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M C T O KM ~C ~B TO ~~ O ~ RIIOEQaHHbIe ~ I ~ H e XenalTM [PI), HeCTM 6pem H e ~ 0 f MMi B O ~ ~ H O ~ Im . ~pblm~ H e~ ~ O ~ U H OKO~ ~ H POAH) OICU~UAU6aponbi - IcpynHble qbeodanbr, KOTOPbIe H a Y a n H np04 o ~ o n o40% anznuicrcux cnoe u cnoeo06pa3oeanu~uzeem namuncrcue TMB ~ o p o m B O ~ H ~ . KOPHU, npUHeCeHH b l e l i e p e 3 @ p a H l { y 3 C i c ~II3blK. ~ B 1215 r. B xone B O ~ ~ icopoflb H ~ I N O ~ H6 eHp 3 e ~ e n b ~ b nl o~nia f l e n n e H M 15 H ~ H H1215 rona na nyzy Pannuzed OKOAO Bund3opa 6 b 1 n B ~ I H Y Bonpoc 7. A~rnnslB XIII-XIV BB. C T ~ H O B ~ ~ H H ~ m e H n o d n u c a m b n p e d s x e f l e ~ ~ b el M e y mpe6oea~ux. COCJ~OBHO-~~~~ACT~B MOHapXHH. HT~J~~HO~ TOT AOKYMeHT, C O C T O R W M ~M3 ~ 63 c ~ a ~ e fn0JI)'Ylm i, H a 3 B a H M e Benmaa xapTHs ~ o n a n o c ~ e1215 l r. - The Great Charter (eng.) Magna Charta Libertatum (Jam.); Magna Carta ( ~ a s s a ~ M a ec n o n b 3ye~cxc e h a c K a K ~ ( P ~ u ~ a n b ~ onepebii e) ~oncmumyyuonn~ri arcm e ucmopuu Benu1~06pumanuu. B H a c T o r r u e e sperm Magna Carta 1215z. x ~ ~ x e m O ~cH ~ U Mu s o c ~ o - K XIII B. B A ~ r n a ac n o m a c b cuJIbnaR yenmpm1~30ea~naa macmb, 6 o n o f l a z a m l y u x a i c m o e ~enucaiioii6 p u m a ~ c i c o u i' c o t t c m u m y y u u . K o T o p a R O n u p a n a c b H a n o d d e p x i c y p b l y n p c m e a , zopodoe u ceo6od~ozo Coz/lac~oXapmuu: i c p e c m b m c m e a . n p K~o p o n e pa6o~anrcopofleecrcu6 coeem, K O T O P ~ I ~ ~ senan qbunancmu u cyde6no6 cucmeniori: K O ~ O ~ ~ B~nacn, CW H~M(/ 6bma o z p a ~ u l i e ~e fal a c m b icopoflx 6 ~ a n o z o e o l i( @ a ~ a ~ c o ~ uo fcyi) 6onee y ~ p e n ~ n a c~b P AMU H ~ C T M M~ ~ ~ H T ~ T ~ HO ~C OT ~O~ H B H, nO p ~ de6~ou'c@epax. Q>~oAXTOB M O r CynMTb TOnbKO C y n P a B H b I X JIMIJ. ee o c H o s a T e n e renpuxe 11 (1154-1189), icomopblu": A a ~ ~ auden x ozpanulienux enacmu KOPOM, 3anowenna~ze xapmuu, (/ y K p e n M n r o c y n a p c T B o , nposenrr cyde6nyio peqbopmy (common law cmanem sumem ocnoeoi codanwt napnamenma (39 naparpaa maSystem) - BBeJl KOPOA~~CKU~' cyd, B K O T O ~ MOT ~ I ~O~ ~ P ~ W ~ T~1~060fi ~ C R CMn: "HM 0QMH ~ ~ 0 6 0 J l H b I f iY e n O B e K H e 6 y n e T a p e C T O B a H , MnM 3aKJTH)YeH B TIOpbMY, MnM 0 6 ' b m e ~BHe 3aKOHa, BnM 0 6 e 3 q 0 n e H 7 KilM (/ 68M ~a3~alieicm80 6 ~ M U U (Exchequer). @ M H ~ H C ~~I ~ U IOTaeneEfbI M OT KOpOJIeBCKOrO COBeTa.

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4 21

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B e n f l ~ 0 6 p ~ ~ a H 6~yR~ ,y t I MOCTPOBOM, 6 b m a B M e H b m e f i OnaCHoCT A e H a 143 CTPOR; YeM A p p f e e~poneficmeCTpaHbI, HO o H a Tame ecmynma 6 soti 6 b 1 n B o c c T a H o B n e H CTaTyC M n M H KaK " B J I ~ ~ I YMopefit', ~ u ~ ~ KOTOnpomue @pa~yuu(nocne saxsa~a@ p a w a M f i ~ ~ J I b ~ ~f lO J I J I ~ ~ p~b ~ f iY a H r n k l y a H X0TenI.I OTHRTb @ p a H ~ y 3 b I .

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~

d BbInnaTa xmoBaHm YneHaM napnaMeHTa;

a

d 1867 r. - no61zn~cb~ 3 6 n p a ~ e n b ~ onpaBa r o nnx pa6osax, nonysamwwx BMCOK~KI sapnna~y; d 1868 r. - O ~ ' ~ ~ A M H ~ [ BI M~Cp~u r n a ~ c ~ cKonzpecc ui mped-~)~uo~os (nade Union Congress). EKT ~ a w b r i i ron c o 6 ~ p a e ~ cBf i n e p ~ b ~ f i (f n m c (Leeds); 4 f l ~ ~ e p n y n(Liverpool). b noHeAeJlbHMK C ~ H T H ~ ~ R ; d B 1893 r. OHM C03HmM He3aBMCMMp p a 6 o s p napTMm - npe&KopeHHb1e I.isMeHeHI.lrinpOH30IlInI4 B 06LUecT~eHHb1xoTHomeHMR IlIeHHMUY naPTAM J I C ~ ~ ~ O P M C T O B . Co~u~flbHble nocfledcrnsusl nl)OMblWfleHH020ne-Ve@ol)oma: (/ ~ a c c aMenKI.l.lx n p o ~ 3 ~ o f i ~ ~ e6b1~1a n e i i BblTeCHeHa I43 X O ~ R ~ ~ C T B ~ H 3a BnacTb I4 MeCTa B napAaMeHTe B TO BpeMR GOPOJIMC~ ABe napTMH: ~ U Z U- wigs (nubepanbl) M mopU - lory (rco~cepsam~pbl). HOG XM3HM 14 npeBpaTBnaCb B HaeMHbm p a 6 o ~ ~ x ;

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AHTJIMM Y B ~ ~ C TnoorePeAH0 M MenapTMM - KOHCep6amOpbf ( m o p ) u flu6epaflbl (euzu). O6pa3o~anMcbK a K napTMM B XIX B. f l ~ e ~ b r :

H R J I M C ~HBe

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c/ CTpeMJIeHMe 3aXBaTMTb HOBbIe TepPMTOPMM; c/ HexenaH~eycMneHMR n o 3 w ~ WP o c c a ~ ,sbrxona ee K qepHoMopCKMM ~ P O I I M B ~ M M B C P ~ A M ~ ~MOP^; MHO~ c/ XenaHMe 0 6 e 3 0 n a c ~ ~CBOM b CpeAM3eMHOMOpCKMe TOprOBbIe Map-

~ ~ k ~ ~AeRe c ~ ~ f i AHrnm BcTynMna B corn3 c Q p a ~ u ~ e Hf i T y p u ~ e i i .IIocne 3 neT COnpOTMBJIeHMR POCCMR 6b1na 1106exqe~a.,~HI-JIMR BbIlrrAa M 3 CO-

r~adcmon(William Gladstone).

m3HbIX AoToBOPOB.

B 3T0

BPeM.2 6 0 ~ 6 3a 6 ~eBp0nefic~oeI'OCnOACTBO

n p y c c t f ~B . 60-x rr. n p y c c ~n o~6 e m a e ~A B C T P M ~Ha, Y M H ~B ~ TO ~ B c ~ < TD ~ p a ~ ~ l l eMf in o 6 e w a e ~ee B 1871 r. A H ~ ~ M ~e R o~a3b1~a Q eP ~~H U M M H M K ~ K O~~O~R I [ ~ P ) KHO KM B.M T O ~ 113-311 ~ nopalllcenurr @panyy3os y 5pumanuu noaeu~cae 4 e 6oflee ~ 0 4 ~ e l i nPomU6HuK - 06~edunuelum8Ce 2epnzaHcKue Kn.xxecmea repMancKU m n e p m BO rJtaBe c KaHWePoM SUCM~PKOM. Dme~epcmo~, npeMbeP-MMHMcTp: "The English have no permanent friends, they only have Petmanent interests". "YA ~ Z A UHem U nocmOaHHt,lX dpysei, Y AHZJ~UU ecmb rnofletco nocmoannele unmepecu". B 1870-x rr. BO~HMKJIO Ha3BaHMe "&pumanc~axunmepd'. naprraMeHT no PeKoMeWauMM A~spasnkinpMcBor?n amnwi3c~oi3KoponeBe TMTYJr KOPOJIeBbI M ~ M MBce . U H Z A U ~ ~ C K KOflOHUU U~ Ha3bleaflUCb Epuma~crcoliwnepuea. 1875 2. - aKUMM C Y ~ U K O K a~HO U a 6b1nM KynneHbI y E r ~ n T a3a 4 mxn $ynmoe cmepflunzoe. HaYaHaeT

@ o p ~ 1884 a u 1885 22. Oc~06Hble113MeHeHl(fl:

cf 1884 r. - p a c u ~ p e~~p y ru 3 6 ~ p a ~ e n e iKaTerOpMR i: (/

3axMTO'-WbI

apemOBm nmfiefi (KTO ma&en AOMOM MnW K B ~ P T M P O G 10 ~ n w 6onee @YHTOB B r o d ; 1885 r. - YCTaHOBneHbI paBHbIe ~36Mpa~emHbIe OKpVa. Ewe p ~ b u Be 1872-1874 rr. B A H T ~ M6b1n0 M YCTaHOBJIeHO ma6 Hoe zo,zocoeanue Ha eer6opax B napnaMeHT.

O~paaqaHkiRK O ~ O H M ~ ~ ~H ~~ XI B X ~ TB OA BH ~ ~ . I I M6bma M pa3Bepnponarama. ~ a B ~ e fy.racTBosanM i ra3e~b1,UepKoBb M naxe nMWTenM M n03TbI. K P Y ~ H ~ n03TOM, ~ M M BOCneBaBLl.IMM C M n y 6 p ~ TaHc~oroc~naaTa MOW E P M T ~ H C MMlTepklM, KO~ 6b1n PebbRpb & ~ ? U U H ~(1865-2936). ~

B HeRpaX KanMTaJIM3Ma; c/ n o c ~ e n e ~0~por a ~ b 1 ~ e c m o r o c a ~ o ~ p a m e 6my ~ nn ~o w ~a 6onbme n p a ~ npenocTasnReMb1X , rOCynapCTBoM. A caMo rocyaapcT B~ ~ Y A ~ OIJnHklqMBaTb T CBOM rrpaBa. nepexod O m 6 ~ ~ 3 1 c ~ a 3 ~ ?Ocy ozo dapcmea rc co~umucmuuecrcoMyMeCmHOMY c~oYnpa@fleHuro - rnaB Hax meR @a6ua~cxozocoyuanuma.

y

Haquo

1902 ZZ.,

XX

B. 03HaMeHOBZt.iIOCb ~ H Z A O KoT0paR BbI3Bma pe30HaHC BO BCeM

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CCOUM B ~ ~ ~ I UKUO ~MO H U X M :

B 0TBe-r H a TOT mar 6 b 1 ~ m a eK O ~ O H H HBO M H O ~ O Mn e p e m n k i 6paT ~ H n 0Cn H T~m e C K Y I O CHCTeMY H COmaCkiJTBCb ( K P O M ~ M ~ n k i ~ ) H a TO, 9 ~ 0 6 b 1~ P M T ~ H C K MOHaPX I . ~ ~ ~ OCTaJICH IXa~0fi3W rOCYAapCTB. B more E ~ H T ~ H CmKn~e pRm n o c T e n e H H o M a p H b r M n y T e M T p a H c @ ~ P M M P ~ BB ~&umauc~oe ~ C ~ codpyxecmeo (Commonwealth) o c o 6 ~CkiCTeMY nOnuTmeCKkfX, 3KOHOMklqeCKHX H KYnbTJ'PHbIX c ~ ~ s e fnip,k i KOTOP~IX ~ ~ I B U IKMO ~~O H H H@ O P M ~ H OCTUH ~ e 3 a BMCMM~IMH, HO OCTanMCb B "c@epeBJIHHHMR" B ~ A H K o ~ ~ H T ~ H M H . Upasumenbcmeo 3mmnu marc31ce ocvlaecmswo D R cMenblx ~ BHV~DUnonumuYecrcux L U ~ Z O ~ : J ~ayuouanu3upoeanoy20nbuy10 u ta30ey10 npoiublunennocmb, a T a m e s n p a ~ o o x p a ~ e Hauuo~anusauw ~~e. nposodwacb HU sblzod~blxd m rcanurnanucmoe vcnoemx K ~ T O P ~ I peJ&3JIOCb X y c ~ p o i i c ~n ~ o con e B o e H H O r o MMpa; B e n aKTw ~ y nme p e n H c k c y c C T a n H H b l M H @. P ~ ~ B ~ ~ T o M ; (/ n p o B o 3 m a c H n H a s a n o " x o J I o ~ ~ H o ~B~O ~ ~ H ~ nPOTMB I" CCCP B 1946

BbIKYnitRMCb ~ 6 b 1 ~ 0 ' I ~ IIpeAnpHHTHH; bIe 6 b I ~ m B~ new e n b u b I n o n y q a n M 6 o n b m y m K O M n e H C a u H m ; n p e A n p k i H H M a T e J I H CTaHOBHnkiCb AkipeKTOpaMki n p e & n p k i H T H f i H c T a n t i n o n y q a T b sapnna~y;

M.

BO BpeMH BbICTynJTeHkiH B

r.

@YJTTOH~

(Cm);

J eeeno 6ecnnamuoe ~ e d u y u n c ~ o06cny~!ueauue. e H e c M o ~H a~ 6~0 J I b m f e COUHaRbHbIe 3aBOeBaHHH, HpaBHTeJIbCTBo 3 ~ m B3 1951 r., nocne 6 n e T n p a s n e H m , npompano B M ~ O ~ M K ~ H C ~ ~ B ~ TOAHHM O ~ ~ MM3. @BKTOPOB, K O T O P ~ IUOMOT ~~ BePHpbCH

J C ~ O C O ~ C T B O B ~C03AaHkiH) JI BO~HHO-nOnkiTHYeCKMX ~ ~ O K OBOB ma

c CUIA.

KoHcePBaTOPaM K B n a c T H , 6 b m aBTopkiTeT npec~apenoro Y. qepYKnrrrr, K O T O P ~ IB~BO3paCTe ~ 77 n e T BHOBb B 0 3 m a B W I UPaBMTenbCTBO.

4, Koucepeamopbl 6b1nu y enacmu 13 nem - e 1951-1964 2z. 3a smo (J

G-DeMIE C M m U R O C b YemblDe rco~cepsnmu6~blx rca6u~ema: Y ~ P ~ U(1951-1955) - B 1955 r. q e p Y t l J I J I b ~

3. flei6opucmc~oe npaeumenbcmeo D e ~ e n m a311tm.m(1945-195 n p ~ u Ko

BnaCTH n O n Jl03YHTaMM IIPOBeAeHHR m y 6 o ~ k i xB H e m H e

nOnMTH9eCKHX H BHyTpHnOJIkiTMYeCKHX

P~@~PM-

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no-

CTH ki C ~ O K O ~ ~ C T B B HH O~U[~CTB~;

ACTBYRC~ n p H H U M n O M KOJIOHH3aTOPOB "YfiTH, 9 ~ 0 6 b 1OCTaTbC n p a B H T e m c T B o 31~n1.1H e c T U 0 >K4aTb B O O P Y ) K ~ H H O6~0~p b 6 b 1 JI 'IMP, ~ ~ H ~ C K OC ~~ O~ "H ~ P H H .

I/ A. &tnaca-Xblo~a (1963-1964). Rvasurnenbcmso A. dvznaca-Xbm~asouno

6

ucmovum KaK

CaMO Ha3HaYeHHe 3 T O r 0 ITpaBHTenbCTBa B b I 3 B U O n p o 6 n e ~ b 1- no pe3ynbTaTaM B ~ ~ ~ O P HM O B OAHa A 3 npaBRU[MX T P ~ ~ ~ I I W P O B O ~e K

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n O p a O B B H ~ C T O B U MMOMeHT ~~ COXpaHrreTcR,

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P e m a m ~ m~ o n bn p ~b160pax ~ n a p n a ~ e ~ti ~@ ao ~ M M ~ o B ~ H M MnpaBMTenbcma q a m T nonmmecme n a p w . B Hacmxqee Bpem B BeJ I M K O ~ P M T ~ H M H cnommacb dsyxnapmuu'nm cucmema: 6onee 70 neT npaBMTenbCTB0 Ha OCHOBe napJIaMeHTCKOr0 ~ O J I ~ U H H C Tno B ~ OlrePenM @OPMMPYK)T HBe naPTHM KOHCepBaTMBHatI M nefi60pMc~c~aR. XOTRH a CTbIKe XX-XXl BB. U a C C M Y e C K a R A B Y X ~ ~ P T W ~ CHCTe~H~R M a HaqaJIa naBaTb C ~ O MM H a ITOJIMTWeCKYK)apeHy BHOBb Halrana BbIXOJIWTb mpembll flapmu - nu6epanbr.

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BOTYM HeAOBepMH npaBMTenbcTBy, B B ~ ~ M K o ~ P MCmeCTBYeT T ~ H I . ~ ~K ~O H C T M ~ M O H H M06bmaG ~~ He H O C M T ~BOTYM HeAOBepMR npaBMTenbCTBY (B XX B. BOTYM Hen p ~ 6nb u BblHeCeH T O ~ K Oesamnbr - B 1924 r. B 1979 r., npaB~Tenbc~ n~oar e p ~ n6 ~o n b m a ~ c ~B ~n oa p n a ~ e ~ ~ e ) .

fleu'6opucmc~m(mpydosm) n a p m u C O ~ A ~B H1900 ~ r. K a K napTMR p a 6 0 4 ~ xM ~ ~ o @ c o ~ O ~ B O B1924 . 2. OHU 6ttep6ble c@op~uposann npasumeAbcmao u ablmecHuna nu6epanb~ylonapmulo, conep~urasrrrylo c rco~cepeamopwus XIX - ~cllimeXY 6s. B ~ a c ~ o ~ B u Pe~ eM R

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( ~ P O T M B2 MJIH YJIeHOB y KOHCePBaTOPOB, T. e. B 20 pa3 ~ e ~ b t u e ) ; B O P ~ C ~ Y KnaPTMM ~ ~ Y Ha npU6UX KOflReKmU6HbLX WeHO6 6~0d/lm npo@colosbr (mped-lo~uo~br);

40% we~ospyrcosod~lu(uxopatioa d 0 / 1 x ~ b r 6 b m b npedcmasume~~r~u flp0@0lo306 (T. e. BeJrMKO JNWIHMe ~ ~ O @ C O D ~ Ha O BnOflMTHKy n a p M ) .

B XX B. y BnaCTM lraqe HaXollMnaCb KOHCepBaTMBHaR napTWH. 3a nocne&HMe 100 neT ( B ~ ~ MCyUeCTBOBaHflX R napTMM) n e f i 6 0 p ~ c ~ b 1 6bIJIM y BnaCTM B o6qefi CnOXHOCTM OKOJIO 25 neT. O C T ~ J I ~ H O ~ BpeMR ~P~BHJIM npeMMyIlteCTBeHH0 KOHCepBaTOpbI.

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MOHapXJJ,KOTOP~IBOCYUeCTBJIRJl MX cyd nopda-K~H ynepa. M o ~ a p xu cyd n o p d a - ~ a ~ y ~ ecosda~u pa napanneAbHyH.3 o6qemy npaey npaeoeyio cucmemy. E c n ~CYnbM n p H BbIHeCeHMM p e U I e H M a 6b111~ CBR3aHbI XeCTKHMM, @ O ~ M ~ ~ H ~ O B ~ H H06pa3uam ~IMEI ( n p e u e n e ~ ~ aTO ~ ~~)o,p o mH nopnK a H U J I e p PeUaJIIi A e J a no CBOeMy n l n H O M y YCMOTPeHMm MCXOAII IIOJIHOMO'IMR npMHEiAJleXaJIM M

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Bonpoc 25. O C O ~ ~ H H O C6pkl~aHC~Or0 TV~ npaBa kl

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~ a s ~ "npaso a ~ ~ cnpased~ueocmu". e c v n e 6 ~ o iCMCTeMbl B ~ ~ H K O ~ P H T ~ H nonywna M~ Cocyqecmsosa~uedsyx npasosux cucmeM s a ~ a c ~ ynpmoamo m K nyC ~ a ~ a ncydbu, a CsszmHHble npeyede~rnmu,sbr~ocunu"cflenble" wcmtiue peucetilur, a 3 a x ~ ~opoflb( 6 fluqe nopda-tia~wepn)"nepepeuuix" 3mu x e dma "no cnpasedflusocmu"- no n M s H o M y YcMoTpeHMm. B pe3yJIbTaTe cydeb~ori: pe#opMbl 1873 2. o6e IIpaBOBble CMCTeMhI o6wero n p a B a M n p a B a c n p a s e A n M B o c T M - 6 b m 06ziedune~al ~ s eduHYH) npa~oeyiocucmemy, me npesmupyem o6qee npaeo, K o p o n b EI J I O p A - K a H W e p H e CO3AaIOT O T A ~ J I ~ HCHCTeMbI, O~ a MHOrAa BbICTYTaHMqe.

IIaKlT B KaYeCTBe ~ I I ~ S I J I R U M O H H O G MHCTaHuMM.

1. B ~ X T I M K O ~ ~ H -TnpeACTaBMTeJIb ~HMR T a K H a 3 b I ~ a e ~ o aHZA0Ca fi cX0'ori / Z ~ ~ @ O @ O U CUCmeMbl, rfie, B OTJIH'IMe OT CTPaH KOHTMHeHT H 0 f i CHCTeMbI, BenyIXYIO P O n h HI'paeT H e 3 a K O H ( K O ~ ~ K C )a, Cy ~ b l r inpeyedeilm - KoHKpernHoe peulefiue cyda no KoHKpemHoMy de cnyxawee o6paayo~dax noczedymu(ux atianozuwbuc den. C y n b TOnbKO n P H M e H R K l T n p a B 0 , HO H CaMM TBOPRT HOPMbI, 0 6 R 3 a ~ H b I e ASIR n O C S I e n y ~ W H Xc y ~ e f i T , , e. IIpeUeAeHTbI.

B cucmme npeuede~m~ozo npasa Be/rluco@uma~~cll ~ecnonb~o cm6a, muu cocvutecrnsosanu: I 4 d o614ee npaso; I t1 d

M n p a B O CnpaBenJIHBOCTM.

O C O ~ ~ H coepeme~~ou' H O C ~ ~ cyde6noci cucmembr B e ~ t u ~ o 6 p u m a ~ u u C O ~ ~ ~ M H ~KOpOSIeBCTBe H H O M CylUeCTByeT mRU a6mOHOMFble c.vde6~bcecucmeMb1: o 6 u r a ~AJIR AHCXMM M Y3nbca; B TOM, 'IT0 B

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75

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A n e f l n ~ u o ~ ~C bY l ~paccMaTpwsaeT i xano6br Ha pemeHMH BblcoKoro cyna M Cyna KOPOH~I. r ~ a m w e fcpenofi i (B napKax, cKBepax,OKono AOMOB). CT~JI BCeMHpHo M3BeCTeH nocne sTo~oBMMPOBOGB O ~ ~ H Ero ~ I . ~ H ~ M ~ H H"flentcau(aR T ~ H ,-J~~ KaMHH

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4 xydomnuuu:

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1949 z.

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POCT BOeHHblX PaCXOAOB, COBePLUeHCTBOBaHMe B O O P Y X ~ H M ~ ~ . K p y n ~ e f i r u k l e KOpnOpaL(kiA A M ~ ~ M K paClrrap5UTM H CBOK) AeRTeJIbHOCTb. B 1950-e lTp0IIIJIa B O n H a C J I H R H M ~MHOrOOTPaCJIeBbIX ~ XOJIAHHrOBbIX K o M n a H M f i .

K 1956 r. 3aHHTOCTb B c@epe YCJIJT npeo6naana H a 3aHRTOCTbK) B ~POMbILUJIeHHOCTA. B CeJIbCKOM X O ~ H ~ ~ C nPOMCXOAMJI0 T B ~ YKP y n H e H M e @ e p M , C p e A A @ ~ P M ~ ~ITORBnRJIOCb O B BCe 60nbme K p y I I H ~ I X n p e ~ n p a ~ w ~ a ~ e nneaf a i .n a ~ o ~ ~ y p e ~ ~ o c n o c o ce6~ M e f i ~ b 1 ~

4'2~~.

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Ax. Kap~ep.

4. A x . Kapmep (1977-1981) C T O~n H a M a3 CaMbIX HeyAasnMBbIX n p e 3 m e H T O B B HCTOpHa CLUA. K a p ~ e pXOAHJl H a pa6o~yHeLLIKOM, . r a c T o M o n a n c R B ~ e p ~p a~6 0a~ X , Tno 16 s a c o B , HO d e ~ at~ cmpaHe u 3a a v 6 e ~ uflu o ~ sce x p e u q m e : a/ HasWlCR ~ K O H O M M U ~ C KKPM3BC; H~~ a/ s p e 3 ~ e p ~ p ao3 ~ y ~ b rn eo n y n a c T c K a e c o u a a r r b H b r e n p o r p a M M b 1 y A a PXJIH IIO APJTPiM

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CUIA, no e c e ~ y~ u p ~atlnflocb y uacnaocmpa~e~ue a~mua~epu~n~crcitx pemuMo&: u' 1977 r. - n p O M 3 0 l U e n ~ ~ O K O M M ~ H H C T P ~ Y B~0Ce HKHHb ~I f i n e p e B O p O T B 3$uonuu; K B f i a c T a nparuen A m T a T o p Me~zucmyX a h e M a p ~ a ~ , o p a e ~ ~ a p o s a s L u P i f HR i c ~CCCP; u' 1975-1979 rr. - npki n O A 4 e p X K e apMMH K y 6 b 1 YCTaHOBMJICFl KOM~ y ~ k f C T k T ! I e C ~ kpi ef iX H M B AHzode; u' 1978 r. - KOMMYHPiCTbI llPPitLLnl4 K EndCTM B A$za&ucma~e; B 1979 r. B A @ ~ ~ H H C6 bT1 n~HHBEefieHbI CoBeTCkkie B o ~ ~ c K ~ ; cf 1979 r. - MCnaMCKaR aHTMaMepMKaHCKaR peBOm(rHMFl B ~paHt2; c s e p r H y T ruax, npasttaurafi P i p a ~ o o K~o n o 40 n e T ; K B n a c T a npaLLIen p e ~ k i r f l 0 3 ~ b l f@I ~ H ~ T HXKO M ~ ~ IIpPi3b1BaIOLLtPifi HU, K 3KCnOpmy U ~ ~ ~ U MpeBOAIOl{ldU C ~ O ~ B f i P v M e CTpaHbI; M ~ M3 H HEQeXHOrO COI o 3 H H K a CmA B ~ ~ ~ C ~ C3 VKR BO e M npeBpaTMnCR B ~ ~ C K O M ~ ~ O M M c c H o r o spara; u' 1979 r. - B c o c e n H e M Npaice B p e 3 y n b ~ a ~A eB o p u o B o r o O e p e B o p o T a K B n a c T n npMrrren ~ononotin a K T a T o p d a d d m Xyceu"~,T a m e m e muwG r e o n o n a T a s e c K M e a~6autlti; a/ 1979 r. - petJOflloyU2 tJ Ha~aparya;H a CMeHy MHOrOneTHeMy COIO3H a Q CmA C O M O C ~IIpPiXOART c a ~ d u ~ l l ~ m -b nl p o ~ y 6 a ~ c K a fpef BOnloL(rl0HHaR napTkiR, O ~ k l e H T U P O B & H H a RH a CCCP. C ~ M ~CHnbl-fbIM IM MCnbITaHBeM AJIR aAMMHMCTPa4MM K a p T e p a , noKa3aBUIUM ee ~ e c n o c o 6 ~ o c l % BnMRTb H a C O ~ ~ I T B RC,T U H ~06b1m~4, CBg3aHHble C 3UmmOM UMi?pUICUHCKO20 nOCOflbCm8U 8 N p a ~ e .B HOn6pe 1979 r. B M p a ~ e6b1no pasrpourre~on o c o n a c T B o CIlIA, nepCOHC1JI B3RT B 3aAOXHUKU. Ahfepllica~~~aJl U ~ M U H ~ ~ C ~ P U OKa3aflUCb ~(UII 6eCcllflbHa. f i p a H U b 1 A e p X a n H 3BTIOXHHKOB 6onee rona bi 0 ~ ~ 0 6 0 ~ ~ na B n e H b a ~ a y r y p a u uP.~ Pefira~aB 1981 r. Ha & o ~ e8 UeflOM H ~ V ~ ~ Q H O nonumum U~ Kavmepa k ezo d o c r n u ~ w ~ u RM M O X H O omHecmu: r / 3 a w r m s e H a e c CCCP A o r o e o p a OCB-2 (06 o r p a H M r e H m i c T p a T e rHUeCKHX B O O P ~ ~ H MB~ )1979 r. - BBeAeHbI OrPaHMqeHMR H a M a K C B M m b H O e KOJIkltIeCTBO HEL3eMHbIX, BO3A)'llIHMX cTpaTerayecKMx ~oopyxe~afi;

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6 e p ~ a ~ o p b HeKOTOpbIe 1, BmHbIe KOHrPeCCMeHbI, BOeHaYaJlbHBKM, KapbepHbIe YAHOBHMKM, KPYnHbIe ~ H ~ H ~ C M ~HeKOTOPbIe H ~ I , B3BeCTHbIe JIIogU M 3 MMpa HayKki M HCr. Corcpnu(enue:AI. npossuu(a: "cepnue &~KCM" ["Heart of Dixie"], " U T ~ T ~ a ~ e n u . r["Camellia d State"], " U T ~ T OBCRHKM" ["Yellowhammer State"], " r u r a ~nurepnu" ["Lizard State"], " X J I O ~ K O B ~ Im~ ~~ a ["Cotton ~" State"]. X u m e ~ bulmnmai a n a 6 a ~ e u[Alabaman]. Cmofluqa:2. M O H T ~ O M[Montgomery]. ~PH fieeu.3: " M ~pemmmHo I 3ilmnllfaeM CBOH npaaa" ["We dare defend our rights"]. n e c n ~ "krra6a~a" : ["Alabama"]. Usemorc: KaMenm [Camellia]. fiepeso: cocHa roman [Southern Pine]. nmuqa: oecnHKa [Yellowhammer]. m r 6 o n e e u3eecmnble ona6ahiubc: A a p o ~X ~ H [Aaron, K Hank], 6eiic60nucT; S a ~ ~ x Tannyna en [Bankhead, Tallulal~],aKTpnca; l i n s ~Xbloro [Black, Hugo L], nonnTHK n mpwcT; 6 p a f i a ~ fn o n ("MenseJIb") [Bryant, Paul ("Bear")], @ ~ o n n c T ; Kapsep ,&Kopw [Carver, George Washington], Herp-arpoXKMKK; Koyn H ~ KT H H[Cole, ~ Nat King], nonynffp~h~fi neseu; X3HRM YHJI~FIM [Handy, William C.], KOMn03MTOP; Kennep X e n e ~[Keller, Helen], cneno-myxarr nMcaTenbHnua n nenaror; n n Xapnep [Lee, Harper], nxcaTenbHnua; nync ,&KO[Louis, Joe], 6 o ~ c e p ; Meic Y m n [Mays, Willie], 6 e f i c 6 o n ~ c ~ ; M o p r a ~OH [Morgan, John Hunt], reHepan;