KH>?J@:GB?
Review ......................................... 3 &KDSWHU>h[jh ih`Zeh\Zlv \:\kljZebx ...... 5 &KDSWHU...
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KH>?J@:GB?
Review ......................................... 3 &KDSWHU>h[jh ih`Zeh\Zlv \:\kljZebx ...... 5 &KDSWHURdhevgZy `bagv ................... 19 &KDSWHUJZaghh[jZab_ dmevlmj ............. 42 &KDSWHUHebfibckdb_ b]ju ................. 56 &KDSWHU>bdZy ijbjh^Z :\kljZebb .......... 74 &KDSWHUFmaudZ bbkdmkkl\h ............... 86 &KDSWHUHiul jZ[hlu ..................... 104 JZ[hqZy l_ljZ^v ............................ 121 Chapter 1 .................................. 121 JZ[hqZy l_ljZ^v ............................ 155 Chapter 2 .................................. 155 Chapter 3 .................................. 178 Chapter 4 .................................. 197 3Z[hqZy l_ljZ^v ............................ 206 Chapter 5 .................................. 206 Chapter 6 .................................. 221 Chapter 7 .................................. 238
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REVIEW
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IhagZdhfvl_kvk i_jkhgZ`Zfb Wlh ² ]eZ\gu_ ]_jhb k dhlhjufb \u \klj_lbl_kv \ Happy English-3. Hev]Z Djueh\Z q_lujgZ^pZlv e_l Oh^bl \ kj_^gxx rdhem \ Fhkd\_ Jhkkby Wlh ih_a^dZ \ :\kljZebx ² __ i_j\Zy ih_a^dZ aZ ]jZgbpmHev]_gjZ\blkybamqZlvyaudb KZrZDjueh\r_klgZ^pZlve_loh^bl\ kj_^gxxrdhem\ Fhkd\_ Jhkkby h[jhih`Zeh\Zlv\ :\kljZebxDZdijhreZih_a^dZ" KZrZ HgZ[ueZhq_gv^ebgghc Hev]Z Fuijhe_l_eb qZkh\ dh]^Z magZeb qlh fu ijhe_l_eb lhevdhiheh\bgmjZkklhygby^h:\kljZebb KZrZ FujZ^u[ulva^_kv Lhf ZZ\kljZebcpuhq_gv^jm`_ex[gu KZrZ a^_kv^Z`_\h^bl_ebex[_aguHgbhklZgZ\eb\ZxlfZrbguqlh[uijhimklblvi_r_oh^h\ Lhf M i_r_oh^h\ \k_]^Z _klv ij_bfms_kl\h gZ ^hjh]_ : ^ey Z\lh[mkh\b lZdkb\u^_e_gZki_pbZevgZyihehkZqlh[uex^bihevamxsb_ky h[s_kl\_gguf ljZgkihjlhf j_`_ ijboh^behkv `^Zlv \ mebqghf^\b`_gbb KZrZ Wlha^hjh\h Lhf : luHev]ZQlhluaZf_lbeZ" Hev]Z GZ f_gy ijhba\_eh \i_qZle_gb_ dhebq_kl\h jZkl_gbc b ilbp`b\msboijyfh\ ]hjh^_ Lhf Kb^g_c hdjm`_g gZpbhgZevgufb iZjdZfb >Z`_ \ p_glj_ ]hjh^Zilbpu]g_a^ylkygZ^_j_\vyojy^hfk hnbkgufba^Zgbyfbb h`b\e_ggufbmebpZfb 6
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Hev]Z ZfuklZjZ_fkyaZsblblvgZrmijbjh^mb `b\hlguoFu hkhagZeb ijh[e_fu hdjm`Zxs_c kj_^u lhevdh dh]^Z ihgyeb dZd fgh]h ^_j_\v_\ fu kjm[beb b kdhevdh \b^h\ `b\hlguo bkq_aeh K_cqZkfubkihevam_fjZagu_dhgl_cg_ju^eyk[hjZ\lhjkujvy^ey [Zghd[mluehdb ijhklhfmkhjZ\ jZaebqguof_klZoih\k_fm]hjh^mK_cqZk^_j_\vykZ`Zxlih\k_c:\kljZebb Hev]Z Y m^b\beZkvhfmqlha^_kvhk_gv>hfZk_cqZk\_kgZ KZrZ Fu lZd`_ aZf_lbeb qlh a^_kv `b\ml ex^b ba jZaguo kljZg Lhf Hdhehq_l\_jlb]jZ`^Zg:\kljZebbjh^bebkvaZ]jZgbp_cb fb]jbjh\Zeb\ :\kljZebxZfhyrdheZgZoh^blkyq_j_aaZeb\ KZrZ Eh^dbhq_gvihimeyjgua^_kvg_lZdeb"Y aZf_lbefgh`_kl\hiZjhfh\^eyi_j_\hadbex^_c\ [mol_Kb^g_y Lhf LZddZdKb^g_c[ueihkljh_ghdhehfhjyqZklhi_j_ijZ\eylvkygZiZjhf_[uklj__ H ^bZeh]Zo Hl\_lvgZ\hijhku Ijb[ulb_\ :\kljZebx DZdhc]hjh^ihk_sZxlKZrZb Hev]Z" They are visiting Sydney. DZdhc[ueZboih_a^dZ" Their yrip was very long. Kdhevdhhgbm`_ijhe_l_ebdh]^ZmagZebqlhhgbijhe_l_eb lhevdhiheimlb^h:\kljZebb" They had been flying for 12 hours when they learned that theywere only half way to Australia. ;u\ZeebKZrZ\ eydh]hhklZgZ\eb\Zxlky\h^bl_eb" The drivers stop for pedestrians to cross. >eyZ\lh[mkh\b lZdkb\u^_e_gZki_pbZevgZyebgby"AZq_f" Yes, they are. Buses and taxis are given a special line, so that people who use public transport rarely wait in traffic. Ihq_fm\h\k_fKb^g__kZ`Zxl^_j_\vy" Trees are being planted because Australians are trying to protect their nature. Q_fhdjm`_gKb^g_c" Sydney is surrounded by national parks. =^_jh^bebkv^\Z^pZlviylvijhp_glh\Z\kljZebcp_\" Twenty-five per cent of Australians were born overseas. =^_gZoh^blkyrdheZLhfZ" Tom’s school is located across the bay. 2. KDGEHHQIO\LQJ²e_l_eb m`_kdhevdhlh\j_f_gb OHDUQW²magZeb \ ijhrehf VSHDN²]h\hjbl_ \hh[s_ KDYH\RXEHHQ²[u\Zebeb dh]^Zgb[m^v ZHQW²_a^be \ ijhrehf KDGEHHQ² ih[u\Ze ^hhij_^_e_ggh]hfhf_glZ\ ijhrehf KDYHEHHQVWXG\LQJ²bamqZ_rv m`_kdhevdhlh\j_f_gb ZLOOKDYHEHHQVWXG\LQJ²[m^mbamqZlv dZdh_lh\j_fy^hhij_^_e_ggh]hfhf_glZ\ [m^ms_f ZDVVWXG\LQJ²mqbeky dZdhclhi_jbh^\j_f_gb FRPHIURP²ijbreb \ ijhrehf 8
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KDGEHHQOLYLQJ²`beb ^hhij_^_e_ggh]hfhf_glZ\ ijhrehf DUHJRLQJ²ih_^_l_ aZieZgbjh\Zeb ZLOOWUDYHO²ih_^_f \ [m^ms_f ZLOOEHVWD\LQJ²[m^_l_`blv dZdh_lh\j_fy ZDVLPSUHVVHG²[ueZihjZ`_gZ \ ijhrehf DUHJLYHQ²^eygbo\u^_e_gZ \hh[s_ DPLPSUHVVHG²f_gyihjZ`Z_l k_cqZk LVVXUURXQGHG²hdjm`_g \hh[s_ EHFDPH²klZeb \ ijhrehf KDG EHHQ FXW ² [ueb kjm[e_gu ^h hij_^_e_ggh]h fhf_glu \ ijhrehf KDG EHHQ ORVW ² [ueb ihl_jygu bkq_aeb ^h hij_^_e_ggh]h fhf_glu\ ijhrehf DUHEHLQJSODQWHG²bokZ`Zxl k_cqZk\ wlhli_jbh^\j_f_gb ZDVVXUSULVHG²[ueZm^b\e_gZ \ ijhrehf ZHUHERUQ²jh^bebkv \ ijhrehf ZLOOLQWURGXFH²ihagZdhfex \ [m^ms_f LVORFDWHG²gZoh^blky \hh[s_ ZDVEXLOW²[ueihkljh_g \ ijhrehf Ludh]^Zgb[m^v[ue\ ^jm]hckljZg_"?keb^ZjZkkdZ`b k\hbf h^ghdeZkkgbdZf h k\hbo \i_qZle_gbyo h kljZg_ GZijbf_jqlhluaZf_lbekjZamdZdijb[ue\ wlmkljZgm"DZdkbevghwlZkljZgZhlebqZ_lkyhll\h_ckljZgu" I have been to Great Britain. I visited it last year. The first thing noticed was that the English were very reserved and polite. They never pushed each other. They all patiently wanted in a line and no one thought of jumping the queue. The next thing was the fact that they drive on the left side of the road. Of course I knew about that but it still surprised me when I saw it with my own eyes. It was very inconvenient to cross the road as I had to look on the right and then on the left. It was strange to see that no one laughed or spoke in the Tube. They all read newspapers or just looked before themselves. JZau]jZcl_ ^bZeh] \ iZjZo H^bg mq_gbd [m^_l Lhfhf Z ^jm]hc[m^_l \RX Lhf Ijb\_lDZd^_eZ" You +L,¶PILQHWKDQNV$QGKRZ DUH\RX" KiZkb[hohjhrh: m l_[y" Lhf OhjhrhIjbylghihagZdhfblvky You ,W¶VQLFHWRPHHW\RXWRR mfZxwlhhdZaZeh\ebygb_gZnhjfbjh\Zgb_gZpbb H[tykgbl_agZq_gb_wlh]hij_^eh`_gby At that time there were many social problems in Britain, such as unemployment, crime and crowded prisons. JZkiheh`bl_ih`ZemcklZkh[ulbygZ\j_f_gghcrdZe_ 1770 — Captain Cook discovered Australia. 1788 — Captain Phillip commanded eleven ships with convicts on board to Australia. 1827 — Great Britain claimed all of Australia. 1851 — gold was discovered not far from Sydney. 1901 — Australia became a nation within the British Empire. 1931 — Australia gained independence from Great Britain. Z Fg_ gjZ\blky fhy rdheZ Ihfbfh h[uqguo dmjkh\ fhy rdheZ ij_^hklZ\ey_lfgh]h bgl_j_kguo dmjkh\ dmebgZjby jZ[hlZ ih ^_j_\mnhlh]jZnbyb ^jZfZ: dZdb_dmjkuij_^hklZ\ey_ll\hyrdheZ" You: Our school offers Choir, Drama and Cooking. What are your IDYRXULWHVXEMHFWV" GZrZrdheZij_^hklZ\ey_li_gb_\ ohj_^jZfmb dmebgZjbxDZdb_m l_[yex[bfu_ij_^f_lu" Tom Fg_gjZ\blky bamqZlv bklhjbx ]_h]jZnbx mjhdb [bag_kZ b bgnhjfZlbdm: dZdb_m l_[yex[bfu_ij_^f_lu" You: My favourite subjects are Maths, Geography and Computer 6FLHQFH 'R \RX JHW WR VFKRRO E\ ERDW" Fhb ex[bfu_ ij_^f_lu ² fZl_fZlbdZ ]_h]jZnby b bgnhjfZlbdZ Lu ^h[bjZ_rvky ^h rdheu gZeh^d_" 21
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Tom >ZY \k_]^Z^h[bjZxkv^hrdheugZeh^d_: dZdlu^h[bjZ_rvky^hrdheu" You ,JHWWRVFKRROE\EXV Y ^h[bjZxkv^hrdheugZZ\lh[mk_ Tom Kdhevdh\j_f_gbl_[_lj_[m_lkyqlh[u^h[jZlvky^hrdheu" You: It usually takes me about twenty minutes to get to school. And KRZ ORQJ GRHV LW WDNH \RX WR JHW WR VFKRRO" H[uqgh y ^h[bjZxkv ^h rdheuaZ^\Z^pZlvfbgml: kdhevdh\j_f_gbl_[_lj_[m_lkyqlh[u ^h[jZlvky^hrdheu" Tom Y ^h[bjZxkv^hrdheuaZ^_kylvfbgml
=jZffZlbdZ 2. Tom is ill. His mother wants him to go to bad. She wants him to take medicine. She tells him to drink a lot of juice. She doesn’t want him to go and play. Sasha comes home after school. His mother expects him to take the dog for a walk. She wants him to feed the cat. His mother expects him to do his homework. She expects him to set the table for dinner. 3. 1) Did you hear her singing? 2) Do you often see them playing there? 3) Do your parents like you to take the dog for a walk? 4) Do you want her to explain everything? 5) Why doesn’t the doctor make him take medicines? 4. 0\SDUHQWVZDQWPHWRWKLQNJOREDOO\DQGDFWORFDOO\²Fhbjh^bl_eb ohlyl qlh[u y fukebe ]eh[Zevgh Z ^_ckl\h\Ze \ f_klghf fZkrlZ[_ 0\SDUHQWVGRQ¶WZDQWPHWRFXWZLOGIORZHUV²Fhbjh^bl_ebg_ ohlylqlh[uy j\Ze^bdb_p\_lu 0\SDUHQWVZDQWPHWRWXUQRIIWKH79ZKHQ,¶PQRWZDWFKLQJLW²Fhb jh^bl_ebohlylqlh[uy \udexqZel_e_\bahjdh]^Zy g_kfhljx_]h 0\SDUHQWVGRQ¶WZDQW PHWREUHDN JODVV ERWWOHV ² Fhb jh^bl_eb g_ohlylqlh[uy jZa[b\Zekl_deyggu_[mluedb My parents want me to turn off the lights when I’m leaving the room. ² Fhb jh^bl_eb ohlyl qlh[u y \udexqZe k\_l dh]^Z y moh`m ba dhfgZlu 0\SDUHQWVZDQW PHWRSXWJDUEDJHLQWKHJDUEDJHFDQ²Fhb jh^bl_ebohlylqlh[uy \u[jZku\Zefmkhj\ dhjabgm 0\SDUHQWVZDQW PHWR UHF\FOHSDSHUERWWOHV DQGFDQV² Fhb jh^bl_ebohlylqlh[uy i_j_jZ[Zlu\Ze[mfZ]m[mluedbb [Zgdb 0\SDUHQWVZDQWPHWREHKHDOWK\DQGILW²Fhbjh^bl_ebohlyl qlh[uy [uea^hjh\ufb \ohjhr_cnbabq_kdhcnhjf_ 0\SDUHQWVGRQ¶WZDQWPHWRZDWFK79DOOGD\²Fhbjh^bl_ebg_ ohlylqlh[uy kfhlj_el_e_\bahjp_euc^_gv 22
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0\SDUHQWVZDQWPHWRVOHHSHLJKWKRXUVDQLJKW²Fhbjh^bl_eb ohlylqlh[uy kiZe\hk_fvqZkh\\ kmldb My parents want me to go to bed at the same time, even on Saturdays. ²Fhbjh^bl_ebohlylqlh[uy eh`bekykiZlv\ h^ghb lh`_\j_fy^Z`_ihkm[[hlZf My parents don’t want me to take 5 spoons of sugar in my tea. — Fhbjh^bl_ebg_ohlylqlh[uy deZeiylveh`_dkZoZjZ\ qZrdm 0\SDUHQWVZDQWPHWRHDWDORWRIIUHVKIUXLWDQGYHJHWDEOHV²Fhb jh^bl_ebohlylqlh[uy _efgh]hk\_`bonjmdlh\b h\hs_c 0\SDUHQWVGRQ¶WZDQW PH WR HDW D ORW RI VZHHWV² Fhb jh^bl_eb g_ohlylqlh[uy _efgh]hkeZ^hkl_c 0\SDUHQWVGRQ¶WZDQW PHWRHDWDORW RI VDOW ² Fhb jh^bl_eb g_ ohlylqlh[uy _efgh]hkheb 0\SDUHQWVZDQWPHWRMRJHYHU\PRUQLQJ²Fhbjh^bl_ebohlyl qlh[uy [_]ZedZ`^h_mljh 0\SDUHQWVZDQWPHWRJRVZLPPLQJRQFHRUWZLFHDZHHN²Fhb jh^bl_ebohlylqlh[uy ieZ\Zeh^bgbeb^\ZjZaZ\ g_^_ex 0\ SDUHQWV ZDQW PH WR ULGH D ELF\FOH WR VFKRRO ² Fhb jh^bl_eb ohlylqlh[uy _a^begZ\_ehkbi_^_\ rdhem 7. K qZFlbp_cWR to learn to practice to learn To memorize To listen To study
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Speak Think repeat
11. 1) Peter likes playing tennis. Does Peter like playing tennis? 2) Ann is not keen on watching football. Is Ann keen on watching football? 3) David and Cathy enjoy going to the theatre. Do they enjoy going to the theatre? 4) John doesn’t like staying in the hotel. Does John like staying in the hotel? 5) Robert likes listening to music. Does he like listening to music? 6) Bill loves working in Sydney. Does he love working in Sydney? 12. E KDYLQJJLYHQ ij_^eh`gh_^hiheg_gb_ EHLQJDWWUDFWHG ijyfh_ ^hiheg_gb_ EHLQJ SXQLVKHG ij_^eh`gh_ ^hiheg_gb_ 4) GLVWXUELQJ h[klhyl_evkl\h KDYLQJNHSW ij_^eh`gh_^hiheg_gb_ 14. a) 1) raining? 2) discussing? 3) speaking? 4) playing? 5) Working? 23
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b) 1) reading this article. 2) Making such mistakes. 3) Going there. 4) Solving the mystery. 5) Sitting there on the sand. c) 1) telling him everything. 2) Continuing this work? 3) Getting her on our side? 4) Making such noise? 5) Watching TV? d) 1) in remembering his face; 2) answering; 3) travelling to China; 4) going there alone to talk to him. IjhqblZcl_b magZcl_ >h[jhih`Zeh\Zlv\ F_ev[mjgIjhdZlbl_kv gZ=hjh^kdhfDjm]h\hfLjZf\Z_ hjh]b_jhkkbckdb_fZevqbdbb ^_\hqdb Ijb\_l Fg_ iylgZ^pZlv e_l b y oh`m \ Dhee_^` KljZlfhj \ F_ev[mjg_ K_cqZk y \ ^_kylhf deZkk_ M f_gy _klv ^\Z k\h^guo [jZlZdhrdZb kh[ZdZ Y gZf_j_\Zxkv bamqZlv f_^bpbgm dh]^Z aZdhgqm dhee_^` Fhb oh[[b²b]jZgZne_cl_b gZkZdkhnhg_Fg_lZd`_gjZ\blkyb]jZlv \ l_ggbk Fhb ex[bfu_ ij_^f_lu ² Zg]ebckdbc yaud ^jZfZ fmaudZdmebgZjbyb jZ[hlZih^_j_\m :ebkbyWggDZffbgk 26
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>h[juc^_gv Y ² k_fgZ^pZlbe_lgbc nbebiibg_p ² Z\kljZeb_p mqZs_cky \ Dhee_^`_DZkbfbj\ Kb^g__Y bffb]jbjh\Zek Nbebiibge_lgZaZ^ b ohly fhy k_fvy b y qZklh _a^bf gZ Nbebiibgkdb_ hkljh\Z fu \k_]^ZgZau\Z_f^hfhf:\kljZebx< gZr_crdhe_mqZlkyklm^_glu gZpbhgZevghkl_c hgb \k_ ih^oh^yl ih^ dZl_]hjbx ©Z\kljZeb_pª B qlh m^b\bl_evghkh\k_fb wlbfb jZaebqgufb dmevlmjZfb dhgnebdlu j_^db lZd dZd \k_ \b^yl fgh]hgZpbhgZevghklv dZd ij_bfms_kl\h ^ey \k_oIhwlhfmdh]^Zijb_a`Z_rv\ :\kljZebxg_h`b^Zcl_qlh[m^_l__klvlhevdh]Zf[mj]_juh`b^Zcl_kiZ]_llbb d_[Z[u DZjfbgZDZjgb]Ze Ijb\_lJhkkby `Zm;Zrb >hjh]b_^jmavy\ Jhkkbb Ijb\_l F_gy ah\ml >ZgbweZ DZfZqh b fg_ e_l Y jh^hf ba Ihjlm]ZebbY \deZkk_b fhyrdheZgZau\Z_lkydhee_^`DZkbfbj Wlh ohjhrZy rdheZ ihlhfm qlh m gZk _klv \hafh`ghklv h[sZlvky k ij_^klZ\bl_eyfb^jm]bodmevlmj: dZdZym \Zk\ JhkkbbrdheZ"Ghkbl_eb\unhjfm\ rdhe_"GZfijboh^blkyghkblvnhjfm Fhb oh[[b ² dhee_dpbhgbjh\Zlv fZjdb b dZlZlvky gZ dhgvdZo Y lZd`_ex[ex]meylvk ^jmavyfb\h\j_fydZgbdme >ZgbweZDZfZqh >hjh]b_^jmavy Y mq_gbddeZkkZ\ dhee_^`_DZkbfbjK_cqZky bamqZxZg]ebckdbc yaud fZl_fZlbdm _kl_kl\_ggu_ gZmdb gZ\udb jZ[hlu \ hnbk_ nhlh]jZnbxb ijh[e_fuhdjm`Zxs_ckj_^uY gZiheh\bgmeb\Zg_pZ gZiheh\bgmZjfygbgghy ]h\hjxlhevdhihZg]ebckdbb iheb\Zgkdb 27
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Fg_e_lb y`b\mk fZfhciZihcq_lujvfyk_kljZfbb h^gbf [jZlhfFg_^_ckl\bl_evghgjZ\blky`blv\ [hevrhck_fv_ KZg^jZDZkkZ[bZg >hjh]b_fZevqbdbb ^_\hqdb Ijb\_lY ²iylgZ^pZlbe_lgyy^_\mrdZba:\kljZebbY `b\m\ =e_gjh_qlh\ fbgmlZo_a^uhlF_ev[mjgZb yoh`m\ kj_^gxx rdhemKljZlfhjK_cqZky \deZkk_ Fhc ex[bfuc ij_^f_l \ rdhe_ ² Zg]ebckdbc ihlhfm qlh y ex[ex ibkZlv Fg_ lZd`_ gjZ\blky fmaudZ b y b]jZx gZ Zevl kZdkhnhg_\ rdhevghf hjd_klj_ Fhy ex[bfZy fmaudZ ² ^`Za Y \ rdhevghc ^bkdmkkbhgghc dhfZg^_Fukhj_\gm_fky k ^jm]bfbrdheZfb jZchgZ Hkgh\gZy ijbqbgZ ihq_fm y ex[ex ^bkdmkkbb ² ihlhfmqlhy ex[ex\uklmiZlvk j_qvxY bgh]^Zex[eximklblviuev \ ]eZaZY lZd`_ex[exijh\h^blv\j_fyk ^jmavyfbFukZ^bfkygZ ih_a^^hF_ev[mjgZb b^_f\ dbghbeboh^bfihfZ]ZabgZf Y g_fgh]h agZx h Jhkkbb `ZgFwkkb fbkkEehckDjx]_j >ey f_gy [hevrh_ m^h\hevkl\b_ ijb\_lkl\h\Zlv klm^_glh\ ba JhkkbbDZ`_lkyfbjk dZ`^uf]h^hfklZgh\blky\k_f_gvr_b fheh^u_ex^b\ :\kljZebbebbeb\ Jhkkbb[m^ml^_eblvkyagZgbyfb b bgl_j_kZfb@_eZx\Zfm^Zqb\ mq_[_b \[m^ms_f D_gOZj[hle RdhevgZynhjfZ < rdhe_hlmq_gbdh\h`b^Zxlqlh\k_mq_gbdb²deZkkh\ [m^mlghkblvihegmxnhjfm NhjfZfZevqbdh\ Imeh\_j [mluehqgh]h p\_lZ k_jZy jm[ZrdZ k_ju_ [jxdb q_jgu_dh`Zgu_[hlbgdbb dmjldZ[_ck[hevghcdhfZg^udhee_^`Z NhjfZ^_\hq_d Imeh\_j [mluehqgh]h p\_lZ dhjbqg_\u_ lmneb dmjldZ [_ck[hevghc dhfZg^u dhee_^`Z E_lhf rdhevgh_ ieZlv_ beb iebkkbjh\Zggu_ rhjlu[mluehqgh]hp\_lZAbfhc[_eZyjm[ZrdZb bebrdhevgZyx[dZ barhleZg^dbbebl_fgha_e_gu_[jxdbkrblu_ihjlguf Kihjlb\gZynhjfZ Kihjlb\gZy jm[ZrdZ k dhjhldbf jmdZ\hf rdheu KljZlfhj b d_idZ^eyb]jZ\ j_][bQ_jgu_kihjlb\gu_rhjlub djhkkh\db Mq_[gucieZg deZkk dhfie_dkgh_h[mq_gb_ Zg]ebckdbcyaudbklhjby ]_h]jZnby fZl_fZlbdZ _kl_kl\_ggu_gZmdb nbabq_kdh_b ebqgh_jZa\blb_ ^hfh\h^kl\h h[mq_gb_^ey`bagb nbabq_kdZydmevlmjZ kihjl bkdmkkl\h bkihegbl_evgu_\b^ubkdmkkl\Z fmaudZ ^jZfZ yaudb ]j_q_kdbc blZevygkdbc yihgkdbc l_ogheh]bb
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GZ^_xkvqlhlukdhjhgZibr_rv L\hc^jm]ihi_j_ibkd_:g^j_c 12 Prospect Mira Moscow, Russia 173613 November 15, 2003 Dear Alysia, Hello. Me name is Zhenya and I live in Moscow. I read your letter in me textbook and I’d like to become your pen friend. You wrote that you have a cat and a dog. I like animals very much. I have a dog, a parrot and a turtle. They are all funny. The turtle’s name is Tutty. She is very slow and phlegmatic. I like tennis too. Please write more about yourself. Hope to hear from you soon. Best wishes, Zhenya. Ijhki_dlFbjZ Fhkd\ZJhkkby ghy[jy] >hjh]Zy:ebkby Ijb\_lF_gyah\ml@_gyb y`b\m\ Fhkd\_Y ijhq_el\h_ibkvfh \ k\h_fmq_[gbd_b ohl_e[uklZlvl\hbf^jm]hfihi_j_ibkd_LugZibkZeZqlh m l_[y_klv dhrdZ b kh[ZdZ Y hq_gv ex[ex `b\hlguo M f_gy_klvkh[ZdZihim]Zcb q_j_iZoZQ_j_iZomah\mlLmllbHgZhq_gv f_^e_ggZyb ne_]fZlbqgZyY lh`_ex[exl_ggbkIh`ZemcklZgZibrb ih[hevr_h k_[_ GZ^_xkvqlhlukdhjhgZibr_rv K gZbemqrbfbih`_eZgbyfb @_gy ?keb\uohlbl_ihkeZlvibkvfhh^ghfmbamq_gbdh\\ DZlhebq_kdhfDhee_^`_DZkbfbjihrebl_ibkvfhihwlhfmZ^j_km ?keb\uohlbl_gZibkZlvh^ghfmbamq_gbdh\Dhee_^`ZKj_^g_]hH[mq_gbyKljZlfhj\Zfgm`ghihkeZlvibkvfhihwlhfmZ^j_km DZdgZibkZlvebqgh_ibkvfh :^j_khlijZ\bl_ey >ZlZ Ijb\_lkl\b_beb\klmibl_evgZyqZklvibkvfZ Hkgh\ghcl_dklibkvfZ AZdexqbl_evgZyqZklv Dhgph\dZ Ih^ibkv :^j_khlijZ\bl_ey GZibrbl_k\hcZ^j_k\ \_jog_fijZ\hfm]emibkvfZG_ibrbl_k\h_bfy >ZlZ GZibrbl_^Zlmih^Z^j_khfHklZ\vl_f_klhf_`^mZ^j_khfb ^ZlhcKms_kl\mxljZagu_gZibkZgby^Zlu 41
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Ijb\_lkl\b_beb\klmibl_evgZyqZklvibkvfZ Ihke_ijb\_lkl\by beb\klmibl_evghcqZklbibkvfZihklZ\vl_aZiylmx>hjh]ZyWfbeb. Hkgh\ghcl_dklibkvfZ GZqgbl_ibkvfhk ijb\_lkl\byGZqgbl_ k aZ]eZ\ghc [md\u Ijb\_l Wfbeb DZd ^_eZ? Ba\bgb, qlh y g_ ibkZekiZkb[haZl\h_ibkvfh. AZdexqbl_evgZyqZklv AZdZgqb\Zcl_lZd Ih`ZemcklZ, gZibrb fg_ ihkdhj__ GZ^_xkv, qlh lu kdhjh gZibr_rv I_j_^Z\Zc gZbemqrb_ih`_eZgbyk\h_ck_fv_ Dhgph\dZ: Ih^ibrbl_ ibkvfh K ex[h\vx [ebadbf ^jmavyf b k_fv_ K gZbemqrbfbih`_eZgbyfbBkdj_gg_Z\k_^he`guihdmiZlv[be_lgZijh]medmgZiZjhf_ You :KHUHFDQ,EX\DWLFNHW" =^_y fh]mdmiblv[be_l" V Lufh`_rvdmiblv_]h\ ihjlmIjbylghijh\_klb\j_fy Dhj`IZ\eh\hc Ljbybqguo[_edZ A qZcguoeh`dboheh^ghc\h^u qZrdZkZoZjZ qZcgZyeh`dZmdkmkZ qZcgZyeh`dZ\Zgbevghcwkk_gpbb qZcguoeh`dbfmdb h[Z\vl_oheh^gmx\h^mb kgh\Z \a[_cl_ `be wlhg_ijh[e_fZLhf`be Wlhg_ijh[e_fZLhf`be >Zg_iehoh Lhf LumklZeZ" >`be >ZQlhfg_gm`glZdwlhqZrdZqZy Lhf G_lijh[e_f>`beY ihc^mb k^_eZxl_[_qZc 8. 1) I need a tennis raquet, a ball and a net. 2) I need a visa, a suitcase, a ticket, a camera and money. 3) I need flour, cheese, eggs, tomatoes, meat and mashrooms. 9. 1) need ironing; 2) need mending; 3) needs cutting; 4) need throwing away; 5) needs tidying up.; 6) need washing.; 7) needs repairing; 8) needs feeding. 10. FZevqbd M f_gy[u\Zxlkkhjuk jh^bl_eyfbihih\h^mlh]h fh`ghebfg_]meylv\_q_jhf >_\hqdZ M f_gylh`_Fhbjh^bl_ebg_jZaj_rZxlfg_oh^blvgZ ^bkdhl_dbFg_lZd`_g_jZaj_rZxl]meylvk fZevqbdZfb >_\hqdZ Fg_lh`_Y ^he`gu[ulv^hfZ\ ^_kylvbebfhbjh^bl_ebhq_gvjZkk_j^ylky FZevqbd HZ yg_^he`_gY fh]m]meylvkdhevdhfg_gjZ\blky >_\hqdZ M f_gy[u\Zxlkkhjuk jh^bl_eyfbihih\h^m^hfZrg_c jZ[hlu Hgb kqblZxl qlh y hq_gv e_gb\Zy b ^_eZx g_^hklZlhqgh ^hfZrg_c jZ[hlu Hgb aZklZ\eyxl f_gy ^_eZlv ^hfZrgxx jZ[hlm ^\Z qZkZdZ`^uc\_q_j FZevqbd Fhbjh^bl_ebkqblZxlqlhkebrdhfqZklhoh`mgZ\_q_jbgdb 11. M l_[y[u\Zxlkkhjuk jh^bl_eyfbihih\h^mlh]hfh`gh ebl_[_]meylv\_q_jhf"1R,GRQ¶W JZaj_rZxlebl_[_oh^blvgZ^bkdhl_db"\Z_]hkugZjh^bebkv\ Kb^g__ < dhgp_ dhgph\ FbdemohFZdeZc \_jgmeky \ Jhkkbx qlh[u dhgljhebjh\Zlv him[ebdh\Zgb_ k\hbo jZ[hl ?]h ^g_\gbdb ibkvfZ b ^hdmf_glu[uebhim[ebdh\Zgub hg_f[uehgZibkZghg_kdhevdh dgb]Kh[jZgb__]h[mfZ]_klv\ Kb^g__HklZevgu_Zgljhiheh]bq_kdb_b wlgh]jZnbq_kdb_fZl_jbZeuojZgylky\ Jhkkbb FbdemohFZdeZcmf_j\ Jhkkbb\ ]h^m\ \hajZkl_e_l< _]h q_klvgZa\ZgBgklblmlWlgh]jZnbb\ KZgdlI_l_j[mj]_Z lZd`_fgh]b_ mebpu \ Jhkkbbb gZMdjZbg_< q_klv e_lg_]h x[be_y Fbdemoh FZdeZy\ Kb^g_cbaJhkkbb[ueZijb\_a_gZ[jhgah\ZykdmevilmjZ Ihke_ kf_jlb FbdemohFZdeZy _]h `_gZ \_jgmeZkv \ Kb^g_c K_cqZk_]h\gmdbk k_fvyfb`b\ml\ :\kljZebb Hl\_lvl_gZ\hijhku =^_jh^bekyFbdemohFZdeZc" 0LNORXKR0DNOD\ ZDV ERUQ LQ 5XVVLD FbdemohFZdeZc jh^beky \ Jhkkbb Dlhhg[ueihijhn_kkbb" He was an outstanding scientist, humanist, traveller, anthropologist and ]RRORJLVW Hg[ue \u^Zxsbfky mq_guf ]mfZgbklhf iml_r_kl\_ggbdhfZgljhiheh]hfb ahheh]hf Dlh [ue i_j\uf _\jhi_cp_f klmib\rbf gZ a_fex Gh\hc =\bg_b" Miklouho-Maklay was the first European to visit New Guinea. FbdemohFZdeZc [ue i_j\uf _\jhi_cp_f klmib\rbf gZ a_fex Gh\hc=\bg_b" 48
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DZd\u^mfZ_l_ihq_fmFbdemohFZdeZygZau\Zeb]mfZgbklhf" I think he was called humanist because he was concerned by the situation of the native peoples in New Guinea and Australia. He tried to KHOSWKHPDQGVRXJKWZD\VWRSURWHFWWKHP >mfZxqlh_]hgZau\Zeb ]mfZgbklhfihlhfmqlhhg[uehaZ[hq_giheh`_gb_fZ[hjb]_gh\\ Gh\hc=\bg__b \:\kljZebbHgiulZekyihfhqvbfb bkdZekihkh[uaZsblblvbo Dh]hklZjZekyaZsblblvFbdemohFZdeZcdh]^Zhg[ue\ Gh\hc=\bg__b \:\kljZebb" +HWULHGWRSURWHFWWKHQDWLYHV HgiulZekyaZsblblvf_klguo`bl_e_c =^_fh`ghgZclbim[ebdZpbbFbdemohFZdeZy You can find his publications in Russia. A number of his papers can EHIRXQGLQ6\GQH\ ?]him[ebdZpbbfh`ghgZclb\ JhkkbbG_dhlhju_[mfZ]bfh`ghgZclb\ Kb^g__ mobkha^Zebfbjb ^Zeb gZf`bagvAZl_f^mobmreb`blv\ ^_j_\hbebdZf_gvWlb\_sbklZeb ^eyZ[hjb]_gh\k\ys_ggufbBokhojZgyxlhojZgyxlb ihqblZxl 51
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Lh]^ZhgZkdZaZeZ ©AZ\ljZ^g_f\ qZkZijb_a`Z_lfhy^hqvª 3UHVHQW 3URJUHVVLYH [m^ms__ ^_ckl\b_ \uiheg_gb_ dhlhjh]h aZ\bkblhl]h\hjys_]h Y qbsm am[u dZ`^uc \_q_j 3UHVHQW 6LPSOH ^_ckl\b_ ijhbkoh^blh[uqgh ;bee ij_djZlb wlm b]jm \ dhlhjmx lu b]jZ_rv 3UHVHQW 3URJUHVVLYH^_ckl\b_ijhbkoh^bl\ gZklhysbchlj_ahd\j_f_gb Hgihkfhlj_egZg__ ©Lu^jh`brvK lh[hc\k_\ ihjy^d_"ª 3UHVHQW3URJUHVVLYH^_ckl\b_ijhbkoh^bl\ fhf_glj_qb Y \klj_qZxkv k >`_cfkhf \ _]h hnbk_ aZ\ljZ \ qZkZ 3UHVHQW 3URJUHVVLYH [m^ms__ ^_ckl\b_ \uiheg_gb_ dhlhjh]h aZ\bkbl hl ]h\hjys_]h 2. 1) I always go to bed early, but my sister never goes to bed early. 2) I usually spend my vacation in the village, but my friends seldom spend their vacation in the village. 3) I often visit my granny, but my aunt rarely visit my granny. 4) My parents always watch television on Sundays, but they do not go to the cinema often. 5) He often has tea with us, but he never helps us. 6) Mr Brown works in his office on weekdays, but he doesn’t work on Sundays. AZ^Zc\hijhkud ih^q_jdgmlufkeh\Zf 1) Does he like to take pictures of his friends? 2) Who never shares his thoughts with anybody? 3) Why does Jane spend her holiday with his family? 4) Does Ann feel better now? 5) Can he pitch a tent? 6) How much fish are there in the river in summer? 4. 1) Are you a good swimmer? Are you good at swimming? 2) Where do you like to go in summer? 3) Can(do) you play the guitar? 4) Who is your best friend? 5) What do your friends do in summer? 6) How many Russian live in Australia? >hihegbl_ij_^eh`_gbyBkihevamcl_keh\Zbakdh[hd 1) What time does the train leave? 2) My brother does not live at home. 3) Where do you come from? 4) I don’t think Jill likes me very much. 5) What time does Ken get home after work? 6) Penny comes from Calgary in Canada. 7) How many languages do you speak? 8) Anne doesn’t drink coffee, but she likes tea. 122
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7. 1) I know that he is leaving for the village tomorrow. 2) I’m not going to have a car much longer. I’m selling it next week. 3) The next train leaves for Tonbridge at six o’clock. You can still catch it. 4) Is Ted coming here this morning? 5) Duncan said: «I’m going to the University tomorrow. The term begins soon.» 6) What are you doing tonight? IhklZ\vl_]eZ]heu\ kdh[dZo\ gm`gmx\j_f_ggmxnhjfm 1) A: Look, it’s raining. B: Yes, it rains most of the days at this time of year. 2) Goodnight. I’m going to bed. I always go to bed early during the week. 3) Most days John cycles to work, but since it’s raining today he is taking the car to work. So Mary is doing shopping at the local shop instead of the supermarket where she usually goes. 4) A: Where are the children? B: They are playing in the garden. They get home from school at about four and usually go straight out to play with their friends. 5) We usually watch the news on TV at seven o’clock, but tonight we are watching that new soap opera. `hgi_j_\h^bldZdb_lhihwfuk bkiZgkdh]h >_ckl\b_ ijhbkoh^b\r__ \ hij_^_e_gguc hlj_ahd \j_f_gb Y agZeqlh=Zjjbijb_a`Z_l\ ihg_^_evgbd AZieZgbjh\Zggh_ ^_ckl\b_\ [m^ms_fkh]eZkh\Zgb_\j_f_g Hgihkfhlj_egZKw[[bHgZkfhlj_eZl_e_\bahjk dhrdhcgZ dhe_gyo >_ckl\b_\ lhqghmdZaZggucfhf_gl\ ijhrehf JhfZ kdZaZe ©Ijb\_l \k_f Fu ijhoh^beb fbfh b m\b^_eb k\_l\ klm^bbFuih^mfZebqlhm \Zk\_q_jbgdZª >_ckl\b_\ lhqghmdZaZggucfhf_gl\ ijhrehf Lhffb[ue]jmklgucihlhfmqlhhgm_a`Zemljhf AZieZgbjh\Zggh_^_ckl\b_\ [m^ms_fkh]eZkh\Zgb_\j_f_g Hg ihkfhlj_e q_j_a mebpm qlh[u ih]ey^_lv `^_f eb fu >_ckl\b_\ lhqghmdZaZggucfhf_gl\ ijhrehf ©Qlh`hj^`"ª²©Y g_agZxy _]hk_]h^gyg_\b^_eª MdZaZgguci_jbh^\j_f_gb_s_g_aZdhgqbeky ©M l_[y gZ\_jgh ]jyagu_ jmdb Ihc^b b ihfhc boª ² ©Y m`_ ihfueª J_amevlZlbf__fk_cqZkg_\Z`ghdh]^Zijhbahreh^_ckl\b_ ©Lu _]h agZ_rv"ª ² ©Y k gbf \klj_qZekyª J_amevlZl bf__f k_cqZkg_\Z`ghdh]^Zijhbahreh^_ckl\b_ ©=^_ Kvxa_g"ª ² ©Y lhevdh qlh ihemqbe hl g__ khh[s_gb_ª I_jbh^ \j_f_gb gZqZeky \ ijhrehf b ijh^he`Zeky ^h gZklhys_]hfhf_glZ ©L\hyfZe_gvdZy^hqdZkdmqZ_lihk\h_cgyg_"ª² ©G_lHgZaZ[ueZ__ª J_amevlZlbf__fk_cqZkg_\Z`ghdh]^Zijhbahreh^_ckl\b_ ©AgZ_rvy ih^mfu\ZxgZibkZlvf_fmZjuª²kdZaZeZhgZ©M f_gy[ueZbgl_j_kgZy`bagvª I_jbh^\j_f_gbgZqZeky\ ijhrehf b ijh^he`Zeky^hgZklhys_]hfhf_glZ Kdhevdh dgb] lu ijhqblZe \ wlhf ]h^m" MdZaZgguc i_jbh^ \j_f_gb_s_g_aZdhgqbeky H[tykgbl_ mihlj_[e_gb_ 3UHVHQW 3HUIHFW b 3DVW 6LPSOH \ ke_^mxsboij_^eh`_gbyob i_j_\_^bl_bogZjmkkdbcyaud Ihq_fm hg g_ ^Ze gZf agZlv ]^_ hg gZoh^blky" J_amevlZl bf__fk_cqZkg_\Z`ghdh]^Zijhbahreh^_ckl\b_ Ihq_fmlu_fmlh]^Z^Ze^_g_]" AZdhgq_gguci_jbh^\j_f_gb WKHQ Dh]^Z wlh ijhbahreh" 3UHVHQW 3HUIHFWg_ mihlj_[ey_lky \ \hijhkZogZqbgZxsbokyk \hijhkbl_evguokeh\ZKHQZKHUHKRZ ©Qlhkemqbehkv"ª²ih^mfZehg©DZdhgbkx^Z^h[jZebkv"ª J_amevlZl bf__f k_cqZk g_ \Z`gh dh]^Z ijhbahreh ^_ckl\b_ 3UHVHQW3HUIHFWg_mihlj_[ey_lky\ \hijhkZogZqbgZxsbokyk \hijhkbl_evguokeh\ZKHQZKHUHKRZ Kdhevdh \j_f_gb hg a^_kv gZoh^blky" J_amevlZl bf__f k_cqZkg_\Z`ghdh]^Zijhbahreh^_ckl\b_i_jbh^\j_f_gbgZqZeky\ ijhrehfb ijh^he`Zeky^hgZklhys_]hfhf_glZ =^_fhyreyiZ"=^_y hklZ\bek\hxreyim" 3UHVHQW3HUIHFWg_ mihlj_[ey_lky \ \hijhkZo gZqbgZxsboky k \hijhkbl_evguo keh\ when, where, how) ©Y ihemqbeg_fgh]h^_g_]Fufh]eb[udmiblvk_[_ohjhrmx d\Zjlbjdmª²©=^_lu\ayewlb^_gv]b"ª J_amevlZlbf__fk_cqZkg_ \Z`gh dh]^Z ijhbahreh ^_ckl\b_ 3UHVHQW 3HUIHFW g_ mihlj_[ey_lky \ \hijhkZogZqbgZxsbokyk \hijhkbl_evguokeh\ZKHQZKHUHKRZ 132
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©Fbkk ;_cebª ² kdZaZe hg iha`_ ©DZd ^he]h _c\b^ \hr_e \ __ dhfgZlm _]h fZlv djbdgmeZ _fm ©=^_lu[ue"ª I_jbh^\j_f_gbgZqZeky\ ijhrehfb ijh^he`Zeky ^hgZklhys_]hfhf_glZ Dh]^ZhgZmreZgZieZ\Zgb_" 3UHVHQW3HUIHFWg_mihlj_[ey_lky\ \hijhkZogZqbgZxsbokyk \hijhkbl_evguokeh\ZKHQZKHUHKRZ 5. ;hjbkhiylvijboh^bek_]h^gy^g_fkijZrb\Zel_[y MdZaZgguci_jbh^\j_f_gb_s_g_aZdhgqbeky ©=^_fhc[jZl"ª² ©?]hg_[ueh\_kv^_gvª MdZaZgguci_jbh^\j_f_gb_s_g_aZdhgqbeky ©Fbkl_j;_j]ohq_lk _ckl\b_ ijh^he`Zxs__ky ^h gZklhys_]hfhf_glZ AZihegbl_ ijh[_eu ]eZ]heZfb \ nhjf_ 3UHVHQW 3HUIHFW Progressive. 1) I’ve been waiting; 2) I have been studying; 3) They have been playing; 4) have been watching; 5) has been working; 6) have been walking. IhklZ\vl_]eZ]heu\ kdh[dZo\ gm`gmxnhjfm 1) has been teaching; 2) have been dancing; 3) has been learning; 4) has been raining; 5) have been waiting; 6) have you been working; 7) it has been raining; 8) has been crying; 9) has he been looking. H[t_^bgbl_ iZju ij_^eh`_gbc bkihevamy 3UHVHQW 3HUIHFW Progressive 1) She has been writing a letter for an hour. 2) They have been talking since morning. 3) It has been raining for half an hour. 4) She has been cooking for 2 hours. 5) He has been making fire for 20 minutes. 6) He has been making pictures for half an hour. IhklZ\vl_ ]eZ]heu \ kdh[dZo \ gm`gmx nhjfm 3UHVHQW 3HUIHFW3URJUHVVLYHbeb3UHVHQW3HUIHFW 1) have been learning; 2) have done; 3) ]has loved; 4) has written; 5) have been working; 6) have been catching, has caught; 7) have been saving, has saved; 8) do know, have known; 9) have been talking; 10) have been talking, haven’t finished; 11) has been; 12) has bought; 13) has been thinking; 14) have had, have had.
Lesson 6 Quiz IhklZ\vl_ ]eZ]heu \ kdh[dZo \ gm`gmx nhjfm 3UHVHQW 3HUIHFW3URJUHVVLYHbeb3UHVHQW3HUIHFW 1) have been; 2) haven’t seen; 3) have been cooking, cleaning, digging; 4) have been sitting; 5) have not been standing; 6) have been; 7) have known; 8) have seen. I_j_\_^bl_gZZg]ebckdbcyaud 1) We have been in this shop for 20 minutes already and we haven’t bought anything yet. 136
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2) «What is he doing?» — «He’s playing tennis». — «How long has he been playing?» — «He has been playing for 2 hours». — «how many games has he already played?» 3) they have been travelling for 2 weeks and have called twice. 4) «Look! Her bathing suit is wet.» — «It means that she has been swimming». 5) «Where’s Molly?» — «She is ill». — «Since when has she been ill? — «She has been ill since Thursday». 6) They have already discussed the first question and now they are discussing the second one. They have been discussing it for an hour already. 7) Your eyes are red. Have yon been crying? IhklZ\vl_]eZ]heu\ kdh[dZo\ gm`gmxnhjfmI_j_\_^bl_ gZZg]ebckdbcyaud We have just moved to a new flat. We have been working hard all the morning. We tried to get our new room in order. We own over a thousand books and the room is rather small, so we put the books on the floor. At the moment they are covering every inch of the floor space and we have to walk on them to get in or out the room. When Liz saw all these books on the floor, she said: «This is the prettiest carpet I have ever seen.» She gazed it for some time then added: «You do not need bookcases at all. You can just sit here in your spare time and read the carpet. Fu lhevdh qlh i_j__oZeb \ gh\mx d\Zjlbjm Fu jZ[hlZeb \k_ mljhFuklZjZebkvijb\_klbgZrmgh\mxdhfgZlm\ ihjy^hdM gZk hdhehlukyqbdgb]Z dhfgZlZ ^h\hevghfZe_gvdZyihwlhfmfuiheh`bebdgb]bgZihe< gZklhysbcfhf_glhgbihdju\ZxldZ`^uc ^xcfijhkljZgkl\ZgZihemb gZfijboh^blky oh^blvihgbfqlh[u \hclb \ dhfgZlm beb \uclb ba g__ Dh]^Z Eba m\b^_eZ \k_ wlb dgb]bgZihemhgZkdZaZeZ ©WlhkZfucdjZkb\ucdh\_jdhlhjucy dh]^Zeb[h \b^_eZª HgZ kfhlj_eZ gZ g_]h dZdh_lh \j_fy Z aZl_f ^h[Z\beZ ©_ckl\b_kh\_jr_ggh_^h^jm]h]h^_ckl\by\ujZ`_ggh]h3DVW6LPSOH >`_d \u[jZe hl_ev Hg gbdh]^Z lZf g_ [u\Ze ^h wlh]h gh keurZedZdfZfZmihfbgZeZ_]hh^gZ`^u >_ckl\b_kh\_jr_ggh_ ^hhij_^_e_ggh]hfhf_glZFhf_glmdZaZg\ ^jm]hfij_^eh`_gbb Hg[uejZ^\klj_lblv>_c\ZHgagZe_]h^_kylv bebh^bggZ^pZlve_lb hgbfgh]hjZab]jZeb\f_kl_\ l_ggbk\ Ehg^hg_ >_ckl\b_ kh\_jr_ggh_ ^h hij_^_e_ggh]h fhf_glZ Fhf_gl mdZaZg \ ^jm]hfij_^eh`_gbb HgZhkhagZeZqlhgbq_]hg__eZk ibdgbdZ >_ckl\b_kh\_jr_ggh_^hhij_^_e_ggh]hfhf_glZ Hgg_agZeqlhijhbahreh >_ckl\b_kh\_jr_ggh_^h^jm]h]h^_ckl\by\ujZ`_ggh]h3DVW6LPSOH Ijhqlbl_\kemoH[tykgbl_mihlj_[e_gb_\j_f_gI_j_\_^bl_gZjmkkdbcyaud HgZ dmibeZ [be_l b hlhreZ hl hdhrdZ >_ckl\by ke_^mxl ^jm]aZ^jm]hf Hg \udexqbe k\_l b ihiulZeky aZkgmlv >_ckl\by ke_^mxl ^jm]aZ^jm]hf Hgb ijbiZjdh\Zeb fZrbgm b ihreb d klZgpbb >_ckl\by ke_^mxl^jm]aZ^jm]hf Hgih[jbekyb ijbgye^mr >_ckl\byke_^mxl^jm]aZ^jm]hf Hg m`_ ih[jbeky b l_i_jv ijbgbfZe ^mr >_ckl\b_ \ujZ`_ggh_]eZ]hehfKDGVKDYHGij_^r_kl\m_l^_ckl\bx\ujZ`_gghfm ]eZ]hehfZDVKDYLQJ Hgb aZdhgqbeb _klv b \uibeb dhn_ >_ckl\by ke_^mxl ^jm] aZ^jm]hf 138
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Hgbm`_aZdhgqbeb_klvb ibebdhn_ >_ckl\b_\ujZ`_ggh_ ]eZ]hehf KDG ILQLVKHG ij_^r_kl\m_l ^_ckl\bx \ujZ`_gghfm ]eZ]hehfZHUHKDYLQJ IhklZ\vl_]eZ]heu\ kdh[dZo\ gm`gmxnhjfm3DVW6LPSOH beb3DVW3HUIHFW 1) did not come, had sent; 2) was, had heard; 3) had lost, didn’t know; 4) finished, went. GZc^bl_ \ ijZ\hc dhehgd_ ijZ\bevgu_ hl\_lu gZ \hijhku F =^_>bZgZ"²HgZmreZaZihdmidZfb D Lukh[bjZ_rvkyk_]h^gykfhlj_lvnbevfihl_e_\bahjm"² G_ly m`_kfhlj_e_]h G LuagZ_rvFZcdeZ"²G_ly gbdh]^Z_]hjZgvr_g_\klj_qZe H Fh`ghy \havfml\hxdgb]m"²;hxkvy aZ[ue__ ^hfZ E LuohjhrhagZ_rvEhg^hg"²>Zy m`_^Z\gh`b\ma^_kv I DZdluk_[yqm\kl\m_rv"²M`Zkgh>mfZxy ijhklm^beky K Lu \k_ _s_ jZ[hlZ_rv \ ©Kfblkª" ² >Z y jZ[hlZx lZf k 1980.) J Lu`b\_rvg_^Ze_dhhlkx^Z"²G_lfulhevdhqlhi_j__oZeb\ Hdknhj^ 5. 1) I didn’t watch the film because I had seen it before. 2) I didn’t know Michael. In fact I had never met him before. 3) I couldn’t let Sally my book because I had left it at home. 4) I knew London well because I had lived there for years. 5) I felt so bad, I was sure I had caught a cold. 6) John couldn’t go to work because he had caught a cold. 7) We don’t live in Colchester any more. We had moved to Oxford.
Lesson 7 2. IhklZ\vl_]eZ]heu\ kdh[dZo\ gm`gmxnhjfm 1) had met; 2) got, had learnt; 3) had seen, came; 4) had passed; 5) had gone; 60 invited, was, had promised; 7) offered, refused, had had; 8) had entered, rang; 9) felt, came, went; 10) had heard, decided. I_j_\_^bl_gZZg]ebckdbcyaud 1) «Why didn’t you invite Jane to the cinems yesterday?» — «She had already seen the film». 2) She had watched the film and was telling her friend about it. 3) Whe Liz came home she remembered that she had left the keys at the office. 4) He remembered John. John had been his friend for 20 years. 5) Betsy had dinner and turned on the TV set. 6) Peter had shaved and was looking for his shirt. 139
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7) After the guests ahd left she went to bed. 8) She said that she hadn’t seen him for two weeks. 9) He was very tired. He had worked since morning. 10) Before they moved to Tomsk they had lived in Krosnoyarsk for 10 years. 11) Hardly had he posted the letter when he got a fax.
Lesson 8 Test (2d level) < g_dhlhjuoij_^eh`_gbyo_klvhrb[dbGZc^bl_bob bkijZ\vl_ 1) I have known Dima for a long time. 2) He has been here for 2 hours already. 3) Does it often rain in autumn? 4) Who is playing in the yard? 5) Does your father work? 6) Where were you on Sunday? 7) — (correct) 8) He is running faster than his friend. 9) Many European kids drink soft drinks, don’t they? 10) There are a lot of passengers at customs, aren’t there? 11) — (correct) 12) when I came she was writing a letter. 13) He had written his letter by 10 o’clock yesterday. 14) After he had read the book, he wrote a composition. 15) He was eating a sandwich when I saw him. 16) What had you done by 5 o’clock last night? 17) Where is he going tomorrow? 18) Who was singing when you came? 19) Has he been your friend since childhood? 20) While Mrs Garret was making a cake, Natalie cleaned the rooms. I_j_\_^bl_gZZg]ebckdbcyaud 1) She met Den when she was doing the shopping. 2) She won’t go to the party if she doesn’t have a new dress. 3) Steven Spielberg will have made a new film by the end of the 1998. 4) She read in the book that the Romans were the first to invade Britain. 5) «How many films have you seen this month?» — «I have seen three films». 6) «Do you hear anything?» — «No, I have been listening for a minute but I don’t hear anything». 7) I have been doing my homework for an hour already when my friend called. 8) After Betsy has cooked diner she will go shopping. 140
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9) She knew that she had made a mistake. 10) «What is she doing now?» — «she is on vacation. She has been on vacation for a moth already.» 11) While Mary was making coffee her daughter laid the table. 12) While he was making notes he remembered that he had left the book at home. 13) I had done my homework by 5 o’clock yesterday, hadn’t I. 14) «Have they been to Australia?» — «Yes, they have». — «How long were they there?’ 15) «Who do you see now?» — «I see you and your friend.» 16) «Does he know this man?» — «Yes, he does». «How long has he known him? IhklZ\vl_]eZ]heu\ gm`gmxnhjfm a) are playing, play, is kicking, is running, is looking, do not like. b) Died, left, spent, bought, went, stayed, listened gave, kept, lost. c) Have received, has been, has lived, has visited, has visited, has bought. d) 1) did you buy. 2) has never sent. 3) have you had. 4) fought. 5) have just won. _ 1) was leaving, arrived. 2) worked, was sitting (sat). 3) Was walking, met. 4) Was reading, heard. 5) Was watching. IhklZ\vl_keh\Z\ ijZ\bevghfihjy^d_qlh[uihemqbeky \hijhk 1) Why does he call often? 2) Where did he go last year? 3) Do your children come from school late or early? 4) When is he coming tomorrow? 5) By what time had he translated the text yesterday? 6) Who sent him the letter last week? 7) What were they doing at 5 o’clock yesterday? 8) Who was at her birthday party last year? 9) What have they already done? 10) What will you do if he calls you tomorrow? IhklZ\vl_]eZ]heu\ gm`gmxnhjfmAZ^Zcl_\hijhkh\d l_dklm Lived, had, said, will bake, wet, put, mixed, remembered, had not put, did, put, was, lay, opened, hopped, left, run, can, tried, cried, will stop, catch, met, had lived, ate. 1) did the old woman and the old man have children? 2) What did the woman want to bake? 3) What did she do in the kitchen? 4) What did the woman forget to put? 5) What did the boy do when the old woman open the oven? 6) What did the boy cried when the woman ran after hik? 7) What did the animals try to do?
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Test (3d level) 1I_j_\_^bl_gZZg]ebckdbcyaud 1) «Where is Mary? I don’t see her.» — «She is talking to my friend.» 2) When Sasha and Olga were flying to Australia, they met a lot of Russians. 3) He called me yesterday when I was taking a shower. 4) She used to travel a lot in her youth, didn’t she / 5) They had already arrived in Australia, when their parents received the telegram. 6) «Are you listening to radio?’ — «No, I’m not. You can turn it off». 7) When Betsy called, Tom had already left. 8) She had arrived in London and now she was looking for her friends’ house. 9) No sooner had Sasha and Olga entered the zoo, when they saw a kangaroo. 10) Who knows this man? 11) They won’t go in car, if it’s late. 12) No one knew when his plane had arrived. 13) This train arrived at 8 p.m. 14) How long have you been working for this firm? 15) There will be many friends of her daughter. 16) Robin hoped that Caroline had already come. 17) I don’t know if Robert will receive the letter tomorrow. 18) How do you feel? 19) Sasha and Olga’ parents were happy that the children had flown successfully. 20) «You look tired.» — «I have been working much today.» 21) He doesn’t understand her because she speaks English fluently. 22) Where’s Mary? I haven’t seen her lately. 23) Speak louder. She doesn’t hear you. 24) Hardly had he entered the room when the phone rang. 25) He is writing a book about Australia now. IhklZ\vl_ ]eZ]heu \ gm`gmx nhjfm Ijhqlbl_ jZkkdZa b aZ^Zcl_\hijhkh\d l_dklm Was, did, travelled, went, had been, was, was, would miss, asked, got, fell, woke, was, looked, was, got, didn’t understand, had not woken, asked, hadn’t woken, looked, told, had done, was approaching, woke, didn’t want, put, finished, put. 1) Did Mark Twain do a lot of travelling? 2) Why was he very sleepy and tired? 3) What did he ask the guard to do? 4) Where was the train when he woke up? 5) What couldn’t he understand? 142
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60 What did the guard do when the train was approaching the town? 7) Why didn’t the American want to get off the train? < g_dhlhjuoij_^eh`_gbyo_klvhrb[dbGZc^bl_bob bkijZ\vl_ 1) We will do nothing unless he comes in time. 2) I don’t hear you. 3) — 4) he wrote a composition for 3 hours yesterday. 5) — 6) he likes apples, doesn’t he? 7) I want to buy this book. 8) Does it often snow in winter? 9) We met at 5 o’clock at his office. 10) He didn’t used to call so early, did he? 11) You have never been to America, have you? 12) They built this house in 1997. 13) Where did you see him? 14) Nobody knows when he is coming. 15) Helen was watching the film when Fred called. 16) — 17) no sooner had he heard the news when Maggie called. 18) They have a dog and a cat. 19) They had lived in Brighton before they moved to Liverpool. 20) He said that he had lost his key. 21) I didn’t know that Sally had already seen this film. 22) «How long have they been in England?» — «they have been in England for 2 months and are not coming back yet.» 23) Who knows this man? 24) Tom had been playing football for 2 years when he joined the sports club. 25) He had been watching TV for an hour when his parents came.
Lesson 9 3 4. was impressed — impress, Past Simple Passive are given — give, Present Simple Passive am impressed — impress, Present Simple Passive is surrounded — surround, Present Simple Passive had been cut- cut, Present Simple Passive had been lost — lose, Present Simple Passive are being planted- plant, Present Progressive Passive was surprised — surprise, Past Simple Passive were born — bear, Past Simple Passive 143
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is located- locate, Present Simple Passive was built — build, Past Simple Passive Homework AZihegbl_ijh[_eu\ lZ[ebp_ How often is the room cleaned? By whom was the first computer invented?
The first computer was invented by Charles Babbage in 1823. — I_j\uc dhfivxl_j bah[j_e QZjeva;Z[bq\ ]h^m
The problem was being discussed ZKHQ .LP FDOOHG Hgb h[km`^Zeb ijh[_fmdh]^Ziha\hgb^ZDbf
Will the students be examined in May? Is the baby being Why is the baby bebathed now? ing bathed now?
Has the contract been signed by John Wilson? Why had his friend been arrested? When will the money have been paid?
I_j_\_^bl_ k Zg]ebckdh]h gZ jmkkdbc yaud Ih^q_jdgbl_ dhgkljmdpbbkhkljZ^Zl_evgufaZeh]hf 3UHVHQW6LPSOH3DTVVLYH Past Simple Passive, Future Simple Passive. LVGUXQN DhdZdhemivxl\h\k_ffbj_ ZDVVROG Wlmdgb]mijh^Zeb^\Zf_kypZgZaZ^ ZDVKHDWHGDQGWDNHQ Fhjkdmx\h^mih^h]j_\Zebb ibebk fhehdhf ZLOOEHPHW < Zwjhihjlmbo\klj_lylbo^jmavy ZDVWROG H q_fjZkkdZaZebFZjbg_" LVWDONHG Ihq_fmh[wlhcdgb]_lZdfgh]h]h\hjyl" ZLOOEHLQYLWHG FZjbgmijb]eZkylgZ\_q_jbgdm" LVYLVLWHG DZ`^uc]h^Ehg^hgihk_sZxllukyqblmjbklh\g_ lZdeb" I_j_\_^bl_ k Zg]ebckdh]h gZ jmkkdbc yaud Ih^q_jdgbl_ dhgkljmdpbb kh kljZ^Zl_evguf aZeh]hf 3UHVHQW 3URJUHVVLYH Passive, Past Progressive Passive LVEHLQJODXJKHG Ihq_fmgZ^gbfkf_xlky" ZHUH EHLQJ DVNHG Dh]^Z fu ijb[ueb bo jZkkijZrb\Zeb h bo ih_a^d_\ ?]bi_l 144
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LVEHLQJORRNHG =^_fhykh[ZdZ"AZg_ck_cqZkijb]ey^u\Zxl ijZ\^Z" ZDVEHLQJW\SHG DZdhc^hdmf_gli_qZlZebdh]^Zlu\hr_e ZDVEHLQJGLVFXVVHG H[km`^Zeb_]hij_^eh`_gb_dh]^Zhgiha\hgbe ZDVEHLQJEDNHG IhdZibjh]i_dkyhgbm[bjZebdhfgZlm LVEHLQJID[HG KfhljbIhnZdkmi_j_^ZxldhgljZdl I_j_\_^bl_ k Zg]ebckdh]h gZ jmkkdbc yaud Ih^q_jdgbl_ dhgkljmdpbbkhkljZ^Zl_evgufaZeh]hf 3UHVHQW3HUIHFW3DVVLYH Past Perfect Passive, Future Perfect Passive. KDVEHHQWDONHG H _]hgh\hcdgb]_fgh]h]h\hjbeb\ ihke_^g__ \j_fy KDYHEHHQVROG Kdhevdhdgb][uehijh^Zgh\ wlhff_kyp_" ZLOOKDYHEHHQVROG WlZdgb]Z[m^_lijh^ZgZd dhgpmwlhcg_^_ebg_lZdeb" KDGEHHQWDXJKW HgkdZaZeqlhh[mqZekyZg]ebckdhfmyaudmm ghkbl_eyyaudZ KDGEHHQVSHQW Kdhevdh^_g_][uehihljZq_ghij_`^_q_f\u h[gZjm`bebqlhijhbkoh^bl" KDVQRWEHHQOLYHG < dhfgZl_g_`bebf_kyp KDV EHHQ DFFHSWHG FZjbgZ kqZkleb\Z ?_ ijbgyeb \ :g]ebckdbcMgb\_jkbl_l AZihegbl_lZ[ebpmIjhqlbl_\kemo
Lesson 10
Impression Pedestrian Rarely Traffic Surround Nest Species Garbage Citizen Recycle Overseas Migrate harbour
— [pi'destri n] [ ‘re li] — — [nest] [‘spi: i:z] — [‘sitizn] [ri’saikl] [‘ouv ‘si:z] — —
ZlZ P_ev ij_^hklZ\blvI_jkhgZevgucDhfivxl_j NbjfZ :c;bWf F_`^mgZjh^gu_ ;bag_k FZrbgu aZimklbeZ ID\ ]h^mbkd_lu²kj_^kl\ZaZibkb ijh]jZffb mkljhckl\h\u\h^ZbgnhjfZpbb < ^bkdh\h^_^bkd_lukqblu\Zxlkyb aZibku\ZxlkyHgbgZau\Zxlky©]b[dbfb^bkdZfbªihlhfmqlhbagZqZevgh]gblZdbfbb [ueb K_]h^gy ^bkdb \ [hevrbf [_klhf ^ey ojZg_gby bgnhjfZpbb \kljh_gu\ [hevrbgkl\hdhfivxl_jh\ Ih\_jbl_eb\u" ;hevrbgkl\hi_jkhgZevguodhfivxl_jh\\ fbj_y\eyxlky ©:c;bWfªkh\f_klbfucghk^_eZguhgbjZagufbnbjfZfb ;hevrbgkl\h dhff_jq_kdbo ijh]jZff ² we_dljhggZy h[jZ[hldZ l_dklZ djmighnhjfZlgZylZ[ebpZb l^gZibkZgu^eydhfivxl_jh\:c;bWfkh\f_klbfuo Dhfivxl_ju dhfivxl_jgu_ijh]jZffu Dhfivxl_ju^_eZxllhevdhlhqlhbf]h\hjylQZklhfuohlbf qlh[udhfivxl_j^_eZeh^gm b lm`_ \_svkgh\Z b kgh\ZIhwlhfm \uimkdZxlkyklZg^Zjlgu_bgkljmdpbb²ijh]jZffu KgZqZeZ \ijhq_f dhfivxl_jm gm`gh agZlv \ dZdhc qZklb _]h \kljh_gghc iZfylb ojZgblv bgnhjfZpbx b dZd k g_c jZ[hlZlv Hkgh\gZy ijh]jZffZ gZau\Z_lky hi_jZpbhggZy kbkl_fZ beb hi_jZpbhggZykbkl_fZ^bkdZ H^ghcihimeyjghckbkl_fhcij_^klZ\e_gghc:c;bWfIDy\ey_lky'26 khdjZs_gghhlhi_jZpbhggZykbkl_fZ^bkdZFbdjhkhnl Ihke_^gb_ mkh\_jr_gkl\h\Zgb_ 06'26 iha\hey_l \Zf ]h\hjblv 149
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dhfivxl_jmqlh^_eZlvmdZau\ZygZkeh\Z \_sbbebdZjlbgdb gZ wdjZg_WlZijhklZykbkl_fZgZau\Z_lky:LQGRZV Dh]^Zdhfivxl_jihemqZ_lhi_jZpbhggu_bgkljmdpbbhgfh`_l [ulvaZijh]jZffbjh\Zg^_eZlvfgh]b_\_sbIhimeyjgu_ijh]jZffu \dexqZxl h[jZ[hldm l_dklZ [Zau ^Zgguo lZ[ebpu b ]jZnbq_kdb_ijh]jZffu Ijh]jZffuh[jZ[hldbl_dklZ[_amij_qgh\hkijhba\h^ylgZi_qZlZggh_keh\h ;Zau^ZgguoojZgylfZkkmbgnhjfZpbb²^eye_]dh]h^hklmiZ Ijh]jZffuk lZ[ebpZfbojZgylb \hkijhba\h^ylpbnju =jZnbq_kdb_ijh]jZffukhklZ\eyxl]jZnbdbb ^bZ]jZffu L_kl mjh\_gv I_j_\_^bl_jZkkdZagZZg]ebckdbcyaudI_j_kdZ`bl__]h gZke_^mxs_fmjhd_ ;mfZ`gbd w\b^>`hgk 6) LZffgh]hihk_lbl_e_cbaJhkkbb" Yes, there are. 7) DZdLZfZjZihfh]Z_llmjbklZfbaJhkkbb" She acts as interpreter and meets people after work to show Russian YLVLWRUVDURXQG6\GQH\ HgZ\uklmiZ_l\ jheb i_j_\h^qbdZ b \klj_qZ_lky k ex^vfb ihke_ jZ[hlu qlh[u ihdZaZlv jmkkdbf lmjbklZf Kb^g_c 8) D_f[ueiZiZLZfZju" 7DPDUD¶V IDWKHU ZDV D 'RQ &RVVDFN IZiZ LZfZju [ue ^hgkdbf dZaZdhf 9) H q_fjZkkdZau\Ze_c__ iZiZ" He told her about the Summer and Winter Palaces in St. Petersburg and about the cathedrals with onion-like domes.
Lesson 8
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HgjZkkdZau\Ze_ch E_lg_fb Abfg_f ^\hjpZo \ KZgdl I_l_j[mj]_b hkh[hjZok dmiheZfb\ \b^_emdh\bq_d 10) Ihq_fmLZfZjZex[bl:\kljZebxb Jhkkbx" She loves Australia because it is her fatherland and she loves Russia EHFDXVH LW LV KHU PRWKHUODQG LZfZjZ ex[bl :\kljZebx ihlhfm qlh wlh__ hl_q_kl\hb hgZex[blJhkkbxihlhfmqlhwlh__ jh^bgZ 2. >hihegbl_ij_^eh`_gby 1) Sydney has one of the most spectacular harbours in the world. 2) The golden sunsets glitter on the water. 3) The white yachts sail lazily under the Sydney Harbour Bridge. 4) The centre of Sydney consists of tall, elegant buildings. 5) The centrepoint Tower stands majestically beside David Jones Department Store. It is the most beautiful store in the world. 3. >hihegbl_ij_^eh`_gby I live in Russia. My place is called Moscow. It is know as Moscow the white walled. AZihegbl_ijhimkdb
GZibkZgb_ Outstanding In honour
Lesson 9 LjZgkdjbipby
I_j_\h^ \u^Zxsbcky _h_\g_" 10 000 athletes will live in the Athletes’ Village. DZdh_ \Z`gh_ kh[ulb_ [m^_l ijZa^gh\Zlvky \ :\kljZebb aZ ]h^^hHebfibckdboB]j]h^Z" The centenary of the declaration of Australian Federation will be celebrated one year before. Dh]^ZgZqg_lkydmevlmjgZyhebfibZ^Z" The cultural Olympiad will start in 1997. DZdb_f_jhijbylbyhgZ[m^_l\ k_[y\dexqZlv" It will include the Festival of Dreaming, A Sea Change, Reaching the world and Harbour Of life festival.
Lesson 9 Homework K^_eZcl_^hdeZ^h >`bg>jbkdheb EZdeZg_>`hgk_ Bfy -HDQ'ULVFROO moblZfhqZjh\u\ZxlfZ]bq_kdbfbaZdebgZgbyfb Ihwlhfm^_\mrdbfheh^u_b q_klgu_ G_oh^bl_b g_b]jZcl_m \her_[gh]hdheh^pZ IhlhfmqlhlZfLwfEbg BfyLwfZEbgZ[uehba\_klghih\k_c]jZgbp_Hg[uefheh^uf q_eh\_dhf dhlhjh]h ^mob \udjZeb m ex^_c >_\mrdb dhlhju_ \klj_qZebkvk gbfijhiZ^ZebgZ\k_]^Z M Ehj^Z DZjl_joZnZ [ueZfheh^Zy ^hqv dhlhjmx a\Zeb @Zg_l ² mfgZy djZkb\Zy ^_\mrdZ k ahehlbklufb \hehkZfb HgZ [ueZ f_qlZl_evghc?cohl_ehkv\klj_lblvkyk LwfhfEbghfH^gZ`^u\_k_ggbf ^g_f @Zg_l j_rbeZ ij_g_[j_qv ij_^mij_`^_gbyfb b gZclb \her_[Homework
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gucdheh^_pHgZ\ureZbaaZfdZk\h_]hhlpZb \hreZ\ e_kGZdhg_p hgZgZreZdheh^_p]em[hdh\ e_kmb jy^hfk gbf[ueZ[_eZyehrZ^v gh lZf g_ [ueh LwfZ EbgZ =em[hdh aZ^mfZ\rbkv @Zg_l khj\ZeZ [_emxjhamDZdlhevdhhgZwlhk^_eZeZihy\bekyfheh^hc q_eh\_d dZd _keb[uhg[ueijbajZdhfHg[ue\ukhdbfb djZkb\ufm g_]h[ueb ]em[hdb_k_ju_]eZaZb l_fgu_\hehkuWlh[ueLwfEbg ©Qlh ijb\_eh l_[y \ fhc e_k ^_\mrdZ b ihq_fm lu kh[bjZ_rv p\_luk fh_]hdheh^pZ"ª²kijhkbehg ©DZjl_joZnihf_klv_fh_]hhlpZª²kdZaZeZ@Zg_l ©Ihwlhfm y [m^m ijboh^blv b ]meylv ih DZjl_joZnm g_ kijZrb\Zy gb m dh]h jZaj_r_gbyª ©Lukf_eZy^_\mrdZª ²kdZaZeLwf k meu[dhc ©Wlhl e_k ijbgZ^e_`bl^moZfb ya^_kvqlh[uaZsbsZlv_]h^eygboª ©Luh^bgbagbo"ª²kijhkbeZ@Zg_lk m`Zkhf ©>ZwlhlZdª²kdZaZeLwf©Ghy g_\k_]^Z[ueh^gbfbagbo ?kebluihc^_rvkhfghc@Zg_ly jZkkdZ`ml_[_\kxbklhjbxª Gh@Zg_lg_fh]eZhklZlvky ©Y ^he`gZ b^lbª ² kdZaZeZ hgZ ©?keb y g_ ijb^m ^h \_q_jZ f_gygZqgmlbkdZlvY m`_^Z\ghmreZª ©G_lZdm`^Z\ghª²jZkkf_yekydjZkZ\_pLwf©G_lZdm`^Z\ghª B wlh[uehijZ\^hcDh]^Z@Zg_l\_jgmeZkv\ aZfhdba\her_[gh]he_kZgbdlhg_aZf_lbeqlh__ g_[ueh Dhg_qgh @Zg_l \ex[beZkv \ djZkb\h]h LwfZ EbgZ Dlh hg [ue" Ihq_fmhgZg_\b^_eZ_]hjZgvr_">_ckl\bl_evghebhgg_[ue`b\uf q_eh\_dhf"?kebhg[ue`b\ufq_eh\_dhf\ex[blkyebhg\ g__"gy\k_o k\yluo hgZ gZ^_eZ l_iemx a_e_gmx gZdb^dm \ureZ ba ^hfZ b ih[_`ZeZ\ q_jguc\her_[guce_k Jh\gh \ iheghqv hgZ mkeurZeZ a\hg dhehdhevqbdh\ b m\b^_eZ ijhp_kkbx moh\" The Fairy Queen knew she had been beaten and was extremely angry. DZddhgqZ_lkyjZkkdZa" The story ends happily saying that Tam and Janet lived together in great happiness all their lives, and their bonny son became the Lord of Carterhaugh.
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KIhklZ\vl_]eZ]heu\ kdh[dZo\ ijZ\bevghf\j_f_gb Had had, would have stopped; would have been, had dropped in; had paid, would not have; would study, were; will find, will never meet; had taken, would not have to; will sack don’t agree. 'Baf_gbl_ij_^eh`_gbydZd\ ijbf_j_ 1) I wish Chris did not watch a lot of television. 2) I wish they would not see her tomorrow. 3) I wish he were her brother’s friend. 4) I wish Tom had not lost his wallet. 5) I wish the delegation had arrived. 6) I wish Ann were not sick. 7) I wish the message had been sent. 8) I wish they were not late. 9) I wish James had given Helen the flowers for her birthday. 10) I wish the letter had not been translated.
Lesson 4
Homework Ihl_jy\rb_ky ©?keb [u lu lhevdh ihkemrZe f_gy k_cqZk [u fu m`_ dj_idh kiZeb\ gZrbodjh\Zlyoª\hjqZeZR_ceZ©>Z^hjh]Zy^mfZxqlh kiZeb [uª ² kdZaZe FZedhef iulZykv khkj_^hlhqblky gZ \h`^_gbbb gZk\h_cjZa^jZ`_gghc`_g_ohly\ lh`_\j_fym^_eyeqZklv \gbfZgbyk\hbfkh[kl\_gguffukeyf >h`^v klmqZe ih \_ljh\hfm kl_dem>hjh]Z[ueZmadhcb hiZkghcb hgbihl_jyebkv ?keb[uhgbih\_jgmebgZijZ\hgZihke_^g_fk\_lhnhj_hgb[u ^h_oZeb ^h g_[hevrhc ^_j_\mrdb JbdZjlhg gh hiylv `_ hgb g_ ^h_oZebIhq_fmwlhq_jlh\hf_klh[uehlZdly`_ehgZclb"?keb[u hgbih_oZeb\ ;ewdimedZdhgb^_eZebihke_^gb_^\Z^pZlve_lhgb [uba[Z\bebk_[yhl\k_owlbooehihlLZdbebbgZq_wlh[ueZb^_y R_ceuM g__\k_]^Z[ueblZdb_[e_klysb_b^_bdZdwlZ ©>he]h_s_"ª²kijhkbeZhgZ ©G_ bf_x gb fZe_cr_]h ij_^klZ\e_gby ^hjh]Zyª ² _]h hl\_l [uefy]dbf©Y [hxkvfuihl_jyebkvª ©Ihl_jyebkv"ª ©Y [hxkvqlh^ZªFZedhefhklZgh\be fZrbgm b \dexqbe k\_l \gmljbHgiulZekygZsmiZlvdZjlm ©L_[_ ke_^h\Zeh \a]eygmlv gZ wlh ^h lh]h dZd fu m_oZeb ba W^bg[mj]ZY [uijh\_jbeZfZjrjml_keb[uy agZeZqlhlukh[bjZ_rvky k[blvky k imlbª Ihq_fm hgZ \k_]^Z lZd ]h\hjbl ^mfZe FZedhefIhkemrZlv__lZdy ki_pbZevghk[bekyk imlbGh\k_qlh hgkdZaZe[ueh ©Y ^mfZxy agZx]^_fuih_oZebg_ijZ\bevgh^hjh]Zy?kebfujZa\_jg_fkya^_kvb ijh_^_fh[jZlghfbexbeb^\_ 212
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fuijb_^_fd i_j_dj_kldm?kebfuih\_jg_fgZe_\hfuijb_^_f\ K_edbjd GZf ke_^h\Zeh ih_oZlv ih ^hjh]_ ; ba W^bg[mj]Z ?keb [u fu lZd k^_eZeb Fu [ueb [u \ JbdZjlhg_ klh e_l gZaZ^ª R_ceZ gbq_]h g_ kdZaZeZ ©Y ihdZ`m l_[_ _keb lu g_ \_jbrvª ² ijh^he`Zehg\ ihjy^d_hiulZ]Z^ZygZqg_lebhgZkihjblvk gbf k_cqZk beb ihlhf ©Fu ih_oZeb wlbf iml_f Ihlhfm qlh lu _]h ij_^eh`beZfhy^hjh]Zyª©Y lZdb agZeZqlhluh[\bgbrvf_gyª ²\ahj\ZeZkvhgZ©Gbdlhgbdh]hg_h[\bgy_lª²hl\_lbehgiulZykvk^_eZlvk\hc]hehkdZdfh`gh[he__[eZ]hjZamfguf©Ijhklh [m^vjZkkm^bl_evghcZ ykhk\h_cklhjhguk^_eZx\k_qlh[uijb[ulv \ hl_ev q_j_a«ª hg ihkfhlj_e gZ qZku ©«q_j_a qZk kZfh_ [hevr__ª HgZ ih^`ZeZ ]m[u iulZykv kijZ\blvky kh aehklvx ©GZ l\h_ff_kl_y [uihr_\_ebeZkvK_cqZk ihqlb iheh^bggZ^pZlh]h b _keb fu g_ ijb_^_f lm^Z d iheghqb hgb hl^Z^ml gZrm dhfgZlm dhfmgb[m^v_s_ª Ijh\_jvl_k_[y :KhklZ\vl_\hijhkh\d l_dklm©Ihl_jy\rb_kyª 1) What was the place of their destination? 2) Why did they get lost? 3) What way out did Malcolm suggest? 4) What was Sheila’s reaction to the news that they had got lost? 5) Why did they began to argue? %>hihegbl_ke_^mxsb_ij_^eh`_gby 1) …, he would speak English fluently. 2) …, there will be no human beings on the Earth soon. 3) …, he had not had so many accidents. 4) …, the weather were fine. 5) …, he had not been an hour late. 6) …, I would buy a castle. 7) …, it had not been so stuffy in the bus. 8) …, it were not so old. & IhklZ\vl_ ]eZ]heu \ kdh[dZo \ ijZ\bevgmx \j_f_ggmx nhjfm Would not have been, had rang; would have gone, had known; would not enjoy; would have had, had not told.
Lesson 5
D I_j_\_^bl_gZZg]ebckdbc 1) I wish we had visited Australia. 2) He would not have missed the train if he had got up earlier. 3) She would not have got wet, if she had taken her umbrella. 4) I wish she had not gone.
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5) I would buy this book if I were in your place. 6) She speaks English as if she spent many years in England. 7) I wish I could visit this Zoo. 8) What would you do if you were in my place? 9) Bill’s parents did not know when he would come. 10) I wish you had seen «The Titanic» This film is worth seeing. 11) Where would you go if you were free tomorrow? 12) She would not have come if Bob had not phoned her. %GZc^bl_b i_j_\_^bl_ij_^eh`_gby\ dhlhjuo\klj_qZxlkykeh\Z VSHFLHVKDELWDWWRLQFOXGH Australia has nearly half million species of plants and animals — one RIWKHJUHDWHVWYDULHWLHVRIDQ\FRXQWU\LQWKHZRUOG< :\kljZebbihqlb fbeebhg \b^h\ jZkl_gbc b `b\hlguo ihqlb kZfh_ [hevrh_ jZaghh[jZab_ba\k_okljZgfbjZ Australia, South America and Africa occupy approximately the same UDQJHRIODWLWXGHVDQGKDYHDVLPLODUYDULHW\RIKDELWDWV:\kljZebyX`gZy :f_jbdZb :njbdZgZoh^ylkyijb[ebabl_evghgZl_o`_kZfuorbjhlZob bf_xlijb[ebabl_evghh^bgZdh\mx_kl_kl\_ggmxkj_^m The team «animal» includes not only mammals, but also insects, UHSWLOHVDPSKLELDQVELUGVHWFL_jfbg©`b\hlgh_ª\dexqZ_l\ k_[yg_ lhevdh fe_dhiblZxsbo gh b gZk_dhfuo ij_kfudZxsboky a_fgh\h^guoilbpb l^ It is believed that between 20 000 and 300 000 species are in $XVWUDOLDEXWVRIDURQO\DERXWKDYHEHHQGHVFULEHGKqblZ_lky qlh \ :\kljZebb f_`^m hl ^h \b^h\ `b\hlguo gh ^hkboihjlhevdh[uebhibkZgu &>hdZ`bl_qlh\ :\kljZebbg_h[uqgZynZmgZ Australia is unusual in fauna because there are 70% of the world’s marsupials, all of the world’s monotremes, a small percentage of placentals, an enormous diversity of parrots, a fascinating range of reptiles, amphibians and fish. There are also many unusual invertebrates. 'Hl\_lvl_gZke_^mxsb_\hijhku DZdfe_dhiblZxsb_dhjfylk\hbo^_l_gur_c" Mammals produce milk to suckle their young. Kh[ZdZ²fe_dhiblZxs__" A dog is a mammal. DZdfugZau\Z_ffe_dhiblZxsbodhlhju_hldeZ^u\Zxlfy]db_ycpZ" Mammals that lay soft eggs are called monotremes. DZdfugZau\Z_ffe_dhiblZxsbodhlhju_ghkyl^_l_gur_c \ kmfdZo"Ihq_fmbfijboh^blkywlh^_eZlv"
Lesson 6
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Mammals that carry their young in the pouches are called marsupials. They have to do so because the young are born in an immature state. Qvb^_l_gurbjh`^Zxlky[he__jZa\blufbq_fm kmfqZluo" Placentals’ young are born in a more mature state than those of marsupials. Ihq_fmk hklZevguffbjhf[uehfZeZh[f_gZ`b\hlgufb" There has been little exchange with the rest of the world because Australia has been isolated for long periods of time. DZdb_ijh[e_fulj_[mxlhkh[hcZ^ZilZpbb" Such problems as draught, frequent floods and fires require unique adaptation. &Hl\_lvl_gZke_^mxsb_\hijhku Ihq_fmbkq_ad_g]mjm\ZeeZ[b" Toolache wallaby have become extinct because of the combination of habitat clearing and sport shooting. Qlhihhsjy_lg_e_]Zevguc\u\haihim]Z_\k ahehlufbie_qZfb" High prices encourage the smuggling of the gioldenshouldered parrot. Qlh^_eZ_lky^eylh]hqlh[uaZsblblvdjZq_d" Wildlife agencies and volunteers fence off the nest sites and patrol the beaches to help protect terns. Ihq_fmdhebq_kl\hju[u\ j_qghckbkl_f_Fxjj_c >Zjebg] mf_gvrbehkv" The number of fish in the Murray Darling River system decreased because of habitat loss and fishing. DZdb_ `b\hlgu_ y\eyxlky jZajmrbl_eyfb Z\kljZebckdhc ijbjh^u"Ihq_fm" Cats, foxes and rabbits are destructive for Australian wildlife. Cats kill many animals including small mammals, birds, frogs, reptiles and insects. Foxes are dangerous for brush-tailed bethongs, plain wanderers and other ground dwelling animals. Rabbits destroy arid parts by overgrazing. They not only eat palatable grasses but ringbark shrubs and trees.
Lesson 7
Homework ;m^vl_ ]hlh\u jZkkdZaZlv h dhZeZo Ke_^mxsb_ \hijhku ihfh]ml\Zf y\ey_lkyebDhZeZkZfufba\_klgufZ\kljZebckdbf`b\hlguf" Yes, it is. =^_`b\mldhZeu" Koalas live in lightly wooded areas containing suitable food. Q_fhgbiblZxlky" Koalas feed almost entirely on eucalyptus leaves. Ihq_fmhgbj_^dhivxl" 215
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They seldom drink because they obtain enough water from the diet of leaves. Dh]^ZdhZeugZb[he__Zdlb\gu" Koala is most active just after sunset. DhZeZ ² wlh h^ghZi_jlmjgh_ kmfqZlh_ beb ieZp_glZjgh_ fe_dhiblZxs__" Koala is a marsupial mammal. DZdhckj_^gbckjhd`bagbdhZe" A koala’s average life span is about 12 years in the wild, and sometimes 15 in captivity.
Lesson 9 Homework AZ^Zcl_\hijhkh\d l_dklm 1) What is the main objective of the Zoo’s Education Centre? 2) What do they try to do? 3) Are we all part of the natural environment? 4) Do we need to be responsible for our interactions with our environment? 5) What should children and grow-ups recognize? 6) What do we need to think about? 7) Can our use of water, production of rubbish and energy consumption destroy our wildlife? 8) What will happen if we don’t change our behavior? 9) What can we do? 10) Should we appreciate the beauty of the nature?
Lesson 11 AZihegbl_ijh[_eu baby tooth radio leaf tax hero lorry wife loss Monkey piano wish nucleus way
babies teeth Radios Leaves taxes Heroes Lorries Wives Losses monkeys Pianos Wishes Nuclei Ways
Homework j_[_ghd / ^_lb am[ / am[u JZ^bh ebkl / ebklvy GZeh]gZeh]b =_jhc]_jhb =jmah\bd]jmah\bdb `_gZ / `_gu Ihl_jyihl_jb H[uavygZh[_avygu IbZgbgh @_eZgb_`_eZgby Y^jhy^jZ Imlvimlb
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Salmon Photo phenomemon foot datum life bush guy chief
Salmon Photos Phenomena Feet Data Lives Bushes Gus Chiefs
Ehkhkvehkhkb Nhlh]jZnbynhlh]jZynbb Y\e_gb_y\e_gby Gh]Zgh]b >Zggu_ @bagv`bagb Dmkldmklu IZj_gviZjgb R_nr_nu
KhdjZs_ggucZg]ebckdbc hihegbl_ij_^eh`_gbyb gZibrbl_bo\ ijZ\bevghfihjy^d_ 1) Easter holidays. — 5 2) Are interested in making up coursework of by those who would like to accelerate their program. — 7 3) Four years — 1 4) the second, January, the end of May. — 4 5) the last week of august, until the middle of December, four week, Christmas — 3 6) courses of study during the summer months. — 6
Lesson 3
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7) Two terms or semesters. — 2 Homework Hl\_lvl_ gZ ke_^mxsb_ \hijhku b k^_eZcl_ ^hdeZ^u h[ Zf_jbdZgkdbo mgb\_jkbl_lZo dhee_^`Zo bkihevamy \hijhku dZdieZg 1) Kdhevdhijh^he`Z_lkyh[mq_gb_" The period of study is four years. 2) Kdhevdhk_f_kljh\\ dZ`^hf]h^m" Each year comprises two terms. 3) Dh]^ZgZqbgZ_lkyi_j\uck_f_klj" The first term begins the last week of August. 4) Ijh^he`Z_lkyeb\lhjhck_f_klj^hdhgpZfZy" Yes, it does,. 5) Qlhij_^hklZ\eyxlfgh]b_dhee_^`b\h\j_fye_lgbof_kyp_\" Many colleges offer courses during summer months. 6) KdhevdhaZq_lh\^he`_gihemqblvklm^_glaZdZ`^uck_f_klj" An average student is expected to take 15 — 16 credits. 7) IjbdZdhfmkeh\bbklm^_glfh`_li_j_clbgZke_^mxsbcdmjk" A student can pass to the next year if he has accumulated more than 30 credits. 8) DZdhgbgZau\Zxl\lhjhdmjkgbdZ" They call a second year student a sophomore. 9) Dh]^Zklm^_gl]hlh\aZdhgqblvmq_[gh_aZ\_^_gb_" A student is ready for graduation after he has completed four years of study and has acquired 124 or 150 credits. I_j_\_^bl_gZZg]ebckdbcyaud 1) After he has taken his credits he will sit for examinations. 2) You have to work hard during a term, don’t you? 3) We would like this work to be done by the end of the month. 4) She is unlikely to have told him. 5) The teacher had to explain this rule once more. 6) She seems to have been in England. 7) When he called they were having a party. 8) He has been waiting for her for nearly an hour, and she hasn’t come yet. 9) How long have you known this man? 10) She asked if he had received her letter. KHl\_lvl_gZke_^mxsb_\hijhku 1) Hdnhj^kdbcmgb\_jkbl_l²wlhkhvjZgb_dhee_^`_c" 2) Dh]^Z[uebhkgh\Zgug_dhlhju_badhee_^`_c"
Lesson 4
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3) DZdb_nmgdpbbm mgb\_jkbl_lZ" 4) DZdb__klm^_glu_klv\ dZ`^hfdhee_^`_" 5) H[tykgbl_ qlh lZdh_ kbkl_fZ ijbdj_ie_gby ij_ih^Z\Zl_ey d mq_gbdm" 6) GZkdhevdhk_f_kljh\jZa^_e_gmq_[guc]h^" 7) Dh]^Zijh\h^ylkywdaZf_guaZk_f_klj" 8) Qlhijhbkoh^bl_kebklm^_gjijh\Zeb\Z_lkygZwdaZf_g_" 9) Qlh [jblZgkdb_ klm^_glu ^he`gu gZ^_\Zlv aZdZ_qb\Zy mgb\_jkbl_l" ?I_j_\_^bl_gZZg]ebckdbcyaud 1) Are you interested in American Education system? 2) The period of study in an american college is four years, isn’t it? 3) How many credits must a student take every term? 4) There are amnt colleges in Oxford that ahve students of all kinds. 5) The academic year in england is divided into three terms. 6) The examinations are held at the end of each term. 7) For a break of discipline a student can be fined. Homework IjhqblZcl_b i_j_\_^bl_wlhll_dkl K_gly[jv. Ijb[ulb_ Y kb`m\ k\h_cdhfgZl_hdjm`_ggZyq_fh^ZgZfbHgZimklZyb ^Z_lkhhl\_lkl\mxs__hsms_gb_F_gylhevdhqlhijb\_aeb\ mgb\_jkbl_l fhb ^jmavy Ij_`^_ \k_]h fu h[jZlbebkv \ kijZ\hqgmx ]^_gZfkdZaZebqlh^_eZlvI_j\uff_klhfgZr_]hgZagZq_gby[ueZkem`[Z`bevy]^_fuihemqbebdexqhlfh_cdhfgZluAZl_ffu lZd`_ihreb\ kem`[mijb_fZklm^_glh\qlh[uihemqblvklm^_gq_kdbc[be_lghhgZ\k__s_aZdjulZb g_hldjh_lky^haZ\ljZeywlhc jZ[hlu g_h[oh^bfh g_dhlhjh_agZgb_ dhfivxl_jZ b hlebqgu_ gZ\udb h[s_gby?keb_ggb To my mind Sophia should apply for this job. Kem`[Zljm^hmkljhckl\Z:^_ddh I_j_\h^qbd Ih^jh[gZybgnhjfZpbyh jZ[hl_ Ih^jh[gh_hibkZgb_jZ[hlulj_[h\Zgby Gm`guibkvf_ggu_b mklgu_gZ\udbi_j_\h^Zk Zg]ebckdh]hgZ jmkkdbc
