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3 7 3 7 3 > − ( Q :F 1 C= N 7 7 7 L − − − − > −; . . / / : 4N N 8 > :;91 < 8 : 23= 9 > ?= 12> 2 6 78 39 :N 3 :C;= @ A = B 3 >; @ C 3 : A J K = B J - 9= 2 L L L Q123= N = 3 :C;= A Q 7 9Q 78 ?= ;1FG 9 ∠ ∠ A 8 > Q9G N 1 2 L 0 1234 O 5 3 :C ; > Q 7 9 7 2 7 C 78 =G D 3 :V : Q 7 9 Q 78 ?= ;1FG 9 > = Q 9G N :E B L 9 9 >P 878 = 7 QF:U > ? 7 E 2 7 ; 3 :9 > A B = 39 7 1V :F4 8 = ; > A O Q:; > H P > 7 3 @ C 3 : - K Z K L 9 9 >P 8 78 = 7 QF:U > ? 7 E 2 7 ; 3:9 > A − · − = 39 7 1 V :F 4 8 = ; > A Q :; > H P > 7 3 @ C 3: K $ K L * ?P1I Q:F 1 C 78 8 H I ·
8 7 9 >P 78 23P 2F 7 ?1 7 3 @ C 3:
,
, , , Z − Z − ( 3 L7 L . . / / 3 P 7 3 ?> @ P 2 7 V?> L 0 : 12F:P= 2 3 B 3 O $ L 9 :N 7 3 : V : @ 3 B 3 O 3 B 3 O J 3 B O = 3 A L 0 :D 3:N 1 − 6 6 3 B 3 O 6 − 3 B 3 O 6 − 3 A 3 B 3 O =
Z
6 \ −
. . / / 0 :; >< 7 N @ C 3 : ◦ ◦ √ 6 ◦ ◦ J √ 6 @ 3 L7 L √6 J ] ◦ ] ◦ ◦ J √6 L J L ! 7 E 23P= 3 7 F 4 8 : @ ◦ ◦ J ] ◦ ] ◦ ◦ ◦ \ − \ − . . /. / 0 9= N 78 GG + :9 N 1F 1 2 3 J @ Q :F1 C > 7 N \ − \ \ \ \ J % J ( \ % ' \− \ \ \ \ \ J ' ' J '(
%
'
\−
' \ # J ' # % ' \− ] ' >< ?H E = 9 >22N >39= P > 7 N H I >9; 3 > 8 V 78 2:P N 78 4 7 . @ Q :D3 :N 1 =I 21 N : N > N 78 4 7 L 2F = 1V :F >;F 2 C 8 N 7 < ?1 = = 7 V : 3> 8 V 78 2 9 >P 78 @ 3 : D 3 : 3 : 1V :F 9 >P 78 : . L \
:
\
\
\ J
. . /.. / 0 1234 J J \ L ! P >< ?H P : 2Q:F4 :P >P = 24 9 >P 78 23P :N ] ] J @ Q:F 1 C= N 2 8 >C >F > J ] @ > >3 7 N J \ L 0 :D 3:N 1 \ \\ \ − \ J \] @ > >C= 3 @ 8 \\ ] \ \ ] & J − ] \ \ J # \ J \\ % ] − ] ] & \ \ # \ % \ · ] \\ % . . /. / 3 P 7 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 2 J " L ] . L 0 1234 3 3 3 2 J K = 3 3 3 2 J - L X:V?> K(6 ": 6 ! 7 E 23P= 3 7 F 4 8 : @ @ Q : 2;:F4 ;1 " @ = 3 3 2 3 2 6 6 −] 6 6 ] @ Q : 2;:F 4 ;1 L ! >F 7 7 @ 3 K J 3 3 2 @ 3 3 2 3 2 6 6 6 6 Q :D 3 :N 1 3 2 J " K = 3 h " K i :J K 3 - J 3 3 2 @ ± ] − ± ] − ± 3 - = 2 J 3 " - J 3 - L * 3:V : @ C 3 : 3 K J Q :D 3 :N 1 3 2 J " ± ] ∓ ] ∓ J 3 - J 2 @ 2F 7 ?1 7 3 @ C 3 : K - J " L ± ] . . /. / 3 P 7 3 2 J " = 2 J " L − & ] 0 :F:< = N J 3 2 L C= 3H:P >G @ C 3 : 3 2 J : @ Q :F 1 C > 7 N 1 9 >P 8 78 = 7 − − 6 J L 3 : 1 9 >P 8 78 = 7 = N 7 7 3 ;:9 8 = J @ J ]\ = J − %] L 0 : 2F 7 ? 8 = E ;:9 78 4 8 >N 8 7 Q : ?I: ?= 3 L
. . /. ) / 3 P 7 3 0 :F:< = N
3 L7 L J L
J
" 2J− =2J L : : 2 L C= 3H P >G @ C 3 : 3 2 J
]
@ Q :F 1 C > 7 N 1 9 >P 878 = 7
\ ] \ J ( \ \ −
J Q : 12F:P= 2 J L 3 : 1 9 >P 8 78 = 7 = N 7 7 3 ;:9 8 = J = 6 −
" 2 J ±@ 3 J − ] L 2F = N H 9 >22N : 39= N ?> 8 8 : 7 1 9 >P 878: = 7 ; >; ;P > ?9 >3 8 : 7 1 9 >P 878 = 7 : 3 8 : 2= 3 7 F 4 8 : 2 @ 3 : 7 V : ?= 2;9= N = 8 > 8 3 1 1 ? 7 3 9 >P 78 3 23 L ! = 2; 9= N = 8 > 8 3 ?:F < 78 1 H 34 87 : 39= 6 >3 7 F4 8 H N @ Q :D 3 :N 1 3 23 @ 3− L7 L 3 23 J L M 7 > 78 =G 1 9 >P 8 78 =G 2 J = N 7 2 3 P= ? 2 J L ! >F 7 7 @ 7 2F= 3 3± J @ 2 ± ∓ ∓ ± 3 : 3 3 J L . . /. 5 / 3 P 7 3
−
. . /. / 0 :F:< = N 2 J 3 = P >F 78 3 8 : 2= 23 7 N 7 1 9 >P 8 78 = E 0 9= 12F:P= =
3 J 3 L M >22N >39= P > 7 N : 7 1 9 >P 878 = 7 D;P=
6 23 2 6 3 − 3 − J (
2 3 J
2 3 J Q 7 9P : 7 1 9 >P 878 = 7 D;P= P >F 78 3 8 : 1 9 >P 8 78 = 2 6 23 2 6 3 − 3 − 2 3 − J
0 : ? 1 7 9 N 3>; @ C 3: 1 H F 7 P1 2 C >234 N :< 8 : 1 H F: Q 9 7 ?23>P= 34 P P= ? 7 Q9 := P 7 ? 78 =G ?P1I F = 8 7 E 8 H I N 8 :< = 3 7 F 7 E L 9 :VF >2 8 : > ?>C 7 L ?FG D 3 :V : 8 7 : 1 I: ?= N : @ C 3 : 1 H PH Q:F 8 GF: 24 9 >P 78 23P :
6 − − · %] · − ]\ J 6 \ − −
[ 7 2F:< 8 : Q 9 :P 7 9= 34 @ C 3 : D 3 : 1 9 >P 8 78 = 7 = N 7 7 3 ;:9 78 4 J 6 L 3: 1 H Q:F1 C= 34 9 > F:< 78 = 7 PH 9 >< 78 =G 6 23 2− 3 @ Q9 7 < ? 7 − 62 − − P 2 7 V : >N 7 3= N @ C 3 : 6 23 6 2 J 6 2 3 2 L ! >F 7 7 @
−
−
6 2 7 3 − 2 J 6 23 − 6 2 6 − 7 2 7 3 7 0 :D 3 :N 1 8 1 < 8 : Q:F:< = 34 7 J = J L = 3 :V 7 Q :F 1 C > 7 N @ C 3 : = 2I: ? 8 : 7 −
1 9 >P 8 78 = 7 D;P= P >F 78 3 8 : 1 9 >P 8 78 = 2
6 3 − 3 − 3 J
. . /. / 3 P 7 3 6 L 0 9 7 < ? 7 P 2 7 V : : 3N 7 3= N @ C 3 : C= 2F: Q :F:< = 3 7 F4 8 H I ;:9 8 7 E 9 >P 8 : C= 2F 1 : 39= 6 >3 7 F4 8 H I ;:9 87 E @ > 7 U 7 234 ;:9 78 4 L 0 :D 3 :N 1 ?: 23 > 3 :C 8 : 1 1 7 ?= 34 2G @ C 3 : C= 2F: Q :F:< = 3 7 F4 8 H I ;:9 8 7 E 9 >P 8 : 6 L 2F= 3 2 J @ L M >22N : 39= N V 9 > + = ;= + 1 8 ; 6 = E 3 J 2 . = 3 J 3\ 2 L 3 : 2 J 3 2
| | C >23 :;
|
|6
: 2= 2 : 3 ?: 2: ? 7 9 < = 3 : 39 7 ;:P ?F= 8 :E = : ?= 8 : 39 7 :; ?F = 8 :E N 78 4 7 L M >22N >39= P >G 1 ; > > 88 H 7 V9 > + = ;= @ F 7:V ;: 1 1 7 ?= 34 2G @ C 3 : 8 > Q 7 9P :N : 39 7 ;:7 ?F= 8 :E 7 234 : ?= 8 ;:9 78 4 ?> 88 :V : 1 9 >P 8 78 =G @ > 8 >
:
1
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◦ = 3 " J 3 " J 3 6 ◦ L
− 4 8 H E 1 V :F 4 8= ; 2 6 78 39 :N P 8 >C >F 7 ;: :9 ?= 8 >3 @ : ? 8 > 1 : 4N N Q 9 >P=F = P 7 9 = 8 ;: 3 :9 :V : 9 >2Q :F:< 78 > P 3 :C ; 7 ( L M >22N : 39 7 P Q 9 : 7 ; 6 = 2 8 > − : 24 2 21 N N H P 7 ; 3 :9 :P @ = ?1U =I = 8 >C >F > ;: :9 ?= 8 >3 P P 7 9 = 8 H 1V :F 4 8 = ; > @ Q :F 1 C= N 39 7 1 1 7 N : 7 L . . / . / 0 9= 2F >V > 7 N H I L
; J ' 21 N N > = > ?>C= L 1 2: 23 := 3 = C 3 8 :V : C= 2F >
3=
2F >V > 7 N H 7 9 > 1 = P > 2 32G 8 > Q >9H 3
. . / / [ 1 < 8 : ?:; > >34 @ C 3 :
]"
] 0 J 3 / − " L
, , 3 K 3 - − 3 K - J 3 ] 3 ] 3 ] 4 >N 78 = N P F 7 P :E C >23= 3 K - 8 > 3 K 3 - 3 - 3 K L ! >F 7 7 @ , , , , , J 3 3 3 J 3 3 3 3 3 3
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
, J 3 3 - 3 3 K J ] ]
J
]
− 3 K 3 - − 3 - 3 K
]
] . . / / 0 9 7 < ? 7 P2 7 V : >N 7 3= N @ C 3 : 3 K J L 0 :D 3 :N 1 3 K 3 K J ] ] ] J J = 3 L? L ] . . /) / > 0 9= N 78 = N + :9 N 1F 1 = > ?>C= L 6 ?FG ; J = K J . L
0 & 9 7 1F4 3 >3 7 Q :F 1 C= N @ C 3 : 39 7 1 1 7 N : 7 Q 9 := P 7 ? 78 = 7 9 >P 8 : / \ " ' L: [ : 0 ] # / " ' 3 . J 3 . L :
:
J
1 M 7 > 7 32G > 8 >F:V= C 8 : > L [ 1 < 8 : F = 4 >N 7 3= 34 @ C 3 : 3 . J . L : − 3 : J − J ] J . . /5 / > 2 8 : @ C 3 : K L − \ ] ]
1 9 :VF >2 8 : > ?>C 7 >
K J
K
K J
K J
−
K
K(
K (
−
K
−
K
9 F:< = P D 3= 9 >P 78 23P > @ Q :F1 C= N 39 7 1 1 7 N : 7 L . . / / 2 8 : @ C 3 :
K −
K
J
0 \ − J L 0 :D 3 :N 1 / \ 0 / \ 0
J /
/ /
J ] ] % / − \ 0
0
\ 0 − \
; K
−
J
K
. . / / ! :; >< 7 N 2 8 >C >F > @ C 3 : ]" 3 ]
\
" 3 ]
\
3
] " ]
\
J 3
"
]
\
]" 3 ]
\
3
"
]
\
M > 1 7 9 N : 3 ? 7 F 4 8 : 2F1 C >E C 3 8 :V : = 87 C 3 8 :V : ; L 2F= ; J @ 3 : 8 1 < 8 : P: 2 0 ] ] 0" ]" ] 0" ] Q :F 4 :P >34 2G 3 7 N @ C 3 : 3 / J 3 @ 3 / J 3 / − \ " @ ] ] ] ] \ " L 0 : 2F \2:; 9 >U =G D\3= I 9 >P H I \N :< = 3 F E : 23 L L L @ 3 " J 3 > 7 78 8 8 7 7 ] ] \ \ 32G Q9 := P 7 ? 78 = 7 : ?= 8 >;:PH I N 8 :< = 3 7 F 7 E L 2F = ; J @ 3: 8 1 < 8 : ] ] 0" ] 0" ] 0" \ @ L L L @ 3 / P : 2Q:F4 :P >342G 3 7 N @ C 3 : 3 / J 3 / J ] ] ] \ \ \ " J 3 L ] \ 4 >N 78 = N P F 7 P:E C >23= 9 >P 78 23P > ; >< ?H E N 8 :< = 3 7 F 4 3 K 8 > ]" 3 " J Q :F 1 3 K 3 K L 0 : 2F 7 2:; 9 >U 78 =G 8 > 3 ] " 3 ] ] 6 \ \ \ C= N 39 7 1 1 7 N : 7 L
. . / / > 0 1234 Y 5 = 2;:N >G 21 N N > 2= 8 12:P L : 2Q :F 4 :P >P = 24 3 :< ? 7
23P :N
3 2 3 3 J 3 2 − 3 − 3 2 3 @ Q :F1 C= N Y 3 ] J 3 K 3 ] 3 K 3 ] 3 ; K 3 ] J
J 3 3 %] 3 %] − 3 ] ] − 0 0 ] /] \ J 3 / − \ − 3 ] ]
] 0 J 3 3 / ] \ ] −
4 >3 7 N P : 2Q:F4 1 7 N 2G 3 :< ? 7 23P :N 3 2 J 3 − 3 L 9 7 1F 4 − 3 3 ] ] 0 3 >3 7 Q :F 1 C= N Y 3 J 3 3 / \ L ]
]
]
1 0 1234 Y 5 = 2;:N >G 21 N N > ;: 2= 8 12:P L : 2Q :F 4 :P >P = 24 3:< ? 7 23P:N 3 2 3 3 J 3 2 3 − 3 2 − 3 @ Q:F1 C= N Y 3 J 3 K 3 3 K 3 3 ; K 3 J
]
]
]
]
J 3 % 3 ] 3 ] − 3 %] ] − 0 ] 0 ] 3 / \ 3 / − \ J − ] ]
] 0 J 3 / \ − 3 ] ] . . / / 9 F:< = N 3 :< ? 7 23P >
3 K ]\ 2 − 3 K − ]\ 2 J 3 ]\ 2 3 K 2 ?FG J @ @ @ L L L @ ; L 9 7 1F4 3>3 7 Q:F1 C= N 39 7 1 1 7 N : 7 L . . / / > 2 8 : @ C 3 : 8 2 J @ 2 J 2 = 2 J 2 L 9 :N 7 3 :V : @ + :9 N 1F H 3 ; J 3 ; 3 3 ; 3 (
3 ; J 3 ; 3 − 3 ; 3 2 J Q :; > H P > 2 3 @ C 3 : 2 J 2 − 2 2 = 2 2 L J 2 2 − − 1 * 2Q:F4 −1G Q :F1 C 788 H 7 9 7 ;1 99 78 3 8 H 7 2: : 3 8 : 78 =G @ F 7 V ;: Q 9 :P 7 9= 34 @ C 3: 2 J 2 7 2 @ 2 J 2 @ 2 J 2 2 @ 2 J 2 @ V? 7 7 @ @ @ 5 N 8 :V :CF 78 H 23 7 Q 78 = L 0 :D 3 :N 1 3 2 J 3 2 J J 3 2 J 3 2 L − ] 0 . . / . / 9 :VF >2 8 : > ?>C 7 L6 1 / \ J 3 @ V ? 7 5 N 8 : V :CF 78 23 7 Q 78 = L ! >F 7 7 @ 7 2F = J " @ 3 : 3 J L Q :D 3 :N 1 ] \ " ]" " 2 J 2 3 2 3 ( 2 3 − − − ] ] ]
\
\
\
5 8 7 ;: 3 :9 : 7 C= 2F: L 3 : 1 H PH C= 2F = 34 @ Q:F:< = N 2 J L 2 8 : @ C 3 : ] 0 \ J L 9 :N 7 3 :V : @ 2:VF >2 8 : > ?>C 7 6 L P J 8 /
V? 7
→
4 8 >C= 3 @
J
−
" ]" " ] 3 ] 3 ] 3 ] J \ \ \ \ L
. . / / 0 7 9P: 7 1 9 >P 878 = 7 N :< 8 : Q 7 9 7 Q= 2>34 P P= ? 7 2 6 J ± L 0 1234 2 J L X:V?> 3 J L 8 >F:V= C 8 : X>;= N : 1 9 > :N @
J L 0 :D3 :N 1
]
G 2 8 : @ C 3 : 3 J \ − 4 J = 2 J L
J # − J −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− − − 9 7 78 =G L ] : 2Q:F4 1 7 N 2G 3 7 N @ C 3 : L H 1 7 9 7 N 1VFH K @ - @ @ > \ J ] . J L -. J @ ;F 2 C H N < ?1 = @ 3>; @ C 3 : K. J @
X:V?>
88 7
7
:
2
, J J % , J L 2F= Z K ( - (
3
4
Z @ 3 : 9 >P 78 23P : = \ J @ 3 L7 L ] ] : \ − , , " J J PH Q:F 8 G 7 32G F = 4 P 3 :N 2F1 C > 7 @ ;:V?> " @ ] − ] ] ] − ] ] 3 L7 L K - J L X>;= N : 1 9 > :N @ K @ - = 5 1VFH 39 7 1V :F4 8 = ; > @ 23 :9 : 8 H : ; >; L 4 >C= 3 @ K J % @ - J @ J " L 0 :D 3:N 1 ;: 3 :9 :V : : 3 8 : 2G 32G 3 6 8 3 ] , J \@ J N :< 8 : P : 2Q :F4 :P >34 2G @ 8 >Q 9= N 7 9 @ + :9N 1F:E J \ = ] ] ] ]
J ]
%
\
r
\
L
− −
3 P 7 3 \ ( \ ( = \ ( \ ( L − −] − ] % % . . /) / > 0 :F:< = N 2 J @ V? 7 Z Z
. L X:V?> − J \ J L 1? 7 N 2C= 3 >34 @ C 3 : 2 Z Z 2 L X:V?> C= 2F > @ @ − − − L L L @ @ Q :F:< = 3 7 F4 8 H = =I 21 N N > N 78 4 7 . L 4 8 >C= 3 @ 29 7 ?= 8 = I 7 234 − − :
:
Q :F:< = 3 7 F4 8 : 7 C= 2F: @ N 78 4 7 7 =
2
"
0 ] / −L \ : 1 F > ?> 7 3 39 7 1 1 7 N H N 2P :E 23P :N
L 9 : : 3P 7 323P1 2 U >G 7 N 1 Q >9 > C= 2 7 F
2
@ V? 7 − . Z Z . L X:V ?> − J − L : : \ 1 ? 7 N 2C= 3 >34 @ C 3 : 2 Z Z 2 L X:V?> C= 2F > @ @ L L L @ @ − − Q :F:< = 3 7 F4 8 H = = I 21 N N > 9 >P 8 > L 4 8 >C= 3 @ 29 7 ?= 8 = I 7− 234 Q−: − : = 3 7 F 4 8 : 7 C= 2F: @ 8 7 Q 9 7 P: 2I: ?GU 7 7 . ; L 9 : ::3P 7 323P1 2 U >G 7 N 1 Q >9 > C= 2 7 F F:< 2 = 2 : 1 F > ?> 7 3 39 7 1 1 7 N H N 2P :E 23P :N:L
1 0 :F:< = N 2 J
. . /5 / H 1 7 9 7 N 8 > : 2= 2 3 :C ;1 A J 2 ( @ > 8 > : 2= 3 PH 1 7 9 7 N 3 :C ;= B J ( @ J @ @ L L L M >22N : 39= N 39 7 1V :F 4 8 = ; B A B L − 0 1234 J B A B @ J @ @ L L L H C= 2F =P QF:U > ?4 39 7 1V :F4 8=;>
∠
−
B A B ?P1 NG 2Q: 2: 1 >N = @ Q:F 1 C= N \ 2 J \ B A A B 3 @ 3 L7 L · ] ] − − J p 2 √ 2 3 L 0 :D 3 :N 1
−
2 J
$ 3 J p 0 √ / − \
C= 3H P >G @
C3: @ Q :F 1 C > 7 N Z L 23 > 32G >N 7 3= 34 @ C 3 : 6 3 . Z L : . . / / 9 :VF >2 8 : :Q 9 7 ? 7 F 78 = 2 N 8 :V :CF 78 > 7 1 H P > 3 ; J 3 @ Q 9= C N 2 J − 2 L 0 :D 3:N 1 J 78 7 2 7 2 7 2 @ V? 7 2 J 3 L [ >: 1 :9 : 3 @ Q1234 > ?> 8 N 8 :V :CF 78 2 J 8 2 2 L M >P 78 23P > 3 J 3 @ 3 J 3 − @ 3 6 J 3 − 6 3 @ L L L Q: P:FG 2 3 Q :F 1 C= 34 PH 9 >< 78 =G 3 J 3 @ 3 J \ 3 @ 3 J \ 3 6 ] 6 3 @ L L L 2F = Q 9= D 3 :N P PH 9 >< 78 = = ?FG 3 P239 7 C > 7 32G PH 9 >< 78 = 7 3 @ V? 7 Z ' @ 3 : N H >Q= 2H P > 7 N ?FG 3 3 : PH 9 >< 78 = 7 @ ;: 3:9 : 7 1 < 7 1 H F: Q:F 1 C 78 : 9 > 87 7 L X>; N H Q:F1 C= N PH 9 >< 78 =G
3 J ] \ 3 ' 3 ' − 3 − − 4 >N 78 =P P N 8 :V :CF 78 7 2 ; >< ?H E N : 8 :N 2 8 >
\ 3 ' ]−
3 ' 3 ( − −
Q :F 1 C= N 2: : 3P 7 323P1 2 U =E 39= V : 8 :N 7 39= C 7 2;=E N 8 :V :CF 78 L
. . / / > X9=V : 8 :N 7 39= C 7 2;= E N 8 :V :CF 78 ; E 23 7 Q 78 = Q 9 7 ?23 >PFG 7 3 2: 1 :E 21 N N 1 2F >V > 7 N H I P= ?> 3 @ L 0 :D 3 :N 1 ?: 23 >3:C 8 : Q 9 :P 7 9= 34 @ 6 6 ; C 3: ( Q9= − " 66;− \ X 3 J − ] ; Q9= J ; 8
0 9= J = J
; D 3 : :C 7 P= ? 8 : L 0 :; >< 7 N @ C 3: 7 2F = 6 6 ; − @ 3 :
− ] " X J ( − 3 8
! 7 E 23P= 3 7 F 4 8 : @ 2:VF >2 8 : > ?>C 7
− ] 0 " X J \ − 3 / 8
L
0 " ] / −\ " − " − − X \ J J 3 K ] ] 8 − ] 1 9 :VF >2 8 : > ?>C 7 > 29 7 ? 87 7 >9= + N 7 3= C 7 2;: 7 C= 2 7 F @ " @ L L L @ ] 0 / −\ " 9 >P 8 : 7 @ Q :D3 :N 1 29 7 ? 87 7 >9= + N 7 3= C 7 2;: 7 = I N : ?1F 7 E 8 7 N 78 4 7 7 L [ : 7 2F= 29 7 ? 8 7 7 >9= + N 7 3= C 7 2;: 7 C= 2 7 F 8 7 N 78 4 7 7 @ 3 : : ? 8 : | | | | = 8 = I 87 N 78 4 7 7 L | | . . / / 9 :VF >2 8 : > ?>C 7 L6 N 8 :V :CF 78 1 2 2: : 3P 7 323P1 7 3 39= V : 8 :N 7 39= C 7 2;= E N 8 :V :CF 78 2: 23>9 = N ;:D + + = 6 = 78 3 :N . − @ ?FG ;: 3 :9 :V :
J
3 L 9 :VF >2 8 : > ?>C 7 L6 | 8 | > ] \ ?FG 8 7 ;: 3 :9 :V : 8 L − \ L 0 :F:< = N 2 J 3 8 L X:V?> 2 8 J 8 | | | | > ]
. . / / M >22N : 39= N + 1 8 ; 6 = 2 < ? 7 23P :N
−
J 3 ] 2 L : 2Q :F 4 :P >P = 24 3 :
3 ] 3 J 3 ]\ − 3 − ]\ ( Q :F 1 C= N J 7 3 ; \ @ V ? 7 ]
− J 7 − 7 − 3 ; − ]\ 7 − 78 3 ] 78 3 − ] 0 9= D 3 :N 7 7 7 7 8 78 J 7 L :F 7 7 3 :V : @ C= 2F > | | 6 − − − 3 ] = 3 − ] 87 N :V1 3 1 H 34 : ? 8 :P9 7 N 78 8 : 9 >P 8 H @ Q :D 3 :N 1 | | Z 7 L X>;= N : 1 9 > :N @ 7 2F = 3 ; \ J @ 3 : $ @ > 7 2F= 3 ; \ J @ − ] ] 3 : Z L ] 2 8 : @ C 3 : 3 ; \ J Q 9= ; \ J " @ 3 L7 L Q 9= J \ L ± ] ] ] ] : : \ ] 7 < ?1 ; >< ?:E Q >9 :E 2: 2 7 ? 8 = I 3 :C 7 ; \ @ V? 7 J @ @ L L L @ ; @ F 7 < = 3 9 :P 8 : ] : \ : ?= 8 ;:9 78 4 1 9 >P 8 78 =G J L 2 7 V : Q:F 1 C > 7 N ; ;:9 8 7 E @ Q 9= C N J 8 7 ;:9 78 4 L 4 8 >C= 3 @ ?FG P2 7 I D 3= I 3 :C 7 ; + 1 8 ; 6 =G 3 87 : 1 9 >U > 7 32G P 8 1F4 @ 3 L7 L ] : 8 = G PFG 2 32G 3 >; < 7 = ;:9 8 G N = 39= V : 8 :N 7 39= C 7 2;:V : N 8 :V :CF 78 > L
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