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A nnury
BaM ce cJ,roBo
roro
Ar'tfl,
qro6ut He nepecrara [aMqrb poanTenefi gaurux H Haua H cBeqa 6n He TIOIACJI A.
Beturcurt rcnnsa Cenen Haanoauq lopdotri
HOBHHKA |OAA
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NAHqEHKO IITOEbI CBEqA HE NOIACJIA ,llna.non
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NAHLTEH IITOEH CBETIA
lrE nomcnA
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Cosercmfi nucaI]eJIb
Jlennnrpa4cxoe oTAeteHl|e 1990
68K84. f93
Pedantop
P7
II.
C. Kgsonuuea
Xgdoxxux B. H. Korcnefiqea
470201020r-163 _ r-6i6;=OO-
_
6ee o6unrr.
ISBN $265-0le{2-2 @
n. H. fyuuaen, A. M. Ilauqenxo,
@ B. H. Koaovefiqes,
1990 r. xy,u,oxecrgenHoe oQopiraenle, 1990 r.
OT ABTOPOB Bce coenacHbt,, qro ucropun:-ero utKona, 4ro Her gpo-
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cyqecrXe Ha3BaHHeM, npOHSBen 3AeCb lxllpoKne pacKonKn n o6napyxr.rn . Vtax, rnnepxpurdKn rroJlarapr, qro Pycl nepexnaa KpeqeHlre KaK ApaMy fi Aaxe rpareAnro. 3ro counureJrbHo. Marepn BcerAa onJtaKnBaror pa3nyKy c AerbMr.t. Mu suaeu, qro Hr.IKaKrx o6urecrseHHHx norpscestli orrrpaBKa ABopsncKrrx ue4opoc.neft n Enpony He stilgnara. flb ana.nornn MoxHo Aonycrnrb, qro H B ncxoAe X eexa gce o6orxroct 6onee [Jrr.r MeHee cnoroftso. t{ro ao no3AHeJreronr.rcHoro 6acsoc;rongfl u HoBropoAcKoro noxapnqa, cAeaausoft B. "[I. fluusuna,- ee HaAtexHT cqecrb I{3JrHrIIHe cuenofi. Apxeo.nornuecKas Aarr.tpoBKa c roqnocrbo Ao roAa B Aassofi curyarln[ HeBepoqrna. HeaeponrHo raKxe n KpeqeHr.re HoBropoAueB <MeqoM r{ orHeM> (rax uuraercR g Hoaxnrv{oscrofi ;reronncn). Hn y flyraru, Hu y ,[,o6puHn, HH y ero n.neMqHnuKa KHr3fl Bla4uuupa AJrs gToro ue 6xao HHKaKHx Bo3MoxrHocrefi. Orur.l6orrHo npeAcrasnsrr ce6e KHeBcKoro KHfl3fl caMoAepxqeM BpoAe flerpa Be.nuxoro. KHngr ogeHb saBnceJr or Beqa, HapoA 6ul noopyxeu, r onoJrqeHne no c[Jre ttpeBocxoAr.rno ApyxHHy (ero noxasano n pa6orax H. fl. Qponnona). BOBaJT
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qnft anrysna3M Lt yMI{JteHHe, xax ga H3BecrHoM noJlorHe B. M. BacHeqosa. fopas4o BepHee floJrararb, vro Pycs orHecJiacb K aKry BnaAsunpa c 6onlunu cnoroftcrsneM,
qacrbn c np6onurcrBoM, qacrblo paBHoAyIxHo, nocKoJlbKy oror aKT He 3arpoHyn 6onturnuctea. Bcq cyMMa ltcropuqecKHx cBuAererbcrB noATBepxAaer, qro I{MeHHo rax 6u.no HA CAMOM
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polKAenl'le, 6pax, Ecro rpn BexH Ha nyrn qeJIoBeKa cMeprb. I'Ix o6pn4oaoe o6pauneHte seo6xoAuMo I'l AocraToqHo AJIf, oqeHKI{ pennrl{o3Hofi opnenrauuu o6urecrsa. Hs npannr MnrponoJlnral4oasna II HssecrHo, qro B noKoJreHnffx BHyKoB H npaBHyKoe Blag,nrvrnpa BeHqaHHe B xpaMe
ocraBaJrocb npeporarnaoft 3JIHrbI. flpocrofr xe HapoA npoAonxan . 3auetan't, r{To nocr Monomax npocroAyluHo Ha3blBaer ronoAona! Bropan qacrb HarrncaHa KHfl3eu BlaAHMHpoM, BorrHoM H oxorHr.rKou. AocraroqHo npor{ecrb ee, qro6u yBHAerb: uu ,IlecnrocJroBue, Hu HaropHaR nponoBEAb HA 9TOT TCKCT HE BJIHfiIOT.
V
noeoo6pa[reHHbrx HapoAoB MoxHo cqr.rrarb [or{Tr{
npaBHr'roM noflBnegge , Koraa rocy-
Aapb, HacneAyrcquft nepBoMy xpr{crr.raur.rHy ns npanauqeft
Qamnnnt, nblTaercfl pea6nlnrNpoBarb r.r BoccraHoBHTb r3brqecrBo. Tax 6ulo e Bonnapnu, s flonrue, B l{exflfi, raK 6uro s s [IIsequH XI sexa nocJre naAeHr.rfl AgHacrnr{ HHrnHHrog. Ho Pycr rB.,rfler co6on ficxrnrreHne H3 3Toro npaBr{na. Osa se nocJreAoBaJra npuMepy coceAefi. Kasa-
6u, Her Hr.rqefo ecrecrBegnee, HexeJrr.I o6snHeHue a Heoq3brqecrse Cngrono.nra Orasuuoro, y6nftqu Dopnca u
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fae6a. OAsaxo n 6opncor.ne6cxux naMflrHr.rKax, pe3Ko npax4e6Hux y6nfiqe, TaKoro o6suneHus He r{axoAuM. flcHo, qro AJIf, Hero He 6brno Hu ualefiunx ocnoBaHr.tfi r{ ,{ro ono Hr.rKoMy He npurrrno B nonoBy. 3Hauur, AJrfl Kperr{eHufl Pycu 6uaa xapaKrepHa <noHnxennaff ApaMarr.tr{Hocrb>. o ee rrpuqr{Hax. Deccnopno, r{ro xpncrnaxcrBo pac[pocrpaHnJrocb B K[eae 3aAonfo Ao B;raAuulrpa. EeccnopHo, r{ro orHoruegue K xpncruancrBy KHflgeft n 4pyxuHu MeHflJrocr. Hs AoroBopoB c rpeKaMH Br.rAHo, qro npn Hrope oHo 6u;ro coqyBcrBeHHbrM (uacru ero Apyxr.rHHr{KoB KJrflJracb flepyHorrl, qacrb }I(e uepKoBbr,o vnwu), a flpfi cssrocraee paBHoAyruHbrM, 3a4yrrraeucfl
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ne nos6pauffJr, Ho BHcMer.rBaJr eno... O.nrra qacro roBapr{.Ba.[a: ,,f, uoft cHH, Eora no3HaJta H paAyrocb; rro3Haerxb paAoBarbcs". OH )r(e He BHHMaJT, BogTbI roxe - ,Kax6yAeub paxaff: uue oAHoMy npHHRrb 3axos?,[pyxnxa uox 49
cMesrbcs craner">. XplrcrnancrBo, c roqKLI 3peHng CssrocJr8B8,- CMerXHafl Aepa. cnnrocJlaBa Mox{Ho noflflTb, ecJtll conocTaBr.rTb noxoAHyn H KpoBaByK) xI{3Hb 3roro cypoBoro H xecroKoro BoHHa c eBaHreJIbcKIlMH 3anoBeAflMl{. Ho saxeH gMorlHOHalrgufi noATeKcr oTBeTa: xpl.IcTHaHcrBo He crpaluHo, oHo cMeIlHo, a co cMe[IHbIM ue 6oprcrcl, eto repnsT. flo;roxeHue pesKo MeHflerct npn BnaAuuupe. 3a o4uo Aecrrlrnerne oH npoBeJI ABe xo-uQeccnoHaJlbHble peQopf,sbrr{ecKyro, n 988 roAy xpncTr.taHcKyro. Mbr - cHaqanaHaAo noJlararb, o6a pasa 6u;tu cxoxnus: flo6yx4eHr.rn, BnaAxunp cqI{TaJI, tITo eA[HeHun Pyct Mox(er n AoJIxHa coorBercrBoBarb II cnoco6ctsoBarb eAHHoo6pasuaa xynlTypa, B TorAarrrHux ycnoBnf,x - eA[Haff repa. Mottoxy.nrTypa BcerAa HaBflabIBaercf, cBepxy n o6uquo conpoBoxAa.
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cblHa' roB'xpllcTl{aH, It xyMI{paM, B xeprBy Koroporo co6upaltcl npllHecrll orqa, KoropHfi saquqaJl cBoeno ornpblcKa. ,- rJtacHT Jleronl{cb. floueuy B.na4nmxp raK cKopo orpeKcfl or cBoero AHenpoBcKoro ? Bo-neprux, MoHoKyJlbrypa, KaK noKagblBaer onur, noo6ure HeAocrl.IxHMa, TeM 6o.lee Ha g3btqecrofi ocHoBe. Ecnn Aaxe Art Marenbxofi lpeunu 6nna xapaKTepHa HeynopflAoqeHHocrb KyJIbToB, qTO Xe TOrAa roBopr{rb o 6ecxpafiHefi Pyccxofi paannue? Bo-sropux,
r3brqecKafl peQopua He MorJIa He Bcrpernrb ornopa: He 3pfl xe o KpoBaBbrx xeprBonpuuoueHl{sx He sa6blJltt lt B JleronncHbre BpeMeHa. I( ronry xe BnaAuuup 6ul xpafine HenonyJItpeH.
JI. Fynraen. 3ro 6ul cauufi HenonynflpHufi ng pyccKnx rocyAapeft. flpexae Bcero oH - 6paroy6ttfi' ua. BflaAurvrup nory6nl fpono;rxa <Jlecrblo>, KoBapcrBoM, flpeAarenbcKn 3aMaHIrB ero K ce6e. Mano rono, .B.naAnMHp He norHyrxaJlcg tl KpoBocMeueHI{eM, B3f,B B HaJlO)|(Hnrlbr BAoBy flpononra, rpeqanKy, K ToMy xe 6epeueHlryn Cssrononxou.
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Jl. fyuxaer. flpanouaBl{e npl,Igecno c co6oft ao6po, uyapocrr (reororr.rro) E Kpacory. fipapoc.nasue no6eAnno orrra Jrx{n Mauuouy H l{eroBeKoy6uftuy flepyua, oqr{cruJlo Pycr or cKBepHbI H noAapHJto eft rucqqenerHlolo r{cropnrc. Her, xoseqHo, pyccKl{e JInAII ocraJlHcb npeluHbtMH, OAepXr.rMbrMH cTpacTsMLI Ayrun, nJIoTIl H ropAocTlr xnreficxofi. Ho nceHapoaHoe KpeIqeHLIe AapoBaJIo HaIUHM rpeAKaM Bbrcuyto ceo6o4y - cno6o4y eu6opa MexAy 4o6pou r.r 3floM.
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Jl. fymn.ren. Ecrr nr{ Jrox(b e xasoft npnpo4e? B raxofi,ro Mepe ecrb. Mttrul.rxpua x(HBorHbrx 3To noflblrKa o6uaHyrr xurrlgr.rKa u.nn 4o6sruy. Ho xax -xnuIHHKn, TaK H HX XepTBbI r.IMeOT npaBo CnaCaTb cBotro xH3Hb, xoropoft yrpoxaer nn6o roloA, ntr6o c'beAenr.re, raK qro MHMHKpHS onpaBAaua 3aKoHoMepnocrqMr{ 6nocSepu, HaxoAsrllr.rMncs BHe ao6pa u sra.
A. Ilax.{enro. Heqro
noao6Hoe ecrb tr B qe.[oBeqecKoM o6uesnn Ha3blBaeMag <Jrox(b Bo - TaK cnaceHne> (ue co6creeusofi urypu), Hanpr{Mep, Ta HenpaBAa, Koropyp BcerAa roBopfr yMr.rpapuleMy y cMeprHoro oApa. Eusaror r'r Apyrne pa3HoBHAHocrH 6ecropucrnoft .rrxa, xorfl 6u rpacno6aficroo, rrro rroArBep)KAaercff nocnosaqeri: . 9ro xopotuo noHHMaJr rcpoAHHqnft us , a roqHee loro.nn, KoropoMy e 6orry c.nyrrafiocb secrn ce6s raK, KaK- Ber ce6q XJrecraxos. Taxan Jlox(b He rpex, a c.na6ocrr.
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3a qeJTOBeKOM COXpaHHJlocb, Ho ro./IbKo B rroBceAHesHofi xusrrn. Klrqrea xe BhrAeJrflnacb KaK sKcrpaopAlrnapHbrfr aKr, KaK orKa3 or AByCMbrCneHHOCTb, yKJrOHqr{BOCTb
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Hss. nosroMy B cBHAeTeJIH, a rOtIHee B oxpaHI{TeJIu co6npAeHr{fl KJrflrBbI npnsblBanHcb 6orH HnIr AyxH cTl'lxHfi, KOTO-
pbre AoJrxHu 6unn HaKa3arb Knf,rBollpecrynHnxa. Stuu oTTeHflJrOCb CynepHaTypanbHoe SHaqeHHe KJIRTBbI.
B EeaHrerHH cTaBIIILIM Ha nyrb caMocoBeplxeHcrBoBa|rlfil cBflTocTIl peKoMeHAOBaHO He KJIflCTbCt, a BCerAa roBoplrrb roJrbKo npaBAy. B cnl{cKax, 6u.na or Heno B Bocroprc.9ro Ao (o6qecrBaD, oHo SaBaJtItJIO aBTOpa nacKBI{JIflMH, (Aax(e C OH€paMI{ H3Bo3ql{qbeft peqH>, KaK oH Bblpasnncf B oAHoM III{CbMe. fIO npeanucaHrrro Tpe$ero orAeneHHs y xoMf,KoBa oro6panfl pac[HcKy B ToM, qro oH He 6yAeT HI{KoMy COO6qarb cBol{x coqHHeHsfi npexAe, HexenH Hx Ao3BoJtHT 4eH3ypa. B o6UIEM, O6bIKHOBCHHOE AENO: H O6THqCHHE, H PEAKqHfi HA HCIO
pex[MoB. r{errl xyxe u4yt 6oflbule ocKoponflIorcn nryr r{ TeM reM doJrrue Ae.rra, Tr.rnHqHH AJrf, TOTaJII{TapHblX
rpaBAoft.
Ho sot r{To lroKa3areJlbno: KoJI.nefI{ no no3TnqecKoMy peMecny npeAlsBHnl{ xounxony npereH3Hl{ no qacrs xpl{cTHaHCKOft HpaBCTBeHHOCTI, O6BHHIIJIH ero B HapyueHuu
rlf,Toft 3anOBeAH. KOrAa ql{Taeub crl{xorBopHble orBerbl H. B. Apcenseeoft () a rpa$aHl{ E. fl. Pocron.l[' uofi (), Ka)I(ercfl, qro AaMbr croBopnnHcb. oAnaro H cocrapHBtIlnficfl ln6epaa KHEsb IL A. Bngerucxsft HM Broptlr: . MexAy reM ero anororeraM c.neAoBaJlo 6u sa4yuarbca HaA TeM, qro cxoAnbie npopoqecTBa BhrcKa3HBanHcb He pa3 H He ABa H Hr,rKorAa
- oHu u He He c6usanscl. flo 3aKoHy 6olrurux quceJr, r{cnoJlHflTct. Boo6ule, KaK gro Hr{ neqatbHo, ropa3Ao peaJrbHee neccltMI{cTHrrecKHe [porHo3br, HexeJu orrTHMHcruqecKne. Hepyca.nnu 6u;r paepyuren, a ,
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rqqpa H BerrHKHx pe$opM AlexcaHApa II. Ky.nlrypuan
npr{BbrqKa, nJrH flo-HbrHeurHelry rpaAr.trlHfl (e AaHHoM cryqAC TP AUqHfl NPOBITAEHIII{A.NbHOTO OCMbICJIEHNfl HAI{HOHarbHono 6urna),- Moryqafl pa6orunqa Ha [crop[qecKoM no;le. Ho pa6oraer oHa fi uo 6,naro, H Bo gJIo.
Jf. fynnaea. Hcropnn
ero n3yqeHne npoqeccoB, rpore- BpeMeHH, Karoulnx Bo HO rrTO TaKOe BpeMfl, He 3Haer HHKTo. B groM Her Hr.rqero yAHBr.rrenbHoro. BepoRrno, pu6u He 3Haror, qro raKoe no4a, norouy qro HM He c qeM ee cpaeHr.rrr. A xor4a oHa nonaAaror Ha cy[y, To y HHx
He ocraercf, BpeMeHr.r, utofu.3anflTbcfl cpaBHeHHeM Bo3Ayxa c soAofi. B. H. BepnaAcxnfi orpeAeJrnn cMeprb KaK pa3AeneHue npocrpaHcrBa lt BpeMeHil, 146o, tro ero MHeHr.rK), KocHoe BeurecrBo BHgBpeMeHHo. Os npaB, Ho Hcropr{Kr.r r{Meror AeJro ToJrbKo c flpoqeccaMt{ yMHpaHr{fl, npH KoTopHx
cyqee cTaHoBr{rcfl flpounHM. A pealrno Jrr.r npounoe? B aronr Bonpoce eAr.tHcrBa y coBpeMeHnbrx yqeHbrx Her. Cyutecrnyer H B€cbMa pac: npocrpaneHo MHenr{e, qro npounoro BoBce Her.,[,xoaaHxa ,fl,xeHrnre nnruer: . Cor,racnrtcr ryr HeBogMoxHo, Ho nOBpeMeHHM CnOpHTb, TaK KaK ecrb LI Apyrle aBTopH, MHHaHr.re
TIHCABIIHE HA 3TV TEMY.
Euqe 4areropuvHee-fl. fapanuep n D. Paccel. , Ho 3To , 3To qHeqTo BpoAe Toro 3HaHHfl, KOTOpOe 69
nro6nrerb co6aK l{Meer o cBoefi co6aKe) (8. Paccea). .[,yuaercn, qro Marepnan Arfl TaKoro neccnMHcrllqecKolo BL'BOAA NCPEqHCTEHHbIM MbICJIHTCJI'M AAJII{ ITCTOPIIKH TOTO
rr{rra, Koropufi yAauxo on[caJl Anaront Opauc Bo BBeAeHNll x : . AHTHrrHaa un$oaorgs, KaK Br{AuM, HoBe*tueMy pyccKoMy fioory rpHroAxJracr (enpouenn, y Hero 6uao n pa nu.rrbHoe ncropnro-SnJroJrorfiqecKoe o6pa eoaauue). Ho e 6esnaAex(Hocrbro rpyAno cMr.tpnTbcfl, neqaJrb xoqercr u36brrb, a c grofi 6nanofi qenbro cosAaHbt pasnr{qr{bre yMo3pr{TeJrbHbre KoHcrpyKr1nn. IIpr.r4yrrrana, B qacrHo-
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Poccnn Bepa B (cBerroe 6yayuree> BupaxaJlacb' no-pa3noMy. Vuepennufi ee napuanr llo6ul 9exos..Ero repofl Meqra.[[ (o roM BpeMeHu, 6ntb Moxer, yxe 6.llusKoM, KorAa xH3Hb 6y,uer raKolo xe cBerJloto u paAocruoft, KaK... Tuxoe, BocKpecuoe yrpo>. 9ro ue npocro Meqra, aro raKx(e npu3blB x Aeficrann. Aaaur'r croBo nepcouax(y paccKaga : <Ec.nu 6H gH noexaJlll yvlrucal roBopnJr oH.- Tolrxo npocBeqeHuble n cBflTbIe JInAH [HrepecHbr, TotbKo oHIr LI HyxHu. BeAr uem 6olrue 6yAer TaKux .npAeft, TeM cKopee Hacrauer uapcrBne Eoxse Ha geMJle. Or sauero ropoAa rorAa MaJlo-noMary He noJIerHT BBepx AHoM, ocraHercf KaMHR Ha KaMHe - Bce H 6yayr rorAa Bc€ HsMeHHTct, rorlno no go.nure,6crey. 3Aecb rpoMaAHrile,, BeJlHKoJlennefiurue AoMa, rtyAecHlile caAbl, $onranu Heo6uxnoneHnue, SaMerlareflbHHe .
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Vronng, KoHeqHo, u BecbMa HaHBHaq, npunuqecrByK)6ecxopltcrHoMy, flpeKpacHonepcouaxy HeoAapeHHoMy, HecKoJ|bKo HO HeAareKoMy, AyurHoMy, KoMr{qHoMy. OAxaxo B eno pauee ecrb HeKoropue cJIoBacnrHaJrbr, KoropHe o6ulu sceM qexoBcKI{M MeqrareJlnM u, 3HaqHT, Moryr 6nru coqrenbl . Konl cropo
qar sroMy
peqb HAer o , To orIeBHAHa ycraHoBKa Ha yue6y, Ha npupaueHlle 3HaHHfl, npHToM xoppeKTnpyeMoro n yMepqeMoro HpaBcrBeHHblMH npaBHilaurl. fnneprpoQun He3aHHTepecoBaHHoro, . BseurHe SoptrlylttlpoBKa coorBercr' Byer ycrauoBJleunflM fletpa I, ynpae4unBlllero narpnap' uecrBo: upn flerpe, KaK H nplr ero npanpaBHyKe, qJIeHbl CnHoaa npHHocHnI{ BepHonoAAaHHI'IqecKJ9 npl{cffry MoHapxy, . FepAeH npaB H He npaB. flerp, [onyqnB or uapeBHbt cosnu s HacneAcrso caMoclKl{fanqypcn u pae6eraouylocq crpaHy, Aeficrsxterbno B nepBble roAbl cBoero fipaBneHHq cAenafi craBKy Ha ronepanunro. B lonnanAnn n AsrJrr{Io oH e3rl{n He roJIbKo AJlfl Toro, qro6u nrornnqar'b Ha oepQax' OH esAnn 3a I{AeflMI{. B PorrepAaMe oH oclvlarpa' eaitcraryrc Spasrrra (eAnuctneHnuft g torAaurneft Eepone naMf,THr{K nncareln), a 3a JIa-ManueM no3HaKoMHJIcE c Axouottl florroM, cKoPee Bcero, oqHo (B KopoJIeBcKoM npaBnreflbcrBe ror BeAan 3arpaHl{qHoft roprooleft). Toraa Spasm u Jloxr oJll{qerBopflnu l{cropll_P H coBpeMenHocrb 6aaropo4Hofi nAen Beporep[HMocru. V rex , Koropble yMenl{ pa3Mbluuqrl n o6HapyxuBaJrH cKJIoHHocrb K Ml'IpoBo33pexqecroft pe$lexcull, noaHHrGrra Aa)I(e MoAa na Jloxra, o qeM B 1702 roay c pa3Apa' xreHHeM AoHocHJI t{g MocrsH cBoeMy opAeHcKoMy HaqaJIb' crBy oAHH rafisuft t,tesyl{r. Euno or qerc pa3Apaxarbcr: Jloxr npnanBan yBaxaru ltto6yn penHrHo3HyIo r,oKrpxHy-
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(uesynru He creclln.nncb B cpeAcrBax AJls Aocruxtennfl
74
Cgol{x rno6anbHbrx AyxoBHo-aKcnaHcBoHltcTCK[x qeJleft). IIp,n tlerpe y uac Jlorxa He roJrbKo q[raJru r{ nepeBoAnJru, HO H npHcJtyruHBanHcb K ero peKoMeHAaqHqM.
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u raroluxx. I4lr O rIeM na 3anaAe XopotXO g11rv. Kapl XII Aaxe nonbrrarcfl cbrrparb na siofi cBo6oAe, nyras B KoponeBcKr{x yHnBepcanax yKpaHHqeB reM, qTO qapr 6yaro 6H seAer rafiuue nepefoBoptil c nanoft o coeAnHeHur.r {eprrer?. flerpa o6ecnoronla raKaq <rpy6aa I?\?, n oH_onpoBeprarr ee e uaHnQecre or 3 eenpa.nn eBaHreJr[cru pagHtilx roJIKoB, Ho raKxe XI'IJIOCb CBO6OAHO,
1709 roaa. Crapoo6paA[br rrocne naAeuus npaBr{renbcrBa
qapeBHbr CoSln roxe BgAoxHynH c o6lerqesxeM r,r npaKrr.lqecKn orKagaJrHcb or caMocox(xeuuft. Ho npegenu nerpoB-
cxofi rurepaHq[H 6u.nn crporo oqepqeHbr, , npHpoAHHx pycaKoB. K crapoo6pffAl(aM Bce-TaKH orHocgnllcb KaK K orIrlerreHrlaM; HM Aaxe fipeAnr{caJrH Hocr.trb oco6oe nJlarbe. flpanocaaeHbrx 3a nepexoA B qyxyn Bepy xecroKo HaKa3_HBarr.r. lpyase" )Ke Bcero npnurJrocb pyccroft qepKBl.l. Vvpe4ne CunoA, llerp anurJr ee BcrKori canaocrosreltHocrr.I, a cBtrrIeHHHKoB rrpeBparnJr B qHHoBHHKoB. Ilpncuou Riqarlsonaugrsufi yKa3 qaps o HapyureHsn rafinu I{cnoBeAH (npe4nncunanocb AoHocr.rrb o 3noyMbrrxJreHr{H Ha oco6y rocyAapfl H soo6qe o ) locesJr ceMeHa HeAoBepng K cBsuleHcrBy. K cox(areHlro, TaKoe HapyueHue B H3BecrHoft uepe BKopeHnJrocr. Bor crreHa ua , Han[caHHbrx Jlecro-
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BHM, OTnpbICKOM CTapHHHOIO IIOnOBCKOTO pOAa, npHfl3HeHHbIM AYXOBHOMY COCJIOBHIO.
I( rrrarepa rpne3xaer B orrycK ns flerep6ypra cbrH(noJroxnreJrbrBapAeeu (nce repol,t crleHbr - BecbMa Hsre>). bapuna, BocnnraB[rar ero KaK KpacHyro AeBurly, xor{eT yAocToBepuTbcfl, (rtTo B3JreJIegHHOe erc AHTfl ee Aeftcrsilrerbno HeltorpeunMo e csoefi qlrcrore, H [oroMy cBsureHHHKi .oreq A;rexceri,' flonyqnn lopyr{enue y3narb ero 6.nuxe>. flon ncnoBeAyer roHoro rnap4efiqa - ll Bor I(oHeq: , xar 6u.no y roJlcroBcKoro Crnsu O6.nottcxoro. flocxopefi 6u ero KoHqHJrocb... Hayr s MacoHbl H KyAa yroAuo, ToJIbKo He B flpaBo-
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3ToM orpa3nilcfl n flyurlH, n eoo6qe JIIoAH ero lroKoJleOHernu fynter s JIerHr{g, ero cocroflHllfl " "ocnnt""ns. gJlo6rgercg, craHoBHTCS rearpanbHeM CaAy, B3pOCJIeer, HHM 3aBcerAaraeM, TaHIIyer sa 6alax u Aenaer pa3Hble pa3Hocrn. OAsaro oH HIl pa3y He sarJlflAblBaer B qepKoBb n n6a He Kpecrur. KorAa I{M oB.IIaAe.[a xaHApa, ro ecrb oH BnaJI n cuepruufi rpex orqaflHnq, eMy rt B ronoBy -He
flpnurno ornpaBxrbcfl 3a yreIIleHI{eM K AyxoBHHIry. tlto Ao AepeBHH, KyAa Onernn yAatHJIcs, B ee nogrl'IqecKl'Ix .nau4uaQrax n nogrl{qecKxx HHrepbepax MH He HaH' Aem nn xpaMa, HH HKoHbl. fepofi flocennJlcf, B AoMe AflAH: Begae nucorure rloKot,t,
B rocunofi uroQxue
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qapefi noPrPeru Ha crenax' 14 ne,{u B necrpblx H3pa3qax... Bce 6ulo flPocro: noa ,aY6oaHfi,
,[,na ruxaQa, cron, afiBaH uYxonufi, HurAe nu flsrHbturKa qepHtln.
Ho rAe o6pasa I{ fAe JlaMnaau? PasyMeercfl' t't o6pasa B AoMe guiern, LI JIaMnaAH renJIHJtI'Icb (relu 6o.nee vro nocne noxopon npouJlo Mano BpeMeHn), uo sgnrsa Ofleruua (u flyrurnHa) cKoJlb3rr MI'lMo HHx. Her e poMaHe HH rennofi Bepbl, HH Aaxe 6uroBoro [paBocraBvfl' llycTh, OHerns . Ho u ueqrarenssufi JleHcrufto [ocerrlrB rutaA6nqe H nponHB CJIe3bI HaA npaxoM poAI'Ire" ul.t noroft. Taxosa n reft, a qepKoBb npoqaflcb c poAHbIMH KpaqMI'I, osa c uePKoBbIo,, Tarrsua: rAe ee KpecruJILI u rAe oT[eBaJlH ee oTIIa, npocrHTbcs He yAocyx(xnacr. ' yAapnncfl n rpaftnon acKesy, flepeBoAn.n <Mec cfia[y > K.nonurroxa, nponoBeAoBaJl B Herenoft HaAexAe, qro Eor a6cbnrortroe (enoMyApl{e qeJloBeqecTBo 3a 3ry xepTBy' Aapyer JIIOARM BO3HarpaAI{r raK, qro oHI{ 6yayr ycrpoHr xax-Hu6yAb 6eccmelrrae HJIH poxAarbcfl . Arencr neKcllMO)Ker BO3pa3HTb' tITo croBo - He H3 ero KOHa, qTo oH ), B H3Becruoft crenesn t{aaAaena, iroror'r t{ep HrrurencKoro, Koropt[ft crasan Ka K n pH neq araJl : pa6u. floloxau, qro Bce 3To ro!ocBepxy AoHI{3y - Bce , B pagApaxepnxocb r{ flncaJlocb Hrlri uJrvt B orqaflHun. Ho uoqenny 6u uam He noBepl'lrb 3Tr{M r{HBeKTnBaM (xorn 6u yc.nonno) I'I He cAeJlarb H3 Hlrx Jrof HqecKr{e eblsoAbl ? Orp
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FoccllR pacKoJloJlacb
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orHocHTeJrbHoe AyxoBHoe eAI'lHcrBo.
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nocnyuaeMcn fepuena LI Boporl{Mcq s Moc-
ao BpeMeHa HsaHa fposHoro, KorAa Ha Bocroqno-Eoponeftcroft paBHHHe, To BpaxAyfl, To 3aMI'tpflflcb, xr.rJIH q3bIqHLIKLI, MyCyJIblrIaHe I'! [paBocJlaBHble, Ho ne 6uno HH oAHoro areficra. .IIloan BepI.l"'IH B pa3Hoe I'{ nopa3HoMy, Ho HerpeMeHHo BepuJIH s 6ora (unu n 6oroo). CaeAogarerrHo, HcropItR MorJIa HMg nepexHBarbcff u KoBcKyro Pycs,
nepe)KlrBaJlacb roJIbKo pennnfio3Ho. c.rreAoB a Huf p yccKoro
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'llIecrsaAuarnft sex Moxgo Ha3Barb BeKoM pyccKoxo oAnnor{ecrBa. Taxoe cocrotHHe .-. Aflg Poccun He npaBlL'Io, a HcKnroqeHle. B cpeaHl{e BeKa oHa BxoAI{na B npaBocJiaBnyto o6uruocrb, Koropan Bo3tJIaBJIflJIacb Basanrneft (npn-
r nefi toxttue cJIaBtHe, MorAashq H BaJlaxng, rAe ff3brKoM Bepbl H KyJlbrypbl roxe 6un qepKoBHocJIaBflHcxnfi). K XVI BeKy Bce nepeMenuaocb. Bueaurng n Ealxasu He raK AaBHo crarl{ [poBt{HIrI{fiMH Ocr,aancrofi lIMnepun. As npaBocJIaBHbIx Aepx(aB roJlbKo Pycr n f pyeun (pery.nnpxux csngeft c Heft ne 6u.tto) coxpaHHnn He3aBXcHMocrr. OAunoqecrBo oco3HaBaJlqcb, o rrer{ cBr.rAerenbcrByer 3aKJrpqegue l -ft pe4axuun Pyccroro XpoHorpaQa, couaneHun oQnuno3Horo, Bo3HttKlxero KaK pa3 B arloxy, KotAa Mocxsa yAenlHyro, Pycl. focsoAl, noBopllrcfl 3Aecb, npeAan HeBepHbIM 6naroqectnBbre qapcrBa 3a HaIUH (unrafi: [paBocnaBHslx) nperpeIrIeHHr. Ho uant Herb3ff BnaAarb B orqaflHue (Koropoe, HanoMHr{M, BXOAIIJIO B pa3pflA ceMn cMeprHblx rpexoB) ' HyxHo KaflTbcfl, HyxHo HaAeflTbcfl, qro H3 HCKpbI, KOTOpaf TJreer (t. e. uycy.nlnaan), Bo3topuTcfl nJIaMq, I't rorAa oxuByr tl Bocnpqfiyr npaBoc,'raBHue. . HaAJtexaJrr{
3Hauur, Pycr noutaxena u Pycl lts6paua' flpanocnaa6parsn noA HroM, a pyccKne KnflxecrBa, Koropbl_x_ertle HeAaBHo 6u.ito tuHoro, co6palucb noA BblcoKylo pyKy MocxBbr, Korqpaq oceo6oAnJlacb or opAuacrofi 3aBHcI'IMocrH H BcKope 3aBotoer KagaHt n Actpaxasr. Ho KyilbrypHoe Hure
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HaA.nexur onpeAenl{rb - 9ro npo6aeua.
8l
cBofi nyTb npH ToM, qro oH HanepeA npeAcraBnreTcg eAHHcrBeHHo npaBHJrbHEilM. BeAt Mocxaa Tpernft (ii
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s Mocxse t,tcrnna, 6naroqecrue u cBer, ToJtbKo gAecb Mo)Ker
npe6uoarr rpaBocraBHuri qapl. Haax fpoenufi n crar nepBbrM BeHr{aHHHM, To ecrb saKoHHbIM, IlapeM. (Pantrue rr{ryn qapfl flp]rMeHqrcs Ha Pycn r AByM rocyAapflM r suaaHrnficKoMy HMrreparopy x K xany 3onorofi Opau. -B XVI BeKe rlapsMn Ha3brBanrcfl u npeeMHHKn nocJreAHero xaH ragaucxttft, xaH acrpaxaHcxnft, xau KpbrMcxufi.-Typeurufi cy.nran, y3ypnaTop BJracrH BacLIJIeBca u eno Qaxuqecxfift HacreAHHK, To)I(e xax 6u nMeer ltpaBo.Ha oror ruryJr, H B pyccKoM JrH-
TgparypHoM o6r.rxoAe nof,BJrnrorcs coqr.rHeHr.rf, o .) HonoRnneunomy MocKoBcKoMy qapn ecrecrBeHHo 6sr.lro o6paqarb B3op x [aprrpaAy, coo6pagoBblBarbcs c BH3aHTHficruun noJrnTnqecKltMH KoHtICNUI{RMH.
Hs Hlrx Mocrna nepeHflra
peJrurno3Hya rpaKroBKy
MoHapruHx npeporarr{B. Pyccxne ny6nn[ucru pa3Hbrx Ha(qapb se6ecnpan.neuuft 6uat corlacHbr B roM, qro 5on <seMuoft 6or>. 9ra MbrcJtb n XVI sexe Hblfi>, a uapb LIMeIa IIIfipOKOe, AaXe noBceMecTHoe pacnpocTpaHeHHe,
-
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qro [oATBepxAaercf, na6npAeuusMa HHocrpaHHHx nyreurecrBeHHnKos. Heraeq II. Oaep6opu n nanaSlere ua fposnoro (1585 roa) saMerr{Jr, qro npu xH3Hu qapb - seil,tnofi 60r, o4noopeMeHHo uMtteparop r{ ltatta Ans cBonx noAAaHHbIx. Etrle s 1612 roay, B pa3rap Cuyru, roJrnagAerr VcaaxMacca nncaJr, qro MocKoBHTbr cq[Taror rrapfl <noqrn 3eMHbrM 6orona>. -Heqro noAo6soe nncaJr fpoauouy ne KprJMcKoro nJrena onpHqHHK Bacrcr fpnsnofi: , tl,l Aenaeub rleroBeKa r{ MaJrHM, r.r BeJIITxru. 9ro, KoHeqHo, cJIoBa rrycroro 6axsara I{ gacroJrbHoto ruyra, AeffTerg B Ho3ApeBcKOM CMblCJre. Ho ottu teu 6onee lloKagareJlbHtr: 3uaqnr, MEilcJIb o (geunou 6ore> craJra pacxoxefi, neperxJra s o6u{ee nonr30BaHIte.
Oxorso erl BocnoJrbsoBarcs n fposnufi. B noc.nasnn n I(npnnro-benosepcrufi MoHacrrilpb oH 3aflBr.rJr, qro olqyqaer ce6n (HanoJroBHHy qepHeqoM>. H aeficrBure.rrbno, s AnexcaxAponcxoli c.ro6oAe oH r.rMr{Tr{pyer MogaurecKr{e o6pa4u, caM Erpaer ponb nryMeHa, onpnqHt,lKH Hapsxaxrrefl [HoKaMn. Huocrpaurlbl yrBepxAaJru, r{To qapto cnyqaJlocb cnyxurb o6eAnn . Tpyauo perultTb, npaBAa 3To HJ|H BHMbICeJI, HO CaMbIe 82
TOJTKH BeCbMa
xapaKrepnbr. Bor KaK BeJI ce6n lposnufi e 1583 roay r Hoaropo4e, Ha cBaAb6e csoeft ABotopoAgofi naeMqHH[IIbI
*ssxHu Mapnn BnaAnuupoenu Crapnqxoft u repqota
Marnyca flHsoncxoro: BMecre c MoJIoAbIMI{ t{HoKaMI{ Irapb rrrffcan noA HaneB CuMeofla nepu Ce. A$anacnn, or6usas TaKT npecJroByrblM cBor{M xe3JIoM - IIO TOJIOBaM Corpane3HfiKoB. Ecrs ceuAereJlbcrBa, qro gTor inoayuepneq> {rreBaJr HHorAa Ha cBoux rlnpax CnMsor aepu Cn. ASauacxq n Apyr-ue MoJIt{TBeHHbIe necHl{ 3a CTOJIOM t{ HaXOAITJI B TOM yAOBOnbCTBI{e}. Bce sro oqenb noxoxe Ha cBtrorarcrBo. , c flpaBogltagnoft ro,{Ku 3peHl{fi, Heno3BoJrr{TeJlruo. Tot, KTo raK ,u,eJlaer, o6pexaet Aytuy Ha BeqHyro Myr{y: aro cJIaBoc.tIoBI{e ne Eory, a 6ecarn. Ho
fposnoro
He BoJIHoBaJIo
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rpetulrn npaBocJraBrlutrr. Hacqer MoJIr.trBocJIosHft ea nrrpruecTBeHHHM cro.rroM [aps, 6uru Moxer, no-cBoeMy npan. Eure npn Asrnoxe Kanremupe ero ua6lpAaJlocb B pyccKoM 6Hty: , r , ug-ga HapoAHoFo <MJIaAeIIcrBa). Hapoa, noI{ '(paAH MJIaAo6en pe6exxy. Hapoa .nro6nr Becenbe gacJlyxfl{Baer csoefi HegpeJlocrn Ayxoanoft AeHcrBa>, crucxoxAennf,. Tax fposttutft o[paBAHBaJI ycranoBKy Ha xyAIIrHx Bnpouen, Bce sro MeJIoqn B penuruo3ttou cauoo6oxannn fposuoro. flopaaa c , c AAaure. puu, CuslgecrpoM, Kyp6cruu, oH He ycraer nuyxe 6paHHTb HX 3a .3aro re, KTo HM roJtoca He AaBaJI, no6eAuan Bcex BparoB H npocnaBnnncb. Bnuuasus l.r NOAPAXAHHfl SACJIYXNBAET TOJIbKO TAKAS TPAAI{IIHfl HHKoro He cnyuarbcfl H Hri y Koro Hs nroAef, He yquTbcfl. B.nacrl qaps or Eora, H ToJtbKo 6oxecreo Molr(er npe,4noxlrrb eMy MoAerb noBeAeHss. Ho 6oxecrso rpo[r{-
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paBHoBecr.re MoHaprxero noBeAeHHs, paBHoBecue MexAy 3aKoHoM H.nn6oarto x 6.nuxneuy, MexAy ul;rofi H Kporo-
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pyccxofi ny6luqucrnKe sro 6uno ocogHaHo H Hocn$ Boloqxnfi, anoJrorer xpyroli pyKH, yrBepxqaBuJuft, uro MoHapx , cAeJraJr reM He MeHee BecbMa BaxHyro oroBopxy. Ecnn qapb nosBonser qapcrBoBarb xaA co6oro cKBepBbrpax(eHo.
HrilM crpacrgM H rpexaM, cpe6po.lrro6Hro, rHeBy, JryraBcrBy, HenpaBAe, ropAocrn, tpocrn r{ T. A.,- sro He 6oxnfi c.rlyfa, a AbflBoJrbcruft, ne uapb, Ho MyqHTeJrb. Sror reetlc HocnQa
Bo,rouxoro, pa3rnqapqufi uaps Ir rLIpaHa, rax 6u npe4Bocxnrrlaer reopnn ganaAHbtx <MoHapxoMaxoB> aropofi noJroBuHril XVI sexa Epyra, ByxaHaua, Mapu- IOxns aHbr, Koropbre BHABHHyIT{ cxoAHyro Qopruyny: (*llapr - noAodue Eora, rnpan Alseona)). 9ro Ao klsa*a Fposnoro, oH rrepeA (paccerrenneM> He ocraHoBuJrcfl n orAar flpeAnoqreuqe nepBoMy *nuy Tponrlbr - Dory-orqy CanaoQy, 6ory rposHoMy n KaparcureMy. .0.pyruu o6pasqou Axfl pyccKoro MoHapxa cran lVlnxana ApxaHrea. OH, rax o6tscsan fpoeuufi n nepBoM fiocrannrl Kyp6gxolrry, <noco6croyer> BceM (qapf,M) .._ Moucen, I4ncycy HaauHy, KoHcranruny Bennrona-y, nepBoMy xpu: crnaucKoMy HMneparopy. 3pyanuun lposHoro B AaHHoM cnyqae 6eaynpevxa. Mnxanl (uua ero 3HaqHT ) - 9To cBoero po,qa saMecrlreJrb 6ora n ero AgoftHUK, 9TO:BOHTeIb H apx[CTpaTnr, BeJIHKHft XHflSI se6ecnux 84
cun r{ Aep}r(aBHbrft qapcrBeHHbrft anrea, . 3rr.r Qynxunfi npurrucbrBaflrlcb eMy r.r B 3anaanoM xpncrllaH-
crse. B Kaponr.rHrcKylo srloxy oJI Bocnpr.rnl'rMaJlcfl KaK narpon HMneparopoB Kap.na Be.nnxoro, n s oco6esnocru - u eaponeficxoro pblqapf, oH npeAcraOrrosa III. B o6lnxe BaJI B Bi.rAeussx Xanse A'ApK, c ero HMeHeM Ha ycrax oHa cpaxaJiacb c aHnJrr.rqaHaus. KorAa eo OpaHquH cHoBa Bocrop)KecrBoBaJra KopoJreBcKar BJIacrb, Jlloaoanx XI yqpeAnJr opAeH Cs. Muxanra. flosAnee s HcnaHnn 6u;t opaeH <Muxannoea Kpbrna>. B csnsn c 3TltM noHrrno, nouerny HaaH fpoaHurft (noA nceaAoHr{MoM flapQennfi Vpoarauft) coqnnr.rJr o6paulesnufi x Mnxan.ny Apxanrely . 9eu xe noprper, ne <noAo6ngna> HeaHa, npHnexHoro yqeH[Ka se6ecnoro HacraBHHKa? O6a oHIt'--': <rpo3HbleD, I'I HeAapoM B KaHoHe aror gflr,rrer ynorpe6ren ABeHaAIlarb pas! VcraHoBJIeHo, qro B npHJIoxeHr.tH K llapp annrer <rposHnft> He HMeJI orpt{qarenbHoro orrenra. ,- roBopltrcfl B oAHoM pyccKoM coquHeHHH cepeAnHtil XVI aexa, H 3TH cJIoBa HeJb3fl ToJIKoBarb KaK npl{3brB npaBl{rb xecroKo n 6esxarocrHo. 3ro acHo' r{3 KoHTeKcra: flpl{Jlafaretbnoe <rpoauuft> H cyurecrBn' TeJrbHoe (rpo3a> floflBnqtoTcq TaM, rAe peqb I,IAer o rlopflAKe B rocyAapcrBe. Iloerouy LI Bo3MoxeH oKcrcMopoH (runnuuft!) ' (a erou coqeraHHH
fipeAocrepexeHre nporuB <pacceqeHun> Tpou:
qapr HMflpeK> rpocro-Hanpocro rnryuH). (ero cBuAerenbcrBo HeMqa A. IIIunx-
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ldapl noapaxaer apxaHreny Mnxanny: BeAb apxncrpargr He roJrbKo , loxe $oa,- qro qapqM, Koroptre <panHrJrucb yroroBaHo Mecro B aAcKnx neurepax) . B 1577 roAy, KorAa 6una,saeoeBaHa Bcfl JIuBoHr.rR, qaplo Ka3anocb, qro raxoe [oATBepxAeHse eMy Aano. ,c ropxecrBoM Hanficar oH Kyp6cxonay na Bolrraapa. Hororu ero yBepeHHocrb [oKoJte6a.nact. JIHsoHcxaa softHa 6una npourpaua. floc.ne cMepru qapeBnqa Ylsa*a HsaHoBHqa yrpo3a HaBr,tcfla uaA cauofi Atsacrnefi (u osa Aeficr Br,rrerbuo flpeceKnacb Ha Oe4ope Hgaxoguqe). K ctapocrn y Uaps norBr,tJrocb qro-ro BpoAe peQ,rexcnu. flo ero npuraey 6nl cocraBfleH Cnno4ux onaJrbHHx.(uro6u noMr{Harb nx), oH cran AeJIarb BKJraAbr lro AyrlaM xagHegxux... Ho 6uJlo nogAno. TnpaHxn He roJlbKo pa3opHna crpaHy, oHa ee paBBpars-
Jra. Crasxa Ha xyAtunx, BonJrorrB[raflcff B onpuqHr4He, yAannna or Bracru nopnAoqHbrx.lrpAefi, a xyAtrrux cAeJrara eule xyxe. flpu ocrynneunH B 6uao o6ggareruuHM KJtflTBeHHoe orpeqeHHe or po4ure;1eft, ro ecrb npflMoe Hapyueune nqrofi 3anoBeAH. Jloxt craJra noBeAeHqecKr{M flpltHrlnnoM Tex, KTo xoreJt . -B Pesynlrqre Hfiqero Her, xbri B KaxAb!fi MoMeHT e rlo6oM ut'txpoo6lerrle
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