ɎȿȾȿɊȺɅɖɇɈȿ ȺȽȿɇɌɋɌȼɈ ɉɈ ɈȻɊȺɁɈȼȺɇɂɘ ȽɈɋɍȾȺɊɋɌȼȿɇɇɈȿ ɈȻɊȺɁɈȼȺɌȿɅɖɇɈȿ ɍɑɊȿɀȾȿɇɂȿ ȼɕɋɒȿȽɈ ɉɊɈɎȿɋɋɂɈɇȺɅɖɇɈȽɈ ɈȻɊȺɁɈȼȺɇɂə «ȼɈɊɈɇȿɀɋɄɂɃ ȽɈɋɍȾȺɊɋɌȼȿɇɇɕɃ ɍɇɂȼȿɊɋɂɌȿɌ»
ɍɑȿȻɇȺə ɉɈɅȿȼȺə ɉɊȺɄɌɂɄȺ ɉɈ ȻɈɌȺɇɂɄȿ ɋ ɈɋɇɈȼȺɆɂ ɋɂɋɌȿɆȺɌɂɄɂ, ȻɂɈɅɈȽɂɂ ɂ ɗɄɈɅɈȽɂɂ ɊȺɋɌȿɇɂɃ
ɍɱɟɛɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɜɭɡɨɜ
ɂɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨ-ɩɨɥɢɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɰɟɧɬɪ ȼɨɪɨɧɟɠɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ 2007
ɍɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɨ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɫɨɜɟɬɨɦ ɮɚɤɭɥɶɬɟɬɚ 27 ɦɚɪɬɚ 2007 ɝ., ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥ ʋ 7
ɛɢɨɥɨɝɨ-ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ
ɋɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɢ: ȼ.Ⱥ. Ⱥɝɚɮɨɧɨɜ, ȿ.ȼ. Ⱥɜɞɟɟɜɚ, Ƚ.ɂ. Ȼɚɪɚɛɚɲ, Ƚ.Ɇ. Ʉɚɦɚɟɜɚ, Ɉ.ɇ. ɓɟɩɢɥɨɜɚ
Ɋɟɰɟɧɡɟɧɬ Ɇ.ɘ. Ƚɪɚɛɨɜɢɱ
ɍɱɟɛɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɧɚ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɟ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɨ-ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɮɚɤɭɥɶɬɟɬɚ ȼɨɪɨɧɟɠɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ. Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜ ɜɟɱɟɪɧɟɝɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɨ-ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɮɚɤɭɥɶɬɟɬɚ ȼɨɪɨɧɟɠɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ: 020201 (011600) – Ȼɢɨɥɨɝɢɹ
2
ȼɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɇɟɨɬɴɟɦɥɟɦɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɤɭɪɫɚ ɛɨɬɚɧɢɤɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɥɟɬɧɹɹ ɩɨɥɟɜɚɹ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɚ. Ɉɧɚ ɞɚɺɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɝɥɭɛɢɬɶ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɚɭɞɢɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɡɚɧɹɬɢɹɯ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɫɬɢ ɪɹɞ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɜɵɤɨɜ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɦɭ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɭ. ȼ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɵ ɨɫɜɚɢɜɚɸɬ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɢ ɫɛɨɪɚ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɝɟɪɛɚɪɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɹ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɢɦ ɩɨɡɧɚɤɨɦɢɬɶɫɹ ɫɨ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɨɣ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ. ɐɟɥɶ ɢ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ ɐɟɥɶ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ – ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɡɚɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɨɫɜɨɟɧɢɹ ɤɭɪɫɚ ɛɨɬɚɧɢɤɢ. Ɂɚɞɚɱɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ. 1. Ɂɧɚɤɨɦɫɬɜɨ ɫ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɟɦ ɮɥɨɪɵ ɢ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ ɝ. ȼɨɪɨɧɟɠɚ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɨɤɪɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɟɣ. 2. Ɉɫɜɨɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ. 3. Ɂɧɚɤɨɦɫɬɜɨ ɫ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚɦɢ ɫɛɨɪɚ ɢ ɝɟɪɛɚɪɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ. 4. Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɞɟɬɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɤɨɦɫɬɜɨ ɫ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɟɣ, ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɟɣ ɢ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɟɣ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ. 5. ɉɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɜɵɤɨɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ. ɉɨɥɟɜɚɹ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɬɪɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ: ɷɤɫɤɭɪɫɢɢ, ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɜ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɢɢ ɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɣ. ɇɚ ɷɤɫɤɭɪɫɢɹɯ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɵ ɡɧɚɤɨɦɹɬɫɹ ɫ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɛɢɨɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɟɦ ɬɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɝɨ ɮɢɬɨɰɟɧɨɡɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɨɛɢɪɚɸɬ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɝɟɪɛɚɪɢɡɚɰɢɢ. Ɍɟɦɵ ɷɤɫɤɭɪɫɢɣ ɫɦ. ɜ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɯ. ȼ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɢɢ ɫɨɛɪɚɧɧɵɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɮɢɤɫɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɬɟɬɪɚɞɢ. ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɷɬɢɯ ɡɚɩɢɫɟɣ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɮɥɨɪɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ. Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɢɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɤɚ ɢ ɫɭɲɤɚ ɝɟɪɛɚɪɢɹ. ɂɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɞɚ ɢ ɪɟɮɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɭɸ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ, ɬɟɦɭ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬ ɭ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɹ. Ɍɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤ ɡɚɱɺɬɭ Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɱɺɬɚ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɸ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ. 1. Ɏɥɨɪɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ. 2. Ƚɟɪɛɚɪɧɵɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ. 3
3. 4.
Ɇɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɞɚ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ. Ɉɬɱɺɬ ɨ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɢ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɹ. ɉɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɮɥɨɪɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɩɢɫɤɚ
ɉɟɪɟɱɟɧɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɥɚɬɵɧɢ (ɦɨɠɧɨ ɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɢ ɜɬɨɪɨɟ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ). ɉɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɟɦɟɣɫɬɜ, ɪɨɞɨɜɵɯ ɢ ɜɢɞɨɜɵɯ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɣ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ ɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɚɥɮɚɜɢɬɧɨɦ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ. ɋɟɦ. Poaceae (Graminaeae ) – Ɇɹɬɥɢɤɨɜɵɟ, Ɂɥɚɤɢ 1. Poa angustifolia L. – Ɇɹɬɥɢɤ ɬɨɧɤɨɥɢɫɬɧɵɣ 2. P. compressa L. – Ɇ. ɫɩɥɸɫɧɭɬɵɣ 3. Stipa capillata L. – Ʉɨɜɵɥɶ ɜɨɥɨɫɚɬɢɤ 4. S. pennata L. – Ʉ. ɩɟɪɢɫɬɵɣ ȼɢɞɨɜɵɟ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɫɩɢɫɤɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɬɶɫɹ ɚɜɬɨɪɨɦ. ɋɛɨɪ ɢ ɝɟɪɛɚɪɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ Ⱦɥɹ ɫɛɨɪɚ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɷɤɫɤɭɪɫɢɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵ: ɛɨɬɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɤɨɩɚɥɤɚ ɢɥɢ ɫɚɞɨɜɵɣ ɫɨɜɨɤ, ɧɨɠ ɞɥɹ ɫɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ; ɝɟɪɛɚɪɧɚɹ ɩɚɩɤɚ ɫ ɬɟɫɶɦɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɥɟɱɨ; ɡɚɩɚɫ ɥɢɫɬɨɜ ɜɥɚɝɨɟɦɤɨɣ ɛɭɦɚɝɢ (ɝɚɡɟɬ) ɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɦ 45 × 30 ɫɦ: ɷɬɢɤɟɬɤɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɦ 8 × 12 ɫɦ (ɧɚ ɩɨɥɟɜɵɯ ɷɬɢɤɟɬɤɚɯ ɤɚɪɚɧɞɚɲɨɦ ɩɢɲɟɬɫɹ ɞɚɬɚ, ɦɟɫɬɨ ɫɛɨɪɚ, ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹ); ɩɪɨɫɬɨɣ ɤɚɪɚɧɞɚɲ; ɛɥɨɤɧɨɬ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɩɢɫɟɣ; ɥɭɩɚ. Ɍɪɚɜɹɧɢɫɬɵɟ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɝɟɪɛɚɪɢɹ ɫɨɛɢɪɚɸɬ ɫɨ ɜɫɟɦɢ ɱɚɫɬɹɦɢ, ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɛɪɚɡɟɰ ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɥ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɱɟɪɬɵ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɢ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɵɟ ɨɫɨɛɢ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɰɜɟɬɟɧɢɹ, ɠɟɥɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫ ɩɥɨɞɚɦɢ (ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɩɥɨɞɨɜ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɫɟɦɟɣɫɬɜ ɤɪɟɫɬɨɰɜɟɬɧɵɯ, ɡɨɧɬɢɱɧɵɯ, ɫɥɨɠɧɨɰɜɟɬɧɵɯ, ɛɭɪɚɱɧɢɤɨɜɵɯ; ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɥɨɞɵ ɩɪɟɠɞɟɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɧɟ ɨɫɵɩɚɥɢɫɶ, ɥɭɱɲɟ ɫɨɛɢɪɚɬɶ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɧɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɧɟɞɨɡɪɟɥɵɦɢ ɩɥɨɞɚɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɫɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɚɤɟɬ, ɫɧɚɛɞɢɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɷɬɢɤɟɬɤɨɣ). ɋ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɢɥɢ ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɫɪɟɡɚɸɬ ɜɟɬɜɢ ɞɨ 30 ɫɦ ɞɥɢɧɨɣ. Ɋɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɝɟɪɛɚɪɧɨɦ ɥɢɫɬɟ («ɪɭɛɚɲɤɚ») ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɧɨ ɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɢɥɨ ɥɢɫɬ ɢ ɜ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɲɚɥɨɫɶ ɧɚ ɧɺɦ. ȿɫɥɢ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɥɤɨɟ, ɛɟɪɭɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɨɜ, ɟɫɥɢ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɟ – ɟɝɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɡɪɟɡɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɢɥɢ ɭɥɨɠɢɬɶ ɡɢɝɡɚɝɨɦ, ɧɚɞɥɨɦɢɜ ɫɬɟɛɟɥɶ (ɧɨ ɧɟ ɞɭɝɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ). ȼɫɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɬ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɦɨɪɳɢɧ, ɡɚɝɢɛɨɜ, ɫɤɥɚɞɨɤ; ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɚɞɨ ɭɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɰɜɟɬɤɨɜ, ɩɨɥɨɠɢɜ ɜ ɩɨɥɢɷɬɢɥɟɧɨɜɵɣ ɩɚɤɟɬ ɥɢɲɧɢɣ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪ ɫɨɰɜɟɬɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɰɜɟɬɤɚ.
4
Ɋɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɤɟ ɜ ɝɟɪɛɚɪɢɣ
ɇɟɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɧɨɟ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɟ ɉɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɧɨɟ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɟ
Ƚɟɪɛɚɪɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ ɋɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɭɞɚɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɋɭɲɤɚ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɭ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɜɫɟ ɩɨɛɟɝɢ, ɨɬɨɞɜɢɝɚɸɬ ɞɪɭɝ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɰɜɟɬɤɢ, ɭɞɚɥɹɸɬ ɬɨɪɱɚɳɢɟ ɜɟɬɜɢ ɢ ɤɨɪɧɢ (ɬɨɥɫɬɵɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɤɨɪɧɟɜɢɳ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɡɪɟɡɚɬɶ ɜɞɨɥɶ), ɧɚɥɟɝɚɸɳɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɤɭɫɨɱɤɚɦɢ ɛɭɦɚɝɢ. ȼɫɟ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɥɢɫɬɟ «ɪɭɛɚɲɤɢ» ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɨ ɬɚɤ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɧɢ ɨɞɧɚ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɧɟ 5
ɬɨɪɱɚɥɚ ɢɡ ɧɟɟ. ɉɪɨɜɟɪɢɜ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɷɬɢɤɟɬɨɤ, «ɪɭɛɚɲɤɢ» ɡɚɤɪɵɜɚɸɬ ɢ ɫɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɸɬ ɫɬɨɩɤɨɣ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɪɚɦɤɟ ɫɭɲɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɫɫɚ ɢɥɢ ɝɟɪɛɚɪɧɨɣ ɫɟɬɤɢ, ɨɬɞɟɥɹɹ ɤɚɠɞɭɸ «ɪɭɛɚɲɤɭ» ɫ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɨɤɥɚɞɤɨɣ (ɫɥɨɠɟɧɧɚɹ ɜɱɟɬɜɟɪɨ ɝɚɡɟɬɚ). ɋɜɟɪɯɭ ɩɪɢɤɪɵɜɚɸɬ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɪɚɦɤɨɣ ɢ ɜɟɫɶ ɩɪɟɫɫ ɤɪɟɩɤɨ ɩɟɪɟɬɹɝɢɜɚɸɬ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɪɚɦɤɢ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɛɵɥɨ ɫɞɜɢɧɭɬɶ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɪɭɝ ɞɪɭɝɚ. ɑɬɨɛɵ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɫɭɲɤɭ, ɜ ɨɞɢɧ ɩɪɟɫɫ ɧɟ ɫɬɨɢɬ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɬɶ ɛɨɥɟɟ 15–20 «ɪɭɛɚɲɟɤ». ɉɪɟɫɫɵ ɜɵɜɟɲɢɜɚɸɬ ɢɥɢ ɫɬɚɜɹɬ ɪɟɛɪɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɫɭɲɤɢ ɧɚ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɦ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɟ ɢɥɢ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɨɦ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɢ. ɋɭɲɤɚ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬ 5–7 ɞɧɟɣ ɩɪɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɤɥɚɞɤɟ. ɉɟɪɜɵɟ ɞɜɚ ɞɧɹ ɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɩɪɨɤɥɚɞɤɢ («ɪɭɛɚɲɤɢ» ɫ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɧɟ ɬɪɨɝɚɸɬ) 2–3 ɪɚɡɚ ɜ ɞɟɧɶ, ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɟɠɟ. Ɋɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɪɟɫɫɟ ɜɵɫɵɯɚɸɬ ɧɟ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɢɯ ɜɵɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ, ɞɨɫɭɲɢɜɚɹ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ. ȼɵɫɭɲɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ ɯɪɚɧɹɬ ɜ «ɪɭɛɚɲɤɚɯ», ɜɥɨɠɢɜ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɧɚɱɢɫɬɨ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɷɬɢɤɟɬɤɢ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ: ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ, ɫɟɦɟɣɫɬɜɨ, ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ (ɪɭɫɫɤɨɟ ɢ ɥɚɬɢɧɫɤɨɟ ɫ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɟɦ ɚɜɬɨɪɚ), ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɭɧɤɬ ɫɛɨɪɚ (ɦɟɫɬɨɧɚɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ), ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɮɢɬɨɰɟɧɨɡ, ɞɚɬɭ ɫɛɨɪɚ, ɮɚɦɢɥɢɸ ɢ ɢɧɢɰɢɚɥɵ ɫɨɛɪɚɜɲɟɝɨ ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɜɲɟɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɟɰ (ɨɛɪɚɡɟɰ ɷɬɢɤɟɬɤɢ ɫɦɨɬɪɢ ɜ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ). Ⱦɥɹ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɝɟɪɛɚɪɢɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɫɦɨɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɝɟɪɛɚɪɢɣ ɧɚ ɥɢɫɬɚɯ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɣ ɛɭɦɚɝɢ ɛɟɥɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɥɸɛɨɝɨ ɧɟɹɪɤɨɝɨ ɰɜɟɬɚ (ɧɟ ɝɥɹɧɰɟɜɨɣ). ɇɟɥɶɡɹ ɦɨɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɝɟɪɛɚɪɢɣ ɧɚ ɥɢɫɬɚɯ ɫɲɢɬɨɝɨ ɚɥɶɛɨɦɚ, ɬ. ɤ. ɩɪɢ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɪɚɱɢɜɚɧɢɢ ɥɢɫɬɨɜ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɵ ɩɨɪɬɹɬɫɹ. Ɋɚɡɦɟɪɵ ɥɢɫɬɨɜ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ 45 × 30 ɫɦ, ɜɫɟ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɮɨɪɦɚɬɚ. Ɋɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɥɢɫɬɟ ɬɚɤ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɧɨ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɥɨ ɫɜɨɣ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɜɢɞ. Ɇɨɠɧɨ ɫɝɢɛɚɬɶ ɩɨɛɟɝɢ ɢ ɩɨɞɜɨɪɚɱɢɜɚɬɶ ɤɨɪɧɢ. Ɇɟɥɤɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɤɪɟɩɥɹɸɬ ɤ ɥɢɫɬɭ ɩɨɥɨɫɤɚɦɢ ɛɭɦɚɝɢ, ɫɦɚɡɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɤɥɟɟɦ ɢɥɢ ɥɢɩɤɨɣ ɥɟɧɬɨɣ. Ʉɪɭɩɧɵɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɟɟ ɩɪɢɤɪɟɩɥɹɬɶ ɦɹɝɤɢɦɢ ɧɢɬɤɚɦɢ. Ɂɚɜɹɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɭɡɥɵ ɧɚɞɨ ɧɚɞ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɟɦ, ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɪɚɡ ɨɬɪɟɡɚɹ ɧɢɬɤɭ. ɋɦɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɤɥɟɟɦ ɫɚɦɨ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ – ɨɧɨ ɩɨɠɟɥɬɟɟɬ ɢ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɪɚɫɤɪɨɲɢɬɫɹ. ȼ ɧɢɠɧɟɦ ɩɪɚɜɨɦ ɭɝɥɭ ɦɨɧɬɚɠɧɨɝɨ ɥɢɫɬɚ ɩɨɦɟɳɚɸɬ ɷɬɢɤɟɬɤɭ. ɋɦɨɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɝɟɪɛɚɪɧɵɟ ɥɢɫɬɵ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɫɭɯɢɟ ɪɭɛɚɲɤɢ ɢɡ ɛɟɥɨɣ ɛɭɦɚɝɢ ɢ ɜ ɬɚɤɨɦ ɜɢɞɟ ɯɪɚɧɹɬ. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ ɂɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɮɥɨɪɵ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɟɺ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɟ – ɡɧɚɱɢɬ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɟ ɜɢɞɨɜɨɟ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɤ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɦɭ ɬɚɤɫɨɧɭ – ɪɨɞɭ, ɫɟɦɟɣɫɬɜɭ. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ, ɧɟ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɚɹ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ, ɢ ɜ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɢɢ ɩɨ ɫɜɟɠɟɦɭ ɢɥɢ ɝɟɪɛɚɪɧɨɦɭ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɭ.
6
Ɋɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɢ ɦɨɧɬɚɠɟ ɝɟɪɛɚɪɢɹ
ɷɬɢɤɟɬɤɚ
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɹ, ɜ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɪɭɞɧɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɞɥɹ ɭɬɨɱɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɛɟɝɚɸɬ ɤ ɫɥɢɱɟɧɢɸ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ ɫ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɚɦɢ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɝɨ ɝɟɪɛɚɪɢɹ. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ-ɤɥɸɱɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɬɪɨɹɬɫɹ, ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜ. ɉɟɪɜɨɣ ɩɨɦɟɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɟɦɟɣɫɬɜ, ɜɫɥɟɞ ɡɚ ɧɟɣ ɢɞɭɬ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ, ɩɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɪɨɞɵ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɫɟɦɟɣɫɬɜɚ, ɢ ɞɚɥɟɟ – ɜɢɞɵ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɪɨɞɚ. ȼ ɛɨɬɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɹɯ ɢ «Ɏɥɨɪɚɯ» ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɫɬɪɨɹɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɞɢɯɨɬɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɭ. Ɍɚɤɚɹ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɪɹɞ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɟɣ, ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɰɢɮɪɚɦɢ ɫɥɟɜɚ. Ʉɚɠɞɚɹ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɶ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɞɜɭɯ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ ɢɥɢ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ: ɬɟɡɵ ɢ ɚɧɬɢɬɟɡɵ. ɉɟɪɜɵɣ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ – ɬɟɡɚ – ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ, ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ – ɚɧɬɢɬɟɡɚ – ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɜɨɦɭ. Ɍɟɡɚ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ ɫɥɟɜɚ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɜɵɦ ɧɨɦɟɪɨɦ, ɚ ɚɧɬɢɬɟɡɚ ɡɧɚɤɨɦ – + ɢɥɢ –, ɢɧɨɝɞɚ – 0. ȼɵɛɨɪ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ –ɢɡ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɡɨɜ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɚɦɢ ɢɫɤɨɦɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ. ɋɬɭɞɟɧɬɵ, ɡɧɚɹ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɢ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ, ɢɡɛɢɪɚɸɬ ɬɟɡɭ ɢɥɢ ɚɧɬɢɬɟɡɭ. ɐɢɮɪɚ, ɫɬɨɹɳɚɹ ɫɩɪɚɜɚ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɬɟɡɵ ɢɥɢ ɚɧɬɢɬɟɡɵ, ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɢɣ ɩɭɬɶ – ɧɨɦɟɪ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ, ɤ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɣɬɢ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɣ ɞɨɯɨɞɢɬ ɞɨ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɟɦɟɣɫɬɜɚ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɟɦɟɣɫɬɜɚ ɫɬɨɢɬ ɰɢɮɪɚ, ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɭ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɨ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨɦɭ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɭ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɨɞɚ. ɉɟɪɟɞ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɪɨɞɚ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ 7
ɰɢɮɪɚ, ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɳɚɹ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɜɵɣ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɪɨɞɚ. ɉɟɪɟɣɞɹ ɤ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɦɭ ɪɨɞɭ, ɧɚɯɨɞɢɦ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɚɸɳɭɸ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɭ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɹ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɟ, ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɭɡɧɚɟɬ ɟɝɨ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɟ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɤ ɬɨɦɭ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɦɭ ɫɟɦɟɣɫɬɜɭ, ɧɨ ɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬ ɢɡ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɹ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɟɝɨ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɢ, ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɢ, ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɰɜɟɬɟɧɢɹ, ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ. ɍɫɩɟɯ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɭɦɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɨɛɪɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɚɯ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɥɚɞɟɧɢɹ ɛɨɬɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɥɨɝɢɟɣ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ, ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɱɟɦ ɩɪɢɫɬɭɩɢɬɶ ɤ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɸ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ, ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɟɝɨ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɚɯ, ɩɪɨɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɢɯ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ. ɋɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɣ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ, ɬ. ɤ. ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬ ɡɧɚɤɨɦɢɬɫɹ ɫ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɟɦ ɮɨɪɦ ɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɚɦɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɟɦɟɣɫɬɜ, ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬ ɧɚɜɵɤɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɜ. ɂɡɭɱɚɹ ɞɟɬɚɥɢ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɟɝɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ. Ɂɚ ɷɬɨɣ ɜɚɠɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɧɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɡɚɛɵɜɚɬɶ ɨ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɢ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɣ ɰɟɥɢ – ɡɧɚɤɨɦɫɬɜɟ ɫ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɤɚɤ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɨɦ, ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɬɟɫɧɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦɢ ɫɪɟɞɵ. Ɉɲɢɛɤɢ ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɱɚɳɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɬ ɨɬ ɧɟɜɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɛɨɪɚ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɡɚ, ɛɟɡ ɞɟɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜ. ɑɬɨɛɵ ɢɡɛɟɠɚɬɶ ɨɲɢɛɨɤ, ɧɚɞɨ ɩɪɢɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɚɜɢɥ: 1) ɩɟɪɟɞ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɸɬ ɜɫɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɢ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ; 2) ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɢ ɞɨ ɤɨɧɰɚ ɩɪɨɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɡɵ ɬɟɡɵ ɢ ɚɧɬɢɬɟɡɵ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ, ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɹ ɜɟɫɶ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜ, ɚ ɧɟ ɨɞɢɧ; ɩɪɢ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɢɯ ɫɨɦɧɟɧɢɹɯ ɜɧɨɜɶ ɨɛɪɚɳɚɸɬɫɹ ɤ ɢɡɭɱɚɟɦɨɦɭ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɸ; 3) ɜɫɬɪɟɬɢɜɲɢɫɶ ɫ ɧɟɡɧɚɤɨɦɵɦ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɦ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɜɵɹɫɧɢɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ. ɉɪɢ ɜɫɟɯ ɧɟɹɫɧɨɫɬɹɯ ɢ ɫɨɦɧɟɧɢɹɯ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɚɦ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɧɫɭɥɶɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɹ, ɚ ɧɟ ɩɵɬɚɬɶɫɹ «ɩɨɞɨɝɧɚɬɶ» ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɩɨɞ ɤɚɤɨɟ-ɬɨ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ, ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɭɹɫɶ ɢɧɬɭɢɰɢɟɣ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɞɫɤɚɡɤɚɦɢ. ɇɚɣɞɹ ɜɢɞɨɜɨɟ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ, ɧɚɞɨ ɬɨɱɧɨ ɜɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɛɢɧɚɪɧɨɟ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɢɞɚ (ɪɭɫɫɤɨɟ ɢ ɥɚɬɢɧɫɤɨɟ ɫ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɟɦ ɚɜɬɨɪɚ) ɜ ɷɬɢɤɟɬɤɭ ɝɟɪɛɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ ɢ ɜ ɬɟɬɪɚɞɶ. Ⱦɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɡɧɚɬɶ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɸ ɢɯ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɢ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ. ɍɱɢɬɵɜɚɹ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɱɚɫɨɜ, ɨɬɜɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɧɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɵ ɜ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɭɪɫɚɯ, ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɦ ɧɢɠɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɭ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜ.
8
Ɇɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɢ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ Ʉɨɪɟɧɶ. ɉɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɸ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬ: ɝɥɚɜɧɵɟ, ɛɨɤɨɜɵɟ, ɩɪɢɞɚɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɤɨɪɧɢ; ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɤɨɪɧɟɜɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɛɵɜɚɸɬ: ɫɬɟɪɠɧɟɜɵɟ ɢ ɦɨɱɤɨɜɚɬɵɟ. ȼɢɞɨɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɪɧɹ: – ɤɨɪɧɟɩɥɨɞɵ (ɜ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɪɚɡɪɨɫɲɢɣɫɹ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɟɜɨɣ ɤɨɪɟɧɶ, ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɩɨɞɫɟɦɹɞɨɥɶɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɟɧɨ ɢ ɤɨɪɧɟɜɚɹ ɲɟɣɤɚ); – ɤɨɪɧɟɜɵɟ ɲɢɲɤɢ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɪɧɟɤɥɭɛɧɢ (ɭɬɨɥɳɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɞɚɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɤɨɪɧɟɣ – ɝɟɨɪɝɢɧ, ɱɢɫɬɹɤ, ɥɚɛɚɡɧɢɤ); – ɤɨɪɧɢ-ɩɪɢɫɨɫɤɢ (ɦɟɬɚɦɨɪɮɨɡɵ ɤɚɤ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɝɨ – ɡɚɪɚɡɢɯɚ, ɩɨɝɪɟɦɨɤ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɩɪɢɞɚɬɨɱɧɵɯ – ɩɨɜɢɥɢɤɚ – ɤɨɪɧɟɣ). ɉɪɢ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɢ ɤɨɪɧɟɜɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɬɶɫɹ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ, ɮɨɪɦɵ, ɬɨɥɳɢɧɵ, ɰɜɟɬɚ, ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟɦ ɜɢɞɨɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ. ɉɨɛɟɝ – ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɜɭɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ – ɫɬɟɛɥɹ ɢ ɥɢɫɬɶɟɜ. Ɇɟɫɬɚ ɩɪɢɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɥɢɫɬɶɟɜ ɤ ɫɬɟɛɥɸ – ɭɡɥɵ, ɭɱɚɫɬɤɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɛɥɢɠɚɣɲɢɦɢ ɭɡɥɚɦɢ – ɦɟɠɞɨɭɡɥɢɹ; ɭɝɨɥ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɥɢɫɬɨɦ ɢ ɜɵɲɟɥɟɠɚɳɢɦ ɦɟɠɞɨɭɡɥɢɟɦ – ɥɢɫɬɨɜɚɹ ɩɚɡɭɯɚ. ɉɨɛɟɝ ɡɚɤɚɧɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɟɪɯɭɲɟɱɧɨɣ ɩɨɱɤɨɣ; ɜ ɩɚɡɭɯɚɯ ɥɢɫɬɶɟɜ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɩɚɡɭɲɧɵɟ ɩɨɱɤɢ: ɥɢɫɬ ɩɨ oɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɩɚɡɭɲɧɨɣ ɩɨɱɤɟ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɪɨɸɳɢɦ. ɉɨ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɨɭɡɥɢɣ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɩɨɛɟɝɢ ɭɞɥɢɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɭɤɨɪɨɱɟɧɧɵɟ. ȿɫɥɢ ɭɞɥɢɧɟɧɨ ɨɞɧɨ ɦɟɠɞɨɭɡɥɢɟ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɞ ɰɜɟɬɤɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɫɨɰɜɟɬɢɟɦ ɟɝɨ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɰɜɟɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɟɥɤɨɣ. Ɍɢɩɵ ɜɟɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ: ɞɢɯɨɬɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ (ɩɥɚɭɧ), ɦɨɧɨɩɨɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ (ɫɨɫɧɚ, ɤɥɟɧ), ɫɢɦɩɨɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ (ɥɢɩɚ, ɬɨɩɨɥɶ, ɡɥɚɤɢ, ɡɟɦɥɹɧɢɤɚ). ɉɪɢ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɢ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ ɬɢɩ ɜɟɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɬɶ (ɨɧɨ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɢ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɰɜɟɬɢɣ), ɚ ɭɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɥɢɲɶ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɪɚɡɜɟɬɜɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ: ɫɥɚɛɨ ɢ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɜɟɬɜɢɫɬɵɟ; ɜɟɬɜɢɫɬɵɟ ɨɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɨɬ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɵ ɢɥɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɜɟɪɯɭ. ȼɢɞɵ ɩɨɛɟɝɨɜ ɩɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɭ ɪɨɫɬɚ: ɩɪɹɦɨɫɬɨɹɱɢɣ (ɨɪɬɨɬɪɨɩɧɵɣ), ɤɨɝɞɚ ɨɧ ɪɚɫɬɟɬ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨ ( ɪɟɞɶɤɚ, ɬɵɫɹɱɟɥɢɫɬɧɢɤ); ɜɨɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɣ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɢɩɨɞɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɣɫɹ – ɧɢɠɧɹɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ, ɫɬɟɛɥɹ ɥɟɠɢɬ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɱɜɵ, ɚ ɜɟɪɯɧɹɹ ɩɨɞɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨ (ɤɥɟɜɟɪ ɥɭɝɨɜɨɣ, ɫɩɨɪɵɲ); ɥɟɠɚɱɢɣ(ɩɥɚɝɢɨɬɪɨɩɧɵɣ): ɚ) ɫɬɟɥɸɳɢɣɫɹ – ɫɬɟɥɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɱɜɵ (ɥɭɝɨɜɨɣ ɱɚɣ, ɚɪɛɭɡ); ɛ) ɩɨɥɡɭɱɢɣ – ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɬɟɥɟɬɫɹ, ɧɨ ɢ ɭɤɨɪɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ (ɟɠɟɜɢɤɚ, ɠɢɜɭɱɤɚ ɩɨɥɡɭɱɚɹ). ȿɫɥɢ ɦɟɠɞɨɭɡɥɢɹ ɜɵɬɹɧɭɬɵ – ɢɯ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɫɬɨɥɨɧɚɦɢ; ɭɫɵ ɠɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɞɥɢɧɧɵɟ ɲɧɭɪɨɜɢɞɧɵɟ, ɫ ɦɟɠɞɨɭɡɥɢɹɦɢ, ɫɥɚɛɨ ɨɛɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ, ɭɤɨɪɟɧɹɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɭɡɥɚɯ ɩɨɛɟɝɢ (ɡɟɦɥɹɧɢɤɚ, ɥɚɩɱɚɬɤɚ ɝɭɫɢɧɚɹ); ɩɥɟɬɢ – ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɫɬɭɳɢɟ ɫɬɟɛɥɢ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɢɟ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɛɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɦɟɠɞɨɭɡɥɢɹ (ɹɫɬɪɟɛɢɧɤɚ ɜɨɥɨɫɢɫɬɚɹ, ɠɢɜɭɱɤɚ ɩɨɥɡɭɱɚɹ); ɜ) ɜɶɸɳɢɣɫɹ – ɬɨɧɤɢɣ ɢ ɫɥɚɛɵɣ ɫɬɟɛɟɥɶ ɨɛɜɢɜɚɟɬ ɨɩɨɪɭ (ɯɦɟɥɶ, ɝɨɪɟɰ ɜɶɸɧɤɨɜɵɣ, ɜɶɸɧɨɤ 9
ɩɨɥɟɜɨɣ, ɮɚɫɨɥɶ); ɝ) ɰɟɩɥɹɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɢɥɢ ɥɚɡɚɸɳɢɣ – ɩɪɢɤɪɟɩɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤ ɨɩɨɪɟ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɭɫɢɤɨɜ (ɞɢɤɢɣ ɜɢɧɨɝɪɚɞ, ɝɨɪɨɯ), ɩɪɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɩɪɢɞɚɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɤɨɪɧɟɣ-ɩɪɢɰɟɩɨɤ (ɩɥɸɳ) ɢɥɢ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɤɪɸɱɤɨɜ, ɳɟɬɢɧɨɤ (ɹɫɦɟɧɧɢɤ ɰɟɩɤɢɣ, ɩɨɞɦɚɪɟɧɧɢɤ ɰɟɩɤɢɣ). ȼɢɞɵ ɫɬɟɛɥɟɣ ɩɨ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɦɭ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɸ: ɨɤɪɭɝɥɵɣ (ɫɬɟɛɟɥɶ ɡɥɚɤɨɜ ɩɨɥɵɣ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ – ɫɨɥɨɦɢɧɚ; ɢɜɚɧ-ɱɚɣ, ɤɚɥɭɠɧɢɰɚ); ɬɪɟɯɝɪɚɧɧɵɣ (ɨɫɨɤɢ); ɱɟɬɵɪɟɯɝɪɚɧɧɵɣ (ɝɭɛɨɰɜɟɬɧɵɟ, ɩɨɞɦɚɪɟɧɧɢɤɢ); ɦɧɨɝɨɝɪɚɧɧɵɣ (ɬɵɤɜɚ); ɪɟɛɪɢɫɬɵɣ (ɭɝɥɭɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɲɢɪɟ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɨɜ – ɤɭɩɵɪɶ, ɫɧɵɬɶ); ɛɨɪɨɡɞɱɚɬɵɣ (ɛɨɪɨɡɞɤɢ ɭɠɟ ɝɪɚɧɟɣ – ɜɚɥɟɪɢɚɧɚ); ɩɥɨɫɤɢɣ ɢɥɢ ɫɩɥɸɫɧɭɬɵɣ (ɦɹɬɥɢɤ ɨɞɧɨɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɢ ɫɩɥɸɫɧɭɬɵɣ); ɤɪɵɥɚɬɵɣ (ɢɦɟɟɬ ɜɵɪɨɫɬɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɬɹɧɭɬɫɹ ɜɞɨɥɶ ɦɟɠɞɨɭɡɥɢɣ – ɱɢɧɚ ɥɟɫɧɚɹ). Ɉɩɭɲɟɧɢɟ: ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɵɦ ɢɥɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɬɟɛɥɹ; ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɪɟɞɤɢɯ ɪɚɡɛɪɨɫɚɧɧɵɯ ɜɨɥɨɫɤɨɜ (ɬɪɢɯɨɦ) ɢɥɢ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɫɩɥɨɲɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɣɥɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɨɩɭɲɟɧɢɹ (ɹɫɬɪɟɛɢɧɤɚ ɜɨɥɨɫɢɫɬɚɹ, ɰɦɢɧ ɩɟɫɱɚɧɵɣ). Ɍɪɢɯɨɦɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɤɪɨɸɳɢɦɢ ɢ ɠɟɥɟɡɢɫɬɵɦɢ. Ʉɪɨɸɳɢɟ ɨɞɧɨɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɬɪɢɯɨɦɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɢɬɟɜɢɞɧɵɦɢ, ɩɭɡɵɪɟɜɢɞɧɵɦɢ, ɤɪɸɱɤɨɜɢɞɧɵɦɢ, ɪɚɡɜɟɬɜɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ, ɫɨɫɨɱɤɨɜɢɞɧɵɦɢ (ɩɚɩɢɥɥɵ). Ʉɪɨɸɳɢɟ ɦɧɨɝɨɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɬɪɢɯɨɦɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɢɬɟɜɢɞɧɵɦɢ, ɜɟɬɜɢɫɬɵɦɢ (ɩɟɪɢɫɬɵɟ, ɡɜɟɡɞɱɚɬɵɟ), ɱɟɲɭɣɱɚɬɵɦɢ. ɀɟɥɟɡɢɫɬɵɟ ɬɪɢɯɨɦɵ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɞɧɨɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɵɦɢ (ɠɝɭɱɢɟ ɜɨɥɨɫɤɢ ɤɪɚɩɢɜɵ) ɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɵɦɢ (ɝɨɥɨɜɱɚɬɵɟ ɜɨɥɨɫɤɢ ɫɟɧɩɨɥɢɢ, ɦɚɪɢ ɛɟɥɨɣ). ɑɚɫɬɢ ɥɢɫɬɚ: ɥɢɫɬɨɜɚɹ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɚ, ɱɟɪɟɲɨɤ, ɩɪɢɥɢɫɬɧɢɤɢ (ɩɚɪɧɵɟ ɜɵɪɨɫɬɵ ɥɢɫɬɚ), ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɥɢɫɬɚ. ɉɪɢɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɥɢɫɬɚ ɤ ɫɬɟɛɥɸ: ɫɢɞɹɱɢɣ, ɱɟɪɟɲɤɨɜɵɣ, ɜɥɚɝɚɥɢɳɧɵɣ (ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɥɢɫɬɚ, ɪɚɡɪɚɫɬɚɹɫɶ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɜɥɚɝɚɥɢɳɟ, ɨɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɟɟ ɫɬɟɛɟɥɶ – ɡɥɚɤɢ, ɡɨɧɬɢɱɧɵɟ); ɫɬɟɛɥɟɨɛɴɟɦɥɸɳɢɣ – ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɥɢɫɬɨɜɨɣ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɢ ɨɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɫɬɟɛɟɥɶ (ɨɫɨɬ ɨɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɣ, ɛɟɥɨɡɨɪ); ɩɪɨɧɡɟɧɧɵɣ – ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɥɢɫɬɨɜɨɣ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɢ ɨɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɫɬɟɛɟɥɶ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɤɪɚɹ ɫɪɚɫɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɬɚɤ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɩɟɱɚɬɥɟɧɢɟ ɥɢɫɬɚ, ɩɪɨɧɡɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɟɛɥɟɦ (ɜɨɥɨɞɭɲɤɚ ɤɪɭɝɥɨɥɢɫɬɧɚɹ); ɧɢɡɛɟɝɚɸɳɢɣ – ɤɪɚɣ ɥɢɫɬɨɜɨɣ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɢ ɩɪɢɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ ɤ ɦɟɠɞɨɭɡɥɢɸ ɧɚ ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɦ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ (ɱɟɪɬɨɩɨɥɨɯ, ɤɨɪɨɜɹɤ ɦɟɞɜɟɠɶɟ ɭɯɨ). Ʌɢɫɬɨɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ: ɨɱɟɪɟɞɧɨɟ, ɫɭɩɪɨɬɢɜɧɨɟ, ɦɭɬɨɜɱɚɬɨɟ. Ʉɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɥɢɫɬɶɟɜ. ɇɢɡɨɜɵɟ – ɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɥɢɫɬɶɹ ɩɨɛɟɝɚ (ɩɨɱɟɱɧɵɟ ɱɟɲɭɢ, ɫɭɯɢɟ ɢ ɫɨɱɧɵɟ ɱɟɲɭɢ ɥɭɤɨɜɢɰ, ɥɢɫɬɶɹ ɧɚ ɤɨɪɧɟɜɢɳɚɯ) ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɨɤɪɚɲɟɧɵ ɜ ɛɭɪɵɣ, ɠɟɥɬɵɣ, ɮɢɨɥɟɬɨɜɵɣ ɰɜɟɬ; ɫɪɟɞɢɧɧɵɟ – ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɜɫɟɦɢ ɩɪɢɫɭɳɢɦɢ ɜɢɞɭ ɬɢɩɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɚɦɢ; ɜɟɪɯɭɲɟɱɧɵɟ – ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɰɜɟɬɤɨɜ ɢ ɫɨɰɜɟɬɢɣ (ɩɪɢɰɜɟɬɧɢɤɢ, ɩɪɢɰɜɟɬɧɢɱɤɢ, ɤɪɨɸɳɢɟ ɥɢɫɬɶɹ ɫɨɰɜɟɬɢɣ, ɨɛɟɪɬɤɢ, ɨɛɟɪɬɨɱɤɢ ɢ ɞɪ.); 10
ɀɢɥɤɨɜɚɧɢɟ: 1 – ɤɪɚɟɛɟɠɧɨɟ: ɚ – ɩɟɪɢɫɬɨ-ɤɪɚɟɛɟɠɧɨɟ, ɛ – ɩɚɥɶɱɚɬɨɤɪɚɟɛɟɠɧɨɟɟ, ɜ – ɥɭɱɢɫɬɨ-ɤɪɚɟɛɟɠɧɨɟ; 2 – ɫɟɬɱɚɬɨɟ: ɚ – ɩɟɪɢɫɬɨ-ɫɟɬɱɚɬɨɟ, ɛ – ɩɚɩɶɱɚɬɨ-ɫɟɬɱɚɬɨɟ; 3 – ɩɟɬɥɟɜɢɞɧɨɟ: ɚ – ɩɟɪɢɫɬɨ-ɩɟɬɥɟɜɢɞɧɨɟ, ɛ – ɩɚɥɶɱɚɬɨɩɟɬɥɟɜɢɞɧɨɟ; 4 – ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɨɟ; 5 – ɞɭɝɨɜɢɞɧɨɟ: ɚ – ɞɭɝɨɜɢɞɧɨɟ (ɬɢɩɢɱɧɨɟ), ɛ – ɩɟɪɢɫɬɨ-ɞɭɝɨɜɢɞɧɨɟ, ɜ – ɩɚɥɶɱɚɬɨ-ɞɭɝɨɜɢɞɧɨɟ, ɝ – ɞɭɝɨɜɢɞɧɨ-ɤɪɢɜɨɛɟɠɧɨɟ, ɞ – ɞɭɝɨɜɢɞɧɨ-ɨɫɬɪɨɛɟɠɧɨɟ; 6 – ɜɟɟɪɧɨɟ
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Ɉɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɥɢɫɬɚ:1 – ɭɡɤɨɤɥɢɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɟ, 2 – ɤɥɢɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɟ, 3 – ɲɢɪɨɤɨɤɥɢɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɟ, 4 – ɧɢɫɛɟɝɚɸɳɟɟ, 5 – ɭɫɟɱɟɧɧɨɟ, 6 – ɨɤɪɭɝɥɨɟ, 7 – ɜɵɟɦɱɚɬɨɟ, 8 – ɫɟɪɞɰɟɜɢɞɧɨɟ
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Ɏɨɪɦɚ ɜɟɪɯɭɲɤɢ ɥɢɫɬɚ: 1 – ɨɫɬɪɚɹ, 2 – ɨɬɬɹɧɭɬɚɹ, 3 – ɬɭɩɨɜɚɬɚɹ, 4 – ɨɤɪɭɝɥɚɹ, 5 – ɜɵɟɦɱɚɬɚɹ, 6 – ɫ ɨɫɬɪɨɤɨɧɟɱɢɟɦ
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Ɏɨɪɦɚ ɤɪɚɹ ɥɢɫɬɨɜɨɣ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɢ: 1 – ɩɢɥɶɱɚɬɵɣ, 2 – ɡɭɛɱɚɬɵɣ, 3 – ɜɵɟɦɱɚɬɵɣ, 4 – ɞɜɨɹɤɨɩɢɥɶɱɚɬɵɣ, 5 – ɝɨɪɨɞɱɚɬɵɣ, 6 – ɰɟɥɶɧɵɣ
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4 5 6 Ɏɨɪɦɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɯ ɥɢɫɬɶɟɜ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɥɢɫɬɨɜɨɣ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɨɣ. Ɏɨɪɦɚ ɥɢɫɬɨɜɨɣ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɞɥɢɧɵ ɢ ɲɢɪɢɧɵ ɢ ɩɨ ɬɨɦɭ, ɧɚ ɤɚɤɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɢ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɟɺ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɲɢɪɢɧɚ. Ⱦɥɢɧɚ ɪɚɜɧɚ ɲɢɪɢɧɟ: ɲɢɪɨɤɨ-ɹɣɰɟɜɢɞɧɵɣ (ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɲɢɪɢɧɚ ɛɥɢɠɟ ɤ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɸ), ɨɤɪɭɝɥɵɣ (ɜ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɟ), ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨ-ɲɢɪɨɤɨ-ɹɣɰɟɜɢɞɧɵɣ (ɛɥɢɠɟ ɤ ɜɟɪɯɭɲɤɟ); ɞɥɢɧɚ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɲɢɪɢɧɭ ɜ 1,5–2 ɪɚɡɚ: ɹɣɰɟɜɢɞɧɵɣ (ɬɚ ɠɟ 12
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɚ), ɨɜɚɥɶɧɵɣ, ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨ-ɹɣɰɟɜɢɞɧɵɣ; ɞɥɢɧɚ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɲɢɪɢɧɭ ɜ 3–4 ɪɚɡɚ – ɥɚɧɰɟɬɧɵɣ, ɩɪɨɞɨɥɝɨɜɚɬɵɣ, ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɥɚɧɰɟɬɧɵɣ; ɞɥɢɧɚ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɲɢɪɢɧɭ, ɛɨɥɟɟ, ɱɟɦ ɜ 5 ɪɚɡ – ɥɢɧɟɣɧɵɣ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɷɬɢɯ 10 ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɬɫɹ: ɢɝɨɥɶɱɚɬɵɟ (ɟɥɶ), ɦɟɱɟɜɢɞɧɵɟ (ɢɜɵ), ɥɨɩɚɬɱɚɬɵɟ (ɧɢɜɹɧɢɤ), ɧɢɬɟɜɢɞɧɵɣ (ɬɨɪɢɰɚ), ɬɪɭɛɱɚɬɵɣ (ɥɭɤ), ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɵɟ, ɩɨɱɤɨɜɢɞɧɵɟ (ɤɨɩɵɬɟɧɶ), ɜɚɥɶɤɨɜɚɬɵɣ (ɨɱɢɬɨɤ) ɤɨɩɶɟɜɢɞɧɵɟ (ɜɶɸɧɨɤ ɩɨɥɟɜɨɣ, ɳɚɜɟɥɶ ɤɢɫɥɵɣ), ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɫɟɪɞɰɟɜɢɞɧɵɟ (ɮɢɚɥɤɚ, ɥɢɩɚ), ɫɬɪɟɥɨɜɢɞɧɵɟ (ɩɚɫɬɭɲɶɹ ɫɭɦɤɚ), ɪɨɦɛɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ (ɬɨɩɨɥɶ ɱɟɪɧɵɣ, ɨɫɢɧɚ), ɬɪɟɭɝɨɥɶɧɵɟ (ɟɠɟɝɨɥɨɜɧɢɤ) ɢ ɩɪ. ɥɢɫɬɶɹ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɥɢɫɬɶɟɜ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɥɢɫɬɨɜɨɣ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɨɣ
ɞɥɢɧɚ ɪɚɜɧɚ ɲɢɪɢɧɟ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɟɟ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɦɚɥɨ ɜ 1,5–2 ɪɚɡɚ ɜ 3–4 ɪɚɡɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɟɦ ɜ 5 ɪɚɡ
Ⱦɥɢɧɚ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɲɢɪɢɧɭ
ɇɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɲɢɪɢɧɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɛɥɢɠɟ ɤ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɩɨ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɟ ɥɢɫɬɚ ɛɥɢɠɟ ɥɢɫɬɚ ɥɢɫɬɚ
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ɤ
ɜɟɪɯɭɲɤɟ
Ɉɫɨɛɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɥɢɫɬɨɜɵɯ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɨɤ: 1 – ɢɝɨɥɶɱɚɬɚɹ, 2 – ɫɟɪɞɰɟɜɢɞɧɚɹ, 3 – ɩɨɱɤɨɜɢɞɧɚɹ, 4 – ɫɬɪɟɥɨɜɢɞɧɚɹ, 5 – ɤɨɩɶɟɜɢɞɧɚɹ, 6 – ɫɟɪɩɨɜɢɞɧɚɹ
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6
Ɏɨɪɦɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɯ ɥɢɫɬɶɟɜ ɫ ɪɚɫɱɥɟɧɟɧɧɨɣ ɥɢɫɬɨɜɨɣ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɨɣ Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɞɜɭɦ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɚɦ: ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɪɚɫɱɥɟɧɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɥɢɫɬɨɜɨɣ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɢ ɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɭ ɠɢɥɤɨɜɚɧɢɹ (ɚ ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɩɨ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɸ ɥɢɫɬɨɜɵɯ ɞɨɥɟɣ). ɉɟɪɢɫɬɨ- ɢ ɩɚɥɶɱɚɬɨ-ɥɨɩɚɫɬɧɵɟ – ɧɚɞɪɟɡɵ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɸɬ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɢ ɟɺ ɲɢɪɢɧɵ, ɜɵɫɬɭɩɵ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɚɞɪɟɡɚɦɢ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɥɨɩɚɫɬɹɦɢ. ɉɟɪɢɫɬɨ- ɢ ɩɚɥɶɱɚɬɨ-ɪɚɡɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ - ɥɢɫɬɨɜɚɹ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɚ ɧɚɞɪɟɡɚɧɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɧɚ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɶ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɲɢɪɢɧɵ, ɧɨ ɭɝɥɭɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɞɨɯɨɞɹɬ ɞɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɠɢɥɤɢ ɭ ɩɟɪɢɫɬɵɯ ɢɥɢ ɞɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɥɢɫɬɚ ɭ ɩɚɥɶɱɚɬɵɯ; ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɨɥɹɦɢ. ɉɟɪɢɫɬɨ- ɢ ɩɚɥɶɱɚɬɨɪɚɫɫɟɱɟɧɧɵɟ – ɧɚɞɪɟɡɵ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɸɬ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɠɢɥɤɢ ɢɥɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɥɢɫɬɚ, ɱɚɫɬɢ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ. ɇɟɪɟɞɤɨ ɥɢɫɬɶɹ ɛɵɜɚɸɬ ɞɜɚɠɞɵ ɢɥɢ ɬɪɢɠɞɵ ɪɚɫɱɥɟɧɟɧɧɵɦɢ, ɟɫɥɢ ɪɚɫɱɥɟɧɟɧɵ ɢɯ ɞɨɥɢ ɢɥɢ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɵ. ȿɫɥɢ ɥɢɫɬɨɜɚɹ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɚ ɨɞɧɚ, ɞɚɠɟ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɫɱɥɟɧɟɧɚ, ɥɢɫɬ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɦ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɥɢɫɬɶɹ: ɥɢɪɨɜɢɞɧɵɟ (ɜɟɪɯɧɹɹ ɞɨɥɹ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɤɪɭɩɧɟɟ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ – ɝɪɚɜɢɥɚɬ ɪɟɱɧɨɣ, ɞɢɤɚɹ ɪɟɞɶɤɚ): ɫɬɪɭɝɨɜɢɞɧɵɟ ɭɞɥɢɧɟɧɧɵɣ ɥɢɫɬ ɫ ɬɪɟɭɝɨɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɞɨɥɹɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ, ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɧɢɡ – ɨɞɭɜɚɧɱɢɤ, ɰɢɤɨɪɢɣ): ɩɪɟɪɵɜɱɚɬɨ-ɩɟɪɢɫɬɨɪɚɫɫɟɱɟɧɧɵɣ (ɤɪɭɩɧɵɟ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɵ ɱɟɪɟɞɭɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɦɟɥɤɢɦɢ – ɤɚɪɬɨɮɟɥɶ, ɪɟɩɟɲɨɤ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɵɣ); ɝɪɟɛɧɟɜɢɞɧɵɣ (ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɵ ɭɡɤɢɟ, ɥɢɧɟɣɧɵɟ, ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɵɟ). Ɏɨɪɦɚ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɥɢɫɬɶɟɜ. ɋɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɥɢɫɬɶɹ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɥɢɫɬɨɜɵɯ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɨɤ, ɭɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɱɟɪɟɲɤɟ. ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɥɢɫɬɨɱɤɨɜ ɢ ɢɯ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ: ɬɪɨɣɱɚɬɨ-ɫɥɨɠɧɵɟ (ɡɟɦɥɹɧɢɤɚ, ɤɥɟɜɟɪ); ɩɚɥɶɱɚɬɨ-ɫɥɨɠɧɵɟ (ɥɸɩɢɧ, ɤɚɲɬɚɧ ɤɨɧɫɤɢɣ); ɩɚɪɧɨɩɟɪɢɫɬɨ-ɫɥɨɠɧɵɟ – ɥɢɫɬɨɱɤɢ ɩɪɢɤɪɟɩɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɤ ɱɟɪɟɲɤɭ ɩɨɩɚɪɧɨ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɨɱɟɪɟɞɧɨ, ɫɥɨɠɧɵɣ ɥɢɫɬ ɡɚɤɚɧɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɫɬɪɢɟɦ ɢɥɢ ɭɫɢɤɨɦ (ɝɨɪɨɯ, 14
ɫɨɱɟɜɢɱɧɢɤ); ɧɟɩɚɪɧɨ-ɩɟɪɢɫɬɨ-ɫɥɨɠɧɵɟ -ɥɢɫɬɨɱɤɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɢɫɬɨ, ɚ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɰɟ – ɨɞɢɧ ɧɟɩɚɪɧɵɣ ɥɢɫɬɨɱɟɤ (ɪɹɛɢɧɚ, ɹɫɟɧɶ, ɪɨɡɚ); ɦɧɨɝɨɤɪɚɬɧɨ-ɫɥɨɠɧɵɟ – ɨɛɳɢɣ ɱɟɪɟɲɨɤ ɞɜɚɠɞɵ, ɬɪɢɠɞɵ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɡɜɟɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ, ɢ ɥɢɫɬɨɱɤɢ ɩɪɢɤɪɟɩɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɤ ɨɫɹɦ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɝɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɬɢɩɵ ɪɚɫɱɥɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɥɢɫɬɨɜɨɣ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɢ ɉɚɥɶɱɚɬɨ-
ɪɚɡɞɟɥɶɧɵɣ
Ʌɢɫɬɨɱɤɢ ɧɚ ɱɟɪɟɲɤɚɯ ɫ ɫɨɱɥɟɧɟɧɢɹɦɢ
ɪɚɫɫɟɱɺɧɧɵɣ
ɉɪɨɫɬɵɟ ɥɢɫɬɶɹ
ɥɨɩɚɫɬɧɵɣ
Ɍɪɨɣɱɚɬɨ(ɬɪɺɯ-)
15
ɉɟɪɢɫɬɨ-
Ɇɟɬɚɦɨɪɮɨɡɵ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɵɯ ɩɨɛɟɝɨɜ Ʉɨɪɧɟɜɢɳɟ – ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɫɬɭɳɢɣ ɩɨɛɟɝ, ɜɧɟɲɧɟ ɧɚɩɨɦɢɧɚɸɳɢɣ ɤɨɪɟɧɶ; ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɦɟɠɞɨɭɡɥɢɟ ɢ ɭɡɥɵ, ɨɬ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɹɬ ɱɟɲɭɟɜɢɞɧɵɟ ɥɢɫɬɶɹ, ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ – ɧɟ ɤɨɪɧɟɜɨɣ ɱɟɯɥɢɤ, ɚ ɩɨɱɤɚ, ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɞɡɟɦɧɵɣ ɩɨɛɟɝ; ɤɨɪɧɟɜɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɩɪɢɞɚɬɨɱɧɵɦɢ ɤopɧɹɦɢ. Ʉɨɪɧɟɜɢɳɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ: ɩɨ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɪɚɡɜɟɬɜɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ – ɩɪɨɫɬɨɟ ɢɥɢ ɜɟɬɜɢɫɬɨɟ; ɩɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɪɨɫɬɚ – ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɟ, ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɟ, ɤɨɫɨɟ; ɩɨ ɞɥɢɧɟ – ɞɥɢɧɧɨɟ, ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɟ; ɩɨ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɟ – ɬɨɥɫɬɨɟ, ɬɨɧɤɨɟ. Ʉɥɭɛɟɧɶ – ɩɨɛɟɝ ɫ ɭɬɨɥɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɛɥɟɜɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɪɟɞɭɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɥɢɫɬɶɹɦɢ, ɜ ɩɚɡɭɯɚɯ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɱɤɢ; ɤɥɭɛɧɢ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɜɵɬɹɧɭɬɵɯ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɵɯ ɩɨɛɟɝɚɯ – ɫɬɨɥɨɧɚɯ. Ʌɭɤɨɜɢɰɚ – ɭɤɨɪɨɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɨɛɟɝ ɫɨ ɫɛɥɢɠɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɭɡɥɚɦɢ; ɨɫɟɜɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɤɨɧɭɫɨɜɢɞɧɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ – ɞɨɧɰɟ; ɡɚɩɚɫ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɨɬɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɡɪɨɫɲɢɯɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɥɢɫɬɶɟɜ, ɫɚɦɚ ɥɢɫɬɨɜɚɹ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɚ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɪɚɡɜɢɬɨɣ: ɜ ɩɚɡɭɯɚɯ ɱɟɲɭɣ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɱɤɢ, ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɰɜɟɬɨɧɨɫɧɵɟ ɩɨɛɟɝɢ ɢ ɞɨɱɟɪɧɢɟ ɥɭɤɨɜɢɱɤɢ – ɞɟɬɤɢ. ɍ ɩɥɟɧɱɚɬɵɯ ɥɭɤɨɜɢɰ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɵɟ ɱɟɲɭɢ ɩɥɟɧɱɚɬɵɟ ɢ ɨɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɜɫɸ ɥɭɤɨɜɢɰɭ; ɭ ɱɟɪɟɩɢɬɱɚɬɵɯ ɢɥɢ ɱɟɲɭɣɱɚɬɵɯ – ɧɚɪɭɠɧɵɟ ɱɟɲɭɢ ɦɹɫɢɫɬɵɟ ɢ ɦɟɥɶɱɟ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ. Ʉɥɭɛɧɟɥɭɤɨɜɢɰɚ – ɜɧɟɲɧɟ ɧɚɩɨɦɢɧɚɟɬ ɥɭɤɨɜɢɰɭ, ɬ. ɤ. ɫ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɤɪɵɬɚ ɩɥɟɧɱɚɬɵɦɢ ɱɟɲɭɹɦɢ, ɧɨ ɡɚɩɚɫɧɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɨɬɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɥɭɛɧɟɜɢɞɧɨ ɪɚɡɪɚɫɬɚɸɳɟɦɫɹ ɫɬɟɛɥɟ (ɝɥɚɞɢɨɥɭɫ). ȼɢɞɨɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɞɡɟɦɧɵɯ ɩɨɛɟɝɨɜ. Ʉɥɚɞɨɞɢɢ – ɫɩɥɸɳɟɧɧɵɟ, ɥɢɫɬɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɫɬɟɛɥɢ, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɳɢɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ ɥɢɫɬɚ. ȿɫɥɢ ɭɩɥɨɳɚɸɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɛɨɤɨɜɵɟ ɨɬɜɟɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ – ɨɧɢ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɮɢɥɥɨɤɥɚɞɢɢ (ɚɫɩɚɪɚɝɭɫ), ɟɫɥɢ ɱɟɪɟɲɤɢ – ɮɢɥɥɨɞɢɹɦɢ. Ʉɨɥɸɱɤɢ ɛɵɜɚɸɬ ɪɚɡɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ: ɜɢɞɨɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɥɢɫɬɚ (ɟɫɥɢ ɜ ɩɚɡɭɯɟ ɟɺ ɟɫɬɶ ɩɨɱɤɚ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɛɟɝ – ɛɚɪɛɚɪɢɫ); ɩɨɛɟɝɨɜ (ɟɫɥɢ ɫɚɦɚ ɤɨɥɸɱɤɚ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɜ ɩɚɡɭɯɟ ɥɢɫɬɚ – ɛɨɹɪɵɲɧɢɤ), ɩɪɢɥɢɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ (ɛɟɥɚɹ ɚɤɚɰɢɹ). ɒɢɩɵ – ɜɵɪɨɫɬɵ ɷɩɢɞɟɪɦɵ (ɪɨɡɚ). ɍɫɢɤɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɚɡɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ: ɫɬɟɛɥɟɜɨɝɨ (ɜɢɧɨɝɪɚɞ), ɥɢɫɬɨɜɨɝɨ (ɛɨɛɨɜɵɟ), ɩɪɢɥɢɫɬɧɢɤɨɜɨɝɨ (ɫɚɫɫɚɩɚɪɢɥɶ). ɐɜɟɬɨɤ. Ʌɢɫɬ, ɢɡ ɩɚɡɭɯɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɜɵɯɨɞɢɬ ɰɜɟɬɨɤ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɪɨɸɳɢɦ. ɇɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɥɢɫɬɨɱɤɢ, – ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɣ ɰɜɟɬɨɧɨɠɤɟ – ɩɪɢɰɜɟɬɧɢɱɤɢ. ɐɜɟɬɨɥɨɠɟ – ɜɟɪɯɧɹɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɰɜɟɬɨɧɨɠɤɢ, ɤ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɪɢɤɪɟɩɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɰɜɟɬɤɚ. ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɰɜɟɬɨɥɨɠɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɨɝɧɭɬɵɦ, ɩɥɨɫɤɢɦ, ɜɵɩɭɤɥɵɦ, ɤɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ, ɜɵɬɹɧɭɬɵɦ, ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɧɵɦ. ɋɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɹ ɰɜɟɬɤɚ: ɟɫɥɢ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɰɜɟɬɨɤ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɟɣ ɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɢ – ɰɜɟɬɨɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɣ ɢɥɢ ɚɤɬɢɧɨɦɨɪɮɧɵɣ: ɟɫɥɢ ɨɞɧɭ – ɧɟɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɣ ɢɥɢ ɡɢɝɨɦɨɪɮɧɵɣ. ɂɧɨɝɞɚ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɚɫɫɢɦɟɬɪɢɱɧɵɟ ɰɜɟɬɤɢ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɧɢ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɨɫɢ ɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɢ (ɤɚɧɧɚ, ɜɚɥɟɪɢɚɧɚ). Ɋɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ ɰɜɟɬɤɚ: ɤɪɭɝɨɜɨɟ (ɰɢɤɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ), ɫɩɢɪɚɥɶɧɨɟ (ɚɰɢɤɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ), ɫɩɢɪɚɥɶɧɨ-ɤɪɭɝɨɜɨɟ (ɝɟɦɢɰɢɤɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ). ɐɜɟɬɤɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɫ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɦ, 16
ɞɜɨɣɧɵɦ ɨɤɨɥɨɰɜɟɬɧɢɤɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɛɟɡ ɧɟɝɨ (ɝɨɥɵɟ). ɉɪɨɫɬɨɣ ɨɤɨɥɨɰɜɟɬɧɢɤ – ɜɫɟ ɥɢɫɬɨɱɤɢ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɟ (ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɢ ɰɜɟɬɭ); ɨɧ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɱɚɲɟɱɤɨɜɢɞɧɵɦ ɢ ɜɟɧɱɢɤɨɜɢɞɧɵɦ. Ⱦɜɨɣɧɨɣ ɨɤɨɥɨɰɜɟɬɧɢɤ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɱɚɲɟɱɤɢ ɢ ɜɟɧɱɢɤɚ. ɑɚɲɟɱɤɚ – ɧɪɭɠɧɵɣ ɤɪɭɝ ɨɤɨɥɨɰɜɟɬɧɢɤɚ, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬ ɡɚɳɢɬɧɭɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ. ɑɚɲɟɥɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɱɢɫɥɭ, ɰɜɟɬɭ (ɱɚɳɟ ɡɟɥɟɧɵɟ, ɪɟɠɟ ɨɤɪɚɲɟɧɵ), ɮɨɪɦɟ. ɑɚɲɟɱɤɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɶɧɨ- ɢɥɢ ɫɪɨɫɬɧɨɥɢɫɬɧɨɣ; ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɟ – ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɣ (ɤɨɥɨɤɨɥɶɱɚɬɨɣ, ɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ, ɜɡɞɭɬɨɣ ɢ ɞɪ.) ɢ ɧɟɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɣ (ɞɜɭɝɭɛɨɣ); ɨɩɚɞɚɸɳɟɣ ɢɥɢ ɨɫɬɚɸɳɟɣɫɹ. ɉɨɞɱɚɲɢɟ – ɭ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɱɚɲɟɱɤɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɛɵ ɜɬɨɪɚɹ ɱɚɲɟɱɤɚ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɚɹ ɢɡ ɩɪɢɰɜɟɬɧɵɯ ɥɢɫɬɶɟɜ. ȼɟɧɱɢɤ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɩɵɥɢɬɟɥɟɣ. Ʌɢɫɬɨɱɤɢ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɟ ɜɟɧɱɢɤ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɥɟɩɟɫɬɤɚɦɢ; ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɟ, ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɟ ɢ ɮɨɪɦɟ; ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɶɧɨɥɟɩɟɫɬɧɵɣ ɜɟɧɱɢɤ ɢ ɫɪɨɫɬɧɨɥɟɩɟɫɬɧɵɣ. ɇɢɠɧɹɹ ɭɡɤɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɥɟɩɟɫɬɤɚ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɨɝɨɬɨɤ, ɜɟɪɯɧɹɹ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɧɚɹ – ɨɬɝɢɛ, ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɞɥɢɧɧɨɧɨɝɨɬɤɨɜɵɟ ɢ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɧɨɝɨɬɤɨɜɵɟ. ɍ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ ɭ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɬɝɢɛɚ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɜɵɪɨɫɬɵ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɡɭɛɱɢɤɨɜ – ɩɪɢɜɟɧɱɢɤ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɪɨɧɤɚ (ɝɜɨɡɞɢɱɧɵɟ). ȼ ɫɩɚɣɧɨɥɟɩɟɫɬɧɨɦ ɜɟɧɱɢɤɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɬɪɭɛɤɭ, ɨɬɝɢɛ ɢ ɡɟɜ (ɦɟɫɬɨ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɬɪɭɛɤɢ ɜ ɨɬɝɢɛ). Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɥɨɩɚɫɬɟɣ, ɡɭɛɰɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɞɨɥɟɣ ɨɬɝɢɛɚ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɫɪɨɫɲɢɯɫɹ ɥɟɩɟɫɬɤɨɜ. ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɜɟɧɱɢɤ ɛɵɜɚɟɬ ɤɨɥɟɫɨɜɢɞɧɵɣ, ɜɨɪɨɧɤɨɜɢɞɧɵɣ, ɤɨɥɨɤɨɥɶɱɚɬɵɣ, ɬɪɭɛɱɚɬɨɜɨɪɨɧɤɨɜɢɞɧɵɣ, ɬɪɭɛɱɚɬɨ-ɤɨɥɨɤɨɥɶɱɚɬɵɣ; ɤɨɫɨ-ɜɨɪɨɧɤɨɜɢɞɧɵɣ, ɞɜɭɝɭɛɵɣ, ɨɞɧɨɝɭɛɵɣ, ɹɡɵɱɤɨɜɵɣ. Ƚɢɧɟɰɟɣ – ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɥɨɞɨɥɢɫɬɢɤɨɜ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɯ ɨɞɢɧ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɟɫɬɢɤɨɜ. ɉɟɫɬɢɤ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɡɚɜɹɡɢ, ɫɬɨɥɛɢɤɚ, ɪɵɥɶɰɚ. ȿɫɥɢ ɫɬɨɥɛɢɤ ɧɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬ, ɪɵɥɶɰɟ ɫɢɞɹɱɟɟ. Ɋɵɥɶɰɟ ɛɵɜɚɟɬ ɫɢɞɹɱɢɦ, ɰɟɥɶɧɵɦ, ɝɨɥɨɜɱɚɬɵɦ, ɥɨɩɚɫɬɧɵɦ, ɧɢɬɟɜɢɞɧɵɦ, ɩɟɪɢɫɬɵɦ ɢ ɞɪ. Ƚɢɧɟɰɟɣ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɚɩɨɤɚɪɩɧɵɦ, ɟɫɥɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɧɟɫɪɨɫɲɢɯɫɹ ɩɥɨɞɨɥɢɫɬɢɤɨɜ. Ƚɢɧɟɰɟɣ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɫɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɹ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɩɥɨɞɨɥɢɫɬɢɤɨɜ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɰɟɧɨɤɚɪɩɧɵɦ: ɉɥɨɞɨɥɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɫɪɚɫɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ: ɩɪɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ, ɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɜɫɟɣ ɡɚɜɹɡɢ; ɡɚɜɹɡɢ ɢ ɫɬɨɥɛɢɤɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɟɳɺ ɢ ɪɵɥɟɰ. ɉɪɢ ɧɟɩɨɥɧɨɦ ɫɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɢ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɩɥɨɞɨɥɢɫɬɢɤɨɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɱɢɫɥɭ ɫɬɨɥɛɢɤɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɪɵɥɟɰ; ɩɪɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɦ – ɩɨ ɱɢɫɥɭ ɝɧɟɡɞ. Ɇɟɫɬɨ ɩɪɢɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɟɦɹɡɚɱɚɬɤɨɜ –ɩɥɚɰɟɧɬɚ. ɋɢɧɤɚɪɩɢɵɣ ɝɢɧɟɰɟɣ – ɩɥɨɞɨɥɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɫɪɚɳɟɧɵ ɛɨɤɨɜɵɦɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ, ɱɢɫɥɨ ɝɧɟɡɞ ɪɚɜɧɨ ɱɢɫɥɭ ɩɥɨɞɨɥɢɫɬɢɤɨɜ (ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨ-ɤɪɚɟɜɚɹ ɩɥɚɰɟɧɬɚɰɢɹ). ɉɚɪɚɤɚɪɩɧɵɣ – ɪɚɡɜɟɪɧɭɬɵɟ ɩɥɨɞɨɥɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɫɪɚɫɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɤɪɚɹɦɢ, ɡɚɜɹɡɶ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɨɝɧɟɡɞɧɨɣ (ɩɨɫɬɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɥɚɰɟɧɬɚɰɢɹ). Ʌɢɡɢɤɚɪɩɧɵɣ – ɨɞɧɨɝɧɟɡɞɧɚɹ ɡɚɜɹɡɶ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɪɨɞɨɤ ɫɢɧɤɚɪɩɧɨɝɨ ɝɢɧɟɰɟɹ, ɜ ɰɟɧɬɪɟ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɥɨɧɤɚ (ɤɨɥɨɧɱɚɬɚɹ ɩɥɚɰɟɧɬɚɰɢɹ). ɐɜɟɬɨɤ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɞɩɟɫɬɢɱɧɵɦ, ɟɫɥɢ ɡɚɜɹɡɶ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɯɭ ɜɵɩɭɤɥɨɝɨ ɰɜɟɬɨɥɨɠɚ, ɜɫɟ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɵ ɧɢɠɟ; ɨɤɨɥɨɩɟɫɬɢɱɧɵɦ – ɟɫɥɢ ɡɚɜɹɡɶ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɞɧɟ ɜɨɝɧɭɬɨɝɨ ɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɫɬɚɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɰɜɟɬɨɥɨɠɚ, ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɵ ɤ 17
ɤɪɚɹɦ ɟɝɨ ɜɵɲɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɡɚɜɹɡɢ. ɂ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɢ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɡɚɜɹɡɶ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɚɹ, ɧɟ ɫɪɨɫɲɚɹɫɹ ɫ ɰɜɟɬɨɥɨɠɟɦ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɱɚɫɬɹɦɢ ɰɜɟɬɤɚ – ɟɺ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ. ɇɚɞɩɟɫɬɢɱɧɵɦ ɰɜɟɬɨɤ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɟɫɥɢ ɫɬɟɧɤɚ ɡɚɜɹɡɢ ɞɨ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɬɨɥɛɢɤɚ ɫɪɚɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɰɜɟɬɨɥɨɠɟɦ ɢɥɢ ɫ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɥɢɫɬɨɱɤɨɜ ɨɤɨɥɨɰɜɟɬɧɢɤɚ ɢ ɬɵɱɢɧɨɱɧɵɯ ɧɢɬɟɣ ɡɚɜɹɡɶ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɰɜɟɬɤɚ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ. ȿɫɥɢ ɡɚɜɹɡɶ ɨɛɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ ɰɜɟɬɨɥɨɠɟɦ, ɬɵɱɢɧɤɚɦɢ ɢ ɨɤɨɥɨɰɜɟɬɧɢɤɨɦ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɨ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɵ, ɟɺ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɩɨɥɭɧɢɠɧɟɣ, ɚ ɰɜɟɬɨɤ – ɩɨɥɭɧɚɞɩɟɫɬɢɱɧɵɦ. ɐɜɟɬɤɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɞɢɧɨɱɧɵɦɢ (ɜɟɪɯɭɲɟɱɧɵɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɩɚɡɭɲɧɵɦɢ) ɢɥɢ ɫɨɛɪɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɜ ɫɨɰɜɟɬɢɹ. ɉɪɨɫɬɵɟ ɫɨɰɜɟɬɢɹ
ɤɢɫɬɶ
ɳɢɬɨɤ
ɤɨɥɨɫ
Ɋɚɰɟɦɨɡɧɵɟ ɫɨɰɜɟɬɢɹ ɦɟɬɺɥɤɢ
ɡɨɧɬɢɤ
ɩɨɱɚɬɨɤ
ɝɨɥɨɜɤɚ
ɤɨɪɡɢɧɤɚ
ɋɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɫɨɰɜɟɬɢɹ ɐɢɦɨɡɧɵɟ ɫɨɰɜɟɬɢɹ ɬɢɪɫ ɰɢɦɨɣɞɵ ɦɨɧɨɯɚɡɢɢ
ɡɚɜɢɬɨɤ
ɞɢɯɚɡɢɣ ɩɢɪɚɦɢɞɚɥɶɧɚɹ
ɢɡɜɢɥɢɧɚ
ɞɜɨɣɧɚɹ ɤɢɫɬɶ ɳɢɬɤɨɜɢɞɧɚɹ
ɩɥɟɣɨɯɚɡɢɣ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɣ ɡɨɧɬɢɤ
ɦɧɨɝɨɥɭɱɟɜɨɣ ɜɟɪɯɨɰɜɟɬɧɢɤ ɤɭɛɤɨɜɢɞɧɚɹ 18
ɐɜɟɬɤɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɢɞɟɬɶ ɩɪɹɦɨ ɧɚ ɨɫɢ ɫɨɰɜɟɬɢɹ ɜ ɩɚɡɭɯɟ ɩɪɢɰɜɟɬɧɢɤɨɜ – ɛɪɚɤɬɟɣ (ɥɢɫɬɶɟɜ ɜɟɪɯɨɜɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ) ɢɥɢ ɠɟ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɞɥɢɧɧɭɸ ɰɜɟɬɨɧɨɠɤɭ. ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɬɢɩɚ ɜɟɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɰɜɟɬɤɨɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɛɨɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɰɢɦɨɡɧɵɟ ɫɨɰɜɟɬɢɹ. ȿɫɥɢ ɜɟɪɯɭɲɟɱɧɚɹ ɦɟɪɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɰɜɟɬɤɨɜ, ɫɨɰɜɟɬɢɹ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬ ɤ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɦ, ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɦ, ɡɚɤɪɵɬɵɦ; ɢɯ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɟɪɯɨɰɜɟɬɧɵɦ; ɟɫɥɢ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɬɢɜɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ – ɫɨɰɜɟɬɢɹ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ, ɧɟɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɦɢ, ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɦ, ɛɨɤɨɰɜɟɬɧɵɦɢ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜ ɧɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ ɞɪɭɝ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢɹɯ (ɧɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɟ ɫɨɰɜɟɬɢɹ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɦɨɧɨɩɨɞɢɚɥɶɧɵ, ɚ ɰɢɦɨɡɧɵɟ – ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɜɟɪɯɨɰɜɟɬɧɵ). Ȼɨɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ (ɪɚɰɟɦɨɡɧɵɟ) ɫɨɰɜɟɬɢɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɦɨɧɨɩɨɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɜɟɬɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɚɤɪɨɩɟɬɚɥɶɧɵɦ (ɫɜɟɪɯɭ ɜɧɢɡ) ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɰɜɟɬɤɨɜ. Ʉɢɫɬɶ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɭɞɥɢɧɟɧɧɭɸ ɨɫɶ, ɰɜɟɬɨɧɨɠɤɢ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɪɚɜɧɵɟ (ɱɟɪɟɦɭɯɚ, ɥɚɧɞɵɲ). ɓɢɬɨɤ – ɰɜɟɬɨɧɨɠɤɢ ɧɢɠɧɢɯ ɰɜɟɬɤɨɜ ɞɥɢɧɧɟɟ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɯ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɰɜɟɬɤɢ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ (ɫɩɢɪɟɹ, ɤɚɥɢɧɚ, ɛɨɹɪɵɲɧɢɤ). Ʉɨɥɨɫ – ɰɜɟɬɤɢ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɰɜɟɬɨɧɨɠɟɤ (ɩɨɞɨɪɨɠɧɢɤ). ɉɨɱɚɬɨɤ – ɨɫɶ ɭɞɥɢɧɟɧɧɚɹ, ɧɨ ɦɹɫɢɫɬɚɹ, ɰɜɟɬɤɢ ɫɢɞɹɱɢɟ (ɛɟɥɨɤɪɵɥɶɧɢɤ, ɤɭɤɭɪɭɡɚ – ɩɟɫɬɢɱɧɨɟ ɫɨɰɜɟɬɢɟ). ɋɟɪɟɠɤɚ – ɤɨɥɨɫ ɫ ɩɨɧɢɤɚɸɳɟɣ ɨɫɶɸ, ɨɩɚɞɚɸɳɟɣ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɰɜɟɬɟɧɢɹ ɰɟɥɢɤɨɦ (ɬɨɩɨɥɶ, ɢɜɵ). Ɂɨɧɬɢɤ – ɨɫɶ ɭɤɨɪɨɱɟɧɚ, ɰɜɟɬɤɢ ɜɵɯɨɞɹɬ ɤɚɤ ɛɵ ɢɡ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ, ɰɜɟɬɨɧɨɠɤɢ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɟ (ɥɭɤ, ɫɭɫɚɤ, ɩɪɢɦɭɥɚ, ɜɢɲɧɹ). Ƚɨɥɨɜɤɚ – ɨɫɶ ɭɤɨɪɨɱɟɧɚ, ɧɨ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɱɟɦ ɭ ɡɨɧɬɢɤɚ (ɤɥɟɜɟɪ, ɤɪɨɜɨɯɥɟɛɤɚ). Ʉɨɪɡɢɧɤɚ – ɨɫɶ ɭɤɨɪɨɱɟɧɚ ɢ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɚ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɨɛɳɟɟ ɰɜɟɬɨɥɨɠɟ, ɰɜɟɬɤɢ ɫɢɞɹɱɢɟ, ɜɟɪɯɭɲɟɱɧɵɟ ɥɢɫɬɶɹ ɫɤɭɱɟɧɵ ɩɨɞ ɫɨɰɜɟɬɢɟɦ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɨɛɟɪɬɤɭ (ɫɥɨɠɧɨɰɜɟɬɧɵɟ). ȼ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɤɨɪɡɢɧɤɢ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɰɜɟɬɧɵɯ ɜɯɨɞɹɬ ɰɜɟɬɤɢ 5 ɬɢɩɨɜ: ɬɪɭɛɱɚɬɵɟ, ɹɡɵɱɤɨɜɵɟ, ɥɨɠɧɨɹɡɵɱɤɨɜɵɟ, ɜɨɪɨɧɤɨɜɢɞɧɵɟ, ɞɜɭɝɭɛɵɟ. Ɍɢɩɵ ɰɜɟɬɤɨɜ ɫɟɦɟɣɫɬɜɚ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɰɜɟɬɧɵɟ
*żɋɚRedCo(5) A(5)G ( 2) ɬɪɭɛɱɚɬɵɣ ɰɜɟɬɨɤ
Ĺż ɋɚRed Cɨ(3,2) A(5) G ( 2) ɹɡɵɱɤɨɜɵɣ ɰɜɟɬɨɤ
19
ĹżɋɚRed ɋɨ(5) Ⱥ(5) G ( 2) ɞɜɭɝɭɛɵɣ ɰɜɟɬɨɤ
Ĺż ɋɚRed Co(5-7) A0 G0 ɜɨɪɨɧɤɨɜɢɞɧɵɣ ɰɜɟɬɨɤ
ƂĹż ɋɚRed ɋɨ(3) Ⱥ0 G ( 2) ; ɥɨɠɧɨɹɡɵɱɤɨɜɵɣ ɰɜɟɬɨɤ
ɋɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɛɨɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɨɰɜɟɬɢɹ: ɦɟɬɟɥɤɚ ɢɥɢ ɫɥɨɠɧɚɹ ɤɢɫɬɶ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɞɥɢɧɧɭɸ ɝɥɚɜɧɭɸ ɨɫɶ, ɛɨɤɨɜɵɟ ɜɟɬɤɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɤɢɫɬɢ (ɫɢɪɟɧɶ) ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɨɫɤɚ (ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɡɥɚɤɢ); ɫɥɨɠɧɵɣ ɤɨɥɨɫ – ɧɚ ɭɞɥɢɧɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɫɢ ɛɟɡ ɰɜɟɬɨɧɨɠɟɤ ɫɢɞɹɬ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɟ 4 1 ɫɨɰɜɟɬɢɹ – ɤɨɥɨɫɤɢ (ɪɨɠɶ, ɩɲɟɧɢɰɚ); ɫɭɥɬɚɧ ɢɥɢ ɥɨɠɧɵɣ ɤɨɥɨɫ – ɤɨɥɨɫɤɢ ɩɪɢɤɪɟɩɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɤ 3 ɝɥɚɜɧɨɣ ɨɫɢ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɰɜɟɬɨɧɨɠɟɤ (ɬɢɦɨɮɟɟɜɤɚ , ɥɢɫɨɯɜɨɫɬ); ɫɥɨɠɧɵɣ ɡɨɧɬɢɤ – 2 ɭɤɨɪɨɱɟɧɧɚɹ ɨɫɶ ɧɟɫɟɬ ɥɭɱɢ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ, ɧɚ ɋɯɟɦɚ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɥɨɫɤɚ ɡɥɚɤɚ: ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɟ ɡɨɧɬɢɤɢ; 1– ɧɢɠɧɹɹ ɤɨɥɨɫɤɨɜɚɹ ɱɟɲɭɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ 2 – ɜɟɪɯɧɹɹ ɤɨɥɨɫɤɨɜɚɹ ɱɟɲɭɹ, ɜɟɪɯɭɲɟɱɧɵɟ ɥɢɫɬɶɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɩɪɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ 3 – ɧɢɠɧɹɹ ɰɜɟɬɤɨɜɚɹ ɱɟɲɭɹ, ɥɭɱɟɣ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ – ɨɛɟɪɬɤɭ (ɨɛɳɚɹ), ɚ ɩɪɢ 4 – ɜɟɪɯɧɹɹ ɰɜɟɬɤɨɜɚɹ ɱɟɲɭɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɥɭɱɟɣ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ – ɨɛɟɪɬɨɱɤɭ (ɱɚɫɬɧɚɹ) – ɡɨɧɬɢɱɧɵɟ; ɫɥɨɠɧɵɣ ɳɢɬɨɤ – ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧ ɢɡ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɯ ɫɨɰɜɟɬɢɣ ɤɨɪɡɢɧɨɤ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɛɨɤɨɜɵɯ ɨɫɹɯ (ɩɢɠɦɚ, ɬɵɫɹɱɟɥɢɫɬɧɢɤ). ɐɢɦɨɡɧɵɟ ɫɨɰɜɟɬɢɹ – ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɫɢɦɩɨɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɜɟɬɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɛɚɡɢɩɟɬɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɰɜɟɬɤɨɜ. Ɇɨɧɨɯɚɡɢɣ – ɝɥɚɜɧɚɹ ɨɫɶ ɧɟɫɟɬ ɨɞɢɧ ɰɜɟɬɨɤ, ɫ ɟɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟɦ ɪɨɫɬ ɨɫɢ ɡɚɤɚɧɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɧɢɠɟ ɰɜɟɬɤɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɱɤɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬ ɨɫɶ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɡɚɤɚɧɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɰɜɟɬɤɨɦ ɢ ɞɚɥɟɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɟɬɫɹ. Ɇɨɧɨɯɚɡɢɣ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɡɚɜɢɬɤɚ, ɟɫɥɢ ɜɫɟ ɰɜɟɬɤɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɩɨ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɟ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɨɫɢ ɫɨɰɜɟɬɢɹ (ɛɭɪɚɱɧɢɤɨɜɵɟ), ɢɥɢ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɢɡɚɬɢɧɵ, ɟɫɥɢ ɰɜɟɬɤɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɩɨ ɨɛɟ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɨɫɢ ɫɨɰɜɟɬɢɹ (ɝɥɚɞɢɨɥɭɫ). Ⱦɢɯɚɡɢɣ – ɝɥɚɜɧɚɹ ɨɫɶ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɡɚɤɚɧɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɰɜɟɬɤɨɦ, ɧɨ ɧɢɠɟ ɟɝɨ ɫɭɩɪɨɬɢɜɧɨ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɜɟ ɩɨɱɤɢ, ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɞɜɟ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɟ ɨɫɢ, ɩɟɪɟɪɚɫɬɚɸɳɢɟ ɝɥɚɜɧɭɸ ɨɫɶ ɢ ɞɚɸɳɢɟ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɰɚɯ ɩɨ ɰɜɟɬɤɭ, ɬ. ɟ. ɜɟɬɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɞɺɬ ɩɨ ɬɢɩɭ ɥɨɠɧɨɣ 20
ɞɢɯɨɬɨɦɢɢ (ɝɜɨɡɞɢɱɧɵɟ). ɉɥɟɣɨɯɚɡɢɣ – ɧɚ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɨɫɢ, ɡɚɤɚɧɱɢɜɚɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɰɜɟɬɤɨɦ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɞɜɟ ɫɭɩɪɨɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɨɫɢ, ɚ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɭɬɨɜɤɨɣ (ɦɨɥɨɱɚɣ ɫɨɥɧɰɟɝɥɹɞ). ȼ ɪɹɞɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɬɶ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢɢ ɛɨɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɰɢɦɨɡɧɵɯ: ɫɟɪɟɠɤɚ ɢɡ ɞɢɯɚɡɢɟɜ (ɛɟɪɟɡɚ, ɥɟɳɢɧɚ, ɨɥɶɯɚ); ɤɢɫɬɶ ɢɡ ɩɥɟɣɨɯɚɡɢɟɜ (ɠɢɜɨɤɨɫɬɶ), ɦɟɬɟɥɤɚ ɢɡ ɞɢɯɚɡɢɟɜ (ɫɢɪɟɧɶ) ɢ ɞɪ. Ⱥɧɞɪɨɰɟɣ – ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɵɱɢ:ɸɤ ɜ ɰɜɟɬɤɟ. Ɍɵɱɢɧɤɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɬɵɱɢɧɨɱɧɨɣ ɧɢɬɢ (ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɭɡɤɨɣ, ɧɢɬɟɜɢɞɧɨɣ, ɤ ɧɢɡɭ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɧɨɣ, ɪɟɠɟ ɥɟɩɟɫɬɤɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ), ɫɜɹɡɧɢɤɚ ɢ ɩɵɥɶɧɢɤɚ. ɉɵɥɶɧɢɤ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɞɜɭɯ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɨɤ , ɜ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ – ɩɨ ɞɜɚ ɝɧɟɡɞɚ. Ɏɨɪɦɚ ɢ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɩɵɥɶɧɢɤɨɜ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵ. ɉɵɥɶɧɢɤ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɪɚɫɬɚɬɶ ɤ ɬɵɱɢɧɨɱɧɨɣ ɧɢɬɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɧɟɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɟ ɢ ɬɨɝɞɚ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɱɚɸɳɢɦɫɹ. ɋɜɹɡɧɢɤ – ɬɤɚɧɶ, ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɸɳɚɹ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɤɢ ɩɵɥɶɧɢɤɚ. ɍɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɢ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɬɵɱɢɧɨɤ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ ɨɩɵɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɦɢ. Ɍɵɱɢɧɤɢ ɫ ɪɟɞɭɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɵɥɶɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɬɚɦɢɧɨɞɢɹɦɢ; ɱɚɫɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɸɬ ɥɟɩɟɫɬɤɨɜɢɞɧɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɢɥɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ ɪɨɥɶ ɧɟɤɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜ. ɉɥɨɞɵ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɨɩɥɨɞɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɭ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɨɫɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɡ ɫɟɦɹɩɨɱɟɤ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɟɦɟɧɚ, ɚ ɢɡ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɝɢɧɟɰɟɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɥɨɞ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɜ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɥɨɞɚ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɰɜɟɬɤɚ. ɉɥɨɞɵ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɧɚ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ: ɩɨ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɸ ɝɢɧɟɰɟɹ (ɚɩɨɤɚɪɩɧɵɟ ɢ ɰɟɧɨɤɚɪɩɧɵɟ); ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɸ ɩɟɪɢɤɚɪɩɢɹ (ɫɬɟɧɤɚ ɩɥɨɞɚ ɢɥɢ ɨɤɨɥɨɩɥɨɞɧɢɤ); ɩɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɭ ɜɫɤɪɵɜɚɧɢɹ, ɩɨ ɱɢɫɥɭ ɫɟɦɹɧ. Ɇɧɨɝɨɫɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ: ɫɭɯɢɟ – ɥɢɫɬɨɜɤɚ, ɛɨɛ, ɫɬɪɭɱɨɤ, ɫɬɪɭɱɨɱɟɤ, ɤɨɪɨɛɨɱɤɚ; ɫɨɱɧɵɟ – ɹɝɨɞɵ, ɹɝɨɞɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɺ ɩɥɨɞɵ (ɹɛɥɨɤɨ, ɬɵɤɜɢɧɚ, ɝɪɚɧɚɬ, ɩɨɦɟɪɚɧɟɰ). Ɉɞɧɨɫɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ: ɫɭɯɢɟ – ɨɪɟɲɟɤ, ɨɪɟɯ, ɠɟɥɭɞɶ, ɫɟɦɹɧɤɚ, ɡɟɪɧɨɜɤɚ, ɤɪɵɥɚɬɤɚ; ɫɨɱɧɵɟ – ɤɨɫɬɹɧɤɚ. ɋɥɨɠɧɵɣ ɢɥɢ ɫɛɨɪɧɵɣ ɩɥɨɞ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɚɩɨɤɚɪɩɧɵɦ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɝɢɧɟɰeeɦ. Ⱦɪɨɛɧɵɣ ɩɥɨɞ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɦɧɨɝɨɝɧɟɡɞɧɨɣ ɡɚɜɹɡɢ ɰɟɧɨɤɚɪɩɧɨɝɨ ɝɢɧɟɰɟɹ, ɟɫɥɢ ɤɚɠɞɨɟ ɝɧɟɡɞɨ ɡɚɜɹɡɢ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɥɨɞɢɤ (ɦɚɥɶɜɨɜɵɟ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɢ ɝɭɛɨɰɜɟɬɧɵɯ ɢ ɛɭɪɚɱɧɢɤɨɜɵɯ). ɑɥɟɧɢɫɬɵɣ ɩɥɨɞ - ɪɚɫɩɚɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɱɥɟɧɢɤɢ ɩɨ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɵɦ ɩɟɪɟɬɹɠɤɚɦ (ɞɢɤɚɹ ɪɟɞɶɤɚ, ɜɹɡɟɥɶ), ɱɢɫɥɨ ɱɥɟɧɢɤɨɜ ɧɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɱɢɫɥɭ ɝɧɟɡɞ ɡɚɜɹɡɢ. ɋɨɩɥɨɞɢɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɫɨɰɜɟɬɢɹ. ȼɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɣ ɂɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɫɛɨɪ ɝɟɪɛɚɪɢɹ ɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɮɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɩɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɟ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɤɚɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɛɨ ɜɢɞɚ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ ɢɡ ɫɨɛɪɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ. Ɍɟɦɵ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɣ ɫɦ. ɜ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɯ. 21
ɉɥɚɧ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ 1. Ɉɛɳɢɣ ɨɛɥɢɤ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ (ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ, ɜɵɫɨɬɚ, ɨɩɭɲɟɧɢɟ). 2. ȼɟɝɟɬɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ: ɧɚɞɡɟɦɧɵɟ (ɫɬɟɛɟɥɶ, ɥɢɫɬɶɹ, ɥɢɫɬɨɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ, ɜɢɞɨɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɟɛɥɟɣ ɢ ɥɢɫɬɶɟɜ); ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɵɟ (ɤɨɪɟɧɶ, ɤɨɪɧɟɜɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ, ɜɢɞɨɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɪɧɹ). 3. Ƚɟɧɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ: ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɟ ɨɞɧɨɞɨɦɧɨɟ, ɞɜɭɞɨɦɧɨɟ, ɰɜɟɬɨɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ, ɫɨɰɜɟɬɢɟ, ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɰɜɟɬɤɚ (ɨɤɨɥɨɰɜɟɬɧɢɤ, ɚɧɞɪɨɰɟɣ, ɝɟɧɢɰɟɣ). ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɰɜɟɬɤɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɟɝɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ ɢ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ. ȼ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ ɜɫɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɢ ɰɜɟɬɤɚ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɡɚɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. 1. ɉɨɥ ɰɜɟɬɤɚ: – ɨɛɨɟɩɨɥɵɣ ɰɜɟɬɨɤ, ƃ – ɦɭɠɫɤɨɣ (ɬɵɱɢɧɨɱɧɵɣ), Ƃ – ɠɟɧɫɤɢɣ (ɩɟɫɬɢɱɧɵɣ). 2. ɋɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɹ ɰɜɟɬɤɚ: * – ɰɜɟɬɨɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɣ (ɚɤɬɢɧɨɦɨɪɮɧɵɣ), ɢɦɟɟɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɟɣ ɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɢ, ɜɫɟ ɥɢɫɬɨɱɤɢ ɨɤɨɥɨɰɜɟɬɧɢɤɚ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɟ; Ĺ – ɰɜɟɬɨɤ ɧɟɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɣ (ɡɢɝɨɦɨɪɮɧɵɣ), ɢɦɟɟɬ ɨɞɧɭ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɶ ɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɢ, ɜ ɧɟɦ ɟɫɬɶ ɨɞɢɧ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɥɢɫɬɨɱɤɨɜ, ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɮɨɪɦɨɣ. 3. Ɋɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɰɜɟɬɤɚ ɧɚ ɰɜɟɬɨɥɨɠɟ – ɫɩɢɪɚɥɶɧɨɟ (ɚɰɢɤɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ), ɜɫɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɰɜɟɬɤɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɩɨ ɫɩɢɪɚɥɢ ɧɚ ɰɜɟɬɨɥɨɠɟ; – ɝɟɦɢɰɢɤɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ (ɫɩɢɪɚɥɶɧɨ-ɤɪɭɝɨɜɨɟ), ɟɫɥɢ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɩɨ ɤɪɭɝɭ, ɚ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɟ – ɩɨ ɫɩɢɪɚɥɢ; ż – ɰɢɤɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ (ɤɪɭɝɨɜɨɟ), ɜɫɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɩɨ ɤɪɭɝɭ. 4. Ɉɤɨɥɨɰɜɟɬɧɢɤ: ɋɚ (calɭɯ) – ɱɚɲɟɱɤɚ, ɋɨ (ɫɨrɨllɚ) – ɜɟɧɱɢɤ; ɨɤɨɥɨɰɜɟɬɧɢɤ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɣ ɢɡ ɱɚɲɟɱɤɢ ɢ ɜɟɧɱɢɤɚ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɜɨɣɧɵɦ; P (perigonium) – ɩɪɨɫɬɨɣ ɨɤɨɥɨɰɜɟɬɧɢɤ; ɟɫɥɢ ɟɝɨ ɥɢɫɬɨɱɤɢ ɹɪɤɨ ɨɤɪɚɲɟɧɵ ɢ ɩɨɯɨɠɢ ɧɚ ɥɟɩɟɫɬɤɢ, ɨɧ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬɫɹ – PCo ɢ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɦ ɜɟɧɱɢɤɨɜɢɞɧɵɦ; ɟɫɥɢ ɨɧ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɡɟɥɟɧɵɯ ɥɢɫɬɨɱɤɨɜ, ɨɧ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɦ ɱɚɲɟɱɤɨɜɢɞɧɵɦ – ɊCa . 5. Ɍɵɱɢɧɤɢ: Ⱥ (androeceum) – ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɵɱɢɧɨɤ ɜ ɰɜɟɬɤɟ. 6. ɉɟɫɬɢɤ: G (gynoeceum) – ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɥɨɞɨɥɢɫɬɢɤɨɜ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɯ ɨɞɢɧ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɟɫɬɢɤɨɜ. ɉɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɜɹɡɢ ɜ ɰɜɟɬɤɟ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɸɬ ɱɟɪɬɨɣ ɩɨɞ ɰɢɮɪɨɣ, ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɳɟɣ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɩɥɨɞɨɥɢɫɬɢɤɨɜ – ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɡɚɜɹɡɢ (ɰɜɟɬɨɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɞɩɟɫɬɢɱɧɵɦ) ɢ ɧɚɞ ɱɢɫɥɨɦ ɩɥɨɞɨɥɢɫɬɢɤɨɜ – ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɡɚɜɹɡɢ (ɧɚɞɩɟɫɬɢɱɧɵɣ ɰɜɟɬɨɤ). ɑɢɫɥɨ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɰɜɟɬɤɚ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɰɢɮɪɨɣ, ɩɪɢ ɢɯ ɫɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɢ ɨɧɚ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɤɨɛɤɢ. ɇɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɧɚɤɨɦ – . Ɉɞɧɨɢɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɤɪɭɝɟ, ɧɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚɦ, ɩɢɲɭɬɫɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɡɚɩɹɬɭɸ,
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ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɤɪɭɝɚɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɡɧɚɤɨɦ +. ɉɪɢɦɟɪ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɵ:
* ż ɋɚ 5 ɋɨ 5 Ⱥ 5 G (2). Ⱦɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɰɜɟɬɤɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ ɰɜɟɬɤɚ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɷɬɨ ɫɯɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɰɢɹ ɰɜɟɬɤɚ ɧɚ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɶ, ɩɟɪɩɟɧɞɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɭɸ ɟɝɨ ɨɫɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɹɳɭɸ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɤɪɨɸɳɢɣ ɥɢɫɬ ɰɜɟɬɤɚ (ɩɪɢɰɜɟɬɧɢɤ) ɢ ɨɫɶ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɛɟɝɚ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɢɞɢɬ ɰɜɟɬɨɤ. Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɭ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɨɫɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɪɭɝɨɜɵɟ, Fragaria vesca ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɨɧɢ ɬɚɤ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɫɶ ɩɨɛɟɝɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɜɜɟɪɯɭ, ɚ ɤɪɨɸɳɢɣ ɥɢɫɬ ɜɧɢɡɭ. Ʉɚɠɞɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɰɜɟɬɤɚ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ: ɨɫɶ, ɧɟɫɭɳɚɹ ɰɜɟɬɨɤ, ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɚɥɟɧɶɤɢɦ ɬɟɦɧɵɦ ɤɪɭɠɨɱɤɨɦ, ɩɪɢɰɜɟɬɧɢɤ ɫɤɨɛɤɨɣ ɫ ɤɢɥɟɦ ɧɚ ɫɩɢɧɤɟ, ɱɚɲɟɥɢɫɬɢɤɢ – ɡɚɲɬɪɢɯɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɫɤɨɛɤɚɦɢ ɫ ɤɢɥɟɦ, ɥɟɩɟɫɬɤɢ – ɤɪɭɝɥɨɣ ɫɤɨɛɤɨɣ, ɞɥɹ ɬɵɱɢɧɨɤ ɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɵɣ ɪɚɡɪɟɡ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɧɟɪɚɫɤɪɵɜɲɢɣɫɹ ɩɵɥɶɧɢɤ, ɚ ɞɥɹ ɝɢɧɟɰɟɹ – ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɵɣ ɪɚɡɪɟɡ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɡɚɜɹɡɶ (ɫ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɝɧɟɡɞ ɜ ɧɟɣ). Ɉɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ ɰɜɟɬɤɚ ɧɚ ɰɜɟɬɨɥɨɠɟ (ɫɩɢɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ, ɝɟɦɢɰɢɤɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ, ɰɢɤɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ) ɢ ɢɯ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ (ɱɟɪɟɞɭɸɳɟɟɫɹ ɢɥɢ ɫɭɩɪɨɬɢɜɧɨɟ). 4. ɉɥɨɞ: ɬɢɩ, ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɨɤɨɥɨɩɥɨɞɧɢɤɚ, ɜɫɤɪɵɜɚɧɢɟ. 5. ɋɟɦɹ: ɪɚɡɦɟɪ, ɮɨɪɦɚ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ. 6. ɗɤɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɜɢɞɚ ɢ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɟ. 7 Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ.
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Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɦɚɹ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ Ȼɨɬɚɧɢɤɚ. Ɇɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɢ ɚɧɚɬɨɦɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ / Ⱥ.ȿ. ȼɚɫɢɥɶɟɜ ɢ [ɞɪ.]. – Ɇ. : ɉɪɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɢɟ, 1988. – 480 ɫ. Ƚɭɛɚɧɨɜ ɂ.Ⱥ. ɂɥɥɸɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ / ɂ.Ⱥ. Ƚɭɛɚɧɨɜ, Ʉ.ȼ. Ʉɢɫɟɥɟɜɚ, ȼ.ɇ. Ɍɢɯɨɦɢɪɨɜ. – Ɇ. : ɄɆɄ, 2002. – Ɍ. 1. – 526 ɫ. Ƚɭɛɚɧɨɜ ɂ.Ⱥ. ɂɥɥɸɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ / ɂ.Ⱥ. Ƚɭɛɚɧɨɜ, Ʉ.ȼ. Ʉɢɫɟɥɟɜɚ, ȼ.ɇ. Ɍɢɯɨɦɢɪɨɜ. – Ɇ. : ɄɆɄ, 2002. – Ɍ. 2. – 556 ɫ. Ɂɚɜɪɚɠɧɨɜ ȼ.ɂ. Ʌɟɤɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ / ȼ.ɂ. Ɂɚɜɪɚɠɧɨɜ, Ɋ.ɂ. Ʉɢɬɚɟɜɚ. – ȼɨɪɨɧɟɠ : ɂɡɞ-ɜɨ ȼȽɍ, 1993. – 480 ɫ. Ʌɨɬɨɜɚ Ʌ.ɂ. Ɇɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɢ ɚɧɚɬɨɦɢɹ ɜɵɫɲɢɯ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɨɣ / Ʌ.ɂ. Ʌɨɬɨɜɚ. – Ɇ. : ɗɞɢɬɨɪɢɚɥ ɍɊɋɋ. – 528 ɫ. Ɇɚɟɜɫɤɢɣ ɉ.Ɏ. Ɏɥɨɪɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɵ ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɋɋɋɊ / ɉ.Ɏ. Ɇɚɟɜɫɤɢɣ. – Ɇ. : ɄɆɄ, 1964. – 600 ɫ. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶ ɫɨɫɭɞɢɫɬɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ ɐɟɧɬɪɚ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɣ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ / ɂ.Ⱥ. Ƚɭɛɚɧɨɜ [ɞɪ.]. – Ɇ. : ɂɡɞ-ɜɨ ɆȽɍ, 1995. – 560 ɫ. ɏɨɦɹɤɨɜɚ ɂ.Ɇ. Ʌɟɫɧɵɟ ɬɪɚɜɵ. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶ ɩɨ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɚɦ / ɂ.Ɇ. ɏɨɦɹɤɨɜɚ. – ȼɨɪɨɧɟɠ : ɂɡɞ-ɜɨ ȼȽɍ, 1990. – 251 ɫ.
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ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 1 Ɉɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɟ ɝɟɪɛɚɪɧɨɣ ɷɬɢɤɟɬɤɢ ȼɨɪɨɧɟɠɫɤɢɣ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ Ʉɚɮɟɞɪɚ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ ɋɟɦɟɣɫɬɜɨ________________________________________ Ɋɨɞ______________________________________________ ȼɢɞ______________________________________________ Ɇɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɟ____________________________________ Ɇɟɫɬɨɧɚɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ__________________________________ __________________________________________________ ɞɚɬɚ ɫɛɨɪɚ______________________ ɫɨɛɪɚɥ_________________________ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɥ______________________
ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 2 Ɍɟɦɵ ɷɤɫɤɭɪɫɢɣ 1. 2. 3. 4.
Ɋɭɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɮɥɨɪɚ Ɏɥɨɪɚ ɞɭɛɪɚɜɵ Ɏɥɨɪɚ ɯɜɨɣɧɨɝɨ ɥɟɫɚ ɉɪɢɛɪɟɠɧɨ-ɜɨɞɧɚɹ ɮɥɨɪɚ ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3 Ɍɟɦɵ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɣ
1. ɗɤɨɥɨɝɨ-ɮɥɨɪɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɢ ɝɟɨɛɨɬɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɩɪɢɞɨɪɨɠɧɨɣ, ɫɨɪɧɨ-ɩɨɥɟɜɨɣ, ɪɭɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɥɨɪɵ ɨɤɪ. ɝ. ȼɨɪɨɧɟɠɚ. 2. Ɋɟɤɪɟɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚ ɥɟɫɧɵɟ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɨɜɨɣ ɡɨɧɵ ɝ. ȼɨɪɨɧɟɠɚ ( ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɶ ɫɥɚɛɨ ɢ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɩɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɚɦ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ). 3. Ɏɥɨɪɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɟ ɞɭɛɪɚɜɵ (ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɮɥɨɪɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ, ɷɤɨɥɨɝɨɰɟɧɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ, ɷɤɨɛɢɨɦɨɪɮɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ, ɝɟɪɛɚɪɢɣ). 4. Ɏɥɨɪɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɟ ɫɨɫɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɥɟɫɚ, (ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɮɥɨɪɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ, ɷɤɨɥɨɝɨɰɟɧɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ, ɷɤɨɛɢɨɦɨɪɮɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ, ɝɟɪɛɚɪɢɣ). 25
5. Ɏɥɨɪɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɟ ɩɪɢɛɪɟɠɧɨ-ɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ (ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɮɥɨɪɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ, ɷɤɨɥɨɝɨ-ɰɟɧɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ, ɷɤɨɛɢɨɦɨɪɮɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ, ɝɟɪɛɚɪɢɣ). 6. Ʌɟɤɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ ɨɤɪɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɝɨɪɨɞɚ ȼɨɪɨɧɟɠɚ. 7. əɞɨɜɢɬɵɟ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ ɨɤɪɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɝɨɪɨɞɚ ȼɨɪɨɧɟɠɚ. 8. ȼɢɬɚɦɢɧɧɵɟ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ ɨɤɪɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɝɨɪɨɞɚ ȼɨɪɨɧɟɠɚ. 9. ɋɴɟɞɨɛɧɵɟ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ ɨɤɪɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɝɨɪɨɞɚ ȼɨɪɨɧɟɠɚ. 10. ɉɨɡɧɵɟ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ ɨɤɪɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɝɨɪɨɞɚ ȼɨɪɨɧɟɠɚ. 11. Ɋɭɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɮɥɨɪɚ: ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ, ɩɪɢɫɩɨɫɨɛɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ, ɩɪɨɢɡɪɚɫɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɩɭɫɬɵɪɹɯ, ɜɛɥɢɡɢ ɠɢɥɶɹ, ɜɞɨɥɶ ɞɨɪɨɝ ɢ ɩɪ. ɬɟɯɧɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹɯ. 12. ɋɨɪɧɨ-ɩɨɥɟɜɚɹ ɮɥɨɪɚ: ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ, ɷɤɨɥɨɝɨɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɪɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ, ɱɟɪɬɵ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɨɪɧɹɤɨɜ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɬɢɩɚɯ ɩɨɫɟɜɨɜ. 13. ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɢ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɣ (ɩɟɪɟɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɧɵɯ, ɫɭɯɢɯ ɩɟɫɱɚɧɵɯ, ɝɥɢɧɢɫɬɵɯ ɨɬɜɚɥɨɜ ɢ ɞɪ.). 14. ɋɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜ ɤɫɟɪɨɮɢɬɨɜ ɢ ɦɟɡɨɮɢɬɨɜ. 15. ɋɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜ ɤɫɟɪɨɮɢɬɨɜ ɢ ɝɢɝɪɨɮɢɬɨɜ. 16. ɋɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜ ɦɟɡɨɮɢɬɨɜ ɢ ɝɢɝɪɨɮɢɬɨɜ. 17. ɋɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜ ɤɫɟɪɨɮɢɬɨɜ ɢ ɝɢɝɪɨɮɢɬɨɜ. 18. ɋɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜ ɝɟɥɢɨɮɢɬɨɜ ɢ ɫɰɢɨɮɢɬɨɜ. 19. ȼɢɞɨɜɨɟ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɟ ɫɟɦɟɣɫɬɜɚ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɰɜɟɬɧɵɟ. 20. ȼɢɞɨɜɨɟ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɟ ɫɟɦɟɣɫɬɜɚ ɛɨɛɨɜɵɟ. 21. ȼɢɞɨɜɨɟ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɟ ɫɟɦɟɣɫɬɜɚ ɝɭɛɨɰɜɟɬɧɵɟ. 22. ȼɢɞɨɜɨɟ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɟ ɫɟɦɟɣɫɬɜɚ ɡɨɧɬɢɱɧɵɟ. 23. ȼɢɞɨɜɨɟ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɟ ɫɟɦɟɣɫɬɜɚ ɝɜɨɡɞɢɱɧɵɟ. 24. Ɋɚɧɨɰɜɟɬɭɳɢɟ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɟ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɮɥɨɪɵ: ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɰɜɟɬɟɧɢɹ, ɨɩɵɥɟɧɢɹ, ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɥɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɫɟɦɹɧ. 25. Ɋɚɧɨɰɜɟɬɭɳɢɟ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɢɫɬɵɟ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɮɥɨɪɵ (ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ, ɷɤɨɥɨɝɨ-ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɰɜɟɬɟɧɢɹ).
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ɍɱɟɛɧɨɟ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɟ
ɍɑȿȻɇȺə ɉɈɅȿȼȺə ɉɊȺɄɌɂɄȺ ɉɈ ȻɈɌȺɇɂɄȿ ɋ ɈɋɇɈȼȺɆɂ ɋɂɋɌȿɆȺɌɂɄɂ, ȻɂɈɅɈȽɂɂ ɂ ɗɄɈɅɈȽɂɂ ɊȺɋɌȿɇɂɃ
ɍɱɟɛɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɜɭɡɨɜ
ɋɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɢ: Ⱥɝɚɮɨɧɨɜ ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɨɜɢɱ, Ⱥɜɞɟɟɜɚ ȿɥɟɧɚ ȼɹɱɟɫɥɚɜɨɜɧɚ, Ȼɚɪɚɛɚɲ Ƚɚɥɢɧɚ ɂɥɶɢɧɢɱɧɚ, Ʉɚɦɚɟɜɚ Ƚɚɥɢɧɚ Ɇɢɯɚɣɥɨɜɧɚ, ɓɟɩɢɥɨɜɚ Ɉɥɶɝɚ ɇɢɤɨɥɚɟɜɧɚ
Ɋɟɞɚɤɬɨɪ Ⱥ.ɉ. ȼɨɪɨɧɢɧɚ
ɉɨɞɩɢɫɚɧɨ ɜ ɩɟɱɚɬɶ 01.06.07. Ɏɨɪɦɚɬ 60×84/16. ɍɫɥ. ɩɟɱ. ɥ. 1,57. Ɍɢɪɚɠ 100 ɷɤɡ. Ɂɚɤɚɡ 1082. ɂɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨ-ɩɨɥɢɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɰɟɧɬɪ ȼɨɪɨɧɟɠɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ. 394000, ɝ. ȼɨɪɨɧɟɠ, ɩɥ. ɢɦ. Ʌɟɧɢɧɚ, 10. Ɍɟɥ. 208-298, 598-026 (ɮɚɤɫ) http://www.ppc.vsu.ru; e-mail:
[email protected] Ɉɬɩɟɱɚɬɚɧɨ ɜ ɬɢɩɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ ɂɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨ-ɩɨɥɢɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ ȼɨɪɨɧɟɠɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ. 394000, ɝ. ȼɨɪɨɧɟɠ, ɭɥ. ɉɭɲɤɢɧɫɤɚɹ, 3. Ɍɟɥ. 204-133. 27
