Методические указания по английскому языку для студентов 1 курса всех специальностей

Министерство образования Российской Федерации ОРЕНБУРГСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ

Кафедра иностранных языков инженерно-технических специальностей

Г.В. Терехова

МОСКВА Методические указания по английскому языку для студентов 1 курса всех специальностей

Оренбург 2001

Москва Методические указания представляют собой подборку текстов по истории, развитию и достопримечательностям Москвы и систему упражнений к ним. Они рассчитаны на студентов всех специальностей 1 курса. Работа предназначена для развития навыков чтения, перевода и говорения. Введение Данные методические указания предназначены для студентов 1 курса всех специальностей. Цель этой работы – расширение лексического запаса студентов, закрепление навыков чтения, перевода и говорения по теме «Москва». Работа состоит из текстов по истории строительства и реконструкции Москвы, современному облику столицы, её достопримечательностям, связанным с именами известных людей. Тексты 1 и 2 разделов предназначены для пересказа, их можно дополнить фактами из текста 3 раздела. Разделы 4 и 5 даны для расширения лексического запаса студентов. Тексты 6 раздела можно использовать для внеаудиторного чтения. К текстам даны упражнения, позволяющие запомнить лексику текста и использовать её при пересказе. 1 Section I 1.1 Text “ The face and spirit of Moscow”. Read the text and answer the questions before it Why do so many people believe Moscow to be unique? Why does Moscow have a concentric-radial structure? What can the names of Moscow streets tell us? Why were there so many monasteries at the outskirts of Moscow? For centuries Moscow has been the traditional heart of Russia culture, the holy city of Russian Orthodoxy. Moscow has always puzzled and delighted its guests with the symphony of onion domes, a pleasant confusion of narrow twisting streets, the city-village character of its centre and an unconquerable spirit. Unlike many other cites it managed to preserve a typically Russian image. This is an unpredictable city, full of surprises. Walking along a modern streets you turn round the corner and find yourself face with a medieval church or a quaint wooden house that witnessed so many outstanding events of Moscow’s glorious history and hosted so many famous people. The historical past of Moscow is reflected not only in its monuments, but in the structure of the city. Traditionally it grew in concentric circles of battlements surrounding its core-the Kremlin. But there were three more protecting walls with towers besides the Kremlin. The remnants of the famous Kitay-Gorod wall can still be seen near the namesake metro station. The one around the White-Gorod is repeated in the semi-circle of the Bulvar Ring and our present day Garden Ring replaced the last battlement-Zemlyanoy Gorod. Radial lines of streets cross these lines in places where the fortified passgates used to be. Thus the names – the Square of Nickitsky Gates, Yauzsky Gates, etc. The names of Moscow streets and squares immortalise the most memorable pages of our history. Ordynka, Donskaya, Oslyabinskaya streets remind us of the liberation fight against the Tatar –Mongolian yoke for independence of Rus. Dmitrovskoye highway, Smolenskaya and Serpukhovskaya streets are named so after ancient Russian towns closely related to Moscow politically and by trade in times of consolidation of Rus. In medieval times different craftsmen used to settle together. Can you guess who lived in the region of Taganskaya square, Kozhevnikovsky street, Goncharny and Kotelnychesky embankments, Plotnykov, Hlebny, Kalashny and Skornyazhny pereulok ( alley )? The epoch of Peter the Great is presented in such names as Lefortovsky, Semyonovsky, Preobrazhensky val. Moscow was the city of many monasteries. They were not only the places where monks lived and prayed, but served mainly as forts protecting the outskirts of the city from enemy attacks. Monks in those times easily turned into warriors and often won undying glory. Many monasteries, churches and city landscapes could not survive in the course of centuries, but their names still warm our hearts and add to the charm of Moscow : Plushina, Kuznetsky Most, Volkhonka, Razgulyay, Nickolskaya, etc. We remember nothing about the house owner Lavrushina, but the street named after her will always be associated with Pavel Tretyakov and his gallery, Prishvin and other writers who lived there and signed their works “ written in Lavrushensky pereulok “. Old names get new meanings and it proves that Moscow is a living and breathing city that can tell you endless stories and legends from its past. But it reveals its face and discloses its secrets only to those who are interested. Rushing passers –by will see nothing. They will never know why small houses neighbour brightly painted churches and imposing palaces, why we treasure a centennial oak in Tverskoy Bulvar (it saw Pushkin and Gogol ), why are our bards compare Muscovites with musicians who touch the strings of Moscow streets and produce cords- sometimes lyrical, sometimes pathetic. 1.2 Find the equivalents and learn the words the holy city столетний дуб onion domes лицом к лицу narrow twisting streets священный город 2

the city-village character an unconquerable spirit an unpredictable city face to face a quaint wooden house to be reflected in protecting walls the memorable pages the outskirts of the city to warm the hearts a centennial oak to touch the strings to produce cords

согревать сердца причудливый деревянный дом луковицы церквей защитные стены узкие кривые улочки предместья города не могущий быть предсказанным характер большой деревни отражаться памятные страницы касаться струн извлекать мелодии непобедимый дух

1.3 Translate into English using the words: heart of Russian culture, is reflected not only, used to settle, the house owner, unpredictable city, turned into. 1. Веками Москва традиционно считается сердцем русской культуры, священным городом Русского православия. 2. Историческое прошлое Москвы отражается не только в монументах, но и в структуре города. 3. В средние века разные ремесленники обычно селились вместе. 4. Мы ничего не помним о домовладелице Лаврушиной, но улица, названная ее именем, всегда будет связываться с именем Павла Третьякова и его галереей. 5. Но она открывает свое лицо, раскрывает свои секреты лишь тем, кто интересуется ею. 6. Это непредсказуемый город, полный сюрпризов. 7. В те времена монахи быстро превращались в воинов и часто приобретали вечную славу. 1.4 Retell the text

2 Section II

2.1 Text 2 “History of Moscow”. While reading make notes like this : Things I know Things I didn`t know As far back as the twelfth century Moscow was known as a small estate of Prince Yuri Dolgoruky ; in 1156 it was walled , thus became a town, or rather a fortress on the banks of the Moskva river, then an important trade route. Its subsequent economic and political development was due largely to its favourable geographical position. The city was raised in the thirteenth century during the Tatar invasion, and for many years paid tribute to the Tatar Khans, but toward the end of the fourteenth century it rose against these rules, sometimes fighting, sometimes paying ransom. It gradually grew stronger and became the capital of the new state of Moscovy. As it was a military as well as an administrative and economic centre, its rulers continued to erect ramparts and fortifications. By the end of the sixteenth century, during the reign of Boris Godunov, Moscow had three walls with towers and moats surrounding respectively the Kremlin, the Kitai-Gorod and the White City. It was also surrounded by earthworks 14km in circumference, and guarded on the south, east and west by six fortified monasteries. From the Kremlin and the Red Square, then the centre, streets radiated to the outskirts whence they continued as trade roads. The town itself was divided into 150 self-governed settlements or districts, “sotni” and “slobodi”, with irregularly scattered houses and narrow crooked streets and blind alleys. Foreigners who visited Moscow in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries as trade representatives or to enter the service of the tsars, as architects and military and industrial advisers usually expressed their delight with the picturesqueness of the city but noted the dirty streets and wretched wooden houses that they found on closer inspection. At the beginning of the 18th century peter the Great moved the capital to St. Petersburg which was founded by him, but Moscow continued to grow as a trading city. It remained too, the favourite city of the Russian nobility who liked to spend the winter in their Moscow mansions. With the invasions of Napoleon in 1812, four-fifths of Moscow were destroyed by fire, but it was soon rebuilt and trade and industry developed again. The city was at its height by the middle of the 19th century.

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2.2 Learn the words Trade rout subsequent to be due ransom rampart earthwork circumference guard on scattered houses narrow crooked street blind alley wretched wooden house on closer inspection

торговый путь последующий должный (по соглашению) выкуп (крепостной ) вал земляное укрепление округа охранять, сторожить разрозненные дома узкие кривые улочки тупик жалкая деревянная лачуга при пристальным взглядом

2.3 Answer the following questions without looking into the text 1.When was Moscow founded? 2.Who it was founded by? 3.Where was it situated? 4.What did Moscow look like in the 12th century? 5.Moscow was walled in 1156, wasn’t it? 6.Why was it walled? 7.What was its economical and political development due to? 8.When was the city raised? 9.How long did it pay tribute to the Tatar Khans? 10.When did it rise against the Tatar rulers? 11.When did it grow stronger and become the capital of the state of Moscovy? 12.Its rulers continued to erect ramparts and fortifications, didn’t they? 13.How many walls and what walls had Moscow during the reign of Boris Godunov? 14.What was it guarded by in the South, East and West? 15.Where did streets radiated from? 16.What was the town divided into? 17.What was “sotni” and “slobodi” look like? 18.What were the foreigners who visited Moscow delighted with? 19.Was Moscow destroyed during the invasion of Napoleon? 20.How soon was it rebuilt? 2.4 Put all kinds of questions to the following sentences 1.At the beginning of the 18th century Peter the Great moved the capital to St. Petersburg. 2.Moscow was surrounded by earthworks 14 km in circumference. 3.By the end of the 16th century Moscow had three walls with towers. 2.5 Make up sentences with the following words and expressions 1.during the Tatar invasion, was razed, the city, in the 13th century. 2.was due largely to, its subsequent economic and political development, its favourable geographic position. 3.150 self-governed settlements, the town itself, into, was divided, or districts. 2.6 Fill up the blanks with suitable words from the text 1.In the 12th century the Moskva river was an important trade… . 2.The economic and political development of Moscow was due to its … geographical position. 3.Moscow was also … by earthworks. 4.Foreigners who visited Moscow in the 16th century noted the … streets and … houses. 5.In 1812 four-fifths of Moscow were destroyed by … .

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2.7 Put the prepositions ( as…as, as far back as, as, by, to, in, at, of, with) 1.Moscow was … its height … in the middle … the 19th century. 2…. the invasion … Napoleon four-fifths … Moscow were destroyed … fire. 3…. the beginning … the 18th century Peter the Great moved the capital … St. Petersburg. 4.Moscow was surrounded … walls. 5…. the 12th century Moscow was known … a small state. 6…. Moscow was a military … well … an administrative and economic centre, its rulers continued to erect ramparts and fortifications. 2.8 Translate into English 1.В 1156 году Москва была обнесена стеной и стала крепостью. 2.Экономическое развитие Москвы отчасти объяснялось её благоприятным географическим положением. 3.Поскольку Москва была военным, а также административным и экономическим центром, в ней продолжали строить различные укрепления. 4.Улицы Москвы были узкие и кривые, дома деревянные и маленькие. 5.Хотя в 18 веке столица была перенесена в Петербург, Москва продолжала раcти как торговый город. 2.9 Creative work 1.You live in Moscow in the 19th century. What does your town look like? Tell this to your English guests. 2.The 21 century is not a fantasy. What will Moscow look like soon? Why? Prove your answer. 3.Make up a scheme on history of Moscow according to the text. Add a few words about the history of Moscow to your topic. 3 Section III

3.1 Learn the new words adopt turning point scattered stipulate thoroughfare envisage surgical maze inadequate requirement launch stupendous edifice distinction facilitate prefabricate full-fledged

принимать поворотный пункт отдельный обусловливать оживлённая улица предвидеть хирургический лабиринт, путаница не отвечающий требованиям, несоразмерный необходимое условие предпринимать огромной важности здание, сооружение отличительная особенность, индивидуальность способствовать изготовленный заводским способом развившийся

3.2 Read the text. Be ready to add some facts from the text to your topic about Moscow New Moscow In 1935 the General Plan of the Reconstruction of Moscow was adopted. It was a turning point in the city’s development. All the major building projects scattered through the various districts came under a single program. The

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Government decision stipulated that the city’s topography shaped down the ages, should be preserved and the thoroughfares and squares radically improved. The Reconstruction Plan, so to speak, envisaged a “surgical” attack upon the maze of narrow and crooked streets, totally inadequate to meet the requirements of a modern city. The Plan was drawn up with an eye to the city’s future growth and work was launched on a giant scale. The first five years after the war were highlighted by the stupendous Moscow University project on the Vorobiyovi Hills, and the erection of multi-storey buildings. The multi-storey edifices have unquestionably added a touch of distinction to the city’s architectonic.Today mass construction of dwelling houses and public and cultural establishments has top priority in the city’s development. New houses also go up in the city’s older streets and squares. Present-day housing projects are essentially different from those of former years. Moscow today has an adequate building materials industry, which facilitates rapid building and the use of new prefabricated section assembly methods. The building of cultural and public establishments is keeping pace with housing construction. Now the Capital is linked with the rest of the country, and with the world, by all modern means of communication. After the construction of the Moscow Canal the Moskva River has become a full-fledged city artery. 3.3 Answer the following questions 1.When was the Plan of the Reconstruction of Moscow adopted? 2.What did the Government decision stipulate? 3.What did the Plan envisage? 4.What project were the first five years after the war highlighted? 3.4 Put questions to the following sentences 1.The Reconstruction was carried on under the General Plan. 2.New houses also go up in the city’s older streets and squares. 3.The building of cultural and public establishments is keeping pace with housing construction. 4.The Capital is connected with the rest of the country by all the modern means of communication. 3.5 Make up connected sentences with the following words and expressions To stipulate, thoroughfare, giant, storey, to be in the highlight, to launch an attack, turning point, draw a plan, top priority. 3.6 Put in the prepositions 1. 2. 3. 4.

The Plan was drawn up … an eye … the city`s future growth. The work was launched … a giant scale. Present-day housing projects are essentially different … those … former years. The Capital is linked … the rest … the country.

3.7 Fill up the blanks with the suitable words from the text 1. The Reconstruction Plan envisages a “surgical” attack upon the … of narrow and … streets. 2. The … edifices have added a touch of … to the city’s architectonic. 3. The building of cultural … is keeping … with housing construction. 4. Today mass construction of … … and cultural … has top … . 3.8 Give synonyms Edifice, storey, facilities, to link, to draw the plan, to launch the work, means of communication. 3.9 Give antonyms crooked, rapid, to scatter, giant, to adopt the plan. 6

3.10 Creative work 1. You are the Moscow mayor, you’ve got much money for improvement of the city. What will you spend the money for? Why? 2.There is a new monument to Peter the Great by Tseretely, the architect, in Moscow. Do you like it? What famous people would you like to erect a monument to? What famous people will you name the streets after? Why? 4 Section IV

4.1 Read the text. Give good translation Moscow, the Heart of it All. I had used to think Rome the loveliest city in the world until I came to Moscow. But the beauty of Rome is the beauty of “ a rose-red city, half as old as Time “, all that is new in it is vulgar, whereas Moscow’s beauty is not that of ruin or romantic memory, but something living and ardent in every street and stone. The Kremlin has its rose-red antique loveliness, yet it is the vital heart of Russia, the soul of the new country as it was the soul of the old, the monument of enduring Russianness. The wide streets and boulevards, the palaces and dignified grey stone buildings, the broad magnificence of the Theatre Square, each is an interdependent part of the lovely whole. The Kitaiskaya Wall is still a part of the Russian character, but the Colosseum has no part in the Rome of today. All the ruins of Rome are only lonely exiles that do not fit in, like the Gothic towers and churches of Paris. But the Cathedral of St. Basil, the red walls and exotic blue domes with their golden stars, the gold and silver of the other great churches, these are in no way strangers in the city. Moscow is a perfect whole, the heart of it all, the capital of the great union of republics that covers half Europe and half Asia. Ralph Fox “People of the Steppes” Boston, 1945 4.2 Give back translation of any part of the text

5 Section V

5.1 Read the story about Matryoshka. Retell it using the support words and expressions: the appearance, is associated with, an art patron, a manufacturer, a set of wooden dolls, could be inserted( to insert- вкладывать, вставлять), when assembled, when taken to pieces, looked like each other and differed, the joiner’s workshop (столярная мастерская), at the World Art Exhibition in Paris, won the Gold Medal, design, got its second birth, folk( народный). Matryoshka The appearance of the popular Russian toy “matryoshka” is associated with Elizaveta Mamontova, the wife of Mamontov, a famous Russian art patron and manufacturer. She kept a toy shop. Once she ordered a set of wooden dolls of different sizes so that they could be inserted into each other. When assembled, they made one toy. When taken to pieces, they made a line of dolls which looked like each other and differed only in size. The joiner’s workshop at Abramtsevo was the first to do that job. Matryoshka attracted everybody’s attention at the World Art Exhibition in Paris in 1990. The doll impressed the visitors so much that it won the Gold Medal for its original design and colourful painting. In Sergiev Posad it got its second birth at the folk arts workshop. 5.1.2 Make up a dialogue based on this information. Participant №1 is a Russian-speaking person, participant № 2 –a foreigner 5.2 Read the dialogue outloud in class and think of a heading for it

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Alice: I wonder why this passage ( proyezd) is called Tretyakov. As far as I know Pavel Tretyakov was the founder of the world-famous art gallery. Does the name “Tretyakov “ have anything to do with the famous art patron? Nick: It does. In 1871 Pavel Tretyakov and his brother made up their minds to improve the city road communications and they had that passage made through the Kitaigorodskaya Wall. A.: What was the reason for doing it? N.: The passage connected Nickolskaya Street and Theatrical Passage. It provided a short cut for passers-by and gave way to all means of traffic. A.: I believe it was expensive to do the job. N.: It certainly was. It cost quite a lot of money. It was the brothers Tretyakov who denoted the money to the city. A.: Where did the money come from? How could they afford it? N.: The brothers were merchants and did well in business. A.: Do you happen to know how Pavel Tretyakov started his famous art collection? N.: The first painting appeared in the house of Tretyakov in Lavrushinskiy Lane in 1856. Tretyakov bought the painting “Temptation”(«Искушение»), by Schilder. Since then he visited all the exhibitions art studios and bought the best paintings of contemporary artists. A.: Aren’t there works of different genres in his collection? It seems to me there are even icons in it. N.: You are right. Little by little Pavel Tretyakov extended his interests and began to collect earlier Russian paintings. A.: How could his house hold all those paintings? N.: He had to add wings to his house in Lavrushinskiy Lane several times. A.: Did everybody have a chance to enjoy the paintings? N.: In 1881 Pavel Tretyakov opened his collection to the public. Eleven years later he denoted it to the city. 5.2.1 Say which information in the dialogue has been new to you 5.2.2 Exchange opinions about your visit to the Tretyakov Gallery 5.2.3 Write down this dialogue in the reported speech 5.3 Read the text and answer the questions 1 When was the first Russian ABC book published? 2 Who was its author? 3 Was it cheap or expensive? 4 What picture opened the primer? 5 How many books did Vasiliy Burtsov-Protopopov publish? The text In 1634 the first Russian ABC book was published in Moscow. It was also called a primer. Its author was Vasiliy Burtsov-Protopopov. The primer cost one kopeck. Everybody could afford to buy it. The primer opened with a picture in which a teacher was punishing a lazy pupil with a whip. The picture had a caption:”The whip makes the brain sharper, wakens up memory and whipping results in educational progress.” V. Burtsov-Protopopov worked at the Moscow Printing House. He published 17 books. 5.3.1 Make up a dialogue in which you are welcome to use the following phrases: I wonder if you have any idea when, cheap(expensive), to play an important part in education, to have(to give) a whipping, a traditional punishment, to do away with whipping, the Moscow Printing House. 5.3.2 Write down several sentences about your impressions of your primer: what appealed to you in it, what picture(text) you still remember and why. 6 Section VI (texts for supplementary reading)

6.1 Text ”The State Tretyakov Gallery” 6.1.1 Learn the words and expressions

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Temptation Искушение Skirmish with Finnish Smugglers Стычка с финскими контрабандистами Trustee попечитель The Depository хранилище The Engineering Building инженерный корпус Restoration workshops реставрационные мастерские The Trinity Троица The Travelling Exhibition Society Товарищество передвижных худ.выставок The Rooks Have Come “Грачи прилетели” Gala portraits парадные портреты “The Warriors” (зд. “Богатыри”) 6.1.2 Read the text, translate it The State Tretyakov Gallery is a museum of Russian art.It is one of the largest museums in the world. The Tretyakov Gallery was founded by Pavel Tretyakov(1832-1898) in the middle of the 19th century. In 1856 Tretyakov bought his first two paintings: ”Temptation” by Shilder and “Skirmish with Finnish Smugglers” by Khudyakov. This year is considered to be the date of the foundation of the Tretyakov Gallery. Pavel Tretyakov is an outstanding person in Russian culture. He was not only a collector, but a patron of the arts as well. He was interested in paintings, followed the development of art, believed in Russian artists and rejoiced at their success. Pavel Tretyakov decided to collect the most talented works of Russian realistic painters. The artists appreciated his attempt to turn his collection into a national gallery and helped him to do that. Pavel Tretyakov started with the pictures of his contemporaries and later began to collect pieces of ancient art as well. By the 1870s his collection contained more than fifty paintings. In 1881 the enlarged collection was opened for the public. The canvases from the Tretyakov collection were exhibited not only in Russia but also abroad. So in 1862 three pictures from his collection were shown at the International Exhibition in London. On September 18, 1892, Pavel Tretyakov presented his collection to the city of Moscow. Since that time the gallery has borne his name. Pavel Tretyakov was a trustee of the gallery till his death. Then the management of the museum was given to the council appointed by the Moscow Duma. In 1913 Igor Grabar became the director of the Tretyakov Gallery. In 1901-1902 the gallery was reconstructed to Victor Vasnetsov`s design. After the October revolution the collection was greatly enlarged by paintings from the Moscow Rumyantsev Museum, the Tsvetkov City Gallery, some nationalized private collections. Ancient icons collected by Ilya Ostroukhov were added to the stock. Later Ostroukhov became the director of the Tretyakov Gallery. Nowadays the collection continues to expand. That is why it was necessary to reconstruct the gallery and to give it extra floor space. At the beginning of the 1980s the Tretyakov Gallery was closed for reconstruction work. Two more buildings were added to the gallery: the Depository and the Engineering Building. In 1994 the Tretyakov Gallery opened its doors for the public. Its interior is very beautiful. Several new halls have appeared. The conditions of painting storage have been greatly improved. The Tretyakov Gallery is one of the largest research and cultural centres in Russia. Special conferences, lectures and excursions are arranged in the museum. It has its own restoration workshops, library and archives. The Tretyakov Gallery possesses a very rich and fine collection of Russian art from the 12th to the 20th century. There are magnificent collections of icons, including an icon by Andrei Rublyov called “The Trinity”, paintings by famous Russian artists such as Fyodor Rokotov, Karl Bryullov, Alexander Ivanov, Ivan Kramskoy, Alexei Savrasov, Ilya Repin, Nikolay Ghe, Vasily Vereschagin, Vasily Surikov, Ivan Shishkin, Isaac Levitan, Valentin Serov, Mikhail Vrubel, Mikhail Nesterov and others, and a collection of Russian sculpture. Let us speak about some artists and paintings in the Tretyakov Gallery. In 1863 fourteen painters –students of the Academy of Arts-refused to paint pictures on religious themes. They proclaimed a right to choose their own subjects for paintings. These artists, headed by Ivan Kramskoy, left the Academy. First they organized “a group of painters from St. Petersburg” and then, in 1870, they joined the artists from Moscow to form “The Travelling Exhibition Society” (the peredvizhiki). The leader of the peredvizhniki , Ivan Kramskoy, was a talented portrait painter. There are several works in the gallery painted by Kramskoy, for example “The Portrait of Leo Tolstoy”. (Pavel Tretyakov wanted to have the portraits of the most famous Russian people in his gallery. That was why he commissioned the artists to paint their portraits.) This is one of the best portraits of the writer. We see a person of great intellect, a man who understands everything and who can create great works. Kramskoy depicted Tolstoy in the peasant’s dark blouse, but this is not important to us. It is the man himself, his inner world that is important and interesting. Tolstoy took Kramskoy as a prototype for the painter Mikhailov in his book “Anna Karenina”. “The Portrait of Pavel Tretyakov “ is another important work of Ivan Kramskoy. The artist depicted the founder of the famous gallery, a real Russian patriot who devoted all his life to Russian art. He is a very handsome man, his face is full of dignity and noble feelings. Russian national landscape painting has its origin in Alexei Savrasov`s works. In 1871 he presented his picture “The Rooks Have Come”. This work was greatly admired by the critics. Savrasov chose a very ordinary subject for his 9

painting: it is an early spring day; the rooks are nesting in birch-trees; we can also see a small church with a bell-tower, a few houses and grey snow that has melted in some places. The sky is grey. We have a feeling that the landscape is filled with damp spring air. The picture is painted in light colours. Tretyakov liked this picture and bought it for his gallery. We can also see landscapes by Isaac Levitan and Mikhail Nesterov, historical and folk subjects by Victor Vasnetsov and Philip Malyavin, portraits by Konstantin Somov and Valentin Serov (the latter was an outstanding artist, famous for his splendid gala portraits), etc. The artists felt flattered if their pictures were chosen and bought by Pavel Tretyakov. After his death many painters presented their pictures to the gallery. Some of them painted great canvases specially for this museum. For example, Victor Vasnetsov painted a great canvas “The Warriors”. We are proud of the Tretyakov Gallery, its superb paintings and talented artists. 6.1.3 Do you remember? 1 Who was the founder of the first gallery of Russian paintings in Moscow? 2 What is the date of its foundation? 3 How many paintings were there in the collection of Pavel Tretyakov by the 1870s? 4 When was the Tretyakov collection opened for the public? 5 When did Pavel Tretyakov present his collection to the city of Moscow? 6 Who was the first trustee of the Tretyakov Gallery? 6.1.4 Recalling the facts 1 When and how was the Tretyakov collection greatly enlarged? 2 When was the Tretyakov Gallery closed for reconstruction? 3 What buildings were added to the gallery? 4 What can you say about the Tretyakov Gallery after the reconstruction? 6.1.5 Thinking about the main idea 1 Explain why we consider the year 1856 to be the date of the foundation of the Tretyakov Gallery. 2 Explain why the gallery was called after Pavel Tretyakov. 3 Explain why it was necessary to reconstruct the gallery in the 1980s. 4 Enumerate the famous painters whose works are displayed in the Tretyakov Gallery. 6.1.6 Are the following statements true or false ? 1 In 1863 fourteen painters –students of the Academy of Arts –refused to paint pictures on religious themes. 2 In 1870 they joined the artists from Moscow to form “The Travelling Exhibition Society”. 3 Ilya Repin was the leader of this group. 4 Ivan Kramskoy was a talented landscape painter. 5 Alexei Savrasov was a famous portrait painter. 6 Valentin Serov was famous for his splendid gala portraits. 7 Victor Vasnetsov painted “The Warriors” specially for the Russian Museum in St. Petersburg. 6.1.7 What do you know about 1 Pavel Tretyakov, the founder of the gallery? 2 “The Travelling Exhibition Society”? 3 Ivan Kramskoy and his portraits? 4 “The Rooks Have Come” by Alexei Savrasov? 5 the reconstruction of the gallery? 6.1.8 Imagine you are a guide in the Tretyakov Gallery. Speak about 1 the foundation of the gallery; 2 Pavel Tretyakov; 3 the expansion of the museum’s collection; 4 pictures painted by Ivan Kramskoy; 5 the painting “The Rooks Have Come” by Alexei Savrasov; 6 any portrait or landscape painting except Kramskoy`s and Savrasov`s; 7 any historical canvas painted by any Russian artist; 10

8 the Tretyakov Gallery as one of the largest museum in the world. 6.1.9 Speak in general about the Tretyakov Gallery to a group of English tourists 6.2 Text “The Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts” 6.2.1 Some words and expressions to learn plaster casts of antique sculpture гипсовые слепки с античных скульптур Grecian vases греческие вазы Egyptian antiquities Египетские древности Prints гравюры Renaissance эпоха Возрождения The Impressionists импрессионисты “Anonymous Cooperative Society of Artists, “Анонимное общество художников, Painters, Sculptors, Engravers, etc.” живописцев, скульпторов и пр.” “Impression: Sunrise” “Впечатление: восход солнца” “Rouen Cathedral at Noon” “Руанский Собор в полдень” “Rouen Cathedral at Sunset” “Руанский Собор вечером” “The Nude” “Обнаженная” mother- of-pearl shell перламутровая раковина “Blue Dancers” “Голубые танцовщицы” pastel пастель 6.2.2 Read the text, translate it The Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts is among the world’s outstanding museum. Its collection contains works of ancient and modern art, paintings and sculpture of different national schools of Europe and America from the 3d century B. C. Up to the 20th century A. D. The value of its collection makes it the second largest museum of Western art in our country (after the Hermitage). The idea of a Museum of Fine Arts was born in the first half of the 19th century. And in the 1980s some professors of Moscow University founded the Fine Arts Room for students of art history. By the 1869 the collection consisted of 58 plaster casts of antique sculpture, various ancient coins and a few painted Grecian vases. The extension of the Fine Arts Room demanded the construction of a special large building. In 1898 architect Roman Klein began the construction of a museum. The founder and the first director of the museum was Ivan Tsvetayev. The collection of the museum expanded. In 1909 a well-known Egyptologist, Vladimir Golenishchev , donated a unique collection of Egyptian antiquities to the museum. In 1924 the museum acquired paintings, drawings and prints from the former Moscow Rumyantsev Museum and Western European canvases collected by Sergei Tretyakov, the brother of Pavel Tretyakov. Then some masterpieces from the Hermitage were added to the picture collection. In 1948 the Museum of Fine Arts was further enlarged when it received a unique collection of French paintings. These paintings were taken from the Moscow Museum of Modern Western Art which had comprised the collections of two famous Moscow art collectors of the early 20th century, Sergei Shchukin and Ivan Morosov. Nowadays canvases from the museum depository which the public has never seen are included in the exposition. So the collection of Fine Arts comprises the following treasures: samples of the art of ancient civilization, as well as of antique and Byzantine art, a fine collection of paintings which includes canvases of early Italian art and the Renaissance art of Italy and the Netherlands. Impressive canvases by German and Spanish artists are also among the gems of this collection. The museum’s pride is the Dutch and Flemish collections of all famous 17th century masters. The most remarkable are six paintings by Rembrandt van Rijn. The museum possesses a fine collection of French paintings, including canvases by Camille Corot, Vincent van Gogh, Paul Gauguin, Paul Cezanne, Pablo Picasso, Henri Matisse, and a brilliant collection of the Impressionists. Let us speak about Impressionists and their paintings. In April 1874, a group of young painters organized its own exhibition in a photographer’s studio in Paris. Among these painters were Claude Monet, Pierre Auguste Renoir, Camille Pissarro, Edgar Degas, Alfred Sisley, Edouard Manet and others. First the group was called “Anonymous Cooperative Society of Artists, Painters, Sculptors, Engravers, etc.” Among the pictures there was a painting called “Impression: Sunrise” by Claude Monet. This canvas (and all the other canvases ) was criticized by the public and by the critics. One of the critics called this group of artists the Impressionists. The name caught on. The Impressionists became the first revolutionaries in modern art. They showed in bright colours the countryside and seaside resorts of France and the daily life of people relaxing in cafes, theatres and parks and gardens. The Impressionists left their studios and went to paint in the open air. Their colours were pure, airy and bright. The painters wanted to achieve the exact reproduction of light, colour and movements as we see them. The main thing for them was to watch how the subject changed under various light conditions. We can see this effect in two paintings by Claude 11

Monet, “Rouen Cathedral at Noon” and “Rouen Cathedral at Sunset”. He depicted one and the same cathedral, but in different tones: warm yellow pink tones of midday and cold blue tones of twilight. Another brilliant Impressionist was Pierre Auguste Renoir. He demonstrated a new approach to the portrait. One of his masterpieces is called “The Nude”. It is an ideal of a living woman, not a painter’s dream. A combination of cold blue fabric and an anxious body of the model reminds us of the colour harmony of a mother-of –pearl shell. That is why the second name of this painting is “The Pearl”. Edgar Degas is different from other Impressionists as he didn’t paint in the open air. But his models are always in motion. An example of this is one of his masterpieces, “Blue Dancers”. The pastel is full of magic blue colours of different shades. There are also some superb canvases by Camille Pissarro, Alfred Sisley and others. We can say that the collection of impressionist paintings in the Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts is the best in our country. The Museum of Fine Arts is very popular among Russian and foreign lovers of art. The museum cooperates with many world-famous museums. So masterpieces from the Louvre, Dresden, the leading galleries of the USA and other world collections are being exhibited here . Another interesting feature of the museum are the so-called December Parties. They were organized on the initiative of the famous Russian pianist Svyatoslav Richter. The main idea of these parties is to combine two kinds of art – music and painting. The Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts is a remarkable depository of world art; it is the pride of Moscow and Russia. 6.2.3 Identify these terms: plaster, Grecian vases, Egyptian antiquities, prints, Renaissance, the Impressionists, open air, pastel. 6.2.4 What do you remember about the creation of the Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts? 1 When was the Fine Arts Room founded? 2 What did the collection of the Fine Arts Room consist of by 1869? 3 Who designed the Museum of Fine Arts? 4 Who was the founder and the first director of the Museum of Fine Arts? 6.2.5 Recalling the facts 1 What did a well-known Egyptologist, Vladimir Golenishchev, present to the museum in 1909? 2 What collections did the Museum of Fine Arts acquire in 1924? 3 Some masterpieces from the Hermitage were added to the picture collection, weren’t they? 4 Was the museum enlarged in 1948? What are the names of the collectors of French paintings? 5 Can you enumerate the treasures the Museum of Fine Arts comprises? 6.2.6 Thinking about the main idea 1 Say when and where a group of young painters organized its own exhibition? 2 Explain why this group of painters was called the Impressionists? 3 Enumerate the painters who belonged to the Impressionists? 6.2.7 Do you agree or disagree with the following statements? 1 The Impressionists were the first revolutionaries in modern art. 2 They showed in black and dark colours the daily life of people. 3 They painted only in their studios and never in the open air. 4 The colours were pure, airy and bright. 5 The main thing for them was to watch how the subject changed under various light conditions. 6.2.8 What do you know about 1 the paintings “Rouen Cathedral at Noon” and “Rouen Cathedral at Sunset”? 2 the painting “The Nude”? 3 the pastel “Blue Dancers”? 6.2.9 Imagine that you are a guide in the Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts. Speak about 1 the foundation of the Museum of Fine Arts; 2 the expansion of the museum’s collection; 3 the Impressionists; 12

4 any of the canvases painted by the Impressionists; 5 any portrait or landscape painting except the Impressionists`; 6 the Museum of Fine Arts as a remarkable depository of world art. 6.2.10 Speak in general about the Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts to a group of English tourists Список использованных источников 1 Сборник тематических текстов для изучающих английский язык.- М.: Академия Наук, 1965. 134 стр. 2 Текст «The Face and the Spirit of Moscow» \\ Hello .-1997.-№2.-С.4 3 Текст «Great Muscovites» \\ Иностранные языки в школе.-1997.-№5.-С.38-39

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