɜɲɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɨɩɥɚɬɭ ɜɿɞ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ. ɍ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ, ɹɤɳɨ ɤɥɿɽɧɬ ɧɟ ɫɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɚɦɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɞɨ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɭɧɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɱɚɫɭ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɧɨɝɨ ɞɧɹ, ɝɨɬɟɥɶ ɨɬɪɢɦɭɽ ɩɟɪɟɞɨɩɥɚɬɭ ɬɚ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɜɥɚɫɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɡɩɨɪɹɞɤɭ. ȼ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɚɯ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɨɜɚɧɟ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɿɹɬɢ ɧɚ ɜɟɫɶ ɬɟɪɦɿɧ ɩɟɪɟɛɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ. ɉɿɞɬɜɟɪɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɨɦ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɭ ɞɟɤɿɥɶɤɨɯ ɜɚɪɿɚɧɬɚɯ. ɍ ɛɚɝɚɬɶɨɯ ɤɪɚʀɧɚɯ ɫɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɧɿ ɤɚɪɬɤɢ. ɋɥɭɠɛɨɜɟɰɶ ɡ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɮɿɤɫɭɽ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɧɨʀ ɤɚɪɬɤɢ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ, ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽ ɡɜ’ɹɡɨɤ ɿɡ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɿɽɸ, ɳɨ ʀʀ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɽ ɿ ɩɟɪɟɜɿɪɹɽ ɞɿɽɡɞɚɬɧɿɫɬɶ. əɤɳɨ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɟ ɛɭɥɨ ɚɧɭɥɶɨɜɚɧɟ ɞɨ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɨɝɨ ɱɚɫɭ, ɝɨɬɟɥɶ ɜɢɫɬɚɜɥɹɽ ɪɚɯɭɧɨɤ ɧɚ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɧɭ ɤɚɪɬɤɭ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ ɿ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɿɹ, ɳɨ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɽ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɧɿ ɤɚɪɬɤɢ, ɡɧɿɦɚɽ ɡɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɭ ɫɭɦɭ ɿ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɯɨɜɭɽ ɧɚ ɪɚɯɭɧɨɤ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ. Ɉɤɪɟɦɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ, ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɪɿɲɟɧɧɹ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɰɿʀ, ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɸɸɬɶ ɜɧɟɫɟɧɧɹ ɩɟɪɟɞɨɩɥɚɬɢ ɡɚ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɩɪɢ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɿ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ. ɉɟɪɟɞɨɩɥɚɬɚ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɩɨɜɧɿɫɬɸ ɜɧɨɫɢɬɢɫɶ ɞɨ ɞɚɬɢ ɩɪɢɛɭɬɬɹ ɿ ɡɚɪɚɯɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɨɩɥɚɬɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɩɪɢ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɦɭ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɭɧɤɭ. Ɏɨɪɦɚ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɨɜɚɧɨɝɨ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɿɡ ɩɟɪɟɞɨɩɥɚɬɨɸ ɧɟ ɬɢɩɨɜɚ, ɦɚɽ ɟɩɿɡɨɞɢɱɧɢɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɿ ɡɭɦɨɜɥɟɧɚ ɡɧɚɱɧɢɦ ɩɨɩɢɬɨɦ ɧɚ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɭ ɩɟɪɿɨɞ ɜɚɠɥɢɜɢɯ ɩɨɞɿɣ (ɨɥɿɦɩɿɚɞɚ, ɫɚɦɦɿɬ, ɮɨɪɭɦ, ɜɢɡɧɚɱɧɿ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɿ ɩɨɞɿʀ ɬɚ ɿɧ.). ɐɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲ ɛɚɠɚɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ. ɍ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɧɟɩɨɜɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɨɩɥɚɬɚ ɞɨ ɩɪɢɛɭɬɬɹ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ (ɚɜɚɧɫɨɜɢɣ ɜɧɟɫɨɤ), ɳɨ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ 50 % ɜɚɪɬɨɫɬɿ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ. əɤɳɨ ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɧɹ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɞɜɨɦɿɫɧɢɣ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɬɚ ɧɨɦɟɪɢ ɛɿɥɶɲɨʀ ɦɿɫɬɤɨɫɬɿ, ɨɩɥɚɬɚ ɡɚ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɛɿɥɶɲɟ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɦɿɫɰɹ ɧɟ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ. ɍ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ ɡɚɩɿɡɧɟɧɧɹ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ ɚɛɨ ɝɪɭɩɢ ɨɫɿɛ, ɨɤɪɿɦ ɨɩɥɚɬɢ ɡɚ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɚɪɚɯɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɨɩɥɚɬɚ ɡɚ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɫɬɿɣ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ, ɩɪɨɬɟ ɧɟ ɛɿɥɶɲɟ ɧɿɠ ɡɚ ɨɞɧɭ ɞɨɛɭ. əɤɳɨ ɡɚɩɿɡɧɟɧɧɹ ɜɿɞɛɭɥɨɫɶ ɛɿɥɶɲɟ ɨɞɧɿɽʀ ɞɨɛɢ ɛɪɨɧɶ ɚɧɭɥɸɽɬɶɫɹ. 236
Ⱦɨɝɨɜɿɪ ɡ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɨɜɚɧɨɝɨ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ, ɳɨ ɭɤɥɚɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɿɡ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɧɢɦɢ ɨɫɨɛɚɦɢ (ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚɦɢ, ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɹɦɢ, ɜ ɬ. ɱ. ɬɭɪɚɝɟɧɬɚɦɢ) ɡɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɭɽ ʀɯ ɞɨ ɮɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɨʀ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɿɣ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɭ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ ɜɿɞɫɭɬɧɨɫɬɿ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ. ȼɚɠɥɢɜɨ ɡɚɡɧɚɱɢɬɢ, ɡɝɿɞɧɨ «ɉɪɚɜɢɥ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɦɢ», ɹɤɳɨ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ ɧɟ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽ ɧɚɥɟɠɧɭ ɩɿɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ ɞɨ ɡɚɫɟɥɟɧɧɹ, ɨɩɥɚɬɚ ɡɚ ɣɨɝɨ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɟ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ. ɐɿɧɚ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɡ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɟɦ, ɮɨɪɦɚ ɨɩɥɚɬɢ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɨɦ ɦɿɠ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɨɦ (ɡɚɦɨɜɧɢɤɨɦ) ɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɟɦ. ɇɚɣɱɚɫɬɿɲɟ ɞɥɹ ɿɧɞɢɜɿɞɭɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɿɜ ɪɨɡɦɿɪ ɩɥɚɬɢ ɡɚ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɭ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ 50 % ɜɿɞ ɬɚɪɢɮɭ ɧɚ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɡɚ ɞɨɛɭ. Ⱦɥɹ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɨʀ ɝɪɭɩɢ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɿ ɡɧɢɠɤɢ, ɪɨɡɦɿɪ ɨɩɥɚɬɢ ɤɨɥɢɜɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɦɟɠɚɯ 25–35 % ɜɿɞ ɬɚɪɢɮɭ. Ɉɛɫɹɝ ɡɧɢɠɤɢ ɡɚɥɟɠɢɬɶ ɜɿɞ ɤɿɥɶɤɨɫɬɿ ɨɫɿɛ ɭ ɝɪɭɩɿ, ɬɟɪɦɿɧɭ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ. ɇɟɝɚɪɚɧɬɨɜɚɧɟ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ — ɰɟ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ, ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɹɤɨʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɽ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɭ ɞɨ ɧɚɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɱɚɫɭ ɚɧɭɥɹɰɿʀ — 18.00, ɭ ɞɟɧɶ ɩɪɢɛɭɬɬɹ. əɤɳɨ ɤɥɿɽɧɬ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɛɭɞɟ ɞɨ ɧɚɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɱɚɫɭ ɚɧɭɥɹɰɿʀ, ɝɨɬɟɥɶ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɽ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɶ. Ɂɚɩɿɡɧɟɧɧɹ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ ɿ ɩɪɢɛɭɬɬɹ ɭ ɱɚɫ ɩɿɫɥɹ ɚɧɭɥɹɰɿʀ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɡɚɥɢɲɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɞɚɧɢɦ, ɝɨɬɟɥɶ ɦɨɠɟ ɡɚɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɜɚɬɢ ɣɨɝɨ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɭ. Ɉɩɥɚɬɚ ɡɚ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɧɟɝɚɪɚɧɬɨɜɚɧɨɝɨ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɟ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ. Ɉɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɣɧɿ ɮɨɪɦɢ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ. ɐɟɧɬɪɚɥɿɡɨɜɚɧɟ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ — ɬɢɩɨɜɚ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɭ ɫɜɿɬɨɜɿɣ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɰɿ, ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɨɜɿɞɧɢɦɢ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɿɹɦɢ. ȼɿɞɨɦɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿ ɥɚɧɰɸɝɢ ɜɧɨɫɹɬɶ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɸ ɭ ɞɨɜɿɞɤɨɜɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɿɡɨɜɚɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɹɤɚ ɫɬɚɽ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɸ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɿɣɧɢɦ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚɦ ɬɚ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɚɦ, ɹɤɿ ɡɚɣɧɹɬɿ ɪɟɚɥɿɡɚɰɿɽɸ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɥɚɧɰɸɝɚ, ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɭ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɪɟʉɿɨɧɚɯ ɫɜɿɬɭ. Ʉɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɿ ɫɬɨɫɭɧɤɢ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɥɚɧɰɸɝɚɯ ɫɩɪɢɹɸɬɶ ɩɪɢɫɤɨɪɟɧɧɸ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɭ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɡɧɢɠɟɧɧɸ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɜɢɬɪɚɬ. ȼɢɬɪɚɬɢ ɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɿ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɿɡɨɜɚɧɨɝɨ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɧɿ, ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɿ ɧɚɜɿɬɶ ɧɟɜɟɥɢɤɢɦ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɦ. ȼɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ, ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɿɡɨɜɚɧɿ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɦɢ, ɳɨ ɧɟ ɜɯɨɞɹɬɶ ɭ ʀʀ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ. ɐɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɬɢ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɧɚ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɬɿɥɶɤɢ ɩɿɫɥɹ ɡɚɩɨɜɧɟɧɧɹ ɜɫɿɯ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɿɡ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɤɬɧɢɦɢ ɭɝɨɞɚɦɢ. Ɋɿɡɧɨɜɢɞɨɦ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɿɡɨɜɚɧɨɝɨ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɜɢɫɬɭɩɚɽ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ, ɳɨ ɨɛ’ɽɞɧɭɽ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɿ ɭɝɨɞɢ ɧɟɡɚɥɟɠɧɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ. 237
ɐɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɽ ɧɚ ɡɪɚɡɨɤ ɩɟɪɲɨʀ, ɩɪɨɬɟ ɫɮɨɪɦɨɜɚɧɚ ɿɡ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɿɣ ɡɚɣɧɹɬɢɯ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɧɟɜɟɥɢɤɨɝɨ ɪɟʉɿɨɧɭ. ɐɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɨɮɿɫ ɞɥɹ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɛɟɡɩɨɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨ ɩɪɚɰɸɽ ɡ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɿɣɧɢɦɢ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚɦɢ, ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɱɢ ɛɟɡɩɥɚɬɧɢɣ ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧɧɢɣ ɧɨɦɟɪ. ȼ ɚɫɨɰɿɚɰɿɹɯ ɿɡ ɡɧɚɱɧɨɸ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɸ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɿɡɨɜɚɧɨɝɨ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɿɞɬɪɢɦɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɞɜɨɦɚ ɱɢ ɛɿɥɶɲɨɸ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɸ ɰɟɧɬɪɿɜ, ɹɤɿ ɧɚɣɱɚɫɬɿɲɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɸɬɶ ɰɿɥɨɞɨɛɨɜɨ. Ɂ ɦɟɬɨɸ ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɿɲɨɝɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɿ ɨɮɿɫɢ ɨɛɦɿɧɸɸɬɶɫɹ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɽɸ ɩɪɨ ɧɚɹɜɧɿɫɬɶ ɜɿɥɶɧɢɯ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɬɚ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬɶ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ, ɳɨ ɜɯɨɞɹɬɶ ɭ ɦɟɪɟɠɭ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɟɜɧɿ ɩɪɨɦɿɠɤɢ ɱɚɫɭ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɡ ɝɪɚɮɿɤɨɦ. ȼɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿɣ ɫɮɟɪɿ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɤɨɦɩ’ɸɬɟɪɧɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɫɩɪɢɹɽ ɦɟɯɚɧɿɱɧɨɦɭ ɫɤɟɪɭɜɚɧɧɸ ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧɧɢɯ ɞɡɜɿɧɤɿɜ ɭ ɩɟɜɧɢɣ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɡɦɿɫɬɭ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɶ. ɐɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɿ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɡ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɸɬɶ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɮɿɥɿɣ ɦɟɪɟɠɿ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɢɦ ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɢɦ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹɦ ɞɥɹ ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɭ ɬɚ ɨɬɪɢɦɭɸɬɶ ɩɟɜɧɢɣ ɜɿɞɫɨɬɨɤ ɡ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɿɣ ɡ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ. ȼɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ, ɤɨɠɟɧ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɨ ɧɚɞɚɜɚɬɢ ɭ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɨɮɿɫ ɡ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɱɿɬɤɭ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɸ ɩɪɨ ɡɚɩɨɜɧɟɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɮɨɧɞɭ. Ɇɿɠɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿ ɚɝɟɧɬɫɬɜɚ — ɰɟ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɿɡɨɜɚɧɿ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ, ɳɨ ɭɤɥɚɞɚɸɬɶ ɭɝɨɞɭ ɿɡ ɫɩɿɜɩɪɚɰɿ ɡ ɛɿɥɶɲ ɧɿɠ ɨɞɧɿɽɸ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɱɨɸ ɥɿɧɿɽɸ. ɍ ɪɨɛɨɬɿ ɦɿɠɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿ ɚɝɟɧɬɫɬɜɚ ɧɚɣɱɚɫɬɿɲɟ ɩɟɪɟɚɞɪɟɫɨɜɭɸɬɶ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɧɚ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɭ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɿɡɨɜɚɧɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɚɛɨ ɡ’ɽɞɧɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɛɟɡɩɨɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨ ɡ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɦɢ. Ɉɤɪɿɦ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɦɿɫɰɶ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɰɿ ɚɝɟɧɬɫɬɜɚ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɧɚɞɚɸɬɶ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɡ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɞɥɹ ɚɜɿɚɤɨɦɩɚɧɿɣ. Ȼɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɛɟɡɩɨɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ. ɇɚɣɱɚɫɬɿɲɟ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɫɚɦɟ ɜɿɞɞɿɥɨɦ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ, ɬɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɟ ɧɚɫɚɦɩɟɪɟɞ ɞɥɹ ɦɚɥɢɯ ɧɟɡɚɥɟɠɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ. Ȼɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɬɭɪɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɢɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɹɦɢ. ȼ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɚɯ ɬɭɪɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɢ ɜɢɤɨɧɭɸɬɶ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɸ ɡ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɦɿɫɰɶ ɭ ɤɭɪɨɪɬɧɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ. Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɿɱɧɿ ɮɭɧɤɰɿʀ ɜɢɤɨɧɭɸɬɶ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɬɨɪɢ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɿɣ ɿ ɧɚɪɚɞ ɭ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰ-ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ. ɍ ɡɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɯ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɚɯ ɬɭɪɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɢ ɫɬɚɸɬɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɦ ɞɠɟɪɟɥɨɦ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ. 238
Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɹ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ (ɦɿɫɰɶ) ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ. ɉɪɨɰɟɫ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɟɬɚɩɿɜ: — ɡɚɹɜɤɢ ɧɚ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ; — ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɜɿɥɶɧɢɯ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɞɥɹ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ; — ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿɹ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ; — ɩɿɞɬɜɟɪɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ; — ɫɤɥɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɡɜɿɬɭ ɿɡ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ. Ɂɚɹɜɤɚ ɧɚ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ. ȱɡ ɡɚɹɜɤɢ ɧɚ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɱɢɧɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɫɩɿɜɩɪɚɰɿ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ ɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ. Ɂɚɹɜɤɚ ɧɚɞɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɩɨ ɦɟɪɟɠɿ ȱɧɬɟɪɧɟɬ, ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧɭ, ɩɨɲɬɿ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɢɦ ɲɥɹɯɨɦ ɨɫɨɛɢɫɬɨ ɜɿɞ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ ɚɛɨ ɩɨɫɟɪɟɞɧɢɤɚ — ɮɿɡɢɱɧɨʀ ɱɢ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɧɨʀ ɨɫɨɛɢ. Ʉɨɠɧɚ ɡɚɹɜɤɚ ɧɚ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɪɟɽɫɬɪɭɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɜɿɞɞɿɥɨɦ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ. ɍ ɡɚɹɜɰɿ (ɪɢɫ. 6.1) ɤɥɿɽɧɬ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɨɜɿɞɨɦɢɬɢ ɩɪɿɡɜɢɳɟ, ɿɦ’ɹ, ɩɨ-ɛɚɬɶɤɨɜɿ, ɞɚɬɭ ɩɪɢɛɭɬɬɹ, ɬɟɪɦɿɧ ɩɟɪɟɛɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɞɚɬɭ ɜɿɞ’ʀɡɞɭ, ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɸ ɿ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ, ɮɨɪɦɭ ɨɩɥɚɬɢ.
Ɍɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɚ ɮɿɪɦɚ «ɍɤɪɬɭɪ» Ʉɢʀɜ, ɜɭɥ. Ƚɚɥɢɰɶɤɚ, 5 Ɋɚɯɭɧɨɤ 000000001 ɜ ɏ ɛɚɧɤɭ
Ⱦɢɪɟɤɬɨɪ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ «Ƚɪɚɧɞ-Ƚɨɬɟɥɶ»
Ɂɚɹɜɤɚ ɉɪɨɫɢɦɨ ɡɚɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤɿɜ ɧɚɲɨʀ ɮɿɪɦɢ ɉɟɬɪɟɧɤɚ Ⱥ.Ɇ., ȱɜɚɧɟɧɤɚ Ɍ.ȱ. ɞɜɚ ɨɞɧɨɦɿɫɧɢɯ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ ɡ 1.03. 2007 ɩɨ 4.03.2007, ɩɪɢɛɭɬɬɹ ɨ 10 00 Ɉɩɥɚɬɭ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɭɽɦɨ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɭ 17-Ⱥ ɜɿɞ 1.07. 2005 ɪ. ɉɪɨɫɢɦɨ ɩɿɞɬɜɟɪɞɢɬɢ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɨ ɮɚɤɫɭ 228-00-07. Ɂ ɩɨɜɚɝɨɸ Ⱦɢɪɟɤɬɨɪ Ƚɨɥɨɜɧɢɣ ɛɭɯɝɚɥɬɟɪ 25.02.07 ɪ.
ȱ.ȼ. Ɍɚɪɚɫɨɜ Ɍ.ɉ. ȼɟɞɦɿɞɶ
Ɋɢɫ. 6.1. Ʌɢɫɬ-ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɧɚ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ
ȼɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɜɿɥɶɧɢɯ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɞɥɹ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ. ɉɿɫɥɹ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɧɟɡɚɥɟɠɧɨ ɜɿɞ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɚɧɚɥɿɡ ɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɮɨɧɞɭ. ɐɟɣ ɟɬɚɩ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨ ɜɚɠɥɢɜɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɿɦɿɞɠɭ ɬɚ ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɿ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ 239
ɝɨɬɟɥɸ. Ɋɟɬɟɥɶɧɢɣ ɚɧɚɥɿɡ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɮɨɧɞɭ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɭɧɢɤɧɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɞɧɿɯ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɶ ɧɚ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ, ɳɨ ɩɟɪɟɜɢɳɭɽ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɜɿɥɶɧɢɯ. Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɜɿɥɶɧɢɯ ɦɿɫɰɶ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɲɥɹɯɨɦ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɢɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɿɜ: — ɤɨɦɩ’ɸɬɟɪɧɨʀ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɭ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɦɟɪɟɠɭ ȱɧɬɟɪɧɟɬ; — ɤɧɢɝɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ; — ɧɚɫɬɿɧɧɨɝɨ ɝɪɚɮɿɤɚ. Ʉɨɦɩ’ɸɬɟɪɧɿ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɜ ɚɜɬɨɧɨɦɧɨɦɭ ɪɟɠɢɦɿ ɜɿɞɫɥɿɞɤɨɜɭɸɬɶ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɞɧɿ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ, ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɡɚɣɧɹɬɢɯ ɿ ɜɿɥɶɧɢɯ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ, ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ, ɳɨ ɡɜɿɥɶɧɢɥɢɫɶ ɬɚ ɞɨɯɿɞ ɜɿɞ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɳɨɞɟɧɧɨ. Ⱥɧɚɥɿɡ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ, ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ. ɉɪɢɤɥɚɞ ɝɪɚɮɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɜɿɞɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɧɹ ɡɜɿɬɧɨʀ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿʀ ɭ ɮɨɪɦɿ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɿ ɧɚ ɦɨɧɿɬɨɪɿ ɤɨɦɩ’ɸɬɟɪɚ (ɪɢɫ. 6.2.). ɉɪɢɛɭɬɬɹ, ɩɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹ ɩɟɪɟɛɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɜɿɞ’ʀɡɞ ɋɬɨɪɿɧɤɚ 001 03 02 06 14.05 Ⱦɚɬɚ ɉɪɢɛɭɬɬɹ ɉɪɨɞɨɜɠɭɽ ȼɿɞ’ʀɠɞɠɚɽ ɉɪɨɠɢɜɚɸɱɿ Ɂɚɣɧɹɬɨ ɇɟ ɡɚɣɧɹɬɨ ɩɟɪɟɛɭɜɚɬɢ
Ⱦɨɯɿɞ
03/02 03/03 03/04 03/05 03/06
7.136.00 8.276.00 10.761.00 11.372.00 6.563.00
14 17 26 29 11
93 72 56 86 79
12 34 41 32 17
203 198 239 240 171
135 51 144 137 190
70 86 89 107 35
Ɋɢɫ. 6.2. Ƚɪɚɮɿɱɧɟ ɜɿɞɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɧɹ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿʀ ɡ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɚ ɦɨɧɿɬɨɪɿ ɤɨɦɩ’ɸɬɟɪɚ
ɋɭɱɚɫɧɿ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɣɧɿ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿʀ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɞɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬɶ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɭɜɚɬɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɤɨɦɩ’ɸɬɟɪɧɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɩɨɜɧɿɫɬɸ ɜ ɚɜɬɨɧɨɦɧɨɦɭ ɪɟɠɢɦɿ. ɉɪɨɝɪɚɦɢ ɛɥɨɤɭɸɬɶ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɭ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ ɡɚɩɨɜɧɟɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɱɢ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɣ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ, ɜɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɜɚɬɢ ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɧɿ ɧɨɦɟɪɢ ɿɡ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɢɦɢ ɪɨɡɰɿɧɤɚɦɢ ɚɛɨ ɿɧɲɿ ɧɚɣɛɥɢɠɱɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɩɟɜɧɨʀ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ, ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɬɚ ɿɧ. 240
ȼɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɤɨɦɩ’ɸɬɟɪɧɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɜɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ ɡɭɦɨɜɥɸɽ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɭ ɩɟɪɿɨɞɢɱɧɭ ɩɟɪɟɜɿɪɤɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨ ɭ ɩɟɪɿɨɞ ʀɯ ɿɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ. ɇɚɜɿɬɶ ɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ ɳɨ ɪɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ ɡɚɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɨɜɚɧɿ ɜɢɧɢɤɚɸɬɶ ɡɛɨʀ. Ʉɧɢɝɚ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɧɟɤɨɦɩ’ɸɬɟɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ. ɐɹ ɤɧɢɝɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɢɦ ɫɤɨɪɨɡɲɢɜɚɱɟɦ, ɳɨ ɞɚɽ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɿɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɢ ɡɚɦɿɧɭ ɥɢɫɬɤɿɜ. ɇɚ ɤɨɠɧɿɣ ɫɬɨɪɿɧɰɿ ɧɨɦɟɪɢ ɩɨɞɿɥɟɧɿ ɧɚ ɬɢɩɢ ɿ ɤɨɠɧɨɦɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɭ ɩɪɢɫɜɨɽɧɟ ɩɟɜɧɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ. ɉɪɢ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɿ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɞɧɶɨɝɨ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɧɚ ɩɟɜɧɢɣ ɬɢɩ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ ɧɚ ɧɟɜɿɞɦɿɱɟɧɨɦɭ ɱɢɫɥɿ ɩɪɢɫɜɨɽɧɨɝɨ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ ɫɬɚɜɢɬɶɫɹ ɯɪɟɫɬɢɤ ɭ ɞɟɧɶ ɩɪɢɛɭɬɬɹ. ɍ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ ɧɚ ɞɟɤɿɥɶɤɚ ɞɧɿɜ ɧɚ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɧɢɯ ɫɬɨɪɿɧɤɚɯ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɿ ɧɨɦɟɪɢ ɨɛɜɨɞɹɬɶɫɹ ɤɨɥɨɦ. ɉɟɜɧɿ ɬɪɭɞɧɨɳɿ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɤɧɢɝɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɚɧɭɥɹɰɿɽɸ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɶ ɚɛɨ ɡɿ ɡɦɿɧɨɸ ɭ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɞɧɿɯ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹɯ. Ɂ ɦɟɬɨɸ ɭɧɢɤɧɟɧɧɹ ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɢɯ ɬɪɭɞɧɨɳɿɜ ɤɧɢɝɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɡɚɦɿɧɸɜɚɬɢ. ɇɚɫɬɿɧɧɢɣ ɝɪɚɮɿɤ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɧɟɤɨɦɩ’ɸɬɟɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ. ɇɚɫɬɿɧɧɢɣ ɝɪɚɮɿɤ ɩɨɛɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɧɢɦ ɱɢɧɨɦ: ɧɨɦɟɪɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɚɧɿ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨ, ɞɧɿ ɿ ɦɿɫɹɰɿ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɨ, ɬɚɤɨɠ ɡɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɿ ɪɨɡɰɿɧɤɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɬɢɩɿɜ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɪɿɡɧɿ ɤɨɥɶɨɪɢ. ɉɪɢ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɧɿ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɩɟɪɟɜɿɪɹɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɚɹɜɧɿɫɬɶ ɜɿɥɶɧɢɯ ɦɿɫɰɶ ɩɨ ɝɪɚɮɿɤɭ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɿ ɞɚɬɢ ɩɪɢɛɭɬɬɹ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ, ɬɪɢɜɚɥɿɫɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɛɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɬɢɩ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ. əɤɳɨ ɜɢɹɜɥɟɧɨ ɜɚɤɚɧɬɧɟ ɦɿɫɰɟ ɫɥɭɠɛɨɜɟɰɶ ɡ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɜɢɞɿɥɹɽ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɭ ɩɟɜɧɢɣ ɧɨɦɟɪ, ɡɚɤɪɿɩɢɜɲɢ ɫɬɪɿɱɤɭ ɧɚɞ ɥɿɧɿɽɸ, ɳɨ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɽ ɰɶɨɦɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɭ. ɋɬɪɿɱɤɚ ɩɪɨɬɹɝɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɜɿɞ ɞɚɬɢ ɩɪɢɛɭɬɬɹ ɞɨ ɞɚɬɢ ɜɿɞ’ʀɡɞɭ. ɇɚ ɫɬɪɿɱɰɿ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɡɚɡɧɚɱɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɿɡɜɢɳɟ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ. əɤɳɨ ɜɢɧɢɤɚɽ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɿɫɬɶ ɜɧɟɫɟɧɧɹ ɡɦɿɧ ɭ ɞɚɬɚɯ ɧɚɫɬɿɧɧɨɝɨ ɝɪɚɮɿɤɚ, ɫɥɭɠɛɨɜɟɰɶ ɩɟɪɟɫɭɜɚɽ ɫɬɪɿɱɤɭ ɜ ɿɧɲɟ ɦɿɫɰɟ; ɩɪɢ ɚɧɭɥɸɜɚɧɧɿ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɫɬɪɿɱɤɚ ɜɢɥɭɱɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɿɡ ɝɪɚɮɿɤɚ. ɉɿɫɥɹ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɨɜɚɧɨʀ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ ɚɛɨ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ ɪɭɱɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɭ, ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɢɣɨɦ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɞɧɶɨɝɨ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɭ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ ɿɡ ɡɚɹɜɤɨɸ, ɹɤɳɨ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɡɚɹɜɤɢ ɡɚɣɧɹɬɢɣ — ɤɥɿɽɧɬɭ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɭ ɿ ɰɿɧɢ. ɍ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ ɜɿɞɫɭɬɧɨɫɬɿ ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ ɚɛɨ ɤɥɿɽɧɬ ɧɟ ɩɨɝɨɞɠɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɩɨɡɢɰɿʀ, ɜɿɞɞɿɥ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɽ ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɧɢɣ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ. Ʉɨɪɩɨ241
ɪɚɬɢɜɧɿ ɫɬɨɫɭɧɤɢ ɦɿɠ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɞɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬɶ ɲɜɢɞɤɨ ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɭɜɚɬɢ ɬɢɦɱɚɫɨɜɿ ɧɟɡɪɭɱɧɨɫɬɿ ɭ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɿ. Ɋɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿɹ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɡ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ. ɉɿɫɥɹ ɧɚɞɯɨɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɡɚɹɜɤɢ ɧɚ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɩɟɪɟɜɿɪɤɢ ɧɚɹɜɧɨɫɬɿ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɡɚɩɨɜɧɟɧɶ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ ɿɡ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽ ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿɣɧɢɣ ɡɚɩɢɫ. ȱɡ ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿɣɧɢɦ ɡɚɩɢɫɨɦ ɩɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɨɬɪɢɦɭɽ ɜɚɠɥɢɜɭ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɸ ɩɪɨ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ: ɩɪɿɡɜɢɳɟ, ɿɦ’ɹ, ɩɨ-ɛɚɬɶɤɨɜɿ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ ɚɛɨ ɞɚɧɿ ɩɪɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɸ-ɡɚɦɨɜɧɢɤɚ, ɮɨɪɦɭ ɨɩɥɚɬɢ, ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɿ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɸ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ, ɬɟɪɦɿɧ ɩɟɪɟɛɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɩɨɛɚɠɚɧɧɹ ɳɨɞɨ ɭɦɨɜ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ, ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɸ ɿɡ ɩɟɪɟɞɨɩɥɚɬɢ. Ɉɬɪɢɦɚɧɚ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɹ ɦɨɠɟ ɫɬɚɬɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɨɸ ɩɨɛɭɞɨɜɢ ɿɧɞɢɜɿɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɿɞɯɨɞɭ ɜ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ ɬɚ ɩɟɪɟɜɿɪɤɢ ɣɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɬɨɫɩɪɨɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɿ. ɉɿɫɥɹ ɜɧɟɫɟɧɧɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨʀ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿʀ, ɜɿɞɞɿɥ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɢɫɜɨɸɽ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɭ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɞɥɹ ɩɿɞɬɜɟɪɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ. Ɋɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿɹ ɡɚɹɜɨɤ ɧɚ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ (ɦɿɫɰɶ) ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɿ ɽɞɢɧɨɝɨ ɡɪɚɡɤɚ, ɡɚɬɜɟɪɞɠɟɧɨɝɨ ɞɨ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɹɤ ɮɨɪɦɢ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɿɜ ɫɬɪɨɝɨʀ ɡɜɿɬɧɨɫɬɿ ɿ ɩɟɪɜɢɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɥɿɤɭ (ɮɨɪɦɚ ʋ7-ɝ, ɞɨɞɚɬɨɤ Ȼ.1). ɍ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɨɜɚɧɨɝɨ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɜɿɞɞɿɥ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɬɢ ɜɿɞ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɸ ɩɪɨ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɨɩɥɚɬɢ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ. əɤɳɨ ɨɩɥɚɬɚ ɛɭɞɟ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɧɨɸ ɤɚɪɬɨɸ, ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɢɬɢ ʀʀ ɬɢɩ, ɧɨɦɟɪ, ɬɟɪɦɿɧ ɞɿʀ ɬɚ ɜɥɚɫɧɢɤɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɩɟɪɟɜɿɪɢɬɢ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɤɨɦɩ’ɸɬɟɪɧɭ ɫɥɭɠɛɭ ɞɿɽɡɞɚɬɧɿɫɬɶ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɧɨʀ ɤɚɪɬɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɟɪɟɜɿɪɤɢ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɧɨʀ ɤɚɪɬɤɢ ɫɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɤɨɦɩ’ɸɬɟɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɿ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ, ɹɤɿ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɸɬɶ ɰɟɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɨɜɚɧɨ. əɤɳɨ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɭɧɨɤ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɨ ɩɟɪɟɞɨɩɥɚɬɿ ɚɛɨ ɩɨ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɞɧɶɨɦɭ ɜɧɟɫɤɭ, ɝɨɬɟɥɶ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɬɢ ɜɿɞ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɿʀ ɜɧɟɫɬɢ ɝɪɨɲɨɜɭ ɫɭɦɭ ɞɨ ɭɡɝɨɞɠɟɧɨʀ ɞɚɬɢ. ɉɟɪɟɞ ɧɚɫɬɚɧɧɹɦ ɞɚɬɢ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɞɧɶɨɝɨ ɜɧɟɫɤɭ ɚɛɨ ɩɟɪɟɞɨɩɥɚɬɢ ɫɥɭɠɛɨɜɟɰɶ ɡ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɟɪɟɜɿɪɢɬɢ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹ ɡɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɶ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ. əɤɳɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɚ ɫɭɦɚ ɧɟ ɜɧɟɫɟɧɚ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɪɿɲɟɧɧɹ ɜɿɞɞɿɥɭ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ, ɝɚɪɚɧɬɨɜɚɧɟ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɸ ɧɟɝɚɪɚɧɬɨɜɚɧɨɝɨ. ɍ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɿ, ɳɨ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɡɚ ɞɨɪɭɱɟɧɧɹɦ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ ɬɭɪɚɝɟɧɬɨɦ, ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɿɣ, ɧɚɪɚɞ, ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɚɛɨ ɦɚɽ ɿɧɲɟ ɞɠɟɪɟɥɨ, ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɡ’ɹɫɭɜɚɬɢ ɧɚɡɜɭ, ɚɞɪɟ242
ɫɭ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ-ɡɚɦɨɜɧɢɤɚ, ɪɟɤɜɿɡɢɬɢ ɭɩɨɜɧɨɜɚɠɟɧɨʀ ɨɫɨɛɢ, ɪɚɯɭɧɨɤ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ. ɍ ɯɨɞɿ ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿʀ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɿɡ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɜɿɞɞɿɥɭ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɭɡɝɨɞɢɬɢ ɜɚɠɥɢɜɿ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɢ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɿʀ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ. Ʉɥɿɽɧɬ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɦɚɬɢ ɩɟɪɟɤɨɧɚɧɧɹ, ɳɨ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɛɭɞɟ ɡɛɟɪɿɝɚɬɢɫɶ ɞɨ ɧɚɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɭɧɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɱɚɫɭ ɭ ɞɟɧɶ, ɧɚɫɬɭɩɧɢɣ ɩɿɫɥɹ ɩɪɢɛɭɬɬɹ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɭɡɝɨɞɠɟɧɨɝɨ ɝɪɚɮɿɤɚ. Ⱥ ɬɚɤɨɠ, ɹɤɳɨ ɤɥɿɽɧɬ ɧɟ ɚɧɭɥɸɽ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɞɨ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨɝɨ ɱɚɫɭ, ɰɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɩɪɢɡɜɟɫɬɢ ɞɨ ɜɬɪɚɬɢ ɚɜɚɧɫɨɜɚɧɨɝɨ ɝɪɨɲɨɜɨɝɨ ɜɧɟɫɤɭ ɚɛɨ ɜɢɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɪɚɯɭɧɤɭ ɧɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɸ-ɡɚɦɨɜɧɢɤɚ ɛɪɨɧɿ. ȼɚɠɥɢɜɢɣ ɚɫɩɟɤɬ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɜɿɞɞɿɥɭ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɯɨɞɿ ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿʀ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɿɡ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɥɹɝɚɽ ɭ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɿ ɬɚɪɢɮɿɜ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ, ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɤɥɿɽɧɬ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɬɢ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɸ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɡɦɿɫɬɭ: — ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɧɚɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɡɚ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɭ ɩɥɚɬɭ; — ɜɢɦɨɝɢ ɳɨɞɨ ɦɿɧɿɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɪɦɿɧɭ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ, ɳɨ ɞɿɸɬɶ ɧɚ ɞɚɬɭ ɩɨɞɚɱɿ ɡɚɹɜɤɢ ɡ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ (ɹɤɳɨ ɡɚɩɪɨɜɚɞɠɟɧɿ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ); — ɩɿɥɶɝɨɜɿ ɭɦɨɜɢ, ɳɨ ɞɿɸɬɶ ɧɚ ɞɚɬɭ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ (ɹɤɳɨ ɡɚɩɪɨɜɚɞɠɟɧɿ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ); — ɤɭɪɫ ɨɛɦɿɧɭ ɿɧɨɡɟɦɧɨʀ ɜɚɥɸɬɢ ɩɪɢ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɿ ɪɚɯɭɧɤɭ ɞɥɹ ɿɧɨɡɟɦɧɢɯ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɿɜ; — ɜɿɞɫɨɬɨɤ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɭ ɧɚ ɧɨɦɟɪ. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɿɦɿɞɠɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ, ɞɨɜɿɪɢ ɡ ɛɨɤɭ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ, ɜɚɠɥɢɜɨ ɞɨɬɪɢɦɭɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɬɚɪɢɮɿɜ ɡɚɞɟɤɥɚɪɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɭ ɯɨɞɿ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ. — ɉɿɞɬɜɟɪɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ. ɍ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿʀ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɟɬɚɩ ɩɿɞɬɜɟɪɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɭɡɝɨɞɠɭɽ ɝɨɬɨɜɧɿɫɬɶ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɧɚɞɚɬɢ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɿɡ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ, ɚ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɭ ɩɿɞɬɜɟɪɞɢɬɢ ɧɚɦɿɪɢ ɫɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɬɢɫɶ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɚɦɢ ɡ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ. Ȼɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ, ɩɿɞɬɜɟɪɞɠɟɧɟ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɢɦ ɩɨɜɿɞɨɦɥɟɧɧɹɦ (ɪɢɫ. 6.3), ɧɚɞɿɫɥɚɧɢɦ ɝɨɬɟɥɟɦ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɭ, ɧɚɡɢɜɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɿɞɬɜɟɪɞɠɟɧɢɦ. ɉɪɢ ɰɶɨɦɭ ɧɚ ɡɚɹɜɤɭ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɭ ɜ ɭɫɧɿɣ ɮɨɪɦɿ ɚɛɨ ɩɨ ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧɭ, ɩɿɞɬɜɟɪɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɭ ɩɢɫɶɦɨɜɿɣ ɮɨɪɦɿ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɽɬɶɫɹ ɜɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɞɧɹ. ɇɚ ɡɚɹɜɰɿ, ɳɨ ɧɚɞɿɣɲɥɚ ɩɨɲɬɨɸ, ɩɿɞɬɜɟɪɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɜɿɞɫɢɥɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɩɢɫɶɦɨɜɿɣ ɮɨɪɦɿ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɹɡɿ ɨɞɧɿɽʀ-ɞɜɨɯ ɞɿɛ. ɍ ɩɨɜɿɞɨɦɥɟɧɧɿɩɿɞɬɜɟɪɞɠɟɧɧɿ, ɳɨ ɧɚɞɫɢɥɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɮɚɤɫɨɦ ɚɛɨ ɥɢɫɬɨɦ ɜɤɚɡɭɽɬɶɫɹ: — ɧɨɦɟɪ ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿʀ ɡɚɹɜɤɢ; — ɞɚɬɚ ɿ ɱɚɫ ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɭɜɚɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɛɭɬɬɹ ɿ ɜɿɞ’ʀɡɞɭ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ; 243
— ɬɟɪɦɿɧ ɩɟɪɟɛɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ; — ɰɿɧɚ ɿ ɬɢɩ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɨɝɨ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ; — ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɨɫɿɛ, ɳɨ ɩɪɢɛɭɜɚɽ ɬɚ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɦɿɫɰɶ; — ɬɢɩ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ: ɡ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɿɽɸ, ɛɟɡ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɿʀ; — ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɿ ɩɨɛɚɠɚɧɧɹ, ɳɨ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɨ ɨɛɭɦɨɜɥɸɸɬɶɫɹ; — ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɹ ɩɪɨ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɿɫɬɶ ɡɦɿɧɢ ɞɚɬɢ ɩɪɢɛɭɬɬɹ, ɜɿɞɦɿɧɭ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ. Ƚɨɬɟɥɶ «Ƚɪɚɧɞ-Ƚɨɬɟɥɶ» ɍ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɶ ɧɚ ȼɚɲ ɮɚɤɫ ɜɿɞ 25.02.07 ɩɿɞɬɜɟɪɞɠɭɽɦɨ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɞɜɨɯ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɡ 1.03.2007 ɩɨ 4. 03. 2007 ɪ. ȼɚɪɬɿɫɬɶ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɡɚ ɞɨɛɭ 240 ɝɪɧ. ɍ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ ɡɦɿɧɢ ȼɚɲɢɯ ɧɚɦɿɪɿɜ ɩɪɨɫɢɦɨ ɜɿɞɦɿɧɢɬɢ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɞɨ 18 ɝɨɞ. 28.02.07 ɞɥɹ ɭɧɢɤɧɟɧɧɹ ɧɚɪɚɯɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɪɚɯɭɧɤɭ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɿɣ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ. Ɋɨɡɪɚɯɭɧɤɨɜɢɣ ɱɚɫ ɭ ɧɚɲɨɦɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ 12 ɝɨɞ. ɞɧɹ. Ɂ ɩɨɜɚɝɨɸ Ⱦɢɪɟɤɬɨɪ Ƚɨɥɨɜɧɢɣ ɛɭɯɝɚɥɬɟɪ 25.02.07 ɪ.
ȼ.ɋ. Ȼɨɝɞɚɧɨɜ Ɇ.ȼ. Ƚɪɨɲɨɜɚ
Ɋɢɫ. 6.3. Ʌɢɫɬ-ɩɿɞɬɜɟɪɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɧɚ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ
ɉɪɢ ɩɪɢɛɭɬɬɿ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ ɩɿɞɬɜɟɪɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɿɡ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɞɪɭɤɨɜɚɧɨɦɭ ɜɚɪɿɚɧɬɿ ɦɨɠɟ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɭ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ ɩɟɜɧɢɯ ɧɟɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɭɜɚɧɢɯ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɿɣ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɧɿ. ɍ ɞɨɫɜɿɞɿ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɜ ɩɟɪɿɨɞɢ ɩɟɪɟɜɢɳɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɩɢɬɭ ɧɚɞ ɩɪɨɩɨɡɢɰɿɽɸ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ (ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɿʀ, ɫɩɨɪɬɢɜɧɿ ɩɨɞɿʀ ɬɚ ɿɧ.), ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬɶ ɩɨɞɜɿɣɧɟ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ. ɉɪɢ ɩɨɞɜɿɣɧɨɦɭ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɿ, ɝɨɬɟɥɶ ɩɿɞɬɜɟɪɞɠɭɽ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɦ ɨɫɨɛɚɦ ɚɛɨ ɝɪɭɩɚɦ ɧɚɜɿɬɶ ɭ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ ɩɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ (ɦɿɫɰɶ). Ɋɢɡɢɤ ɩɨɞɜɿɣɧɨɝɨ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɡɭɦɨɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɡɚɜɠɞɢ ɣɦɨɜɿɪɧɢɦɢ ɜɿɞɦɨɜɚɦɢ ɭ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɿ, ɬɨɦɭ ɩɨɞɜɿɣɧɟ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɤɿɧɰɟɜɨɦɭ ɪɚɯɭɧɤɭ ɧɚɣɱɚɫɬɿɲɟ ɩɪɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɞɨ ɪɿɜɧɨɜɚɝɢ ɩɨɩɢɬ ɿ ɩɪɨɩɨɡɢɰɿɸ ɧɚ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿ ɧɨɦɟɪɢ. ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɩɨɞɜɿɣɧɨɝɨ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɡɚɜɠɞɢ ɜɢɧɢɤɚɽ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɚɦɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ: ɜɿɞɫɭɬɧɿɫɬɶ ɚɧɭɥɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɡ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɩɪɢɛɭɬɬɹ ɭɫɿɯ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ, ɡɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɭɽ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɭɜɚɬɢ 244
ɜɿɞɦɨɜɭ ɭ ɜɠɟ ɩɿɞɬɜɟɪɞɠɟɧɨɦɭ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɿ, ɜɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɬɨɬɨɠɧɟ ɤɿɥɶɤɨɫɬɿ ɦɿɫɰɶ ɬɚ ɚɧɭɥɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɡɭɦɨɜɥɸɽ ɜɬɪɚɬɭ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɪɢɛɭɬɤɿɜ. Ɂ ɦɟɬɨɸ ɭɧɢɤɧɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɢ ɩɨɞɜɿɣɧɨɝɨ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɩɨɫɬɿɣɧɨ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɢ ɦɚɪɤɟɬɢɧɝɨɜɿ ɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɫɩɨɠɢɜɱɨɝɨ ɪɢɧɤɭ. Ɉɫɤɿɥɶɤɢ ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲɢɣ ɿɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɞɥɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬɶ ɞɿɥɨɜɿ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢ ɬɚ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɿ ɫɥɭɠɛɨɜɰɿ, ɹɤɿ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɹɬɶ ɜ ɰɿɥɨɦɭ ɩɨɧɚɞ 60 % ɫɩɨɠɢɜɚɱɿɜ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɢ ɚɧɚɥɿɡ ɩɪɢɜɚɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɧɹ, ɪɟʉɿɨɧɭ ɫɚɦɟ ɞɥɹ ɰɿɽʀ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ. ɒɢɪɨɤɢɣ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɨɤ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɥɚɧɰɸɝɿɜ ɡɭɦɨɜɢɜ ɩɨɹɜɭ ɧɨɜɨʀ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɿɡɨɜɚɧɨɝɨ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ, ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɿ ɹɤɨʀ ɡɧɚɱɧɭ ɱɚɫɬɤɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨʀ ɤɜɨɬɢ (60–70 %) ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸɽ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɿɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɿɣ. Ʉɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ, ɳɨ ɡɚɥɢɲɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɛɟɡɩɨɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨ ɛɪɨɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɟɦ. Ɍɚɤɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɧɚɞɚɽ ɡɧɚɱɧɿ ɩɟɪɟɜɚɝɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ, ɨɫɤɿɥɶɤɢ ɫɬɪɚɯɭɽ ɣɨɝɨ ɜɿɞ ɡɧɚɱɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɢɠɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɢɛɭɬɤɭ ɭ ɧɟɫɩɪɢɹɬɥɢɜɿ ɩɟɪɿɨɞɢ. ɉɪɨɬɟ, ɜɨɧɚ ɨɞɧɨɱɚɫɧɨ ɫɬɜɨɪɸɽ ɞɥɹ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɰɿʀ ɬɪɭɞɧɨɳɿ ɜ ɩɟɪɿɨɞɢ ɡɧɚɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɿɞɜɢɳɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɩɢɬɭ, ɤɨɥɢ ɿɫɧɭɽ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɿɫɬɶ ɛɿɥɶɲ ɝɧɭɱɤɨɝɨ ɦɚɧɟɜɪɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɰɿɧɚɦɢ. Ɂɦɿɧɚ ɡɚɹɜɤɢ ɧɟɝɚɪɚɧɬɨɜɚɧɨɝɨ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ. ɍ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ (ɦɿɫɰɶ) ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɢ ɧɚɞɚɸɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɜɚɝɭ ɧɟɝɚɪɚɧɬɨɜɚɧɨɦɭ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɸ — ɤɥɿɽɧɬɢ ɧɚɦɚɝɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɢɛɭɜɚɬɢ ɭ ɡɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɭ ɭ ɡɚɹɜɰɿ ɞɚɬɭ ɩɪɢɛɭɬɬɹ ɚɛɨ ɞɨ ɧɚɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɱɚɫɭ ɜɿɞɦɿɧɢ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ. ɉɪɨɬɟ, ɜ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɚɯ ɭ ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɭ ɿɡ ɡɚɩɿɡɧɟɧɧɹɦ ɡ ɧɟɡɚɥɟɠɧɢɯ ɜɿɞ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ ɨɛɫɬɚɜɢɧ (ɩɨɝɨɞɧɿ ɭɦɨɜɢ, ɡɚɬɪɢɦɤɚ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɭ ɬɚ ɿɧ.), ɤɥɿɽɧɬ ɡɦɭɲɟɧɢɣ ɡɦɿɧɸɜɚɬɢ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɚ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɨɜɚɧɟ. ɍ ɬɚɤɨɦɭ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ ɿɡ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɬɢ: — ɡɚɹɜɤɭ ɜɿɞ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ ɧɚ ɡɦɿɧɭ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ; — ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɸ ɩɪɨ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ ɬɚ ɞɚɧɿ ɧɟɝɚɪɚɧɬɨɜɚɧɨɝɨ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ; — ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɸ ɩɨ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɧɿɣ ɤɚɪɬɰɿ — ɧɨɦɟɪ, ɬɟɪɦɿɧ ɞɿʀ, ɩɟɪɟɜɿɪɢɬɢ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɸ ɭ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɿʀ ɡ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɧɢɯ ɤɚɪɬɨɤ; — ɧɚɞɚɬɢ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɭ ɧɨɜɢɣ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɩɿɞɬɜɟɪɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ; — ɡɚɩɨɜɧɢɬɢ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɿɡ ɡɦɿɧɢ ɫɬɚɬɭɫɭ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɿɡ ɞɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹɦ ɜɫɿɯ ɦɚɣɧɨɜɢɯ ɧɨɪɦ ɭ ɬɚɤɨɦɭ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ, ɳɨ ɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɿ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ. 245
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɹ 6.1 ɎɈɊɆȺ ɁɆȱɇɂ ɊȿɀɂɆɍ ȻɊɈɇɘȼȺɇɇə ɍ ȽɈɌȿɅəɏ Ⱦɚɬɚ ɜɿɞɦɿɧɢ
Ⱦɠɟɪɟɥɨ ɜɿɞɦɿɧɢ
Ⱦɚɬɚ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɨɜɚɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɛɭɬɬɹ
Ƚɿɫɬɶ
ɇɨɦɟɪ ɜɿɞɦɿɧɢ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ
ȼɿɞɦɿɧɚ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ. ɍ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ ɡɦɿɧɢ ɧɚɦɿɪɿɜ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɿɣɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ ɡɭɩɢɧɢɬɢɫɶ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ, ɜɿɧ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɡɚɡɞɚɥɟɝɿɞɶ ɩɨɜɿɞɨɦɢɬɢ ɩɪɨ ɰɟ ɜɿɞɞɿɥ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ. ȼɿɞɞɿɥ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɥɿɤɜɿɞɨɜɭɽ ɫɬɚɬɭɫ ɛɪɨɧɿ ɧɚ ɧɨɦɟɪ (ɦɿɫɰɟ) ɬɚ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɽ ɣɨɝɨ ɿɧɲɨɦɭ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɭ. Ⱦɥɹ ɜɿɞɦɿɧɢ ɧɟɝɚɪɚɧɬɨɜɚɧɨɝɨ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ ɿɡ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɦɚɬɢ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɸ ɩɪɨ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ, ɣɨɝɨ ɩɪɿɡɜɢɳɟ, ɿɦ’ɹ, ɚɞɪɟɫɭ, ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɢɯ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ, ɞɚɬɭ ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɭɜɚɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɛɭɬɬɹ ɿ ɜɿɞ’ʀɡɞɭ. ɐɹ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɹ ɦɚɽ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɿ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɧɨʀ ɜɿɞɦɿɧɢ ɛɪɨɧɿ. Ɏɚɤɬ ɜɿɞɦɿɧɢ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɜɧɨɫɢɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿɣɧɢɣ ɠɭɪɧɚɥ, ɤɨɦɩ’ɸɬɟɪ, ɜɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɞɿɡɧɚɬɢɫɶ ɭ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ ɱɢ ɧɟ ɛɚɠɚɽ ɜɿɧ ɡɦɿɧɢɬɢ ɞɚɬɭ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ. əɤɳɨ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɨɜɚɧɟ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ, ɳɨ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɧɨɸ ɤɚɪɬɤɨɸ, ɜɧɟɫɟɧɧɹɦ ɚɜɚɧɫɭ ɚɛɨ ɩɟɪɟɞɨɩɥɚɬɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚɦɢ, ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɢɦɢ ɚɝɟɧɬɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɱɢ ɿɧɲɢɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɹɦɢ, ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ ɿɡ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɬɢ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɸ ɩɪɨ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ, ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɢɯ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ (ɦɿɫɰɶ), ɞɚɬɭ ɩɪɢʀɡɞɭ ɿ ɜɿɞ’ʀɡɞɭ. ɍ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɿ ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿʀ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɡɪɨɛɢɬɢ ɜɿɞɦɿɬɤɭ ɩɪɨ ɜɿɞɦɿɧɭ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɜɤɚɡɚɬɢ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɜɿɞɦɿɧɢ. əɤɳɨ ɜɿɞɦɿɧɚ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɭɩɨɜɧɨɜɚɠɟɧɨɸ ɜɿɞ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ ɨɫɨɛɨɸ, ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɜɿɞɦɿɬɢɬɢ ɞɚɧɿ ɩɪɨ ɨɫɨɛɭ. ɉɿɫɥɹ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɡɚɩɢɫ ɭ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɿ ɨɛɥɿɤɭ ɜɿɞɦɿɧɢ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɿɡ ɡɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹɦ ɣɨɝɨ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ. əɤɳɨ ɜɿɞɦɿɧɚ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɜɢɤɨɧɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɿɡ ɜɧɟɫɟɧɢɦ ɚɜɚɧɫɨɦ ɚɛɨ ɩɟɪɟɞɨɩɥɚɬɢ ɞɨ ɩɪɢɛɭɬɬɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ, ɝɪɨɲɿ ɩɨɜɟɪɬɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɭ. Ɂɜɿɬ ɿɡ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ. ȼ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɬɚ ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɦɭ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɿ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɿɫɬɸ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɜɚɠɥɢɜɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɦɚɸɬɶ ɦɚɪɤɟɬɢɧɝɨɜɿ ɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɛɭɞɨɜɚɧɿ ɧɚ ɨɛɥɿɤɭ ɤɿɥɶɤɨɫɬɿ ɧɟɪɟɚɥɿɡɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ (ɦɿɫɰɶ), ɳɨ ɞɚɽ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɿɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɭɜɚɬɢ ɞɨɯɨɞɢ 246
ɜɿɞ ʀɯ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ. Ɂɜɿɬ ɿɡ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɩɭɧɤɬɿɜ: — ɡɜɿɬ ɩɪɨ ɭɝɨɞɭ, ɬɨɛɬɨ ɜɤɚɡɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɹ ɩɪɨ ɳɨɞɟɧɧɟ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ, ɚ ɫɚɦɟ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɡɚɛɪɨɧɶɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ, ɡɦɿɧɢ ɭ ɬɟɪɦɿɧɚɯ, ɜɿɞɦɿɧɚ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ, ɦɨɠɥɢɜɿ ɡɦɿɧɢ ɭ ɤɿɥɶɤɨɫɬɿ ɡɚɣɧɹɬɢɯ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ, ɧɟɩɪɢɛɭɥɢɯ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚɯ ɬɚ ɿɧ.; — ɡɜɿɬɢ ɩɨ ɜɿɞɦɨɜɚɯ, ɳɨ ɦɿɫɬɹɬɶ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɸ ɩɪɨ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɜɿɞɦɨɜ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚɦ ɡ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɢ ɡɚɣɧɹɬɢɯ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɞɧɶɨɝɨ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ; — ɡɜɿɬ ɡ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɞɨɯɨɞɿɜ. ɍ ɡɜɿɬɿ ɩɨɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɭɧɨɤ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɨɝɨ ɞɨɯɨɞɭ ɜɿɞ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɿɡ ɜɤɚɡɿɜɤɨɸ ɫɭɦɢ, ɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɨʀ ɲɥɹɯɨɦ ɦɧɨɠɟɧɧɹ ɡɚɛɪɨɧɶɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɧɚ ʀɯ ɜɚɪɬɿɫɬɶ. ɍ ɡɜɿɬɚɯ ɿɡ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɡɚɡɧɚɱɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɹ ɩɪɨ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɨɫɿɛ, ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɢɯ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɿ, ɞɠɟɪɟɥɨ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ, ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɧɟɩɪɢɛɭɥɢɯ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ, ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɢɯ ɜɿɡɢɬɿɜ ɿ ɞɨɫɬɪɨɤɨɜɢɯ ɜɿɞ’ʀɡɞɿɜ ɭɡɝɨɞɠɟɧɢɯ ɡ ɝɨɬɟɥɟɦ. 6.4. Ɉɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɹ ɿ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɹ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɫɥɭɠɛɨɸ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ ɿ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ȼ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɣɧɿɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɿ ɛɭɞɶ-ɹɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɢɦ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɦ ɩɿɞɪɨɡɞɿɥɨɦ ɜ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ ɽ ɫɥɭɠɛɚ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ ɿ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ. ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɢ ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲɟ ɜɡɚɽɦɨɞɿɸɬɶ ɡ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɨɦ ɰɿɽʀ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ — ɨɬɪɢɦɭɸɬɶ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɸ ɩɪɨ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ, ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɸɬɶ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɦɿɫɰɶ (ɡɚ ɭɦɨɜɢ ɜɿɞɫɭɬɧɨɫɬɿ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɹɤ ɨɤɪɟɦɨʀ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨʀ ɥɚɧɤɢ), ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɧɹ, ɨɩɥɚɬɚ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɩɿɞ ɱɚɫ ɩɟɪɟɛɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ. ȼɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ, ɫɥɭɠɛɚ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ ɿ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɤɨɪɢɝɭɽ ɪɨɛɨɬɭ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɫɥɭɠɛ, ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɭ ɡ ɛɟɡɩɨɫɟɪɟɞɧɿɦ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ — ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ, ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɮɨɧɞɭ, ɝɪɨɦɚɞɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽ ɚɧɚɥɿɡ ɡɚɩɨɜɧɸɜɚɧɨɫɬɿ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɡɚ ɩɨɬɨɱɧɭ ɞɨɛɭ, ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸɽ ɨɩɥɚɬɭ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚɦɢ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ, ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽ ɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɨʀ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɿʀ, ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɨʀ ɡ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɬɚ ɿɧ. ɉɨɪɹɞ ɿɡ ɫɥɭɠɛɨɸ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ, ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ ɿ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɽ ɩɟɪɲɢɦ ɡ ɹɤɢɦ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɭɽ ɤɥɿɽɧɬ, ɬɨɦɭ ɜɿɞ 247
ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɨɧɚɥɿɡɦɭ ɣɨɝɨ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɡɚɥɟɠɢɬɶ ɩɟɪɲɟ ɜɪɚɠɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɨ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ ɜ ɰɿɥɨɦɭ. ɍ ɰɶɨɦɭ ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɭ ɞɨ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɬɚɤɿ ɜɢɦɨɝɢ: — ɫɥɭɠɛɚ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ ɿ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ (ɪɟɰɟɩɰɿɹ) ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɭɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɭ ɛɟɡɩɨɫɟɪɟɞɧɿɣ ɛɥɢɡɶɤɨɫɬɿ ɞɨ ɜɯɨɞɭ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ. ɍ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ ɡɧɚɱɧɢɯ ɪɨɡɦɿɪɿɜ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɸɥɹ, ɣɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɿɧɬɟɪ’ɽɪ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɡɨɪɿɽɧɬɭɜɚɬɢ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɭ ɧɚɩɪɹɦɤɭ ɫɬɿɣɤɢ ɪɟɰɟɩɰɿʀ; — ɪɟɰɟɩɰɿɹ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɦɚɬɢ ɨɪɢɝɿɧɚɥɶɧɟ ɟɫɬɟɬɢɱɧɨ ɩɪɢɜɚɛɥɢɜɟ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɧɹ ɡ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɫɜɿɬɥɨɜɨɝɨ, ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɟ ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɟ (ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧ, ɮɚɤɫ, ɤɨɦɩ’ɸɬɟɪ) ɬɚ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɣɧɟ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ (ɪɟɤɥɚɦɧɿ ɛɭɤɥɟɬɢ, ɩɪɚɣɫɢ, ɜɿɡɢɬɤɢ ɬɚ ɿɧ.); — ɫɬɿɣɤɚ ɪɟɰɟɩɰɿʀ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɨɸ, ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɚ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɿɹ ɭɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɜɚɧɨɸ, ɛɟɡ ɡɚɣɜɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɿɜ; — ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɸɱɢɣ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɦɚɬɢ ɛɟɡɞɨɝɚɧɧɢɣ ɡɨɜɧɿɲɧɿɣ ɜɢɝɥɹɞ ɬɚ ɩɨɜɟɞɿɧɤɭ, ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɜɚɬɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ ɿ ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɧɹ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ. ɋɥɭɠɛɭ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ ɿ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɨɱɨɥɸɽ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɢɣ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɨɪ (ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ ɿ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ). Ƚɨɥɨɜɧɨɦɭ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɨɪɭ ɩɿɞɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɱɟɪɝɨɜɿ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɨɪɢ, ɩɨɪɬɶɽ, ɤɚɫɢɪ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ ɿ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ. ɍ ɧɟɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɡɧɚɱɧɭ ɱɚɫɬɢɧɭ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɣ ɦɨɠɟ ɜɢɤɨɧɭɜɚɬɢ ɨɞɢɧ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɫɬ — ɱɟɪɝɨɜɢɣ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɨɪ, ɹɤɢɣ ɩɿɞɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɛɟɡɩɨɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɭ. ɍ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɿɡ ɡɧɚɱɧɢɦ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɦ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɿɜ ɬɚ ɡɧɚɱɧɢɦ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɨɦ ɭ ɤɨɠɧɿɣ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɫɬɿɜ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɜɢɞɿɥɹɬɢɫɶ ɞɟɤɿɥɶɤɚ ɫɩɿɜɪɨɛɿɬɧɢɤɿɜ ɡ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɧɚɩɪɹɦɤɿɜ (ɧɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɭ ɝɪɭɩɿ ɩɨɪɬɶɽ: ɡ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ, ɜɿɞ’ʀɡɞɭ, ɩɨɪɬɶɽ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɡɚ ɤɥɸɱɿ). Ƚɨɥɨɜɧɢɣ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɨɪ. Ɉɤɪɿɦ ɮɭɧɤɰɿʀ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɫɥɭɠɛɨɸ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ ɿ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ, ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɿ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɢ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɫɬɨɫɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ ɡɚ ɹɤɿɫɬɸ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ, ɩɨɫɬɿɣɧɨɝɨ ɜɞɨɫɤɨɧɚɥɟɧɧɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɡ ɦɟɬɨɸ ɩɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɧɹ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ. ɍ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɢɣ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɨɪ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽ: — ɤɟɪɿɜɧɢɰɬɜɨ ɡɛɭɬɨɦ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ; — ɛɚɥɚɧɫɨɜɿ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɭɧɤɢ ɜɢɬɪɚɬ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ; — ɧɚɞɚɽ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɸ ɳɨɞɨ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɫɥɭɠɛ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ; — ɜɢɪɿɲɭɽ ɤɨɧɮɥɿɤɬɧɿ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɿʀ, ɳɨ ɜɢɧɢɤɚɸɬɶ ɦɿɠ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɸɱɢɦ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɨɦ ɬɚ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚɦɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ. 248
ȼ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɿ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɨɦ ɡɛɭɬɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɢɣ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɨɪ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɜɨɥɨɞɿɬɢ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɽɸ ɳɨɞɨ ʀɯɧɶɨɝɨ ɡɚɩɨɜɧɟɧɧɹ, ɭɬɨɱɧɸɜɚɬɢ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ, ɧɚɫɚɦɩɟɪɟɞ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɿ ɧɚ ɧɚɣɛɥɢɠɱɢɣ ɦɿɫɹɰɶ, ɜɢɹɜɥɹɬɢ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɿ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɢ ɭ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ, ɚɧɚɥɿɡɭɜɚɬɢ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ, ɜ ɬɨɦɭ ɱɢɫɥɿ VIP-ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɬɚ ɩɨɫɬɿɣɧɢɯ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ. Ƚɨɥɨɜɧɢɣ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɨɪ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɡɚɰɿɤɚɜɥɟɧɢɦ ɭ ɡɛɭɬɿ ɜɫɿɯ ɜɿɥɶɧɢɯ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ, ɳɨ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɩɨɫɬɿɣɧɢɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɦ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɦɿɫɰɶ, ɪɨɡɩɪɨɞɚɠɭ ɞɟɮɿɰɢɬɭ ɿ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɧɢɦɢ ɞɨɯɨɞɚɦɢ. Ɋɨɡɩɪɨɞɚɠ ɞɟɮɿɰɢɬɭ ɫɬɨɫɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɞɿɥɟɧɧɹ ɩɟɪɟɜɚɝ ɧɟɡɚɣɧɹɬɨɝɨ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ — ɦɿɫɰɹ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɨɝɥɹɞɭ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɿʀ ɡ ɜɿɤɨɧ, ɿɧɬɟɪ’ɽɪɭ, ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɿɧ., ɫɩɨɧɭɤɚɸɱɢ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ ɞɨ ɣɨɝɨ ɤɭɩɿɜɥɿ. ȱɧɲɢɣ ɦɟɬɨɞ, ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɧɢɦ ɞɨɯɨɞɨɦ, ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɩɪɨɞɚɠɟɦ ɧɟɡɚɣɧɹɬɢɯ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɡɚ ɩɿɥɶɝɨɜɢɦɢ ɬɚɪɢɮɚɦɢ. ȼɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ, ɝɨɥɨɜɧɢɣ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɨɪ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɢɬɢ ɪɟɧɬɚɛɟɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ ɲɥɹɯɨɦ ɞɨɫɹɝɧɟɧɧɹ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨɞɨɛɨɜɨʀ ɰɿɧɢ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ. Ɉɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɚ ɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨɞɨɛɨɜɚ ɰɿɧɚ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɹɤ ɞɿɥɟɧɧɹ ɜɢɪɭɱɟɧɨʀ ɫɭɦɢ ɡɚ ɞɨɛɭ ɜɿɞ ɩɪɨɞɚɠɭ ɜɫɿɯ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɧɚ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɞɚɧɢɯ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ. ɉɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɨɜɢɯ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɭɧɤɿɜ ɜɢɬɪɚɬ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɭ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɫɬɿɣɧɟ, ɫɜɨɽɱɚɫɧɟ ɧɚɞɯɨɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɤɨɲɬɿɜ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɧɽ ɞɥɹ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹ ɮɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɢɯ ɡɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɶ ɩɨ ɿɩɨɬɟɱɧɢɯ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɚɯ ɿ ɜɢɩɥɚɬɿ ɡɚɪɩɥɚɬɢ ɫɜɨʀɦ ɩɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤɚɦ. Ƚɨɥɨɜɧɢɣ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɨɪ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɜɨɥɨɞɿɬɢ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɽɸ ɩɪɨ ɜɧɟɫɟɧɧɹ ɚɜɚɧɫɨɜɨʀ ɩɥɚɬɢ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɨɦ, ɩɟɪɟɥɿɤ ɜɫɿɯ ɜɢɬɪɚɬ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ, ɳɨ ɧɚɞɯɨɞɹɬɶ ɜɿɞ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɫɥɭɠɛ ɬɚ ɜɿɞɞɿɥɿɜ. Ɉɩɬɢɦɿɡɭɜɚɬɢ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɨɜɿ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɭɧɤɢ ɫɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ ɞɨɡɜɨɥɹɽ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ, ɳɨ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɸɬɶ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɸ ɡɚɮɿɤɫɨɜɚɧɭ ɭ ɩɭɧɤɬɚɯ ɩɪɨɞɚɠɭ ɜ ɨɮɿɫ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɨɪɚ. ȼɢɬɪɚɬɢ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ, ɡɚɮɿɤɫɨɜɚɧɿ ɭ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɢɯ ɩɭɧɤɬɚɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɛɟɡɩɨɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɪɚɯɭɧɨɤ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɿ ɨɩɥɚɱɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɢ ʀɯɧɶɨɦɭ ɜ’ʀɡɞɿ ɡ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɚɛɨ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɭ «ɦɿɫɶɤɢɣ ɝɪɨɫɛɭɯ» (ɞɥɹ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɡ ɮɿɪɦ ɞɥɹ ɹɤɢɯ ɜɿɞɤɪɢɬɢɣ ɤɪɟɞɢɬ). Ⱦɥɹ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ, ɹɤɿ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɨɦ, ɪɚɯɭɧɨɤ ɨɩɥɚɱɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɬɟɪɦɿɧ (ɭɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ 30 ɞɧɿɜ, ɚɛɨ ɭ ɩɿɥɶɝɨɜɢɣ ɩɟɪɿɨɞ — ɞɨ 60 ɞɧɿɜ). Ⱦɨɫɜɿɞ ɫɜɿɞɱɢɬɶ, ɳɨ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɿʀ ɧɚɣɱɚɫɬɿɲɟ ɨɩɥɚɱɭɸɬɶ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɧɿ ɪɚɯɭɧɤɢ ɧɟ ɩɿɡɧɿɲɟ 15–20 ɞɧɿɜ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɱɢɧɨɦ, ɧɚɞɯɨɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿʀ ɩɪɨ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɨɜɿ ɪɚɯɭɧɤɢ 249
ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ ɞɨ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽ ɮɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɢɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɞɨɯɿɞɧɨʀ ɱɚɫɬɢɧɢ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɭ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ. ȼɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɬɟɥɟɤɨɦɭɧɿɤɚɰɿɣɧɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɜ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɋɒȺ ɬɚ Ɂɚɯɿɞɧɨʀ ȯɜɪɨɩɢ ɞɚɽ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɿɫɬɶ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɜɚɬɢ ɞɢɫɬɚɧɰɿɣɧɢɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɪɚɯɭɧɤɿɜ. Ɂɝɿɞɧɨ ɰɿɽʀ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ, ɝɿɫɬɶ ɦɚɽ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɿɫɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɜɿɪɢɬɢ ɫɜɨʀ ɜɢɬɪɚɬɢ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɬɟɥɟɟɤɪɚɧ, ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɿ, ɜɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ, ɰɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɫɩɨɧɭɤɚɽ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ ɞɨ ɨɩɥɚɬɢ ɜɢɬɪɚɬ. ɋɭɦɚ ɜɢɬɪɚɬ ɦɨɠɟ ɛɭɬɢ ɩɟɪɟɧɟɫɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɧɭ ɤɚɪɬɤɭ, ɚ ɤɨɩɿɹ ɪɚɯɭɧɤɭ ɧɚɞɫɢɥɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɭ ɚɛɨ ɧɚ ɪɚɯɭɧɨɤ ɮɿɪɦɢ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ. ɍ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ, ɳɨ ɧɟ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɞɢɫɬɚɧɰɿɣɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ ɪɚɯɭɧɤɭ, ɪɚɯɭɧɨɤ ɦɨɠɟ ɧɚɞɫɢɥɚɬɢɫɶ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɭ ɜ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɜ ɨɫɬɚɧɧɿɣ ɜɟɱɿɪ ɣɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɛɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ, ɳɨ ɞɚɽ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɿɫɬɶ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɭ ɩɟɪɟɜɿɪɢɬɢ ɜɫɿ ɫɜɨʀ ɜɢɬɪɚɬɢ ɞɨ ɜɿɞ’ʀɡɞɭ. Ƚɿɫɬɶ ɦɨɠɟ ɩɨɞɡɜɨɧɢɬɢ ɜ ɨɮɿɫ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɿ ɩɨɿɧɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɬɢ ɤɚɫɢɪɚ ɩɪɨ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɿɫɬɶ ɧɚɞɿɫɥɚɬɢ ɪɚɯɭɧɨɤ. Ⱥɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɨɪ ɜɢɤɨɧɭɽ ɮɭɧɤɰɿʀ ɜɚɠɥɢɜɨɝɨ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɣɧɨɝɨ ɞɠɟɪɟɥɚ, ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɽ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ, ɳɨ ɧɚɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɪɿɡɧɢɦɢ ɫɥɭɠɛɚɦɢ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ — ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ ɿ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ: ɞɨɫɬɚɜɤɭ ɩɨɲɬɢ, ɮɚɤɫɿɜ, ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿʀ ɡɨɜɧɿɲɧɶɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɭ — ɩɪɨ ɦɿɫɰɟɜɢɣ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɢɣ ɤɨɥɨɪɢɬ, ɤɨɦɭɧɚɥɶɧɭ ɿɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɬɚ ɿɧ. Ɉɛɨɜ’ɹɡɨɤ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɫɬɨɫɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɜɢɪɿɲɟɧɧɹ ɤɨɧɮɥɿɤɬɧɢɯ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɿɣ, ɳɨ ɜɢɧɢɤɚɸɬɶ ɦɿɠ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚɦɢ ɿ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɸɱɢɦ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɨɦ, ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɨʀ ɞɨɩɨɦɨɝɢ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚɦ ɭ ɜɢɪɿɲɟɧɧɿ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɨɫɨɛɢɫɬɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɭ. ȼɚɠɥɢɜɢɦ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɨɦ ɩɪɨɹɜɭ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɳɨɞɨ ɜɿɞɨɦɢɯ ɩɟɪɫɨɧ, ɩɨɫɬɿɣɧɢɯ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɽ ɨɫɨɛɢɫɬɚ ɡɭɫɬɪɿɱ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɢɛɭɬɬɿ ɿ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢ ɝɨɫɬɹ ɩɪɢ ɜɿɞ’ʀɡɞɿ. Ɉɤɪɿɦ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɣɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɧɧɹ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɿʀ, ɝɨɥɨɜɧɢɣ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɨɪ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɚɜɬɨɪɢɬɟɬɧɨɸ ɨɫɨɛɢɫɬɿɫɬɸ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ, ɛɟɡɞɨɝɚɧɧɨ ɡɧɚɬɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɭ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɿɸ ɬɚ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɸ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ ɿ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ, ɜɨɥɨɞɿɬɢ 2–3 ɿɧɨɡɟɦɧɢɦɢ ɦɨɜɚɦɢ, ɡɧɚɬɢ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɿ ɩɪɟɣɫɤɭɪɚɧɬɢ ɰɿɧ ɧɚ ɧɨɦɟɪɢ ɬɚ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ, ɜɨɥɨɞɿɬɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɧɢɦɢ ɡɧɚɧɧɹɦɢ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ ɛɟɡɩɟɤɢ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ. ɑɟɪɝɨɜɢɣ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɨɪ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ ɿ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ. ȼɢɤɨɧɭɽ ɮɭɧɤɰɿʀ ɛɟɡɩɨɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɤɚ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɭ ɫɥɭɠɛɿ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ ɿ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ, ɤɨɪɢɝɭɽ ɪɨɛɨɬɭ ɰɿɽʀ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ, ɩɨɫɬɿɣɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɛɭɜɚɽ ɭ ɜɡɚɽɦɨɞɿʀ ɡ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚɦɢ. ɉɿɫɥɹ ɡɚɤɿɧɱɟɧɧɹ ɡɦɿɧɢ ɡɜɿɬɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɨ ɪɨɛɨɬɭ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɦɭ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɨɪɭ. 250
ɑɟɪɝɨɜɢɣ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɨɪ ɩɪɚɰɸɽ ɩɨ ɡɦɿɧɚɯ, ɨɞɧɨɱɚɫɧɨ ɭ ɧɟɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɬɚ ɫɟɪɟɞɧɿɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɧɚ ɡɦɿɧɿ ɩɪɚɰɸɽ ɨɞɢɧ, ɭ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚɯ ɞɜɚ ɱɟɪɝɨɜɢɯ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɨɪɢ. ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɣɨɦɭ ɩɿɞɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤɢ ɪɟɰɟɩɰɿʀ — ɩɨɪɬɶɽ, ɤɚɫɢɪ, ɩɚɫɩɨɪɬɢɫɬ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɿ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɣɧɨ-ɤɜɚɥɿɮɿɤɚɰɿɣɧɿ ɬɚ ɨɫɨɛɢɫɬɿ ɜɢɦɨɝɢ ɳɨɞɨ ɩɨɫɚɞɢ ɱɟɪɝɨɜɨɝɨ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɫɬɨɫɭɸɬɶɫɹ: — ɦɚɬɢ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɣɧɭ ɩɿɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɭ ɭ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɮɿɥɸ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɧɚɜɱɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɚɯ, ɩɪɨɣɬɢ ɫɬɚɠɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɲɟ 1 ɪɨɤɭ; — ɡɧɚɬɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɭ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɿɸ ɳɨɞɨ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ ɣ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ; — ɞɨɫɤɨɧɚɥɨ ɡɧɚɬɢ 2 — 3 ɿɧɨɡɟɦɧɿ ɦɨɜɢ; — ɜɨɥɨɞɿɬɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɧɢɦɢ ɡɧɚɧɧɹɦɢ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ ɛɟɡɩɟɤɢ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ; — ɛɟɡɞɨɝɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɡɨɜɧɿɲɧɶɨɝɨ ɜɢɝɥɹɞɭ ɬɚ ɩɨɜɟɞɿɧɤɢ; — ɡɞɚɬɧɨɫɬɿ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɜɫɬɭɩɚɬɢ ɭ ɞɿɚɥɨɝ ɡ ɩɿɞɥɟɝɥɢɦɢ ɬɚ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚɦɢ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɢɦɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɚɦɢ ɱɟɪɝɨɜɨɝɨ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɽ: — ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɢɬɢ ɩɿɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ ɞɨ ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɩɿɞɝɨɬɨɜɱɢɯ ɡɚɯɨɞɿɜ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɩɨɛɚɠɚɧɶ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɩɪɢɛɭɬɬɹɦ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ; — ɚɧɚɥɿɡ ɫɬɚɧɭ ɡɚɣɧɹɬɨɫɬɿ ɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɮɨɧɞɭ, ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡ ɳɨɞɨ ɣɨɝɨ ɡɚɩɨɜɧɟɧɧɹ; — ɩɿɞɛɿɪ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɞɥɹ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ; — ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɮɿɤɫɚɰɿʀ ɜ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɦɭ ɜɢɝɥɹɞɿ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɿ ɚɛɨ ɨɤɪɟɦɨɝɨ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɭ ɡɚɩɨɜɧɟɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ; — ɩɟɪɟɜɿɪɤɚ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɿɜ ɩɪɢ ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿʀ, ɜɢɹɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɬɟɪɦɿɧɭ ʀɯɧɶɨʀ ɞɿʀ; — ɩɟɪɟɜɿɪɤɚ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿʀ ɳɨɞɨ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ, ɹɤɿ ɜɿɞ’ʀɠɞɠɚɸɬɶ, ɧɚɫɚɦɩɟɪɟɞ ɨɩɥɚɬɢ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚɦɢ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ; — ɩɨɫɬɿɣɧɚ ɫɩɿɜɩɪɚɰɹ ɡ ɫɭɦɿɠɧɢɦɢ ɫɥɭɠɛɚɦɢ ɜ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ ɡ ɦɟɬɨɸ ɧɚɣɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɿɲɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɭ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ; — ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ ɡɚ ɡɛɟɪɟɠɟɧɧɹ ɤɥɸɱɿɜ ɜɿɞ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ; — ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ ɡɚ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɩɪɢɣɦɚɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ; — ɞɨɫɬɚɜɤɚ ɩɨɲɬɢ ɬɚ ɩɨɫɢɥɨɤ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɸɱɢɦ; 251
— ɬɨɥɟɪɚɧɬɧɚ ɫɩɿɜɩɪɚɰɹ ɡ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚɦɢ; — ɜɢɪɿɲɟɧɧɹ ɩɢɬɚɧɶ ɟɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ ɭ ɧɿɱɧɢɣ ɬɚ ɪɚɧɤɨɜɢɣ ɱɚɫ — ɩɟɪɿɨɞ ɜɿɞɫɭɬɧɨɫɬɿ ɜɢɳɨɝɨ ɤɟɪɿɜɧɢɰɬɜɚ; — ɜɠɢɜɚɬɢ ɡɚɯɨɞɢ ɳɨɞɨ ɥɿɤɜɿɞɚɰɿʀ ɤɨɧɮɥɿɤɬɧɢɯ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɿɣ. ɉɨɪɬɶɽ — ɫɥɭɠɛɨɜɟɰɶ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ ɿ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ, ɹɤɢɣ ɩɪɚɰɸɽ ɡɚ ɫɬɿɣɤɨɸ ɪɟɰɟɩɰɿʀ. Ƚɨɥɨɜɧɿ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɿ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɢ ɫɬɨɫɭɸɬɶɫɹ: ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɧɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨʀ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɿʀ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɧɿ ɬɚ ɜɿɞ’ʀɡɞɿ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ, ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿʀ ɩɪɨ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ, ɣɨɝɨ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɿ ɥɚɧɤɢ ɬɚ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ, ɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɤɚɪɬɨɬɟɤɢ ɡɚɣɧɹɬɨɫɬɿ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɭɧɤɭ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ, ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ. Ɉɛɫɹɝ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɿɜ ɩɨɪɬɶɽ ɡɚɥɟɠɢɬɶ ɜɿɞ ɪɨɡɦɿɪɿɜ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɿ ɣɨɝɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢ. ɍ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɿ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɫɶɤɨʀ ɿɽɪɚɪɯɿʀ ɩɨɪɬɶɽ ɩɿɞɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɱɟɪɝɨɜɨɦɭ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɨɪɭ. ɓɨɞɨ ɩɨɫɚɞɢ ɩɨɪɬɶɽ ɜɚɠɥɢɜɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɦɚɸɬɶ ɜɢɦɨɝɢ ɿɧɞɢɜɿɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɭ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɿ ɡ ɣɨɝɨ ɮɿɡɢɱɧɢɦɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɦɢ: ɜɿɤ, ɦɟɞɢɱɧɿ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ, ɤɨɦɭɧɿɤɚɛɟɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ. ɉɪɨɮɟɫɿɣɧɨ-ɤɜɚɥɿɮɿɤɚɰɿɣɧɿ ɜɢɦɨɝɢ ɫɬɨɫɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɣɧɨɸ ɩɿɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɨɸ ɭ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɨɜɚɧɨɦɭ ɧɚɜɱɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿ, ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɿɫɬɸ ɦɚɬɢ ɞɨɫɜɿɞ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ, ɡɧɚɧɧɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɨʀ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɿʀ, ɿɧɨɡɟɦɧɢɯ ɦɨɜ, ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɿʀ ɫɩɿɥɤɭɜɚɧɧɹ. Ʉɚɫɢɪ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ ɿ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɚɰɸɽ ɭ ɪɟɰɟɩɰɿʀ ɩɨɪɹɞ ɡ ɩɨɪɬɶɽ ɬɚ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɿʀ ɡ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ, ɡɛɟɪɟɠɟɧɧɹ ɿ ɡɞɚɱɿ ɡɚ ɤɚɫɨɜɢɦ ɡɜɿɬɨɦ ɝɪɨɲɟɣ ɭ ɛɭɯɝɚɥɬɟɪɿɸ, ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɩɨɜɟɪɬɚɽ ɝɪɨɲɿ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚɦ, ɹɤɿ ɜɿɞ’ʀɠɞɠɚɸɬɶ ɡ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɪɚɧɿɲɟ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɪɦɿɧɭ. Ɉɤɪɿɦ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɢ ɤɚɫɢɪɚ ɫɬɨɫɭɸɬɶɫɹ: — ɜɧɟɫɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɜɧɨʀ ɫɭɦɢ ɪɚɯɭɧɤɭ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ; — ɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɨɩɥɚɬɢ ɜɿɞ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ ɩɪɢ ɜɿɞ’ʀɡɞɿ; — ɭɡɝɨɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɨɩɥɚɬɢ ɪɚɯɭɧɤɿɜ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɧɢɦɢ ɤɚɪɬɤɚɦɢ ɬɚ ɱɟɤɚɦɢ ɡ ɛɭɯɝɚɥɬɟɪɿɽɸ; — ɩɿɞɪɚɯɭɧɨɤ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɫɭɦɢ ɜɢɬɨɪɝɭ ɜ ɤɿɧɰɿ ɤɨɠɧɨʀ ɡɦɿɧɢ; — ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ ɡɚ ɝɪɨɲɨɜɭ ɫɭɦɭ, ɳɨ ɩɟɪɟɛɭɜɚɽ ɜ ɨɛɿɝɭ ɜɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ ɡɦɿɧɢ. ɉɪɨɮɟɫɿɣɧɨ-ɤɜɚɥɿɮɿɤɚɰɿɣɧɿ ɜɢɦɨɝɢ ɳɨɞɨ ɩɨɫɚɞɢ ɤɚɫɢɪɚ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ ɿ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɫɬɨɫɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ ɦɚɬɢ ɤɜɚɥɿɮɿɤɚɰɿɣɧɿ ɡɧɚɧɧɹ, ɡɧɚɬɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ ɣ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ, ɩɪɟɣɫɤɭɪɚɧɬɢ ɰɿɧ ɧɚ ɧɨɦɟɪɢ ɿ ɦɿɫɰɹ ɬɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɭɧɤɿɜ ɩɪɢ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɿ ɣ ɨɩɥɚɬɿ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ, ɜɨɥɨɞɿɬɢ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɽɸ ɩɪɨ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ, ɜɦɿɬɢ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɜɚɬɢ 252
ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɿ ɡɚɫɨɛɢ ɭ ɪɨɛɨɬɿ, ɧɚɫɚɦɩɟɪɟɞ ɬɟɥɟɤɨɦɭɧɿɤɚɰɿɣɧɿ. Ɉɩɟɪɚɰɿʀ ɿɡ ɡɧɚɱɧɢɦɢ ɝɪɨɲɨɜɢɦɢ ɪɚɯɭɧɤɚɦɢ ɡɭɦɨɜɥɸɸɬɶ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɿɫɬɶ ɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɭɧɤɨɜɨʀ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɿʀ. ɍ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɿ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɩɨɫɚɞɚ ɤɚɫɢɪɚ ɩɿɞɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɱɟɪɝɨɜɨɦɭ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɨɪɭ ɫɬɨɫɨɜɧɨ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿʀ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɦɭ ɛɭɯɝɚɥɬɟɪɭ ɳɨɞɨ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɨʀ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɿʀ ɝɪɨɲɨɜɢɯ ɪɚɯɭɧɤɿɜ. Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɹ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɫɥɭɠɛɨɸ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ ɬɚ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ. ɉɪɢ ɩɪɢɛɭɬɬɿ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ ɩɪɢɜɿɬɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɫɬɹ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɨɦ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ ɿ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɧɚ ɪɟɰɟɩɰɿʀ ɽ ɜɚɠɥɢɜɢɦ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɩɪɨɹɜɭ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ ɬɚ ɩɨɱɚɬɤɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɭ ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿʀ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ. ɑɟɪɝɨɜɢɣ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɨɪ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɡ’ɹɫɭɜɚɬɢ ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿɣɧɢɣ ɫɬɚɬɭɫ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ, ɧɚɝɨɥɨɫɢɬɢ ɧɚ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɹɯ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ. ɍ ɽɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɶɤɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɩɨɲɢɪɟɧɢɣ ɞɨɫɜɿɞ ɡɭɫɬɪɿɱɿ ɜɿɞɨɦɢɯ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ (ɩɨɥɿɬɢɤɿɜ, ɛɚɧɤɿɪɿɜ, ɞɿɹɱɿɜ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɢ, ɫɩɨɪɬɭ ɬɚ ɿɧ.) ɜɥɚɫɧɢɤɨɦ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɭ ɚɛɨ ɭɩɨɜɧɨɜɚɠɟɧɢɦɢ ɨɫɨɛɚɦɢ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɰɿʀ. ɉɨɞɿɛɧɚ ɭɜɚɝɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɧɚɞɚɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɩɨɫɬɿɣɧɢɦ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚɦ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɭ. ɉɪɨɰɟɫ ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿʀ, ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɢ, ɭɦɨɜɧɨ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɩɨɞɿɥɢɬɢ ɧɚ ɞɟɤɿɥɶɤɚ ɟɬɚɩɿɜ: ɩɟɪɟɞɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿɣɧɢɣ, ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɧɹ ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿɣɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɩɢɫɭ, ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ ɿ ɬɚɪɢɮɿɜ, ɨɩɥɚɬɚ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɜɢɞɚɱɚ ɤɥɸɱɿɜ ɜɿɞ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ, ɫɭɩɪɨɜɿɞ ɝɨɫɬɹ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪ (ɪɢɫ. 6.4). ȿɬɚɩ ɩɟɪɟɞɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿʀ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚɦɢ, ɹɤɿ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɢɥɢ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ (ɦɿɫɰɶ) ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ. ɍ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ, ɹɤɳɨ ɤɥɿɽɧɬ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɢɜ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ (ɦɿɫɰɹ) ɜɧɟɫɟɧɢɣ ɡɚɩɢɫ ɭ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɿ ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿʀ ɡɚɹɜɨɤ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ (ɦɿɫɰɶ) (ɮɨɪɦɚ ʋ 7-Ƚ) ɽ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɣɧɨɸ ɨɫɧɨɜɨɸ ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿʀ ɿ ɫɩɪɨɳɭɽ ʀʀ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ. Ʉɥɿɽɧɬ, ɹɤɢɣ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɭɜɚɜ ɧɨɦɟɪ (ɦɿɫɰɟ), ɧɚɞɚɽ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɭ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɸ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɭ ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿʀ, ɬɨɦɭ ɡ ɦɟɬɨɸ ɭɧɢɤɧɟɧɧɹ ɨɱɿɤɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ ɬɚ ɩɿɞɜɢɳɟɧɧɹ ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɿ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɪɟɰɟɩɰɿʀ, ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨ ɭ ɩɿɤɨɜɢɣ ɩɟɪɿɨɞ, ɱɟɪɝɨɜɢɣ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɨɪ ɚɛɨ ɩɨɪɬɶɽ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɫɩɪɨɫɬɢɬɢ ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿɸ, ɝɨɫɬɿ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɧɟ ɡɚɩɨɜɧɸɜɚɬɢ ɚɧɤɟɬɢ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɸɱɨɝɨ ɬɚ ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿɣɧɨʀ ɤɚɪɬɤɢ. ɇɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɿ ɞɚɧɿ ɭ ɡɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɿ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɢ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɜɧɨɫɢɬɢ ɫɥɭɠɛɨɜɰɿ ɪɟɰɟɩɰɿʀ, ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɱɢ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɸ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɭ ɧɚ ɟɬɚɩɿ ɩɟɪɟɞɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿʀ, ɚ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɢɛɭɬɬɿ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ, ɜɿɧ ɥɢɲɟ ɩɟɪɟɜɿɪɹɽ ɬɚ ɡɚɫɜɿɞɱɭɽ ɫɜɨʀɦ ɩɿɞɩɢɫɨɦ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ ɩɨɞɚɧɨʀ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿʀ. 253
Ƚɪɨɦɚɞɹɧɢ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ
ȱɧɨɡɟɦɰɿ ɬɚ ɨɫɨɛɢ ɛɟɡ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɹɧɫɬɜɚ
Ⱥɧɤɟɬɚ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɹɧɢɧɚ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ, ɹɤɢɣ ɩɪɢɛɭɜ ɞɨ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ (Ɏɨɪɦɚ ʋ 1- Ƚ
Ɋɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿɣɧɚ ɤɚɪɬɤɚ (Ɏɨɪɦɚ ʋ 2-Ƚ)
ȼɿɡɢɬɧɚ ɤɚɪɬɤɚ ɝɨɫɬɹ (Ɏɨɪɦɚ ʋ 3-Ƚ) ɀɭɪɧɚɥ ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿʀ ɡɚɹɜɨɤ ɧɚ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ (Ɏɨɪɦɚ ʋ 7-Ƚ) Ɋɚɯɭɧɨɤ/Invoice (Ɏɨɪɦɚ ʋ 4-Ƚ) ɀɭɪɧɚɥ ɨɛɥɿɤɭ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɹɧ, ɹɤɿ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɸɬɶ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ (Ɏɨɪɦɚ ʋ 5-Ƚ)
ɀɭɪɧɚɥ ɨɛɥɿɤɭ ɿɧɨɡɟɦɰɿɜ, ɹɤɿ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɸɬɶ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ (Ɏɨɪɦɚ ʋ 6-Ƚ) Ʉɚɫɨɜɢɣ ɡɜɿɬ (Ɏɨɪɦɚ ʋ 8-Ƚ)
ȼɿɞɨɦɿɫɬɶ (ɤɚɪɬɤɚ) ɨɛɥɿɤɭ ɪɭɯɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ (Ɏɨɪɦɚ ʋ 9-Ƚ) ɀɭɪɧɚɥ ɨɛɥɿɤɭ ɨɫɿɛ, ɹɤɿ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɸɬɶ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɫɿ (Ɏɨɪɦɚ ʋ 10-ɝ)
Ɋɢɫ. 6.4. ɉɨɫɥɿɞɨɜɧɿɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɭ ɡɚɩɨɜɧɟɧɧɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɨʀ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɿʀ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ 254
Ɉɤɪɿɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɧɟɧɧɹ ɮɨɪɦ ɩɟɪɜɢɧɧɨʀ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɨʀ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɿʀ — ɚɧɤɟɬɢ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɸɱɨɝɨ ɬɚ ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿɣɧɨʀ ɤɚɪɬɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɿɡ ɡɚɛɪɨɧɶɨɜɚɧɢɦɢ ɧɨɦɟɪɚɦɢ (ɦɿɫɰɹɦɢ), ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥ ɪɟɰɟɩɰɿʀ ɞɨ ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɧɹ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɧɹ, ɬɚɪɢɮɢ, ɨɮɨɪɦɥɹɽ ɛɭɯɝɚɥɬɟɪɫɶɤɿ ɛɥɚɧɤɢ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɭɡɝɨɞɠɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɭɦɨɜɢ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɿɧɲɢɦɢ ɫɥɭɠɛɚɦɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ. ȼɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ, ɲɢɪɨɤɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿɣɧɚ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ ɿ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɪɟɝɥɚɦɟɧɬɭɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɿɧɞɢɜɿɞɭɚɥɶɧɢɦ ɩɿɞɯɨɞɨɦ ɤɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɭ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ, ɳɨ ɡɭɦɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɣɦɨɜɿɪɧɿɫɬɸ ɚɧɭɥɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɚɛɨ ɡɦɿɧɢ ɭɦɨɜ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ. ɍ ɰɿɣ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɿʀ ɜɚɠɥɢɜɭ ɪɨɥɶ ɜɿɞɿɝɪɚɽ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɿɫɬɶ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɪɟɰɟɩɰɿʀ. əɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ ɩɟɪɟɞɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿɣɧɢɣ ɟɬɚɩ ɫɬɨɫɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɥɢɲɟ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɝɨɬɨɜɱɢɯ ɡɚɯɨɞɿɜ — ɡɚɩɨɜɧɟɧɧɹ ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿɣɧɨʀ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɿʀ, ɩɿɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɿ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɬɚɪɢɮɿɜ, ɿɧɲɿ ɮɭɧɤɰɿʀ ɡɚɡɞɚɥɟɝɿɞɶ ɩɨɝɨɞɠɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɿɡ ɫɥɭɠɛɚɦɢ ɿ ɚɤɬɢɜɿɡɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɪɨɛɨɬɚ ɡ ɩɿɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɞɨ ɩɪɢɛɭɬɬɹ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ ɿ ɣɨɝɨ ɩɿɞɬɜɟɪɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɫɜɨʀɯ ɧɚɦɿɪɿɜ ɫɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɬɢɫɶ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɚɦɢ. ɉɟɪɟɞɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿɣɧɭ ɩɿɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɭ ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɧɹ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ ɫɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ ɫɭɬɬɽɜɨ ɚɤɬɢɜɿɡɭɽ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɤɨɦɩ’ɸɬɟɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ. Ʌɢɲɟ ɨɤɪɟɦɿ, ɧɟɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɨɜɚɧɿ ɚɛɨ ɧɚɩɿɜɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɨɜɚɧɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɸɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿʀ ɦɟɯɚɧɿɱɧɢɦ (ɪɭɱɧɢɦ) ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ. Ɉɫɨɛɥɢɜɨ ɚɤɬɢɜɿɡɭɽ ɩɟɪɟɞɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿɣɧɭ ɪɨɛɨɬɭ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ ɿ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɬɟɥɟɤɨɦɭɧɿɤɚɰɿɣɧɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ (ȱɧɬɟɪɧɟɬɭ) ɬɚ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ. ȼɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɭ ɩɟɪɟɞɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿɣɧɢɯ ɡɚɯɨɞɿɜ ɭ ɩɪɨɜɿɞɧɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɿɹɯ ɡɭɦɨɜɢɥɨ ɩɨɲɢɪɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɫɜɿɞɭ ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿʀ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ ɛɟɡɩɨɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɿ, ɨɦɢɧɚɸɱɢ ɰɟɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɭ ɪɟɰɟɩɰɿʀ. Ɉɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɧɹ ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿʀ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɦɚɽ ɩɟɜɧɿ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ ɡ ɩɟɪɟɞɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿɣɧɢɦ ɫɬɚɬɭɫɨɦ ɿ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ, ɹɤɿ ɩɪɢɛɭɜɚɸɬɶ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ ɛɟɡ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ. Ʉɥɿɽɧɬɢ ɛɟɡ ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿɣɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɬɭɫɭ, ɝɪɨɦɚɞɹɧɢ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ, ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɡɚɩɨɜɧɢɬɢ ɚɧɤɟɬɭ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɸɱɨɝɨ (ɮɨɪɦɚ ʋ 1-Ƚ, ɞɨɞɚɬɨɤ Ȼ. 1) ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɿ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ, ɳɨ ɩɿɞɬɜɟɪɞɠɭɽ ɨɫɨɛɭ. Ⱥɧɤɟɬɚ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɸɱɨɝɨ (ɞɨɞɚɬɨɤ Ȼ.1) ɡɚɩɨɜɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɟɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɿ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɿ ɩɚɫɩɨɪɬɚ, ɫɜɿɞɨɰɬɜɚ ɩɪɨ ɧɚɪɨɞɠɟɧɧɹ, ɜɨɞɿɣɫɶɤɢɯ ɩɪɚɜ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɿɜ ɩɿɞɬɜɟɪɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɨɫɨɛɢ. 255
ɉɿɫɥɹ ɡɚɩɨɜɧɟɧɧɹ ɚɧɤɟɬɚ ɿ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬ ɩɿɞɬɜɟɪɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɨɫɨɛɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɱɟɪɝɨɜɨɦɭ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɨɪɭ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿʀ ɭ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɿ ɨɛɥɿɤɭ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɹɧ, ɹɤɿ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɸɬɶ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ (ɮɨɪɦɚ ʋ 5-Ƚ, ɞɨɞɚɬɨɤ Ȼ.1.). ɉɿɫɥɹ ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿʀ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬ ɩɨɜɟɪɬɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɜɥɚɫɧɢɤɭ, ɚ ɚɧɤɟɬɚ ɜɧɨɫɢɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɤɚɪɬɨɬɟɤɭ. Ⱥɧɤɟɬɚ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɸɱɨɝɨ ɡɛɟɪɿɝɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɫɥɭɠɛɿ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ ɿ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɜ ɩɟɪɿɨɞ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɬɚ ɜɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ ɦɿɫɹɰɹ ɡ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɭ ɣɨɝɨ ɜɢɛɭɬɬɹ ɡ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ. ɉɿɫɥɹ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɚɧɤɟɬɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɚɪɯɿɜ ɿ ɡɛɟɪɿɝɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɹɡɿ ɪɨɤɭ, ɚ ɩɨɬɿɦ ɡɧɢɳɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɚɤɬɚ. ɍ ɤɚɪɬɨɬɟɰɿ ɚɧɤɟɬɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɡɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɚɥɮɚɜɿɬɧɨɦɭ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɭ. ɍ ɪɟɰɟɩɰɿʀ ɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɨ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɜɚɬɢ ɞɜɿ ɤɚɪɬɨɬɟɤɢ — ɨɞɧɭ ɞɥɹ ɨɫɿɛ, ɹɤɿ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɸɬɶ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ, ɞɪɭɝɭ — ɞɥɹ ɜɢɛɭɥɢɯ. ɇɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɒɜɚɪɰ ɇɚɬɚɥɿɹ Ʌɶɜɿɜɧɚ ɩɪɢɛɭɥɚ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ «Ƚɪɚɧɞ-Ƚɨɬɟɥɶ» 10 ɜɟɪɟɫɧɹ 2006 ɪ. ɨ 11.00. Ʉɥɿɽɧɬɤɚ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɞɧɶɨ ɡɚɪɟɡɟɪɜɭɜɚɥɚ ɧɨɦɟɪ 207 ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ «ɥɸɤɫ», ɨɩɥɚɬɚ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɭ ɰɟɣ ɠɟ ɞɟɧɶ ɝɨɬɿɜɤɨɸ ɡɚ ɞɜɿ ɞɨɛɢ ɩɟɪɟɛɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ — ɞɨ 12.00 12 ɜɟɪɟɫɧɹ 2006 ɪ. ɭ ɫɭɦɿ 1772 ɝɪɧ. ɍɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ ɬɟɪɦɿɧɭ ɩɟɪɟɛɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɰɿ ɧɚɞɚɧɨ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɡ ɩɪɚɧɧɹ ɛɿɥɢɡɧɢ, ɦɚɫɚɠɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɛɿɧɟɬɭ, ɩɪɨɤɚɬɭ ɮɟɧɚ ɡ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɨɸ ɨɩɥɚɬɨɸ. 12 ɜɟɪɟɫɧɹ 2006 ɪ. ɒɜɚɪɰ ɇ.Ʌ. ɜɢɛɭɥɚ ɡ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ. ɀɭɪɧɚɥ ɨɛɥɿɤɭ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɹɧ, ɹɤɿ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɸɬɶ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ (ɮɨɪɦɚ ʋ 5-Ƚ, ɞɨɞɚɬɨɤ Ȼ.1.) ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɥɿɤɭ ɜɫɿɯ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ — ɝɪɨɦɚɞɹɧ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ ɬɚ ɿɧɨɡɟɦɧɢɯ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɹɧ. ɀɭɪɧɚɥ ɡɚɩɨɜɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɟɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɿ ɱɟɪɝɨɜɢɦ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɨɪɨɦ. ȱɧɨɡɟɦɧɿ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɹɧɢ ɚɛɨ ɨɫɨɛɢ ɛɟɡ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɹɧɫɬɜɚ ɡɚɩɨɜɧɸɸɬɶ ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿɣɧɭ ɤɚɪɬɤɭ (ɮɨɪɦɚ ʋ 2-Ƚ, ɞɨɞɚɬɨɤ Ȼ.1.) ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɿ ɩɚɫɩɨɪɬɚ ɚɛɨ ɿɧɲɨɝɨ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ, ɳɨ ɩɨɫɜɿɞɱɭɽ ʀɯɧɸ ɨɫɨɛɭ ɿ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɱɟɪɝɨɜɨɦɭ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɨɪɭ ɪɚɡɨɦ ɡ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿʀ. Ɋɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿɣɧɚ ɤɚɪɬɤɚ (ɞɨɞɚɬɨɤ Ȼ.1) ɜɿɞɨɛɪɚɠɚɽ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɸ ɩɪɨ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ ɧɚ ɭɤɪɚʀɧɫɶɤɿɣ ɿ ɚɧɝɥɿɣɫɶɤɿɣ ɦɨɜɚɯ. ɍ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿɣɧɚ ɤɚɪɬɤɚ ɡɛɟɪɿɝɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɜɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ ɞɜɨɯ ɪɨɤɿɜ, ɩɿɫɥɹ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɨɦ ɡ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɨɦ ɨɛɥɿɤɭ ɿɧɨɡɟɦɰɿɜ (ɮɨɪɦɚ ʋ 6-Ƚ, ɞɨɞɚɬɨɤ Ȼ.1.) ɡɧɢɳɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɿ ɚɤɬɚ. ɇɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, Ɇɿɲɟɥɶ Ⱥɧɪɿ ɩɪɢɛɭɜ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ «Ⱦɧɿɫɬɟɪ» 13 ɬɪɚɜɧɹ 2006 ɪ. ɨ 7.45. ɉɿɫɥɹ ɩɪɟɞ’ɹɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɩɚɫɩɨɪɬɚ, ɜɿɡɢ ɿ ɞɚɧɢɯ ɩɪɨ ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿɸ ɧɚ ɧɶɨɝɨ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɚ ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿɣɧɚ ɤɚɪɬɤɚ. Ƀɨɦɭ ɧɚɞɚɧɨ ɧɨɦɟɪ 305 ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ «ɥɸɤɫ», ɩɿɫɥɹ ɰɶɨɝɨ Ɇɿɲɟɥɶ Ⱥɧɪɿ ɨɩɥɚɬɢɜ ɫɜɨɽ ɩɟɪɟɛɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɞɨ 20 ɬɪɚɜɧɹ 256
2006 ɪ. ɜɤɥɸɱɧɨ ɝɨɬɿɜɤɨɸ ɭ ɫɭɦɿ 4880 ɝɪɧ. Ⱦɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɦɢ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɚɦɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɜɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ ɩɟɪɟɛɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɤɥɿɽɧɬ ɧɟ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɭɜɚɜɫɹ. 20 ɬɪɚɜɧɹ 2006 ɪ. ɨ 19.20 Ɇɿɲɟɥɶ Ⱥɧɪɿ ɜɢɛɭɜ ɡ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ. ɀɭɪɧɚɥ ɨɛɥɿɤɭ ɿɧɨɡɟɦɰɿɜ, ɹɤɿ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɸɬɶ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ (ɮɨɪɦɚ ʋ 6-Ƚ, ɞɨɞɚɬɨɤ Ȼ.1) ɡɚɩɨɜɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɱɟɪɝɨɜɢɦ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɨɪɨɦ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɿ ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿɣɧɨʀ ɤɚɪɬɤɢ (ɮɨɪɦɚ ʋ 2-Ƚ, ɞɨɞɚɬɨɤ Ȼ.1.), ɩɚɫɩɨɪɬɚ ɿ ɜɿɡɢ. ɀɭɪɧɚɥ ɡɚɩɨɜɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɟɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɿ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɮɨɪɦɢ, ɡɚɬɜɟɪɞɠɟɧɨʀ Ɇȼɋ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ. ɉɿɫɥɹ ɩɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɩɨɜɧɟɧɧɹ ɠɭɪɧɚɥ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɡɛɟɪɿɝɚɧɧɹ ɜ ɚɪɯɿɜ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ. Ⱦɥɹ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ, ɹɤɿ ɩɨɫɟɥɹɸɬɶɫɹ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɡɚɛɪɨɧɶɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ (ɦɿɫɰɶ) ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿɣɧɢɣ ɡɚɩɢɫ ɜ ɚɧɤɟɬɭ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɸɱɨɝɨ ɿ ɠɭɪɧɚɥ ɨɛɥɿɤɭ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɸɱɢɯ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɹɧ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ ɬɚ ɿɧɨɡɟɦɧɢɯ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɹɧ ɩɿɞɬɜɟɪɞɠɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɽɸ, ɳɨ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɚ ɩɿɞ ɱɚɫ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ. ɍ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ, ɳɨ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶ ɧɟɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɨɜɚɧɿ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿʀ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɧɿ ɡɚɩɨɜɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɚɧɤɟɬɚ, ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿɣɧɚ ɤɚɪɬɤɚ ɬɚ ɠɭɪɧɚɥ ɨɛɥɿɤɭ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ. Ƚɨɬɟɥɿ, ɭ ɹɤɢɯ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɨɜɚɧɿ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɭ ɪɨɛɨɬɿ ɪɟɰɟɩɰɿʀ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿʀ ɨɬɪɢɦɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɭɫɧɿɣ ɮɨɪɦɿ ɿ ɜɧɨɫɢɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɦɭ ɜɚɪɿɚɧɬɿ ɚɧɤɟɬɢ ɬɚ ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿɣɧɨʀ ɤɚɪɬɤɢ ɿ ɜɢɞɪɭɤɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ. ɍ ɛɥɚɧɤɭ ɚɧɤɟɬɢ ɬɚ ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿɣɧɨʀ ɤɚɪɬɤɢ ɜɤɚɡɭɽɬɶɫɹ: ɩɪɿɡɜɢɳɟ, ɿɦ’ɹ, ɩɨ-ɛɚɬɶɤɨɜɿ, ɞɚɬɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɠɟɧɧɹ, ɦɿɫɰɟ ɧɚɪɨɞɠɟɧɧɹ, ɫɟɪɿɹ, ɧɨɦɟɪ ɩɚɫɩɨɪɬɚ, ɤɨɥɢ ɿ ɤɢɦ ɜɢɞɚɧɢɣ, ɚɞɪɟɫɚ ɩɨɫɬɿɣɧɨɝɨ ɦɿɫɰɹ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ, ɦɟɬɚ ɩɪɢʀɡɞɭ, ɬɪɢɜɚɥɿɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ. ɑɟɪɝɨɜɢɣ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɨɪ ɜɤɚɡɭɽ ɿɞɟɧɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɣɧɢɣ ɤɨɞ ɬɚ ɤɨɞ ɡɚ ȾɄɍȾ, ɧɚɡɜɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ, ɧɨɦɟɪ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɢ ɬɚ ɞɚɬɭ ɩɪɢɛɭɬɬɹ ɿ ɜɿɞ’ʀɡɞɭ. ɍ ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿɣɧɿɣ ɤɚɪɬɰɿ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɹ ɡɚɩɨɜɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɭɤɪɚʀɧɫɶɤɨɸ ɬɚ ɚɧɝɥɿɣɫɶɤɨɸ ɦɨɜɚɦɢ. ɉɿɫɥɹ ɡɚɩɨɜɧɟɧɧɹ ɚɧɤɟɬɢ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɸɱɨɝɨ ɬɚ ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿɣɧɨʀ ɤɚɪɬɤɢ ɤɥɿɽɧɬ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɨ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɢ ɩɿɞɩɢɫ. ȼɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ ɿ ɬɚɪɢɮɿɜ. ɍ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿʀ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɧɿ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ ɿ ɬɚɪɢɮɿɜ — ɫɭɬɬɽɜɢɣ ɟɬɚɩ, ɳɨ ɦɨɠɟ ɫɭɬɬɽɜɨ ɜɩɥɢɧɭɬɢ ɧɚ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ ɭ ɜɢɛɨɪɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ, ɬɟɪɦɿɧ ɣɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɛɭɜɚɧɧɹ. ɇɨɦɟɪ ɿ ɬɚɪɢɮ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɬɢ ɨɱɿɤɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ. ɍ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ, ɤɨɥɢ ɩɨɛɚɠɚɧɧɹ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ ɜɚɠɤɨ ɡɚɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɢɬɢ, ɱɟɪɝɨɜɢɣ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɨɪ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɬɢ ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɧɿ ɜɚɪɿɚɧɬɢ — ɿɧɲɿ ɧɨɦɟɪɢ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɿɱ257
ɧɿ ɭ ɪɨɡɦɿɪɚɯ, ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɿ, ɭɦɟɛɥɸɜɚɧɧɿ, ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɿ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹɦ, ɩɪɨɬɟ ɿɧɲɨɝɨ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ, ɡ ɿɧɲɨɸ ɨɝɥɹɞɨɜɿɫɬɸ ɡ ɜɿɤɨɧ ɬɚ ɩɿɞɤɪɟɫɥɢɬɢ ɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɧɿ ɩɟɪɟɜɚɝɢ ɬɢɯ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ, ɩɟɪɟɤɨɧɚɬɢ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ ɭ ɞɨɰɿɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɫɚɦɟ ɭ ɬɢɯ ɧɨɦɟɪɚɯ. ȼɚɝɨɦɢɦ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɦ ɜɩɥɢɜɭ ɧɚ ɜɢɛɿɪ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɨɦ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɿɡ ɡɧɢɠɟɧɧɹɦ ɬɚɪɢɮɿɜ. Ʉɨɦɟɪɰɿɣɧɨ ɨɛʉɪɭɧɬɨɜɚɧɟ ɡɧɢɠɟɧɧɹ ɬɚɪɢɮɿɜ ɧɚ ɨɤɪɟɦɿ ɧɨɦɟɪɢ ɨɞɧɚɤɨɜɨʀ ɦɿɫɬɤɨɫɬɿ, ɩɪɨɬɟ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɪɨɡɦɿɪɿɜ, ɫɬɚɧɭ ɦɟɛɥɿɜ, ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹɦ, ɪɨɡɬɚɲɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɹɤ ɫɜɿɞɱɢɬɶ ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɣ ɞɨɫɜɿɞ ɩɟɪɟɤɨɧɥɢɜɨ ɜɩɥɢɜɚɽ ɧɚ ɜɢɛɿɪ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ. ȼ ɰɶɨɦɭ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɣɧɢɣ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɨɤ ɱɟɪɝɨɜɨɝɨ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɿ ɩɨɪɬɶɽ ɫɬɨɫɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ ɜɨɥɨɞɿɬɢ ɜɫɿɽɸ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɽɸ, ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨ ɩɨɬɨɱɧɨɸ, ɩɪɨ ɫɬɚɧ ɤɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ. Ⱥɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɛɿɡɧɟɫɿ ɫɬɨɫɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɫɩɿɜɩɪɚɰɿ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɫɥɭɠɛ ɿ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɣ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ, ɧɚɫɚɦɩɟɪɟɞ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ, ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ ɿ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ, ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɮɨɧɞɭ. Ⱥɝɟɧɬ ɡ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ, ɱɟɪɝɨɜɢɣ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɨɪ ɿ ɱɟɪɝɨɜɢɣ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɫɿ ɚɛɨ ɩɨɤɨʀɜɤɚ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɩɨɫɬɿɣɧɨ ɨɛɦɿɧɸɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɽɸ ɳɨɞɨ ɫɬɚɧɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ. ɉɨɜɧɚ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɹ ɩɪɨ ɡɦɿɧɭ ɫɬɚɧɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɬɟɪɦɿɧɨɜɨ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɱɟɪɝɨɜɢɦ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɫɿ ɭ ɫɥɭɠɛɭ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɫɥɭɠɛɭ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ ɿ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ. ɍ ɪɨɛɨɬɿ ɱɟɪɝɨɜɨɝɨ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɜɚɠɥɢɜɨ ɿɧɞɢɜɿɞɭɚɥɶɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɩɨɱɚɬɤɨɦ ɿ ɜ ɤɿɧɰɿ ɡɦɿɧɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɨ ɜɿɞɜɿɞɭɜɚɬɢ ɧɟɡɚɣɧɹɬɿ ɧɨɦɟɪɢ ɿ ɪɟɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɰɿɤɚɜɢɬɢɫɶ ʀɯɧɿɦ ɫɬɚɧɨɦ. Ɉɤɪɿɦ ɨɫɨɛɢɫɬɨɝɨ ɜɢɜɱɟɧɧɹ ɫɬɚɧɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ, ɱɟɪɝɨɜɢɣ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɨɪ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽ ɦɟɯɚɧɿɱɧɿ ɬɚ ɤɨɦɩ’ɸɬɟɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɿ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɭ ɡ ɫɥɭɠɛɨɸ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɮɨɧɞɭ, ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ, ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɨɸ ɫɥɭɠɛɨɸ. ɉɪɢ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɿ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ ɱɟɪɝɨɜɢɣ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɨɪ ɚɛɨ ɩɨɪɬɶɽ, ɹɤɳɨ ɧɚɹɜɧɿ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨ ɩɨɦɿɬɧɿ ɧɟɞɨɥɿɤɢ ɭ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɶɧɨɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɨɦɭ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɿ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ, ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɨ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɨɜɿɞɨɦɢɬɢ ɩɪɨ ɰɟ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ. ɇɟɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɿɫɬɶ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ ɣɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɬɭɫɭ ɦɨɠɟ ɡɭɦɨɜɢɬɢ ɜɚɝɨɦɿ ɬɪɭɞɧɨɳɿ, ɡɛɨʀ ɭ ɪɨɛɨɬɿ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ ɿ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ, ɩɨɝɿɪɲɟɧɧɹ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɡɪɟɲɬɨɸ ɜɬɪɚɬɭ ɿɦɿɞɠɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɟɦ. Ɇɟɯɚɧɿɱɧɿ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɭ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɧɟɤɨɦɩɸɬɟɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɿ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɭɫɧɢɦ ɩɨɜɿɞɨɦɥɟɧɧɹɦ, ɩɢɫɶɦɨɜɢɦ ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɨɦ ɚɛɨ ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɨɦ ɩɨ ɩɧɟɜɦɨɩɨɲɬɿ. ȼ ɭɫɧɿɣ ɮɨɪɦɿ ɡɜ’ɹɡɨɤ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɨ ɜɧɭɬɪɿɲɧɶɨɦɭ ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧɭ, ɜɿɧ 258
ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽ ɲɜɢɞɤɭ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɭ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿʀ ɚɛɨ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɛɟɡɩɨɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨ ɜɟɪɛɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ. ɇɟɞɨɥɿɤɨɦ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɭ ɽ ɜɿɞɫɭɬɧɿɫɬɶ ɩɿɞɬɜɟɪɞɠɭɸɱɨɝɨ ɫɜɿɞɱɟɧɧɹ ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɭ. ɍ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ ɧɟɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ ɫɜɨɽɦɭ ɫɬɚɬɭɫɭ ɜɚɠɤɨ ɩɿɞɬɜɟɪɞɢɬɢ ɧɟɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɿɜ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɨɦ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɡɚ ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɧɹ ɿ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɫɥɭɠɛ. ɉɢɫɶɦɨɜɢɣ ɡɜ’ɹɡɨɤ, ɭ ɩɨɪɿɜɧɹɧɧɿ ɡ ɭɫɧɢɦ, ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽ ɩɿɞɬɜɟɪɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿʀ, ɩɪɨɬɟ ɫɭɬɬɽɜɢɦ ɧɟɞɨɥɿɤɨɦ ɽ ɡɧɚɱɧɚ ɜɬɪɚɬɚ ɱɚɫɭ ɧɚ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ ɨɫɨɛɢɫɬɨʀ ɞɨɫɬɚɜɤɢ ɡɜɿɬɭ. Ɍɪɚɞɢɰɿɣɧɢɦ, ɩɪɨɬɟ ɧɚɣɦɟɧɲ ɬɢɩɨɜɢɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɿ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿʀ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɡɚɥɢɲɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɧɟɜɦɨɩɨɲɬɚ. ɐɟɣ ɡɜ’ɹɡɨɤ ɧɟ ɜɢɦɚɝɚɽ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɨʀ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɧɨɫɬɿ ɨɬɪɢɦɭɜɚɱɚ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿʀ ɧɚ ɦɿɫɰɿ, ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɹ ɦɨɠɟ ɧɚɞɯɨɞɢɬɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɡɚɜɞɚɧɶ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɨɦ ɫɥɭɠɛ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ. Ʉɨɦɩ’ɸɬɟɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɫɬɚɧɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɫɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲ ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɚ, ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɦɚɣɠɟ ɭ ɜɫɿɯ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɚɯ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ. Ⱦɨɫɬɭɩɧɿɫɬɶ ɬɟɥɟɤɨɦɭɧɿɤɚɰɿɣɧɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɿ ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɭ ɡɭɦɨɜɥɸɽ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɢɣ ɨɛɦɿɧ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɽɸ ɦɿɠ ɫɥɭɠɛɚɦɢ ɬɚ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɨɦ. ɑɟɪɝɨɜɢɣ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɨɪ ɿ ɱɟɪɝɨɜɢɣ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɚɯ, ɩɨɤɨʀɜɤɢ ɦɚɸɬɶ ɲɜɢɞɤɢɣ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɞɨ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿʀ ɩɪɨ ɫɬɚɧ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ, ɜɿɞɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɦɨɧɿɬɨɪɿ ɤɨɦɩ’ɸɬɟɪɚ. ȱɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɹ ɩɪɨ ɡɜɿɥɶɧɟɧɧɹ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɨɦ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ ɜɜɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɱɟɪɝɨɜɢɦ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɨɪɨɦ ɭ ɤɨɦɩ’ɸɬɟɪ, ɚ ɩɨɤɨʀɜɤɚ ɡ ɦɨɧɿɬɨɪɚ ɭ ɫɜɨɽɦɭ ɜɿɞɞɿɥɿ ɞɿɡɧɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɿɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɛɢɪɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɿ. ɉɿɫɥɹ ɩɪɢɛɢɪɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɤɨʀɜɤɚ ɩɨɜɿɞɨɦɥɹɽ ɱɟɪɝɨɜɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɫɿ ɩɪɨ ɝɨɬɨɜɧɿɫɬɶ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ ɞɨ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ, ɱɟɪɝɨɜɢɣ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɫɿ ɜɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɰɸ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɸ ɭ ɤɨɦɩ’ɸɬɟɪ. ɑɟɪɝɨɜɢɣ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɨɪ, ɚɝɟɧɬ ɡ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɜɲɢ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɸ ɩɪɨ ɝɨɬɨɜɧɿɫɬɶ ɞɨ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ, ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶ ɣɨɝɨ ɭ ɩɨɞɚɥɶɲɿɣ ɪɨɛɨɬɿ. ȼɿɞɫɭɬɧɿɫɬɶ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿʀ ɩɪɨ ɫɬɚɧ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɽ ɧɚɣɝɨɥɨɜɧɿɲɨɸ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɨɸ ɭ ɫɥɭɠɛɚɯ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ ɿ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ, ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ, ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɬɚ ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɿɣ ɫɥɭɠɛɿ. ɐɹ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɜɢɧɢɤɚɽ ɭ ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɭ ɿɡ ɧɟɫɜɨɽɱɚɫɧɢɦ ɜɧɟɫɟɧɧɹɦ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿʀ ɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɨɦ ɫɥɭɠɛ. ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿ ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɧɹ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ, ɱɟɪɝɨɜɢɣ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɨɪ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɦɚɬɢ ɩɟɪɟɤɨɧɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɨ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɿɫɬɶ ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɧɹ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ ɭ ɩɟɜɧɢɣ ɧɨɦɟɪ. ɇɚɜɿɬɶ ɹɤɳɨ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɭ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɩɨɱɟɤɚɬɢ — ɰɟ ɧɚɣɤɪɚɳɟ ɜɢɪɿɲɟɧɧɹ 259
ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɢ ɧɿɠ ɡɚɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɜɚɬɢ ɣɨɦɭ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɡ ɹɤɨɝɨ ɧɟɳɨɞɚɜɧɨ ɜɢɛɭɜ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɞɧɿɣ ɤɥɿɽɧɬ. ȱɧɲɚ ɜɚɝɨɦɚ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɭ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɿ ɫɬɚɬɭɫɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɧɿ ɫɬɨɫɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ, ɹɤɿ ɛɚɠɚɸɬɶ ɩɪɨɞɨɜɠɢɬɢ ɬɟɪɦɿɧ ɩɟɪɟɛɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɿ ɛɿɥɶɲɟ ɡɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɪɦɿɧɭ ɜ ɚɧɤɟɬɿ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɸɱɨɝɨ ɱɢ ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿɣɧɿɣ ɤɚɪɬɰɿ. ɋɥɭɠɛɚ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɢɥɚ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ ɞɥɹ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ ɿ ɤɥɿɽɧɬ ɩɪɢɛɭɜɚɽ ɱɿɬɤɨ ɭ ɬɟɪɦɿɧ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɭɦɨɜ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ. ȼɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ, ɩɨɩɟɪɟɞɧɿɣ ɤɥɿɽɧɬ ɜɿɞɦɨɜɥɹɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɨɤɢɞɚɬɢ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɿ ɩɟɪɟɣɬɢ ɜ ɿɧɲɢɣ, ɡɚɩɪɨɩɨɧɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɱɟɪɝɨɜɢɦ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɨɪɨɦ. ȼɢɪɿɲɟɧɧɹ ɰɿɽʀ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɢ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɪɟɬɟɥɶɧɢɦ ɜɢɜɱɟɧɧɹɦ ɫɥɭɠɛɨɸ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ ɿ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɧɚɦɿɪɿɜ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ ɩɪɢ ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿʀ, ɭɜɚɝɨɸ ɞɨ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿ ɣɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɛɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ. ɉɨɫɬɿɣɧɢɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɡɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɦ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɫɥɭɠɛɨɸ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ ɿ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɜɿɞɿɝɪɚɽ ɜɚɠɥɢɜɭ ɪɨɥɶ ɭ ɧɚɥɚɝɨɞɠɟɧɧɿ ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨʀ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ. ɉɿɫɥɹ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ ɱɟɪɝɨɜɢɣ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɨɪ ɡ’ɹɫɨɜɭɽ ɡ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɨɦ ɪɨɡɦɿɪ ɩɥɚɬɢ ɡɚ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ ɜɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ ɞɨɛɢ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɿ — ɬɚɪɢɮɢ. ɍ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɨɦ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ (ɦɿɫɰɹ) ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ, ɬɚɪɢɮ ɦɨɠɟ ɡ’ɹɫɨɜɭɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɧɚ ɰɶɨɦɭ ɟɬɚɩɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɭ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ. ɉɪɨɮɟɫɿɣɧɢɣ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɨɤ ɱɟɪɝɨɜɨɝɨ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɿ ɩɨɪɬɶɽ ɫɬɨɫɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɱɿɬɤɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɧɧɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɬɚɪɢɮɿɜ ɬɚ ʀɯɧɶɨʀ ɡɦɿɧɢ ɜɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ ɪɨɤɭ. ȼ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɪɨɡɪɨɛɥɟɧɿ ɝɪɚɮɿɤɢ ɫɟɡɨɧɧɨʀ ɡɦɿɧɢ ɬɚɪɢɮɿɜ. ɉɪɨ ɡɦɿɧɭ ɬɚɪɢɮɿɜ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɡɚɡɞɚɥɟɝɿɞɶ ɩɨɜɿɞɨɦɥɹɬɢ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ ɬɚ ɜɿɞɨɛɪɚɠɚɬɢ ɬɚɪɢɮɧɭ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɤɭ ɭ ɦɚɪɤɟɬɢɧɝɨɜɢɯ ɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɧɹɯ. Ɋɿɜɟɧɶ ɬɚɪɢɮɿɜ ɡɚɥɟɠɢɬɶ ɜɿɞ ɤɿɥɶɤɨɫɬɿ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɿ, ɪɿɜɧɹ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɪɨɡɬɚɲɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ, ɣɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɬɚ ɿɧ. Ɍɚɪɢɮɢ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɬɢɫɶ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɫɨɰɿɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ, ɝɨɬɟɥɶ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɧɚɞɚɜɚɬɢ ɩɿɥɶɝɢ ɬɢɦ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɹɦ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ, ɞɥɹ ɹɤɢɯ ɩɿɥɶɝɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɟɧɿ ɭ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɭ ɿ ɧɚ ɭɦɨɜɚɯ, ɳɨ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɿ ɞɿɸɱɢɦ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɜɫɬɜɨɦ. Ɂɨɤɪɟɦɚ, ɩɪɢ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɿ ɞɿɬɟɣ ɭ ɜɿɰɿ ɞɨ 5 ɪɨɤɿɜ ɡ ɛɚɬɶɤɚɦɢ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɿ ɩɥɚɬɚ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ ɞɿɬɟɣ ɧɟ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ. Ƚɨɬɟɥɿ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɸɬɶ ɩɥɚɬɭ ɥɢɲɟ ɡɚ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɿ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɨɦ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɧɿ, ɛɟɡ ɭɡɝɨɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɡ ɝɨɫɬɟɦ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ ɧɟ ɦɚɽ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚɞɚɜɚɬɢ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ. Ʉɥɿɽɧɬ ɦɚɽ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɜɿɞɦɨɜɢɬɢɫɶ ɜɿɞ ɨɩɥɚɬɢ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɚ ɭ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ ʀɯɧɶɨʀ ɨɩɥɚɬɢ, ɝɨɬɟɥɶ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɨɜɟɪɧɭɬɢ ɨɩɥɚɱɟɧɭ ɫɭɦɭ. 260
Ɂɝɿɞɧɨ ȼɢɦɨɝ, ɹɤɳɨ ɤɥɿɽɧɬ ɛɚɠɚɽ ɩɨɫɟɥɢɬɢɫɶ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɧɚ ɞɜɚ ɿ ɛɿɥɶɲɟ ɦɿɫɰɹ ɡ ɨɩɥɚɬɨɸ ɜɚɪɬɨɫɬɿ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ, ɝɨɬɟɥɶ ɡɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɢɣ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɢɬɢ ɬɚɪɢɮ ɧɚ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɿ ɧɚɞɚɬɢ ɬɚɤɭ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɭ. Ƚɨɬɟɥɿ ɡɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɿ ɧɚɞɚɜɚɬɢ ɝɨɫɬɹɦ ɛɟɡ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɨʀ ɨɩɥɚɬɢ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɡ ɜɢɤɥɢɤɭ ɲɜɢɞɤɨʀ ɞɨɩɨɦɨɝɢ, ɞɨɫɬɚɜɤɢ ɜ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɤɨɪɟɫɩɨɧɞɟɧɰɿʀ, ɩɨɫɥɭɝɭ ɡ ɩɨɛɭɞɤɢ ɜ ɧɿɱɧɢɣ ɱɚɫ, ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨɝɨ ɿɧɜɟɧɬɚɪɹ ɜ ɡɚɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɿ ɜɿɞ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ. ɒɜɢɞɤɟ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɬɚɪɢɮɭ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɫɥɭɠɛɨɸ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ ɿ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɡ ɭɪɚɯɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɨɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɢɯ ɜɢɦɨɝ ɬɚ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɟɣ ɰɿɧɨɜɨʀ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɤɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɡ ɟɮɟɤɬɨɦ ɡɚɞɨɜɨɥɟɧɧɹ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ ɽ ɨɡɧɚɤɨɸ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɨɧɚɥɿɡɦɭ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɿɜ ɬɚ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɸɱɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ ɫɥɭɠɛ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ. ȼɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨ ɞɨ «ɉɪɚɜɢɥ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɿ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɿɱɧɢɦɢ ɡɚɫɨɛɚɦɢ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɿ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ», ɡɚɬɜɟɪɞɠɟɧɢɯ ɇɚɤɚɡɨɦ Ⱦɟɪɠɚɜɧɨʀ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɨʀ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɰɿʀ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ ɜɿɞ 16 ɛɟɪɟɡɧɹ 2004 ɪ., ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɡɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɿ ɧɚɞɚɜɚɬɢ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɭ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɭ, ɨɛ’ɽɤɬɢɜɧɭ, ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɭ ɿ ɫɜɨɽɱɚɫɧɭ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɸ ɩɪɨ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ [7]. ɋɚɦɟ ɧɚ ɟɬɚɩɿ ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿʀ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɹ ɞɨɜɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɞɨ ɣɨɝɨ ɜɿɞɨɦɚ ɭ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɿɣ ɿ ɧɚɨɱɧɿɣ ɮɨɪɦɿ ɿ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɭɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɭ ɪɟɰɟɩɰɿʀ ɭ ɡɪɭɱɧɨɦɭ ɞɥɹ ɨɝɥɹɞɭ ɦɿɫɰɿ ɿ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɦɿɫɬɢɬɢ: — ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɿ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɢ, ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɜɢɦɨɝ ɹɤɢɯ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɧɚɞɚɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ; — ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɿ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɿɱɧɢɦɢ ɡɚɫɨɛɚɦɢ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɿ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ; — ɫɜɿɞɨɰɬɜɨ ɩɪɨ ɩɪɢɫɜɨɽɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ; — ɤɨɩɿɸ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ, ɳɨ ɩɿɞɥɹɝɚɸɬɶ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɿɣ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ; — ɤɨɩɿɸ ɥɿɰɟɧɡɿʀ, ɹɤɳɨ ɞɚɧɢɣ ɜɢɞ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɩɿɞɥɹɝɚɽ ɥɿɰɟɧɡɭɜɚɧɧɸ; — ɩɪɟɣɫɤɭɪɚɧɬ ɧɚ ɧɨɦɟɪɢ (ɦɿɫɰɹ); — ɩɟɪɟɥɿɤ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɳɨ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɿ ɭ ɰɿɧɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ (ɦɿɫɰɹ); — ɩɟɪɟɥɿɤ ɿ ɰɿɧɭ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɳɨ ɧɚɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɡɚ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɭ ɩɥɚɬɭ; — ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɸ ɩɪɨ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɿ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɨɩɥɚɬɢ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ; — ɩɟɪɟɥɿɤ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɣ ɨɫɿɛ, ɹɤɿ ɦɚɸɬɶ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɩɿɥɶɝɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɩɟɪɟɥɿɤ ɩɿɥɶɝ, ɳɨ ɧɚɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɭ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ ɿɡ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɜɫɬɜɨɦ; 261
— ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɸ ɩɪɨ ɪɨɛɨɬɭ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿɜ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɬɨɪɝɿɜɥɿ, ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɭ, ɩɨɛɭɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɢɯ, ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ. əɤɳɨ ɜɨɧɢ ɜɿɞɫɭɬɧɿ — ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɸ ɩɪɨ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɧɚɣɛɥɢɠɱɢɯ ɞɨ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɭ ɿ ɩɨɛɭɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ; — ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɸ ɩɪɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢ, ɳɨ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɸɬɶ ɡɚɯɢɫɬ ɩɪɚɜ ɫɩɨɠɢɜɚɱɿɜ. ɉɿɫɥɹ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɬɚɪɢɮɭ ɤɥɿɽɧɬ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽ ɩɟɪɟɞɨɩɥɚɬɭ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɮɨɪɦɚ ɹɤɨʀ ɭɡɝɨɞɠɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɱɟɪɝɨɜɢɦ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɨɪɨɦ ɱɢ ɩɨɪɬɶɽ. ɉɟɪɟɞɨɩɥɚɬɚ ɡɚɪɚɯɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɨɩɥɚɬɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɩɪɢ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɦɭ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɭɧɤɭ, ɤɨɥɢ ɤɥɿɽɧɬ ɜɢɛɭɜɚɽ ɡ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ. Ƚɨɬɟɥɿ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɩɪɢɣɦɚɬɢ ɩɨɜɧɭ ɩɟɪɟɞɨɩɥɚɬɭ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɩɨɞɨɛɨɜɭ ɚɛɨ ɩɨɝɨɞɢɧɧɭ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɨɝɨ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɨɦ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɭ. Ɂɚɤɥɚɞ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɢɬɢ ɩɟɪɟɥɿɤ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɳɨ ɜɯɨɞɹɬɶ ɭ ɰɿɧɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ (ɦɿɫɰɹ). ɉɥɚɬɚ ɡɚ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨ ɡ ɽɞɢɧɢɦ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɭɧɤɨɜɢɦ ɱɚɫɨɦ — 12 ɝɨɞ. ɩɨɬɨɱɧɨʀ ɞɨɛɢ ɡɚ ɦɿɫɰɟɜɢɦ ɱɚɫɨɦ. ȼɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ, ɡ ɭɪɚɯɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ ɦɿɫɰɟɜɢɯ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɟɣ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɡɦɿɧɸɜɚɬɢ ɽɞɢɧɢɣ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɭɧɤɨɜɢɣ ɱɚɫ. əɤɳɨ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɦɟɧɲɟ ɞɨɛɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɭ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ ɪɚɧɧɶɨɝɨ ɡɚʀɡɞɭ ɚɛɨ ɩɿɡɧɶɨɝɨ ɜɿɞ’ʀɡɞɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɿɣɧɨ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽ ɪɨɡɦɿɪ ɨɩɥɚɬɢ ɡɚ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ. Ɉɩɥɚɬɚ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ. ɉɪɢɣɨɦ ɨɩɥɚɬɢ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚɦɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽ ɤɚɫɢɪ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ ɬɚ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ. ɉɨɫɚɞɚ ɤɚɫɢɪɚ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ ɬɚ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɨɞɧɨɱɚɫɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɛɭɜɚɽ ɭ ɩɿɞɩɨɪɹɞɤɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɱɟɪɝɨɜɨɝɨ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɬɚ ɮɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɚ. Ɉɫɤɿɥɶɤɢ ɤɚɫɢɪ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ ɬɚ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɜɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɽ ɞɜɿ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚɦɢ, ɽ ɨɫɬɚɧɧɿɦ ɫɥɭɠɛɨɜɰɟɦ ɡ ɹɤɢɦ ɫɩɿɥɤɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɤɥɿɽɧɬ ɩɪɢ ɜɢɛɭɬɬɿ ɡ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ, ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨ ɜɚɠɥɢɜɨ, ɳɨɛ ɣɨɝɨ ɜɪɚɠɟɧɧɹ ɛɭɥɢ ɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɧɿ. Ɉɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɢ ɤɚɫɢɪɚ ɫɬɨɫɭɸɬɶɫɹ: — ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿʀ ɜɫɿɯ ɪɚɯɭɧɤɿɜ ɭ ɠɭɪɧɚɥ ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿʀ ɨɞɪɚɡɭ ɩɿɫɥɹ ɨɩɥɚɬɢ ɪɚɯɭɧɤɿɜ; — ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿɹ ɡɦɿɧɢ ɭ ɪɨɡɩɨɞɿɥɿ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɭ ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɭ ɡ ɩɨɜɿɞɨɦɥɟɧɧɹɦ ɩɨɪɬɶɽ; — ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɧɹ ɜɿɞ’ʀɡɞɭ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ ɿ ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿɹ ɜɫɿɯ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɢɯ ɨɩɥɚɬ; — ɨɩɪɚɰɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɿɜɤɢ; 262
— ɲɜɢɞɤɟ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɱɟɪɝɨɜɨɝɨ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɚɛɨ ɩɨɪɬɶɽ ɩɪɨ ɜɿɞ’ʀɡɞ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ; — ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿʀ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚɦ ɳɨɞɨ ʀɯɧɿɯ ɪɚɯɭɧɤɿɜ; — ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚɦ ɫɟɣɮɿɜ ɞɥɹ ɡɛɟɪɿɝɚɧɧɹ ɰɿɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ. ȼɿɞɤɪɢɬɬɹ ɪɚɯɭɧɤɭ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ. ɉɿɫɥɹ ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿʀ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ, ɤɚɫɢɪ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ ɿ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɜɿɞɤɪɢɜɚɽ ɪɚɯɭɧɨɤ ɡ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɨɦ. ɉɿɫɥɹ ɜɿɞɤɪɢɬɬɹ ɪɚɯɭɧɤɭ ɧɚ ɧɶɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɜɢɣ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɨɫɨɛɢɫɬɨʀ ɤɚɪɬɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɡɛɟɪɟɠɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɜɨʀ ɩɨɫɥɿɞɨɜɧɨɫɬɿ ɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɤɚɪɬɨɬɟɤɢ. ɉɪɢ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɿ ɤɨɦɩ’ɸɬɟɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɨʀ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɜɢɣ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɩɪɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɽɬɶɫɹ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɨɜɚɧɨ. Ʉɚɫɢɪ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ ɿ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɧɟɫɟ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ ɡɚ ɜɧɟɫɟɧɧɹ ɛɭɞɶ-ɹɤɨʀ ɨɩɥɚɬɢ ɡɚ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɭ ɪɚɯɭɧɨɤ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ (ɮɨɪɦɚ ʋ 4-ɝ, ɞɨɞɚɬɨɤ Ȼ.1). ȯɞɢɧɢɣ ɜɢɧɹɬɨɤ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɹɬɶ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɢ, ɹɤɿ ɡɭɩɢɧɹɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɧɟɩɨɜɧɭ ɞɨɛɭ. Ɋɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿɹ ɨɩɥɚɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ ɜɧɨɫɢɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɣ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɿɡ ɡɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹɦ ɩɪɿɡɜɢɳɚ, ɿɦɟɧɿ, ɩɨ-ɛɚɬɶɤɨɜɿ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ, ɧɨɦɟɪɚ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɢ ɬɚ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ ɚɧɤɟɬɢ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɸɱɨɝɨ, ɪɨɡɦɿɪ ɨɩɥɚɬɢ. ȼɫɿ ɡɚɩɢɫɢ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɩɪɨɲɬɚɦɩɨɜɚɧɿ ɿɡ ɡɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹɦ ɱɚɫɭ ɧɚ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɨɩɥɚɬɢ. ȼɧɟɫɟɧɧɹ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɨɦ ɚɜɚɧɫɨɜɨʀ ɨɩɥɚɬɢ. ɉɿɫɥɹ ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿʀ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ, ɤɥɿɽɧɬ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɨɩɥɚɬɢɬɢ ɚɜɚɧɫɨɦ ɧɨɦɟɪ. ɉɨɪɬɶɽ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽ ɡɚɩɢɫ ɩɪɨ ɰɸ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɿɸ ɿ ɫɤɟɪɨɜɭɽ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ ɞɨ ɤɚɫɢɪɚ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɨɩɥɚɬɢ. əɤɳɨ ɧɚ ɱɚɫ ɜɢɛɭɬɬɹ ɤɥɿɽɧɬ ɛɚɠɚɽ ɩɪɨɞɨɜɠɢɬɢ ɬɟɪɦɿɧ ɩɟɪɟɛɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɣɨɦɭ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɜɧɟɫɬɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɨɩɥɚɬɭ, ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɡ’ɹɫɭɜɚɬɢ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɢ, ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɿ ɡ ɜɢɬɪɚɬɚɦɢ, ɳɨ ɜɢɧɢɤɚɸɬɶ ɡ ɰɿɽʀ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɢ. Ɋɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿɹ ɡɦɿɧɢ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ. ɍ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ, ɹɤɳɨ ɭ ɪɚɯɭɧɤɭ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ ɜɢɧɢɤɚɸɬɶ ɡɦɿɧɢ, ɤɚɫɢɪ ɚɛɨ ɩɨɪɬɶɽ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɢɬɢ ʀɯɧɸ ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿɸ. Ɂɦɿɧɢ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɜɢɧɢɤɚɬɢ ɭ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ: — ɩɨɦɢɥɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɜɚɪɬɨɫɬɿ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ; — ɡɦɿɧɢ ɨɩɥɚɬɢ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ ɭ ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɭ ɡ ɜɢʀɡɞɨɦ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɚɛɨ ɞɟɤɿɥɶɤɨɯ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ, ɹɤɳɨ ɨɞɢɧ ɚɛɨ ɞɟɤɿɥɶɤɚ ɡ ɝɪɭɩɢ ɡɚɥɢɲɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɿ; — ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɨɦ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ ɡ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ ɜ ɿɧɲɢɣ; — ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɧɹ ɿɧɲɨɝɨ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ ɜ ɧɨɦɟɪ; — ɜɢɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɭ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɧɿ ɩɪɿɡɜɢɳɚ, ɿɦɟɧɿ, ɩɨ-ɛɚɬɶɤɨɜɿ; — ɬɟɪɦɿɧɨɜɿ ɜɿɞ’ʀɡɞɢ, ɳɨ ɧɟɨɱɿɤɭɜɚɧɿ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɫɢɪɚ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ ɿ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ, ɧɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ ɱɥɟɧɿɜ ɚɜɿɚɟɤɿɩɚɠɭ. 263
ȼɿɞɦɿɬɤɢ ɩɪɨ ɡɦɿɧɢ ɭ ɪɚɯɭɧɤɭ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɸɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɞɜɨɯ ɟɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɚɯ. ɍ ɩɟɪɲɨɦɭ ɟɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɿ (ɛɿɥɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɶɨɪɭ) ɪɟɽɫɬɪɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɨɫɬɿ ɡɦɿɧɢ (ɩɭɧɤɬ 1;2;5;6), ɜɿɧ ɡɚɩɨɜɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɨɪɬɶɽ ɿ ɜɿɞɪɚɡɭ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɤɚɫɢɪɭ. əɤɳɨ ɤɥɿɽɧɬ ɛɚɠɚɽ ɩɟɪɟɣɬɢ ɜ ɿɧɲɢɣ ɧɨɦɟɪ (ɩɭɧɤɬ 3), ɩɨɪɬɶɽ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɨɜɿɞɨɦɢɬɢ ɩɪɨ ɰɟ ɧɨɫɿɹ ɛɚɝɚɠɭ, ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɭ, ɩɪɚɥɶɧɸ ɿ ɩɨɤɨʀɜɤɭ. Ⱦɪɭɝɢɣ ɟɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪ (ɠɨɜɬɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɶɨɪɭ) ɡɚɥɢɲɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɩɨɪɬɶɽ ɞɥɹ ɜɧɟɫɟɧɧɹ ɜɢɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɶ ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿɣɧɢɯ ɚɧɤɟɬ ɚɛɨ ɜɧɟɫɟɧɧɹ ɭ ɮɚɣɥ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɹɜɧɨɫɬɿ ɤɨɦɩ’ɸɬɟɪɧɨʀ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɿ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɨɦ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ ɿ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ. Ɂ ɦɟɬɨɸ ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿʀ ɜɫɿɯ ɡɦɿɧ ɬɚ ɭɧɢɤɧɟɧɧɹ ɡɛɨʀɜ ɭ ɪɨɛɨɬɿ, ɜɫɿ ɡɦɿɧɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɜɧɨɫɢɬɢ ɩɿɫɥɹ ʀɯɧɶɨʀ ɩɨɹɜɢ. ɇɟɡɚɩɨɜɧɟɧɿ ɧɨɦɟɪɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɜɧɨɫɢɬɢɫɶ ɭ ɛɚɥɚɧɫ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ ɿ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ. Ʉɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɧɤɭ ɱɟɪɝɨɜɢɣ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɨɪ ɚɧɚɥɿɡɭɽ ɡɦɿɧɢ ɭ ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿʀ ɬɚ ɬɚɪɢɮɢ ɧɚ ɧɨɦɟɪɢ ɡɚ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɞɧɸ ɞɨɛɭ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɟɜɿɪɤɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ʀɯɧɶɨɝɨ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɧɹ. əɤɳɨ ɜɢɧɢɤɚɸɬɶ ɛɭɞɶ-ɹɤɿ ɜɿɞɯɢɥɟɧɧɹ ɭ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɭ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɨ ɰɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɩɨɜɿɞɨɦɢɬɢ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɨɪɚ. Ɉɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɧɹ ɜɿɞ’ʀɡɞɭ ɿ ɡɚɩɢɫ ɨɩɥɚɬɢ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ. Ƚɨɥɨɜɧɿ ɫɬɨɫɭɧɤɢ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ ɡ ɤɚɫɢɪɨɦ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ ɿ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɜɿɞɛɭɜɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɩɟɪɿɨɞ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɧɹ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɭɧɤɭ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɜɿɞ’ʀɡɞɨɦ. Ɉɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɧɹ ɜɿɞ’ʀɡɞɭ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɨ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɲɜɢɞɤɨ, ɧɟ ɜɢɤɥɢɤɚɬɢ ɧɟɡɚɞɨɜɨɥɟɧɧɹ ɭ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ. ɐɟ ɨɞɢɧ ɡ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɢɯ ɟɬɚɩɿɜ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɰɢɤɥɿ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɹɤɢɣ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɪɨɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɭɜɚɬɢ ɪɿɜɟɧɶ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɭ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ. Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɹ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɧɹ ɜɿɞ’ʀɡɞɭ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɬɚɤɢɦɢ ɞɿɹɦɢ ɤɚɫɢɪɚ: — ɹɤɳɨ ɤɥɿɽɧɬ ɩɨɜɿɞɨɦɥɹɽ ɩɪɨ ɜɿɞ’ʀɡɞ, ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɞɿɡɧɚɬɢɫɶ ɩɪɨ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ; — ɤɚɫɢɪ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɬɢ ɨɫɨɛɢɫɬɿ ɞɚɧɿ ɩɪɨ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ ɿ ɩɟɪɟɜɿɪɢɬɢ ɣɨɝɨ ɚɧɤɟɬɭ (ɩɪɢ ɧɚɹɜɧɨɫɬɿ ɤɨɦɩ’ɸɬɟɪɧɨʀ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɩɟɪɟɜɿɪɢɬɢ ɮɚɣɥ); — ɤɚɫɢɪ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɟɪɟɜɿɪɢɬɢ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɨɦ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ, ɧɚɫɚɦɩɟɪɟɞ ɛɟɡɩɨɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɜɿɞ’ʀɡɞɨɦ (ɧɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɤɥɿɽɧɬɢ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɜɿɞ’ʀɡɞɨɦ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɜɿɞɜɿɞɭɸɬɶ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧ ɿ ɪɚɯɭɧɨɤ ɳɟ ɧɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɢɜ ɭ ɪɟɰɟɩɰɿɸ ɿ ɧɟ ɜɧɟɫɟɧɢɣ ɭ ɪɚɯɭɧɨɤ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ); — ɤɚɫɢɪ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɜɤɚɡɚɬɢ ɫɭɦɭ ɨɩɥɚɬɢ; — ɤɚɫɢɪ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɢ ɨɩɥɚɬɭ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɪɚɯɭɧɤɭ, ɡɚɪɟɽɫɬɪɭɜɚɬɢ ʀʀ, ɜɤɚɡɚɬɢ ɱɚɫ ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿʀ ɭ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɿ ɨɛɥɿɤɭ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɹɧ, 264
ɹɤɿ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɸɬɶ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɿ ɜ ɚɧɤɟɬɿ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɸɱɨɝɨ ɚɛɨ ɭ ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿɣɧɿɣ ɤɚɪɬɰɿ. Ʉɚɫɢɪ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ ɿ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽ ɩɟɪɟɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɝɪɨɲɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɚɯɭɧɤɭ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ ɧɚ ɪɚɯɭɧɨɤ ɿɧɲɨɝɨ ɛɟɡ ɩɢɫɶɦɨɜɨɝɨ ɞɨɡɜɨɥɭ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɛɭɯɝɚɥɬɟɪɚ ɚɛɨ ɣɨɝɨ ɩɨɦɿɱɧɢɤɚ. Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɹ ɩɟɪɟɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɪɚɯɭɧɤɭ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɱɢɧɨɦ, ɧɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɤɥɿɽɧɬ ȱɜɚɧɱɟɧɤɨ ȱ.ȱ., ɧɨɦɟɪ 335, ɩɪɨɫɢɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɜɟɫɬɢ ɣɨɝɨ ɪɚɯɭɧɨɤ ɧɚ ɪɚɯɭɧɨɤ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ ɉɟɬɪɟɧɤɚ ɉ.ɉ., ɧɨɦɟɪ 725. ɍ ɰɶɨɦɭ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ ɤɚɫɢɪ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɨɜɿɞɨɦɢɬɢ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ ɉɟɬɪɟɧɤɚ ɉ.ɉ. ɩɪɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɿɫɬɶ ɡɜɟɪɧɭɬɢɫɶ ɭ ɪɟɰɟɩɰɿɸ ɿ ɜɥɚɫɧɨɪɭɱɧɨ ɡɚɫɜɿɞɱɢɬɢ ɜ ɚɧɤɟɬɿ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ ȱɜɚɧɱɟɧɤɚ ȱ.ȱ. ɫɜɿɣ ɞɨɡɜɿɥ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɪɚɯɭɧɤɭ. Ɋɨɛɨɬɚ ɤɚɫɢɪɚ ɡ ɝɨɬɿɜɤɨɸ. Ʉɚɫɢɪ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ ɿ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɧɟɫɟ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ ɡɚ ɡɛɟɪɟɠɟɧɧɹ ɝɪɨɲɨɜɨʀ ɫɭɦɢ ɧɚ ɪɟɰɟɩɰɿʀ, ɜ ɬɨɦɭ ɱɢɫɥɿ ɡɚ ɫɟɣɮ. ɉɟɪɟɞ ɩɨɱɚɬɤɨɦ ɡɦɿɧɢ ɤɚɫɢɪ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɡɚɛɪɚɬɢ ɡ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɣɮɚ ɞɥɹ ɡɛɟɪɟɠɟɧɧɹ ɝɪɨɲɟɣ ɧɚɹɜɧɭ ɫɭɦɭ, ɭ ɰɶɨɦɭ ɫɟɣɮɿ ɜɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɡɛɟɪɿɝɚɬɢɫɶ ɝɪɨɲɿ ɬɚ ɤɨɲɬɨɜɧɿ ɪɟɱɿ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ. Ʉɥɸɱɿ ɜɿɞ ɫɟɣɮɚ ɭ ɞɜɨɯ ɩɪɢɦɿɪɧɢɤɚɯ ɡɛɟɪɿɝɚɸɬɶɫɹ — ɨɞɢɧ ɭ ɤɚɫɢɪɚ, ɞɪɭɝɢɣ ɭ ɡɚɫɬɭɩɧɢɤɚ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɚ ɡ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ. ɉɪɢ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɿ ɝɪɨɲɨɜɨʀ ɫɭɦɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɱɚɬɤɭ ɡɦɿɧɢ, ɤɚɫɢɪ ɩɿɞɩɢɫɭɽ ɤɜɢɬɚɧɰɿɸ, ɳɨ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɦɭ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɭ. Ʉɚɫɢɪ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɜɚɬɢ ɿɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɿɸ, ɹɤɭ ɪɨɡɪɨɛɥɹɽ ɮɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɢɣ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪ ɡ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɿɜɤɨɸ. Ƚɪɨɲɨɜɚ ɫɭɦɚ ɭ ɤɚɫɢɪɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɩɟɪɟɜɿɪɹɬɢɫɶ ɭ ɛɭɞɶ-ɹɤɢɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɮɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɢɦ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɨɦ, ɿɧɲɢɦ ɭɩɨɜɧɨɜɚɠɟɧɢɦ ɮɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɨɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɨʀ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ, ɚɛɨ ɡɨɜɧɿɲɧɿɦɢ ɿɧɫɩɟɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ. ɉɿɫɥɹ ɡɚɤɿɧɱɟɧɧɹ ɡɦɿɧɢ ɤɚɫɢɪ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ ɿ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɿ ɤɜɢɬɚɧɰɿʀ ɩɿɞɪɚɯɭɜɚɬɢ ɛɚɥɚɧɫ ɝɨɬɿɜɤɢ ɡɚ ɡɦɿɧɭ. Ʉɨɧɜɟɪɬ ɡ ɤɜɢɬɚɧɰɿɹɦɢ ɿ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɨɸ ɝɨɬɿɜɤɨɸ ɡɛɟɪɿɝɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɿɧɲɨɸ ɧɚɹɜɧɨɸ ɝɪɨɲɨɜɨɸ ɫɭɦɨɸ. Ʉɚɫɢɪ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɡ ɩɿɞɪɚɯɭɧɤɨɦ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɭ ɝɪɨɲɨɜɨʀ ɫɭɦɢ ɜ ɤɿɧɰɿ ɡɦɿɧɢ, ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɢɬɢ ɧɚ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɧɢɣ ɞɟɧɶ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɧɸ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɛɚɧɤɧɨɬ ɪɿɡɧɨɝɨ ɧɨɦɿɧɚɥɭ ɡ ɦɟɬɨɸ ɭɧɢɤɧɟɧɧɹ ɬɪɭɞɧɨɳɿɜ ɩɿɞ ɱɚɫ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɡ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚɦɢ. ɍ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ ɜɿɞɫɭɬɧɨɫɬɿ ɤɚɫɢɪɚ ɡ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɢ ɯɜɨɪɨɛɢ, ɜɿɞɩɭɫɬɤɢ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɨʀ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɢ, ɝɪɨɲɨɜɚ ɫɭɦɚ, ɳɨ ɩɟɪɟɛɭɜɚɽ ɭ ɣɨɝɨ ɪɨɡɩɨɪɹɞɠɟɧɧɿ, ɩɟɪɟɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɦɭ ɤɚɫɢɪɭ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɚɤɬɚ ɩɪɨ ɩɪɢɣɨɦ ɝɪɨɲɟɣ. ɇɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɡɚɡɧɚɱɢɬɢ, ɞɥɹ ɤɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɫɢɪɚ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɨɫɨɛɢɫɬɢɣ ɤɨɞ (ɮɚɣɥ ɭ ɤɨɦɩ’ɸɬɟɪɿ), ɹɤɢɣ ɞɨɡɜɨ265
ɥɹɽ ɿɞɟɧɬɢɮɿɤɭɜɚɬɢ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɞɨ ɪɚɯɭɧɤɿɜ ɬɚ ɩɨɡɛɚɜɥɹɽ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɡɚ ɩɨɦɢɥɤɢ ɿɧɲɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ. ɉɿɫɥɹ ɡɚɤɿɧɱɟɧɧɹ ɡɦɿɧɢ ɤɚɫɢɪ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɡɜɿɪɢɬɢ ɪɚɯɭɧɤɢ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ ɡ ɞɚɧɢɦɢ ɱɟɤɿɜ ɤɚɫɨɜɢɯ ɚɩɚɪɚɬɿɜ. ȼɫɿ ɪɚɯɭɧɤɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɚɤɭɪɚɬɧɨ ɭɩɚɤɨɜɚɧɿ ɿ ɡɚɥɢɲɟɧɿ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɟɜɿɪɤɢ ɧɿɱɧɨɦɭ ɚɭɞɢɬɨɪɭ. Ⱥɧɤɟɬɢ ɬɚ ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿɣɧɿ ɤɚɪɬɤɢ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ, ɹɤɿ ɜɢɛɭɥɢ ɩɪɨɩɟɱɚɬɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɿɡ ɡɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹɦ ɱɚɫɭ ɜɿɞ’ʀɡɞɭ ɿ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɨɪɬɶɽ, ɜɨɧɢ ɽ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɦ ɡɚɫɨɛɨɦ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿʀ ɞɥɹ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ ɿ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɨ ɡɜɿɥɶɧɟɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ. Ɉɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɦ ɤɚɫɢɪɚ ɽ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɫɟɣɮɚ ɞɥɹ ɡɛɟɪɿɝɚɧɧɹ ɰɿɧɧɢɯ ɪɟɱɟɣ. ȼɿɧ ɡɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɢɣ ɨɮɨɪɦɢɬɢ ɡɛɟɪɿɝɚɧɧɹ ɰɿɧɧɢɯ ɪɟɱɟɣ ɭ ɫɟɣɮɿ, ɞɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɪɟɝɥɚɦɟɧɬɨɜɚɧɨʀ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɿ ɚɛɨ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɤɨɲɬɨɜɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɧɚɥɟɠɧɢɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɡɚ ɤɥɸɱɚɦɢ. ɍ ɪɨɛɨɬɿ ɤɚɫɢɪɚ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ ɿ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɜɚɠɥɢɜɭ ɪɨɥɶ ɜɿɞɿɝɪɚɽ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɥɶɧɟ ɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɩɟɪɜɢɧɧɨʀ ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɨʀ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɿʀ ɱɟɪɝɨɜɢɦ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɨɪɨɦ. ɋɤɥɚɞɟɧɚ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɧɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɮɨɧɞɭ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ «ȼɿɞɨɦɿɫɬɶ ɪɭɯɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ» (ɮɨɪɦɚ ʋ 9-Ƚ, ɞɨɞɚɬɨɤ Ȼ.1.) ɫɩɪɢɹɽ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɸ ɤɚɫɢɪɨɦ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨʀ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿʀ, ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɨʀ ɡ ɨɩɥɚɬɨɸ ɡɚ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ. ȼɿɞɨɦɿɫɬɶ ɪɭɯɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ (ɮɨɪɦɚ ʋ 9-Ƚ, ɞɨɞɚɬɨɤ Ȼ.1.) ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɡɚɩɨɜɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɱɟɪɝɨɜɢɦ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɨɪɨɦ ɳɨɞɟɧɧɨ ɫɬɚɧɨɦ ɧɚ 9.00 ɝɨɞ. ɿ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɥɿɤɭ ɡɜɿɥɶɧɟɧɢɯ ɿ ɡɚɫɟɥɟɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɪɟɦɨɧɬɧɢɯ ɪɨɛɿɬ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɚɯ. Ʉɚɫɢɪ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ ɿ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɧɟɡɚɥɟɠɧɨ ɜɿɞ ɜɢɛɨɪɭ ɮɨɪɦɢ ɨɩɥɚɬɢ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɨɦ, ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɜɢɩɢɫɚɬɢ ɪɚɯɭɧɨɤ (ɮɨɪɚ ʋ 4-Ƚ, ɞɨɞɚɬɨɤ Ȼ.1.) ɭ ɬɪɶɨɯ ɟɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɚɯ, ɹɤɳɨ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɤɨɦɩ’ɸɬɟɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɨɩɪɚɰɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɞɚɧɢɯ — ɭ ɞɜɨɯ ɟɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɚɯ. ɉɟɪɲɢɣ ɟɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪ ɜɢɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɭ, ɞɪɭɝɢɣ ɪɚɡɨɦ ɡ «Ʉɚɫɨɜɢɦ ɡɜɿɬɨɦ» (ɮɨɪɦɚ ʋ 8-Ƚ, ɞɨɞɚɬɨɤ Ȼ.1.) ɜɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ ɞɧɹ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɛɭɯɝɚɥɬɟɪɿɸ, ɬɪɟɬɿɣ ɟɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪ ɡɚɥɢɲɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɤɚɫɢɪɚ ɿ ɡɛɟɪɿɝɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɞɨ ɜɢɛɭɬɬɹ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ ɡ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ. Ʉɚɫɨɜɢɣ ɡɜɿɬ ɡɚɩɨɜɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɤɚɫɢɪɨɦ (ɩɨɪɬɶɽ, ɹɤɢɣ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɭɧɨɤ) ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɞɚɧɢɯ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɢɯ ɡɚ ɡɜɿɬɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɿɨɞ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɭɧɤɿɜ (ɮɨɪɦɚ ʋ 4-Ƚ, ɞɨɞɚɬɨɤ Ȼ.1.) ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɟɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɿ. ȼ ɝɪɚɮɿ «ȼɢɞ ɩɥɚɬɟɠɭ» ɩɟɪɟɪɚɯɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ, 266
ɳɨ ɧɚɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚɦ ɡɚ ɡɜɿɬɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɿɨɞ. Ɏɨɪɦɚ ɳɨɞɟɧɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɛɭɯɝɚɥɬɟɪɿɸ ɪɚɡɨɦ ɡ ɿɧɲɢɦɢ ɟɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɚɦɢ ɪɚɯɭɧɤɿɜ (ɮɨɪɦɚ ʋ 4-Ƚ, ɞɨɞɚɬɨɤ Ȼ.1.), ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɨɸ ɤɚɫɨɜɨɸ ɫɬɪɿɱɤɨɸ ɿ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɨɸ ɫɬɪɿɱɤɨɸ ɬɟɪɦɿɧɚɥɭ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɧɢɯ ɤɚɪɬɨɤ (ɹɤɳɨ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɦɟɯɚɧɿɡɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɭɧɨɤ). ȼɿɡɢɬɧɚ ɤɚɪɬɤɚ (ɮɨɪɦɚ ʋ 3-Ƚ, ɞɨɞɚɬɨɤ Ȼ.1.) ɞɚɽ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɝɨɫɬɹɦ, ɹɤɿ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɸɬɶ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɧɚ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɤɥɸɱɿɜ ɜɿɞ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɿ ɧɚ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɫɥɭɠɛɚɦɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ. ɇɚ ɤɚɪɬɰɿ ɜɤɚɡɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɿ ɞɚɧɿ ɩɪɨ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ — ɩɪɿɡɜɢɳɟ, ɿɦ’ɹ, ɩɨɛɚɬɶɤɨɜɿ, ɧɨɦɟɪ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɢ ɿ ɬɟɪɦɿɧ ɩɟɪɟɛɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ, ɿɧɲɿ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɿ ɞɚɧɿ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɛɭɬɢ ɜɧɟɫɟɧɿ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɨ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɪɿɲɟɧɧɹ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ. ȼɿɡɢɬɧɚ ɤɚɪɬɤɚ ɡɚɩɨɜɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɨɪɨɦ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɿ ɚɧɤɟɬɢ (ɮɨɪɦɚ ʋ 1-Ƚ, ɞɨɞɚɬɨɤ Ȼ.1.) ɚɛɨ ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿɣɧɨʀ ɤɚɪɬɤɢ (ɮɨɪɦɚ ʋ 2-Ƚ, ɞɨɞɚɬɨɤ Ȼ.1.). ȼɿɡɢɬɧɚ ɤɚɪɬɤɚ ɜɿɞɨɛɪɚɠɚɽ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɸ ɧɚ ɭɤɪɚʀɧɫɶɤɿɣ ɿ ɚɧɝɥɿɣɫɶɤɿɣ ɦɨɜɚɯ. Ɋɚɯɭɧɨɤ ɡɚɩɨɜɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɧɿ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɭɧɤɿɜ ɡ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚɦɢ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɿ ɿ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ, ɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɿ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ. Ɏɨɪɦɚ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɿɜ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɛɭɞɶ-ɹɤɨɦɭ ɨɩɪɚɰɸɜɚɧɧɿ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɿɜ (ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɿɣ, ɪɭɱɧɿɣ) ɿ ɩɪɢ ɛɭɞɶ-ɹɤɨɦɭ ɜɢɞɿ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɭɧɤɭ (ɝɨɬɿɜɤɨɸ, ɛɟɡɝɨɬɿɜɤɨɜɨɦɭ). Ɋɚɯɭɧɨɤ ɜɢɩɢɫɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɞɜɨɯ ɟɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɚɯ. ɉɟɪɲɢɣ ɟɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪ ɜɢɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɸɱɨɦɭ, ɞɪɭɝɢɣ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɛɭɯɝɚɥɬɟɪɿɸ. ɍ ɝɪɚɮɿ «ɉɨɫɥɭɝɚ» ɩɟɪɟɪɚɯɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɿ ɿ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ, ɳɨ ɧɚɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɭ ɭ ɡɜɿɬɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɿɨɞ ɿ ɩɨɞɚɬɨɤ ɧɚ ɰɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ. ɋɭɦɚ ɞɨ ɨɩɥɚɬɢ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɳɨɞɨɛɨɜɨ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɥɿɤɭ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɧɨ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɱɢ ɫɭɦɭ ɉȾȼ ɿ ɜɫɶɨɝɨ ɞɨ ɨɩɥɚɬɢ. Ɋɚɯɭɧɨɤ ɽ ɮɨɪɦɨɸ ɩɟɪɜɢɧɧɢɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɿɜ ɫɬɪɨɝɨʀ ɡɜɿɬɧɨɫɬɿ. ɋɟɪɟɞ ɦɟɬɨɞɿɜ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɭɧɤɭ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ: — ɝɨɬɿɜɤɚ; — ɩɥɚɫɬɢɤɨɜɿ ɤɚɪɬɤɢ; — ɞɨɪɨɠɧɿ ɱɟɤɢ; — ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ȱɧɬɟɪɧɟɬ. Ɋɿɲɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɨ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɭɧɤɭ ɩɪɢɣɦɚɽ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɰɿɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ. ȼɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɤɨɜɢɯ ɤɚɪɬɨɤ. Ɂɝɿɞɧɨ ɬɟɦɩɿɜ ɡɚɩɪɨɜɚɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɤɨɜɢɯ ɤɚɪɬɨɤ ɭ ɮɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɢɯ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɭɧɤɚɯ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɚ ɜ ɨɫɬɚɧɧɿ ɪɨɤɢ ɡɚɣɦɚɽ ɩɪɨɜɿɞɧɿ ɩɨɡɢɰɿʀ ɭ ȯɜɪɨɩɿ. ɋɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ ɞɨɫɢɬɶ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɩɨ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɤɨ267
ɜɢɯ ɤɚɪɬɤɚɯ ɡɚɪɨɛɿɬɧɨʀ ɩɥɚɬɢ, ɫɬɢɩɟɧɞɿɣ ɜ ɬɨɦɭ ɱɢɫɥɿ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɭɧɤɿɜ ɡɚ ɬɨɜɚɪɢ ɬɚ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ. ɍ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɜɢɫɨɤɨʀ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɜ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɿ ɡɚɩɪɨɜɚɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɭɧɤɿɜ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɤɨɜɢɦɢ ɤɚɪɬɤɚɦɢ ɫɬɚɽ ɡɜɢɱɚɣɧɢɦ ɹɜɢɳɟɦ. ȼɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɧɢɯ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɤɨɜɢɯ ɤɚɪɬɨɤ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɡɭɦɨɜɥɸɽ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɿɫɬɶ ɩɿɞɬɜɟɪɞɠɟɧɧɹ ʀɯɧɶɨʀ ɩɥɚɬɨɫɩɪɨɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɿ. Ɂ ɦɟɬɨɸ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ ɮɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɨʀ ɛɟɡɩɟɤɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɪɨɡɪɨɛɥɟɧɢɣ ɱɿɬɤɢɣ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ, ɹɤɿ ɨɩɥɚɱɭɸɬɶ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɧɨɸ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɤɨɜɨɸ ɤɚɪɬɤɨɸ. ɇɚɫɚɦɩɟɪɟɞ, ɿɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɿɸ ɨɩɥɚɬɢ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɧɢɦɢ ɤɚɪɬɤɚɦɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɪɨɡɪɨɛɢɬɢ ɩɥɚɧɨɜɨ-ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɢɣ ɜɿɞɞɿɥ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɬɚ ɞɨɜɟɫɬɢ ʀʀ ɞɨ ɜɿɞɨɦɚ ɫɥɭɠɛ, ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɩɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤɿɜ, ɹɤɿ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɸɬɶ ɩɪɢɣɦɚɧɧɹ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɭɧɤɿɜ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ. Ɏɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɨ-ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɚ ɫɥɭɠɛɚ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɬɿɫɧɨ ɫɩɿɜɩɪɚɰɸɜɚɬɢ ɡ ɛɚɧɤɚɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨʀ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿʀ ɳɨɞɨ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɢɯ ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ ɭ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɭɧɤɚɯ. ɍ ɫɥɭɠɛɿ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ ɿ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦɢ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɭɧɤɭ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɤɨɜɢɦɢ ɤɚɪɬɤɚɦɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɞɨɫɤɨɧɚɥɨ ɜɨɥɨɞɿɬɢ ɤɚɫɢɪ, ɱɟɪɝɨɜɢɣ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɨɪ ɬɚ ɩɨɪɬɶɽ. ɉɪɢ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɟɧɧɿ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɭɧɤɭ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɧɨɸ ɤɚɪɬɤɨɸ, ɤɚɫɢɪ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɟɪɟɜɿɪɢɬɢ ɬɟɪɦɿɧ ʀʀ ɞɿʀ. əɤɳɨ ɤɚɪɬɤɚ ɩɪɨɬɟɪɦɿɧɨɜɚɧɚ, ɤɥɿɽɧɬ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɭɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɿɧɲɢɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ. Ɉɤɪɿɦ ɩɟɪɟɜɿɪɤɢ ɬɟɪɦɿɧɭ ɞɿʀ, ɤɚɫɢɪ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɟɪɟɤɨɧɚɬɢɫɶ ɭ ɬɨɦɭ, ɳɨ ɤɚɪɬɤɚ ɧɚɥɟɠɢɬɶ ɫɚɦɟ ɰɶɨɦɭ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɭ ɚɛɨ ɧɟɞɿɣɫɧɚ ɡ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ. ɉɟɪɟɜɿɪɤɚ ɤɚɪɬɤɢ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɤɨɦɩ’ɸɬɟɪɧɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɚɛɨ ɩɨ ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧɭ ɡ ɛɚɧɤɨɦ-ɟɦɿɬɟɧɬɨɦ. ɉɿɫɥɹ ɩɿɞɬɜɟɪɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɿɽɡɞɚɬɧɨɫɬɿ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɧɨʀ ɤɚɪɬɤɢ ɤɚɫɢɪ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽ ɡɚɩɢɫ ɞɚɧɢɯ ɤɚɪɬɤɢ ɧɚ ɤɜɢɬɚɧɰɿʀ, ɜɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ ɜɤɚɡɭɽ ɬɟɪɦɿɧ ɞɿʀ ɤɚɪɬɤɢ. ɐɿ ɡɚɩɢɫɢ ɩɿɞɬɜɟɪɞɠɭɸɬɶ ɮɚɤɬ ɞɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɿɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɿʀ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɢɯ ɤɚɪɬɨɤ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ. ɉɟɪɫɨɧɚɥ, ɹɤɢɣ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɧɢɯ ɤɚɪɬɨɤ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ, ɡɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɢɣ ɜɪɚɯɨɜɭɜɚɬɢ ɨɛɦɟɠɟɧɧɹ ɭ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɿɣ ɫɭɦɿ ɜɢɬɪɚɬ ɩɨ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɧɿɣ ɤɚɪɬɰɿ, ɹɤɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ ɦɨɠɟ ɩɪɢɣɦɚɬɢ ɜɿɞ ɜɥɚɫɧɢɤɚ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɧɨʀ ɤɚɪɬɤɢ ɛɟɡ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɡɜɨɥɭ ɮɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɢɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜ. əɤɳɨ ɫɭɦɚ ɧɚ ɪɚɯɭɧɤɭ ɛɥɢɡɶɤɚ ɚɛɨ ɜɢɳɚ ɦɟɠɿ ɨɛɦɟɠɟɧɶ (Floor limits), ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ ɿ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɡɜ’ɹɡɚɬɢɫɶ ɡ ɮɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɨɸ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɿɽɸ, ɳɨ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɽ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɧɿ ɤɚɪɬɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɪɢɝɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɫɭɦɿɫɧɢɯ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɧɢɯ ɞɿɣ. ȼ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɚɯ ɧɚɤɥɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɡɧɚɱɧɨɝɨ ɲɬɪɚɮɭ ɧɚ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ ɡɚ ɧɟɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɞɨɡɜɨɥɭ ɡɭ268
ɦɨɜɥɸɽ ɜɬɪɚɬɭ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɨɦ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ ɧɟ ɬɿɥɶɤɢ ɫɭɦɢ ɜɢɳɨʀ ɡɚ ɦɟɠɭ ɨɛɦɟɠɟɧɶ, ɜɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ ɡɧɚɱɧɨʀ ɫɭɦɢ ɞɨ ɦɟɠɿ ɨɛɦɟɠɟɧɶ. Ⱦɟɪɠɚɜɧɢɣ ɤɨɦɿɬɟɬ ɛɭɞɿɜɧɢɰɬɜɚ, ɚɪɯɿɬɟɤɬɭɪɢ ɬɚ ɠɢɬɥɨɜɨʀ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɤɢ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ ɡɚɬɜɟɪɞɢɜ ɮɨɪɦɢ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɿɜ ɩɟɪɜɢɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɥɿɤɭ ɬɚ ȱɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɿʀ ɩɪɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɨɛɿɝɭ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ. Ƚɨɥɨɜɧɢɦ ɨɛɥɿɤɨɜɢɦ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɟɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɿʀ ɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɮɨɧɞɭ ɽ ɳɨɞɨɛɨɜɚ ɤɚɪɬɚ ɪɭɯɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɿ ɦɿɫɰɶ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ (ɮɨɪɦɚ ʋ 9-Ƚ, ɞɨɞɚɬɨɤ Ȼ.1.). Ɋɚɯɭɧɨɤ ɧɚ ɨɩɥɚɬɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɞɜɨɯ ɩɪɢɦɿɪɧɢɤɚɯ: ɩɟɪɲɢɣ — ɞɥɹ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ, ɞɪɭɝɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɛɭɯɝɚɥɬɟɪɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ. Ɂɜɿɬ ɩɪɨ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɨ ɛɟɡɝɨɬɿɜɤɨɜɨɦɭ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɭɧɤɭ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɞɜɨɯ ɟɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɚɯ. ɉɟɪɲɢɣ — ɪɚɡɨɦ ɡ ɤɚɪɬɨɸ ɧɚ ɛɪɨɧɶ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɛɭɯɝɚɥɬɟɪɿɸ ɞɥɹ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɪɚɯɭɧɤɭ ɧɚ ɨɩɥɚɬɭ, ɞɪɭɝɢɣ — ɡɚɥɢɲɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɭɧɤɨɜɿɣ ɱɚɫɬɢɧɿ. Ɉɤɪɟɦɨɸ ɮɨɪɦɨɸ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɭɧɤɭ ɦɨɠɟ ɛɭɬɢ ɤɪɟɞɢɬ ɩɨ ɝɨɫɬɶɨɜɿɣ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɧɿɣ ɤɚɪɬɰɿ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɞɧɶɨ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɩɟɜɧɭ ɫɭɦɭ ɦɿɠ ɝɨɬɟɥɟɦ ɿ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɨɦ. əɤɳɨ ɫɭɦɚ ɨɩɥɚɬɢ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɨɦ ɛɿɥɶɲɚ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɞɧɶɨ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɨʀ, ɝɨɬɟɥɶ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɭɬɨɱɧɢɬɢ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɭɧɨɤ ɡ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɨɦ ɩɨ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɧɿɣ ɤɚɪɬɰɿ ɞɨ ɣɨɝɨ ɜɿɞ’ʀɡɞɭ. ɉɪɨɬɟ, ɹɤɳɨ ɤɥɿɽɧɬ ɜɿɞ’ʀɠɞɠɚɽ ɪɚɧɿɲɟ ɡɚɩɥɚɧɨɜɚɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɪɦɿɧɭ, ɣɨɝɨ ɤɪɟɞɢɬ ɩɪɢɡɭɩɢɧɹɽɬɶɫɹ. ɍ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɿ ɛɟɡɝɨɬɿɜɤɨɜɨʀ ɮɨɪɦɢ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɭɧɤɭ ɨɩɥɚɬɚ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɜ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɦɨɠɟ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɢɫɶ ɲɥɹɯɨɦ ɡɛɿɥɶɲɟɧɧɹ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɭ ɝɨɫɬɹɦ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɿ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɧɨʀ ɭɝɨɞɢ, «ɩɪɹɦɢɯ ɡɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɶ» (ɜɟɤɫɟɥɿɜ). əɤɳɨ ɫɩɪɨɦɨɠɧɿɫɬɶ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ ɫɩɥɚɬɢɬɢ ɡɚ ɧɚɞɚɧɢɣ ɤɪɟɞɢɬ ɜɢɫɨɤɚ, ɜɿɧ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɡɚɩɨɜɧɢɬɢ ɡɚɹɜɤɭ ɧɚ ɤɪɟɞɢɬ ɿ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɬɢ ʀʀ ɱɟɪɝɨɜɨɦɭ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɨɪɭ ɧɚ ɡɛɟɪɿɝɚɧɧɹ. ɉɪɢ ɜɿɞ’ʀɡɞɿ ɤɥɿɽɧɬ ɨɡɧɚɣɨɦɥɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɫɭɦɨɸ ɪɚɯɭɧɤɭ, ɩɿɫɥɹ ɣɨɝɨ ɫɯɜɚɥɟɧɧɹ ɩɿɞɩɢɫɭɽ ɪɚɯɭɧɨɤ ɿ ɡɚɹɜɭ ɩɪɨ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɟ ɡɛɟɪɿɝɚɧɧɹ ɜ ɚɪɯɿɜɿ. ȼɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɤɚɫɨɜɢɯ ɱɟɤɿɜ. ȱɧɲɨɸ ɛɟɡɝɨɬɿɜɤɨɜɨɸ ɮɨɪɦɨɸ ɨɩɥɚɬɢ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɛɭɬɢ ɤɚɫɨɜɿ ɱɟɤɢ, ɳɨ ɨɰɿɧɸɸɬɶɫɹ ɛɚɧɤɚɦɢ ɹɤ ɟɤɜɿɜɚɥɟɧɬ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɭɧɤɭ ɝɨɬɿɜɤɨɸ. Ƚɨɬɟɥɿ, ɭ ɹɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɣɦɚɸɬɶ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɭɧɨɤ ɱɟɤɚɦɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɜɚɬɢ ɩɿɞɬɜɟɪɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɨɫɨɛɢ ɜɥɚɫɧɢɤɚ ɱɟɤɿɜ. Ʉɚɫɢɪ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ ɿ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɚɛɨ ɱɟɪɝɨɜɢɣ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɨɪ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɡɿɫɬɚɜɢɬɢ ɮɨɬɨɝɪɚɮɿɸ ɿ ɩɿɞɩɢɫ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ ɧɚ ɱɟɤɚɯ ɡ ɣɨɝɨ ɡɨɜɧɿɲɧɿɫɬɸ ɿ ɩɿɞ269
ɩɢɫɨɦ. əɤɳɨ ɜɢɧɢɤɚɽ ɫɭɦɧɿɜ ɭ ɩɪɢɧɚɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɿ ɤɚɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɱɟɤɚ, ɱɟɤ ɩɟɪɟɜɿɪɹɽɬɶɫɹ ɛɚɧɤɿɜɫɶɤɨɸ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɸ. Ⱦɥɹ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ ɩɿɞɬɜɟɪɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɱɟɤɚ, ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɩɪɢɣɦɚɸɬɶ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɭɧɤɢ ɱɟɤɚɦɢ ɭ ɩɟɪɿɨɞ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɛɚɧɤɿɜ. ɇɚɣɱɚɫɬɿɲɟ ɨɩɥɚɬɚ ɱɟɤɚɦɢ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɡɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ, ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɨɩɥɚɱɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɝɨɬɿɜɤɨɸ ɚɛɨ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɧɢɦɢ ɤɚɪɬɤɚɦɢ. Ɂ ɦɟɬɨɸ ɭɧɢɤɧɟɧɧɹ ɮɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɢɯ ɜɬɪɚɬ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɡ ɱɟɤɚɦɢ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ ɿ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɞɨɬɪɢɦɭɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɿɣ: — ɩɿɞɩɢɫ ɱɟɤɿɜ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɨɦ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɹɤ ɫɜɿɞɱɟɧɧɹ ɩɥɚɬɨɫɩɪɨɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɿ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɿɫɥɹ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨʀ ɩɟɪɟɜɿɪɤɢ ɛɚɧɤɿɜɫɶɤɨɸ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɸ; — ɧɚ ɱɟɤɚɯ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɢɫɶ ɞɚɬɚ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɟɧɧɹ ɩɥɚɬɟɠɭ; — ɱɟɤɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɜɢɩɢɫɭɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɧɚ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ, ɚɥɟ ɧɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞ’ɹɜɧɢɤɚ. Ɋɨɡɪɚɯɭɧɤɨɜɿ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɜ ȱɧɬɟɪɧɟɬɿ. Ɋɨɡɪɚɯɭɧɤɢ ɡɚ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɡ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹɦ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɬɟɥɟɤɨɦɭɧɿɤɚɰɿɣɧɨʀ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ȱɧɬɟɪɧɟɬ — ɹɜɢɳɟ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɿɱɧɟ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɸ ɰɿɽʀ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨʀ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɜ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɝɚɥɭɡɹɯ ɫɭɫɩɿɥɶɧɨ-ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɠɢɬɬɹ. Ɉɩɥɚɬɚ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɮɨɪɦɿ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɧɢɯ, ɞɟɛɟɬɧɢɯ ɫɯɟɦ ɿ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɢɯ ɝɪɨɲɟɣ. Ʉɪɟɞɢɬɧɿ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɭɧɤɢ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɿɜ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɟɧɧɹ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɿɱɧɿ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɸ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɧɢɯ ɤɚɪɬɨɤ. ɉɪɢ ɩɨɤɭɩɰɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɤɥɿɽɧɬ ɩɟɪɟɫɢɥɚɽ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɫɜɨɽʀ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɧɨʀ ɤɚɪɬɤɢ, ɡ ɹɤɨʀ ɡɧɿɦɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɨɛɭɦɨɜɥɟɧɚ ɫɭɦɚ. Ⱦɟɛɟɬɧɚ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɩɪɚɰɸɽ ɡ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹɦ ɞɟɛɟɬɧɢɯ ɤɚɪɬɨɤ. Ɋɨɡɪɚɯɭɧɨɤ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɲɥɹɯɨɦ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɨɦ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ ɤɚɪɬɤɢ ɿ PIN-ɤɨɞɚ ɭ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɭ ɤɨɦɭɧɿɤɚɰɿɣɧɭ ɦɟɪɟɠɭ. ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɢɯ ɝɪɨɲɟɣ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɿɱɧɚ ɨɛɿɝɭ ɝɨɬɿɜɤɨɜɢɯ ɝɪɨɲɟɣ. ȼɢɞɿɥɹɽɬɶɫɹ ɞɜɚ ɬɢɩɢ ɰɢɮɪɨɜɨʀ ɝɨɬɿɜɤɢ — ɝɨɬɿɜɤɚ, ɳɨ ɡɛɟɪɿɝɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɦɚɪɬ-ɤɚɪɬɤɚɯ ɿ ɧɚ ɠɨɪɫɬɤɨɦɭ ɞɢɫɤɭ ɤɨɦɩ’ɸɬɟɪɚ. ȼɫɿ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɭɧɤɢ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɸɬɶɫɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɛɚɧɤɿɜɫɶɤɿ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢ. ɍ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɿ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɢɯ ɝɪɨɲɟɣ ɡɚɩɢɫ ɧɚ ɤɚɪɬɰɿ ɚɛɨ ɠɨɪɫɬɤɨɦɭ ɞɢɫɤɭ ɩɪɢɪɿɜɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɞɨ ɩɟɜɧɨʀ ɝɨɬɿɜɤɨɜɨʀ ɫɭɦɢ ɜ ɨɞɧɿɣ ɡ ɜɚɥɸɬ. ɐɹ ɫɭɦɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɤɨɧɜɟɪɬɭɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɚɛɨ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɛɟɡɩɨɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨ ɩɨ ɤɚɧɚɥɚɯ ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɭ ɦɿɠ ɩɪɨɞɚɜɰɟɦ ɿ ɫɩɨɠɢɜɚɱɟɦ. ȼɢɞɚɱɚ ɤɥɸɱɿɜ. ȼɢɞɚɱɚ ɤɥɸɱɿɜ ɜɿɞ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɭɽ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿʀ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ. Ɂɞɿɣɫɧɸɽ ɰɟɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɩɨɪɬɶɽ. 270
ȼɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ, ɜ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɢ ɩɨɪɬɶɽ ɜɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɞɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɫɬɪɨɝɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ ɡɚ ɡɛɟɪɟɠɟɧɧɹɦ ɤɥɸɱɿɜ. Ⱦɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɪɟɝɥɚɦɟɧɬɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɿɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɿɣ ɳɨɞɨ ɪɭɯɭ ɤɥɸɱɿɜ — ɜɚɠɥɢɜɢɣ ɩɭɧɤɬ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ ɛɟɡɩɟɤɢ ɩɟɪɟɛɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ ɬɚ ʀɯɧɶɨɝɨ ɦɚɣɧɚ, ɿɦɿɞɠɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ. ɍ ɞɟɹɤɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɩɿɫɥɹ ɜɢɞɚɱɿ ɤɥɸɱɿɜ, ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪ, ɡɚ ɣɨɝɨ ɡɝɨɞɨɸ, ɦɨɠɟ ɫɭɩɪɨɜɨɞɠɭɜɚɬɢ ɩɨɫɢɥɶɧɢɣ. Ɉɤɪɿɦ ɞɨɩɨɦɨɝɢ ɭ ɩɟɪɟɧɟɫɟɧɧɿ ɛɚɝɚɠɭ, ɩɨɫɢɥɶɧɢɣ ɦɨɠɟ ɨɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɜɚɬɢ ɧɨɦɟɪ, ɧɚɞɚɬɢ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɸ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɭ ɩɪɨ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ — ɪɨɡɬɚɲɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɪɟɠɢɦ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ, ɳɨ ɧɚɞɚɸɬɶ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ, ɦɿɫɰɟɜɢɣ ɤɨɥɨɪɢɬ ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɧɹ. ɉɿɫɥɹ ɩɪɢɛɭɬɬɹ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɩɨɫɢɥɶɧɢɣ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɩɨɛɚɠɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɦɨɠɟ ɧɚɞɚɬɢ ɿɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɿɸ ɩɪɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɭ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ, ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɩɨɛɭɬɨɜɨʀ ɬɟɯɧɿɤɢ, ɧɨɪɦɢ ɛɟɡɩɟɤɢ ɭ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹɦ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ ɬɚ ɿɧ. ɍ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿʀ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɧɿ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ ɫɥɭɠɛɨɸ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ ɿ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɜɚɠɥɢɜɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɦɚɽ ɩɨɜɟɞɿɧɤɚ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ, ɹɤɢɣ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɬɨɥɟɪɚɧɬɧɨ, ɡɚɜɠɞɢ ɡ ɭɫɦɿɲɤɨɸ ɜɟɫɬɢ ɪɨɡɦɨɜɭ, ɞɨɬɪɢɦɭɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɩɨɫɬɿɣɧɨɝɨ ɜɿɡɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɭ ɡ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚɦɢ, ɛɭɬɢ ɚɤɭɪɚɬɧɢɦ, ɱɿɬɤɢɦ ɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɿ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɩɿɞɬɪɢɦɭɜɚɬɢ ɧɚɥɟɠɧɢɣ ɜɢɝɥɹɞ ɬɚ ɫɬɚɧ ɨɞɹɝɭ, ɜɡɭɬɬɹ, ɛɭɬɢ ɬɚɤɬɨɜɧɢɦ, ɞɨɫɤɨɧɚɥɨ ɡɧɚɬɢ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɣɧɿ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɢ. Ʉɥɸɱɨɜɢɦ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɭ ɪɟɚɥɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɭ ɫɥɭɠɛɨɸ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ ɿ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɧɿ — ɩɪɨɩɨɡɢɰɿɹ ɜɢɛɨɪɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ. Ɉɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɸɱɢɣ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɭɫɩɿɲɧɨ ɩɪɨɞɚɬɢ ɧɨɦɟɪ, ɜɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ ɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɢ ɚɮɟɤɬ ɡɚɞɨɜɨɥɟɧɧɹ ɭ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ. Ⱦɥɹ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɱɟɪɝɨɜɢɣ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɨɪ ɿ ɩɨɪɬɶɽ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɡɧɚɬɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ ɿ ɜɦɿɬɢ ɣɨɝɨ ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɢ. Ⱦɨɰɿɥɶɧɨ ɡɚɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɜɚɬɢ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɭ ɧɚ ɜɢɛɿɪ ɞɟɤɿɥɶɤɚ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɿ ɞɨɩɨɦɨɝɬɢ ɜɢɛɪɚɬɢ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɜɚɪɿɚɧɬ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɣɨɝɨ ɩɨɛɚɠɚɧɶ. ɉɿɫɥɹ ɜɢɛɨɪɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɫɯɜɚɥɢɬɢ ɜɢɛɿɪ, ɩɿɞɤɪɟɫɥɢɬɢ ɩɟɪɟɜɚɝɢ ɧɚɞ ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɧɢɦɢ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɚɦɢ. ɉɿɫɥɹ ɩɪɢɛɭɬɬɹ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɱɟɪɝɨɜɨɦɭ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɨɪɭ ɱɢ ɩɨɪɬɶɽ ɞɨɰɿɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɞɡɜɨɧɢɬɢ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɭ ɿ ɩɨɰɿɤɚɜɢɬɢɫɶ ɱɢ ɡɚɞɨɜɨɥɟɧɢɣ ɜɿɧ ɜɿɞ ɜɢɛɨɪɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ. ȼ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɚɯ ɫɥɭɠɛɚ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ ɿ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɦɨɠɟ ɜɿɞɦɨɜɢɬɢ ɭ ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɧɿ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ ɜ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ. ȼɿɞɦɨɜɚ ɭ ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɧɿ ɦɨɠɟ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɭɜɚɬɢɫɶ: — ɡ ɜɿɞɫɭɬɧɿɫɬɸ ɦɿɫɰɶ ɚɛɨ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ, ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɜɢɛɨɪɭ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ; 271
— ɧɟɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɭɜɚɧɢɦɢ ɨɛɫɬɚɜɢɧɚɦɢ (ɩɨɠɟɠɚ, ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɿ ɫɬɢɯɿʀ ɬɚ ɿɧ.); — ɧɟɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɨɸ ɩɨɜɟɞɿɧɤɨɸ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ; — ɧɟɩɥɚɬɨɫɩɪɨɦɨɠɧɿɫɬɸ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ. əɤɳɨ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɢɬɢ ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɧɹ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ ɡ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɢ ɜɿɞɫɭɬɧɨɫɬɿ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɚɛɨ ɮɨɪɫ-ɦɨɠɨɪɧɢɯ ɨɛɫɬɚɜɢɧ, ɱɟɪɝɨɜɢɣ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɨɪ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɨɜɿɞɨɦɢɬɢ ɩɪɨ ɰɟ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ, ɜɢɛɚɱɢɬɢɫɶ ɬɚ ɡɚɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɜɚɬɢ ɿɧɲɢɣ ɧɚɣɛɥɢɠɱɢɣ ɡ ɩɨɞɿɛɧɢɦɢ ɭɦɨɜɚɦɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ. əɤɳɨ ɤɥɿɽɧɬ ɩɨɝɨɞɠɭɽɬɶɫɹ, ɱɟɪɝɨɜɢɣ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɨɪ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɡɜ’ɹɡɚɬɢɫɶ ɡ ɝɨɬɟɥɟɦ ɿ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɢɬɢ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɿɫɬɶ ɡɚɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɢɬɢ ɭɦɨɜɢ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ. ɍ ɩɨɞɿɛɧɢɯ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɿɹɯ ɜɚɠɥɢɜɭ ɪɨɥɶ ɜɿɞɿɝɪɚɽ ɫɩɿɜɩɪɚɰɹ ɦɿɠ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɦɢ. Ƚɨɬɟɥɶɧɿ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ, ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨ ɿɡ ɛɥɢɡɶɤɢɦ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ, ɩɨɞɿɛɧɨɸ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɚɰɿɽɸ ɧɚ ɪɢɧɤɭ ɜɢɫɬɭɩɚɸɬɶ ɧɟ ɬɿɥɶɤɢ ɹɤ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɢ, ɜɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ ɹɤ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɢ, ɳɨ ɜɢɪɿɲɭɸɬɶ ɫɩɿɥɶɧɿ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɢ. Ʉɨɠɟɧ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɦɚɬɢ ɬɿɫɧɭ ɫɩɿɜɩɪɚɰɸ ɳɨɧɚɣɦɟɧɲɟ ɡ 2–3 ɩɨɞɿɛɧɢɦɢ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɚɦɢ. 6.5. Ɉɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɹ ɿ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɮɨɧɞɭ ȼ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɣɧɿɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɿɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ ɫɥɭɠɛɚ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɩɨɪɹɞ ɡ ɫɥɭɠɛɨɸ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ ɿ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ, ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ, ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɭ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹɯ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɭɥɶɧɨʀ ɝɪɭɩɢ ɽ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɡ ɧɚɣɝɨɥɨɜɧɿɲɢɯ ɩɿɞɪɨɡɞɿɥɿɜ. ɑɢɫɬɨɬɚ ɿ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ, ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɨɱɿɤɭɜɚɧɶ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ, ɽ ɧɚɣɝɨɥɨɜɧɿɲɨɸ ɨɡɧɚɤɨɸ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ. Ƚɨɥɨɜɧɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɹ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɫɬɨɫɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɚɯ, ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɚɧɿɬɚɪɧɨ-ɝɿɝɿɽɧɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɧɭ ɿ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ, ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ (ɜɟɫɬɢɛɸɥɶ, ɯɨɥ, ɤɨɪɢɞɨɪ, ɫɯɨɞɨɜɚ, ɥɿɮɬɨɜɚ ɡɨɧɢ ɬɚ ɿɧ), ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɡɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɦ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ, ɩɨɫɬɿɥɶɧɨɸ ɛɿɥɢɡɧɨɸ, ɮɨɪɦɟɧɢɦ ɨɞɹɝɨɦ ɩɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤɿɜ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ. Ɂɚ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɸ ɩɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤɿɜ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɫɥɭɠɛɚ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲ ɱɢɫɟɥɶɧɚ — ɨɯɨɩɥɸɽ ɞɨ 50 % ɜɫɶɨɝɨ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɸɱɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ. ɉɟɪɫɨɧɚɥ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ — ɨɞɢɧ ɡ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɯ ɭ ɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɞɨɯɨɞɿɜ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ. ɉɪɨɞɚɠ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɩɪɢɧɨɫɢɬɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɭ ɱɚɫɬɢɧɭ ɞɨɯɨɞɿɜ ɜɫɶɨɝɨ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ: ɧɚ ɤɨɠɧɿ 272
100 ɞɨɥ., ɳɨ ɩɥɚɬɢɬɶ ɤɥɿɽɧɬ ɡɚ ɧɨɦɟɪ — 60 ɞɨɥ. ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɱɢɫɬɢɣ ɞɨɯɿɞ, ɪɟɲɬɚ, 40 ɞɨɥ. ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɭɸɬɶ ɜɢɬɪɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɭɬɪɢɦɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ. Ɍɨɞɿ, ɹɤ ɜ ɿɧɲɨɦɭ ɜɚɠɥɢɜɨɦɭ ɩɿɞɪɨɡɞɿɥɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɭ — ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɿ, ɞɨɯɿɞ ɧɚ ɤɨɠɧɿ 100 ɞɨɥ. ɨɩɥɚɱɟɧɢɯ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɨɦ ɡɚ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ — ɥɢɲɟ 20 ɞɨɥ. ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɱɢɫɬɢɣ ɞɨɯɿɞ — ɪɟɲɬɚ 80 ɞɨɥ. ɜɢɬɪɚɱɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɤɭɩɿɜɥɸ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɿɜ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɿɧɜɟɧɬɚɪɹ, ɨɩɥɚɬɭ ɩɪɚɰɿ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ ɬɚ ɿɧ. Ⱦɥɹ ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɱɢɯ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɿɜ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɨɦ, ɭɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɧɚɥɟɠɧɨɦɭ ɫɬɚɧɿ ɡɧɚɱɧɨʀ ɡɚ ɪɨɡɦɿɪɚɦɢ ɩɥɨɳɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ, ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɥɶɧɢɦ, ɤɨɦɭɧɿɤɚɛɟɥɶɧɢɦ, ɩɭɧɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɢɦ ɭ ɫɬɨɫɭɧɤɚɯ ɡ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚɦɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɬɢ ɜɜɿɱɥɢɜɿɫɬɶ, ɜɢɤɨɧɭɜɚɬɢ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɣɧɢɯ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɿɜ ʀɯɧɿ ɩɨɛɚɠɚɧɧɹ, ɛɚɠɚɧɨ ɭ ɱɚɫ ɜɿɞɫɭɬɧɨɫɬɿ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɿ. ɍ ɪɨɛɨɬɿ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɿɫɬɶ ɡɚɫɨɛɭ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɩɿɞɤɪɟɫɥɸɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɲɟ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɧɢɯ ɫɥɭɠɛ. Ƚɿɫɬɶ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲɟ ɩɟɪɟɛɭɜɚɽ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɿ. ɉɨɤɢɞɚɸɱɢ ɫɜɿɣ ɞɿɦ ɜɿɧ ɧɚɦɚɝɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɬɢ ɭɦɨɜɢ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɟ ɝɿɪɲɿ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɿɯ, ɡɚɛɭɬɢ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɢ ɿ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɬɢ ɧɚɫɨɥɨɞɭ ɜɿɞ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɜɪɚɠɟɧɶ. Ɍɨɦɭ ɭ ɪɨɛɨɬɿ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɜɢɹɜɥɹɬɢ ɩɨɜɚɝɭ, ɦɚɣɫɬɟɪɧɿɫɬɶ ɜ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɿ. Ɉɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɸɱɢɣ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥ ɡɚɜɠɞɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɡ ɭɫɦɿɲɤɨɸ ɡɭɫɬɪɿɱɚɬɢ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ, ɩɿɞɬɪɢɦɭɜɚɬɢ ɪɨɡɦɨɜɭ (ɡɚ ɛɚɠɚɧɧɹɦ ɝɨɫɬɹ), ɞɚɬɢ ɜɿɞɱɭɬɢ ɝɨɬɨɜɧɿɫɬɶ ɞɨɩɨɦɨɝɬɢ. ɍ ɮɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɨɦɭ ɩɥɚɧɿ ɰɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɧɟ ɦɚɸɬɶ ɰɿɧɢ, ɩɪɨɬɟ ɬɚɤɿ ɞɪɿɛɧɢɰɿ ɫɩɪɢɹɸɬɶ ɡɪɨɫɬɚɧɧɸ ɚɜɬɨɪɢɬɟɬɭ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɭ. ɋɭɬɬɽɜɭ ɪɨɥɶ ɭ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɮɨɧɞɭ ɜɿɞɿɝɪɚɸɬɶ ɦɨɪɚɥɶɧɿ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ — ɱɟɫɧɿɫɬɶ, ɧɟ ɡɜɚɛɥɢɜɿɫɬɶ ɞɨ ɱɭɠɢɯ ɪɟɱɟɣ. Ʉɥɿɽɧɬɢ ɞɨɜɿɪɹɸɬɶ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ ɿ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɜɢɩɪɚɜɞɨɜɭɜɚɬɢ ɰɸ ɞɨɜɿɪɭ. ɉɨɫɬɿɣɧɢɣ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬ ɡ ɨɫɨɛɢɫɬɢɦɢ ɪɟɱɚɦɢ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ, ɜ ɬɨɦɭ ɱɢɫɥɿ ɡ ɤɨɲɬɨɜɧɢɦɢ ɪɟɱɚɦɢ, ɧɟ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɜɜɨɞɢɬɢ ɭ ɫɩɨɤɭɫɭ ɞɨ ɡɥɨɜɠɢɜɚɧɶ. ɍ ɽɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɶɤɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɸɬɶ ɛɸɪɨ ɚɛɨ ɫɬɿɥ ɡɧɚɯɿɞɨɤ ɭ ɹɤɿ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɽ ɜɫɿ ɡɚɥɢɲɟɧɿ ɝɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɪɟɱɿ. ɋɥɭɠɛɚ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɧɟ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽ ɩɪɨɞɚɠɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ, ɡɚɤɭɩɿɜɥɸ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ, ɩɪɨɬɟ ɧɟɫɟ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ ɡɚ ɩɨɩɨɜɧɟɧɧɹ ɿ ɨɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɿɧɜɟɧɬɚɪɹ, ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɚɯ ɬɚ ɧɟɠɢɬɥɨɜɿɣ ɱɚɫɬɢɧɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ. ȼ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɢ ɰɿɽʀ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɜɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɫɜɨʀɯ ɜɢɬɪɚɬ, ɹɤɿ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɭɡɝɨɞɠɭɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɿɡ ɡɚɝɚ273
ɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɜɢɬɪɚɬɚɦɢ ɿ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɢɫɶ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɦ ɛɸɞɠɟɬɧɢɦ ɩɥɚɧɨɦ ɜɿɞɞɿɥɭ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ. ɋɥɭɠɛɭ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɨɱɨɥɸɽ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪ, ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɡɧɚɱɧɢɯ ɪɨɡɦɿɪɿɜ — ɡɚɫɬɭɩɧɢɤ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɚ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɡ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ. Ɇɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɭ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɩɿɞɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɱɟɪɝɨɜɿ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɚɯ, ɫɬɚɪɲɚ ɩɨɤɨʀɜɤɚ, ɡɚɜɿɞɭɜɚɱ ɛɿɥɢɡɧɹɧɨɸ, ɩɨɤɨʀɜɤɢ, ɤɚɫɬɟɥɹɧɲɚ, ɫɭɩɟɪɜɚɣɡɟɪ, ɫɬɸɚɪɞ, ɲɜɚɱɤɚ, ɩɪɢɛɢɪɚɥɶɧɢɰɿ (ɪɢɫ. 6.5). Ɇɟɧɟɞɠɟɪ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ Ɂɚɜɿɞɭɜɚɱ ɛɿɥɢɡɧɹɧɨɸ
Ⱦɢɪɟɤɬɨɪ ɩɪɚɥɶɧɿ Ɂɚɫɬɭɩɧɢɤ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɚ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ
Ʉɚɫɬɟɥɹɧɲɚ ɋɬɚɪɲɚ ɩɨɤɨʀɜɤɚ
ɉɟɪɫɨɧɚɥ ɩɪɚɥɶɧɿ ɋɬɸɚɪɞ
ɒɜɚɱɤɚ ɉɨɤɨʀɜɤɢ
ɉɪɢɛɢɪɚɥɶɧɢɰɿ
ɋɭɩɟɪɜɚɣɡɟɪ
Ɋɢɫ. 6.5. Ɉɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɣɧɨ-ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɚ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɮɨɧɞɭ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɡɧɚɱɧɨʀ ɦɿɫɬɤɨɫɬɿ
Ɇɟɧɟɞɠɟɪ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɮɨɧɞɭ. Ɏɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɿ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɢ ɤɟɪɿɜɧɢɤɚ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɿ ɡ: — ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɟɦ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɫɬɚɧɨɦ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɭ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɚɯ, ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹɯ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɬɚ ɫɥɭɠɛɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ; — ɩɪɢɣɦɚɧɧɹɦ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɢɯ ɡɚɯɨɞɿɜ ɿɡ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɛɿɥɶɲɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɯɨɞɿɜ ɜɿɞ ɫɩɥɚɬɢ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ, ɩɿɞɜɢɳɟɧɧɹ ɡɚɣɧɹɬɨɫɬɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ; — ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɦɨɧɿɬɨɪɢɧɝɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɬɚɪɢɮɿɜ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɚɯ, ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɭ ɫɩɿɜɩɪɚɰɿ ɡ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɢɦ ɜɿɞɞɿɥɨɦ ɬɚ ɤɨɦɟɪɰɿɣɧɨɸ ɫɥɭɠɛɨɸ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɚɪɢɮɭ; — ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɢɦ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹɦ ɩɿɞɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɜɚɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ ɬɚ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɡ ɦɟɬɨɸ ɫɜɨɽɱɚɫɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɿɜ; — ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɽɸ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ ɿ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɪɨɛɨɬɨɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɛɟɡɩɟɤɢ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ ɛɟɡɩɟɤɢ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɿ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ, ʀɯɧɶɨɝɨ ɦɚɣɧɚ; 274
— ɩɿɞɛɨɪɨɦ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ ɡɞɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɜɢɤɨɧɭɜɚɬɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɿ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɢ ɭ ɫɥɭɠɛɿ; — ɩɿɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɨɸ ɿ ɚɧɚɥɿɡɨɦ ɡɜɿɬɿɜ ɩɪɨ ɩɟɪɟɜɿɪɤɭ ɿ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɮɨɧɞɭ ɜɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ 3 ɞɧɿɜ, 10 ɞɧɿɜ, 3 ɦɿɫɹɰɿɜ ɿ 12 ɦɿɫɹɰɿɜ, ɹɤɿ ɨɯɨɩɥɸɸɬɶ ɚɧɚɥɿɡ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ, ɧɟɩɪɢɛɭɬɬɹ, ɛɥɨɤɢ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ, ɥɸɤɫɢ, ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɿ ɩɪɨɩɨɡɢɰɿʀ, ɡ ɦɟɬɨɸ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɫɬɿɣɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ ɡɚ ɧɨɦɟɪɚɦɢ, ɳɨ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽ ɧɚɣɜɢɳɭ ɱɚɫɬɤɭ ʀɯɧɶɨʀ ɡɚɣɧɹɬɨɫɬɿ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɣɜɢɳɿɣ ɫɟɪɟɞɧɿɣ ɜɚɪɬɨɫɬɿ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ; — ɪɟɬɟɥɶɧɢɦ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɟɦ ɡɚ ɜɢɬɪɚɬɧɢɦɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɚɦɢ (ɦɢɸɱɿ ɡɚɫɨɛɢ, ɩɨɫɬɿɥɶɧɚ ɛɿɥɢɡɧɚ, ɩɨɫɭɞ ɬɚ ɿɧ.), ɦɨɧɿɬɨɪɢɧɝ ɪɢɧɤɭ ɜɢɬɪɚɬɧɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɿɜ, ɭɤɥɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɭɝɨɞ ɳɨɞɨ ʀɯ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɨɤ; — ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɟɦ ɿ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɪɨɛɨɬɨɸ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨʀ ɩɪɚɥɶɧɿ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨʀ ɩɿɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɱɢɫɬɨʀ ɛɿɥɢɡɧɢ, ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨʀ ɞɥɹ ɭɬɪɢɦɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɚ ɜɢɫɨɤɨɦɭ ɪɿɜɧɿ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɿ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɭ; — ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɰɿɽɸ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɡ ɿɧɲɢɦɢ ɫɥɭɠɛɚɦɢ (ɫɥɭɠɛɨɸ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ ɿ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ, ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ, ɿɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɨ-ɟɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɿɣɧɨɸ, ɤɨɦɟɪɰɿɣɧɨɸ); — ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹɦ ɩɿɞɜɢɳɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɣɧɨ-ɤɜɚɥɿɮɿɤɚɰɿɣɧɨɝɨ ɪɿɜɧɹ ɩɿɞɥɟɝɥɢɯ; — ɪɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɢɦ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹɦ ɿɧɜɟɧɬɚɪɢɡɚɰɿʀ; — ɩɿɞɬɪɢɦɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ ɭ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɿ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɿɜ ɜɢɫɨɤɨʀ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɢ ɿ ɦɨɪɚɥɿ. ɉɪɨɮɟɫɿɣɧɨ-ɤɜɚɥɿɮɿɤɚɰɿɣɧɿ ɬɚ ɨɫɨɛɢɫɬɿ ɜɢɦɨɝɢ ɳɨɞɨ ɩɨɫɚɞɢ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɚ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɫɬɨɫɭɸɬɶɫɹ: — ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ ɦɚɬɢ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɣɧɭ ɩɿɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɭ ɭ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɮɿɥɸ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɧɚɜɱɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɚɯ, ɩɪɨɣɬɢ ɫɬɚɠɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɲɟ 1 ɪɨɤɭ; — ɡɧɚɧɧɹ ɿɧɨɡɟɦɧɢɯ ɦɨɜ ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɩɿɥɤɭɜɚɧɧɹ; — ɤɨɪɢɫɬɭɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɚɜɬɨɪɢɬɟɬɨɦ ɭ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɿ, ɛɭɬɢ ɜɢɦɨɝɥɢɜɢɦ ɭ ɫɬɨɫɭɧɤɚɯ ɡ ɩɿɞɥɟɝɥɢɦɢ; — ɞɨɫɤɨɧɚɥɨ ɡɧɚɬɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɸ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɚɯ, ɝɪɨɦɚɞɫɶɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ, ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɢ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɿɜ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɨɦ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ; — ɜɨɥɨɞɿɧɧɹ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɧɢɦɢ ɧɚɜɢɤɚɦɢ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ ɛɟɡɩɟɤɢ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ. Ɋɨɛɨɱɢɣ ɞɟɧɶ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɚ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɧɚɣɱɚɫɬɿɲɟ ɬɪɢɜɚɽ ɡ 7.45 ɞɨ 18.00. ɉɨɱɚɬɨɤ ɪɨɛɨɱɨɝɨ ɞɧɹ ɩɨɱɢɧɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɩɟɪɟɜɿɪɤɢ ɿɡ ɫɬɚɪɲɢɦɢ ɧɿɱɧɨʀ ɡɦɿɧɢ ɩɪɢɛɢɪɚɥɶɧɢɰɶ ɱɢɫɬɨɬɢ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɸɥɹ, 275
ɡɨɧ ɪɟɤɪɟɚɰɿʀ, ɤɨɪɢɞɨɪɿɜ; ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɩɨɰɿɤɚɜɢɬɢɫɶ ɭ ɫɬɚɪɲɢɯ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɚɯ ɫɬɚɧɨɦ ɝɨɬɨɜɧɨɫɬɿ ɜɿɥɶɧɢɯ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɞɨ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ. ɉɿɫɥɹ ɩɟɪɟɜɿɪɤɢ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɟɪɟɜɿɪɢɬɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɭ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɿɸ — ɡɚɩɢɫɢ ɭ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɿ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ, ɡɜɿɬɢ ɡɚ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɞɧɸ ɞɨɛɭ, ɩɪɨɚɧɚɥɿɡɭɜɚɬɢ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡ ɡɚɩɨɜɧɟɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɿ ɭɬɨɱɧɢɬɢ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ, ɹɤɿ ɜɢɛɭɜɚɸɬɶ, ɩɪɢɛɭɥɢ ɧɟɳɨɞɚɜɧɨ, ɩɨɰɿɤɚɜɢɬɢɫɶ ɩɪɨ ɩɪɢɛɭɬɬɹ VIP-ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɡ ɦɟɬɨɸ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɞɨ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ. ɍ ɪɚɧɿɲɧɿɣ ɱɚɫ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɪɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɧɚɪɚɞɭ ɡɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɸ ɫɬɚɪɲɢɯ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɚɯ, ɡɚɜɿɞɭɜɚɱɚ ɛɿɥɢɡɧɹɧɨɸ, ɤɚɫɬɟɥɹɧɲɿ, ɿɧɲɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ, ɜɢɡɧɚɱɢɬɢ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɢ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ, ɧɚɞɚɬɢ ɪɨɡɩɨɪɹɞɠɟɧɧɹ. ɉɿɫɥɹ ɧɚɪɚɞɢ ɤɟɪɿɜɧɢɤ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɟɪɟɜɿɪɢɬɢ ɛɸɞɠɟɬ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ, ɭɡɝɨɞɢɬɢ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɞɛɚɧɧɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɢɯ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɱɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɿɜ, ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ, ɫɤɨɪɢɝɭɜɚɬɢ ɡ ɿɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɨ-ɟɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɿɣɧɨɸ ɫɥɭɠɛɨɸ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɪɟɦɨɧɬɧɢɯ ɪɨɛɿɬ. Ʉɟɪɿɜɧɢɤ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɟɪɟɜɿɪɢɬɢ ɫɬɚɧ ɿɧɜɟɧɬɚɪɹ ɜɿɥɶɧɢɯ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ, ɩɟɪɟɜɿɪɢɬɢ ɧɚɪɹɞɢ, ɳɨ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɬɶ ɜɿɞ ɟɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɿɣɧɢɯ ɫɥɭɠɛ. Ɇɟɧɟɞɠɟɪ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɞɛɚɬɢ ɩɪɨ ɨɫɜɿɬɧɶɨ-ɤɜɚɥɿɮɿɤɚɰɿɣɧɢɣ ɪɿɜɟɧɶ ɩɿɞɥɟɝɥɢɯ, ɩɪɢɣɦɚɬɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɶ ɭ ɧɚɜɱɚɧɧɿ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ, ɳɨ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɢɜ ɧɚ ɪɨɛɨɬɭ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɨɜɭɜɚɬɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɢ ɡ ɩɿɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɤɟɪɿɜɧɢɤɿɜ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɱɢɯ ɥɚɧɨɤ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ, ɡɭɫɬɪɿɬɢɫɶ ɡ ɩɪɟɬɟɧɞɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɜɥɚɲɬɭɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɧɚ ɪɨɛɨɬɭ ɭ ɫɥɭɠɛɭ. ɍ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿ ɪɨɛɨɱɨɝɨ ɱɚɫɭ ɤɟɪɿɜɧɢɤ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɩɨɫɬɿɣɧɨ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɿɞɬɪɢɦɭɜɚɬɢ ɡɜ’ɹɡɨɤ ɿɡ ɫɥɭɠɛɨɸ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ ɿ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ, ɫɥɭɠɛɨɸ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɞɥɹ ɭɡɝɨɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɿɡ ɡɚɩɨɜɧɟɧɧɹ ɿ ɡɜɿɥɶɧɟɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ, ɤɨɦɟɪɰɿɣɧɢɦ ɜɿɞɞɿɥɨɦ, ɩɪɚɥɶɧɟɸ — ɜɿɞ ɹɤɢɯ ɡɚɥɟɠɢɬɶ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɚɯ. Ɇɟɧɟɞɠɟɪ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸɽ ɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɡɧɚɱɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɫɹɝɭ ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɨʀ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɿʀ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɨʀ ɡ ɨɛɿɝɨɦ ɛɿɥɢɡɧɢ, ɯɿɦɿɱɧɢɯ ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ ɞɨɝɥɹɞɭ ɡɚ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹɦɢ ɬɚ ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ ɝɿɝɿɽɧɢ, ɿɧɜɟɧɬɚɪɹ, ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɨʀ ɩɨɛɭɬɨɜɨʀ ɬɟɯɧɿɤɢ. ȼɿɧ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɭɽ ɪɨɛɨɬɭ ɩɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤɿɜ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ, ɨɰɿɧɸɽ ʀɯɧɸ ɩɪɚɰɸ, ɫɤɥɚɞɚɽ ɝɪɚɮɿɤɢ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ, ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɽ ɡɚ ɫɬɚɧ ɦɟɛɥɿɜ, ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɚɯ, ɝɪɨɦɚɞɫɶɤɢɯ ɬɚ ɫɥɭɠɛɨɜɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹɯ, ɞɛɚɽ ɩɪɨ ɟɫɬɟɬɢɱɧɭ ɩɪɢɜɚɛɥɢɜɿɫɬɶ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ, ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɧɟ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɰɿɧɢ ɩɟɪɟɛɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ. Ʉɟɪɿɜɧɢɤ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɡɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɢɣ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɢɬɢ ɭ ɪɨɛɨɬɿ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɿ ɡɚɯɨɞɢ ɞɥɹ ɭɧɢɤɧɟɧɧɹ ɤɪɚɞɿɠɨɤ. ȼ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɝɨ276
ɬɟɥɹɯ ɩɨɤɨʀɜɤɢ ɞɚɸɬɶ ɩɿɞɩɢɫɤɭ ɩɪɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɡɚ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚɦɢ ɿ ɧɟ ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɸɬɶ ʀɯɧɶɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɧɟɧɧɹ ɭ ɱɭɠɿ ɧɨɦɟɪɢ. Ɂɝɿɞɧɨ ɩɿɞɩɢɫɤɢ, ɩɨɪɭɲɟɧɧɹ ɰɿɽʀ ɧɨɪɦɢ ɡɚɝɪɨɠɭɽ ɩɨɤɨʀɜɰɿ ɬɟɪɦɿɧɨɜɢɦ ɡɜɿɥɶɧɟɧɧɹɦ. ɋɬɚɪɲɚ ɩɨɤɨʀɜɤɚ — ɞɟɥɟɝɭɽ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɱɿ ɡɚɜɞɚɧɧɹ ɤɟɪɿɜɧɢɤɚ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ, ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɭɽ ɪɨɛɨɬɭ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɭ ɩɨɤɨʀɜɨɤ, ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɡɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɦ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ. ȼ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɢ ɫɬɚɪɲɨʀ ɩɨɤɨʀɜɤɢ ɜɯɨɞɢɬɶ: — ɪɨɡɩɨɞɿɥ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɱɢɯ ɡɚɜɞɚɧɶ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɣɧɢɯ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɿɜ; — ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɹ ɩɪɢɛɢɪɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ, ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɫɥɭɠɛɨɜɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ, ɭɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ʀɯ ɭ ɱɢɫɬɨɬɿ ɬɚ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɭ; — ɩɪɢɣɨɦ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɩɪɢ ɜɿɞ’ʀɡɞɿ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ; — ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɡɚ ɰɿɥɿɫɬɸ ɦɚɣɧɚ ɬɚ ɿɧɜɟɧɬɚɪɹ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɚɯ ɬɚ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹɯ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɡɚɤɪɿɩɥɟɧɢɯ ɡɚ ɫɬɚɪɲɨɸ ɩɨɤɨʀɜɤɨɸ; — ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɡɚ ɡɛɟɪɿɝɚɧɧɹɦ ɛɿɥɢɡɧɢ, ʀʀ ɫɬɚɧɨɦ; — ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɡɚ ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɢɦ ɫɬɚɧɨɦ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɚɯ ɿ ɫɥɭɠɛɨɜɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹɯ; — ɫɩɿɜɩɪɚɰɹ ɡ ɱɟɪɝɨɜɢɦ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɨɦ ɿɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɨʀ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɞɥɹ ɭɫɭɧɟɧɧɹ ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɢɯ ɧɟɩɨɥɚɞɨɤ; — ɫɬɪɨɝɢɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɡɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɧɟɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ, ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɟ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ ɿ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ, ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ; — ɩɪɢɣɨɦ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɶ ɧɚ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɿ ɩɥɚɬɧɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ; — ɪɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɟ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɿɧɜɟɧɬɚɪɢɡɚɰɿʀ ɦɚɣɧɚ ɬɚ ɿɧɜɟɧɬɚɪɹ (ɧɟ ɦɟɧɲɟ 2-ɨɯ ɪɚɡɿɜ ɭ ɪɿɤ) ɭ ɡɚɤɪɿɩɥɟɧɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹɯ; — ɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɨʀ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɿʀ ɳɨɞɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ ɬɚ ɨɰɿɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɩɿɞɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɜɚɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ ɬɚ ɨɛɥɿɤɭ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɶɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɢɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɿɜ ɜ ɨɛɫɹɡɿ ɡɚɤɪɿɩɥɟɧɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ. ɋɬɚɪɲɚ ɩɨɤɨʀɜɤɚ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɦɚɬɢ ɡɧɚɱɧɢɣ ɞɨɫɜɿɞ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ, ɛɟɡɞɨɝɚɧɧɨ ɡɧɚɬɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɸ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ. ɍ ɽɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɶɤɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɿɡ ɫɮɨɪɦɨɜɚɧɢɦɢ ɜɥɚɫɧɢɦɢ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɚɦɢ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɚɜɬɨɪɢɬɟɬ ɫɬɚɪɲɨʀ ɩɨɤɨʀɜɤɢ ɧɚɞɡɜɢɱɚɣɧɨ ɜɢɫɨɤɢɣ, ɜɨɧɚ ɧɚɜɱɚɽ, ɩɟɪɟɞɚɽ ɞɨɫɜɿɞ ɧɨɜɢɦ ɩɨɤɨɥɿɧɧɹɦ ɩɨɤɨʀɜɨɤ. ɉɪɨɮɟɫɿɣɧɢɣ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɨɤ ɫɬɚɪɲɨʀ ɩɨɤɨʀɜɤɚ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɢɬɢ ɧɚɣɜɢɳɢɣ ɪɿɜɟɧɶ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɭ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɚɯ. ȼ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɚɯ ɜ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɢ ɩɨɤɨʀɜɤɢ ɜɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɜɢɪɿɲɟɧɧɹ ɤɨɧɮɥɿɤɬɧɢɯ ɫɢɬɭɚ277
ɰɿɣ ɩɿɞɥɟɝɥɢɯ ɡ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚɦɢ. ȼ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɢɯ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɚɯ, ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ VIP-ɩɟɪɫɨɧ ɦɨɠɟ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɥɢɲɟ ɫɬɚɪɲɨɸ ɩɨɤɨʀɜɤɨɸ. ɉɨɤɨʀɜɤɚ. Ʉɨɥɟɤɬɢɜ ɩɨɤɨʀɜɨɤ ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲ ɱɢɫɟɥɶɧɢɣ ɭ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ. ɉɨɤɨʀɜɤɚ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽ ɩɪɢɛɢɪɚɧɧɹ, ɩɪɨɜɿɬɪɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ, ɫɚɧɜɭɡɥɿɜ, ɡɦɿɧɭ ɩɨɫɬɿɥɶɧɨʀ ɛɿɥɢɡɧɢ, ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸɽ ɧɚɹɜɧɿɫɬɶ ɭ ɫɚɧɜɭɡɥɚɯ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɢɯ ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ ɝɿɝɿɽɧɢ, ɩɟɪɟɜɿɪɹɽ ɫɬɚɧ ɦɟɛɥɿɜ, ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɢɣ ɫɬɚɧ ɩɨɛɭɬɨɜɨʀ ɬɟɯɧɿɤɢ ɬɚ ɿɧ. Ƚɨɥɨɜɧɢɣ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɨɤ ɩɨɤɨʀɜɨɤ ɫɬɨɫɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɢɛɢɪɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɧɟɡɚɥɟɠɧɨ ɜɿɞ ʀɯɧɶɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɬɭɫɭ — ɡɚɣɧɹɬɿ ɜɨɧɢ ɱɢ ɜɿɥɶɧɿ. ɉɪɨɮɟɫɿɣɧɨ-ɤɜɚɥɿɮɿɤɚɰɿɣɧɿ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɢ ɩɨɤɨʀɜɤɢ ɫɬɨɫɭɸɬɶɫɹ: — ɞɨɫɤɨɧɚɥɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɧɧɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿʀ ɩɪɢɛɢɪɚɧɧɹ ɡ ɞɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹɦ ɿɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɿɣ ɿ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɭ ɡɚɦɿɧɢ ɛɿɥɢɡɧɢ; — ɜɦɿɧɧɹ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɭɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɢɦɢ ɡɚɫɨɛɚɦɢ ɩɪɢɛɢɪɚɧɧɹ, ɡɧɚɬɢ ɯɿɦɿɱɧɿ ɡɚɫɨɛɢ ɬɚ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ʀɯɧɶɨɝɨ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɞɥɹ ɦɢɬɬɹ ɿ ɱɢɳɟɧɧɹ; — ɭ ɫɬɨɫɭɧɤɚɯ ɡ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚɦɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɛɭɬɢ ɬɨɥɟɪɚɧɬɧɨɸ, ɥɸɛ’ɹɡɧɨɸ, ɱɟɫɧɨɸ; — ɩɨɤɨʀɜɤɚ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɛɭɬɢ ɤɨɦɭɧɿɤɚɛɟɥɶɧɨɸ ɿ ɚɤɭɪɚɬɧɨɸ, ɧɟ ɡɚɜɞɚɜɚɬɢ ɲɤɨɞɢ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɸ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɿ ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɢɦ ɡɚɫɨɛɚɦ, ɳɨ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɪɨɛɨɬɿ; — ɜɢɤɨɧɭɜɚɬɢ ɞɨɪɭɱɟɧɧɹ ɤɟɪɿɜɧɢɤɚ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ, ɱɟɪɝɨɜɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɫɿ, ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨ ɞɨ ɩɟɪɟɥɿɤɭ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɳɨ ɧɚɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ; — ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɱɨɬɢɪɢ — ɩ’ɹɬɶ ɡɿɪɨɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɡɧɚɬɢ ɨɞɧɭ ɿɧɨɡɟɦɧɭ ɦɨɜɭ ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɩɿɥɤɭɜɚɧɧɹ; — ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɜɚɬɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɡɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɶɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɢɦ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹɦ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɚɯ, ɬɟɪɦɿɧɨɜɨ ɩɨɜɿɞɨɦɥɹɬɢ ɫɬɚɪɲɭ ɩɨɤɨʀɜɤɭ ɚɛɨ ɤɟɪɿɜɧɢɤɚ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɩɪɨ ɤɨɧɮɥɿɤɬɧɿ ɫɬɨɫɭɧɤɢ ɡ ɝɨɫɬɹɦɢ (ɤɪɚɞɿɠɤɢ, ɧɚɧɟɫɟɧɧɹ ɲɤɨɞɢ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɸ, ɧɟɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɞɿɧɤɚ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɜ ɧɨɦɟɪɿ ɬɚ ɿɧ.); — ɩɨɜɿɞɨɦɥɹɬɢ ɫɬɚɪɲɭ ɩɨɤɨʀɜɤɭ ɚɛɨ ɤɟɪɿɜɧɢɤɚ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɩɪɨ ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɿ ɧɟɫɩɪɚɜɧɨɫɬɿ ɜ ɧɨɦɟɪɿ, ɳɨ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɡɚɝɪɨɠɭɜɚɬɢ ɠɢɬɬɸ, ɡɞɨɪɨɜ’ɸ, ɦɚɣɧɭ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ; — ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɜɚɬɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɡɚ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹɦ ɩɥɚɬɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɿ, ɪɟɽɫɬɪɭɜɚɬɢ ʀɯ ɿ ɩɨɜɿɞɨɦɥɹɬɢ ɫɬɚɪɲɭ ɩɨɤɨʀɜɤɭ ɚɛɨ ɪɟɰɟɩɰɿɸ ɞɥɹ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɧɹ ɪɚɯɭɧɤɭ; — ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɜɚɬɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɡɚ ɡɚɩɨɜɧɟɧɧɹɦ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɿ ɬɟɪɦɿɧɨɜɨ ɩɨɜɿɞɨɦɥɹɬɢ ɫɥɭɠɛɭ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ ɿ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɨ ɡɦɿɧɢ ɜ ɫɬɚɬɭɫɿ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ. 278
ȼɢɦɨɝɢ ɳɨɞɨ ɿɧɞɢɜɿɞɭɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɩɨɤɨʀɜɤɢ: — ɛɟɡɞɨɝɚɧɧɢɣ ɡɨɜɧɿɲɧɿɣ ɜɢɝɥɹɞ (ɩɨɤɨʀɜɤɚ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɦɚɬɢ ɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɢɣ ɞɨ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɿ ɜ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɮɨɪɦɟɧɢɣ ɨɞɹɝ. Ɉɞɹɝ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɡɚɜɠɞɢ ɱɢɫɬɢɦ, ɩɨɩɪɚɫɨɜɚɧɢɦ, ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɜɚɬɢ ɿɞɟɧɬɢɮɿɤɚɬɨɪ ɨɫɨɛɢ ɿɡ ɡɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹɦ ɩɪɿɡɜɢɳɚ, ɿɦɟɧɿ, ɩɨɫɚɞɢ, ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɛɭɬɢ ɩɪɢɜɚɛɥɢɜɨɸ — ɿɡ ɡɚɱɿɫɤɨɸ, ɦɚɤɿɹɠɟɦ ɬɚ ɿɧ.); — ɜɿɤ (ɡɧɚɱɧɿ ɮɿɡɢɱɧɿ ɧɚɜɚɧɬɚɠɟɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɨɛɫɹɝ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɡɭɦɨɜɥɸɸɬɶ ɜɿɤɨɜɿ ɨɛɦɟɠɟɧɧɹ 20 — 50 ɪ.; ɫɟɪɟɞɧɿɣ ɜɿɤ ɭ ɽɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɶɤɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ 20 — 40 ɪ.); — ɮɿɡɢɱɧɿ ɞɚɧɿ — ɪɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɨ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬɢ ɦɟɞɢɱɧɢɣ ɨɝɥɹɞ, ɛɭɬɢ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɨɸ, ɭ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ ɿɧɮɟɤɰɿɣɧɢɯ ɡɚɯɜɨɪɸɜɚɧɶ ɩɨɤɨʀɜɤɚ ɞɨ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɧɟ ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɽɬɶɫɹ); — ɩɫɢɯɨɮɿɡɢɱɧɿ ɞɚɧɿ — ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɛɭɬɢ ɜɪɿɜɧɨɜɚɠɟɧɨɸ, ɥɚɝɿɞɧɨɸ, ɚɤɭɪɚɬɧɨɸ, ɲɜɢɞɤɨ ɜɢɤɨɧɭɜɚɬɢ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɣɧɿ ɞɨɪɭɱɟɧɧɹ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ. ɍ ȯɜɪɨɩɿ, ɋɒȺ ɞɥɹ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɩɨɤɨʀɜɤɚ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɩɪɨɣɬɢ ɧɚɜɱɚɧɧɹ ɧɚ ɤɭɪɫɚɯ ɩɿɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɩɨɤɨʀɜɨɤ. ȼ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɚɯ — ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɿʀ, ɒɜɟɣɰɚɪɿʀ ɬɚ ɿɧ. ɩɿɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɚ ɩɨɤɨʀɜɨɤ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɧɚɜɱɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɚɯ. ɉɪɢ ɜɥɚɲɬɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ ɩɨɤɨʀɜɤɚ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɩɪɨɣɬɢ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɟ ɫɬɚɠɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ 6 ɦɿɫɹɰɿɜ. ɍ ɮɟɲɟɧɟɛɟɥɶɧɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɩɪɢɣɨɦ ɧɚ ɪɨɛɨɬɭ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɿʀ ɡ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɞɧɶɨɝɨ ɦɿɫɰɹ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ. ȼ ɡɚɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɿ ɜɿɞ ɬɢɩɭ ɬɚ ɤɥɚɫɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɭ, ɤɨɠɧɚ ɩɨɤɨʀɜɤɚ ɩɪɢɛɢɪɚɽ ɜɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ ɪɨɛɨɱɨʀ ɡɦɿɧɢ ɜɿɞ 16 ɞɨ 20 ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ. Ʉɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɬɚ ɱɚɫ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɛɢɪɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɚɦɢ ɤɪɚʀɧɢ, ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɸɡɭ ɱɢ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɦɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɿɹɦɢ, ɝɨɬɟɥɹɦɢ. ɇɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɭ ɋɒȺ ɧɨɪɦɚ ɩɪɢɛɢɪɚɧɧɹ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɭ ɩɨɤɨʀɜɤɭ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ 17 ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɧɚ ɞɨɛɭ, Ƚɪɟɰɿʀ — 14 ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ. Ɂɝɿɞɧɨ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɿɜ ɒɜɟɣɰɚɪɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɸɡɭ ɜɥɚɫɧɢɤɿɜ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɛɢɪɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ, ɭ ɹɤɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɽ ɝɿɫɬɶ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ 20 ɯɜ., ɜɿɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ 30 ɯɜ. ɋɭɬɬɽɜɨ ɜɩɥɢɜɚɽ ɧɚ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɢ ɭ ɪɨɛɨɬɿ ɩɨɤɨʀɜɤɢ ɬɢɩ ɛɭɞɿɜɥɿ, ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɹ, ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ. ɉɪɢɛɢɪɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɚɩɚɪɬɚɦɟɧɬɿ ɡɭɦɨɜɥɸɽ ɜɞɜɿɱɿ ɛɿɥɶɲɿ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɢ ɡɭɫɢɥɶ, ɱɚɫɭ, ɬɨɦɭ ɧɨɪɦɚ ɭ ɩɪɢɛɢɪɚɧɧɿ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɭɞɜɿɱɿ ɧɢɠɱɚ. Ȼɿɥɶɲɢɯ ɜɢɬɪɚɬ ɱɚɫɭ ɩɨɤɨʀɜɤɢ ɜɢɦɚɝɚɽ ɩɪɢɛɢɪɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɭ ɫɬɚɪɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ, ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ «ɥɸɤɫ». 279
Ɂ ɦɟɬɨɸ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿʀ ɮɨɧɞɭ ɡɚɪɩɥɚɬɢ ɿ ɡɚɨɯɨɱɟɧɧɹ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ, ɜ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɿɹɯ ɡɚ ɤɪɚɳɢɦɢ ɩɨɤɨʀɜɤɚɦɢ ɡɚɤɪɿɩɥɸɸɬɶɫɹ ɩɨɫɬɿɣɧɿ ɧɨɦɟɪɢ. ɉɪɢ ɬɚɤɨɦɭ ɩɿɞɯɨɞɿ ɞɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɭ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥ ɦɚɽ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɿɫɬɶ ɤɪɚɳɟ ɜɢɜɱɢɬɢ ɧɨɦɟɪɢ, ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɿɲɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɨɜɭɽ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɰɿɹ ɡɦɟɧɲɭɽ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸɸɱɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ. Ɉɛɨɜ’ɹɡɨɤ ɩɨɤɨʀɜɨɤ ɫɬɨɫɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ ɛɟɡɩɟɤɢ ɩɟɪɟɛɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɬɚ ʀɯɧɶɨɝɨ ɦɚɣɧɚ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɚɯ. Ȼɟɡɩɟɤɚ ɠɢɬɬɹ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɩɨɫɬɿɣɧɢɦ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɟɦ ɡɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɦ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɠɢɬɬɽɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɩɨɛɭɬɨɜɢɯ ɩɪɢɥɚɞɿɜ, ɳɨ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɚɯ. Ⱦɥɹ ɭɧɢɤɧɟɧɧɹ ɤɪɚɞɿɠɨɤ ɤɨɲɬɨɜɧɢɯ ɪɟɱɟɣ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɚɯ (ɸɜɟɥɿɪɧɢɯ ɜɢɪɨɛɿɜ, ɝɪɨɲɟɣ, ɬɜɨɪɿɜ ɦɢɫɬɟɰɬɜɚ ɬɚ ɿɧ.) ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɸɬɶ ɝɨɫɬɹɦ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɿ ɫɟɣɮɢ. ɉɪɨ ɣɦɨɜɿɪɧɿɫɬɶ ɡɛɟɪɟɠɟɧɧɹ ɤɨɲɬɨɜɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɡɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɩɨɜɿɞɨɦɢɬɢ ɩɨɤɨʀɜɤɚ. ȼɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ, ɩɨɤɨʀɜɤɚ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸɜɚɬɢ ɩɟɪɟɛɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɿ ɞɥɹ ɭɧɢɤɧɟɧɧɹ ɭ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ ɧɟɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɨʀ ʀɯɧɶɨʀ ɩɨɜɟɞɿɧɤɢ ɡɚɝɪɨɡɢ ɦɚɣɧɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ ɬɚ ɞɥɹ ɠɢɬɬɹ ɿ ɡɞɨɪɨɜ’ɹ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ. Ɋɨɛɨɱɢɣ ɞɟɧɶ ɩɨɤɨʀɜɤɢ ɩɨɱɢɧɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɨ 8.00 ɿ ɬɪɢɜɚɽ 8 ɝɨɞ. ɉɟɪɟɞ ɩɨɱɚɬɤɨɦ ɪɨɛɨɱɨʀ ɡɦɿɧɢ ɩɨɤɨʀɜɤɚ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɡɚɪɟɽɫɬɪɭɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɭ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɚ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɚɛɨ ɣɨɝɨ ɡɚɫɬɭɩɧɢɤɚ. ɉɨɤɨʀɜɤɚ ɨɬɪɢɦɭɽ ɫɟɤɬɨɪ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ, ɤɥɸɱɿ ɜɿɞ ɤɿɦɧɚɬ ɡɚ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɹɤɢɯ ɜɨɧɚ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɩɪɨɡɜɿɬɭɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɭ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɿ ɨɛɥɿɤɭ ɤɥɸɱɿɜ ɿ ɜ ɤɿɧɰɿ ɪɨɛɨɱɨɝɨ ɞɧɹ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɧɭɬɢ ɤɥɸɱɿ. Ɂɝɿɞɧɨ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɢɯ ɬɪɭɞɨɜɢɯ ɧɨɪɦ, ɪɨɛɨɱɢɣ ɞɟɧɶ ɩɨɤɨʀɜɤɢ ɬɪɢɜɚɽ 8 ɝɨɞ. ɭɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ 5-ɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɛɨɱɨɝɨ ɬɢɠɧɹ. ɉɨɤɨʀɜɤɢ ɩɪɚɰɸɸɬɶ ɭ ɬɪɢ ɡɦɿɧɢ ɿ ɦɚɸɬɶ ɳɨɪɿɱɧɭ ɦɿɫɹɱɧɭ ɜɿɞɩɭɫɬɤɭ. ɍ ɧɨɪɦɚɯ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɪɿɡɧɢɦɢ ɡɦɿɧɚɦɢ ɩɨɤɨʀɜɨɤ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɛɭɬɢ ɡɧɚɱɧɿ ɜɿɞɯɢɥɟɧɧɹ. ɉɨɤɨʀɜɤɢ, ɹɤɿ ɩɪɚɰɸɸɬɶ ɭ ɜɟɱɿɪɧɸ ɡɦɿɧɭ, ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɸɬɶ ɩɿɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɞɨ ɫɧɭ, ɜɢɤɨɧɭɸɬɶ ɡɧɚɱɧɨ ɦɟɧɲɢɣ ɨɛɫɹɝ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɿ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɬɢ ɭ 2–3 ɪɚɡɢ ɛɿɥɶɲɟ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɭ ɩɨɪɿɜɧɹɧɧɿ ɡ ɪɚɧɿɲɧɶɨɸ ɡɦɿɧɨɸ, ɹɤɚ ɛɿɥɶɲɟ ɡɨɫɟɪɟɞɠɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɬɨɱɧɨɦɭ ɩɪɢɛɢɪɚɧɧɿ. ɇɿɱɧɚ ɡɦɿɧɚ ɡɚ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɸ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɸɱɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ ɧɚɣɦɟɧɲ ɱɢɫɟɥɶɧɚ ɿ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽ ɩɪɢɛɢɪɚɧɧɹ ɫɥɭɠɛɨɜɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɬɚ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ. Ɏɭɧɤɰɿʀ ɧɿɱɧɨʀ ɡɦɿɧɢ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɩɪɢɛɢɪɚɧɧɹɦ ɿ ɱɢɫɬɨɬɨɸ ɤɢɥɢɦɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɪɢɬɬɹ, ɝɚɪɞɢɧ, ɜɢɬɢɪɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɪɨɯɭ, ɩɪɨɬɢɪɚɧɧɹ ɦɟɛɥɿɜ, ɞɜɟɪɟɣ, ɩɿɞɜɿɤɨɧɧɢɤɿɜ, ɩɟɪɢɥ ɬɚ ɿɧ. 280
ɍ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɿ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɫɥɭɠɛɨɸ ɩɨɤɨʀɜɤɚ ɩɿɞɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɛɟɡɩɨɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨ ɫɬɚɪɲɿɣ ɩɨɤɨʀɜɰɿ, ɡɚɝɚɥɨɦ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɭ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ. ɉɪɢɛɢɪɚɥɶɧɢɰɹ. Ɂɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽ ɞɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɧɚɥɟɠɧɨɦɭ ɫɚɧɿɬɚɪɧɨɦɭ ɫɬɚɧɿ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ — ɜɟɫɬɢɛɸɥɶ, ɯɨɥɥɢ, ɤɨɪɢɞɨɪɢ, ɫɯɨɞɨɜɿ ɡɨɧɢ, ɥɿɮɬɢ, ɫɚɧɜɭɡɥɢ, ɫɥɭɠɛɨɜɿ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ, ɩɪɢɥɟɝɥɨʀ ɞɨ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɿʀ. ȼ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɢ ɩɪɢɛɢɪɚɥɶɧɢɰɶ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɜɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɦɢɬɬɹ ɫɬɿɧ, ɜɿɤɨɧ, ɞɜɟɪɟɣ, ɱɢɳɟɧɧɹ ɿ ɞɢɡɟɧɮɿɤɚɰɿɹ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɫɚɧɿɬɚɪɧɢɯ ɜɭɡɥɿɜ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ. ɉɪɢɛɢɪɚɥɶɧɢɰɿ ɧɟ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɫɬɜɨɪɸɜɚɬɢ ɧɟɡɪɭɱɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɞɥɹ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ, ʀɯɧɹ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɧɿɫɬɶ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɛɭɬɢ ɦɚɥɨɩɨɦɿɬɧɨɸ, ɩɪɢɛɢɪɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɨ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɡ ɧɚɣɦɟɧɲɢɦ ɩɨɪɭɲɟɧɧɹɦ ɫɩɨɤɨɸ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ. ɍ ɪɟɠɢɦɿ ɩɪɢɛɢɪɚɧɧɹ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɢɦ ɜɜɚɠɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɪɚɧɿɲɧɿɣ ɬɚ ɜɟɱɿɪɧɿɣ ɱɚɫ. ɍ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɿ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɶɤɨʀ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɜ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɜɢɞɿɥɹɸɬɶɫɹ ɨɤɪɟɦɿ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɿ ɥɚɧɤɢ — ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɨɜɚɧɿ ɛɪɢɝɚɞɢ ɩɪɢɛɢɪɚɥɶɧɢɰɶ, ɹɤɿ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɸɬɶ ɨɤɪɟɦɿ ɮɭɧɤɰɿʀ ɭ ɞɨɝɥɹɞɿ ɡɚ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹɦɢ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ — ɱɢɳɟɧɧɹ ɤɢɥɢɦɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɪɢɬɬɹ, ɞɨɝɥɹɞ ɡɚ ɝɚɪɞɢɧɚɦɢ, ɿɧɤɨɥɢ ɬɚɤɿ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɨɜɚɧɿ ɛɪɢɝɚɞɢ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɸɬɶ ɱɢɳɟɧɧɹ ɜɢɪɨɛɿɜ ɡ ɬɤɚɧɢɧ, ɦɟɛɥɿɜ ɬɚ ɿɧ. ɍ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɿ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɫɥɭɠɛɨɸ ɩɪɢɛɢɪɚɥɶɧɢɰɿ ɩɿɞɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɫɬɚɪɲɿɣ ɩɨɤɨʀɜɰɿ ɬɚ ɱɟɪɝɨɜɨɦɭ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɫɿ. Ɂɚɜɿɞɭɜɚɱ ɛɿɥɢɡɧɹɧɨɸ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɽ ɡɚ ɡɛɟɪɟɠɟɧɧɹ ɛɿɥɢɡɧɢ, ɮɨɪɦɟɧɨɝɨ ɨɞɹɝɭ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɜɢɪɨɛɿɜ ɡ ɬɤɚɧɢɧ, ɳɨ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ, ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽ ɨɛɦɿɧ ɛɿɥɢɡɧɢ — ɜɢɞɚɽ ɱɢɫɬɭ ɛɿɥɢɡɧɭ ɩɨɤɨʀɜɤɚɦ ɿ ɩɪɢɣɦɚɽ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɭ, ɩɟɪɟɜɿɪɹɽ ɫɬɚɧ ɛɿɥɢɡɧɢ, ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽ ʀʀ ɪɟɦɨɧɬ, ɩɨɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ, ɡɞɚɽ ɛɿɥɢɡɧɭ ɭ ɩɪɚɥɶɧɸ ɿ ɩɪɢɣɦɚɽ ʀʀ ɩɿɫɥɹ ɩɪɚɧɧɹ. Ɂɚɜɿɞɭɜɚɱ ɛɿɥɢɡɧɹɧɨɸ ɨɫɨɛɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɶɧɨ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɥɶɧɚ. ȼɚɠɥɢɜɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɭ ʀʀ ɪɨɛɨɬɿ ɜɿɞɿɝɪɚɽ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɡɚ ɨɛɿɝɨɜɢɦɢ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚɦɢ. ɍ ɪɨɛɨɬɿ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɠɭɪɧɚɥ ɨɛɥɿɤɭ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɯ ɨɛɿɝɨɜɢɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɿɜ — ɛɿɥɢɡɧɢ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ, ɮɨɪɦɟɧɨɝɨ ɨɞɹɝɭ, ɛɿɥɢɡɧɢ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɿɜ ɬɚ ɿɧ. ɋɬɨɫɨɜɧɨ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɡɚɜɿɞɭɜɚɱɚ ɛɿɥɢɡɧɹɧɨʀ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɢɫɶ ɩɟɪɿɨɞɢɱɧɿ ɩɟɪɟɜɿɪɤɢ, ɹɤɿ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪ ɡ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ. Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɡɚɜɿɞɭɜɚɱɚ ɛɿɥɢɡɧɹɧɨɸ ɡɭɦɨɜɥɸɽ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɿɫɬɶ ɩɨɫɬɿɣɧɨɝɨ ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɭ ɡ ɤɨɦɟɪɰɿɣ281
ɧɨɸ ɫɥɭɠɛɨɸ, ɳɨ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ ɜɢɬɪɚɬɧɢɦɢ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚɦɢ, ɩɿɞɪɨɡɞɿɥɚɦɢ ɫɟɪɜɿɫɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ — ɩɪɚɥɶɧɟɸ, ɯɿɦɱɢɫɬɤɨɸ, ɦɚɣɫɬɟɪɧɟɸ ɩɨɲɢɬɬɹ ɬɚ ɪɟɦɨɧɬɭ ɛɿɥɢɡɧɢ. Ʉɚɫɬɟɥɹɧɲɚ ɩɿɞɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɡɚɜɿɞɭɜɚɱɭ ɛɿɥɢɡɧɹɧɨɸ, ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɨʀ ɛɿɥɢɡɧɢ ɞɨ ɩɪɚɧɧɹ, ɨɛɦɿɧ ɛɿɥɢɡɧɢ ɩɪɢ ɡɞɚɱɿ ɬɚ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɿ ɡ ɩɪɚɥɶɧɿ, ɜɟɞɟ ɨɛɥɿɤ ɬɢɩɭ ɬɚ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɛɿɥɢɡɧɢ. ɒɜɚɱɤɚ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽ ɪɟɦɨɧɬ, ɲɬɨɩɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɦɚɪɤɿɪɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɛɿɥɢɡɧɢ. ɍ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɿ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɩɿɞɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɫɬɚɪɲɿɣ ɛɿɥɢɡɧɹɧɿɣ, ɩɪɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ ɞɨɩɨɦɚɝɚɽ ɤɚɫɬɟɥɹɧɲɿ ɭ ɩɿɞɝɨɬɨɜɰɿ ɛɿɥɢɡɧɢ ɞɨ ɩɪɚɧɧɹ, ɫɨɪɬɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɿ ɜɢɞɚɱɿ ɩɨɤɨʀɜɤɚɦ. ɋɭɩɟɪɜɚɣɡɟɪ. ȼ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɽɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɶɤɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɭ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɿ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɜɢɞɿɥɹɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɨɫɚɞɚ ɫɭɩɟɪɜɚɣɡɟɪɚ, ɹɤɢɣ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɡɚ ɞɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹɦ ɩɨɤɨʀɜɤɚɦɢ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɿɜ ɩɪɢɛɢɪɚɧɧɹ. ȼ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɢ ɫɭɩɟɪɜɚɣɡɟɪɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɜɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɚ ɭ ɫɥɭɠɛɭ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ ɿ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿʀ ɩɪɨ ɫɬɚɧ ɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɮɨɧɞɭ. ɉɿɞɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɤɟɪɿɜɧɢɤɭ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ. ɋɬɸɚɪɞ. ɉɨɫɚɞɚ ɫɬɸɚɪɞɚ ɡɭɫɬɪɿɱɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɋɒȺ ɜɢɫɨɤɨʀ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ (ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ «ɥɸɤɫ», ɛɿɡɧɟɫ-ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ). Ɉɛɨɜ’ɹɡɨɤ ɫɬɸɚɪɞɚ ɫɬɨɫɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɫɜɿɠɢɦɢ ɪɭɲɧɢɤɚɦɢ, ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɨɯɚɣɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɝɥɹɞɭ ɩɨɫɬɟɥɿ, ɡɚɦɿɧɚ ɠɢɜɢɯ ɤɜɿɬɿɜ, ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɸ ɩɪɢɜɚɛɥɢɜɨɝɨ ɟɫɬɟɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɝɥɹɞɭ. ɑɚɫɬɨ ɩɨɫɚɞɭ ɫɬɸɚɪɞɚ ɡɚɣɦɚɸɬɶ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɫɬɢ ɡ ɞɢɡɚɣɧɭ, ɩɪɨɟɤɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɿɧɬɟɪ’ɽɪɭ. ɋɬɸɚɪɞɢ ɩɨɱɢɧɚɸɬɶ ɩɪɚɰɸɜɚɬɢ ɭ ɞɪɭɝɿɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɿ ɞɧɹ. ɉɪɚɥɶɧɹ ɿ ɯɿɦɱɢɫɬɤɚ. Ƚɨɬɟɥɿ ɫɟɪɟɞɧɿɯ ɬɚ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɪɨɡɦɿɪɿɜ ɭ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɿɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɿ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɨ ɦɚɸɬɶ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɿ ɩɪɚɥɶɧɿ ɿ ɯɿɦɱɢɫɬɤɢ, ɭ ɹɤɢɯ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɤɨɦɩ’ɸɬɟɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɿ ɦɚɲɢɧɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɚɧɧɹ, ɯɿɦɱɢɫɬɤɢ, ɫɭɲɿɧɧɹ ɿ ɩɪɚɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɛɿɥɢɡɧɢ ɬɚ ɨɞɹɝɭ. ɍɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɰɿɽɸ ɥɚɧɤɨɸ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪ ɩɪɚɥɶɧɿ, ɹɤɢɣ ɧɚɣɱɚɫɬɿɲɟ ɩɿɞɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɭ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ. ɍ ɦɚɥɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɭɬɪɢɦɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɚɥɶɧɿ ɬɚ ɯɿɦɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɨ ɧɟɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɟ. ɇɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɿɫɬɶ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ, ɚɛɨ ɩɟɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɭ ɩɪɚɥɶɧɸ — ɮɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɨ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɧɿ ɡɚɯɨɞɢ. ɑɚɫɬɨ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɜɢɝɿɞɧɿɲɟ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɜɚɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɿɣ, ɪɨɡɜɚɠɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɡɚɯɨɞɿɜ ɬɚ ɿɧ. ɍɤɥɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɤɬɭ ɡ ɩɪɚɥɶɧɟɸ ɩɪɨ ɫɩɿɜɩɪɚɰɸ ɜɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ ɨɛɭɦɨɜɥɸɽ ɿ ɩɪɨɤɚɬ ɩɨɫɬɿɥɶɧɨʀ ɛɿɥɢɡɧɢ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɦɢ 282
ɩɚɪɬɿɹɦɢ ɱɢ ɩɨɲɬɭɱɧɨ. ɉɪɨɬɟ, ɞɨɫɜɿɞ ɩɪɨɤɚɬɭ ɛɿɥɢɡɧɢ ɧɟ ɡɚɜɠɞɢ ɜɢɩɪɚɜɞɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ: ɩɪɚɥɶɧɿ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɩɨɫɬɚɱɚɸɬɶ ɛɿɥɢɡɧɭ ɧɢɡɶɤɨʀ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ. Ɉɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɜɚɪɿɚɧɬ ɞɥɹ ɧɟɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɿɣɧɨ ɤɭɩɥɹɬɢ ɛɿɥɢɡɧɭ ɿ ɭɤɥɚɞɚɬɢ ɞɨɝɨɜɿɪ ɧɚ ʀʀ ɩɪɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɩɪɚɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ. ɍ ɛɭɞɶ-ɹɤɨɦɭ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɨɤ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɚ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɫɬɨɫɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɫɭɜɨɪɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ ɡɚ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɸ ɩɨɫɬɿɥɶɧɨɸ ɛɿɥɢɡɧɨɸ. Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ ɡɚ ɹɤɿɫɬɸ ɩɨɫɬɿɥɶɧɨʀ ɛɿɥɢɡɧɢ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿɣ ɫɮɟɪɿ ɧɚɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɡɧɚɱɧɨʀ ɭɜɚɝɢ. ɉɪɨɜɿɞɧɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɿʀ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶ ɡ ɰɿɽɸ ɦɟɬɨɸ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɨɜɚɧɿ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ. ȿɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɢɣ ɟɮɟɤɬ ɜɿɞ ʀɯɧɶɨɝɨ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɥɹɝɚɽ ɭ ɡɧɚɱɧɿɣ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿʀ ɮɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɢɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɿɜ, ɦɟɯɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɜɚɠɤɨʀ ɮɿɡɢɱɧɨʀ ɩɪɚɰɿ, ɩɨɥɿɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɿ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɣ. ɇɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɶɤɢɣ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ «Chicago Hilton and Towers» (ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ 1620 ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ) ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽ ɧɚɩɿɜɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɨɜɚɧɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ ɡɚ ɹɤɿɫɬɸ ɩɨɫɬɿɥɶɧɨʀ ɛɿɥɢɡɧɢ, ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽ ʀʀ ɫɨɪɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɿɧɜɟɧɬɚɪɢɡɚɰɿɸ. ɓɨɪɿɱɧɨ ɰɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɢɬɶ ɜɿɞ 70 ɬɢɫ. ɞɨ 100 ɬɢɫ. ɞɨɥ. əɤɳɨ ɪɚɧɿɲɟ ɭ ɩɪɚɥɶɧɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɩɪɚɰɸɜɚɥɨ 47 ɨɫɿɛ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ, ɫɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ ɭ ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɭ ɡ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹɦ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɦɚɲɢɧ ɥɢɲɟ — 17. Ɏɭɧɤɰɿʀ ɿ ɦɿɫɰɟ ɩɪɚɥɶɧɿ ɿ ɯɿɦɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɭ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɿɣ ɿɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɪɢɫ ɩɨɞɿɛɧɿ. ɇɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɞɥɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɰɢɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɢɯ ɥɚɧɨɤ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɿ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɿ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ, ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɟ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ: ɩɪɚɥɶɧɿ, ɫɭɲɢɥɶɧɿ ɬɚ ɩɪɚɫɭɜɚɥɶɧɿ ɦɚɲɢɧɢ, ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɟ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɞɥɹ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɨɜɚɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɪɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɫɤɥɚɞɚɧɧɹ, ɤɨɦɩ’ɸɬɟɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɥɿɤɭ ɬɚ ɿɧ. ɍɫɤɥɚɞɧɟɧɧɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿʀ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɱɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿɜ ɜɧɚɫɥɿɞɨɤ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɫɤɥɚɞɧɢɯ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɯɿɦɿɱɧɢɯ ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ, ɩɿɞɜɢɳɭɽ ɜɢɦɨɝɢ ɳɨɞɨ ɩɨɫɚɞɢ ɤɟɪɿɜɧɢɤɚ ɰɿɽʀ ɥɚɧɤɢ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ. ȼɿɧ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɦɚɬɢ ɡɧɚɧɧɹ ɡ ɩɨɛɭɬɨɜɨʀ ɯɿɦɿʀ, ɡɧɚɬɢ ɩɪɨ ɬɢɩɨɜɿ ɧɟɩɨɥɚɞɤɢ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɜɦɿɬɢ ʀɯ ɥɨɤɚɥɿɡɭɜɚɬɢ. Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɿɱɧɢɦɢ ɡɧɚɧɧɹɦɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɜɨɥɨɞɿɬɢ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥ ɩɪɚɥɶɧɿ ɿ ɯɿɦɱɢɫɬɤɢ. ɍ ɯɿɦɱɢɫɬɤɚɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɫɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɟ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɞɥɹ ɦɚɪɤɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɨɞɹɝɭ, ɳɨ ɩɪɢɲɜɢɞɲɭɽ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɫɨɪɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɭɧɢɤɚɽ ɧɟɩɨɪɨɡɭɦɿɧɶ ɡ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚɦɢ. Ƚɿɫɬɶ ɤɥɚɞɟ ɫɜɨɸ ɛɿɥɢɡɧɭ ɭ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɩɚɤɟɬ, ɳɨ ɡɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɿ 283
ɪɚɡɨɦ ɿɡ ɡɚɩɨɜɧɟɧɨɸ ɮɨɪɦɨɸ ɛɥɚɧɤɚ ɡ ɩɟɪɟɥɿɤɨɦ ɜɫɿɯ ɪɟɱɟɣ, ɳɨ ɜɿɞɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɯɿɦɱɢɫɬɤɭ. Ȼɥɚɧɤ ɩɟɪɟɥɿɤɭ ɪɟɱɟɣ, ɳɨ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɩɪɚɥɶɧɸ ɚɛɨ ɯɿɦɱɢɫɬɤɭ — ɜɚɠɥɢɜɢɣ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬ ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿʀ ɨɞɹɝɭ, ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɹɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɪɚɥɶɧɿ ɱɢ ɯɿɦɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɡɜɿɪɹɽ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɿɡ ɜɦɿɫɬɨɦ ɩɚɤɟɬɚ. Ɉɤɪɿɦ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɭ ɯɿɦɱɢɫɬɤɚɯ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɞɨ ɪɟɱɟɣ ɩɪɢɤɪɿɩɥɹɸɬɶ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪ ɡ ɤɨɞɨɦ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ. ɍ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɜɢɞɿɥɹɽɬɶɫɹ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɚ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɹ ɩɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤɿɜ, ɹɤɿ ɨɬɪɢɦɭɸɬɶ ɿ ɪɟɽɫɬɪɭɸɬɶ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ, ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɸɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɚɜɤɭ, ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɸɬɶ ɪɚɯɭɧɨɤ ɬɚ ɿɧ. Ʉɟɪɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɪɚɥɶɧɿ ɬɚ ɯɿɦɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɡɚɜɠɞɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɿɧɿɰɿɸɜɚɬɢ ɩɪɨɩɨɡɢɰɿʀ ɳɨɞɨ ɩɿɞɜɢɳɟɧɧɹ ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɿ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɰɢɯ ɩɿɞɪɨɡɞɿɥɿɜ ɞɥɹ ɡɛɿɥɶɲɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɢɛɭɬɤɭ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ. Ɂɨɤɪɟɦɚ, ɧɨɜɚɰɿʀ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɫɬɨɫɭɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ — ɟɤɫɩɪɟɫ-ɩɪɚɧɧɹ ɡɚ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɭ ɩɥɚɬɭ, ɩɿɞɤɪɨɯɦɚɥɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɨɞɹɝɭ ɬɚ ɿɧ. ȼ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɣɧɿɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɩɪɚɥɶɧɹ ɬɚ ɯɿɦɱɢɫɬɤɚ ɡɚɣɦɚɸɬɶ ɜɚɠɥɢɜɟ ɦɿɫɰɟ, ɬɿɫɧɨ ɜɡɚɽɦɨɩɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɿ ɡ ɿɧɲɢɦɢ ɫɥɭɠɛɚɦɢ ɿ ɩɿɞɪɨɡɞɿɥɚɦɢ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ. ȼ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɭ ɰɿ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɱɿ ɥɚɧɤɢ ɩɿɞɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɫɥɭɠɛɿ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ, ɭ ɮɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɢɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɿɹɯ — ɮɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɨ-ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɿɣ ɫɥɭɠɛɿ. Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɚ ɜɡɚɽɦɨɞɿɹ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɿɡ ɫɥɭɠɛɨɸ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ ɬɚ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɭ ɹɤɭ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɪɚɯɭɧɤɢ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ. Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɹ ɩɪɢɛɢɪɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ. ɍ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿʀ ɩɪɢɛɢɪɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɪɨɡɪɿɡɧɹɸɬɶ ɳɨɞɟɧɧɟ, ɩɿɫɥɹ ɜɿɞ’ʀɡɞɭ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ, ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɟ. Ʉɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɞɧɹ ɩɨɤɨʀɜɤɚ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽ ɩɨɬɨɱɧɟ ɿ ɩɪɨɦɿɠɧɟ ɩɪɢɛɢɪɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ. ɉɪɢɛɢɪɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɬɚɤɿɣ ɩɨɫɥɿɞɨɜɧɨɫɬɿ: ɧɚɫɚɦɩɟɪɟɞ ɩɪɢɛɢɪɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɡɚɛɪɨɧɶɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɧɨɦɟɪɚɯ, ɩɨɬɿɦ ɩɪɢɛɢɪɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɢ, ɳɨ ɡɜɿɥɶɧɢɥɢɫɶ, ɜ ɨɫɬɚɧɧɸ ɱɟɪɝɭ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɢɛɢɪɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɡɚɣɧɹɬɢɯ ɧɨɦɟɪɚɯ. ɉɪɢɛɢɪɚɧɧɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɢ ɭ ɱɚɫ, ɤɨɥɢ ɝɨɫɬɿ ɜɿɞɫɭɬɧɿ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɿ, ɞɥɹ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɡɚɡɞɚɥɟɝɿɞɶ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɭɡɝɨɞɢɬɢ ɡ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚɦɢ ɱɚɫ ɩɪɢɛɢɪɚɧɧɹ. əɤɳɨ ɝɨɫɬɿ ɡɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɿ, ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɬɢ ɞɨɡɜɿɥ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɛɢɪɚɧɧɹ. ɉɨɬɨɱɧɟ ɩɪɢɛɢɪɚɧɧɹ ɨɯɨɩɥɸɽ ɩɪɨɜɿɬɪɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ, ɩɪɢɛɢɪɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɦɢɬɬɹ ɩɨɫɭɞɭ, ɡɚɫɬɟɥɹɧɧɹ ɥɿɠɨɤ, ɩɪɢɛɢɪɚɧɧɹ ɫɬɨɥɚ, ɬɭɦɛɨɱɨɤ, ɩɪɨɬɢɪɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɪɨɯɭ, ɩɪɢɛɢɪɚɧɧɹ ɫɚɧɜɭɡɥɚ, ɞɨɝɥɹɞ ɡɚ ɜɚɡɨɧɚɦɢ. Ɉɛɨɜ’ɹɡɨɤ ɩɨɤɨʀɜɤɢ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɫɬɨɫɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɟ284
ɪɟɜɿɪɤɢ ɫɬɚɧɭ ɦɟɛɥɿɜ ɬɚ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ. əɤɳɨ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɞɟɤɿɥɶɤɨɯ ɤɿɦɧɚɬ, ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɩɪɢɛɢɪɚɧɧɹ ɧɚɫɚɦɩɟɪɟɞ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɩɨɱɢɧɚɬɢ ɭ ɫɩɚɥɶɧɿ, ɞɚɥɿ ɭ ɜɿɬɚɥɶɧɿ, ɿɧɲɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹɯ, ɿ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɢɛɢɪɚɧɧɹ ɫɚɧɜɭɡɥɨɦ. ɓɨɞɟɧɧɟ ɩɪɨɦɿɠɧɟ ɩɪɢɛɢɪɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɚɯ ɧɚɣɱɚɫɬɿɲɟ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɞɪɭɝɿɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɿ ɞɧɹ ɧɚ ɜɢɦɨɝɭ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɡɚ ɨɤɪɟɦɭ ɩɥɚɬɭ ɚɛɨ ɹɤɳɨ ɰɟ ɩɪɢɛɢɪɚɧɧɹ ɡɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɟ ɭ ɪɨɡɩɨɪɹɞɤɭ ɪɨɛɨɱɨɝɨ ɞɧɹ. ȼ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɢ ɩɨɤɨʀɜɤɢ ɜɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɜɢɞɚɥɟɧɧɹ ɫɦɿɬɬɹ ɡ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ, ɩɪɢɛɢɪɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɦɢɬɬɹ ɩɨɫɭɞɭ, ɩɪɨɬɢɪɚɧɧɹ ɨɛɿɞɧɶɨɝɨ ɫɬɨɥɭ, ɩɟɪɟɫɬɢɥɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɫɬɿɥɶɧɨʀ ɛɿɥɢɡɧɢ, ɡɚɦɿɧɚ ɩɨɫɬɿɥɶɧɨʀ ɛɿɥɢɡɧɢ, ɩɪɢɛɢɪɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɫɚɧɜɭɡɥɿ, ɝɨɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɜɚɧɧɢ, ɡɚɦɿɧɚ ɪɭɲɧɢɤɿɜ, ɦɢɬɬɹ ɩɿɞɥɨɝɢ ɚɛɨ ɦɟɯɚɧɿɡɨɜɚɧɟ ɩɪɢɛɢɪɚɧɧɹ ɩɿɞɥɨɝɢ. ɍɫɿ ɜɢɞɢ ɩɪɢɛɢɪɚɧɧɹ, ɳɨ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɚɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ, ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɸɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɢɦ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹɦ ɿɧɜɟɧɬɚɪɹ ɡ ɩɪɢɛɢɪɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɢɯ ɜɢɬɪɚɬɧɢɯ ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ. Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɨ ɞɨɰɿɥɶɧɟ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɿɧɜɟɧɬɚɪɹ ɡ ɩɪɢɛɢɪɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ, ɡɛɟɪɟɠɟɧɧɹ ɿ ɭɬɪɢɦɭɜɚɧɧɹ ʀɯ ɜ ɧɚɥɟɠɧɨɦɭ ɫɬɚɧɿ — ɜɚɠɥɢɜɿ ɡɚɯɨɞɢ ɭ ɞɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɿ ɧɨɪɦ ɫɚɧɿɬɚɪɧɨ-ɟɩɿɞɟɦɿɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɭ. əɤɳɨ ɝɿɫɬɶ ɡɚɥɢɲɢɜ ɛɿɥɢɡɧɭ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɚɧɧɹ, ɩɨɤɨʀɜɤɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɽ ɛɿɥɢɡɧɭ ɭ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɩɚɤɟɬɿ ɫɬɚɪɲɿɣ ɩɨɤɨʀɜɰɿ, ɹɤɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɽ ʀʀ ɜ ɩɪɚɥɶɧɸ. ɋɬɚɪɲɚ ɩɨɤɨʀɜɤɚ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɹɽ ɤɜɢɬɚɧɰɿɸ ɡ ɩɟɪɟɥɿɤɨɦ ɛɿɥɢɡɧɢ ɿ ɡɚɡɧɚɱɚɽ ɜɚɪɬɿɫɬɶ ɩɪɚɧɧɹ ɩɿɫɥɹ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɞɟ ɧɚ ɫɬɿɥ ɱɢɫɬɢɣ ɛɥɚɧɤ-ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɧɧɹ, ɜɿɲɚɽ ɧɨɜɢɣ ɩɚɤɟɬ ɞɥɹ ɛɿɥɢɡɧɢ ɜ ɫɚɧɜɭɡɥɿ. əɤɳɨ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɿ ɜɢɹɜɥɟɧɿ ɧɟɫɩɪɚɜɧɨɫɬɿ ɫɚɧɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ, ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ, ɜɨɞɨɩɨɫɬɚɱɚɧɧɹ, ɩɨɛɭɬɨɜɨʀ ɬɟɯɧɿɤɢ, ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɞɚɬɢ ɡɚɹɜɤɭ ɭ ɞɢɫɩɟɬɱɟɪɫɶɤɢɣ ɩɭɧɤɬ ɿɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɨ-ɟɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɿɣɧɨʀ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ, ɡɞɿɣɫɧɢɬɢ ɡɚɩɢɫ ɜ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɿ ɿ ɩɪɨɫɬɟɠɢɬɢ ɡɚ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹɦ ɡɚɹɜɤɢ. ɉɪɢ ɜɿɞ’ʀɡɞɿ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɩɨɤɨʀɜɤɚ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɜɿɪɢɬɢ ɱɢ ɧɟ ɡɚɛɭɥɢ ɝɨɫɬɿ ɪɟɱɿ, ɩɟɪɟɜɿɪɢɬɢ ɫɬɚɧ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɿ, ɡɚɦɿɧɢɬɢ ɩɨɫɬɿɥɶɧɭ ɛɿɥɢɡɧɭ ɿ ɪɭɲɧɢɤɢ, ɡɚɦɿɧɢɬɢ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɣɧɢɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥ, ɩɿɫɥɹ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɛɢɪɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɨɦɟɪ. Ƚɟɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɟ ɩɪɢɛɢɪɚɧɧɹ ɜɫɿɽʀ ɠɢɬɥɨɜɨʀ ɩɥɨɳɿ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɲɟ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɭ ɭ 10 ɞɧɿɜ. Ƚɟɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɟ ɩɪɢɛɢɪɚɧɧɹ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɩɟɪɿɨɞ ɜɿɞɫɭɬɧɨɫɬɿ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɿ ɿ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɜɨɥɨɝɢɦ ɩɪɢɛɢɪɚɧɧɹɦ, ɩɪɨɬɢɪɚɧɧɹɦ ɦɟɛɥɿɜ, ɜɢɞɚɥɟɧɧɹɦ ɩɥɹɦ ɧɚ ɩɿɞɥɨɡɿ, ɤɢɥɢɦɨɜɨɦɭ ɩɨɤɪɢɬɬɿ, ɦ’ɹɤɢɯ ɦɟɛɥɹɯ, ɦɢɬɬɹɦ ɫɚɧɜɭɡɥɿɜ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɢɦ ɪɨɡɱɢɧɨɦ. 285
Ɂɝɿɞɧɨ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɨɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɢɯ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɿɜ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɬɜɿ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɩɪɢɛɢɪɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ ɨɯɨɩɥɸɽ ɬɚɤɿ ɟɬɚɩɢ: — ɩɪɨɜɿɬɪɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɤɨɧɞɢɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ. ɉɪɨɜɿɬɪɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɢɦ ɱɢɧɨɦ ɲɥɹɯɨɦ ɜɿɞɤɪɢɬɬɹ ɜɿɤɨɧ ɧɚ 20–30 ɯɜ. ɚɛɨ ɡ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹɦ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɤɨɧɞɢɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ. Ʉɨɦɮɨɪɬɧɿ ɚɟɪɨɞɢɧɚɦɿɱɧɿ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɨ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɭ ɬɟɪɦɿɧ ɡɚ ɩɿɜɞɨɛɢ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɩɪɢɛɭɬɬɹɦ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪ; — ɩɪɢɛɢɪɚɧɧɹ ɜɟɥɢɤɨɝɨ ɫɦɿɬɬɹ; — ɡɧɿɦɚɧɧɹ ɛɪɭɞɧɨʀ ɛɿɥɢɡɧɢ ɡ ɩɨɫɬɿɥɶɧɢɯ ɚɤɫɟɫɭɚɪɿɜ; — ɱɢɫɬɭ ɛɿɥɢɡɧɭ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɩɨɤɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɨɪɹɞ ɡ ɥɿɠɤɨɦ, ɥɿɠɤɨ ɡ ɩɨɫɬɿɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɚɤɫɟɫɭɚɪɚɦɢ ɡɚɥɢɲɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɟɜɧɢɣ ɬɟɪɦɿɧ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɿɬɪɸɜɚɧɧɹ; — ɡ ɜɚɧɧɨʀ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɢ ɡɚɛɢɪɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɿ ɪɭɲɧɢɤɢ, ɯɚɥɚɬ ɬɚ ɿɧ.; — ɦɢɸɬɶɫɹ ɪɚɤɨɜɢɧɢ ɿ ɫɬɚɤɚɧɢ; — ɦɢɸɬɶɫɹ ɜɚɧɧɚ ɿ ɭɧɿɬɚɡ; — ɭ ɩɟɪɿɨɞ ɜɢɫɢɯɚɧɧɹ ɜɚɧɧɢ ɿ ɪɚɤɨɜɢɧ ɡɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɨɫɬɿɥɶ; — ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɢɛɢɪɚɧɧɹ ɛɚɥɤɨɧɚ, ɹɤɳɨ ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɿ; — ɭ ɠɢɬɥɨɜɿɣ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɿ ɜɢɬɢɪɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɨɪɨɯ ɡɿ ɜɫɿɯ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɿɜ; — ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɢɛɢɪɚɧɧɹ ɩɿɞɥɨɝɢ ɩɨɪɨɯɨɬɹɝɨɦ; — ɦɢɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɿɞɥɨɝɚ ɭ ɜɚɧɧɿɣ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɿ; — ɩɨɧɨɜɥɸɸɬɶɫɹ ɿ ɡɚɦɿɧɸɸɬɶɫɹ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɢɣ ɿɧɜɟɧɬɚɪ (ɦɢɥɨ, ɫɿɪɧɢɤɢ, ɬɭɚɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɩɚɩɿɪ ɬɚ ɿɧ); — ɭ ɜɚɧɧɿɣ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɿ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɡɚɦɿɧɚ ɪɭɲɧɢɤɿɜ, ɯɚɥɚɬɿɜ ɬɚ ɿɧ. ɉɪɢɛɢɪɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɨ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɞɨɡɜɨɥɭ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ. Ɂɚɡɜɢɱɚɣ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɚɯ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɛɭɬɢ ɜɢɜɿɫɤɚ ɧɚ ɞɜɟɪɧɿɣ ɪɭɱɰɿ «ɉɪɨɫɶɛɚ ɧɟ ɬɭɪɛɭɜɚɬɢ», ɳɨ ɽ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɨɪɨɝɨɸ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɤɨʀɜɤɢ ɧɟ ɜɯɨɞɢɬɢ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪ. əɤɳɨ ɜɢɜɿɫɤɚ ɧɚ ɞɜɟɪɧɿɣ ɪɭɱɰɿ ɜɿɞɫɭɬɧɹ, ɩɨɤɨʀɜɤɚ ɡɚɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɜ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɿ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɫɩɢɬɚɬɢ ɞɨɡɜɿɥ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɛɢɪɚɧɧɹ. Ɉɬɪɢɦɚɜɲɢ ɞɨɡɜɿɥ, ɜɨɧɚ ɩɨɱɢɧɚɽ ɩɪɢɛɢɪɚɬɢ ɡ ɜɚɧɧɨʀ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɢ, ɩɨɬɿɦ ɩɨɤɨʀɜɤɚ ɩɪɨɞɨɜɠɭɽ ɩɪɢɛɢɪɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɠɢɬɥɨɜɿɣ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɿ ɜ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɧɨɫɬɿ ɝɨɫɬɹ (ɹɤɳɨ ɜɿɧ ɧɟ ɡɚɩɟɪɟɱɭɽ) ɚɛɨ ɦɨɠɟ ɩɨɩɪɨɫɢɬɢ ɝɨɫɬɹ ɜɢɣɬɢ. ɉɿɫɥɹ ɩɪɢɛɢɪɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɤɨʀɜɤɚɦɢ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ, ʀɯɧɸ ɪɨɛɨɬɭ ɩɟɪɟɜɿɪɹɽ ɱɟɪɝɨɜɢɣ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɫɿ. ȼɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ ɪɨɛɨɱɨʀ ɡɦɿɧɢ ɱɟɪɝɨɜɢɣ 286
ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɫɿ ɩɪɢ ɲɜɢɞɤɿɣ ɩɟɪɟɜɿɪɰɿ, ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɧɨɪɦɢ, ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɨɝɥɹɧɭɬɢ 100 ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ, ɩɪɢ ɛɿɥɶɲ ɪɟɬɟɥɶɧɿɣ ɩɟɪɟɜɿɪɰɿ ɧɨɪɦɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ 35 ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ. ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿ ɲɜɢɞɤɨʀ ɩɟɪɟɜɿɪɤɢ, ɳɨ ɬɪɢɜɚɽ 3–5 ɯɜ. ɱɟɪɝɨɜɢɣ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɫɿ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɡ’ɹɫɭɜɚɬɢ ɱɢ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɨɫɶ ɩɪɨɜɿɬɪɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɜ ɧɨɦɟɪɿ (ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɭ ɭɜɚɝɭ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɡɜɟɪɧɭɬɢ ɧɚ ɧɚɹɜɧɿɫɬɶ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɿɯ ɡɚɩɚɯɿɜ ɭ ɫɚɧɿɬɚɪɧɨ-ɝɿɝɿɽɧɿɱɧɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹɯ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ), ɹɤɿɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɛɢɪɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɠɢɬɥɨɜɿɣ ɱɚɫɬɢɧɿ ɿ ɫɚɧɜɭɡɥɚɯ — ɱɢ ɜɢɞɚɥɟɧɿ ɧɚɥɿɬ, ɩɥɹɦɢ ɧɚ ɪɚɤɨɜɢɧɿ, ɭɧɿɬɚɡɿ, ɞɭɲɨɜɿɣ, ɜɚɧɧɿ, ɨɛɥɢɰɸɜɚɥɶɧɿɣ ɩɥɢɬɰɿ, ɹɤ ɩɪɢɛɪɚɧɟ ɥɿɠɤɨ, ɜɢɬɟɪɬɢɣ ɩɨɪɨɯ. Ȼɿɥɶɲ ʉɪɭɧɬɨɜɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɜɿɪɤɚ, ɳɨ ɬɪɢɜɚɽ 7– 10 ɯɜ. ɫɬɨɫɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɞɟɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɜɱɟɧɧɹ ɱɟɪɝɨɜɢɦ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɫɿ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɩɪɢɛɢɪɚɧɧɹ, ɡɚɦɿɧɢ ɩɨɫɬɿɥɶɧɨʀ ɛɿɥɢɡɧɢ, ɪɭɲɧɢɤɚ ɭ ɜɚɧɧɿɣ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɿ, ɩɨɩɨɜɧɟɧɧɹ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɢɯ ɫɭɩɭɬɧɿɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɿɜ, ɜɢɞɚɥɟɧɧɹ ɩɥɹɦ ɧɚ ɤɢɥɢɦɨɜɨɦɭ ɩɨɤɪɢɬɬɿ, ɦ’ɹɤɢɯ ɦɟɛɥɹɯ, ɡɚɦɿɧɢ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɣɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɭ, ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɧɭ ɩɨɛɭɬɨɜɢɯ ɩɪɢɥɚɞɿɜ. Ȼɭɞɶ-ɹɤɿ ɡɚɭɜɚɠɟɧɧɹ ɳɨɞɨ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɤɨʀɜɤɢ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɨ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɜɪɚɯɨɜɭɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɜ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɿ. ɍ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɿ ɫɥɭɠɛɨɜɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɫɥɭɠɛɚ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɜɨɥɨɞɿɬɢ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹɦɢ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɱɨɝɨ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ, ɳɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɧɿɦɢ ɪɨɡɦɿɪɚɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɬɚ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɤɟɪɿɜɧɢɤɨɦ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɰɿɣɧɨʀ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɧɚɜɱɚɧɧɹ, ɬɪɟɧɿɧɝɿɜ, ɜɿɞɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɢɯ ɡɚɯɨɞɿɜ ɬɚ ɿɧ. ɍ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɫɥɭɠɛɨɜɨɦɭ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɿ ɩɨɤɨʀɜɤɢ ɨɬɪɢɦɭɸɬɶ ɡɚɜɞɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɡɜɿɬɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɨ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ, ɨɛɝɨɜɨɪɸɸɬɶɫɹ ɡɚɜɞɚɧɧɹ ɞɥɹ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɡɚ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧɧɢɯ ɪɨɡɦɨɜ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɨɦ, ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɹ ɩɨ ɩɿɞɝɨɬɨɜɰɿ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɞɨ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ, ɜɫɿ ɪɨɡɩɨɪɹɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɩɨ ɜɢɞɚɱɿ ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ ɬɚ ɿɧɜɟɧɬɚɪɹ, ɡɛɟɪɿɝɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɿ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸɸɬɶɫɹ ɤɥɸɱɿ ɫɥɭɠɛɨɜɨɝɨ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ. Ɉɤɪɿɦ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɭɠɛɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ, ɧɚ ɤɨɠɧɨɦɭ ɩɨɜɟɪɫɿ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɿ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɸɱɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ. ɐɿ ɧɟɜɟɥɢɤɿ ɫɥɭɠɛɨɜɿ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɡɛɟɪɿɝɚɧɧɹ ɿɧɜɟɧɬɚɪɹ, ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ ɞɨɝɥɹɞɭ ɡɚ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹɦɢ, ɩɟɪɟɜɞɹɝɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɡɛɟɪɿɝɚɧɧɹ ɨɫɨɛɢɫɬɢɯ ɪɟɱɟɣ, ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɤɭ. ɍ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɿɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɿ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɜɢɞɿɥɹɸɬɶɫɹ ɨɤɪɟɦɿ ɩɿɞɪɨɡɞɿɥɢ, ɹɤɿ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɸɬɶ ɪɟɦɨɧɬ, ɩɪɚɧɧɹ ɭɧɿɮɨɪɦɢ ɫɩɿɜɪɨɛɿɬɧɢɤɿɜ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ. ȼ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɨɤɪɟɦɚ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɚ ɥɚɧɤɚ ɧɹɧɶ ɞɥɹ ɞɨɝɥɹɞɭ ɡɚ ɞɿɬɶɦɢ, ɹɤɚ 287
ɩɪɚɰɸɽ ɟɩɿɡɨɞɢɱɧɨ, ɭ ʀʀ ɪɨɛɨɬɿ ɡɚɞɿɹɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɫɥɭɠɛ, ɹɤɢɣ ɭ ɜɿɥɶɧɢɣ ɱɚɫ ɦɚɽ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɿɫɬɶ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɡɚɪɨɛɿɬɤɭ. Ƚɨɫɬɿ ɭ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɿɹɯ ɨɩɥɚɱɭɸɬɶ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɛɟɡɩɨɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ. Ɉɛɫɹɝ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɿ ɪɨɡɩɨɞɿɥ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɿɜ ɫɟɪɟɞ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɶɤɨʀ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɫɭɬɬɽɜɨ ɡɚɥɟɠɢɬɶ ɜɿɞ ɪɨɡɦɿɪɿɜ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ, ɦɿɫɰɹ ɣɨɝɨ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɧɚɹɜɧɨɫɬɿ ɩɪɢɥɟɝɥɨʀ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɿʀ, ɳɨ ɡɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɭ. Ɂɨɤɪɟɦɚ, ɹɤɳɨ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɧɚɥɟɠɢɬɶ ɩɪɢɥɟɝɥɚ ɡɟɥɟɧɚ ɡɨɧɚ, ɭ ɮɭɧɤɰɿʀ ɰɿɽʀ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɦɨɠɟ ɜɯɨɞɢɬɢ ɩɿɞɬɪɢɦɤɚ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɭ ɿ ɱɢɫɬɨɬɢ ʀʀ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɿʀ. Ⱦɥɹ ɨɛɥɿɤɭ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɤɨɠɧɨɦɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɿ ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɨɩɢɫ ɭ ɜɢɝɥɹɞɿ ɨɤɪɟɦɨʀ ɤɚɪɬɤɢ, ɭ ɹɤɿɣ ɡɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɿ ɞɚɧɿ ɩɪɨ ɫɬɚɧ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ — ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɿɧɜɟɧɬɚɪɹ, ɧɟɫɩɪɚɜɧɨɫɬɿ, ɡɧɢɤɥɿ ɪɟɱɿ ɬɚ ɿɧ. ɍ ɽɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɶɤɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɩɨɲɢɪɟɧɢɣ ɞɨɫɜɿɞ ɞɜɿɱɿ ɧɚ ɪɿɤ — ɩɨɫɟɪɟɞ ɿ ɜ ɤɿɧɰɿ ɪɨɤɭ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɢ ɿɧɜɟɧɬɚɪɢɡɚɰɿɸ. ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿ ɿɧɜɟɧɬɚɪɢɡɚɰɿʀ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɨɛɥɿɤ ɩɨɫɬɿɥɶɧɨʀ ɛɿɥɢɡɧɢ, ɨɞɿɹɥ, ɪɭɲɧɢɤɿɜ, ɯɚɥɚɬɿɜ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɜɢɪɨɛɿɜ ɡ ɬɤɚɧɢɧ, ɛɿɥɢɡɧɢ, ɳɨ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɿ, ɧɚ ɡɛɟɪɟɠɟɧɧɿ ɤɚɫɬɟɥɹɧɲɿ, ɭ ɩɪɚɥɶɧɿ. Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɿɱɧɢɣ ɨɛɥɿɤ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɨɫɭɞɭ, ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɿɜ ɿɧɬɟɪ’ɽɪɚ ɬɚ ɿɧ. Ɇɟɬɚ ɿɧɜɟɧɬɚɪɢɡɚɰɿʀ ɫɬɨɫɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ’ɹɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɿɧɜɟɧɬɚɪɟɦ, ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɿɫɬɶ ɣɨɝɨ ɡɚɦɿɧɢ, ɜɢɬɪɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɡɚɦɿɧɭ ɭ ɛɸɞɠɟɬɿ. Ɂɝɿɞɧɨ ɞɨɫɜɿɞɭ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ, ɳɨɪɿɱɧɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɡɚɦɿɧɢɬɢ ɚɛɨ ɩɨɧɨɜɢɬɢ ɞɨ 10 % ɜɫɶɨɝɨ ɿɧɜɟɧɬɚɪɹ. Ɇɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɶɧɚ ɛɚɡɚ ɿ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɚɯ. Ɇɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɶɧɚ ɛɚɡɚ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɬɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɚɦ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ ɿ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɭ ɹɤɿɣ ɜɿɧ ɩɨɡɢɰɿɨɧɭɽ. ɍ ɽɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɶɤɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɢɣ ɧɚɛɿɪ ɿɧɜɟɧɬɚɪɹ ɭ ɠɢɬɥɨɜɿɣ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɿ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɬɢ: ɥɿɠɤɨ, ɫɬɿɥ, 2 ɤɪɿɫɥɚ, ɞɢɜɚɧ, ɫɬɿɥ ɩɿɞ ɤɚɜɭ, ɬɨɪɲɟɪ, 2 ɬɭɦɛɨɱɤɢ, 2 ɥɚɦɩɢ ɛɿɥɹ ɥɿɠɤɚ (ɧɚɫɬɿɥɶɧɿ ɚɛɨ ɧɚɫɬɿɧɧɿ), ɬɟɥɟɜɿɡɨɪ, ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧ (ɮɚɤɫ), ɲɚɮɭ ɞɥɹ ɨɞɹɝɭ (ɤɨɦɨɞ ɡ ɜɢɫɭɜɧɢɦɢ ɲɭɯɥɹɞɚɦɢ), ɦɿɧɿɛɚɪ ɡ ɜɢɩɢɜɤɨɸ ɿ ɥɟɝɤɨɸ ɡɚɤɭɫɤɨɸ. ɍ ɜɚɧɧɿɣ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɿ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɛɭɬɢ: ɜɚɧɧɚ (ɜɚɧɧɚ-ɞɠɚɤɭɡɿ — ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɚɯ «ɥɸɤɫ» ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɜɢɳɨʀ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ) ɿ/ɚɛɨ ɞɭɲɨɜɚ ɤɚɛɿɧɚ, ɛɿɞɟ ɿ ɭɧɿɬɚɡ, ɫɜɿɬɢɥɶɧɢɤ, ɞɡɟɪɤɚɥɨ. Ⱦɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɨ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɿ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɫɭɩɭɬɧɿ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɢ: ɫɿɪɧɢɤɢ (ɨɞɧɚ ɤɨɪɨɛɤɚ ɭ ɠɢɬɥɨɜɿɣ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɿ ɿ ɨɞɧɚ ɭ ɜɚɧɧɿɣ, 15 ɜɿɲɚɥɨɤ (6 ɡɜɢɱɚɣɧɢɯ, 6 ɞɥɹ ɫɩɿɞɧɢɰɶ, 3 ɿɡ ɡɚɬɢɫɤɚɱɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɲɬɚɧɿɜ), ɩɨɥɿɟɬɢɥɟɧɨɜɢɣ ɩɚɤɟɬ ɞɥɹ ɛɪɭɞɧɨʀ ɛɿɥɢɡɧɢ ɚɛɨ ɨɞɹɝɭ 288
ɡ ɜɤɥɚɞɟɧɢɦɢ ɭ ɧɶɨɝɨ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɣɧɢɦ ɥɢɫɬɤɨɦ ɿ ɪɨɡɰɿɧɤɚɦɢ ɩɪɚɥɶɧɿ ɬɚ ɯɿɦɱɢɫɬɤɢ, ɩɚɤɟɬɢ ɩɨɤɭɩɨɤ ɡ ɜɿɞɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɨɸ ɧɚ ɧɢɯ ɥɨɝɨɬɢɩɨɦ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ, ɦɿɲɟɱɤɢ ɡ ɬɤɚɧɢɧɢ ɡ ɥɚɜɚɧɞɨɸ ɩɪɨɬɢ ɦɨɥɿ ɿ ɞɥɹ ɚɪɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɿʀ ɨɞɹɝɭ ɭ ɲɚɮɿ, ɫɟɣɮ, ɹɤɳɨ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɜɿɞɫɭɬɧɿ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɿ ɞɥɹ ɡɛɟɪɿɝɚɧɧɹ ɤɨɲɬɨɜɧɢɯ ɪɟɱɟɣ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ, ɩɢɫɶɦɨɜɢɣ ɧɚɛɿɪ, ɤɨɧɜɟɪɬɢ, ɩɚɩɿɪ ɞɥɹ ɮɚɤɫɨɜɢɯ ɩɨɜɿɞɨɦɥɟɧɶ, ɪɭɱɤɚ, ɨɥɿɜɟɰɶ, ɲɜɢɞɤɨɡɲɢɜɚɱ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɟ ɤɚɧɰɟɥɹɪɫɶɤɟ ɩɪɢɥɚɞɞɹ, ɜɿɞɤɪɢɬɤɢ ɿɡ ɫɜɿɬɥɢɧɚɦɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ, ɦɿɫɬɚ ɱɢ ɤɪɚʀɧɢ, ɞɨɜɿɞɧɢɤ ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧɿɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɯ ɫɥɭɠɛ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ, ɞɨɜɿɞɧɢɤ ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧɿɜ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ, ɛɿɥɹ ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧɭ ɡɚɩɢɫɧɚ ɤɧɢɠɤɚ ɡ ɪɭɱɤɨɸ. ɍ ɜɚɧɧɿɣ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɭ ɨɫɨɛɭ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɨ ɛɭɬɢ: 2 ɛɚɧɧɢɯ ɪɭɲɧɢɤɢ, 2 ɪɭɲɧɢɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɥɢɱɱɹ, 2 ɧɟɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɪɭɲɧɢɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɬɿɥɚ, ɤɢɥɢɦɨɤ, ɯɚɥɚɬ, ɬɚɩɨɱɤɢ, ɲɚɦɩɭɧɶ ɞɥɹ ɬɿɥɚ ɿ ɜɨɥɨɫɫɹ, ɦɢɥɨ ɞɥɹ ɬɿɥɚ ɿ ɞɥɹ ɪɭɤ, ɥɨɫɶɣɨɧ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɬɢɪɚɧɧɹ ɬɿɥɚ ɩɿɫɥɹ ɩɪɢɣɦɚɧɧɹ ɜɚɧɧɢ, ɤɨɧɞɢɰɿɨɧɟɪ ɞɥɹ ɜɨɥɨɫɫɹ, ɛɚɧɧɚ ɲɚɩɨɱɤɚ, ɩɚɥɢɱɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɱɢɳɟɧɧɹ ɜɭɯ, ɬɚɦɩɨɧɢ ɞɥɹ ɡɧɿɦɚɧɧɹ ɦɚɤɿɹɠɭ, ɧɚɛɿɪ ɞɥɹ ɲɢɬɬɹ, ɤɪɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɜɡɭɬɬɹ, ɡɭɛɧɚ ɩɚɫɬɚ, ɡɭɛɧɚ ɳɿɬɤɚ, ɤɪɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɝɨɥɿɧɧɹ, ɫɬɚɧɨɤ ɞɥɹ ɝɨɥɿɧɧɹ, ɬɭɚɥɟɬɧɚ ɜɨɞɚ ɩɿɫɥɹ ɝɨɥɿɧɧɹ. ɉɟɪɟɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɟɥɿɤ ɿɧɜɟɧɬɚɪɹ ɭ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹɯ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ — ɰɟ ɞɨɜɿɥɶɧɢɣ ɦɿɧɿɦɭɦ, ɳɨ ɤɨɪɢɝɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɦ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɨɦ. Ƚɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɣ ɡɚɤɥɚɞ ɦɨɠɟ ɡɛɿɥɶɲɢɬɢ ɨɛɫɹɝ ɫɭɩɭɬɧɿɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɳɨ ɡɭɦɨɜɥɸɸɬɶ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɿ ɜɢɬɪɚɬɢ, ɜɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ ɜɨɧɢ ɩɪɢɜɚɛɥɸɸɬɶ ɛɿɥɶɲɟ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɿ ɫɩɨɧɭɤɚɸɬɶ ɞɨ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɛɿɥɶɲɢɦ ɨɛɫɹɝɨɦ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ. ɇɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɜ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɿ ɧɨɦɟɪɚɯ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɸɬɶ ɤɚɜɨɜɚɪɤɭ, ɛɟɡɩɥɚɬɧɭ ɤɚɜɭ ɿ ɱɚɣ, ɜ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɩɪɚɫɭɜɚɥɶɧɿ ɞɨɲɤɢ ɿ ɩɪɚɫɤɢ. Ɉɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɚ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɋɒȺ, ɩɪɨɬɟ ɭ ȯɜɪɨɩɿ ɧɚɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɨɫɬɨɪɨɝɨɸ ɡ ɨɝɥɹɞɭ ɧɚ ɩɨɠɟɠɧɭ ɧɟɛɟɡɩɟɤɭ. Ɉɤɪɟɦɨʀ ɭɜɚɝɢ ɡɚɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɽ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɚɯ VIPɩɟɪɫɨɧ. Ƚɨɫɬɿ ɰɿɽʀ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɧɚɞɚɸɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɜɚɝɭ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɧɢɦ ɧɨɦɟɪɚɦ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ «ɥɸɤɫ» («ɩɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɬɫɶɤɢɣ ɥɸɤɫ»). Ɉɤɪɿɦ ɫɟɣɮɚ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɿ, ɦɿɧɿɛɚɪɚ ɡ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɦ ɜɢɛɨɪɨɦ ɫɩɢɪɬɧɢɯ ɧɚɩɨʀɜ ɿ ɡɚɤɭɫɨɤ, ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɢɤɚ ɬɚ ɿɧ., ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽ ɞɟɤɿɥɶɤɚ ɨɫɿɛ, ɧɚɣɱɚɫɬɿɲɟ ɩɨɤɨʀɜɤɚ ɩɿɞ ɧɚɝɥɹɞɨɦ ɱɟɪɝɨɜɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɫɿ. ȼ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɩɨɤɨʀɜɤɨɸ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɜɚɠɥɢɜɨ ɜɱɚɫɧɨ ɩɨɩɨɜɧɢɬɢ ɿ ɡɚɦɿɧɢɬɢ ɫɭɩɭɬɧɿ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɢ (ɤɚɧɰɟɥɹɪɫɶɤɟ ɩɪɢɥɚɞɞɹ, ɡɚɫɨɛɢ ɿɧɞɢɜɿɞɭɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɝɿɝɿɽɧɢ, ɡɚɫɨɛɢ ɞɨɝɥɹɞɭ ɡɚ ɜɡɭɬɬɹɦ, 289
ɨɞɹɝɨɦ ɬɚ ɿɧ.). ɍ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɿ ɫɭɩɭɬɧɿɯ ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɨɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɿ ɩɿɞɯɨɞɢ, ɧɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɧɚ ɨɞɧɭ ɨɫɨɛɭ ɞɥɹ ɦɢɬɬɹ ɬɿɥɚ ɜɢɞɿɥɹɽɬɶɫɹ ɨɞɧɟ ɦɢɥɨ ɦɚɫɨɸ 80 ɝɪ., ɞɥɹ ɪɭɤ — 20 ɝɪ. ɉɟɪɟɞ ɩɪɢɛɭɬɬɹɦ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ ɜɫɟ ɦɢɥɨ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɨ ɩɨɧɨɜɥɸɜɚɬɢɫɶ. ȼɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ, ɜɚɠɥɢɜɨ ɜɱɚɫɧɨ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɜɚɬɢ ɡɚɦɿɧɭ ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ, ɹɤɳɨ ɤɥɿɽɧɬ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɽ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɿ ɬɪɢɜɚɥɢɣ ɱɚɫ ɿ ɱɚɫɬɨ ʀɯ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽ. ɍ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ ɚɜɚɪɿɣɧɨɝɨ ɜɿɞɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɹ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɫɬɪɭɦɭ, ɭ ɜɚɧɧɿɣ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɿ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɛɭɬɢ ɫɜɿɱɤɚ ɡ ɩɿɞɫɜɿɱɧɢɤɨɦ. ɍ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɿ ɿɧɜɟɧɬɚɪɹ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɨ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɩɥɚɧ ɟɜɚɤɭɚɰɿʀ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɠɟɠɿ, ɜɚɠɥɢɜɨ, ɳɨɛ ɜɿɧ ɛɭɜ ɧɚ ɞɟɤɿɥɶɤɨɯ ɦɨɜɚɯ ɿ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɭɜɚɜɫɹ ɭ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɦɭ ɞɥɹ ɨɝɥɹɞɭ ɦɿɫɰɿ. ɍ ɞɨɪɨɝɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɚɯ ɜɢɳɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɭ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɚɭɞɿɨɚɩɚɪɚɬɭɪɚ. Ȳʀ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɩɿɞɤɪɟɫɥɸɽ ɪɨɡɤɿɲɧɿ ɭɦɨɜɢ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ, ɜɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ ɜɢɦɚɝɚɽ ɞɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɯ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɭɦɨɜ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɭ. ȱɧɨɞɿ ɭ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɿɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɿ ɿɧɜɟɧɬɚɪɹ ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɟɧɿ ɡɚɩɚɫɧɿ ɩɨɞɭɲɤɢ ɿ ɨɞɧɟ ɡɚɩɚɫɧɟ ɨɞɿɹɥɨ. ɉɨɞɭɲɤɢ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɩɿɪ’ɹ, ɭ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ ɚɥɟɪɝɿʀ ɭ ɝɨɫɬɹ, ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɭ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɿ ɩɨɪɨɥɨɧɨɜɿ ɩɨɞɭɲɤɢ. Ɇɿɧɿɛɚɪ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɚɯ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹɦ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ ɝɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɡɚɱɢɧɟɧɢɦɢ. ɉɪɢ ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɧɿ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɤɥɿɽɧɬ ɨɬɪɢɦɭɽ ɪɚɡɨɦ ɡ ɤɥɸɱɚɦɢ ɜɿɞ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɢ, ɤɥɸɱ ɜɿɞ ɦɿɧɿɛɚɪɚ. ɍ ɦɿɧɿɛɚɪɿ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɩɪɚɣɫ-ɥɢɫɬ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢ. ɋɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɚ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɛɚɪɚ, ɫɤɥɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɪɚɯɭɧɤɿɜ ɡɚ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɦɿɧɿɛɚɪɚ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɢɦ ɱɢɧɨɦ ɤɨɦɩ’ɸɬɟɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɚ. ȼ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɡɚ ɚɫɨɪɬɢɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɧɚɩɨʀɜ ɭ ɛɚɪɿ ɭ ɜɫɿɯ ɧɨɦɟɪɚɯ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɦ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɥɶɧɢɦ ɩɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤɨɦ, ɹɤɢɣ ɨɞɧɨɱɚɫɧɨ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽ ɪɚɯɭɧɨɤ. ȼɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɦɢɸɱɢɯ ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ ɿ ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ ɱɢɳɟɧɧɹ. ɍ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɫɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɡɧɚɱɧɢɣ ɚɫɨɪɬɢɦɟɧɬ ɦɢɸɱɢɯ ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ ɬɚ ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ ɞɥɹ ɱɢɳɟɧɧɹ, ɩɟɪɟɥɿɤ ʀɯɧɿɯ ɬɢɩɿɜ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɧɿɦ ɞɥɹ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɜɢɞɿɜ ɪɨɛɿɬ ɡ ɩɪɢɛɢɪɚɧɧɹ. Ɋɨɡɪɿɡɧɹɸɬɶ ɬɚɤɿ ɬɢɩɢ ɦɢɸɱɢɯ ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ: — ɭɧɿɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɿ; — ɞɥɹ ɱɢɳɟɧɧɹ ɩɿɞɥɨɝɢ (ɨɤɪɟɦɿ ɞɥɹ ɱɢɳɟɧɧɹ ɦɚɪɦɭɪɭ, ɛɟɬɨɧɭ, ɤɟɪɚɦɿɱɧɨʀ ɩɥɢɬɤɢ); — ɨɫɜɿɠɭɜɚɱɿ ɩɨɜɿɬɪɹ; — ɞɟɡɢɧɮɿɤɭɸɱɿ; 290
— ɞɥɹ ɱɢɳɟɧɧɹ ɦɟɬɚɥɿɱɧɢɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɨɧɶ; — ɫɩɢɪɬ (ɛɿɥɢɣ (ɦɟɞɢɱɧɢɣ) ɞɥɹ ɧɚɬɢɪɚɧɧɹ ɦɟɬɚɥɿɱɧɢɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɨɧɶ, ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɛɥɢɫɤɭ; ɫɢɧɿɣ (ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɢɣ) ɞɥɹ ɱɢɳɟɧɧɹ ɿ ɞɟɡɢɧɮɿɤɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɨɧɶ, ɜ ɬɨɦɭ ɱɢɫɥɿ ɩɿɞɥɨɝɢ); — ɩɨɥɿɪɨɥɶ ɞɥɹ ɦɟɛɥɿɜ, ɩɿɞɥɨɝɢ, ɞɥɹ ɧɚɬɢɪɚɧɧɹ ɦɿɞɧɢɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɨɧɶ; — ɲɚɦɩɭɧɿ ɞɥɹ ɱɢɳɟɧɧɹ ɤɢɥɢɦɨɜɢɯ ɩɨɤɪɢɬɬɿɜ; — ɞɥɹ ɱɢɳɟɧɧɹ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɢɤɿɜ; — ɞɥɹ ɱɢɳɟɧɧɹ ɤɟɪɚɦɿɱɧɨʀ ɩɥɢɬɤɢ; — ɞɥɹ ɱɢɳɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɥɿɟɬɢɥɟɧɨɜɢɯ ɜɢɪɨɛɿɜ. ɇɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɚɯ ɡ ɧɨɦɟɪɚɦɢ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɿ ɛɿɥɢɡɧɹɧɿ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɢ ɭ ɹɤɢɯ ɡɛɟɪɿɝɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɜɫɿ ɜɢɬɪɚɬɧɿ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɢ, ɩɨɛɭɬɨɜɚ ɬɟɯɧɿɤɚ, ɞɨɩɨɦɿɠɧɟ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɿɧ. ȼɿɡɨɤ ɩɨɤɨʀɜɤɢ ɜɚɠɥɢɜɢɣ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿ ɩɪɢɛɢɪɚɧɧɹ, ɦɚɽ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɭ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɿɸ ɩɪɢɫɬɨɫɨɜɚɧɭ ɞɥɹ ɪɭɯɭ ɭ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹɯ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɧɢɯ ɪɨɡɦɿɪɿɜ ɿ ɩɟɪɟɜɟɡɟɧɧɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɢɯ ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ ɭ ɪɨɛɨɬɿ ɩɨɤɨʀɜɤɢ. ȼɿɡɨɤ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɞɜɨɯ ɹɪɭɫɿɜ — ɧɚ ɜɟɪɯɧɶɨɦɭ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɡɢɬɶɫɹ ɱɢɫɬɚ ɛɿɥɢɡɧɚ, ɿɧɜɟɧɬɚɪ, ɹɤɢɣ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɡɚɦɿɧɢɬɢ ɱɢ ɩɨɧɨɜɢɬɢ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɚɯ, ɧɚ ɧɢɠɧɿɣ — ɡɚɫɨɛɢ ɬɚ ɿɧɜɟɧɬɚɪ, ɳɨ ɩɨɤɨʀɜɤɚ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ. ȼɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɢɯ ɡɚɦɤɨɜɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ. ɍ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɜɢɫɨɤɨʀ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɫɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɡɚɦɤɿɜ. ȼɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɰɿɽʀ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɧɚɫɚɦɩɟɪɟɞ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɿɡ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɦ ɡɚɯɨɞɿɜ ɛɟɡɩɟɤɢ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ, ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹɦ ɜɢɳɨʀ ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɿ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɭ (ɧɚɫɚɦɩɟɪɟɞ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ ɬɚ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ), ɡɪɭɱɧɿɫɬɸ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹɦɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɣɨɝɨ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚɦɢ ɿ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɨɦ. ȿɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɢɣ ɡɚɦɨɤ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɞɜɨɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɧ — ɦɟɯɚɧɿɱɧɨʀ ɣ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨʀ. Ɇɟɯɚɧɿɱɧɚ ɱɚɫɬɢɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɩɨɞɿɛɧɢɦ ɞɨ ɬɢɩɨɜɨɝɨ ɜɪɿɡɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɦɤɚ ɦɟɯɚɧɿɡɦɨɦ ɡ ɞɜɨɦɚ — ɡɨɜɧɿɲɧɶɨɸ ɿ ɜɧɭɬɪɿɲɧɶɨɸ ɧɚɤɥɚɞɤɚɦɢ, ɳɨ ɦɚɸɬɶ ɨɤɪɿɦ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɿ ɞɟɤɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ. ȿɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɚ ɫɤɥɚɞɨɜɚ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɜɦɨɧɬɨɜɚɧɢɦ ɦɿɤɪɨɤɨɦɩ’ɸɬɟɪɨɦ ɬɚ ɝɨɞɢɧɧɢɤɨɜɢɦ ɦɟɯɚɧɿɡɦɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɪɟɤɰɿʀ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɜ ɱɚɫɿ ɡ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɸ ɤɚɪɬɤɨɸ. ȱɧɲɚ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɚ ɫɤɥɚɞɨɜɚ — ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɚ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɤɨɜɚ ɦɚɝɧɿɬɧɚ ɤɚɪɬɤɚ ɡ ɿɧɞɢɜɿɞɭɚɥɶɧɢɦ ɤɨɞɨɦ ɜɢɤɨɧɭɽ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɸ ɤɥɸɱɚ. ȿɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɚ ɤɥɸɱ-ɤɚɪɬɤɚ ɜɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɹɽɬɶɫɹ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿʀ, ɳɨ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɭɽ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɭ ɬɨɱɧɿɫɬɶ ɿ ɫɭɦɿɫ291
ɧɿɫɬɶ ɡ ɩɪɢɫɬɪɨɽɦ ɿɞɟɧɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿʀ ɡ ɤɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɦɤɚ. Ɋɟɱɨɜɢɧɚ, ɡ ɹɤɨʀ ɜɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɹɸɬɶɫɹ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɿ ɤɥɸɱɿ ɧɟ ɧɚɝɪɨɦɚɞɠɭɽ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɧɢɣ ɫɬɪɭɦ, ɧɟ ɩɿɞɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɜɩɥɢɜɭ ɜɨɥɨɝɢ, ɩɢɥɭ, ɫɬɿɣɤɚ ɞɨ ɦɟɯɚɧɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɜɩɥɢɜɭ. Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨʀ ɤɚɪɬɤɢ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɭɥɶɬɚ, ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɚɧɨɝɨ ɭ ɪɟɰɟɩɰɿʀ. ɇɚ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɿɣ ɤɚɪɬɰɿ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ ɡɚɩɢɫɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɬɚɤ ɡɜɚɧɟ «ɱɚɫɨɜɟ ɜɿɤɧɨ» — ɱɚɫ ɣɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɛɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɚɦɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ. ɉɿɫɥɹ ɡɚɤɿɧɱɟɧɧɹ ɬɟɪɦɿɧɭ ɩɟɪɟɛɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɚɛɨ ɩɪɢ ɧɟɫɩɥɚɬɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɤɥɿɽɧɬ ɧɟ ɦɚɽ ɡɦɨɝɢ ɛɟɡ ɜɬɪɭɱɚɧɧɹ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɩɨɬɪɚɩɢɬɢ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪ. ɋɭɦɿɫɧɨ ɡ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɸ ɤɚɪɬɤɨɸ ɫɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɡɚɦɤɢ ɡ ɨɞɧɨɱɚɫɧɢɦ ɜɿɞɤɪɢɜɚɧɧɹɦ ɞɜɟɪɟɣ ɦɟɯɚɧɿɱɧɢɦ ɤɥɸɱɟɦ. Ʉɨɠɟɧ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɢɣ ɡɚɦɨɤ ɡɛɟɪɿɝɚɽ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɸ ɩɪɨ ɜɫɿ ɜɿɞɤɪɢɜɚɧɧɹ ɞɜɟɪɟɣ ɤɚɪɬɤɨɸ ɚɛɨ ɦɟɯɚɧɿɱɧɢɦ ɤɥɸɱɟɦ, ɛɿɥɶɲɿɫɬɶ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɢɯ ɡɚɦɤɨɜɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɡɚɩɚɦ’ɹɬɨɜɭɽ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɸ ɩɪɨ ɜɫɿ ɧɟɜɞɚɥɿ ɫɩɪɨɛɢ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɡɚɦɤɨɦ. Ɂɚɦɤɢ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɢɯ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɤɿɜ ɡɛɟɪɿɝɚɸɬɶ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɸ ɜ ɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨɦɭ ɩɪɨ 250–5900 ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɶ ɡɚɦɤɚ (5900 — ɨɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɜɟɪɫɿɹ ɡɚɦɤɿɜ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɿʀ Saflok). Ɂɚɦɤɢ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɩɪɚɰɸɜɚɬɢ ɜ ɚɜɬɨɧɨɦɧɨɦɭ ɪɟɠɢɦɿ (off-line), ɚɛɨ ɛɭɬɢ ɨɛ’ɽɞɧɚɧɢɦɢ ɜ ɦɟɪɟɠɭ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɠɢɜɥɟɧɧɹ (online). ɍ ɛɭɞɶ-ɹɤɨɦɭ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ ɩɪɢ ɜɢɦɤɧɟɧɧɿ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɨɫɬɚɱɚɧɧɹ ɜɨɧɢ ɩɪɚɰɸɸɬɶ ɜ ɚɜɬɨɧɨɦɧɨɦɭ ɪɟɠɢɦɿ, ɨɬɪɢɦɭɸɱɢ ɡɚɪɹɞ ɜɿɞ ɩɚɥɶɱɢɤɨɜɢɯ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɿɜ ɠɢɜɥɟɧɧɹ. Ɉɤɪɿɦ ɮɭɧɤɰɿʀ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɦɤɚ, ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɚ ɤɚɪɬɤɚ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɛɟɡɝɨɬɿɜɤɨɜɢɯ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɭɧɤɚɯ ɜ ɦɟɠɚɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ. ɍ ɜɫɿɯ ɩɭɧɤɬɚɯ ɩɪɨɞɚɠɭ (POS — Point of Sale) ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɸɸɬɶɫɹ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɿ ɩɪɢɫɬɪɨʀ ɞɥɹ ɿɞɟɧɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿʀ ɧɚ ɤɚɪɬɰɿ. Ɂɨɤɪɟɦɚ, ɬɚɤɿ ɩɪɢɫɬɪɨʀ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɢɯ ɡɚɥɚɯ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɭ, ɛɚɪɭ, ɮɿɬɧɟɫ-ɰɟɧɬɪɭ ɬɚ ɿɧ. ȱɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɹ, ɜɧɟɫɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɤɚɪɬɤɭ ɡɚɯɢɳɟɧɚ ɧɟɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɢɦɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦɢ ɡɚɩɢɫɭ, ɹɤɿ ɧɟ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɿ ɞɥɹ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɡɨɤɪɟɦɚ ɤɚɫɨɜɢɯ ɿ POS-ɬɟɪɦɿɧɚɥɿɜ. ȼɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ, ɫɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ ɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɡɚɦɤɿɜ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɫɦɚɪɬ-ɤɚɪɬɤɢ. ɇɚ ɫɦɚɪɬ-ɤɚɪɬɤɚɯ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɡɚɩɢɫɭɜɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɛɿɥɶɲɢɣ ɨɛɫɹɝ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿʀ, ɜɨɧɢ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɸɬɶ ɜɢɳɭ ɫɬɭɩɿɧɶ ɛɟɡɩɟɤɢ. Ƚɨɥɨɜɧɢɣ ɧɟɞɨɥɿɤ ɫɦɚɪɬ-ɤɚɪɬɨɤ — ɡɧɚɱɧɨ ɜɢɳɚ ɜɚɪɬɿɫɬɶ, ɳɨ ɡɦɟɧɲɭɽ ʀɯɧɽ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟ292
ɥɹɯ. ɇɨɜɿ ɦɨɞɟɥɿ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɢɯ ɡɚɦɤɿɜ ɩɪɨɜɿɞɧɢɯ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɤɿɜ ɞɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬɶ ɫɭɦɿɫɧɨ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɜɚɬɢ ɦɚɝɧɿɬɧɿ ɬɚ ɫɦɚɪɬɤɚɪɬɤɢ. ɍ ɬɚɤɨɦɭ ɜɚɪɿɚɧɬɿ ɦɚɝɧɿɬɧɿ ɤɚɪɬɤɢ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚɦɢ, ɜɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ ɫɦɚɪɬ-ɤɚɪɬɤɢ — ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɨɦ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɚɛɨ VIP-ɝɨɫɬɹɦɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɧɚɧɟɫɟɧɧɹ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿʀ ɧɚ ɦɚɝɧɿɬɧɿ, ɫɦɚɪɬɤɚɪɬɤɢ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɩɪɢɥɚɞ — ɟɧɤɨɞɟɪ. ɍɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɸ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɢɯ ɡɚɦɤɿɜ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɪɟɰɟɩɰɿʀ. Ⱦɥɹ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɬɚɤɟ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɟ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ: — ɦɿɧɿ-ɬɟɪɦɿɧɚɥ — ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɟ ɜɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɢɯ ɤɥɸɱɿɜ-ɤɚɪɬɨɤ ɛɭɞɶ-ɹɤɨɝɨ ɪɿɜɧɹ ɡɚɯɢɫɬɭ ɨɫɨɛɢɫɬɢɦ ɤɨɞɨɦ; — ɩɪɢɫɬɪɿɣ ɤɨɞɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɸɱɚ — ɡɚɩɢɫɭɽ ɡɚɧɨɜɨ ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɣ ɤɨɞ ɧɚ ɧɨɜɢɣ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɢɣ ɤɥɸɱ; — ɩɪɢɫɬɪɿɣ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɿ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿʀ — ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɹɤ ɿɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫ ɦɿɠ ɩɪɢɫɬɪɨɽɦ ɤɨɞɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɞɜɟɪɧɢɦ ɡɚɦɤɨɦ ɭ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ ɹɤɳɨ ɤɨɞɢ ɫɩɿɜɩɚɞɚɸɬɶ; — ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɩɿɞɬɜɟɪɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɸɱɚ — ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɟɜɿɪɤɢ ɞɿɣɫɧɨɫɬɿ ɤɥɸɱɿɜ. ɇɨɜɚ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɚ ɤɚɪɬɤɚ, ɜɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɚ ɭ ɪɟɰɟɩɰɿʀ, ɡ ɩɟɪɲɢɦ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹɦ ɭ ɩɟɜɧɨɦɭ ɡɚɦɤɭ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɧɨ ɡɦɿɧɸɽ ɤɨɞ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɞɧɶɨʀ ɤɚɪɬɤɢ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɱɢɧɨɦ, ɜɤɪɚɞɟɧɿ ɚɛɨ ɡɚɝɭɛɥɟɧɿ ɤɥɸɱɿ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɹɤɳɨ ɤɥɿɽɧɬ ɫɜɨɽɱɚɫɧɨ ɡɪɨɛɢɜ ɡɚɹɜɤɭ ɩɪɨ ɰɟɣ ɜɢɩɚɞɨɤ. ȿɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɿ ɤɥɸɱɿ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɭ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɪɟɠɢɦɚɯ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ: ɤɥɿɽɧɬ, ɩɨɤɨʀɜɤɚ, ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɟ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɦɿɧɿ-ɛɚɪ, ɿɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɚ ɫɥɭɠɛɚ, ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɰɿɹ, ɚɜɚɪɿɹ, ɡɚɩɚɫɧɢɣ ɤɥɸɱ, ɨɞɧɨɪɚɡɨɜɢɣ ɤɥɸɱ. Ʉɥɿɽɧɬ ɨɬɪɢɦɭɽ ɤɥɸɱ ɜ ɪɟɠɢɦɿ «ɤɥɿɽɧɬ», ɤɨɞ ɹɤɨɝɨ ɫɭɦɿɫɧɢɣ ɬɿɥɶɤɢ ɿɡ ɡɚɦɤɨɦ ɣɨɝɨ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ. ɍ ɩɨɤɨʀɜɨɤ, ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ ɡ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɡ ɦɿɧɿ-ɛɚɪɨɦ, ɤɥɸɱɿ-ɤɚɪɬɤɢ ɡɚɤɨɞɨɜɚɧɿ ɞɥɹ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɭ ɬɿɥɶɤɢ ɭ ɰɿ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ, ɹɤɿ ɡɚɤɪɿɩɥɟɧɿ ɡɚ ɰɢɦ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɨɦ. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤɿɜ ɿɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɨʀ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɨ ɤɨɞɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɤɥɸɱ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ, ɧɚ ɹɤɢɣ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɢɥɚ ɡɚɹɜɤɚ. Ⱦɢɪɟɤɬɨɪ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɿ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɤɢ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɰɿʀ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶ ɤɥɸɱ ɡ ɤɨɞɨɦ, ɳɨ ɧɚɞɚɽ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɭ ɛɭɞɶ-ɹɤɟ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ. ɍ ɧɚɞɡɜɢɱɚɣɧɢɯ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɿɹɯ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ «ɚɜɚɪɿɹ», ɩɪɢ ɹɤɨɦɭ ɛɥɨɤɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɡɚɦɤɢ ɜ ɦɟɠɚɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɚ, ɤɨɪɩɭɫɚ, ɚɛɨ ɜɫɶɨɝɨ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ. 293
ȼ ɚɜɚɪɿɣɧɿɣ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɿʀ, ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɨʀ ɡ ɩɟɪɟɛɨɹɦɢ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɨɫɬɚɱɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ, ɩɪɨɮɿɥɚɤɬɢɤɨɸ ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɧɭ ɤɨɦɩ’ɸɬɟɪɧɨʀ ɦɟɪɟɠɿ ɬɨɳɨ, ɞɥɹ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ, ɹɤɿ ɩɪɢɛɭɥɢ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ, ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɡɚɡɞɚɥɟɝɿɞɶ ɜɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɿ ɤɥɸɱɿ-ɤɚɪɬɤɢ. ɐɿ ɤɥɸɱɿ ɡɛɟɪɿɝɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɫɟɣɮɿ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ. Ⱦɥɹ ɨɞɧɨɪɚɡɨɜɨɝɨ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɭ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɜɢɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɤɥɸɱɿ-ɤɚɪɬɤɢ ɨɞɧɨɪɚɡɨɜɨɝɨ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ. ɍɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɸ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿʀ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɢɯ ɡɚɦɤɿɜ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹɦ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ. ɉɪɨɝɪɚɦɧɟ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ ɭ ɤɨɦɩ’ɸɬɟɪɿ ɪɟɰɟɩɰɿʀ ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɚɽ ɪɿɡɧɿ ɪɿɜɧɿ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɭ, ɨɫɨɛɢɫɬɢɣ ɩɚɪɨɥɶ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɿ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɡɚɯɢɫɬɭ. ȼɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨ ɞɨ ɪɿɜɧɹ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɭ ɬɚ ɩɨɫɚɞɨɜɢɯ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɿɜ, ɩɨɪɬɶɽ ɬɿɥɶɤɢ ɜɢɞɚɽ ɝɨɫɬɶɨɜɿ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɿ ɤɚɪɬɤɢ, ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪ ɡ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ ɜɢɪɨɛɥɹɽ ɤɚɪɬɤɢ ɬɚ ɿɧ. ȼɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ ɜɫɿ ɞɿʀ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɜɧɨɫɹɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥ ɡ ɦɟɬɨɸ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɛɭɞɶɹɤɢɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿʀ ɩɪɨ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɢɣ ɡɚɦɨɤ-ɤɚɪɬɤɭ, ɧɨɦɟɪ, ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ. Ɍɢɩɨɜɢɦ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɽ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɡɚɦɤɨɜɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɭ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹɯ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ — ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰ-ɡɚɥɿ, ɛɚɫɟɣɧɿ, ɮɿɬɧɟɫ-ɰɟɧɬɪɿ, ɚɜɬɨɫɬɨɹɧɤɚɯ ɬɚ ɿɧ. ɉɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɢ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɭ ɡɚɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɧɢɦ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹɦ, ɹɤɟ ɞɨɡɜɨɥɹɽ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɸɜɚɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɜɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɭɜɚɱɚ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɩɭɧɤɬɿɜ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɭ, ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɮɿɤɫɭɽ ɱɚɫ, ɭɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ ɹɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɠɟ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ. 6.6. Ɉɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɹ ɿ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɸɥɶɧɨʀ ɝɪɭɩɢ ɋɥɭɠɛɚ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɭɥɶɧɨʀ ɝɪɭɩɢ — ɨɞɧɚ ɡ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɯ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ, ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥ ɹɤɨʀ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽ ɩɨɫɬɿɣɧɭ ɜɡɚɽɦɨɞɿɸ ɡ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚɦɢ ɿ ɜɿɞɜɿɞɭɜɚɱɚɦɢ, ɜɢɤɨɧɭɽ ɮɭɧɤɰɿʀ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɿ ɡ ʀɯɧɿɦ ɛɟɡɩɨɫɟɪɟɞɧɿɦ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ. Ɂ ɭɪɚɯɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ ɜɚɠɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ ɩɟɪɲɢɯ ɜɪɚɠɟɧɶ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ ɩɪɨ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ, ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɚ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ ɩɨɤɥɚɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɣɧɿ ɿ ɤɜɚɥɿɮɿɤɚɰɿɣɧɿ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɸɱɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ, ɹɤɢɣ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽ ɩɟɪɲɢɣ ɜɿɡɭɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬ ɡ ɝɨɫɬɹɦɢ. ɋɟɪɟɞ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɣ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɸɥɿ ɜɢɞɿɥɹɸɬɶɫɹ: ɡɭɫɬɪɿɱ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ, ɫɭɩɪɨɜɿɞ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪ, ɞɨɫɬɚɜɤɚ ɨɫɨɛɢɫɬɢɯ ɪɟɱɟɣ ɝɨɫɬɹ, ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿʀ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟ294
ɪɭ ɩɪɨ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ ɤɨɥɨɪɢɬɭ ɦɿɫɰɟɜɨɝɨ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ, ɞɨɩɨɦɨɝɚ ɭ ɧɚɞɡɜɢɱɚɣɧɢɯ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɿɹɯ, ɩɚɪɤɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɚɜɬɨɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɭ ɬɚ ɿɧ. ɉɪɨɮɟɫɿɣɧɨ-ɤɜɚɥɿɮɿɤɚɰɿɣɧɿ ɜɢɦɨɝɢ ɳɨɞɨ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɫɬɨɫɭɸɬɶɫɹ: — ɞɨɫɤɨɧɚɥɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɧɧɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿʀ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɣɧɢɯ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɿɜ; — ɡɧɚɧɧɹ ɿɧɨɡɟɦɧɨʀ ɦɨɜɢ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ; — ɞɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɛɟɡɞɨɝɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɡɨɜɧɿɲɧɶɨɝɨ ɜɢɝɥɹɞɭ (ɮɨɪɦɟɧɢɣ ɨɞɹɝ ɡɚɜɠɞɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɢɦ, ɩɨɩɪɚɫɨɜɚɧɢɦ ɡ ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬɚɦɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ — ɧɚɡɜɚ, ɥɨɝɨɬɢɩ, ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɹ; ɿɞɟɧɬɢɮɿɤɚɬɨɪɨɦ ɩɨɫɚɞɢ ɬɚ ɨɫɨɛɢɫɬɢɯ ɞɚɧɢɯ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ); — ɞɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɚɜɢɥ ɜɧɭɬɪɿɲɧɶɨɝɨ ɪɨɡɩɨɪɹɞɤɭ, ɿɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɿɣ ɿ ɪɨɡɩɨɪɹɞɠɟɧɶ; — ɡɚɜɠɞɢ ɩɨɜɚɠɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɞɨ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɿ ɜɿɞɜɿɞɭɜɚɱɿɜ, ɜɢɹɜɥɹɬɢ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɨɧɚɥɿɡɦ ɭ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ, ɤɨɦɭɧɿɤɚɛɟɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ; — ɜɨɥɨɞɿɧɧɹ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɽɸ ɩɪɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɿ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ, ɤɨɦɭɧɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɦɿɫɰɟɜɨɝɨ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ. Ɉɱɨɥɸɽ ɫɥɭɠɛɭ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɸɥɶɧɨʀ ɝɪɭɩɢ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪ (ɫɬɚɪɲɢɣ ɤɨɪɢɞɨɪɧɢɣ), ɣɨɦɭ ɩɿɞɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɲɜɟɣɰɚɪɢ, ɤɨɪɢɞɨɪɧɿ, ɩɨɫɢɥɶɧɿ, ɥɿɮɬɟɪɢ, ɧɨɫɿʀ ɛɚɝɚɠɭ, ɜɨɞɿʀ-ɩɚɪɤɭɜɚɥɶɧɢɤɢ, ɤɨɧɫɶɽɪɠɿ (ɪɢɫ. 6.6). ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɰɿɽʀ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɡɚɥɟɠɢɬɶ ɜɿɞ ɪɨɡɦɿɪɿɜ ɿ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ. ɍ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɡɧɚɱɧɨʀ ɦɿɫɬɤɨɫɬɿ ɬɚ ɜɢɫɨɤɨʀ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɭ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɿ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɟɧɿ ɜɫɿ ɡɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɿ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɩɨɫɚɞ. ɍ ɧɟɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɧɢɡɶɤɨʀ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɰɹ ɫɥɭɠɛɚ ɧɟ ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɟɧɚ, ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɢɣ ɞɥɹ ʀʀ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɽ ɭ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɿ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ. Ɇɟɧɟɞɠɟɪ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɒɜɟɣɰɚɪ
Ʌɿɮɬɟɪ
Ʉɨɪɢɞɨɪɧɢɣ
ɇɨɫɿɣ ɛɚɝɚɠɭ
ɉɨɫɢɥɶɧɢɣ
Ʉɨɧɫɶɽɪɠ
Ɋɢɫ. 6.6. Ɉɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɣɧɨ-ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɚ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɸɥɶɧɨʀ ɝɪɭɩɢ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɡɧɚɱɧɨʀ ɦɿɫɬɤɨɫɬɿ 295
Ɇɟɧɟɞɠɟɪ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɩɿɞɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɡɚɫɬɭɩɧɢɤɭ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɚ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɡ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ. ȼɿɧ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɨɜɭɽ, ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɭɽ ɿ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸɽ ɪɨɛɨɬɭ ɩɿɞɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɜɚɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ. Ɉɛɨɜ’ɹɡɨɤ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɚ ɫɬɨɫɭɽɬɶɫɹ: — ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ ɡɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɨɜɚɧɨʀ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɜɫɶɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɿɜ; — ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɿɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɚɠɭ ɞɥɹ ɩɿɞɥɟɝɥɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ ɡ ɦɟɬɨɸ ɩɿɞɜɢɳɟɧɧɹ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɣ; — ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɡɚ ɞɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɭ ɜɧɭɬɪɿɲɧɶɨɝɨ ɪɨɡɩɨɪɹɞɤɭ, ɞɿɸɱɢɯ ɪɨɡɩɨɪɹɞɠɟɧɶ ɬɚ ɿɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɿɣ; — ɪɨɡɪɨɛɤɚ ɦɿɫɹɱɧɢɯ ɝɪɚɮɿɤɿɜ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ, ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɱɨʀ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɿɧɢ; — ɪɨɡɪɨɛɤɚ ɿ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɚ ɭ ɜɿɞɞɿɥ ɤɚɞɪɿɜ ɩɪɨɩɨɡɢɰɿɣ ɳɨɞɨ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ, ɡɜɿɥɶɧɟɧɧɹ, ɩɨɤɚɪɚɧɧɹ, ɧɚɝɨɪɨɞɢ ɿ ɩɪɟɦɿɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤɿɜ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ. ɒɜɟɣɰɚɪ — ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɹ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɸɱɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɚ ɧɚɫɚɦɩɟɪɟɞ ɞɥɹ ɮɟɲɟɧɟɛɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ, ɳɨ ɩɿɞɤɪɟɫɥɸɽ ɩɪɟɫɬɢɠ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɭ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ. ɍ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɧɢɡɶɤɨʀ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɰɹ ɩɨɫɚɞɚ ɧɟ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɚ. ɒɜɟɣɰɚɪ ɩɟɪɲɢɦ ɡɭɫɬɪɿɱɚɽ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɛɿɥɹ ɜɯɨɞɭ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ, ɜɿɞɤɪɢɜɚɽ ɞɜɟɪɿ. ȼɿɧ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɪɢɜɿɬɚɬɢɫɶ ɡ ɝɨɫɬɹɦɢ, ɞɨɩɨɦɨɝɬɢ ɜɢɣɬɢ ɡ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɿɥɹ, ɜɢɤɥɢɤɚɬɢ ɬɚɤɫɿ, ɧɚɞɚɬɢ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɸ ɩɪɨ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ. ɍ ɫɬɨɫɭɧɤɚɯ ɡ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚɦɢ ɲɜɟɣɰɚɪ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɨɜɚɠɧɨ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɡɚɩɢɬɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ, ɜɨɥɨɞɿɬɢ ɩɨɜɧɢɦ ɨɛɫɹɝɨɦ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿʀ ɩɪɨ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ, ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɭ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ. ɒɜɟɣɰɚɪ ɨɞɹɝɧɟɧɢɣ ɭ ɩɨɦɿɬɧɨ ɜɢɪɚɠɟɧɭ ɫɟɪɟɞ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɸɱɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ ɭɧɿɮɨɪɦɭ, ɡɚɜɠɞɢ ɡɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɢɣ ɦɚɬɢ ɛɟɡɞɨɝɚɧɧɢɣ ɡɨɜɧɿɲɧɿɣ ɜɢɝɥɹɞ — ɮɨɪɦɚ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɨɸ, ɩɨɩɪɚɫɨɜɚɧɨɸ. ȼ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɢ ɲɜɟɣɰɚɪɚ ɜɯɨɞɢɬɶ: — ɞɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɭ ɿ ɱɢɫɬɨɬɢ ɛɿɥɹ ɜɯɨɞɭ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ, ɯɨɥɿ, ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧɧɢɯ ɤɚɛɿɧɤɚɯ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹɯ ɛɿɥɹ ɜɯɨɞɭ; — ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɫɬɟɠɢɬɢ ɡɚ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɦ ɛɿɥɹ ɩɿɞ’ʀɡɞɭ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ, ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɿɥɿ, ɳɨ ɩɿɞ’ʀɠɞɠɚɸɬɶ ɧɟ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɡɭɩɢɧɹɬɢɫɶ ɧɚ ɬɪɢɜɚɥɢɣ ɱɚɫ, ɩɟɪɟɲɤɨɞɠɚɬɢ ɜɿɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɩɿɞ’ʀɡɞɭ ɞɨ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ, ɿɧɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɬɢ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɩɪɨ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɚɜɬɨɫɬɨɹɧɤɢ, ɩɪɨɩɨɧɨɜɚɧɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɟɦ; — ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɜɚɬɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɧɟɧɧɹɦ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ ɨɫɿɛ, ɹɤɿ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɩɨɪɭɲɢɬɢ ɛɟɡɩɟɤɭ, ɫɩɨɤɿɣ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ; 296
— ɡɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɢɣ ɩɿɞɧɟɫɬɢ ɪɟɱɿ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɜɿɞ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɿɥɹ ɜ ɯɨɥ, ɧɨɦɟɪ, ɜɢɧɟɫɬɢ ɪɟɱɿ ɩɪɢ ɜɿɞ’ʀɡɞɿ, ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɧɿ ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɧɹ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ, ɫɬɟɪɟɝɬɢ ɪɟɱɿ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ. Ʉɨɪɢɞɨɪɧɿ ɩɿɞɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɫɬɚɪɲɨɦɭ ɤɨɪɢɞɨɪɧɨɦɭ, ɛɟɡ ɣɨɝɨ ɞɨɡɜɨɥɭ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɩɨɤɢɞɚɬɢ ɫɜɨɽ ɪɨɛɨɱɟ ɦɿɫɰɟ. Ʉɨɪɢɞɨɪɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɟɛɭɜɚɽ ɧɚ ɱɟɪɝɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɡɚɬɜɟɪɞɠɟɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɨɦ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɦɿɫɹɱɧɨɝɨ ɝɪɚɮɿɤɚ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɿ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɢ ɤɨɪɢɞɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɨɫɭɸɬɶɫɹ: — ɫɭɩɪɨɜɨɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɢɛɭɬɬɿ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ ɿ ɡ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ ɩɪɢ ɜɿɞ’ʀɡɞɿ; — ɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɢ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪ, ɤɚɦɟɪɭ ɡɛɟɪɿɝɚɧɧɹ ɛɚɝɚɠ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ; — ɞɨɩɨɦɚɝɚɬɢ ɝɨɫɬɹɦ ɪɨɡɦɿɫɬɢɬɢɫɶ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɿ, ɧɚɞɚɬɢ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɸ ɩɪɨ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ — ɨɫɜɿɬɥɟɧɧɹ, ɬɟɥɟɜɿɡɨɪ, ɤɨɧɞɢɰɿɨɧɟɪ, ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧ, ɩɪɨ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ — ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɜ ɧɨɦɟɪɚɯ, ɩɥɚɜɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɛɚɫɟɣɧ, ɩɪɚɥɶɧɸ, ɯɿɦɱɢɫɬɤɭ ɬɚ ɿɧ; — ɪɨɡɛɭɞɢɬɢ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɭ ɧɚɩɟɪɟɞ ɭɡɝɨɞɠɟɧɢɣ ɱɚɫ; — ɡɛɟɪɟɠɟɧɧɹ ɚɩɬɟɱɤɢ ɩɟɪɲɨʀ ɞɨɩɨɦɨɝɢ, ɩɨɧɨɜɥɸɜɚɬɢ ɚɩɬɟɱɤɭ ɩɪɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ; — ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɡɚ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɦ ɬɚ ɞɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹɦ ɱɢɫɬɨɬɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɫɿ. ɉɨɫɢɥɶɧɢɣ (ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɣ ɤɭɪ’ɽɪ) — ɜɢɤɨɧɭɽ ɪɿɡɧɿ ɞɪɿɛɧɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɞɨɪɭɱɟɧɧɹ ɤɟɪɿɜɧɢɤɚ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɚɛɨ ɛɟɡɩɨɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɡɿ ɡɝɨɞɢ ɫɬɚɪɲɨɝɨ ɤɨɪɢɞɨɪɧɨɝɨ, ɞɨɩɨɦɚɝɚɽ ɱɟɪɝɨɜɨɦɭ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɨɪɭ ɭ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɿ ɿ ɜɢɞɚɱɿ ɤɥɸɱɿɜ, ɜɟɞɟɧɧɿ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɨʀ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɿʀ ɡ ɞɨɪɭɱɟɧɧɹ ɿ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ ɱɟɪɝɨɜɨɝɨ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɨɪɚ, ɧɚɫɚɦɩɟɪɟɞ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɧɿ ɝɪɭɩ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ, ɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɡɿ ɫɤɥɚɞɭ ɛɥɚɧɤɿɜ ɡɜɿɬɧɨʀ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɿʀ ɿ ɤɚɧɰɟɥɹɪɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɥɚɞɞɹ ɞɥɹ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ ɿ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ, ɮɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɨ-ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɨʀ, ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɨʀ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɫɥɭɠɛ, ɞɨɩɨɦɚɝɚɽ ɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɢ ɛɚɝɚɠ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪ, ɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɽ ɜ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɬɚ ɜɿɞ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɤɚɫɢɪɭ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ ɿ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɪɚɯɭɧɤɢ ɩɪɨ ɨɩɥɚɬɭ, ɜɢɤɥɢɤ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɞɨ ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧɭ, ɞɨɩɨɦɚɝɚɽ ɜ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ ɬɚ ɿɧ. Ɉɫɨɛɥɢɜɿɫɬɶ ɩɨɫɚɞɢ ɩɨɫɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɿɫɬɸ ɜɢɤɨɧɭɜɚɬɢ ɪɿɡɧɿ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɣɧɿ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɢ, ɹɤɿ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɸɱɢɣ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥ. Ʌɿɮɬɟɪ. ɍ ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɭ ɡ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹɦ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ, ɩɨɫɚɞɚ ɥɿɮɬɟɪɚ ɫɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ ɧɟɬɢɩɨɜɚ ɭ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɿ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɸɥɿ. ɐɹ ɩɨɫɚɞɚ ɡɭɫɬɪɿɱɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɥɢɲɟ ɭ ɜɢɫɨɤɨɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɣɧɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ, ɳɨ ɧɚɞɚɸɬɶ ɡɧɚɱɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɜ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɥɸɞɫɶɤɨɦɭ ɱɢɧɧɢɤɭ. 297
Ɉɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɢ ɥɿɮɬɟɪɚ ɫɬɨɫɭɸɬɶɫɹ: — ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɥɿɮɬɚ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɡ ɿɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɿɽɸ, ɞɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɚɜɢɥ ɛɟɡɩɟɤɢ ɩɪɢ ɣɨɝɨ ɪɨɛɨɬɿ. Ʌɿɮɬɟɪ ɧɟɫɟ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ ɡɚ ɛɟɡɩɟɤɭ ɩɚɫɚɠɢɪɿɜ, ɹɤɿ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɥɿɮɬɨɦ; — ɞɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɭ ɿ ɱɢɫɬɨɬɢ ɭ ɤɚɛɿɧɿ ɥɿɮɬɚ; — ɩɨɜɿɞɨɦɥɟɧɧɹ ɿɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɨ-ɟɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɿɣɧɨʀ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɩɪɨ ɧɟɞɨɥɿɤɢ ɿ ɩɨɲɤɨɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɥɿɮɬɚ, ɡɭɩɢɧɤɚ ɟɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɿʀ ɥɿɮɬɚ; — ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɚ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɭ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɡɚɭɜɚɠɟɧɶ ɿ ɩɨɛɚɠɚɧɶ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɩɪɨ ɪɨɛɨɬɭ ɥɿɮɬɚ; — ɞɨɝɥɹɞ ɡɚ ɛɚɝɚɠɟɦ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ, ɳɨ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɡɢɬɶɫɹ ɛɟɡ ɧɨɫɿɹ ɛɚɝɚɠɭ. ɇɨɫɿɣ ɛɚɝɚɠɭ. Ɏɭɧɤɰɿʀ ɧɨɫɿɹ ɛɚɝɚɠɭ ɛɥɢɡɶɤɿ ɞɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɣ ɩɨɫɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ, ɩɪɨɬɟ ɦɟɧɲɿ ɡɚ ɨɛɫɹɝɨɦ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɿ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɢ ɫɬɨɫɭɸɬɶɫɹ: — ɩɟɪɟɧɟɫɟɧɧɹ ɛɚɝɚɠɚ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɢɛɭɬɬɿ ɿ ɜɿɞ’ʀɡɞɿ; — ɞɨɫɬɚɜɤɢ ɩɨɜɿɞɨɦɥɟɧɧɹ (ɩɨɫɢɥɤɢ) ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪ; — ɨɩɪɚɰɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɲɬɨɜɢɯ ɧɚɞɯɨɞɠɟɧɶ ɿ ɜɿɞɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɲɬɢ ɧɚ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ; — ɞɨɝɥɹɞ ɡɚ ɛɚɝɚɠɟɦ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɩɪɢ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɧɿ ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɧɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ; — ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɡɚ ɤɚɦɟɪɚɦɢ ɡɛɟɪɿɝɚɧɧɹ ɛɚɝɚɠɚ, ɩɪɢɣɨɦ ɬɚ ɜɢɞɚɱɚ ɛɚɝɚɠɚ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɡ ɞɿɸɱɢɦɢ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɹɦɢ ɩɪɨ ɡɛɟɪɿɝɚɧɧɹ ɛɚɝɚɠɚ; — ɱɢɫɬɢɬɶ ɜɡɭɬɬɹ, ɜɢɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɟ ɝɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɜɜɟɱɟɪɿ ɞɥɹ ɱɢɳɟɧɧɹ; — ɡɛɟɪɿɝɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɜɢɞɚɱɿ ɪɟɱɟɣ, ɡɚɝɭɛɥɟɧɢɯ ɝɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɡ ɿɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɿɽɸ. ȼɨɞɿɣ-ɩɚɪɤɭɜɚɥɶɧɢɤ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ, ɹɤɿ ɩɪɢɛɭɜɚɸɬɶ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɜɚɬɧɨɦɭ ɚɜɬɨɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɿ. ɉɨɫɚɞɚ ɜɨɞɿɹ-ɩɚɪɤɭɜɚɥɶɧɢɤɚ ɭ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɚɯ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɡɭɫɬɪɿɱɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɟ ɱɚɫɬɨ, ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɦɢ ɮɟɲɟɧɟɛɟɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɡɨɪɿɽɧɬɨɜɚɧɢɦɢ ɧɚ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɛɿɡɧɟɫɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ. Ɉɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɢ ɜɨɞɿɹ-ɩɚɪɤɭɜɚɥɶɧɢɤɚ ɫɬɨɫɭɸɬɶɫɹ: — ɩɚɪɤɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɿɥɹ ɧɚ ɚɜɬɨɫɬɨɹɧɰɿ ɚɛɨ ɭ ɝɚɪɚɠɿ ɩɿɫɥɹ ɩɪɢɛɭɬɬɹ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ ɿ ɩɿɞɜɟɡɟɧɧɹ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɿɥɹ ɞɨ ɜɯɨɞɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɩɪɢ ɜɿɞ’ʀɡɞɿ ɝɨɫɬɹ; — ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ ɚɜɬɨɫɟɪɜɿɫɭ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɿɥɹ ɭ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɨɜɚɧɿɣ ɪɟɦɨɧɬɧɿɣ ɦɚɣɫɬɟɪɧɿ, ɦɢɣɤɭ, ɱɢɳɟɧɧɹ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɿɥɹ ɬɚ ɿɧ.; 298
— ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɭ ɛɿɥɹ ɩɿɞ’ʀɡɞɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ: ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɿɥɿ, ɳɨ ɡɭɩɢɧɹɸɬɶɫɹ ɛɿɥɹ ɩɿɞ’ʀɡɞɭ ɧɟ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɡɚɬɪɢɦɭɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɧɚ ɬɪɢɜɚɥɢɣ ɬɟɪɦɿɧ ɿ ɩɟɪɟɲɤɨɞɠɚɥɢ ɜɿɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɩɿɞ’ʀɡɞɭ ɞɨ ɜɯɨɞɭ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ; — ɧɚɞɚɜɚɬɢ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɸ ɝɨɫɬɹɦ ɩɪɨ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɿɫɬɶ ɩɚɪɤɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɿɥɹ ɧɚ ɫɬɨɹɧɰɿ , ɝɚɪɚɠɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ, ɧɚɣɛɥɢɠɱɭ ɫɬɨɹɧɤɭ; — ɩɟɪɟɜɟɡɟɧɧɹ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɚɜɬɨɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɨɦ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɡ ɚɟɪɨɩɨɪɬɚ, ɡɚɥɿɡɧɢɱɧɨɝɨ, ɚɜɬɨɜɨɤɡɚɥɭ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ ɿ ɜɿɞɜɟɡɟɧɧɹ ɭ ɡɜɨɪɨɬɧɨɦɭ ɧɚɩɪɹɦɤɭ ɩɪɢ ɜɿɞ’ʀɡɞɿ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ; — ɡɧɚɧɧɹ ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɢɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɬɢɩɿɜ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɿɥɿɜ. Ʉɨɧɫɶɽɪɠ — ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɹɤɢɣ ɩɪɚɰɸɽ ɭ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɸɥɿ ɡɚ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɢɦ ɫɬɨɥɨɦ ɚɛɨ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɚɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ. ɉɨɫɚɞɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɚ ɧɚɫɚɦɩɟɪɟɞ ɞɥɹ ɮɟɲɟɧɟɛɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɡɧɚɱɧɢɯ ɪɨɡɦɿɪɿɜ, ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɧɢɡɶɤɨʀ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɰɹ ɩɨɫɚɞɚ ɡɭɫɬɪɿɱɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɪɿɞɲɟ. ɍ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɦɨɠɟ ɩɪɚɰɸɜɚɬɢ ɞɟɤɿɥɶɤɚ ɨɫɿɛ ɰɿɽʀ ɩɨɫɚɞɢ, ɧɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ «Plaza Hotel» (ɇɶɸ-Ƀɨɪɤ), ɭ ɹɤɨɦɭ 800 ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ, ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽ 10 ɤɨɧɫɶɽɪɠɿɜ. ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɤɨɧɫɶɽɪɠɚ ɭ ɩɨɪɿɜɧɹɧɧɿ ɡ ɿɧɲɢɦɢ ɩɨɫɚɞɚɦɢ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɚɞɡɜɢɱɚɣɧɨ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɦ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɨɦ ɿ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɢɦ ɱɢɧɨɦ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɿɡ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɹɦ ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɿɜ ɡɚ ɦɟɠɚɦɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ, ɬɢɩ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɧɟ ɨɛɦɟɠɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɫɥɭɠɛɨɜɢɦɢ ɿɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɿɹɦɢ. ɋɟɪɟɞ ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲ ɬɢɩɨɜɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɤɨɧɫɶɽɪɠɚ ɜɢɞɿɥɹɸɬɶɫɹ: — ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɿ ɞɨɫɬɚɜɤɚ ɤɜɢɬɤɚ ɭ ɬɟɚɬɪ; — ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɦɿɫɰɶ ɧɚ ɥɿɬɚɤ, ɩɨʀɡɞ, ɿɧɲɿ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɿ ɡɚɫɨɛɢ, ɞɨɫɬɚɜɤɚ ɤɜɢɬɤɚ, ɞɨɜɿɞɤɚ ɩɪɨ ɪɨɛɨɬɭ ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ, ɜɧɭɬɪɿɲɧɶɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɭ; — ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɹ ɩɪɨ ɦɿɫɰɟɜɿ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɨ-ɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɚɬɢɜɧɿ ɿɫɬɨɪɢɤɨ-ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɿ, ɚɪɯɿɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɿ ɨɛ’ɽɤɬɢ; — ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɹ ɩɪɨ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɢ ɬɨɪɝɿɜɥɿ, ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɪɨɡɜɚɝ ɬɚ ɿɧ., ɪɟɡɟɪɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɦɿɫɰɶ; — ɞɨɩɨɦɨɝɚ ɭ ɧɚɞɡɜɢɱɚɣɧɢɯ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɿɹɯ (ɜɢɤɥɢɤ ɥɿɤɚɪɹ, ɸɪɢɫɬɚ, ɧɨɬɚɪɿɭɫɚ); — ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɧɹ ɜɿɡ ɭ ɤɨɧɫɭɥɶɫɬɜɿ, ɩɨɫɨɥɶɫɬɜɿ; — ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɤɭɪ’ɽɪɚ; — ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹ ɨɫɨɛɢɫɬɢɯ ɞɨɪɭɱɟɧɶ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ (ɩɨɤɭɩɤɢ, ɨɩɥɚɬɚ ɪɚɯɭɧɤɿɜ, ɜɢɝɭɥɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɬɜɚɪɢɧ, ɞɨɝɥɹɞ ɡɚ ɞɢɬɢɧɨɸ ɬɚ ɿɧ.). ɉɟɪɟɥɿɱɟɧɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɤɨɧɫɶɽɪɠɚ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɧɚ ɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɜɿɞ ɣɦɨɜɿɪɧɢɯ. ȼ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɚɯ ɩɨɛɚɠɚɧɧɹ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɢɜɭɜɚɬɢ 299
ɧɟɡɜɢɱɚɣɧɿɫɬɸ ɣɨɝɨ ɮɚɧɬɚɡɿʀ. ɇɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɝɪɭɩɚ ɹɩɨɧɫɶɤɢɯ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɿɜ, ɹɤɿ ɡɭɩɢɧɢɥɢɫɶ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ «Place Hotel» (Ɇɚɞɪɢɞ), ɩɿɫɥɹ ɜɿɞɜɿɞɚɧɧɹ ɤɨɪɢɞɢ ɜɢɪɿɲɢɥɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɭɜɚɬɢ ɩɨɞɿɛɧɟ ɜɢɞɨɜɢɳɟ ɭ əɩɨɧɿʀ. Ʉɨɧɫɶɽɪɠ ɤɭɩɢɜ ɞɥɹ ɧɢɯ ɞɟɤɿɥɶɤɚ ɛɢɤɿɜ, ɧɚɣɧɹɜ ɬɨɪɟɚɞɨɪɚ ɿ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɭɜɚɜ ʀɯɧɸ ɜɿɞɩɪɚɜɤɭ ɭ Ɍɨɤɿɨ. ɉɨɫɚɞɚ ɤɨɧɫɶɽɪɠɚ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɞɨɜɨɥɿ ɜɢɫɨɤɨɨɩɥɚɱɭɜɚɧɚ. ȼɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ, ɜɢɫɨɤɨɨɩɥɚɱɭɜɚɧɢɣ ɤɨɧɫɶɽɪɠ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɨɧɚɥɨɦ, ɡɧɚɬɢ ɜ ɞɟɬɚɥɹɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ, ɪɨɡɦɨɜɥɹɬɢ ɧɚ ɞɟɤɿɥɶɤɨɯ ɿɧɨɡɟɦɧɢɯ ɦɨɜɚɯ, ɛɭɬɢ ɤɨɦɭɧɿɤɚɛɟɥɶɧɢɦ, ɥɟɝɤɨ ɜɫɬɭɩɚɬɢ ɭ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬ ɡ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚɦɢ, ɞɨɛɪɟ ɡɧɚɬɢ ɦɿɫɰɟɜɭ ɿɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ. Ʉɨɧɫɶɽɪɠ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɜɦɿɬɢ ɩɪɚɰɸɜɚɬɢ ɭ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɿ, ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɭɜɚɬɢ ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɢɱɧɭ ɬɚɤɬɨɜɧɿɫɬɶ, ɬɟɪɩɟɥɢɜɿɫɬɶ, ɡɚɜɠɞɢ ɩɟɪɟɛɭɜɚɬɢ ɭ ɯɨɪɨɲɨɦɭ ɟɦɨɰɿɣɧɨɦɭ ɫɬɚɧɿ. ȼ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɿɹɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɜɥɚɫɧɚ ɩɿɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɚ ɤɨɧɫɶɽɪɠɿɜ. ɇɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɥɚɧɰɸɝɚ «RitzCarlton», ɜɿɞɨɦɢɯ ɛɟɡɞɨɝɚɧɧɢɦ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ, ɜɫɿ ɤɨɧɫɶɽɪɠɿ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬɢ ɬɪɶɨɯɦɿɫɹɱɧɿ ɤɭɪɫɢ, ɜ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɭ ɹɤɢɯ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɿ ɥɟɤɰɿʀ ɡ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɛɿɡɧɟɫɭ, ɿɫɬɨɪɿʀ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɿʀ «Ritz-Carlton», ɿɫɬɨɪɿʀ ɦɿɫɬɚ, ɣɨɝɨ ɿɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ. Ɂ ɦɟɬɨɸ ɨɛɦɿɧɭ ɞɨɫɜɿɞɨɦ, ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɣɧɨʀ ɫɨɥɿɞɚɪɧɨɫɬɿ ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɚ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɹ ɤɨɧɫɶɽɪɠɿɜ — UPPGH (Union Professionalle des Portiers des Grand Hotels), ɹɤɭ ɜɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ ɧɚɡɢɜɚɸɬɶ Clefs d’Or (Ɂɨɥɨɬɿ ɤɥɸɱɿ), ɨɫɤɿɥɶɤɢ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽ ɟɦɛɥɟɦɭ ɞɜɨɯ ɫɯɪɟɳɟɧɢɯ ɡɨɥɨɬɢɯ ɤɥɸɱɿɜ. ɋɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ ɰɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɹ ɨɯɨɩɥɸɽ ɛɥɢɡɶɤɨ 4000 ɱɥɟɧɿɜ ɭ 24 ɤɪɚʀɧɚɯ. 6.7. Ɉɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɹ ɬɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɿʀ ɮɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɨɤɨɦɟɪɰɿɣɧɨʀ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ Ɏɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɨ-ɤɨɦɟɪɰɿɣɧɚ ɫɥɭɠɛɚ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽ ɨɛɥɿɤ, ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɨɛɿɝɭ ɮɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɢɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɿɜ, ɧɟɫɟ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ ɡɚ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɶɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɢɦɢ ɬɚ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɱɢɦɢ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚɦɢ. ɍ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɿ ɫɥɭɠɛɚ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɛɭɯɝɚɥɬɟɪɿʀ ɿ ɩɥɚɧɨɜɨ-ɤɨɦɟɪɰɿɣɧɨɝɨ ɜɿɞɞɿɥɭ, ɜ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɰɿ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɿ ɥɚɧɤɢ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɬɢ ɨɤɪɟɦɨ. Ɉɱɨɥɸɽ ɫɥɭɠɛɭ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɢɣ ɛɭɯɝɚɥɬɟɪ, ɹɤɢɣ ɩɿɞɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ. Ȼɭɯɝɚɥɬɟɪɿɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽ ɚɧɚɥɿɡ ɮɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɨ-ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɶɤɨʀ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ, ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɨɜɭɽ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɛɭɯɝɚɥɬɟɪɫɶɤɢɯ 300
ɡɜɿɬɿɜ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɢɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɿɜ, ɧɟɫɟ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ ɡɚ ɞɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɮɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɨʀ ɿ ɞɨɝɨɜɿɪɧɨʀ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɿɧɢ, ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɨɜɭɽ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɛɿɡɧɟɫ-ɩɥɚɧɿɜ, ɮɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɨ-ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɶɤɢɯ ɩɥɚɧɿɜ ɬɚ ɤɨɲɬɨɪɢɫɢ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨʀ ɮɨɪɦɢ, ɧɟɫɟ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ ɡɚ ɫɜɨɽɱɚɫɧɟ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɡɜɿɬɿɜ, ɛɚɥɚɧɫɿɜ ɿ ɪɚɯɭɧɤɿɜ, ɩɪɢɛɭɬɤɿɜ ɿ ɡɛɢɬɤɿɜ, ɜɢɤɨɧɭɽ ɪɨɛɨɬɭ ɡ ɨɛɥɿɤɭ, ɜɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɜ ɟɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɿɸ ɿ ɫɩɢɫɚɧɧɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɰɿɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɿ ɨɛɥɿɤɭ ɤɨɲɬɿɜ ɭ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨɦɭ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɭ, ɧɟɫɟ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ ɡɚ ɞɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɰɿɧɨɭɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹ ɿ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɬɚɪɢɮɿɜ, ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽ ɨɛɥɿɤ ɧɚɞɯɨɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɿ ɜɢɛɭɬɬɹ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɱɢɯ ɡɚɩɚɫɿɜ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨ ɞɨ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɿɜ ɛɭɯɝɚɥɬɟɪɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɥɿɤɭ, ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɨɜɭɽ ɪɨɛɨɬɭ ɡ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɥɿɰɟɧɡɿɣ ɬɚ ɿɧ. ɍ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿ ɛɭɯɝɚɥɬɟɪɿɹ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽ ɩɨɫɬɿɣɧɢɣ ɡɜ’ɹɡɨɤ ɿɡ ɜɫɿɦɚ ɫɥɭɠɛɚɦɢ, ɜɿɞɞɿɥɚɦɢ ɿ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɨɦ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ. Ɏɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɚ ɫɥɭɠɛɚ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽ ɝɪɨɲɨɜɿ ɩɟɪɟɤɚɡɢ, ɩɿɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɭ ɮɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɢɯ ɡɜɿɬɿɜ ɜɿɞ ɤɚɫɢɪɿɜ ɤɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɿɞɪɨɡɞɿɥɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ, ɧɚɫɚɦɩɟɪɟɞ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ ɿ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ, ɝɪɨɦɚɞɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɫɩɨɪɬɢɜɧɨ-ɪɨɡɜɚɠɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿɜ; ɨɛɥɿɤ ɿ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɩɟɪɜɢɧɧɨʀ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɿʀ, ɫɜɨɽɱɚɫɧɟ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɰɿʀ ɩɪɨ ɮɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɿ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɢ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ. Ȼɭɯɝɚɥɬɟɪɿɹ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽ ɧɚɪɚɯɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɡɚɪɨɛɿɬɧɨʀ ɩɥɚɬɢ, ɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɪɚɯɭɧɤɿɜ ɿ ɜɢɩɥɚɬɭ ɩɨ ɧɢɯ, ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɿ ɨɛɥɿɤ ɜɢɬɪɚɬ. Ɏɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɚ ɫɥɭɠɛɚ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɽ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɱɢɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɿɜ, ɭɦɨɜ ɿ ɦɟɬɨɞɿɜ ɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɤɚɩɿɬɚɥɭ, ɮɨɪɦɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ, ɳɨ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽ ɮɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɿ ɜɿɞɧɨɫɢɧɢ ɡ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɨɸ, ɚɤɰɿɨɧɟɪɚɦɢ, ɩɚɣɨɜɢɤɚɦɢ, ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɱɨɸ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɿɽɸ, ɚɫɨɰɿɚɰɿɽɸ ɬɚ ɿɧ. ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɿ ɪɨɡɦɿɪɢ ɮɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɨʀ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɦɿɫɬɤɿɫɬɸ, ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɽɸ, ɭɱɚɫɬɸ ɿɧɨɡɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɩɿɬɚɥɭ ɭ ɪɨɛɨɬɿ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɭ. Ɉɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɣɧɨ-ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɚ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɮɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɨɸ ɫɥɭɠɛɨɸ ɭ ɦɚɥɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɫɩɪɨɳɟɧɚ. ȼɨɧɚ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɞɜɨɯ ɜɿɞɞɿɥɿɜ — ɜɿɞɞɿɥɭ ɩɨɬɨɱɧɨʀ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɿ ɜɿɞɞɿɥɭ ɿɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɿɣ, ɪɨɛɨɬɭ ɹɤɢɯ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸɽ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪ, ɹɤɨɦɭ ɩɿɞɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ 1–2 ɛɭɯɝɚɥɬɟɪɢ ɿ ɤɚɫɢɪ. ɍ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɡɧɚɱɧɨʀ ɦɿɫɬɤɨɫɬɿ ɛɭɯɝɚɥɬɟɪɿɹ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɮɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɚ (ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɚ), ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɛɭɯɝɚɥɬɟɪɚ, ɡɚɫɬɭɩɧɢɤɚ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɛɭɯɝɚɥɬɟɪɚ, ɛɭɯɝɚɥɬɟɪɿɜ ɪɿɡɧɨʀ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɿ ɤɚɫɢɪɚ, ɜɟɫɶ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɡ 10–15 ɨɫɿɛ (ɪɢɫ. 6.7.) 301
Ⱦɢɪɟɤɬɨɪ ɮɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɨɤɨɦɟɪɰɿɣɧɨʀ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ
Ƚɨɥɨɜɧɢɣ ɛɭɯɝɚɥɬɟɪ
ɋɬɚɪɲɢɣ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪ ɤɨɦɟɪɰɿɣɧɨɝɨ ɜɿɞɞɿɥɭ
Ɂɚɫɬɭɩɧɢɤ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɛɭɯɝɚɥɬɟɪɚ
Ɇɟɧɟɞɠɟɪ
Ȼɭɯɝɚɥɬɟɪ-ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɫɬ
ȿɤɨɧɨɦɿɫɬ
Ȼɭɯɝɚɥɬɟɪ 1-ɨʀ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ
Ʉɚɫɢɪ
Ȼɭɯɝɚɥɬɟɪ 2-ɨʀ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ
Ɋɢɫ. 6.7. Ɉɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɣɧɨ-ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɚ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɮɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɨ-ɤɨɦɟɪɰɿɣɧɨʀ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɡɧɚɱɧɨʀ ɦɿɫɬɤɨɫɬɿ
ɉɪɨɮɟɫɿɣɧɿ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɢ ɮɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɚ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɡ: — ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɟɦ ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɿ ɮɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɢɯ ɩɨɬɨɤɿɜ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ, ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɜɢɬɪɚɬ ɿ ɜɿɞɪɚɯɭɜɚɧɶ; — ɫɤɥɚɞɚɧɧɹɦ ɪɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɧɭ ɮɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɢɯ ɩɨɬɨɤɿɜ ɡ ɭɪɚɯɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɧɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ — ɨɛɫɹɝɭ ɡɛɭɬɭ, ɩɪɢɛɭɬɤɭ ɿ ɪɿɜɧɹ ɪɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɩɪɚɰɿ. Ɏɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɢɣ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽ ɩɨɬɨɱɧɟ ɿ ɞɨɜɝɨɬɟɪɦɿɧɨɜɟ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɚɧɚɥɿɡ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɢɯ ɞɚɧɢɯ; — ɪɨɡɪɨɛɤɢ ɤɨɲɬɨɪɢɫɭ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤɿɜ, ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɡɚ ɪɿɜɧɟɦ ɜɢɬɪɚɬ; — ɪɨɡɪɨɛɤɨɸ ɿ ɜɩɪɨɜɚɞɠɟɧɧɹɦ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɱɨɝɨ ɨɛɥɿɤɭ, ɫɤɥɚɞɚɽ ɞɟɬɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɡɜɿɬ ɩɪɨ ɜɢɬɪɚɬɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ, ɜɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɧɨɜɿ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɢ, ɤɟɪɭɽ ɿɧɜɟɧɬɚɪɢɡɚɰɿɽɸ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɶɧɨ302
ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɨʀ ɛɚɡɢ ɿ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽ ʀʀ ɜɚɪɬɿɫɬɶ. Ɂɞɿɣɫɧɸɽ ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿɸ ɡɚɩɢɫɿɜ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɶɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɬɚɱɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɿ ɤɨɪɟɤɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ. Ƚɨɬɭɽ ɞɥɹ ɜɥɚɫɧɢɤɚ, ɤɟɪɿɜɧɢɤɿɜ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ ɡɜɿɬɧɨ-ɮɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɭ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɸ ɩɪɨ ɜɢɬɪɚɬɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ; — ɡɞɿɣɫɧɟɧɧɹ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ ɡɚ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹɦ ɛɥɚɧɤɿɜ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɥɿɤɭ, ʀɯɧɶɨɝɨ ɡɛɟɪɟɠɟɧɧɹ; — ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɤɚɞɪɚɦɢ, ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽ ɨɛɫɹɝ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤɿɜ, ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽ ɩɿɞɜɢɳɟɧɧɹ ɤɜɚɥɿɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɩɿɞɥɟɝɥɢɯ; — ɩɿɞɬɪɢɦɤɢ ɬɿɫɧɢɯ ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɿɜ ɡ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɚɦɢ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɫɥɭɠɛ, ɩɪɢɣɦɚɽ ɭɱɚɫɬɶ ɭ ɧɚɪɚɞɚɯ ɤɟɪɿɜɧɢɤɿɜ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɭ. Ʉɜɚɥɿɮɿɤɚɰɿɣɧɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɚ ɮɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɨʀ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɿɫɬɸ ɡɧɚɬɢ: — ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɧɿ ɨɫɧɨɜɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɿ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɮɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɨɸ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɿɫɬɸ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ; — ɬɟɨɪɿɸ ɮɿɧɚɧɫɿɜ, ɤɪɟɞɢɬɭ, ɛɭɯɝɚɥɬɟɪɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɥɿɤɭ; — ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɭ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɤɭ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɧɨʀ ɡɜɿɬɧɨɫɬɿ; — ɱɢɧɧɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɜɫɬɜɨ ɭ ɫɮɟɪɿ ɮɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɨʀ, ɤɪɟɞɢɬɧɨʀ, ɜɚɥɸɬɧɨʀ, ɛɚɧɤɿɜɫɶɤɨʀ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɿ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɭ ɫɮɟɪɿ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ; — ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɜɱɿ ɚɤɬɢ ɡ ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɯ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɭɧɤɿɜ ɿ ɡɨɜɧɿɲɧɶɨɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɨʀ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ; — ɨɫɧɨɜɢ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɟɧɧɹ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɿɣ ɧɚ ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɮɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɨɦɭ ɪɢɧɤɭ; — ɨɫɧɨɜɢ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɤɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ; — ɜɢɞɢ ɰɿɧɧɢɯ ɩɚɩɟɪɿɜ ɿ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ʀɯ ɨɛɿɝɭ, ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ ɨɛɿɝɭ ɰɿɧɧɢɯ ɩɚɩɟɪɿɜ ɡɚ ɤɨɪɞɨɧɨɦ; — ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɿ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɿɣ ɧɚ ɜɧɭɬɪɿɲɧɶɨɦɭ ɮɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɨɦɭ ɪɢɧɤɭ; — ɨɫɧɨɜɢ ɞɿɥɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ. ɉɥɚɧɨɜɨ-ɤɨɦɟɪɰɿɣɧɢɣ ɜɿɞɞɿɥ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɶɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɢɦɢ ɬɚ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɱɢɦɢ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚɦɢ. Ɉɱɨɥɸɽ ɜɿɞɞɿɥ ɫɬɚɪɲɢɣ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪ, ɹɤɨɦɭ ɩɿɞɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ 3–4 ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɢ ɡ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɧɚɩɪɹɦɤɿɜ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ. Ɇɟɧɟɞɠɟɪ ɜɿɞɞɿɥɭ ɩɿɞɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɭ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ. ȼ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɰɟɣ ɜɿɞɞɿɥ ɜɢɞɿɥɹɽɬɶɫɹ ɹɤ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɿɣɧɚ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨ-ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɚ ɣ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɫɶɤɚ ɥɚɧɤɚ. Ƚɨɥɨɜɧɟ ɡɚɜɞɚɧɧɹ ɜɿɞɞɿɥɭ ɩɨɥɹɝɚɽ ɭ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɿ ɦɨɧɿɬɨɪɢɧɝɭ ɪɢɧɤɭ ɬɨɜɚɪɿɜ ɬɚ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɜɢɹɜɥɹɬɢ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɿ ɭɦɨɜɢ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɶɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɢɦɢ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚɦɢ ɬɚ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɚɦɢ 303
ɡɚɤɥɚɞɭ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ ɭ ɫɩɿɜɜɿɞɧɨɲɟɧɧɿ ɰɿɧɢ ɿ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ, ɭɤɥɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɭɝɨɞ ɡ ɩɨɫɬɚɱɚɥɶɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɿʀ. Ⱦɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɪɢɧɤɭ ɬɨɜɚɪɿɜ ɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɳɨ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿɣ ɫɮɟɪɿ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɨ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɢɫɶ ɩɨɫɬɿɣɧɨ ɡ ɦɟɬɨɸ ɫɜɨɽɱɚɫɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɚɝɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɚ ɡɦɿɧɢ, ɳɨ ɜɿɞɛɭɜɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɧɶɨɦɭ. ȼɚɠɥɢɜɭ ɪɨɥɶ ɜɿɞɿɝɪɚɽ ɤɨɦɩ’ɸɬɟɪɢɡɚɰɿɹ ɬɚ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɬɟɥɟɤɨɦɭɧɿɤɚɰɿɣɧɢɯ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɣɧɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɩɪɢ ɦɨɧɿɬɨɪɢɧɝɭ, ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɿ ɤɨɦɟɪɰɿɣɧɢɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɿɣ, ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɢɯ ɡ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹɦ ɬɨɜɚɪɧɢɦɢ ɡɚɩɚɫɚɦɢ, ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɟɦ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɿɜ ɬɚ ɿɧ. ɍ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɣɧɿɣ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɩɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤɢ ɩɥɚɧɨɜɨ-ɤɨɦɟɪɰɿɣɧɨɝɨ ɜɿɞɞɿɥɭ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɞɨɫɤɨɧɚɥɨ ɡɧɚɬɢ: — ɨɫɧɨɜɢ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɟɧɧɹ ɤɨɦɟɪɰɿɣɧɢɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɿɣ ɧɚ ɜɧɭɬɪɿɲɧɶɨɦɭ ɬɚ ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɪɢɧɤɭ ɬɨɜɚɪɿɜ ɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ; — ɡɚɤɨɧɢ ɿ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɿ ɚɤɬɢ, ɳɨ ɪɟɝɥɚɦɟɧɬɭɸɬɶ ɤɨɦɟɪɰɿɣɧɭ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ; — ɨɫɧɨɜɢ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɤɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ; — ɮɨɪɦɢ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɿɜ, ɳɨ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɟɧɧɹ ɤɨɦɟɪɰɿɣɧɢɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɿɣ. ɍ ɪɨɛɨɬɿ ɤɨɦɟɪɰɿɣɧɢɣ ɜɿɞɞɿɥ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɬɿɫɧɨ ɫɩɿɜɩɪɚɰɸɜɚɬɢ ɿɡ ɜɫɿɦɚ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɢɦɢ ɥɚɧɤɚɦɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ, ɜɨɥɨɞɿɬɢ ɩɨɜɧɨɸ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɽɸ ɩɪɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɟ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɶɧɨɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɢɦɢ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚɦɢ. ɍ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɜɿɞɞɿɥɭ ɞɨɰɿɥɶɧɨ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɬɢ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɿɜ ɦɚɪɤɟɬɢɧɝɨɜɢɯ ɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɶ, ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɚɯ, ɝɚɫɬɪɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɢɯ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɚɯ. 6.8. Ɉɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɹ ɬɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɿʀ ɿɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɨɟɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɿɣɧɨʀ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ Ƚɨɬɟɥɿ — ɰɟ ɜɟɥɢɤɿ ɡɚ ɪɨɡɦɿɪɚɦɢ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ, ɳɨ ɦɚɸɬɶ ɫɤɥɚɞɧɟ ɿɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɟ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ — ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɳɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɸɬɶ ɭ ɩɨɫɬɿɣɧɨɦɭ ɪɟɠɢɦɿ ɿ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɸɬɶ ɡɚɞɨɜɨɥɟɧɧɹ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨ-ɩɨɛɭɬɨɜɢɯ ɩɨɬɪɟɛ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɬɚ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɭ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ. Ɉɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɽ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɜɨɞɨɩɨɫɬɚɱɚɧɧɹ, ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɟ ɨɩɚɥɟɧɧɹ, ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɦɟɪɟɠɭ, ɤɚɧɚɥɿɡɚɰɿɸ, ɩɪɨɬɢɩɨɠɟɠɧɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ, ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɰɿɸ, ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧ, ɬɟɥɟɜɿɡɿɣɧɟ, ɪɚɞɿɨɭɫɬɚɬɤɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɧɿ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɨɯɨɪɨɧɢ ɬɚ ɿɧ. ɍ ɛɭɞɿɜɥɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɡɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɶɫɹ ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɿ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɡ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹɦ, ɳɨ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽ ɪɨɛɨɬɭ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ. ȿɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚ304
ɰɿɹ ɿɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɨʀ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɿʀ ɿ ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɫɩɨɪɬɚ ɛɭɞɿɜɥɿ, ɩɥɚɧɭ ɤɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɚ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɨɩɚɥɟɧɧɹ, ɤɚɧɚɥɿɡɚɰɿʀ, ɜɨɞɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɭ, ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɨɫɜɿɬɥɟɧɧɹ, ɩɚɫɩɨɪɬɚ ɥɿɮɬɚ. ȱɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɨ-ɟɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɿɣɧɚ ɫɥɭɠɛɚ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɿ ɭɦɨɜɢ ɞɥɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɛɭɞɿɜɥɿ ɿ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɿɡ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɯ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɿɜ. Ɂ ɦɟɬɨɸ ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨʀ ɪɟɚɥɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɫɜɨʀɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɣ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɜɚɬɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɟ, ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɡɚɬɜɟɪɞɠɟɧɢɯ ɿɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɿɣ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɨɛɫɬɟɠɟɧɧɹ ɫɚɧɿɬɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɿ ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɧɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɿ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɿʀ, ɳɨ ɩɪɢɥɹɝɚɽ ɞɨ ɧɶɨɝɨ, ɨɛ’ɽɤɬɿɜ ɤɨɦɭɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɿ ɛɥɚɝɨɭɫɬɪɨɸ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɿʀ, ɳɨ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɰɿɽɸ ɫɥɭɠɛɨɸ, ɨɰɿɧɤɭ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɯ ɫɥɭɠɛɨɸ ɪɨɛɿɬ ɿ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɫɤɥɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɩɟɪɟɜɿɪɤɭ ɡɚ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦɢ ɨɛɫɬɟɠɟɧɧɹ ɚɤɬɿɜ. ɍ ɮɭɧɤɰɿʀ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɜɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɪɨɡɪɨɛɤɚ ɬɚ ɜɩɪɨɜɚɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɡɛɟɪɿɝɚɸɱɢɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɣ, ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ, ɳɨ ɞɨɡɜɨɥɹɽ ɡɧɚɱɧɨ ɡɦɟɧɲɢɬɢ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɨɛɫɹɝ ɫɩɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɿɜ, ɧɚɫɚɦɩɟɪɟɞ ɟɧɟɪɝɨɪɟɫɭɪɫɿɜ, ɜɨɞɢ ɬɚ ɿɧ. ɋɭɱɚɫɧɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɬɶ ɿɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɢɦɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦɢ ɲɥɹɯɨɦ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ, ɹɤɿ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɸɬɶ ɜɡɚɽɦɨɩɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɭ ɪɨɛɨɬɭ ɜɫɿɯ ɫɥɭɠɛ ɬɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ. ɍ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɿ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɨɱɨɥɸɽ ɿɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɨ-ɟɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɿɣɧɭ ɫɥɭɠɛɭ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɢɣ ɿɧɠɟɧɟɪ, ɣɨɦɭ ɩɿɞɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɡɚɫɬɭɩɧɢɤ, ɿɧɠɟɧɟɪ-ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɿɫɬ, ɦɚɣɫɬɟɪ. ɍ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɿɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɿ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɜɢɞɿɥɹɸɬɶɫɹ ɞɜɚ ɜɿɞɞɿɥɢ — ɱɟɪɝɨɜɚ ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɚ ɫɥɭɠɛɚ ɿ ɪɟɦɨɧɬɧɚ ɫɥɭɠɛɚ (ɪɢɫ. 6.8). ɍ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɿ ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɿɜ ɡ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ, ɝɨɥɨɜɧɢɣ ɿɧɠɟɧɟɪ ɩɿɞɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɭ, ɭ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɡɚɫɬɭɩɧɢɤɭ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɚ, ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɨɦɭ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɭ. Ƚɨɥɨɜɧɢɣ ɿɧɠɟɧɟɪ ɤɨɪɢɝɭɽ ɪɨɛɨɬɭ ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ ɿ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸɽ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɢ ɣɨɝɨ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ, ɡɨɤɪɟɦɚ: — ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽ ɪɨɡɩɨɞɿɥ ɳɨɞɟɧɧɢɯ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɶ, ɳɨ ɧɚɞɯɨɞɹɬɶ ɜɿɞ ɫɥɭɠɛ ɬɚ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɧɚ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹ ɪɨɛɿɬ ɿ ʀɯ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɹ ɭ ɬɟɪɦɿɧ ɩɿɞ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɟɦ ɡɚɫɬɭɩɧɢɤɚ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɿɧɠɟɧɟɪɚ; — ɫɤɥɚɞɚɽ ɝɪɚɮɿɤɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɪɨɛɿɬ ɡ ɩɪɨɮɿɥɚɤɬɢɤɢ ɿ ɪɟɦɨɧɬɭ, ɪɨɡɩɨɞɿɥɹɽ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɝɪɚɮɿɤɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɿʀ ɭ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɿ ɪɨɛɿɬ; — ɧɟɫɟ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ ɡɚ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɟɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɿɣɧɢɯ ɜɢɦɨɝ ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ — ɨɩɚɥɸɜɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɜɨɞɨɩɨɫɬɚɱɚɧɧɹ, ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɭ ɬɚ ɿɧ.; 305
Ƚɨɥɨɜɧɢɣ ɿɧɠɟɧɟɪ
Ɂɚɫɬɭɩɧɢɤ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɿɧɠɟɧɟɪɚ
ȱɧɠɟɧɟɪ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɿɫɬ
ɑɟɪɝɨɜɚ ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɚ ɫɥɭɠɛɚ Ɉɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ ɤɨɬɟɥɶɧɿ ȿɥɟɤɬɪɨɦɨɧɬɟɪ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɋɥɸɫɚɪ-ɫɚɧɬɟɯɧɿɤ
Ɇɚɣɫɬɟɪ
Ɋɟɦɨɧɬɧɚ ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɚ ɫɥɭɠɛɚ ɋɬɨɥɹɪ
Ɇɚɣɫɬɟɪ ɡ ɪɟɦɨɧɬɭ ɬɟɥɟɚɩɚɪɚɬɭɪɢ
Ɇɚɥɹɪ
ɋɬɚɪɲɢɣ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɢɤ
ɉɥɢɬɨɱɧɢɤ
ɋɥɸɫɚɪ-ɫɚɧɬɟɯɧɿɤ
Ⱦɜɿɪɧɢɤ
ɋɥɸɫɚɪ-ɪɟɦɨɧɬɧɢɤ
Ʉɨɦɿɪɧɢɤɚɜɬɨɫɤɥɚɞɭ
Ƚɚɡɨɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɡɜɚɪɧɢɤ
Ɋɢɫ. 6.8. Ɉɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɣɧɨ-ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɚ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɿɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɨɟɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɿɣɧɨʀ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɡɧɚɱɧɨʀ ɦɿɫɬɤɨɫɬɿ
— ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸɽ ɞɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɚɜɢɥ ɨɯɨɪɨɧɢ ɩɪɚɰɿ ɬɚ ɬɟɯɧɿɤɢ ɛɟɡɩɟɤɢ ɩɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤɚɦɢ; — ɪɟɽɫɬɪɭɽ ɞɚɧɿ ɿ ɝɨɬɭɽ ɦɿɫɹɱɧɢɣ ɡɜɿɬ ɩɨ ɪɨɛɨɬɿ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɞɥɹ ɤɟɪɿɜɧɢɤɿɜ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɭ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ; — ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɡɚ ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɢɦ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹɦ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɢɯ ɭ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɿɜ; — ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɿɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɚɠ ɳɨɞɨ ɛɟɡɩɟɤɢ ɭ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ ɜɢɧɢɤɧɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɠɟɠɿ, ɜɢɯɨɞɭ ɝɚɡɭ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɧɟɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɭɜɚɧɢɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿɜ; — ɫɤɥɚɞɚɽ ɛɸɞɠɟɬ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ, ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɣɨɝɨ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɜɢɬɪɚɬɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ; 306
— ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽ ɧɚɜɱɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɧɭ ɩɿɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɭ ɿɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɨɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ; — ɜɢɪɿɲɭɽ ɫɭɦɿɫɧɨ ɡ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɨɦ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɚɛɨ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɨɦ ɤɚɞɪɨɜɨʀ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɭ ɤɚɞɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ; — ɪɨɡɪɨɛɥɹɽ ɩɥɚɧɢ ɩɨɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɿ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɭ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ; — ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɡɚ ɪɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɦ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹɦ ɟɧɟɪɝɨɪɟɫɭɪɫɿɜ, ʀɯɧɸ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɸ. Ʉɜɚɥɿɮɿɤɚɰɿɣɧɿ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɿɧɠɟɧɟɪɚ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɿ ɡ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɿɫɬɸ ɞɨɫɤɨɧɚɥɨ ɡɧɚɬɢ: — ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɧɿ ɨɫɧɨɜɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɿɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ; — ɨɫɧɨɜɢ ɬɟɯɧɿɤɢ ɛɟɡɩɟɤɢ ɭ ɪɨɛɨɬɿ ɡ ɿɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɢɦɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦɢ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ; — ɨɫɧɨɜɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɿ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ; — ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɧɿ ɨɫɧɨɜɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ; — ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɧɨʀ ɡɜɿɬɧɨɫɬɿ ɬɚ ɞɿɥɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ; — ɨɫɧɨɜɢ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɛɸɞɠɟɬɭ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ. ȼɢɫɨɤɨɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɣɧɚ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɿɧɠɟɧɟɪɚ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɿɫɬɸ ɦɚɬɢ ɜɢɳɭ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɣɧɭ ɨɫɜɿɬɭ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɿ ɿɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɢɯ ɧɚɭɤ, ɞɨɫɜɿɞ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ, ɜɢɫɨɤɿ ɜɨɥɶɨɜɿ ɬɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɣɧɿ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ. Ɂɚɫɬɭɩɧɢɤ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɿɧɠɟɧɟɪɚ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɰɿɸ, ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɭ ɪɨɛɨɬɿ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ, ɞɨɩɨɦɚɝɚɽ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɦɭ ɿɧɠɟɧɟɪɭ ɭ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɿ ɣɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɿɜ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ. Ɂɨɤɪɟɦɚ, ɜɿɧ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽ: — ɫɤɥɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɪɨɡɤɥɚɞɭ ɱɟɪɝɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɨɜɭɽ ɩɨɡɦɿɧɧɭ ɪɨɛɨɬɭ ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ; — ɬɪɭɞɨɜɭ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɿɧɭ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ; — ɨɛɥɿɤ ɜɢɯɨɞɭ ɧɚ ɪɨɛɨɬɭ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ ɿ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɽ ɩɥɚɬɿɠɧɭ ɜɿɞɨɦɿɫɬɶ; — ɧɚɜɱɚɧɧɹ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ; — ɪɨɡɩɨɞɿɥ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɱɢɯ ɡɚɜɞɚɧɶ ɿ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ʀɯɧɶɨɝɨ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹ; — ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɫɬɚɧɭ ɬɚ ɛɟɡɩɟɤɭ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɯ ɿɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ; — ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸɽ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɤɨɦɭɧɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɡ ɦɟɬɨɸ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿʀ ɿ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ ɜɢɬɪɚɬ. 307
ɋɬɚɪɲɢɣ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɢɤ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽ: — ɛɟɡɩɟɪɟɛɿɣɧɭ ɪɨɛɨɬɭ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɨʀ ɿɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɿʀ ɟɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɿ ɫɚɧɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ, ɟɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɧɢɯ ɿ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɢɯ ɦɟɪɟɠ, ɩɨɜɿɬɪɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɿɜ, ɜɨɞɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɭ ɿ ɤɚɧɚɥɿɡɚɰɿʀ; — ɧɚɝɥɹɞ ɡɚ ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɢɦ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɭɫɬɚɬɤɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɧɢɯ ɦɟɪɟɠ; — ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ ɡɚ ɞɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɨɬɢɩɨɠɟɠɧɢɯ ɧɨɪɦ ɛɟɡɩɟɤɢ. ȿɥɟɤɬɪɨɦɨɧɬɟɪ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽ: — ɛɟɡɩɟɪɟɛɿɣɧɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ; — ɭɫɭɜɚɽ ɚɜɚɪɿʀ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɨɫɜɿɬɥɟɧɧɹ ɿ ɜɿɞɧɨɜɥɸɽ ɮɭɧɤɰɿʀ ɫɜɿɬɥɨɜɢɯ ɿ ɫɢɥɨɜɢɯ ɬɨɱɨɤ; — ɜɿɞɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɿɲɧɶɨʀ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɤɢ, ɜɢɦɢɤɚɱɿɜ, ɬɟɥɟɜɿɡɿɣɧɢɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ, ɨɫɜɿɬɥɸɜɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɚɪɦɚɬɭɪɢ, ɥɸɫɬɪ, ɟɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɧɢɯ ɥɚɦɩ; — ɪɟɦɨɧɬ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɚɝɪɿɜɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ; — ɿɧɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɿɧɠɟɧɟɪɚ ɳɨɞɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɪɟɦɨɧɬɧɢɯ ɪɨɛɿɬ ɚɛɨ ɡɦɿɧ ɜ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɫɢɫɬɟɦɿ; — ɜɢɜɱɚɽ ɡɚɯɨɞɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɩɨɠɟɠɧɨʀ ɛɟɡɩɟɤɢ ɡɭɦɨɜɥɟɧɢɯ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹɦ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɭ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ. ɋɥɸɫɚɪ-ɫɚɧɬɟɯɧɿɤ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸɽ ɫɩɪɚɜɧɿɫɬɶ ɫɚɧɿɬɚɪɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɜɨɞɨɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ ɿ ɩɨɞɚɱɿ ɝɚɪɹɱɨʀ ɜɨɞɢ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɨɩɚɥɟɧɧɹ, ɤɚɧɚɥɿɡɚɰɿʀ, ɩɨɛɭɬɨɜɢɯ ɩɪɢɥɚɞɿɜ, ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽ ɩɪɨɮɿɥɚɤɬɢɱɧɢɣ ɪɟɦɨɧɬ ɫɚɧɿɬɚɪɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ. ɋɬɨɥɹɪ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽ ɫɩɪɚɜɧɿɫɬɶ ɫɬɨɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ — ɞɜɟɪɟɣ, ɜɿɤɨɧ, ɞɟɪɟɜ’ɹɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɪɢɬɬɹ ɩɿɞɥɨɝɢ, ɪɟɦɨɧɬɭɽ ɿ ɡɚɦɿɧɸɽ ɞɜɟɪɧɿ ɡɚɦɤɢ ɬɚ ɿɧ. 6.9. Ɉɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɹ ɬɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɿʀ ɤɚɞɪɨɜɨʀ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ Ɏɭɧɤɰɿʀ ɰɿɽʀ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɿ ɡ: — ɩɿɞɛɨɪɨɦ, ɩɪɢɣɦɚɧɧɹɦ ɧɚ ɪɨɛɨɬɭ, ɨɰɿɧɸɜɚɧɧɹɦ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ, ɧɚɜɱɚɧɧɹɦ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ; — ɭɥɚɝɨɞɠɟɧɧɹɦ ɤɨɧɮɥɿɤɬɿɜ, ɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨʀ ɫɜɿɞɨɦɨɫɬɿ; 308
— ɪɨɡɪɨɛɤɨɸ ɩɨɫɚɞɨɜɢɯ ɿɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɿɣ ɿ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɣ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ; — ɨɰɿɧɤɨɸ ɿ ɞɨɩɨɦɨɝɨɸ ɭ ɩɨɥɿɩɲɟɧɧɿ ɭɦɨɜ ɩɪɚɰɿ ɩɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤɿɜ; — ɞɨɩɨɦɨɝɨɸ ɤɟɪɿɜɧɢɤɚɦ ɩɿɞɪɨɡɞɿɥɿɜ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɭ ɪɨɛɨɬɿ ɡ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɨɦ; — ɩɿɞɜɢɳɟɧɧɹɦ ɤɜɚɥɿɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɫɩɿɜɪɨɛɿɬɧɢɤɿɜ; — ɡɚɨɯɨɱɟɧɧɹɦ ɿ ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɿɽɸ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ ɬɚ ɿɧ. Ɏɭɧɤɰɿʀ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɿ ɿɡ ɜɟɞɟɧɧɹɦ ɨɫɨɛɢɫɬɢɯ ɫɩɪɚɜ ɭɫɿɯ ɩɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤɿɜ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ, ɭɤɥɚɞɚɧɧɹɦ ɭɝɨɞ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɧɚɜɱɚɧɧɹ, ɩɿɞɜɢɳɟɧɧɹ ɤɜɚɥɿɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ. ɍ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɿ ɤɚɞɪɨɜɚ ɫɥɭɠɛɚ ɧɚɣɱɚɫɬɿɲɟ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɜɿɞɞɿɥɭ ɤɚɞɪɿɜ, ɜɿɞɞɿɥɭ ɨɯɨɪɨɧɢ ɩɪɚɰɿ, ɭɱɛɨɜɨ-ɬɪɟɧɿɧɝɨɜɨɝɨ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ. ȼɿɞɞɿɥ ɤɚɞɪɿɜ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽ ɧɚɛɿɪ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɸɱɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ, ɭɡɝɨɞɠɭɽ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɣɧɿ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɢ ɩɪɚɰɿ, ɬɪɭɞɨɜɨʀ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɿɧɢ ɬɚ ɜɢɧɚɝɨɪɨɞɢ ɩɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤɿɜ. ȼɿɞɞɿɥ ɨɯɨɪɨɧɢ ɩɪɚɰɿ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽ ɿɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɚɠ ɡ ɬɟɯɧɿɤɢ ɛɟɡɩɟɤɢ, ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɡɚ ɜɢɩɥɚɬɨɸ ɝɪɨɲɨɜɨʀ ɞɨɩɨɦɨɝɢ ɡ ɧɟɩɪɚɰɟɡɞɚɬɧɨɫɬɿ, ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɨʀ ɡ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɱɢɦɢ ɬɪɚɜɦɚɦɢ, ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɡɚ ɤɨɲɬɨɪɢɫɨɦ ɜɢɬɪɚɬ. ɍɱɛɨɜɨ-ɬɪɟɧɿɧɝɨɜɢɣ ɰɟɧɬɪ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽ ɩɿɞɜɢɳɟɧɧɹ ɤɜɚɥɿɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ, ɩɟɪɟɩɿɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɭ ɬɚ ɫɬɚɠɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɮɚɯɿɜɰɿɜ ɿ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɸɱɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ, ɧɚɜɱɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤɿɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɹɤɿɫɬɸ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ. ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɤɚɞɪɨɜɨʀ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɡɚɥɟɠɢɬɶ ɜɿɞ ɪɨɡɦɿɪɿɜ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ. Ɉɱɨɥɸɽ ɫɥɭɠɛɭ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪ ɭ ɩɿɞɩɨɪɹɞɤɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɹɤɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɛɭɜɚɽ ɞɟɤɿɥɶɤɚ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɿɜ, ɹɤɿ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɸɬɶ ɡɚ ɨɤɪɟɦɿ ɧɚɩɪɹɦɤɢ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ. Ƚɨɥɨɜɧɢɣ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪ ɩɿɞɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɭ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɭ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ. ɉɢɬɚɧɧɹ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ 1. ɇɚɡɜɿɬɶ ɿ ɨɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɣɬɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɿ ɥɚɧɤɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ. 2. Ⱦɚɣɬɟ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɧɹɬɬɸ «ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɢɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ» ɿ ɨɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɣɬɟ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɿ ɣɨɝɨ ɟɬɚɩɢ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ. 3. əɤɿ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɣɧɿ ɮɨɪɦɢ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ (ɦɿɫɰɶ) ɬɢɩɨɜɿ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚɯ? 309
4. əɤɿ ɬɢɩɢ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɿ ɞɥɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ? 5. Ɉɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɣɬɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɣɧɭ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ ɿ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ, ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɣɧɿ, ɤɜɚɥɿɮɿɤɚɰɿɣɧɿ ɜɢɦɨɝɢ ɳɨɞɨ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ. 6. Ⱦɚɣɬɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɭ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿʀ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɫɥɭɠɛɨɸ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ ɬɚ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ. 7. Ɉɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɣɬɟ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɢɯ ɤɚɪɬɤɨɜɢɯ ɡɚɦɤɿɜ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ. 8. ɉɪɨɚɧɚɥɿɡɭɣɬɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɸ ɬɚ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɸ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɫɥɭɠɛɨɸ ɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɮɨɧɞɭ. 9. Ɉɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɣɬɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɣɧɨ-ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɭ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɬɚ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɸ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɸɥɶɧɨʀ ɝɪɭɩɢ. 10. Ⱦɚɣɬɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɭ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɬɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɣ ɮɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɨ-ɤɨɦɟɪɰɿɣɧɨʀ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ. 11. Ɉɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɣɬɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɣɧɭ ɬɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɭ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɿɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɨ-ɟɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɿɣɧɨʀ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ. 12. əɤɭ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɬɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɿʀ ɜɢɤɨɧɭɽ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɤɚɞɪɨɜɚ ɫɥɭɠɛɚ? 13. Ɉɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɣɬɟ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɢɯ ɤɚɪɬɤɨɜɢɯ ɡɚɦɤɿɜ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ. 14. əɤɿ ɩɟɪɟɜɚɝɢ ɬɚ ɧɟɞɨɥɿɤɢ ɭ ɩɨɪɿɜɧɹɧɧɿ ɡ ɦɟɯɚɧɿɱɧɢɦɢ ɡɚɦɤɚɦɢ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɢɯ ɤɚɪɬɤɨɜɢɯ ɡɚɦɤɿɜ ɞɥɹ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɿ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ? 15. əɤɟ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɢɯ ɡɚɦɤɨɜɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ?
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Ɋɨɡɞɿɥ 7 ɈɋɈȻɅɂȼɈɋɌȱ ɈɊȽȺɇȱɁȺɐȱȲ, ɍɉɊȺȼɅȱɇɇə ɌȺ ɌȿɏɇɈɅɈȽȱȲ ɈȻɋɅɍȽɈȼɍȼȺɇɇə ɍ ɉȱȾɉɊɂȯɆɋɌȼȺɏ ȽɊɈɆȺȾɋɖɄɈȽɈ ɏȺɊɑɍȼȺɇɇə ɉɊɂ ȽɈɌȿɅəɏ
7.1. Ɍɢɩɢ ɬɚ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɉɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ — ɜɚɠɥɢɜɢɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɢɣ ɩɿɞɪɨɡɞɿɥ ɭ ɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɭ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ — ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɪɹɞɭ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɳɨ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɦ ɬɢɩɨɦ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɭ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ. ɍ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɿɜ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɹ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɜɢɪɿɲɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɭɪɚɯɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɭ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ. ȼ ɨɞɧɨɡɿɪɤɨɜɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ, ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɭ ɳɨɞɨ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɹɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ, ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɧɟ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɟ, ɭ ɞɜɨɯ-, ɬɪɶɨɯɡɿɪɤɨɜɢɯ — ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɬɢ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧ ɚɛɨ ɤɚɮɟ, ɭ ɱɨɬɢɪɶɨɯ- ɿ ɩ’ɹɬɢɡɿɪɤɨɜɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɢ, ɛɚɧɤɟɬɧɿ ɡɚɥɢ, ɛɚɪɢ, ɭ ɩ’ɹɬɢɡɿɪɤɨɜɢɯ ɿ ɧɿɱɧɿ ɤɥɭɛɢ. ɍ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ, ɳɨ ɜɯɨɞɹɬɶ ɭ ɜɿɞɨɦɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿ ɥɚɧɰɸɝɢ ɭ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɿ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ ɜɢɞɿɥɹɽɬɶɫɹ ɳɨɧɚɣɦɟɧɲɟ ɞɜɚ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɢ — ɮɟɲɟɧɟɛɟɥɶɧɢɦ ɡ ɮɿɪɦɨɜɢɦɢ ɫɬɪɚɜɚɦɢ ɿ ɧɟɜɟɥɢɤɢɣ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɭ. Ɂɝɿɞɧɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɨ-ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɱɨʀ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ, ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɿɸ ɭ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɝɚɫɬɪɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ, ɜɫɿ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɞɿɥɹɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɬɚɤɿ ɬɢɩɢ: ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧ, ɤɚɮɟ, ɛɚɪ, ɛɭɮɟɬ, ʀɞɚɥɶɧɹ, ɡɚɤɭɫɨɱɧɚ ɬɚ ɿɧ. Ɋɟɫɬɨɪɚɧ (ɮɪ. restauer — ɜɿɞɧɨɜɥɸɜɚɬɢ ɫɢɥɭ, ɝɨɞɭɜɚɬɢ) — ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɨ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɳɨ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɽ ɝɨɫɬɹɦ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɣ ɚɫɨɪɬɢɦɟɧɬ ɫɬɪɚɜ, ɧɚɩɨʀɜ, ɤɨɧɞɢɬɟɪɫɶɤɢɯ ɜɢɪɨɛɿɜ, ɡɨɤɪɟɦɚ ɮɿɪɦɨɜɨɝɨ ɬɚ ɫɤɥɚɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ. Ɋɿɜɟɧɶ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɚɯ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɜɢɫɨɤɨɤɜɚɥɿɮɿɤɨɜɚɧɢ311
ɦɢ ɩɨɜɚɪɚɦɢ, ɨɮɿɰɿɚɧɬɚɦɢ, ɦɟɬɪɞɨɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɿ ɩɨɽɞɧɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɽɸ ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɤɭ ɿ ɪɨɡɜɚɝ ɞɥɹ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɬɚ ɜɿɞɜɿɞɭɜɚɱɿɜ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ. Ɉɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɹ ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɤɭ ɿ ɪɨɡɜɚɝ — ɨɞɧɚ ɡ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɣ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɭ. Ɇɟɬɚ ɪɟɤɪɟɚɰɿɣɧɨ-ɪɨɡɜɚɠɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɩɨɥɹɝɚɽ ɭ ɩɿɞɜɢɳɟɧɧɿ ɟɦɨɰɿɣɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɧɭɫɭ, ɡɧɹɬɬɹ ɜɬɨɦɢ, ɜɿɞɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɿ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɨɤ ɩɫɢɯɨɮɿɡɢɱɧɢɯ, ɮɿɡɢɱɧɢɯ ɣ ɿɧɬɟɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɞɚɧɢɯ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ. ȼɿɞ ɜɿɞɜɿɞɚɧɧɹ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɚ ɝɿɫɬɶ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɬɢ ɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɧɿ ɟɦɨɰɿʀ ɿ ɜɪɚɠɟɧɧɹ. ȼɚɝɨɦɭ ɪɨɥɶ ɭ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɿ ɜɿɞɿɝɪɚɽ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɚ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɭ, ɹɤɭ ɮɨɪɦɭɽ ɡ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɛɨɤɭ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɹ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ — ʀɯɧɿ ɦɚɧɟɪɢ ɩɨɜɟɞɿɧɤɢ, ɡɨɜɧɿɲɧɿɣ ɜɢɝɥɹɞ, ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɚ ɫɩɿɥɤɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɡ ɿɧɲɨɝɨ — ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɸɱɢɣ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥ, ɡɚɜɞɚɧɧɹɦ ɹɤɨɝɨ ɽ ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹ, ɤɨɪɢɝɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɢ ɩɟɪɟɛɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ. ȼɿɞɜɿɞɭɜɚɱɿ ɜɿɞɱɭɜɚɸɬɶ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɭ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɭ ɜɿɞɪɚɡɭ ɩɿɫɥɹ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɭ ɭ ɡɚɤɥɚɞ. ȼɿɞ ɬɨɝɨ, ɹɤ ɡɭɫɬɪɿɧɭɬɶ ɝɨɫɬɹ ɡɚɥɟɠɚɬɶ ɣɨɝɨ ɧɚɦɿɪɢ ɡɚɥɢɲɢɬɢɫɶ ɭ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿ, ɹɤɟ ɛɭɞɟ ɡɪɨɛɥɟɧɨ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ, ɹɤ ɞɨɜɝɨ ɝɿɫɬɶ ɛɭɞɟ ɩɟɪɟɛɭɜɚɬɢ ɭ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɿ. Ɉɫɨɛɥɢɜɨ ɜɚɠɥɢɜɨ ɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɢ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɧɭ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɭ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɲɢɯ ɜɿɞɜɿɞɭɜɚɱɿɜ, ɤɨɥɢ ɭ ɡɚɥɿ ɳɟ ɧɟ ɡɿɛɪɚɥɢɫɶ ɝɨɫɬɿ. ȼ ɬɚɤɨɦɭ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ ɩɭɫɬɢɣ ɡɚɥ ɧɚɫɬɨɪɨɠɭɽ, ɫɬɜɨɪɸɽ ɩɿɞɫɜɿɞɨɦɢɣ ɞɢɫɤɨɦɮɨɪɬ. ȼ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɡɚɤɨɪɞɨɧɧɢɯ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɚɯ ɡ ɰɿɽɸ ɦɟɬɨɸ ɭɬɪɢɦɭɸɬɶ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɸ ɨɫɿɛ, ɹɤɿ ɫɬɜɨɪɸɸɬɶ ɦɚɫɨɜɿɫɬɶ ɭ ɡɚɥɿ. ȼɢɡɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɭ ɪɨɥɶ ɭ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɿ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɢ ɝɚɫɬɪɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɭ ɜɿɞɿɝɪɚɽ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɸɱɢɣ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥ, ɹɤɢɣ ɡɭɫɬɪɿɱɚɽ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ. ɉɟɪɫɨɧɚɥ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɪɢɜɿɬɧɨ ɡ ɭɫɦɿɲɤɨɸ ɡɚɩɪɨɲɭɜɚɬɢ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ ɜ ɡɚɥ, ɩɟɪɟɤɨɧɭɜɚɬɢ ɣɨɝɨ ɜ ɨɪɢɝɿɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ, ɜɢɫɨɤɢɯ ɫɦɚɤɨɜɢɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɯ ɤɭɥɿɧɚɪɧɢɯ ɜɢɪɨɛɿɜ, ɧɚɩɨʀɜ, ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɧɿɣ ɨɛɫɬɚɧɨɜɰɿ, ɩɪɢɽɦɧɨɦɭ ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɤɭ. Ʉɚɮɟ — ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɨ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɳɨ ɧɚɞɚɽ ɝɨɫɬɹɦ ɨɛɦɟɠɟɧɢɣ ɚɫɨɪɬɢɦɟɧɬ ɫɬɪɚɜ ɿ ɧɚɩɨʀɜ, ɤɨɧɞɢɬɟɪɫɶɤɢɯ ɜɢɪɨɛɿɜ, ɦɨɥɨɱɧɨɤɢɫɥɨʀ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɿʀ ɭ ɩɨɽɞɧɚɧɧɿ ɡ ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɤɨɦ ɿ ɪɨɡɜɚɝɚɦɢ. ɍ ɛɿɥɶɲɨɫɬɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɿɜ ɤɚɮɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɸɬɶ ɹɤ ɨɤɪɟɦɿ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɿ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ. Ȼɚɪ — ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɨɜɚɧɟ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɨ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɳɨ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɽ ɝɨɫɬɹɦ ɪɿɡɧɿ ɧɚɩɨʀ, ɞɟɫɟɪɬɢ, ɡɚɤɭɫɤɢ, ɤɨɧɞɢɬɟɪɫɶɤɿ ɜɢɪɨɛɢ. ɍ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɛɚɪɢ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɿ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɿɜ, ɤɚɮɟ, ɹɤ ɨɤɪɟɦɿ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ. ɍ ɛɚɪɚɯ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ «ɥɸɤɫ», «ɜɢɳɨʀ» ɬɚ «ɩɟɪɲɨʀ» ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɸɬɶ ɨɮɿɰɿɚɧɬɢ, ɡɚ ɛɚɪɧɨɸ ɫɬɿɣɤɨɸ — ɛɚɪɦɟɧɢ; ɭ ɛɚɪɚɯ «ɞɪɭɝɨʀ» ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ 312
ɭ ɡɚɥɿ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɫɚɦɨɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɡɚ ɛɚɪɧɨɸ ɫɬɿɣɤɨɸ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɽ ɛɚɪɦɟɧ, ɡɚ ɛɭɮɟɬɧɢɦ ɩɪɢɥɚɜɤɨɦ — ɛɭɮɟɬɧɢɤ. ɋɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ ɫɩɨɫɬɟɪɿɝɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɿʀ ɭɪɿɡɧɨɦɚɧɿɬɧɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɨɮɿɥɸ ɛɚɪɿɜ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ. ȼ ɡɚɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɿ ɜɿɞ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɛɚɪɿɜ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ʀɯ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɭɸɬɶ ɧɚ: — ɜɟɫɬɢɛɸɥɶɧɿ — ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɚɧɿ ɭ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɸɥɹɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ, ɜɨɧɢ ɦɚɸɬɶ ɡɪɭɱɧɟ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɿ ɡɭɫɬɪɿɱɟɣ, ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɤɭ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɿ ɜɿɞɜɿɞɭɜɚɱɿɜ; — ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɧɿ — ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɚɧɿ ɭ ɡɚɥɿ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɭ, ɰɟɣ ɬɢɩ ɛɚɪɿɜ ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲ ɩɪɢɜɚɛɥɢɜɢɣ ɜ ɿɧɬɟɪ’ɽɪɿ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɭ; — ɞɨɩɨɦɿɠɧɢɣ — ɡɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɚɯ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ. Ɍɭɬ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɸɬɶ ɜɢɧɨ, ɩɢɜɨ, ɩɪɨɯɨɥɨɞɠɭɸɱɿ ɧɚɩɨʀ, ɳɨ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɚɯ; — ɛɚɧɤɟɬɧɿ — ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɚɧɿ ɭ ɛɚɧɤɟɬɧɿɣ ɡɚɥɿ, ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɜɢɤɥɸɱɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɛɚɧɤɟɬɿɜ ɿ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɿɣ. ȼ ɚɫɨɪɬɢɦɟɧɬɿ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɛɚɪɿɜ ɽ ɡɧɚɱɧɢɣ ɡɚɩɚɫ ɞɨɪɨɝɢɯ ɜɢɧ, ɩɢɜɚ, ɬɨɧɿɡɭɸɱɢɯ ɧɚɩɨʀɜ; — ɛɚɪɢ ɩɪɢ ɛɚɫɟɣɧɚɯ — ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɿ ɞɥɹ ɜɢɫɨɤɨɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɣɧɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ. Ƚɨɫɬɹɦ ɭ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɛɚɪɚɯ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɸɬɶ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɣ ɚɫɨɪɬɢɦɟɧɬ ɩɪɨɯɨɥɨɞɠɭɸɱɢɯ ɧɚɩɨʀɜ, ɤɨɤɬɟɣɥɿ, ɤɨɧɞɢɬɟɪɫɶɤɿ ɜɢɪɨɛɢ, ɞɟɫɟɪɬ; — ɫɥɭɠɛɨɜɿ — ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɚɧɿ ɭ ɫɥɭɠɛɨɜɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɿ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɿɜ ɿ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɿ ɧɚ ɟɤɫɩɪɟɫ-ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ; — ɦɿɧɿ-ɛɚɪɢ — ɛɚɪɢ ɡ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɚɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ, ɩɪɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɿ ɞɥɹ ɰɿɥɨɞɨɛɨɜɨɝɨ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɿ ɜɢɫɨɤɨʀ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɭ ɧɚɩɨɹɦɢ ɿ ɞɟɫɟɪɬɨɦ. Ⱥɫɨɪɬɢɦɟɧɬ ɦɿɧɿ-ɛɚɪɿɜ ɨɛɦɟɠɟɧɢɣ, ɩɨɩɨɜɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɳɨɞɟɧɧɨ. ȼ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɡɧɚɱɧɢɯ ɪɨɡɦɿɪɿɜ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɦɿɧɿ-ɛɚɪɿɜ ɜɢɞɿɥɹɽɬɶɫɹ ɨɤɪɟɦɚ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɹ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ; — ɞɢɫɤɨ-ɛɚɪɢ — ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɨɤɪɟɦɿɣ ɛɭɞɿɜɥɿ ɛɿɥɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ. ɍ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɛɚɪɚɯ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɢɦ ɱɢɧɨɦ ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɜɚɽ ɦɨɥɨɞɶ, ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɦɭɡɢɱɧɢɣ ɫɭɩɪɨɜɿɞ, ɱɚɫɬɨ ɜɢɫɬɭɩɚɸɬɶ ɚɪɬɢɫɬɢ, ɫɩɿɜɚɤɢ. Ⱥɫɨɪɬɢɦɟɧɬ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɿʀ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɥɟɝɤɢɦɢ ɡɚɤɭɫɤɚɦɢ, ɤɨɧɞɢɬɟɪɫɶɤɢɦɢ ɜɢɪɨɛɚɦɢ, ɩɪɨɯɨɥɨɞɠɭɸɱɢɦɢ ɧɚɩɨɹɦɢ, ɤɨɤɬɟɣɥɹɦɢ. Ȼɭɮɟɬ — ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɨ ɡ ɨɛɦɟɠɟɧɢɦ ɚɫɨɪɬɢɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɢɯ ɡɚɤɭɫɨɤ, ɧɚɩɨʀɜ, ɛɭɥɨɱɧɢɯ ɿ ɤɨɧɞɢɬɟɪɫɶɤɢɯ ɜɢɪɨɛɿɜ, ɫɨ313
ɥɨɞɤɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɜ ɧɟɫɤɥɚɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ. Ⱦɨɡɜɨɥɹɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɨɞɚɠ ɭɩɚɤɨɜɚɧɨʀ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɿʀ ɧɚ ɜɢɧɿɫ, ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɪɟɚɥɿɡɚɰɿɹ ɩɪɨɞɨɜɨɥɶɱɢɯ ɬɨɜɚɪɿɜ. ɍ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɛɭɮɟɬɢ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɿ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɥɢɬɚɦɢ, ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɢɤɚɦɢ, ɨɯɨɥɨɞɠɭɸɱɢɦɢ ɩɪɢɥɚɜɤɚɦɢ, ɤɚɜɨɜɚɪɤɨɸ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɢɦ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹɦ. Ȳɞɚɥɶɧɹ — ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɨ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɳɨ ɧɚɣɱɚɫɬɿɲɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɽ ɭ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɿ ɤɭɪɨɪɬɧɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ. ɐɿ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɢ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɿ ɞɥɹ ɜɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ, ɪɟɚɥɿɡɚɰɿɸ ɿ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɸ ɫɩɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ ʀɠɿ ɧɚ ɦɿɫɰɿ ɝɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɬɚ ɜɿɞɜɿɞɭɜɚɱɚɦɢ, ɞɨɡɜɨɥɹɽɬɶɫɹ ɜɢɧɿɫ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɿʀ, ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɧɚɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɪɿɡɧɿ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ. Ɂɚɤɭɫɨɱɧɚ — ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɨ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɳɨ ɜɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɹɽ ɪɿɡɧɿ ɫɬɪɚɜɢ, ɡɚɤɭɫɤɢ, ɧɟɫɤɥɚɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɿ ɿ ɝɚɪɹɱɿ ɧɚɩɨʀ, ɛɨɪɨɲɧɹɧɿ ɤɨɧɞɢɬɟɪɫɶɤɿ ɜɢɪɨɛɢ. Ɂɝɿɞɧɨ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ, ɹɤɿ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ, ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɞɿɥɹɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɬɚɤɿ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ: — ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɨɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɿ; — ɡɨɪɿɽɧɬɨɜɚɧɿ ɧɚ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɟɜɧɨʀ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ. ɉɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɭ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɿɜ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɨɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɿ, ɩɪɨɬɟ ɡɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɿ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɬɢ ɜ ɩɟɪɲɭ ɱɟɪɝɭ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ. ɍ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɚɯ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ — ɩɚɧɫɿɨɧɚɬɚɯ, ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ-ɤɥɭɛɚɯ, ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɡ ɥɿɤɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɬɿɥɶɤɢ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɭ. Ɂɝɿɞɧɨ ɚɫɨɪɬɢɦɟɧɬɭ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɿʀ (ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɚɰɿʀ) ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɞɿɥɹɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɞɜɿ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ: — ɩɨɜɧɨɫɟɪɜɿɫɧɿ; — ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɨɜɚɧɿ. ɍ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɿ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɨ-ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɱɨʀ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɩɨɜɧɨɫɟɪɜɿɫɧɢɦɢ ɜ ɛɿɥɶɲɨɫɬɿ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɿɜ ɜɢɫɬɭɩɚɸɬɶ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɢ ɿ ɤɚɮɟ, ɳɨ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɸɬɶ ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɣ ɚɫɨɪɬɢɦɟɧɬ ɫɬɪɚɜ, ɡɚɤɭɫɨɤ, ɯɥɿɛɨɛɭɥɨɱɧɢɯ ɿ ɛɨɪɨɲɧɹɧɢɯ ɤɨɧɞɢɬɟɪɫɶɤɢɯ ɜɢɪɨɛɿɜ, ɪɿɡɧɿ ɧɚɩɨʀ. ȼ ɦɟɧɸ ɩɨɜɧɨɫɟɪɜɿɫɧɢɯ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɿɜ ɿ ɤɚɮɟ ɜɢɫɨɤɚ ɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɮɿɪɦɨɜɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɜ ɿ ɫɬɪɚɜ ɧɚ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ, ɹɤɿ ɧɚɥɟɠɚɬɶ ɞɨ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɫɬɪɚɜ «ɜɢɫɨɤɨʀ ɤɭɯɧɿ». ɍ ɩɨɜɧɨɫɟɪɜɿɫɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚɯ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɜɢɫɨɤɢɣ ɪɿɜɟɧɶ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ: ɦɟɬɪɞɨɬɟɥɶ ɡɭɫɬɪɿɱɚɽ ɿ ɫɭɩɪɨɜɨɞɠɭɽ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɞɨ ɫɬɨɥɭ, ɫɬɚɪɲɢɣ ɨɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɞɨɩɨɦɚɝɚɽ ɭ ɜɢɛɨɪɿ ɫɬɪɚɜ, ɩɿɞɤɪɟɫɥɸɽ ɫɦɚɤɨɜɿ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ ɫɬɪɚɜ, ɧɚɞɚɽ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɿʀ ɳɨɞɨ ɚɥɤɨɝɨɥɶɧɢɯ ɧɚɩɨʀɜ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɜ. 314
ɋɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɨɜɚɧɿ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɦɚɬɢ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɣ ɩɪɨɮɿɥɶ — ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɭɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɜ ɨɤɪɟɦɿɣ ɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɿɣ ɤɭɯɧɿ (ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɶɤɚ, ɿɬɚɥɿɣɫɶɤɚ, ɤɢɬɚɣɫɶɤɚ ɬɚ ɿɧ.) ɚɛɨ ɦɚɬɢ ɜɭɡɶɤɭ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɚɰɿɸ ɜ ɨɞɧɿɣ ɱɢ ɞɟɤɿɥɶɤɨɯ ɫɬɪɚɜɚɯ. ɍ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɨɞɧɿɽʀ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨʀ ɫɬɪɚɜɢ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɚɫɚɦɩɟɪɟɞ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ ɲɜɢɞɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɳɨ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɸɬɶ ɝɚɦɛɭɪɝɟɪɢ («Mc Donald’s», «Burger King»), ɩɿɰɰɭ («Pizza Hut», «Domino»), ɫɟɧɞɜɿɱɿ («Subway») ɬɚ ɿɧ. Ɂɝɿɞɧɨ ɮɨɪɦɢ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ: — ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ; — ɡ ɱɚɫɬɤɨɜɢɦ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ ɨɮɿɰɿɚɧɬɚɦɢ; — ɡ ɩɨɜɧɢɦ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ ɨɮɿɰɿɚɧɬɚɦɢ. 7.2. Ʉɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɹ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿɜ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɜ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɿ Ɂɚ ɪɿɜɧɟɦ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɩɟɪɟɥɿɤɨɦ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɳɨ ɧɚɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɝɚɫɬɪɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɢɦɢ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɚɦɢ ɜ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɿ, ɜɨɧɢ ɩɨɞɿɥɹɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɬɪɢ ɤɥɚɫɢ: ɥɸɤɫ, ɜɢɳɢɣ ɿ ɩɟɪɲɢɣ (ɤɚɮɟ, ʀɞɚɥɶɧɿ ɬɚ ɡɚɤɭɫɨɱɧɿ ɧɚ ɤɥɚɫɢ ɧɟ ɩɨɞɿɥɹɸɬɶɫɹ). Ʉɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɹ «ɥɸɤɫ» ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɚɽ: — ɨɪɢɝɿɧɚɥɶɧɟ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɧɹ ɡɚ ɿɧɞɢɜɿɞɭɚɥɶɧɢɦ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɦ ɿɧɬɟɪ’ɽɪɚ; — ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɿ ɬɚ ɮɿɪɦɨɜɿ ɫɬɪɚɜɢ, ɧɚɩɨʀ ɬɚ ɤɨɧɞɢɬɟɪɫɶɤɿ ɜɢɪɨɛɢ, ɫɬɪɚɜɢ ɿɧɨɡɟɦɧɨʀ ɤɭɯɧɿ. ɇɚ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɫɩɨɠɢɜɚɱɿɜ ɝɨɬɭɸɬɶ ɫɬɪɚɜɢ ɧɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɿ ɜ ɦɟɧɸ; — ɦɟɛɥɿ ɜɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɿ ɡɚ ɿɧɞɢɜɿɞɭɚɥɶɧɢɦ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹɦ, ɫɬɨɥɢ ɡ ɦ’ɹɤɢɦ ɩɨɤɪɢɬɬɹɦ, ɤɪɿɫɥɚ ɦ’ɹɤɿ ɡ ɩɿɞɥɨɤɿɬɧɢɤɚɦɢ; — ɫɩɿɜɜɿɞɧɨɲɟɧɧɹ ɦɿɫɰɶ ɡɚ ɫɬɨɥɨɦ: ɞɜɨɯɦɿɫɧɿ ɫɬɨɥɢ — 50 %, ɱɨɬɢɪɢɦɿɫɧɿ — 30 %, ɲɟɫɬɢɦɿɫɧɿ — 20 %; — ɜɢɫɬɭɩ ɨɪɤɟɫɬɪɭ, ɿɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɱɢ ɜɨɤɚɥɶɧɨ-ɿɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɫɚɦɛɥɸ, ɫɬɟɪɟɨɮɨɧɿɱɧɭ ɚɩɚɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɜɢɫɨɤɨʀ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ; — ɦɟɧɸ ɞɪɭɤɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɸ ɬɚ ɞɜɨɦɚ ɿɧɨɡɟɦɧɢɦɢ ɦɨɜɚɦɢ; — ɩɨɫɭɞ ɜɢɫɨɤɨʀ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ — ɦɟɬɚɥɟɜɢɣ ɡ ɦɟɥɶɯɿɨɪɭ, ɩɨɪɰɟɥɹɧɨɜɢɣ ɡ ɜɢɳɨʀ ɝɪɭɩɢ ɨɡɞɨɛɥɟɧɧɹ, ɫɤɥɹɧɢɣ ɜɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɹɽɬɶɫɹ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ, ɡ ɤɪɢɲɬɚɥɸ. 315
ɍ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɚɯ «ɜɢɳɨʀ» ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɛɚɧɤɟɬɧɢɣ ɡɚɥ, ɛɚɪ, ɤɨɤɬɟɣɥɶ-ɯɨɥ ɡ ɛɚɪɧɨɸ ɫɬɿɣɤɨɸ. Ɇɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɢ ɡ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɨɮɿɰɿɚɧɬɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɞɨɫɤɨɧɚɥɨ ɜɨɥɨɞɿɬɢ ɬɟɯɧɿɤɨɸ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɫɩɨɠɢɜɚɱɿɜ, ɡɧɚɬɢ ɿɧɨɡɟɦɧɿ ɦɨɜɢ ɧɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨɦɭ ɪɿɜɧɿ ɞɥɹ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹ ʀɯɧɿɯ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɿɜ. ɇɚ ɨɛɤɥɚɞɢɧɰɿ ɞɥɹ ɦɟɧɸ, ɪɟɤɥɚɦɧɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɚɯ (ɥɢɫɬɿɜɤɚɯ, ɛɭɤɥɟɬɿ, ɡɚɩɪɨɲɭɜɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɤɚɪɬɤɚɯ ɬɚ ɿɧ.) ɨɤɪɿɦ ɧɚɡɜɢ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɭ, ɟɦɛɥɟɦɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɭ, ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɦɚɥɸɧɨɤ, ɳɨ ɜɿɞɨɛɪɚɠɚɽ ɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɧɭ ɫɩɪɹɦɨɜɚɧɿɫɬɶ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɭ. ɍ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɿ ɫɩɨɠɢɜɚɱɚɦ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɢɦ ɱɢɧɨɦ ɧɚɞɚɸɬɶ ɨɛɿɞɢ ɿ ɜɟɱɟɪɿ, ɩɪɢ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɞɿɥɨɜɢɯ ɡɭɫɬɪɿɱɟɣ — ɩɨɜɧɢɣ ɪɚɰɿɨɧ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ. «ȼɢɳɚ» ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɹ ɝɚɫɬɪɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɭ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɜɚɬɢ: — ɿɧɬɟɪ’ɽɪ ɫɬɜɨɪɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɭɪɚɯɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɟɣ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ; — ɧɟ ɦɟɧɲɟ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɢ ɚɫɨɪɬɢɦɟɧɬɭ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɸɬɶ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɿ ɬɚ ɮɿɪɦɨɜɿ ɫɬɪɚɜɢ ɿ ɧɚɩɨʀ; — ɦɟɛɥɿ ɩɿɞɛɢɪɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨ ɡ ɿɧɬɟɪ’ɽɪɨɦ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ. ɋɬɨɥɢ ɡ ɦ’ɹɤɢɦ ɩɨɤɪɢɬɬɹɦ, ɩɪɹɦɨɤɭɬɧɿ, ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɿ, ɤɪɭɝɥɿ ɭ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɿ ɩɨɫɚɞɨɱɧɢɯ ɦɿɫɰɶ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɭ ɬɚɤɿɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɿ — ɞɜɨɯɦɿɫɧɢɯ — 20 %, ɱɨɬɢɪɢɦɿɫɧɢɯ ɿ ɲɟɫɬɢɦɿɫɧɢɯ ɩɨ 40 %; — ɜɢɫɬɭɩ ɨɪɤɟɫɬɪɭ, ɿɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɱɢ ɜɨɤɚɥɶɧɨ-ɿɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɫɚɦɛɥɸ, ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɜɢɫɨɤɨɹɤɿɫɧɨɸ ɫɬɟɪɟɨɮɨɧɿɱɧɨɸ ɚɩɚɪɚɬɭɪɨɸ; — ɦɟɧɸ ɧɚɞɪɭɤɨɜɚɧɟ ɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɸ ɬɚ ɞɜɨɦɚ ɿɧɨɡɟɦɧɢɦɢ ɦɨɜɚɦɢ; — ɩɨɫɭɞ ɦɟɬɚɥɟɜɢɣ ɿɡ ɧɟɪɠɚɜɿɸɱɨʀ ɫɬɚɥɿ ɩɿɞɜɢɳɟɧɨʀ ɝɪɭɩɢ ɨɡɞɨɛɥɟɧɧɹ, ɩɨɫɭɞ ɡ ɩɨɪɰɟɥɹɧɢ ɧɟ ɧɢɠɱɟ 10 ɝɪɭɩɢ ɯɭɞɨɠɧɶɨɝɨ ɨɡɞɨɛɥɟɧɧɹ. ɉɨɫɭɞ ɿɡ ɫɤɥɚ — ɧɟ ɧɢɠɱɟ 7 ɝɪɭɩɢ ɯɭɞɨɠɧɶɨɝɨ ɨɡɞɨɛɥɟɧɧɹ. ɍ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɚɯ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ «ɩɟɪɲɨʀ» ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɢɬɢ: — ɿɧɬɟɪ’ɽɪ ɡ ɭɪɚɯɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɟɣ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ; — ɜ ɦɟɧɸ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɿ ɬɚ ɮɿɪɦɨɜɿ ɫɬɪɚɜɢ, ɧɚɩɨʀ ɬɚ ɤɨɧɞɢɬɟɪɫɶɤɿ ɜɢɪɨɛɢ; — ɦɟɛɥɿ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨ ɞɨ ɿɧɬɟɪ’ɽɪɚ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ; — ɫɩɿɜɜɿɞɧɨɲɟɧɧɹ ɦɿɫɰɶ ɡɚ ɫɬɨɥɚɦɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɨ ɫɩɿɜɜɿɞɧɨɫɢɬɢɫɶ: ɡɚ ɞɜɨɦɿɫɧɢɦɢ — 10 %, ɱɨɬɢɪɶɨɯɦɿɫɧɢɦɢ ɬɚ ɲɟɫɬɢɦɿɫɧɢɦɢ, ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨ — 40 %; 316
— ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɫɬɟɪɟɨɮɨɧɿɱɧɚ ɚɩɚɪɚɬɭɪɚ, ɞɨɡɜɨɥɹɽɬɶɫɹ ɜɢɫɬɭɩ ɨɪɤɟɫɬɪɭ, ɿɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɱɢ ɜɨɤɚɥɶɧɨ-ɿɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɫɚɦɛɥɸ; — ɦɟɧɸ ɞɪɭɤɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɸ ɦɨɜɨɸ; — ɩɨɫɭɞ ɦɟɬɚɥɟɜɢɣ ɡ ɧɟɪɠɚɜɿɸɱɨʀ ɫɬɚɥɿ, ɡ ɩɨɪɰɟɥɹɧɢ ɧɟ ɧɢɠɱɟ 8 ɝɪɭɩɢ ɯɭɞɨɠɧɶɨɝɨ ɨɡɞɨɛɥɟɧɧɹ, ɿɡ ɫɤɥɚ — ɧɟ ɧɢɠɱɟ 6 ɝɪɭɩɢ ɯɭɞɨɠɧɶɨɝɨ ɨɡɞɨɛɥɟɧɧɹ. 7.3. Ɉɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɹ ɣ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɫɥɭɠɛɨɸ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɍɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɦ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪ, ɹɤɢɣ ɩɿɞɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɜɥɚɫɧɢɤɭ ɚɛɨ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɜɱɨɦɭ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɭ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɭ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ. Ⱦɢɪɟɤɬɨɪ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɭ ɧɟɫɟ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ ɡɚ ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɿɫɬɶ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɢɯ ɥɚɧɨɤ — ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɚ, ɤɚɮɟ, ɛɚɪɭ, ɤɭɯɧɿ, ɤɨɧɞɢɬɟɪɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɰɟɯɚ, ɫɤɥɚɞɫɶɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ, ɣɨɦɭ ɩɿɞɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɥɶɧɿ ɡɚ ʀɯɧɸ ɪɨɛɨɬɭ ɨɫɨɛɢ, ɫɚɧɿɬɚɪɧɢɣ ɥɿɤɚɪ. Ɂɚɫɬɭɩɧɢɤ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɚ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɨɦ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɡɚɥɿ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɚ, ɣɨɦɭ ɩɿɞɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɦɟɬɪɞɨɬɟɥɿ, ɨɮɿɰɿɚɧɬɢ, ɦɭɡɢɤɚɧɬɢ ɨɪɤɟɫɬɪɚ, ɛɭɮɟɬɧɢɤɢ. ɉɨɫɚɞɚ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɚ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɽ ɨɞɧɿɽɸ ɡ ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɥɶɧɢɯ. Ɉɤɪɿɦ ɜɢɫɨɤɨʀ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɝɚɫɬɪɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɛɟɡɩɟɤɢ ɠɢɬɬɹ ɿ ɡɞɨɪɨɜ’ɹ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ, ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɜɚɬɢ ɜɢɫɨɤɢɣ ɪɿɜɟɧɶ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ. Ɋɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɨɜɚɧɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɚ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɦɨɠɟ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɢɬɢ 10 % ɣɨɝɨ ɪɟɧɬɚɛɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ (5 % ɩɨɞɚɬɨɤ ɿ 5 % ɩɪɢɛɭɬɨɤ). ɉɪɨɬɟ, ɞɥɹ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɿ ɡɧɚɱɧɿ ɡɭɫɢɥɥɹ, ɡɧɚɱɧɨ ɛɿɥɶɲɿ ɧɿɠ ɭ ɪɨɛɨɬɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɫɥɭɠɛ, ɹɤɿ ɩɪɢ ɦɟɧɲɢɯ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɚɯ ɞɚɸɬɶ ɞɨ 40 % ɞɨɯɨɞɿɜ (15 % ɜɿɞɪɚɯɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɮɨɪɦɿ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɭ ɿ 25 % ɱɢɫɬɨɝɨ ɞɨɯɨɞɭ). Ⱦɨɯɨɞɢ ɜɿɞ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɚ ɛɿɥɶɲɟ 10 % ɦɨɠɥɢɜɿ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɿɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ, ɲɢɪɨɤɢɯ ɦɚɪɤɟɬɢɧɝɨɜɢɯ ɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɧɹɯ. ȿɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɚɫɬɪɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɭ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɧɿɣ ɦɿɪɿ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɤɜɚɥɿɮɿɤɚɰɿɽɸ, ɤɨɦɭɧɿɤɚɛɟɥɶɧɿɫɬɸ, ɞɨɫɜɿɞɨɦ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɤɟɪɿɜɧɢɤɚ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ. Ⱦɢɪɟɤɬɨɪ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɚ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɦɚɬɢ ɞɨɫɜɿɞ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨ ɩɪɨɮɿɥɸ, ɡɧɚɬɢ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ 317
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɭ ɭ ɜɫɿɯ ɩɿɞɪɨɡɞɿɥɚɯ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɰɬɜɚ. Ɉɤɪɿɦ ɡɞɨɛɭɬɬɹ ɨɫɜɿɬɢ ɭ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɧɚɜɱɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɚɯ, ɭ ɩɿɞɝɨɬɨɜɰɿ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɚ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɜɚɠɥɢɜɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɦɚɽ ɫɬɚɠɭɜɚɧɧɹ. ɇɚɫɚɦɩɟɪɟɞ, ɭɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ-ɞɜɨɯ ɪɨɤɿɜ ɜɿɧ ɫɬɚɠɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɯɚɪɱɨɛɥɨɰɿ (ɱɚɫɬɨ ɫɭɦɿɳɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɧɚɜɱɚɧɧɹɦ), ɩɿɫɥɹ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɩɿɜɪɨɤɭ-ɪɿɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɜɿɞɩɪɚɰɸɜɚɬɢ ɭ ɩɨɫɬɚɱɚɧɧɿ, ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɞɨɩɨɦɿɠɧɢɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɢɯ ɥɚɧɨɤ — ɫɤɥɚɞ, ɫɟɤɰɿʀ ɦɢɣɤɢ ɩɨɫɭɞɭ, ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ. ȼɚɠɥɢɜɢɦ ɽ ɫɬɚɠɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɳɨɧɚɣɦɟɧɲɟ ɜɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ ɪɨɤɭ ɨɤɪɟɦɨ ɜ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɿ, ɛɚɪɿ, ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɛɚɧɤɟɬɿɜ, ɿɧɲɢɯ ɦɚɫɨɜɢɯ ɡɚɯɨɞɿɜ. ɉɿɫɥɹ ɡɞɨɛɭɬɬɹ ɨɫɜɿɬɢ ɬɚ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɫɬɚɠɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɦɨɥɨɞɢɣ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɫɬ ɦɨɠɟ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɬɢ ɩɨɫɚɞɭ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɚ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɡ ɩɿɞɪɨɡɞɿɥɿɜ ɭ ɫɥɭɠɛɿ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ. ɉɿɫɥɹ ɬɪɶɨɯ-ɩ’ɹɬɢ ɪɨɤɿɜ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɚɞɿ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɚ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɚ, ɿɧɲɨʀ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨʀ ɥɚɧɤɢ ɦɨɥɨɞɢɣ ɤɟɪɿɜɧɢɤ ɦɨɠɟ ɨɱɨɥɢɬɢ ɝɚɫɬɪɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɭ ɫɥɭɠɛɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɿ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɣɧɨ-ɤɜɚɥɿɮɿɤɚɰɿɣɧɿ ɜɢɦɨɝɢ ɳɨɞɨ ɤɟɪɿɜɧɢɤɚ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɫɬɨɫɭɸɬɶɫɹ: — ɦɚɬɢ ɜɢɳɭ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɣɧɭ ɚɛɨ ɫɟɪɟɞɧɸ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɭ ɨɫɜɿɬɭ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɩɪɨɮɿɥɸ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɚɛɨ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɭ; — ɦɚɬɢ ɞɨɫɜɿɞ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɭ ɫɮɟɪɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɞɨɫɤɨɧɚɥɨ ɡɧɚɬɢ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɭ ɜɫɿɯ ɩɿɞɪɨɡɞɿɥɚɯ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ; — ɩɪɢɫɤɿɩɥɢɜɨɝɨ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɿɜ ɦɨɧɿɬɨɪɢɧɝɭ ɩɨɩɢɬɭ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ ɳɨɞɨ ɚɫɨɪɬɢɦɟɧɬɭ ɫɬɪɚɜ ɿ ɧɚɩɨʀɜ, ɜɿɞɫɬɟɠɭɜɚɬɢ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɿ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɿʀ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɭ ɪɢɧɤɭ; — ɛɭɬɢ ɜɨɥɶɨɜɢɦ, ɚɜɬɨɪɢɬɟɬɧɢɦ ɤɟɪɿɜɧɢɤɨɦ; — ɜɦɿɬɢ ɩɿɞɿɛɪɚɬɢ ɿ ɭɬɪɢɦɭɜɚɬɢ ɡɞɿɛɧɢɯ ɩɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤɿɜ; — ɪɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ ɪɨɡɩɨɞɿɥɹɬɢ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥ ɭ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɿ, ɜɢɡɧɚɱɢɬɢ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢ ɜɡɚɽɦɨɞɿʀ ɦɿɠ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɦɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɢɦɢ ɩɿɞɪɨɡɞɿɥɚɦɢ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ; — ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɢɯ ɭɦɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɩɿɞɜɢɳɟɧɧɹ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɨɦ ɤɜɚɥɿɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ; — ɜɦɿɬɢ ɦɨɬɢɜɭɜɚɬɢ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥ ɜɿɞɞɿɥɭ ɳɨɞɨ ɞɨɛɪɨɫɨɜɿɫɧɨʀ ɩɪɚɰɿ; — ɨɩɬɢɦɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɤɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɩɿɞɪɨɡɞɿɥɭ ɿ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɢɬɢ ʀɯɧɸ ɪɟɧɬɚɛɟɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ; — ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸɜɚɬɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɱɚɧɧɹ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ ɫɢɪɨɜɢɧɨɸ ɿ ɜɢɬɪɚɬɧɢɦɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɚɦɢ, ɿɧɜɟɧɬɚɪɟɦ, ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹɦ, ɪɨɛɨɱɢɦ ɨɞɹɝɨɦ ɬɚ ɿɧ.; 318
— ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸɜɚɬɢ ɞɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɫɚɧɿɬɚɪɧɢɯ ɩɪɚɜɢɥ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɫɬɪɚɜ, ʀɯɧɶɨɝɨ ɟɫɬɟɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɝɥɹɞɭ ɿ ɩɨɞɚɱɿ; — ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸɜɚɬɢ ɧɨɪɦɢ ɜɢɬɪɚɬ ɫɢɪɨɜɢɧɢ, ɹɤɿɫɬɶ ɿ ɫɜɨɽɱɚɫɧɭ ɞɨɫɬɚɜɤɭ ɧɚ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɰɬɜɨ; — ɡɚɩɪɨɜɚɞɠɭɜɚɬɢ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɿ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɢ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɭɧɤɭ ɛɸɞɠɟɬɭ, ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɡɚ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚɦɢ ɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɡɜɿɬɿɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɤɚɥɶɤɭɥɹɰɿʀ ɜɚɪɬɨɫɬɿ ɫɬɪɚɜ ɿ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɯɭɧɤɭ ɞɟɧɧɨʀ ɜɢɪɭɱɤɢ ɧɚ ɪɚɯɭɧɨɤ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ; — ɡɚɬɜɟɪɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɝɪɚɮɿɤɚ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ ɡ ɭɪɚɯɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ ɩɟɪɿɨɞɿɜ ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɧɚɩɥɢɜɭ ɜɿɞɜɿɞɭɜɚɱɿɜ ɿ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɡɚ ɞɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹɦ ɬɪɭɞɨɜɨʀ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɿɧɢ. ȼɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ ɪɨɛɨɱɨɝɨ ɞɧɹ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪ ɩɨɫɥɿɞɨɜɧɨ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ: — ɩɟɪɟɜɿɪɢɬɢ ɩɨɜɿɞɨɦɥɟɧɧɹ, ɳɨ ɧɚɞɿɣɲɥɢ ɡ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɢɯ ɩɿɞɪɨɡɞɿɥɿɜ ɿ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɨɯɨɪɨɧɢ; — ɩɟɪɟɜɿɪɢɬɢ ɪɨɛɨɬɭ ɛɭɮɟɬɚ ɡ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɫɧɿɞɚɧɤɿɜ; — ɨɡɧɚɣɨɦɢɬɢɫɶ ɡɿ ɫɩɢɫɤɨɦ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɞɧɿɯ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɶ; — ɩɪɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɧɚɪɚɞɭ ɡ ɡɚɫɬɭɩɧɢɤɨɦ ɬɚ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɚɦɢ ɩɿɞɪɨɡɞɿɥɿɜ; — ɩɟɪɟɜɿɪɢɬɢ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɿ ɰɿɧɢ ɧɚ ɞɨɛɭ; — ɩɟɪɟɜɿɪɢɬɢ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ, ɩɿɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɭ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɫɟɤɰɿʀ ɛɚɧɤɟɬɿɜ ɿ ɡ’ɹɫɭɜɚɬɢ ɫɬɚɧ ɩɿɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɡɚɥɢ ɞɨ ɜɟɱɿɪɧɿɯ ɫɜɹɬɤɨɜɢɯ ɡɚɯɨɞɿɜ; — ɩɟɪɟɜɿɪɢɬɢ ɦɟɧɸ ɿ ɫɟɪɜɿɪɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɫɧɿɞɚɧɤɚ; — ɩɪɨɚɧɚɥɿɡɭɜɚɬɢ ɩɨɬɨɱɧɿ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢ: ɧɨɜɟ ɥɿɬɧɽ ɦɟɧɸ, ɪɨɡɪɨɛɤɚ ɧɨɜɨʀ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɿʀ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɚ, ɩɟɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ (ɧɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɮɨɣɽ ɬɚɧɰɸɜɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɡɚɥɢ), ɩɪɢɞɛɚɧɧɹ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɧɚ ɤɭɯɧɸ, ɫɤɥɚɞɢ ɬɚ ɿɧ; — ɚɧɚɥɿɡ ɩɨɬɨɱɧɢɯ ɪɚɯɭɧɤɿɜ — ɩɪɢɛɭɬɤɭ ɿ ɜɢɞɚɬɤɿɜ; — ɨɡɧɚɣɨɦɢɬɢɫɶ ɡ ɪɨɛɨɬɨɸ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɚ — ɩɪɨɰɟɫɨɦ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɡ’ɹɫɭɜɚɬɢ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɢ; — ɩɪɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɧɚɪɚɞɭ ɡ ɩɢɬɚɧɶ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɦɟɧɸ ɧɚ ɩɨɬɨɱɧɭ ɞɨɛɭ; — ɜɿɞɜɿɞɚɬɢ ɧɚɪɚɞɭ ɡ ɩɢɬɚɧɶ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɿɜ, ɩɪɨɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸɜɚɬɢ ɫɬɿɣɤɢ ɤɨɤɬɟɣɥɶ-ɛɚɪɭ; — ɩɟɪɟɜɿɪɢɬɢ ɩɿɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɭ ɞɨ ɪɨɡɜɚɠɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɡɚɯɨɞɿɜ; — ɩɟɪɟɜɿɪɢɬɢ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɿ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢ ɿ ɧɚɩɨʀ ɞɥɹ VIP-ɩɟɪɫɨɧ, ɹɤɿ ɡɭɩɢɧɢɥɢɫɶ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ, ɩɪɨɞɟɝɭɫɬɭɜɚɬɢ ɫɬɪɚɜɢ; — ɨɡɧɚɣɨɦɢɬɢɫɶ ɿɡ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹɦɢ ɧɚ ɫɜɹɬɤɨɜɭ ɜɟɱɟɪɸ, ɩɪɨɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸɜɚɬɢ ɪɨɛɨɬɭ ɤɿɦɧɚɬ ɞɥɹ ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɤɭ. 319
Ɋɨɛɨɱɢɣ ɞɟɧɶ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɚ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɬɪɢɜɚɽ ɡ 8.00 ɞɨ 18.00. ɉɪɨɬɟ, ɰɟɣ ɝɪɚɮɿɤ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɩɨɪɭɲɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɡɚɩɥɚɧɨɜɚɧɢɦɢ ɡɚɯɨɞɚɦɢ ɧɚ ɛɿɥɶɲ ɪɚɧɧɿɣ ɚɛɨ ɩɿɡɧɿɣ ɱɚɫ. Ɋɨɛɨɱɢɣ ɬɢɠɞɟɧɶ ɬɪɢɜɚɽ ɲɿɫɬɶ ɞɧɿɜ, ɜ ɨɫɬɚɧɧɿ ɞɧɿ ɬɢɠɧɹ ɨɛɫɹɝ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ, ɹɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲɢɣ, ɱɚɫɬɨ ɜɢɧɢɤɚɽ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɿɫɬɶ ɩɪɚɰɸɜɚɬɢ ɭ ɜɢɯɿɞɧɿ ɞɧɿ. Ⱦɢɪɟɤɬɨɪ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɝɚɫɬɪɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɫɬɟɠɢɬɢ ɡɚ ɡɦɿɧɚɦɢ ɭ ɫɮɟɪɿ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ, ɛɭɬɢ ɜ ɤɭɪɫɿ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɩɪɚɜɨɜɢɯ, ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɣɧɢɯ, ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɢɯ ɧɨɜɨɜɜɟɞɟɧɶ, ɜɿɞɜɿɞɭɜɚɬɢ ɧɚɪɚɞɢ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɜɱɨʀ ɪɚɞɢ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɿɜ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ, ɧɚɪɚɞɢ ɡ ɩɢɬɚɧɶ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɮɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɢɯ ɩɢɬɚɧɶ. ɍ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɿ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɜɢɞɿɥɹɽɬɶɫɹ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɹ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɶɤɨɝɨ, ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɱɨɝɨ, ɬɨɪɝɨɜɨ-ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɸɱɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ. Ʉɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ ɜ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɹɯ ɩɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤɿɜ ɡɚɥɟɠɢɬɶ ɜɿɞ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢ ɬɚ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ, ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ, ɨɛɫɹɝɿɜ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɿ ɤɜɚɥɿɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɩɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤɿɜ. Ⱥɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɶɤɭ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɸ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ ɭ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ, ɪɨɡɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɩɨɧɚɞ 100 ɦɿɫɰɶ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɽ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪ, ɡɚɫɬɭɩɧɢɤ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɚ ɡ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɡɚɫɬɭɩɧɢɤ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɚ ɡ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɰɬɜɚ ɿ ɩɨɫɬɚɱɚɧɧɹ, ɡɚɜɿɞɭɜɚɱ ɩɪɨɞɨɜɨɥɶɱɨɝɨ ɫɤɥɚɞɚ, ɤɚɫɢɪ-ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɟɪ, ɫɚɧɿɬɚɪɧɢɣ ɥɿɤɚɪ (ɪɢɫ. 6.1). Ɉɤɪɟɫɥɟɧɚ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɡ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɧɢɦɢ ɩɨɩɪɚɜɤɚɦɢ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɦɚɣɠɟ ɭ ɜɫɿɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚɯ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɫɟɪɟɞɧɿɯ ɿ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚɯ. ɍ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɡɚ ɪɨɡɦɿɪɚɦɢ ɝɚɫɬɪɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɢɯ ɫɥɭɠɛɚɯ ɜɢɞɿɥɹɸɬɶɫɹ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɿ ɤɟɪɿɜɧɢɤɢ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɢɯ ɥɚɧɨɤ, ɧɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɚ, ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪ ɤɚɮɟ, ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪ ɤɨɧɞɢɬɟɪɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɰɟɯɚ, ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪ ɧɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɭɛɭ ɬɚ ɿɧ. Ɉɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɣɧɨ-ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɚ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɜɿɞɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 7.1. ɒɟɮ-ɩɨɜɚɪ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɭɽ ɪɨɛɨɬɭ ɤɭɯɧɿ, ɩɿɞɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɡɚɫɬɭɩɧɢɤɭ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɚ ɡ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɰɬɜɚ ɿ ɩɨɫɬɚɱɚɧɧɹ, ɧɟɫɟ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ ɡɚ ɹɤɿɫɬɶ ɬɚ ɨɛɫɹɝ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɰɬɜɚ ʀɠɿ, ʀʀ ɫɟɪɜɿɪɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɜɱɚɫɧɭ ɞɨɫɬɚɜɤɭ ɝɨɬɨɜɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɜ (ɝɚɪɹɱɿ ɫɬɪɚɜɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɝɚɪɹɱɢɦɢ, ɚ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɿ ɡɚɤɭɫɤɢ — ɯɨɥɨɞɧɢɦɢ). ɒɟɮɩɨɜɚɪ ɛɟɡɩɨɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸɽ ɞɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɡɚɬɜɟɪɞɠɟɧɢɯ ɤɭɥɿɧɚɪɧɢɯ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɿɜ, ɞɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɨɫɧɨɜ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿʀ ɿ ɫɚɧɿɬɚɪ320
ɧɢɯ ɩɪɚɜɢɥ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ʀɠɿ. ɍ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚɯ ɜɿɧ ɦɚɽ ɞɟɤɿɥɶɤɚ ɡɚɫɬɭɩɧɢɤɿɜ, ɹɤɿ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɸɬɶ ɡɚ ɪɨɛɨɬɭ ɞɟɧɧɨʀ ɡɦɿɧɢ — ɨɞɢɧ-ɞɜɚ ɡɚɫɬɭɩɧɢɤɢ, ɨɞɢɧ ɜɟɱɿɪɧɶɨʀ ɡɦɿɧɢ ɿ ɨɞɢɧ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɡɚ ɛɚɧɤɟɬɢ. Ⱦɢɪɟɤɬɨɪ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ
Ɂɚɫɬɭɩɧɢɤ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɚ ɡ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɰɬɜɚ ɿ ɩɨɫɬɚɱɚɧɧɹ ȱɧɠɟɧɟɪɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝ ɒɟɮ-ɤɭɯɚɪ Ʉɭɯɚɪ 1-ɨʀ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ Ʉɭɯɚɪ 2-ɨʀ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ Ʉɨɧɞɢɬɨɪ Ʉɨɦɿɪɧɢɤ ɉɿɞɫɨɛɧɿ ɪɨɛɿɬɧɢɤɢ
Ɂɚɜɿɞɭɜɚɱ ɫɤɥɚɞɨɦ
ɋɚɧɿɬɚɪɧɢɣ ɥɿɤɚɪ
Ɂɚɜɿɞɭɸɱɢɣ ɜɿɞɞɿɥɨɦ ɦɚɫɨɜɢɯ ɡɚɯɨɞɿɜ (ɛɚɧɤɟɬɧɢɣ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪ)
Ɇɟɧɟɞɠɟɪ ɜɿɞɞɿɥɭ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ
Ʉɚɫɢɪɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɟɪ Ɇɚɣɫɬɟɪ ɡ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɜ 1-ɨʀ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ Ɇɚɣɫɬɟɪ ɡ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɜ 2-ɨʀ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ
Ɂɚɫɬɭɩɧɢɤ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɚ ɡ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ Ɇɟɬɪɞɨɬɟɥɶ ɋɬɚɪɲɢɣ ɨɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ
ɒɜɟɣɰɚɪ
Ʉɚɫɢɪ
Ɇɭɡɢɤɚɧɬɢ
Ȼɚɪɦɟɧ
Ƚɚɪɞɟɪɨɛɧɢɤ
Ʉɚɫɬɟɥɹɧɲɚ
ɉɪɢɛɢɪɚɥɶɧɢɤɢ
ɉɪɢɛɢɪɚɥɶɧɢɤɢ
Ɋɢɫ. 7.1. Ɉɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɣɧɨ-ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɚ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɡɧɚɱɧɨʀ ɦɿɫɬɤɨɫɬɿ 321
ɉɨɫɚɞɚ ɲɟɮ-ɤɭɯɚɪ ɜɿɞɿɝɪɚɽ ɨɞɧɭ ɡ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɣ ɭ ɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɚɰɿʀ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɭ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ. ɍ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɱɿɣ ɥɚɧɰɿ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɜɿɧ ɧɚɞɿɥɟɧɢɣ ɜɫɿɽɸ ɩɨɜɧɨɬɨɸ ɜɥɚɞɢ. ɍ ɧɟɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɿ ɫɟɪɟɞɧɿɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɜɢɤɨɧɭɽ ɮɭɧɤɰɿʀ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɚ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ, ɳɨ ɡɭɦɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɿɹɦɢ ɫɤɨɪɨɱɟɧɧɹ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ ɬɚ ɨɩɬɢɦɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɪɨɡɦɿɪɿɜ ɝɚɫɬɪɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɨʀ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɡ ɨɝɥɹɞɭ ɧɚ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɸ ɮɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɢɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɿɜ. ɋɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ ɭ ɜɿɞɨɦɢɯ ɫɜɿɬɨɜɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɿɹɯ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɢɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɨɦ ɲɟɮ- ɤɭɯɚɪ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽ ɲɥɹɯɨɦ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɤɨɦɩ’ɸɬɟɪɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦ. Ɂ ɞɨɩɨɦɨɝɨɸ ɤɨɦɩ’ɸɬɟɪɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɿ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɢ, ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɢɣ ɨɛɫɹɝ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɶɧɨ-ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɱɢɯ ɡɚɩɚɫɿɜ, ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɨɛɪɚɯɭɧɨɤ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɿɣɧɨʀ ɜɚɪɬɨɫɬɿ ɫɬɪɚɜ ɭ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚɯ, ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɧɢɣ ɩɪɢɛɭɬɨɤ ɜɿɞ ɩɪɨɞɚɠɭ ɤɨɠɧɨʀ ɫɬɪɚɜɢ ɦɟɧɸ. ɉɨɫɚɞɨɜɿ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɢ ɲɟɮ-ɤɭɯɚɪɚ ɫɬɨɫɭɸɬɶɫɹ: — ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɢɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɨɦ ɤɭɯɧɿ; — ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ ɬɪɭɞɨɜɨʀ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɿɧɢ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ ɤɭɯɧɿ; — ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ ɡɚ ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɢɦ ɫɬɚɧɨɦ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɱɨɝɨ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ; — ɩɟɪɿɨɞɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ ɜɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ ɪɨɛɨɱɨɝɨ ɞɧɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɭ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ʀɠɿ, ɞɟɝɭɫɬɚɰɿɹ ɹɤɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲɨʀ ɤɿɥɶɤɨɫɬɿ ɫɬɪɚɜ ɧɚ ɫɦɚɤ, ɤɨɧɫɢɫɬɟɧɰɿɸ, ɡɚɩɚɯ ɿ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɭ ɹɤɿɫɬɶ; — ɫɤɥɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɡɚɬɜɟɪɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɝɪɚɮɿɤɚ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɫɟɤɰɿɣ ɤɭɯɧɿ; — ɪɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ ɞɨɯɨɞɿɜ ɤɭɯɧɿ; — ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɛɿɡɧɟɫ-ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɭ ɧɚ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɧɢɣ ɞɟɧɶ, ɬɢɠɞɟɧɶ, ɦɿɫɹɰɶ; — ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ ɝɨɬɨɜɧɨɫɬɿ ɩɿɞɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɜɚɧɨʀ ɥɚɧɤɢ ɳɨɞɨ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɦɚɫɨɜɢɯ ɡɚɯɨɞɿɜ; — ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ ɱɢɫɬɨɬɢ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɱɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ. ɋɟɪɟɞ ɬɢɩɨɜɢɯ ɩɨɧɹɬɶ ɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɿ ɞɨɯɨɞɚɦɢ ɤɭɯɧɿ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ: ɦɚɪɠɚ ɩɪɢɛɭɬɤɭ, ɜɚɪɬɿɫɬɶ ɩɪɚɰɿ, ɤɨɟɮɿɰɿɽɧɬ ɪɟɧɬɚɛɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ. Ɇɚɪɠɚ ɩɪɢɛɭɬɤɭ — ɰɟ ɪɿɡɧɢɰɹ ɦɿɠ ɫɨɛɿɜɚɪɬɿɫɬɸ ɿ ɩɪɨɞɚɠɧɨɸ ɜɚɪɬɿɫɬɸ ɫɬɪɚɜɢ. ɇɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɫɨɛɿɜɚɪɬɿɫɬɶ ɡɚɩɟɱɟɧɨʀ ɤɭɪɤɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ 14,45 ɝɪɧ., ɚ ɩɪɨɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɡɚ 32,70 ɝɪɧ., ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨ ɦɚɪɠɚ ɩɪɢɛɭɬɤɭ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ 18,25 ɝɪɧ. ȼɚɪɬɿɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɛɭɬɤɭ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɥɸɞɢɧɨ-ɝɨɞɢɧɚɯ ɧɚ ɨɞɢɧ ɤɭɜɟɪɬ (ɫɬɨɥɨɜɢɣ ɩɪɢɛɨɪ). ɇɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɞɥɹ ɩɿɞɫɨɛɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɛɿɬɧɢɤɚ, ɹɤɢɣ ɦɢɽ ɩɨɫɭɞ ɧɚ 37,1 ɤɭɜɟɪɬɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɛɿɥɶɲɟ ɨɞɧɭ ɥɸɞɢɧɨ-ɝɨɞɢɧɭ [86, ɫ. 167]. Ʉɨɟɮɿɰɿɽɧɬ ɪɟɧɬɚɛɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɜɢɪɚɠɚɽ 322
ɞɨɯɿɞ ɤɭɯɧɿ, ɿ ɨɛɪɚɯɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɞɿɥɟɧɧɹɦ ɫɨɛɿɜɚɪɬɨɫɬɿ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɜ ɧɚ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɪɟɚɥɿɡɨɜɚɧɢɯ. ɇɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɩɨɪɰɿɹ ɫɭɩɭ ɫɨɛɿɜɚɪɬɿɫɬɸ 5 ɝɪɧ. ɛɭɥɚ ɩɪɨɞɚɧɚ ɡɚ 15 ɝɪɧ., ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨ ɤɨɟɮɿɰɿɽɧɬ ɪɟɧɬɚɛɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ — 33%. ɍ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɿɡ ɡɧɚɱɧɨɸ ɦɿɫɬɤɿɫɬɸ ɝɚɫɬɪɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ, ɳɨ ɜɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɦɚɫɨɜɢɯ ɡɚɯɨɞɿɜ, ɤɨɟɮɿɰɿɽɧɬ ɪɟɧɬɚɛɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɞɟɳɨ ɡɧɢɠɭɜɚɬɢ. Ɏɭɧɤɰɿʀ ɡɚɫɬɭɩɧɢɤɚ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɚ (ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɚ) ɡ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɰɬɜɚ ɿ ɩɨɫɬɚɱɚɧɧɹ. Ɂɚɫɬɭɩɧɢɤ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɚ ɡ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɰɬɜɚ ɿ ɩɨɫɬɚɱɚɧɧɹ ɝɚɫɬɪɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɨʀ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɜɢɤɨɧɭɽ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɭ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɬɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɿ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɱɢɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɨɦ ɭ ɫɥɭɠɛɿ. ɐɹ ɩɨɫɚɞɚ ɬɢɩɨɜɚ ɞɥɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɿɡ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɨɦ ɦɿɫɬɤɿɫɬɸ ɩɨɧɚɞ 100 ɨɫɿɛ. ɍ ɦɚɥɢɯ ɬɚ ɫɟɪɟɞɧɿɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɿʀ ɡɚɫɬɭɩɧɢɤɚ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɚ ɡ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɰɬɜɚ ɿ ɩɨɫɬɚɱɚɧɧɹ ɜɢɤɨɧɭɽ ɲɟɮ-ɩɨɜɚɪ. Ɇɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɭ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɰɬɜɚ ɿ ɩɨɫɬɚɱɚɧɧɹ ɩɿɞɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɜɟɫɶ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɱɢɯ ɰɟɯɿɜ ɿ ɩɿɞɫɨɛɧɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ (ɪɢɫ. 7.1). Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɿ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɿ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɢ ɡɚɫɬɭɩɧɢɤɚ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɚ ɫɬɨɫɭɸɬɶɫɹ: — ɡɞɚɬɧɨɫɬɿ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɭɜɚɬɢ ɪɨɛɨɬɭ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ, ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɬɢ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɱɢɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɨɦ; — ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ ɫɜɨɽɱɚɫɧɨɝɨ, ɛɟɡɩɟɪɟɛɿɣɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɬɚɱɚɧɧɹ ɯɚɪɱɨɜɢɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɿɜ ɬɚ ɧɚɩɿɜɮɚɛɪɢɤɚɬɿɜ ɧɚɥɟɠɧɨʀ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ; — ɩɿɞɬɪɢɦɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɫɬɿɣɧɨɝɨ ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɭ ɡ ɩɨɫɬɚɱɚɥɶɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɯɚɪɱɨɜɢɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɿɜ ɬɚ ɧɚɩɿɜɮɚɛɪɢɤɚɬɿɜ, ɜɢɬɪɚɬɧɢɯ ɯɿɦɿɱɧɢɯ ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ ɬɚ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ; — ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɧɭ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɱɢɯ ɰɟɯɚɯ ɬɚ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹɯ ɿɡ ɡɛɟɪɿɝɚɧɧɹ ɫɢɪɨɜɢɧɢ; — ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɱɢɯ ɰɟɯɿɜ ɡ ɭɪɚɯɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ ɧɨɪɦ ɿ ɩɪɚɜɢɥ ɛɟɡɩɟɤɢ, ɞɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɪɦ ɫɚɧɿɬɚɪɧɨʀ ɝɿɝɿɽɧɢ; — ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ ɬɿɫɧɨʀ ɫɩɿɜɩɪɚɰɿ ɡ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɨɦ ɡ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɭɜɚɬɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɰɬɜɚ ɡ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɨɦ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ; — ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɫɬɿɣɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɧɿɬɨɪɢɧɝɭ ɩɨɩɢɬɭ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ, ɜɞɨɫɤɨɧɚɥɸɜɚɬɢ ɫɦɚɤɨɜɿ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ, ɤɨɧɫɢɫɬɟɧɰɿɸ ɿ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɭ ɹɤɿɫɬɶ, ɚɫɨɪɬɢɦɟɧɬ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɿʀ. ɍ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɬɚ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɚɯ ɜɢɳɨʀ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɪɨɡɪɨɛɢɬɢ ɮɿɪɦɨɜɿ ɫɬɪɚɜɢ ɬɚ ɧɚɩɨʀ; — ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɦɚɪɤɟɬɢɧɝɨɜɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɿɡɭ ɩɨɩɢɬɭ ɧɚ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɬɪɢɜɚɥɢɣ (ɞɨɛɭ, ɬɢɠɞɟɧɶ) ɿ ɞɨɜɝɨɬɪɢɜɚɥɢɣ (ɦɿɫɹɰɶ, ɪɿɤ) ɩɟɪɿɨɞ; 323
— ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ ɡɚ ɪɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɦ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹɦ ɿ ɞɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹɦ ɧɨɪɦ ɛɟɡɩɟɤɢ ɫɢɪɨɜɢɧɢ; — ɳɨɞɟɧɧɨ ɤɨɪɢɝɭɜɚɬɢ ɦɟɧɸ ɡ ɭɪɚɯɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ ɧɚɹɜɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɿɜ ɿ ɚɫɨɪɬɢɦɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɦɿɧɿɦɭɦɭ; — ɡɞɿɣɫɧɟɧɧɹ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɱɨʀ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɿɧɢ, ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɜɚɬɢ ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɿɸ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ. Ɂɚɫɬɭɩɧɢɤ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɚ ɡ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɰɬɜɚ ɿ ɩɨɫɬɚɱɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɚɰɸɽ ɜɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ 6 ɞɧɿɜ, ɪɨɛɨɱɢɣ ɞɟɧɶ ɬɪɢɜɚɽ ɡ 7.00 ɞɨ 18.00. Ɋɟɠɢɦ ɣɨɝɨ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɧɟɧɨɪɦɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɱɚɫɬɨ ɜɢɧɢɤɚɽ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɿɫɬɶ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɜɢɯɨɞɭ ɧɚ ɪɨɛɨɬɭ ɩɿɞ ɱɚɫ ɦɚɫɨɜɢɯ ɡɚɯɨɞɿɜ ɭ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɿ. Ɏɭɧɤɰɿʀ ɡɚɫɬɭɩɧɢɤɚ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɚ ɡ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ. Ɂɚɫɬɭɩɧɢɤ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɚ ɡ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɨɜɭɽ ɿ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɪɨɛɨɬɨɸ ɭ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɨɦɭ ɡɚɥɿ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɭ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɹ ɤɟɪɿɜɧɢɤɚ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɭ ɩɨɥɹɝɚɽ ɭ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɿ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ, ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɝɚɫɬɪɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹ ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɤɭ ɡ ɪɨɡɜɚɝɚɦɢ, ɡɚɬɢɲɤɭ ɿ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɭ, ɛɟɡɩɟɤɢ ɩɟɪɟɛɭɜɚɧɧɹ. ɉɨɫɚɞɚ ɡɚɫɬɭɩɧɢɤɚ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɚ ɡ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɿɯ ɫɟɪɟɞɧɿɯ ɿ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɡ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɚɦɢ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ. Ɏɭɧɤɰɿʀ ɡɚɫɬɭɩɧɢɤɚ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɚ ɡ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɫɬɨɫɭɸɬɶɫɹ: — ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ ɜɢɫɨɤɨʀ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ; — ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ ɡɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɦ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɨ-ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɸɱɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ; — ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ ɡɚ ɞɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹɦ ɜɢɦɨɝ ɳɨɞɨ ɫɟɪɜɿɪɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɫɬɨɥɿɜ; — ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɨɮɿɰɿɚɧɬɿɜ, ɛɚɪɦɟɧɿɜ, ɩɪɢɛɢɪɚɥɶɧɢɰɶ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ, ɦɢɣɧɢɤɿɜ ɩɨɫɭɞɭ, ɲɜɟɣɰɚɪɿɜ, ɦɭɡɢɤɚɧɬɿɜ ɿ ɚɪɬɢɫɬɿɜ; — ɫɤɥɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɦɟɧɸ ɿ ɭɡɝɨɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɣɨɝɨ ɡ ɤɭɯɧɟɸ; — ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ ɡɚ ɞɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹɦ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɨɦ ɜɢɦɨɝ ɳɨɞɨ ɨɯɚɣɧɨɫɬɿ ɿ ɩɪɚɜɢɥ ɨɫɨɛɢɫɬɨʀ ɝɿɝɿɽɧɢ, ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɹ ɜɢɜɱɟɧɧɹ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɨɦ ɩɪɚɜɢɥ ɩɨɜɟɞɿɧɤɢ ɬɚ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ ɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɢɯ ɭ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ; — ɨɛɥɿɤ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɶ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɢɯ ɫɜɹɬɤɭɜɚɧɶ, ɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɧɢɯ ɜɟɱɨɪɿɜ, ɛɚɧɤɟɬɿɜ ɬɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɹ ɩɿɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɞɨ ʀɯɧɶɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ; — ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ ɡɚ ɜɟɞɟɧɧɹɦ ɨɮɿɰɿɚɧɬɚɦɢ ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿʀ ɪɚɯɭɧɤɿɜ ɿ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɭɧɤɭ ɡ ɝɨɫɬɹɦɢ; 324
— ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ ɜɧɟɫɟɧɧɹ ɭ ɤɚɫɭ ɨɮɿɰɿɚɧɬɚɦɢ ɚɜɚɧɫɨɜɢɯ ɫɭɦ ɿ ɜɢɪɭɱɤɢ ɡɚ ɞɟɧɶ; — ɜɢɪɿɲɟɧɧɹ ɤɨɧɮɥɿɤɬɧɢɯ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɿɣ ɦɿɠ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚɦɢ ɿ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɸɱɢɦ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɨɦ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɭ; — ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɹ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɚɯ, ɦɿɧɿ-ɛɚɪɚɯ, ɤɨɤɬɟɣɥɶ-ɛɚɪɚɯ. Ɂɚɫɬɭɩɧɢɤ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɚ ɡ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɭ ɱɚɫɬɢɧɭ ɪɨɛɨɱɨɝɨ ɱɚɫɭ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɟɪɟɛɭɜɚɬɢ ɭ ɡɚɥɿ, ɜɿɧ ɡɭɫɬɪɿɱɚɽ ɿ ɫɩɿɥɤɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɝɨɫɬɹɦɢ. ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸɽ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɱɢɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɨɦ, ɧɚɜɱɚɽ ɬɚ ɿɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɽ ɣɨɝɨ. Ɏɭɧɤɰɿʀ ɡɚɫɬɭɩɧɢɤɚ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɚ ɫɬɨɫɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɫɬɿɣɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɪɤɟɬɢɧɝɨɜɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɿɡɭ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɢɯ ɡɚɥɿɜ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɭ. Ɇɚɪɤɟɬɢɧɝɨɜɿ ɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬɶ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɭɜɚɬɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɢɣ ɨɛɫɹɝ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ʀɠɿ ɿ ɧɚɩɨʀɜ, ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɜɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ ɩɟɜɧɨɝɨ ɱɚɫɭ, ɡɨɤɪɟɦɚ ɧɚ ɬɪɢɜɚɥɢɣ ɩɟɪɿɨɞ. ɋɟɪɟɞɧɸ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ, ɹɤɿ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɚɦɢ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɧɚɡɢɜɚɸɬɶ ɪɿɜɧɟɦ ɨɯɨɩɥɟɧɧɹ ɿ ɽ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɦ ɩɨɤɚɡɧɢɤɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ. Ɂ ɦɟɬɨɸ ɡɛɿɥɶɲɟɧɧɹ ɤɿɥɶɤɨɫɬɿ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɭ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ, ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɜɚɬɢ ɪɿɡɧɿ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɿ ɦɟɬɨɞɢ — ɰɿɧɨɜɿ ɡɧɢɠɤɢ, ɪɨɡɿɝɪɚɲ ɩɪɢɡɿɜ, ɧɚɞɚɜɚɬɢ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚɦ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɧɿ ɤɭɩɨɧɢ ɧɚ ɩɟɜɧɭ ɫɭɦɭ ɬɚ ɿɧ. ɇɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ «Royal Sonesta» ɭ ɇɨɜɨɦɭ Ɉɪɥɟɚɧɿ, ɤɨɠɟɧ ɤɥɿɽɧɬ ɨɬɪɢɦɭɽ ɤɭɩɨɧ ɧɚ ɫɭɦɭ 5 ɞɨɥɚɪɿɜ. ȱɧɲɚ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɿɹ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ «Plaza Athenec» (ɇɶɸ-Ƀɨɪɤ) — ɩɟɪɟɞ ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɧɹɦ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬɶ ɟɤɫɤɭɪɫɿʀ ɭ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ, ɞɟ ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɭɸɬɶ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ ɣɨɝɨ ɤɭɯɧɿ. ɍ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ «Sheraton Hotel and Towers» (Ȼɨɫɬɨɧ) ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧ ɭ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɸɥɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɨɜɭɽ ɞɟɝɭɫɬɚɰɿɸ ɮɿɪɦɨɜɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɜ. Ɂɚɜɞɹɤɢ ɨɪɢɝɿɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɩɿɞɯɨɞɿɜ ɞɨ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɛɿɥɶɲɨɫɬɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɝɨɫɬɿ ɨɛɢɪɚɸɬɶ ɫɚɦɟ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɢ ɜɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ. ɉɪɨɮɟɫɿɣɧɨ-ɤɜɚɥɿɮɿɤɚɰɿɣɧɿ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɢ ɡɚɫɬɭɩɧɢɤɚ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɚ ɡ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɿ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɿ ɡ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɿɫɬɸ ɡɧɚɬɢ: — ɨɫɧɨɜɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿʀ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɫɬɪɚɜ, ɜɢɦɨɝɢ ɳɨɞɨ ʀɯɧɶɨʀ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɬɚ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɧɹ; — ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɸ ɿ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚɯ ɝɚɫɬɪɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɮɿɥɸ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ; 325
— ɰɿɧɨɭɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹ ɭ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɚɯ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ; — ɿɧɨɡɟɦɧɿ ɦɨɜɢ ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɩɿɥɤɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ; — ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ ɬɟɯɧɿɤɢ ɛɟɡɩɟɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɿ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ ɜ ɦɟɠɚɯ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ. Ɇɟɬɪɞɨɬɟɥɶ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɭɽ ɪɨɛɨɬɭ ɭ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɿɣ ɱɚɫɬɢɧɿ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɭ. ȼɿɧ ɭɩɨɜɧɨɜɚɠɟɧɢɣ ɜɬɪɭɱɚɬɢɫɶ ɭ ɪɨɛɨɬɭ ɤɭɯɧɿ ɭ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ ɧɟɞɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɹɤɿɫɧɢɯ ɿ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɧɢɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɫɬɪɚɜ ɬɚ ɧɚɩɨʀɜ, ɽ ɡɚɫɬɭɩɧɢɤɨɦ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɚ ɡ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɜ ɩɟɪɿɨɞ ɣɨɝɨ ɜɿɞɫɭɬɧɨɫɬɿ. ɍ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɧɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚɯ ɡɧɚɱɧɢɯ ɪɨɡɦɿɪɿɜ ɦɨɠɟ ɩɪɚɰɸɜɚɬɢ 2 — 3 ɦɟɬɪɞɨɬɟɥɿ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɿ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɢ ɦɟɬɪɞɨɬɟɥɹ ɫɬɨɫɭɸɬɶɫɹ: — ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɡɨɧɢ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɨɮɿɰɿɚɧɬɚ ɭ ɡɚɥɿ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɭ; — ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɚ ɞɨɛɭ, ɬɢɠɞɟɧɶ ɨɛɫɹɝ ɤɭɯɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɰɬɜɚ; — ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ ɡɚ ɩɟɪɟɛɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ ɨɮɿɰɿɚɧɬɿɜ ɧɚ ɪɨɛɨɱɨɦɭ ɦɿɫɰɿ; — ɡɚɤɪɿɩɥɟɧɧɹ ɡɚ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɦɢ ɨɮɿɰɿɚɧɬɚɦɢ ɫɬɚɠɟɪɿɜ; — ɬɟɪɦɿɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɜɬɪɭɱɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɪɨɛɨɬɭ ɨɮɿɰɿɚɧɬɿɜ ɭ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ ɩɨɪɭɲɟɧɶ ɧɢɦɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿʀ ɿ ɬɪɭɞɨɜɨʀ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɿɧɢ; — ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ ɡɚ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹɦ ɨɪɤɟɫɬɪɨɦ ɬɚ ɚɪɬɢɫɬɚɦɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɢ ɜɢɫɬɭɩɭ; — ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɡɚɯɨɞɿɜ ɡ ɩɿɞɜɢɳɟɧɧɹ ɦɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɿ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɣɧɨɝɨ ɪɿɜɧɹ ɩɿɞɥɟɝɥɢɯ ɩɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤɿɜ; — ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ ɡɚ ɪɚɯɭɧɤɚɦɢ ɨɮɿɰɿɚɧɬɿɜ; — ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ ɡɚ ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɢɦ ɫɬɚɧɨɦ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ, ɭɫɭɧɟɧɧɹ ɧɟɞɨɥɿɤɿɜ ɭ ɪɨɛɨɬɿ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɿ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɿ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ; — ɫɤɥɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɦɟɧɸ ɿ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɚ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɧɚ ɤɭɯɧɸ; — ɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɚ ɫɟɪɜɿɡɿɜ ɿ ɫɬɨɥɨɜɢɯ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɿɜ, ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɢɯ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɿɜ ɿ ɛɚɧɤɟɬɿɜ, ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɡɚ ɦɟɠɚɦɢ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɭ. ɋɬɚɪɲɢɣ ɨɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ. ɍ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ ɜɿɞɫɭɬɧɨɫɬɿ ɦɟɬɪɞɨɬɟɥɹ ɧɚ ɪɨɛɨɱɨɦɭ ɦɿɫɰɿ, ɣɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɢ (ɨɤɪɿɦ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɣ ɡɚɫɬɭɩɧɢɤɚ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɚ ɡ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ) ɜɢɤɨɧɭɽ ɫɬɚɪɲɢɣ ɨɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ. ɋɬɚɪɲɢɣ ɨɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɭɽ ɪɨɛɨɬɭ ɞɟɤɿɥɶɤɨɯ ɨɮɿɰɿɚɧɬɿɜ, ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸɽ ɞɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɿ ɨɮɿɰɿɚɧɬɚɦɢ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɭɞɭ ɿ ɫɬɨɥɨɜɨʀ ɛɿɥɢɡɧɢ, ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɨɜɭɽ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ. 326
Ɉɤɪɿɦ ɰɶɨɝɨ, ɫɬɚɪɲɢɣ ɨɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɜɢɤɨɧɭɽ ɮɭɧɤɰɿʀ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɿɱɧɿ ɨɮɿɰɿɚɧɬɚ. ɋɟɪɟɞ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɯ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɿɜ ɨɮɿɰɿɚɧɬɚ ɜɢɞɿɥɹɸɬɶɫɹ: — ɩɿɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɚ ɡɨɧɢ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɿ ɞɨ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨ ɡ ɞɿɸɱɢɦɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɦɢ ɿ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɜɤɚɡɿɜɤɚɦɢ ɦɟɬɪɞɨɬɟɥɹ; — ɪɟɬɟɥɶɧɟ ɨɡɧɚɣɨɦɥɟɧɧɹ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɩɨɱɚɬɤɨɦ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɡ ɦɟɧɸ ɫɬɪɚɜ ɿ ɧɚɩɨʀɜ; — ɩɪɢɜɿɬɚɧɧɹ ɡ ɤɨɠɧɢɦ ɝɨɫɬɟɦ, ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɣɨɦɭ ɦɟɧɸ ɿ ɞɨɩɨɦɨɝɭ ɭ ɜɢɛɨɪɿ ɫɬɪɚɜ ɿ ɡɚɤɭɫɨɤ; — ɡɚɩɨɜɧɟɧɧɹ ɱɟɤɚ ɿ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɚ ɣɨɝɨ ɭ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɱɢɣ ɜɿɞɞɿɥ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɚɥɿɡɚɰɿʀ; — ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɟ ɫɟɪɜɿɪɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɫɬɨɥɭ ɜ ɩɟɪɿɨɞ ɨɱɿɤɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɜ ɿ ɧɚɩɨʀɜ; — ɲɜɢɞɤɟ ɿ ɱɿɬɤɟ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ; — ɩɨɫɬɿɣɧɚ ɬɭɪɛɨɬɚ ɩɪɨ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɿ ɩɪɢɛɢɪɚɧɧɹ ɡɚɣɜɨɝɨ ɫɟɪɜɿɪɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɩɨɞɚɱɚ ɩɪɢɩɪɚɜ ɿ ɧɚɩɨʀɜ, ɩɪɢɣɨɦ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɶ; — ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɚ ɦɟɬɪɞɨɬɟɥɸ ɚɛɨ ɧɿɱɧɨɦɭ ɚɭɞɢɬɨɪɭ ɜɫɿɽʀ ɜɢɪɭɱɤɢ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɡ ɫɭɦɨɸ ɪɚɯɭɧɤɿɜ; — ɿɧɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɩɪɨ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ, ɳɨ ɧɚɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɟɦ; — ɿɧɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɦɟɬɪɞɨɬɟɥɹ ɩɪɨ ɡɚɭɜɚɠɟɧɧɹ ɿ ɩɨɛɚɠɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɳɨɞɨ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɭ; — ɞɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɫɚɧɿɬɚɪɧɢɯ ɩɪɚɜɢɥ ɿ ɨɫɨɛɢɫɬɨʀ ɝɿɝɿɽɧɢ. ɋɬɚɪɲɢɣ ɨɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ (ɨɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ) ɧɟɫɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɶɧɭ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ ɡɚ ɞɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɧɹ ɱɟɤɚ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɜɢɦɨɝ ɡɚ ɧɚɞɚɧɿ ɝɨɫɬɹɦ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɬɚ ɡɚ ɞɨɪɭɱɟɧɟ ɣɨɦɭ ɦɚɣɧɨ. Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɜɢɤɨɧɭɜɚɬɢ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɢ ɭ ɮɨɪɦɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɨɞɹɡɿ ɿ ɧɨɫɢɬɢ ɿɞɟɧɬɢɮɿɤɚɬɨɪ ɿɡ ɡɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹɦ ɥɨɝɨɬɢɩɚ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɬɚ ɿɦɟɧɿ ɨɮɿɰɿɚɧɬɚ. Ɉɞɹɝ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɭ ɛɟɡɞɨɝɚɧɧɨɦɭ ɫɬɚɧɿ — ɱɢɫɬɢɦ, ɩɨɩɪɚɫɨɜɚɧɢɦ, ɛɟɡ ɩɨɲɤɨɞɠɟɧɶ. ɍ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɢɯ ɡɚɥɚɯ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɭ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɿɧɞɢɜɿɞɭɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɩɪɢ ɹɤɨɦɭ ɜɫɿ ɮɭɧɤɰɿʀ ɜɿɞ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɞɨ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɭɧɤɭ ɡ ɜɿɞɜɿɞɭɜɚɱɚɦɢ ɜɢɤɨɧɭɽ ɨɞɢɧ ɨɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ. Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɨɞɧɨɱɚɫɧɨ ɦɨɠɟ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɬɢ 3–4 ɫɬɨɥɢ. Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬɢ ɩɪɚɰɸɸɬɶ ɡɚ ɞɜɨɫɬɭɩɟɧɟɜɢɦ ɞɜɨɡɦɿɧɧɢɦ ɝɪɚɮɿɤɨɦ, ɹɤɢɣ ɞɨɡɜɨɥɹɽ ɭ ɩɟɪɿɨɞ ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɧɚɩɥɢɜɭ ɜɿɞɜɿɞɭɜɚɱɿɜ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɢɬɢ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɛɿɥɶɲɨɸ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɸ ɨɮɿɰɿɚɧɬɿɜ. Ɋɨɛɨɱɢɣ ɞɟɧɶ ɨɮɿɰɿɚɧɬɚ ɩɨɱɢɧɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɪɨɡɫɬɚɜɥɹɧɧɹ ɫɬɨɥɿɜ ɭ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɨɦɭ ɡɚɥɿ. ɉɿɫɥɹ ɪɨɡɫɬɚɜɥɹɧɧɹ ɫɬɨɥɿɜ ɭ ɩɟɜɧɨɦɭ ɩɨ327
ɪɹɞɤɭ, ɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɨɦɭ ɭ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɿ, ɚɛɨ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ, ɨɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɨɬɪɢɦɭɽ ɫɬɨɥɨɜɭ ɛɿɥɢɡɧɭ, ɩɨɫɭɞ, ɩɪɢɛɨɪɢ. ɉɟɪɟɞ ɫɟɪɜɿɪɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ ɫɬɨɥɿɜ ɨɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɿɞɝɨɬɭɜɚɬɢ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɢ ɫɟɪɜɿɪɨɜɤɢ. ɍ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɿ ɞɥɹ ɡɛɟɪɿɝɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɫɭɞɭ ɜɿɧ ɩɪɨɬɢɪɚɽ ɩɨɫɭɞ, ɩɪɢɛɨɪɢ, ɫɤɥɨ, ɩɿɫɥɹ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɧɚɤɪɢɜɚɽ ɫɬɨɥɢ ɫɤɚɬɟɪɬɢɧɨɸ. Ɂɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɹ ɩɿɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɞɨ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɞɧɶɨɸ ɫɟɪɜɿɪɨɜɤɨɸ ɫɬɨɥɿɜ. ɉɨɫɚɞɚ ɨɮɿɰɿɚɧɬɚ ɭ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɨɦɭ ɡɚɥɿ ɝɚɫɬɪɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ ɽ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɸ ɭ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɿ ɛɟɡɩɨɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨɝɨ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ. ȼɿɞ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɢ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ, ɱɿɬɤɨɫɬɿ ɿ ɲɜɢɞɤɨɫɬɿ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɣ, ɬɨɥɟɪɚɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɞɨ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɧɿɣ ɦɿɪɿ ɡɚɥɟɠɢɬɶ ɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɚɛɟɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ ɬɚ ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɿɫɬɶ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɝɚɫɬɪɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɭ. Ȼɚɪɦɟɧ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɬɚ ɧɟɫɟ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ ɡɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɛɚɪɭ. ȼɿɧ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɢɬɢ ɩɨɫɬɚɱɚɧɧɹ ɜ ɛɚɪ ɜɢɬɪɚɬɧɢɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɿɜ ɭ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɿɣ ɤɿɥɶɤɨɫɬɿ ɿ ɚɫɨɪɬɢɦɟɧɬɿ, ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɢɬɢ ɧɚɥɟɠɧɟ ʀɯɧɽ ɡɛɟɪɿɝɚɧɧɹ. Ȼɚɪɦɟɧ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɡɚ ɞɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɛɚɪɿ ɿ ɣɨɝɨ ɩɿɞɫɨɛɧɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹɯ ɱɢɫɬɨɬɢ, ɟɫɬɟɬɢɱɧɨ ɩɪɢɜɚɛɥɢɜɨɝɨ ɜɢɝɥɹɞɭ, ɧɚɥɟɠɧɨɝɨ ɜɿɡɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɬɹ ɬɨɜɚɪɿɜ ɬɚ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɨ ɞɨɰɿɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɿɜɧɹ ɰɿɧ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɿ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɢ ɛɚɪɦɟɧɚ ɫɬɨɫɭɸɬɶɫɹ: — ɫɤɥɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɡɚɹɜɨɤ ɧɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɭ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɡɚɤɭɫɨɤ, ɧɚɩɨʀɜ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɬɨɜɚɪɿɜ; — ɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɜɢɬɪɚɬɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɿɜ ɿ ɬɨɜɚɪɿɜ ɡ ɤɭɯɧɿ ɿ ɫɤɥɚɞɚ; — ɩɪɢɝɨɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɤɨɤɬɟɣɥɿɜ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɡɦɿɲɭɜɚɧɢɯ ɧɚɩɨʀɜ, ɫɚɥɚɬɿɜ, ɞɟɫɟɪɬɭ; — ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɭɧɤɭ ɡ ɨɮɿɰɿɚɧɬɨɦ, ɤɭɯɧɟɸ ɿ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɦɢ; — ɫɤɥɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɪɚɩɨɪɬɿɜ, ɡɜɿɬɿɜ, ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɡ ɞɿɸɱɢɦɢ ɧɚ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɿ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚɦɢ. Ɋɨɛɨɱɟ ɦɿɫɰɟ ɛɚɪɦɟɧɚ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɨ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɫɬɨɥɨɜɨɸ ɛɿɥɢɡɧɨɸ, ɩɨɫɭɞɨɦ, ɿɧɜɟɧɬɚɪɟɦ. Ʌɿɜɨɪɭɱ ɪɨɛɨɱɨɝɨ ɦɿɫɰɹ ɛɚɪɦɟɧɚ, ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɡɜɢɱɧɨʀ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿʀ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɭɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɩɿɞɧɨɫ ɩɨɤɪɢɬɢɣ ɥɥɹɧɢɦɢ ɫɟɪɜɟɬɤɚɦɢ ɚɛɨ ɪɭɲɧɢɤɨɦ ɡ ɩɿɞɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɦ ɩɨɫɭɞɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɚɱɿ ɤɨɤɬɟɣɥɿɜ, ɦɿɪɧɢɣ ɩɨɫɭɞ, ɳɢɩɰɿ, ɲɬɨɩɨɪ, ɫɟɣɧɟɪ, ɪɭɲɧɢɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɬɢɪɚɧɧɹ ɫɬɿɣɤɢ. Ɂ ɩɪɚɜɨɝɨ ɛɨɤɭ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɚɩɨʀ, ɫɢɪɨɩɢ, ɫɨɤɢ, ɝɚɪɧɿɪɢ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɤɬɟɣɥɿɜ. 328
ɉɪɢɝɨɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɤɨɤɬɟɣɥɿɜ, ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɣɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɿɜ, ɝɚɪɧɿɪɭ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽ ɨɫɨɛɢɫɬɨ ɛɚɪɦɟɧ. Ȼɚɪɦɟɧ ɝɨɬɭɽ ɤɚɜɨɜɿ, ɱɚɣɨɜɿ, ɰɢɬɪɭɫɨɜɿ ɫɢɪɨɩɢ, ɨɤɪɟɦɿ ɜɢɞɢ ɫɨɤɿɜ (ɚɩɟɥɶɫɢɧɨɜɢɣ, ɥɢɦɨɧɧɢɣ), ɡ ɝɚɪɧɿɪɿɜ — ɜɢɲɧɹ ɜ ɫɢɪɨɩɿ, ɥɢɦɨɧɧɿ ɚɛɨ ɚɩɟɥɶɫɢɧɨɜɿ ɩɿɞɜɿɫɤɢ, ɮɪɭɤɬɢ ɧɚ ɲɩɚɠɤɚɯ, ɳɨ ɧɚɞɚɸɬɶ ɟɫɬɟɬɢɱɧɨ ɩɪɢɜɚɛɥɢɜɨɝɨ ɜɢɝɥɹɞɭ ɧɚɩɨɹɦ, ɹɤ ɡɚɤɭɫɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɩɨʀɜ, ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɨʀ ɣɨɝɨ ɚɪɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɿʀ. ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬɢ ɫɤɥɚɞɧɿɲɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ — ɛɭɬɟɪɛɪɨɞɢ, ɤɨɧɞɢɬɟɪɫɶɤɿ ɜɢɪɨɛɢ, ɫɚɥɚɬɢ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɿ, ɛɚɪɦɟɧ ɨɬɪɢɦɭɽ ɡ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɭ ɚɛɨ ɤɚɮɟ. 7.4. Ɉɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɹ ɣ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɹ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɡ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɚɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɇɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɡ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɚɯ — ɜɚɠɥɢɜɢɣ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬ ɝɚɫɬɪɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɛɿɥɶɲɨɫɬɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ, ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɜɢɫɨɤɨʀ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ — ɧɟɜɿɞ’ɽɦɧɚ ɨɡɧɚɤɚ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ, ɩɪɟɫɬɢɠɭ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɭ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ. Ɂɝɿɞɧɨ ɦɨɧɿɬɨɪɢɧɝɭ ɫɟɪɟɞ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɶɤɨʀ ɚɫɨɰɿɚɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɿ ɦɨɬɟɥɿɜ, ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɽ 56 % ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ ɰɿɽʀ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɿ 75 % ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɩɪɢ ɚɟɪɨɩɨɪɬɚɯ [86, ɫ. 183]. ɍ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɡɧɚɱɧɢɯ ɪɨɡɦɿɪɿɜ ɿ ɜɢɫɨɤɨʀ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɦɚɣɠɟ ɡɚɜɠɞɢ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ. Ƚɨɬɟɥɿ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɭ, ɡɧɚɱɧɚ ɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɩɨɦɿɪɧɨ ɞɨɪɨɝɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ, ɭɧɢɤɚɸɬɶ ɡɚɣɜɢɯ ɡɚɬɪɚɬ ɧɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɸ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ, ɬɭɬ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɚɯ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɿ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɿ ɚɩɚɪɚɬɢ ɚɛɨ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɞɨɫɬɚɜɤɚ ɧɚ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɝɨɬɨɜɢɯ ɤɭɥɿɧɚɪɧɢɯ ɜɢɪɨɛɿɜ (ɩɿɰɰɚ, ɝɚɦɛɭɪɝɟɪɢ, ɫɬɪɚɜɢ ɤɢɬɚɣɫɶɤɨʀ ɤɭɯɧɿ) ɡ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɿɜ, ɳɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɸɬɶ ɨɤɪɟɦɨ ɜɿɞ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ. Ɉɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɹ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɚɯ ɡɭɦɨɜɥɸɽ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɿɫɬɶ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨʀ ɩɿɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ, ɨɜɨɥɨɞɿɧɧɹ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚɦɢ ɩɨɜɟɞɿɧɤɢ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɿ, ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɽɸ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɨɤɪɿɦ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɡɧɚɧɶ ɫɟɪɜɿɪɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɫɬɨɥɭ, ɩɨɫɥɿɞɨɜɧɨɫɬɿ ɩɨɞɚɱɿ ɫɬɪɚɜ ɬɚ ɿɧ. Ɉɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ, ɳɨ ɧɚɞɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɩɨ ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧɭ ɞɨ ɦɟɬɪɞɨɬɟɥɹ, ɩɨɤɨʀɜɨɤ, ɹɤɿ ɩɿɞɬɪɢɦɭɸɬɶ ɩɨɫɬɿɣɧɢɣ ɡɜ’ɹɡɨɤ ɡ ɦɟɬɪɞɨɬɟɥɟɦ. ɍ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɦɨɠɟ ɨɬɪɢɦɭɜɚɬɢ ɱɟɪɝɨɜɢɣ ɚɛɨ ɫɬɚɪɲɢɣ ɨɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ. 329
Ɉɫɨɛɚ, ɹɤɚ ɨɬɪɢɦɭɽ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɧɚ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɨ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɜɪɚɯɨɜɭɜɚɬɢ ɿ ɡɚɮɿɤɫɭɜɚɬɢ ɬɚɤɭ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɸ: — ɧɨɦɟɪ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɢ, ɭ ɹɤɭ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɩɨɞɚɬɢ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ; — ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ; — ɞɟɬɚɥɶɧɟ ɧɚɣɦɟɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɜ, ɡɚɤɭɫɨɤ, ɧɚɩɨʀɜ; — ɱɚɫ ɩɨɞɚɱɿ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ. ɉɿɫɥɹ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɦɟɬɪɞɨɬɟɥɶ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɽ ɣɨɝɨ ɛɟɡɩɨɫɟɪɟɞɧɿɦ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɜɰɹɦ — ɨɮɿɰɿɚɧɬɭ, ɲɟɮ-ɤɭɯɚɪɭ. ȼ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɚɯ ɝɨɫɬɿ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɩɨɩɪɨɫɢɬɢ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɭ ɩɪɢɣɬɢ ɜ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɞɥɹ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ. ɉɪɢ ɩɪɨɩɨɡɢɰɿʀ ɝɨɫɬɹɦ ɦɟɧɸ, ɨɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɧɚɞɚɬɢ ʀɦ ɞɨɩɨɦɨɝɭ ɭ ɜɢɛɨɪɿ ɫɬɪɚɜ ɿ ɧɚɩɨʀɜ, ɫɤɥɚɞɚɧɧɿ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ. ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬɢ ɬɚ ɧɚɩɨʀ ɞɥɹ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɨɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɨɬɪɢɦɭɽ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɡɚɛɿɪɧɨɝɨ ɥɢɫɬɚ ɡ ɤɭɯɧɿ ɬɚ ɛɭɮɟɬɚ. ɇɚ ɤɭɯɧɿ ɨɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɨɬɪɢɦɭɽ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɿ ɡɚɤɭɫɤɢ, ɫɤɥɚɞɧɿ ɭ ɜɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɧɿ ɫɬɪɚɜɢ, ɩɨɪɰɿɣɧɿ ɞɪɭɝɿ ɫɬɪɚɜɢ. ɉɪɢ ɞɨɫɬɚɜɰɿ ɫɬɪɚɜ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɨɫɭɞ ɡ ɤɪɢɲɤɚɦɢ ɚɛɨ ɫɬɪɚɜɢ ɧɚɤɪɢɜɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɥɥɹɧɢɦɢ ɫɟɪɜɟɬɤɚɦɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɡɛɟɪɟɠɟɧɧɹ ɤɭɥɿɧɚɪɧɢɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ʀɠɿ — ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɢ, ɟɫɬɟɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɧɹ, ɫɬɪɚɜɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɢ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɹɤɧɚɣɲɜɢɞɲɟ. Ⱦɥɹ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɭ ɛɿɥɶɲɨɫɬɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɨɮɿɰɿɚɧɬɢ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɿ ɜɚɧɬɚɠɧɿ ɥɿɮɬɢ. ɋɟɪɜɿɪɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɿ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɛɿɞɧɶɨɦɭ ɫɬɨɥɿ, ɹɤɳɨ ɜɿɧ ɜɿɞɫɭɬɧɿɣ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɿ (ɧɚɣɱɚɫɬɿɲɟ ɬɪɚɩɥɹɽɬɶɫɹ) ɞɥɹ ɫɟɪɜɿɪɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶ ɩɢɫɶɦɨɜɢɣ ɚɛɨ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɫɬɿɥ. ɋɟɪɜɿɪɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɿɱɧɨ ɡɚɥɿ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɭ, ɩɪɨɬɟ ɡ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹɦ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɨɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɭɞɭ ɿ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɿɜ (ɦɟɬɚɥɟɜɿ ɝɥɢɛɨɤɿ ɬɚɪɿɥɤɢ ɡ ɤɪɢɲɤɚɦɢ, ɱɚɣɧɢɤɢ, ɩɨɫɭɞ ɩɿɞ ɜɟɪɲɤɢ, ɪɿɡɧɿ ɩɿɞɫɬɚɜɤɢ, ɩɪɢɛɨɪɢ ɿ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɿɞɿɝɪɿɜɭ ɿ ɩɿɞɬɪɢɦɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɢ ɝɚɪɹɱɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɜ ɿ ɧɚɩɨʀɜ ɛɟɡɩɨɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨ ɜ ɧɨɦɟɪɿ), ɩɿɞɧɨɫɢ, ɫɟɪɜɿɫɧɿ ɨɮɿɰɿɚɧɬɫɶɤɿ ɜɿɡɤɢ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɿɣ, ɥɟɝɤɿ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɧɿ ɩɨɪɬɚɬɢɜɧɿ ɫɬɨɥɢ. əɤɳɨ ɩɪɢ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɿ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶ ɨɮɿɰɿɚɧɬɫɶɤɢɣ ɜɿɡɨɤ, ɧɚ ɧɶɨɦɭ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɬɭɜɚɬɢ ɞɟɤɿɥɶɤɚ ɧɟɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɶ ɡ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɚ. ȼ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɚɯ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɞɨɬɪɢɦɭɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɪɚɜɢɥ ɿ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɭ: — ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɩɿɞɧɨɫɿ, ɨɮɿɰɿɚɧɬɫɶɤɨɦɭ ɜɿɡɤɭ ɚɛɨ ɫɬɨɥɢɤɭ. əɤɳɨ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɿɞɧɨɫ, 330
ɨɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɿɞɬɪɢɦɭɜɚɬɢ ɣɨɝɨ ɭ ɥɿɜɿɣ ɪɭɰɿ, ɩɪɚɜɚ ɪɭɤɚ ɡɚɥɢɲɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɜɿɥɶɧɨɸ ɞɥɹ ɜɿɞɤɪɢɜɚɧɧɹ ɞɜɟɪɟɣ, ɩɟɪɟɫɬɚɜɥɹɧɧɹ ɫɬɨɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɭɞɭ ɡ ɩɿɞɧɨɫɭ ɬɚ ɿɧ. ɉɪɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɿɳɟɧɧɿ ɩɨ ɤɨɪɢɞɨɪɭ ɱɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚɯ ɩɿɞɧɨɫ ɩɿɞɬɪɢɦɭɸɬɶ ɧɚ ɪɿɜɧɿ ɩɥɟɱɚ ɿ ɥɢɲɟ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɜɯɨɞɨɦ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɣɨɝɨ ɨɩɭɫɤɚɸɬɶ ɧɚ ɪɿɜɟɧɶ ɝɪɭɞɟɣ; — ɩɟɪɟɞ ɜɯɨɞɨɦ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɞɧɶɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɩɨɫɬɭɤɚɬɢ ɭ ɞɜɟɪɿ ɿ ɜɯɨɞɢɬɢ ɩɿɫɥɹ ɡɝɨɞɢ ɝɨɫɬɹ; — ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɩɪɢɜɿɬɚɬɢɫɶ ɡ ɝɨɫɬɟɦ; — ɹɤɳɨ ɝɿɫɬɶ ɛɚɠɚɽ ɫɧɿɞɚɬɢ ɭ ɥɿɠɤɭ, ɩɿɞɧɨɫ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɩɨɞɚɬɢ ɡɿ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɢ; ɹɤɳɨ ɭ ɥɿɠɤɭ ɫɧɿɞɚɽ ɞɜɿ ɨɫɨɛɢ, ɤɨɠɧɨɦɭ ɩɨɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɣ ɩɿɞɧɨɫ; — ɩɪɢ ɫɟɪɜɿɪɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɞɥɹ ɨɞɧɿɽʀ ɨɫɨɛɢ, ɜɫɿ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɢ ɪɨɡɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɿɞɧɨɫɿ ɭ ɬɚɤɨɦɭ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɭ ɹɤ ɧɚ ɫɬɨɥɿ ɭ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɿ; — ɹɤɳɨ ɝɿɫɬɶ ɛɚɠɚɽ ɫɩɨɠɢɜɚɬɢ ʀɠɭ ɡɚ ɫɬɨɥɨɦ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɿ, ɫɬɿɥ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɡɚɫɬɟɥɢɬɢ ɫɤɚɬɟɪɬɢɧɨɸ ɿ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɚɜɢɬɢ ɜɫɿ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɢ ɧɚ ɫɬɿɥ; — ɨɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɧɟ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɡɚɥɢɲɚɬɢɫɶ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɿ ɛɿɥɶɲɟ ɧɿɠ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɿɜ. Ɋɨɡɦɨɜɥɹɬɢ ɡ ɝɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɞɨɰɿɥɶɧɨ ɬɿɥɶɤɢ ɭ ɬɨɦɭ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ, ɹɤɳɨ ɝɿɫɬɶ ɿɧɿɰɿɸɽ ɪɨɡɦɨɜɭ. ɍ ɪɨɡɦɨɜɿ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɞɨɬɪɢɦɭɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɱɿɬɤɨɫɬɿ ɬɚ ɥɚɤɨɧɿɱɧɨɫɬɿ ɭ ɜɢɤɥɚɞɿ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿʀ. ɉɿɫɥɹ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ ɨɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɩɪɢɛɢɪɚɽ ɩɨɫɭɞ, ɩɪɢɛɨɪɢ, ɫɤɚɬɟɪɬɢɧɭ. ȼ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɚɯ ɫɬɨɥɨɜɢɣ ɿɧɜɟɧɬɚɪ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɯɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɦɨɠɟ ɡɚɥɢɲɚɬɢɫɶ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɿ ɞɨ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɧɨɝɨ ɞɧɹ. ɍ ɤɧɢɡɿ ɨɛɥɿɤɭ ɩɨɫɭɞɭ ɨɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽ ɡɚɩɢɫ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ, ɭ ɹɤɨɦɭ ɡɚɥɢɲɟɧɨ ɩɨɫɭɞ, ɩɟɪɟɪɚɯɨɜɭɽ ɣɨɝɨ ɧɚɣɦɟɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ. ɉɪɨ ɡɚɥɢɲɟɧɢɣ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɿ ɩɨɫɭɞ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɩɨɜɿɞɨɦɢɬɢ ɩɨɤɨʀɜɤɭ ɬɚ ɱɟɪɝɨɜɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɫɿ. Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɧɨʀ ɡɦɿɧɢ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɩɨɱɚɬɤɨɦ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ, ɩɟɪɟɜɿɪɹɸɱɢ ɧɚɹɜɧɿɫɬɶ ɩɨɫɭɞɭ, ɩɪɢɛɨɪɿɜ ɿ ɫɬɨɥɨɜɨʀ ɛɿɥɢɡɧɢ, ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɭɬɨɱɧɢɬɢ ʀɯɧɸ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɡɚɥɢɲɟɧɭ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɿ. ɉɿɫɥɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɧɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɫɭɞɭ ɡ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ ɧɚ ɤɭɯɧɸ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɧɨɝɨ ɞɧɹ, ɩɪɨ ɰɟ ɜɿɞɦɿɱɚɸɬɶ ɭ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɿ ɨɛɥɿɤɭ ɫɬɨɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɿɧɜɟɧɬɚɪɹ. ɉɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɨɩɥɚɱɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɬɚɪɢɮɿɜ ɧɚ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ, ɳɨ ɡɚɬɜɟɪɞɠɟɧɿ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɰɿɽɸ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ. ȼ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ, ɧɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ «Sheraton Grand» ɭ ɦɿɫɬɿ Ɍɨɪɪɟ-ɉɚɣɧɫ (Ʉɚɥɿɮɨɪɧɿɹ, ɋɒȺ), ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨ331
ɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɨɮɿɰɿɚɧɬɚɦɢ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɛɟɡ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɨʀ ɨɩɥɚɬɢ, ɰɹ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɚ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɹɤ ɮɿɪɦɨɜɢɣ ɡɧɚɤ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɿʀ. Ɉɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɿ ɨɞɧɟ ɡ ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲ ɫɤɥɚɞɧɢɯ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɡɭɦɨɜɥɸɽ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɿɫɬɶ ɡɧɚɱɧɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɬɨɪɫɶɤɢɯ ɡɭɫɢɥɶ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɚ ɜɿɞɞɿɥɭ ɞɥɹ ɜɢɪɿɲɟɧɧɹ ɮɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɢɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ, ɳɨ ɜɥɚɫɬɢɜɿ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚɦ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ. ɉɨɫɥɭɝɚ ɡ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɚɯ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɢɣ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɜɢɫɨɤɨʀ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ. ȼɚɠɥɢɜɢɣ ɚɫɩɟɤɬ ɨɩɬɢɦɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɧɚɩɪɹɦɤɭ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɨɸ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ. Ɇɟɧɟɞɠɟɪ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɢɬɢ ɫɜɨɽɱɚɫɧɟ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɶ, ɫɤɥɚɫɬɢ ɱɿɬɤɢɣ ɝɪɚɮɿɤ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɸɱɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ ɡ ɦɟɬɨɸ ɭɧɢɤɧɟɧɧɹ ɡɧɚɱɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɜɚɧɬɚɠɟɧɧɹ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥ ɚɛɨ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɧɶɨʀ ɣɨɝɨ ɡɚɣɧɹɬɨɫɬɿ. Ɉɫɨɛɥɢɜɭ ɭɜɚɝɭ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɡɜɟɪɧɭɬɢ ɧɚ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɦɟɧɸ. ɉɪɨɩɨɧɨɜɚɧɿ ɫɬɪɚɜɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɦɚɬɢ ɧɚɥɟɠɧɿ ɫɦɚɤɨɜɿ ɜɥɚɫɬɢɜɨɫɬɿ, ɩɪɢɜɚɛɥɢɜɢɣ ɡɨɜɧɿɲɧɿɣ ɜɢɝɥɹɞ. Ɇɟɧɸ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɨɪɿɽɧɬɭɜɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨɝɨ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɭ. Ȼɿɥɶɲɿɫɬɶ ɫɬɪɚɜ, ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɞɨɰɿɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɜɚɬɢ ɡ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɧɸ ɞɥɹ ɭɧɢɤɧɟɧɧɹ ɡɚɣɜɢɯ ɤɥɨɩɨɬɿɜ, ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɢɯ ɡ ʀɯɧɿɦ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ. ȼɚɠɥɢɜɢɦ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɦ ɭ ɪɟɚɥɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɨɱɿɤɭɜɚɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɩɢɬɭ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɡ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɚɯ ɽ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɰɿɧɢ. ɐɿɧɚ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɛɭɬɢ ɨɛ’ɽɤɬɢɜɧɨɸ, ɫɩɪɢɣɦɚɬɢɫɶ ɝɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɹɤ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɨ ɨɛʉɪɭɧɬɨɜɚɧɚ. ɍ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɿ ɰɿɧɢ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɸɱɢɦ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɨɦ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɭɧɢɤɚɬɢ ɬɢɩɨɜɢɯ ɡɥɨɜɠɢɜɚɧɶ. Ɉɤɪɿɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɣɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɭ ɜ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪ ɡ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɭɜɚɬɢ ɩɨɩɢɬ ɧɚ ɧɚɣɛɥɢɠɱɭ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɭ. Ⱦɥɹ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɢ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɜɚɬɢ ɞɚɧɿ ɪɟɰɟɩɰɿʀ ɩɪɨ ɡɚɩɨɜɧɟɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ, ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɸ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ (ɭɱɚɫɧɢɤɢ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɿɣ, ɝɪɭɩɢ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɿɜ, ɩɨɨɞɢɧɨɤɿ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢ ɬɚ ɿɧ.), ɪɟʉɿɨɧ ɡ ɹɤɨɝɨ ɜɨɧɢ ɩɪɢɛɭɜɚɸɬɶ. Ⱦɢɪɟɤɬɨɪ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɦɨɠɟ ɧɚɞɚɬɢ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɸ ɧɚ ɫɤɿɥɶɤɢ ɦɿɫɰɶ ɧɚɤɪɢɜɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɫɬɨɥɢ ɩɿɞ ɱɚɫ ɫɧɿɞɚɧɤɭ, ɨɛɿɞɭ ɿ ɜɟɱɟɪɿ. ȼ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɣɧɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɚɯ ɩɪɨ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɿɸ ɧɚɣɱɚɫɬɿɲɟ ɜɤɚɡɭɽɬɶɫɹ, ɞɟ ɭɱɚɫɧɢɤɢ ɩɥɚɧɭɸɬɶ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɜɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ ɞɨɛɢ. Ƚɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɶɤɚ ɫɥɭɠɛɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɧɚɞɚɬɢ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɸ ɩɪɨ ɱɚɫɬɤɭ 332
ɦɿɫɰɟɜɢɯ ɭɱɚɫɧɢɤɿɜ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɿʀ, ɡɧɚɱɧɚ ʀɯɧɹ ɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɫɭɬɬɽɜɨ ɡɦɟɧɲɢɬɢ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɶ ɧɚ ɫɧɿɞɚɧɨɤ, ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɢ. Ɂɝɿɞɧɨ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɭ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪ ɩɥɚɧɭɽ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ ɜɿɞɞɿɥɭ ɧɚ ɧɚɣɛɥɢɠɱɢɣ ɬɢɠɞɟɧɶ-ɞɜɚ. ɉɢɬɚɧɧɹ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ 1. Ɉɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɣɬɟ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɿ ɬɢɩɢ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ ʀɯɧɶɨɝɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚɯ. 2. ɉɪɨɚɧɚɥɿɡɭɣɬɟ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɸ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿɜ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɜ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɿ. 3. Ⱦɚɣɬɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɭ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɣɧɨ-ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ. 4. Ɉɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɣɬɟ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɣɧɨ-ɤɜɚɥɿɮɿɤɚɰɿɣɧɿ ɜɢɦɨɝɢ ɳɨɞɨ ɤɟɪɿɜɧɢɤɚ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ. 5. əɤɿ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɿ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɢ ɲɟɮ-ɤɭɯɚɪɚ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ. 6. Ɉɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɣɬɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɿʀ ɦɟɬɪɞɨɬɟɥɹ ɬɚ ɨɮɿɰɿɚɧɬɚ ɭ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ. 7. ɉɪɨɚɧɚɥɿɡɭɣɬɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɸ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɭ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɚɯ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ. 8. Ⱦɚɣɬɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɭ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɿ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿʀ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɡ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɚɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ.
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Ɋɨɡɞɿɥ 8 ȺɊɏȱɌȿɄɌɍɊɇɈ-ɉɅȺɇɍȼȺɅɖɇȺ ɈɊȽȺɇȱɁȺɐȱə ɋɉɈɊɍȾ ȽɈɌȿɅȱȼ
8.1. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɿ ɱɢɧɧɢɤɢ ɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɚɪɯɿɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɢɯ ɬɢɩɿɜ ɫɩɨɪɭɞ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ Ⱥɪɯɿɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨ-ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɥɶɧɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɹ ɫɩɨɪɭɞ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ — ɜɚɠɥɢɜɢɣ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ʀɯɧɶɨɝɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ ɚɪɯɿɬɟɤɬɭɪɢ, ɡɧɚɱɧɨ ɜɢɪɚɡɧɿɲɟ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɫɩɨɪɭɞ, ɫɭɬɬɽɜɨ ɜɢɞɿɥɹɽ ʀɯ ɧɚ ɮɨɧɿ ɫɩɨɪɭɞ ɿɧɲɨɝɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɮɿɥɸ. Ⱥɪɯɿɬɟɤɬɭɪɚ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɜ ɩɟɜɧɿɣ ɦɿɪɿ ɜɢɫɬɭɩɚɽ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɦ ɣɨɝɨ ɫɚɦɨɪɟɤɥɚɦɢ. Ɉɤɪɟɦɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɨɪɢɝɿɧɚɥɶɧɿɫɬɸ ɚɪɯɿɬɟɤɬɭɪɢ ɜɢɪɚɠɟɧɨʀ ɭ ɮɨɪɦɿ ɫɩɨɪɭɞɢ, ɨɡɞɨɛɥɟɧɧɿ ɮɚɫɚɞɭ, ɜɢɫɨɬɿ ɛɭɞɿɜɥɿ, ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɛɭɞɿɜɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɿɜ ɜɿɞɨɦɿ ɭ ɜɫɶɨɦɭ ɫɜɿɬɿ — ɨɞɢɧ ɡ ɧɚɣɜɢɳɢɯ ɭ ȯɜɪɨɩɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ «Westin Rotterdam» (ɇɿɞɟɪɥɚɧɞɢ), ɝɨɬɟɥɶ «Royal Olympic Hotel» (Ƚɪɟɰɿɹ) ɡ ɬɟɪɚɫɚɦɢ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɹɧɨɦɭ ɮɚɫɚɞɿ ɡ ɧɚɫɚɞɠɟɧɧɹɦɢ ɞɟɤɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɢɯ ɞɟɪɟɜ ɬɨɳɨ. ȼɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ ɚɪɯɿɬɟɤɬɭɪɢ ɜɿɞɿɝɪɚɸɬɶ ɪɨɥɶ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨ-ɟɫɬɟɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɡɚɛɭɞɨɜɢ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɿʀ — ɫɩɨɪɭɞɚ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɝɚɪɦɨɧɿɣɧɨ ɞɨɩɨɜɧɸɽ ɦɿɫɰɟɜɢɣ ɚɪɯɿɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɢɣ ɤɨɥɨɪɢɬ ɚɛɨ ɫɬɜɨɪɸɽ ɚɪɯɿɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɭ ɩɪɨɬɢɥɟɠɧɿɫɬɶ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɚɪɯɿɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨɦɭ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɸ ɿ ɩɟɜɧɢɣ ɟɫɬɟɬɢɱɧɢɣ ɞɢɫɤɨɦɮɨɪɬ. Ⱥɪɯɿɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨ-ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɥɶɧɿ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɜɢɫɬɭɩɚɸɬɶ ɜɚɠɥɢɜɢɦ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɢɦ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɦ ʀɯɧɶɨɝɨ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ. Ɂ ɬɢɩɨɦ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɡɚɛɭɞɨɜɢ ɫɭɬɬɽɜɨ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɿ ɜɢɬɪɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɛɥɚɝɨɭɫɬɪɿɣ ɧɚɜɤɨɥɢɲɧɶɨʀ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɿʀ, ɜɿɞɪɚɯɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɡɚ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɡɟɦɟɥɶɧɨʀ ɞɿɥɹɧɤɢ (ɩɨɞɚɬɨɤ ɧɚ ɡɟɦɥɸ, ɨɪɟɧɞɧɚ ɩɥɚɬɚ ɬɚ ɿɧ.), ɞɨɝɥɹɞ ɬɚ ɪɟɦɨɧɬ ɛɭɞɿɜɥɿ ɬɚ ɿɧ. Ⱥɪɯɿɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨ-ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɥɶɧɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɜɩɥɢɜɚɽ ɧɚ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɭ ɿɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɢɦɢ ɡɚɫɨɛɚɦɢ, ɜɚɠɥɢɜɢɣ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɛɟɡɩɟɤɢ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ ɞɥɹ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɿ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ. ɍ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɜɢɧɢɤɚɽ ɧɟɨɛ334
ɯɿɞɧɿɫɬɶ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɯ ɡɚɯɨɞɿɜ ɛɟɡɩɟɤɢ, ɡɭɦɨɜɥɟɧɨʀ ɥɸɞɫɶɤɢɦ, ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɢɦ, ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɢɦ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ. ȼɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ, ɚɪɯɿɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨ-ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɥɶɧɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɡɚɡɧɚɽ ɜɩɥɢɜɭ ɪɹɞɭ ɱɢɧɧɢɤɿɜ, ɫɟɪɟɞ ɹɤɢɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɿ: ɿɫɬɨɪɢɱɧɢɣ ɬɢɩ ɛɭɞɿɜɥɿ, ɦɿɫɰɟ ɭ ɦɿɫɶɤɿɣ ɡɚɛɭɞɨɜɿ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɭ, ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ, ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɿ, ɟɬɧɿɱɧɿ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ ɪɟʉɿɨɧɭ. Ȼɿɥɶɲɿɫɬɶ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɩɨɛɭɞɨɜɚɧɚ ɭ ɏȱɏ–ɏɏ ɫɬ., ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨ ɿɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨ ʀɯɧɽ ɛɭɞɿɜɧɢɰɬɜɨ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɩɿɫɥɹ Ⱦɪɭɝɨʀ ɫɜɿɬɨɜɨʀ ɜɿɣɧɢ. Ɋɨɡɲɢɪɟɧɧɹ ɦɟɪɟɠɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ, ɜ ɬɨɦɭ ɱɢɫɥɿ ɡɧɚɱɧɢɯ ɪɨɡɦɿɪɿɜ, ɡɭɦɨɜɥɸɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɡɪɨɫɬɚɸɱɢɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹɦ ɬɭɪɢɡɦɭ, ɞɿɥɨɜɨʀ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɿ, ɲɢɪɨɤɢɦ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹɦ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɣ ɿ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɿɜ, ɧɚɫɚɦɩɟɪɟɞ ɡɚɥɿɡɨɛɟɬɨɧɭ, ɭ ɛɭɞɿɜɧɢɰɬɜɿ. ȼ ɚɪɯɿɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨɦɭ ɫɬɢɥɿ ɽɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɶɤɢɯ ɬɚ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɶɤɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɤɿɧɰɹ ɏȱɏ ɩɨɱɚɬɤɭ ɏɏ ɫɬ. ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨɸ ɪɢɫɨɸ ɽ ɧɚɦɚɝɚɧɧɹ ɧɚɞɚɬɢ ɮɚɫɚɞɭ ɛɭɞɿɜɟɥɶ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɰɶɤɨɝɨ ɜɢɝɥɹɞɭ, ɳɨ ɽ ɫɜɿɞɱɟɧɧɹɦ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɭ ɬɚ ɜɢɫɨɤɨʀ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɨʀ ɪɟɧɬɚɛɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɡɚɫɨɛɭ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ. ȼ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɧɿ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɿʀ ɟɤɫɬɟɪ’ɽɪɭ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɡɧɚɱɧɚ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɚɪɯɿɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨ-ɞɟɤɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɢɯ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɿɜ, ɹɤɿ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɥɢ ɜɢɦɨɝɚɦ ɩɿɞɜɢɳɟɧɨʀ ɦɨɧɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɮɚɫɚɞɭ. Ɇɨɡɚʀɱɧɿɫɬɶ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɿʀ ɮɚɫɚɞɭ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɭɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɡ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹɦ ɤɥɚɫɢɱɧɢɯ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɿɜ — ɤɨɥɨɧ, ɚɪɨɱɧɢɯ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɿɜ, ɪɨɡɿɪɜɚɧɢɯ ɮɪɨɧɬɨɧɿɜ, ɹɤɿ ɩɿɞɤɪɟɫɥɸɜɚɥɢ ɦɨɧɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ ɛɭɞɿɜɥɿ ɿ ɧɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɥɢɫɶ ɩɚɥɚɰɚɦ ɞɪɭɝɨʀ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɢ ɏȱɏ ɫɬ. Ⱥɪɯɿɬɟɤɬɭɪɚ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ, ɩɨɛɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɭ ɰɟɣ ɩɟɪɿɨɞ (ɝɨɬɟɥɶ «Piccadilly» (Ʌɨɧɞɨɧ), «Victoria» (Ⱥɦɫɬɟɪɞɚɦ), «ɉɪɟɦ’ɽɪɉɚɥɚɫ» (Ʉɢʀɜ), «Ƚɪɚɧɞ-Ƚɨɬɟɥɶ» (Ʌɶɜɿɜ)) ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɥɚ ɬɨɞɿɲɧɿɦ ɟɫɬɟɬɢɱɧɢɦ ɜɩɨɞɨɛɚɧɧɹɦ ȯɜɪɨɩɢ. ȼ ɿɧɬɟɪ’ɽɪɿ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɧɨɜɿ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɨɡɞɨɛɥɸɜɚɧɿ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɢ. Ɍɨɞɿ ɫɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɬɢɩɨɜɚ ɞɥɹ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɟɪɲɨɝɨ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɚ: ɜ ɰɟɧɬɪɿ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɭɜɚɜɫɹ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɸɥɶ ɡ ɩɚɪɚɞɧɢɦ ɫɯɨɞɨɜɢɦ ɯɨɥɨɦ, ɬɭɬ ɠɟ, ɚɛɨ ɭ ɧɚɩɿɜɩɿɞɜɚɥɿ, ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɭɜɚɜɫɹ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧ, ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɿ ɬɚ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɶɤɿ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ, ɧɚ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɚɯ — ɠɢɬɥɨɜɿ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɢ. Ƚɨɬɟɥɿ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɿɨɞɭ ɜ ɚɪɯɿɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨ-ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɥɶɧɿɣ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɿʀ ɡɨɜɧɿɲɧɶɨɝɨ ɜɢɝɥɹɞɭ, ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɠɢɬɥɨɜɢɯ ɿ ɧɟɠɢɬɥɨɜɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ, ɪɨɡɦɿɪɚɯ, ɹɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ ɫɭɬɬɽɜɨ ɜɿɞɪɿɡɧɹɸɬɶɫɹ ɜɿɞ ɛɭɞɿɜɟɥɶ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɩɨɛɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɩɿɫɥɹ Ⱦɪɭɝɨʀ ɫɜɿɬɨɜɨʀ ɜɿɣɧɢ. 335
Ⱥɪɯɿɬɟɤɬɭɪɚ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ, ɩɨɛɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɜɿɞ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɢ 60-ɯ ɪɨɤɿɜ ɏɏ ɫɬ. ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɿɡ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɢɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɨɦ ɭɪɛɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ. ȼ ɚɪɯɿɬɟɤɬɭɪɿ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿɜ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɰɟɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɜɿɞɨɛɪɚɠɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɛɭɞɿɜɧɢɰɬɜɿ ɛɚɝɚɬɨɩɨɜɟɪɯɨɜɢɯ ɚɪɯɿɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɢɯ ɮɨɪɦ, ɪɨɡɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɨʀ ɧɚ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɡɧɚɱɧɨʀ ɤɿɥɶɤɨɫɬɿ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ. ɉɪɢɤɥɚɞɨɦ ɽ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ «MGM Grand» ɭ Ʌɚɫ-ȼɟɝɚɫɿ (ɋɒȺ) ɪɨɡɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɧɚ 5505 ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ, ɫɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ ɜɜɚɠɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲɢɦ ɝɨɬɟɥɟɦ ɭ ɫɜɿɬɿ. ɍ ɛɭɞɿɜɧɢɰɬɜɿ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɨ ɡɚɥɿɡɨɛɟɬɨɧ, ɭ ɡɨɜɧɿɲɧɶɨɦɭ ɨɛɥɢɰɸɜɚɧɧɿ — ɫɤɥɨ, ɜɧɭɬɪɿɲɧɿɣ ɩɪɨɫɬɿɪ ɪɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ ɫɩɥɚɧɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɢɣ ɫɤɥɚɞɧɨɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɸ ɿɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɢɯ ɤɨɦɭɧɿɤɚɰɿɣ, ɪɿɡɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɭ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɚɦɢ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɞɨɩɨɦɿɠɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɪɜɿɫɭ. Ɂɧɚɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɲɢɪɟɧɧɹ ɧɚɛɭɜɚɸɬɶ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɢ — ɝɨɬɟɥɿ, ɳɨ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɞɜɨɯ ɿ ɛɿɥɶɲɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɨɜɨ ɜɿɞɨɤɪɟɦɥɟɧɢɯ ɤɨɪɩɭɫɿɜ ɡ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɸ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜ ɪɿɡɧɨɩɪɨɮɿɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɿɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ — ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɿɝɪɨɜɢɦɢ, ɪɨɡɜɚɠɚɥɶɧɢɦɢ, ɜɢɫɬɚɜɤɨɜɢɦɢ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɢɦɢ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɚɦɢ. Ɉɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɸ ɝɪɚɧɞɿɨɡɧɿɫɬɸ ɜɿɞɡɧɚɱɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɢ ɚɬɪɿɭɦɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɭ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɿ ɞɥɹ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɧɢɯ ɞɿɥɨɜɢɯ ɰɟɧɬɪɿɜ, ɤɭɪɨɪɬɧɢɯ ɰɟɧɬɪɿɜ ɿ ɰɟɧɬɪɿɜ ɿɝɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɛɿɡɧɟɫɭ. Ⱥɬɪɿɭɦɧɢɣ ɬɢɩ ɚɪɯɿɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨ-ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɛɭɜ ɡɚɩɨɱɚɬɤɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɡ ɛɭɞɿɜɧɢɰɬɜɨɦ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ «Hyatt Regency» ɭ 1967 ɪ. ɜ Ⱥɬɥɚɧɬɿ (ɋɒȺ). ɐɟɣ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ ɦɚɽ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɚ ɡ ɜɧɭɬɪɿɲɧɿɦ ɚɬɪɿɭɦɨɦ (ɩɨɞɜɿɪ’ɹɦ), ɩɟɪɟɤɪɢɬɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɪɿɜɧɿ 22 ɩɨɜɟɪɯɚ ɫɤɥɹɧɢɦ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɢɬɬɹɦ. ɍ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɿ ɨɡɟɥɟɧɟɧɨɝɨ ɚɬɪɿɭɦɚ ɜɢɪɿɡɧɹɸɬɶɫɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɨɜɿ ɝɚɥɟɪɟʀ, ɥɿɮɬɨɜɢɣ ɯɨɥɥ ɿɡ ɫɤɥɹɧɢɦɢ ɤɚɛɿɧɚɦɢ ɥɿɮɬɿɜ. ȼɧɭɬɪɿɲɧɿɣ ɩɪɨɫɬɿɪ ɚɬɪɿɭɦɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɹɤ ɦɿɧɿɚɬɸɪɧɟ ɦɿɫɬɟɱɤɨ ɡ ɡɨɧɚɦɢ ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɤɭ, ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɚɦɢ, ɬɨɪɝɨɜɢɦɢ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɚɦɢ, ɫɩɨɪɬɢɜɧɢɦɢ ɦɚɣɞɚɧɱɢɤɚɦɢ ɬɚ ɿɧ. [50, ɫ. 130]. Ɂɧɚɱɧɭ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɚɪɯɿɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨ-ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɥɶɧɿɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɜɿɞɿɝɪɚɽ ʀɯɧɽ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɦɿɫɶɤɿɣ ɡɚɛɭɞɨɜɿ: ɜ ɰɟɧɬɪɿ ɦɿɫɬɚ, ɧɚ ɣɨɝɨ ɨɤɪɚʀɧɿ, ɩɨɛɥɢɡɭ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɧɢɯ ɨɛ’ɽɤɬɿɜ ɦɿɫɶɤɨʀ ɿɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢ (ɩɚɦ’ɹɬɤɢ ɿɫɬɨɪɿʀ ɬɚ ɚɪɯɿɬɟɤɬɭɪɢ, ɜɿɞɨɦɱɢɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜ, ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿɜ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɢ ɬɚ ɿɧ.), ɭ ɩɪɢɦɿɫɶɤɿɣ ɱɢ ɩɚɪɤɨɜɿɣ ɡɨɧɿ ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɤɭ. Ɋɨɡɬɚɲɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɭ ɰɟɧɬɪɿ ɦɿɫɬɚ ɡɭɦɨɜɥɸɽ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɿɫɬɶ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɱɧɨʀ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ ɚɪɯɿɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨɦɭ ɚɧɫɚɦɛɥɸ ɜɭɥɢɰɿ, ɩɥɨɳɿ, ɫɭɫɿɞɧɿɯ ɛɭɞɿɜɟɥɶ. ȼɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ, ɛɭɞɿɜɥɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɽ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɦ ɚɪɯɿɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɢɦ ɚɤɰɟɧɬɨɦ ɭ ɡɚɛɭɞɨɜɿ ɦɿɤɪɨɪɚɣɨɧɭ, 336
ɜɢɞɿɥɹɽɬɶɫɶ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɨɜɿɫɬɸ, ɨɪɢɝɿɧɚɥɶɧɿɫɬɸ ɚɪɯɿɬɟɤɬɭɪɢ, ɳɨ ɩɿɞɤɪɟɫɥɸɽ ɩɪɟɫɬɢɠ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɭ. ɋɩɨɪɭɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɭ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɿɣ ɡɿɦɤɧɭɬɿɣ ɦɿɫɶɤɿɣ ɡɚɛɭɞɨɜɿ ɨɛɭɦɨɜɥɸɽ ɤɨɦɩɚɤɬɧɭ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɫɩɨɪɭɞɢ. Ʉɨɧɮɿɝɭɪɚɰɿɹ ɞɿɥɹɧɤɢ ɡɚɛɭɞɨɜɢ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽ ɜɢɛɿɪ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɭ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɭ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ. Ȼɿɥɶɲɿɫɬɶ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɭ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɿɣ ɱɚɫɬɢɧɿ ɦɿɫɬ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɛɚɝɚɬɨɩɨɜɟɪɯɨɜɿɫɬɸ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚ ɛɭɞɿɜɥɿ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɦɚɽ ɩɪɹɦɨɤɭɬɧɭ, ɬɪɚɩɟɰɟɩɨɞɿɛɧɭ ɮɨɪɦɭ, ɮɨɪɦɭ ɬɪɢɥɢɫɧɢɤɚ. ȿɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɿ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɢ ɜɿɞɨɛɪɚɠɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɪɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɫɩɨɪɭɞɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ, ɡɨɤɪɟɦɚ ɧɚ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɥɶɧɿɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɿ ɠɢɬɥɨɜɢɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɿɜ, ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ, ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɸɱɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ, ɥɿɮɬɨɜɢɯ ɿ ɫɯɨɞɨɜɢɯ ɯɨɥɚɯ, ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɿ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɤɨɦɭɧɿɤɚɰɿɹɯ, ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɚɯ ɦɿɠ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɚɦɢ ɬɚ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹɦɢ ɜ ɦɟɠɚɯ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɚ, ɡɪɟɲɬɨɸ ɧɚ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɚɯ ɱɚɫɭ, ɡɪɭɱɧɨɫɬɿ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɝɪɭɩ. Ȼɭɞɿɜɥɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɚɧɿ ɜ ɿɫɬɨɪɢɱɧɿɣ ɱɚɫɬɢɧɿ ɦɿɫɬɚ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɬɢ ʀʀ ɚɪɯɿɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨɦɭ ɬɢɩɭ. ɇɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɛɭɞɿɜɥɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ «K+K Hotel Central», ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɚɧɚ ɜ ɿɫɬɨɪɢɱɧɿɣ ɱɚɫɬɢɧɿ ɋɬɚɪɨʀ ɉɪɚɝɢ, ɩɨɪɹɞ ɡ ɉɨɪɨɯɨɜɨɸ ɜɟɠɟɸ, ɿɞɟɧɬɢɱɧɚ ɜ ɚɪɯɿɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɿɣ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɿʀ ɡ ɠɢɬɥɨɜɢɦ ɛɭɞɢɧɤɨɦ ɏVȱȱ–ɏȱɏ ɫɬ. Ɉɤɪɟɦɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɭɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɭ ɩɚɦ’ɹɬɤɚɯ ɚɪɯɿɬɟɤɬɭɪɢ, ɚɛɨ ɜɯɨɞɹɬɶ ɜ ɚɪɯɿɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨ-ɬɭɪɢɫɬɫɶɤɢɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɦɿɫɬɚ. ɇɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɝɨɬɟɥɶ «ȿisenhut» ɜ ɦɿɫɬɿ Ɍɚɭɛɟɪ (ɇɿɦɟɱɱɢɧɚ) ɟɤɫɤɥɸɡɢɜɧɢɣ ɜ ɩɥɚɧɿ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɩɚɦ’ɹɬɰɿ ɩɿɡɧɶɨɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨɜɿɱɧɨʀ ɚɪɯɿɬɟɤɬɭɪɢ ɏV–ɏVȱȱȱ ɫɬ. Ɋɨɡɬɚɲɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɭ ɦɿɫɶɤɿɣ ɚɛɨ ɩɪɢɦɿɫɶɤɿɣ ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɤɨɜɿɣ ɡɨɧɿ ɡɭɦɨɜɥɸɽ ɩɨɽɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɚɪɯɿɬɟɤɬɭɪɢ ɛɭɞɿɜɥɿ ɡ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɧɚɜɤɨɥɢɲɧɶɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɭ, ɫɩɪɢɹɽ ɩɨɽɞɧɚɧɧɸ ɞɿɥɨɜɢɯ ɫɬɨɫɭɧɤɿɜ ɿ ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɤɭ. Ɂɨɤɪɟɦɚ, ɝɨɬɟɥɶ «Duin Kruidberq Country Estate», ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɭ ɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɩɚɪɤɭ ɛɿɥɹ Ⱥɦɫɬɟɪɞɚɦɚ (ɇɿɞɟɪɥɚɧɞɢ), ɫɟɪɟɞ ɦɚɥɶɨɜɧɢɱɨɝɨ ɥɿɫɭ ɧɚ ɭɡɛɟɪɟɠɠɿ ɨɡɟɪɚ, ɩɨɽɞɧɭɽ ɭɧɿɤɚɥɶɧɿ ɪɢɫɢ ɦɿɫɰɟɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɭ ɣ ɚɪɯɿɬɟɤɬɭɪɢ ɩɫɟɜɞɨɝɨɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɢɥɸ. ɍ ɦɿɫɰɹɯ ɡ ɨɛɦɟɠɟɧɢɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɨɦ ɡɚɛɭɞɨɜɢ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿʀ ɛɭɞɿɜɧɢɰɬɜɚ, ɤɨɥɢ ɩɟɪɲɿ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɢ ɦɚɸɬɶ ɡɦɟɧɲɟɧɿ ɪɨɡɦɿɪɢ, ɚ ɡ ɜɢɫɨɬɨɸ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɧɿɫɬɶ ɬɚ ɩɥɨɳɚ ɠɢɬɥɨɜɢɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɿɜ ɡɛɿɥɶɲɭɽɬɶɫɹ. ɇɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɭ 11-ɬɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɨɜɨɦɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ «Du Lac» ɭ Ɍɭɧɿɫɿ (Ɍɭɧɿɫ) ɤɨɠɟɧ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɧɢɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯ ɡ ɜɢɫɨɬɨɸ ɧɚɜɢɫɚɽ ɧɚɞ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɞɧɿɦ. 337
Ɂɿɦɤɧɭɬɚ ɦɿɫɶɤɚ ɡɚɛɭɞɨɜɚ ɡɭɦɨɜɢɥɚ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɨɤ ɤɨɦɩɚɤɬɧɢɯ ɛɚɝɚɬɨɩɨɜɟɪɯɨɜɢɯ (ɰɢɥɿɧɞɪɢɱɧɢɯ, ɤɨɧɿɱɧɢɯ ɮɨɪɦ) ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɛɭɞɿɜɟɥɶ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɿɡɨɜɚɧɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ. Ɍɚɤɭ ɚɪɯɿɬɟɤɬɭɪɭ, ɧɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɦɚɽ 36-ɬɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɨɜɚ ɛɚɲɬɚ-ɝɨɬɟɥɶ «Holiday Inn» ɜ Ⱥɭɫɛɭɪɡɿ (ɇɿɦɟɱɱɢɧɚ). ɇɨɦɟɪɢ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɚɧɿ ɡ 1-ɝɨ ɩɨ 11-ɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯ, ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ — ɧɚ ɨɫɬɚɧɧɿɯ ɚɛɨ ɭ ɩɿɞɜɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɿ ɰɨɤɨɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɚɯ. Ɍɚɤɚ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɬɢɩɨɜɚ ɞɥɹ ɛɿɥɶɲɨɫɬɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɛɚɲɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɭ [50, ɫ. 228]. Ɋɿɡɧɿ ɰɿɥɿ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɫɶɤɢɯ ɩɨɞɨɪɨɠɟɣ ɡɭɦɨɜɢɥɢ ɩɨɹɜɭ ɛɚɝɚɬɨɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ, ɳɨ ɩɨɽɞɧɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɚɦɢ ɿɧɲɨɝɨ ɰɿɥɶɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ: ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɢɦɢ ɿ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɢɦɢ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɚɦɢ, ɧɚɜɱɚɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɿ ɤɨɧɝɪɟɫ-ɰɟɧɬɪɚɦɢ, ɤɨɧɰɟɪɬɧɢɦɢ ɿ ɜɢɫɬɚɜɤɨɜɢɦɢ ɡɚɥɚɦɢ ɬɚ ɿɧ. Ɂɨɤɪɟɦɚ, ɬɚɤɟ ɩɨɽɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɟ ɞɥɹ ɐɟɧɬɪɭ ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɨʀ ɬɨɪɝɿɜɥɿ ɭ Ɇɨɫɤɜɿ, ɭ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɿ ɹɤɨɝɨ ɞɜɚ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ (ɤɜɚɪɬɢɪɧɨɝɨ ɣ ɚɬɪɿɭɦɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɭ), ɞɿɥɨɜɢɣ ɰɟɧɬɪ ɡ ɜɢɫɬɚɜɤɨɜɢɦ ɿ ɤɨɧɝɪɟɫ-ɡɚɥɨɦ, ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɞɥɹ ɨɮɿɫɿɜ ɿ ɬɨɪɝɿɜɥɿ. Ɍɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɢɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ «Ʉɢʀɜɫɶɤɚ Ɋɭɫɶ» ɭ Ʉɢɽɜɿ ɨɯɨɩɥɸɽ ɞɜɚ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ, ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɟ ɚɝɟɧɬɫɬɜɨ ɿ ɤɨɧɝɪɟɫ-ɯɨɥ. Ƚɨɬɟɥɿ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɚɧɿ ɭ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɨ-ɨɡɞɨɪɨɜɱɢɯ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɯ ɫɟɪɟɞ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɢɯ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɿɜ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɛɟɡɩɨɫɟɪɟɞɧɿɦ ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɨɦ ɚɪɯɿɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨ-ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɡ ɨɬɨɱɭɸɱɢɦ ɪɟɥɶɽɮɨɦ. ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɭ ɡɭɦɨɜɥɸɽ ɜɢɛɿɪ ɚɪɯɿɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɢɯ ɮɨɪɦ, ɫɟɪɟɞ ɹɤɢɯ ɪɨɡɪɿɡɧɹɸɬɶ [50, ɫ. 230]: — ɚɪɯɿɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɿ ɮɨɪɦɢ, ɳɨ ɜɩɢɫɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬ, ɧɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɝɨɬɟɥɶ ɞɥɹ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɿɜ ɿ ɫɩɨɪɬɫɦɟɧɿɜ «Borqafjol» ɭ ɒɜɟɰɿʀ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɱɨɬɢɪɶɨɯ ɛɭɞɿɜɟɥɶ ɭ ɮɨɪɦɿ ɩɚɝɨɪɛɿɜ, ɹɤɿ ɡɚ ɡɨɜɧɿɲɧɿɦ ɜɢɝɥɹɞɨɦ ɧɚɝɚɞɭɸɬɶ ɫɧɿɝɨɜɿ ɩɚɝɨɪɛɢ; — ɩɪɨɬɢɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɚɪɯɿɬɟɤɬɭɪɢ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɭ ɚɛɨ ɪɟɥɶɽɮɭ. Ɂɝɿɞɧɨ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɩɿɞɯɨɞɭ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɞɜɚ ɜɚɪɿɚɧɬɢ ɞɨɦɿɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ: ɜ ɩɟɪɲɨɦɭ ɚɤɰɟɧɬɨɦ ɜɢɫɬɭɩɚɽ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬ — ɝɨɬɟɥɶ «Ƚɨɥɭɛɚ ɡɚɬɨɤɚ» ɜ Ʉɪɢɦɭ, ɜ ɞɪɭɝɨɦɭ ɚɤɰɟɧɬɨɦ ɽ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ, ɧɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɝɨɬɟɥɶ «ɋɤɟɥɶɧɢɣ» ɜ Ʉɪɢɦɭ, ɳɨ ɱɿɬɤɨ ɜɢɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ ɫɜɨʀɦɢ ɪɨɡɦɿɪɚɦɢ ɭ ɪɟɥɶɽɮɿ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɭ; — ɩɿɞɩɨɪɹɞɤɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɚɪɯɿɬɟɤɬɭɪɢ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɭ — ɜ ɞɚɧɨɦɭ ɩɿɞɯɨɞɿ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɿ ɮɨɪɦɢ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɭ ɣ ɚɪɯɿɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɿ ɮɨɪɦɢ ɝɚɪɦɨɧɿɣɧɨ ɡɥɢɜɚɸɬɶɫɹ. ɇɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɚɪɯɿɬɟɤɬɭɪɚ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ «Steigenberger Hotel Gstaad-Seanen» (ɒɜɟɣɰɚɪɿɹ) ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶ338
ɧɨ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɸɽ ɪɟɥɶɽɮ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɦ ɡɿɦɤɧɭɬɢɯ ɛɭɞɿɜɟɥɶ ɪɿɡɧɨʀ ɜɢɫɨɬɢ, ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɿɹ ɞɚɯɿɜ ɹɤɢɯ ɜɿɞɬɜɨɪɸɽ ɫɢɥɭɟɬ ɧɚɜɤɨɥɢɲɧɿɯ ɝɿɪɫɶɤɢɯ ɯɪɟɛɬɿɜ. Ƚɨɬɟɥɿ ɜ ɦɟɠɚɯ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɨ-ɨɡɞɨɪɨɜɱɢɯ ɰɟɧɬɪɿɜ ɪɚɡɨɦ ɡ ɿɧɲɢɦɢ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɫɶɤɢɦɢ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɚɦɢ ɧɚɣɱɚɫɬɿɲɟ ɨɛ’ɽɞɧɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɿ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɢ. Ɂɝɿɞɧɨ ɡ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɚɰɿɽɸ ɪɨɡɪɿɡɧɹɸɬɶ ɬɚɤɿ ɬɢɩɢ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɿɜ: ɦɨɥɨɞɿɠɧɢɣ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɢɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ — ɜɤɥɸɱɚɽ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɢɣ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ, ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɭ ɛɚɡɭ, ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɭ ɫɬɚɧɰɿɸ, ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɢɣ ɬɚɛɿɪ; ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɨ-ɫɩɨɪɬɢɜɧɢɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ — ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɢɣ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ, ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɭ ɛɚɡɭ, ɫɩɨɪɬɢɜɧɨ-ɨɡɞɨɪɨɜɱɢɣ ɬɚɛɿɪ; ɝɿɪɫɶɤɨ-ɫɩɨɪɬɢɜɧɢɣ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɢɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ — ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɢɣ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ, ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɭ ɛɚɡɭ, ɝɿɪɫɶɤɨɥɢɠɧɭ ɫɬɚɧɰɿɸ; ɜɨɞɧɨɫɩɨɪɬɢɜɧɢɣ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɢɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ — ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɢɣ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ, ɜɨɞɧɭ ɛɚɡɭ (ɚɤɜɚɬɟɥɶ, ɮɥɨɬɟɥɶ), ɜɨɞɧɭ ɫɬɚɧɰɿɸ (ɛɨɬɟɥɶ). 8.2. Ƚɨɥɨɜɧɿ ɬɢɩɢ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɫɩɨɪɭɞ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɉɨɽɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɱɢɧɧɢɤɿɜ ɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɚɪɯɿɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨ-ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɭ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɦɭ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ ɡɭɦɨɜɢɥɨ ɜɢɧɢɤɧɟɧɧɹ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɬɢɩɿɜ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɿɣ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɫɩɨɪɭɞ. ɍ ɬɢɩɨɥɨɝɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɫɩɨɪɭɞ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɚɪɯɿɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨ-ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɞɨɰɿɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɢɣɦɚɬɢ ɞɨ ɭɜɚɝɢ ɞɜɚ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɿʀ: ɩɨ-ɩɟɪɲɟ, ɪɨɡɬɚɲɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɡɜ’ɹɡɨɤ ɦɿɠ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɦɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹɦɢ ɿ, ɩɨ-ɞɪɭɝɟ, ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɩɟɜɧɨʀ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɧɨʀ ɮɨɪɦɢ. Ƚɨɬɟɥɶɧɿ ɫɩɨɪɭɞɢ ɭ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɿ ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɭ ɦɿɠ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɦɢ ɚɪɯɿɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨ-ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɨɜɢɦɢ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹɦɢ ɭ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɩɨɞɿɥɹɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɬɚɤɿ ɬɢɩɢ [50, ɫ. 227]: — ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɿɡɨɜɚɧɟ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ — ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲ ɩɨɲɢɪɟɧɢɣ ɫɟɪɟɞ ɦɿɫɶɤɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɬɢɩ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɡ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɢɦ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɜ ɨɞɧɿɣ ɫɩɨɪɭɞɿ, ɧɚ ɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɚɛɨ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɪɿɜɧɹɯ. ɐɟɧɬɪɚɥɿɡɨɜɚɧɟ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɬɢɩɨɜɟ ɧɚɫɚɦɩɟɪɟɞ ɞɥɹ ɦɿɫɬ ɿɡ ɳɿɥɶɧɨɸ ɡɚɛɭɞɨɜɨɸ ɿ ɨɛɦɟɠɟɧɢɦɢ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɨɡɲɢɪɟɧɧɹ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɭ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ. Ɂɨɤɪɟɦɚ, ɬɚɤɢɣ ɚɪɯɿɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨ-ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɩɿɞɯɿɞ ɬɢɩɨɜɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ «Ⱦɧɿɩɪɨ» ɭ Ʉɢɽɜɿ, «Ⱦɧɿɫɬɟɪ» ɭ Ʌɶɜɨɜɿ, «Holiday Inn» ɜ Ⱥɭɫɛɭ339
ɪɡɿ (ɇɿɦɟɱɱɢɧɚ) ɬɚ ɿɧ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɿ ɿ ɞɨɩɨɦɿɠɧɿ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɿ ɥɚɧɤɢ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɡ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ ɧɚɣɱɚɫɬɿɲɟ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɲɢɯ (ɩɿɞɜɚɥɶɧɢɯ) ɚɛɨ ɜɟɪɯɧɿɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɚɯ. ɇɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɭ 36-ɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɨɜɨɦɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ-ɛɚɲɬɿ «Holiday Inn» ɧɨɦɟɪɢ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɚɧɿ ɡ 1-ɝɨ ɩɨ 11-ɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯ, ɚ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɦɿɫɬɹɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɬɚɧɧɿɯ ɿ ɩɿɞɜɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɰɨɤɨɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɩɨɜɟɪɫɿ; — ɛɥɨɱɧɟ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ. Ƚɨɬɟɥɿ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɭ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɭ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɨɜɨ ɜɿɞɨɤɪɟɦɥɟɧɢɯ ɫɩɨɪɭɞɚɯ — ɛɥɨɤɚɯ, ɦɿɠ ɹɤɢɦɢ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɸɬɶɫɹ ɫɬɿɣɤɿ ɜɡɚɽɦɨɡɜ’ɹɡɤɢ. Ȼɥɨɱɧɢɣ ɬɢɩ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɚɫɚɦɩɟɪɟɞ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɿɜ — ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ ɡɧɚɱɧɨʀ ɦɿɫɬɤɨɫɬɿ ɿ ɨɛɫɹɝɭ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɳɨ ɧɚɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɨɜɨ ɜɿɞɨɤɪɟɦɥɟɧɢɦɢ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɨɜɚɧɢɦɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɢɦɢ ɥɚɧɤɚɦɢ. Ɋɨɡɪɿɡɧɹɸɬɶ ɪɨɡɨɫɟɪɟɞɠɟɧɢɣ, ɡɛɥɨɤɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɿ ɩɚɜɿɥɶɣɨɧɧɢɣ ɩɿɞɬɢɩɢ ɛɥɨɱɧɨʀ ɦɨɞɟɥɿ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ. ɇɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɿ «əɥɬɚ», ɡ ɬɢɩɨɜɢɦ ɛɥɨɱɧɢɦ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ, ɨɫɧɨɜɧɿ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɿ ɤɨɪɩɭɫɢ — ɠɢɬɥɨɜɢɣ ɿ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɚɧɿ ɨɤɪɟɦɨ. ȼ ɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɡ ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲɢɯ ɭ ɫɜɿɬɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɿ «ȱɡɦɚɣɥɨɜɨ» ɭ Ɇɨɫɤɜɿ, ɨɤɪɟɦɢɦɢ ɛɥɨɤɚɦɢ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɚɧɿ ɱɨɬɢɪɢ ɠɢɬɥɨɜɢɯ ɤɨɪɩɭɫɢ (ɬɪɢ ɡɛɥɨɤɨɜɚɧɿ ɡ ɞɜɨɯ ɭ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɭɧɤɭ ɧɚ 2000 ɨɫɿɛ ɤɨɠɟɧ ɿ ɨɞɢɧ ɡ ɬɪɶɨɯ ɡɛɥɨɤɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɤɨɪɩɭɫɿɜ — ɧɚ 4000 ɨɫɿɛ), ɤɿɧɨɤɨɧɰɟɪɬɧɢɣ ɡɚɥ, ɮɚɛɪɢɤɚ-ɤɭɯɧɹ, ɨɤɪɟɦɿ ɧɚɡɟɦɧɿ ɿ ɩɿɞɡɟɦɧɿ ɚɜɬɨɫɬɨɹɧɤɢ; — ɩɨɞɿɭɦɧɟ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɡɥɢɬɬɹɦ ɜ ɨɞɧɟ ɰɿɥɟ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɪɩɭɫɭ, ɫɮɨɪɦɨɜɚɧɨɝɨ ɡ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɿ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ, ɳɨ ɜɢɤɨɧɭɽ ɮɭɧɤɰɿʀ ɠɢɬɥɨɜɨʀ ɱɚɫɬɢɧɢ ɛɭɞɿɜɥɿ. ɉɨɞɿɭɦɧɢɣ ɩɿɞɯɿɞ ɧɨɜɢɣ ɭ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɫɩɨɪɭɞ, ɜɿɧ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɚɪɯɿɬɟɤɬɭɪɿ ɡ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɢ ɏɏ ɫɬ. ɿ ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨʀ ɬɚ ɜɢɫɨɤɨʀ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɡɧɚɱɧɨʀ ɦɿɫɬɤɨɫɬɿ, ɳɨ ɡɚɣɦɚɸɬɶ ɡɧɚɱɧɭ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɿɸ ɿ ɦɚɸɬɶ ɞɟɤɿɥɶɤɚ ɩɿɞ’ʀɡɞɿɜ. Ɂɨɤɪɟɦɚ, ɰɟɣ ɬɢɩ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɬɢɩɨɜɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ «Ɋɭɫɶ» ɭ Ʉɢɽɜɿ, «Europa» ɭ Ȼɭɞɚɩɟɲɬɿ (ɍɝɨɪɳɢɧɚ), «Sokos Viru» ɭ Ɍɚɥɥɿɧɿ (ȿɫɬɨɧɿɹ) ɬɨɳɨ. Ɂɝɿɞɧɨ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɛɭɞɿɜɧɢɰɬɜɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɯ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɧɢɯ ɮɨɪɦ, ɜɢɞɿɥɹɸɬɶɫɹ ɬɚɤɿ ɬɢɩɢ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ: — ɫɩɪɨɳɟɧɟ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ. ɐɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɭ ɮɨɪɦɿ ɩɪɹɦɨɤɭɬɧɢɤɚ ɿ ɽ ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲ ɩɨɲɢɪɟɧɨɸ ɫɟɪɟɞ 340
ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɫɩɨɪɭɞ. Ɂɨɤɪɟɦɚ ɬɚɤɢɣ ɬɢɩ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ «əɥɬɚ» ɜ Ʉɪɢɦɭ, «Sokos Viru» ɭ Ɍɚɥɥɿɧɿ (ȿɫɬɨɧɿɹ), «ȱɧɬɭɪɢɫɬ» ɭ Ɋɨɫɬɨɜɿ ɧɚ Ⱦɨɧɭ (Ɋɨɫɿɹ) ɬɨɳɨ. — ɤɨɦɩɚɤɬɧɟ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹɦ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɧɢɯ ɮɨɪɦ: ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɚ — ɝɨɬɟɥɶ «Ʉɢʀɜ» ɜ ɫɬɨɥɢɰɿ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ, ɬɪɢɤɭɬɧɢɤɚ — ɝɨɬɟɥɶ «Traveladge Southbann Melborne» ɭ Ɇɟɥɶɛɭɪɧɿ (Ⱥɜɫɬɪɚɥɿɹ), ɛɚɝɚɬɨɤɭɬɧɢɤɚ — ɝɨɬɟɥɶ «Pacific» ɭ ɒɿɝɚɫɚɤɿ (əɩɨɧɿɹ), ɤɪɭɝɚ — ɝɨɬɟɥɶ «ɋɚɥɸɬ» ɭ Ʉɢɽɜɿ, ɟɥɿɩɫɚ — ɝɨɬɟɥɶ «Ʉɚɡɚɯɫɬɚɧ» ɜ Ⱥɥɦɚɬɢ (Ʉɚɡɚɯɫɬɚɧ) ɬɚ ɿɧ. — ɭɫɤɥɚɞɧɟɧɟ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɟ ɡ ɪɿɡɧɢɦ ɛɥɨɤɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɿ ɠɢɬɥɨɜɢɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɿɜ ɿɡ ɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹɦ ɜɿɞ ɩɪɹɦɨɥɿɧɿɣɧɨɝɨ, ɬɪɚɩɟɰɿɽɩɨɞɿɛɧɨɝɨ, ɤɪɢɜɨɥɿɧɿɣɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɿɜ: Ɍ-ɩɨɞɿɛɧɟ ɛɥɨɤɭɜɚɧɧɹ — ɝɨɬɟɥɶ «Royal Garden» ɭ Ʌɨɧɞɨɧɿ (ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɿɹ), ɉ-ɩɨɞɿɛɧɟ — ɝɨɬɟɥɶ «Grand Hotel Warszawa» ɭ ȼɚɪɲɚɜɿ (ɉɨɥɶɳɚ), ɇ-ɩɨɞɿɛɧɟ — ɝɨɬɟɥɶ «Rihga Royal» ɜ Ɉɫɚɰɿ (əɩɨɧɿɹ), ɏ-ɩɨɞɿɛɧɟ — ɝɨɬɟɥɶ «ɉɪɢɛɚɥɬɿɣɫɶɤɢɣ» ɭ ɋɚɧɤɬɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɡɿ (Ɋɨɫɿɹ), ɯɪɟɫɬɨɩɨɞɿɛɧɟ — ɝɨɬɟɥɶ «Topaz Hotel Poznan» ɭ ɉɨɡɧɚɧɿ (ɉɨɥɶɳɚ), ɬɪɢɥɢɫɧɢɤ — ɝɨɬɟɥɶ «New Otani Tokyo» ɭ Ɍɨɤɿɨ (əɩɨɧɿɹ), Z-ɩɨɞɿɛɧɟ — ɝɨɬɟɥɶ «Radisson Sas Grand Hotel» ɭ ɋɨɮɿʀ (Ȼɨɥɝɚɪɿɹ), ɫɯɿɞɱɚɫɬɚ ɿɡ ɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹɦ ɠɢɬɥɨɜɢɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɿɜ ɚɛɨ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ — ɝɨɬɟɥɶ «ɋɚɥɸɬ» ɭ Ɇɨɫɤɜɿ (Ɋɨɫɿɹ), «Ȼɪɚɬɢɫɥɚɜɚ» ɭ Ʉɢɽɜɿ ɬɨɳɨ. — ɚɬɪɿɭɦɧɟ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɜɧɭɬɪɿɲɧɶɨɸ ɡɚɫɤɥɟɧɨɸ ɝɚɥɟɪɟɽɸ ɫɩɪɨɳɟɧɨɝɨ ɚɛɨ ɭɫɤɥɚɞɧɟɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɭ: ɩɪɹɦɨɤɭɬɧɟ ɡ ɜɧɭɬɪɿɲɧɿɦ ɞɜɨɪɢɤɨɦ — ɝɨɬɟɥɶ «Sheraton» ɭ ɋɿɟɬɥɿ (ɋɒȺ), ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɟ — ɝɨɬɟɥɶ «Hyatt Regency» ɜ Ⱥɬɥɚɧɬɿ ɿ ɑɢɤɚɝɨ (ɋɒȺ), ɬɪɢɤɭɬɧɟ — ɝɨɬɟɥɶ «Ell Mansour» ɜ Ʉɚɫɚɛɥɚɧɰɿ (Ɇɚɪɨɤɤɨ) ɬɚ ɿɧ. 8.3. Ƚɨɥɨɜɧɿ ɬɢɩɢ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɋɭɱɚɫɧɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ — ɰɟ ɩɨɥɿɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɿ ɬɚ ɭɧɿɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɿ ɫɩɨɪɭɞɢ, ɳɨ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɸɬɶ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ: ɩɪɢɣɦɚɧɧɹ, ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ, ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɡɧɚɱɧɢɣ ɨɛɫɹɝ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ. ɉɨɥɿɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ ɡɭɦɨɜɥɟɧɚ ɩɨɽɞɧɚɧɧɹɦ ɜ ɨɞɧɿɣ ɫɩɨɪɭɞɿ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɬɢɩɿɜ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ. Ɇɨɠɥɢɜɿɫɬɸ ɜɢɛɨɪɭ ɛɭɞɶ-ɹɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɟɦ 341
ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɭɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ ɬɪɢɜɚɥɨɝɨ ɬɟɪɦɿɧɭ ɡɭɦɨɜɥɸɽ ɭɧɿɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿɜ. ȼɫɿ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɩɨɞɿɥɹɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɱɨɬɢɪɢ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɿ ɝɪɭɩɢ: ɠɢɬɥɨɜɿ, ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɶɤɿ, ɿɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɨɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɿ ɿ ɩɿɞɫɨɛɧɿ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ, ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ. ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɣɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɨɦ, ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɽɸ, ɪɨɡɦɿɪɚɦɢ, ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɭ ɞɥɹ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɿ ɭɦɨɜ ɩɪɚɰɿ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ. ɀɢɬɥɨɜɿ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɸɬɶ ɩɪɨɫɬɿɪ ɬɚ ɭɦɨɜɢ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ — ɧɨɱɿɜɥɸ ɿ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɜɨɧɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɿ ɧɨɦɟɪɚɦɢ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɣ ɿ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɢɦɢ ɡ ɧɢɦɢ — ɩɨɛɭɬɨɜɢɦɢ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹɦɢ. Ⱥɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɶɤɿ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɸɬɶ ɩɪɨɫɬɿɪ ɬɚ ɭɦɨɜɢ ɞɥɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɦ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɨɦ, ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɭ, ɿɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɨɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɟ ɿ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɶɤɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ. ɐɹ ɝɪɭɩɚ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɸɥɹ, ɤɨɦɭɧɿɤɚɰɿɣ, ɳɨ ɜɯɨɞɹɬɶ ɭ ɣɨɝɨ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ. Ƚɪɭɩɚ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽ ɩɪɨɫɬɿɪ ɿ ɭɦɨɜɢ ɞɥɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɭ ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹ ɿ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɫɩɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɭ ɭ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɨɜɨ ɜɿɞɦɟɠɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹɯ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɡɚɤɥɚɞɚɯ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɬɨɪɝɿɜɥɿ, ɫɩɨɪɬɢɜɧɨ-ɨɡɞɨɪɨɜɱɢɯ, ɞɿɥɨɜɨɝɨ, ɪɨɡɜɚɠɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ, ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨ-ɦɚɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɨɝɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ. ȱɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɿ ɿ ɩɿɞɫɨɛɧɿ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɸɬɶ ɩɪɨɫɬɿɪ ɿ ɭɦɨɜɢ ɩɪɚɰɿ, ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɩɨɛɭɬɭ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ, ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɿɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɭ ɿ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɧɿ ɭɦɨɜɢ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿ, ɡɛɟɪɿɝɚɧɧɹ ɜɢɬɪɚɬɧɢɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɿɜ, ɿɧɜɟɧɬɚɪɹ, ɬɢɦɱɚɫɨɜɨ ɧɟ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɜɚɧɢɯ ɪɟɱɟɣ. Ⱦɨ ɝɪɭɩɢ ɿɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɢɯ ɿ ɩɿɞɫɨɛɧɢɯ ɧɚɥɟɠɚɬɶ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɸɱɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ, ɦɚɣɫɬɟɪɧɿ, ɤɥɚɞɨɜɢ, ɛɿɥɢɡɧɹɧɿ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɿɧ. 8.3.1. ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɬɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɩɪɢɥɟɝɥɨʀ ɞɨ ɫɩɨɪɭɞɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɿʀ
ȼɚɠɥɢɜɟ ɩɨɥɿɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɞɥɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ ɦɚɽ ɩɪɢɥɟɝɥɚ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɿɹ. ȼɨɧɚ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɛɭɬɢ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɧɶɨɸ ɭ ɪɨɡɦɿɪɚɯ ɞɥɹ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɱɢɯ ɡɚɜɞɚɧɶ ɡɚɫɨɛɭ 342
ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ, ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɢɯ ɪɟɤɪɟɚɰɿɣɧɢɯ, ɟɤɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɢɯ, ɟɫɬɟɬɢɱɧɢɯ ɭɦɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ. ɍ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɿ ɜɚɠɥɢɜɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɡɨɧ ɩɪɢɥɟɝɥɨʀ ɞɨ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɿʀ ɜɢɞɿɥɹɽɬɶɫɹ ɦɚɣɞɚɧɱɢɤ ɞɥɹ ɩɚɪɤɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɚɜɬɨɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɭ, ɜɯɿɞ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ, ɩɿɞ’ʀɡɧɿ ɲɥɹɯɢ ɞɨ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɞɨɩɨɦɿɠɧɢɯ ɫɥɭɠɛ, ɝɚɪɚɠ, ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɤɨɜɿ ɿ ɫɩɨɪɬɢɜɧɿ ɫɩɨɪɭɞɢ, ɡɟɥɟɧɿ ɧɚɫɚɞɠɟɧɧɹ. ɉɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɪɨɡɦɿɪɢ ɩɪɢɥɟɝɥɨʀ ɞɨ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɿʀ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɪɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɦ ɿ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɬɢ ɜɢɦɨɝɚɦ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɣ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɳɨɞɨ ɪɿɜɧɹ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɭ. ȼɯɿɞ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ — ɜɚɠɥɢɜɢɣ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬ ɮɚɫɚɞɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ, ɳɨ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɬɢ ɣɨɝɨ ɚɪɯɿɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨɦɭ ɫɬɢɥɸ, ɜɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ, ɣɨɝɨ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɧɹ ɽ ɫɜɨɽɪɿɞɧɨɸ ɜɿɡɢɬɧɨɸ ɤɚɪɬɤɨɸ, ɳɨ ɧɚɞɚɽ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚɦ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɸ ɩɪɨ ɡɚɤɥɚɞ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ, ɪɿɜɟɧɶ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɭ, ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬ ɪɢɧɤɭ ɧɚ ɹɤɢɣ ɨɪɿɽɧɬɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɨ. Ⱥɪɯɿɬɟɤɬɭɪɚ ɜɯɨɞɭ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ ɧɚɣɱɚɫɬɿɲɟ ɪɟɚɥɿɡɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɞɜɨɯ ɜɚɪɿɚɧɬɚɯ: ɜɿɞ ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɦɨɧɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ — ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɜɢɫɨɤɨʀ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɞɨ ɫɤɪɨɦɧɨɝɨ, ɬɢɩɨɜɨɝɨ ɞɥɹ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɧɚɣɛɥɢɠɱɢɯ ɚɪɯɿɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɢɯ ɬɢɩɿɜ ɫɩɨɪɭɞ — ɠɢɬɥɨɜɢɯ ɛɭɞɿɜɟɥɶ, ɬɨɪɝɨɜɢɯ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿɜ, ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɧɢɡɶɤɨʀ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ, ɚɛɨ ɛɟɡ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ. Ɂɚɝɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɚɪɯɿɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɢɣ ɿɡ ɫɬɪɢɦɚɧɿɫɬɸ ɜɿɞ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɡɧɚɱɧɨʀ ɤɿɥɶɤɨɫɬɿ ɫɤɥɚɞɧɢɯ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ ɜ ɨɡɞɨɛɥɟɧɧɿ. ɉɪɢɥɟɝɥɚ ɡ ɛɨɤɿɜ ɮɚɫɚɞɧɚ ɫɬɿɧɚ — ɜɿɪɚɠɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɭ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɚ ɡɿ ɫɤɥɚ ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɭɽ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɸɥɶ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ, ɜɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ ɫɩɪɢɹɽ ɣɨɝɨ ɜɢɫɨɤɿɣ ɫɨɧɹɱɧɿɣ ɿɧɫɨɥɹɰɿʀ. ȼɯɿɞɧɿ ɞɜɟɪɿ ɜɢɤɨɧɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɨɪɢɝɿɧɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɞɟɤɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɦɭ ɫɬɢɥɿ ɡ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹɦ ɰɿɧɧɢɯ ɩɨɪɿɞ ɞɟɪɟɜ, ɞɜɟɪɧɢɯ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɿɜ ɡ ɥɚɬɭɧɿ, ɫɤɥɚ. ɍ ɛɚɝɚɬɶɨɯ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɨɜɚɧɨɝɨ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɿɞɤɪɢɜɚɧɧɹ ɞɜɟɪɟɣ. ɉɟɪɟɞ ɜɯɨɞɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɛɿɥɶɲɨɫɬɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɚɤɪɢɬɬɹ, ɭ ɮɟɲɟɧɟɛɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ — ɜɢɬɹɝɧɭɬɟ ɲɚɬɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɭ ɧɚɞ ɩɿɞ’ʀɡɞɨɦ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɿɥɿɜ, ɳɨ ɡɚɯɢɳɚɽ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɜɿɞ ɧɟɝɨɞɢ. ɉɿɞ’ʀɡɧɿ ɲɥɹɯɢ ɞɨ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɞɨɩɨɦɿɠɧɢɯ ɫɥɭɠɛ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ. Ɉɤɪɿɦ ɩɿɞ’ʀɡɞɭ ɞɨ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɜɯɨɞɭ, ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɩɿɞ’ʀɡɧɢɯ ɲɥɹɯɿɜ ɞɨ ɫɥɭɠɛɨɜɨɝɨ ɜɯɨɞɭ ɞɥɹ ɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɧɧɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɢɯ ɭ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɿ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɿɜ. ɋɥɭɠɛɨɜɢɣ ɜɯɿɞ ɞɨ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɶɤɢɯ ɫɥɭɠɛ ɧɟ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɭɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɭ ɦɿɫɰɹɯ ɿɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɭɯɭ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ, ɜɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ ɛɭɬɢ ɡɪɭɱɧɢɦ ɞɥɹ ɡɚʀɡɞɭ ɜɚɧɬɚɠɧɨɝɨ ɚɜɬɨɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɭ. ɍ ɬɢɩɨɜɿɣ ɚɪɯɿɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨ-ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɥɶɧɿɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɢɯ 343
ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɫɥɭɠɛɨɜɢɣ ɜɯɿɞ ɡɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɜɧɭɬɪɿɲɧɶɨɦɭ ɞɜɨɪɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨʀ ɫɩɨɪɭɞɢ ɿ ɡ’ɽɞɧɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɿɡ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɢɦɢ ɤɨɦɭɧɿɤɚɰɿɹɦɢ ɩɿɞ’ʀɡɧɢɦ ɩɪɨʀɡɞɨɦ. Ɇɚɣɞɚɧɱɢɤ ɞɥɹ ɩɚɪɤɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɚɜɬɨɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɭ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɢɣ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɢɥɟɝɥɨʀ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɿʀ ɛɭɞɶ-ɹɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ, ɡɨɤɪɟɦɚ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɭ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɯ ɿɡ ɳɿɥɶɧɨɸ ɡɚɛɭɞɨɜɨɸ. Ɇɚɣɞɚɧɱɢɤ ɞɥɹ ɩɚɪɤɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɚɜɬɨɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɭ ɧɚɣɱɚɫɬɿɲɟ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɛɿɥɹ ɜɯɨɞɭ ɦɿɠ ɩɿɞ’ʀɡɞɨɦ ɿ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɸ ɫɦɭɝɨɸ ɪɭɯɭ ɩɪɢɥɟɝɥɨʀ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɝɿɫɬɪɚɥɿ. ɍ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɿɡ ɞɟɤɿɥɶɤɨɦɚ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɦɢ ɜɯɨɞɚɦɢ, ɨɤɪɟɦɢɦ ɜɯɨɞɨɦ ɭ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧ, ɞɨ ɪɨɡɜɚɠɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿɜ, ɦɚɣɞɚɧɱɢɤ ɞɥɹ ɚɜɬɨɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɭ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɛɿɥɹ ɤɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɡ ɧɢɯ. Ɂɝɿɞɧɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɭ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ ɬɚ ɜɿɞɜɿɞɭɜɚɱɿɜ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɚɜɬɨɫɬɨɹɧɤɢ ɜ ɦɟɠɚɯ ɩɪɢɥɟɝɥɨʀ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɿʀ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɚɜɬɨɫɬɨɹɧɤɢ ɬɢɦɱɚɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɿ ɬɪɢɜɚɥɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɛɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɚɜɬɨɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɭ. Ɍɢɦɱɚɫɨɜɿ ɚɜɬɨɫɬɨɹɧɤɢ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɿ ɞɥɹ ɞɟɤɿɥɶɤɨɯ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɿɥɿɜ ɿ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɳɨɧɚɣɛɥɢɠɱɟ ɞɨ ɜɯɨɞɭ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ, ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧ, ɡɨɪɿɽɧɬɨɜɚɧɿ ɧɚ ɚɜɬɨɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬ ɿɧɞɢɜɿɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɚ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ, ɳɨ ɩɪɢɛɭɜɚɽ ɞɨ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɭ ɡ’ɹɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɡ ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɧɹ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ. Ɇɚɣɞɚɧɱɢɤ ɬɪɢɜɚɥɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɛɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɚɜɬɨɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɭ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɟɩɨɞɚɥɿɤ ɜɿɞ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ, ɜɿɞɫɬɚɧɶ ɣɨɝɨ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɪɨɡɦɿɪɢ ɪɟɝɥɚɦɟɧɬɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɦɿɫɬɤɿɫɬɸ ɿ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɽɸ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ. Ⱥɜɬɨɫɬɚɧɰɿɹ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɛɭɬɢ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɨɸ ɞɨɪɨɠɧɿɦɢ ɡɧɚɤɚɦɢ, ɦɚɬɢ ɡɪɭɱɧɢɣ ɜ’ʀɡɞ ɿ ɜɢʀɡɞ ɧɚ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɝɿɫɬɪɚɥɶ. Ƚɚɪɚɠɿ ɩɪɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ — ɜɚɠɥɢɜɿ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɿ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɭ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɿ ɩɪɢɥɟɝɥɨʀ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɿʀ. ɍ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɝɚɪɚɠɿ ɧɚɣɱɚɫɬɿɲɟ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɩɿɞɡɟɦɧɿɣ — ɰɨɤɨɥɶɧɿɣ ɱɚɫɬɢɧɿ, ɚɛɨ ɨɤɪɟɦɨ ɛɿɥɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɫɩɨɪɭɞ ɿ ɛɭɜɚɸɬɶ ɡɚɤɪɢɬɨɝɨ ɿ ɜɿɞɤɪɢɬɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɭ. ɍ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɿ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɜɧɭɬɪɿɲɧɿɯ ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɢɯ ɤɨɦɭɧɿɤɚɰɿɣ ɭ ɝɚɪɚɠɚɯ, ɳɨ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɸɬɶ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɰɿɸ, ɜɚɠɥɢɜɨ ɞɨɬɪɢɦɭɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɧɨɪɦ ɟɤɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɨʀ ɛɟɡɩɟɤɢ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ. ɍ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚɯ ɝɚɪɚɠɿ ɡɚɣɦɚɸɬɶ ɡɧɚɱɧɿ ɩɥɨɳɿ ɿ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɫɤɥɚɞɧɢɦ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ, ɧɚɞɚɸɬɶ ɡɧɚɱɧɢɣ ɨɛɫɹɝ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɡ ɨɯɨɪɨɧɢ, ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɦɢɣɤɭ, ɯɿɦɱɢɫɬɤɭ ɫɚɥɨɧɭ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɿɥɹ ɬɚ ɿɧ. Ɂɟɥɟɧɿ ɧɚɫɚɞɠɟɧɧɹ, ɫɩɨɪɬɢɜɧɨ-ɨɡɞɨɪɨɜɱɿ ɿ ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɤɨɜɿ ɡɨɧɢ ɩɪɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ. Ɂɟɥɟɧɿ ɧɚɫɚɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɥɟɝɥɿɣ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɿʀ 344
ɞɨ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɜɿɞɿɝɪɚɸɬɶ ɜɚɠɥɢɜɭ ɟɤɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɭ, ɪɟɤɪɟɚɰɿɣɧɭ ɬɚ ɟɫɬɟɬɢɱɧɭ ɮɭɧɤɰɿʀ, ɽ ɜɚɠɥɢɜɢɦ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɿɣɧɢɦ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɚɪɯɿɬɟɤɬɭɪɢ ɭ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɯ ɡ ɧɟɳɿɥɶɧɨɸ ɡɚɛɭɞɨɜɨɸ. Ɉɡɟɥɟɧɟɧɧɹ ɛɥɢɡɶɤɨʀ ɞɨ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɿʀ ɫɤɥɚɞɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ, ɳɨ ɡɭɦɨɜɥɸɽ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɿɫɬɶ ɡɚɥɭɱɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɣɧɨɝɨ ɫɚɞɿɜɧɢɤɚ, ɭɪɚɯɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɢɥɟɝɥɨʀ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɿʀ ɳɨɞɨ ɬɢɩɭ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɭ, ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɟɣ ɛɥɢɡɶɤɢɯ ɞɨ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɡɨɧ ɡɚɛɭɞɨɜɢ. Ɂɨɧɚ ɨɡɟɥɟɧɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɬɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɦ ɟɫɬɟɬɢɤɢ, ɜɪɚɯɨɜɭɜɚɬɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɭ ɿɧɫɨɥɹɰɿɸ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ, ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɿɸ ɩɨɜɿɬɪɹ. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɿɞɜɢɳɟɧɧɹ ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɿ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɢɥɟɝɥɨʀ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɿʀ, ɭɪɿɡɧɨɦɚɧɿɬɧɟɧɧɹ ɭɦɨɜ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ — ɦɨɠɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ ɡɚɧɹɬɬɹ ɫɩɨɪɬɨɦ, ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɤɭ, ɪɨɡɜɚɝ, ɛɿɥɹ ɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɚɛɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɨɛɥɚɲɬɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɬɟɧɿɫɧɿ ɤɨɪɬɢ, ɦɚɣɞɚɧɱɢɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɞɢɫɤɨɬɟɤɢ, ɞɢɬɹɱɿ ɿɝɪɨɜɿ ɦɚɣɞɚɧɱɢɤɢ, ɜɨɞɧɿ ɛɚɫɟɣɧɢ ɬɨɳɨ. Ɉɛɥɚɲɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɢɥɟɝɥɨʀ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɿʀ ɫɩɨɪɬɢɜɧɨ-ɪɨɡɜɚɠɚɥɶɧɨɸ ɿɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɸ, ɧɚɫɚɦɩɟɪɟɞ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɟ ɞɥɹ ɤɭɪɨɪɬɧɢɯ ɿ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɫɶɤɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɿɜ, ɳɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɡɧɚɱɧɨɸ ɦɿɫɬɤɿɫɬɸ, ɜɢɫɨɤɨɸ ɱɚɫɬɤɨɸ ɫɿɦɟɣɧɢɯ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɿɜ; ɞɥɹ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɬɢɩɿɜ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ ɜɢɬɪɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɛɭɞɿɜɧɢɰɬɜɨ ɿ ɭɬɪɢɦɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɡɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɯ ɨɛ’ɽɤɬɿɜ ɞɨɜɨɥɿ ɡɧɚɱɧɿ ɿ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɨ ɧɟɞɨɰɿɥɶɧɿ. 8.3.2. Ɏɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɚ ɿ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɥɶɧɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɹ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɶɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ
Ƚɪɭɩɚ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɶɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽ ɩɪɨɫɬɿɪ ɿ ɭɦɨɜɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɭ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ, ɿɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɿ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɜɫɿɯ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ (ɪɢɫ. 8.1). ɉɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɸɥɶɧɨʀ ɝɪɭɩɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɿ ɭ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɿ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɭ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɜɨɧɢ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɲɨɦɭ ɩɨɜɟɪɫɿ ɿ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɨɜɨ ɬɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ ɬɿɫɧɨ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɿ ɡ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɢɦ ɜɯɨɞɨɦ. ɉɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɸɥɹ ɩɨɥɿɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɿ — ɬɭɬ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɪɭɯ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ, ɜɿɞɜɿɞɭɜɚɱɿɜ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ, ɛɚɝɚɠɭ, ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɢɣɨɦ ɿ ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɧɹ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ, ʀɯɧɽ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɟ, ɩɨɛɭɬɨɜɟ, ɟɤɫɤɭɪɫɿɣɧɟ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɧɚɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɭ (ɬɟ345
ɥɟɮɨɧ, ɩɨɲɬɚ, ɬɟɥɟɝɪɚɮ), ɛɚɧɤɿɜɫɶɤɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɬɚ ɿɧ. ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɰɿɽʀ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɪɨɡɦɿɪɚɦɢ, ɬɢɩɨɦ ɿ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɽɸ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɭ. Ɍɢɩɨɜɚ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɸɥɶɧɨʀ ɝɪɭɩɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɡɨɧɨɸ ɜɿɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɭ, ɡɨɧɨɸ ɪɟɰɟɩɰɿʀ, ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɤɭ, ɬɨɪɝɨɜɨɸ ɡɚɥɨɸ, ɡɨɧɨɸ ɡɛɟɪɿɝɚɧɧɹ ɨɞɹɝɭ ɬɚ ɛɚɝɚɠɭ ɬɚ ɿɧ. (ɪɢɫ. 8.1). Ɏɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɹ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɶɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɉɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɸɥɶɧɨʀ ɝɪɭɩɢ Ɂɨɧɚ ɜɿɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɭ
Ⱥɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɤɨɧɬɨɪɫɶɤɿ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ
ȱɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɿ ɿ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɶɤɿ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɿ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ: Ʉɚɛɿɧɟɬ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɚ ɉɪɢɣɦɚɥɶɧɹ Ɋɨɛɨɱɿ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɢ
Ɂɨɧɚ ɪɟɰɟɩɰɿʀ Ɂɨɧɚ ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɤɭ
Ɍɨɪɝɨɜɚ ɡɨɧɚ
Ⱦɨɩɨɦɿɠɧɿ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ: Ɂɚɥɚ ɧɚɪɚɞ Ɂɚɥɚ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɜɨɪɿɜ Ⱦɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɚɰɿɣɧɚ ɡɚɥɚ ɇɚɜɱɚɥɶɧɚ ɡɚɥɚ ȼɢɫɬɚɜɤɨɜɚ ɡɚɥɚ
Ɂɨɧɚ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɭ Ɂɨɧɚ ɡɛɟɪɿɝɚɧɧɹ ɨɞɹɝɭ ɬɚ ɛɚɝɚɠɭ (ɝɚɪɞɟɪɨɛ), ɤɚɦɟɪɚ ɡɛɟɪɿɝɚɧɧɹ
Ɋɢɫ. 8.1. Ɏɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɹ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɶɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ 346
Ⱥɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɤɨɧɬɨɪɫɶɤɿ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɿ ɭ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɿ ɮɭɧɤɰɿʀ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɦ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɨɦ, ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɸɬɶ ɩɪɨɫɬɿɪ ɞɥɹ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɰɿʀ ɿ ɞɨɩɨɦɿɠɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ. ɍ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɥɶɧɿɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɤɨɧɬɨɪɫɶɤɿ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɧɚɣɱɚɫɬɿɲɟ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɚɧɿ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɲɨɦɭ-ɞɪɭɝɨɦɭ ɩɨɜɟɪɫɿ, ɳɨ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽ ɲɜɢɞɤɢɣ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɿ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɡɚ ɪɨɛɨɬɨɸ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɯ ɫɥɭɠɛ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ, ɜɡɚɽɦɨɞɿɸ ɡ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚɦɢ. ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɿ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɡɚɥɟɠɢɬɶ ɜɿɞ ɦɿɫɬɤɨɫɬɿ, ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ, ɩɪɨɮɿɥɸ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɭ. ȼɫɿ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɤɨɧɬɨɪɫɶɤɿ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɣ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɭɦɨɜɧɨ ɩɨɞɿɥɹɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɿ ɿ ɞɨɩɨɦɿɠɧɿ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɿ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɸɬɶ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɫɶɤɢɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɿ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɤɚɛɿɧɟɬɭ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɚ, ɩɪɢɣɦɚɥɶɧɿ, ɪɨɛɨɱɢɯ ɤɿɦɧɚɬ. Ⱦɨɩɨɦɿɠɧɿ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɜɢɤɨɧɭɸɬɶ ɮɭɧɤɰɿʀ ɜɚɠɥɢɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɞɨɩɨɜɧɟɧɧɹ ɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɫɶɤɿɣ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ. ȼɨɧɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɿ, ɝɨɥɨɜɧɢɦ ɱɢɧɨɦ, ɡɚɥɚɦɢ ɡɧɚɱɧɢɯ ɪɨɡɦɿɪɿɜ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɧɚɪɚɞ, ɩɟɪɟɝɨɜɨɪɿɜ, ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɚɰɿɣɧɢɦɢ, ɜɢɫɬɚɜɤɨɜɢɦɢ, ɧɚɜɱɚɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɡɚɥɚɦɢ. ȼ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɚɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɭ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɤɨɧɬɨɪɫɶɤɿ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɭɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɫɟɪɟɞ ɠɢɬɥɨɜɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɧɚ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɚɯ, ɚɛɨ ɜ ɨɤɪɟɦɿɣ ɫɩɨɪɭɞɿ (ɬɭɪɢɫɬɫɶɤɿ ɛɚɡɢ, ɫɚɧɚɬɨɪɿʀ, ɩɚɧɫɿɨɧɚɬɢ). ɍ ɝɪɭɩɿ ɿɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɢɯ ɿ ɩɿɞɫɨɛɧɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɨɜɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɡɨɫɟɪɟɞɠɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɶɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɟ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɱɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɭ. ɍ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɿ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿɜ ɜɨɧɢ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɩɿɞɜɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹɯ, ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɢɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɚɯ, ɚɛɨ ɨɤɪɟɦɿɣ ɫɩɨɪɭɞɿ ɛɿɥɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ. ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɿɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɢɯ ɿ ɩɿɞɫɨɛɧɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɡɚɥɟɠɢɬɶ ɜɿɞ ɦɿɫɬɤɨɫɬɿ, ɪɨɡɬɚɲɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɬɢɩɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɭ. ɍ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ, ɳɨ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɚɧɿ ɿɡɨɥɶɨɜɚɧɨ ɜɿɞ ɤɨɦɭɧɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɿɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɢɯ ɤɨɦɭɧɿɤɚɰɿɣ (ɜɨɞɨ-, ɝɚɡɨɩɪɨɜɿɞ, ɬɟɩɥɨɩɨɫɬɚɱɚɧɧɹ), ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɡɧɚɱɧɢɯ ɪɨɡɦɿɪɿɜ ɜɢɧɢɤɚɽ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɿɫɬɶ ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹ ɚɜɬɨɧɨɦɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ ɜɨɞɨɸ, ɤɚɧɚɥɿɡɚɰɿɽɸ, ɟɧɟɪɝɨ-, ɬɟɩɥɨɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ, ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɫɬɚɧɰɿɣ, ɩɪɨɬɢɩɨɠɟɠɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɯɢɫɬɭ ɬɚ ɿɧ. ɍ ɤɭɪɨɪɬɧɢɯ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɯ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɫɬɜɨɪɸɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɚɪɬɟɡɿɚɧɫɶɤɿ ɫɜɟɪɞɥɨɜɢɧɢ, ɜɨɞɨɧɚɩɿɪɧɿ ɛɚɲɬɢ, ɨɱɢɫɧɿ ɫɩɨɪɭɞɢ, ɫɤɥɚɞɫɶɤɿ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ. Ⱦɥɹ ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɡɨɪɿɽɧɬɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɧɚ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɿɜ, ɹɤɿ 347
ɪɭɯɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɢɦɢ ɡɚɫɨɛɚɦɢ ɫɬɜɨɪɸɸɬɶɫɹ ɫɩɨɪɭɞɢ ɬɚ ɿɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɟ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ (ɛɟɧɡɨɡɚɩɪɚɜɧɿ ɤɨɥɨɧɤɢ, ɪɟɦɨɧɬɧɿ ɦɚɣɫɬɟɪɧɿ, ɫɬɚɧɰɿʀ ɞɥɹ ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ). Ɍɢɩɨɜɢɦɢ ɭ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɿ ɦɚɣɠɟ ɜɫɿɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ ɽ ɦɚɣɫɬɟɪɧɿ ɡ ɩɨɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɦɨɧɬɭ — ɫɬɨɥɹɪɧɿ, ɫɥɸɫɚɪɧɿ, ɪɟɦɨɧɬɭ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɫɥɚɛɨɫɬɪɭɦɧɢɯ ɩɪɢɫɬɪɨʀɜ, ɦɚɥɹɪɧɿ, ɪɟɦɨɧɬɭ ɥɿɮɬɿɜ ɿ ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ. Ƚɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɶɤɿ ɿ ɩɿɞɫɨɛɧɿ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɿ ɞɥɹ ɡɛɟɪɟɠɟɧɧɹ ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ ɫɥɭɠɛ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɪɨɡɞɿɥɿɜ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ. Ⱦɨ ɝɪɭɩɢ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɰɿɽʀ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɧɚɥɟɠɚɬɶ ɫɤɥɚɞɫɶɤɿ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɿɡ ɡɛɟɪɟɠɟɧɧɹ ɛɿɥɢɡɧɢ, ɿɧɜɟɧɬɚɪɹ, ɦɟɛɥɿɜ, ɩɪɨɞɨɜɨɥɶɱɢɯ ɬɨɜɚɪɿɜ, ɫɩɟɰɢɮɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɡ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɢɦɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɦɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɢ ɿ ɜɨɥɨɝɨɫɬɿ ɩɨɜɿɬɪɹ, ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɡɚɜɿɞɭɸɱɨɝɨ ɫɤɥɚɞɫɶɤɢɦɢ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹɦɢ, ɩɪɚɥɶɧɹ. ɍ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɥɶɧɿɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɫɨɛɭ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɶɤɿ ɿ ɩɿɞɫɨɛɧɿ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɰɨɤɨɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɩɨɜɟɪɫɿ ɚɛɨ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɲɨɦɭ ɩɨɜɟɪɫɿ, ɧɚ ɠɢɬɥɨɜɢɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɚɯ ɧɚɣɱɚɫɬɿɲɟ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɞɥɹ ɡɛɟɪɿɝɚɧɧɹ ɛɿɥɢɡɧɢ ɬɚ ɿɧɜɟɧɬɚɪɹ. 8.3.3. Ɏɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɚ ɿ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɥɶɧɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɹ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɸɥɶɧɨʀ ɝɪɭɩɢ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ
ɍ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɥɶɧɿɣ ɬɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɿɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɝɪɭɩɚ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɸɥɶɧɨʀ ɝɪɭɩɢ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɲɨɦɭ ɩɨɜɟɪɫɿ, ɩɪɢɥɹɝɚɽ ɛɟɡɩɨɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨ ɞɨ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɜɯɨɞɭ. ɐɿ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɽ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɢɦɢ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ, ɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɭɸɬɶ ɣɨɝɨ, ɮɨɪɦɭɸɬɶ ɩɟɪɲɿ ɜɿɡɭɚɥɶɧɿ ɜɪɚɠɟɧɧɹ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ ɩɪɨ ɡɚɤɥɚɞ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ. Ⱥ ɨɬɠɟ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɸ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɸɥɹ, ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɭ ɧɶɨɦɭ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɫɥɭɠɛ, ɯɭɞɨɠɧɶɨ-ɟɫɬɟɬɢɱɧɨɦɭ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɧɸ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɧɚɞɚɜɚɬɢ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨʀ ɭɜɚɝɢ. ɍ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɸɥɿ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɿ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɿ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ, ɜɿɞɛɭɜɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɭ — ɩɟɪɟɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ, ɜɿɞɜɿɞɭɜɚɱɿɜ, ɛɚɝɚɠɭ ɿ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɹ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ, ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ, ɬɨɪɝɨɜɟ, ɩɨɛɭɬɨɜɟ ɿ ɟɤɫɤɭɪɫɿɣɧɟ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɩɨɲɬɨɜɨɝɨ, ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɭ, ɛɚɧɤɿɜɫɶɤɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɨɤ, ɨɱɿɤɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɢ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɧɿ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɿɜ ɬɚ ɿɧ. 348
ɉɨɥɿɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɸɥɶɧɨʀ ɝɪɭɩɢ ɡɭɦɨɜɥɸɽ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɿɫɬɶ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɡɨɧ: ɡɨɧɢ ɜɿɞɤɪɢɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɭ, ɜɟɫɬɢɛɸɥɹ, ɡɨɧɢ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ, ɬɨɪɝɨɜɨʀ ɡɨɧɢ ɿ ɡɨɧɢ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɡɨɧɢ ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɤɭ (ɨɱɿɤɭɜɚɧɧɹ). Ɋɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɿ ɜɡɚɽɦɨɡɜ’ɹɡɨɤ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɡɨɧ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɸɥɹ ɡɭɦɨɜɥɸɽ ɪɿɡɧɿ ɬɢɩɢ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɸɥɶɧɨʀ ɝɪɭɩɢ. ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɿ ɪɨɡɦɿɪɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɡɨɧ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɪɿɜɧɟɦ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɭ, ɦɿɫɬɤɨɫɬɿ, ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɭ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ. Ɂɝɿɞɧɨ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɢɯ ɧɨɪɦ ɭ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɚɯ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɭ, ɭ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɿ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɩɪɢɣɦɚɥɶɧɨ-ɜɟɫɬɢɛɸɥɶɧɨʀ ɝɪɭɩɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɢɬɢ ɦɟɞɩɭɧɤɬ ɬɚ ɿɡɨɥɹɬɨɪ. ɉɥɨɳɚ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɸɥɹ, ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɢɯ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɿɜ, ɧɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɭ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɫɶɤɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɢ 0,8–0,9 ɦ2 ɧɚ ɨɞɧɟ ɦɿɫɰɟ, ɩɥɨɳɚ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɜɢɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɪɿɜɧɹ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɭ — 55–70 ɦ2. Ɋɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɸɥɶɧɨʀ ɝɪɭɩɢ ɳɨɞɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨʀ ɫɩɨɪɭɞɢ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɭ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɦɨɠɟ ɛɭɬɢ ɞɜɨɯ ɬɢɩɿɜ: ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɿɡɨɜɚɧɢɦ — ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɚɧɢɦ ɭ ɫɩɨɪɭɞɿ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɭ, ɬɚɤɟ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɬɢɩɨɜɟ ɞɥɹ ɛɿɥɶɲɨɫɬɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ; ɨɫɿɛɧɟ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɧɚɫɚɦɩɟɪɟɞ ɬɚɤɟ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɡɭɫɬɪɿɱɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɫɟɪɟɞ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿɜ ɫɚɧɚɬɨɪɧɨ-ɤɭɪɨɪɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɮɿɥɸ, ɦɟɧɲɟ ɫɟɪɟɞ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿɜ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɩɚɜɿɥɶɣɨɧɧɨʀ ɡɚɛɭɞɨɜɢ. ȼɯɿɞ ɭ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɸɥɶ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɭɸɬɶ ɭ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɿɣ ɱɚɫɬɢɧɿ ɩɨ ɩɟɪɢɦɟɬɪɭ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɸɥɹ. ɍ ɬɚɤɨɦɭ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɜɯɨɞɭ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɸɥɶ ɜɿɡɭɚɥɶɧɨ ɫɩɪɢɣɦɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɪɨɡɦɿɪɚɯ ɿ ɫɩɪɢɹɽ ɲɜɢɞɤɿɣ ɨɪɿɽɧɬɚɰɿʀ ɭ ɣɨɝɨ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɿ. ɇɚɣɛɿɥɶɲɭ ɩɥɨɳɭ ɭ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɸɥɿ ɡɚɣɦɚɽ ɜɿɞɤɪɢɬɚ ɡɨɧɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɤɭ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ. ɐɹ ɡɨɧɚ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɜɚɬɢ ɛɟɡɩɟɪɟɲɤɨɞɧɟ ɩɟɪɟɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɜɿɥɶɧɢɣ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɞɨ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɸɥɶɧɨʀ ɝɪɭɩɢ. ɍ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɸɥɶɧɨʀ ɝɪɭɩɢ ɜɚɠɥɢɜɢɦ ɽ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ ʀɯɧɶɨɝɨ ɪɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɛɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɭɧɢɤɧɟɧɧɹ ɩɟɪɟɬɢɧɭ ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲ ɿɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɨɤɭ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ. ɇɚɣɛɿɥɶɲ ɿɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɢɣ ɪɭɯ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɭ ɜɿɞɤɪɢɬɿɣ ɡɨɧɿ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɸɥɹ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ʀʀ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɭ ɱɚɫɬɢɧɭ ɦɿɠ ɡɨɧɚɦɢ ɜɯɨɞɭ (ɜɢɯɨɞɭ) ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ ɿ ɡɨɧɨɸ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɤɨɦɭɧɿɤɚɰɿɣ (ɯɨɥ ɫɯɨɞɨɜɨʀ ɿ ɥɿɮɬɨɜɨʀ ɡɨɧɢ). Ȼɟɡɩɟɪɟɲɤɨɞɧɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɜɿɞ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɜɯɨɞɭ ɞɨ ɥɿɮɬɚ ɿ ɫɯɨɞɿɜ ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɚɽ ʀɯɧɽ 349
ɩɪɨɬɢɥɟɠɧɟ ɚɛɨ ɤɭɬɨɜɟ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ. ɇɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɩɪɨɬɢɥɟɠɧɟ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɜɯɨɞɭ ɿ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɤɨɦɭɧɿɤɚɰɿɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɟ ɞɥɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ «Ʌɢɛɿɞɶ» (Ʉɢʀɜ), «Ƚɪɚɧɞ-Ƚɨɬɟɥɶ» (Ʌɶɜɿɜ), ɩɿɞ ɤɭɬɨɦ ɰɿ ɡɨɧɢ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɚɧɿ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ «Ⱦɧɿɩɪɨ» ɿ «Ɋɭɫɶ» (Ʉɢʀɜ). Ɂɨɧɚ ɪɟɰɟɩɰɿʀ ɭ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɸɥɿ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɚ ɭ ɮɨɪɦɿ ɫɬɿɣɤɢ ɡɚ ɹɤɨɸ ɡɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɪɨɛɨɱɟ ɦɿɫɰɟ ɱɟɪɝɨɜɨɝɨ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɨɪɚ, ɹɤɢɣ ɜɟɞɟ ɨɛɥɿɤ ɡɚɣɧɹɬɢɯ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ, ɩɨɩɟɪɟɞɧɿɯ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɶ; ɤɚɫɢɪ — ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɭɧɨɤ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ ɡɚ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ; ɩɨɪɬɶɽ — ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɨɛɥɿɤ ɤɥɸɱɿɜ, ɜɢɞɚɽ ɤɨɪɟɫɩɨɧɞɟɧɰɿɸ ɬɚ ɿɧ. ȼɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ, ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥ ɪɟɰɟɩɰɿʀ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɡɚ ɪɭɯɨɦ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ, ɜɿɞɜɿɞɭɜɚɱɿɜ ɬɚ ɩɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤɿɜ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ. ɋɭɱɚɫɧɢɣ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ ɿ ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɧɹ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɭ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɸɥɿ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɢɦ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɭ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ, ɬɨɦɭ ɪɟɰɟɩɰɿɹ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɩɪɨɦɿɠɧɿɣ ɱɚɫɬɢɧɿ, ɝɨɫɬɿ ɪɭɯɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɜɿɞ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɜɯɨɞɭ ɞɨ ɪɟɰɟɩɰɿʀ ɿ ɞɚɥɿ ɞɨ ɫɯɨɞɨɜɨʀ ɡɨɧɢ ɱɢ ɥɿɮɬɚ. ɐɟɣ ɲɥɹɯ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɢɦ, ɧɟ ɩɟɪɟɬɢɧɚɬɢɫɶ ɿ ɧɟ ɛɭɬɢ ɡɜɨɪɨɬɧɿɦ. ȼɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ, ɪɟɰɟɩɰɿɹ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɜɚɬɢ ɜɢɫɨɤɭ ɜɿɡɭɚɥɶɧɭ ɨɝɥɹɞɨɜɿɫɬɶ ɜɯɨɞɭ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɡɨɧ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɸɥɹ. Ɋɨɡɬɚɲɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɪɟɰɟɩɰɿʀ ɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɿ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɢɣ ɜɯɿɞ — ɪɟɰɟɩɰɿɹ — ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɿ ɤɨɦɭɧɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɦɨɠɟ ɛɭɬɢ: ɨɞɧɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɿɦ, ɪɟɰɟɩɰɿɹ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɚɧɚ ɡɿ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɢ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɜɯɨɞɭ; ɞɜɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɿɦ, ɪɟɰɟɩɰɿɹ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɚɧɚ ɡɿ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɢ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɤɨɦɭɧɿɤɚɰɿɣ; ɬɪɶɨɯɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɿɦ, ɪɟɰɟɩɰɿɹ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɚɧɚ ɦɿɠ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɢɦ ɜɯɨɞɨɦ ɿ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɤɨɦɭɧɿɤɚɰɿɹɦɢ. Ɉɫɬɚɧɧɿɣ ɜɚɪɿɚɧɬ ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲ ɪɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɭ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɿ ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ. ɉɥɚɧɭɜɚɥɶɧɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɹ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɤɨɦɭɧɿɤɚɰɿɣ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ, ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɥɿɮɬɿɜ, ɫɯɨɞɨɜɢɯ ɯɨɥɿɜ, ʀɯ ɪɨɡɦɿɪɢ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɪɿɜɧɟɦ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɭ, ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɸ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɿɜ, ɦɿɫɰɶ ɭ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ. Ɋɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɥɿɮɬɿɜ ɿ ɫɯɨɞɨɜɢɯ ɯɨɥɿɜ ɦɨɠɟ ɛɭɬɢ ɫɭɦɿɳɟɧɢɦ ɚɛɨ ɪɨɡɞɿɥɶɧɢɦ. Ɂɨɧɚ ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɤɭ (ɨɱɿɤɭɜɚɧɧɹ) — ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɢɣ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬ ɭ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɿɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɿ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɸɥɹ, ɳɨ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɬɟɪɦɿɧɨɜɟ ɩɟɪɟɛɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɜ ɩɟɪɿɨɞ ɨɱɿɤɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɧɹ, ɜɿɞ’ʀɡɞɭ ɚɛɨ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ, ɬɭɬ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɢɫɶ ɡɭɫɬɪɿɱɿ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɿ ɜɿɞɜɿɞɭɜɚɱɿɜ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ. ɐɹ ɡɨɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɦ’ɹɤɢɦɢ ɦɟɛɥɹɦɢ, ɠɭɪɧɚɥɶɧɢɦ ɫɬɨɥɢɤɨɦ, ɪɟɤɥɚɦɧɢɦɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɚɦɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ. 350
ɍ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɡɨɧɢ ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɤɭ ɭ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɸɥɿ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɜɪɚɯɨɜɭɜɚɬɢ ɪɹɞ ɜɚɠɥɢɜɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɿɜ: ɭ ɪɟɤɪɟɚɰɿɣɧɿɣ ɡɨɧɿ ɧɟ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɩɟɪɟɬɢɧɚɬɢɫɶ ɥɸɞɫɶɤɿ ɩɨɬɨɤɢ, ɜɨɧɚ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɜɡɞɨɜɠ ɡɨɜɧɿɲɧɶɨʀ ɫɬɿɧɢ ɛɿɥɹ ɜɿɤɨɧ, ɳɨ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽ ɜɢɫɨɤɭ ɫɨɧɹɱɧɭ ɿɧɫɨɥɹɰɿɸ ɿ ɨɝɥɹɞɨɜɿɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɥɟɝɥɨʀ ɞɨ ɫɩɨɪɭɞɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɿʀ; ɡɨɧɚ ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɤɭ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɭɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɩɨɪɹɞ ɡ ɪɟɰɟɩɰɿɽɸ. ɍ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɜɢɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɪɿɜɧɹ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɭ ɬɚ ɡɧɚɱɧɨʀ ɦɿɫɬɤɨɫɬɿ ɭ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɿ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɸɥɶɧɨʀ ɝɪɭɩɢ ɜɢɞɿɥɹɽɬɶɫɹ ɛɸɪɨ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ (ɫɟɪɜɿɫ-ɛɸɪɨ). Ɏɭɧɤɰɿʀ ɛɸɪɨ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɿ ɡ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹɦ ɪɿɡɧɨʀ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿʀ, ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɟɤɫɤɭɪɫɿɣ, ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɦɿɫɰɶ ɭ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɚɯ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨ-ɪɨɡɜɚɠɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɮɿɥɸ, ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɿ ɬɚ ɿɧ. ɉɥɚɧɭɜɚɥɶɧɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɹ ɰɿɽʀ ɥɚɧɤɢ ɡɚɥɟɠɢɬɶ ɜɿɞ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɪɟɰɟɩɰɿʀ ɿ ɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɨʀ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɮɨɪɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɭ. ɉɪɢ ɪɨɡɞɿɥɶɧɿɣ ɮɨɪɦɿ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɭ ɛɸɪɨ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɽ ɜ ɨɤɪɟɦɿɣ ɡɨɧɿ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɲɨɦɭ ɚɛɨ ɞɪɭɝɨɦɭ ɩɨɜɟɪɫɿ. ɉɪɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɽɞɢɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɭ ɛɸɪɨ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɛɟɡɩɨɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨ ɛɿɥɹ ɪɟɰɟɩɰɿʀ. ɍ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɥɶɧɭ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɛɸɪɨ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɿɧɨɞɿ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɿ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɿ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɿ ɬɪɚɧɫɚɝɟɧɬɫɬɜɨɦ ɚɛɨ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɢɦ ɛɸɪɨ, ɭ ɤɭɪɨɪɬɧɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɜɢɞɿɥɹɸɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɢɯ ɤɚɫ. Ⱦɨ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɸɥɶɧɨʀ ɝɪɭɩɢ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɧɚɥɟɠɚɬɶ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɿ ɩɭɧɤɬɢ, ɩɭɧɤɬɢ ɩɨɲɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɿ ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧɧɨ-ɬɟɥɟɝɪɚɮɧɨɝɨ ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɭ, ɝɚɪɞɟɪɨɛ, ɩɟɪɭɤɚɪɧɹ, ɛɚɪ, ɤɚɦɟɪɚ ɡɛɟɪɿɝɚɧɧɹ, ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɞɥɹ ɲɜɟɣɰɚɪɿɜ ɿ ɧɨɫɿʀɜ ɛɚɝɚɠɭ. ɒɢɪɨɤɨ ɩɨɲɢɪɟɧɟ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɤɿɨɫɤɿɜ ɩɪɨɞɚɠɭ ɩɪɟɫɢ, ɥɢɫɬɿɜɨɤ ɿ ɞɪɿɛɧɢɯ ɞɨɪɨɠɧɿɯ ɪɟɱɟɣ, ɸɜɟɥɿɪɧɢɯ ɜɢɪɨɛɿɜ, ɤɨɫɦɟɬɢɤɢ ɬɚ ɿɧ. Ɍɨɪɝɨɜɚ ɡɨɧɚ ɧɚɣɱɚɫɬɿɲɟ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɚɧɚ ɧɚɜɩɪɨɬɢ ɡɨɧɢ ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɤɭ ɿ ɩɨɛɥɢɡɭ ɫɯɨɞɨɜɨɥɿɮɬɨɜɢɯ ɤɨɦɭɧɿɤɚɰɿɣ. Ɍɨɪɝɨɜɿ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ ɫɭɬɬɽɜɨ ɜɩɥɢɜɚɸɬɶ ɧɚ ɿɧɬɟɪ’ɽɪ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɸɥɹ, ɳɨ ɡɭɦɨɜɥɸɽ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɿɫɬɶ ɹɤɿɫɧɨɝɨ ʀɯɧɶɨɝɨ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɧɹ. ɍ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɡɧɚɱɧɨʀ ɦɿɫɬɤɨɫɬɿ ɭ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɸɥɿ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɩɟɪɭɤɚɪɧɿ, ɡɨɪɿɽɧɬɨɜɚɧɿ ɧɚ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɿ ɜɿɞɜɿɞɭɜɚɱɿɜ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ. ȼɯɿɞ ɭ ɩɟɪɭɤɚɪɧɸ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɢɦ ɱɢɧɨɦ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɢɣ ɭ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɸɥɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ, ɜɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ ɭ ɩɟɪɭɤɚɪɧɹɯ ɡɨɪɿɽɧɬɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɣɨɦ ɜɿɞɜɿɞɭɜɚɱɿɜ ɞɨɰɿɥɶɧɢɦ ɽ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɜɯɨɞɭ ɡɡɨɜɧɿ. ɍ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɡɧɚɱɧɢɯ ɪɨɡɦɿɪɿɜ ɡ ɪɨɡɝɚɥɭɠɟɧɨɸ ɦɟɪɟ351
ɠɟɸ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɿ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɭ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɸɥɹɯ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɿ ɫɚɥɨɧɢ ɤɪɚɫɢ. Ɂɝɿɞɧɨ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɡɨɧ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɸɥɹ ɫɬɨɫɨɜɧɨ ɡɨɧɢ ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲ ɿɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɥɶɧɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɹ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɸɥɶɧɨʀ ɝɪɭɩɢ ɦɨɠɟ ɛɭɬɢ: ɮɪɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɸ, ɩɨɜɡɞɨɜɠɧɶɨɸ ɿ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɱɧɨɸ. ɉɪɢ ɮɪɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɸɥɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɚ ɡɨɧɚ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɚɧɚ ɜɿɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɜɯɨɞɭ ɭ ɩɪɨɬɢɥɟɠɧɨɦɭ ɧɚɩɪɹɦɤɭ ɨɞɧɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɶɨ. ȼɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɿ ɤɨɦɭɧɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɿ ɧɚɣɛɥɢɠɱɟ ɞɨ ɜɯɨɞɭ, ɩɪɨɬɟ ɜɢɞɨɜɠɟɧɟ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɸɥɶɧɨʀ ɝɪɭɩɢ ɩɨɝɿɪɲɭɽ ɨɪɿɽɧɬɚɰɿɸ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ, ɜɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ ɫɤɨɪɨɱɭɽ ɣɦɨɜɿɪɧɿɫɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɯɪɟɳɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɥɸɞɫɶɤɢɯ ɩɨɬɨɤɿɜ. Ɍɚɤɟ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɟ ɞɥɹ ɛɿɥɶɲɨɫɬɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ, ɧɚɫɚɦɩɟɪɟɞ ɡɧɚɱɧɢɯ ɪɨɡɦɿɪɿɜ. ɉɨɜɡɞɨɜɠɧɽ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɞɜɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɿɦ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹɦ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɡɨɧ ɜɿɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɜɯɨɞɭ ɬɚ ɡɧɚɱɧɨɸ ɜɿɞɞɚɥɟɧɿɫɬɸ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɤɨɦɭɧɿɤɚɰɿɣ. ɉɪɢ ɬɚɤɨɦɭ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɩɟɪɟɯɪɟɳɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɥɸɞɫɶɤɢɯ ɩɨɬɨɤɿɜ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɧɟ, ɜɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɧɹ ɜɿɡɭɚɥɶɧɚ ɨɪɿɽɧɬɚɰɿɹ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ. ɉɪɹɦɨɤɭɬɧɚ ɤɨɧɮɿɝɭɪɚɰɿɹ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɸɥɹ ɡɭɦɨɜɥɸɽ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɧɟ ɜɡɞɨɜɠ ɜɢɬɹɝɧɭɬɨʀ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɢ ɩɪɹɦɨɤɭɬɧɢɤɚ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɡɨɧ. ɉɪɢ ɩɨɜɡɞɨɜɠɧɶɨɦɭ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɜɢɧɢɤɚɽ ɟɮɟɤɬ ɜɢɫɨɤɨʀ ɡɿɦɤɧɭɬɨɫɬɿ ɬɚ ɨɛɦɟɠɟɧɧɹ ɜɿɥɶɧɨʀ ɡɨɧɢ. Ɍɚɤɟ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɡɭɫɬɪɿɱɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɦɟɧɲɟ ɭ ɩɨɪɿɜɧɹɧɧɿ ɡ ɮɪɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɢɦ ɿ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɱɧɢɦ. Ʉɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɱɧɟ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɬɪɶɨɯɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɿɦ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɡɨɧ ɜɿɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɜɯɨɞɭ. ɉɪɢ ɬɚɤɨɦɭ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɸɥɶ ɦɚɽ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɧɚɛɥɢɠɟɧɭ ɞɨ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɚ ɿ ɫɬɜɨɪɸɽ ɤɨɦɩɚɤɬɧɢɣ ɜɧɭɬɪɿɲɧɿɣ ɩɪɨɫɬɿɪ ɬɚ ɡɪɭɱɧɭ ɜɿɡɭɚɥɶɧɭ ɨɪɿɽɧɬɚɰɿɸ. ɇɟɞɨɥɿɤɨɦ ɭ ɰɶɨɦɭ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɽ ɡɧɚɱɧɟ ɩɟɪɟɯɪɟɳɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɥɸɞɫɶɤɢɯ ɩɨɬɨɤɿɜ. ɍ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɚɬɪɿɭɦɧɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɸɥɶ ɜɢɤɨɧɭɽ ɮɭɧɤɰɿʀ ɭɧɿɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɧɭɬɪɿɲɧɶɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɭ. ȼɟɫɬɢɛɸɥɶ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɡɧɚɱɧɢɦɢ ɪɨɡɦɿɪɚɦɢ, ɭ ɣɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɥɶɧɿɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɜɢɞɿɥɹɽɬɶɫɹ ɞɟɤɿɥɶɤɚ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɡ’ɽɞɧɚɧɢɯ ɦɿɠ ɫɨɛɨɸ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɿɣɧɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ, ɭ ɤɨɠɧɨɦɭ ɡ ɹɤɢɯ ɩɨɽɞɧɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɮɿɥɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɡɨɧ. Ɉɤɪɿɦ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɸɥɹ ɩɪɢ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɦɭ ɜɯɨɞɿ, ɮɭɧɤɰɿʀ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɸɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɜɢɤɨɧɭɽ ɚɬɪɿɭɦɧɢɣ ɩɚɜɿɥɶɣɨɧ, ɨɛɥɚɲɬɨɜɚ352
ɧɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɤɭ, ɪɨɡɜɚɝ, ɲɜɢɞɤɿɫɧɢɦɢ ɥɿɮɬɚɦɢ, ɟɫɤɚɥɚɬɨɪɚɦɢ, ɬɨɪɝɨɜɢɦɢ ɩɚɜɿɥɶɣɨɧɚɦɢ, ɛɚɪɚɦɢ, ɡɢɦɨɜɢɦ ɫɚɞɨɦ ɬɚ ɿɧ. Ɉɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɸɥɶɧɨʀ ɝɪɭɩɢ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ. Ɉɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɸɥɹ ɦɚɽ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨ ɜɚɠɥɢɜɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɭ ɪɟɤɥɚɦɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ, ɣɨɝɨ ɿɧɬɟɪ’ɽɪ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɚɛɟɥɶɧɢɦ ɬɚ ɡɪɭɱɧɢɦ ɞɥɹ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ. ȼ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɿ ɿɧɬɟɪ’ɽɪɚ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɜɢɞɿɥɢɬɢ ɞɟɤɿɥɶɤɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɯ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɿɜ: — ɨɪɢɝɿɧɚɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ ɜ ɚɪɯɿɬɟɤɬɭɪɿ ɬɚ ɞɢɡɚɣɧɿ. Ⱥɜɬɟɧɬɢɱɧɿɫɬɶ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɿɧɬɟɪ’ɽɪɚ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɫɬɨɫɭɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɭɫɿɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ, ɜ ɬɨɦɭ ɱɢɫɥɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ, ɳɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɸɬɶ ɩɿɞ ɽɞɢɧɨɸ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɨɸ ɦɚɪɤɨɸ; — ɜ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɿ ɿɧɬɟɪ’ɽɪɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɜɚɬɢ ɜɢɫɨɤɨʀ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɢ — ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɢɣ ɤɚɦɿɧɶ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɥɢɰɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɿɞɥɨɝɢ, ɩɚɧɟɥɶ, ɜɚɠɤɢɯ ɨɩɨɪ, ɩɪɨɝɨɧɿɜ; ɞɟɪɟɜɨ ɞɨɪɨɝɢɯ ɩɨɪɿɞ; ɦɟɬɚɥɿɱɧɿ ɞɟɬɚɥɿ ɞɨɰɿɥɶɧɨ ɜɢɪɨɛɥɹɬɢ ɡ ɥɚɬɭɧɿ, ɧɟɪɠɚɜɿɸɱɨʀ ɫɬɚɥɿ ɬɚ ɿɧ.; — ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɢ ɜ ɨɛɥɢɰɸɜɚɧɧɿ ɿɧɬɟɪ’ɽɪɚ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɸɥɹ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɦɿɰɧɢɦɢ, ɩɿɞɿɛɪɚɧɿ ɭ ɛɥɢɡɶɤɿɣ ɤɨɥɶɨɪɨɜɿɣ ɝɚɦɿ; — ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɡɨɧɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɜɚɬɢ ɭ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ ɿɡ ɧɨɪɦɚɦɢ ɟɫɬɟɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɧɹ ɛɟɡ ɩɟɪɟɧɚɫɢɱɟɧɧɹ ɞɟɤɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɢɦɢ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ; — ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɿ ɡɨɧɢ ɭ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɸɥɿ ɦɚɸɬɶ ɜɢɞɿɥɹɬɢɫɶ ɧɚ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɮɨɧɿ. ɍ ɪɨɡɞɿɥɟɧɧɿ ɩɥɨɳɿ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɸɥɹ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶ ɩɪɢɣɨɦ ɪɨɡɩɨɞɿɥɭ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɿɜ ɞɟɤɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɨɡɞɨɛɥɟɧɧɹ ɿ ɬɚɤɿ ɯɭɞɨɠɧɿ ɡɚɫɨɛɢ, ɹɤ ɨɫɜɿɬɥɟɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɤɨɥɿɪ. ȼɡɚɽɦɨɪɨɡɬɚɲɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɪɭɩ ɦɟɛɥɿɜ ɪɿɡɧɨɝɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ, ɞɟɤɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɢɯ ɪɨɫɥɢɧ ɦɚɽ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɿɡ ɡɨɧɚɦɢ ɿɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɜɿɞɜɿɞɭɜɚɱɿɜ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨ ɞɨ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɭ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ. Ɋɟɰɟɩɰɿɹ. Ɋɟɰɟɩɰɿɹ — ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɡɚɥ ɚɛɨ ɨɤɪɟɦɚ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɚ ɜ ɝɥɢɛɢɧɿ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɸɥɹ, ɜɿɞɨɤɪɟɦɥɟɧɚ ɜɿɞ ɪɟɲɬɢ ɣɨɝɨ ɡɨɧɢ ɫɬɿɣɤɨɸ ɿ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ ɣ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɧɹ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ, ɨɩɥɚɬɢ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿʀ ɩɪɨ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ. ɉɥɚɧɭɜɚɥɶɧɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɹ ɫɬɿɣɤɢ ɪɟɰɟɩɰɿʀ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɞɜɨɯɹɪɭɫɧɢɦ ɫɬɨɥɨɦ — ɫɟɤɪɟɬɟɪ-ɛɸɪɨ, ɡɚ ɹɤɢɦ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɚɧɟ ɦɿɫɰɟ ɱɟɪɝɨɜɨɝɨ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɨɪɚ, ɩɨɪɬɶɽ, ɤɚɫɢɪɚ, ɩɚɫɩɨɪɬɢɫɬɚ ɬɚ ɿɧ. ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ ɬɚ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ. ȼɟɪɯɧɿɣ ɹɪɭɫ ɫɬɿɣɤɢ — ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɰɶɤɢɣ, ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɫɭɦɿɫɧɨ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚɦɢ ɿ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɸɱɢɦ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɨɦ, ɧɢɠɧɿɣ ɹɪɭɫ — ɪɨɛɨɱɢɣ, ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɥɢɲɟ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɸɱɢɦ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɨɦ 353
ɭ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ. ɇɢɠɧɿɣ ɹɪɭɫ ɽ ɦɿɫɰɟɦ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɧɹ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ, ɜɿɧ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɢɣ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɢɦ ɜɿɞɞɿɥɟɧɧɹɦ ɞɥɹ ɡɛɟɪɿɝɚɧɧɹ ɤɥɸɱɿɜ ɜɿɞ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɿ ɫɥɭɠɛɨɜɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ, ɤɨɪɟɫɩɨɧɞɟɧɰɿʀ, ɳɨ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɽ ɞɥɹ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ, ɤɚɪɬɨɬɟɤɢ, ɬɭɬ ɡɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɶɫɹ ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɿ ɡɚɫɨɛɢ — ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧ, ɤɨɦɩ’ɸɬɟɪ, ɮɚɤɫ ɬɚ ɿɧ. Ɂɨɧɚ ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɤɭ ɣ ɨɱɿɤɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɧɿɣ ɱɚɫɬɢɧɿ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɸɥɹ. ɐɹ ɡɨɧɚ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɚ ɦɟɛɥɹɦɢ — ɦ’ɹɤɢɦ ɤɭɬɤɨɦ, ɤɪɿɫɥɨɦ, ɠɭɪɧɚɥɶɧɢɦ ɫɬɨɥɨɦ ɿ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɚ ɭ ɫɜɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɭ ɜɿɬɚɥɶɧɸ ɭ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɸɥɿ. Ɇɟɛɥɿ ɭ ɡɨɧɿ ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɤɭ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɦɚɬɢ ɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɚɛɟɥɶɧɢɣ ɜɢɝɥɹɞ ɡ ɩɨɤɪɢɬɬɹɦ, ɳɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɜɢɫɨɤɨɸ ɦɿɰɧɿɫɬɸ ɿ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɩɿɞɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɞɨɝɥɹɞɭ, ɧɚɣɱɚɫɬɿɲɟ ɞɥɹ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɲɤɿɪɡɚɦɿɧɧɢɤɢ ɜɢɫɨɤɨʀ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ. Ʉɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɿɣɧɢɦ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɭ ɡɨɧɿ ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɤɭ ɜɢɫɬɭɩɚɽ ɨɡɟɥɟɧɟɧɧɹ. Ƚɚɪɞɟɪɨɛ. ɉɪɢ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɸɥɿ, ɭ ɝɥɢɛɢɧɿ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɸɥɹ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɝɚɪɞɟɪɨɛ, ɳɨ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɽ ɧɚɫɚɦɩɟɪɟɞ ɜɿɞɜɿɞɭɜɚɱɿɜ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɿɜ, ɛɚɪɿɜ, ɤɚɡɢɧɨ, ɬɚ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿɜ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ, ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ. Ɋɨɡɬɚɲɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɚɪɞɟɪɨɛɚ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɨ ɛɭɬɢ ɡɪɭɱɧɢɦ, ɥɟɝɤɨ ɩɨɦɿɬɧɢɦ, ɩɪɨɬɟ ɜɿɧ ɧɟ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨ ɜɢɞɿɥɹɬɢɫɶ ɭ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɿ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɸɥɹ. ɉɪɢɥɟɝɥɚ ɡɨɧɚ ɞɨ ɝɚɪɞɟɪɨɛɚ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɛɭɬɢ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɨɸ ɞɡɟɪɤɚɥɚɦɢ ɿ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɜɚɬɢ ɹɫɤɪɚɜɟ ɨɫɜɿɬɥɟɧɧɹ. ɉɥɨɳɚ ɝɚɪɞɟɪɨɛɚ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɧɨɪɦɢ 0,08 ɦ2 ɧɚ ɿɧɜɟɧɬɚɪɧɟ ɦɿɫɰɟ ɣɨɝɨ ɦɿɫɬɤɨɫɬɿ. Ʉɚɦɟɪɚ ɡɛɟɪɿɝɚɧɧɹ ɛɚɝɚɠɭ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɨɛɥɢɡɭ ɪɟɰɟɩɰɿʀ, ɛɿɥɹ ɜɯɨɞɭ. Ʉɚɦɟɪɭ ɫɯɨɜɭ ɜɢɞɿɥɹɸɬɶ ɜ ɨɤɪɟɦɟ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ, ɜɨɧɚ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɚ ɜɿɤɧɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ ɿ ɜɢɞɚɱɿ ɪɭɱɧɨɝɨ ɛɚɝɚɠɚ ɿ ɫɬɟɥɚɠɚɦɢ ɭ ɜɧɭɬɪɿɲɧɿɣ ɱɚɫɬɢɧɿ ɞɥɹ ɣɨɝɨ ɡɛɟɪɿɝɚɧɧɹ. Ʉɚɦɟɪɚ ɡɛɟɪɿɝɚɧɧɹ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɢɦ ɱɢɧɨɦ ɜɿɞɜɿɞɭɜɚɱɚɦɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ, ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɝɨɫɬɹɦɢ, ɹɤɿ ɡɜɿɥɶɧɹɸɬɶ ɧɨɦɟɪ, ɩɪɨɬɟ ɧɟ ɜɿɞ’ʀɡɞɠɚɸɬɶ ɿ ɝɨɫɬɹɦɢ, ɹɤɿ ɩɪɢɛɭɥɢ, ɚɥɟ ɜ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɩɪɢɛɭɬɬɹ ɧɟɦɚɽ ɜɿɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ. ɍ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚɯ ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɟɧɿ ɨɤɪɟɦɿ ɜɯɨɞɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ ɬɚ ɞɨɫɬɚɜɤɢ ɛɚɝɚɠɚ ɜɚɧɬɚɠɧɢɦɢ ɥɿɮɬɚɦɢ ɭ ɩɟɜɧɿ ɧɨɦɟɪɢ. ɍ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɿɣ ɚɪɯɿɬɟɤɬɭɪɿ ɬɚ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɿ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɸɥɹ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɭ ɪɨɥɶ ɜɿɞɿɝɪɚɽ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɡɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɪɨɡɩɨɞɿɥɿ ɩɥɨɳɿ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɟɣ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɿɣ — ɩɿɞɜɿɫɧɢɯ ɫɬɟɥɶ, ɜɚɠɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɝɨ354
ɧɿɜ ɿ ɨɩɨɪ, ɪɿɡɧɨɝɨ ɪɿɜɧɹ ɩɿɞɥɨɝɢ. ɉɟɪɟɯɨɞɢ ɡ ɨɞɧɿɽʀ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɡɨɧɢ ɞɨ ɿɧɲɨʀ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɿɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɿɫɬɸ ɿ ɮɨɧɨɦ ɨɫɜɿɬɥɟɧɧɹ. Ⱦɥɹ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɿɧɬɟɪ’ɽɪɭ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɸɥɹ ɿɧɞɢɜɿɞɭɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɡɨɜɧɿɲɧɨɫɬɿ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɜɢɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɪɿɜɧɹ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɭ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɯɭɞɨɠɧɿ ɬɜɨɪɢ, ɬɜɨɪɢ ɦɨɧɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨ-ɞɟɤɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɿ ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɨɝɨ ɦɢɫɬɟɰɬɜɚ, ɝɿɞɪɨɨɛ’ɽɤɬɢ (ɮɨɧɬɚɧɢ, ɚɤɜɚɪɿɭɦɢ), ɪɿɡɧɿ ɜɚɪɿɚɧɬɢ ɨɡɟɥɟɧɟɧɧɹ. 8.3.4. Ɏɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɚ ɿ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɥɶɧɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɹ ɠɢɬɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɚ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ
ɉɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɠɢɬɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɚ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɬɢɩɨɦ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɤɨɦɭɧɿɤɚɰɿɣ (ɤɨɪɢɞɨɪɿɜ), ɹɤɿ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɸɬɶ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɡɜ’ɹɡɨɤ ɦɿɠ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹɦɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɚ. Ɍɢɩ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɚ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɥɶɧɭ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɸ ɠɢɬɥɨɜɢɯ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɬɚ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɶɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ, ɣɨɝɨ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɿɫɬɶ, ɦɨɠɥɢɜɿɫɬɶ ɪɟɤɪɟɚɰɿɣɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ, ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɥɶɧɭ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɸ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɤɨɦɭɧɿɤɚɰɿɣ. Ɋɨɡɪɿɡɧɹɸɬɶ ɬɚɤɿ ɬɢɩɢ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɠɢɬɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɚ: ɤɨɪɢɞɨɪɧɟ, ɝɚɥɟɪɟɣɧɟ, ɫɟɤɰɿɣɧɟ, ɤɨɦɛɿɧɨɜɚɧɟ. Ʉɨɪɢɞɨɪɧɢɣ ɬɢɩ ɠɢɬɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɚ ɬɢɩɨɜɢɣ ɭ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ, ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲ ɩɪɨɫɬɢɣ ɿ ɪɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɣ. ɍ ɰɶɨɦɭ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɪɨɡɪɿɡɧɹɸɬɶ ɬɪɢ ɜɚɪɿɚɧɬɢ ɤɨɧɮɿɝɭɪɚɰɿʀ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɚ: ɨɞɢɧ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɧɢɣ ɤɨɪɢɞɨɪ, ɞɜɚ ɩɚɪɚɥɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɤɨɪɢɞɨɪɚ, ɩɟɪɟɦɢɬɪɚɥɶɧɢɣ (ɡɿɦɤɧɭɬɢɣ ɩɨ ɩɟɪɢɦɟɬɪɭ) ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɤɨɪɢɞɨɪ. Ɉɞɢɧ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɤɨɪɢɞɨɪ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɞɜɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɿɦ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ. ɒɢɪɢɧɚ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɚ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɫɟɡɨɧɧɢɦ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɨɦ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɭ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ: ɞɥɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜ ɰɿɥɨɪɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɲɢɪɢɧɚ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɛɭɬɢ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɲɟ 1,8 ɦ, ɫɟɡɨɧɧɢɯ — 1,6 ɦ. Ɋɨɡɬɚɲɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɫɭɦɿɫɧɨ ɫɯɨɞɨɜɨɝɨ ɿ ɥɿɮɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɯɨɥɚ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɞɨɜɠɢɧɨɸ ɤɨɪɢɞɨɪɚ; ɹɤɳɨ ɞɨɜɠɢɧɚ ɤɨɪɢɞɨɪɚ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɧɚ ɜɢɞɿɥɹɽɬɶɫɹ ɨɞɢɧ ɯɨɥ, ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɩɨɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɿ ɣɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɦɟɬɪɚ. ɍ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɿɡ ɡɧɚɱɧɨɸ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɧɿɫɬɸ ɤɨɪɩɭɫɿɜ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɭɜɚɬɢ ɞɟɤɿɥɶɤɚ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɤɨɦɭɧɿɤɚɰɿɣ. ɍ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɠɢɬɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɚ ɡ ɞɜɨɦɚ ɩɚɪɚɥɟɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɤɨɪɢɞɨɪɚɦɢ, ɧɨɦɟɪɢ ɦɚɸɬɶ ɨɞɧɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɽ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɦɿɠ ɤɨɪɢɞɨɪɚɦɢ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɚɧɿ ɫɯɨɞɨɜɿ ɿ ɥɿɮɬɨɜɿ ɯɨɥɢ, ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɸɱɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ. ɇɚɣɱɚɫɬɿɲɟ ɬɚɤɚ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɩɥɚ355
ɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɛɥɨɤɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɞɜɨɯ ɠɢɬɥɨɜɢɯ ɤɨɪɩɭɫɿɜ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ. ɉɥɚɧɭɜɚɥɶɧɚ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɠɢɬɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɚ ɿɡ ɡɿɦɤɧɭɬɢɦ ɩɨ ɩɟɪɢɦɟɬɪɭ ɤɨɪɢɞɨɪɨɦ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɡ ɨɞɧɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɿɦ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɿ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɿɡɨɜɚɧɢɦ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɤɨɦɭɧɿɤɚɰɿɣ ɿ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɸɱɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ. Ɂɿɦɤɧɭɬɟ ɩɨ ɩɟɪɢɦɟɬɪɭ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɛɚɝɚɬɨɩɨɜɟɪɯɨɜɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɛɚɲɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɭ ɡ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɨɸ, ɤɪɭɝɨɜɨɸ ɚɛɨ ɟɥɿɩɫɨɩɨɞɿɛɧɨɸ ɤɨɧɮɿɝɭɪɚɰɿɽɸ ɠɢɬɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɚ. Ƚɚɥɟɪɟɣɧɟ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɠɢɬɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɚ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɡ ɨɞɧɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɿɦ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹɦ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ, ɤɨɥɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɚ ɩɟɜɧɚ ʀɯɧɹ ɨɪɿɽɧɬɚɰɿɹ. ɍ ɰɿɣ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɥɶɧɿɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɿ ɡɛɿɥɶɲɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɧɿɫɬɶ ɠɢɬɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɚ, ɡɦɟɧɲɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɝɥɢɛɢɧɚ ɠɢɬɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɤɨɪɩɭɫɚ, ɫɤɨɪɨɱɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɥɨɳɚ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ ɞɨ ɩɥɨɳɿ ɡɚɛɭɞɨɜɢ ɠɢɬɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɚ. ɇɚɣɱɚɫɬɿɲɟ ɰɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿɜ ɫɟɡɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɚɬɪɿɭɦɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɭ. ɍ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɚɬɪɿɭɦɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɭ ɝɚɥɟɪɟɹ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɢɦ ɱɢɧɨɦ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɜɧɭɬɪɿɲɧɶɨʀ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɢ ɡ ɜɢɯɨɞɨɦ ɧɚ ɚɬɪɿɭɦ ɭ ɜɢɝɥɹɞɿ ɛɚɥɤɨɧɚ ɚɛɨ ɩɨ ɡɨɜɧɿɲɧɶɨɦɭ ɩɟɪɢɦɟɬɪɭ ɫɩɨɪɭɞɢ ɡ ɨɪɿɽɧɬɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɧɚ ɚɬɪɿɭɦ. ɋɟɤɰɿɣɧɚ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɥɶɧɚ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ ɠɢɬɥɨɜɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɧɚɜɤɨɥɨ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɤɨɦɭɧɿɤɚɰɿɣ — ɫɯɨɞɨɜɢɯ ɿ ɥɿɮɬɨɜɢɯ ɯɨɥɿɜ, ɝɨɥɨɜɧɢɦ ɱɢɧɨɦ ɭ ɠɢɬɥɨɜɢɯ ɤɨɪɩɭɫɚɯ ɫɟɡɨɧɧɢɯ ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ. ɇɚɫɚɦɩɟɪɟɞ, ɭ ɬɚɤɿɣ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɥɶɧɿɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɿ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɫɶɤɿ ɛɚɡɢ, ɦɨɬɟɥɿ. Ʉɨɦɛɿɧɨɜɚɧɚ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɥɶɧɚ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɠɢɬɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɚ ɩɨɽɞɧɭɽ ɨɞɧɨɱɚɫɧɨ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɞɟɤɿɥɶɤɨɯ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɞɧɿɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɣɨɝɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ. ɇɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɦɨɠɟ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɤɨɪɢɞɨɪɧɚ ɿ ɝɚɥɟɪɟɣɧɚ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɜ ɭɫɤɥɚɞɧɟɧɢɯ ɤɨɧɮɿɝɭɪɚɰɿɹɯ ɠɢɬɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɚ. 8.3.5. Ɏɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɚ ɬɚ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɥɶɧɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɹ ɠɢɬɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ
ɀɢɬɥɨɜɢɣ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɜɢɫɬɭɩɚɽ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɢɦ ɠɢɬɥɨɜɢɦ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹɦ ɭ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɥɶɧɿɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ, ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽ ɣɨɝɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɭ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɸ — ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɡ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ. ɍ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɨɦɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɜɢɤɨɧɭɜɚɬɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɿʀ ɭɧɿɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ 356
ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ, ɳɨ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽ ɡɚɞɨɜɨɥɟɧɧɹ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɩɨɬɪɟɛ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɜ ɩɟɪɿɨɞ ʀɯɧɶɨɝɨ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɬɟɪɦɿɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɛɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ — ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɨɤ, ɭɦɨɜɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɚɰɿ, ɞɿɥɨɜɿ ɫɬɨɫɭɧɤɢ, ɫɚɧɿɬɚɪɧɨ-ɝɿɝɿɽɧɿɱɧɿ ɭɦɨɜɢ, ɡɪɭɱɧɿɫɬɶ ɭ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɿ ɨɫɨɛɢɫɬɢɯ ɪɟɱɟɣ, ɡɨɜɧɿɲɧɿɣ ɡɜ’ɹɡɨɤ ɬɨɳɨ. ȼɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ, ɧɨɦɟɪ ɽ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɢɦ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɱɢɦ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹɦ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ, ɬɨɦɭ ɜɚɠɥɢɜɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɦɚɽ ɣɨɝɨ ɪɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɟ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɱɨʀ ɡɪɭɱɧɨɫɬɿ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ. Ɋɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ ɫɩɥɚɧɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɬɚ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɢɣ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɢɦ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹɦ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɜɿɞɿɝɪɚɽ ɫɭɬɬɽɜɭ ɪɨɥɶ ɭ ɪɟɧɬɚɛɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ. Ⱦɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɜɢɦɨɝ ɳɨɞɨ ɪɨɡɦɿɪɿɜ, ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɿ ɜɿɞɨɛɪɚɠɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɣɨɝɨ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɿ, ɩɨɬɨɱɧɢɯ ɜɢɬɪɚɬɚɯ, ɚɦɨɪɬɢɡɚɰɿʀ, ɪɟɦɨɧɬɿ, ɧɚɣɝɨɥɨɜɧɿɲɟ ɭ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɿ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɛɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ — ɜɢɪɿɲɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɭ ɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɚɛɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ. ɍ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɠɢɬɥɨɜɢɯ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɜɢɞɿɥɹɸɬɶɫɹ ɬɚɤɿ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɿ ɡɨɧɢ: ɠɢɬɥɨɜɚ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɚ, ɫɚɧɜɭɡɨɥ, ɩɟɪɟɞɩɨɤɿɣ, ɤɭɯɧɹ (ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɚɯ-ɚɩɚɪɬɚɦɟɧɬɚɯ). Ɋɨɡɬɚɲɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɡɨɧ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɿ, ʀɯɧɹ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ, ɪɨɡɦɿɪɢ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɣɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɥɶɧɨɸ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɿɽɸ. ɋɟɪɟɞ ɬɢɩɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɠɢɬɥɨɜɨʀ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɢ, ɫɚɧɜɭɡɥɚ ɿ ɩɟɪɟɞɩɨɤɨɸ ɜɢɞɿɥɹɸɬɶɫɹ ɬɚɤɿ ɜɚɪɿɚɧɬɢ: — ɜɯɿɞ ɭ ɫɚɧɜɭɡɨɥ ɡ ɠɢɬɥɨɜɨʀ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɢ, ɛɟɡ ɩɟɪɟɞɩɨɤɨɸ; — ɜɯɿɞ ɭ ɫɚɧɜɭɡɨɥ ɡ ɩɟɪɟɞɩɨɤɨɸ, ɫɚɧɜɭɡɨɥ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɦɿɠ ɧɨɦɟɪɚɦɢ; — ɜɯɿɞ ɭ ɫɚɧɜɭɡɨɥ ɡ ɩɟɪɟɞɩɨɤɨɸ, ɫɚɧɜɭɡɨɥ ɿɧɞɢɜɿɞɭɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ. ɐɟɣ ɜɚɪɿɚɧɬ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲ ɩɨɲɢɪɟɧɢɣ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ. ɀɢɬɥɨɜɿ ɧɨɦɟɪɢ ɡɚ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɸ ɠɢɬɥɨɜɢɯ ɤɿɦɧɚɬ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɨ-, ɞɜɨɯ-, ɬɪɶɨɯ-, ɛɚɝɚɬɨɤɿɦɧɚɬɧɿ (ɧɨɦɟɪɢ-ɚɩɚɪɬɚɦɟɧɬɢ). ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɠɢɬɥɨɜɢɯ ɤɿɦɧɚɬ ɡɚɥɟɠɢɬɶ ɜɿɞ ʀɯɧɶɨʀ ɦɿɫɬɤɨɫɬɿ, ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ, ɪɿɜɧɹ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɿ ɣɨɝɨ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɚɰɿʀ. ɇɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɡɨɪɿɽɧɬɨɜɚɧɿ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɣɨɦ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɿɜ, ɹɤɿ ɩɪɢɛɭɜɚɸɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɤɭ ɫɿɦ’ɹɦɢ (ɤɭɪɨɪɬɧɿ, ɬɭɪɢɫɬɫɶɤɿ), ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɦɚɬɢ ɛɿɥɶɲɭ ɱɚɫɬɤɭ ɞɜɨɯ- ɿ ɛɚɝɚɬɨɦɿɫɧɢɯ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ, ɦɿɫɶɤɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɞɥɹ ɞɿɥɨɜɢɯ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ — ɨɞɧɨɦɿɫɧɢɯ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ (ɞɨɞɚɬɨɤ Ƚ). Ɉɞɧɨɤɿɦɧɚɬɧɢɣ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɿɡ ɠɢɬɥɨɜɨʀ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɢ, ɩɟɪɟɞɩɨɤɨɸ ɿ ɫɚɧɜɭɡɥɚ (ɜ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɧɨɦɟɪɚɯ ɩɟɪɟɞɩɨɤɿɣ ɿ ɫɚɧɜɭɡɨɥ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɛɭɬɢ ɜɿɞɫɭɬɧɿɦɢ). Ɂɚ ɪɨɡɦɿɪɚɦɢ ɨɞɧɨɤɿɦɧɚɬɧɿ 357
ɧɨɦɟɪɢ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɛɭɬɢ: ɨɞɧɨɦɿɫɧɢɦɢ — 9–11 ɦ2, ɞɜɨɯɦɿɫɧɢɦɢ — 12–14 ɦ2, ɬɪɶɨɯɦɿɫɧɢɦɢ — 15 ɦ2, ɱɨɬɢɪɶɨɯɦɿɫɧɢɦɢ — 18 ɦ2. ɍ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɚɯ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɭ ɡɨɪɿɽɧɬɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɣɨɦ ɦɨɥɨɞɿ, ɫɩɨɪɬɫɦɟɧɿɜ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɢ-ɝɭɪɬɨɠɢɬɤɢ ɧɚ ɩ’ɹɬɶ ɦɿɫɰɶ. ȼɨɧɢ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɞɜɨɯ ɠɢɬɥɨɜɢɯ ɤɿɦɧɚɬ ɿɡ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɢɦ ɩɟɪɟɞɩɨɤɨɽɦ ɿ ɫɚɧɜɭɡɥɨɦ. Ɂɝɿɞɧɨ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɢɯ ɧɨɪɦ ɞɜɨɯɤɿɦɧɚɬɧɿ ɧɨɦɟɪɢ ɡ ɠɢɬɥɨɜɨɸ ɩɥɨɳɟɸ 22 ɦ2 ɿ ɬɪɶɨɯɤɿɦɧɚɬɧɿ — 40 ɦ2 ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɛɭɬɢ ɨɞɧɨ- ɿ ɞɜɨɯɦɿɫɧɢɦɢ. ɇɨɦɟɪɢ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɿ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ ɡɧɚɱɧɨʀ ɤɿɥɶɤɨɫɬɿ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɦɚɬɢ ɩɥɨɳɭ ɭ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɭɧɤɭ 6 ɦ2 ɧɚ ɤɨɠɧɟ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɟ ɦɿɫɰɟ (ɧɨɪɦɢ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɿ ɞɥɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ 1–2 ɡɿɪɤɢ). ɑɚɫɬɤɚ ɨɞɧɨɦɿɫɧɢɯ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɭ ɜɿɬɱɢɡɧɹɧɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɛɥɢɡɶɤɨ 30–50 %, ɡɚ ɤɨɪɞɨɧɨɦ — 60–80 %, ɭ ɤɭɪɨɪɬɧɢɯ ɿ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɫɶɤɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɞɜɨɦɿɫɧɢɯ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ 75–100 % ɜɿɞ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɤɿɥɶɤɨɫɬɿ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ. ɍ ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɭ ɿɡ ɡɧɚɱɧɢɦɢ ɫɟɡɨɧɧɢɦɢ ɤɨɥɢɜɚɧɧɹɦɢ ɩɨɩɢɬɭ ɧɚ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ, ɩɨɫɬɿɣɧɟ ɫɩɿɜɜɿɞɧɨɲɟɧɧɹ ɨɞɧɨ- ɿ ɞɜɨɯɦɿɫɧɢɯ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ, ɧɚɫɚɦɩɟɪɟɞ ɩɪɢ ɡɧɚɱɧɿɣ ɱɚɫɬɰɿ ɨɞɧɨɦɿɫɧɢɯ, ɡɭɦɨɜɥɸɽ ɭɫɤɥɚɞɧɟɧɧɹ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɿ ɡɧɢɠɭɽ ɞɨɯɨɞɢ. ȼ ɬɚɤɨɦɭ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ ɞɨɰɿɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɭɜɚɬɢ ɨɞɧɨɤɿɦɧɚɬɧɿ ɧɨɦɟɪɢ ɬɢɩɭ «ɞɭɛɥɶ», ɪɨɡɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɿ ɧɚ ɲɜɢɞɤɭ ɡɦɿɧɭ ɦɿɫɬɤɨɫɬɿ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɩɨɩɢɬɭ. Ⱦɜɨɯɤɿɦɧɚɬɧɢɣ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɿɡ ɫɩɚɥɶɧɿ, ɜɿɬɚɥɶɧɿ, ɩɟɪɟɞɩɨɤɨɸ, ɫɚɧɜɭɡɥɚ (ɜ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɚɯ ɞɜɨɯ). ɋɚɧɿɬɚɪɧɢɣ ɜɭɡɨɥ ɦɨɠɟ ɦɚɬɢ ɞɜɚ ɜɯɨɞɢ — ɨɞɢɧ ɭ ɩɟɪɟɞɩɨɤɿɣ, ɞɪɭɝɢɣ — ɭ ɫɩɚɥɶɧɸ. Ɍɪɶɨɯɤɿɦɧɚɬɧɢɣ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɿɡ ɫɩɚɥɶɧɿ, ɜɿɬɚɥɶɧɿ, ɤɚɛɿɧɟɬɭ, ɩɟɪɟɞɩɨɤɨɸ, ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɚɛɨ ɞɜɨɯ ɫɚɧɜɭɡɥɿɜ. Ȼɚɝɚɬɨɤɿɦɧɚɬɧɢɣ ɧɨɦɟɪ (ɧɨɦɟɪ-ɥɸɤɫ, ɧɨɦɟɪɢ-ɚɩɚɪɬɚɦɟɧɬɢ) ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɦɚɬɢ ɞɨ 8 ɤɿɦɧɚɬ, ɭ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɿ ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɟɧɨ ɞɟɤɿɥɶɤɚ ɫɩɚɥɟɧɶ, ɜɿɬɚɥɶɧɹ, ɤɚɛɿɧɟɬ, ɩɟɪɟɞɩɨɤɿɣ, ɝɚɪɞɟɪɨɛɧɚ, ɤɭɯɧɹ (ɤɭɯɧɹ-ɧɿɲɚ), ɜɚɧɧɚ, ɬɭɚɥɟɬ. Ɉɫɨɛɥɢɜɨ ɮɟɲɟɧɟɛɟɥɶɧɿ ɧɨɦɟɪɢ ɭ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɛɭɬɢ ɞɜɨɪɿɜɧɟɜɢɦɢ: ɧɚ ɩɟɪɲɨɦɭ ɩɨɜɟɪɫɿ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɜɿɬɚɥɶɧɹ, ɤɚɛɿɧɟɬ, ɩɟɪɟɞɩɨɤɿɣ, ɤɭɯɧɹ, ɫɚɧɜɭɡɨɥ, ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɨɦɭ — ɫɩɚɥɶɧɹ ɿ ɫɚɧɜɭɡɨɥ. Ȼɚɝɚɬɨɤɿɦɧɚɬɧɿ ɧɨɦɟɪɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɟɧɿ ɧɚɫɚɦɩɟɪɟɞ ɜ ɚɩɚɪɬ-ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ. Ȼɚɝɚɬɨɤɿɦɧɚɬɧɿ ɧɨɦɟɪɢ ɧɚɥɟɠɚɬɶ ɞɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɰɶɤɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɭ ɿ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚɦɢ ɿɡ ɜɢɫɨɤɢɦɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɫɬɚɬɤɚɦɢ — ɛɿɡɧɟɫɦɟɧɚɦɢ, ɩɨɥɿɬɢɤɚɦɢ, ɹɤɿ ɨɱɿɤɭɸɬɶ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ 358
ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɧɢɯ ɭɦɨɜ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ ɡ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɿɫɬɸ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɞɿɥɨɜɢɯ ɡɭɫɬɪɿɱɟɣ ɿ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ. Ȳɯɧɹ ɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɭ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɧɟ ɩɟɪɟɜɢɳɭɽ 10 % ɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɮɨɧɞɭ. Ɂ ɦɟɬɨɸ ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɿɲɨɝɨ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ-ɥɸɤɫ ɿ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ-ɚɩɚɪɬɚɦɟɧɬɿɜ ɡ ɞɜɨɯ ɿ ɛɿɥɶɲɟ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ, ʀɯ ɫɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬɶ ɞɜɟɪɢɦɚ ɿ ɨɬɪɢɦɭɸɬɶ ɬɚɤ ɡɜɚɧɿ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ-ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɢ. ȼɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨ ɞɨ ɩɨɩɢɬɭ ɲɥɹɯɨɦ ɤɨɦɛɿɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɢ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɡɞɚɜɚɬɢ ɩɨ ɱɚɫɬɢɧɚɯ, ɧɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɹɤ ɨɞɧɨɤɿɦɧɚɬɧɿ ɚɛɨ ɹɤ ɧɨɦɟɪɢ-ɥɸɤɫ ɡ ɪɿɡɧɨɸ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɸ ɤɿɦɧɚɬ, ɚɛɨ ɹɤ ɛɚɝɚɬɨɤɿɦɧɚɬɧɿ ɚɩɚɪɬɚɦɟɧɬɢ ɡ 2–3 ɿɡɨɥɶɨɜɚɧɢɦɢ ɜɯɨɞɚɦɢ ɿɡ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɪɢɞɨɪɭ. ɉɥɚɧɭɜɚɥɶɧɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɹ ɩɟɪɟɞɩɨɤɨɸ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɧɢɦɢ ɪɨɡɦɿɪɚɦɢ — 1–2 ɦ2. ȼ ɨɞɧɨɤɿɦɧɚɬɧɢɯ ɧɨɦɟɪɚɯ ɩɟɪɟɞɩɨɤɿɣ ɜɢɞɿɥɹɽɬɶɫɹ ɬɿɥɶɤɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɨɜɨ, ɞɜɟɪɿ ɭ ɜɿɬɚɥɶɧɸ ɧɟ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ. əɤɳɨ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɿ ɜɿɞɫɭɬɧɿɣ ɫɚɧɜɭɡɨɥ ɩɟɪɟɞɩɨɤɿɣ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɭɽɬɶɫɹ. ɍ ɩɟɪɟɞɩɨɤɨʀ ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɫɬɿɪ ɞɥɹ ɡɛɟɪɟɠɟɧɧɹ ɜɟɪɯɧɶɨɝɨ ɨɞɹɝɭ ɬɚ ɨɫɨɛɢɫɬɢɯ ɪɟɱɟɣ; ɡɚ ɤɨɪɞɨɧɨɦ ɭ ɩɟɪɟɞɩɨɤɨʀ ɿɧɨɞɿ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɭɸɬɶ ɤɭɯɧɸɲɚɮɭ ɚɛɨ ɤɭɯɧɸ-ɧɿɲɭ. ɍ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɚɯ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɪɟɤɪɟɚɰɿɣɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɭ, ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɚɯ ɜɢɞɿɥɹɸɬɶɫɹ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɿ ɡɨɧɢ ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɤɭ: ɛɚɥɤɨɧ, ɬɟɪɚɫɚ, ɥɨɞɠɿɹ. ɉɥɚɧɭɜɚɥɶɧɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɹ ɫɚɧɿɬɚɪɧɢɯ ɜɭɡɥɿɜ ɡɚɥɟɠɢɬɶ ɜɿɞ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ. Ɂɝɿɞɧɨ ɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɭ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ ɳɨɞɨ ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ, ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɨɞɧɚ-, ɞɜɿ ɡɿɪɤɢ, ɹɤɳɨ ɰɿ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɢ ɫɬɚɪɨʀ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɿʀ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɡ ɩɨɜɧɢɦ ɫɚɧɜɭɡɥɨɦ (ɭɦɢɜɚɥɶɧɢɤ, ɭɧɿɬɚɡ, ɜɚɧɧɚ ɚɛɨ ɞɭɲ) ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɢ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɲɟ 25 % ɿ 50 %, ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɜɢɳɨʀ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɫɚɧɜɭɡɥɨɦ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɜɫɿ ɧɨɦɟɪɢ. ɍ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɨɞɧɚ-, ɞɜɿ ɡɿɪɤɢ ɧɚ ɤɨɠɧɨɦɭ ɩɨɜɟɪɫɿ ɛɟɡ ɫɚɧɜɭɡɥɿɜ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɨɞɢɧ ɬɭɚɥɟɬ, ɨɞɧɚ ɜɚɧɧɚ (ɞɭɲɨɜɚ) ɧɚ ɤɨɠɧɿ ɩ’ɹɬɶ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ, ɚɥɟ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɲɟ ɧɿɠ ɞɜɚ ɬɭɚɥɟɬɢ ɬɚ ɞɜɿ ɜɚɧɧɢ (ɞɭɲɨɜɿ) ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯ ɨɤɪɟɦɨ ɞɥɹ ɱɨɥɨɜɿɤɿɜ ɬɚ ɠɿɧɨɤ. ɉɥɨɳɚ ɫɚɧɜɭɡɥɚ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɛɭɬɢ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɧɶɨɸ ɞɥɹ ɜɿɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɧɨɸ ɭ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɿ ɜɫɶɨɝɨ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ 2,4–4,6 ɦ2. ɉɨɜɧɟ ɫɚɧɿɬɚɪɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɟ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɫɚɧɜɭɡɥɚ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɜɚɧɧɢ (ɞɭɲɨɜɨʀ ɤɚɛɿɧɢ), ɭɦɢɜɚɥɶɧɢɤɚ, ɭɧɿɬɚɡɚ, ɫɭɲɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɪɭɲɧɢɤɿɜ ɿ ɛɿɞɟ (ɞɥɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɜɢɳɢɯ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɣ ɭ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɚɯ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɜɢɫɨɤɨʀ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ). ȼɯɿɞ ɭ ɫɚɧɜɭɡɨɥ ɧɚɣɱɚɫɬɿɲɟ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɩɟɪɟɞɩɨɤɨɸ, ɭ ɛɚɝɚɬɨɤɿɦɧɚɬɧɢɯ ɧɨɦɟɪɚɯ ɨɤɪɿɦ ɜɯɨɞɭ ɡ ɩɟɪɟɞɩɨɤɨɸ ɩɟɪɟɞ359
ɛɚɱɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɞɪɭɝɢɣ ɜɯɿɞ ɿɡ ɫɩɚɥɶɧɿ. ɍ ɧɨɦɟɪɚɯ ɜɢɳɨʀ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɫɚɧɜɭɡɨɥ ɦɨɠɟ ɛɭɬɢ ɪɨɡɞɿɥɟɧɢɣ: ɡɿ ɫɩɚɥɶɧɿ ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɜɯɿɞ ɭ ɜɚɧɧɭ, ɚ ɡ ɩɟɪɟɞɩɨɤɨɸ ɜ ɬɭɚɥɟɬ. Ɋɨɡɞɿɥɶɧɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɫɚɧɜɭɡɥɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɟ ɧɚɫɚɦɩɟɪɟɞ ɩɪɢ ɞɜɨɪɿɜɧɟɜɨɦɭ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɛɚɝɚɬɨɤɿɦɧɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ. ɍ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɚɯ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɫɟɡɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ (ɤɟɦɩɿɧɝ, ɬɭɪɢɫɬɫɶɤɚ ɛɚɡɚ), ɚɛɨ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɧɚ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɬɟɪɦɿɧɨɜɟ ɩɟɪɟɛɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ (ɬɭɪɢɫɬɫɶɤɢɣ ɩɪɢɬɭɥɨɤ, ɯɢɠɚ) ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɫɚɧɜɭɡɥɚ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɚɯ ɚɛɨ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɚɧɜɭɡɥɚ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɫɿ ɦɨɠɟ ɛɭɬɢ ɧɟɩɨɜɧɨɸ. ɇɟɩɨɜɧɢɣ ɫɚɧɜɭɡɨɥ (ɞɭɲ, ɭɦɢɜɚɥɶɧɢɤ, ɭɧɿɬɚɡ ɚɛɨ ɬɿɥɶɤɢ ɭɦɢɜɚɥɶɧɢɤ ɿ ɭɧɿɬɚɡ) ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɚɯ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɭ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɭɧɤɭ ɧɚ 2–4 ɦɿɫɰɹ. Ɂɚɝɚɥɶɧɿ ɫɚɧɜɭɡɥɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɭɸɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɡɧɚɱɧɿɣ ɦɿɫɬɤɨɫɬɿ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ — ɫɩɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɤɿɦɧɚɬ, ɹɤɿ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɢɯ ɧɨɪɦ ɦɿɫɬɤɨɫɬɿ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɫɶɤɭ ɝɪɭɩɭ ɜɿɞ 8 ɞɨ 20–25 ɨɫɿɛ. Ɉɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɠɢɬɥɨɜɢɯ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ.Ɉɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɠɢɬɥɨɜɢɯ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ — ɰɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɿɲɧɶɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɭ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɿ, ɳɨ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɢɬɢ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɧɿ ɭɦɨɜɢ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɿ ɡɪɭɱɧɟ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɨɦ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ. Ɂɚɝɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬ ɜɧɭɬɪɿɲɧɶɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɽ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɣ, ɟɤɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɢɣ ɿ ɟɫɬɟɬɢɱɧɢɣ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬ. Ɏɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬ ɪɟɚɥɿɡɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɡɪɭɱɧɿɫɬɸ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɛɭɞɶ-ɹɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɿ ɿ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɟɧɧɹ ɭɫɿɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿɜ ɠɢɬɬɽɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɥɸɞɢɧɢ — ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ ɫɧɭ, ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɤɭ, ɨɫɨɛɢɫɬɨʀ ɝɿɝɿɽɧɢ, ɞɿɥɨɜɨʀ ɡɭɫɬɪɿɱɿ ɬɚ ɿɧ. Ɂɪɭɱɧɿɫɬɶ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɢɦ ɧɚɛɨɪɨɦ ɦɟɛɥɿɜ ɿ ɭɫɬɚɬɤɭɜɚɧɧɹ. ȿɤɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɢɣ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬ ɫɬɜɨɪɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɦɭ ɮɿɡɢɱɧɢɦɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɦɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɿɲɧɶɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ — ɩɨɽɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɢ, ɜɨɥɨɝɨɫɬɿ, ɞɿʀ ɫɨɧɹɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɦɿɧɧɹ, ɩɨɜɿɬɪɹɧɢɯ ɩɨɬɨɤɿɜ. Ɉɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɿ ɟɤɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɿ ɭɦɨɜɢ ɫɬɜɨɪɸɸɬɶɫɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦɢ ɿɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ: ɨɩɚɥɟɧɧɹ, ɤɨɧɞɢɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɜɿɬɪɹ, ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɰɿʀ, ɫɨɧɰɟɡɚɯɢɫɧɢɯ ɝɚɪɞɢɧ, ɠɚɥɸɡɟɣ ɬɨɳɨ. ȿɫɬɟɬɢɱɧɢɣ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬ ɫɬɜɨɪɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɝɚɪɦɨɧɿɣɧɿɫɬɸ ɧɚɨɱɧɨɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɬɨɱɟɧɧɹ, ɞɨɫɹɝɧɟɧɧɹɦ ɰɿɥɿɫɧɨɫɬɿ ɿ ɭɡɝɨɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɜɫɿɯ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɿɜ — ɞɢɡɚɣɧɭ ɦɟɛɥɿɜ, ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɞɟɤɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɢɯ ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ ɿɧɬɟɪ’ɽɪɭ, ɤɨɥɿɪɧɨʀ ɝɚɦɢ, ɨɡɞɨɛɥɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɨɧɶ, ɨɡɟɥɟɧɟɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɿɧ. 360
Ɇɟɛɥɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɠɢɬɥɨɜɢɯ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ. ȼ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɿ ɠɢɬɥɨɜɢɯ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɭ ɮɭɧɤɰɿʀ ɦɚɽ ɦɟɛɥɸɜɚɧɧɹ. Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɨ ɞɨɰɿɥɶɧɟ ɦɟɛɥɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɦɟɛɥɿɜ: ɦɟɛɥɿ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɬɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ, ɛɭɬɢ ɭ ɞɨɰɿɥɶɧɿɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɬɚɰɿʀ ɞɥɹ ɭɧɢɤɧɟɧɧɹ ɧɟɡɪɭɱɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɞɥɹ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ ɿ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɸɱɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ, ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɬɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɦ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɭ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɬɚ ɟɫɬɟɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɭ. ɍ ɧɨɦɟɪɚɯ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿ ɦɟɛɥɿ, ɡɨɤɪɟɦɚ: ɝɚɪɧɿɬɭɪɧɿ, ɜɦɨɧɬɨɜɚɧɿ, ɡɛɥɨɤɨɜɚɧɿ, ɧɚɜɿɫɧɿ, ɡɿ ɡɦɿɧɨɸ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɿʀ. ȼɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɦɟɛɥɿɜ ɡɭɦɨɜɥɸɽ ɡɦɟɧɲɟɧɧɹ ɩɥɨɳɿ, ɹɤɭ ɜɨɧɢ ɡɚɣɦɚɸɬɶ, ɩɨɤɪɚɳɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɟɫɬɟɬɢɱɧɟ ɫɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɬɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ, ɩɨɥɟɝɲɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɣɨɝɨ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɩɪɢɛɢɪɚɧɧɹ. Ɇɟɛɥɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɽɸ (ɪɿɜɧɟɦ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɭ), ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɿɽɸ ɬɚ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɚɰɿɽɸ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɭ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ. Ɋɿɜɟɧɶ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɭ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽ ɹɤɿɫɬɶ ɦɟɛɥɿɜ, ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɬɚɰɿɸ, ʀɯɧɿ ɪɨɡɦɿɪɢ. ɋɭɬɬɽɜɨ ɜɩɥɢɜɚɽ ɧɚ ɦɟɛɥɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɬɢɩ ɫɩɨɪɭɞɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ — ɱɚɫ ʀʀ ɛɭɞɿɜɧɢɰɬɜɚ, ɚɪɯɿɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨ-ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɥɶɧɿ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ ɭ ɛɭɞɿɜɧɢɰɬɜɿ. ɍ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɫɬɚɪɨʀ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɿʀ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɡɧɚɱɧɨ ɛɿɥɶɲɢɯ ɪɨɡɦɿɪɿɜ, ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɽ ɚɪɯɿɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨɦɭ ɫɬɢɥɸ ɱɚɫɭ ɛɭɞɿɜɧɢɰɬɜɚ, ɭ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɦɟɛɥɿ ɩɟɜɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɢɥɸ. ɍ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɩɿɞɜɢɳɟɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɭ ɦɟɛɥɿ ɩɿɞɤɪɟɫɥɸɸɬɶ ɮɟɲɟɧɟɛɟɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɭ, ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɝɚɪɧɿɬɭɪɧɢɦɢ ɦɟɛɥɹɦɢ — ɫɩɚɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɝɚɪɧɿɬɭɪɚɦɢ ɡ ɲɚɮɚɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɭɤɨɧɶ, ɬɪɟɥɶɹɠɟɦ ɿ ɤɪɿɫɥɚɦɢ, ɝɚɪɧɿɬɭɪɨɦ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɢ-ɜɿɬɚɥɶɧɿ ɡ ɫɟɪɜɚɧɬɨɦ, ɤɚɛɿɧɟɬɧɢɦ ɝɚɪɧɿɬɭɪɨɦ, ɦ’ɹɤɢɦɢ ɦɟɛɥɹɦɢ. ɋɭɬɬɽɜɭ ɪɨɥɶ ɩɪɢ ɪɨɡɫɬɚɧɨɜɰɿ ɦɟɛɥɿɜ ɜɿɞɿɝɪɚɽ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɿɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ: ɪɨɡɬɚɲɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɞɜɟɪɧɢɯ ɿ ɜɿɤɨɧɧɢɯ ɨɬɜɨɪɿɜ, ɪɨɡɦɿɪɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɿɧɨɤ, ɜɢɞ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɨɩɚɥɟɧɧɹ. Ɉɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ ɦɟɛɥɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɜɪɚɯɨɜɭɜɚɬɢ ɡɚɡɞɚɥɟɝɿɞɶ, ɳɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɫɩɨɪɭɞɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ, ɫɚɦɟ ɬɨɞɿ ɪɨɡɪɨɛɥɹɽɬɶɫɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɦɟɛɥɿɜ ɿ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɚɯ. ȼ ɞɚɧɨɦɭ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ ɜɚɠɥɢɜɨ ɜɪɚɯɨɜɭɜɚɬɢ ɧɟ ɬɿɥɶɤɢ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɭ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɜɢɦɨɝ ɜɫɶɨɝɨ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ, ɜɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ ɿ ɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɢ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬ ɞɥɹ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ. ɇɚɣɛɿɥɶɲ ɫɤɥɚɞɧɢɦɢ ɭ ɦɟɛɥɸɜɚɧɧɿ ɜɿɞɡɧɚɱɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɨɞɧɨɤɿɦɧɚɬɧɿ ɧɨɦɟɪɢ. ɍ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɧɨɦɟɪɚɯ, ɡ ɪɨɡɦɿɪɚɦɢ 9–18 ɦ2, ɧɟ361
ɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɢɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɿɫɬɶ ɫɧɭ, ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɤɭ, ɪɨɛɨɬɢ, ɡɛɟɪɿɝɚɧɧɹ ɨɫɨɛɢɫɬɢɯ ɪɟɱɟɣ, ɜɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɿɪ ɞɥɹ ɜɿɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɿ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɬɚ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɸɱɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ. ɍ ɦɟɛɥɸɜɚɧɧɿ ɠɢɬɥɨɜɨʀ ɩɥɨɳɿ ɨɞɧɨɤɿɦɧɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɜɪɚɯɨɜɭɜɚɬɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɡɜ’ɹɡɨɤ ɦɟɛɥɿɜ ɡ ɦɿɫɰɟɦ ʀɯɧɶɨɝɨ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɿ. Ɂɨɤɪɟɦɚ, ɪɨɛɨɱɢɣ ɫɬɿɥ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɭɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɛɿɥɹ ɜɿɤɧɚ, ɥɿɠɤɨ ɡ ɩɪɚɜɨɝɨ ɛɨɤɭ ɩɨ ɩɟɪɢɦɟɬɪɭ ɫɬɿɧɢ, ɹɤɳɨ ɞɜɨɦɿɫɧɢɣ ɧɨɦɟɪ — ɩɨɡɞɨɜɠɧɶɨ ɜɡɞɨɜɠ ɫɬɿɧɢ ɚɛɨ ɩɨɪɹɞ ɬɨɪɰɟɦ ɞɨ ɩɪɚɜɨʀ ɫɬɿɧɢ; ɡɨɧɚ ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɤɭ (ɤɪɿɫɥɨ ɿ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɫɬɨɥɢɤ) ɧɚɜɩɪɨɬɢ ɞɜɟɪɟɣ ɭ ɡɨɧɿ ɞɨɛɪɨʀ ɨɝɥɹɞɨɜɨɫɬɿ ɞɜɟɪɟɣ; ɩɿɞɫɬɚɜɤɚ ɞɥɹ ɜɚɥɿɡɢ ɛɿɥɹ ɞɜɟɪɟɣ ɡ ɥɿɜɨɝɨ ɛɨɤɭ ɚɛɨ ɛɿɥɹ ɪɨɛɨɱɨɝɨ ɫɬɨɥɭ. əɤɳɨ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɿ ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɟɞɩɨɤɿɣ, ɭ ɩɟɪɟɞɩɨɤɨʀ ɡ ɥɿɜɨɝɨ ɛɨɤɭ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɜɿɲɚɥɤɚ ɞɥɹ ɜɟɪɯɧɶɨɝɨ ɨɞɹɝɭ ɿ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɢɯ ɭɛɨɪɿɜ. ɍ ɞɜɨɯɤɿɦɧɚɬɧɨɦɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɿ ɭ ɦɟɛɥɸɜɚɧɧɿ ɫɩɚɥɶɧɿ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɨɞɧɨɫɩɚɥɶɧɟ ɚɛɨ ɞɜɨɫɩɚɥɶɧɟ ɥɿɠɤɨ, ɬɭɦɛɨɱɤɚ ɛɿɥɹ ɥɿɠɤɚ, ɲɚɮɚ. ɍ ɜɿɬɚɥɶɧɿ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɦ’ɹɤɿ ɦɟɛɥɿ ɞɥɹ ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɤɭ, ɹɤɿ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɸɬɶ ɡɪɭɱɧɿɫɬɶ ɭ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɩɨɛɭɬɨɜɢɦɢ ɩɪɢɥɚɞɚɦɢ, ɦɟɛɥɿ ɞɥɹ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ — ɫɬɿɥ ɿ ɤɪɿɫɥɨ, ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɛɿɥɹ ɜɿɤɧɚ. ɍ ɬɪɢɤɿɦɧɚɬɧɨɦɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɿ, ɳɨ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɫɩɚɥɶɧɿ, ɜɿɬɚɥɶɧɿ ɬɚ ɤɚɛɿɧɟɬɭ, ɦɟɛɥɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɿɱɧɨ ɡ ɞɜɨɯɤɿɦɧɚɬɧɢɦ ɧɨɦɟɪɨɦ, ɩɪɨɬɟ ɨɤɪɟɦɟ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɤɚɛɿɧɟɬɭ ɡɭɦɨɜɥɸɽ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɿɫɬɶ ɣɨɝɨ ɨɤɪɟɦɨɝɨ ɦɟɛɥɸɜɚɧɧɹ. ɍ ɤɚɛɿɧɟɬɿ ɨɤɪɿɦ ɪɨɛɨɱɨɝɨ ɫɬɨɥɚ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɲɚɮɚ ɚɛɨ ɩɨɥɢɰɿ ɞɥɹ ɤɧɢɝ ɿ ɦ’ɹɤɚ ɱɚɫɬɢɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɤɭ. ɍ ɜɿɬɚɥɶɧɿ ɞɨɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɨɛɿɞɧɿɣ ɫɬɿɥ ɿɡ ɫɬɿɥɶɰɹɦɢ, ɭ ɫɩɚɥɶɧɿ — ɝɚɪɞɟɪɨɛɧɚ. Ⱦɟɤɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɟ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɧɹ ɿɧɬɟɪ’ɽɪɚ. Ɉɤɪɿɦ ɦɟɛɥɸɜɚɧɧɹ, ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬ ɜɧɭɬɪɿɲɧɶɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɭ ɠɢɬɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɣɨɝɨ ɞɟɤɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɢɦ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɧɹɦ. Ƚɚɪɦɨɧɿɣɧɟ ɩɨɽɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɧɚɨɱɧɨ-ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɧɹ, ɞɨɫɹɝɧɟɧɧɹ ɰɿɥɿɫɧɨɫɬɿ ɿ ɭɡɝɨɞɠɟɧɨɫɬɿ ɜɫɿɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɿɜ ɫɬɜɨɪɸɽ ɟɮɟɤɬ ɟɫɬɟɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɭ ɩɟɪɟɛɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɿ. ȿɫɬɟɬɢɱɧɨ ɞɨɰɿɥɶɧɟ ɞɟɤɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɟ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɤɨɥɿɪɧɨɸ ɝɚɦɨɸ ɿ ɨɡɞɨɛɥɟɧɧɹɦ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɨɧɶ, ɞɢɡɚɣɧɨɦ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ, ɞɟɤɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɢɦ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɧɹɦ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ, ɨɫɜɿɬɥɟɧɧɹ, ɨɡɟɥɟɧɟɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɿɧ. Ɉɞɧɢɦ ɡ ɧɚɣɜɚɠɥɢɜɿɲɢɯ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɿɜ ɿɧɬɟɪ’ɽɪɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɽ ɤɨɥɿɪɧɟ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ — ɤɨɥɿɪ ɩɨɮɚɪɛɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɫɬɿɧ, 362
ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɤɨɥɿɪɧɨɝɨ ɨɪɧɚɦɟɧɬɭ, ɲɩɚɥɟɪ, ɞɟɪɟɜ’ɹɧɢɯ ɩɚɧɟɥɟɣ ɚɛɨ ɞɪɚɩɿɪɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɥɿɩɧɢɧɢ ɜ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɧɿ ɫɬɿɧ ɿ ɫɬɟɥɿ, ɩɨɤɪɢɬɬɹ ɩɿɞɥɨɝɢ. ɍ ɠɢɬɥɨɜɿɣ ɱɚɫɬɢɧɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ, ɳɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɡɧɚɱɧɨɸ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɸ ɞɪɿɛɧɢɯ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɿɜ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɦɭɜɚɬɢ ɤɨɠɟɧ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɭ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɿ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɿɜ ɿ ɤɨɥɶɨɪɭ. Ɇɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɢ ɞɥɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɿɲɧɶɨɝɨ ɨɡɞɨɛɥɟɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɭɦɨɜɧɨ ɩɨɞɿɥɹɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɞɜɚ ɜɢɞɢ — ɞɥɹ ɨɡɞɨɛɥɟɧɧɹ ɫɬɿɧ ɿ ɩɿɞɥɨɝɢ. ȼ ɨɡɞɨɛɥɟɧɧɿ ɫɬɿɧ ɭ ɠɢɬɥɨɜɢɯ ɧɨɦɟɪɚɯ ɧɚɣɱɚɫɬɿɲɟ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɮɚɪɛɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɨɞɧɨɪɿɞɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɶɨɪɭ ɚɛɨ ɡ ɩɟɜɧɢɦ ɧɿɠɧɢɦ ɨɪɧɚɦɟɧɬɨɦ, ɲɩɚɥɟɪɢ; ɭ ɞɨɪɨɝɢɯ ɚɩɚɪɬɚɦɟɧɬɚɯ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɞɟɪɟɜ’ɹɧɿ ɩɚɧɟɥɿ ɚɛɨ ɞɪɚɩɿɪɭɜɚɧɧɹ. ɋɭɱɚɫɧɿ ɩɿɞɯɨɞɢ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɧɹ ɠɢɬɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɿɧɬɟɪ’ɽɪɚ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɩɨɽɞɧɚɧɧɹɦ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɨɡɞɨɛɥɸɜɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɿɜ, ɳɨ ɡɭɦɨɜɥɸɽ ɞɨɫɹɝɧɟɧɧɹ ɜ ɿɧɬɟɪ’ɽɪɿ ɪɿɡɧɨɦɚɧɿɬɧɨɫɬɿ ɬɚ ɡɪɭɱɧɨɫɬɿ. Ȼɿɥɶɲ ɦɿɰɧɿ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɢ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɨɧɶ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ, ɧɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ ɩɨɤɪɢɬɬɹ ɫɬɿɧɢ ɩɚɧɟɥɥɸ ɚɛɨ ɬɤɚɧɢɧɨɸ ɭ ɜɭɡɶɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɚɯ, ɛɿɥɹ ɜɿɲɚɥɨɤ ɬɚ ɿɧ. Ɇɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɡɞɨɛɥɟɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɦɚɸɬɶ ɛɭɬɢ ɦɿɰɧɢɦɢ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɜɢɫɨɤɨɸ ɡɜɭɤɨɿɡɨɥɹɰɿɽɸ ɿ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɩɿɞɞɚɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɸ. Ⱦɥɹ ɦ’ɹɤɢɯ ɦɟɛɥɿɜ ɧɚɣɱɚɫɬɿɲɟ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɮɚɤɬɭɪɧɿ ɚɛɨ ɝɥɚɞɤɿ ɨɞɧɨɬɨɧɧɿ ɡɚ ɡɚɛɚɪɜɥɟɧɧɹɦ ɬɤɚɧɢɧɢ ɛɟɡ ɦɚɥɸɧɤɿɜ ɿ ɨɪɧɚɦɟɧɬɿɜ, ɳɨ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɸɬɶ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɧɸ ɬɚ ɞɨɝɥɹɞɭ. Ʉɢɥɢɦɨɜɟ ɩɨɤɪɢɬɬɹ, ɧɚɫɚɦɩɟɪɟɞ ɡ ɨɪɧɚɦɟɧɬɨɦ, ɡɛɚɝɚɱɭɽ ɤɨɥɿɪɧɟ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɧɹ, ɜɢɤɨɧɭɽ ɮɭɧɤɰɿʀ ɡɜɭɤɨ- ɿ ɬɟɩɥɨɿɡɨɥɹɰɿʀ. Ʉɢɥɢɦɢ ɬɚ ɤɢɥɢɦɨɜɿ ɞɨɪɿɠɤɢ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɚɯ, ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɚɯ ɜɢɫɨɤɨʀ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɭ ɜɨɧɢ ɽ ɧɟɜɿɞ’ɽɦɧɨɸ ɫɤɥɚɞɨɜɨɸ ɭ ɜɿɬɚɥɶɧɿ, ɫɩɚɥɶɧɿ. ɍ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɨɜɚɧɿ ɞɥɹ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɜɨɪɫɨɜɿ ɬɚ ɩɟɬɟɥɶɧɿ ɤɢɥɢɦɢ. ȼɚɠɥɢɜɢɦ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɿɧɬɟɪ’ɽɪɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɽ ɫɜɿɬɥɨ ɿ ɨɫɜɿɬɥɟɧɧɹ. Ɉɫɜɿɬɥɟɧɧɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɨ ɫɬɜɨɪɸɜɚɬɢ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɧɿ ɭɦɨɜɢ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ ɞɥɹ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ, ɫɩɪɢɹɬɢ ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɦɭ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɸ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ. Ɉɤɪɿɦ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɫɜɿɬɥɟɧɧɹ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɚɯ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɜɚɬɢ ɨɫɜɿɬɥɸɜɚɥɶɧɿ ɩɪɢɥɚɞɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɫɜɿɬɥɟɧɧɹ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɡɨɧ — ɪɨɛɨɱɨɝɨ ɫɬɨɥɚ, ɠɭɪɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɨɥɢɤɚ, ɥɿɠɤɚ, ɞɡɟɪɤɚɥɚ, ɳɨ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽ ɩɨɜɧɨɰɿɧɧɿ ɭɦɨɜɢ ɞɥɹ ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɤɭ ɬɚ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ. ɉɪɢ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɿ ɨɫɜɿɬɥɸɜɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɜɪɚɯɨɜɭɜɚɬɢ ɤɨɥɿɪɧɟ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ — ɨɡɞɨɛɥɟɧɧɹ ɫɬɿɧ, ɩɿɞɥɨɝɢ, ɫɬɟɥɿ. ɋɭɬɬɽɜɭ ɪɨɥɶ 363
ɜ ɨɫɜɿɬɥɟɧɧɿ ɠɢɬɥɨɜɨʀ ɱɚɫɬɢɧɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɜɿɞɿɝɪɚɽ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ. ɍ ɧɨɦɟɪɚɯ ɤɥɚɫɭ «ɥɸɤɫ», ɚɩɚɪɬɚɦɟɧɬɚɯ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɜɚɬɢ ɞɟɤɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɟ ɨɫɜɿɬɥɸɜɚɥɶɧɟ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ, ɳɨ ɞɨɩɨɜɧɸɽ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɞɢɡɚɣɧ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ. Ⱦɨ ɞɟɤɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɢɯ ɨɫɜɿɬɥɸɜɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɪɢɥɚɞɿɜ ɧɚɥɟɠɚɬɶ ɬɨɪɲɟɪɢ, ɩɿɞɜɿɫɧɿ ɫɜɿɬɢɥɶɧɢɤɢ ɡ ɞɟɤɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɢɦ ɪɨɡɫɿɸɜɚɧɧɹɦ ɿ ɡɚɬɟɦɧɟɧɧɹɦ, ɧɚɫɬɿɥɶɧɿ, ɧɚɫɬɿɧɧɿ ɫɜɿɬɢɥɶɧɢɤɢ. ɍ ɜɢɛɨɪɿ ɫɜɿɬɢɥɶɧɢɤɿɜ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɫɜɿɬɥɟɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɜɪɚɯɨɜɭɜɚɬɢ ɬɚɤɿ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɢ: — ɨɫɜɿɬɥɟɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɨ ɛɭɬɢ ɪɿɜɧɨɦɿɪɧɢɦ ɛɟɡ ɪɿɡɤɢɯ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɫɬɿɜ ɹɫɤɪɚɜɨɫɬɿ; — ɩɪɢ ɨɫɜɿɬɥɟɧɧɿ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɜɪɚɯɨɜɭɜɚɬɢ ɹɫɤɪɚɜɿɫɬɶ ɨɫɜɿɬɥɟɧɧɹ ɤɨɪɢɞɨɪɿɜ ɿ ɯɨɥɿɜ, ɤɨɧɬɪɚɫɬ ɹɫɤɪɚɜɨɫɬɿ ɿ ɤɨɥɶɨɪɭ ɦɿɠ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹɦɢ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɧɨɦɟɪɨɦ ɧɟ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɡɧɚɱɧɢɦ; — ɜ ɨɫɜɿɬɥɟɧɧɿ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɜɪɚɯɨɜɭɜɚɬɢ ɫɨɧɹɱɧɭ ɿɧɫɨɥɹɰɿɸ, ɳɨ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɨɪɿɽɧɬɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ ɧɚ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɢ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɭ ɫɩɨɪɭɞɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ; — ɩɪɢ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɧɶɨɦɭ ɨɫɜɿɬɥɟɧɧɿ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɿ ɫɬɜɨɪɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɟɮɟɤɬ ɩɪɢɝɧɿɱɟɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɧɭɫɭ, ɞɢɫɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɭ; ɹɤɳɨ ɨɫɜɿɬɥɟɧɧɹ ɡɚɧɚɞɬɨ ɹɫɤɪɚɜɟ — ɜɢɞɨɡɦɿɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɤɨɥɶɨɪɨɜɟ ɫɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɬɹ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ. Ɋɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɨɫɜɿɬɥɸɜɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɚɯ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɧɟɡɪɭɱɧɟ ɭ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɿ. ɍ ɣɨɝɨ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɿ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɜɪɚɯɨɜɭɜɚɬɢ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɡɨɧ — ɞɥɹ ɫɧɭ, ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɤɭ, ɪɨɛɨɬɢ, ɬɨɦɭ ɞɥɹ ɩɿɞɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɹ ɫɜɿɬɢɥɶɧɢɤɿɜ ɩɨɬɪɿɛɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɢɬɢ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɲɟ ɬɪɶɨɯ ɪɨɡɟɬɨɤ. Ȳɯ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɪɨɡɦɿɫɬɢɬɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɢɯ ɫɬɿɧɚɯ ɧɚ ɜɿɞɫɬɚɧɿ ɧɟ ɛɿɥɶɲɟ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɪɚ ɜɿɞ ɡɨɜɧɿɲɧɶɨʀ ɿ ɜɧɭɬɪɿɲɧɶɨʀ ɫɬɿɧɢ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ. ȼ ɨɫɜɿɬɥɟɧɧɿ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɡɨɧ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ ɜɚɠɥɢɜɭ ɪɨɥɶ ɜɿɞɿɝɪɚɽ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ ɫɜɿɬɥɨɜɢɦ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹɦ ɩɟɪɟɞɩɨɤɨɸ, ɜɚɧɧɨʀ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɢ — ɧɚɣɦɟɧɲɟ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɢɯ ɫɨɧɹɱɧɢɦ ɨɫɜɿɬɥɟɧɧɹɦ. ɐɿ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɢɦ ɿ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɢɦ ɨɫɜɿɬɥɟɧɧɹɦ — ɭ ɩɟɪɟɞɩɨɤɨʀ ɛɿɥɹ ɜɿɲɚɥɤɢ ɿ ɞɡɟɪɤɚɥɚ, ɭ ɜɚɧɧɿɣ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɿ — ɛɿɥɹ ɞɡɟɪɤɚɥɚ. ȼɚɠɥɢɜɭ ɟɫɬɟɬɢɱɧɭ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɧɿ ɠɢɬɥɨɜɢɯ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɜɿɞɿɝɪɚɸɬɶ ɬɜɨɪɢ ɯɭɞɨɠɧɶɨɝɨ ɦɢɫɬɟɰɬɜɚ, ɫɤɭɥɶɩɬɭɪɚ, ɤɟɪɚɦɿɤɚ, ɞɟɤɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɿ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɢ, ɨɡɟɥɟɧɟɧɧɹ. 364
Ɍɜɨɪɢ ɦɢɫɬɟɰɬɜɚ — ɤɚɪɬɢɧɢ, ɫɤɭɥɶɩɬɭɪɚ, ɤɟɪɚɦɿɤɚ — ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬɢ ɧɚɫɚɦɩɟɪɟɞ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɜɢɫɨɤɨʀ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɭ. ɍ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɱɨɬɢɪɢ-, ɩ’ɹɬɶ ɡɿɪɨɤ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɤɚɪɬɢɧ ɜɿɞɨɦɢɯ ɦɿɫɰɟɜɢɯ ɯɭɞɨɠɧɢɤɿɜ — ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɢɣ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɞɟɤɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ. Ƚɨɥɨɜɧɢɦ ɱɢɧɨɦ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɢ ɜɢɜɿɲɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɫɩɚɥɶɧɿ, ɜɿɬɚɥɶɧɿ, ɭ ɦɿɫɰɹɯ ɡ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɦ ɜɿɡɭɚɥɶɧɢɦ ɨɯɨɩɥɟɧɧɹɦ — ɧɚɞ ɥɿɠɤɨɦ, ɛɿɥɹ ɪɨɛɨɱɨɝɨ ɫɬɨɥɭ, ɡɨɧɿ ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɤɭ. Ʉɟɪɚɦɿɱɧɿ ɜɢɪɨɛɢ, ɫɤɭɥɶɩɬɭɪɚ ɞɨɩɨɜɧɸɽ ɿɧɬɟɪ’ɽɪ ɭ ɦɿɫɰɹɯ ɡ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɧɿɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɧɟɧɧɹɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ, ɞɟ ɿɧɲɢɦ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦ ɿɧɬɟɪ’ɽɪɚ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɧɶɨ ɦɿɫɰɹ — ɭ ɤɭɬɚɯ, ɛɿɥɹ ɜɿɤɧɚ, ɦɟɛɥɿɜ ɭ ɡɨɧɿ ɪɟɤɪɟɚɰɿʀ. ɋɬɢɥɶ, ɤɨɥɶɨɪɨɜɚ ɝɚɦɚ, ɪɨɡɦɿɪɢ ɬɜɨɪɿɜ ɦɢɫɬɟɰɬɜɚ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɝɚɪɦɨɧɿɣɧɨ ɭɡɝɨɞɠɭɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɡ ɿɧɲɢɦɢ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɿɧɬɟɪ’ɽɪɚ — ɦɟɛɥɹɦɢ, ɤɨɥɶɨɪɨɦ, ɨɫɜɿɬɥɟɧɧɹɦ ɬɚ ɿɧ. Ɉɡɟɥɟɧɟɧɧɹ ɜ ɿɧɬɟɪ’ɽɪɿ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ — ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɢɣ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬ ɞɟɤɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɧɹ, ɳɨ ɜɢɤɨɧɭɽ ɹɤ ɟɫɬɟɬɢɱɧɿ, ɬɚɤ ɿ ɭɬɢɥɿɬɚɪɧɿ ɮɭɧɤɰɿʀ. Ɉɡɟɥɟɧɟɧɧɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɜɩɥɢɜɚɽ ɧɚ ɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɿɧɬɟɪ’ɽɪɭ ɿ ɽ ɪɿɜɧɨɰɿɧɧɢɦ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɡ ɿɧɲɢɦɢ ɜɢɞɚɦɢ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ. Ɂɚ ɞɨɩɨɦɨɝɨɸ ɨɡɟɥɟɧɟɧɧɹ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɩɿɞɜɢɳɢɬɢ ɯɭɞɨɠɧɸ ɜɢɪɚɡɧɿɫɬɶ ɜɧɭɬɪɿɲɧɶɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɭ, ɭɞɨɫɤɨɧɚɥɢɬɢ ɣɨɝɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɭ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɸ. ɍɬɢɥɿɬɚɪɧɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɹ ɪɨɫɥɢɧ ɩɨɥɹɝɚɽ ɭ ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɿ ɫɩɪɢɹɬɥɢɜɨɝɨ ɦɿɤɪɨɤɥɿɦɚɬɭ ɭ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɿ. ȼɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɹ ɨɡɟɥɟɧɟɧɧɹ ɜ ɿɧɬɟɪ’ɽɪ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹɦ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɢɯ ɿ ɲɬɭɱɧɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɿɣ. Ⱦɟɤɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɤɜɿɬɤɨɜɿ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɿʀ ɭ ɜɚɡɚɯ ɚɛɨ ɭ ɜɚɡɨɧɚɯ ɧɚɣɱɚɫɬɿɲɟ ɞɨɩɨɜɧɸɸɬɶ ɜ ɿɧɬɟɪ’ɽɪɿ ɜɿɬɚɥɶɧɿ ɡɨɧɭ ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɤɭ, ɭ ɫɩɚɥɶɧɿ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ-ɥɸɤɫ ɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɨ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɜɚɬɢ ɜɚɡɨɧɢ. ȼ ɨɡɟɥɟɧɟɧɧɿ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɞɨɬɪɢɦɭɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɟɫɬɟɬɢɱɧɨʀ ɰɿɧɧɨɫɬɿ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɿʀ, ɳɨ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɿɣɧɢɦ ɫɩɿɜɜɿɞɧɨɲɟɧɧɹɦ ɜɢɞɿɜ ɪɨɫɥɢɧ, ʀɯɧɶɨɸ ɤɨɥɶɨɪɨɜɨɸ ɝɚɪɦɨɧɿɽɸ, ɪɨɡɬɚɲɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɿ. ȼɚɠɥɢɜɢɦ ɭ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɿ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɢɯ ɪɨɫɥɢɧ ɭɧɢɤɚɬɢ ɤɜɿɬɿɜ ɡ ɪɿɡɤɢɦ ɡɚɩɚɯɨɦ, ɪɨɫɥɢɧ, ɳɨ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨ ɚɥɟɪɝɟɧɧɿ ɚɛɨ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬ ɡ ɹɤɢɦɢ ɲɤɿɞɥɢɜɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɠɢɬɬɹ ɿ ɡɞɨɪɨɜ’ɹ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ. 8.3.6. Ɏɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɚ ɿ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɥɶɧɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɹ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ
Ƚɪɭɩɚ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɜɢɤɨɧɭɽ ɜɚɠɥɢɜɭ ɫɨɰɿɚɥɶɧɭ ɿ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɱɭ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɸ — ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɸɬɶ ɩɪɨɫɬɿɪ ɞɥɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɭ ɫɩɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ 365
ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɜɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ ɬɭɬ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɰɬɜɚ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɭ. ɉɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɭ ɩɨɪɿɜɧɹɧɧɿ ɡ ɿɧɲɢɦɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹɦɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɡɧɚɱɧɢɦɢ ɪɨɡɦɿɪɚɦɢ, ʀɯɧɹ ɦɿɫɬɤɿɫɬɶ ɬɚ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɡɚɥɟɠɢɬɶ ɜɿɞ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɪɨɡɦɿɪɿɜ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɭ ɿ ɩɪɨɮɿɥɸ ɣɨɝɨ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ. ɉɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɮɿɥɸ ɩɨɞɿɥɹɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɬɚɤɿ ɬɢɩɢ: ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɪɨɡɜɚɝ, ɬɨɪɝɿɜɥɿ, ɫɩɨɪɬɢɜɧɨ-ɨɡɞɨɪɨɜɱɿ, ɜɢɞɨɜɢɳ, ɬɭɪɢɫɬɤɨ-ɩɿɡɧɚɜɚɥɶɧɿ, ɩɨɛɭɬɨɜɿ. ɇɟɡɚɥɟɠɧɨ ɜɿɞ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɭ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɫɶɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ʀɯɧɿɣ ɩɪɨɫɬɿɪ ɱɿɬɤɨ ɩɨɞɿɥɟɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɿɪ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ — ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲ ɜɚɠɥɢɜɢɣ ɭ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿ ɿ ɩɪɨɫɬɿɪ ɞɥɹ ɫɩɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ — ɜɚɠɥɢɜɢɣ ɭ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɿ ɫɨɰɿɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɣ. Ɏɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɤɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɭ ɡɭɦɨɜɥɸɽ ɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɨɜɨʀ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɫɶɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ. ɍ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɥɶɧɿɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɤɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɭ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɭ ɭ ʀɯɧɶɨɦɭ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɿ, ɜɢɞɿɥɹɽɬɶɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɣ, ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɣ ɿ ɞɨɩɨɦɿɠɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɫɬɿɪ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɫɬɿɪ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲɢɦɢ ɪɨɡɦɿɪɚɦɢ ɿ ɧɚɣɬɪɢɜɚɥɿɲɢɦ ɡ ɩɨɦɿɠ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɩɟɪɟɛɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ, ɜɢɫɨɤɢɦ ɪɿɜɧɟɦ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɭ. ɍ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɿ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɭ ɧɚɥɟɠɚɬɶ ɡɚɥ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɭ, ɝɥɹɞɚɰɶɤɢɣ ɡɚɥ, ɩɥɚɜɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɛɚɫɟɣɧ ɬɚ ɿɧ. Ⱦɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɣ ɩɪɨɫɬɿɪ ɩɿɞɜɢɳɭɽ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɜɢɤɨɧɭɽ ɪɟɤɪɟɚɰɿɣɧɭ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɸ, ɧɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ ɮɨɣɽ ɭ ɝɥɹɞɚɰɶɤɢɣ ɡɚɥɿ, ɚɜɚɧɡɚɥ — ɭ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɿ. ɍ ɞɨɩɨɦɿɠɧɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɿ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɿ ɡɚɫɨɛɢ, ɹɤɿ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɸɬɶ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɧɟ ɫɟɪɟɞɨɜɢɳɟ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦɭ ɿ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɿ ɿ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɱɢɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ. ɉɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿɜ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɭɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɨɛ’ɽɦɧɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɿ ɫɩɨɪɭɞɢ (ɝɨɬɟɥɶ «Ⱦɧɿɩɪɨ» ɭ Ʉɢɽɜɿ, «Ƚɪɚɧɞ-Ƚɨɬɟɥɶ» ɭ Ʌɶɜɨɜɿ), ɜɢɞɿɥɹɬɢɫɶ ɜ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɣ ɛɥɨɤ, ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɨ ɫɭɦɿɫɧɨ ɿɡ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɦ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɨɦ — ɛɥɨɱɧɟ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ (ɝɨɬɟɥɶ «ɋɚɥɸɬ» ɭ Ʉɢɽɜɿ»), ɚɛɨ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɜ ɨɤɪɟɦɿɣ ɫɩɨɪɭɞɿ ɛɿɥɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ. Ɉɫɿɛɧɟ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɟ ɧɚɫɚɦɩɟɪɟɞ ɞɥɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɿɜ, ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ ɨɡɞɨɪɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɿ ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɤɭ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɭ ɤɭɪɨɪɬɧɢɯ ɡɨɧɚɯ, 366
ɬɭɪɢɫɬɫɶɤɢɯ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɯ, ɳɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɡɧɚɱɧɨɸ ɦɿɫɬɤɿɫɬɸ ɿ ɫɤɥɚɞɧɨɸ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɸ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɽɸ. ɉɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɜ ɨɞɧɿɣ ɫɩɨɪɭɞɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ ɧɚɣɱɚɫɬɿɲɟ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɲɨɦɭ ɩɨɜɟɪɫɿ. ɍ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɜɢɞɿɥɹɽɬɶɫɹ ɞɜɚ ɜɚɠɥɢɜɢɯ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɢ: ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɡ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɱɿ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ. ɉɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɡ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɫɩɨɠɢɜɚɱɿɜ ɝɚɫɬɪɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɿ ɝɪɭɩɨɸ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ — ɡɚɥɨɸ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɭ, ɤɚɮɟ, ɛɚɪɚ, ʀɞɚɥɶɧɿ. ɍ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɚɯ ɜɢɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɪɿɜɧɹ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɭ ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɟɧɿ ɜɫɿ ɬɢɩɢ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɢɯ ɡɚɥɿɜ — ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧ ɡ ɛɚɧɤɟɬɧɨɸ ɡɚɥɨɸ, ɨɛɿɞɧɹ ɡɚɥɚ, ɛɚɪɢ — ɧɿɱɧɢɣ, ɞɟɧɧɢɣ, ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɚɯ, ɤɚɮɟ ɫɚɦɨɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɿɧ. ɉɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɱɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɮɿɥɸ ɜɢɤɨɧɭɸɬɶ ɮɭɧɤɰɿʀ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɭ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɸɱɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ, ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɸɬɶ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɿ ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɢ ɭ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɱɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ʀɠɿ ɿ ɡɜ’ɹɡɨɤ ɡ ɝɪɭɩɨɸ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ. Ƚɪɭɩɚ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɱɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɰɟɯɚɦɢ ɡ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ʀɠɿ, ɫɟɪɜɿɪɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɦɢɣɤɨɸ. ɐɿ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɦɚɸɬɶ ɬɿɫɧɢɣ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɢɣ ɿ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɡɜ’ɹɡɨɤ ɡ ɝɪɭɩɨɸ ɫɤɥɚɞɫɶɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ. ɋɤɥɚɞɫɶɤɿ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨʀ ɜɡɚɽɦɨɞɿʀ ɭ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɱɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿ ɡ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹɦɢ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɱɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɫɭɦɿɫɧɨ ɡ ɧɢɦɢ ɚɛɨ ɧɚ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɧɿɣ ɜɿɞɫɬɚɧɿ, ɱɚɫɬɨ ɭ ɰɨɤɨɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɩɨɜɟɪɫɿ. ɋɤɥɚɞɫɶɤɿ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɡɪɭɱɧɢɦɢ ɩɿɞ’ʀɡɧɢɦɢ ɲɥɹɯɚɦɢ ɡɿ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɿɲɧɶɨɝɨ ɞɜɨɪɭ. Ƚɪɭɩɚ ɫɤɥɚɞɫɶɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɡɛɟɪɿɝɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɿɜ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ, ɜɢɬɪɚɬɧɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɿɜ ɿ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɤɨɦɨɪɚɦɢ ɡɛɟɪɿɝɚɧɧɹ ɨɜɨɱɿɜ, ɮɪɭɤɬɿɜ, ɧɚɩɿɜɮɚɛɪɢɤɚɬɿɜ, ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹɦɢ ɡ ɦɨɪɨɡɢɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɤɚɦɟɪɚɦɢ ɬɚ ɿɧ. Ɉɤɪɟɦɭ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɸ ɭ ɝɪɭɩɿ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭɬɜɨɪɸɸɬɶ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɩɨɛɭɬɨɜɿ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ ɿ ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɿ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ. ɍ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɚɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɨɤɪɿɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨʀ ɮɭɧɤɰɿʀ — ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɤɭ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɡɭɫɬɪɿɱɟɣ, ɪɨɡɜɚɝ. ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɡɚɥɟɠɢɬɶ ɜɿɞ ɪɿɜɧɹ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɭ, ɪɨɡɬɚɲɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɩɪɨɮɿɥɸ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɭ. ɍ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɜɢɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɪɿɜɧɹ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɭ ɬɢɩɨɜɿ ɭ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɿ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɢ ɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶ367
ɧɨʀ ɤɭɯɧɿ, ɧɿɱɧɿ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɢ, ɤɨɧɰɟɪɬɧɿ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɢ, ɟɤɫɩɪɟɫ-ɤɚɮɟ, ɤɚɮɟ-ɤɨɧɞɢɬɟɪɫɶɤɿ, ɱɚɣɧɿ ɬɚ ɿɧ. ȼ ɭɪɿɡɧɨɦɚɧɿɬɧɟɧɧɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɡ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɜɢɞɿɥɹɽɬɶɫɹ ɬɪɢ ɧɚɩɪɹɦɢ: ɪɨɡɜɢɬɨɤ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ ɪɨɡɜɚɠɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɨɪɿɽɧɬɚɰɿɹ ɧɚ ɲɜɢɞɤɟ ɿ ɞɟɲɟɜɟ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ (ɤɚɮɟ ɫɚɦɨɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ, «ɱɟɪɝɨɜɟ ɦɟɧɸ», ɤɨɮɿ-ɲɨɩ ɬɚ ɿɧ.), ɦɨɠɥɢɜɿɫɬɶ ɲɜɢɞɤɨʀ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɿʀ ɡɚɥɢ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ. ɍ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɥɶɧɿɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɡɨɧɢ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɡɧɚɱɧɢɣ ɜɩɥɢɜ ɦɚɸɬɶ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɜɧɭɬɪɿɲɧɿ ɤɨɦɭɧɿɤɚɰɿʀ, ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɜɯɨɞɭ, ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɪɨɡɩɨɞɿɥɭ ɥɸɞɫɶɤɢɯ ɩɨɬɨɤɿɜ, ɜɯɨɞɭ ɞɨ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɯ ɿ ɞɨɩɨɦɿɠɧɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ, ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɱɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɿ ɡɛɟɪɿɝɚɧɧɹ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɱɢɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɿɜ. ȼɚɠɥɢɜɭ ɪɨɥɶ ɭ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɡɨɧɢ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɜɿɞɿɝɪɚɽ ʀʀ ɡɜ’ɹɡɨɤ ɿɡ ɩɪɢɥɟɝɥɨɸ ɞɨ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɿɽɸ. Ɂɜ’ɹɡɨɤ ɦɨɠɟ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɜɿɞɤɪɢɬɬɹ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɿʀ, ɳɨ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɲɥɹɯɨɦ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɢɥɟɝɥɨʀ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɿʀ, ɛɟɡɩɨɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨɝɨ ʀʀ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɡɚɥɢ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɚɛɨ ɿɡɨɥɹɰɿɹ ɜɿɞ ɡɨɜɧɿɲɧɶɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɭ. ȼɿɡɭɚɥɶɧɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɢɥɟɝɥɨʀ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɿʀ, ɳɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɟɫɬɟɬɢɱɧɨɸ ɩɪɢɜɚɛɥɢɜɿɫɬɸ, ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɲɥɹɯɨɦ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɫɭɰɿɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɫɤɥɟɧɧɹ ɡɚɥɢ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɭ. ȼɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɢɥɟɝɥɨʀ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɿʀ ɭ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɡɚɥɢ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɜɯɨɞɭ ɭ ɩɪɢɥɟɝɥɢɣ ɜɧɭɬɪɿɲɧɿɣ ɞɜɨɪɢɤ, ɣɨɝɨ ɨɡɟɥɟɧɟɧɧɹ, ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹ ɝɿɞɪɨɨɛ’ɽɤɬɿɜ, ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɩɿɞ ɥɿɬɧɿ ɤɚɮɟ ɬɚ ɿɧ. ȱɡɨɥɹɰɿɹ ɜɿɞ ɩɪɢɥɟɝɥɨʀ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɿʀ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɢɦ ɱɢɧɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɛɚɧɤɟɬɧɢɯ ɡɚɥɿɜ, ɧɿɱɧɢɯ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɿɜ, ɧɿɱɧɢɯ ɜɚɪ’ɽɬɟ ɬɚ ɿɧ. ɉɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɪɨɡɜɚɠɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɣ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɣɧɨ-ɩɿɡɧɚɜɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɫɩɨɪɭɞ ɧɚɣɱɚɫɬɿɲɟ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɚɧɿ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɨɛ’ɽɦɧɨ-ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɿ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ, ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɛɭɬɢ ɡɛɥɨɤɨɜɚɧɿ ɚɛɨ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɭɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɜ ɨɤɪɟɦɿɣ ɫɩɨɪɭɞɿ. ɑɚɫɬɨ ɪɨɡɜɚɠɚɥɶɧɿ ɣ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɣɧɨ-ɩɿɡɧɚɜɚɥɶɧɿ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɚɧɿ ɫɭɦɿɫɧɨ ɚɛɨ ɭ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɿ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɬɭɪɢɫɬɫɶɤɨ-ɫɩɨɪɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɿ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɿɣɧɨ ʀɯ ɞɨɩɨɜɧɸɸɬɶ. ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɪɨɡɜɚɠɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɣ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɣɧɨɩɿɡɧɚɜɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɡɚɥɟɠɢɬɶ ɜɿɞ ɦɿɫɬɤɨɫɬɿ, ɪɿɜɧɹ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɭ, ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɚɰɿʀ, ɪɨɡɬɚɲɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ. ɇɚɣɛɿɥɶɲ ɬɢɩɨɜɢɦɢ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɽ ɪɿɡɧɨɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɿ ɡɚɥɢ — ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰ368
ɡɚɥɢ, ɭɧɿɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɿ, ɜɢɫɬɚɜɤɨɜɿ ɫɩɨɪɬɢɜɧɿ, ɬɚɧɰɸɜɚɥɶɧɿ ɬɚ ɿɧ.; ɤɥɭɛɢ — ɞɢɫɤɨɤɥɭɛ, ɤɚɡɢɧɨ, ɤɟɝɟɥɶɛɚɧ, ɛɿɥɶɹɪɞ, ɿɝɪɨɜɿ ɤɥɭɛɢ ɬɨɳɨ; ɯɨɥɢ, ɬɟɪɚɫɢ, ɩɚɜɿɥɶɣɨɧɢ. ɍɧɿɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɿ ɡɚɥɢ — ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ, ɪɨɡɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɿ ɧɚ ɡɧɚɱɧɭ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɜɿɞɜɿɞɭɜɚɱɿɜ ɿ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɧɚɪɚɞ, ɭɪɨɱɢɫɬɢɯ ɡɭɫɬɪɿɱɟɣ, ɥɟɤɰɿɣ, ɩɪɟɫ-ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɿɣ, ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɚɰɿʀ ɤɿɧɨɮɿɥɶɦɿɜ, ɫɩɨɪɬɢɜɧɢɯ ɡɦɚɝɚɧɶ ɬɚ ɿɧ. ȼɚɠɥɢɜɚ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɿɫɬɶ ɭɧɿɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɡɚɥɿɜ ɫɬɨɫɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ ʀɯɧɶɨʀ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɿʀ ɿɡ ɡɦɿɧɨɸ ɤɿɥɶɤɨɫɬɿ ɿ ɦɿɫɬɤɨɫɬɿ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɲɥɹɯɨɦ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɪɨɡɫɭɜɧɢɯ ɚɛɨ ɫɤɥɚɞɱɚɫɬɢɯ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɪɨɞɨɤ. Ʉɟɝɟɥɶɛɚɧɢ — ɡɚɤɥɚɞɢ, ɳɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɿ ɞɥɹ ɿɝɪɢ ɜ ɛɨɭɥɿɧɝ, ɳɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɿ ɞɥɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɜɢɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɪɿɜɧɹ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɭ. Ʉɟɝɟɥɶɛɚɧɢ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɫɭɦɿɳɚɸɬɶ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɡ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ (ɧɚɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɛɚɪɿ) ɬɚ ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɨɤ. ȼ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ, ɡɨɪɿɽɧɬɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɧɚ ɫɩɨɪɬɢɜɧɨ-ɪɨɡɜɚɠɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɧɚɩɪɹɦɨɤ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ, ɤɟɝɟɥɶɛɚɧɢ ɜɢɤɨɧɭɸɬɶ ɮɭɧɤɰɿʀ ɤɥɭɛɧɢɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜ. Ɉɤɪɿɦ ɡɧɚɱɧɨʀ ɤɿɥɶɤɨɫɬɿ ɞɨɪɿɠɨɤ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɛɿɝɭ ɤɭɥɶ ɬɚ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɿɜ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɚɱɿ ɤɭɥɶ ɿ ɪɨɡɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɤɟɝɥɿɜ. ɋɭɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɤɭ, ɤɟɝɟɥɶɛɚɧɢ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɿɣɧɨ ɩɨɽɞɧɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɿɝɪɨɜɢɦɢ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɚɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɛɿɥɶɹɪɞɭ, ɿɧɲɢɦɢ ɫɩɨɪɬɢɜɧɨ-ɪɨɡɜɚɠɚɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɜɢɞɚɦɢ ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɤɭ, ɫɚɭɧɨɸ, ɛɚɫɟɣɧɨɦ, ɡɢɦɨɜɢɦ ɫɚɞɨɦ ɬɚ ɿɧ. ɍ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɤɟɝɟɥɶɛɚɧ ɧɚɣɱɚɫɬɿɲɟ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɝɪɭɩɿ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɧɚ ɧɢɠɧɿɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɚɯ, ɜ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɚɯ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɨɜɨɦɭ ɯɨɥɿ, ɚɛɨ ɜ ɨɤɪɟɦɿɣ ɫɩɨɪɭɞɿ ɜ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɿ ɡ ɿɧɲɢɦ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɨɦ ɫɩɨɪɬɢɜɧɨɪɨɡɜɚɠɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ. Ʉɚɡɢɧɨ — ɨɫɧɨɜɧɚ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɿɣɧɚ ɿɝɪɨɜɚ ɚɡɚɪɬɧɨ-ɪɨɡɜɚɠɚɥɶɧɚ ɥɚɧɤɚ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ, ɧɚɫɚɦɩɟɪɟɞ ɜɢɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɪɿɜɧɹ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɭ, ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɿɜ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɭ ɤɭɪɨɪɬɧɢɯ ɡɨɧɚɯ ɡɨɪɿɽɧɬɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɧɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɸ ɚɡɚɪɬɧɢɯ ɿɝɨɪ, ɪɨɡɜɚɝ ɿ ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɤɭ. ɍ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɤɚɡɢɧɨ ɭɬɜɨɪɸɽ ɨɤɪɟɦɭ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɣɧɭ ɿ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɥɶɧɭ ɥɚɧɤɭ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɢɦ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹɦ ɭ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɥɶɧɿɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɿ ɤɚɡɢɧɨ ɽ ɿɝɪɨɜɿ ɡɚɥɢ (ɿɝɪɨɜɢɯ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɿɜ, ɿɝɪɢ ɜ ɤɚɪɬɢ, ɧɚɫɬɿɥɶɧɢɯ ɿɝɨɪ — ɪɭɥɟɬɤɚ, ɡɚɥ-ɬɨɬɚɥɿɡɚɬɨɪ), ɳɨ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɨ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɿ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɿɝɨɪ — ɜ ɩɟɜɧɨɦɭ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɭ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɚɧɿ ɿɝɪɨɜɿ ɫɬɨɥɢ ɡ ɦɿɫɰɹɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɜɿɞɜɿɞɭɜɚɱɿɜ ɿ ɪɨɛɨɱɢɦ ɦɿɫ369
ɰɟɦ ɤɪɭɩ’ɽ. ȼ ɿɝɪɨɜɿɣ ɡɚɥɿ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɤɚɫɚ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɝɪɨɲɨɜɢɯ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɭɧɤɿɜ ɡ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚɦɢ, ɡɨɧɚ ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɤɭ, ɛɚɪ, ɜ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɤɚɡɢɧɨ — ɛɚɪɧɚ ɫɬɿɣɤɚ. ɍ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɿ ɤɚɡɢɧɨ ɜɢɞɿɥɹɽɬɶɫɹ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɸɥɶ ɭ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɿ ɹɤɨɝɨ ɜɢɞɿɥɹɽɬɶɫɹ ɝɚɪɞɟɪɨɛ, ɫɚɧɜɭɡɨɥ, ɤɚɫɚ ɩɪɨɞɚɠɭ ɜɯɿɞɧɢɯ ɤɜɢɬɤɿɜ, ɩɨɫɬ ɫɩɿɜɪɨɛɿɬɧɢɤɿɜ ɛɟɡɩɟɤɢ ɤɚɡɢɧɨ. ɋɟɪɟɞ ɫɥɭɠɛɨɜɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɜɢɞɿɥɹɽɬɶɫɹ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɚ ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɤɭ ɞɥɹ ɤɪɭɩ’ɽ, ɫɩɿɜɪɨɛɿɬɧɢɤɿɜ ɛɟɡɩɟɤɢ, ɤɿɦɧɚɬɚ, ɞɟ ɡɛɟɪɿɝɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɫɟɣɮ. Ɋɨɡɦɿɪɢ ɿɝɪɨɜɨʀ ɡɚɥɢ ɭ ɤɚɡɢɧɨ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɚɫɚɦɩɟɪɟɞ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɸ ɿɝɪɨɜɢɯ ɫɬɨɥɿɜ, ɜ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɭɧɤɭ 15–20 ɦ2 ɞɥɹ ɫɬɨɥɭ ɿɝɪɢ ɜ ɛɥɟɤɞɠɟɤ ɿ 20–25 ɦ2 — ɿɝɪɢ ɜ ɪɭɥɟɬɤɭ, ɧɚɹɜɧɿɫɬɶ ɡɨɧɢ ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɤɭ ɡ ɪɨɡɦɿɪɚɦɢ 20–25 ɦ2, ɤɚɫɢ 5 ɦ2. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɱɢɧɨɦ, ɧɚɣɦɟɧɲɿ ɪɨɡɦɿɪɢ ɿɝɪɨɜɨʀ ɡɚɥɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɹɬɶ 75–100 ɦ2. Ʉɚɡɢɧɨ ɭ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɿ ɡ ɿɧɲɢɦɢ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɫɶɤɢɦɢ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹɦɢ ɜ ɨɞɧɿɣ ɫɩɨɪɭɞɿ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɲɨɦɭ-ɞɪɭɝɨɦɭ ɩɨɜɟɪɫɿ, ɚɛɨ ɪɿɞɲɟ ɜ ɨɤɪɟɦɨ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɚɧɿɣ ɫɩɨɪɭɞɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɿɜ ɡ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɢɦ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹɦ ɩɪɢɥɟɝɥɨʀ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɿʀ — ɩɿɞ’ʀɡɞɧɢɦ ɲɥɹɯɚɦ, ɫɬɨɹɧɤɨɸ ɬɚ ɿɧ. ɍ ɩɪɨɮɿɥɶɧɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ — ɤɚɡɢɧɨ ɜɿɞɿɝɪɚɽ ɩɪɨɜɿɞɧɭ ɪɨɥɶ. ɍ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɚɯ ɤɚɡɢɧɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɿɧɞɢɜɿɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɸ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɣɧɨ-ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɸ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɸ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ, ɭɪɿɡɧɨɦɚɧɿɬɧɟɧɨɸ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɸ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ, ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɿɣɧɢɦ ɞɨɩɨɜɧɟɧɧɹɦ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɩɪɨɮɿɥɶɧɢɯ ɫɩɨɪɬɢɜɧɨ-ɪɨɡɜɚɠɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ: ɬɟɧɿɫɧɿ ɤɨɪɬɢ, ɩɨɥɹ ɞɥɹ ɝɨɥɶɮɭ, ɛɚɫɟɣɧɚɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɤɭɩɚɧɧɹ, ɦɨɠɥɢɜɿɫɬɸ ɡɚɣɦɚɬɢɫɶ ɡɢɦɨɜɢɦɢ ɜɢɞɚɦɢ ɫɩɨɪɬɭ. ɍ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɿ ɤɭɪɨɪɬɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɭ, ɦɟɧɲɟ ɫɟɪɟɞ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɬɢɩɿɜ ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ, ɭ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɿ ɜɢɞɿɥɹɸɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɫɶɤɨ-ɫɩɨɪɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɮɿɥɸ. Ɍɭɪɢɫɬɫɶɤɨɫɩɨɪɬɢɜɧɿ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɤɭ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɟɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɞɿɥɹɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɩɨɪɬɢɜɧɨ-ɨɡɞɨɪɨɜɱɿ, ɫɩɨɪɬɢɜɧɨ-ɬɪɟɧɭɜɚɥɶɧɿ ɿ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɫɶɤɨ-ɫɩɨɪɬɢɜɧɿ. ɍ ɤɭɪɨɪɬɧɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ, ɡɚɤɥɚɞɚɯ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɫɨɰɿɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɿ ɤɨɦɟɪɰɿɣɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɭ, ɡɨɪɿɽɧɬɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɧɚ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɤɭ ɿ ɨɡɞɨɪɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ, ɭ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɿ ɮɨɪɦɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɝɪɭɩɢ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɫɩɨɪɬɢɜɧɨ-ɨɡɞɨɪɨɜɱɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ, ɧɚɫɚɦɩɟɪɟɞ ɜɿɞɤɪɢɬɿ ɫɩɨɪɬɢɜɧɿ ɫɩɨɪɭɞɢ, ɛɚɫɟɣɧɢ, ɬɟɧɿɫɧɿ ɤɨɪɬɢ, ɝɨɥɶɮ-ɩɨɥɹ, ɭɧɿɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɿ ɿ ɩɨɥɿ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɿ ɦɚɣɞɚɧɱɢɤɢ ɿ ɡɨɧɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿɜ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɭ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɿ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɫɩɨɪɬɢɜɧɨɬɪɟɧɭɜɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɿ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɫɶɤɨ-ɫɩɨɪɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ. 370
ɍ ɝɪɭɩɿ ɫɩɨɪɬɢɜɧɨ-ɨɡɞɨɪɨɜɱɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲ ɬɢɩɨɜɿ ɛɚɫɟɣɧɢ ɿ ɜɨɞɧɿ ɚɬɪɚɤɰɿɨɧɢ. ȼɨɞɧɿ ɛɚɫɟɣɧɢ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɭ ɫɩɨɪɬɢɜɧɨ-ɨɡɞɨɪɨɜɱɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɞɿɥɹɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɥɚɜɚɥɶɧɿ, ɩɥɟɫɤɚɥɶɧɿ, ɫɩɨɪɬɢɜɧɿ; ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɭɜɚɧɧɹ — ɜɿɞɤɪɢɬɿ ɿ ɡɚɤɪɢɬɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɭ (ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɚɧɿ ɭ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ). ɉɥɚɜɚɥɶɧɿ ɛɚɫɟɣɧɢ — ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɢɣ ɬɢɩ ɫɩɨɪɬɢɜɧɨɨɡɞɨɪɨɜɱɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ, ɜɚɠɥɢɜɢɣ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɩɪɢɥɟɝɥɨʀ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɿʀ ɦɚɣɠɟ ɭɫɿɯ ɤɭɪɨɪɬɧɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɬɢɩɿɜ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɜɢɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɪɿɜɧɹ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɭ. ȼɨɧɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɸ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɧɨɸ ɮɨɪɦɨɸ — ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɨɸ, ɩɪɹɦɨɤɭɬɧɨɸ, ɦɚɸɬɶ ɝɥɢɛɢɧɭ 0,9–1,07 ɦ. ɉɥɟɫɤɚɥɶɧɿ ɛɚɫɟɣɧɢ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɿ ɞɥɹ ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɤɭ ɡ ɜɨɞɧɢɦɢ ɪɨɡɜɚɝɚɦɢ, ɞɥɹ ɧɢɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɚ ɞɨɜɿɥɶɧɚ ɮɨɪɦɚ, ɦɚɸɬɶ ɝɥɢɛɢɧɭ 0,1–0,5 ɦ. ɑɚɫɬɨ ɭ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɿɸ ɩɥɟɫɤɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɛɚɫɟɣɧɿɜ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɿ ɲɬɭɱɧɿ ɜɨɞɨɫɩɚɞɢ, ɜɨɞɧɿ ɝɿɪɤɢ, ɲɬɭɱɧɿ ɨɫɬɪɨɜɢ ɬɚ ɿɧ. ɋɩɨɪɬɢɜɧɿ ɛɚɫɟɣɧɢ ɛɥɢɡɶɤɿ ɡɚ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚɦɢ ɞɨ ɩɥɚɜɚɥɶɧɢɯ, ɜɿɞɪɿɡɧɹɸɬɶɫɹ ɥɢɲɟ ɛɿɥɶɲɨɸ ɝɥɢɛɢɧɨɸ — 1,2 ɦ ɿ ɛɿɥɶɲɟ, ɞɥɹ ɛɚɫɟɣɧɿɜ ɿɡ ɫɬɪɢɛɤɚɦɢ ɭ ɜɨɞɭ. ɍ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɜɢɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɪɿɜɧɹ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɭ ɬɢɩɨɜɿ ɡɚɤɪɢɬɿ ɛɚɫɟɣɧɢ, ɳɨ ɡɛɥɨɤɨɜɚɧɿ ɡ ɿɧɲɢɦɢ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹɦɢ ɧɚ ɧɢɠɧɿɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɚɯ, ɰɨɤɨɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɩɨɜɟɪɫɿ, ɜ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɚɯ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɚɧɿ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɯɧɿɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɚɯ (ɝɨɬɟɥɶ «Ʉɨɫɦɨɫ» ɭ Ɇɨɫɤɜɿ — 10-ɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯ, «ɏɿɥɬɨɧ-ɨɬɟɥɶ» ɭ ɋɚɧ-Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɫɤɨ — 15-ɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯ). ɍ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɛɚɫɟɣɧɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɨɞɹɝɚɥɶɧɿ ɡ ɞɭɲɟɦ, ɫɚɧɿɬɚɪɧɿ, ɩɿɞɫɨɛɧɿ ɿ ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɿ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ, ɨɤɪɟɦɭ ɞɨɩɨɦɿɠɧɭ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɸ ɮɨɪɦɭɸɬɶ ɫɚɭɧɚ, ɦɟɞɢɱɧɢɣ ɤɚɛɿɧɟɬ, ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɞɥɹ ɦɚɫɚɠɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪ, ɛɚɪ. ɋɚɭɧɚ ɨɯɨɩɥɸɽ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɣ ɛɥɨɤ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ, ɳɨ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɩɟɪɟɨɞɹɝɚɥɶɧɿ, ɞɭɲɨɜɨʀ, ɩɚɪɧɨʀ, ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɞɥɹ ɦɚɫɚɠɭ, ɫɚɧɜɭɡɥɚ, ɤɿɦɧɚɬɢ ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɤɭ, ɦɿɧɿ-ɛɚɫɟɣɧɚ, ɜ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɚɯ ɡ ɦɿɧɿ-ɛɚɪɭ. ɉɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɫɶɤɨ-ɫɩɨɪɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɿ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿɜ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɡɨɪɿɽɧɬɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɣɨɦ ɨɫɿɛ, ɹɤɿ ɡɚɣɦɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɢɦ ɬɭɪɢɡɦɨɦ. ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɬɢɩɨɦ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɭ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɿ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɭ. Ɍɢɩ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɭ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ (ɬɭɪɢɫɬɫɶɤɢɣ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ, ɛɨɬɟɥɶ, ɪɨɬɟɥɶ ɬɚ ɿɧ.), ɣɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɮɿɥɶ ɡɭɦɨɜɥɸɽ ɜɢɞ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ — ɿɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɚɠ, ɬɪɟɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɡ ɩɪɨɤɚɬɭ, ɡɛɟɪɟɠɟɧɧɹ ɿ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɩɪɨɮɿɥɸ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɣ ɿɧɜɟɧɬɚɪɹ. 371
Ⱦɥɹ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɢɯ ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɭ ɭ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɜɪɚɯɨɜɭɜɚɬɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɫɟɡɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɩɢɬɭ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ. ɍ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɜɚɠɥɢɜɨ ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɢɬɢ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɞɥɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɡɢɦɨɜɢɯ ɜɢɞɿɜ ɫɩɨɪɬɭ — ɩɪɨɤɚɬɭ ɥɢɠ, ʀɯɧɶɨɝɨ ɪɟɦɨɧɬɭ, ɡɛɟɪɿɝɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɛɥɨɤɭ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɞɥɹ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɜ ɥɿɬɧɿɣ ɫɟɡɨɧ — ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɤɚɬɭ, ɡɛɟɪɿɝɚɧɧɹ, ɫɭɲɿɧɧɹ ɿ ɪɟɦɨɧɬɭ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɫɩɨɪɹɞɠɟɧɧɹ. ɐɿ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɨɤɪɟɦɨɦɭ ɛɥɨɰɿ ɩɟɪɲɨɝɨ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɚ ɿ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɿɣɧɨ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɛɥɢɡɶɤɢɦɢ ɞɨ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɸɥɹ ɿ ɩɪɢɥɟɝɥɨʀ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɿʀ ɡ ɿɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɢɦ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹɦ ɫɩɨɪɬɢɜɧɨ-ɨɡɞɨɪɨɜɱɨɝɨ ɬɭɪɢɡɦɭ — ɥɢɠɧɢɯ ɬɪɚɫ, ɜɢɬɹɝɿɜ, ɬɪɚɫ ɞɥɹ ɛɨɛɫɥɟɹ, ɩɿɲɢɯ, ɜɟɥɨɫɢɩɟɞɧɢɯ, ɤɿɧɧɢɯ ɫɬɟɠɨɤ ɬɚ ɿɧ. ɍ ɡɚɫɨɛɚɯ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɭ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɢɦɢ ɽ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɿɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɚɠɭ, ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɿ ɦɚɣɞɚɧɱɢɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɜɱɚɧɧɹ ɬɟɯɧɿɤɢ ɩɟɜɧɢɯ ɜɢɞɿɜ ɬɭɪɢɡɦɭ, ɛɟɡɩɟɤɢ ɧɚ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɫɶɤɨɦɭ ɦɚɪɲɪɭɬɿ. ȼɚɠɥɢɜɢɦɢ ɽ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɦɟɞɢɱɧɨʀ ɞɨɩɨɦɨɝɢ — ɿɡɨɥɹɬɨɪ ɡ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɢɦ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹɦ, ɬɪɚɜɦɩɭɧɤɬ, ɦɟɞɩɭɧɤɬ. ɍ ɤɭɪɨɪɬɧɢɯ ɡɚɫɨɛɚɯ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɥɿɤɭɜɚɥɶɧɨ-ɨɡɞɨɪɨɜɱɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɮɿɥɸ (ɫɚɧɚɬɨɪɿʀ, ɩɪɨɮɿɥɚɤɬɨɪɿʀ), ɜ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚɯ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɢɦɢ ɭ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɿ ɽ ɥɿɤɭɜɚɥɶɧɨ-ɞɿɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɱɧɿ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ — ɥɿɤɭɜɚɥɶɧɿ ɤɚɛɿɧɟɬɢ, ɤɚɛɿɧɟɬɢ ɦɟɞɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ, ɜɿɞɞɿɥɟɧɧɹ ɛɚɥɶɧɟɨɬɟɪɚɩɿʀ, ɞɿɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɱɧɿ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ, ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɨɜɚɧɿ ɥɿɤɭɜɚɥɶɧɨ-ɞɿɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɱɧɿ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɞɥɹ ɥɿɤɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɜɢɞɿɜ ɡɚɯɜɨɪɸɜɚɧɶ. ɍ ɤɭɪɨɪɬɧɢɯ ɪɟɤɪɟɚɰɿɣɧɢɯ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɚɯ ɬɢɩɨɜɿ ɭ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɿ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɿ ɫɩɨɪɭɞɢ ɿ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɞɥɹ ɤɥɿɦɚɬɨɥɿɤɭɜɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪ: ɫɨɥɹɪɿʀ, ɚɟɪɚɪɿʀ, ɚɟɪɨɫɨɥɹɪɿʀ. ɋɨɥɹɪɿʀ — ɰɟ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɨ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɢɣ ɦɚɣɞɚɧɱɢɤ ɞɥɹ ɥɿɤɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɫɨɧɹɱɧɢɦ ɩɪɨɦɿɧɧɹɦ. Ⱥɟɪɚɪɿʀ — ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɿ ɦɚɣɞɚɧɱɢɤɢ, ɬɟɪɚɫɢ ɭ ɫɩɨɪɭɞɿ, ɜɟɪɚɧɞɢ ɛɿɥɹ ɛɭɞɿɜɥɿ, ɜɿɞɤɪɢɬɿ ɩɚɜɿɥɶɣɨɧɢ, ɚɥɶɬɚɧɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɬɪɢɜɚɥɨɝɨ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɥɿɤɭɜɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɟɮɟɤɬɭ ɩɨɜɿɬɪɹ. Ⱥɟɪɨɫɨɥɹɪɿɣ — ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɭ ɥɿɤɭɜɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɜɿɞɞɿɥɟɧɧɿ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɨ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɢɯ ɞɥɹ ɥɿɤɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɫɨɧɹɱɧɢɦ ɩɪɨɦɿɧɧɹɦ ɿ ɩɨɜɿɬɪɹɦ: ɦɚɣɞɚɧɱɢɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɫɨɧɹɱɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɿɜ, ɤɪɢɬɢɣ ɦɚɣɞɚɧɱɢɤ ɞɥɹ ɥɿɤɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɜɿɬɪɹɦ, ɞɭɲɨɜɢɣ ɩɚɜɿɥɶɣɨɧ ɿɡ ɫɨɧɰɟɧɚɝɪɿɜɚɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɞɭɲɚɦɢ, ɦɟɞɢɱɧɢɣ ɩɚɜɿɥɶɣɨɧ ɡ ɤɚɛɿɧɟɬɨɦ ɥɿɤɚɪɹ, ɦɟɞɫɟɫɬɪɢ, ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɸɱɨɝɨ ɩɟɪ372
ɫɨɧɚɥɭ, ɦɟɬɟɨɪɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɢɣ (ɚɤɬɢɧɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɧɢɣ) ɩɭɧɤɬ ɞɥɹ ɫɩɨɫɬɟɪɟɠɟɧɧɹ ɡɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɦ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɢ ɿ ɜɨɞɢ. ɍ ɛɚɥɶɧɟɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɢɯ ɤɭɪɨɪɬɧɢɯ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɯ ɭ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɿ ɫɚɧɚɬɨɪɧɨ-ɤɭɪɨɪɬɧɢɯ ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ ɬɢɩɨɜɿ ɜɨɞɨ-, ɝɪɹɡɟɨɡɞɨɪɨɜɧɢɰɿ, ɜɿɞɞɿɥɟɧɧɹ ɝɿɞɪɨɬɟɪɚɩɿʀ, ɡɚɤɪɢɬɿ ɛɚɫɟɣɧɢ ɡ ɦɿɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɸ ɜɨɞɨɸ, ɫɚɭɧɚ ɬɨɳɨ. ɍ ɤɭɪɨɪɬɧɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɡɧɚɱɧɢɦ ɩɨɩɢɬɨɦ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɡɚɥɢ ɥɿɤɭɜɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɮɿɡɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɢ, ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɫɩɨɪɬɢɜɧɨɨɡɞɨɪɨɜɱɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ — ɬɪɟɧɚɠɟɪɧɿ, ɝɿɦɧɚɫɬɢɱɧɿ ɡɚɥɢ. ɉɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɨ-ɩɨɛɭɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɸɬɶ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɬɨɜɚɪɚɦɢ ɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɚɦɢ, ɳɨ ɡɚɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɹɸɬɶ ɛɿɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɿ, ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨ-ɟɫɬɟɬɢɱɧɿ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɿ ɜɿɞɜɿɞɭɜɚɱɿɜ, ɭɪɿɡɧɨɦɚɧɿɬɧɸɸɬɶ ʀɯɧɿɣ ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɨɤ. ɍ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɩɨɛɭɬɨɜɿ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɿ ɩɟɪɭɤɚɪɧɹɦɢ, ɦɚɣɫɬɟɪɧɹɦɢ ɞɪɿɛɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɦɨɧɬɭ ɨɞɹɝɭ, ɜɡɭɬɬɹ, ɩɭɧɤɬɚɦɢ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ ɿ ɩɪɚɧɧɹ ɛɿɥɢɡɧɢ, ɯɿɦɱɢɫɬɤɨɸ, ɩɭɧɤɬɚɦɢ ɩɪɨɤɚɬɭ ɬɨɜɚɪɿɜ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨ-ɩɨɛɭɬɨɜɨɝɨ, ɜ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɫɩɨɪɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ, ɩɭɧɤɬɚɦɢ ɮɨɬɨɞɪɭɤɭ ɬɚ ɿɧ. ɍ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɿ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɜɢɞɿɥɹɸɬɶɫɹ ɦɚɝɚɡɢɧɢ, ɤɿɨɫɤɢ ɡ ɩɪɨɞɚɠɭ ɩɟɪɿɨɞɢɱɧɢɯ ɜɢɞɚɧɶ, ɬɸɬɸɧɨɜɢɯ ɜɢɪɨɛɿɜ, ɫɭɜɟɧɿɪɿɜ, ɤɨɫɦɟɬɢɱɧɢɯ, ɩɚɪɮɭɦɟɪɧɢɯ ɜɢɪɨɛɿɜ, ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɜɢɫɨɤɨʀ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ — ɸɜɟɥɿɪɧɿ, ɫɩɨɪɬɢɜɧɿ, ɦɚɝɚɡɢɧɢ ɡ ɩɪɨɞɚɠɭ ɤɜɿɬɿɜ. ɉɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɭ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹɯ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɨ-ɩɨɛɭɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɧɚɞɚɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɥɢɲɟ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚɦ, ɜ ɿɧɲɢɯ — ɡ ɦɟɬɨɸ ɩɿɞɜɢɳɟɧɧɹ ɪɟɧɬɚɛɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ — ɿ ɜɿɞɜɿɞɭɜɚɱɚɦ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ. Ɍɨɪɝɨɜɿ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɭ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɧɚɣɱɚɫɬɿɲɟ ɡɝɪɭɩɨɜɚɧɿ ɭ ɛɥɨɤɢ, ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɲɨɦɭ ɩɨɜɟɪɫɿ ɿ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɿɣɧɨ ɞɨɩɨɜɧɸɸɬɶ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɸɥɹ, ɜ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɚɯ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɩɨɛɭɬɨɜɿ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ. ɍ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɥɶɧɿɣ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɿʀ ɩɟɪɲɨɝɨ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɚ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɿ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɦɚɬɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɿɲɧɿɣ ɿ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɣ ɡɨɜɧɿɲɧɿɣ ɜɯɿɞ. ɍ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚɯ ɫɮɨɪɦɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɿɡ ɡɧɚɱɧɨʀ ɤɿɥɶɤɨɫɬɿ ɩɪɨɮɿɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ — ɭɧɿɜɟɪɦɚɝɢ, ɦɚɝɚɡɢɧɢ, ɤɿɨɫɤɢ, ɬɨɪɝɨɜɿ ɝɚɥɟɪɟʀ, ɳɨ ɜɢɤɨɧɭɸɬɶ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɭ ɪɨɥɶ, ɡɚɫɨɛɢ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɜɢɤɨɧɭɸɬɶ ɞɨɩɨɦɿɠɧɭ ɪɨɥɶ, ɧɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ ɭ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɿ ɪɢɧɤɭ «ɉɿɜɞɟɧɧɢɣ» (Ʌɶɜɿɜ). ɉɨɛɭɬɨɜɿ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɿ ɞɥɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨʀ ɿ ɡɧɚɱɧɨʀ ɦɿɫɬɤɨɫɬɿ, ɧɚɫɚɦɩɟɪɟɞ ɜɢɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɪɿɜɧɹ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɭ. ɇɚɣɛɿɥɶɲ ɬɢɩɨɜɢɦɢ ɽ ɩɟɪɭɤɚɪɧɿ ɬɚ ɤɨɫɦɟɬɢɱɧɿ ɫɚɥɨɧɢ, ɳɨ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɲɨɦɭ ɩɨɜɟɪɫɿ ɭ ɝɪɭɩɿ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɜɟɫ373
ɬɢɛɸɥɹ, ɪɿɞɲɟ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɚɯ. ɐɿ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɰɿɥɶɧɨ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɭɜɚɬɢ ɭ ɜɭɡɥɨɜɢɯ ɩɭɧɤɬɚɯ ɩɟɪɟɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɿ ɜɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɜɯɨɞɭ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɨ ɛɭɬɢ ɡɪɭɱɧɢɦ ɞɥɹ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɭ ɡɡɨɜɧɿ ɞɥɹ ɜɿɞɜɿɞɭɜɚɱɿɜ. ɍ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɡɧɚɱɧɨʀ ɦɿɫɬɤɨɫɬɿ ɭ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɿ ɩɨɛɭɬɨɜɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɟɧɿ ɩɪɚɥɶɧɿ, ɯɿɦɱɢɫɬɤɚ, ɦɚɣɫɬɟɪɧɿ ɡ ɞɪɿɛɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɦɨɧɬɭ ɨɞɹɝɭ ɿ ɜɡɭɬɬɹ, ɱɚɫɬɤɨɜɨ ɩɨɛɭɬɨɜɿ ɮɭɧɤɰɿʀ ɜɢɤɨɧɭɸɬɶ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ — ɦɚɫɚɠɧɢɣ ɤɚɛɿɧɟɬ, ɫɚɥɨɧ ɦɨɞɢ, ɫɚɥɨɧ ɤɪɚɫɢ. ɍ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɱɿ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɛɭɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɚɣɱɚɫɬɿɲɟ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɰɨɤɨɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɩɨɜɟɪɫɿ, ɝɪɭɩɿ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɫɶɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɩɟɪɲɨɝɨ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɚ, ɜ ɨɤɪɟɦɿɣ ɫɩɨɪɭɞɿ. ɍ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɩɪɚɥɶɧɿ ɿ ɯɿɦɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɢɬɢ ɡɪɭɱɧɢɣ ɡɜ’ɹɡɨɤ ɡ ɜɚɧɬɚɠɧɢɦ ɥɿɮɬɨɦ ɿ ɫɥɭɠɛɨɜɢɦ ɜɯɨɞɨɦ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ, ɭɧɟɦɨɠɥɢɜɢɬɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɪɟɳɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɪɭɯɭ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɿ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɸɱɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ ɭ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɱɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿ. ɍ ɦɚɥɢɯ ɿ ɫɟɪɟɞɧɿɯ ɡɚ ɦɿɫɬɤɿɫɬɸ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɫɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ ɬɢɩɨɜɟ ɿ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɨ ɞɨɰɿɥɶɧɟ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɦɿɧɿ-ɩɪɚɥɟɧɶ ɡ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹɦ ɩɪɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɦɚɲɢɧ ɧɟɜɟɥɢɤɨɝɨ ɨɛ’ɽɦɭ ɿ ɡɚɫɨɛɚɦɢ ɲɜɢɞɤɨʀ ɫɭɲɤɢ ɛɿɥɢɡɧɢ. ɉɢɬɚɧɧɹ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ 1. ɇɚɡɜɿɬɶ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɿ ɱɢɧɧɢɤɢ ɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɚɪɯɿɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɢɯ ɬɢɩɿɜ ɫɩɨɪɭɞ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ. 2. ɇɚɡɜɿɬɶ ɬɚ ɨɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɣɬɟ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɿ ɬɢɩɢ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɫɩɨɪɭɞ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ. 3. Ɉɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɣɬɟ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɿ ɬɢɩɢ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ. 4. ɉɪɨɚɧɚɥɿɡɭɣɬɟ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ ɚɪɯɿɬɟɤɬɭɪɢ ɜɯɨɞɭ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ ɬɚ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɩɪɢɥɟɝɥɨʀ ɞɨ ɫɩɨɪɭɞɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɿʀ. 5. ɇɚɡɜɿɬɶ ɿ ɞɚɣɬɟ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɭ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɭ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɬɢɩɿɜ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɸɥɶɧɨʀ ɝɪɭɩɢ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ. 6. ɉɪɨɚɧɚɥɿɡɭɣɬɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɭ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɸ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ. 7. Ɉɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɣɬɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɭ ɿ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɥɶɧɭ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɸ ɠɢɬɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɚ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ. 8. ɇɚɡɜɿɬɶ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɿ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɠɢɬɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ. 9. Ⱦɚɣɬɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɭ ɦɟɛɥɸɜɚɧɧɹ, ɞɟɤɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɨɡɞɨɛɥɟɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ. 374
ɋɉɂɋɈɄ ȼɂɄɈɊɂɋɌȺɇɂɏ ȾɀȿɊȿɅ
1. ɉɪɨ ɬɭɪɢɡɦ: Ɂɚɤɨɧ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ // ȼɿɞɨɦɨɫɬɿ ȼɟɪɯɨɜɧɨʀ Ɋɚɞɢ. — 1995. — ʋ 31. — ɋ. 241. 2. ɉɪɨ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɚɰɿɸ ɬɚ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɸ: Ɂɚɤɨɧ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ // ɋɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɚɰɿɹ, ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɹ ɿ ɹɤɿɫɬɶ. — 1997. — ʋ 6. — ɋ. 12. 3. ɉɪɨ ɥɿɰɟɧɡɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɟɜɧɢɯ ɜɢɞɿɜ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɶɤɨʀ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ: Ɂɚɤɨɧ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ ɜɿɞ 1 ɱɟɪɜɧɹ 2000 ɪ. // ȼɿɞɨɦɨɫɬɿ ȼɟɪɯɨɜɧɨʀ Ɋɚɞɢ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ. — 2000. — ʋ 36. — ɋ. 299. 4. ɉɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɨʀ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ: ɇɚɤɚɡ Ⱦɟɪɠɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɿɬɟɬɭ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ ɩɨ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɚɰɿʀ, ɦɟɬɪɨɥɨɝɿʀ ɬɚ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɜɿɞ 27 ɫɿɱɧɹ 1999 ɪ. ʋ 37. — Ɂɚɪɟɽɫɬɪɨɜɚɧɨ ɜ Ɇɿɧɿɫɬɟɪɫɬɜɿ ɸɫɬɢɰɿʀ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ 15 ɤɜɿɬɧɹ 1999 ɪ. ɡɚ ʋ 236/3529. 5. ɉɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɿ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɿɱɧɢɦɢ ɡɚɫɨɛɚɦɢ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɿ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɡɚɬɜɟɪɞɠɟɧɿ ɧɚɤɚɡɨɦ Ⱦɟɪɠɚɜɧɨʀ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɨʀ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɰɿʀ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ ɜɿɞ 16 ɛɟɪɟɡɧɹ 2004 ɪ. ʋ 19. 6. ɉɪɨ ɡɚɬɜɟɪɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɮɨɪɦ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɨʀ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɧɨʀ ɡɜɿɬɧɨɫɬɿ ɡ ɩɢɬɚɧɶ ɬɭɪɢɡɦɭ ɬɚ ɿɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɿɣ ɳɨɞɨ ʀɯ ɡɚɩɨɜɧɟɧɧɹ: ɇɚɤɚɡ Ⱦɟɪɠɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɿɬɟɬɭ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ ɜɿɞ 4 ɛɟɪɟɡɧɹ 1998 ɪ. ʋ 96. — Ɂɚɪɟɽɫɬɪɨɜɚɧɨ ɜ Ɇɿɧɿɫɬɟɪɫɬɜɿ ɸɫɬɢɰɿʀ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ 19 ɛɟɪɟɡɧɹ 1998 ɪ. ɡɚ ʋ 182/2622. 7. ɉɪɨ ɡɚɬɜɟɪɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɉɪɚɜɢɥ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɬɚ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɜ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɿ: ɇɚɤɚɡ Ⱦɟɪɠɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɿɬɟɬɭ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ ɩɨ ɠɢɬɥɨɜɨ-ɤɨɦɭɧɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɬɜɭ ɬɚ Ⱦɟɪɠɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɿɬɟɬɭ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ ɩɨ ɬɭɪɢɡɦɭ ɜɿɞ 10 ɜɟɪɟɫɧɹ 1996 ɪ. ʋ 77/44. Ɂɚɪɟɽɫɬɪɨɜɚɧɨ ɜ Ɇɿɧɿɫɬɟɪɫɬɜɿ ɸɫɬɢɰɿʀ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ 16 ɜɟɪɟɫɧɹ 1996 ɪ. ɡɚ ʋʋ 531/1556. 8. ȾɋɌɍ 3230 — 95 «ɍɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɹɤɿɫɬɸ ɬɚ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ. Ɍɟɪɦɿɧɢ ɬɚ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ». 9. ȾɋɌɍ 3498 — 96 «ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɍɤɪɋȿɉɊɈ. Ȼɥɚɧɤɢ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɿɜ. Ɏɨɪɦɢ ɬɚ ɨɩɢɫ». 10. ȾɋɌɍ ȱɋO — 9004-2-96 «ɍɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɹɤɿɫɬɸ ɬɚ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ. — ɑ. 2: ɇɚɫɬɚɧɨɜɢ ɳɨɞɨ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ». 11. ȾɋɌɍ 3413 –96 «ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɍɤɪɋȿɉɊɈ. ɉɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɿʀ». 375
12. ȽɈɋɌ 28681.2 — 95 «Ɍɭɪɢɫɬɤɨ-ɷɤɫɤɭɪɫɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɟ. Ɍɭɪɢɫɬɫɤɢɟ ɭɫɥɭɝɢ. Ɉɛɳɢɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ». 13. ȽɈɋɌ 28681.4 — 95 «Ɍɭɪɢɫɬɤɨ-ɷɤɫɤɭɪɫɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɟ. Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɢɰ». 14. Ⱥɝɟɟɜɚ Ɉ.Ⱥ. Ɍɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɮɢɪɦɵ ɢ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɢɰɵ, ɛɭɯɭɱɟɬ ɢ ɧɚɥɨɝɨɨɛɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ. — Ɇ.: ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɚ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɨ, 2000. 15. Ⱥɝɟɟɜɚ Ɉ.Ⱥ., Ⱥɤɭɥɟɧɨɤ Ⱦ.ɇ., ȼɚɫɢɥɶɟɜ ɇ.Ɇ., ȼɚɫɹɧɢɧ ɘ.Ʌ. ɢ ɞɪ. Ɍɭɪɢɡɦ ɢ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɢɱɧɨɟ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɨ / ɍɱɟɛɧɢɤ ɞɥɹ ɜɭɡɨɜ. — Ɇ.: Ɍɚɧɞɟɦ-ɗɤɦɨɫ, 1999. — 346 ɫ. 16. Ⱥɝɚɮɨɧɨɜɚ Ʌ.Ƚ., Ⱥɝɚɮɨɧɨɜɚ Ɉ.ɋ. Ɍɭɪɢɡɦ, ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɣ ɬɚ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɧɢɣ ɛɿɡɧɟɫ: ɰɿɧɨɭɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹ, ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɿɹ, ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɸɜɚɧɧɹ: ɇɚɜɱ. ɩɨɫɿɛ. ɞɥɹ ɫɬɭɞ. ɜɢɳ. ɧɚɜɱ. ɡɚɤɥ. / Ʉɢʀɜɫɶɤɢɣ ɭɧ-ɬ ɬɭɪɢɡɦɭ, ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɤɢ ɿ ɩɪɚɜɚ. — Ʉ.: Ɂɧɚɧɧɹ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ, 2002. — 352 ɫ. 17. Ⱥɡɚɪ ȼ., Ɍɭɦɚɧɨɜ ɋ. ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɚ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɪɵɧɤɚ. — Ɇ., 1998. 18. Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɨɜɚ Ⱥ.ɘ. Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɬɭɪɢɡɦ / ɍɱɟɛɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜ ɜɭɡɨɜ. — Ɇ.: Ⱥɫɩɟɤɬ ɉɪɟɫɫ, 2001. 19. Ȼɚɣɥɢɤ ɋ.ɂ. Ƚɨɫɬɢɧɢɱɧɨɟ ɯɚɡɹɣɫɬɜɨ. ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ, ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ, ɫɟɪɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ / ɍɱɟɛɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ: 2-ɟ ɢɡɞ., ɩɟɪɟ ɪɚɛ. ɢ ɞɨɩ. — Ʉ.: Ⱦɚɤɨɪ, 2006. — 288 ɫ. 20. Ȼɚɥɚɛɚɧɨɜ ɂ.Ɍ., Ȼɚɥɚɛɚɧɨɜ Ⱥ.ɂ. ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɚ ɬɭɪɢɡɦɚ / ɍɱɟɛɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ. — Ɇ.: Ɏɢɧɚɧɫɵ ɢ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɤɚ, 1999. 21. Ȼɚɧɶɤɨ ȼ.Ƚ. Ȼɭɞɿɜɥɿ, ɫɩɨɪɭɞɢ, ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɫɶɤɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɿɜ ɬɚ ʀɯ ɟɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɿɹ / ɇɚɜɱɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɩɨɫɿɛɧɢɤ. — Ʉ.: ɐɟɧɬɪ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɣɧɢɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɣ. — 2006 — 292 ɫ. 22. Ȼɢɪɠɚɤɨɜ Ɇ.Ȼ. ȼɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɬɭɪɢɡɦ. — ɋɉɛ.: ɂɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɣ Ɍɨɪɝɨɜɵɣ Ⱦɨɦ «Ƚɟɪɞɚ», 2000. 23. Ȼɢɱɤɿɜɫɶɤɢɣ Ɋ. ɍɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɹɤɿɫɬɸ / ɇɚɜɱɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɩɨɫɿɛɧɢɤ. — Ʌɶɜɿɜ: «Ʌɶɜɿɜɫɶɤɚ ɩɨɥɿɬɟɯɧɿɤɚ», 2000. 24. Ȼɨɝɚɥɞɢɧ-Ɇɚɥɵɯ ȼ.ȼ. Ɇɚɪɤɟɬɢɧɝ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɬɭɪɢɡɦɚ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɪɜɢɫɚ: ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɝɨɫɬɢɧɢɱɧɨɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɥɟɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɵ. ɍɱɟɛɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ. — Ɇ.: ɂɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ Ɇɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɨ-ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ; ȼɨɪɨɧɟɠ: ɂɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɇɉɈ «ɆɈȾɗɄ», 2004. — 560 ɫ. 25. Ȼɨɣɰɨɜɚ Ɇ., ɉɿɪɨɠɟɧɤɨ Ɉ. ɍɫɟ ɩɪɨ ɨɛɥɿɤ ɬɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɸ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɛɿɡɧɟɫɭ. — ɏɚɪɤɿɜ: Ɏɚɤɬɨɪ, 2005. — 232 ɫ. 26. Ȼɨɪɢɫɨɜɚ ɘ.ɇ ɢ ɞɪ. Ɇɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ. — Ɇ.: ɊɂȻ «Ɍɭɪɢɫɬ», 1997. 27. Ȼɨɪɨɞɢɧɚ ȼ.ȼ. Ɋɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɧɨ-ɝɨɫɬɢɧɢɱɧɵɣ ɛɢɡɧɟɫ: ɭɱɟɬ, ɧɚɥɨɝɢ, ɦɚɪɤɟɬɢɧɝ, ɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬ. — Ɇ.: Ʉɧɢɠɧɵɣ ɦɢɪ, 2001. — 165 ɫ. 28. Ȼɪɚɣɦɟɪ Ɋ.Ⱥ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢɢ ɝɨɫɬɟɩɪɢɢɦɫɬɜɚ / ɉɟɪ. ɫ ɚɧɝɥ. — Ɇ.: Ⱥɫɩɟɤɬ ɉɪɟɫɫ, 1995. — 382 ɫ. 376
29. ȼɚɫɢɥɢɧɚ ɋ.ɂ. Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɝɨɫɬɟɩɪɢɢɦɫɬɜɨɦ: Ɇɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ. — ɋɢɦɮɟɪɨɩɨɥɶ: Ɍɚɜɪɢɹ, 2004. — 158 ɫ. 30. ȼɨɥɤɨɜ ɘ.Ɏ. ȼɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɢɱɧɵɣ ɢ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɛɢɡɧɟɫ. — Ɇ.: Ɏɟɧɢɤɫ, 2003. — 348 ɫ. 31. ȼɨɥɤɨɜ ɘ. Ɏ. ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɚ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɛɢɡɧɟɫɚ. — Ɇ.: Ɏɟɧɢɤɫ, 2003. –384 ɫ. 32. ȼɨɥɤɨɜ ɘ.Ɏ. Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ. Ɇ.: Ɏɟɧɢɤɫ, 2003. — 384 ɫ. 33. ȼɨɪɨɧɤɨɜɚ Ʌ.ɉ. ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɬɭɪɢɡɦɚ: ɍɱɟɛɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ. Ɇ. — ȼɨɪɨɧɟɠ, 2001. 34. Ƚɨɫɬɢɧɢɱɧɵɣ ɢ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɛɢɡɧɟɫ / ɉɨɞ ɪɟɞ. ɩɪɨɮ. Ⱥ.Ⱦ. ɑɭɞɧɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ — Ɇ.: Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ ɚɜɬɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɢɡɞɚɬɟɥɟɣ «ɌȺɇȾȿɆ», ɢɡɞ. ɗɄɆɈɋ, 1998. — 352 ɫ. 35. Ƚɭɥɹɟɜ ȼ.Ƚ. ɇɨɜɵɟ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɜ ɬɭɪɢɡɦɟ / ɍɱɟɛɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ. — Ɇ.: ɉɊɂɈɊ, 1998. — 144 ɫ. 36. Ⱦɭɪɨɜɢɱ Ⱥ.ɉ., Ʉɨɩɚɧɟɜ Ⱥ.ɋ. Ɇɚɪɤɟɬɢɧɝ ɜ ɬɭɪɢɡɦɟ / ɍɱɟɛɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ. — Ɇɢɧɫɤ: ɗɤɨɧɨɩɪɟɫɫ, 1998. — 400 ɫ. 37. ȿɮɢɦɨɜɚ Ɉ.ɉ., ȿɮɢɦɨɜɚ ɇ.Ⱥ., Ɉɥɟɮɢɪɟɧɤɨ Ɍ.Ⱥ. ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɚ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɢɰ ɢ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɨɜ / ɍɱɟɛɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ: ɉɨɞ ɪɟɞ. ɇ.ɂ. Ʉɚɛɭɲɤɢɧɚ. — 3-ɟ ɢɡɞ., ɫɬɟɪ. — Ɇ.: ɇɨɜɨɟ ɡɧɚɧɢɟ, 2006. — 392 ɫ. 38. Ɂɨɪɢɧ ɂ.ȼ., Ʉɜɚɪɬɚɥɶɧɨɜ ȼ.Ⱥ. Ɍɭɪɢɫɬɫɤɢɣ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɶ. — Ɇ.: ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɢɣ ɫɩɨɪɬ, 1999. 39. ȱɜɚɧɨɜɚ Ʌ.Ɉ. Ɇɚɪɤɟɬɢɧɝɨɜɿ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɛɿɡɧɟɫɭ ɜ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɿ. — Ʌɶɜɿɜ: Ⱦɟɪɠɚɜɧɢɣ ɭɧɿɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ «Ʌɶɜɿɜɫɶɤɚ ɩɨɥɿɬɟɯɧɿɤɚ», 1997. — 286 ɫ. 40. Ʉɚɛɭɲɤɢɧ ɇ.ɂ. Ɇɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬ ɬɭɪɢɡɦɚ / ɍɱɟɛɧɢɤ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɭɞ. ɜɭɡɨɜ ɫɩɟɰ. «ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɚ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɫɮɟɪɨɣ». — 3-ɟ ɢɡɞ., ɢɫɩɪ. — Ɇɢɧɫɤ: ɇɨɜɨɟ ɡɧɚɧɢɟ, 2002. — 409 ɫ. 41. Ʉɚɛɭɲɤɢɧ ɇ.ɂ., Ȼɨɧɞɚɪɟɧɤɨ Ƚ.Ⱥ. Ɇɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɢɰ ɢ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɨɜ: ɍɱɟɛɧɢɤ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɭɞ. ɫɩɟɰ. «ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɚ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɫɮɟɪɨɣ» ɜɭɡɨɜ. — 4 ɢɡɞ., ɫɬɟɪ. — Ɇɢɧɫɤ: ɈɈɈ «ɇɨɜɨɟ ɡɧɚɧɢɟ», 2003. 42. Ʉɚɪɫɟɤɿɧ ȼ., Ɍɤɚɱɟɧɤɨ Ɍ. ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɢ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɿ // ȿɤɨɧɨɦɿɤɚ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ. — 1997. — ʋ 9. 43. Ʉɜɚɪɬɚɥɶɧɨɜ ȼ.Ⱥ. ɂɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɣ ɬɭɪɢɡɦ. — Ɇ.: Ɏɢɧɚɧɫɵ ɢ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɤɚ, 1999. 44. Ʉɜɚɪɬɚɥɶɧɨɜ ȼ.Ⱥ. Ɍɭɪɢɡɦ / ɍɱɟɛɧɢɤ. — Ɇ.: Ɏɢɧɚɧɫɵ ɢ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɤɚ, 2000. 45. Ʉɨɝɚɧ Ɍ.Ʌ., Ȼɚɛɭɰɤɢɣ Ʌ.ə. ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɚ, ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɢ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚ. — Ʉ.: ȼɢɳɚ ɲɤɨɥɚ, 1980. — 70 ɫ. 377
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61. Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɢɱɧɵɦ ɛɢɡɧɟɫɨɦ: ɍɱɟɛɧɢɤ / ɉɨɞ ɪɟɞ. Ⱥ.Ʌ.Ʌɟɫɧɢɤɚ, Ⱥ.ȼ.ɑɟɪɧɵɲɟɜɚ. — Ɇ.: ɂɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɣ ɞɨɦ «Ⱥɥɶɩɢɧɚ», 2001. — 3 ɬɬ. 62. ɉɚɩɢɪɹɧ Ƚ.Ⱥ. Ɇɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬ ɜ ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢɢ ɝɨɫɬɟɩɪɢɢɦɫɬɜɚ (ɨɬɟɥɢ ɢ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɵ). — Ɇ.: ɈȺɈ ɇɉɈ: ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɚ, 2000. — 207 ɫ. 63. ɉɚɧɞɹɤ ȱ., Ɇɚɥɶɫɶɤɚ Ɇ. Ɉɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɣɧɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɭ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɿɣ ɿɧɞɭɫɬɪɿʀ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ // Ɇɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɢ Ɇɿɠɧɚɪ. ɧɚɭɤɨɜɨ-ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɧɨʀ ɤɨɧɮ. «ȱɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɣɧɿ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿʀ ɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɿ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɨɸ ɿ ɤɭɪɨɪɬɧɨ-ɪɟɤɪɟɚɰɿɣɧɨɸ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɤɨɸ ɬɚ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɢ ɩɿɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɮɚɯɿɜɰɿɜ» — Ȼɟɪɞɹɧɫɶɤ. –2005. — ɋ. 5–6. 64. ɉɚɧɞɹɤ ȱ.Ƚ., Ɇɚɥɶɫɶɤɚ Ɇ.ɉ. ɋɭɱɚɫɧɢɣ ɫɬɚɧ ɬɚ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɿʀ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨʀ ɿɧɞɭɫɬɪɿʀ ɜ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɿ // ɇɚɭɤɨɜɿ ɡɚɩɢɫɤɢ Ɍɟɪɧɨɩ. ɧɚɰ. ɩɟɞ. ɭɧ-ɬɭ. ɋɟɪ. ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮ. — Ɍɟɪɧɨɩɿɥɶ. — 2006. — ȼɢɩ. 1. — ɋ. 82–87. 65. ɉɚɧɞɹɤ ȱ.Ƚ., Ɇɚɥɶɫɶɤɚ Ɇ.ɉ., Ƚɚɬɚɥɹɤ Ɉ.Ɇ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɢ ɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɦɟɯɚɧɿɡɦɭ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɧɢɯ ɩɟɪɟɜɚɝ ɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɿ ɹɤɿɫɬɸ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ // ȼɿɫɧɢɤ ɧɚɰ. ɭɧ-ɬɭ "Ʌɶɜɿɜɫɶɤɚ ɩɨɥɿɬɟɯɧɿɤɚ». — Ʌɶɜɿɜ. — 2007. — ȼɢɩ. 579. — ɋ. 516–519. 66. ɉɚɧɞɹɤ ȱ.Ƚ. ɋɭɱɚɫɧɢɣ ɫɬɚɧ ɬɚ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɢ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ ɿɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢ ɞɿɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɬɭɪɢɡɦɭ ɜ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɿ // ȼɿɫɧɢɤ Ʌɶɜɿɜ. ɭɧ-ɬɭ. ɋɟɪ. ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮ. –Ʌɶɜɿɜ. –2007. — ȼɢɩ. 34. — ɋ. 183–189. 67. ɉɚɧɞɹɤ ȱ.Ƚ. Ɋɢɧɨɤ ɦɚɥɢɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɛɿɡɧɟɫɿ: ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɿ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ // ȼɿɫɧɢɤ Ʌɶɜɿɜ. ɭɧ-ɬɭ. ɋɟɪ. ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮ. — Ʌɶɜɿɜ. –2008. — ȼɢɩ. 35. — ɋ. 275–279. 68. ɉɚɧɞɹɤ ȱ.Ƚ. ɋɭɱɚɫɧɢɣ ɫɬɚɧ ɬɚ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɢ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ ɛɿɡɧɟɫɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɜ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɿ // ȼɿɫɧɢɤ Ʌɶɜɿɜ. ɭɧ-ɬɭ. ɋɟɪ. Ɇɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɿ ɜɿɞɧɨɫɢɧɢ. — Ʌɶɜɿɜ. –2008. — ȼɢɩ. 24. — ɋ. 224–230. 69. ɉɭɰɟɧɬɟɣɥɨ ɉ.Ɋ. ȿɤɨɧɨɦɿɤɚ ɿ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɹ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɨ-ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ / ɇɚɜɱɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɩɨɫɿɛɧɢɤ. Ʉ.: ɐɟɧɬɪ ɧɚɜɱɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɥɿɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɢ, 2007. — 344 ɫ. 70. Ɋɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɧɟ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɿ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɚ ɿɧɞɭɫɬɪɿɹ ɜ ɪɢɧɤɨɜɢɯ ɭɦɨɜɚɯ: Ɂɛ. ɧɚɭɤ. ɩɪɚɰɶ / Ʉɢʀɜɫɶɤɢɣ ɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɟɥɶɧɨ-ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɢɣ ɭɧ-ɬ. / ȼɿɞɩ. ɪɟɞ. Ɇ.ȱ. ɉɟɪɟɫɿɱɧɢɣ. — Ʉ.: ɄɇɌȿɍ, 2003. — 304 ɫ. 71. Ɋɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɧɟ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɿ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɚ ɿɧɞɭɫɬɪɿɹ ɜ ɪɢɧɤɨɜɢɯ ɭɦɨɜɚɯ: Ɂɛ. ɧɚɭɤ. ɩɪɚɰɶ / Ʉɢʀɜɫɶɤɢɣ ɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɟɥɶɧɨ-ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɢɣ ɭɧ-ɬ. / ȼɿɞɩ. ɪɟɞ. Ɇ.ȱ. ɉɟɪɟɫɿɱɧɢɣ. — Ʉ.: ɄɇɌȿɍ, 2004. — 208 ɫ. 72. Ɋɨɝɥɟɜ ɏ.Ƀ. ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɵɫɥɢ ɩɨ ɩɨɜɨɞɭ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɛɢɡɧɟɫɚ // Ɋɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɧɵɣ ɢ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɢɱɧɵɣ ɛɢɡɧɟɫ. — 2004. — ʋ 1. 73. Ɋɨɝɥɽɜ ɏ.Ƀ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬɭ / ɇɚɜɱɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɩɨɫɿɛɧɢɤ. — Ʉ.: Ʉɨɧɞɨɪ, 2005. — 408 ɫ. 74. ɋɚɦɚɪɰɟɜ ȿ.ȼ. Ɍɢɩɵ ɬɚɪɢɮɨɜ ɜ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɢɰɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ ɢɯ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ // Ƚɨɫɬɢɧɢɱɧɵɣ ɛɢɡɧɟɫ. — 2000. — ʋ 2. — ɋ. 22–27. 379
75. ɋɚɪɚɧɱɚ Ƚ.Ⱥ. Ɇɟɬɪɨɥɨɝɿɹ, ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɚɰɿɹ ɬɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɹɤɿɫɬɸ / ɉɿɞɪɭɱɧɢɤ. — Ʉ.: Ʌɢɛɿɞɶ, 1993. 76. ɋɟɧɢɧ ȼ.ɋ. Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɬɭɪɢɡɦɚ. — Ɇ.: Ɏɢɧɚɧɫɵ ɢ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɤɚ, 2003. — 400 ɫ. 77. ɋɤɨɛɤɢɧ ɋ.ɋ. Ɇɚɪɤɟɬɢɧɝ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɚɠɢ ɜ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɢɱɧɨɦ ɛɢɡɧɟɫɟ. — Ɇ.: ɘɪɢɫɬɔ, 2003. — 224. 78. ɋɨɥɨɜɶɟɜ Ȼ.Ʌ., Ɍɨɥɫɬɨɜɚ Ʌ.Ⱥ. Ɇɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬ ɝɨɫɬɟɩɪɢɢɦɫɬɜɚ. — Ɇ.: ɊɂȻ «Ɍɭɪɢɫɬ», 1997. 79. ɋɬɚɞɧɢɤ Ⱥ.Ⱥ. Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɩɪɢɟɦɚ ɢ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɨɜ ɜ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɢɰɟ: Ɉɛɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɨɝɨ ɨɩɵɬɚ. — Ɇ.: ȼɒɌȽ, 1995. 80. Ɍɢɦɨɯɢɧɚ Ɍ.Ʌ. Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɢɟɦɚ ɢ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɨɜ / ɍɱɟɛɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ. — 3-ɟ ɢɡɞ., ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛ ɢ ɞɨɩ. — Ɇ.: ɂɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɣ ɞɨɦ «ɎɈɊɍɆ»: ɂɇɎɊȺ-Ɇ, 2008. — 352 ɫ. 81. Ɍɤɚɱɟɧɤɨ Ɍ.ȱ., Ƚɚɜɪɢɥɸɤ ɋ.ɉ. ȿɤɨɧɨɦɿɤɚ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɿ ɬɭɪɢɡɦɭ / ɇɚɜɱ. ɩɨɫɿɛ. — Ʉ.: ɄɇɌȿɍ, 2005. — 179 ɫ. 82. Ɍɪɚɜɢɧ ȼ.ȼ., Ⱦɹɬɥɨɜ ȼ.Ⱥ. Ɇɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɚ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ. 2-ɟ ɢɡɞ. — Ɇ.: Ɏɢɧɩɪɟɫɫ, 2000. — 203 ɫ. 83. Ɍɭɪɢɡɦ ɢ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɢɱɧɨɟ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɨ / ɉɨɞ ɪɟɞ. Ⱥ.Ⱦ. ɑɭɞɧɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ. — Ɇ. Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ ɚɜɬɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɢɡɞɚɬɟɥɟɣ «ɌȺɇȾȿɆ», ɗɄɆɈɋ, 2003. — 447 ɫ. 84. Ɍɭɪɢɡɦ ɜ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɿ / ɋɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɧɢɣ ɛɸɥɟɬɟɧɶ. — Ʉ.: Ⱦɟɪɠɿɧɮɨɬɭɪ, 2005. 85. Ɍɭɪɢɡɦ ɜ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɿ / ɋɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɧɢɣ ɛɸɥɟɬɟɧɶ. — Ʉ.: Ⱦɟɪɠɿɧɮɨɬɭɪ, 2006. 86. ɍɨɤɟɪ Ⱦɠɨɧ Ɋ. ȼɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɝɨɫɬɟɩɪɢɢɦɫɬɜɨ: ɍɱɟɛɧɢɤ / ɉɟɪ. ɫ ɚɧɝɥ. — Ɇ.: ɘɇɂɌɂ, 1999. — 463 ɫ. 87. ɍɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɢɦ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɦ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɦ: ɇɚɜɱ. ɩɨɫɿɛ. / Ɂɚ ɪɟɞɚɤɰɿɽɸ ɱɥɟɧɚ-ɤɨɪ. ɇȺɇ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ, ɞ.ɟ.ɧ. ɩɪɨɮ. Ⱦɨɪɭɝɭɧɰɨɜɚ ɋ.ȱ. — Ʉ.: Ʌɿɪɚ-Ʉ, 2005. — 520 ɫ. 88. ɍɫɬɢɦɟɧɤɨ Ʌ.Ɇ., Ⱥɮɚɧɚɫɶɽɜ ȱ.ɘ. ȱɫɬɨɪɿɹ ɬɭɪɢɡɦɭ / ɇɚɜɱɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɩɨɫɿɛɧɢɤ. — Ʉ.: Ⱥɥɶɬɟɪ-ɩɪɟɫ, 2005. 89. ɏɭɞɨɥɿɣ Ʌ.Ɇ., Ɇɭɧɿɧ Ƚ.Ȼ. ɍɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɹɤɿɫɬɸ ɹɤ ɨɞɢɧ ɿɡ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɢɯ ɜɚɠɟɥɿɜ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɧɨɡɞɚɬɧɨɫɬɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ // Ɏɨɪɦɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɪɢɧɤɨɜɢɯ ɜɿɞɧɨɫɢɧ ɜ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɿ: Ɂɛɿɪɧɢɤ ɧɚɭɤɨɜɢɯ ɩɪɚɰɶ. — 2002. — ʋ 17. 90. Ɏɟɞɨɪɱɟɧɤɨ ȼ.Ʉ., Ɇɿɧɿɱ ȱ.Ɇ. Ƚɨɬɟɥɶɧɟ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ: ɨɫɧɨɜɧɿ ɩɨɤɚɡɧɢɤɢ, ɨɰɿɧɤɚ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ. — Ʉ.: ɄȱɌȿɉ, 1999. 91. Ɏɟɞɨɪɱɟɧɤɨ ȼ.Ʉ., Ⱦɶɨɪɨɜɚ Ɍ.Ⱥ. ȱɫɬɨɪɿɹ ɬɭɪɢɡɦɭ ɜ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɿ / ɇɚɜɱɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɩɨɫɿɛɧɢɤ. — Ʉ.: ȼɢɳɚ ɲɤɨɥɚ, 2002. — 195 ɫ. 92. ɒɚɩɨɜɚɥ Ƚ.Ɏ. ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɬɭɪɢɡɦɚ. — Ɇɢɧɫɤ.: ɈɈɈ «ɇɨɜɨɟ ɡɧɚɧɢɟ», 1999. 93. ɒɚɩɨɜɚɥ Ɇ.ȱ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɢ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɚɰɿʀ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɹɤɿɫɬɸ ɿ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ. — Ʉ.: ɍɎȱɆȻ, 2000. 380
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Ɋɟɝɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɿ ɨɪɝɚɧɢ ɜɥɚɞɢ ɭ ɫɮɟɪɿ ɬɭɪɢɡɦɭ
Ɇɿɧɿɫɬɟɪɫɬɜɨ ɬɭɪɢɡɦɭ
ɋɩɿɥɶɧɨ ɡ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɤɚ Ⱦɚɧɫɶɤɨʀ ɪɚɞɢ ɡ ɬɭɪɢɡɦɭ ɿ ɡ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨʀ ɚɫɨɰɿɚɰɿʀ
ɇɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɚ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɚ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɰɿɹ
Ⱥɜɬɨɦɨɛɿɥɶɧɚ ɚɫɨɰɿɚɰɿɹ, ɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɿ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɿ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ
1,2 ȼ’ɽɬɧɚɦɫɶɤɚ ɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɚ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɚ ɚɫɨɰɿɚɰɿɹ
2
1
1
1
1
1
8
ɄɅȺɋɂɎȱɄȺɐȱə ȽɈɌȿɅɖɇɂɏ ɉȱȾɉɊɂȯɆɋɌȼ ɍ ɊȱɁɇɂɏ ɄɊȺȲɇȺɏ ɋȼȱɌɍ
Ⱦɨɞɚɬɨɤ Ⱥ
382
ż
ż
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ż
ż
ż
ż
ż
Ʉɢɬɚɣ
Ʉɭɛɚ
Ʉɿɩɪ
Ʉɚɧɚɞɚ
Ɇɚɥɚɣɡɿɹ
Ɇɚɥɶɬɚ
Ɇɚɪɨɤɤɨ
Ɇɨɥɞɨɜɚ
ɇɿɦɟɱɱɢɧɚ
ɇɿɞɟɪɥɚɧɞɢ
ɈȺȿ
ɉɨɥɶɳɚ
ɉɨɪɬɭɝɚɥɿɹ
Ɋɭɦɭɧɿɹ
ɋɥɨɜɚɱɱɢɧɚ
ɋɥɨɜɟɧɿɹ
1
Ʉɟɧɿɹ
Ʉɪɚʀɧɚ
ż
ż
ż
ż
–
ż
ż
–
ż
–
ż
ż
*
ż
ż
–
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2
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–
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ż
*
ż
ż
–
–
3
–
–
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–
–
*
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ż
4
3
1
3
1
2
1
2
3
1
2
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3
1
2
3
1
2
5
1
1
2
7
1
2
1
2
*
–
ż
9
ɉɪɨɮɟɫɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɚ ɚɫɨɰɿɚɰɿɹ
ɇɿɦɟɰɶɤɚ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɚ ɚɫɨɰɿɚɰɿɹ
ɇɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɟ ɚɝɟɧɬɫɬɜɨ ɡ ɬɭɪɢɡɦɭ
ɇɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɚ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɚ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɰɿɹ
Ɇɚɥɶɬɿɣɫɶɤɚ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɚ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɰɿɹ
Ɇɿɧɿɫɬɟɪɫɬɜɨ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɢ, ɦɢɫɬɟɰɬɜ ɿ ɬɭɪɢɡɦɭ ɪɚɡɨɦ ɡ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɚɫɨɰɿɚɰɿɹɦɢ
Ⱥɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɰɿɹ ɩɪɨɜɿɧɰɿɣ
Ʉɿɩɪɫɶɤɚ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɹ
Ɇɿɧɿɫɬɟɪɫɬɜɨ ɬɭɪɢɡɦɭ
ɇɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɚ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɚ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɰɿɹ
Ɇɿɧɿɫɬɟɪɫɬɜɨ ɬɭɪɢɡɦɭ ɣ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿʀ
1
2
ȼɨɽɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ
2
2
2
1
382
Ʉɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɣɧɢɣ ɤɨɦɿɬɟɬ
Ɇɿɧɿɫɬɟɪɫɬɜɨ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɤɢ, ɞɟɩɚɪɬɚɦɟɧɬ ɬɭɪɢɡɦɭ
1,2 1,2 Ɇɿɧɿɫɬɟɪɫɬɜɨ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɭ ɿ ɬɭɪɢɡɦɭ
– 1,2 1,2 Ƚɟɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɚ ɪɚɞɚ ɡ ɬɭɪɢɡɦɭ
–
1
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
8
1,2 1,2 Ⱦɟɩɚɪɬɚɦɟɧɬ ɡ ɬɭɪɢɡɦɭ ɿ ɬɨɪɝɿɜɥɿ
– 1,2
–
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– 1,2
ż
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6
ɉɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɞ. Ⱥ
383
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ż
ż ż* ż ż* 5
ż
Ɏɪɚɧɰɿɹ
Ɏɿɧɥɹɧɞɿɹ
ɏɨɪɜɚɬɿɹ
ɑɟɯɿɹ
ɑɢɥɿ
ɒɜɟɣɰɚɪɿɹ
ɒɜɟɰɿɹ
–
–
–
ż
–
ż
–
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ż
–
–
ż
ż
ż
–
1
*
2
2
–
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1
7
1
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–
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1
1
1
2
1
–
– 1,2
–
–
– 1,2
6
2
1
1
2
2
2
1
1
8
9
–
ɒɜɟɞɫɶɤɚ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɚ ɚɫɨɰɿɚɰɿɹ
ɒɜɟɣɰɚɪɫɶɤɚ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɚ ɚɫɨɰɿɚɰɿɹ
ɇɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɚ ɪɚɞɚ ɡ ɬɭɪɢɡɦɭ
ɇɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɚ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɚ ɚɫɨɰɿɚɰɿɹ
Ɇɿɧɿɫɬɟɪɫɬɜɨ ɬɭɪɢɡɦɭ
Ɇɿɫɰɟɜɿ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɰɿʀ
Ɇɿɧɿɫɬɟɪɫɬɜɨ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɢ ɿ ɬɭɪɢɡɦɭ
Ɇɿɫɰɟɜɿ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɰɿʀ
Ɇɿɧɿɫɬɟɪɫɬɜɨ ɬɭɪɢɡɦɭ ɿ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɢ
383
ɉɪɢɦɿɬɤɚ: 1. ȼɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɨɮɿɰɿɣɧɨʀ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ. 2. Ɉɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɿɫɬɶ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɿɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ. 3. ɇɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɿɫɬɶ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɥɿɰɟɧɡɿʀ ɞɥɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ. 4. Ɇɨɠɥɢɜɿɫɬɶ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ ɩɪɚɰɸɜɚɬɢ ɛɟɡ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ. 5. ɉɟɪɿɨɞɢɱɧɿɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɩɿɞɬɜɟɪɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɤɥɚɫɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ, ɪɨɤɢ. 6. ȼɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ ɡɚ ɰɿɧɚɦɢ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɭ. 7. Ʉɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɹ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ: ɡ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɞɧɿɦ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɞɠɟɧɧɹɦ (1), ɛɟɡ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɞɠɟɧɧɹ (2). 8. Ɂɚɬɪɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɧɟɫɟ: ɩɟɪɟɜɿɪɹɸɱɚ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ (1), ɝɨɬɟɥɶ (2). 9. ɉɪɨɜɿɞɧɢɣ ɨɪɝɚɧ, ɳɨ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɸ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ. *– ɡɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ. ȼ Ʉɚɧɚɞɿ ɤɨɠɧɚ ɩɪɨɜɿɧɰɿɹ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽ ɜɥɚɫɧɢɣ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ.
–
–
ż
ż
–
–
–
ż
*
ɍɤɪɚʀɧɚ
ż
–
ż
ż
5
ɍɝɨɪɳɢɧɚ
ż
4
ż
3
Ɍɭɪɟɱɱɢɧɚ
2
1
Ʉɪɚʀɧɚ
Ɂɚɤɿɧɱɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɞ. Ⱥ
Ⱦɨɞɚɬɨɤ Ȼ. 1
Ɏɨɪɦɢ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɿɜ ɫɬɪɨɝɨʀ ɡɜɿɬɧɨɫɬɿ ɿ ɩɟɪɜɢɧɧɨɝɨ ɡɜɿɬɭ, ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɡɚɩɨɜɧɟɧɧɹ ʀɯ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ Ɏɨɪɦɚ ʋ 1-Ƚ «Ɂɚɬɜɟɪɞɠɟɧɨ»
Ƚɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ_________ ȱɞɟɧɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɣɧɢɣ ɤɨɞ ȯȾɊɉɈɍ
ɇɚɤɚɡ Ⱦɟɪɠɛɭɞɭ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ «30» 10 2000 ʋ 230
Ʉɨɞ ɡɚ ȾɄɍȾ
Ƚɨɬɟɥɶ Ʉɿɦɧɚɬɚ ʋ 1 ɉɪɢɛɭɜ
ȼɢɛɭɜ Ⱥɧɤɟɬɚ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɸɱɨɝɨ
ɉɪɿɡɜɢɳɟ
ɉɪɢɛɭɜ
ȱɦ’ɹ
ȼɢɛɭɜ _______________________
ɉɨ ɛɚɬɶɤɨɜɿ
Ⱥɞɪɟɫɚ ɩɨɫɬɿɣɧɨɝɨ
Ⱦɚɬɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɠɟɧɧɹ
ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ
ɉɚɫɩɨɪɬ (ɤɨɥɢ ɿ ɤɢɦ ɜɢɞɚɧɢɣ)
ɉɿɞɩɢɫ ______________________ 384
Ɏɨɪɦɚ ʋ 2-Ƚ «Ɂɚɬɜɟɪɞɠɟɧɨ»
Ƚɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ_________ ȱɞɟɧɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɣɧɢɣ ɤɨɞ ȯȾɊɉɈɍ
ɇɚɤɚɡ Ⱦɟɪɠɛɭɞɭ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ «30» 10 2000 ʋ 230
Ʉɨɞ ɡɚ ȾɄɍȾ
Hotel Ƚɨɬɟɥɶ Room ʋ Ʉɿɦɧɚɬɚ ʋ Date of arrival ɉɪɢɛɭɜ
Date of departure ȼɢɛɭɜ Registration form Ɋɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿɣɧɚ ɤɚɪɬɤɚ
Surname ɉɪɿɡɜɢɳɟ
ʋ of registration Ɋɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿɹ
Name ȱɦ’ɹ
Citizenship Ƚɪɨɦɚɞɹɧɫɬɜɨ
Date of birth Ⱦɚɬɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɠɟɧɧɹ
ʋ of passport ɉɚɫɩɨɪɬ
ʋ of vise ʋ ɜɿɡɢ, ɬɢɩ ɬɚ ɬɟɪɦɿɧ ʀʀ ɞɿʀ Residence address Ɇɿɫɰɟ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ Duration and purpose of stay Ɍɟɪɦɿɧ ɿ ɦɟɬɚ ɩɟɪɟɛɭɜɚɧɧɹ Signature _____________________ ɉɿɞɩɢɫ 385
Ɏɨɪɦɚ ʋ 3-Ƚ «Ɂɚɬɜɟɪɞɠɟɧɨ»
Ƚɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ_________ ȱɞɟɧɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɣɧɢɣ ɤɨɞ ȯȾɊɉɈɍ
ɇɚɤɚɡ Ⱦɟɪɠɛɭɞɭ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ «30» 10 2000 ʋ 230
Ʉɨɞ ɡɚ ȾɄɍȾ
ȼȱɁɂɌɇȺ ɄȺɊɌɄȺ HOTEL CARD
ɉɪɿɡɜɢɳɟ Surname ʋ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɢ Room Ɍɟɪɦɿɧ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ Duration of stay
386
Ɏɨɪɦɚ ʋ 4-Ƚ «Ɂɚɬɜɟɪɞɠɟɧɨ»
Ƚɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ_________ ȱɞɟɧɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɣɧɢɣ ɤɨɞ ȯȾɊɉɈɍ
ɇɚɤɚɡ Ⱦɟɪɠɛɭɞɭ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ «30» 10 2000 ʋ 230
Ʉɨɞ ɡɚ ȾɄɍȾ
Hotel Ƚɨɬɟɥɶ Address Ⱥɞɪɟɫɚ Ɋɚɯɭɧɨɤ / Invoice ʋ «___» __________ 20 __ɪ. ɉȱȻ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ Name of client
ɉɪɢɛɭɜ Arrive
ʋ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɢ Room ʋ Depart
ȼɢɛɭɜ
ʋ ɩ/ɩ
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
ȼɢɞ ɩɥɚɬɟɠɭ / Kind of payment
Ʉɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ / amount
Ȼɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ / Reservation ɉɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ / Accomodation Ƚɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɣ ɡɛɿɪ / Hotel tax ɋɧɿɞɚɧɨɤ / Breakfast ɆɌɉ / Long-distance telephony Ⱦɟɪɠɦɢɬɨ ɡɚ ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿɸ ɩɚɫɩɨɪɬɭ / Registration fee ɉɨɫɥɭɝɢ / Services
ɋɭɦɚ / Totally ɉȾȼ / VAT ȼɫɶɨɝɨ ɡ ɉȾȼ/ amount for payment incl. VAT Ɉɞɟɪɠɚɧɨ ɡɚ ɪɚɯɭɧɤɨɦ ɜ ɝɪɧ./ Total in GRN Ʉɚɫɢɪ / Cashier 387
ȼɚɪɬɿɫɬɶ / Hotel charge
Ɏɨɪɦɚ ʋ 5-Ƚ «Ɂɚɬɜɟɪɞɠɟɧɨ»
Ƚɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ_________ ȱɞɟɧɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɣɧɢɣ ɤɨɞ ȯȾɊɉɈɍ
ɇɚɤɚɡ Ⱦɟɪɠɛɭɞɭ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ «30» 10 2000 ʋ 230
Ʉɨɞ ɡɚ ȾɄɍȾ
ɀɍɊɇȺɅ ɨɛɥɿɤɭ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɹɧ, ɹɤɿ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɸɬɶ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ Ⱦɚɬɚ ɉɪɿɡɜɢɳɟ, ɿ ɱɚɫ ɩɪɢɿɦ’ɹ, ʋ ɛɭɬɬɹ ɩ/ɩ ɩɨ ɛɚɬɶɤɨɜɿ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ 1
2
3
ʋ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɢ
ɋɩɥɚɱɟɧɨ (ɡ ɹɤɨɝɨ ɩɨ ɹɤɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɜɤɥɸɱɧɨ)
ȼɢɞ ɨɩɥɚɬɢ
4
5
6
388
Ⱦɚɬɚ Ʉɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɿ ɱɚɫ ɜɢɞɧɿɜ ɩɟɪɟɛɭɛɭɬɬɹ ɜɚɧɧɹ ɡ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ 7
8
Ɏɨɪɦɚ ʋ 6-Ƚ «Ɂɚɬɜɟɪɞɠɟɧɨ»
Ƚɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ_________ ȱɞɟɧɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɣɧɢɣ ɤɨɞ ȯȾɊɉɈɍ
ɇɚɤɚɡ Ⱦɟɪɠɛɭɞɭ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ «30» 10 2000 ʋ 230
Ʉɨɞ ɡɚ ȾɄɍȾ
ɀɍɊɇȺɅ ɨɛɥɿɤɭ ɿɧɨɡɟɦɰɿɜ, ɹɤɿ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɸɬɶ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ, ɡɚ _________ ɪɿɤ ʋ ɩ/ɩ
Ⱦɚɬɚ ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɧɹ
1
2
Ƚɪɨɦɚɞɹɧɫɬɜɨ (ɩɿɞɞɚɧ- ɇɚɡɜɚ ɤɪɚʀɧɢ, Ⱦɚɬɚ Ⱦɚɬɚ ɉɪɿɡɜɢɳɟ, ɿ Ʉɉɉ ɡɜɿɞɤɢ ɫɬɜɨ) ʋ ɩɚɫɩɨɪɬɚ, ɧɚɪɨɿɦ’ɹ, ɜ’ʀɡɞɭ ɩɪɢɛɭɜ ɩɨ ɛɚɬɶɤɨɜɿ ɞɠɟɧɧɹ ʋ ɜɿɡɢ, ɤɨɥɢ ɿ ɤɢɦ ɜɢɞɚɧɿ 3
4
5
6
7
ɉɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɿ ɇɚɡɜɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ, ɹɤɚ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽ ɩɪɢɣɨɦ ɿɧɨɡɟɦɰɿɜ 8
Ɇɟɬɚ ɉɪɨɠɢɜɚɽ ɩɪɢʀɡɞɭ ɜ ɧɨɦɟɪɿ 9
ɇɨɦɟɪ, ɬɟɪɦɿɧ Ⱦɚɬɚ ɞɿʀ ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿʀ, ɜɢɛɭɬɬɹ ɤɨɥɢ ɡ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɿ ɤɢɦ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɟɧɚ
10
11
12
ɉɿɞɩɢɫ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɨɪɚ 13
* 1. ɀɭɪɧɚɥ ɨɛɥɿɤɭ ɿɧɨɡɟɦɧɢɯ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɹɧ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɩɪɨɧɭɦɟɪɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɩɪɨɲɧɭɪɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɫɤɪɿɩɥɟɧɢɣ ɩɟɱɚɬɤɨɸ ɿ ɩɿɞɩɢɫɨɦ ɤɟɪɿɜɧɢɤɚ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɬɚ ɡɚɪɟɽɫɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɜ ɤɚɧɰɟɥɹɪɿʀ. 2. ɉɨɪɹɞɤɨɜɢɣ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɡɚɩɢɫɭ ɜ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɿ ɽ ɧɨɦɟɪɨɦ ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿʀ ɿɧɨɡɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɫɩɨɪɬɚ ɞɥɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ, ɹɤɢɦ ɧɚɞɚɧɨ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿʀ ɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɿɜ, ɳɨ ɩɨɫɜɿɞɱɭɸɬɶ ɨɫɨɛɭ. 3. ȼɫɿ ɡɚɩɢɫɢ ɜ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɿ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɢɫɶ ɚɤɭɪɚɬɧɨ, ɜɢɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɦɚɸɬɶ ɩɪɨɱɢɬɭɜɚɬɢɫɶ.
389
Ɏɨɪɦɚ ʋ 7-Ƚ «Ɂɚɬɜɟɪɞɠɟɧɨ»
Ƚɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ_________ ȱɞɟɧɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɣɧɢɣ ɤɨɞ ȯȾɊɉɈɍ
ɇɚɤɚɡ Ⱦɟɪɠɛɭɞɭ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ «30» 10 2000 ʋ 230
Ʉɨɞ ɡɚ ȾɄɍȾ
ɀɍɊɇȺɅ ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿʀ ɡɚɹɜɨɤ ɧɚ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ (ɦɿɫɰɶ) Ɋɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿɣɧɢɣ ɧɨɦɟɪ
ɉɪɿɡɜɢɳɟ, ɿɦ’ɹ, ɩɨ ɛɚɬɶɤɨɜɿ ɚɛɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɹ ɡɚɦɨɜɧɢɤɚ
Ɏɨɪɦɚ ɨɩɥɚɬɢ
Ƚɪɨɦɚɞɹɧɫɬɜɨ (ɩɿɞɞɚɧɫɬɜɨ)
1
2
3
4
390
Ʉɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɬɚ Ɍɟɪɦɿɧ ɩɟɪɟɛɭɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɹ ɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɡ__ɩɨ__ (ɦɿɫɰɶ) 5
6
Ⱦɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɿ ɜɢɦɨɝɢ 7
Ɏɨɪɦɚ ʋ 8-Ƚ «Ɂɚɬɜɟɪɞɠɟɧɨ»
Ƚɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ_________ ȱɞɟɧɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɣɧɢɣ ɤɨɞ ȯȾɊɉɈɍ
ɇɚɤɚɡ Ⱦɟɪɠɛɭɞɭ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ «30» 10 2000 ʋ 230
Ʉɨɞ ɡɚ ȾɄɍȾ
ɄȺɋɈȼɂɃ ɁȼȱɌ ɡɚ «_____» _____________________ 20 __ ɪ. ʋ ɩ/ɩ
ȼɢɞ ɩɥɚɬɟɠɭ
Ʉɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ
ɋɭɦɚ
1
2
3
4
Ɋɚɯɭɧɨɤ ɡ ʋ
ɩɨ ʋ
ȼɫɶɨɝɨ ɩɨ ɪɚɯɭɧɤɚɯ ɛɟɡ ɉȾȼ ________ ɝɪɧ. ______ ɤɨɩ. ɉȾȼ_____________________________ ɝɪɧ. ______ ɤɨɩ. Ƚɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɣ ɡɛɿɪ ____________________ ɝɪɧ. ______ ɤɨɩ. ɉɨɜɟɪɧɟɧɧɹ_______________________ ɝɪɧ. ______ ɤɨɩ. ȼɫɶɨɝɨ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɨ___________________ ɝɪɧ.______ ɤɨɩ. ȼɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɡɚ ɪɚɯɭɧɤɢ 391
Ɏɨɪɦɚ ʋ 9-Ƚ «Ɂɚɬɜɟɪɞɠɟɧɨ»
Ƚɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ_________ ȱɞɟɧɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɣɧɢɣ ɤɨɞ ȯȾɊɉɈɍ
ɇɚɤɚɡ Ⱦɟɪɠɛɭɞɭ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ «30» 10 2000 ʋ 230
Ʉɨɞ ɡɚ ȾɄɍȾ
ȼȱȾɈɆɈɋɌȱ ɪɭɯɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ Ʉɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ
ȼɫɶɨɝɨ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ
ȼɫɶɨɝɨ ɦɿɫɰɶ
Ɂɚɣɧɹɬɨ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ
Ȼɪɨɧɶ
ȼɿɥɶɧɿ ɧɨɦɟɪɢ
1
2
3
4
5
6
ɉɪɨɫɬɿɣ Ɋɟɦɨɧɬ 7
8
Ɏɨɪɦɚ ʋ 10-Ƚ «Ɂɚɬɜɟɪɞɠɟɧɨ»
Ƚɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ_________ ȱɞɟɧɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɣɧɢɣ ɤɨɞ ȯȾɊɉɈɍ
ɇɚɤɚɡ Ⱦɟɪɠɛɭɞɭ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ «30» 10 2000 ʋ 230
Ʉɨɞ ɡɚ ȾɄɍȾ
ɀɍɊɇȺɅ ɨɫɿɛ, ɹɤɿ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɸɬɶ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɫɿ ȼɫɶɨɝɨ ȼɫɶɨɝɨ Ⱦɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɿ ɉɪɨɠɢɜɚɽ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɦɿɫɰɶ ɦɿɫɰɹ 1
2
3
4
392
ɇɚ ɛɪɨɧɿ
ȼ ɩɪɨɫɬɨʀ
ɇɚ ɪɟɦɨɧɬɿ
ȼɢʀɠɞɠɚɽ
5
6
7
8
Ⱦɨɞɚɬɨɤ Ȼ. 2
ɉɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɡɚɩɨɜɧɟɧɧɹ ɮɨɪɦ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɿɜ ɫɭɜɨɪɨʀ ɡɜɿɬɧɨɫɬɿ ɬɚ ɩɟɪɜɢɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɥɿɤɭ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ ɉȿɊȿɅȱɄ ɮɨɪɦ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɿɜ ɬɚ ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɿ ɭɦɨɜɢ ʀɯ ɜɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ʋ ɇɚɣɦɟɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɛɥɚɧɤɿɜ ɮɨɪɦɢ ɮɨɪɦ ɬɚ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɿɜ
Ɏɨɪɦɚɬ
ȼɢɞ ɜɢɪɨɛɿɜ
ʈɚɬɭɧɨɤ ɩɨɩɟɪɭ
ɉɪɢɦɿɬɤɚ
4
5
6
1
2
3
1-Ƚ
Ⱥɧɤɟɬɚ ɞɥɹ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɹɧɢɧɚ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ, ɹɤɢɣ ɩɪɢɛɭɜ ɞɨ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ
Ⱥ6
Ȼɥɚɧɤ
ɉɢɫɶɦɨɜɢɣ, ɤɨɥɶɨɪɨɜɢɣ
2-Ƚ
Ɋɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿɣɧɚ ɤɚɪɬɤɚ
Ⱥ6
Ȼɥɚɧɤ
ɉɢɫɶɦɨɜɢɣ, ɤɨɥɶɨɪɨɜɢɣ
3-Ƚ
ȼɿɡɢɬɧɚ ɤɚɪɬɤɚ ɝɨɫɬɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ
Ⱥ6
Ȼɥɚɧɤ
ɉɢɫɶɦɨɜɢɣ, ɤɨɥɶɨɪɨɜɢɣ
4-Ƚ
Ɋɚɯɭɧɨɤ
Ⱥ6
Ȼɥɨɤɧɨɬ ɜ ɨɤɚɧɬɨɜɰɿ
Ƚɚɡɟɬɧɢɣ
5-Ƚ
ɀɭɪɧɚɥ ɨɛɥɿɤɭ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɹɧ, ɹɤɿ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɸɬɶ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ
Ⱥ4
Ʉɧɢɝɚ-ɩɟɪɟɩɥɟɬɟɧɧɹ
ɉɢɫɶɦɨɜɢɣ, ɤɨɥɶɨɪɨɜɢɣ
6-Ƚ
ɀɭɪɧɚɥ ɨɛɥɿɤɭ ɿɧɨɡɟɦɰɿɜ, ɹɤɿ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɸɬɶ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ
Ⱥ4
Ʉɧɢɝɚ-ɩɟɪɟɩɥɟɬɟɧɧɹ
ɉɢɫɶɦɨɜɢɣ, ɤɨɥɶɨɪɨɜɢɣ
7-Ƚ
ɀɭɪɧɚɥ ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿʀ ɡɚɹɜɨɤ ɧɚ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ (ɦɿɫɰɶ)
Ⱥ4
Ʉɧɢɝɚ-ɩɟɪɟɩɥɟɬɟɧɧɹ
ɉɢɫɶɦɨɜɢɣ, ɤɨɥɶɨɪɨɜɢɣ
8-Ƚ
Ɋɚɯɭɧɨɤ ɨɩɥɚɬɢ ɡɚ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ (ɦɿɫɰɶ) ɬɚ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ ɡɚ ɛɟɡɝɨɬɿɜɤɨɜɢɦ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɭɧɤɨɦ
Ⱥ4
Ȼɥɚɧɤ
Ƚɚɡɟɬɧɢɣ
393
Ɂɚɤɿɧɱɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɞ. Ȼ. 2 ʋ ɇɚɣɦɟɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɛɥɚɧɤɿɜ ɮɨɪɦɢ ɮɨɪɦ ɬɚ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɿɜ 1
2
Ɏɨɪɦɚɬ
ȼɢɞ ɜɢɪɨɛɿɜ
ʈɚɬɭɧɨɤ ɩɨɩɟɪɭ
ɉɪɢɦɿɬɤɚ
3
4
5
6
9-Ƚ
Ʉɚɫɨɜɢɣ ɡɜɿɬ
Ⱥ5
Ʉɜɢɬɚɧɰɿɣɧɚ ɤɧɢɠɤɚ ɭ ɦ’ɹɤɿɣ ɨɛɤɥɚɞɢɧɰɿ, ɲɢɬɬɹ ɜ ɨɞɧɭ ɫɤɨɛɭ
Ƚɚɡɟɬɧɢɣ
10-Ƚ
Ʉɜɢɬɚɧɰɿɹ ɡɚ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɚɜɬɨɫɬɨɹɧɤɨɸ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ
Ⱥ7
Ʉɜɢɬɚɧɰɿɣɧɚ ɤɧɢɠɤɚ ɭ ɦ’ɹɤɿɣ ɨɛɤɥɚɞɢɧɰɿ, ɲɢɬɬɹ ɜ ɨɞɧɭ ɫɤɨɛɭ
Ƚɚɡɟɬɧɢɣ
11-Ƚ
ȼɿɞɨɦɨɫɬɿ ɨɛɥɿɤɭ ɪɭɯɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɬɚ ɦɿɫɰɶ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɫɬɚɧɨɦ ɧɚ 9.00
Ⱥ4
Ȼɥɚɧɤ
Ƚɚɡɟɬɧɢɣ
12-Ƚ
ɀɭɪɧɚɥ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɥɿɤɭ ɨɫɿɛ, ɹɤɿ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɸɬɶ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɫɿ
Ⱥ4
Ʉɧɢɝɚ-ɩɟɪɟɩɥɟɬɟɧɧɹ
ɉɢɫɶɦɨɜɢɣ, ɤɨɥɶɨɪɨɜɢɣ
13-Ƚ
Ʉɨɪɿɧɟɰɶ ɤɜɢɬɚɧɰɿʀ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɣɦɚɧɧɹ ɪɟɱɟɣ ɞɨ ɤɚɦɟɪɢ ɫɯɨɜɭ
Ⱥ7
Ȼɥɨɤɧɨɬ ɭ ɦ’ɹɤɿɣ ɨɛɤɥɚɞɢɧɰɿ, ɲɢɬɬɹ ɜ ɨɞɧɭ ɫɤɨɛɭ
ɉɢɫɶɦɨɜɢɣ, ɤɨɥɶɨɪɨɜɢɣ
394
Ⱦɨɞɚɬɨɤ ȼ ɌɂɉɈȼȱ ɋɌȺɇȾȺɊɌɂ ɈȻɋɅɍȽɈȼɍȼȺɇɇə ɍ ȽɈɌȿɅəɏ RESERVATIONS
ȻɊɈɇɘȼȺɇɇə
STANDARDS — SWITCHBOARD:
ɋɌȺɇȾȺɊɌɂ — ɌȿɅȿɎɈɇɇɈȽɈ ȾɁȼȱɇɄȺ:
1 Answer the telephone within 3 rings ȼɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɶ ɧɚ ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧɧɢɣ ɞɡɜɿɧɨɤ or 10 seconds. ɭɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ 3 ɞɡɜɿɧɤɿɜ ɚɛɨ 10 ɫɟɤ. 2 The employee answer the phone with the appropriate greeting (good morning/afternoon) and identify the hotel.
ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɽ ɧɚ ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧɧɢɣ ɞɡɜɿɧɨɤ ɡ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɢɦ ɜɿɬɚɧɧɹɦ (ɞɨɛɪɨɝɨ ɪɚɧɤɭ/ɞɨɛɪɢɣ ɞɟɧɶ) ɿ ɧɚɡɢɜɚɽ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ.
3 If caller is put on hold it should Ɉɫɨɛɚ, ɹɤɚ ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧɭɽ ɧɟ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ not exceed 30 seconds. ɨɱɿɤɭɜɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɶ ɛɿɥɶɲɟ 30 ɫɟɤ. 4 Employee put caller through to the ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɡ’ɽɞɧɭɽ ɨɫɨɛɭ, ɹɤɚ ɬɟappropriate department. ɥɟɮɨɧɭɽ ɡ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɢɦ ɜɿɞɞɿɥɨɦ. 5 If no answer employee comes əɤɳɨ ɧɟɦɚɽ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɿ, ɩɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ back to guest after no more than ɩɨɜɟɪɬɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɞɨ ɝɨɫɬɹ ɧɟ ɛɿɥɶɲɟ 6 rings. ɧɿɠ ɱɟɪɟɡ 6 ɞɡɜɿɧɤɿɜ. 6 The employee must have a good ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɜɨɥɨɞɿɬɢ ɧɚ working knowledge of the English ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨɦɭ ɪɿɜɧɿ ɿɧɨɡɟɦɧɨɸ ɦɨɜɨɸ. language. 7 The background is free of any ɇɚ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɿʀ «ɛɟɤɨɮɿɫɭ» ɧɟɦɚɽ noise or any disturbances. ɡɚɣɜɨɝɨ ɲɭɦɭ. 8 The employee speaks in a clear ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɪɨɡɦɨɜɥɹɽ ɱɿɬɤɨ ɿ ɜɜɿɱand pleasant manner. ɥɢɜɨ. 9 The employee gives a verbal ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɟɪɲ ɩɟɪɟɦɢɤɚɧɧɹɦ before ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɡɜɿɧɤɚ ɩɨɜɿɞɨɦɥɹɽ acknowledgement transferring the caller. ɩɪɨ ɰɟ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ. STANDARDS-TAKING A RESERVATION:
ɁȾȱɃɋɇȿɇɇə ȻɊɈɇɘȼȺɇɇə:
1 Answer the telephone within 3 ȼɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɶ ɧɚ ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧɧɢɣ ɞɡɜɿɧɨɤ rings or 10 seconds. ɭɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ 3 ɞɡɜɿɧɤɿɜ ɚɛɨ 10 ɫɟɤ.
395
ɉɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɞ. ȼ STANDARDS-TAKING A RESERVATION:
ɁȾȱɃɋɇȿɇɇə ȻɊɈɇɘȼȺɇɇə:
2 The employee answers the phone with the appropriate greeting (good morning/afternoon) and identifies the department.
ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɽ ɧɚ ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧɧɢɣ ɞɡɜɿɧɨɤ ɡ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɢɦ ɜɿɬɚɧɧɹɦ (ɞɨɛɪɨɝɨ ɪɚɧɤɭ/ɞɨɛɪɢɣ ɞɟɧɶ) ɿ ɧɚɡɢɜɚɽ ɜɿɞɞɿɥ.
3 If caller is put on hold it should Ɉɫɨɛɚ, ɹɤɚ ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧɭɽ ɧɟ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ not exceed 30 seconds. ɨɱɿɤɭɜɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɶ ɛɿɥɶɲɟ 30 ɫɟɤ. 4 The background is free of any ɇɚ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɿʀ «ɛɟɤɨɮɿɫɭ» ɧɟɦɚɽ noise or disturbances. ɡɚɣɜɨɝɨ ɲɭɦɭ. 5 Employee confirms date in and ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɿɞɬɜɟɪɞɠɭɽ ɞɚɬɭ ɩɨɫɟdate out. ɥɟɧɧɹ ɿ ɞɚɬɭ ɜɢɫɟɥɟɧɧɹ. 6 Employee offesr information on ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɧɚɞɚɽ ɩɨɜɧɭ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚfull range of room types within the ɰɿɸ ɩɪɨ ɜɢɞɢ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɤɚɬɟcategory requested. ɝɨɪɿʀ ɩɨɩɢɬɭ. 7 Employee describes the difference ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɹɫɧɸɽ ɜɿɞɦɿɧɧɿɫɬɶ between room types (i.e. location, ɦɿɠ ɜɢɞɚɦɢ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ (ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ, size, in room facilities). ɩɥɨɳɚ, ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ). 8 Employee offers information on ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɧɚɞɚɽ ɜɢɱɟɪɩɧɭ ɿɧɮɨɪfull range of applicable rates. ɦɚɰɿɸ ɫɬɨɫɨɜɧɨ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɿɜɧɹ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɭ. 9 Employee immediately checks avail- ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɨɞɪɚɡɭ ɩɟɪɟɜɿɪɹɽ ɧɚɹɜability. ɧɿɫɬɶ ɜɿɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ. 10 If dates unavailable,employee əɤɳɨ ɧɨɦɟɪɢ ɧɚ ɞɚɬɭ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ offers alternative dates. ɡɚɣɧɹɬɿ, ɩɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɽ ɜɚɪɿɚɧɬɢ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɞɚɬ. ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɞɿɡɧɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɿɦ’ɹ ɝɨɫɬɹ.
11 Employee obtains guest’s name.
12 Employee confirms the spelling of ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɭɬɨɱɧɸɽ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɢɫ, ɩɪɢ guest’s name (if necessary). ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ. 13 Employee obtains guest’s address. obtains 14 Employee telephone number.
ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɞɿɡɧɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɚɞɪɟɫɭ ɝɨɫɬɹ.
guest’s ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɡɚɩɢɬɭɽ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧɭ.
15 Employee obtains guest’s fax ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɞɿɡɧɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɮɚɤɫɭ number or e-mail address. ɚɛɨ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨʀ ɚɞɪɟɫɢ ɝɨɫɬɹ.
396
ɉɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɞ. ȼ STANDARDS-TAKING A RESERVATION:
ɁȾȱɃɋɇȿɇɇə ȻɊɈɇɘȼȺɇɇə:
16 Employee ascertains if it is a ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɸɽ — ɛɪɨɧɸprivate or company booking (city ɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɞɥɹ ɨɤɪɟɦɨʀ ɨɫɨɛɢ, ɱɢ hotels only). ɝɪɭɩɨɜɟ. 17 Employee clearly states room rate ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɱɿɬɤɨ ɧɚɡɢɜɚɽ ɰɿɧɭ ɧɨand what it includs (i.e. tax, ɦɟɪɚ (ɦɿɫɰɹ) ɿ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɰɿɧɢ (ɩɨservice, meals etc). ɞɚɬɨɤ, ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɿɧ.). 18 Employee clarifies guest’s smoking preference for hotels in excess of 100 rooms and in the case of a non smoking hotel should be made clear during the reservation enquiry. 19 Employee ascertains time of arrival.
ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɡ’ɹɫɨɜɭɽ ɩɨɛɚɠɚɧɧɹ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ ɫɬɨɫɨɜɧɨ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ ɞɥɹ ɤɭɪɰɿɜ ɱɢ ɧɟɤɭɪɰɿɜ ɿɡ ɦɿɫɬɤɿɫɬɸ 100 ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ, ɭ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ ɜɿɞɫɭɬɧɨɫɬɿ ɤɿɦɧɚɬ ɞɥɹ ɤɭɪɰɿɜ ɭɬɨɱɧɸɽ ɰɟ ɭɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ.
expected ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɡ’ɹɫɨɜɭɽ ɱɚɫ ɩɪɢɛɭɬɬɹ.
20 Employee explains check in times. ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɧɚɞɚɽ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɸ ɩɪɨ ɱɚɫ ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɧɹ. 21 Employee ascertains if the guest ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɡ’ɹɫɨɜɭɽ ɩɪɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞrequires any transport arrangements. ɧɿɫɬɶ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɞɥɹ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɭ. 22 Employee repeats and confirms all ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɸɽ ɿ ɭɬɨɱɧɸɽ ɭɫɿ details of the reservation during or ɞɟɬɚɥɿ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɿɞ ɱɚɫ, ɚɛɨ at the end of the call. ɧɚɩɪɢɤɿɧɰɿ ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧɧɨʀ ɪɨɡɦɨɜɢ. 23 Employee offers reservation ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɧɚɡɢɜɚɽ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɛɪɨɧɸnumber or booking reference/name. ɜɚɧɧɹ, ɧɚɡɜɭ ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿʀ. 24 Employee thanks the guest.
ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɞɹɤɭɽ ɝɨɫɬɸ.
EMPLOYEE:
ɉɊȺɐȱȼɇɂɄ:
25 The employee’s speech is clear Ɋɨɡɦɨɜɚ ɩɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤɚ — ɱɿɬɤɚ. and audible. 26 The employee must have a good ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɜɨɥɨɞɿɬɢ ɧɚ ɧɟworking knowledge of the English ɨɛɯɿɞɧɨɦɭ ɪɿɜɧɿ ɿɧɨɡɟɦɧɨɸ ɦɨɜɨɸ. language.
397
ɉɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɞ. ȼ EMPLOYEE:
ɉɊȺɐȱȼɇɂɄ:
27 The employee is polite, organized and ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ — ɤɨɦɭɧɿɤɚɛɟɥɶɧɢɣ, helpful whilst ascertaining information ɥɸɛ’ɹɡɧɢɣ ɩɿɞ ɱɚɫ ɡ’ɹɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɿɧɮɨwith regards to the reservation. ɪɦɚɰɿʀ, ɳɨ ɫɬɨɫɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ. 28 Employee ascertains guest’s name ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɡ’ɹɫɨɜɭɽ ɿɦ’ɹ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ and use it at least once during the ɿ ɡɜɟɪɬɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɨ ɿɦɟɧɿ ɩɪɢɧɚɣɦɧɿ conversation. ɨɞɢɧ ɪɚɡ ɩɿɞ ɱɚɫ ɪɨɡɦɨɜɢ. 29 Employee offers his/her name for ȼ ɤɿɧɰɿ ɞɡɜɿɧɤɚ ɩɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɧɚɡɢɜɚɽ any future assistance may require ɫɜɨɽ ɿɦ’ɹ ɞɥɹ ɛɭɞɶ-ɹɤɨʀ ɩɨɞɚɥɶɲɨʀ at the end of the call. ɞɨɩɨɦɨɝɢ ɧɚ ɜɢɩɚɞɨɤ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ. ACCOUNTING:
ɈȻɅȱɄ:
30 Employee requests advance ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɪɨɫɢɬɶ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɞɧɶɨɝɨ deposit/guarantee in order to ɡɚɜɞɚɬɤɭ/ɝɚɪɚɧɬɿʀ ɩɿɞɬɜɟɪɞɠɟɧɧɹ secure the booking. ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ. 31 If credit card offered as deposit, əɤɳɨ ɤɥɿɽɧɬ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɽ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɧɭ employee wuold repeat back ɤɚɪɬɤɭ, ɩɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɸɽ ɞɥɹ number. ɭɬɨɱɧɟɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɤɚɪɬɤɢ. 32 Employee explains cancellation ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɹɫɧɸɽ ɦɟɯɚɧɿɡɦ ɚɧɭpolicy. ɥɹɰɿʀ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ. PRODUCT — CONFIRMATION:
ɉȱȾɌȼȿɊȾɀȿɇɇə:
33 Employee automatically offers to ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɨɞɪɚɡɭ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɽ ɧɚɞɿsend a confirmation. ɫɥɚɬɢ ɩɿɞɬɜɟɪɞɠɟɧɧɹ. 34 Confirmation is received within ɉɿɞɬɜɟɪɞɠɟɧɧɹ 24 hours. ɭɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ 24 ɝɨɞ.
ɨɬɪɢɦɭɽɬɶɫɹ
35 All details are typed on company ɍɫɿ ɞɟɬɚɥɿ ɞɪɭɤɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɮɿɪɦɨletterhead. ɜɨɦɭ ɛɥɚɧɤɭ. 36 All information containes confirmation is correct.
on ɍɫɹ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɹ, ɳɨ ɦɿɫɬɢɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɩɿɞɬɜɟɪɞɠɟɧɧɿ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɛɭɬɢ ɞɨɫɬɨɜɿɪɧɨɸ.
37 Confirmation promotes in house ɉɿɞɬɜɟɪɞɠɟɧɧɹɦ ɭɡɝɨɞɠɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɟfood and beverage facilities. ɨɛɯɿɞɧɿɫɬɶ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɧɚɩɨʀɜ. 38 Confirmation explains cancellation charges.
ɉɿɞɬɜɟɪɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɦɿɫɬɢɬɶ ɩɨɹɫɧɟɧɧɹ ɜɚɪɬɨɫɬɿ ɚɧɭɥɹɰɿʀ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ.
398
ɉɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɞ. ȼ CHECK IN STANDARDS:
ɉɈɋȿɅȿɇɇə:
1 Guest must be acknowledged Ʉɥɿɽɧɬɚ ɜɩɿɡɧɚɸɬɶ ɭɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ 30 ɫɟɤ. within 30 seconds of arrival. ɩɿɫɥɹ ɣɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɛɭɬɬɹ. 2 Complete check in takes no more Ɉɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɟ ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɧɹ ɬɪɢɜɚɽ ɧɟ than 5 minutes. ɛɿɥɶɲɟ 5 ɯɜ. 3 Guest mustbe greeted in a warm Ʉɥɿɽɧɬɚ ɜɿɬɚɸɬɶ ɭ ɬɟɩɥɿɣ ɿ ɞɨɛɪɨand friendly manner. ɡɢɱɥɢɜɿɣ ɦɚɧɟɪɿ. 4 Employee offers assistance to ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɽ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɭ ɞɨguest. ɩɨɦɨɝɭ. 5 Employee ascertains guest’s name ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɡ’ɹɫɨɜɭɽ ɿɦ’ɹ ɝɨɫɬɹ and use it at least once during the ɿ ɡɜɟɪɬɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɨ ɿɦɟɧɿ ɩɪɢɧɚɣɦɧɿ conversation. ɨɞɢɧ ɪɚɡ ɩɿɞ ɱɚɫ ɪɨɡɦɨɜɢ. 6 Registration card is prepared in Ʉɚɪɬɤɚ ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿʀ ɡɚɡɞɚɥɟɝɿɞɶ ɝɨadvance for guest, with all ɬɨɜɚ ɞɥɹ ɝɨɫɬɹ, ɡ ɭɫɿɽɸ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚinformation given at the time of ɰɿɽɸ ɧɚɞɚɧɨɸ ɩɿɞ ɱɚɫ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ. reservation (i.e. address). 7 All information is correct on ɍɫɹ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɹ ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿɣɧɨʀ ɤɚguest’s registration card. ɪɬɤɢ ɽ ɞɨɫɬɨɜɿɪɧɨɸ. ɍɬɨɱɧɢɬɢ ɱɚɫ ɜɿɞɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɹ.
8 To confirme the departure date.
9 Guest is presented with standard Ʉɥɿɽɧɬ ɨɬɪɢɦɭɽ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɭ ɪɭɱɤɭ hotel pen to fill out any outstan- ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɞɥɹ ɭɬɨɱɧɟɧɧɹ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿʀ ding details on registration card. ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿɣɧɨʀ ɤɚɪɬɤɢ. 10 Guest is automatically offered a smoking or non smoking room (if applicable and not ascertained during the reservation).
Ʉɥɿɽɧɬɭ ɨɞɪɚɡɭ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɸɬɶ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɞɥɹ ɤɭɪɰɿɜ ɱɢ ɧɟ ɤɭɪɰɿɜ (ɹɤɳɨ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɽ ɪɿɜɟɧɶ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ, ɚɛɨ ɹɤɳɨ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɧɟ ɛɭɥɨ ɡ’ɹɫɨɜɚɧɨ ɩɿɞ ɱɚɫ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ).
11 Employee offer sthe guest an international/national newspaper (faxed variety acceptable) for the following morning.
ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɽ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɭ ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɿ / ɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɿ ɝɚɡɟɬɢ (ɩɟɜɧɢɣ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɟɥɿɤ) ɧɚ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɧɢɣ ɪɚɧɨɤ.
12 Employee offers or dinner reservationɸ 13 Employee assistance.
arranges
confirmɿ ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɽ ɚɛɨ ɩɿɞɬɜɟɪɞɠɭɽ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɨɛɿɞɭ. porterage ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɞɨɦɨɜɥɹɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɨ ɞɨɩɨɦɨɝɭ ɩɪɢ ɞɨɫɬɚɜɰɿ ɛɚɝɚɠɚ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪ.
399
ɉɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɞ. ȼ CHECK IN STANDARDS:
ɉɈɋȿɅȿɇɇə:
14 Employee arranges for the guest to ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɨɜɭɽ ɫɭɩɪɨɜɿɞ be escorted to the room (see room- ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪ (ɞɢɜɢɫɶ ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧing). ɧɹ ɜ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɭ). 15 Employee wish guest a pleasant ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɛɚɠɚɽ ɝɨɫɬɸ ɩɪɢɽɦɧɨstay. ɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɛɭɜɚɧɧɹ. 16 If room is not ready on arrival, əɤɳɨ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɚ ɧɟ ɽ ɝɨɬɨɜɨɸ ɞɨ ɩɪɢguest is shown to lounge area and ɛɭɬɬɹ ɝɨɫɬɹ, ɣɨɝɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɬɶ ɞɨ offered a complimentary beverage. ɮɨɣɽ ɿ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɸɬɶ ɛɟɡɤɨɲɬɨɜɧɿ ɧɚɩɨʀ. 17 While waiting for the room, the guest Ƚɨɫɬɹ ɩɨɫɬɿɣɧɨ ɩɨɜɿɞɨɦɥɹɸɬɶ ɩɪɨ is regularly updated on the situation. ɫɢɬɭɚɰɿɸ ɩɿɞ ɱɚɫ ɨɱɿɤɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɢ. THE EMPLOYEE:
ɉɊȺɐȱȼɇɂɄ:
18 The employee is dressed in a clean, ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɨɞɹɝɧɟɧɢɣ ɭ ɱɢɫɬɢɣ, pressed and complete uniform. ɜɢɩɪɚɫɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɩɨɜɧɢɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɬ ɭɧɿɮɨɪɦɢ. 19 All employees wear name badges ɍɫɿ ɩɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤɢ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶ (i.e. if applicable). ɿɞɟɧɬɢɮɿɤɚɬɨɪɢ (ɹɤɳɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ). 20 The employee must be well ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɞɨɝɥɹɧɭgroomed. ɬɢɣ. 21 The employee maintains contact with the guest.
eye ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɿɞɬɪɢɦɭɽ ɡɨɪɨɜɢɣ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬ ɿɡ ɝɨɫɬɟɦ.
22 The employee smiles and exhibits ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɫɦɿɯɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɿ ɩɪɨɹɜa friendly manner. ɥɹɽ ɞɨɛɪɨɡɢɱɥɢɜɭ ɦɚɧɟɪɭ. 23 The employee must have a good ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɜɨɥɨɞɿɬɢ ɧɚ ɧɟworking knowledge of the English ɨɛɯɿɞɧɨɦɭ ɪɿɜɧɿ ɿɧɨɡɟɦɧɨɸ ɦɨɜɨɸ. language. 24 Employee must respect guest’s ɋɬɨɫɭɧɤɚɯ ɩɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤɿɜ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɭ presence when interacting with ɩɪɢɫɭɬɧɨɫɬɿ ɝɨɫɬɹ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ other colleagues. ɬɨɥɟɪɚɧɬɧɢɦɢ. PRODUCT- RECEPTION DESK:
Ɋȿɐȿɉɐȱə:
25 The reception desk must be clean, Ɋɟɰɟɩɰɿɹ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɨɸ, tidy and well maintained. ɨɯɚɣɧɨɸ ɿ ɟɫɬɟɬɢɱɧɨ ɩɪɢɜɚɛɥɢɜɨɸ. 26 Area behind the reception desk ɉɨɛɥɢɡɭ ɪɟɰɟɩɰɿʀ ɧɟ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɨ ɛɭɬɢ must be free of clutter. ɡɚɣɜɢɯ ɪɟɱɟɣ.
400
ɉɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɞ. ȼ RECEPTION
Ɋȿɐȿɉɐȱə
STANDARDS — CHECK OUT:
ȼɂɋȿɅȿɇɇə:
1 Guest must be acknowledged within Ƚɨɫɬɹ ɜɩɿɡɧɚɸɬɶ ɭɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ 30 ɫɟɤ. 30 seconds of approaching desk. ɧɚ ɩɿɞɯɨɞɿ ɞɨ ɪɟɰɟɩɰɿʀ. 2 Complete check out takes no Ɉɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɟ ɜɢɫɟɥɟɧɧɹ ɡɚɣɦɚɽ ɧɟ longer than 5 minutes. ɛɿɥɶɲɟ 5 ɯɜ. 3 Guest is greeted in a warm and Ƚɨɫɬɹ ɜɿɬɚɸɬɶ ɭ ɬɟɩɥɿɣ ɿ ɞɨɛɪɨɡɢɱfriendly manner. ɥɢɜɿɣ ɦɚɧɟɪɿ. 4 Employee ascertains guest’s name ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɡ’ɹɫɨɜɭɽ ɿɦ’ɹ ɝɨɫɬɹ and use it at least once during the ɿ ɡɜɟɪɬɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɨ ɿɦɟɧɿ ɩɪɢɧɚɣɦɧɿ conversation. ɨɞɢɧ ɪɚɡ ɩɿɞ ɱɚɫ ɪɨɡɦɨɜɢ. 5 Employee verifies guest’s room ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɭɬɨɱɧɸɽ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɤɿɦɧɚnumber/name. ɬɢ/ɧɚɡɜɭ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɢ. 6 Employee verifies any last minute ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɭɬɨɱɧɸɽ ɜ ɨɫɬɚɧɧɿ ɯɜɢcharges and post accordingly ɥɢɧɢ ɛɭɞɶ-ɹɤɿ ɧɚɪɚɯɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨ ɧɚɪɚɯɨɜɭɽ ʀɯ ɝɨɫɬɸ (ɩɨ(i.e. mini bar, breakfast). ɫɥɭɝɢ ɦɿɧɿ ɛɚɪɚ, ɫɧɿɞɚɧɨɤ). 7 Employee prints folio and presents ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɞɪɭɤɭɽ ɮɨɥɿɨ ɿ ɧɚɞɚɽ to guest for verification. ɣɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɬɸ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɟɜɿɪɤɢ. 8 Employee must complete transaction ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɜɢɧɟɧ ɲɜɢɞɤɨ ɿ ɟɮɟɤin a quick and efficient manner. ɬɢɜɧɨ ɡɚɩɨɜɧɢɬɢ ɜɿɞɨɦɿɫɬɶ. 9 The employee offesrs to staple the ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɽ ɫɤɪɿɩɢɬɢ ɱɟɤ credit card slip to the bill. ɡ ɪɚɯɭɧɤɨɦ. 10 Folio presents to guest neatly in a Ɏɨɥɿɨ ɧɚɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɝɨɫɬɸ ɨɯɚɣɧɨ bill fold/envelope. ɫɤɥɚɞɟɧɟ ɭ ɮɨɥɞɟɪɿ / ɤɨɧɜɟɪɬɿ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɯɭɧɤɭ. 11 Employee offers assistance with ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɽ ɞɨɩɨɦɨɝɭ ɿɡ luggage. ɛɚɝɚɠɟɦ. 12 Employee asks at any point if ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɡɚɩɢɬɭɽ ɱɢ ɡɚɞɨɜɨɥɟguest have enjoyed their stay. ɧɢɣ ɝɿɫɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɛɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ. 13 The employee offers an invitation ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɡɚɩɪɨɲɭɽ ɜɿɞɜɿɞɚɬɢ ɝɨto return. ɬɟɥɶ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɭ. 14 Employee thanks the guest.
ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɞɹɤɭɽ ɝɨɫɬɸ.
401
ɉɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɞ. ȼ ACCOUNTING:
ɈȻɅȱɄ:
15 Bill is clearly itemized.
Ɋɚɯɭɧɨɤ — ɱɿɬɤɨ ɞɟɬɚɥɿɡɨɜɚɧɢɣ.
16 Folio is accurate and complete.
Ɏɨɥɿɨ — ɬɨɱɧɟ ɿ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɟ.
17 Employee clarifies the method of ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɜɢɹɫɧɹɽ ɫɩɨɫɿɛ ɩɥɚɬɟɠɭ. payment. 18 If guest is settling by credit card əɤɳɨ ɝɿɫɬɶ ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɿ employee offere standard hotel ɤɪɟɞɢɬɧɨʀ ɤɚɪɬɤɢ, ɩɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɽ ɣɨɦɭ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɭ ɪɭɱɤɭ ɝɨpen. ɬɟɥɸ. THE EMPLOYEE:
ɉɊȺɐȱȼɇɂɄ:
19 The employee is dressed in a clean, ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɨɞɹɝɧɟɧɢɣ ɭ ɱɢɫɬɢɣ, pressed and complete uniform. ɜɢɩɪɚɫɭɜɚɧɢɣ, ɩɨɜɧɢɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɬ ɭɧɿɮɨɪɦɢ. 20 All employees wear name badges ɍɫɿ ɩɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤɢ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶ (if applicable). ɿɞɟɧɬɢɮɿɤɚɬɨɪɢ (ɹɤɳɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ). 21 The employee must be well groo- ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɞɨɝɥɹɧɭmed. ɬɢɣ. 22 The employee maintains contact with the guest.
eye ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɿɞɬɪɢɦɭɽ ɡɨɪɨɜɢɣ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬ ɿɡ ɝɨɫɬɟɦ.
23 The employee smiles and exhibits ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɫɦɿɯɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɿ ɩɪɨɹɜa friendly manner. ɥɹɽ ɞɨɛɪɨɡɢɱɥɢɜɭ ɦɚɧɟɪɭ. 24 The employee must have a good ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɜɨɥɨɞɿɬɢ ɧɚ ɧɟworking knowledge of the English ɨɛɯɿɞɧɨɦɭ ɪɿɜɧɿ ɿɧɨɡɟɦɧɨɸ ɦɨɜɨɸ. language. 25 Employee respects guest’s ɉɿɞ ɱɚɫ ɜɡɚɽɦɨɞɿʀ ɡ ɤɨɥɟɝɚɦɢ ɩɪɚpresence when interacting with ɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɡ ɩɨɜɚɝɨɸ ɜɿɞɧɨother colleagues. ɫɢɬɢɫɶ ɞɨ ɝɨɫɬɹ. PRODUCT- RECEPTION DESK:
Ɋȿɐȿɉɐȱə:
26 The reception desk is clean, tidy Ɋɟɰɟɩɰɿɹ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɨɸ, and well maintained. ɨɯɚɣɧɨɸ ɿ ɜ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨɦɭ ɨɛɫɹɡɿ ɨɫɧɚɳɟɧɚ. 27 Area behind the reception desk ɉɨɛɥɢɡɭ ɪɟɰɟɩɰɿʀ ɧɟ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɨ ɛɭɬɢ must be free of clutter. ɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɿɯ ɪɟɱɟɣ.
402
ɉɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɞ. ȼ ROOMING THE GUEST
ɉɈɋȿɅȿɇɇə ȽɈɋɌə
STANDARDS — ROOMING THE GUEST:
ɉɈɋȿɅȿɇɇə ȽɈɋɌə ȼ ɇɈɆȿɊ:
1 Employee escorts the guest to ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ his/her room. ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪ.
ɫɭɩɪɨɜɨɞɠɭɽ
ɝɨɫɬɹ
2 The employee engages in polite ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɜɜɿɱɥɢɜɨ, ɧɟɧɚɜ’ɹɡɥɢɜɨ unobtrusive conversation on the ɫɩɿɥɤɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɝɨɫɬɟɦ ɩɨ ɞɨɪɨɡɿ way to the room. ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪ. 3 The employee points out food and ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɧɚɞɚɽ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɸ ɩɪɨ beverage facilities explaining ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɧɚɩɨʀ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ, ɡɚoperational hours. ɡɧɚɱɚɽ ɱɚɫ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ. 4 Once at the room the employee ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɽ ɩɪɢɦɿoffers the option of a room ɳɟɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ. orientation. 5 The employee points out ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɭɽ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ heating/air-conditioning controls. ɤɨɧɞɢɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɜɿɬɪɹ. 6 Employee points out how to ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɤɚɡɭɽ ɹɤ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨoperate the telephone. ɜɭɜɚɬɢ ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧ. 7 Employee points out modem/ISDN ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɹɫɧɸɽ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɿɫɬɶ lines (if applicable) or explains ɞɨɫɬɭɩɭ ɞɨ ɦɟɪɟɠɟɜɢɯ ɬɚ ɿɧɮɨɪbroadband/wireless facilities that ɦɚɰɿɣɧɢɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɿɜ. are available. 8 Employee points out location of in ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɤɚɡɭɽ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ room bar (if not in a prominent ɛɚɪɚ ɭ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɿ (ɹɤɳɨ ɣɨɝɨ ɪɨɡɦɿposition). ɳɟɧɧɹ ɧɟ ɩɨɦɿɬɧɟ). 9 Employee poinst out valet/laundry ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɪɨɡɩɨɜɿɞɚɽ ɩɪɨ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ services. ɤɚɦɟɪɞɢɧɟɪɚ ɿ ɩɪɚɧɧɹ. 10 Employee points out any master ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɤɚɡɭɽ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɿ ɜɢɦɢswitches for lighting (if applicable). ɤɚɱɿ ɨɫɜɿɬɥɟɧɧɹ. 11 Did employee point out location of ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɤɚɡɭɽ ɡɧɚɯɨɞɠɟɧɧɹ hair dryer (if necessary)? ɮɟɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɜɨɥɨɫɫɹ (ɩɪɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ). 12 Employee poinst out ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɤɚɡɭɽ ɩɪɹɦɟ/ɤɿɦɧɚɬdirectory/room service menu. ɧɟ ɦɟɧɸ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ.
403
ɉɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɞ. ȼ STANDARDS — ROOMING THE GUEST:
ɉɈɋȿɅȿɇɇə ȽɈɋɌə ȼ ɇɈɆȿɊ:
13 Employee points out health spa/fit- ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɤɚɡɭɽ ɨɡɞɨɪɨɜɱɟ ness facilities (if applicable). ɋɉȺ / ɮɿɬɧɟɫ-ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ. 14 Employee points out in room safe.
ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɤɚɡɭɽ ɫɟɣɮ ɭ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɿ.
15 Employee offer ice service (ice ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɡɚɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɜɚbucket must present in the room). ɬɢ ɞɨɫɬɚɜɤɭ ɥɶɨɞɭ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪ (ɜ ɧɨɦɟɪɿ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɨ ɡɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɢɫɶ ɜɿɞɟɪɤɨ ɞɥɹ ɥɶɨɞɭ). 16 Employee offers any additional ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɽ ɿɧɲɭ ɞɨɞɚɬassistance. ɤɨɜɭ ɞɨɩɨɦɨɝɭ. DOORMAN/PORTER
ɒȼȿɃɐȺɊ/ɉɈɊɌɖȯ
STANDARDS — ON ARRIVAL:
ɉȱȾ ɑȺɋ ɉɊɂȻɍɌɌə:
1 Doorman/porter must be present ɒɜɟɣɰɚɪ/ɩɨɪɬɶɽ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ on arrival. ɩɪɢɫɭɬɧɿɦ ɩɿɞ ɱɚɫ ɩɪɢɛɭɬɬɹ. 2 Employee offers assistance ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɽ ɞɨɩɨɦɨɝɭ, opening car doors on arrival. ɜɿɞɤɪɢɜɚɽ ɞɜɟɪɿ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɿɥɹ ɩɿɞ ɱɚɫ ɩɪɢʀɡɞɭ. 3 Employee greets the guest in a ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɜɿɬɚɽ ɝɨɫɬɹ ɭ ɜɜɿɱɥɢɜɿɣ polite and friendly manner. ɿ ɞɨɛɪɨɡɢɱɥɢɜɿɣ ɦɚɧɟɪɿ. 4 Employee offers assistance with ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɽ luggage. ɡ ɞɨɫɬɚɜɤɢ ɛɚɝɚɠɚ.
ɞɨɩɨɦɨɝɭ
5 Employee opens hotel entrance ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɜɿɞɤɪɢɜɚɽ ɜɯɿɞɧɿ ɞɜɟɪɿ door for guest (unless revolving or ɝɨɬɟɥɸ (ɹɤɳɨ ɞɜɟɪɿ ɧɟ ɨɛɟɪɬɚɸɬɶautomatic door). ɫɹ ɚɛɨ ɧɟ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɧɿ). 6 The employee ascertains the guest’s ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɞɿɡɧɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɿɦ’ɹ ɝɨɫɬɹ name and introduce them to ɿ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɽ ɣɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤɚɦ reception. ɪɟɰɟɩɰɿʀ. 7 The entrance to the hotel must be ȼɯɿɞ ɞɨ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫclean and free of any debris. ɬɢɦ, ɞɨɝɥɹɧɭɬɢɦ. STANDARDS — PORTERAGE:
ȾɈɋɌȺȼɄȺ:
8 The porter arrives at the guest’s ɉɨɪɬɶɽ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɞɨ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɢ ɝɨɫroom within 10 minutes of check in. ɬɹ ɭɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ 10 ɯɜ. ɡ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɭ ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɧɹ.
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ɉɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɞ. ȼ STANDARDS — PORTERAGE:
ȾɈɋɌȺȼɄȺ:
9 The employee must lightly knock ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɩɨɫɬɭon the door. ɤɚɬɢ ɭ ɞɜɟɪɿ. 10 The employee greets the guest in a ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɜɜɿɱɥɢɜɨ ɿ ɞɨɛɪɨɡɢɱɥɢpolite and friendly manner. ɜɨ ɜɿɬɚɽ ɩɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤɚ. 11 The employee use the guest’s ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɡɜɟɪɬɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɨ ɿɦɟɧɿ ɞɨ name at least once during the ɝɨɫɬɹ ɩɪɢɧɚɣɦɧɿ ɨɞɢɧ ɪɚɡ ɩɿɞ ɱɚɫ interaction. ɪɨɡɦɨɜɢ. 12 The employee places the luggage ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɤɥɚɞɟ ɛɚɝɚɠ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɢon the luggage rack/bench. ɰɸ/ɥɚɜɤɭ ɞɥɹ ɛɚɝɚɠɚ. 13 Employee offers to hang the suit ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɽ ɩɨɜɿɫɢɬɢ ɤɨcarrier/coat. ɫɬɸɦ, ɩɚɥɶɬɨ. THE EMPLOYEE:
ɉɊȺɐȱȼɇɂɄ:
14 Employees appears organized and ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɨɜɚɧɿ ɿ ɡɤɨɪɢwork as a team. ɝɨɜɚɧɨ ɩɪɚɰɸɸɬɶ. 15 The employee is dressed in a clean, ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɨɞɹɝɧɟɧɢɣ ɭ ɱɢɫɬɢɣ, pressed and complete uniform. ɜɢɩɪɚɫɭɜɚɧɢɣ, ɩɨɜɧɢɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɬ ɭɧɿɮɨɪɦɢ. 16 Employee’s shoes corporate standard.
are
of
a ȼɡɭɬɬɹ ɩɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤɿɜ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɭ.
17 All employees wear name badges ɍɫɿ ɩɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤɢ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶ (if applicable). ɿɞɟɧɬɢɮɿɤɚɬɨɪɢ (ɹɤɳɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ). 18 The employee must be well groomed.
ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɞɨɝɥɹɧɭɬɢɣ.
19 The employee must maintain eye ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɿɞɬɪɢɦɭɜɚɬɢ contact with the guest. ɡɨɪɨɜɢɣ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬ ɿɡ ɝɨɫɬɟɦ. 20 The employee smiles and exhibis ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɫɦɿɯɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɿ ɩɪɨɹɜa friendly manner. ɥɹɽ ɞɨɛɪɨɡɢɱɥɢɜɭ ɦɚɧɟɪɭ. 21 The employee has a good working ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɜɨɥɨɞɿɬɢ ɧɚ ɧɟknowledge of the English language. ɨɛɯɿɞɧɨɦɭ ɪɿɜɧɿ ɿɧɨɡɟɦɧɨɸ ɦɨɜɨɸ. 22 Employee must respect guest’s ɉɿɞ ɱɚɫ ɜɡɚɽɦɨɞɿʀ ɡ ɤɨɥɟɝɚɦɢ ɩɪɚpresence when interacting with ɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɡ ɩɨɜɚɝɨɸ ɜɿɞɧɨother colleagues. ɫɢɬɢɫɶ ɞɨ ɝɨɫɬɹ. 23 Employee must be attentive to the ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɭɜɚɠɧɢɣ guest’s needs at all times. ɳɨɪɚɡɭ ɞɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ.
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ɉɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɞ. ȼ STANDARDS — DEPARTURE :
ȼȱȾɉɊȺȼɅȿɇɇə:
1 Answer the telephone within 3 ȼɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɶ ɧɚ ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧɧɢɣ ɞɡɜɿɧɨɤ rings or 10 seconds. ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɛɭɬɢ ɭɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ 3 ɞɡɜɿɧɤɿɜ ɚɛɨ 10 ɫɟɤ. 2 The employee answer the phone with the appropriate greeting (good morning/afternoon) and identify the department.
ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɽ ɧɚ ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧɧɢɣ ɞɡɜɿɧɨɤ ɡ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɢɦ ɜɿɬɚɧɧɹɦ (ɞɨɛɪɨɝɨ ɪɚɧɤɭ/ɞɨɛɪɢɣ ɞɟɧɶ) ɿ ɧɚɡɢɜɚɽ ɜɿɞɞɿɥ.
3 Employee confirms number of ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɿɞɬɜɟɪɞɠɭɽ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ luggage pieces. ɫɤɥɚɞɨɜɢɯ ɛɚɝɚɠɭ. 4 Did employee ascertain guest’s ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɡ’ɹɫɨɜɭɽ ɿɦ’ɹ ɝɨɫɬɹ ɿ ɡɜɟɪname and use it at least once ɬɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɨ ɿɦɟɧɿ ɩɪɢɧɚɣɦɧɿ ɨɞɢɧ during the conversation? ɪɚɡ ɩɿɞ ɱɚɫ ɪɨɡɦɨɜɢ. ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɞɹɤɭɽ ɝɨɫɬɸ.
5 Employee thanks the guest.
6 If there is a delay in luggage əɤɳɨ, ɡɛɿɪ ɛɚɝɚɠɭ ɡɚɬɪɢɦɭɽɬɶɫɹ, collection guest sould be informed ɩɪɨ ɰɟ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɭɸɬɶ ɝɨɫɬɹ ɿ ɩɨɜɿɞof the delay and new collection time. ɨɦɥɹɸɬɶ ɣɨɦɭ ɧɨɜɢɣ ɱɚɫ ɡɛɨɪɭ. STANDARDS — COLLECTION :
ɁȻȱɊ ȻȺȽȺɀɍ:
7 Luggage collects from room within Ȼɚɝɚɠ ɡɛɢɪɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɢ ɭɩɪɨ10 minutes of telephone request. ɞɨɜɠ 10 ɯɜ. ɩɿɫɥɹ ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɡɩɨɪɹɞɠɟɧɧɹ. 8 The employee must knock lightly ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɩɨɫɬɭon the door. ɤɚɬɢ ɭ ɞɜɟɪɿ. 9 The employee greets the guest in a ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɜɜɿɱɥɢɜɨ ɿ ɞɨɛɪɨɡɢɱɥɢpolite and friendly manner. ɜɨ ɜɿɬɚɽ ɝɨɫɬɹ. 10 The employee use the guest’s name ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɡɜɟɪɬɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɨ ɿɦɟɧɿ ɝɨɫɬɹ at least once during the interaction. ɩɪɢɧɚɣɦɧɿ ɨɞɢɧ ɪɚɡ ɩɿɞ ɱɚɫ ɪɨɡɦɨɜɢ. 11 The employee enquires if the guest ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɡɚɩɢɬɭɽ, ɱɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ requires any transport. ɝɨɫɬɸ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬ. 12 Employee thanks the guest.
ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɞɹɤɭɽ ɝɨɫɬɸ.
TRANSPORT:
ɌɊȺɇɋɉɈɊɌ:
13 Employee automatically offers ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɨɞɪɚɡɭ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɽ ɝɨɫɬɸ assistance in obtaining transport at ɞɨɩɨɦɨɝɭ ɭ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɿ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɭ ɞɨ the point of departure. ɦɿɫɰɹ ɜɿɞɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɹ.
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ɉɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɞ. ȼ TRANSPORT:
ɌɊȺɇɋɉɈɊɌ:
14 The employee packs the guest’s ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɽ ɛɚɝɚɠ ɭ ɬɪɚɧɫluggage into the transport and ɩɨɪɬ ɿ ɩɿɞɬɜɟɪɞɠɭɽ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɫɤɥɚconfirms the number of luggage ɞɨɜɢɯ ɛɚɝɚɠɚ ɧɚ ɦɿɫɰɿ ɜɿɞɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɹ. pieces at the point of departure. 15 The employee offers car door ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɜɿɞɤɪɢɜɚɽ ɞɜɟɪɿ ɦɚɲɢɧɢ. assistance. 16 Employee must thank the guest ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɨɞɹɤɭɜɚɬɢ and wish them a pleasant journey. ɝɨɫɬɸ ɿ ɩɨɛɚɠɚɬɢ ɝɚɪɧɨʀ ɩɨɞɨɪɨɠɿ. THE EMPLOYEE:
ɉɊȺɐȱȼɇɂɄ:
17 Employees appear organized and ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɨɜɚɧɿ ɿ ɡɤɨɪɢwork as a team. ɝɨɜɚɧɨ ɩɪɚɰɸɸɬɶ. 18 The employee must be dressed in ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɨɞɹɝɧɟa clean, pressed and complete ɧɢɣ ɭ ɱɢɫɬɢɣ, ɜɢɩɪɚɫɭɜɚɧɢɣ, ɩɨuniform. ɜɧɢɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɬ ɭɧɿɮɨɪɦɢ. 19 Employee’s shoes corporate standard.
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of
a ȼɡɭɬɬɹ ɩɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤɿɜ — ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɭ.
20 All employees wear name badges ɍɫɿ ɩɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤɢ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶ (if applicable). ɿɞɟɧɬɢɮɿɤɚɬɨɪɢ (ɹɤɳɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ). 21 The employee smiles and exhibits ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɫɦɿɯɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɿ ɩɪɨɹɜa friendly manner. ɥɹɽ ɞɨɛɪɨɡɢɱɥɢɜɭ ɦɚɧɟɪɭ. 22 The employee must have a good ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɜɨɥɨɞɿɬɢ ɧɚ working knowledge of the English ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨɦɭ ɪɿɜɧɿ ɿɧɨɡɟɦɧɨɸ ɦɨlanguage. ɜɨɸ. 23 Employee respects guest’s ɉɿɞ ɱɚɫ ɜɡɚɽɦɨɞɿʀ ɩɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤɚ ɡ ɣɨpresence when interacting with ɝɨ ɤɨɥɟɝɚɦɢ ɩɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɚɠɚɽ other colleagues. ɩɪɢɫɭɬɧɿɫɬɶ ɝɨɫɬɹ. 24 Employee must be attentive to the ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɤɨɠɧɨɝɨ guest’s needs at all times. ɪɚɡɭ ɭɜɚɠɧɢɣ ɞɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛ ɝɨɫɬɹ. GUEST SERVICES
ɈȻɋɅɍȽɈȼɍȼȺɇɇə ȽɈɋɌȿɃ
STANDARDS — GUEST SERVICES
ɈȻɋɅɍȽɈȼɍȼȺɇɇə ȽɈɋɌȿɃ
1 Answer the telephone must be ȼɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɶ ɧɚ ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧɧɢɣ ɞɡɜɿɧɨɤ within 3 rings or 10 seconds. ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɛɭɬɢ ɭɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ 3 ɞɡɜɿɧɤɿɜ ɚɛɨ 10 ɫɟɤ.
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ɉɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɞ. ȼ STANDARDS — GUEST SERVICES
2 The employee answer the phone with the appropriate greeting (good morning/afternoon) and identify the department.
ɈȻɋɅɍȽɈȼɍȼȺɇɇə ȽɈɋɌȿɃ
ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɽ ɧɚ ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧɧɢɣ ɞɡɜɿɧɨɤ ɡ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɢɦ ɜɿɬɚɧɧɹɦ (ɞɨɛɪɨɝɨ ɪɚɧɤɭ/ɞɨɛɪɢɣ ɞɟɧɶ) ɿ ɧɚɡɢɜɚɽ ɜɿɞɞɿɥ.
3 Employee ascertains guest’s name ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɡ’ɹɫɨɜɭɽ ɿɦ’ɹ ɝɨɫɬɹ ɿ ɡɜɟɪand use throughout conversations ɬɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɨ ɿɦɟɧɿ ɩɿɞ ɱɚɫ ɪɨɡɦɨɜɢ (if known). (ɹɤɳɨ ɿɦ’ɹ ɜɿɞɨɦɟ). 4 Guest does not left holding for more ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɧɟ ɡɚɥɢɲɚɽ ɝɨɫɬɹ ɧɚ than 30 seconds on the telephone. ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɭ ɛɿɥɶɲɟ 30 ɫɟɤ. 5 Before guest approached desk ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɜɩɿɡɧɚɬɢ ɝɨɫɬɹ employee should acknowledge ɩɪɨɬɹɝɨɦ 30 ɫɟɤ. ɇɚ ɩɿɞɯɨɞɿ ɝɨɫɬɹ guest within 30 seconds. ɞɨ ɪɟɰɟɩɰɿʀ. 6 Employee greets guest in a warm ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɜɜɿɱɥɢɜɨ ɿ ɞɨɛɪɨɡɢɱɥɢand friendly manner. ɜɨ ɜɿɬɚɽ ɝɨɫɬɹ. 7 Employee must have immediate ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɦɚɬɢ ɧɟɝɚɣɧɢɣ access to taxi service/car hire. ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɞɨ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɬɚɤɫɿ/ɧɚɣɦɭ ɦɚɲɢɧɢ. 8 Employee must be able to offer a ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɡɚɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɜɚrestaurant recommendation. ɬɢ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɭ. 9 Employee actively promotes hotel ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɽ ɩɨrestaurant facilities. ɫɥɭɝɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɭ. 10 The employee automatically offers ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɨɞɪɚɡɭ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɽ ɜɿɞ to make any restaurant ɿɦɟɧɿ ɝɨɫɬɹ ɡɪɨɛɢɬɢ ɛɭɞɶ-ɹɤɟ ɡɚreservations on the guest’s behalf. ɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɜ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɿ. 11 The employee must be knowledgeable regarding nearby places of interest (i.e. theatre, tourist sights, sporting activities).
ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɨɛɿɡɧɚɧɢɦ ɫɬɨɫɨɜɧɨ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɧɢɯ ɦɿɫɰɶ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɩɨɛɥɢɡɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ (ɬɚɤɿ ɹɤ ɬɟɚɬɪɢ, ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɿ ɦɿɫɰɹ, ɨɛ’ɽɤɬɢ ɫɩɨɪɬɭ).
12 Employee has to be able to assist ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɧɚɞɚɬɢ ɞɨɩɨwith onward travel arrangements ɦɨɝɭ ɡ ɩɿɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɩɨɞɚɥɶɲɨʀ ɬɭ(i.e. flights, taxi, boat). ɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɨʀ ɩɨɞɨɪɨɠɿ (ɩɟɪɟɥɶɨɬɢ, ɬɚɤɫɿ, ɩɨʀɡɞɤɚ ɧɚ ɤɨɪɚɛɥɿ). 13 Concierge desk has an up to date ɇɚ ɫɬɨɥɿ ɤɨɧɫɶɽɪɠɚ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ supply of brochures. ɛɪɨɲɭɪɢ.
408
ɉɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɞ. ȼ STANDARDS — GUEST SERVICES
ɈȻɋɅɍȽɈȼɍȼȺɇɇə ȽɈɋɌȿɃ
14 The employee offers accurate ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɨɹɫɧɢɬɢ ɬɨɱdirections with a complimentary ɧɢɣ ɦɚɪɲɪɭɬ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɿʀ ɩɨɛɥɢɡɭ map of surrounding area. ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɡ ɩɨɜɧɨɸ ɫɯɟɦɨɸ. 15 All messages/faxes/requested items ɍɫɿ ɩɨɜɿɞɨɦɥɟɧɧɹ, ɮɚɤɫɢ, ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɿ delivers within 15 minutes. ɪɟɱɿ ɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬɶɫɹ ɭɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ 15 ɯɜ. 16 All written information is clear, ɍɫɹ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɹ ɩɨɞɚɧɚ ɡɚɩɢɫɨɦ legible and presented on hotel ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɛɭɬɢ ɡɪɨɡɭɦɿɥɨɸ, ɱɿɬɤɨɸ ɿ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɮɿɪɦɨɜɨɦɭ ɩɚpaper. ɩɟɪɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ. 17 Employee makes every effort to ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɞɨɤɥɚɫɬɢ ɭɫɿɯ ɡɭɫɢɥɶ, ɳɨɛ ɧɚɞɚɬɢ ɞɨɩɨɦɨɝɭ ɡɝɿassist the guest’s requirements. ɞɧɨ ɩɨɛɚɠɚɧɶ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ. ɍɫɿ ɩɨɛɚɠɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɡɚɞɨɜɨɥɟɧɿ.
18 All requests have to be met.
19 The employee refrains from ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɭɬɪɢɦɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɜɿɞ ɫɤɟɪɭreferring the guest to any other ɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɫɬɹ ɞɨ ɛɭɞɶ-ɹɤɢɯ ɿɧɲɢɯ department. ɜɿɞɞɿɥɿɜ. 20 Employee maintains a neat and ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɫɬɿɣɧɨ ɩɿɞɬɪɢɦɭɽ organized working area at all times. ɨɯɚɣɧɢɣ ɿ ɩɪɢɜɚɛɥɢɜɢɣ ɜɢɝɥɹɞ ɪɨɛɨɱɨɝɨ ɦɿɫɰɹ. THE EMPLOYEE:
ɉɊȺɐȱȼɇɂɄ:
21 The employee must be dressed in ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɨɞɹɝɧɟa clean, pressed and complete ɧɢɣ ɭ ɱɢɫɬɢɣ, ɜɢɩɪɚɫɭɜɚɧɢɣ, ɩɨuniform. ɜɧɢɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɬ ɭɧɿɮɨɪɦɢ. 22 Employee’s shoes corporate standard.
are
of
a ȼɡɭɬɬɹ ɩɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤɿɜ — ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɭ.
23 All employees wear name badges ɍɫɿ ɩɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤɢ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶ (if applicable). ɿɞɟɧɬɢɮɿɤɚɬɨɪɢ (ɹɤɳɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ). 24 The employee must be well groomed. 25 The employee maintains contact with the guest.
ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɞɨɝɥɹɧɭɬɢɣ.
eye ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɿɞɬɪɢɦɭɽ ɡɨɪɨɜɢɣ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬ ɡ ɝɨɫɬɟɦ.
26 The employee smiles and exhibits ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɫɦɿɯɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɿ ɩɪɨɹɜa friendly manner. ɥɹɽ ɜɜɿɱɥɢɜɿɫɬɶ.
409
ɉɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɞ. ȼ THE EMPLOYEE:
ɉɊȺɐȱȼɇɂɄ:
27 The employee must have a good ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɜɨɥɨɞɿɬɢ ɧɚ ɧɟworking knowledge of the English ɨɛɯɿɞɧɨɦɭ ɪɿɜɧɿ ɿɧɨɡɟɦɧɨɸ ɦɨɜɨɸ. language. 28 Employee must respect guest’s ɉɿɞ ɱɚɫ ɜɡɚɽɦɨɞɿʀ ɩɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤɚ ɡ ɫɩɿɜpresence when interacting with ɪɨɛɿɬɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɩɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɬɨother colleagues. ɥɟɪɚɧɬɧɨ ɩɨɜɨɞɢɬɢɫɶ ɭ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɧɨɫɬɿ ɝɨɫɬɹ. SWITCHBOARD
ɌȿɅȿɎɈɇȱɋɌ
STANDARDS -WAKE UP CALLS:
ɋɌȺɇȾȺɊɌɂ — ɊȺɇɄɈȼȱ ȾɁȼȱɇɄɂ:
1 The telephone must be answered ȼɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɶ ɧɚ ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧɧɢɣ ɞɡɜɿɧɨɤ within 3 rings or 10 seconds. ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɛɭɬɢ ɭɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ 3 ɞɡɜɿɧɤɿɜ ɚɛɨ 10 ɫɟɤ. 2 The employee answers the phone with the appropriate greeting (good evening) and identify the department.
ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɽ ɧɚ ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧɧɢɣ ɞɡɜɿɧɨɤ ɡ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɢɦ ɜɿɬɚɧɧɹɦ (ɞɨɛɪɨɝɨ ɪɚɧɤɭ/ɞɨɛɪɢɣ ɞɟɧɶ) ɿ ɧɚɡɢɜɚɽ ɜɿɞɞɿɥ.
3 Employee use the guest’s name at ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɡɜɟɪɬɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɞɨ ɝɨɫɬɹ ɩɨ least once during the conversation. ɿɦɟɧɿ ɩɪɢɧɚɣɦɧɿ ɨɞɢɧ ɪɚɡ ɩɿɞ ɱɚɫ ɪɨɡɦɨɜɢ. 4 Employee repeats back details ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɸɽ ɞɟɬɚɥɿ (ɧɨ(room/time) to ensure correct ɦɟɪ/ɦɿɫɰɟ), ɳɨɛ ɜɩɟɜɧɢɬɢɫɶ ɭ ɞɨunderstanding. ɫɬɨɜɿɪɧɨɦɭ ɪɨɡɭɦɿɧɧɿ. 5 The caller wish the guest a good Ɍɟɥɟɮɨɧɿɫɬ ɛɚɠɚɽ ɝɨɫɬɸ ɫɩɨɤɿɣɧɨʀ night. ɧɨɱɿ. 6 The employee’s speech must be Ɇɨɜɚ ɩɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤɚ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɛɭɬɢ clear and audible. ɡɪɨɡɭɦɿɥɚ. 7 The employee must have a good ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɜɨɥɨɞɿɬɢ ɧɚ ɧɟworking knowledge of the English ɨɛɯɿɞɧɨɦɭ ɪɿɜɧɿ ɿɧɨɡɟɦɧɨɸ ɦɨɜɨɸ. language. 8 The employee is polite, cordial ɉɿɞ ɱɚɫ ɡ’ɹɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿʀ ɫɬɨand helpful whilst ascertaining ɫɨɜɧɨ ɪɚɧɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɞɡɜɿɧɤɚ ɩɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ information with regards to the ɽ ɜɜɿɱɥɢɜɢɦ, ɳɢɪɢɦ, ɥɸɛ’ɹɡɧɢɦ. wake up call.
410
ɉɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɞ. ȼ STANDARDS — RECEIVING THE WAKE UP CALL:
ɋɌȺɇȾȺɊɌɂ ɊȺɇɄɈȼɈȽɈ ȾɁȼȱɇɄȺ:
9 The wake up call must be perso- Ɋɚɧɤɨɜɢɣ ɞɡɜɿɧɨɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ nalised (i.e. not recorded). ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɿɡɨɜɚɧɢɣ. 10 Wake up call receives within 5 mi- Ɋɚɧɤɨɜɢɣ ɞɡɜɿɧɨɤ ɨɬɪɢɦɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɦɟnutes of requested time. ɠɚɯ 5 ɯɜ. ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨɝɨ ɱɚɫɭ. 11 When receiving wake up call ɉɿɞ ɱɚɫ ɪɚɧɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɞɡɜɿɧɤɚ ɩɪɚɰɿɜemployee use appropriate ɧɢɤ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɟ ɜɿgreeting. ɬɚɧɧɹ. 12 When receiving wake up call ɉɿɞ ɱɚɫ ɪɚɧɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɞɡɜɿɧɤɚ ɩɪɚɰɿɜemployee use guest’s name. ɧɢɤ ɡɜɟɪɬɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɞɨ ɝɨɫɬɹ ɩɨ ɿɦɟɧɿ. 13 When receiving wake up call ɉɿɞ ɱɚɫ ɪɚɧɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɞɡɜɿɧɤɚ ɩɪɚɰɿɜemployee announces time of day. ɧɢɤ ɧɚɡɢɜɚɽ ɱɚɫ ɿ ɞɚɬɭ. BREAKFAST
ɋɇȱȾȺɇɈɄ
STANDARDS — ARRIVAL/SEATING:
ɋɌȺɇȾȺɊɌɂ — ɉɊɂȻɍɌɌə:
1 The guest must be greeted or Ƚɨɫɬɹ ɜɩɿɡɧɚɸɬɶ ɿ ɜɿɬɚɸɬɶ ɭɩɪɨacknowledged within 15 seconds ɞɨɜɠ 15 ɫɟɤ. ɩɟɪɟɞ ɬɢɦ ɹɤ ɝɿɫɬɶ upon entering the restaurant. ɡɚɣɞɟ ɞɨ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɭ. 2 The guest must be greeted in a fri- Ƚɨɫɬɹ ɜɿɬɚɸɬɶ ɭ ɜɜɿɱɥɢɜɿɣ ɿ ɞɨɛɪɨendly and pleasant manner. ɡɢɱɥɢɜɿɣ ɦɚɧɟɪɿ. 3 The host ascertains guest’s name Ⱥɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɨɪ ɰɿɤɚɜɢɬɶɫɹ ɿɦ’ɹɦ and use it during interactions. ɝɨɫɬɹ ɿ ɡɜɟɪɬɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɨ ɿɦɟɧɿ ɩɿɞ ɱɚɫ ɪɨɡɦɨɜɢ. 4 Host asks guest to follow him/her Ⱥɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɨɪ ɩɪɨɫɢɬɶ ɝɨɫɬɹ ɩɪɨto the table. ɣɬɢ ɫɥɿɞɨɦ ɡɚ ɧɢɦ ɞɨ ɫɬɨɥɚ. 5 The host seats the guest within one Ⱥɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɨɪ ɫɚɞɢɬɶ ɝɨɫɬɹ ɡɚ ɫɬɿɥ ɭɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ ɯɜɢɥɢɧɢ ɡ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɭ ɣɨɝɨ minute of their arrival. ɩɪɢɛɭɬɬɹ. 6 The host seats the guest at a fully Ⱥɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɨɪ ɫɚɞɢɬɶ ɝɨɫɬɹ ɡɚ ɩɨlaid table. ɜɧɿɫɬɸ ɧɚɤɪɢɬɢɣ ɫɬɿɥ. 7 Host offers chair assistance.
Ⱥɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɨɪ ɞɨɩɨɦɚɝɚɽ ɡɿ ɫɬɿɥɶɰɟɦ.
411
ɉɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɞ. ȼ STANDARDS — ARRIVAL/SEATING:
ɋɌȺɇȾȺɊɌɂ — ɉɊɂȻɍɌɌə:
8 The host removes or add covers if Ⱥɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɨɪ ɡɚɛɢɪɚɽ ɚɛɨ ɞɨɞɚɽ necessary. ɤɪɢɲɤɢ ɹɤɳɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ. 9 The host presents the menu.
Ⱥɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɨɪ ɞɚɽ ɦɟɧɸ.
10 Host offers orientation to breakfast Ⱥɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɨɪ ɨɪɿɽɧɬɭɽ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟprocedure (i.e. if the guest should ɞɭɪɿ ɫɧɿɞɚɧɤɭ (ɬɨɛɬɨ, ɹɤɳɨ ɝɿɫɬɶ help themselves to the buffet). ɫɚɦɨɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɛɭɮɟɬɿ). ɋɌȺɇȾȺɊɌɂ — ɈȻɋɅɍȽɈȼɍȼȺɇɇə:
STANDARDS — SERVICE:
11 The waiter must offer coffee or tea Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɡɚɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɜɚɬɢ within three minutes of seating. ɤɚɜɭ ɚɛɨ ɱɚɣ ɭɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ 3 ɯɜ. ɡ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɭ ɫɿɞɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɡɚ ɫɬɿɥ. 12 The waiter offers fruit juices Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɽ ɭɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ 3 ɯɜ. within three minutes of seating. ɮɪɭɤɬɨɜɢɣ ɫɿɤ. 13 Coffee/tea/juice servs within three Ʉɚɜɚ/ɱɚɣ/ɫɿɤ ɩɨɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɭɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ minutes of order. 3 ɯɜ. ɡ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ. 14 The waiter brings basket of Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɩɨɞɚɽ ɤɨɲɢɤ ɿɡ ɜɢɩɿɱɤɨɸ pastries and leavs on the table (if ɿ ɡɚɥɢɲɚɽ ɧɚ ɫɬɨɥɿ (ɹɤɳɨ ɜɯɨɞɢɬɶ included in the breakfast order). ɜ ɫɧɿɞɚɧɨɤ). 15 When taking the order the waiter ɉɿɞ ɱɚɫ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɨɮɿexhibits a good working know- ɰɿɚɧɬ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɽ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɿ ɡɧɚɧɧɹ ledge of the menu and its ɦɟɧɸ ɿ ɣɨɝɨ ɫɤɥɚɞɨɜɢɯ. ingredients. 16 The waiter takes orders with ladies Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɧɚɫɚɦɩɟɪɟɞ ɩɪɢɣɦɚɽ ɡɚfirst. ɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɭ ɠɿɧɨɤ. 17 The waiter maintains eye contact Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɩɿɞɬɪɢɦɭɽ ɡɨɪɨɜɢɣ ɤɨɧwith the guest ordering. ɬɚɤɬ ɩɿɞ ɱɚɫ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɟɧɧɹ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ. 18 The waiter must accommodate any ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɬɢ ɡɝɿɞreasonable off menu requests. ɧɨ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ ɜɢɦɨɝɢ ɝɨɫɬɹ ɫɬɨɫɨɜɧɨ ɦɟɧɸ. 19 The waiter obtains full and complete Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɨɬɪɢɦɭɽ ɩɨɜɧɟ ɿ ɡɚɜɟɪorders (i.e. accompaniments with ɲɟɧɟ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ (ɬɨɛɬɨ, ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨcooked breakfast). ɜɨ ɞɨ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɚɧɨɝɨ ɫɧɿɞɚɧɤɭ).
412
ɉɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɞ. ȼ ɋɌȺɇȾȺɊɌɂ — ɈȻɋɅɍȽɈȼɍȼȺɇɇə:
STANDARDS — SERVICE:
20 The waiter would ascertain guest’s Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɰɿɤɚɜɢɬɶɫɹ ɩɨɛɚɠɚɧɧɹɦɢ toast preference, if toast requested. ɝɨɫɬɹ ɫɬɨɫɨɜɧɨ ɬɨɫɬɚ, ɹɤɳɨ ɬɨɫɬ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɢɣ. 21 The waiter servs the breakfast Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɩɨɞɚɽ ɫɧɿɞɚɧɨɤ ɭɩɪɨorder within 10 minutes of order. ɞɨɜɠ 10 ɯɜ. ɡ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ. 22 The waiter should advise guest if əɤɳɨ ɬɚɪɿɥɤɚ ɽ ɝɚɪɹɱɨɸ, ɩɨɬɪɿɛɧɨ the plate is hot. ɩɨɜɿɞɨɦɢɬɢ ɩɪɨ ɰɟ ɝɨɫɬɹ. 23 The plate crest must be positioned Ɇɚɥɸɧɨɤ (ɥɨɝɨ) ɧɚ ɬɚɪɿɥɰɿ ɩɨin either the six o’clock or twelve ɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɢɣ ɭ ɩɨɡɢɰɿʀ position accordingly. ɚɛɨ 6 ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɚɛɨ 12 ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨ. 24 The order must be correct and Ɂɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɟ ɛɭɬɢ ɜɿɪɧɢɦ complete. ɿ ɩɨɜɧɢɦ. 25 The waiter ascertains if the guest Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɰɿɤɚɜɢɬɶɫɹ ɱɢ ɩɨɬɪɿɛɧɨ requires any condiments (i.e. ɝɨɫɬɸ ɩɪɢɩɪɚɜɢ (ɫɨɭɫ, ɤɟɬɱɭɩ, ɦɨbrown sauce, ketchup, ground ɥɨɬɢɣ ɩɟɪɟɰɶ). pepper etc.). 26 Condiments are served in ɉɪɢɩɪɚɜɢ ɩɨɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞappropriate containers (i.e. ɧɨɦɭ ɩɨɫɭɞɿ (ɩɟɪɟɥɢɬɿ ɡ ɩɥɹɲɤɢ decanted from the bottle or ɱɢ ɦɿɧɿɚɬɸɪ, ɚɥɟ ɧɟ ɭ ɩɥɹɲɰɿ). miniatures, but not bottled). 27 Employee required.
replaces
cutlery
as ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɭɽ ɫɬɨɥɨɜɿ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɢ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ.
28 Dishes must be cleared within 3 mi- ɉɿɫɥɹ ɨɛɿɞɭ ɡɿ ɫɬɨɥɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ nutes of all guests finishing their ɩɪɢɛɪɚɬɢ ɭɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ 3 ɯɜ. meals. 29 Coffee/tea must be replenished as Ʉɚɜɚ/ɱɚɣ ɞɨɥɢɜɚɸɬɶɫɹ, ɹɤɳɨ ɧɟrequired. ɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ. 30 Employee offers a clean cup with ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɞɚɽ ɞɪɭɝɢɣ ɪɚɡ ɫɜɿɠɭ second coffee refill. ɤɚɜɭ ɭ ɱɢɫɬɿɣ ɩɨɫɭɞɢɧɿ. 31 An employee must visits the table ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɜɿɞɜɿɞɭɜɚɬɢ to ascertain at any point if service ɫɬɨɥɢɤ ɞɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɳɨɛ ɞɿɡɧɚɬɢɫɶ ɱɢ is satisfactory. ɡɚɞɨɜɨɥɟɧɿ ɝɨɫɬɿ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ.
413
ɉɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɞ. ȼ ɋɌȺɇȾȺɊɌɂ — ɈȻɋɅɍȽɈȼɍȼȺɇɇə:
STANDARDS — SERVICE:
32 Waiter must clear ashtrays every Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɡɚɦɿɧɹɬɢ ɩɨtime a guest extinguishe a ɩɿɥɶɧɢɱɤɭ ɤɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɭ, ɹɤ ɝɿɫɬɶ cigarette. ɝɚɫɢɬɶ ɫɢɝɚɪɟɬɭ. 33 Upon leaving the restaurant waiter Ʉɨɥɢ ɝɿɫɬɶ ɣɞɟ ɡ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɚ, ɨɮɿmust thank/acknowledge the ɰɿɚɧɬ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɨɞɹɤɭɜɚɬɢ. guest. ACCOUNTING — BILL PRESENTATION:
ɈȻɅȱɄ — ȼɂɋɌȺȼɅȿɇɇə ɊȺɏɍɇɄɍ:
34 Waiter must prowide the bill Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɪɢɧɟɫɬɢ ɪɚɯɭwithin three minutes of request. ɧɨɤ ɭɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ 3 ɯɜ. ɩɿɫɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ ɹɤ ɝɿɫɬɶ ɩɨɩɪɨɫɢɜ ɪɚɯɭɧɨɤ. 35 Employee presents the bill in ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɞɚɽ ɪɚɯɭɧɨɤ ɜ ɱɢɫa clean bill fold with hotel pen. ɬɨɦɭ ɮɨɥɞɟɪɿ ɿɡ ɪɭɱɤɨɸ ɝɨɬɟɥɹ. 36 The bill must be clearly itemized Ɋɚɯɭɧɨɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɱɿɬɤɨ ɞɟɬɚand correct. ɥɿɡɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɿ ɜɿɪɧɢɣ. 37 The waiter promptly.
collects
payment Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɨɞɪɚɡɭ ɨɬɪɢɦɭɽ ɨɩɥɚɬɭ.
38 The waiter returns correct change.
Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɜɿɞɞɚɽ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɭ ɡɞɚɱɭ.
39 If cash payment, waiter offers əɤɳɨ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɭɧɨɤ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ receipt automatically (i.e. bill ɝɨɬɿɜɤɨɸ, ɨɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɨɞɪɚɡɭ ɜɢɞɚɽ displays settlement by cash). ɤɜɢɬɚɧɰɿɸ (ɪɚɯɭɧɨɤ ɜɿɞɨɛɪɚɠɚɽ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɭɧɨɤ ɝɨɬɿɜɤɨɸ). 40 If credit card payment employee əɤɳɨ ɨɩɥɚɬɚ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɤɪɟɞɢverifys signature. ɬɧɨɸ ɤɚɪɬɤɨɸ, ɨɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɩɟɪɟɜɿɪɹɽ ɩɿɞɩɢɫ. THE EMPLOYEE:
ɉɊȺɐȱȼɇɂɄ:
41 Employees must appear organized ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɨɜɚɧɿ ɿ ɡɤɨɪɢand work as a team. ɝɨɜɚɧɨ ɩɪɚɰɸɸɬɶ. 42 The employee must be dressed in ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɨɞɹɝɧɟa clean, pressed and complete ɧɢɣ ɭ ɱɢɫɬɢɣ, ɜɢɩɪɚɫɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɿ ɩɨɜuniform. ɧɢɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɬ ɭɧɿɮɨɪɦɢ.
414
ɉɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɞ. ȼ THE EMPLOYEE:
ɉɊȺɐȱȼɇɂɄ:
43 Employee’s shoes must be of ȼɡɭɬɬɹ ɩɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤɿɜ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɨ ɛɭɬɢ a corporate standard. ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɭ. 44 All employees wear name badges ɍɫɿ ɩɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤɢ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶ (i.e. if applicable). ɿɞɟɧɬɢɮɿɤɚɬɨɪɢ (ɹɤɳɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ). 45 The employee must groomed.
be
well ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɞɨɝɥɹɧɭɬɢɣ.
46 The employee must maintain eye ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɿɞɬɪɢɦɭɜɚɬɢ contact with the guest. ɡɨɪɨɜɢɣ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬ ɿɡ ɝɨɫɬɟɦ. 47 The employee must smile and ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɨɫɦɿɯɚɬɢɫɶ exhibit a friendly manner. ɿ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɬɢ ɜɜɿɱɥɢɜɭ ɦɚɧɟɪɭ. 48 Employee must have a good ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɜɨɥɨɞɿɬɢ ɧɚ working knowledge of the English ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨɦɭ ɪɿɜɧɿ ɿɧɨɡɟɦɧɨɸ ɦɨlanguage. ɜɨɸ. 49 Employee respects guest’s ɉɿɞ ɱɚɫ ɪɨɡɦɨɜɢ ɡ ɤɨɥɟɝɨɸ, ɩɪɚpresence when interacting with ɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɡ ɩɨɜɚɝɨɸ ɜɿɞɧɨother colleagues. ɫɢɬɢɫɶ ɞɨ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɧɨɫɬɿ ɝɨɫɬɹ. 50 Employee is attentive to the ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɭɜɚɠɧɢɣ guest’s needs at all times. ɞɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛ ɝɨɫɬɹ ɤɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɭ. PRODUCT — BUFFET (IF APPLICABLE):
ɉɊɈȾɍɄɌ — ɒȼȿɐɖɄɂɃ ɋɌȱɅ (əɄɓɈ ɇȿɈȻɏȱȾɇɈ):
51 The buffet must be attractive in ɒɜɟɞɫɶɤɢɣ ɫɬɿɥ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɜɢɝɥɹɞɚpresentation. ɬɢ ɩɪɢɜɚɛɥɢɜɨ. 52 Buffet must be clean and free of ɒɜɟɞɫɶɤɢɣ ɫɬɿɥ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢany debris (i.e. behind and on top). ɫɬɢɦ ɿ ɩɪɢɛɪɚɧɢɦ (ɩɨɪɹɞ ɫɬɨɥɭ ɿ ɧɚ ɫɬɨɥɿ). 53 Any unidentifiable food or Ȼɭɞɶ-ɹɤɿ ɩɪɨɞɭɬɢ ɮɚɛɪɢɱɧɨʀ ɭɩɚbeverage items must be clearly ɤɨɜɤɢ ɚɛɨ ɧɚɩɨʀ, ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɿɡ labelled. ɱɿɬɤɢɦɢ ɟɬɢɤɟɬɤɚɦɢ. 54 Labels must be clean and uniform Ɏɿɪɦɨɜɿ ɟɬɢɤɟɬɤɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ in appearance. ɱɢɫɬɢɦɢ ɿ ɨɞɧɚɤɨɜɿ ɧɚ ɜɢɝɥɹɞ. 55 All dishes must be replenished as ɍɫɿ ɫɬɪɚɜɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɪɨɡɦɿrequired. ɳɟɧɧɿ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ.
415
ɉɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɞ. ȼ PRODUCT — BUFFET (IF APPLICABLE):
ɉɊɈȾɍɄɌ — ɒȼȿɐɖɄɂɃ ɋɌȱɅ (əɄɓɈ ɇȿɈȻɏȱȾɇɈ):
56 The appropriate crockery must be ȼɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɢɣ ɩɨɫɭɞ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ available. ɩɪɢɫɭɬɧɿɣ. 57 In the case of a hot buffet, warmed əɤɳɨ ɧɚ ɫɬɨɥɿ ɽ ɝɚɪɹɱɿ ɫɬɪɚɜɢ, ɩɨplates must be available. ɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɬɟɩɥɿ ɬɚɪɿɥɤɢ. 58 Serviettes must be provided for the Ⱦɥɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɭɞɭ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ warm plates. ɫɟɪɜɟɬɤɢ. 59 The appropriate service utensils ɍɫɿ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɟ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ must be clean and available. ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɢɦɢ ɿ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɢɦɢ. 60 Cook should be present behind the ɉɨɪɹɞ ɡɿ ɫɬɨɥɨɦ ɩɨɫɬɿɣɧɨ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ buffet at all times. ɛɭɬɢ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɧɿɣ ɩɨɜɚɪ. 61 The cook has to be well informed ɉɨɜɚɪ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɞɨɛɪɟ ɡɧɚɬɢ ɫɬɪɚɜɢ of buffet items. ɧɚɤɪɢɬɨɝɨ ɫɬɨɥɭ. 62 In the case of hot foods the cook ɍ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ, ɹɤɳɨ ɫɬɪɚɜɢ ɽ ɝɚɪɹɱɢmust present a clean warm plate ɦɢ, ɩɨɜɚɪ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɧɚɞɚɬɢ ɝɨɫɬɸ with a serviette to the guest. ɱɢɫɬɢɣ ɬɟɩɥɢɣ ɩɨɫɭɞ ɿɡ ɫɟɪɜɟɬɤɚɦɢ. 63 Cook must inform guest if plate əɤɳɨ ɬɚɪɿɥɤɢ ɽ ɝɚɪɹɱɿ, ɩɨɜɚɪ ɩɨwas hot. ɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɪɨ ɰɟ ɩɨɜɿɞɨɦɢɬɢ. 64 The cook must be neatly presented Ʉɭɯɚɪ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɜɢɝɥɹɞɚɬɢ ɨɯɚɣɧɨ ɜ ɱɢɫɬɨɦɭ ɿ ɩɨɜɧɨɦɭ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɬɿ in a clean and complete uniform. ɭɧɿɮɨɪɦɢ. PRODUCT — MENU AND FOOD:
ɉɊɈȾɍɄɌ — Ɇȿɇɘ ɌȺ ȲɀȺ:
65 The menu must be clean and in Ɇɟɧɸ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɟ ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɢɦ ɿ ɞɨɛgood repair. ɪɟ ɩɿɞɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɦ. 66 The food must be presented in an Ȳɠɭ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɢ ɭ ɜɜɿɱɥɢappealing manner. ɜɿɣ (ɜɢɲɭɤɚɧɿɣ) ɦɚɧɟɪɿ. 67 There must be a good selection of breakfast items available (i.e. fresh fruits, cereals, pastries, cold meats, egg dishes, etc.).
ɉɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɣ ɜɢɛɿɪ ɫɬɪɚɜ ɧɚ ɫɧɿɞɚɧɨɤ (ɫɜɿɠɿ ɨɜɨɱɿ, ɡɥɚɤɢ, ɯɨɥɨɞɧɿ ɡɚɤɭɫɤɢ, ɫɬɪɚɜɢ ɡ ɹɽɰɶ ɬɚ ɿɧ.).
68 The food must directly resemble ɋɬɪɚɜɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɩɨɜɧɿɫɬɸ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿits description from the restaurant ɞɚɬɢ ʀɯɧɶɨɦɭ ɨɩɢɫɭ ɜ ɦɟɧɸ ɪɟɫɬɨmenu. ɪɚɧɭ.
416
ɉɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɞ. ȼ PRODUCT — MENU AND FOOD:
ɉɊɈȾɍɄɌ — Ɇȿɇɘ ɌȺ ȲɀȺ:
69 The food must be fresh and of Ȳɠɚ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɛɭɬɢ ɫɜɿɠɨɸ ɿ ɩɪɢɽɦgood flavour. ɧɨɸ ɧɚ ɡɚɩɚɯ (ɫɦɚɤ). 70 Food must be served at the correct Ȳɠɚ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞtemperature. ɧɨʀ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɢ. 71 The texture and colour of the food Ɍɟɤɫɬɭɪɚ ɬɚ ɤɨɥɿɪ ʀɠɿ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ must be acceptable. ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɿ. 72 Portions must be of acceptable ɉɨɪɰɿʀ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɨɝɨ size. ɫɟɪɜɿɪɭɜɚɧɧɹ. 73 The food might be cooked as ɋɬɪɚɜɚ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɛɭɬɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟrequested. ɧɚ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿʀ. 74 Orange/grapefruit juices must be Ⱥɩɟɥɶɫɢɧɨɜɢɣ/ɝɪɟɣɮɪɭɤɬɨɜɢɣ ɫɨfreshly squeezed. ɤɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɫɜɿɠɨɜɢɬɢɫɧɭɬɢɦɢ. 75 Coffee/tea must be hot and freshly Ʉɚɜɚ ɬɚ ɱɚɣ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɝɚɪɹɱɢbrewed. ɦɢ ɿ ɫɜɿɠɨɡɚɜɚɪɟɧɿ. PRODUCT — TABLE LAYOUT:
ɉɊɈȾɍɄɌ — ɊɈɁɆȱɓȿɇɇə ɋɌɈɅȱȼ:
76 All tables in the restaurant must be ɍɫɿ ɫɬɨɥɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɧɚɤɪɢɬɿ consistently laid up. (ɪɨɡɫɟɪɜɿɪɨɜɚɧɿ) ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɜɢɦɨɝ. 77 The table cloth must be clean, ɋɤɚɬɟɪɬɢɧɚ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɚ, pressed and free of any stains/ ɜɢɩɪɚɫɨɜɚɧɚ, ɛɟɡ ɠɨɞɧɢɯ ɩɥɹɦ ɬɚ tears. ɩɨɲɤɨɞɠɟɧɶ. 78 Correct cutlery must be used for ɉɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɜɿɞits intended purpose and it must be ɩɨɜɿɞɧɿ ɫɬɨɥɨɜɿ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɢ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ clean and match in pattern. ɩɪɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ; ɜɨɧɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɢɦɢ ɿ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɬɢ ɞɢɡɚɣɧɭ. 79 Cutlery silver must be in the case of a formal restaurant and good quality stainless steel must be in the case of an informal restaurant.
əɤɳɨ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧ ɨɮɿɰɿɣɧɢɣ, ɫɬɨɥɨɜɿ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɡɿ ɫɪɿɛɥɚ, ɚɛɨ ɡ ɦɟɬɚɥɭ ɛɟɡɞɨɝɚɧɧɨʀ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɭ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ ɧɟɨɮɿɰɿɣɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɭ.
80 Crockery must be clean, unchip- ɉɨɫɭɞ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɢɣ ɧɟped and matching in pattern. ɩɨɲɤɨɞɠɟɧɢɣ ɿ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɬɢ ɞɢɡɚɣɧɭ.
417
ɉɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɞ. ȼ PRODUCT — TABLE LAYOUT:
ɉɊɈȾɍɄɌ — ɊɈɁɆȱɓȿɇɇə ɋɌɈɅȱȼ:
81 The glassware must be clean, ɋɤɥɹɧɢɣ ɩɨɫɭɞ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫunchipped and matching in ɬɢɣ, ɧɟɩɨɲɤɨɞɠɟɧɢɣ ɿ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɬɢ pattern. ɞɢɡɚɣɧɭ. 82 Place mats must be clean and free ɉɨɤɪɢɬɬɹ ɭ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɿ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɟ ɛɭof debris. ɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɟ ɿ ɛɟɡ ɫɦɿɬɬɹ. 83 The butter must be rolled/cut, Ɇɚɫɥɨ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɨ ɛɭɬɢ ɩɨɪɿɡɚɧɟ, fresh and well presented. ɫɜɿɠɟ ɿ ɝɚɪɧɨ ɩɨɞɚɧɟ. 84 Butter dish must be full.
ɉɨɫɭɞ ɡ ɦɚɫɥɨɦ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɧɚɩɨɜɧɟɧɢɣ.
85 The napkin must be clean, pressed and free of any stains/tears (ply and paper serviettes are not acceptable).
ɋɟɪɜɟɬɤɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɿ, ɜɢɩɪɚɫɨɜɚɧɿ ɛɟɡ ɠɨɞɧɢɯ ɩɥɹɦ/ɞɿɪɨɤ (ɩɚɩɟɪɨɜɿ ɫɟɪɜɟɬɤɢ ɧɟ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ).
86 The salt and pepper cruets must be ɇɚ ɫɬɨɥɿ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞavailable, clean and full. ɧɢɣ ɩɨɫɭɞ ɡɿ ɫɿɥɥɸ ɬɚ ɩɟɪɰɟɦ, ɜɨɧɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɿ ɿ ɧɚɩɨɜɧɟɧɧɿ. 87 The sugar selection must include ȼɢɛɿɪ ɰɭɤɪɭ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɬɢ — ɛɿɥɢɣ, ɤɨɪɢɱɧɟɜɢɣ ɿ ɡɚɦɿɧɧɢɤ ɰɭɤɪɭ. white, brown and sweetener. 88 In the case of sugar cubes sugar əɤɳɨ ɰɭɤɨɪ-ɪɚɮɿɧɚɞ, ɞɥɹ ɧɶɨɝɨ tongs/spoons must present. ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɳɢɩɰɿ/ɥɨɠɤɚ. 89 There must be a minimum of three ɇɚ ɲɜɟɞɫɶɤɨɦɭ ɫɬɨɥɿ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɨ ɛɭdifferent preserves available on ɬɢ ɩɪɢɧɚɣɦɧɿ 3 ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɤɨɧɫɟɪɜɢ. the table or at the buffet. PRODUCT — PHYSICAL CONDITION OF RESTAURANT:
ɉɊɈȾɍɄɌ — ɎȱɁɂɑɇɂɃ ɋɌȺɇ ɊȿɋɌɈɊȺɇɍ:
90 Newspapers must be available at ɉɪɢ ɜɯɨɞɿ ɞɨ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɚ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ the entrance to the restaurant. ɛɭɬɢ ɝɚɡɟɬɢ. 91 The carpet/tiles must be free and Ʉɢɥɢɦ/ɩɥɢɬɤɚ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɿ, clean of any stains or debris. ɛɟɡ ɩɥɹɦ ɬɚ ɫɦɿɬɬɹ. 92 All light fixtures must be fully ɍɫɿ ɨɫɜɿɬɥɸɜɚɥɶɧɿ ɩɪɢɥɚɞɢ ɩɨɜɢilluminated. ɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɩɨɜɧɿɫɬɸ ɨɫɜɿɬɥɟɧɿ.
418
ɉɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɞ. ȼ PRODUCT — PHYSICAL CONDITION OF RESTAURANT:
ɉɊɈȾɍɄɌ — ɎȱɁɂɑɇɂɃ ɋɌȺɇ ɊȿɋɌɈɊȺɇɍ:
93 All walls must be clean and free of ɍɫɿ ɫɬɿɧɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɿ ɛɟɡ any chips, scuffs or marks. ɛɭɞɶ-ɹɤɢɯ ɩɨɲɤɨɞɠɟɧɶ ɚɛɨ ɡɚɛɪɭɞɧɟɧɧɹ. 94 All mirrors must be polished and ɍɫɿ ɞɡɟɪɤɚɥɚ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɩɪɨfree of any smudges. ɬɟɪɬɢɦɢ ɛɟɡ ɛɭɞɶ-ɹɤɢɯ ɩɥɹɦ. 95 All windows must be clean and ɍɫɿ ɜɿɤɧɚ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɿ, ɛɟɡ free of any streaks or spots. ɛɭɞɶ-ɹɤɨɝɨ ɡɚɛɪɭɞɧɟɧɧɹ. 96 All plant and floral decorations ɍɫɿ ɜɚɡɨɧɢ ɬɚ ɤɜɿɬɤɨɜɿ ɞɟɤɨɪɚɰɿʀ must be fresh. ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɫɜɿɠɿ. 97 Side stations must be clean at all ɋɟɪɜɿɫɧɿ ɫɬɨɥɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ times. ɱɢɫɬɿ. ɍɫɿ ɫɬɨɥɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɦɿɰɧɨ ɫɬɨɹɬɢ.
98 The table must be steady.
99 The table/chair legs must be free of ɇɿɠɤɢ ɫɬɨɥɿɜ/ɤɪɿɫɟɥ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭany scuffs/scratches and match in ɬɢ ɛɟɡ ɛɭɞɶ-ɹɤɢɯ ɩɨɲɤɨɞɠɟɧɶ colour. ɿ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɬɢ ɩɨ ɤɨɥɶɨɪɭ. 100 The chair’s upholstery must be Ɇ’ɹɤɟ ɩɨɤɪɢɬɬɹ ɧɚ ɤɪɿɫɥɚɯ ɩɨɜɢclean, matching and in good repair. ɧɧɨ ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɢɦ, ɩɿɞɯɨɞɢɬɢ ɩɨ ɞɢɡɚɣɧɭ ɿ ɜ ɞɨɛɪɨɦɭ ɫɬɚɧɿ. 101 The restaurant must be at an Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɜ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɿ ɩɨɜɢambient/comfortable temperature. ɧɧɚ ɛɭɬɢ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɧɚ/ɤɿɦɧɚɬɧɨɸ. 102 Restaurant must be free of any ȼ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɿ ɧɟ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɨ ɛɭɬɢ noise/odour from the kitchen. ɲɭɦɭ/ɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɿɯ ɡɚɩɚɯɿɜ ɡ ɤɭɯɧɿ. RESTAURANT
ɊȿɋɌɈɊȺɇ
STANDARDS — RESERVATIONS:
ɋɌȺɇȾȺɊɌɂ — ɊȿɁȿɊȼɍȼȺɇɇə:
1
The telephone must be answered ȼɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɶ ɧɚ ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧɧɢɣ ɞɡɜɿɧɨɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɛɭɬɢ ɭɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ 3 ɞɡɜɿɧwithin 3 rings or 10 seconds. ɤɿɜ ɚɛɨ 10 ɫɟɤ.
2
The employee must answer the phone with the appropriate greeting (good morning/afternoon) and identify the department.
419
ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧɧɢɣ ɞɡɜɿɧɨɤ ɡ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɢɦ ɜɿɬɚɧɧɹɦ (ɞɨɛɪɨɝɨ ɪɚɧɤɭ/ ɞɨɛɪɨɝɨ ɞɧɹ ɿ ɧɚɡɜɚɬɢ ɜɿɞɞɿɥ).
ɉɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɞ. ȼ STANDARDS — RESERVATIONS:
ɋɌȺɇȾȺɊɌɂ — ɊȿɁȿɊȼɍȼȺɇɇə:
3 Employee must obtain the guest’s ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɞɿɡɧɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɿɦ’ɹ ɝɨɫɬɹ name and use it at least once ɿ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽ ɣɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɧɚɣɦɧɿ during the conversation. ɨɞɢɧ ɪɚɡ ɭɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ ɪɨɡɦɨɜɢ. 4 Employee must obtain number of ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɞɿɡɧɚɬɢɫɶ ɤɿɥɶpeople dining. ɤɿɫɬɶ ɨɫɿɛ ɧɚ ɨɛɿɞ. 5 Employee must ascertain dining ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɞɿɡɧɚɬɢɫɶ ɱɚɫ time. ɨɛɿɞɭ. 6 Employee must obtain telephone/ ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɞɿɡɧɚɬɢɫɶ ɧɨroom number. ɦɟɪ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɢ/ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧɭ. 7 The employee must repeat and ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ confirm the details. ɿ ɭɬɨɱɧɢɬɢ ɞɟɬɚɥɿ.
ɩɨɜɬɨɪɢɬɢ
8 The employee must thank the ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɞɹɤɭɽ ɝɨɫɬɸ. guest. STANDARDS — ARRIVAL/SEATING:
ɋɌȺɇȾȺɊɌɂ — ɉɊɂȻɍɌɌə/ɊɈɁɋȺȾɀȿɇɇə:
9 The guest must be greeted or ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɜɩɿɡɧɚɬɢ ɿ ɩɪɢacknowledged within 30 seconds ɜɿɬɚɬɢ ɝɨɫɬɹ ɭɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ 30 ɫɟɤ. ɡ ɦɨupon entering the restaurant. ɦɟɧɬɭ ɤɨɥɢ ɝɿɫɬɶ ɡɚɣɲɨɜ ɞɨ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɭ. 10 The guest must greete in a friendly Ƚɨɫɬɹ ɜɿɬɚɸɬɶ ɭ ɜɜɿɱɥɢɜɿɣ ɿ ɞɨɛɪɨand pleasant manner. ɡɢɱɥɢɜɿɣ ɦɚɧɟɪɿ. 11 The host must ascertain guest’s Ƚɨɫɩɨɞɚɪ ɞɿɡɧɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɿɦ’ɹ ɝɨɫɬɹ name and use it during ɿ ɡɜɟɪɬɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɨ ɿɦɟɧɿ ɩɪɢɧɚɣɦɧɿ interactions. ɨɞɢɧ ɪɚɡ ɭɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ ɪɨɡɦɨɜɢ. 12 Host must ask guest to follow Ƚɨɫɩɨɞɚɪ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɽ ɝɨɫɬɸ ɩɪɨɣɬɢ him/her to the table. ɡɚ ɧɢɦ ɞɨ ɫɬɨɥɚ. 13 The host must seat the guest Ⱥɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɨɪ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɨɫɚɞɢɬɢ within 1 minute of their arrival. ɝɨɫɬɹ ɭɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ ɨɞɧɨʀ ɯɜɢɥɢɧɢ ɡ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɩɪɢɛɭɬɬɹ. 14 The host must seat the guest at a Ⱥɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɨɪ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɨɫɚɞɢɬɢ fully laid table. ɝɨɫɬɹ ɡɚ ɩɨɜɧɿɫɬɸ ɫɟɪɜɿɪɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɫɬɿɥ.
420
ɉɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɞ. ȼ STANDARDS — ARRIVAL/SEATING:
ɋɌȺɇȾȺɊɌɂ — ɉɊɂȻɍɌɌə/ɊɈɁɋȺȾɀȿɇɇə:
Ⱥɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɨɪ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɞɨɩɨɦɨɝɬɢ ɡ ɤɪɿɫɥɨɦ.
15 Host must offer chair assistance.
16 The host must remove covers if Ⱥɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɨɪ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɡɚɛɪɚɬɢ necessary. ɤɪɢɲɤɢ ɩɪɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ. 17 The host must present the menu/ Ⱥɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɨɪ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚwine list. ɜɢɬɢ ɦɟɧɸ/ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɜɢɧ. 18 Host must explain any specials of the day are applicable (i.e. soup, fish, etc.) or any items not available.
Ⱥɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɨɪ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɧɚɡɜɚɬɢ ɫɬɪɚɜɢ ɞɧɹ (ɫɭɩ, ɪɢɛɚ ɬɚ ɿɧ.) ɚɛɨ ɧɚɡɜɚɬɢ ɬɿ ɫɬɪɚɜɢ ɭ ɦɟɧɸ ɹɤɢɯ ɧɟɦɚɽ. ɋɌȺɇȾȺɊɌɂ — ɈȻɋɅɍȽɈȼɍȼȺɇɇə:
STANDARDS — SERVICE:
19 A pre-meal drink must be offered ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɨɞɚɬɢ ɧɚɩɨʀ within 5 minutes of seating. ɩɟɪɟɞ ʀɠɟɸ ɭɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ 5 ɯɜ. ɡ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɤɨɥɢ ɝɨɫɬɿ ɫɿɥɢ ɡɚ ɫɬɿɥ. 20 The waiter approach and greet the Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɩɿɞɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɿ ɜɿɬɚɽ ɝɨɫɬɹ guest within 10 minutes to take the ɭɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ 10 ɯɜ. ɳɨɛ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɬɢ food order. ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ. 21 Waiter have to be able to answer Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɫɬɢ ɧɚ any questions with regard to the ɛɭɞɶ-ɹɤɟ ɡɚɩɢɬɚɧɧɹ ɫɬɨɫɨɜɧɨ ɦɟmenu and its ingredients. ɧɸ ɬɚ ɣɨɝɨ ɫɤɥɚɞɨɜɢɯ. 22 The waiter must take orders with Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɫɩɟɪɲɭ ɨɬɪɢɦɚladies first. ɬɢ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɭ ɠɿɧɤɢ. 23 The waiter must maintain eye Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɿɞɬɪɢɦɭɜɚɬɢ contact with the guest ordering. ɡɨɪɨɜɢɣ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬ ɡ ɝɨɫɬɟɦ ɩɿɞ ɱɚɫ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ. 24 The waiter must accommodate any Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɡɚɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɢɬɢ reasonable off menu requests. ɜɢɦɨɝɢ ɝɨɫɬɹ ɫɬɨɫɨɜɧɨ ɦɟɧɸ. 25 The waiter must obtain full and complete orders (i.e. cooking instructions, accompaniments, etc.).
Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɬɢ ɩɨɜɧɟ ɬɚ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɟ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ (ɜɤɚɡɿɜɤɢ ɳɨɞɨ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɞɨɩɨɜɧɟɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɿɧ.).
421
ɉɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɞ. ȼ ɋɌȺɇȾȺɊɌɂ — ɈȻɋɅɍȽɈȼɍȼȺɇɇə:
STANDARDS — SERVICE:
Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɝɨɫɬɸ.
26 The waiter must thank the guest.
ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ
ɩɨɞɹɤɭɜɚɬɢ
27 Waiter must take the wine/beve- Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɜɡɹɬɢ ɡɚɦɨɜrage order within 2 minutes of the ɥɟɧɧɹ ɜɢɧɚ/ɧɚɩɨʀ ɭɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ 2 ɯɜ. food order. ɩɿɫɥɹ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɫɬɪɚɜ. 28 The employee must have good ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɞɨɛɪɟ product knowledge with regard to ɨɛɿɡɧɚɧɢɦ ɭ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚɯ, ɜɢɧɚɯ/ɧɚthe wines/beverages. ɩɨɹɯ. 29 Was wine/beverage served within ȼɢɧɨ/ɧɚɩɨʀ ɩɨɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɭɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ 5 minutes of ordering? 5 ɯɜ. ɩɿɫɥɹ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ. 30 Bread/rolls and butter must be ɏɥɿɛ/ɜɢɩɿɱɤɚ ɿ ɦɚɫɥɨ ɬɚ ɟɤɜɿɜɚɥɟɧautomatically served or equivalent ɬɢ ɩɨɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɨɞɪɚɡɭ (ɤɪɟɜɟɬɤɨɜɿ (i.e. prawn crackers, olive oil etc.). ɩɥɚɫɬɿɜɰɿ, ɨɥɢɜɤɨɜɚ ɨɥɿɹ ɬɚ ɿɧ.). 31 The waiter changes cutlery to Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɦɿɧɹɽ ɫɬɨɥɨɜɿ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɢ accompany order. ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ. 32 The starter must be served within ɉɨɱɚɬɤɨɜɿ ɫɬɪɚɜɢ ɩɨɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɭɩɪɨ15 minutes of order/ ɞɨɜɠ 15 ɯɜ. ɡ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɭ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ. 33 The main course must be served within 20 minutes of starter being removed or within 30 minutes if no starter was ordered.
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɚ ɫɬɪɚɜɚ ɩɨɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɭɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ 20 ɯɜ., ɹɤɳɨ ɛɭɥɚ ɡɚɤɭɫɤɚ ɚɛɨ ɩɪɨɬɹɝɨɦ 30 ɯɜ., ɹɤɳɨ ɡɚɤɭɫɤɚ ɧɟ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɹɥɚɫɶ.
34 The correct starter/main course Ɂɚɤɭɫɤɚ/ɨɫɧɨɜɧɿ ɫɬɪɚɜɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ must be served to the appropriate ɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨ ɞɨ ɡɚɦɨɜguest without prompting. ɥɟɧɧɹ ɝɨɫɬɹ ɛɟɡ ɡɜɨɥɿɤɚɧɧɹ. 35 In the case of two people dining, əɤɳɨ ɨɛɿɞɚɸɬɶ ɞɜɿ ɨɫɨɛɢ, ɫɬɪɚɜɢ dishes must be served to both ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɨɛɨɦ ɝɨɫɬɹɦ guests at the same time. ɨɞɧɨɱɚɫɧɨ. 36 The guest should be advised if the Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɞɢɬɢ ɝɨplate was hot. ɫɬɹ ɹɤɳɨ ɬɚɪɿɥɤɚ ɝɚɪɹɱɚ. 37 All plated items must be served Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɨɞɚɬɢ ɫɬɪɚɜɭ with as little disruption to the ɡ ɤɭɯɧɿ ɝɨɫɬɸ ɡ ɧɚɣɦɟɧɲɢɦɢ ɟɫɬɟguest as possible. ɬɢɱɧɢɦɢ ɩɨɪɭɲɟɧɧɹɦɢ.
422
ɉɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɞ. ȼ ɋɌȺɇȾȺɊɌɂ — ɈȻɋɅɍȽɈȼɍȼȺɇɇə:
STANDARDS — SERVICE:
38 Plate crest must be positioned in Ʌɨɝɨɬɢɩ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɧɚ ɬɚɪɿɥɰɿ ɩɨɜɢeither the six o’clock or twelve ɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɪɿɜɧɿ ɚɛɨ position accordingly. 18:00 ɝɨɞ. ɚɛɨ ɧɚ ɪɿɜɧɿ 12:00 ɝɨɞ. ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨ. 39 The order must be correct and Ɂɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɟ ɛɭɬɢ ɜɿɪɧɢɦ complete. ɿ ɩɨɜɧɢɦ. 40 All appropriate condiments must Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɨɞɪɚɡɭ ɡɚɩɪɨbe automatically offered (i.e. mint ɩɨɧɭɜɚɬɢ ɩɪɢɩɪɚɜɢ (ɦ’ɹɬɧɢɣ ɫɨɭɫ, sauce, horseradish, mustard, ɯɪɿɧ, ɝɿɪɱɢɰɹ, ɤɟɬɱɭɩ ɬɚ ɿɧ.). ketchup etc.). 41 Condiments must be served in ɉɪɢɩɪɚɜɢ ɩɨɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞappropriate containers (i.e. ɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɭɞɢɧɚɯ (ɩɟɪɟɥɢɬɿ ɡ ɩɥɹɲɤɢ). decanted from the bottle). 42 Waiter must clear dishes within Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɪɢɛɪɚɬɢ ɡɿ ɫɬɨ3 minutes of all guests finishing ɥɭ ɭɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ 3 ɯɜ. ɩɿɫɥɹ ɫɩɨɠɢtheir meals. ɜɚɧɧɹ ɫɬɪɚɜɢ. 43 The waiter must remove side plate, Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɟɪɟɦɿɫɬɢɬɢ side knife, butter and cruets on ɜ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ ɬɚɪɿɥɤɭ ɧɿɠ, ɦɚɫɥɨ ɿ completion of main course. ɝɪɚɮɿɧɢ ɩɿɫɥɹ ɡɚɤɿɧɱɟɧɧɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɜ. 44 The waiter must crumb down the Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɡɦɟɫɬɢ ɤɪɢɯɬɢ table (if appropriate). ɡɿ ɫɬɨɥɭ (ɹɤɳɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ). 45 The waiter must automatically Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɨɞɪɚɡɭ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɽ ɞɟɫɟɪɬ. offer desserts. 46 Dessert must be served within ten minutes of order being taken unless the employee informed the agent of an expected delay. 47 Waiter automatically coffee/tea.
Ⱦɟɫɟɪɬ ɩɨɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɭɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ 10 ɯɜ. ɩɿɫɥɹ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ, ɡɚ ɜɢɧɹɬɤɨɦ, ɹɤɳɨ ɩɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɧɟ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɞɢɜ ɨɮɿɰɿɚɧɬɚ ɩɪɨ ɨɱɿɤɭɜɚɧɭ ɡɚɬɪɢɦɤɭ.
offers Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɨɞɪɚɡɭ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɽ ɤɚɜɭ/ɱɚɣ.
48 Waiter must clarify the guest’s Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɡ’ɹɫɭɜɚɬɢ ɩɨcoffee/tea preference (i.e. ɛɚɠɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɫɬɹ ɫɬɨɫɨɜɧɨ ɤɚɜɢ/ɱɚɸ cappuccino, espresso etc.). (ɤɚɩɭɱɢɧɨ, ɟɫɩɪɟɫɨ ɬɚ ɿɧ.).
423
ɉɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɞ. ȼ ɋɌȺɇȾȺɊɌɂ — ɈȻɋɅɍȽɈȼɍȼȺɇɇə:
STANDARDS — SERVICE:
49 Coffee/tea must be served within 5 Ʉɚɜɚ/ɱɚɣ ɩɨɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɭɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ minutes of order or within 5 minutes 5 ɯɜ. ɩɿɫɥɹ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɚɛɨ 5 ɯɜ. of the dessert being cleared. ɩɿɫɥɹ ɩɪɢɛɢɪɚɧɧɹ ɞɟɫɟɪɬɚ. 50 The waiter offers to pour the ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɽ ɧɚɥɢɬɢ ɤɚcoffee/tea. ɜɭ/ɱɚɣ. 51 Waiter must offer milk/cream with Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɡɚɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɜɚɬɢ the coffee/tea. ɞɨ ɤɚɜɢ ɦɨɥɨɤɨ/ ɜɟɪɲɤɢ. 52 A selection of petit fours/mints/ Ⱦɨ ɤɚɜɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɧɿɣ pastries must accompany the ɜɢɛɿɪ ɦɿɧɿ ɜɢɩɿɱɤɢ/ɥɶɨɞɹɧɢɤɿɜ/ɤɨɧcoffee/tea (or equivalent). ɞɢɬɟɪɫɶɤɢɯ ɜɢɪɨɛɿɜ (ɚɛɨ ɟɤɜɿɜɚɥɟɧɬɢ). 53 Waiter must automatically offer Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɨɞɪɚɡɭ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɽ ɞɨɥɢɬɢ coffee/tea refills. ɤɚɜɭ/ɱɚɣ. 54 Waiter must cleare ashtrays every Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɡɚɦɿɧɢɬɢ ɩɨtime a guest extinguished a ɩɿɥɶɧɢɱɤɭ ɤɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɭ ɩɿɫɥɹ ɬɨcigarette. ɝɨ, ɤɨɥɢ ɝɿɫɬɶ ɝɚɫɢɬɶ ɫɢɝɚɪɟɬɭ. 55 An employee must visit the table Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɿɞɿɣɬɢ ɞɨ ɫɬɨto ascertain at any point if service ɥɭ, ɳɨɛ ɞɿɡɧɚɬɢɫɶ ɱɢ ɡɚɞɨɜɨɥɟɧɿ is satisfactory. ɝɨɫɬɿ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ. 56 Waiter must thank/aknowledge the Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɨɞɹɤɭɜɚɬɢ ɝɨɫgest upon leaving the restaurant. ɬɸ, ɤɨɥɢ ɜɿɧ ɩɨɤɢɞɚɽ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧ. STANDARDS — WINE/BEVERAGE SERVICE:
ɋɌȺɇȾȺɊɌɂ — ɈȻɋɅɍȽɈȼɍȼȺɇɇə, ȼɂɇɈ/ɇȺɉɈȲ:
57 The waiter must present the wine Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɦɚɽ ɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɭɜɚɬɢ ɜɢɧɨ to the guest. ɝɨɫɬɸ. 58 The waiter must open the wine in Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɜɿɞɤɨɪɤɨɜɭɜɚɬɢ front of the guest. ɜɢɧɨ ɧɚɩɪɨɬɢ ɝɨɫɬɹ. 59 The waiter must pour a small Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɧɚɥɢɬɢ ɧɟɜɟɥɢamount of wine for host to sample. ɤɭ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɜɢɧɚ ɝɨɫɬɸ, ɞɥɹ ɞɟɝɭɫɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ. 60 The waiter must serve the wine — Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɫɩɟɪɲɭ ɧɚɥɢɬɢ ladies first. ɜɢɧɨ ɠɿɧɰɿ.
424
ɉɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɞ. ȼ STANDARDS — WINE/BEVERAGE SERVICE:
ɋɌȺɇȾȺɊɌɂ — ɈȻɋɅɍȽɈȼɍȼȺɇɇə, ȼɂɇɈ/ɇȺɉɈȲ:
61 The waiter must fill the glasses Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɧɚɩɨɜɧɢɬɢ ɤɟappropriately. ɥɢɯ ɜɢɧɨɦ. 62 White wine must be served from Ȼɿɥɟ ɜɢɧɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɢ an ice bucket. ɡ ɩɨɫɭɞɭ ɞɥɹ ɨɯɨɥɨɞɠɟɧɧɹ. 63 Red wine must be served at room ɑɟɪɜɨɧɟ ɜɢɧɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɢ temperature and white wine must ɤɿɦɧɚɬɧɨʀ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɢ, ɚ ɛɿɥɟ ɜɢbe chilled. ɧɨ — ɨɯɨɥɨɞɠɟɧɢɦ. 64 The waiter must top up the glass Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɧɚɩɨɜɧɸɽ ɤɟɥɢɯ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ as required. ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ. 65 In the case of a beverage, the drink ɍ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ ɧɚɩɨʀɜ, ɜɢɩɢɜɤɚ ɩɨɜɢɧmust be correctly garnished. ɧɚ ɛɭɬɢ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɚ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɧɨɪɦ. 66 The beverage must be poured in ɇɚɩɿɣ ɧɚɥɢɜɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɚɜɩɪɨɬɢ ɝɨɫɬɹ front of the guest in the case of ɹɤɳɨ ɧɚɩɿɣ ɩɨɬɪɿɛɧɨ ɧɚɥɢɬɢ ɡ ɝɪɚcanned, bottled or mixed drinks ɮɿɧɚ, ɩɥɹɲɤɢ ɬɚ ɿɧ. (i.e. not prepoured). 67 The waiter must handle glassware Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɬɪɢɦɚɬɢ ɛɨɤɚɥ by the stem and base of glass at all ɡɚ ɧɿɠɤɭ ɚɛɨ ɡɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ. times. 68 Waiter must offer an additional Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɡɚɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɜɚɬɢ beverage within 2 minutes of drink ɳɟ ɧɚɩɿɣ ɩɪɨɬɹɝɨɦ 2 ɯɜ. ɩɿɫɥɹ ɫɩɨbeing empty. ɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɚɩɨɸ. SALES:
ɉɊɈȾȺɀ:
69 Waiter must automatically suggest Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɨɞɪɚɡɭ ɤɨɠɧɨa starter for each guest. ɦɭ ɝɨɫɬɸ ɡɚɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɜɚɬɢ ɡɚɤɭɫɤɭ. 70 Waiter automatically must suggest Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɨɞɪɚɡɭ ɡɚɩɪɨside orders (if applicable). ɩɨɧɭɜɚɬɢ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɟ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ (ɭ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ). 71 Waiter must up sell with wine Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɪɨɞɨɜɠɭɜɚɬɢ order (i.e. recommend a wine to ɩɪɨɞɚɠ ɲɥɹɯɨɦ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɜɢɧɚ accompany the meal). (ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɽ ɜɢɧɨ ɞɨ ʀɠɿ). 72 Waiter automatically offers Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɨɞɪɚɡɭ ɡɚɩɪɨadditional bottle of wine/water ɩɨɧɭɜɚɬɢ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɭ ɩɥɹɲɤɭ ɜɢupon completion of the first. ɧɚ/ɜɨɞɢ ɩɿɫɥɹ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɹ ɩɟɪɲɨʀ.
425
ɉɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɞ. ȼ SALES:
ɉɊɈȾȺɀ:
73 Waiter automatically must suggest Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɨɞɪɚɡɭ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɽ ɦɿɧɟɪɚmineral water with the meal. ɥɶɧɭ ɜɨɞɭ ɞɨ ʀɠɿ. 74 If no dessert was ordered, waiter əɤɳɨ ɞɟɫɟɪɬ ɧɟ ɡɚɦɨɜɢɥɢ, ɨɮɿmust offer an alternative (i.e. ɰɿɚɧɬ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɡɚɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɜɚɬɢ ɚɥɶsorbet/cheese course). ɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɭ (ɮɪɭɤɬɨɜɟ ɦɨɪɨɡɢɜɨ/ ɫɢɪɧɿ ɫɬɪɚɜɢ). 75 Waiter must suggest post-meal Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɡɚɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɜɚɬɢ drinks/cigars. ɧɚɩɨʀ ɩɿɫɥɹ ɫɬɪɚɜ/ɫɢɝɚɪɟɬɢ. ACCOUNTING — BILL PRESENTATION:
ɈȻɅȱɄ — ȼɂɋɌȺȼɅȿɇɇə ɊȺɏɍɇɄɍ:
76 The bill must be provided within Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɪɢɧɟɫɬɢ ɪɚɯɭthree minutes of request. ɧɨɤ ɭɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ 3 ɯɜ. ɩɿɫɥɹ ɡɚɩɢɬɭ. 77 The bill must be presented in a Ɋɚɯɭɧɨɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɭ ɱɢclean bill fold/tray with hotel pen. ɫɬɨɦɭ ɮɨɥɞɟɪɿ ɿɡ ɪɭɱɤɨɸ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ. 78 The bill must be clearly itemized Ɋɚɯɭɧɨɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɱɿɬɤɨ ɞɟɬɚand correct. ɥɿɡɨɜɚɧɢɣ. 79 Waiter must promptly.
collect
payment Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɨɞɪɚɡɭ ɜɡɹɬɢ ɩɥɚɬɿɠ.
80 The waiter must return correct Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɞɚɬɢ ɜɿɪɧɭ ɡɞɚɱɭ. change. 81 If cash payment, receipt must be ɍ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ ɫɩɥɚɬɢ ɝɨɬɿɜɤɨɸ, ɨɮɿautomatically offered (i.e. bill ɰɿɚɧɬ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɨɞɪɚɡɭ ɡɚɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɜɚɬɢ ɤɜɢɬɚɧɰɿɸ (ɪɚɯɭɧɨɤ ɜɿɞɨɛɪɚdisplays settlement by cash). ɠɚɽ ɫɩɥɚɬɭ ɝɨɬɿɜɤɨɸ). 82 If credit card payment employee əɤɳɨ ɨɩɥɚɬɚ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɤɪɟɞɢmust verify signature. ɬɧɨɸ ɤɚɪɬɤɨɸ, ɨɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɩɟɪɟɜɿɪɹɽ ɩɿɞɩɢɫ. THE EMPLOYEE:
ɉɊȺɐȱȼɇɂɄ:
83 Employees must appear organized ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɨɜɚɧɿ ɿ ɡɤɨɪɢand work as a team. ɝɨɜɚɧɨ ɩɪɚɰɸɸɬɶ. 84 The employee must be dressed in ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɨɞɹɝɧɟa clean, pressed and complete ɧɢɣ ɭ ɱɢɫɬɢɣ, ɩɨɩɪɚɫɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɩɨɜuniform. ɧɢɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɬ ɭɧɿɮɨɪɦɢ.
426
ɉɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɞ. ȼ THE EMPLOYEE:
85 Employee’s shoes corporate standard.
are
ɉɊȺɐȱȼɇɂɄ:
of
a ȼɡɭɬɬɹ ɩɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤɿɜ — ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɭ.
86 The employee wears a name badge ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽ ɿɞɟɧɬɢ(if applicable). ɮɿɤɚɬɨɪ (ɹɤɳɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ). 87 ȿhe employee groomed.
must
be
well ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɞɨɝɥɹɧɭɬɢɣ.
88 The employee must maintain eye ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɿɞɬɪɢɦɭɽ ɡɨɪɨɜɢɣ ɤɨcontact with the guest. ɧɬɚɤɬ ɿɡ ɝɨɫɬɟɦ. 89 The employee must smile and ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɨɫɦɿɯɚɬɢɫɶ exhibit a friendly manner. ɿ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɬɢ ɞɨɛɪɨɡɢɱɥɢɜɿɫɬɶ. 90 The employee must have a good ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɜɨɥɨɞɿɬɢ ɧɚ ɧɟworking knowledge of the English ɨɛɯɿɞɧɨɦɭ ɪɿɜɧɿ ɿɧɨɡɟɦɧɨɸ ɦɨɜɨɸ. language. 91 Employee respects guest’s ɉɿɞ ɱɚɫ ɪɨɡɦɨɜɢ ɡ ɤɨɥɟɝɨɸ, ɩɪɚpresence when interacting with ɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɡ ɩɨɜɚɝɨɸ ɜɿɞɧɨother colleagues. ɫɢɬɢɫɶ ɞɨ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɧɨɫɬɿ ɝɨɫɬɹ. 92 Employee must be attentive to the ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɤɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɭ guest’s needs at all times. ɛɭɬɢ ɭɜɚɠɧɢɦ ɞɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛ ɝɨɫɬɹ. PRODUCT — MENU AND FOOD:
93 The menu/wine list must be clean, in good repair and presented in English as well as the local language.
ɉɊɈȾɍɄɌ — Ɇȿɇɘ ɌȺ ȲɀȺ:
Ɇɟɧɸ/ɩɟɪɟɥɿɤ ɜɢɧ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɢɦ, ɞɨɛɪɟ ɩɿɞɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɿ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɚɧɝɥɿɣɫɶɤɨɸ ɿ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɨɸ ɦɨɜɚɦɢ.
94 The restaurant menu must offer a Ɇɟɧɸ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɚ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɨ ɩɪɨɩɨvaried selection of dishes (i.e. star- ɧɭɜɚɬɢ ɪɿɡɧɢɣ ɜɢɛɿɪ ɫɬɪɚɜ (ɡɚɤɭɫters, main courses and desserts). ɤɢ, ɨɫɧɨɜɧɿ ɫɬɪɚɜɢ, ɞɟɫɟɪɬɢ). 95 Two vegetarian options must be ɉɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɞɜɚ ɜɚɪɿɚɧɬɢ ɜɟɝɟɬɚavailable. ɪɿɚɧɫɶɤɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɜ. 96 The food must be presented in an Ȳɠɚ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɛɭɬɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ appealing manner. ɭ ɩɪɢɜɚɛɥɢɜɿɣ ɮɨɪɦɿ. 97 The food must directly resemble its Ȳɠɚ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɩɨɜɧɿɫɬɸ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɬɢ description from the restaurant menu. ʀʀ ɨɩɢɫɭ ɭ ɦɟɧɸ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɚ.
427
ɉɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɞ. ȼ PRODUCT — MENU AND FOOD:
ɉɊɈȾɍɄɌ — Ɇȿɇɘ ɌȺ ȲɀȺ:
98 The food must be fresh and of Ȳɠɚ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɛɭɬɢ ɫɜɿɠɨɸ ɿ ɩɪɢgood flavour. ɽɦɧɨɸ ɧɚ ɡɚɩɚɯ (ɫɦɚɤ). 99 Food must be served at the correct Ȳɠɚ ɩɨɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨʀ ɬɟɦtemperature. ɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɢ. 100 The texture and colour of the food Ʉɨɥɿɪ ɬɚ ɫɤɥɚɞ ʀɠɿ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ must be acceptable. ɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɧɿ. 101 Portions must be of acceptable ɉɨɪɰɿʀ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɧɨsize. ɝɨ ɪɨɡɦɿɪɭ. 102 The food must be cooked as Ȳɠɚ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɛɭɬɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɚ requested. ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɜɢɦɨɝ. 103 Coffee/tea must be hot, fresh and Ʉɚɜɚ/ɱɚɣ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɝɚɪɹɱɿ, appropriately brewed. ɫɜɿɠɿ ɿ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨ ɩɨɞɚɧɿ. PRODUCT — TABLE LAYOUT:
ɉɊɈȾɍɄɌ — ɊɈɁɆȱɓȿɇɇə ɋɌɈɅȱȼ:
104 All tables in the restaurant must be ɍɫɿ ɫɬɨɥɢ ɭ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɿ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ consistently laid up. ɛɭɬɢ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨ ɧɚɤɪɢɬɿ. 105 The table cloth must be clean, ɋɤɚɬɟɪɬɢɧɚ ɧɚ ɫɬɨɥɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ pressed and free of any stains/tears. ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɚ, ɩɨɩɪɚɫɨɜɚɧɚ, ɛɟɡ ɠɨɞɧɢɯ ɩɥɹɦ ɬɚ ɩɨɲɤɨɞɠɟɧɶ. 106 Correct cutlery must be used for its ɇɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɜɚɬɢ ɜɿɞintended purpose and it must be ɩɨɜɿɞɧɿ ɫɬɨɥɨɜɿ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɢ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ clean and matching in pattern. ɩɪɹɦɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ, ɜɨɧɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɿ ɿ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɬɢ ɞɢɡɚɣɧɭ. 107 There must be cutlery silver in the case of a formal restaurant and good quality stainless steel in the case of an informal restaurant.
əɤɳɨ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧ ɨɮɿɰɿɣɧɢɣ, ɫɬɨɥɨɜɿ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɫɪɿɛɧɢɦɢ, ɚɛɨ ɡ ɦɟɬɚɥɭ ɛɟɡɞɨɝɚɧɧɨʀ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɭ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ ɧɟɨɮɿɰɿɣɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɭ.
108 Crockery/silverware must be clean, ɉɨɫɭɞ/ɫɬɨɥɨɜɟ ɫɪɿɛɥɨ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ unchipped and matching in pattern. ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɿ, ɧɟɨɫɬɪɭɠɟɧɿ ɿ ɩɿɞɯɨɞɢɬɢ ɩɨ ɞɢɡɚɣɧɭ. 109 The glassware must be clean, ɋɤɥɹɧɿ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ unchipped and matching in pattern. ɱɢɫɬɿ ɧɟɨɫɬɪɭɠɟɧɿ ɿ ɩɿɞɯɨɞɢɬɢ ɞɨ ɞɢɡɚɣɧɭ.
428
ɉɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɞ. ȼ PRODUCT — TABLE LAYOUT:
ɉɊɈȾɍɄɌ — ɊɈɁɆȱɓȿɇɇə ɋɌɈɅȱȼ:
110 Ice bucket must be clean and ȼɿɞɟɪɤɨ ɞɥɹ ɥɶɨɞɭ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɟ ɛɭɬɢ polished. ɱɢɫɬɟ ɿ ɜɿɞɩɨɥɿɪɨɜɚɧɟ. 111 The butter must be rolled/cut, fresh Ɇɚɫɥɨ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɨ ɛɭɬɢ ɩɨɪɿɡɚɧɟ, and well presented. ɫɜɿɠɟ ɿ ɝɚɪɧɨ ɩɨɞɚɧɟ. ɋɬɪɚɜɢ ɡ ɦɚɫɥɚ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɩɨɜɧɿ.
112 Butter dish must be full.
113 The napkin musy be clean, pressed ɋɟɪɜɟɬɤɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɿ, and free of any stains/tears (paper ɩɨɩɪɚɫɨɜɚɧɿ ɛɟɡ ɠɨɞɧɢɯ ɩɥɹɦ/ serviettes are not acceptable). ɩɨɲɤɨɞɠɟɧɶ (ɩɚɩɟɪɨɜɿ ɫɟɪɜɟɬɤɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɧɿ). 114 The salt and pepper cruets must be ɉɪɢɛɨɪɢ ɿɡ ɫɿɥɥɸ ɿ ɩɟɪɰɟɦ ɩɨavailable and clean and full. ɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɿ ɿ ɩɨɜɧɿ. 115 Sugar selection must include ȼɢɛɿɪ ɰɭɤɪɭ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɬɢ — sweetener, white and/or brown as ɛɿɥɢɣ, ɤɨɪɢɱɧɟɜɢɣ ɿ ɡɚɦɿɧɧɢɤ required. ɰɭɤɪɭ. 116 In the case of sugar cubes sugar əɤɳɨ ɰɭɤɨɪ-ɪɚɮɿɧɚɞ ɞɥɹ ɧɶɨɝɨ tongs/spoons must be present. ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɳɢɩɰɿ/ɥɨɠɟɱɤɚ. PRODUCT — PHYSICAL CONDITION OF RESTAURANT:
ɉɊɈȾɍɄɌ — ɎȱɁɂɑɇɂɃ ɋɌȺɇ ɊȿɋɌɈɊȺɇȺ:
117 The carpet/tiles must be free and Ʉɢɥɢɦ/ɩɥɢɬɤɚ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫclean of any stains or debris. ɬɿ, ɛɟɡ ɛɭɞɶ-ɹɤɢɯ ɩɥɹɦ ɱɢ ɫɦɿɬɬɹ. 118 All light fixtures must be fully ɍɫɿ ɨɫɜɿɬɥɸɜɚɥɶɧɿ ɩɪɢɥɚɞɢ ɩɨilluminated. ɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɡɚɫɜɿɱɟɧɿ. 119 All walls must be clean and free of ɍɫɿ ɫɬɿɧɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɿ, ɛɟɡ any chips, scuffs or marks. ɠɨɞɧɢɯ ɩɨɲɤɨɞɠɟɧɶ. 120 All mirrors must be polished and ɍɫɿ ɞɡɟɪɤɚɥɚ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɩɪɨfree of any smudges. ɬɟɪɬɢɦɢ, ɛɟɡ ɩɥɹɦ. 121 All windows must be clean and ɍɫɿ ɜɿɤɧɚ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɿ. free of any streaks or spots. 122 All plant and floral decorations ɍɫɿ ɜɚɡɨɧɢ ɬɚ ɤɜɿɬɤɨɜɿ ɞɟɤɨɪɚɰɿʀ must be fresh. ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɫɜɿɠɿ.
429
ɉɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɞ. ȼ PRODUCT — PHYSICAL CONDITION OF RESTAURANT:
ɉɊɈȾɍɄɌ — ɎȱɁɂɑɇɂɃ ɋɌȺɇ ɊȿɋɌɈɊȺɇȺ:
123 Side stations must be clean at all ɋɟɪɜɿɫɧɿ ɫɬɨɥɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ times. ɱɢɫɬɿ. ɋɬɿɥ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɫɬɿɣɤɢɦ.
124 The table must be steady.
125 The table/chair legs must be free of ɇɿɠɤɢ ɫɬɨɥɿɜ/ɤɪɿɫɟɥ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭany scuffs/scratches and match in ɬɢ ɛɟɡ ɛɭɞɶ-ɹɤɢɯ ɩɨɞɪɹɩɢɧ ɿ ɩɿɞcolour. ɯɨɞɢɬɢ ɩɨ ɤɨɥɶɨɪɭ. 126 The chair’s upholstery must be Ɉɛɛɢɜɤɚ ɧɚ ɤɪɿɫɥɚɯ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɛɭclean, matching and in good repair. ɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɚ, ɜ ɞɨɛɪɨɦɭ ɫɬɚɧɿ. 127 The restaurant must be at an ɍ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɿ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɛɭɬɢ ɤɿɦambient/comfortable temperature. ɧɚɬɧɚ(ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɧɚ) ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ. 128 Restaurant must be free of any ȼ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɿ ɧɟ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɨ ɛɭɬɢ noise/odour from the kitchen. ɲɭɦɭ/ɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɿɯ ɡɚɩɚɯɿɜ. LIGHT MEALS
ɅȿȽɄȱ ɋɌɊȺȼɂ
STANDARDS — SERVICE:
ɋɌȺɇȾȺɊɌɂ — ɈȻɋɅɍȽɈȼɍȼȺɇɇə:
1
Guest must be acknowledged Ƚɨɫɬɹ ɜɩɿɡɧɚɸɬɶ ɭɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ ɨɞɧɿɽʀ within 1 minute of arrival. ɯɜɢɥɢɧɢ ɡ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɩɪɢɛɭɬɬɹ.
2
Employee must greet the guest in ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɜɜɿɱɥɢɜɨ ɿ ɞɨɛɪɨɡɢɱa polite and friendly manner. ɥɢɜɨ ɜɿɬɚɽ ɝɨɫɬɹ.
3
Employee must present menus ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɞɚɽ ɦɟɧɸ ɭɩɪɨwithin 1 minute of request. ɞɨɜɠ ɨɞɧɿɽʀ ɯɜɢɥɢɧɢ ɩɿɫɥɹ ɩɪɨɯɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɫɬɹ.
4
Employee explains any daily ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɪɨɡɩɨɜɿɞɚɽ ɩɪɨ ɫɬɪɚɜɢ specials (i.e. soup of the day). ɞɧɹ (ɫɭɩ ɞɧɹ).
5
Employee must takethe guest’s ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɜɡɹɬɢ ɡɚɦɨɜdrinks order within 3 minutes of ɥɟɧɧɹ ɧɚɩɨʀɜ ɭɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ 3 ɯɜ. ɩɿɞ seating. ɱɚɫ ɪɨɡɦɨɜɢ.
6
Drinks order must be served within Ɂɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɧɚɩɨʀɜ ɩɨɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɭɩɪɨ3 minutes of order. ɞɨɜɠ 3 ɯɜ. ɡ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɭ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ.
7
Drinks must be served and cleared ɇɚɩɨʀ ɩɨɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɿ ɩɪɢɛɢɪɚɸɬɶɫɹ using a tray. ɡ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹɦ ɩɿɞɧɨɫɚ.
430
ɉɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɞ. ȼ ɋɌȺɇȾȺɊɌɂ — ɈȻɋɅɍȽɈȼɍȼȺɇɇə:
STANDARDS — SERVICE:
Ɂɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɧɚɩɨʀɜ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɨ ɛɭɬɢ ɜɿɪɧɢɦ.
8 The drinks order must be correct. 9 Drinks must garnished.
be
appropriately ɇɚɩɨʀ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɦɢ.
10 The waiter must handle glassware Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɬɪɢɦɚɬɢ ɛɨɤɚɥ by the stem and base of glass at all ɡɚ ɧɿɠɤɭ ɚɛɨ ɡɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɛɨɤɚɥɭ. times. 11 The beverage must be poured in ɇɚɩɿɣ ɧɚɥɢɜɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɚɜɩɪɨɬɢ ɝɨɫfront of the guest in the case of ɬɹ, ɧɚɩɿɣ ɩɨɬɪɿɛɧɨ ɧɚɥɢɬɢ ɡ ɝɪɚɮɿcanned, bottled or mixed drinks ɧɚ, ɩɥɹɲɤɢ ɬɚ ɿɧ. (i.e. not prepoured). 12 The waiter must take order with Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɫɩɟɪɲɭ ɜɡɹɬɢ ladies first. ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɭ ɠɿɧɤɢ. 13 Waiter must maintain eye contact Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɿɞɬɪɢɦɭɜɚɬɢ during order taking. ɡɨɪɨɜɢɣ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬ ɩɿɞ ɱɚɫ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ. 14 Employee must have good product ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɞɨɛɪɟ ɡɧɚɬɢ knowledge with regard to the ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢ, ɳɨ ɫɬɨɫɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɦɟɧɸ. menu. 15 Waiter must obtain full and complete orders (i.e. cooking instructions, bread preference etc.).
Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɜɡɹɬɢ ɩɨɜɧɟ ɿ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɟ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ (ɿɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɿʀ ɡ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɩɟɪɟɜɚɝɢ ɫɬɨɫɨɜɧɨ ɯɥɿɛɚ ɬɚ ɿɧ.).
16 Waiter must bring appropriate Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɩɪɢɧɨɫɢɬɶ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɢɣ cutlery as per order. ɩɨɫɭɞ ɧɚ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ. 17 Light meal must be served within Ʌɟɝɤɿ ɫɬɪɚɜɢ ɩɨɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɭɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ 15 minutes of order. 15 ɯɜ. ɡ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ. 18 All plated items must be served Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɪɢɧɟɫɬɢ ɫɬɪɚwith as little disruption to the ɜɢ ɡ ɤɭɯɧɿ ɝɨɫɬɸ ɡ ɧɚɣɦɟɧɲɢɦ ɟɫguest as possible. ɬɟɬɢɱɧɢɦɢ ɜɿɞɯɢɥɟɧɧɹɦɢ. 19 The order must be correct and Ɂɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɨ ɛɭɬɢ ɜɿɪɧɢɦ complete. ɿ ɩɨɜɧɢɦ.
431
ɉɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɞ. ȼ ɋɌȺɇȾȺɊɌɂ — ɈȻɋɅɍȽɈȼɍȼȺɇɇə:
STANDARDS — SERVICE:
20 All appropriate condiments must Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɨɞɪɚɡɭ ɡɚɩɪɨbe automatically offered (i.e. ket- ɩɨɧɭɜɚɬɢ ɭɫɿ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɿ ɩɪɢɩɪɚɜɢ chup, mayonnaise etc.). (ɤɟɬɱɭɩ, ɦɚɣɨɧɟɡ ɬɚ ɿɧ.). 21 Condiments must be served in ɉɪɢɩɪɚɜɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɭ ɜɿɞappropriate containers (i.e. decanted ɩɨɜɿɞɧɨɦɭ ɩɨɫɭɞɿ (ɩɟɪɟɥɢɬɿ ɡ ɩɥɹɲfrom the bottle or miniature form). ɤɢ ɱɢ ɡ ɦɿɧɿɚɬɸɪɢ). 22 Waiter must offer additional ɉɿɫɥɹ ɫɩɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɚɩɨɸ, ɨɮɿdrinks within 2 minutes of drink ɰɿɚɧɬ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɡɚɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɜɚɬɢ ɣɨɝɨ being empty. ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɨ. 23 Dishes must be cleared within 3 mi- ɉɿɫɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ ɹɤ ɭɫɿ ɝɨɫɬɿ ɫɩɨɠɢɥɢ nutes of all guests finishing their ʀɠɭ, ɨɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɪɢɛɪɚɬɢ ɡɿ meals. ɫɬɨɥɭ ɭɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ 3 ɯɜ. 24 The waiter must automatically Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɨɞɪɚɡɭ ɡɚɩɪɨoffer desserts. ɩɨɧɭɜɚɬɢ ɞɟɫɟɪɬ. 25 Dessert must be served within Ⱦɟɫɟɪɬ ɩɨɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɭɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ 10 ɯɜ. 10 minutes of order being taken. ɩɿɫɥɹ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ. 26 Waiter must automatically offer Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɨɞɪɚɡɭ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɽ ɤɚcoffee/tea. ɜɭ/ɱɚɣ. 27 Waiter clarifies the guest’s Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɜɢɹɫɧɹɽ ɩɟɪɟɜɚɝɢ ɝɨɫɬɹ coffee/tea preference (i.e. ɳɨɞɨ ɤɚɜɢ/ɱɚɸ (ɤɚɩɭɱɿɧɨ, ɟɫɩɪɟɫɨ cappuccino, espresso etc.). ɬɚ ɿɧ.). 28 Coffee/tea must be served within Ʉɚɜɚ/ɱɚɣ ɩɨɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɭɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ 5 ɯɜ. 5 minutes of order or within 5 mi- ɩɿɫɥɹ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɚɛɨ ɩɪɨɬɹɝɨɦ nutes of the dessert being cleared. 5 ɯɜ. ɩɿɫɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɹɤ ɩɪɢɛɪɚɥɢ ɞɟɫɟɪɬ. 29 The waiter must offer to pour the Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɡɚɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɜɚɬɢ coffee/tea. ɧɚɥɢɬɢ ɤɚɜɭ/ɱɚɣ. 30 Milk/cream must be offered with Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɡɚɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɜɚɬɢ the coffee/tea. ɦɨɥɨɤɨ/ɜɟɪɲɤɢ ɞɨ ɤɚɜɢ. 31 Sugar selection must include sweete- ȼɢɛɿɪ ɰɭɤɪɭ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɬɢ — ner, white and/or brown as required. ɛɿɥɢɣ, ɤɨɪɢɱɧɟɜɢɣ ɿ ɡɚɦɿɧɧɢɤ ɰɭɤɪɭ. 32 In the case of sugar cubes sugar əɤɳɨ ɰɭɤɨɪ-ɪɚɮɿɧɚɞ ɞɥɹ ɧɶɨɝɨ tongs/spoons must be present. ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɳɢɩɰɿ/ɥɨɠɟɱɤɚ.
432
ɉɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɞ. ȼ ɋɌȺɇȾȺɊɌɂ — ɈȻɋɅɍȽɈȼɍȼȺɇɇə:
STANDARDS — SERVICE:
33 Waiter must replace ashtray after Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɡɚɦɿɧɢɬɢ ɩɨɩɿeach cigarette was extinguished. ɥɶɧɢɱɤɭ ɳɨɪɚɡ ɹɤ ɝɿɫɬɶ ɝɚɫɢɬɶ ɫɢɝɚɪɟɬɭ. 34 An employee must visit the table ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɜɿɞɜɿɞɭɜɚɬɢ to ascertain at any point if service ɫɬɿɥ, ɳɨɛ ɞɿɡɧɚɬɢɫɶ ɱɢ ɜɿɞɦɿɧɧɟ was satisfactory. ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ. 35 Employee must thank/acknowled- ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɨɞɹɤɭɜɚɬɢ/ ge the guest upon leaving the ɜɩɿɡɧɚɬɢ ɝɨɫɬɹ, ɤɨɥɢ ɜɿɧ ɩɨɤɢɞɚɽ restaurant. ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧ. ACCOUNTING — BILL PRESENTATION:
ɈȻɅȱɄ — ȼɂɋɌȺȼɅȿɇɇə ɊȺɏɍɇɄɍ:
36 The bill must be provided within Ɋɚɯɭɧɨɤ ɧɚɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɭɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ 3 ɯɜ. three minutes of request. ɩɿɫɥɹ ɩɪɨɯɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɫɬɹ. 37 The bill must be presented in Ɋɚɯɭɧɨɤ ɩɨɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɱɢɫɬɨɦɭ ɮɨɥa clean bill fold/tray with hotel pen. ɞɟɪɿ/ɧɚ ɩɿɞɧɨɫɿ ɪɚɡɨɦ ɡ ɪɭɱɤɨɸ. 38 The bill must be clearly itemized Ɋɚɯɭɧɨɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɜɿɪɧɢɣ ɿ ɱɿɬand correct. ɤɨ ɞɟɬɚɥɿɡɨɜɚɧɢɣ. 39 Waiter must promptly.
collect
payment Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɨɞɪɚɡɭ ɛɟɪɟ ɩɥɚɬɿɠ.
40 The waiter must return correct Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨ ɞɚɬɢ change. ɪɟɲɬɭ. 41 If cash payment, employee must əɤɳɨ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɝɨɬɿɜɤɨɸ, automatically offer receipt (i.e. bill ɨɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɨɞɪɚɡɭ ɜɢɞɚɽ ɤɜɢɬɚɧɰɿɸ displays settlement by cash). (ɪɚɯɭɧɨɤ ɜɿɞɨɛɪɚɠɚɽ ɫɩɥɚɬɭ ɝɨɬɿɜɤɨɸ). 42 If credit card payment employee əɤɳɨ ɫɩɥɚɬɚ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɤɪɟmust verify signature. ɞɢɬɧɨɸ ɤɚɪɬɤɨɸ, ɩɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɭɬɨɱɧɸɽ ɩɿɞɩɢɫ. THE EMPLOYEE:
ɉɊȺɐȱȼɇɂɄ:
43 Employees appear organized and ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɨɜɚɧɿ ɿ ɫɤɨɪɢwork as a team. ɝɨɜɚɧɨ ɩɪɚɰɸɸɬɶ.
433
ɉɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɞ. ȼ THE EMPLOYEE:
ɉɊȺɐȱȼɇɂɄ:
44 The employee dressed in a clean, ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɨɞɹɝɧɟɧɢɣ ɭ ɱɢɫɬɢɣ, ɩɨɩɪɚɫɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɿ ɩɨɜɧɢɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɬ pressed and complete uniform. ɭɧɿɮɨɪɦɢ. 45 Employee’s shoes must be of ȼɡɭɬɬɹ ɩɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤɿɜ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɟ ɛɭɬɢ a corporate standard. ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɭ. 46 The employee must wear a name ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɜɚɬɢ ɿɞɟɧɬɢɮɿɤɚɬɨɪ (ɹɤɳɨ ɧɟɨɛbadge (if applicable). ɯɿɞɧɨ). 47 The employee must be well groo- ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɞɨɝɥɹɧɭmed. ɬɢɣ. 48 The employee must maintain eye ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɿɞɬɪɢɦɭɽ ɡɨɪɨɜɢɣ ɤɨɧcontact with the guest. ɬɚɤɬ ɿɡ ɝɨɫɬɟɦ. 49 The employee must smile and ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɨɫɦɿɯɚɬɢɫɶ exhibit a friendly manner. ɿ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɬɢ ɞɨɛɪɨɡɢɱɥɢɜɿɫɬɶ. 50 The employee must have a good ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɜɨɥɨɞɿɬɢ ɧɚ ɧɟworking knowledge of the English ɨɛɯɿɞɧɨɦɭ ɪɿɜɧɿ ɿɧɨɡɟɦɧɨɸ ɦɨɜɨɸ. language. 51 Employee must respect guest’s ɉɿɞ ɱɚɫ ɪɨɡɦɨɜɢ ɡ ɤɨɥɟɝɨɸ, ɩɪɚpresence when interacting with ɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɡ ɩɨɜɚɝɨɸ ɜɿɞɧɨother colleagues. ɫɢɬɢɫɶ ɞɨ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɧɨɫɬɿ ɝɨɫɬɹ. 52 Employee must be attentive to the ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɤɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɭ ɛɭɬɢ ɭɜɚɠɧɢɦ ɞɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛ ɝɨɫɬɹ. guest’s needs at all times. PRODUCT — MENU AND FOOD:
ɉɊɈȾɍɄɌ — Ɇȿɇɘ ɌȺ ȲɀȺ:
53 The menu must be clean and in Ɇɟɧɸ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɨ ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɢɦ ɿ ɞɨɛgood repair. ɪɟ ɩɿɞɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɦ. 54 The menu must be varied in Ɂɦɿɫɬ ɦɟɧɸ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɪɿɡɧɨcontent. ɦɚɧɿɬɧɢɦ. 55 Two vegetarian options must be ȼ ɦɟɧɸ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɞɜɿ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɪɿavailable. ɚɧɫɶɤɿ ɫɬɪɚɜɢ. 56 The food must be presented in an ɋɬɪɚɜɚ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɛɭɬɢ ɜɜɿɱɥɢɜɨ ɩɨappealing manner. ɞɚɧɚ.
434
ɉɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɞ. ȼ PRODUCT — MENU AND FOOD:
ɉɊɈȾɍɄɌ — Ɇȿɇɘ ɌȺ ȲɀȺ:
57 The food must directly resemble ɋɬɪɚɜɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɩɨɜɧɿɫɬɸ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿits description from the restaurant ɞɚɬɢ ʀɯɧɶɨɦɭ ɨɩɢɫɭ ɜ ɦɟɧɸ ɪɟɫɬɨmenu. ɪɚɧɚ. 58 The food must be fresh and of Ȳɠɚ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɛɭɬɢ ɫɜɿɠɚ ɿ ɩɪɢɽɦɧɚ good flavour. ɧɚ ɡɚɩɚɯ (ɫɦɚɤ). 59 Food must be served at the correct ɋɬɪɚɜɢ ɩɨɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨʀ ɬɟɦtemperature. ɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɢ. 60 The texture and colour of the food ɋɤɥɚɞ ɬɚ ɤɨɥɿɪ ɫɬɪɚɜɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭmust be acceptable. ɬɢ ɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɧɢɣ. 61 Portions must be of acceptable ɉɨɪɰɿʀ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɧɨɝɨ size. ɪɨɡɦɿɪɚ. 62 The food must be cooked as Ȳɠɚ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɛɭɬɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɚ ɡɚ requested. ɜɢɦɨɝɚɦɢ. 63 Coffee/tea must be hot, fresh and Ʉɚɜɚ/ɱɚɣ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɝɚɪɹɱɿ, appropriately brewed. ɫɜɿɠɿ ɿ ɩɨɞɚɧɿ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨ. PRODUCT — TABLE LAYOUT:
ɉɊɈȾɍɄɌ — ɊɈɁɆȱɓȿɇɇə ɋɌɈɅȱȼ:
64 All tables must be consistently laid ɍɫɿ ɫɬɨɥɢ ɭ ɮɨɣɽ ɬɚ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɿ ɩɨup in the lounge/restaurant. ɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɩɨɫɥɿɞɨɜɧɨ ɧɚɤɪɢɬɿ. 65 Place mat/table cloth must be ɉɨɤɪɢɬɬɹ ɭ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɿ/ɫɤɚɬɟɪɬɢɧɢ clean and free of debris. ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɢɦɢ, ɛɟɡ ɫɦɿɬɬɹ. 66 Correct cutlery must be used for ɇɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɜɚɬɢ ɜɿɞits intended purpose and it must be ɩɨɜɿɞɧɿ ɫɬɨɥɨɜɿ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɢ ɞɥɹ ʀɯclean and matching in pattern. ɧɶɨɝɨ ɩɪɹɦɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ. ȼɨɧɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɿ ɿ ɩɿɞɯɨɞɢɬɢ ɩɨ ɞɢɡɚɣɧɭ. 67 Crockery must be clean, free of ɉɨɫɭɞ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɢɣ ɧɟchips and match in pattern. ɩɨɲɤɨɞɠɟɧɢɣ ɿ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɬɢ ɩɨ ɞɢɡɚɣɧɭ. 68 The glassware must be clean, ɋɤɥɹɧɢɣ ɩɨɫɭɞ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫunchipped and matched in pattern. ɬɢɣ, ɧɟɩɨɲɤɨɞɠɟɧɢɣ ɿ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɬɢ ɩɨ ɞɢɡɚɣɧɭ.
435
ɉɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɞ. ȼ PRODUCT — TABLE LAYOUT:
ɉɊɈȾɍɄɌ — ɊɈɁɆȱɓȿɇɇə ɋɌɈɅȱȼ:
69 The napkin must be clean, pressed and free of any stains/tears (ply napkins acceptable, paper serviettes are not).
ɋɟɪɜɟɬɤɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɿ, ɩɨɩɪɚɫɨɜɚɧɿ ɛɟɡ ɠɨɞɧɢɯ ɩɥɹɦ/ɩɨɲɤɨɞɠɟɧɶ (ɩɚɩɟɪɨɜɿ ɫɟɪɜɟɬɤɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɧɿ).
70 The salt and pepper cruets must be ɇɚ ɫɬɨɥɿ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɩɨɫɭɞ ɡɿ provided. It must be clean and full ɫɿɥɥɸ ɬɚ ɩɟɪɰɟɦ, ɜɨɧɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭ(if applicable to meal). ɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɿ ɿ ɧɚɩɨɜɧɟɧɿ. PRODUCT — PHYSICAL CONDITION OF VENUE:
ɉɊɈȾɍɄɌ — ɎȱɁɂɑɇɂɃ ɋɌȺɇ ɉɊɂɆȱɓȿɇɇə:
71 The carpet/tiles must be free and Ʉɢɥɢɦ/ɩɥɢɬɤɚ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɿ clean of any stains or debris. ɜɿɞ ɛɭɞɶ-ɹɤɢɯ ɩɥɹɦ ɱɢ ɫɦɿɬɬɹ. 72 All light fixtures must be fully ɍɫɿ ɨɫɜɿɬɥɸɜɚɥɶɧɿ ɩɪɢɥɚɞɢ ɩɨɜɢilluminated. ɧɧɿ ɫɜɿɬɢɬɢɫɶ. 73 All walls must be clean and free of ɍɫɿ ɫɬɿɧɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɿ, ɛɟɡ any chips, scuffs or marks. ɠɨɞɧɢɯ ɩɨɲɤɨɞɠɟɧɶ. 74 All mirrors must be polished and ɍɫɿ ɞɡɟɪɤɚɥɚ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɩɪɨɬɟɪfree of any smudges. ɬɢɦɢ, ɛɟɡ ɩɥɹɦ. 75 All windows must be clean and ɍɫɿ ɜɿɤɧɚ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɿ, ɛɟɡ free of any streaks or spots. ɩɥɹɦ. 76 All plant and floral decorations ɍɫɿ ɜɚɡɨɧɢ ɬɚ ɤɜɿɬɤɨɜɿ ɞɟɤɨɪɚɰɿʀ must be fresh. ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɫɜɿɠɿ. 77 The lounge must be at an Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɜ ɮɨɣɽ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɛɭɬɢ ambient/comfortable temperature. ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɧɨɸ(ɤɿɦɧɚɬɧɨɸ). 78 The table must be steady.
ɋɬɿɥ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɫɬɿɣɤɢɦ.
79 The table/chair legs must be free ɇɿɠɤɢ ɫɬɨɥɿɜ/ɤɪɿɫɟɥ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ of any scuffs/scratches and ɛɟɡ ɛɭɞɶ-ɹɤɢɯ ɩɨɲɤɨɞɠɟɧɶ ɿ ɜɿɞmatching in colour. ɩɨɜɿɞɚɬɢ ɩɨ ɤɨɥɶɨɪɭ. 80 The chair’s upholstery must be Ɉɛɛɢɜɤɚ ɧɚ ɤɪɿɫɥɚɯ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɛɭɬɢ clean, matching and in good ɱɢɫɬɚ, ɭ ɞɨɛɪɨɦɭ ɫɬɚɧɿ. repair.
436
ɉɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɞ. ȼ DRINKS SERVICE
ɈȻɋɅɍȽɈȼɍȼȺɇɇə ȼɂɉɂȼɄɈɘ:
STANDARDS — SERVICE:
ɋɌȺɇȾȺɊɌɂ — ɈȻɋɅɍȽɈȼɍȼȺɇɇə:
1 Guest must be acknowledged wi- Ƚɨɫɬɹ ɜɩɿɡɧɚɸɬɶ ɭɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ ɨɞɧɿɽʀ thin 1 minute of arrival. ɯɜɢɥɢɧɢ ɡ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɩɪɢɛɭɬɬɹ. 2 Employee must greet guest in ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɜɜɿɱɥɢɜɨ ɿ ɞɨɛa pleasant and friendly manner. ɪɨɡɢɱɥɢɜɨ ɩɪɢɜɿɬɚɬɢ ɝɨɫɬɹ. 3 The drinks order must be taken Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɜɡɹɬɢ ɡɚɦɨɜwithin 3 minutes of seating. ɥɟɧɧɹ ɜɢɩɢɜɤɢ ɭɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ 3 ɯɜ. ɪɨɡɦɨɜɢ. 4 The employee must show good ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɪɨɹɜɢɬɢ ɡɧɚɧproduct knowledge when taking ɧɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɭ ɩɿɞ ɱɚɫ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɟɧɧɹ the order. ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ. 5 Waiter must take orders with Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɫɩɟɪɲɭ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɜɡɹɬɢ ladies first. ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɭ ɠɿɧɤɢ. 6 The waiter must ask if guest would Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɡɚɩɢɬɚɬɢ ɝɨɫɬɹ like ice in his drink (if applicable). ɱɢ ɧɟ ɛɚɠɚɽ ɝɿɫɬɶ ɥɶɨɞɭ ɭ ɫɜɿɣ ɧɚɩɿɣ (ɹɤɳɨ ɩɿɞɯɨɞɢɬɶ). 7 Waiter must maintain eye contact Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɿɞɬɪɢɦɭɜɚɬɢ during order taking. ɡɨɪɨɜɢɣ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬ ɩɿɞ ɱɚɫ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɟɧɧɹ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ. 8 Waiter must ascertain if guest was Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɞɿɡɧɚɬɢɫɶ ɱɢ ɧɟ eating within the hotel and offer ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɜɫɹ ɝɿɫɬɶ ɭ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɿ ɝɨɬɟmenus (if applicable). ɥɸ ɿ ɡɚɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɜɚɬɢ ɦɟɧɸ (ɹɤɳɨ ɩɨɬɪɿɛɧɨ). 9 The drinks must be served within ȼɢɩɢɜɤɚ ɩɨɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɭɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ 5 ɯɜ. 5 minutes of order. ɡ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ. 10 All drinks must be served from ɍɫɿ ɧɚɩɨʀ ɩɨɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɩɿɞɧɨɫɚ. a tray. 11 If wine by the glass is ordered, the əɤɳɨ ɡɚɦɨɜɢɥɢ ɜɢɧɨ ɧɚ ɪɨɡɥɢɜ, waiter must present the bottle to ɨɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɢ ɝɨɫɬɸ the guest and pour directly from ɩɥɹɲɤɭ ɿ ɧɚɥɢɬɢ ɩɪɹɦɨ ɡ ɩɥɹɲɤɢ. the bottle.
437
ɉɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɞ. ȼ ɋɌȺɇȾȺɊɌɂ —ɈȻɋɅɍȽɈȼɍȼȺɇɇə:
STANDARDS — SERVICE:
12 Waiter must handle glass from Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɡɚɜɠɞɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɬɪɢɦɚɬɢ stem or base at all times. ɛɨɤɚɥ ɡɚ ɧɿɠɤɭ ɚɛɨ ɡɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɛɨɤɚɥɚ. 13 Did waiter supply and place drinks Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɪɢɧɟɫɬɢ ɜɢɩɢon coaster? ɜɤɭ ɿ ɪɨɡɦɿɫɬɢɬɢ ʀʀ ɧɚ ɩɿɞɫɬɚɜɰɿ. 14 The drinks order must be correct.
Ɂɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɨ ɛɭɬɢ ɜɿɪɧɢɦ.
15 The beverage must be poured in front of the guest in the case of canned, bottled or mixed drinks (i.e. not prepoured).
Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɧɚɥɢɜɚɬɢ ɧɚɩɿɣ ɧɚɩɪɨɬɢ ɝɨɫɬɹ ɭ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ, ɹɤɳɨ ɧɚɩɿɣ ɩɨɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɝɪɚɮɿɧɚ, ɛɨɤɚɥɚ ɬɨɳɨ.
16 The drinks must be served in the ɇɚɩɨʀ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɭ ɜɿɞcorrect glassware. ɩɨɜɿɞɧɨɦɭ ɫɤɥɹɧɨɦɭ ɩɨɫɭɞɿ. 17 Glasses must be clean, polished ɋɤɥɹɧɢɣ ɩɨɫɭɞ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫand free of any cracks or chips. ɬɢɦ, ɧɚɬɟɪɬɢɣ, ɛɟɡ ɛɭɞɶ ɹɤɢɯ ɩɨɲɤɨɞɠɟɧɶ. 18 Garnishes must be fresh and Ƚɚɪɧɿɪ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɫɜɿɠɢɦ ɿ ɜɿɞappropriate. ɩɨɜɿɞɧɢɦ. 19 The drink must be appropriately ɇɚɩɿɣ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨ chilled (if applicable). ɨɯɨɥɨɞɠɟɧɢɣ (ɹɤɳɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ). 20 In the case of a mixed drink, a stir ɍ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ ɡɦɿɲɚɧɢɯ ɧɚɩɨʀɜ ɧɟɨɛstick must be provided. ɯɿɞɧɨ ɞɨɞɚɬɢ ɩɚɥɢɱɤɭ ɞɥɹ ɪɨɡɦɿɲɭɜɚɧɧɹ. 21 Waiter must automatically offer Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɨɞɪɚɡɭ ɡɚɩɪɨsnacks. ɩɨɧɭɜɚɬɢ ɡɚɤɭɫɤɭ. 22 The snack bowl/plate must be full.
Ɇɢɫɤɚ/ɱɚɲɚ ɡ ɡɚɤɭɫɤɚɦɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɛɭɬɢ ɩɨɜɧɚ.
23 Waiter must supply serviettes with Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɪɢɧɟɫɬɢ ɫɟɪthe snacks/drinks. ɜɟɬɤɢ ɡ ɡɚɤɭɫɤɨɸ/ɧɚɩɨɹɦɢ. 24 The snacks must be fresh.
Ɂɚɤɭɫɤɚ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɛɭɬɢ ɫɜɿɠɨɸ.
25 In the case of shelled nuts or əɤɳɨ ɝɨɪɿɲɤɢ ɿɡ ɲɤɚɪɥɭɩɤɨɸ ɚɛɨ olives, a pit bowl must be ɦɚɫɥɢɧɢ ɧɚ ɡɚɤɭɫɤɭ, ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ provided. ɩɨɞɚɬɢ ɱɚɲɭ ɞɥɹ ɤɿɫɬɨɱɤɢ.
438
ɉɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɞ. ȼ ɋɌȺɇȾȺɊɌɂ —ɈȻɋɅɍȽɈȼɍȼȺɇɇə:
STANDARDS — SERVICE:
26 Vacated tables must be promptly ȼɿɥɶɧɿ ɫɬɨɥɢɤɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɨɞcleared. ɪɚɡɭ ɩɪɢɛɪɚɧɿ. 27 All drinks must be cleared using ɍɫɿ ɧɚɩɨʀ ɩɪɢɛɢɪɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɡɿ ɫɬɨɥɭ a tray. ɡɚ ɞɨɩɨɦɨɝɨɸ ɩɿɞɧɨɫɭ. 28 Waiter must offer an additional ɉɿɫɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ ɹɤ ɧɚɩɿɣ ɞɨɩɢɥɢ, ɨɮɿdrink within 2 minutes of glass ɰɿɚɧɬ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɨ ɡɚɩɪɨɩɨbeing empty. ɧɭɜɚɬɢ ɜɢɩɢɜɤɭ ɭɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ 2 ɯɜ. 29 A barman or waiter must be Ȼɚɪɦɟɧ ɱɢ ɨɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɨvisible at all times. ɫɬɿɣɧɨ ɛɭɬɢ ɧɚ ɜɢɞɭ. 30 Waiter must replace ashtray after Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɡɚɦɿɧɢɬɢ ɩɨeach cigarette was extinguished. ɩɿɥɶɧɢɱɤɭ ɩɿɫɥɹ ɤɨɠɧɨʀ ɩɨɝɚɲɟɧɨʀ ɫɢɝɚɪɟɬɢ. 31 The waiter must thank/acknowled- Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɨɞɹɤɭɜɚɬɢ/ɜɩɿge the guest upon leaving the bar. ɡɧɚɬɢ ɝɨɫɬɹ ɤɨɥɢ ɜɿɧ ɩɨɤɢɞɚɽ ɛɚɪ. ACCOUNTING — BILL PRESENTATION:
ɈȻɅȱɄ — ȼɂɋɌȺȼɅȿɇɇə ɊȺɏɍɇɄɍ:
32 Waiter must provide the bill wi- Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɪɢɧɟɫɬɢ ɪɚɯɭthin three minutes of request. ɧɨɤ ɭɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ 3 ɯɜ. ɩɿɫɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɹɤ ɝɿɫɬɶ ɩɨɩɪɨɫɢɜ ɪɚɯɭɧɨɤ. 33 Waiter must present the bill in Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɞɚɬɢ ɪɚɯɭɧɨɤ a clean bill fold/tray with hotel ɭ ɱɢɫɬɨɦɭ ɮɨɥɞɟɪɿ/ɧɚ ɩɿɞɧɨɫɿ ɡ ɪɭɱpen. ɤɨɸ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ. 34 The bill must be clearly itemized Ɋɚɯɭɧɨɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɱɿɬɤɨ ɞɟɬɚand correct. ɥɿɡɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɿ ɜɿɪɧɢɦ. 35 Waiter must promptly.
collect
payment Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɨɞɪɚɡɭ ɜɡɹɬɢ ɩɥɚɬɿɠ.
36 The waiter must return correct Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɞɚɬɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨ change. ɪɟɲɬɭ. 37 If cash payment, waiter must ɍ ɪɚɡɿ ɫɩɥɚɬɢ ɝɨɬɿɜɤɨɸ ɨɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ automatically offer receipt (i.e. bill ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɨɞɪɚɡɭ ɡɚɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɜɚɬɢ ɤɜɢdisplays settlement by cash). ɬɚɧɰɿɸ (ɪɚɯɭɧɨɤ ɜɿɞɨɛɪɚɠɚɽ ɫɩɥɚɬɭ ɝɨɬɿɜɤɨɸ).
439
ɉɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɞ. ȼ THE EMPLOYEE:
ɉɊȺɐȱȼɇɂɄ:
38 Employees must appear organized ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɨɜɚɧɿ ɿ ɫɤɨɪɢand work as a team. ɝɨɜɚɧɨ ɩɪɚɰɸɸɬɶ. 39 The employee must be dressed in ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɨɞɹɝɧɟɧɢɣ ɭ ɱɢɫɬɢɣ, a clean, pressed and complete ɩɨɩɪɚɫɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɿ ɩɨɜɧɢɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɬ uniform. ɭɧɿɮɨɪɦɢ. 40 Employee’s shoes must be of ȼɡɭɬɬɹ ɩɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤɿɜ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɨ ɜɿɞɩɨa corporate standard. ɜɿɞɚɬɢ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɦɭ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɭ. 41 The employee must wear a name ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɜɚbadge (if applicable). ɬɢ ɿɞɟɧɬɢɮɿɤɚɬɨɪ (ɹɤɳɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ). 42 The employee must be well groo- ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɞɨɝɥɹɧɟmed. ɧɢɣ. 43 The employee must maintain eye ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɿɞɬɪɢɦɭɜɚɬɢ contact with the guest. ɡɨɪɨɜɢɣ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬ ɡ ɝɨɫɬɟɦ. 44 The employee must smile and ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɨɫɦɿɯɚɬɢɫɶ exhibit a friendly manner. ɿ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɬɢ ɞɨɛɪɨɡɢɱɥɢɜɿɫɬɶ. 45 The employee must have a good ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɜɨɥɨɞɿɬɢ ɧɚ ɧɟworking knowledge of the English ɨɛɯɿɞɧɨɦɭ ɪɿɜɧɿ ɿɧɨɡɟɦɧɨɸ ɦɨɜɨɸ. language. 46 Employee must be attentive to the ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɭɜɚɠɧɢɦ guest’s needs at all times. ɞɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛ ɝɨɫɬɹ. PRODUCT — PHYSICAL CONDITION OF BAR/LOUNGE:
47 Tables in the consistently laid.
bar
must
ɉɊɈȾɍɄɌ — ɎȱɁɂɑɇɂɃ ɋɌȺɇ ȻȺɊɍ/ɎɈɃȯ:
be ɋɬɨɥɢ ɭ ɛɚɪɿ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɪɨɡɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɿ ɭ ɩɨɫɥɿɞɨɜɧɨɫɬɿ.
48 The carpet/tiles free and clean of Ʉɢɥɢɦ/ɩɥɢɬɤɚ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɿ, any stains or debris? ɛɟɡ ɠɨɞɧɢɯ ɩɥɹɦ ɱɢ ɫɦɿɬɬɹ. 49 Were all light illuminated?
fixtures
fully ɍɫɿ ɨɫɜɿɬɥɸɜɚɥɶɧɿ ɩɪɢɥɚɞɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɩɨɜɧɿɫɬɸ ɿɥɸɦɿɧɨɜɚɧɿ.
50 Were all walls clean and free of ɍɫɿ ɫɬɿɧɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɿ ɛɟɡ any chips, scuffs or marks? ɠɨɞɧɢɯ ɩɨɲɤɨɞɠɟɧɶ. 51 Were all mirrors polished and free ɍɫɿ ɞɡɟɪɤɚɥɚ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɧɚɩɨɥɿof any smudges? ɪɨɜɚɧɿ ɛɟɡ ɠɨɞɧɢɯ ɩɥɹɦ.
440
ɉɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɞ. ȼ PRODUCT — PHYSICAL CONDITION OF BAR/LOUNGE:
ɉɊɈȾɍɄɌ — ɎȱɁɂɑɇɂɃ ɋɌȺɇ ȻȺɊɍ/ɎɈɃȯ:
52 Were all windows clean and free ɍɫɿ ɜɿɤɧɚ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɿ ɿ ɛɟɡ of any streaks or spots? ɠɨɞɧɢɯ ɩɨɲɤɨɞɠɟɧɶ ɿ ɩɥɹɦ. 53 Were all plant decorations fresh?
and
floral ɍɫɿ ɜɚɡɨɧɢ ɿ ɤɜɿɬɤɨɜɿ ɞɟɤɨɪɚɰɿʀ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɫɜɿɠɿ.
54 Were ample ashtrays available?
ɉɨɩɿɥɶɧɢɰɶ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɨ ɛɭɬɢ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɧɶɨ.
55 If a bar list was provided, was it əɤɳɨ ɽ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɜɢɩɢɜɤɢ, ɜɿɧ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ clean and in good repair? ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɢɦ ɿ ɜ ɧɚɥɟɠɧɨɦɭ ɫɬɚɧɿ. 56 Was the table steady?
ɋɬɿɥ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɫɬɿɣɤɢɦ.
57 Were the table/chair legs free of ɇɿɠɤɢ ɫɬɨɥɚ/ɤɪɿɫɥɚ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ any scuffs/scratches and matching ɛɟɡ ɠɨɞɧɢɯ ɩɨɞɪɹɩɢɧ ɿ ɩɿɞɯɨɞɢɬɢ in colour ɩɨ ɤɨɥɶɨɪɭ. 58 Was the chair’s upholstery clean, Ɉɛɛɢɜɤɚ ɤɪɿɫɟɥ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫmatching and in good repair? ɬɨɸ, ɩɿɞɯɨɞɢɬɢ ɩɨ ɞɢɡɚɣɧɭ ɿ ɜ ɞɨɛɪɨɦɭ ɫɬɚɧɿ. 59 Was the bar counter clean, dry and Ȼɚɪɧɚ ɫɬɿɣɤɚ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɚ ɿ ɛɟɡ ɠɨɞɧɢɯ ɩɥɹɦ. free of any debris? 60 Were all brand bottles prominently ɍɫɿ ɦɚɪɤɢ ɩɥɹɲɨɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ displayed, free of any dust with ɩɨɦɿɬɧɨ ɜɢɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɿ, ɩɥɹɲɤɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɛɟɡ ɩɨɪɨɯɭ ɿ ɡ ɟɬɢɤɟɬlabels facing forward? ɤɨɸ ɩɨɜɟɪɧɭɬɨɸ ɧɚɩɟɪɟɞ. 61 The lounge/bar must be at an ɍ ɮɨɣɽ/ɛɚɪɿ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɧɚɜɤɨambient/comfortable temperature. ɥɢɲɧɶɨɝɨ ɩɨɜɿɬɪɹ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɛɭɬɢ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɧɨɸ. 62 Appropriate music must play at ȼɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɚ ɦɭɡɢɤɚ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɫɬɜɨa pleasant level. ɪɸɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɽɦɧɨɦɭ ɬɟɦɛɪɿ. IN ROOM DINING
ɈȻȱȾ ɍ ɄȱɆɇȺɌȱ
STANDARDS — ORDER TAKING:
ɋɌȺɇȾȺɊɌ — ɁȾȱɃɋɇȿɇɇə ɁȺɆɈȼɅȿɇɇə:
1 The telephone must be answered ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧɧɢɣ ɞɡɜɿɧɨɤ ɭɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ within 3 rings or 10 seconds. 3 ɞɡɜɿɧɤɿɜ ɚɛɨ 10 ɫɟɤ.
441
ɉɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɞ. ȼ STANDARDS — ORDER TAKING:
ɋɌȺɇȾȺɊɌ — ɁȾȱɃɋɇȿɇɇə ɁȺɆɈȼɅȿɇɇə:
2 The employee must answer the phone with the appropriate greeting (good morning/afternoon) and identify the department.
ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧɧɢɣ ɞɡɜɿɧɨɤ ɡ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɢɦ ɜɿɬɚɧɧɹɦ (ɞɨɛɪɨɝɨ ɪɚɧɤɭ/ɞɨɛɪɨɝɨ ɞɧɹ) ɿ ɧɚɡɢɜɚɸɱɢ ɜɿɞɞɿɥ.
3 If caller was put on hold it sho- əɤɳɨ ɨɫɨɛɭ, ɹɤɚ ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧɭɽ ɩɪɨuldn’t exceed 30 seconds. ɫɹɬɶ ɩɨɱɟɤɚɬɢ, ɰɟ ɧɟ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɨ ɬɪɢɜɚɬɢ ɛɿɥɶɲɟ 30 ɫɟɤ. 4 Tthe employee must ascertain the ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɞɿɡɧɚɬɢɫɶ ɿɦ’ɹ guest’s name, and use it at least ɝɨɫɬɹ ɿ ɡɜɟɪɬɚɬɢɫɹ ɩɨ ɿɦɟɧɿ ɩɪɢonce during the conversation. ɧɚɣɦɧɿ ɨɞɢɧ ɪɚɡ ɩɿɞ ɱɚɫ ɪɨɡɦɨɜɢ. 5 The employee must have a good ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɜɨɥɨɞɿɬɢ ɧɚ ɧɟworking knowledge of the English ɨɛɯɿɞɧɨɦɭ ɪɿɜɧɿ ɿɧɨɡɟɦɧɨɸ ɦɨɜɨɸ. language. 6 The background must be free of ɇɚ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɿʀ ɛɟɤɨɮɿɫɭ ɧɟ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɨ any noise or any disturbances. ɛɭɬɢ ɡɚɣɜɨɝɨ ɲɭɦɭ. 7 The employee must speak in ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɢ ɡɪɨa clear and pleasant manner. ɡɭɦɿɥɨ ɿ ɜɜɿɱɥɢɜɨ. 8 The employee must be able to ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɦɨɝɬɢ ɜɿɞɩɨanswer any questions with regards ɜɿɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɛɭɞɶ-ɹɤɟ ɡɚɩɢɬɚɧɧɹ ɫɬɨto the menu. ɫɨɜɧɨ ɦɟɧɸ. 9 The employee must obtain a full Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɜɡɹɬɢ ɩɨɜɧɟ and complete order (i.e. cooking ɿ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɟ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ (ɿɧɫɬɪɭɤinstructions, bread preference etc.). ɰɿʀ ɡ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɩɟɪɟɜɚɝɢ ɫɬɨɫɨɜɧɨ ɯɥɿɛɚ). 10 The employee must accommodate ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɬɢ any off menu requests. ɛɭɞɶ-ɹɤɟ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɦɟɧɸ. 11 If dessert ordered, the employee must offer the guest the option of serving it upon completion of the main course.
əɤɳɨ ɝɿɫɬɶ ɡɚɦɨɜɢɜ ɞɟɫɟɪɬ, ɩɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɽ ɝɨɫɬɸ ɧɚ ɜɢɛɿɪ ɫɟɪɜɿɪɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨ ɞɨ ɫɤɥɚɞɭ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨʀ ɫɬɪɚɜɢ.
12 Tthe employee must repeat the ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɸɽ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ order either during or at the end of ɭɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɟɧɧɹ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ the call. ɚɛɨ ɧɚɩɪɢɤɿɧɰɿ ɪɨɡɦɨɜɢ ɩɨ ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧɭ.
442
ɉɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɞ. ȼ STANDARDS — ORDER TAKING:
13 The employee delivery time.
must
ɋɌȺɇȾȺɊɌ — ɁȾȱɃɋɇȿɇɇə ɁȺɆɈȼɅȿɇɇə:
advise ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɨɜɿɞɨɦɢɬɢ ɱɚɫ ɞɨɫɬɚɜɤɢ.
14 The employee must thank the ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɨɞɹɤɭɜɚɬɢ guest. ɝɨɫɬɸ. SALES:
ɉɊɈȾȺɀ:
Ɉɫɨɛɚ, ɹɤɚ ɩɪɢɣɦɚɽ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɡɚɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɜɚɬɢ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɭ ɡɚɤɭɫɤɭ.
15 Order taker must suggest starter.
16 Order taker must suggest side Ɉɫɨɛɚ, ɹɤɚ ɩɪɢɣɦɚɽ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ orders (if applicable). ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɡɚɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɜɚɬɢ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɿ ɫɬɪɚɜɢ (ɹɤɳɨ ɩɿɞɯɨɞɹɬɶ). 17 Order taker must automatically Ɉɫɨɛɚ, ɹɤɚ ɩɪɢɣɦɚɽ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ offer drinks with the meal. ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɨɞɪɚɡɭ ɡɚɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɜɚɬɢ ɧɚɩɨʀ ɞɨ ʀɠɿ. 18 Order taker must have good Ɉɫɨɛɚ, ɹɤɚ ɩɪɢɣɦɚɽ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ product knowledge with regards to ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɞɨɛɪɟ ɡɧɚɬɢ ɜɢɧɚ. wine. 19 Order taker must suggest dessert Ɉɫɨɛɚ, ɹɤɚ ɨɬɪɢɦɭɽ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɩɨwith the meal. ɜɢɧɧɚ ɡɚɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɜɚɬɢ ɞɟɫɟɪɬ ɞɨ ʀɠɿ. 20 The order taker must suggest Ɉɫɨɛɚ, ɹɤɚ ɨɬɪɢɦɭɽ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ coffee/tea with the meal. ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɡɚɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɜɚɬɢ ɤɚɜɭ/ɱɚɣ ɞɨ ʀɠɿ. STANDARDS — THE SERVICE:
ɋɌȺɇȾȺɊɌɂ — ɋȿɊȼȱɋ:
21 Was the order served in the Ɂɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɜɢɤɨɧɭɜɚɬɢ standard times:ɭɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɨɝɨ ɱɚɫɭ: Breakfast order card — within 5 Ɂɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɫɧɿɞɚɧɤɭ — ɭɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ minutes of requested time 5 ɯɜ. ɡ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɧɹ ɜɿɞ ɝɨɫɬɹ Breakfast — 25 minutes
ɋɧɿɞɚɧɨɤ — 25 ɯɜ.
Snack — 25 minutes
Ɂɚɤɭɫɤɚ — 25 ɯɜ.
Lunch/Dinner — 30 minutes
Ɉɛɿɞ — 30 ɯɜ.
443
ɉɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɞ. ȼ STANDARDS — THE SERVICE:
ɋɌȺɇȾȺɊɌɂ — ɋȿɊȼȱɋ:
22 The employee must either ring the ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɨɞɡɜɨɧɢɬɢ bell or knock lightly on the door ɚɛɨ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɩɨɫɬɭɤɚɬɢ ɭ ɞɜɟɪɿ (ɜɜɿɣ(i.e. not automatically let himself ɬɢ ɭ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɭ ɧɟ ɨɞɪɚɡɭ). into the room). 23 The employee must greet the guest ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɜɜɿɱɥɢɜɨ ɿ ɞɨɛin a polite and friendly manner. ɪɨɡɢɱɥɢɜɨ ɩɪɢɜɿɬɚɬɢ ɝɨɫɬɹ. 24 The employee must use the guest’s ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɪɢɧɚɣɦɧɿ name at least once during the ɨɞɢɧ ɪɚɡ ɡɜɟɪɧɭɬɢɫɶ ɞɨ ɝɨɫɬɹ ɩɨ interaction. ɿɦɟɧɿ ɩɿɞ ɱɚɫ ɫɩɿɥɤɭɜɚɧɧɹ. 25 If there is a newspaper on the door əɤɳɨ ɧɚ ɞɜɟɪɹɯ ɽ ɝɚɡɟɬɚ, ɩɪɚɰɿɜthe employee must bring it in with ɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɪɢɧɟɫɬɢ ʀʀ ɞɨ ɤɿɦɧɚthe tray. ɬɢ ɪɚɡɨɦ ɡ ɩɿɞɧɨɫɨɦ. 26 The employee must ask where the ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɡɚɩɢɬɚɬɢ ɝɨɫɬɹ guest would like the tray/trolley to ɩɪɨ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɩɿɞɧɨɫɚ/ɫɬɨɥɢɤɚ be placed. ɧɚ ɤɨɥɟɫɚɯ. 27 In the case of a trolley the əɤɳɨ ɫɬɪɚɜɚ ɩɨɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɿɡɤɭ, employee must open leaves and ɨɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɪɢɜɟɡɬɢ ɣɨɝɨ secure. ɜ ɪɨɛɨɱɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɹ ɿ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɢ ɭ ɧɟɪɭɯɨɦɢɣ ɫɬɚɧ. ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɢ ɫɬɿɥ.
28 The employee must set the table.
29 The employee must position the ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɪɨɡɦɿɫɬɢɬɢ ɤɪɿɫɥɚ. chairs accordingly.
ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨ
30 The employee must offer to remove hot food from the cabinet and if so was the flame extinguished.
ɉɪɢ ɩɨɞɚɱɿ ɝɚɪɹɱɨʀ ɫɬɪɚɜɢ ɩɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɡɚɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɜɚɬɢ ɝɨɫɬɸ ɜɿɞɤɪɢɬɢ ɫɬɪɚɜɭ. ɍ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɫɬɪɚɜɢ ɧɚ ɜɨɝɧɿ, ɩɨɝɚɫɢɬɢ ɩɨɥɭɦ’ɹ.
31 Employee must remove cloches.
ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɡɚɛɪɚɬɢ ɤɪɢɯɬɢ.
32 The employee must advise guest ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɨɜɿɞɨɦɢɬɢ that the plate is hot (if required). ɝɨɫɬɹ, ɳɨ ɬɚɪɿɥɤɢ ɝɚɪɹɱɿ. 33 The employee must offer to pour ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɡɚɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɜɚthe beverages. ɬɢ ɧɚɥɢɬɢ ɧɚɩɨʀ.
444
ɉɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɞ. ȼ STANDARDS — THE SERVICE:
ɋɌȺɇȾȺɊɌɂ — ɋȿɊȼȱɋ:
34 The employee must explain the ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɨɹɫɧɢɬɢ ɩɪɨ various condiments with the meal ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɢɩɪɚɜ ɞɨ ʀɠɿ (ɹɤ(if unidentifiable). ɳɨ ɧɟɜɿɞɨɦɿ). 35 In the case of a breakfast order, the ɍ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ ɫɧɿɞɚɧɤɚ, ɩɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨemployee must offer to open the ɜɢɧɟɧ ɡɚɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɜɚɬɢ ɜɿɞɤɪɢɬɢ ɝɚɪcurtains. ɞɢɧɢ. 36 The order complete.
must
correct
and Ɂɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɨ ɛɭɬɢ ɜɿɪɧɢɦ ɿ ɩɨɜɧɢɦ.
37 The employee must inform the Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɩɪɨɿɧɮɨɪɦɭɜɚguest of tray/trolley collection ɬɢ ɝɨɫɬɹ ɩɪɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɭ ɩɨɜɟɪɧɟɧprocedures (not applicable if ɧɹ ɜɿɡɤɚ. trolley removal card present). 38 The employee must thank the ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɨɞɹɤɭɜɚɬɢ guest. ɝɨɫɬɸ. ACCOUNTING — BILL PRESENTATION:
ɈȻɅȱɄ — ɊȺɏɍɇɈɄ:
39 The bill must be presented in Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɪɢɧɟɫɬɢ ɪɚɯɭa clean bill fold/tray with hotel ɧɨɤ ɭ ɱɢɫɬɨɦɭ ɮɨɥɞɟɪɿ/ɧɚ ɩɿɞɧɨɫɿ pen. ɡ ɪɭɱɤɨɸ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ. 40 The bill must be clearly itemized Ɋɚɯɭɧɨɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɱɿɬɤɨ ɞɟɬɚand correct. ɥɿɡɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɿ ɜɿɪɧɢɣ. 41 The employee must ask the guest ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɨɩɪɨɫɢɬɢ ɝɨfor a signature. ɫɬɹ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɢ ɩɿɞɩɢɫ. THE EMPLOYEE:
ɉɊȺɐȱȼɇɂɄ:
42 The employee must be dressed in ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɨɞɹɝɧɟa clean, pressed and complete ɧɢɣ ɭ ɱɢɫɬɢɣ, ɩɨɩɪɚɫɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɿ ɩɨuniform. ɜɧɢɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɬ ɭɧɿɮɨɪɦɢ. 43 Employee’s shoes must be of ȼɡɭɬɬɹ ɩɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤɿɜ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɟ ɛɭɬɢ a corporate standard. ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɭ. 44 The employee must wear a name ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭbadge (if applicable). ɜɚɬɢ ɿɞɟɧɬɢɮɿɤɚɬɨɪ ɨɫɨɛɢ. 45 The employee must be well groomed. ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɞɨɝɥɹɧɟɧɢɣ.
445
ɉɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɞ. ȼ THE EMPLOYEE:
ɉɊȺɐȱȼɇɂɄ:
46 The employee must maintain eye ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɿɞɬɪɢɦɭɜɚɬɢ contact with the guest. ɡɨɪɨɜɢɣ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬ ɡ ɝɨɫɬɟɦ. 47 The employee must smile and ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɨɫɦɿɯɚɬɢɫɶ exhibit a friendly manner. ɿ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɬɢ ɞɨɛɪɨɡɢɱɥɢɜɿɫɬɶ. 48 The employee must have a good ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɜɨɥɨɞɿɬɢ ɧɚ ɧɟworking knowledge of the English ɨɛɯɿɞɧɨɦɭ ɪɿɜɧɿ ɿɧɨɡɟɦɧɨɸ ɦɨɜɨɸ. language. 49 Employee must be attentive to the ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɭɜɚɠɧɢɦ guest’s needs at all times. ɞɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛ ɝɨɫɬɹ ɳɨɪɚɡɭ. PRODUCT — MENU AND FOOD:
ɉɊɈȾɍɄɌ — Ɇȿɇɘ ɌȺ ɋɌɊȺȼɂ:
50 The room service menu must be Ɇɟɧɸ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɜ ɧɨɦɟɪɿ clean and in good repair. ɩɨɜɢɧɧɨ ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɟ ɿ ɜ ɧɚɥɟɠɧɨɦɭ ɫɬɚɧɿ. 51 Two vegetarian options must be ȼ ɦɟɧɸ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɨ ɛɭɬɢ ɞɜɿ ɜɟɝɟɬɚavailable. ɪɿɚɧɫɶɤɿ ɫɬɪɚɜɢ. 52 Waiter must present the food in an Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɨɞɚɬɢ ʀɠɭ ɭ ɜɿɞappealing manner. ɩɨɜɿɞɧɿɣ ɦɚɧɟɪɿ. 53 The food must directly resemble ɋɬɪɚɜɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɩɨɜɧɿɫɬɸ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿits description from the menu. ɞɚɬɢ ʀɯɧɶɨɦɭ ɨɩɢɫɭ ɜ ɦɟɧɸ. 54 The food must be fresh and of Ȳɠɚ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɛɭɬɢ ɫɜɿɠɚ ɿ ɩɪɢɽɦɧɚ good flavour. ɧɚ ɡɚɩɚɯ. 55 Food must be served at the correct Ȳɠɚ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞtemperature. ɧɨʀ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɢ. 56 The texture and colour of the food Ȳɠɚ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɦɚɬɢ ɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɧɢɣ must be acceptable. ɫɤɥɚɞ ɬɚ ɤɨɥɿɪ. 57 Portions must be of acceptable ɉɨɪɰɿʀ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɧɨɝɨ size. ɪɨɡɦɿɪɭ. 58 The food must be cooked as Ȳɠɚ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɛɭɬɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɚɧɚ requested. ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ. 59 Coffee/tea must be hot and fresh.
Ʉɚɜɚ/ɱɚɣ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɝɚɪɹɱɿ.
446
ɉɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɞ. ȼ PRODUCT — MENU AND FOOD:
ɉɊɈȾɍɄɌ — Ɇȿɇɘ ɌȺ ɋɌɊȺȼɂ:
60 Waiter must offer milk/cream with Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɡɚɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɜɚɬɢ the coffee/tea. ɦɨɥɨɤɨ/ɜɟɪɲɤɢ ɞɨ ɤɚɜɢ. ɋɨɤɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɫɜɿɠɨɜɢɬɢɫɧɟɧɿ.
61 Juices must be freshly squeezed.
62 Fresh rolls/bread must accompany Ⱦɨ ʀɠɿ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɫɜɿɠɿ the meal (if applicable). ɛɭɥɨɱɤɢ/ɯɥɿɛ (ɹɤɳɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ). PRODUCT — TRAY/TROLLEY LAYOUT:
ɉɊɈȾɍɄɌ — ȼɂɋɌȺȼɅȿɇɇə Ɂ ɉȱȾɇɈɋȺ/ɋɌɈɅɂɄȺ:
63 The room service tray/trolley must ɉɿɞɧɨɫ/ɫɬɨɥɢɤ ɧɚ ɤɨɥɟɫɚɯ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ be clean and in good repair. ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɿ ɿ ɜ ɞɨɛɪɨɦɭ ɫɬɚɧɿ ɜ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɤɿɦɧɚɬ. 64 The tray/trolley cover must be ɋɤɚɬɟɪɬɢɧɚ ɩɿɞɧɨɫɚ/ɫɬɿɥ ɧɚ ɤɨɥɟclean, pressed and free of any ɫɚɯ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɢɦɢ, ɩɨstains/tears. ɩɪɚɫɨɜɚɧɚ ɛɟɡ ɠɨɞɧɢɯ ɩɥɹɦ/ɩɨɲɤɨɞɠɟɧɶ. 65 Correct cutlery must be used for ɉɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɜɿɞits intended purpose and it must be ɩɨɜɿɞɧɢɣ ɩɨɫɭɞ ɞɥɹ ɣɨɝɨ ɩɪɹɦɨɝɨ clean and matching in pattern. ɩɪɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ. ȼɿɧ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɢɦ ɿ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨɝɨ ɞɢɡɚɣɧɭ. 66 Silver cutlery must be used.
ɉɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɫɪɿɛɧɿ ɫɬɨɥɨɜɿ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɢ.
67 Crockery/silverware must be used for its intended purpose and it must be clean, free of chips and matching in pattern.
ɉɨɫɭɞ/ɫɬɨɥɨɜɟ ɫɪɿɛɥɨ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɞɥɹ ʀɯ ɩɪɹɦɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ. ɉɨɫɭɞ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɢɣ, ɛɟɡ ɠɨɞɧɢɯ ɬɪɿɳɢɧ ɿ ɩɿɞɯɨɞɢɬɢ ɩɨ ɞɢɡɚɣɧɭ.
68 The glassware must be clean, ɋɤɥɹɧɢɣ ɩɨɫɭɞ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫunchipped and matching in ɬɢɣ, ɧɟɩɨɲɤɨɞɠɟɧɢɣ ɿ ɩɿɞɯɨɞɢɬɢ pattern. ɩɨ ɞɢɡɚɣɧɭ. 69 All the drinks must be covered ȼɫɿ ɧɚɩɨʀ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɧɚɤɪɢɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɮɿɪwith stancaps. ɦɨɜɢɦɢ ɤɪɢɲɟɱɤɚɦɢ. 70 A vase and fresh flower must Ɋɚɡɨɦ ɡɿ ɫɬɪɚɜɨɸ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɜɚaccompany the meal. ɡɚ ɿ ɫɜɿɠɿ ɤɜɿɬɢ.
447
ɉɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɞ. ȼ PRODUCT — TRAY/TROLLEY LAYOUT:
ɉɊɈȾɍɄɌ — ȼɂɋɌȺȼɅȿɇɇə Ɂ ɉȱȾɇɈɋȺ/ɋɌɈɅɂɄȺ:
71 A cloche must be used to cover Ƚɚɪɹɱɚ ʀɠɚ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɛɭɬɢ ɧɚɤɪɢɬɚ hot food. ɤɪɢɲɤɨɸ. 72 The cloche must be clean, polished Ʉɪɢɲɤɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɿ ɿ ɜ ɧɚand in good repair. ɥɟɠɧɨɦɭ ɫɬɚɧɿ. 73 A full dish of butter accompany the food order.
must Ⱦɨ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɨʀ ʀɠɿ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɛɭɬɢ ɩɨɜɧɚ ɩɨɫɭɞɢɧɚ ɡ ɦɚɫɥɨɦ.
74 The butter rolled/cut must be fresh Ɇɚɫɥɨ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɟ ɛɭɬɢ ɩɨɪɿɡɚɧɟ, and well presented. ɫɜɿɠɟ ɿ ɝɚɪɧɨ ɩɨɞɚɧɟ. 75 Condiments must be served with Ⱦɨ ɫɬɪɚɜɢ ɩɨɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɢɩɪɚɜɢ the meal and decanted into the ɩɟɪɟɥɢɬɿ ɭ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɢɣ ɩɨɫɭɞ ɚɛɨ appropriate dishes or in miniature ɜ ɦɚɥɟɧɶɤɿ ɮɨɪɦɢ. form. 76 The napkin must be clean, pressed ɋɟɪɜɟɬɤɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɿ, ɩɨand free of any stains/tears (paper ɩɪɚɫɨɜɚɧɿ ɛɟɡ ɠɨɞɧɢɯ ɩɥɹɦ/ɩɨɲserviettes are not acceptable). ɤɨɞɠɟɧɶ (ɩɚɩɟɪɨɜɿ ɫɟɪɜɟɬɤɢ ɧɟ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ). 77 The salt and pepper cruets must be ɉɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɩɨɜɧɿ ɿ ɱɢɫɬɿ ɩɨɫɭprovided and if so were they clean ɞɢɧɢ ɿɡ ɫɿɥɥɸ ɿ ɩɟɪɰɟɦ. and full. 78 All the drinks must appropriately garnished.
be ɍɫɿ ɧɚɩɨʀ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨ ɝɚɪɧɿɪɨɜɚɧɿ.
79 All the food must be free of any ɍɫɹ ʀɠɚ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɛɭɬɢ ɛɟɡ ɠɨɞɧɨʀ plastic/paper/foil wrapping. ɩɥɚɫɬɢɤɨɜɨʀ/ɩɚɩɟɪɨɜɨʀ ɨɛɝɨɪɬɤɢ ɱɢ ɮɨɥɶɝɢ. 80 Sugar selection must include ȼɢɛɿɪ ɰɭɤɪɭ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɬɢ sweetener, white and/or brown as ɛɿɥɢɣ, ɤɨɪɢɱɧɟɜɢɣ ɰɭɤɨɪ ɿ ɡɚɦɿɧrequired. ɧɢɤ ɰɭɤɪɭ, ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨ ɞɨ ɩɨɩɢɬɭ. 81 In the case of sugar cubes sugar əɤɳɨ ɰɭɤɨɪ-ɪɚɮɿɧɚɞ, ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭtongs/spoons must be present. ɬɢ ɳɢɩɰɿ/ɥɨɠɟɱɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɰɭɤɪɭ. 82 In the case of breakfast there must ɇɚ ɫɧɿɞɚɧɨɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɨ ɛɭɬɢ ɩɪɢbe a minimum of three different ɧɚɣɦɧɿ ɬɪɢ ɪɿɡɧɿ ɤɨɧɫɟɪɜɢ (ɞɨɩɭɫpreserves available (honey is ɤɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɦɟɞ). acceptable).
448
ɉɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɞ. ȼ STANDARDS — ORDER TAKING:
ɋɌȺɇȾȺɊɌɂ — ɉɊɂɃɈɆ ɁȺɆɈȼɅȿɇɇə:
1 The telephone must be answered ȼɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɶ ɧɚ ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧɧɢɣ ɞɡɜɿɧɨɤ within 3 rings or 10 seconds. ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɛɭɬɢ ɭɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ 3 ɞɡɜɿɧɤɿɜ ɚɛɨ 10 ɫɟɤ. 2 The employee must answer the phone with the appropriate greeting (good morning/afternoon) and identify the department.
ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧɧɢɣ ɞɡɜɿɧɨɤ ɡ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɢɦ ɜɿɬɚɧɧɹɦ (ɞɨɛɪɨɝɨ ɪɚɧɤɭ/ɞɨɛɪɨɝɨ ɞɧɹ) ɿ ɧɚɡɢɜɚɸɱɢ ɜɿɞɞɿɥ.
3 If caller is put on hold did it əɤɳɨ ɨɫɨɛɭ, ɹɤɚ ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧɭɽ ɩɪɨshouldn’t exceed 30 seconds. ɫɹɬɶ ɩɨɱɟɤɚɬɢ, ɰɟ ɧɟ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɨ ɬɪɢɜɚɬɢ ɛɿɥɶɲɟ 30 ɫɟɤ. 4 The employee must ascertain the ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɞɿɡɧɚɬɢɫɶ ɿɦ’ɹ guest’s name, and use it at least ɝɨɫɬɹ ɿ ɡɜɟɪɬɚɬɢɫɶ ɩɨ ɿɦɟɧɿ ɩɪɢonce during the conversation. ɧɚɣɦɧɿ ɨɞɢɧ ɪɚɡ ɩɿɞ ɱɚɫ ɪɨɡɦɨɜɢ. 5 The employee must have a good ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɜɨɥɨɞɿɬɢ ɧɚ ɧɟworking knowledge of the English ɨɛɯɿɞɧɨɦɭ ɪɿɜɧɿ ɿɧɨɡɟɦɧɨɸ ɦɨɜɨɸ. language. 6 The background must be free of ɇɚ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɿʀ ɛɟɤɨɮɿɫɭ ɧɟ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɨ any noise or any disturbances. ɛɭɬɢ ɡɚɣɜɨɝɨ ɲɭɦɭ. 7 The employee must speak in ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɪɨɡɦɨɜɥɹɬɢ a clear and pleasant manner. ɡɪɨɡɭɦɿɥɨ ɿ ɜɜɿɱɥɢɜɨ. 8 The employee must be able to ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɦɨɝɬɢ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿanswer any questions with regards ɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɛɭɞɶ-ɹɤɟ ɡɚɩɢɬɚɧɧɹ ɳɨɞɨ ɦɟɧɸ. to the menu. 9 The employee must obtain a full ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɬɢ ɩɨɜand complete order (i.e. cooking ɧɟ ɿ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɟ ɦɟɧɸ (ɿɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɿʀ instructions, bread preference etc.). ɡ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɩɟɪɟɜɚɝɢ ɳɨɞɨ ɯɥɿɛɚ). 10 The employee must accommodate ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɬɢ ɛɭɞɶany off menu requests. ɹɤɟ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɦɟɧɸ. 11 If dessert ordered, the employee must offer the guest the option of serving it upon completion of the main course.
əɤɳɨ ɝɿɫɬɶ ɡɚɦɨɜɢɜ ɞɟɫɟɪɬ, ɩɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɽ ɝɨɫɬɸ ɜɚɪɿɚɧɬ ɩɨɞɚɱɿ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɞɟɫɟɪɬɭ ɩɿɫɥɹ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨʀ ɫɬɪɚɜɢ ɚɛɨ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɸ ɫɬɪɚɜɨɸ.
449
ɉɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɞ. ȼ STANDARDS — ORDER TAKING:
ɋɌȺɇȾȺɊɌɂ — ɉɊɂɃɈɆ ɁȺɆɈȼɅȿɇɇə:
12 The employee must repeat the ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɢɬɢ ɡɚorder either during or at the end of ɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɩɿɞ ɱɚɫ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɟɧɧɹ ɡɚthe call. ɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ, ɚɛɨ ɧɚɩɪɢɤɿɧɰɿ ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧɧɨʀ ɪɨɡɦɨɜɢ. 13 The employee delivery time.
must
advise ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɨɜɿɞɨɦɢɬɢ ɱɚɫ ɞɨɫɬɚɜɤɢ.
14 The employee must thank the guest.
ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɨɞɹɤɭɜɚɬɢ ɝɨɫɬɸ.
SALES:
15 Order taker must suggest starter.
ɉɊɈȾȺɀ:
Ɉɫɨɛɿ, ɹɤɚ ɨɬɪɢɦɭɽ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɡɚɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɜɚɬɢ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɭ ɡɚɤɭɫɤɭ.
16 Order taker must suggest side Ɉɫɨɛɿ, ɹɤɚ ɨɬɪɢɦɭɽ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɧɟorders (if applicable). ɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɡɚɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɜɚɬɢ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɟ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ (ɹɤɳɨ ɩɿɞɯɨɞɢɬɶ). 17 Order taker must automatically Ɉɫɨɛɿ, ɹɤɚ ɨɬɪɢɦɭɽ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ offer drinks with the meal. ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɨɞɪɚɡɭ ɡɚɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɜɚɬɢ ɧɚɩɨʀ ɞɨ ʀɠɿ. 18 Order taker must have good Ɉɫɨɛɿ, ɹɤɚ ɨɬɪɢɦɭɽ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ product knowledge with regards to ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɞɨɛɪɟ ɡɧɚɬɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢ, wine. ɡɨɤɪɟɦɚ ɜɢɧɚ. 19 Order taker must suggest dessert Ɉɫɨɛɿ, ɹɤɚ ɨɬɪɢɦɭɽ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɧɟwith the meal. ɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɡɚɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɜɚɬɢ ɞɟɫɟɪɬ ɞɨ ʀɠɿ. 20 Did the order taker suggest Ɉɫɨɛɿ, ɹɤɚ ɨɬɪɢɦɭɽ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ coffee/tea with the meal? ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɤɚɜɚ/ɱɚɣ ɞɨ ʀɠɿ. STANDARDS — THE SERVICE:
ɋɌȺɇȾȺɊɌɂ — ɈȻɋɅɍȽɈȼɍȼȺɇɇə:
21 Was the order served in the Ɂɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɨ ɜɢɤɨɧɭɜɚstandard times:ɬɢɫɶ ɭɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɨɝɨ ɱɚɫɭ: Breakfast order card — within Ɂɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɫɧɿɞɚɧɤɭ — ɭɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ 5 minutes of requested time 5 ɯɜ. ɡ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɧɹ ɜɿɞ ɝɨɫɬɹ
450
ɉɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɞ. ȼ STANDARDS — THE SERVICE:
ɋɌȺɇȾȺɊɌɂ — ɈȻɋɅɍȽɈȼɍȼȺɇɇə:
Breakfast — 25 minutes
ɋɧɿɞɚɧɨɤ í 25 ɯɜ.
Snack — 25 minutes
Ɂɚɤɭɫɤɚ í 25 ɯɜ.
Lunch/Dinner — 30 minutes
Ɉɛɿɞ í 30 ɯɜ.
22 The employee must either ring the ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɨɞɡɜɨɧɢɬɢ bell or knock lightly on the door ɭ ɞɡɜɿɧɨɤ ɚɛɨ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɩɨɫɬɭɤɚɬɢ ɭ ɞɜɟ(i.e. not automatically let himself ɪɿ (ɜɜɿɣɬɢ ɭ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɭ ɧɟ ɨɞɪɚɡɭ). into the room). 23 The employee must greet the guest ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɜɜɿɱɥɢɜɨ ɿ ɞɨɛin a polite and friendly manner. ɪɨɡɢɱɥɢɜɨ ɩɪɢɜɿɬɚɬɢ ɝɨɫɬɹ. 24 The employee must use the guest’s ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɪɢɧɚɣɦɧɿ ɨɞɢɧ name at least once during the ɪɚɡ ɡɜɟɪɬɚɬɢɫɹ ɞɨ ɝɨɫɬɹ ɩɨ ɿɦɟɧɿ interaction. ɩɿɞ ɱɚɫ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ. 25 If there is a newspaper on the door əɤɳɨ ɧɚ ɞɜɟɪɹɯ ɽ ɝɚɡɟɬɚ, ɩɪɚɰɿɜthe employee must bring it in with ɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɪɢɧɟɫɬɢ ʀʀ ɞɨ ɤɿɦɧɚthe tray. ɬɢ ɪɚɡɨɦ ɡ ɩɿɞɧɨɫɨɦ. 26 The employee must ask where the ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɡɚɩɢɬɚɬɢ ɝɨɫguest would like the tray/trolley to ɬɹ, ɞɟ ɛ ɜɿɧ ɯɨɬɿɜ ɪɨɡɦɿɫɬɢɬɢ ɩɿɞbe placed. ɧɨɫ/ɫɬɨɥɢɤ ɧɚ ɤɨɥɟɫɚɯ. 27 In the case of a trolley the əɤɳɨ ɫɬɪɚɜɢ ɩɨɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɿɡɤɭ employee must open leaves and ɩɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɜɿɡɨɤ secure. ɭ ɪɨɛɨɱɢɣ ɫɬɚɧ ɿ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɢ ɭ ɧɟɪɭɯɨɦɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɹ. 28 The employee must set the table.
ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɢ ɫɬɿɥ.
29 The employee must position the ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨ ɪɨɡchairs accordingly. ɦɿɫɬɢɬɢ ɤɪɿɫɥɚ. 30 The employee must offer remove ɉɪɢ ɩɨɞɚɱɿ ɝɚɪɹɱɨʀ ɫɬɪɚɜɢ ɩɪɚɰɿɜhot food from the cabinet and if so ɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɡɚɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɜɚɬɢ ɝɨɫɬɸ the flame must be extinguished. ɜɿɞɤɪɢɬɢ ɫɬɪɚɜɭ. ɍ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɫɬɪɚɜɢ ɧɚ ɜɨɝɧɿ, ɩɨɝɚɫɢɬɢ ɩɨɥɭɦ’ɹ. 31 Employee must remove cloches.
ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɡɚɛɪɚɬɢ ɤɪɢɯɬɢ.
451
ɉɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɞ. ȼ STANDARDS — THE SERVICE:
ɋɌȺɇȾȺɊɌɂ — ɈȻɋɅɍȽɈȼɍȼȺɇɇə:
32 The employee must advise guest ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɞɢɬɢ that the plate is hot (f required). ɝɨɫɬɹ, ɳɨ ɬɚɪɿɥɤɢ ɝɚɪɹɱɿ (ɹɤɳɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ). 33 The employee must offer to pour ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɽ ɧɚɥɢɬɢ ɧɚɩɨʀ. the beverages. 34 The employee must explain the ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɨɹɫɧɢɬɢ ɜɢvarious condiments with the meal ɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɢɩɪɚɜ ɞɨ ʀɠɿ (ɹɤɳɨ ɧɟɜɿɞɨɦɿ). (if unidentifiable). 35 In the case of a breakfast order, the əɤɳɨ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɫɧɿɞɚɧɨɤ, ɩɪɚemployee must offer to open the ɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɡɚɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɜɚɬɢ curtains. ɜɿɞɤɪɢɬɢ ɝɚɪɞɢɧɢ. 36 The order must be correct and Ɂɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɨ ɛɭɬɢ ɜɿɪɧɢɦ ɿ complete. ɩɨɜɧɢɦ. 37 The employee must inform the ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɨɜɿɞɨɦɢɬɢ guest of tray/trolley collection pro- ɝɨɫɬɹ ɩɪɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɭ ɩɨɜɟɪɧɟɧɧɹ cedures (not applicable if trolley ɜɿɡɤɚ. removal card present). 38 The employee thank the guest.
ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɨɞɹɤɭɜɚɬɢ ɝɨɫɬɸ.
ACCOUNTING — BILL PRESENTATION:
ɈȻɅȱɄ — ȼɂɋɌȺȼɅȿɇɇə ɊȺɏɍɇɄɍ:
39 The bill must be presented in Ɋɚɯɭɧɨɤ ɧɚɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɱɢɫɬɨɦɭ ɮɨɥa clean bill fold/tray with hotel ɞɟɪɿ/ɧɚ ɩɿɞɧɨɫɿ ɡ ɪɭɱɤɨɸ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ. pen. 40 The bill must be clearly itemized Ɋɚɯɭɧɨɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɱɿɬɤɨ ɞɟɬɚand correct. ɥɿɡɨɜɚɧɢɦ ɿ ɜɿɪɧɢɦ. 41 The employee must ask the guest ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɨɩɪɨɫɢɬɢ ɝɨfor a signature. ɫɬɹ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɢ ɩɿɞɩɢɫ. THE EMPLOYEE:
ɉɊȺɐȱȼɇɂɄ:
42 The employee must be dressed in a ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɨɞɹɝɧɟclean, pressed and complete ɧɢɣ ɭ ɱɢɫɬɢɣ, ɩɨɩɪɚɫɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɿ ɩɨuniform. ɜɧɢɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɬ ɭɧɿɮɨɪɦɢ.
452
ɉɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɞ. ȼ THE EMPLOYEE:
ɉɊȺɐȱȼɇɂɄ:
43 Employee’s shoes must be of ȼɡɭɬɬɹ ɩɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤɿɜ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɨ ɛɭɬɢ a corporate standard. ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɭ. 44 The employee must wear a name ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɧɨɫɢɬɢ ɿɞɟɧɬɢbadge (if applicable). ɮɿɤɚɬɨɪ ɨɫɨɛɢ (ɹɤɳɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ). 45 The employee must be well groo- ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɞɨɝɥɹɧɟmed. ɧɢɣ. 46 The employee must maintain eye ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɿɞɬɪɢɦɭɜɚɬɢ contact with the guest. ɡɨɪɨɜɢɣ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬ ɡ ɝɨɫɬɟɦ. 47 The employee must smile and ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɨɫɦɿɯɚɬɢɫɶ exhibit a friendly manner. ɿ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɬɢ ɞɨɛɪɨɡɢɱɥɢɜɿɫɬɶ. 48 The employee must have a good ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɜɨɥɨɞɿɬɢ ɧɚ ɧɟworking knowledge of the English ɨɛɯɿɞɧɨɦɭ ɪɿɜɧɿ ɿɧɨɡɟɦɧɨɸ ɦɨɜɨɸ. language. 49 Employee must be attentive to the ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɭɜɚɠɧɢɦ guest’s needs at all times. ɞɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛ ɝɨɫɬɹ ɳɨɪɚɡɭ. PRODUCT — MENU AND FOOD:
ɉɊɈȾɍɄɌ — Ɇȿɇɘ ɌȺ ɋɌɊȺȼɂ:
50 Was the room service menu clean Ɇɟɧɸ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɜ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɿ and in good repair? ɩɨɜɢɧɧɨ ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɢɦ ɿ ɭ ɞɨɛɪɨɦɭ ɫɬɚɧɿ. 51 Were two vegetarian options avail- ȼ ɦɟɧɸ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɨ ɛɭɬɢ ɞɜɿ ɜɟɝɟɬɚable? ɪɿɚɧɫɶɤɿ ɫɬɪɚɜɢ. 52 Was the food presented in an ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɪɢɧɨɫɢɬɶ ʀɠɭ ɭ ɜɿɞɩɨappealing manner? ɜɿɞɧɿɣ ɦɚɧɟɪɿ. 53 Did the food directly resemble its Ȳɠɚ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɩɨɜɧɿɫɬɸ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɬɢ description from the menu? ʀʀ ɨɩɢɫɭ ɜ ɦɟɧɸ. 54 Was the food fresh and of good Ȳɠɚ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɛɭɬɢ ɫɜɿɠɚ ɿ ɩɪɢɽɦɧɚ flavour? ɧɚ ɡɚɩɚɯ. 55 Was food served at the correct Ȳɠɚ ɩɨɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨʀ ɬɟɦɩɟtemperature? ɪɚɬɭɪɢ. 56 Was the texture and colour of the ɋɤɥɚɞ ɿ ɤɨɥɿɪ ʀɠɿ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ food acceptable? ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɧɨɪɦ ɫɟɪɜɿɪɭɜɚɧɧɹ.
453
ɉɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɞ. ȼ PRODUCT — MENU AND FOOD:
ɉɊɈȾɍɄɌ — Ɇȿɇɘ ɌȺ ɋɌɊȺȼɂ:
57 Were portions of acceptable size?
ɉɨɪɰɿʀ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɡɦɿɪɭ.
58 Was the food cooked as requested?
Ȳɠɚ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɛɭɬɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɚ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ.
59 Was coffee/tea hot and fresh?
Ʉɚɜɚ/ɱɚɣ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɝɚɪɹɱɿ ɿ ɫɜɿɠɿ.
60 Was milk/cream offered with the Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɡɚɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɜɚɬɢ coffee/tea? ɦɨɥɨɤɨ/ɜɟɪɲɤɢ ɞɨ ɤɚɜɢ. ɋɨɤɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɫɜɿɠɨɜɢɬɢɫɧɭɬɿ.
61 Were juices freshly squeezed?
62 Did fresh rolls/bread accompany Ⱦɨ ʀɠɿ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɫɜɿɠɿ the meal (if applicable)? ɛɭɥɨɱɤɢ/ɯɥɿɛ (ɹɤɳɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ). PRODUCT — TRAY/TROLLEY LAYOUT:
ɉɊɈȾɍɄɌ — ɊɈɁɆȱɓȿɇɇə ɉȱȾɇɈɋɍ/ɋɌɈɅɂɄȺ ɇȺ ɄɈɅȿɋȺɏ:
63 The room service tray/trolley must ɉɿɞɧɨɫ/ɫɬɿɥ ɧɚ ɤɨɥɟɫɚɯ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭbe clean and in good repair. ɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɿ ɿ ɜ ɞɨɛɪɨɦɭ ɫɬɚɧɿ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɤɿɦɧɚɬ. 64 The tray/trolley must cover clean, ɇɚ ɩɿɞɧɨɫɿ/ɫɬɨɥɢɤɭ ɧɚ ɤɨɥɟɫɚɯ ɩɨpressed and free of any stains/tears. ɜɢɧɧɚ ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɚ, ɩɨɩɪɚɫɨɜɚɧɚ ɫɤɚɬɟɪɬɢɧɚ ɛɟɡ ɠɨɞɧɢɯ ɩɥɹɦ/ɩɨɲɤɨɞɠɟɧɶ. 65 Correct cutlery must be used for ȼɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɿ ɫɬɨɥɨɜɿ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɢ ɩɨits intended purpose and was it ɜɢɧɧɿ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ clean and matching in pattern. ʀɯɧɶɨɝɨ ɩɪɹɦɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹɦ. ɉɪɢɛɨɪɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɿ ɿ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɬɢ ɞɢɡɚɣɧɭ. 66 Silver cutlery must be used.
ɇɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɜɚɬɢ ɫɪɿɛɧɿ ɫɬɨɥɨɜɿ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɢ.
67 Crockery/silverware must be used for its intended purpose and it must be clean, free of chips and matching in pattern.
ɉɨɫɭɞ/ɫɬɨɥɨɜɟ ɫɪɿɛɥɨ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɞɥɹ ʀɯɧɶɨɝɨ ɩɪɹɦɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ. ɉɨɫɭɞ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɢɣ, ɛɟɡ ɠɨɞɧɢɯ ɩɨɲɤɨɞɠɟɧɶ ɿ ɩɿɞɯɨɞɢɬɢ ɩɨ ɞɢɡɚɣɧɭ.
68 The glassware must be clean, ɋɤɥɹɧɢɣ ɩɨɫɭɞ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫunchipped and matching in ɬɢɣ, ɛɟɡ ɩɨɲɤɨɞɠɟɧɶ ɿ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɬɢ pattern. ɩɨ ɞɢɡɚɣɧɭ.
454
ɉɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɞ. ȼ PRODUCT — TRAY/TROLLEY LAYOUT:
ɉɊɈȾɍɄɌ — ɊɈɁɆȱɓȿɇɇə ɉȱȾɇɈɋɍ/ɋɌɈɅɂɄȺ ɇȺ ɄɈɅȿɋȺɏ:
69 All the drinks must be covered ɍɫɿ ɧɚɩɨʀ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɧɚɤɪɢɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɮɿɪwith stancaps. ɦɨɜɢɦɢ ɤɪɢɲɤɚɦɢ. 70 A vase and fresh flower must Ɋɚɡɨɦ ɡ ʀɠɟɸ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɛɭɬɢ ɜɚɡɚ accompany the meal. ɿ ɫɜɿɠɿ ɤɜɿɬɢ. 71 A cloche must be used to cover Ƚɚɪɹɱɚ ʀɠɚ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɧɚɤɪɢɜɚɬɢɫɶ hot food. ɤɪɢɲɤɨɸ. 72 The cloche must be clean, polished Ʉɪɢɲɤɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɿ, ɧɚand in good repair. ɬɟɪɬɿ ɿ ɜ ɞɨɛɪɨɦɭ ɫɬɚɧɿ. 73 A full dish of butter accompany the food order.
must Ⱦɨ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɨʀ ʀɠɿ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɩɨɜɧɚ ɩɨɫɭɞɢɧɚ ɡ ɦɚɫɥɨɦ.
74 The butter must be rolled/cut, Ɇɚɫɥɨ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɨ ɛɭɬɢ ɩɨɪɿɡɚɧɟ, fresh and well presented. ɫɜɿɠɟ ɿ ɝɚɪɧɨ ɩɨɞɚɧɟ. 75 Condiments must be served with Ⱦɨ ʀɠɿ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɩɪɢthe meal and decanted into the ɩɪɚɜɢ, ɩɟɪɟɥɢɬɿ ɭ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɢɣ ɩɨappropriate dishes or in miniature ɫɭɞ ɚɛɨ ɜ ɦɿɧɿɚɬɸɪɧɿ ɮɨɪɦɢ. form. 76 The napkin must be clean, pressed ɋɟɪɜɟɬɤɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɿ, ɩɨand free of any stains/tears (paper ɩɪɚɫɨɜɚɧɿ ɛɟɡ ɠɨɞɧɢɯ ɩɥɹɦ/ɩɨɲserviettes are not acceptable). ɤɨɞɠɟɧɶ (ɩɚɩɟɪɨɜɿ ɫɟɪɜɟɬɤɢ ɧɟ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ). 77 The salt and pepper cruets must be ɉɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɩɨɜɧɿ ɿ ɱɢɫɬɿ ɝɪɚɮɿprovided and they must be clean ɧɢ ɿɡ ɫɿɥɥɸ ɬɚ ɩɟɪɰɟɦ. and full. 78 All the drinks must appropriately garnished.
be ɍɫɿ ɧɚɩɨʀ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨ ɝɚɪɧɿɪɨɜɚɧɿ.
79 All the food must be free of any ɍɫɹ ʀɠɚ ɧɟ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɛɭɬɢ ɭ ɩɥɚɫplastic/paper/foil wrapping. ɬɢɤɨɜɿɣ/ɩɚɩɟɪɨɜɿɣ ɨɛɝɨɪɬɰɿ ɚɛɨ ɭ ɮɨɥɶɡɿ. 80 Sugar selection must include Ⱥɫɨɪɬɢɦɟɧɬ ɰɭɤɪɭ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɜɤɥɸsweetener, white and/or brown as ɱɚɬɢ ɛɿɥɢɣ, ɤɨɪɢɱɧɟɜɢɣ ɰɭɤɨɪ ɿ ɡɚrequired. ɦɿɧɧɢɤ ɰɭɤɪɭ, ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨ ɞɨ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ.
455
ɉɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɞ. ȼ PRODUCT — TRAY/TROLLEY LAYOUT:
ɉɊɈȾɍɄɌ — ɊɈɁɆȱɓȿɇɇə ɉȱȾɇɈɋɍ/ɋɌɈɅɂɄȺ ɇȺ ɄɈɅȿɋȺɏ:
81 Sugar tongs/spoons must be əɤɳɨ ɰɭɤɨɪ-ɪɚɮɿɧɚɞ, ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭpresent in the case of sugar cubes. ɬɢ ɳɢɩɰɿ/ɥɨɠɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɰɭɤɪɭ. 82 In the case of breakfast there must ɇɚ ɫɧɿɞɚɧɨɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɨ ɛɭɬɢ ɩɪɢbe a minimum of three different ɧɚɣɦɧɿ ɬɪɢ ɪɿɡɧɿ ɤɨɧɫɟɪɜɢ (ɞɨɩɭɫpreserves available (honey is ɤɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɦɟɞ). acceptable). ɋɌȺɇȾȺɊɌɂ ɇȺ ɆɈɆȿɇɌ ɉɊɂȻɍɌɌə
STANDARDS ON ARRIVAL
1
Carpet/tiles must be freshly Ʉɢɥɢɦ/ɩɥɢɬɤɚ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɩɨvacuumed/mopped and free of ɱɢɳɟɧɿ ɩɨɪɨɯɨɬɹɝɨɦ / ɜɢɦɢɬɿ ɬɚ stains ɛɟɡ ɩɥɹɦ.
2 Room must be at a comfortable ȼ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɿ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɛɭɬɢ ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɚ temperature on arrival and free of ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɧɚ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɧɚ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɩɪɢɛɭɬɬɹ, ɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɿ ɡɚɩɚɯɢ ɜɿɞɫɭɬɧɿ. odour 3 Bed valance/skirting must neatly arranged and clean
be Ɉɛɪɚɦɥɟɧɧɹ (ɨɤɚɧɬɨɜɤɚ) ɥɿɠɤɚ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɨ ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɨɸ ɬɚ ɚɤɭɪɚɬɧɨ ɪɨɡɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɨɸ.
4 Head board must be clean and in ɉɿɞɝɨɥɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɢɦ good repair ɬɚ ɭ ɧɚɥɟɠɧɨɦɭ ɫɬɚɧɿ. 5 Bed must be made with clean Ʌɿɠɤɨ ɦɚɽ ɛɭɬɢ ɡɚɫɬɟɥɟɧɟ ɱɢɫɬɨɸ ɛɿɥɢɡɧɨɸ ɛɟɡ ɩɥɹɦ ɬɚ ɩɨɲɤɨɞɠɟɧɶ. linen, free of stains or tears 6 Bedspread/duvet/blankets must be ɉɨɫɬɿɥɶɧɚ/ɩɭɯɨɜɚ/ɲɟɪɫɬɹɧɚ ɤɨɜɞclean ɪɚ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɨɸ. 7 All upholstered furniture must be ȼɫɿ ɦɟɛɥɿ ɡ ɨɛɛɢɜɤɨɸ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭclean and free of stains ɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɢɦɢ ɬɚ ɛɟɡ ɩɥɹɦ. 8 All furniture surfaces must be ɉɨɜɟɪɯɧɹ ɦɟɛɥɿɜ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɛɭɬɢ clean and dust/smear free ɱɢɫɬɚ, ɛɟɡ ɩɢɥɭ ɬɚ ɩɥɹɦ. 9 All picture/door/mirror frames ɍɫɿ ɪɚɦɤɢ, ɤɚɪɤɚɫɢ ɤɚɪɬɢɧ, ɞɜɟɪɟɣ, ɞɡɟɪɤɚɥ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɿ, must be clean and dust free ɛɟɡ ɩɢɥɭ. 10 All windows must be clean and ɍɫɿ ɜɿɤɧɚ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɛɟɡ ɩɢɥɭ ɬɚ free of smears ɩɥɹɦ.
456
ɉɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɞ. ȼ ɋɌȺɇȾȺɊɌɂ ɇȺ ɆɈɆȿɇɌ ɉɊɂȻɍɌɌə
STANDARDS ON ARRIVAL
11 Curtains must properly fitted
be
clean
and ɍɫɿ ɝɚɪɞɢɧɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɢɦɢ ɬɚ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɢɦ ɱɢɧɨɦ ɡɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɿ
12 Ceilings and vents must be clean ɋɬɟɥɿ ɬɚ ɜɫɿ ɨɬɜɨɪɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ and free of any dust ɱɢɫɬɢɦɢ, ɛɟɡ ɩɥɹɦ. 13 All walls must be clean and free of ɋɬɿɧɢ ɦɚɸɬɶ ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɿ, ɛɟɡ ɩɨscuffs ɲɤɨɞɠɟɧɶ. 14 All light fixtures and fittings must ȼɫɹ ɨɫɜɿɬɥɸɜɚɥɶɧɚ ɚɩɚɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɬɚ be clean and dust free ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɦɚɸɬɶ ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɿ, ɛɟɡ ɩɢɥɭ. 15 Waste paper basket must be clean Ʉɨɲɢɤ ɞɥɹ ɫɦɿɬɬɹ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ and in good condition ɱɢɫɬɢɦ ɬɚ ɜ ɧɚɥɟɠɧɨɦɭ ɫɬɚɧɿ. 16 Balcony must be swept and clean Ȼɚɥɤɨɧɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɩɪɢɛɪɚɧɿ ɬɚ (if there is one) ɱɢɫɬɢɦɢ. 17 Do Not Disturb/Please make up ȱɧɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪ «ɇɟ ɬɭɪɛɭɜɚɬɢ» / «ɩɪɢmy rooms sign must be presented ɛɟɪɿɬɶ ɦɨɸ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɭ» ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭin each room and easily located ɬɢ ɭ ɤɨɠɧɨɦɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɿ ɬɚ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɢɣ. 18 A clean ashtray and matches must ɑɢɫɬɚ ɩɨɩɿɥɶɧɢɱɤɚ ɬɚ ɫɿɪɧɢɤɢ ɩɨbe places into a smoking room ɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɿ ɜ ɧɨɦɟɪɿ ɞɥɹ ɤɭɪɰɿɜ. 19 A mirror glass must be clean and Ⱦɡɟɪɤɚɥɨ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɨ ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɢɦ ɬɚ smear free ɛɟɡ ɩɥɹɦ. 20 Wardrobes must be clean and free ɒɚɮɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɿ ɬɚ ɛɟɡ of any scuffs, dust or debris ɩɨɲɤɨɞɠɟɧɶ, ɩɢɥɭ. 21 A telephone and note pad/pen Ɍɟɥɟɮɨɧɧɢɣ ɞɨɜɿɞɧɢɤ, ɡɚɩɢɫɧɢɤ must be available next to a ɬɚ ɪɭɱɤɚ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɿ ɛɿɥɹ ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧɚ. telephone in a room 22 All drawers must be clean and free ȼɫɿ ɲɭɯɥɹɞɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɿ. of any dust or debris 23 Television must be clean and Ɍɟɥɟɜɿɡɨɪ ɦɚɽ ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɢɦ ɬɚ ɧɚcorrectly tuned in ɫɬɪɨɽɧɢɣ.
457
ɉɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɞ. ȼ ɋɌȺɇȾȺɊɌɂ ɇȺ ɆɈɆȿɇɌ ɉɊɂȻɍɌɌə
STANDARDS ON ARRIVAL
24 Correct time must be shown on əɤɳɨ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɿ ɽ ɝɨɞɢɧɧɢɤ, ɜɿɧ ɩɨa clock (if there is one) ɜɢɧɟɧ ɱɿɬɤɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɭɜɚɬɢ ɱɚɫ. 25 All light fixtures in bathroom and ȼɫɹ ɫɜɿɬɥɨɜɚ ɚɩɚɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɭ ɜɚɧɧɿɣ ɬɚ bedroom must work properly ɫɩɚɥɶɧɿɣ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɿ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɩɪɚɰɸɜɚɬɢ ɧɚɥɟɠɧɢɦ ɱɢɧɨɦ. BATHROOM
ȼȺɇɇȺ ɄȱɆɇȺɌȺ
1 A bathroom must be completely ȼɚɧɧɚ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɚ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɛɭɬɢ ɩɨmould free ɜɧɿɫɬɸ ɨɱɢɳɟɧɚ ɜɿɞ ɩɥɿɫɟɧɿ. 2 All ceilings and walls must be ɋɬɟɥɹ ɬɚ ɫɬɿɧɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫclean ɬɢɦɢ. 3 Shower/bath/sink control must be Ⱦɭɲ/ɜɚɧɧɚ/ɭɦɢɜɚɥɶɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ clean and in good repair ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɿ ɬɚ ɜ ɧɚɥɟɠɧɨɦɭ ɫɬɚɧɿ. 4 Shower/bath/sink control must be Ⱦɭɲ/ɜɚɧɧɚ/ɭɦɢɜɚɥɶɧɢɤ polished ɛɭɬɢ ɜɿɞɩɨɥɿɪɨɜɚɧɢɦɢ. 5 Shower curtain (door) clean
ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ
ɒɬɨɪɤɚ / ɞɜɟɪɤɚ ɭ ɞɭɲɿ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɨɸ.
6 All counters, shelves and soap ɋɬɿɣɤɢ, ɩɨɥɢɰɿ ɬɚ ɩɿɞɫɬɚɜɤɚ ɞɥɹ dishes must be clean ɦɢɥɚ (ɿɧɲɟ) ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɢɦɢ. 7 Bathroom floor must be clean and ɉɿɞɥɨɝɚ ɭ ɜɚɧɧɿɣ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɿ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ free of any debris ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɚ, ɛɟɡ ɫɦɿɬɬɹ. 8 Toilet must be clean and in good Ɍɭɚɥɟɬ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɢɦ ɬɚ repair ɜ ɧɚɥɟɠɧɨɦɭ ɫɬɚɧɿ. 9 Waist paper bin must be clean and Ʉɨɲɢɤ ɞɥɹ ɫɦɿɬɬɹ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ in good condition ɱɢɫɬɢɦ ɬɚ ɜ ɧɚɥɟɠɧɨɦɭ ɫɬɚɧɿ. 10 Spare toilet roll must be always Ⱦɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɣ ɪɭɥɨɧ ɬɭɚɥɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɚavailable (if applicable) ɩɟɪɭ ɡɚɜɠɞɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɜ ɜɚɧɧɿɣ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɿ. 11 There always must be a full box of ɉɨɜɧɚ ɭɩɚɤɨɜɤɚ ɫɚɥɮɟɬɨɤ ɡɚɜɠɞɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɛɭɬɢ ɜ ɤɨɧɬɟɣɧɟɪɿ ɞɥɹ ɫɚtissues in clean tissue dispenser ɥɮɟɬɨɤ. 12 Bathrobes must be clean, ɏɚɥɚɬɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɢɦɢ, ɛɟɡ unstained and in good condition ɩɥɹɦ ɬɚ ɜ ɧɚɥɟɠɧɨɦɭ ɫɬɚɧɿ.
458
ɉɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɞ. ȼ BATHROOM
ȼȺɇɇȺ ɄȱɆɇȺɌȺ
13 There must be 2 x clean drinking ɍ ɜɚɧɧɿɣ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɿ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɞɜɚ water glasses covered with ɱɢɫɬɢɯ ɫɬɚɤɚɧɢ ɡ ɩɿɞɫɬɚɜɤɚɦɢ. capstans or placed on coasters (not wrapped in plastic) 14 All towels must be clean and in ȼɫɿ ɪɭɲɧɢɤɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɿ good repair ɬɚ ɜ ɧɚɥɟɠɧɨɦɭ ɫɬɚɧɿ. 15 All amenities must be neatly ɍɫɿ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɢ ɞɢɡɚɣɧɭ (ɩɨɞɚɪɭɧɤɢ) arranged ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɚɤɭɪɚɬɧɨ ɪɨɡɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɿ. 16 All flowers put in the room must Ʉɜɿɬɢ ɜ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɿ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɫɜɿbe fresh ɠɢɦɢ. TURNDOWN
ȼȿɑȱɊɇȱɃ ɋȿɊȼȱɋ
1 Turndown service must be provided ȼɟɱɿɪɧɿɣ ɫɟɪɜɿɫ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɡɚɛɟɡbetween 18h00 and 22h00 daily ɩɟɱɟɧɢɣ ɳɨɞɟɧɧɨ ɡ 18.00 ɞɨ 22.00. 2 In case of do not disturb sign ɍ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ ȾɇȾ ɤɚɪɬɤɚ ɩɨɜɿɞɨɦa calling card/door knob card must be ɥɟɧɧɹ ɡɚɥɢɲɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɿɞ ɞɜɟɪɢɦɚ. left under/on the door or a message must be left on the telephone 3 Employees must wear a complete ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɧɨɫɢɬɢ ɩɨɜɧɭ uniform and be well presented ɭɧɿɮɨɪɦɭ ɬɚ ɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɚɛɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɢɝɥɹɞɚɬɢ. 4 Employees must be pleasant and ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɜɜɿɱɥɢɜɿ professional in manners ɬɚ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɣɧɿ ɭ ɩɨɜɟɞɿɧɰɿ. 5 Bed spread must be removed or ɉɨɤɪɢɜɚɥɨ ɩɨɬɪɿɛɧɨ ɡɧɹɬɢ ɡ ɥɿɠɤɚ folded back ɚɛɨ ɜɿɞɜɟɪɧɭɬɢ ɧɚɡɚɞ. 6 If bedspread is stored away it must əɤɳɨ ɩɨɤɪɢɜɚɥɨ ɡɚɛɪɚɧɟ ɡ ɥɿɠɤɚ, be done neatly and not placed ɜɨɧɨ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɨ ɛɭɬɢ ɚɤɭɪɚɬɧɨ ɫɤɥɚdirectly on the floor ɞɟɧɟ, ɧɟ ɪɨɡɤɥɚɞɟɧɟ ɧɚ ɩɿɞɥɨɡɿ. 7 Employee must fold back sheets ɉɪɨɫɬɢɪɚɞɥɚ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɚɤɭɪɚɬneatly ɧɨ ɜɿɞɜɟɪɧɭɬɿ. 8 Bedside must be mat and slippers Ʉɪɚʀ ɥɿɠɤɚ ɦɚɸɬɶ ɛɭɬɢ ɜɢɫɬɟɥɟɧɿ, laid out ɬɚɩɨɱɤɢ ɜɢɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɿ. 9 Employee must draw curtains ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɨɜɧɿɫɬɸ ɬɚ fully and neatly ɚɤɭɪɚɬɧɨ ɡɚɬɹɝɧɭɬɢ ɝɚɪɞɢɧɢ.
459
ɉɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɞ. ȼ TURNDOWN
ȼȿɑȱɊɇȱɃ ɋȿɊȼȱɋ
10 Employee must turn the bedside ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɦɚɽ ɜɜɿɦɤɧɭɬɢ ɥɚɦɩɢ lamp on ɛɿɥɹ ɥɿɠɤɚ. 11 Room service card must be left in Ʉɚɪɬɤɚ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɪɜɿɫɭ ɩɨɜɢa prominent position ɧɧɚ ɥɟɠɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɦɿɬɧɨɦɭ (ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɨɦɭ) ɦɿɫɰɿ. 12 Waste bins must be empty
Ʉɨɲɢɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɦɿɬɬɹ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɩɭɫɬɢɦɢ.
13 Ashtrays must be empty and clean
ɉɨɩɿɥɶɧɢɱɤɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɩɭɫɬɢɦɢ ɬɚ ɱɢɫɬɿ.
14 Employee must generally tide the ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɢroom and return all amenities ti ɛɪɚɬɢ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɭ ɬɚ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɢ ɜɫɿ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɢ ɞɢɡɚɣɧɭ (ɩɨɞɚɪɭɧɤɢ) ɧɚ their original position ɫɜɨʀ ɦɿɫɰɹ. 15 Quest’s clothes must be folded Ɉɞɹɝ ɝɨɫɬɹ ɦɚɽ ɛɭɬɢ ɚɤɭɪɚɬɧɨ and arranged neatly ɫɤɥɚɞɟɧɢɣ. 16 All shoes must be paired and ȼɫɟ ɜɡɭɬɬɹ ɦɚɽ ɛɭɬɢ ɫɤɥɚɞɟɧɟ ɚɤɭarranged neatly ɪɚɬɧɨ ɩɚɪɚɦɢ. 17 All change and jewelery must be Ƚɪɨɲɿ ɬɚ ɤɨɲɬɨɜɧɨɫɬɿ ɦɚɸɬɶ ɡɚleft untouched ɥɢɲɢɬɢɫɶ ɧɚ ɫɜɨʀɯ ɦɿɫɰɹɯ. 18 Employee stationery
must
replenish
all Ʉɚɧɰɟɥɹɪɫɶɤɟ ɩɪɢɥɚɞɞɹ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɨ ɛɭɬɢ ɡɚɦɿɧɟɧɟ.
19 Employee must remove any used ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɡɚɛɪɚɬɢ ɛɭɞɶglasses or room service soiled ɹɤɿ ɛɪɭɞɧɿ ɫɬɚɤɚɧɢ, ɬɚɪɿɥɤɢ, ɧɨɠɿ plates and cutlery from a room ɱɢ ɜɢɞɟɥɤɢ ɡ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɢ. 20 All magazines and newspapers ɀɭɪɧɚɥɢ ɬɚ ɝɚɡɟɬɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ must be arranged neatly ɚɤɭɪɚɬɧɨ ɫɤɥɚɞɟɧɿ. 21 TV remote control must be placed Ɍɟɥɟɜɿɡɿɣɧɢɣ ɩɭɥɶɬ ɦɚɽ ɛɭɬɢ ɩɨon a bed side table (on the top of ɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɥɿɠɤɨɜɭ ɬɭɦɛɭ (ɧɚɜɟɪɯ ɬɟɥɟɜɿɡɨɪɚ). TV) 22 Employee must replace any used ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɡɚɦɿɧɢɬɢ ɛɭɞɶtowels with clean ones ɹɤɿ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɿ ɪɭɲɧɢɤɢ ɧɚ ɱɢɫɬɿ. 23 Employee must clean and replace ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɨɦɢɬɢ ɫɬɚɤɚbathroom water glasses ɧɢ, ɳɨ ɫɬɨɹɬɶ ɭ ɜɚɧɧɿɣ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɿ.
460
ɉɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɞ. ȼ TURNDOWN
ȼȿɑȱɊɇȱɃ ɋȿɊȼȱɋ
24 Employee must replace any ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɡɚɦɿɧɢɬɢ ɡɚbathroom amenities as required ɫɨɛɢ ɝɿɝɿɽɧɢ. 25 Employee must personal toiletries
tidy
quests ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɚɤɭɪɚɬɧɨ ɩɨɫɤɥɚɞɚɬɢ ɬɭɚɥɟɬɧɿ ɡɚɫɨɛɢ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ. ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɧɚɱɢɫɬɨ ɜɢɦɢɬɢ ɭɦɢɜɚɥɶɧɢɤ.
26 Employee must rinse out a sink
27 Employee must ensure a toilet is ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɜɩɟɜɧɢɬɢɫɶ clean ɭ ɱɢɫɬɨɬɿ ɬɭɚɥɟɬɭ. 28 Employee must clean a bathroom ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɜɢɦɢɬɢ ɩɿɞɥɨfloor ɝɭ ɭ ɜɚɧɧɿɣ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɿ. 29 Employee must clean a bath/shower
ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɜɢɦɢɬɢ ɜɚɧɧɭ/ɞɭɲ.
STANDARDS SERVICING QUEST’S ROOM
ɋɌȺɇȾȺɊɌɇȿ ɉɊɂȻɂɊȺɇɇə ɇɈɆȿɊȱȼ
1 Servicing must be completed by ɉɪɢɛɢɪɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɨ ɛɭɬɢ ɡɚɤɿɧ14h00 each day ɱɟɧɟ ɞɨ 14.00 ɝɨɞ. ɳɨɞɟɧɧɨ. 2 Employee must wear a pleasant uniform, be professional in manner
full ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɧɨɫɢɬɢ ɭɧɿɮɨand ɪɦɭ, ɛɭɬɢ ɜɜɿɱɥɢɜɢɦ ɬɚ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɣɧɢɦ ɭ ɦɚɧɟɪɚɯ.
3 If employee is asked to come back əɤɳɨ ɩɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤɚ ɩɨɩɪɨɫɢɥɢ ɩɨat a certain time — it has to be ɜɟɪɧɭɬɢɫɶ ɭ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɱɚɫ — ɰɟ done ɩɨɜɢɧɧɨ ɜɢɤɨɧɭɜɚɬɢɫɶ. 4 In case of do not disturb sign put ɍ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ ȾɇȾ ɤɚɪɬɤɢ ɩɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ on the door employee is not ɧɟ ɦɚɽ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɡɚɯɨɞɢɬɢ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪ. allowed to enter the room 5 Carpet/tiles must be freshly Ʉɢɥɢɦ/ɩɥɢɬɤɚ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɩɨvacuumed/mopped and free of any ɱɢɳɟɧɿ ɩɨɪɨɯɨɬɹɝɨɦ/ ɜɢɦɢɬɿ, ɛɭɬɢ debris ɛɟɡ ɫɦɿɬɬɹ. 6 Room must be generally tidied Ʉɿɦɧɚɬɚ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɛɭɬɢ ɩɪɢɛɪɚɧɚ ɬɚ and all amenities returned to their ɜɫɿ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɢ ɞɢɡɚɣɧɭ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɿ original position ɧɚ ɫɜɨʀɯ ɦɿɫɰɹɯ. 7 Bed must be neatly made with Ʌɿɠɤɨ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɨ ɛɭɬɢ ɚɤɭɪɚɬɧɨ ɡɚclean linen which is free of stains ɫɬɟɥɟɧɟ ɡ ɱɢɫɬɨɸ ɩɨɫɬɿɥɥɸ, ɛɟɡ and tears ɩɥɹɦ ɬɚ ɩɨɲɤɨɞɠɟɧɶ.
461
ɉɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɞ. ȼ STANDARDS SERVICING QUEST’S ROOM
ɋɌȺɇȾȺɊɌɇȿ ɉɊɂȻɂɊȺɇɇə ɇɈɆȿɊȱȼ
ɒɬɨɪɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɚɤɭɪɚɬɧɨ ɡɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɿ.
8 Curtains must be neatly drawn
9 Waste bin must be emptied and ɋɦɿɬɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɩɨɪɨɠɧɿɦ clean ɬɚ ɱɢɫɬɢɦ. Ȼɚɥɤɨɧɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɩɪɢɛɪɚɧɿ.
10 The balcony must be clean
11 Any used stationery must be Ȼɭɞɶ-ɹɤɿ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɿ ɤɚɧɰɟɥɹɪɫɶɤɿ replaced ɬɨɜɚɪɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɡɚɦɿɧɟɧɿ. 12 Any used laundry bags/lists must Ȼɭɞɶ-ɹɤɿ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɿ ɤɚɧɰɟɥɹɪɫɶɤɿ be replaced (if necessary) ɬɨɜɚɪɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɡɚɦɿɧɟɧɿ. ȼɫɿ ɩɨɩɿɥɶɧɢɱɤɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɩɨɪɨɠɧɿɦɢ ɬɚ ɱɢɫɬɢɦɢ.
13 All ashtrays must be empty
14 In case of any blown light bulbs it Ʌɚɦɩɨɱɤɢ, ɳɨ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɪɿɥɢ — ɩɨmust be replaced ɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɡɚɦɿɧɟɧɢɦɢ. 15 Quest clothes must be folded and Ɉɞɹɝ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɚɤɭɪɚɬarranged neatly ɧɨ ɫɤɥɚɞɟɧɢɣ. 16 All change and jewelery must be Ƚɪɨɲɿ ɬɚ ɤɨɲɬɨɜɧɨɫɬɿ ɡɚɥɢɲɚɸɬɶleft untouched ɫɹ ɧɟɞɨɬɨɪɤɚɧɢɦɢ. 17 All newspapers and magazines ȼɫɿ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɢ ɬɚ ɝɚɡɟɬɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭmust be neatly arranged ɬɢ ɚɤɭɪɚɬɧɨ ɩɨɫɤɥɚɞɚɧɿ. 18 Any used glasses or room service Ȼɭɞɶ-ɹɤɿ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɿ ɫɬɚɤɚɧɢ, ɬɚsoiled plates and cutlery must be ɪɿɥɤɢ, ɥɨɠɤɢ ɱɢ ɜɢɞɟɥɤɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ removed from a room ɛɭɬɢ ɡɚɛɪɚɧɿ ɡ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ. 19 Any door knob signs must be Ȼɭɞɶ-ɹɤɿ ɤɚɪɬɤɢ (ɧɚɩɪ. ȾɇȾ) ɩɨplaced to original position ɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɧɭɬɿ ɧɚ ʀɯɧɽ ɦɿɫɰɟ. 20 Any used towels must be replaced
Ȼɭɞɶ-ɹɤɿ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɿ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɡɚɦɿɧɟɧɿ.
ɪɭɲɧɢɤɢ
21 All fresh towels must be clean and ȼɫɿ ɫɜɿɠɿ ɪɭɲɧɢɤɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ in good condition ɱɢɫɬɢɦɢ ɬɚ ɜ ɧɚɥɟɠɧɨɦɭ ɫɬɚɧɿ. 22 Bathrobes must re-hung
ɏɚɥɚɬɢ ɩɨɬɪɿɛɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɜɿɲɚɬɢ.
23 All partially used amenities must ȼɫɿ ɱɚɫɬɤɨɜɨ ɜɠɢɬɿ ɩɨɞɚɪɭɧɤɢ ɩɨbe replaced (if required) ɬɪɿɛɧɨ ɡɚɦɿɧɢɬɢ (ɹɤɳɨ ɜɢɦɚɝɚɽɬɶɫɹ).
462
ɉɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɞ. ȼ STANDARDS SERVICING QUEST’S ROOM
ɋɌȺɇȾȺɊɌɇȿ ɉɊɂȻɂɊȺɇɇə ɇɈɆȿɊȱȼ
24 Bathroom water glasses must be ɋɬɚɤɚɧɢ ɭ ɜɚɧɧɿɣ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɿ ɩɨɬɪɿɛɧɨ cleaned and replaced ɜɢɦɢɬɢ ɬɚ ɡɚɦɿɧɢɬɢ. 25 All toilet/facial tissue must be Ɍɭɚɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɩɚɩɿɪ ɩɨɬɪɿɛɧɨ ɩɨɧɨreplenished (if required) ɜɢɬɢ (ɹɤɳɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ). 26 Guest’s personal toiletries must be ȱɧɞɢɜɿɞɭɚɥɶɧɿ ɡɚɫɨɛɢ ɝɨɫɬɹ ɩɨɬɪɿɛtidied ɧɨ ɡɚɦɿɧɢɬɢ. 27 Shower curtain/door must be clean ɒɬɨɪɤɚ/ɞɜɟɪɰɹɬɚ ɞɭɲɭ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɢɦɢ. ȼɚɧɧɚ/ɞɭɲ/ɭɦɢɜɚɥɶɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɢɦɢ.
28 Bath/shower/sink must be clean
29 Floor must be clean and free of ɉɿɞɥɨɝɚ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɚ, ɛɟɡ any debris ɫɦɿɬɬɹ. 30 Toilet and toilet seat must be clean ɍɧɿɬɚɡ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɢɦ. 31 Bathroom counter must be clean, ɋɬɿɣɤɚ ɭ ɜɚɧɧɿɣ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɿ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ dry and free of any debris ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɚ, ɛɟɡ ɫɦɿɬɬɹ. 32 All bath/shower and sink controls ȼɫɿ ɪɭɱɤɢ ɜɚɧɧɢ/ɞɭɲɭ ɬɚ ɭɦɢɜɚmust be polished ɥɶɧɢɤɚ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɜɿɞɩɨɥɿɪɨɜɚɧɿ. 33 All mirrors must be clean and free ȼɫɿ ɞɡɟɪɤɚɥɚ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɢof smears ɦɢ, ɛɟɡ ɩɥɹɦ. HOUSEKEEPING — LAUNDRY
ɉɊȺɇɇə
1 Laundry list must include hours of Ʉɚɪɬɤɚ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɜɿɞɨɛservice ɪɚɠɚɬɢ ɝɨɞɢɧɢ ɫɟɪɜɿɫɭ. 2 Laundry list must include Ʉɚɪɬɤɚ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɜɿɞɨɛcollection/delivery instructions ɪɚɠɚɬɢ ɞɟɬɚɥɿ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ/ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ. 3 Laundry list must include Ʉɚɪɬɤɚ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɜɿɞɨɛcollection telephone numbers ɪɚɠɚɬɢ ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧɢ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ. 4 Laundry list must clearly state Ʉɚɪɬɤɚ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɱɿɬɤɨ applicable prices ɜɤɚɡɭɜɚɬɢ ɰɿɧɢ.
463
ɉɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɞ. ȼ HOUSEKEEPING — LAUNDRY
ɉɊȺɇɇə
5 Laundry list must have option for Ʉɚɪɬɤɚ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɦɚɬɢ ɨɩɰɿɸ ɞɥɹ ɫɤɥɚɞɟɧɢɯ ɿ ɩɨɜɿɲɚɧɢɯ folded or hung shirts ɫɨɪɨɱɨɤ. 6 Valet amenity tray must include ȼ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɿ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɩɚɤɟɬɢ ɞɥɹ laundry bags ɛɿɥɢɡɧɢ. STANDARDS — COLLECTION
ɋɌȺɇȾȺɊɌɂ — ɉɊɂɃɈɆ
1 Laundry/pressing must be ɉɪɚɧɧɹ/ɩɪɚɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɟ ɡɚɛɢcollected within ten minutes of ɪɚɬɢɫɶ ɭɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ ɞɟɫɹɬɢ ɯɜɢɥɢɧ ɩɿɫɥɹ ɩɪɨɯɚɧɧɹ. request 2 Employee must knock lightly on ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɩɨɫɬɭthe door ɤɚɬɢ ɭ ɞɜɟɪɿ. 3 Employee must greet the quest in ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɪɢɜɿɬɚɬɢ ɝɨɫa polite and friendly manner ɬɹ ɭ ɜɜɿɱɥɢɜɿɣ ɬɚ ɥɸɛ’ɹɡɧɿɣ ɦɚɧɟɪɿ. 4 Employee must use the quest’s ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɜɠɢɜɚɬɢ ɿɦ’ɹ name at least one time during the ɝɨɫɬɹ ɩɪɢɧɚɣɦɧɿ ɨɞɢɧ ɪɚɡ ɭɩɪɨinteraction ɞɨɜɠ ɪɨɡɦɨɜɢ. 5 Employee must confirm with the ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɟɪɟɜɿɪɢɬɢ ɪɚquest that the laundry list is in ɡɨɦ ɡ ɝɨɫɬɟɦ ɱɢ ɤɚɪɬɤɚ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ the bag ɽ ɜ ɩɚɤɟɬɿ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɚɧɧɹ. 6 Employee must thank the guest
ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɨɞɹɤɭɜɚɬɢ ɝɨɫɬɸ.
STANDARDS — DELIVERY AND PRESENTATION
ɋɌȺɇȾȺɊɌɂ — ȾɈɋɌȺȼɄȺ ɌȺ ɉɊȿȾɋɌȺȼɅȿɇɇə
1 All laundry must be delivered ȼɫɟ ɩɪɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɨ ɛɭɬɢ ɞɨɫɬɚɜwithin specified time ɥɟɧɟ ɭ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɱɚɫ. 2 In case of any delays the guest ɍ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ ɛɭɞɶ-ɹɤɢɯ ɡɦɿɧ ɝɿɫɬɶ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɩɪɨɿɧɮɨɪɦɨɜɚɧɢɣ must be informed immediately ɧɟɝɚɣɧɨ. 3 With pressing, all garments must ɍ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ ɩɪɚɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɜɫɿ ɪɟɱɿ ɩɨbe returned within 1 hour of them ɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɧɟɧɿ ɭɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ being collected ɝɨɞɢɧɢ ɩɿɫɥɹ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ. 4 All collected items must be returned ȼɫɿ ɪɟɱɿ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɩɨɜɟɪɬɚɬɢɫɶ ɭ ɜɢ+ returned in the requested way ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɫɩɨɫɿɛ (ɫɤɥɚɞɟɧɿ, ɧɚ ɜɿ(folded, on a hunger etc.) ɲɚɤɭ ɬɨɳɨ).
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ɉɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɞ. ȼ STANDARDS — DELIVERY AND PRESENTATION
ɋɌȺɇȾȺɊɌɂ — ȾɈɋɌȺȼɄȺ ɌȺ ɉɊȿȾɋɌȺȼɅȿɇɇə
5 In case of a bill accompanied the ɍ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɪɚɯɭɧlaundry it must be clearly itemized ɤɭ, ɜɿɧ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɱɿɬɤɢɦ ɩɟɪɟand totalled ɥɿɤɭ ɬɚ ɤɿɧɰɟɜɿɣ ɫɭɦɿ. 6 All items must be appropriately ȼɫɿ ɪɟɱɿ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɧɚɥɟɠɧɢɦ cleaned ɱɢɧɨɦ ɱɢɫɬɢɦɢ. 7 All items must be appropriately ȼɫɿ ɪɟɱɿ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɧɚɥɟɠɧɢɦ pressed ɱɢɧɨɦ ɩɨɩɪɚɫɨɜɚɧɿ. 8 If stain can not be removed from əɤɳɨ ɩɥɹɦɭ ɧɟɦɨɠɥɢɜɨ ɜɢɜɟɫɬɢ the garment the quest must be ɡ ɪɟɱɟɣ — ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɩɨɜɿɞɨɦɢɬɢ ɝɨɫɬɹ. informed 9 All hanging garments must be ɍɫɿ «ɩɨɜɿɲɚɧɿ» ɪɟɱɿ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɩɨreturned on a good quality hangers ɜɟɪɧɭɬɿ ɧɚ ɜɿɲɚɤɚɯ ɧɚɥɟɠɧɨʀ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ. 10 Articles on hungers must covered Ɉɞɹɝ ɧɚ ɜɿɲɚɤɚɯ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɩɨin plastic ɤɪɢɬɢɣ ɩɨɥɿɟɬɢɥɟɧɨɜɢɦ ɩɚɤɟɬɨɦ. ȼɟɫɶ ɨɞɹɝ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɛɟɡ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɶɨɝɨ ɡɚɩɚɯɭ.
11 All articles must be free of odor
12 All folded garments must be ȼɟɫɶ ɫɤɥɚɞɟɧɢɣ ɨɞɹɝ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ delivered in a box/basket/tray ɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɩɚɤɟɬɿ. 13 All buttons must be replaced if ȼɫɿ ʉɭɞɡɢɤɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɩɟɪɟɲɢɬɿ, fallen or loose ɹɤɳɨ ɜɿɞɿɪɜɚɥɢɫɹ ɚɛɨ ɜɿɞɪɢɜɚɸɬɶɫɹ. 14 Garments must be free of any ȼɟɫɶ ɨɞɹɝ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɛɟɡ ɤɧɨstaples or pins ɩɨɤ ɱɢ ɛɭɥɚɜɨɤ. 15 Laundry tags must be removed Ȼɿɪɤɢ ɜɿɞ ɩɪɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɡɚfrom all items ɛɪɚɧɿ ɡɿ ɜɫɿɯ ɪɟɱɟɣ. 16 Socks must be in pairs and folded
ɒɤɚɪɩɟɬɤɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɫɤɥɚɞɟɧɿ ɩɚɪɨɸ.
17 In case of Do Not Disturb sign on ɍ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ ȾɇȾ ɧɚ ɞɜɟɪɹɯ, ɩɨɜɿɞthe door a calling card must be ɨɦɥɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɨ ɛɭɬɢ ɡɚɥɢɲɟɧɟ placed under the door ɩɿɞ ɞɜɟɪɢɦɚ. 18 If shoes are left out to be cleaned əɤɳɨ ɜɡɭɬɬɹ ɛɭɥɨ ɡɚɥɢɲɟɧɟ ɞɥɹ ɱɢit must be returned polished to ɫɬɤɢ, ɜɨɧɨ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɨ ɛɭɬɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɧɭɬɨ a high standart ɧɚɩɨɥɿɪɨɜɚɧɢɦ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɿɜ.
465
ɉɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɞ. ȼ IN ROOM BAR
ȻȺɊ ɍ ɇɈɆȿɊȱ
STANDARDS — ORDER OF SERVICE:
ɋɌȺɇȾȺɊɌɂ — ɁȺɆɈȼɅȿɇɇə ɉɈɋɅɍȽɂ:
1 The in room bar must be checked Ȼɚɪ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɿ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɤɨɠɧɨɝɨ daily. ɞɧɹ ɩɟɪɟɜɿɪɹɬɢ. 2 If employee was observed, he/she ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɧɨɫɢɬɢ ɩɨɜmust wear a complete uniform and ɧɢɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɬ ɭɧɿɮɨɪɦɢ ɿ ɦɚɬɢ ɧɚmust be well presented. ɥɟɠɧɢɣ ɜɢɝɥɹɞ. 3 The employee must be pleasant ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɨɜɨɞɢɬɢɫɶ and professional in manner. ɥɸɛ’ɹɡɧɨ ɿ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɣɧɨ. 4 All used mini bar items must be ɍɫɿ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɿ ɧɚɩɨʀ ɡ ɦɿɧɿ ɛɚɪɭ replaced. ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɡɚɦɿɧɟɧɿ. 5 All dirty glasses must be replaced ɍɫɿ ɛɪɭɞɧɿ ɤɟɥɢɯɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ with clean glasses. ɡɚɦɿɧɟɧɿ. 6 The ice bucket/tray must be filled ɉɨɫɭɞ/ɥɨɬɨɤ ɡ ɥɶɨɞɨɦ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭdaily (if applicable). ɬɢ ɧɚɩɨɜɧɟɧɿ ɤɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɞɧɹ (ɹɤɳɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ). PRODUCT:
ɉɊɈȾɍɄɌ:
7 In room bar cabinet must be clean ɉɨɥɢɱɤɚ ɛɚɪɚ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɿ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ and dust free. ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɚ ɿ ɛɟɡ ɩɢɥɭ. 8 Mini bar fridge must be steady.
ɏɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɢɤ ɦɿɧɿɛɚɪɚ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɫɬɿɣɤɢɦ.
9 Mini bar fridge must be easily Ⱦɨɫɬɭɩ ɞɨ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɢɤɚ ɦɿɧɿɛɚɪɚ accessible. ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɥɟɝɤɢɣ. 10 The mini bar fridge must be clean ɏɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɢɤ ɦɿɧɿɛɚɪɚ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭand free of any odour. ɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɢɣ ɛɟɡ ɛɭɞɶ-ɹɤɨɝɨ ɡɚɩɚɯɭ. 11 The mini bar fridge must be in ɏɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɢɤ ɦɿɧɿɛɚɪɚ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ good working order. ɛɭɬɢ ɜ ɧɚɥɟɠɧɨɦɭ ɪɨɛɨɱɨɦɭ ɫɬɚɧɿ. 12 The mini bar fridge must be free ȼ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɢɤɭ ɦɿɧɿɛɚɪɚ ɧɟ ɩɨof any ice build up. ɜɢɧɧɨ ɛɭɬɢ ɧɚɩɥɢɜɭ ɥɶɨɞɭ. 13 The in room bar must contain Ɇɿɧɿɛɚɪ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɿ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɦɿɫɬɢɬɢ a good selection of drinks. ɞɨɫɬɚɬɧɿɣ ɜɢɛɿɪ ɧɚɩɨʀɜ. 14 There must be a minimum of 2 bot- ȼ ɦɿɧɿɛɚɪɿ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɨ ɛɭɬɢ ɩɪɢɧɚɣɦtles of mineral water available. ɧɿ 2 ɩɥɹɲɤɢ ɦɿɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɜɨɞɢ.
466
ɉɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɞ. ȼ PRODUCT:
15 Food items must be available.
ɉɊɈȾɍɄɌ:
ȼ ɦɿɧɿɛɚɪɿ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɛɭɬɢ ʀɠɚ.
16 An in room bar price list must be ȼ ɧɨɦɟɪɿ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɰɿɧ available (i.e. either a printed list ɦɿɧɿɛɚɪɚ (ɜɢɞɪɭɤɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɚɛɨ or in the directory of services). ɜ ɿɧɮɨɩɚɩɰɿ). 17 The in room bar beverages/food ɇɚɩɨʀ/ʀɠɚ ɦɿɧɿɛɚɪɚ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɜɿɞɩɨitems must correspond to the prin- ɜɿɞɚɬɢ ɜɢɞɪɭɤɨɜɚɧɨɦɭ ɫɩɢɫɤɭ. ted list. 18 Fridge contents must be neatly ȼɦɿɫɬ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɢɤɚ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ arranged with all labels facing ɨɯɚɣɧɨ ɫɤɥɚɞɟɧɢɣ ɭɫɿɦɚ ɟɬɢɤɟɬɤɚɦɢ outwards. ɩɨɜɟɪɧɭɬɢɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɥɟɠɧɨɝɨ ɨɝɥɹɞɭ. 19 All canned drinks must be free of ɍɫɿ ɪɨɡɥɢɬɿ ɧɚɩɨʀ ɧɟ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ any rust. ɡɿɩɫɭɬɿ. 20 All stock must not exceed expiry ȼɟɫɶ ɩɟɪɟɥɿɤ ɧɟ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɟɪɟɜɢdate. ɳɭɜɚɬɢ ɬɟɪɦɿɧ ɩɪɢɞɚɬɧɨɫɬɿ. 21 Two of each type of glass must Ⱦɜɚ ɤɟɥɢɯɢ ɡ ɤɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɭ ɩɨɜɢɧcorrespond to drinks offered. ɧɿ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɬɢ ɡɚɩɪɨɩɨɧɨɜɚɧɢɦ ɧɚɩɨɹɦ. 22 All glassware must be clean, ɍɫɿ ɤɟɥɢɯɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɿ, ɧɚpolished, unchipped and matching. ɩɨɥɿɪɨɜɚɧɿ, ɛɟɡ ɩɨɲɤɨɞɠɟɧɶ ɿ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɬɢ ɞɢɡɚɣɧɭ. 23 Glassware must be placed on Ʉɟɥɢɯɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɡɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɢɫɶ ɧɚ coasters/liner. ɩɿɞɫɬɚɜɰɿ. 24 There both a corkscrew and bottle ɒɬɨɩɨɪ ɞɥɹ ɩɥɹɲɨɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ opener must be available (if needed). ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɢɣ (ɹɤɳɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ). 25 There must be stir sticks and ɉɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɩɚɥɢɱɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɪɨɡɦɿcoasters available. ɲɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɲɬɨɩɨɪ. 26 Linen/paper serviettes must be ɉɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɫɟɪɜɟɬɤɢ ɡ ɬɤɚɧɢavailable. ɧɢ/ɩɚɩɟɪɨɜɿ. 27 An ice bucket and tongs must be ɉɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɩɨɫɭɞ ɿ ɳɢɩɰɿ ɞɥɹ available. ɥɶɨɞɭ. * ɋɤɥɚɞɟɧɨ ɡɚ ɞɚɧɢɦɢ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɿɜ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ, ɪɨɡɪɨɛɥɟɧɢɯ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨ ɞɨ ɇɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɭ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ ɬɚ ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɯ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɿɜ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ.
467
Ⱦɨɞɚɬɨɤ Ƚ
Ɋɢɫ. 1. Ⱦɜɨɦɿɫɧɢɣ, ɨɞɧɨɤɿɦɧɚɬɧɢɣ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɩɟɪɲɨʀ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ
Ɋɢɫ. 2. Ɍɪɶɨɯɦɿɫɧɢɣ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɨʀ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ 468
Ɋɢɫ. 3. Ɉɞɧɨɦɿɫɧɢɣ (ɞɜɨɦɿɫɧɢɣ) ɧɚɩɿɜɥɸɤɫ (ɫɬɭɞɿɨ)
Ɋɢɫ. 4. Ɉɞɧɨɦɿɫɧɢɣ (ɞɜɨɦɿɫɧɢɣ), ɞɜɨɤɿɦɧɚɬɧɢɣ ɥɸɤɫ 469
Ɋɢɫ. 5. Ɉɞɧɨɦɿɫɧɢɣ (ɞɜɨɦɿɫɧɢɣ) ɞɭɩɥɟɤɫ
Ɋɢɫ. 6. Ɉɞɧɨɦɿɫɧɢɣ (ɞɜɨɦɿɫɧɢɣ) ɚɩɚɪɬɚɦɟɧɬ 470
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ГОТЕЛЬНИЙ БІЗНЕС: ТЕОРІЯ ТА ПРАКТИКА ПІДРУЧНИК 2-ге видання, перероблене та доповнене Оригінал-макет підготовлено ТОВ «Центр учбової літератури»
Керівник видавничих проектів – Сладкевич Б. А. Підписано до друку 04.08.2011. Формат 60х84 1/16 Друк офсетний. Папір офсетний. Гарнітура PetersburgCTT. Умовн. друк. арк. 26,55. Видавництво «Центр учбової літератури» вул. Електриків, 23 м. Київ 04176 тел./факс 044-425-01-34 тел.: 044-425-20-63; 425-04-47; 451-65-95 800-501-68-00 (безкоштовно в межах України) e-mail:
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