XVII ОЛИМПИЙСКИЕ ИГРЫ. РИМ 1960

THE GAMES OF THE XVII OLYMPIAD ROME 1960

The Official Report of the Organizing Committee

Copyright — 1960 by the Organizing Committee of the Games of the XVII Olympiad

THE OFFICIAL REPORT EDITED BY THE ORGANIZING COMMITTEE FOR THE GAMES OF THE XVII OLYMPIAD AND PRINTED BY THE COLOMBO PRINTING ESTABLISHMENT AND THE ROTOGRAFICA ROMANA. IT WAS PREPARED BY ROMOLO GIACOMINI, UNDER THE DIRECTION OF MARCELLO GARRONI, TOGETHER WITH THE COLLABORATION OF ENRICO VIGNOLINI AND ARTISTIC ADVICE BY ELENA BAGGIO. ENGLISH TRANSLATION BY EDWIN BYATT.

NEWS AND TECHNICAL DATA WAS SUPPLIED BY THE HEADS OF SECTIONS OF THE ORGANIZATION AND BY VARIOUS INSTITUTIONS WHICH GRACIOUSLY CO-OPERATED WITH IT DURING THE QUADRIENNIAL PREPARATION OF THE GAMES OF THE XVII OLYMPIAD.

THE SIX AGENCIES FORMING THE OLYMPIA PHOTOGRAPHIC POOL AND THE PHOTOGRAPHERS ANGELO GOZZI, MARIO DE BIASI AND SERGIO DEL GRANDE OF EPOCA MAGAZINE KINDLY OFFERED PART OF THE PHOTOGRAPHIC MATERIAL.

THE GAMES OF THE XVII OLYMPIAD ROME 1960

VOLUME

ONE

PREFACE Well aware of the responsibilities imposed by a work of extreme accuracy such as the preparation of the Official Report, and in an effort to attain a clear, comprehensive, and precise documentation, we have not failed to refer to all possible sources of technical and statistical information. The overall pattern of the Games of the XVII Olympiad, as described in the various reports and commentaries, will be shown by the collection of data and details, figures and graphs which record and analyse works and results and will serve to give us an unforgetable memory of the protagonists as well as to provide evidence of the efforts undertaken in organizing the Rome Olympic Games. This documentation attempts to illustrate events and general aspects of the work undertaken during the four-year period of preparation. In this way, the description of the organization in all its technical and human aspects, offers a clear and comprehensive picture of the ability of the organizers and shows, once more, that sport has now reached the extreme limits of human achievement. It must be remembered that one of the aims of the Official Report is that of re-evoking the epic atmosphere of the Games in all their spectacular grandeur; it is also intended to recall the keen competitive spirit among countless protagonists who have now become historic figures in the life of the Olympiads. It is no easy task to indicate the amount of patient work and alternating hopes that the solution of the thousand and one problems in connection with so vast an undertaking cost the organizers, a task which was not only of a technical and organizational nature. However, with an ever-present consciousness of the responsibilities assumed, we have attempted to complete a work which justifies the effort of the organizers. It is under this aspect, therefore, that we have faithfully reproduced data, documents, and the experiences lived by all in all fields. It is here that our completed work is produced in a condensed form and the material we have collected, selected, and checked is registered with the comforting support of figures. 7

The Report consists of two volumes: the first contains a documentation of the organizational sector whilst the second contains the results of the competitions. The photographic documentation, carefully, and appropriately selected illustrates facts and protagonists in picturesque and realistic form such as an historical work of this nature calls for. The compiling of the two volumes required twenty-four months of patient work. Should there be cause anywhere for complaint, it should be pointed out that data in respect of the athletes from the eighty-four countries did not always reach the Organization in a clear manner both as regards writing as well as to correctness of information. We are, however, comforted by the certainty that this work will render good service in the spreading of the Olympic ideal and to those who are now endeavouring to face the difficult task of organizing the Olympic Games to come.

THE EDITING COMMITTEE

8

SUMMARY 7

PREFACE

9

SUMMARY

13

INTERNATIONAL OLYMPIC COMMITTEE

17

ORGANIZING COMMITTEE

23

THE ACCOMPLISHMENT OF THE TASK

28 30 32 37 42 43 48

Organizational problems Expense budgets Allotment of tasks Artistic programme Nomination of Organizing Committee City problems The organization effort THE OLYMPIC VENUES Overall organization of the work Tenders for the work The Olympic stadium The Flaminio stadium The Palazzetto dello Sport The Swimming stadium The Stadio dei Marmi The Acqua Acetosa sports zone The Shooting ranges The E. U. R. Olympic centre The Palazzo dello Sport The Olympic Velodrome The Piscina delle Rose The Tre Fontane sports zone The Basilica of Maxentius and Caracalla Baths The route of the Marathon Venues for the Equestrian Sports Lake Albano for the Rowing events Routes of the Cycling events The subsidiary venues Stadia for the Football tournament Works in the Bay of Naples Indicator boards The Olympic Village

51 54 55 56 58 60 62 64

65 66 67 68 72

75 76 76 80 81 82 84 84 85 86 86 89

MANAGEMENT OF OLYMPIC VENUES 100 Maintenance of the venues 105 Sports equipment 95

125

TECHNICAL SERVICES

134 136 137

The Sports Programme The « minimum » standards table The technical regulations

9

144 158 163 164 164 168 169 171 174 183 191 193

The entry forms Competition officials Accompanying officials The training of horses for the Modern Pentathlon Training grounds and their allocation The Mechanographic centre Flag assembly centre Timekeeping service The registration of times The Yachting regattas The Naval Command of Naples Gauging operations

195

THE JOURNEY OF THE OLYMPIC TORCH

199 201 204 205 206 208 212

The choice of the course Reconnaissance of the course The new model of the torch The itineraries From Olympia to Rome On board the « Vespucci » Torchbearers in the relay of the Olympic torch

223

THE OLYMPIC VILLAGE

236 237 242 246 251 267 272 273 275 277 285 287 293 294

The preparation of lodgings The feeding of the guests Reception centre The Information office Lodging sector The assignment of duties The provisioning sector The menu list The restaurant services 45,495 work days Items consumed in the restaurants Hygienic and sanitary precautions Services sector Administration Displacements

297

ART AND HISTORICAL SPORTS EVENTS

299 300 304 306 308 310 313 315 316 322 325

Competition for the poster 212 competitors and 249 designs The Olympic Hymn The medals for winners Historical sports events The exhibition of sports photography Sport in History and Art The plan of the exhibition Arrangement of the works Fete at the Pincio Original works displayed in the exhibition

337

THE PRESS SERVICES

341 343 345 354 355

The official bulletin A committee of experts The diffusion of the poster Course for announcers Olympic press cards

256

10

356 Solutions to the benefit of the press 359 The operations for accreditation 364 The Press Centre and News Centre 370 The problems in connection with information 372 Accommodation assistance 373 The photographic pool 378 Daily programmes 380 The Press Service for Yachting 382 Radio and Television 384 The problem of links 387 The Television service 390 The technical apparatus 391 The production of filmed services 395 93 hours and 40 minutes of transmission 398 Television transmissions 400 Special transmissions 405

TRAFFIC TRANSPORT AND PARKING

408 409 410 412 414 416 420 422

Olympic traffic The routes chosen Regular lines Main links Special number-plates and discs Olympic parking Category badges Insurance and accidents

425

SECRETARIAT AND GENERAL AFFAIRS

428 433 438 439 441 445

Relations with the I. O. C. Decorative improvements to Rome The accredited tourist agencies Special provisions for athletes Badges and uniforms The Insurance policy The Olympic Identity Card Customs formalities problems The Philatelists Assistance office The "First Day of Issue" Religious assistance The Papal audiences

450 451 454 456 464 465

473 ADMINISTRATION 476 Supervisory office 480 Personnel office 483 Demobilization of personnel 484 Banking and Treasury services 486 Liaison abroad 491 Special current account cheques 495 The mobile agency 497 499 502 503 508 510 511 513 516

TICKETS AND CONTROL MEASURES The technical section The commercial section The distribution section Distribution and booking of tickets Sales abroad Sales in Italy Control service The tickets sold

11

543

PROTOCOL AND CEREMONIAL

547 548 550 552 553 557 559 560 562 563 565 568

Official invitations Reception and Departure offices Ceremonial at the Olympic Village Precedencies and protocol The 57th Session of the I. O. C. The International Congresses Opening and Closing of the Games The bands The release of pigeons Ceremonies and prizegivings The official receptions Diplomas

569

THE CONTRIBUTION OF THE ARMED FORCES

Staff establishment 577 The executive phases 580 In the information field 584 Services rendered in competition arenas

574

585

POSTS AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS

590 591 601 603 604

The telegraph services The telephone services Services in concession The Italcable installations The Radiostampa service

607

OLYMPIC TOURISM AND RECEPTION CAPACITY IN ROME

The appeal by the Mayor The control of prices Accommodation in institutes The methods for reservation 615 Relations with Officially Accredited Agencies 616 Statistical results

610 611 612 613

621

MEDICAL AND HYGIENE SERVICES

Scientific research Medical assistance First aid 635 Specialist services 637 The health hygiene problem 639 Medical and Surgical intervention

627 630 632

647

THE OLYMPIC FILM

650 Synopsis and script 652 Night shooting 656 80,000 metres of film 657 Musical scoring

12

659

DONATIONS AND FACILITIES

665

THE ACCREDITED JOURNALISTS

681

LIST OF ATHLETES

INTERNATIONAL OLYMPIC COMMITTEE Founder BARON PIERRE DE COUBERTIN

PRESIDENT Mr. Avery Brundage (U.S.A.)

VICE-PRESIDENTS The Marquess of Exeter, K.C.M.G.

Mr. Armand Massard

EXECUTIVE BOARD Sir Arthur Porritt (Great Britain) Mr. Bo Ekelund (Sweden) Dr. Karl Ritter von Halt (Germany) H.E. Mohammed Taher, Member Assistant to President

Mr. Avery Brundage (U.S.A.) Mr. Armand Massard (France) The Marquess of Exeter (Great Britain) Count Paolo Thaon di Revel (Italy) Gen. Col. Vladimir Stoïtchev (Bulgaria)

MEMBERS Mr. Mario L. Negri Mr. Hugh Weir Mr. Lewis Luxton Dr. h.c. Manfred Mautner Hitter von Markhof Austria H.R.H. Prince Albert of Liege Belgium Mr. Arnaldo Guinle Brazil Dr. J. Ferreira Santos Gen. Col. Vladimir Stoïtchev Bulgaria Mr. A. Sidney Dawes Canada Dr. Alejandro Rivera Bascur Chile Mr. Julio Gerlein Comelin Colombia Dr. Miguel A. Moenck Cuba Czechoslovakia Prof. Dr. Joseph G. A. Gruss Mr. Ivar Emil Vind Denmark Mr. J. W. Rangell Finland Mr. Eric von Frenckell France Mr. François Piétri Mr. Armand Massard Count de Beaumont Germany Dr. Karl Ritter von Halt Mr. Willi Daume Great Britain The Marquess of Exeter, K.C.M.G. Sir Arthur Porritt Lord Luke Mr. Angelo Bolanaki Greece Mr. Jean Ketseas Gen. C. F. Pahud de Mortanges Holland Dr. Ferenc Mezö Hungary Iceland Mr. Benedikt-G. Waage Mr G D Sondhi India Maj. Raja Bhalindra Singh Iran H.I.H. Prince Gholam Reza Pahlavi Lord Killanin Ireland Count Paolo Thaon di Revel Italy Dr. Giorgio de Stefani Argentine Australia

Japan Kenya Lebanon Liechtenstein Luxembourg Mexico Monaco Norway Pakistan Panama Peru Poland Portugal Philippines Rumania Spain South Africa Sweden Switzerland Turkey U.A.R. U.S.A. U.S.S.R. Venezuela Yugoslavia

Dr. Sh. Takaishi Dr. Ryotaro Azuma Mr. Reginald Stanley Alexander Sheikh Gabriel Gemayel H.H. Prince François-Joseph of Liechtenstein H.R.H. Prince Jean of Luxembourg Mr. Marte R. Gomez General José de J. Clark F. H.S.H. Prince Pierre of Monaco Mr. O. Ditlev-Simonsen Jr. Mr. Syed Wajid Ali Dr. Agustin Sosa Mr. Eduardo Dibos Prof Dr. Jerzy Loth Mr. Saul Cristovao Ferreira Pires Hon. Jorge B. Vargas Mr. Alexandru Siperco Baron de Güell Mr. Reginald Honey Mr. Bo Ekelund General Gustav Dyrssen Major Albert Mayer Mr. Suat Erler Mr. A. D. Touny Mr. Avery Brundage Mr. John Jewett Garland Mr. Douglas F. Roby Mr. Mr. Dr. Mr.

Constantin Andrianow Aleksi Romanov Julio Bustamente B. Boris Bakrac

–– H. E. Mohammed Taher

CHANCELLOR Mr. Otto Mayer

13

The President of the Italian Republic, the Hon. Giovanni Gronchi Patron of the Games of the XVII Olympiad

Avery

Brundage President of the International Olympic Committee

ORGANISING COMMITTEE ON AUGUST 1st 1960

PATRON

PRESIDENT

ORGANISING COMMITTEE

PROVINCIAL TOURIST BOARD

ROME MUNICIPALITY

PRESIDENT

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE

OLYMPIC MILITARY DETACHMENT

SECRETARY GENERAL

Tommaso Calise

TECHNICAL DIRECTOR

Mario Saini

O. C.

V. M.

SEC. 1

SEC. 2

SEC. 3

DUTIES

OLYMPIC CONSTRUCTIONS Luciano Berti

SECTION

1

AND

SECTION

SEC.

HEADS 2

SEC. 7

6

OF

SEC. 8

SEC.

SEC.

9

10

SECTIONS

SECTION

3

SECTION

4

SECTION

5

TECHNICAL

OLYMPIC TORCH

OLYMPIC VILLAGE

ART

PRESS SERVICES

Virgilio Tommasi

Alfredo Langellotti

Giuseppe Fabre

Roberto Vighi

G. Sabelli - Fioretti

SECTION

6

OLYMPIC VENUES MANAGEMENT

TRANSPORT

Giovanni Poli

Sergio Taviani

2.

SEC. 5

SEC. 4

SECTION

7

SECTION

8

SECTION

9

SECTION

10

SECRETARIAT

ADMINISTRATION

TICKETS AND CONTROL

CEREMONIAL

Gino Del Neri

Tommaso Folinea

Carlo della Vida

Luigi Magliari

GAMES OF THE XVII OLYMPIAD - ROME 1960 PATRON

THE HON. GIOVANNI GRONCHI – PRESIDENT OF THE ITALIAN REPUBLIC

* * * MINISTERS FOR PUBLIC WORKS

MINISTERS FOR TOURISM & ENTERTAINMENT

The Hon. Giuseppe Togni The Hon. Benigno Zaccagnini

Sen. Umberto Tupini The Hon. Alberto Folchi

* * * ORGANISING COMMITTEE PRESIDENT The Hon. Giulio Andreotti VICE - PRESIDENTS Avv. Urbano Cioccetti — Avv. Giulio Onesti — Count Paolo Thaon di Revel MEMBERS Dott. Umberto Agnelli Rag. Emanuele Bianchi Dott. Alfredo Boccalatte Comm. Leone Boccali Marquess Antonio Brivio Sforza Dott. Giuseppe Bruno Dott. Alfredo Correra Dott. Marcello Costa Dott. Beppe Croce Dott. Guglielmo De Angelis D' Ossat Dott. Alighiero De Micheli Dott. Giorgio de Stefani Count Francesco di Campello Count Lando Ferretti di Val d'Era Gen. Francesco Formigli Marquess Cristoforo Fracassi di Torre Rossano Dott. Marcello Garroni Gen. Giovanni Gatta Prof. Luigi Gedda

Comm. Guido Ginanni Gen. Antonio Gualano Dott. Antonio Le Pera Dott. Alberto Liuti Comm.Aldo Mairano Count Ermelino Matarazzo di Licosa Ing. Renzo Nostini Rag. Piero Oneglio Ing. Vincenzo Percuoco Ing. Enrico Reggiani Prof. Luigi Rio Comm. Adriano Rodoni Dott. Mario Saini Prof. Decio Scuri Gen. Gaetano Simoni Marquess Raffaele Travaglini del Vergante di S. Rita Dott. Giovanni Valente Dott. Bruno Zauli

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE Avv. Giulio Onesti (President) — Dott. Bruno Zauli (Vice-President) — Dott. Francesco Costantino — Dott. Marcello Garroni (Secretary-General) — Avv. Nicola Graziano — Dott. Mario Saini (Technical Director) — Rag. Virgilio Tommasi

18

The Hon. GIUSEPPE TOGNI Minister for Public Works during the preparation of the Rome Games

Sen. UMBERTO TUPINI Minister for Tourism & Entertainment during the preparation of the Rome Games

The Hon. BENIGNO ZACCAGNINI Minister for Public Works

The Hon. ALBERTO FOLCHI Minister for Tourism & Entertainment

19

I

t gives me great pleasure to present the Official Report of the Games of the XVII Olympiad which not only summarises and relates the various stages of the complex work of organisation, but also strives to make a worthy contribution to that message of friendship and peace which the Rome Olympic Games represented. This Report was realised by an editing committee which did all in its power to seek out all the official sources before incorporating them into the text in its organic form. It seems to me personally the most difficult task was that of selecting and checking the enormous quantity of available material; whilst the selection of those aspects considered to be the most significant from the copious documentation available constituted another difficult task. Nevertheless, the editing staff has succeeded in admirably portraying the successive general phases of the period of preparation for the Games and the organising effort of the Italian National Olympic Committee. By this last official act, the Organising Committee of the Rome Games has set a final seal on all relations with the C. O. N. I. which, for the complex organisation of the Games, constantly strove with all its force to overcome problems which tested its resistance and involved it in tasks difficult of solution. The Olympic experiment of Rome proved highly successful thanks to the solidarity and ability of the organisational bodies and of the various Italian and foreign Committees, and thanks to the spirit of sacrifice and enthusiasm for sport of all those who, at every level and in all sectors, were called upon to collaborate with the Organising Committee. To all collaborators, referees, journalists and technicians from here in Rome I now renew my sincerest thanks. And I address a special message of greeting to the 5,915 athletes of the 84 Countries who gathered in Rome on the occasion of the XVII Olympiad to exalt the spirit of universal sports fraternity. GIULIO ANDREOTTI

20

The Hon. GIULIO ANDREOTTI MINISTER FOR DEFENCE – PRESIDENT OF THE ORGANISING COMMITTEE

FOR

THE

GAMES

OF

XVII

OLYMPIAD

THE ACCOMPLISHMENT OF THE TASK

H aving waited in the past did

long years and overcome adverse circumstances which not allow Rome's ambitions to be satisfied, finally on 15th June 1955 in the 50th Session at Paris, the International Olympic Committee, thanks above all to the careful preparation submitted by the Italian Olympic Committee, awarded the celebration of the Games of the XVII Olympiad to the Italian capital. It should be remembered that on that occasion Avv. Giulio Onesti, Dr. Bruno Zauli, respectively President and Secretary-General of the Italian National Olympic Committee and Ing. Salvatore Rebecchini, Mayor of Rome, with the intention of disposing the I. O. C.'s decision in Rome's favour, succeeded in creating an atmosphere of cordial understanding in the halls of the ancient Parisian palace of Faubourg Saint-Honore taking infinite pains to produce copious documentation, photographs, designs, graphs and plans, all collected in clear order and illustrated with a wealth of details and the supporting proof of figures. At that time, the City only disposed of a single sports installation in line with Olympic requirements:— the Olympic Stadium of Foro Italico inaugurated in 1953 and, in fact, this fine sports stadium with its modern and functional characteristics, already constituted an effective starting point. Besides the difficulties which had to be faced in the construction of stadiums, swimming pools, venues for the events themselves and for training, other problems arose—economical, technical and connected with town-planning—which were then faced and resolved in the course of the four years of preparation. On 22nd September 1955, the Italian National Olympic Committee worked out an overall plan and appointed a planning Committee (Francesco Bartolotta, Nello Ciampi, Marcello Garroni, Pietro Petroselli, Mario 25

URBANO CIOCCETTI Mayor of Rome Vice-President of the Organising Committee

GIULIO ONESTI President of the C.O.N.I. Vice-President of the Organising Committee President of the Executive Committee

PAOLO THAON DI REVEL Member of the Executive Board of the I.O.C. Vice-President of the Organising Committee

26

UMBERTO AGNELLI President of the Italian Football Federation

EMANUELE BIANCHI Member of the Executive Board of the C.O.N.I. - President of the F.M.I.

ALFREDO BOCCALATTE President of the Rowing Federation

Saini, Paolo Thaon di Revel, Giorgio de Stefani), which was to have the task of studying the details of the plan of organisation. On the occasion, Avv. Giulio Onesti illustrated the various tasks and worked out a programme as a result of contacts with the interested National Sports Federations. On 31st March 1956, the Committee was able to present a detailed report to the Executive Board of the Italian National Olympic Committee, taking the opportunity of suggesting that it might be appropriate, in view of the thousands of years of Rome's history, to hold some events included in the programme of the Olympic Games in the Basilica of Maxentius, in the Caracalla Baths and along the Appian Way, etc. The report provided for the tasks of the Organising Committee, the aid necessary for the equipment of camping grounds, the assistance required for the improvement to urban services, the necessity of new roads and, naturally, the construction of sports venues. A detailed examination was called for by the problem regarding the limits of the sphere of action of the future Organising Committee and the main tasks were therefore established as being:— (a) to assure board and lodging to the participants in possession of an Olympic Card, i.e. to the athletes and reserves as established by the regulations, to the Heads of Delegations, to the national and foreign Judges, to journalists and radio reporters, to the members of the Organising Committee, to the Officials of International Federations, to guests of honour such as members of the I. O. C; (b) to ensure transport and parking facilities for the above categories; (c) to arrange for the organisation of eventual sports congresses; 27

(d) to arrange services for the press and other sources of information; (e) to arrange for the constitution and smooth running of all technical sports sectors. The Committee made an exhaustive study of the period most suitable for the holding of the Olympic Games, basing their conclusions on the following elements: temperature and rainfall; hours of daylight; winds for the sailing events; and reception possibilities in relation to the expected tourist traffic.

Organisation problems. The Committee made a point of examining the historical precedents of the sports included in the Olympic Games of Berlin, London, Helsinki and of those included in the technical programme of the XVI Olympic Games of Melbourne. This examination showed that, practically speaking, from 1936 to 1956 no variations had taken place in compulsory and optional sports but only a number of variations on account of increases in the categories of weightlifting and boxing, of classes in yachting, of specialities in target shooting and swimming and other minor variations. In this connection, the Committee examined a number of possibilities of changes in the programme and especially the substitution of an optional sport with another optional sport; however, on the whole it decided that the ideal would be to maintain the standard programme of Helsinki and Melbourne, with the eventual elimination of the " running deer " shooting event, little practised in the various countries. However, the Committee considered it useful to suggest a reduction in the number of the events included in the programme of the two preceding Olympic Games. Having given careful consideration to the number of appointed athletes and reserves present at the Olympic Games of London and Helsinki, the Committee advised the limitation of 28

LEONE BOCCALI President of the Italian Sports Press Union

ANTONIO BRIVIO SFORZA Member of the Executive Board of the C.O.N.I.

GIUSEPPE BRUNO President of the Provincial Administration of Rome

the number of teams, the reduction of reserves, the increase in the number of female participants, the decrease in the number of officials, the possible elimination of team awards when these were equivalent to the total number of events already valid for the individual classifications. In this way, the Committee foresaw that entries would not exceed 6,000 for men and 1,000 for women (making a total maximum of 7,000 entries). The proportion of officials to the total of athletes present was calculated at 25 %, that is 1,800, while accompanying or service personnel was estimated at a total of 1,000. As far as the other categories were concerned, that is, competition officials, journalists and international officials, the Committee suggested an eventual reduction in their numbers, as already foreseen in part by the I.O.C. Regulations, with the blocking of the number of accredited journalists. The plan regarding the personnel of the Organising Committee and for the functioning of the Olympic Village provided for approximately 4,000 persons. Theoretically it seemed advisable that the Olympic Village should be placed in a position to the West of Rome, in a zone equidistant between the two principal centres of Foro Italico and the EUR; but preliminary investigations showed that such a zone did not contain a piece of land of approximately 50 hectares except at such a distance away as to render nil the possible benefit of a relative equidistance between the two principal centres of events. As for the subdivision of the Olympic Villages, the Committee, having examined the precedents, recognised that an evolution had taken place in the previous four year periods and that, in consequence, the sector of the Village reserved for the men should be rendered more functional by linking it to the women's sector. A very similar problem was that of the lodging of other categories, i.e. (1) Officials and

ALFREDO CORRERA Special Commissary for the Municipality of Naples

MARCELLO COSTA Mayor of Castelgandolfo

ANDREA BEPPE CROCE President of the U.S.V.I. Member of the Executive Board of the C.O.N.I.

29

accompanying personnel not lodging in the Olympic Village; (2) Journalists; (3) Judges; (4) Officials of International Federations; (5) Members of the I.O.C. The Committee considered that persons under (1) should be accommodated in hotels or in private houses; the journalists at the Domus Mariae and the Domus Pacis; the Judges in Institutions and only exceptionally in hotels; while persons coming under (4) and (5) could find lodging in high class hotels. On the 28th September 1955, the Italian National Olympic Committee requested the Italian National Sports Federations to inform the Committee, at least by giving a rough idea, of the minimum technical requirements of each sport presumably to be included in the programme of the 1960 Olympic Games, the preparation of the necessary venues, and the eventual storage space for material. Consequently the Committee examined the various requirements and preferences with the representatives of the interested Federations. The Committee considered it appropriate to indicate in a general way,

GUGLIELMO DE ANGELIS D' OSSAT Dir. Gen. Antiquities & Fine Arts – President of the Arts Committee

ALIGHIERO DE MICHELI President of the Italian Confederation of General Industry

GIORGIO DE STEFANI Member of the I.O.C. President of the Italian Tennis Federation

in the case of sports venues, the seating capacity in normal circumstances and requirements for the period of the Games and therefore expressed the conviction that for certain Olympic events, i.e. those scheduled for the peak days (event finals and Opening and Closing Ceremonies) the seating capacity would have to be considerably increased; however, it considered that the average attendance would presumably be less than the maximum capacity provided for.

Expense budgets. The formulation by the Committee of an estimate of expenses was the object of long and detailed examination. It was however recognised that the Committee could not draw up an estimate of expenses in the technical sense 30

of the expression. In fact, even when proceeding with the utmost caution, a serious estimate of expenses could not be prepared on a programme of events still not finalised and on an organising plan still in the course of study. Having thus explained that it was not possible to make a financial estimate of the various requirements of the individual Federations, the Committee still planned to furnish the Executive Board of the C.O.N.I. with all such elements as could, however, have contributed to the working out of the financial plan. But before proceeding to details, the Committee wished to draw the attention of the C.O.N.I. to the advantage of keeping quite separate the sums destined for the construction of venues and those directly invested by the organising Administration of the Olympic Games. In fact, the Committee thought fit to disprove the widespread opinion that the projected venues in Rome were being constructed solely to meet the requirements of the Olympic Games; obviously the construction of certain venues indispensable for the Olympic events would

FRANCESCO DI CAMPELLO President of the Italian Boxing Federation

LANDO FERRETTI DI VAL D'ERA Former President of the C.O.N.I.

FRANCESCO FORMIGLI President of the Italian Equestrian Sports Federation

be necessary, but these would add to the sports requirements of the Capital, as the lack had been widely felt for some years. Thus, ended the Committee, it would be more exact to say that the above-mentioned venues, useful in that they meet an obvious lack at Rome, were to be constructed in occasion of the Olympic Games but not because of these. Consequently, while confirming the opinion that expenses for the organising administration of the Olympic Games should be kept quite separate from expenses for the sports venues, the Committee considered that a brief and also, in this case, indicative outline should be given of the presumable financial requirements for the realisation of the above-mentioned venues. Due account having been taken of the works already constructed (Olympic Stadium and certain training venues), the financial plan was worked out for the construction of the following: Palazzo dello Sport, 31

CRISTOFORO FRACASSI DI TORRE ROSSANO President of the Ceremonial Committee

MARCELLO GARRONI Secretary-General for the Games

GIOVANNI GATTA President of the Italian Target Shooting Union

Palazzetto dello Sport, Velodrome, Swimming Stadium, Castelgandolfo regatta course, Football Stadium, Shooting ranges, training venues. The Committee unanimously made a strong recommendation to the Board of the C.O.N.I, to do their utmost to complete construction of the principal venues by the end of 1959 so that the Organising Committee should thus be able to put them in good time to the necessary test, thereby avoiding possible stress and worry at the last moment.

Allotment of tasks. While the Planning Committee was carrying out its work, the Board of the Italian National Olympic Committee, on 15th May 1956, made a first allotment of tasks, setting up a technical body, namely the C.O.R. (Rome Olympic

LUIGI GEDDA President of the Medical Scientific Committee

32

GUIDO GINANNI President of the Gymnastics Federation of Italy

ANTONIO GUALANO Commander of the Central Military Region

ANTONIO LE PERA President of the Italian Clay Pigeon Shooting Federation

ALBERTO LIUTI Prefect of Rome

ALDO MAIRANO President of the Olympic Torch Committee

Constructions), under Dr. Mario Saini, Vice Secretary-General of the Italian National Olympic Committee, with the responsibility of providing for the construction and equipping of the sports venues. On 1st June following, the Board of the C.O.N.I. established the building in Via Crescenzio No. 14 as temporary headquarters of the Organisation, empowering Dr. Marcello Garroni, Vice Secretary-General of the C.O.N.I., to provide for the setting up and arrangement of the necessary technical offices. The organising plan provided for the provisional constitution of ten Sections each of which was entrusted with specified tasks. Thus the study of the various problems regarding the respective organising sectors immediately got under way. On 12th July 1956, the Italian National Olympic Committee gave precise instructions to the Italian National Sports Federations, engaging their activities

ERMELINO MATARAZZO DI LICOSA C.O.N.I. Delegate for the Province of Naples

RENZO NOSTINI President of the Italian Fencing Federation

PIERO ONEGLIO Vice-President of the C.O.N.I. - President of the F.I.S.I.

33 3.

in technical organisation and, among other things, decided to send a number of experts as observers to the Games of the XVI Olympiad. In the course of the meeting of 3rd October 1956, the Executive Board of the C.O.N.I. examined a detailed report presented by the Rome Olympic Constructions on the lines as laid out, even down to the details concerning the construction and equipping of the sports venues and of the subsidiary venues. The report was approved by the Board which then also proceeded to consider the continuation of negotiations with the Istituto Nazionale Case Impiegati Statali (National Housing Institute for State Employees) for the detailed study and consequent construction of the Olympic Village. At the same time the Board decided to propose to the Presidency of the Council of Ministers the constitution of an Interministerial Committee to conciliate the requirements of complete, profitable and effective collaboration as regards organisation.

VlNCENZO PERCUOCO President of the Italian Swimming Federation

ENRICO REGGIANI Supervisor of Lazio Region Public Works

LUIGI RIO Member of the Executive Board of the C.O.N.I. President of the F.I.H.P.

In February 1957, the President of the Italian National Olympic Committee addressed the following message to the Presidents of the National Olympic Committees: " My dear Colleagues, The Italian National Olympic Committee which has been awarded the privilege of organising the Games of the XVII Olympiad of Rome by the International Olympic Committee today, with the publication of the first number of the Official Bulletin, takes the first official step in the work of organisation. This organisation will be continued daily, with diligence and conviction, with zeal and optimism, until the solemn official opening of the Games and until the solemn and moving closing of the Games of Rome. 34

As President of the Italian Olympic Committee, I have the honour of sending you all my best and most sincere greetings in the name of sport. It is a cause of great pride for the Italian Olympic Committee to prepare an enterprise defined by all as extremely arduous and which will prove even more difficult in this Rome which, in the 2,700 years of its history, has seen so many projects, friends, enemies and so many people pass through it. The holding of the Olympic Games is indeed one of the greatest honours for a nation which wishes to illustrate its considerable advance in sport and to documentate its aspirations through such an aesthetic and moral ideal as is sport. These same purposes of a moral nature will guide the Italian Olympic Committee and its efforts operating during the cycle of preparation and implementation of the exceptionally arduous technical works destined to welcome the youth of the whole world who, in a warm atmosphere worthy of the best traditions of Rome, will celebrate in the XVII Olympic Games the human function of chivalrous liaison between the peoples.

ADRIANO RODONI Vice-President of the C.O.N.I. - President of the Italian Cycling Union

MARIO SAINI Technical Director for the Games

DECIO SCURI Member of the Executive Board of the C . O . N . I . – President of the Italian Basketball Federation

Rome is not yet ready to welcome the Olympic Games of 1960. Much still remains to be done in certain directions, little in others. Much, in the field of the sports venues which the Italian Olympic Committee has in part constructed and in part is preparing to construct with the strong consistent help of the Authorities of the Italian State and of the Rome Municipality. Little remains for the formation of that welcoming well-disposed affectionate spirit towards the officials and athletes and the foreign public in general which Rome will adopt during the period of the Games of the XVII Olympiad. Besides the technical organising factor which the Italian Olympic Committee has assumed in accordance with the strict rules laid down by the International Olympic Committee, other factors — reception, welcoming, well-being of the spectators — contribute to the success of Olympic Games. These other factors will be 35

GAETANO SIMONI President of the Italian Athletics Federation

RAFFAELE TRAVAGLINI DEL VERGANTE DI SANTA RITA President of the E.P.T. of Rome

GIOVANNI VALENTE President of the Italian Wrestling & Weightlifting Federation

attended to principally by the Rome Municipality and the Italian State Tourist Board who have already got to work to prepare facilities for the arrival, the stay in Rome and the departure of all the Olympic visitors. Dear friends and Colleagues, I wish at this moment to assure you that, as in all previous Olympic Games, you will also be welcome guests of honour in the Rome Olympic Games ".

On 2nd May 1957, the Interministerial Committee was constituted and its Presidency was assumed by the President of the Council of Ministers. The Committee was composed of representatives from the following Ministries: Foreign Affairs, Interior, Budget, Finances, Treasury, Defence, Education, Public Works, Transport, Post and Telecomunications, Foreign Commerce, as well as by the Mayor of Rome, the Commissioner for Tourism, the President of Provincial Administration and the President of the Italian National Olympic Committee. In the first meeting held within the framework of the Presidency of the Council of Ministers, the President of the Council, the Hon. Zoli, showed the need for a clear distinction in functions and responsibility in order to avoid any interference between the organisation of the Games undertaken by the Italian National Olympic Committee and the work of coordination by the State Administrations. The President of the Council likewise invited the Committee to make an immediate start on its own work and to make such provisions as were necessary for the better success of the Games. Avv. Giulio Onesti, in his report, referred to the programme pre-established by the Italian National Olympic Committee to provide the city of Rome with the indispensable sports venues giving some indication of the relative financial requirements and drawing attention to the problems of the individual State Administrations. 36

Artistic programme. Meanwhile, in the course of meetings held in the first six months of 1957, the Executive Committee for the Games dealt with many matters and, amongst other things, gave their approval for a competition to be held for the designing of an official poster, whilst they also approved the artistic programme to be presented by the Academy of St. Cecilia. They also dealt with the setting up of new technical offices, the historic itinerary of the relay for the Olympic Torch, the accommodation BRUNO ZAULI of journalists in the new buildings of Domus Secretary-General of the C.O.N.I. – VicePresident of the Executive Committee Mariae and Domus Pacis and a final study on the for the Games enlargement of the small harbours in Naples. During the same period, in a series of hard-working meetings, the Executive Board of the Italian National Olympic Committee (C.O.N.I.) examined and approved the instruments selected for the time-keeping services; authorised the furthering of negotiations with the Italian company of Wagons-Lits for the handling of catering and room services in the Olympic Village; approved the project setting up the Organising Committee and the formation of advisory sub-committees for the Press Section, the Olympic Village section and the Arts section. On the 30th August 1957, the Interministerial Committee met once again under the chairmanship of the Undersecretary to the Presidency of the Council of Ministers, Senator Spallino. During the opening discussion, Senator Spallino drew the attention of the members of the Committee to two very important

FRANCESCO COSTANTINO Councillor of State Member of the Executive Committee

NICOLA GRAZIANO Substitute Attorney - General of State Member of the Executive Committee

VIRGILIO TOMMASI Member of the Executive Committee

37

aspects of the Olympic Games:— (a) the financial problem and (b) the problem of responsibilities. On this occasion, the Committee considered it necessary to establish a programme outlining the responsibilities of each State Administration as well as the assignments of the Italian National Olympic Committee. In November 1957 the Executive Board of the C.O.N.I., pending the nomination of responsible bodies, approved the formation of a select Committee with executive powers and composed of the following members: Marcello Garroni, Secretary-General for the Games; Mario Saini, Technical Director; Francesco Costantino, Secretary-General of the Interministerial Committee; Nicola Graziano and Virgilio Tommasi, Secretaries. The Committee was known as Provisional Committee for the Management of Olympic Affairs (C.O.G.A.O.) From this date onwards, the new Provisional Committee held weekly meetings with a view to examining and facing all problems in connection with the Organisation. Up to the end of the Games, this executive body held 88 official meetings as well as a number of advisory meetings. Amongst the solutions to more important and complex aspects of certain problems were those in connection with a differentiation in the Olympic Card for Judges, the football tournament held on the system of 4 groups of four teams each and the project for the sale of entrance tickets to the stadia and competition grounds. Matters of basic importance were faced by the Provisional Committee in particular during the meeting of 21st January 1958 when a motion was passed to present the selected Poster to the Executive Board of the C.O.N.I. with a

38

The Hon. Andreotti, having become President of the Organising Committee, pays tribute to the work undertaken and expresses the wish that Rome will witness the consolidation of friendly relations between men of all races, civilisations and different traditions in the ancient spirit of Olympia

39

The signing of the official invitations.

40

The poster which announced the assignation of the Games of the XVII Olympiad to Rome on 16th June 1955.

proposal that it be produced in eleven languages, namely:— Italian, English, French, German, Spanish, Greek, Russian, Chinese, Japanese, Indian and Arabic. During this same meeting, the Committee devoted particular attention to the Artistic events, deciding in this connection to hold certain competitions in the picturesque surroundings of monuments and archeological works. Relations with the Provincial Tourist Board were also attended to. In point of fact, the meetings held by the Committee during the first four months of 1958 brought about major decisions such as that of approving the supply of eight thousand pigeons, approving the course of the Olympic Torch, the drafting of a plan for the contribution to be made by the Armed Forces, the elaboration of a project for the setting up of the Photographic Exhibition as well as working out the budget for the technical equipment required in the stadia and competition arenas. In its meeting of June 4th 1958, the Provisional Committee submitted its completed plan of work for the approval of the Executive Board of the C.O.N.I. with a view to illustrating certain aspects of the vast work of organisation, at the same time proposing that certain remedies and more suitable solutions be worked out. The Board agreed to the financing of this special requirement; it approved the proposal for an Exhibition of works of contemporary art, the financial and technical plan for the production of the Olympic film and, lastly, approved the lay-out of the competitions and the respective competition arenas. 41

In a meeting on 18th October 1958, the Executive Board of the C.O.N.I. ratified the project presented by the Provisional Committee in regard to the availability of horses required for the riding test of the Modern Pentathlon. During this same meeting, it gave full powers to the Provisional Committee to start the distribution of entrance tickets to the stadia, to study problems concerning Television and to attend to the furnishing of the Olympic Village. The Board also, after a very careful study, approved the programme and timetable of the Rome Olympic Games.

Nomination of the Organising Committee. At the general meeting of the National Council of the C.O.N.I. held in Rome on November 20th 1958, Minister Giulio Andreotti was unanimously acclaimed as President of the Organising Committee. The acclamation was preceded by a detailed report made by Dr. Bruno Zauli, Secretary-General of the C.O.N.I., to those present at this major national sports assembly. Opening the meeting, the President of the C.O.N.I. read the following declaration: " By previous kind consent of the President of the Italian Republic, Patron of the Games, and kind consent also of the Prime Minister, I have the honour to propose, in the name of the Executive Board, that the Hon. Giulio Andreotti be named by this Council of the C.O.N.I. President of the Organising Committee for the Games of XVII Olympiad ".

Having established the responsible bodies, the Executive Board of the C.O.N.I., in a meeting held on February 25th 1959, established the composition of the Organising Committee and the Executive Committee. The same President of the C.O.N.I., Avv. Giulio Onesti, became President of the Executive Committee whilst, a few months later, the Secretary-General of the C.O.N.I., Dr. Bruno Zauli became Vice-President. As a result of this, all powers and functions previously entrusted to the Provisional Committee were now transferred to the Executive Committee. On 26th March 1959, once the Organising Committee was set up, the Hon. Andreotti, having expressed his gratitude to the President of the Republic, pointed out the duties of the Committee and concluded with the words: " Insofar as the sports facilities are concerned, we are sure today that all our plans have been completed and put into effect and that everything will be ready for use when the Games are due to open. We want to make sure of preserving the specifically sporting nature of the Olympic celebration. Naturally in order to do this, there are many other problems to be solved in connection with the city's reception capacity, accommodational facilities and so on, but none of these will ever cause us to lose sight of that essential factor, the Olympic character which will distinguish our celebration ". 42

Mr. Andreotti then went on to stress that the Olympic Games would " constitute an event of such exceptional importance as to be perhaps without equal in the history of the country. When the work is done in the knowledge that this Olympic celebration will be held in strict conformity with the rules, we are giving a silent response, perhaps more efficacious than any conveyed with grandiloquent phrases, to the anguish we sometimes feel when the storm clouds darken the international horizon ".

Immediately after this, Mr. Andreotti appended his signature to the first six invitations to the Games, beginning symbolically with the invitation to Greece, followed by those to the five countries, each belonging to one of the five continents, situated geographically the furthest away from Rome, that is:— Finland, Japan, South Africa, Peru and New Zealand. During a number of meetings called for this purpose during the month of April 1959, the Executive Board of the C.O.N.I. approved all the plans made for the meeting of the Executive Board of the International Olympic Committee with representatives from National Olympic Committees, which was held on May 19th in the premises of the Foro Italico. Unfortunately it sometimes happens that works already initiated or even completed have to be completely redrafted. This was the case when it was originally intended only to outline the plan or regulations which seemed best to suit the situation or when the Executive Committee examined the programme prepared for the Opening and Closing Ceremonies and the Art celebrations. Towards the end of May 1959, the Executive Committee ratified contracts with the Wagons-Lits and contracts for the ceding of television rights to North America. It also decided definitively on the various types of entrance tickets to the stadia and competition arenas.

City problems. On 13th June 1959, Mr. Andreotti presided over one of the most important meetings of the Organising Committee at which the Mayor of Rome, Mr. Urbano Cioccetti, was present. Particular attention was paid to the following during that meeting: problems concerning the responsibilities of the city administration and, in this connection, the Mayor took it upon himself to ensure that the Municipality would improve the road network, street lighting and illumination of monuments, devote attention to public gardens, the cleanliness of the city, and improvement to parking lots and public transport. The Mayor furthermore gave his assurance that he would appeal to the financial institutions of the city for help in providing suitable decorations, improvement to buildings, etc. He would also attend to the question of reception capacity by appealing to the traditional hospitality of the citizens of Rome, 43

as a result of the shortage in normal accommodation, and would also give his personal attention to the various festivities that were being planned by setting up a Committee which he would entrust to the Provincial Tourist Board. During meetings which were held in the second half of 1959, the main problems of organisation were in nearly all cases solved. The work can be said to have been divided up into three special sectors:— (a) the technical organisation with a Secretariat, protocol, the sports programmes, Olympic cards, ticket office, interpreters, etc; (b) the progressive construction of sports venues; (c) liaison with the responsible bodies for hotel accommodation, traffic, tourism, etc. In the vast plan of organisation, the Committee did not omit to consider the problem of the various religions of the athletes from the different countries. This task was undertaken by the Catholic Church which, in its traditional spirit of comprehension, provided the necessary means of putting it into effect. Again, during the last six months of 1959, the Executive Committee for the Games agreed over all questions in connection with the sailing craft required for the yachting events in Naples; it approved the prototype of the Torch produced by Prof. Mauri and the regulations governing the Sports Photography Exhibition; it gave its agreement to the printing of the official poster in eleven languages for a total of 290,000 copies to measure 70 × 100 cms. During this same period, final agreements were drawn up with INCIS (National Institute for the Housing of State Employees) over the road network in the Olympic Village and the construction of temporary buildings as restaurants and made the necessary engagements with the Ministry of Post and Telecommunications for the installation of telephone networks. In November 1959, decisions were made over the technical solutions required for the use of the Basilica of Maxentius and the Caracalla Baths as venues for the Wrestling and Gymnastics competitions. Further engagements were also made by the Executive Committee for the supply and purchase of furniture for the Olympic Village and the setting up of a photographic pool. During a meeting of the Executive Committee held on November 23rd 1959, all matters appertaining to all the sectors of the organisation were considered. These matters had already been put forward during a preceding meeting of the Organising Committee held on November 22nd under the Chairmanship of the Hon. Andreotti. The Executive Committee approved all decisions taken in respect of:— (A) Sports:— (1) Olympic venues; (2) Technical organisation; (3) Tenders from public and private organisations. 44

On July 25th 1960, the members of the Organising Committee attend the ceremony for the official opening of the Olympic Village now completed and furnished. On the following 28th July, the first athletes (five Indonesian cyclists and six Ghana boxers) took possession of their respective quarters and thus started the long series of arrivals which were to take place at all hours of the day and night in complete Olympic surroundings.

45

(B) Provincial Tourist Board:— (1) Accommodation; (2) Reception and festivities; be held by the Tourist Industry.

(3) Events to

(C) Municipality Works:— (1) Decoration and improvements of the city; (2) Public works. In the course of this same meeting, the Executive Committee authorised the Italian Radio and TV company to transmit the events of the Games free of charge within the territory of the Italian Republic but limited to certain hours of the day on unscheduled programmes. In this way the sports-loving Italian public who were unable to attend the Games would have the opportunity of following at least the most spectacular episodes and the more important events. At a meeting held on December 15th 1959, the Executive Committee examined the following matters:— (a) plan of operation for the Olympic Film; (b) negotiations with the European Television; (c) prices of hotels and pensions; (d) prices of entrance tickets to the stadia; (e) reduction of railway fares for the protagonists in the Games. It furthermore decided on the opportunity of reaching an agreement with the Telephone Company over the telephone network in the Olympic Village, the Press Centre and in the various venues. The Executive Committee lastly took note of the publication of the 17 Technical Regulations. The beginning of 1960 registered the 61st meeting of the Executive Committee which was held on January 4th and during which nominations were made of Technical Executives in substitution of those transferred to other appointments, approval given over the layout of the Olympic card and a further examination made of the plan for the Olympic film, the decision being taken to produce it in colour on a 35mm scale. Definite approval was given to the plan for the Closing Ceremony and that concerning medical arrangements in the Olympic Village. The meeting held on January 18th 1960 served the purpose of deciding on the plan for the requirements of small, medium and large transport; the printing of daily programmes and the formation of the photographic pool which was to comprise the following agencies: Associated Press, United Press, Keystone, E.P.U., Agenzia Italia and A.N.S.A. Mr. Elvezio Bianchi of United Press was nominated Director of the pool. During the first six months of 1960, meetings became ever more frequent so as to provide constant assistance and control on the rapidly increasing organisation. Noteworthy problems were debated and decisions given. One of the trickiest problems was that of the Olympic Village. The buildings and appartments were by this time ready and were allocated to the various delegations taking part in the Games, whilst the necessary furniture for the premises was collected. The material which had come from private industry was gradually 46

placed in the various appartments whilst arrangements were made to apportion the vast amount of material coming in from the Armed Forces on temporary loan. In the mean time the kitchen equipment was installed, cooking equipment ordered and contracts made for the supply of foodstuffs, agreements entered into with the Italian Federation of Agricultural Consortiums and the Gondrand Transport Company, etc. On 25th July 1960 at 10.00 hrs., the Hon. Andreotti, as President of the Organising Committee, was present at a ceremony which took place to proclaim the official opening of the Olympic Village. He made a significant speech in which he outlined the importance of the great international sports event and the effect it could have on the policy of friendship and solidarity between the nations of the world. The Ceremony, which started with the playing of the " Olympic Anthem " (the musical score which starts Mascagni's Hymn of the Sun) repeated three times, was concluded by the hoisting of the 84 flags of the countries participating in the Rome Games whilst a military band played the Olympic Hymn. During the ceremony, Mr. Andreotti declared in the course of his official speech: " We are now exactly one month away from the official Opening of the Rome Games and today activity starts in this Village where, for a number of weeks, the protagonists in the great world sports event will live together in the daily excitement of these Games which Italy has tried to prepare with that sense of duty and generous hospitality which are essential characteristics of our people. When a few moments ago we saw the flags of the 84 countries participating in the Games being raised, our hearts were in some way moved as, in these times of mechanisation—to which, in a certain way, the Olympiads form a contrast— some profoundly romantic note still lingers on. Here the great human aspirations in loyal tussle, the objective recognition of virtue and capacity, the overcoming of all nationalistic differences and racial discriminations and the particular attention paid to youth assume a concrete as distinguished from a rhetorical significance. It is the ideal of every sports competition. In this respect, no city more then Rome—and this we may say without committing the sin of pride—is fitted to give the Olympic Games that background of universality which is the ambition they try to achieve. Now that we have all paid just honour to the national flag of each country, we bid a welcome to all the athletes and accompanying personnel who will be living in the Village. If no one of these feels a stranger within it and if, returning to their country, they all carry with them a pleasant memory of Rome and the Village, the Organising Committee will have been amply repaid for their toils on the eve of the Olympic Games ".

As the period of the Games drew near, the work of organisation reached a feverish pitch and, in many cases, was rendered even more difficult by the 47

fact that certain works had to be completed or weak spots in certain sectors strengthened. However, the organisation as a whole could be considered complete, only minor details remaining to be settled and these only in specific sectors. The Protocol section drew up its plans for the arrival and departure of Officials, athletes and journalists (" reception offices "). For this purpose, arrangements for the setting up of these offices were made with the Headquarters of Ciampino Airport and with the Italian State Railways; the lady guide-interpreters were allocated to their posts; final touches were made to the rules and executive formalities governing the Opening and Closing Ceremonies and prizegiving ceremonies; the last of the national flags were reproduced, whilst the music score sheets of all the national anthems and the Olympic Hymn were prepared and also registered on tape. It should be remembered that during this same period, the Executive Committee examined and approved a series of other matters such as the selection of the diplomas to be printed, the number of medals required for the athletes and the commemorative medal; the working out of a timetable for the Congresses of the I.O.C. and International Sports Federations; the programme of receptions and the transport to Rome of the Olympic Torch. In the course of further meetings with various bodies, final arrangements were made with the Tourist department of the Rome Municipality, the Provincial Tourist Board, the National Tourist Industry, the Italian Automobile Club and the Italian Touring Club for all that concerned finalising artistic-sports events, reception, tourism, etc. Where the necessity arose for intervention or financial aid in the artistic field, the Executive Committee rose to the occasion immediately with very broad outlooks. This proved particularly useful in connection with the setting up of the Sport in History and in Art Exhibition which was organised in the Palace of Sciences at the EUR. It is also considered opportune to mention the equally valuable work undertaken by the Executive Committee as and when Olympic constructions and training grounds became ready. These venues were immediately opened and special events organised to test the efficiency of the grounds and equipment as well as to train the personnel allocated to them. The opportunity was also taken to classify and select equipment and material for the events in each sport in strict collaboration with the Italian and International Sports Federations.

The organisation effort. During this final period, meetings of the Organising Committee and Executive Committee were in continuous alternation. Approvals and decisions were multiplied in each sector of the organisation. Even the daily training 48

of the arriving teams became a serious problem. In fact, many teams arrived in Rome well ahead of schedule; they requested and were granted permission to use the swimming pools, grounds and gymnasiums. The organising effort in these cases served a double, but nevertheless uniform, purpose namely:— (a) that of ensuring optimum conditions for training and (b) organising all the complementary venues for the various sports. These were all very essential venues, most of which were already in operation, equipped in detail, and placed at the disposal of the athletes for their daily training. During the final phase of the technical organisation, many other problems which were not a direct responsibility of the Organising Committee, such as the city accommodation, tourism, traffic and others, were also dealt with. The special meeting of the National Council of the C.O.N.I. held on June 16th 1960, during which the activity of the Organising Committee received high praise, dealt with all the situations and necessities which by this time required an immediate decision. During the meetings of the Executive Committee which followed, all the details arising from this debate of the National Council were apportioned, with solutions, to the various sectors. During the first ten days of July 1960, the Executive Committee in one of its final meetings, took note of all matters which had finally been cleared and regularised (based on the various requirements) with the cooperating parties. It also gave out final instructions to all Sections so that the technical and organisational programmes could be put into effect. With these final instructions, the duty of the Organising Committee may be considered as having been completed insofar as the preparation of the Games of the XVII Olympiad was concerned. It should be remembered that the total number of meetings held during the four years of preparation amounted to 344 in number, namely:— National Council of the C.O.N.I Executive Board of the C.O.N.I Organising Committee C.O.N.I. Presidency Provisional Committee and Executive Committee Olympic Military Detachment Technical Sections Various Organisations (RAI-TV, Cinema, EPT, BNL, etc.)

5 29 5 22 89 28 94 72

It may be concluded from this schematic and general survey that the results achieved, both from an organisational and technical point of view, fully conformed with the efforts made and responded to the schedule. In other words, the vast and complex organisation, although at times having put the C.O.N.I. to a severe test, often requiring brusque efforts which were sometimes risky and a trial to resistance and capacity, achieved overall results which should be considered decisively positive. This must not only be at49

tributed to the generous and capable collective efforts of all collaborators but also to the well-estimated period of preparation as well as to the increasing enthusiasm for the Olympic ideal. Merit also goes to all the Authorities who responded with generous courtesy to all appeals made for the Olympic organisation. His Holiness Pope John XXIII wished to hold a special audience for all participating teams on the afternoon of August 24th in St. Peter's Square. The Head of State, who kindly consented to act as Patron of the Games, continually offered his close and zealous support to the Organisation, particularly during the preparatory phase. The President of the Organising Committee, the Hon. Giulio Andreotti, understood and performed admirably all the duties involved with enthusiasm and efficiency. On the 28th November 1960, the Organising Committee met for the last time in the presence of the National Council of the C.O.N.I. Mr. Andreotti gave a detailed illustration of the work that had been fulfilled and immediately afterwards dissolved the Organising Committee whose responsibilities were then passed on to the C.O.N.I., this body receiving the same powers previously exercised by the Organising Committee and Executive Committee. On this occasion, the National Council of the C.O.N.I, associated themselves with the praise rendered by Mr. Andreotti to the Presidents of the Olympic Federations, to the organisers and to all the collaborators who had offered their valuable services to the achievement of the organisational results. On the conclusion of the Games of the XVII Olympiad of Rome, the International Olympic Committee addressed a letter of congratulation to Mr. Andreotti, President of the Organising Committee, the text of which is as follows:— " We feel it our duty to express our most sincere congratulations for the admirable organisation of the Games which you so ably presided over. All the services under your direction functioned magnificently to the utmost satisfaction of the International Olympic Committee and we therefore consider it our obligation to proffer our most sincere and profound thanks. The Rome Games will remain alive in the history of Olympism as the most brilliant that have been organised to date. We owe this principally to you who have directed the greatest world sports organisation whose success was outstanding. We are delighted at the fact that the Press in its entirety recognised this perfect success. The faith placed in Rome when we allocated the organisation of the Games to this city was not in vain—and of this we never had any doubt—because you fully reached the scope we had hoped for, indeed surpassing all that we could have wished. ".

As always happens in everyday life, when things are anxiously awaited and quickly pass, so the Games of the XVII Olympiad, which appeared as a thing of the past in that meeting of the National Council of the C.O.N.I., passed definitively into the history of sport, with all the lessons that may be learnt from them for the future of Olympic sport. 50

THE OLYMPIC VENUES

L ong before the Games of the XVII Olympiad were assigned to Rome, the C. O. N. I. had already made a careful study of the sports venues that would be required for the great event. In this respect, on 20th October 1954 the Executive Board of the C.O.N.I. decided to set up an appropriate Technical Committee known as " Rome Olympic Constructions " (C.O.R.). The C.O.R. first of all attended to, in agreement and in close co-operation with the Rome Municipality and the Ministry for Public Works, finding suitable areas for both venues and the Olympic Village and rapidly set out various plans and technical elaborations in this respect. At that time, there only existed the Olympic Stadium which had been inaugurated two years previously and which came into being under the auspices of the Secretary-General of the C.O.N.I., Mr. Bruno Zauli. The C.O.R. was placed in the charge of Mr. Mario Saini, Vice SecretaryGeneral of the C.O.N.I. who was also Technical Director of the Games; Secretary of the C.O.R. was Ing. Luciano Berti, recently deceased, who dedicated the greater part of his life to the various problems connected with sports venues. The C.O.R. made use of the services of Prof. Ing. Cesare Valle of the Ministry for Public Works and Ing. Francesco Allegra, Secretary-General of the National Institute for the Housing of State Employees (I.N.C.I.S.) as technical consultants and also consulted the finest Italian technicians on the various problems as and when they arose. Above all, the C.O.R. received considerable help from the Minister for Public Works at that time, Mr. Giuseppe Togni, who succeeding in overcoming the tremendous difficulties of that period with enthusiasm, competence and dedication. Besides the problem of the sports venues and the Olympic Village, which will be illustrated later, the C.O.R., in co-operation with the Ministry of Posts and Telegraphs and the Tirrena Telephone Company, planned and executed the whole of the communication network as well as telephone, telegraph and radio communications. It also set up the various Press Centres, an extremely 53

complicated work which took over two years to complete, which proved extremely satisfactory as, during the Games, they were a means of keeping the Press informed with a speed such as has never been reached up to now. Another sector which the C.O.R. managed to put into operation in time in each venue, was that of the visual and acoustic communication service for the public, a service which enabled spectators to receive results of the various events with extreme rapidity and clearness immediately after the various Juries had compiled them. But perhaps the greatest satisfaction afforded those responsible for the sports venues was that, once the Games were over, the venues that had been prepared for the event today become an ever-increasing attraction to Roman youth which frequents them with great enthusiasm, filled with the memories of the success of the Rome Olympiad.

Overall organisation of the work. The general criterion followed by the C.O.R. (Rome Olympic Constructions) in the organisation for the construction of venues necessitated dividing up the work into three sectors, that is, the venues under construction were classified under three categories:— (a) competition venues; (b) subsidiary venues; (c) Olympic villages. Venues where the Olympic competitions were held and where training took place fell under the first two categories. Also classified under these two categories was the work of improvement, re-laying and adaptation of venues already in existance. The third category included lodgings for athletes and competition officials, accompanying personnel, etc. The C.O.R. enforced certain directives for all venues, both for those to be newly built as well as those requiring improvements, and therefore stipulated that:— (a) improvements of luxury or of high cost were to be avoided and that the aim was to create functional venues to be run at a minimum cost. One exception was made, i.e. for the Palazzo dello Sport because of the type of events to be held there and the particular area where it was to be built; (b) the construction of venues on privately owned land was to be avoided, preference being given to land of municipal or State property which could be subject to negotiation between the C.O.N.I. and interested authorities; (c) the subsidiary venues to be used should be those, as far as possible, already in existence and which could be easily adapted or improved upon; (d) account should be taken of the capacity for the public in occasion of the Olympic Games and future use of the venue once the Games were over. 54

A detailed estimate of expense was prepared for each and every project and all estimates were carefully examined and approved by the Executive Board of the C.O.N.I. Again, particularly for the bigger venues, plans were examined by the Inter-ministerial Committee for Sports Venues (in accordance with Law 739 dated 2/6/1939), the Rome Municipality Building Committee, the Superintendent's Office for Rome Monuments and Fine Arts and also by the Superior Council of the Ministry for Public Works.

Tenders for the work. Contracts for the work were made by tender between reputable firms registered with the office of the Supervisor of Public Works and selected by an appropriate Committee established periodically and in accordance with the practice adopted by the Ministry for Public Works. Insofar as the Olympic Villages was concerned, the C.O.N.I., having obtained approval from the Ministry of Public Works, made special arrangements with the National Institute for the Housing of State Employees, this latter Institute being a parastatal organisation which provides housing. In fact, once the Olympic period was over, the village became an ideal residential quarter inhabited principally by State employees. The work of construction was carried out in accordance with the regulations governing public works and a control was established by inspectors nominated and chosen, for their proven capacity, by the Ministry for Public Works. From a town-planning point of view, the Venues were planned and built in two separate areas known as:— (a) The North Olympic Centre, including the Foro Italico, which was situated in one of the most characteristic areas of Rome lying between the green slopes of Monte Mario and the Farnesina hills; (b) The South Olympic Centre which was created in the area selected for the Universal Exhibition of 1942 (E.U.R.). This area was developing rapidly and had become a new suburb of Rome. The Ministry for Public Works undertook to provide a road network linking these two centres and called the Olympic Way. In 1928, works were started to develop the slopes of Monte Mario and surrounding areas which were soon to witness a series of modern constructions built for the holding of sports events. Later, because of the Olympic Games which were to have taken place in Rome in 1944, work was started on the building of a stadium, known as Stadio dei Cipressi, which was to be oval in shape. Unfortunately, because of the war, the Games were never held, and all work on the area was suspended. However, in December 1950 work was started by C.O.N.I. to create the new Olympic Stadium on the same site as the former one and to improve the existing venues such as the Stadio dei Marmi, the fencing gymnasium, the tennis courts and the covered swimming pool, etc. 55

The Olympic Stadium. The Olympic Stadium was built on the same basis as that of the Stadio dei Cipressi which was planned by architect Mario Moretti. The new project was planned by Prof. Carlo Roccatelli and architect Annibale Vitellozzi. The Stadium is situated on an area of land measuring 90,000 sq. m. and covers 33,500 sq. m. of this. The external perimeter has a length of 1,200 metres. The public has access to the Stadium through 10 external gates and reach their places through 59 corridors. The stadium can be emptied in a maximum of 11 minutes. The field and track are separated from the public by a pit 2 m. wide and 1.90 m. deep. Its total length is 507 metres. The grass field, the track and the other installations for athletics possess a special arrangement for drainage which also functions, during the hot season, View of the North Olympic Centre at Foro Italico. The work of construction on the Swimming Stadium can be seen.

to provide the degree of humidity required. There is also a modern and efficient installation which permits watering in a short period of time. The seating tiers run for a total length of approx. 30 kms. They are 0.80 m. wide and 0.40 m. high, with intervening corridors planned so as to permit excellent visibility for the public in any section. At the Monte Mario end, the Stadium has an iron construction 80 m. long with 40 cabins built in aluminium and glass, for telecommentators. Arrangements for the Press include a workroom, various waiting-rooms and premises with 54 telephone booths for local and international calls. Available also is a room with teleprinters, telephoto premises and a telegraph office. During the Olympic Games, the 572 seats normally reserved for journalists (of which 294 under cover) were increased to 1,126 seats and the various services such as telephones, telegraph and radio facilities were also amplified accordingly. On the ground floor, in direct communication with the 4 entrances to the field, are located 4 groups of dressing-rooms all provided with showers and hygienic services. During the Games, these were used by competition officials. A special system of loudspeaker equipment, installed in the pit which encircles the field, informs the public of news and results, sound being directed upwards. A thermic centre with five boilers, capable of producing up to 1,200,000 calories, supples heating for the premises as well as hot water. The power plant for lighting and motive power produces up to 375,000 watts and consists of a main generating station with 11 sub-units. In case of emergency, the Stadium also possesses an autonomous lighting plant. Apart from the electrical centre, there is also a telephone exchange and a radio centre which are situated below the Monte Mario stands. The four towers for night lighting provide illumination amounting to 250 lux units centred on the field for evening competitions. The Olympic Stadium was built for a total cost of 3,400,000,000 lire. Summary of main characteristics:— -

total capacity, if necessary, for up to 90,000 spectators; symmetrically oval in shape in respect to both axes; main axis measures 319 metres externally and 205.80 internally; minor axis measures 186 metres externally and 94.40 internally; field level is 4.50 metres below road level; maximum height of the tiers in respect to the field is 20.50 metres. 57

The Flaminio Stadium. The new Flaminio Stadium stands on the site of the former " Torino " Stadium, formerly noted for its severe architectural style and Grecian line. Built in 1911 and reconstructed in 1927, this latter stadium was considered out-of-date from a technical point of view and unfit for use due to the ravages of time, and the dangerous cracks which had appeared induced the authorities to restrict its use for reasons of safety. This old stadium, having served its purpose, was therefore replaced by an ultramodern stadium. The old stadium now only exists in the pages of sports history lived within its walls but it may also be remembered as the former headquarters of the C.O.N.I. With its modern installations and its services for both public and press, the new Flaminio Stadium fulfills all the requirements of an up-to-date venue. It was constructed immediately after the old stadium was demolished in July 1957. The Flaminio Stadium was officially inaugurated on 12th March 1959 and the following day witnessed the football match between the amateur teams of Italy and Holland. The new stadium, designed by the architects Pierluigi and Antonio Nervi and built by the firm of Nervi and Bartoli under the direction of Engineer Bruno Magrelli, covers the same area as the former one. It was, however, possible to increase the number of seats as the seating tiers were projected to a height of 6 metres. In fact, the stadium has a capacity for 42,000 persons of which 8,000 under cover. Exterior entrances regulate the entry and exit of the public. All sectors are provided with bar and other services. There are spacious dressing-rooms under the stands for football teams, all provided with showers, bathrooms, massage rooms and a medical consultation infirmary. Athletes reach the field through an underground passage. Even though the stadium is reserved for football matches, there are a number of training venues located below the stands and which can be reached through different entrances to those used by the public during the Olympic Games. These include:— a covered and heated swimming pool measuring 25 × 10 metres, a fencing hall and two smaller halls for instruction purposes, a group of two gymnasiums for wrestling and weightlifting, a boxing room and a gymnasium for gymnastics. The Stadium disposes of 114 seats for journalists and 12 cabins for radiocommentators which project out from under the roof of the covered stand. There is also a press room with telephone booths and a room with teleprinters. During the Games both the seats for the Press and facilities were substantially increased. The lighting installations used during evening competitions are among the most modern. There are 240 projectors placed on four steel towers; each tower is fitted with 60 projectors placed in rows of 15 each and at a height 58

State of work on the Palazzetto dello Sport as at 15th October 1956.

The original modern line of the spherical dome of the Palazzetto dello Sport.

varying from 42 to 46.50 metres. The installation has a lighting power of 425 kilowatts and illumination of the field can be graduated to exceed 300 lux units for each sq. metre of field. The Flaminio Stadium took 80,000 work days (men × days) to construct and did not exceed the estimated cost of 900 million lire. Summary of technical data:— — — — — —

total area covered:— 21,650 sq. metres approx.; measurements of field:— 105 × 70 metres; major axis:— 181 metres; minor axis:— 131 metres; dimensions of covered swimming pool:— 25 × 10 metres with a minimum depth of 1.60 metres and a maximum depth of 1.80 m. It is air-conditioned with room temperature of 26° and water temperature of 24°

The Palazzetto dello Sport. The Palazzetto dello Sport was the first venue to be completed under the construction plans for the Games of the XVII Olympiad and may be considered as the prototype of a sports venue of medium size built at low cost. It was with this idea in mind that the technical installations and equipment were reduced to an absolute minimum, whilst internal and external finishing touches were practical and economical. In this way a venue was created which could be used extensively for purposes of sports propaganda. Built in accordance with a general plan by architect Annibale Vitellozzi and a project for the reinforced concrete portion by Engineer Pierluigi Nervi— under the direction of Engineer Giacomo Maccagno— this venue can be used for every kind of indoor sport. Within its precincts, apart from services for the public which include amenities, bars and a first-aid centre, there are four groups of dressing-rooms with independent entrances capable of accommodating 100 athletes, a dressingroom for competition officials, a medical sports centre, an office for the management and a press room with 12 telephone booths. There are also two large store rooms and other smaller premises. Heating and air-conditioning installations are situated in the basement. The hall is illuminated by indirect lighting consisting of an arrangement of incandescent bulbs set in 18 metallic globes held in place by steel wiring, whilst the illumination of the arena is provided by two rows of projectors situated in the dome and which can be regulated according to the event taking place. 60

State of work on the Swimming Stadium in November 1958.

Olympic Swimming Stadium: the complex of springboards and the diving pool.

The dome also houses the aspirator equipment for purification of the air as well as loudspeaker equipment. Other loudspeakers to call athletes forward are situated in the dressing-rooms. Electric scoreboards with chronometers synchronised with those of the referees have been installed for basketball competitions. These same scoreboards, after slight modifications, can also be used for indoor tennis and other sports. During boxing tournaments and wrestling matches, a special chronometer situated immediately above the ring or stage indicating the timing of each bout is clearly visible to all spectators. Seating accommodation for boxing, basketball, tennis and wrestling has been the subject of careful study. In fact, the venue can seat 3,500 persons for basketball and some 5,600 for boxing, wrestling, etc. Outside the building, the areas in between the supporting pillars are arranged as gardens, whilst a road of 78 metres in diameter runs right the way round the venue, thus ensuring the rapid exit of the public. The building is surmounted by a round vault of 1,620 prefabricated parts in concrete and which required 1,300 quintals of iron, 550 of which were required for the dome alone, and 9,600 quintals of cement. It covers an area of 4,776 sq. metres with a cubic capacity of 40,200 cub. m. Construction of the Palazzetto was undertaken by the firm of Nervi & Bartoli and was started on 26th July 1956 and completed on 15th September 1957. It required 28,750 work days (men × days) and cost a total of 263,000,000 lire including furnishing and sports equipment. Summary of technical data:— -

Area covered:— 4,776 sq. metres; External diameter:— 78 metres; Internal diameter:— 58.50 metres; Height from arena level to top of dome:— 21 metres; Seating tiers are of crescent shape, i.e. they follow the oval shape of the arena which is situated 3 metres below ground level.

The Swimming Stadium. The Swimming Stadium is situated in the North Olympic Centre in the immediate vicinity of the covered swimming pool. It was planned by architect Annibale Vitellozzi and Prof. Enrico del Debbio. Works were directed by Prof. Cherubino Malpeli. The complex is divided into two separate zones; the first including the competition pool and respective services with seating tiers for the public whilst the second contains venues for swimming instruction and a pool for children and non-swimmers. 62

The Olympic pools and swimming school pool contain a gallery running around the perimeter with glass observation panels and underwater lighting. Special technical equipment permits the water to be maintained at a temperature varying between 22° and 24° C. The seating tiers can normally accommodate 8,000 spectators but during the period of the Games the capacity was increased to 20,000 by means of additional temporary fixtures. The starting blocks at the ends of the pool are fitted with special plugs for the electric chronometers and a special plug for a watch mechanism which registers the lengths swum in long-distance races. The Stadium has been equipped with comfortable dressing-rooms which include, in addition to the ordinary services, rest booths for the athletes. On the side of the pools are located press rooms, telephone and telegraph services, special installations for radio-commentators and equipment for the transmission of telephotos and television recordings, offices for timekeepers, directors and competition officials. In a building lying between the Olympic pools and the swimming school pools are to be found 2 snack-bars, one with an ample open-air space for the swimmers and the other, completely separated from the first, reserved for the public which can also make use of a large terrace. The Stadium possesses a large solarium and 150 dressing-rooms. The Stadium is open to the public except during days when competitions are held or when training takes place. The Stadium can accommodate some 3,000 swimmers per day. An underground passage connects the Stadium to the covered swimming pool which, during the Games, was reserved for the athletes for warming-up before their races. This latter pool, designed by architect Enrico del Debbio, is located in a vast hall measuring 62 × 36 metres. One side is completely open to day-light by means of windows which extend from the floor to the ceiling. On the opposite side there are 6 seating tiers for the public. There is also a balcony with access to a large room where refreshments are available. The pool, which measures 50 × 20 metres, is lined with marble, whilst the space around the pool is paved with black-and-white marble decorated with acquatic mosaic designs. The wall at the end of the pool is also of marble mosaic designed with mythological scenes depicted in coloured mosaic. The constructions of the Swimming Stadium required considerable quantities of material which included:— 41,000 quintals of cement, 10,000 quintals of iron, 17,000 sq. metres of travertine marble slabs, 2,000 sq. metres of glass and 20,000 sq. metres of water-proofing material. 100,000 cub. m. of earth had to be removed. The work of construction, undertaken by the firm of Eng. Loy Dona and Brancaccio, was started in the autumn of 1957 and the Stadium was inaugurated in the spring of 1960 with an International Swimming Meeting between Italy, Great Britain and Finland. 63

Summary of technical data:— - Olympic pool:— 25 × 50 metres with depth ranging from 1.80 to 2 m. - Diving pool:— 18 × 20 metres with depth from 4.50 to 5 metres. There are four springboards, two 3-metre and two 1-metre; diving platforms of 1, 3, 5, 7.50 and 10 metres. The 10-metre platform can be reached by a lift. - Swimming school pools:— one measuring 25 × 12.50 metres, depth ranging from 1.20 to 1.40 metres, another of 4 × 12.50 metres with depth from 0.90 to 1 metre and a third of 20 × 10 metres with depth of 1.20 metres.

The Stadio dei Marmi. The Stadio dei Marmi (Marble Stadium), built in 1936 on a project by architect Prof. Enrico del Debbio, somewhat resembles a Greek stadium. Its main characteristic is the superb series of 60 statues which crown the glacis. Each statue is 4 metres high and is set on a cylindrical block of two metres in diameter and 1.20 metres high. The seating tiers which form a series of steps, except for two breaks, measure a total of 5,000 sq. metres and can accommodate about 15,000 spectators. The blocks of marble forming the tiers provide the stadium with its special character, hence its name of Marble Stadium. A number of technical modifications were necessary on this stadium in occasion of the Games of the XVII Olympiad. The sports arena was completely re-laid so as to make it completely efficient. The throwing areas and the 400-metre track with six lanes were completely renewed so as to make them suitable for the various uses required by the various types of athletic sports. The traditional types of throwing areas and tracks were transformed into large spaces made out of " tennisolite " mixture and thus permitted more rational use of the venue. During the Olympic Games, the grass field of the stadium was used for the elimination rounds of the Hockey Tournament as well as an area where the athletes could warm up prior to taking part in the various competitions in the Olympic Stadium. The Stadio dei Marmi is, in fact, connected to the Olympic Stadium by means of a large underground passage, whilst a series of electric links and telephones were installed to call athletes forward. The services, dressing-rooms, and stores were installed in two pavilions on each side of the entrance. Under the stands, 18 dressing-rooms were built, all containing showers and amenities, which were used, during the various competitions, by all the participants in the Athletics events of the Olympic Games. 64

Summary of technical data:— - Sports ground:— covers an area of 14,000 sq. m. and measures 63 × 103 metres. - Track:— 400 metres overall length with 6 lanes.

The Acqua Acetosa sports zone. The necessity of providing Rome with a centre adequate to meet the everincreasing sports requirements of the capital decided the Italian National Olympic Committee to set up a complex of works in the Acqua Acetosa area. This area extends to the North-East of Rome on the left bank of the Tiber some 2 kms. from the Foro Italico Olympic centre, 1 km. from the Olympic Village, Palazzetto dello Sport and some 4 kms. from the centre of the city. The " Acqua Acetosa " sports zone, the main training centre, situated to the north-east of Rome.

The idea which prompted the building of this Venue was to encourage the formation of young persons wishing to undergo specialised training. The project by architect Annibale Vitellozzi was realised over an area of 220,000 sq. metres and the necessary work was undertaken by the Engineering firm of Magrelli, Lombardi and Androsoni. The Venue which was perfect from a technical point of view was extremely useful to the Olympic Games as the athletes used it for their daily training. Some 2,000 athletes were present there daily. The Acqua Acetosa sports area is also one of great natural beauty with more than 30,000 trees. It contains nine fields for football, rugby and hockey as well as four other fields for collective games. There is also a swimming pool measuring 50 × 20 metres and a large gymnasium for indoor sports. The various Venues are equipped with all modern services, dressing-rooms, massage rooms, saunas, offices, stores, premises for equipment, etc. In the centre of the area is a large building which will become the headquarters of the centre for medical sports studies. Summary of technical data:— - Total area covered:— 220,000 sq. metres; - Swimming pool:— 50 × 20 metres, depth 2 metres and equipped with a perfect water-purifying installation; - 3 football fields, 3 rugby fields, 2 hockey fields, 1 baseball field and other minor grounds; - 1 covered gymnasium, 40 × 20 metres, for gymnastics and four other gymnasiums for boxing, wrestling, etc., all equipped with saunas and dressing-rooms; - a complex of 4 other gymnasiums for theoretical and practical teaching and training; - one accommodation building for athletes consisting of 2 groups of bedrooms for a total of 100 beds and a group of kitchen premises, restaurant, bar, and rest-room; - 1 building destined to the headquarters of the Sports Medecine Institute; - 1 headquarters building for the Grounds Manager; 2 houses for the custodians; - Area reserved as a nursery garden for flowers and plants.

The shooting ranges. The Olympic Shooting Range is located in the same area as that of the former Umberto I Shooting Range in Viale Lazio. Of this former range, there only remains the building reserved for services which was naturally re-moder66

nized. It was built in accordance with most modern technical principles and was designed by architect Maurizio Clerici (with Eng. Giulio Palmonella in charge of the work). The range includes 2 separate installations each measuring 88 × 56 metres. One of these is reserved for 50-metre shooting competitions and is covered by a 10-metre wide transparent roof running the total length of 88 metres. It has a total of 40 shooting lanes. 3 large walls in concrete covered with wood and a back wall, 6.50 metres high and 1.50 metres wide, provide the necessary safety precautions. A special target control system was devised which operated from the shooters position. It consisted of a series of pulleys driven by an electric motor to which the targets were fixed. The system whereby the target could be brought back mechanically to the shooter was extremely useful during training, as each shooter was able to check each shot. During the competitions proper, this permitted rapid execution of firing and saved a considerable amount of time and target personnel. The 25-metre range was constructed behind the first bullet-protection wall and comprised 2 areas, one for free pistol and one for the pistol shooting test of the Pentathlon. The targets in this range were also operated by an electric machine. For the 300-metre rifle shooting competition, a shooting range was built at Cesano, some 25 kms. from the Foro Italico Sports Centre which is reached by a road off the Via Cassia. The Cesano Shooting Range, the property of the Italian Infantry School, had to undergo special improvements which included the setting up of a roof over 58 shooting lanes as well as a bunker for the mobile targets. The venue was equipped with all services useful to the competition and essential to both athletes and public. A communication link system was also installed. The Clay-Pigeon Shooting Competition took place at the shooting range belonging to the Lazio Club, situated in Via Eugenio Vejana 21, immediately adjacent to the Piazzale delle Muse Square and 1 km. distant from the Olympic Village. This venue, completely renewed and equipped with the most modern launching machines, covers an area of some 5,500 sq. metres which comprises space reserved for the public to the extent of some 2,000 persons. Use can also be made of a large terrace situated on top of the Clubhouse.

The E. U. R. Olympic centre. The modern garden city of the E.U.R. became an ideal centre for a group of sports venues which had been constructed not only because of the XVII Olympiad but also to meet the ever-increasing sports requirements of the capital. The project for these buildings was originally drawn up in 1935 for the Universal Exhibition of Rome (E. U. R.), a gathering which was to be called 67

the " Olympiad of Civilisation ", and more commonly known by the abbreviation of " E. 42 ". The plans for " E. 42 " were based on maps of ancient Roman towns which even today are a guide to all good town-planning. At the time it was decided to create a large new quarter which would be both classical and modern in style as well as to achieve two objectives:— to organise an exceptional exhibition and, secondly, once the event was over, to use the buildings as premises for cultural, artistic and recreational Institutes. It was thus that a really important quarter came into being, comprising magnificent buildings such as:— the Palazzo dei Congressi (Congress Palace), the Palazzo delle Scienze (Palace of Sciences), the Palazzo delle Arti Antiche (Palace of Antique Arts) and the Palazzo della Civilizzazione Italiana e delle Tradizioni Popolari (Palace of Italian Civilisation and Popular Traditions). All these are at present the headquarters of important Associations, cultural Institutes and Museums. The outbreak of War prevented final touches being made to the preparation for the exhibition and brought to a standstill the building of this new quarter. However, the work accomplished was not in vain. Immediately after the War, the greater part of the original programme was carried out by the E.U.R. Directorate represented by its Commissioner, Prof. Virgilio Testa, in accordance with the plans for the new town centre, one of the important factors behind the planning being the importance of extending Rome towards the sea. Buildings, villas, trees, stairways, ornamental work, porticoes, terraces, parks and artistic fountains completed the modern quarter of the E.U.R. which, having been created for the " Olympiad of Civilisation " was soon to offer the magnificent resources of its artistic decor to the Games of the XVII Olympiad.

Palazzo dello Sport. The Palazzo dello Sport rises on the hill overlooking the artificial lake and dominates the whole of the E.U.R. zone. The Viale Cristoforo Colombo, which crosses the lake in two arms, encompasses an area where besides the sports venue are included spacious parking lots and gardens. The Management of the E.U.R. completed and embellished this new construction by creating, beneath the building, a characteristic fountain which, with a series of waterfalls, set in a harmonious setting of green, goes to swell the waters of the artificial lake of some 900 metres in length. The Palazzo dello Sport which rises behind the fountain, was planned by Prof. engineer Pierluigi Nervi and architect Marcello Piacentini, with the collaboration of architects Ezio Cosolo and Annibale Vitellozzi. The firm of engineers Nervi and Bartoli were responsible for the construction in concrete, whilst the firm Vincenzo Angrisani undertook the mural works and final touches. 68

The Palazzo dello Sport under construction. State of work on 15th March 1958.

State of work on 29th February 1959.

The direction of works was entrusted to engineer Gustavo Baracchi, while Prof. Nervi was in charge of the study and realisation of the reinforced concrete structures which, besides carrying out their static functions, also serve to confer on the building its special bold and elegant line which is its main characteristic. The major part of the reinforced concrete structures were produced beforehand by means of a carefully planned prefabrication process. All the sections of the dome, composed of 144 evenly prefabricated fenestrated ribs, produce the effect of a considerable reduction in weight and, in addition, the possibility of introducing through the fenestrations the air required for the conditioning of the vast hall. These sections also house 1,800 fluorescent lamps which provide the lighting for the arena. The lamps are set on the inner side of the ribs and remain carefully hidden from the direct view of the public. The lighting of the dome undoubtedly represents one of the most impressive aspects of the huge hall. The same process of prefabrication was used for all the elements composing the tiers of seats as well as the outer support shafts of the façade, some 10 metres high, which support the vast glass walls running all round the outer gallery of the hall. The acoustics of the hall have been carefully studied and are so good as to render possible the organisation of musical concerts. From the outside, the building appears to be encircled by a glass surface interrupted only by the shafts in reinforced concrete supporting the perimetral covering and the ribs of a graceful structure in natural anodysed aluminium. The covering of the dome consists of sheets of light green anodysed aluminium with the interposition of light thermo-absorbent panels for the purpose of protecting the structure against termites. The competition arena, 45 metres in diameter, is suitable for all indoor sports and is covered with a wooden parquet floor. The Palazzo dello Sport is surrounded by an entrance enclosure with gates corresponding with the main external flights of steps. The public is regulated at the entrances and reaches the first sector of tiered seats having crossed the gallery or proceeds to the second sector by way of indoor staircases which lead to a vast circular terrace. In the case of both the first and the second sectors, seats are reached from the top, thus enabling the public to note what seating is unoccupied. A special sector, which is reached from one of the exterior staircases, is reserved for Authorities and the Tribune of Honour with a total capacity of 420 seats, in addition to 196 seats reserved for the Press. The Press stands are directly linked with a large room on the ground floor 500 sq. metres in area and equipped with telephones, telegraph office, telephoto installation, teleprinters, bar, etc. Telecommentators have a series of 12 glass cabins reserved in the room raised above the seats for the Press. 70

The vast interior of the Palazzo dello Sport permits the holding of every kind of indoor sports meetings.

A sector of the gallery which runs right the way round the Palazzo dello Sport.

71

The total capacity of the Palazzo dello Sport is as much as 15,000 places, all seated, in the case of boxing events, to which access is had through broad galleries furnished with cloakrooms, bar and hygienic services. The Palazzo dello Sport is provided with modern systems of signalling synchronised with the referees' chronometers and with those of the timekeepers, besides all the other general information and control devices required by a modern venue of this type. The athletes are accommodated beneath the stands in 20 large dressingrooms, all complete with showers, massage rooms and first-aid premises, whilst the competition referees are provided with meeting rooms, offices and everything else necessary for the most efficient fulfilment of their duties. The Palazzo dello Sport is equipped with one of the largest air conditioning installations so far constructed in a public hall. The air conditioning of the hall is realised by means of 11 conditioners placed in the dome with a capacity of 600,000 cub. metres per hour. These draw conditioned air into the hall through the roof, whilst air is sucked out from under the tiers of seats, with ventilators placed in the heating plant. The Press Room possesses an independent conditioning plant. Work involved a total expense of approx. 1,900,000,000 lire. Summary of Technical data:— -

Area covered 11,680 sq. metres; Cubic capacity 300,000 cub. metres; External diameter 122 metres; Internal diameter of dome 100 metres; Maximum height from competition arena to dome 34.50 metres; Heating capacity of conditioning plant 2,600,000 cal/hr.; Cooling capacity of conditioning plant 1,100,000 fr/hr.

The Olympic Velodrome. The Olympic Velodrome at the E.U.R. was planned by architects Cesare Ligini, Dagoberto Ortensi and Silvano Ricci, winners of the competition organised by the C.O.N.I. between Italian engineers and architects. The precious collaboration of the Management of the E.U.R. facilitated the task of the choice of site. Thus the building took shape in the zone of the Viale dell'Oceano Pacifico, on a total area of 65,000 sq. metres. The work was directed by engineer Francesco Guidi. The executive plan was studied on the basis of the following special features:— a) perfect visibility from any part of the stands surrounding the 72

The Olympic Velodrome being constructed in June 1959.

An aspect of the projecting roof in the central sector of the stands.

course of the track (a problem difficult of solution, as the track varies at each different point of the slope reaching considerable gradients especially in the curves); b) capacity for approx. 20,000 persons divided into four types of places with services and corresponding to the course of the track. In other words, the choice of the Committee was not only governed by aesthetic considerations but, even more important, also by the functional aspect which was immediately evident, especially with regard to the detailed study of visibility at the curves. The group of dressing-rooms is located in an external area for functional reasons and is equipped in the most modern and complete manner with special booths for the stayers and linked either to the quarters of the racers, situated in one bend of the course, by means of two underground passages, or to the track through a broad connecting passage. The Velodrome is also provided with collective dressing-rooms for competition officials, for juries and for those making use of the gymnasium for physical education and for the cyclist athletes in training on rollers. The group of services comprises 20 collective dressing-rooms and single cabins for a total capacity of 300 racers. This group is completed with first-aid facilities, massage rooms and repair workshops, etc. The track, planned by architects Clemens and Herbert Schurmann, is characterised by the track level with gradients increasing from its minor to its major axis on the curve and more particularly by special devices applied at the entrance and the exit of the curves for the purpose of avoiding variations of effort in these points by both stayers and sprinters. The collaboration of the Wood Experimental Institute at Florence, directed by Prof. Guglielmo Giordano, was instrumental in arriving at a choice of the wood to be used for the track, the choice falling on Doussiè from the Cameroons, a compact fibre wood resistant to the elements and to the attacks of fungus. After careful consideration of the various offers of specialised firms, the construction of the track was awarded to Bonfiglio Woodwork Firm of Milan which had already constructed the tracks of the Vigorelli Stadium and the Palazzo dello Sport at Milan. The elevation of the track from the straight is initially 9° 59', reaching its maximum on the curves with 37° 27' and has a straight measuring 64.70 metres. A special curve is placed at the point where the racers come into the track after completing their course on the road. They enter the Velodrome by means of an underground passage situated beneath the East stands. The sports complex has an external length of 970 metres containing nine entrances. Nearby the entrances function four groups of ticket offices with 15 ticket-windows each. Under the stands certain sections have been reserved for all the services and bars in addition to 12 cabins for radio commentators, speakers and the 74

competition manager, whilst the cabin for the photo-finish and timekeeping is situated at the highest point on a level with the finishing line. The space reserved to the journalists comprises a Press Room, a small waiting-room, 24 local and long-distance telephone booths, a teleprinter room, offices for incoming telephone calls, telegraph office, post office and telephoto office. These services are completed by 14 long-distance lines, by 6 local lines and 40 local lines on the Press tables. Particular attention has been paid to the illumination of the inside of the course of the track, so that lighting is uniform with an average of 300 lux units except at the finishing line, where it is almost double. The Stadium is equipped with an indicator board, a photocell signalling device, with clocks, pneumatic and photo-finish equipment, etc. Work undertaken by the Firm of engineer Alarico Palmieri was begun on the 10th August 1957 and the Velodrome was ready for use in the Spring of 1960. The cost of the entire work amounted to 1,050,000,000 lire. Summary of technical data:—

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capacity:— 20,000 spectators, of whom 5,000 standing; 600 trestles supporting track; total length of inner perimeter of track:— 400 m.; uniform width of track:— 7.50 m.; length of straight:— 64.70 m.; rest lane:— 0.75 m.; elevation of curves:— 37.27'; maximum elevation of straight:—9.55'; total length of external enclosure:— 950 m. with 7 entrance gates.

The Piscina delle Rose. Close to the Palazzo dello Sport lies the " Roses Swimming Pool " which during the Rome Games was used for training and for the elimination rounds of the Waterpolo Tournament. This venue was also planned by the Italian National Olympic Committee not only because of the Olympic Games, but especially for the future sports requirements of the Capital. The Roses Swimming Pool, devised and directed by engineer Mario Biuso, measures 50 m. in length and 25 m. in width and its depth varies from 1.80 to 2 m. in the portion where waterpolo events take place. The venue, constructed in reinforced concrete, is equipped with dressing-rooms (63 cabins) for both men and women, thus allowing the public also to make use of the pool in periods when the venue is not being used for competitions. 75

The swimming pool is equipped with an ultra-modern plant for purification of the water and with 4 towers for illumination during evening events. A special pavilion houses further dressing-rooms reserved for the personnel, premises for members of the management and judges of events in addition to public services, such as cloakroom, bar, etc. The two thousand existing seats in the stands were supplemented during the period of the Olympic Games by provisional stands accounting for a further 1,850 seats. Outside is a large solarium entirely decorated with flowers, foremost among which are roses, giving a particular character to the venue, from which its name is derived. The cost of the work was 90 million lire.

Tre Fontane Sports Zone. To meet the need for creating training areas especially for the Games of the XVII Olympiad, the sports zone of Tre Fontane, similar to that at Acquacetosa, was set up in the area intended for the parking of motor vehicles reserved to E.U.R. The area covering 170,000 sq. metres and its peculiar shape led to a solution planned by architect Maurizio Clerici (with engineers Pagani and Lombardi directing the work) whereby two separate areas were exploited, one becoming a venue for athletics and tennis and the other a series of fields for football, hockey, basketball and volleyball, in addition to a stadium for roller skating competitions. The two venues are intersected by the Via Cristoforo Colombo and are called respectively " West Zone " and " East Zone ". The first comprises a hockey pitch, a rugby ground and a football pitch with stands seating 5,000 persons; three basketball grounds, two volleyball courts and 8 pitches for bowls. A special zone is reserved for roller-skating training and competitions and disposes of a stand capable of seating 5,000 persons. Each of these is equipped with services for athletes and public, dressing-rooms with showers, etc. In the second zone, that is, the " East Zone ", there are thirteen tennis courts including a central court for minor competitions with seating arrangements for 600 persons. In addition, a 400-metre track with 6 lanes and a covered straight, 130 metres long with 6 lanes (for training during bad weather), have been constructed whilst an area has been set up with jumping pits and areas for throwing events. All the venues are equipped with dressing-rooms and normal services as well as with spacious grass lawns for rest and relaxation.

The Basilica of Maxentius and Caracalla Baths. In addition to the series of Olympic venues, certain monuments were also used for the purpose of giving the Rome Games a more particular Roman character. Among these monuments selected in the neighbourhood of the sports centres were the Basilica of Maxentius and the Caracalla Baths. 76

Tre Fontane Sports Zone.

The large modern covered gymnasium in the " Tre Fontane " sports zone...

...and a 130-metre straight with six lanes permits training during bad weather.

The Basilica of Maxentius constitutes a monumental complex among the more imposing in the archeological zone of Rome. The construction, begun by Maxentius in 303 A. D., was interrupted by his death in 312, in the course of the Battle " ad Saxa Rubra ", at the hands of Constantine who emerged victor. In 313, this latter completed the Basilica of which there remains today only one entire side and the main apse of the shorter side, with part of the bold vaults rising more than 35 metres from the ground. Under these vaults three matressed platforms were placed together with all the competition services for the Greco-Roman and Free-style Wrestling competitions. In front of the platforms, stands were erected for the public and press; (the journalists were provided with 20 telephone booths); the dressing-rooms and services for the athletes (400 sq. metres with 8 showers, 7 W. C.s and 5 washstands) were situated in a zone immediately behind the platforms, whilst the amenities for the public were located under the various stands. The whole venue was equipped with a special system of lighting for the evening events, thus rendering the spectacle even more impressive. Gymnastics were held in an incomparable and universally famous setting, the Caracalla Baths, an extraordinary monument representing the grandeur, perfection and functionality achieved by Roman architecture. Inaugurated in 217 by Antonino Caracalla, these were considered the most impressive of their age, with their organic complex of swimming baths, both hot and cold, covered and uncovered gymnasiums, rooms for gymnastics, wrestling, relaxation, etc. This venue for the Games of the XVII Olympiad was achieved with temporary fixtures placed in the left-hand gymnasium facing the stage of the presentday opera theatre. The whole of the competition arena remained clearly visible to all the spectators as a result of beams (for a total of 40 metres in length) fitted with reflectors resting on four pylons with lateral supports. These supports detached the pylons from the old walls which could in no way be used in observance of a ruling given by the Superintendence of Monuments and Fine Arts. The competition arena measuring 36 × 18 m. was carefully studied so as to render the moving of the athletes from one apparatus to another and the position of the judges as convenient as possible. The dressing-rooms covering a total area of 350 sq. metres, the rooms for the jury and all the services including bar and first-aid, were set up within the precincts of the ancient walls, as was also the case for the Press services. About 5,300 persons were able to be accommodated in the special stands, whilst 102 seats were reserved for the Press. The adaptations and sports installations were planned by architect Maurizio Clerici and put into effect by engineer Pasquale Androsoni. 79

The route of the Marathon. For the first time since the modern Olympiads were revived, the Marathon neither started nor finished in the main stadium. Rome prepared for this spectacular event a route rich in classical evocations which finished at the Arch of Constantine. At the starting point of the race, at the foot of the great staircase of the Capitol, a large shed was set up containing couches and communal dressing-rooms. Along the route refreshment points were established which, in practice, turned out to be more than the athletes required. The route passed along the Via dei Fori Imperiali – Via dei Trionfi – Via delle Terme di Caracalla – Viale Cristoforo Colombo up to 2.5 Kms. beyond the Grande Raccordo Anulare – return to the G. R. A. — Raccordo Anulare – Via Appia Antica – Piazzale Numa Pompilio — Viale delle Terme di Caracalla – Via dei Trionfi – Arch of Constantine (finish), for a total distance of 42.192 Kms. Along the spacious finishing straight road in Via dei Trionfi, stands were set up for 12,000 places, and at the finishing line, special Press stands with 20

The building at the Pratoni del Vivaro where the various technical services for the 3-day Event were concentrated.

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Lake Albano for the rowing regattas.

telephone booths, teleprinter room and Radio and Television points. Two large first-aid tents, a mobile bath, emergency hygienic amenities and sundry services completed the arrangements. The entire area at the Arch of Constantine was barricaded-off and subject to control.

Venues for the equestrian sports. The Dressage Grand Prix and the Grand Prix Individual Jumping events were held in the incomparable setting of Piazza di Siena, in the heart of Villa Borghese, the traditional theatre of Equestrian Events. This marvellous amphitheatre was the ideal site and did not present any special problems even from the point of view of accommodation in view of its vicinity to the Olympic Village. Temporary stands were set up and a similar system was adopted for the providing of services for events and services reserved to the public. By these provisions, the capacity of Piazza di Siena was a total of 15,000 places. The Press had 10 telephone booths at its disposal, of which 6 for long-distance calls. Pratoni del Vivaro was the site of the 3-day riding events. The zone is situated in a valley near Rocca di Papa between Via dei Laghi and Via Latina for a total length of about 10 kms. and covers an area of some 133 hectares, between a frame of mountains. The locality, which is some 35 kms. from Rome, was chosen for the special variety of the ground, which was considered highly suitable for the requirements of the competition, and for the large stretches of grassy meadows and natural obstacles. Pratoni del Vivaro, situated at an average height of 500 metres above sea-level, also guaranteed, even in the periods of greatest heat, an ideal temperature which never rose above 25—26°C. At Pratoni del Vivaro a number of services of a permanent nature were realised, developed and completed on the occasion of the Games with structures of a temporary nature. More particularly, a building was set up to contain all the competition services, a series of stables to accommodate 120 horses, of which 40 in a permanent structure and 80 distributed throughout three blocks of stables made out of prefabricated reinforced concrete. As annexes to the services for horses, a complex was set up for use as storehouses, materials, forage, veterinary infirmary, kitchen and rest premises for the personnel on duty. Participants in the Olympic event of Modern Pentathlon carried out the riding event on a 5 km. course at Passo Corese. This site, 35 kms. from Rome, assured the perfect staging of the event as the route followed already disposed of arrangements that had been made for international events of this nature. 81 6.

Lake Albano for the rowing events. Lake Albano, which is overlooked by Castelgandolfo, was chosen by the Executive Committee of the C.O.N.I. and approved by the Ministry for Public Works, for the holding of the rowing and canoeing events. Already since as far back as 1903 numerous important rowing competitions, from the Italian Championships to European Championships, had been disputed on this characteristic stretch of water, situated in the crater of an ancient volcano. The lake lies at 293 metres above sea level and has a circumference of 10 kms. and a maximum depth of 170 metres. It is especially remarkable in that it is shaped like an amphitheatre which allows thousands of spectators to watch each phase of the events. Work began under the aegis of the Ministry for Public Works in the summer of 1959. Various problems had to be faced such as that of connecting internal roads with the main highways, the construction of a road between the starting and finishing posts, installations for stands, juries, timekeeping, etc. In view of the considerable depth close inshore of the lake, the problem of marking off the lanes created noteworthy difficulties. Having rejected the idea of floating elements bearing the signals indicating the lanes, a plan was devised by engineer Mario Peccia for the realisation of one of the finest regatta courses in existance.

Control and signalling tower in the finishing area of the rowing and canoeing events at Lake Albano.

On the visit of inspection by the Technical Commissions of the F.I.S.A. (on 4th October 1959) and of the I.C.F. (on 11th October 1959), the competition course was judged to be the equivalent of a swimming pool two thousand metres in length with six lanes of 18 metres wide marked out with buoys for the rowing and with 9 lanes 9 metres wide for canoeing. The cables to which the buoys are attached extend over 2,000 metres and are tightened by winches placed on piles of reinforced concrete at 1.50 metres below the level of the water whilst the small buoys, consisting of spheres 25 cms. in diameter, in polystyrol, of various colours, were placed at distances of 12.50 metres. A further three steel cables hold taut perpendicularly the whole system of cables. Installations on land planned by architect Maurizio Clerici were divided into three sectors, namely:— a) at the starting line:— cabin projecting over the lake but in contact with the water lanes; b) boathouse sector:— consisting of a permanent arrangement to be also used after the Olympic Games plus a temporary arrangement for such needs as might arise. The permanent group includes a boathouse for rowing boats (820 sq. metres) and one for canoes (288 sq. metres), dressing-rooms, first aid, offices, bar. In addition to this nucleus were also added 19 sheds measuring 105 sq. m. each with 3 hot water showers and hygienic services; c) finishing line:— fixed stands were erected for 2,000 seats reserved for the Press, TV, authorities and public. In addition, temporary stands were set up for a further 8,000 seats together with a temporary Press Room with 20 telephone booths. A high tower in steel equipped with the most modern control and signalling equipment was erected for the services regarding teleprinter, stencilling, jury, photo-finish, results, photographs, etc. In this same finishing line sector were constructed an assembly room, a small stand for judges and referees, a small harbour to house the motorboats in use for the events, a landing-stage for prizegiving ceremonies and all the services for the public from post office to first aid, information office, bar, etc. Of particular interest was the method adopted to provide stands for the public without breaking up the harmony of the landscape around the lake. Finally two car parks were set up, of which one within the venue for service vehicles. The works were directed by engineer Giuseppe Zanon. Summary of technical data:— - supporting cables - small buoys - large buoys - small rafts for canoeing starter - small rafts for rowing starter - small rafts for disembarkation - landing-stage for prizegiving

26,500 metres 1,500 » 10 » 24 » 6 » 8 » 1 » 83

Routes of the Cycling events. Road races:— The team road cycling event was organised along the Viale Cristoforo Colombo, with start and finish opposite the Olympic Velodrome, and the individual road event on the Grotta-rossa Circuit, this being an almost perfect triangle formed from the beginning of Via Flaminia and the end section of the Via Cassia. For the team race, large stands were set up in the immediate vicinity of the Velodrome with a capacity of 7,500 places. In the area opposite the Velodrome, as the Stadium was used for the technical and organisational requirements of the event, places were provided for the public. The organisation in connection with the road events was far more complex as it was a question of providing for all the internal and external requirements on a much larger scale but nevertheless similar to those called for by an ordinary stadium. Large stands were prepared disposing of 8,000 places reserved to the public whilst the Press had the possibility of using 20 telephone booths, 10 of which were for long-distance calls. The athletes' quarters were situated in line with the starting and finishing posts where the boxes for each nation participating were installed with their various supply and spare part services. As is known, the circuit is just under 15 kms. in length and was repeated 12 times to total 175 kms. At the finishing line a platform in two tiers was set up to contain all news services (photo-finish, television, photographers, etc.). The most dangerous stretches, on account of the fastness of the going, were carefully barricaded off, and the zones organised for refreshment and supply services were also set behind barricades.

The subsidiary Venues. A considerable number of subsidiary venues were prepared and used for the training of athletes. Terme Stadium:— close by the Caracalla Baths in a wooded zone of the Passeggiata Archeologica. It was constructed in the years 1938-9, and disposes of a track 400 metres long with six lanes, two pits for long jump and hop-stepand-jump, a pit for high jump, a pit for pole vault, one javelin lane, two circles for throwing the discus and hammer and, finally, three circles for putting the shot. Farnesina Stadium:— located in the area of Foro Italico at about one km. from the Olympic Village. It is well equipped with services for athletes and public and is destined exclusively to training for running and jumping. Facilities include:— a 400-metre track with 6 lanes; two pits for long jump 84

and hop-step-and-jump; a pit for pole vault; a pit for high jump; two circles for discus and hammer; two for putting the shot; two lanes for throwing the javelin and a course for the 3,000 metres steeplechase. Eucalyptus Stadium:— constructed near the Basilica of San Paolo, at about 9.5 kms. from the Olympic Village, includes besides a football pitch, venues for running and jumping:— a 400-metre track with 6 lanes; two pits for long jump and hop-step-and-jump, two for high jump, one for pole vault, two for discus and hammer, two for putting the shot, two for throwing the javelin. The venue can accommodate some 5,000 spectators. " Silvano Abba " Military Stadium:— set up at the Cecchignola, at some 14 kms. from the Olympic Village. It includes, besides the regulation football pitch, necessary facilities for training in running and jumping and a 400-metre track with 6 lanes. Fire Brigade Ground:— situated in the area of the School of the National Antincendiary Corps, near the Hippodrome of the Capannelle on the Via Appia Nuova. The ground is completely equipped for running and jumping, with a 6-laned track of 400 metres. Stella Polare Stadium:— is situated at the Lido of Rome in the Castelfusano pinewoods, at about 30 kms. from the Olympic Village and 500 metres from the sea. The technical facilities include a football pitch, a 400-metre track, with six lanes, a pit for long jump and hop-step-and-jump and one for pole vault, two for high jump, two for discus and hammer, three circles for putting the shot. The services for athletes are located in the pinewood and are surrounded by large green spaces for rest and relaxation. The stadium has a total maximum capacity of 10,000 persons. Tor di Quinto Fields:— at two kilometres from the Olympic Village are the venues of Tor di Quinto, which include two football fields, complete with dressing-rooms, storehouses and independent offices for each field. In addition, a further group of sports venues were used for the training of the athletes, such as gymnasiums, basketball pitches and rooms for wrestling and boxing located in various parts of the city.

Stadiums for the Football Tournament. For the Olympic Football Tournament, the stadiums at Florence, Grosseto, L'Aquila, Leghorn, Pescara and Naples were used as well as the Flaminio Stadium in Rome. In the above-mentioned stadiums, the elimination round was disputed for a total of 24 matches. The semi-finals took place at Naples and at Rome. The finals for 1st and 2nd places and the prize-giving ceremony were held at the Flaminio Stadium. 85

Here follows a list of the capacity and distance from Rome of the stadiums chosen for the elimination round:— Florence, Communal Stadium:— capacity 60,000 spectators; Cassia State Highway 300 kms., distance by rail 316 kms. Grosseto, Communal Stadium:— capacity 18,000 spectators; Aurelia State Highway 183 kms.; distance by rail 188 kms. L'Aquila, Communal Stadium:— capacity 20,000; total distance from Rome 144 kms., of which 86 kms. along the Salaria State Highway to Rieti and 58 kms. along the Sabina State Highway; distance by rail 216 kms. with direct linking service by the " Freccia del Gran Sasso " express train. Leghorn, Ardenza Stadium:— capacity 25,000; Aurelia State Highway 316 kms.; distance by rail 316 kms. Pescara, Adriatico Stadium:— capacity 21,000; Tiburtina Valeria State Highway 236 kms.; distance by rail 240 kms. Naples, Fuorigrotta Stadium:— capacity 90,000; total distance from Rome 232 kms., of which 158 kms. on the Appia State Highway to the Minturno Crossroads and 74 kms. along the Domiziana State Highway; distance by rail 214 kms.

Works in the bay of Naples. The yachting events took place in the waters of the Bay of Naples and, more exactly, in the zone overlooking Santa Lucia. In order to meet the needs for anchorage and shelter of the boats taking part in the Olympic Games and those of tourists, various technical economic solutions were effected by the Ministry of Public Works, once again well aware of the problems of the Games, all of them intended to enforce the receptive capacity of the small ports around Naples. The Ministry of Public Works, with the financial aid of the C.O.N.I., developed and rendered more efficient the four ports of Molosiglio, Santa Lucia, Mergellina and Posillipo. In the case of Molosiglio, the project approved and passed by the High Council of Public Works provided for the reinforcing of the existing reef; for the construction of the high-tide rock-wall nearby the reef, constructed in two sections for a total length of 225 metres; the construction of a small quay of 45 metres parallel to the reef of San Vincenzo Quay and, lastly, the construction of an open landing-stage 175 metres long behind the quay which assured safe anchorage to the Olympic boats centred at Molosiglio.

Indicator boards. The important problem of the diffusion of results was resolved with the construction of special indicator apparatus, under the direction of specialised Firms. This apparatus, electrically controlled at a distance, allowed the public 86

to obtain the results of the events more rapidly than was ever the case in preceding Olympic Games. Of special interest are the electric indicator boards already existing in three competition areas, i. e. Olympic Stadium, Swimming Stadium and the Regatta Course on Lake Albano. The Olympic Stadium disposes of two indicator boards installed at the top ends of the main axis of the stadium. Each board, measuring 15.70 m. × 7, is composed of a luminous panel of 12.97 m. × 6.50. The controls, one per panel, are installed in a special position beneath the panel. Each panel consists of a metallic frame containing 243 luminous units set on 9 horizontal lines of 27 units per line and a clock connected with the electric equipment for measuring the times of events. Each luminous unit, measuring 35 × 49 cms. is composed of 35 cells containing a total of 35 bulbs of 125 V/60 W. The letter using the greatest number of bulbs is the letter " B ". The full lighting of all units would account for 3,000 bulbs with a total absorption of 180 Kw. The controls are composed of the following:— - an electronic decodifying device which transforms the telegraphic code into a static code of 35 elements for the control of each unit; - rotating selectors for the selection of lines and units; - relays for the control and checking of rotating selectors; - manoeuvring units (insertion, checking, safety, signalling) to guarantee the utmost efficiency of the installation and the prompt intervention in case of breakdown; - current divided into two sectors:— current for bulbs amounting to 200 Kw.; maintenance of continuous current of 60 W/14 Kw to the controls. It is possible to vary the intensity of the light by means of special transformers, to guarantee the best visibility on the panels in relation to the illumination of the whole stadium from midday sunshine to night-time darkness. The control centre is composed of a metallic table containing a teleprinter and the control and manoeuvring panels. The writing on the board is obtained either by using the keyboard by hand or by means of the perforation system. Whilst with writing by hand the speed varies according to the operator, in the case of the perforation system, a speed of 400 letters per minute is obtained, which means that the complete writing of all 243 units would require approx. 40 seconds. The text transmitted can appear on the board at the same time as it is being written on the keyboard, or the text may be flashed on to the signalling board all at once at the end of the transmission. These installations, weighing 10 tons each, have been manufactured by the firm of " Siemens ". In the Swimming Stadium, the electric indicator boards were set up for the registration of the swimming and diving results. The installation includes:— (a) the luminous signalling panel; (b) the control centre. 87

One of the indicator installations, worked electrically by remote distance control, for announcing results in the Olympic Stadium.

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The signalling panel consists of a metallic frame containing 270 luminous units and 2 clocks, one of which is linked with the electric device for measuring the times of events. Each unit measures 20 × 28 cms. with 35 cells containing the same number of bulbs. The control centre, set up on frames carefully positioned behind the panel, is composed of:— compound rotative selectors; control and inspection relay; manoeuvring, insertion, signalling and inspection units; a maintenance complex with alternate current for about 100 K.W., with continuous current for the maintenance of the centre at 60 V/14 Kw. The intensity is variable in order to guarantee the maximum visibility and the clearness of the announcements on the panel by day or night. The teleprinter control transmitting centre allows for both writing by hand and mechanically by means of the perforation system which can be directly prepared with the teleprinter at a speed of 400 letters per minute, or with texts prepared on tape. For the diving contests, use was made of further equipment:— the seven seats of the diving jury were equipped with a points keyboard which was connected to another keyboard at the referee-judge's seat. This, in turn, was connected to the indicator board. This equipment functioned as follows:— each judge pressed the key which expressed his award of points and these results were transmitted to the referee-judge's panel. Once the average was established by the referee-judge, he in turn transmitted this result to the indicator board. This equipment is also manufactured by Messrs. SIEMENS. An indicator board of smaller proportions was set up at Lake Albano which consisted of light units directly controlled by a panel on which the indicator board units were reproduced. The board is a complex of luminous numbers functioning by means of a series of relays worked by a keyboard. For the first time in the history of rowing events, an electric indicator board was used which, among other things, gave the partial results of the rowing events at the 500, 1,000 and 1,500 metre marks. Of great technical interest, though perhaps of lesser constructive importance, is the system of lining up and starting, organised by means of six loudspeakers on which various lights appear for the guidance of the starting judges and corresponding to the three regulation starting orders. The apparatus is manufactured by the Standard Elettronica Italiana Co.

The Olympic Village. On 30th October 1957, following on a series of previous meetings in the course of which various solutions had been examined, the special Committee, presided over by Minister Togni, chose for the construction of the Olympic Village the zone of " Campo Parioli ", in the Flaminio quarter in the North of Rome. 89

Work was started on 10th May 1958 after the solemn ceremony of the laying of the first stone. A parchment with the signatures of the Authorities and the designers was placed inside an ancient Roman cippus on which was written the inscription " Olympic Village 1960 ". The Roman cippus now stands in the centre of the Village whose roads are called after the great benefactors to the Olympic Idea and the greatest Olympic champions of the past. In the realisation of the general project, only 25 % of the 30,000 sq. metres of the total surface has been built on, while the remaining 75 % has been used for a large road network. The Village was constructed by the I.N.C.I.S. (State Housing Institute) on plans drawn up by architects Vittorio Cafiero, Adalberto Libera, Amedeo Nuccichenti, Vincenzo Monaco and Luigi Moretti. It was brought to completion in record time thanks to the encouragement of the Minister of Public Works and the collaboration of the Commune and the C.O.N.I. At this point, we consider that some idea should be given of the works realised by the I. N. C. I. S. as regards the building construction and those realised by the C.O.R. (Rome Olympic Constructions) for completing the efficiency of the new quarters. The permanent works constructed by the I.N.C.I.S. consist of 33 buildings with two, three, four and even five floors, for a total of 1,348 flats, 4,723 rooms, 2,960 rooms intended for services, the whole accounting for a total area of 582,568 cub. metres. These buildings have in common the characteristic of being built on reinforced concrete pillars (2,760 pillars in all) so as to leave free and easy access to the ground terraces. The entire area contains 13 Kms. of asphalt road varying in width between 12.80 and 3.50 metres. Roads, squares and pavements occupy a surface of 110,500 sq. metres; while 160,000 sq. metres are covered by gardens. 4 kms. of gas tubing, 5 kms. of electric cable, 9 kms. of piping for the hot-water system, 5 kms. of piping for the distribution of water and, lastly, 20 kms. of drains are laid in the subsoil. This vast complex of works, to which should be added the construction of four hot-water boiler centres, was begun in September 1958 and was concluded in June 1960 with the use of 33 Firms, an average of 900 workmen per day, 500,000 working days (men × days) and a large quantity of machines and equipment for the building construction. The complex of buildings and installations constructed by the I.N.C.I.S. proved more than sufficient to satisfy the requirements of a large residential quarter, intended for families living autonomously. It was not, however, as ideal for the period of time when these same buildings and plants served the particular requirements of as numerous a community as that constituted by the participants in the Olympic Games. It was therefore necessary to com90

plete the permanent works with other absolutely essential items and namely:— - a pavilion for reception offices, situated at the main entrance to the O.V., consisting of 4 lozenge-shaped buildings prefabricated with tubular metallic structures covered by wood and completed with plastic material. Intended for the reception, information, visitors, bank, post and telephone services, this pavilion occupied a space of 1,200 sq. metres. - ten restaurant pavilions, situated on both sides of the Viaduct of Corso Francia measuring 36 × 34 metres, constructed on supporting structures in cement with walls in tiles and large glass panes, covered with light metallic wire structure and corrugated iron; intentionally placed one against the other so as to allow the supply of provisions by the single entrance corridor for both restaurants. Each had a central kitchen, two canteen rooms, refrigerating plant at one end and hygienic installations at the other. The area occupied by the restaurant pavilions was 20,000 sq. metres with a covered area of 12,780 sq. metres. - storehouses of the various services, displaced in two zones situated outside the two opposite sides of the Olympic Village, so as not to interfere with the movement of traffic within and outside the Village itself. In all, 13 of these were set up, these being of variable length, with moveable elements, mounted on cement blocks and with tiled floors. A first group of 4 sheds was destined as a central depot for foodstuffs at one side; while on the opposite side a second group of 9 sheds was used as general stores for material, as canteen and showers for the staff employed in the Olympic Village Section, for showers and saunas for the athletes, as stores for the deposit and withdrawal of personal effects sent by the athletes to laundries and, lastly, as a depot for the Customs Service. The thirteen sheds covered a total area of 4,120 sq. metres. In order to assure the isolation of the entire area of the Olympic Village and also to isolate within this same Village the Woman's Quarter, the zones of offices, storehouses and lodgings of staff responsible for the organisation of the O.V., a metal fence was used, held up by poles with a trelliswork of wiring and set on cement bases. This type of enclosure even if presenting a certain elegance, was liable to give a somewhat unpleasant impression and, for this reason, the fencing was covered throughout by a high hedge of creepers. The total length of the enclosure was 4,300 metres and involved the placing of 2,150 poles. Along the inside and outside enclosures there were a total of 27 entrance gates, many of which were provided with wooden sentry-boxes to protect the staff on duty against heat and rain. The above described temporary works were realised in stages, installations of the prefabricated type being chosen for the rapidity of their mounting and for the fact that they could be negotiated on the economically advantageous basis of " returnable goods ". 91

CONSTRUCTION FIRMS AND SUPPLIERS OLYMPIC STADIUM IMPRESA GARBARINO-SCIACCALUGA-MEZZACANE – Mural

works. SOCIETÀ FUSI & MACCHI – Hygiene installations. SOCIETÀ BUINI & GRANDI – Electrical installations, exter-

nal illumination. SOCIETÀ DE MICHELI – Heating installations. SOCIETÀ CURTISA – Metallic works. DITTA PAOLO VILLANI – Wooden works. DITTA F.LLI ADRIANI – Seats for tiers. SOCIETÀ PHILIPS – Sound installations. DITTA SCIARRA – Glass requirements. SOCIETÀ SIEMENS – Scoreboards.

PALAZZO DELLO SPORT IMPRESA INGG. NERVI & BARTOLI – Reinforced concrete

works. IMPRESA ING. VINCENZO ANGRISANI – Mural works. SOCIETÀ CASILLO – Electrical installations. SOCIETÀ SIEMENS – Sound installation. SOCIETÀ SOLARI – Scoreboards.

SOCIETÀ DELL'ORTO & CHIEREGATTI – Air-conditioning

DITTA ROSA & BIANCHI – Electrical plants. SOCIETÀ SIEMENS – Sound installations. SOCIETÀ DALMINE – Light projector towers. SOCIETÀ LINOLEUM – Rubber and linoleum flooring. SOCIETÀ BONFIGLIO – Track in wood. SOCIETÀ F.E.A.L. – Alluminium covering SOCIETÀ MET.-CO. – Metallic covering.

FLAMINIO STADIUM IMPRESA INGG. NERVI & BARTOLI – Mural works. SOCIETÀ C.G.E. (General Electric Co.) – External lighting installations. SOCIETÀ SIEMENS – Sound installations. SOCIETÀ DE MICHELI – Air-purifying plant – water heat-

ing plant for internal swimming pool. PALAZZETTO DELLO SPORT IMPRESA INGG. NERVI & BARTOLI – Mural works.

SOCIETÀ SIEMENS – Sound installation. OFFICINE MECCANICHE BARBIERI –

SOCIETÀ ELECTRA – Electrical installations.

and heating plants. SOCIETÀ SARE-LAVAGNOLO – Hygiene installations. SOCIETÀ CURTISA – Metallic works. SOCIETÀ I.L.V.A. – Metallic works. SOCIETÀ IOMSA – Metallic works. SOCIETÀ SCIARRA – Glass requirements. SOCIETÀ FONTANA – Glass requirements light fixtures. SOCIETÀ LINOLEUM – Flooring.

SOCIETÀ GAZZOTTI – Competition arena in wood. SOCIETÀ FRASSINETI & ROSCIOLI – External enclosure. SOCIETÀ DELAITI AUGUSTO – Metal covering of dome.

Heating and air-

conditioning plant.

OLYMPIC VILLAGE CIARDI (Società in nome collettivo) – Principal works on Lot I. SOCIETÀ LAZIALE

COSTRUZIONI

GENERALI – Principal

works on Lot II. ING. EUGENIO MORANDI – Principal works on Lot III. DOMENICO ADRIANI – Principal works on Lot IV. I.CO. – Principal works on Lot V. BLOCCHI TOGNI S.p.A. – Supply of water reservoirs. MANIFATTURA CERAMICA POZZI – Supply of hygiene re-

quirements. SWIMMING STADIUM IMPRESA LOY-DONA & BRANCACCIO – Mural works. SOCIETÀ BUINI & GRANDI – External lighting installations. DITTA ELETTROTECNICA MARCHI – Electrical plants. SOCIETÀ SIEMENS – Sound installations and scoreboards. SOCIETÀ DE MICHELI – Piping requirements for air puri-

fying plant. SOCIETÀ CASTAGNETTI – Air-purifying plant and water

circulation. SOCIETÀ DALMINE – Light projector towers. SOCIETÀ SCIARRA – Glass requirements. DITTA PIERMATTEI & C. – Metallic works.

OLYMPIC VELODROME IMPRESA ALARICO PALMIERI – Mural works. SOCIETÀ BUINI & GRANDI – External lighting installa-

tions.

92

RUBINETTERIE MAMOLI S.p.A. – Supply of taps for Lots I and III. VALVES POLIBAN DI RATTI & C. – Supply of taps for

Lots II, IV and V. FONDERIE E SMALTERIE GENOVESI S.p.A. – Supply of

bath tubs. DELL'ORTO E CHIEREGATTI S.p.A. – Heating plant for Lot I. ALFREDO VASINTONI S.p.A. – Heating plant for Lot II. ASTER S.p.A. – Heating plant for Lot III. GIUSEPPE DE MICHELI & C. S.p.A. – Heating plant for Lots IV and V. SUPERVIBRO S.R.L. – Supply of Pentaforo piping. Bosco S.p.A. – Supply of water meters. PROFIL-LAMINA ITALIANA S.p.A. – Supply of metal fixtures for Lots I and II. ALDO GALANTA S.p.A. — Supply of metal fixtures for Lots III, IV and V.

AKRON – Lifts for Lots IV and V. BECCHI S.p.A. – Supply of gas cookers for Lots I, III and IV. FERDINANDO ZOPPAS & FIGLI S.p.A. – Supply of gas

cookers for Lot II. TRIPLEX S.p.A. – Supply of gas cookers for Lot V. P. SCIARRA, SPECCHI, CRISTALLI & VETRI S.p.A. – Supply

of glass works. L'ARTE NELLA CASA S.R.L. – Supply of wall paper for

Lots I, II and III. SAGAR DI A. GIULIANI – Supply of wall paper for Lots IV and V. CASILO COMM. VINCENZO & C. – Supply of loudspeaker

equipment. E.DI.CA. S.R.L. – Levelling works on grass intended areas. I.O.M.S.A. S.p.A. – Supply of metallic blinds for shops. SAIRA S.p.A. – Supply of metal fixtures for shops. TUDINI TALENTI — Road works and drains. ING. LUCIANO SPINA – Mural works for general services quarters. F.E.A.L.-I. VERLONGA (Socc. Acc. Sempl.) – Iron works for general services quarters. ELETTROTECNICA MARCHI – Light installations for general services quarters. OTHER VENUES SPINA ING LUCIANO – Mural works in Stadio dei Marmi. TU.CO – Dismountable tribunes. LA METALSTRUTTURA – Covered track at E.U.R. grounds. AKRON – Lifts for Swimming and Olympic Stadiums. OFFICINE CALLIGARIS – Furniture for Palazzo delle Federazioni. SOLFLEX – Curtains for Palazzo dello Sport. OMEGA – Timekeeping equipment. MAGAZZINI INDUSTRIALI RIUNITI – Sanitary apparatus

for Palazzo dello Sport and Stadio dei Marmi. NOVALUX – Lighting apparatus for the Palazzo delle Federazioni. SAINT GOBAIN – Glass requirements.

SAIONI ODOARDO – Furnishings for various venues. OMNIA PLASTIK – Furnishings for various venues. MAGNETI MARELLI – Sound equipment.

BRINI & UMMARINO – Stella Polare sports ground at Ostia Lido. OBOR – Lighting plant for Palazzo dello Sport. CHIZZOLINI – Prefabricated buildings at Castelgandolfo. TUDINI & TALENTI – Road works.

SGARAVATTI – Garden works. ANSALONI – Garden works. AQUILA EGISTO – Water and hygiene installations. DI FAZIO & BIANCHI – Iron works.

CUCINOTTA – Wooden works.

LA MILANESE – Press Room. IRFA – Bar Counter at Palazzo dello Sport. PIZZETTI — Furniture supplies for Palazzo dello Sport and Palazzo delle Federazioni. NOSTINI ING. RENZO – Umberto I Shooting Range, Piscina delle rose and Acquacetosa pool. I.M.P.A. – Signalling equipment – Name-plates – Stamps. ARCIERI – Mural coverings at Palazzo dello Sport. RIDOLFI – Painting at Palazzo dello Sport. ISFER – Coverings at Palazzo dello Sport. RICCI ALBERTO – Water-proofing.

S.A.I.E.P. – Pneumatic post installation at Velodrome and Swimming Stadium. BELISARIO DUILIO – Construction of Palazzo delle Federazioni. FACE STANDARD – Telephone exchange at Palazzo delle Federazioni. ATER — Air-conditioning plant at Palazzo delle Federazioni. CURTISA – Metal fixtures at Palazzo delle Federazioni. MOLTENI & NIPOTI – Furnishings for Palazzo dello Sport. STANDARD ELETTRONICA ITALIANA – Various results

boards. R.I.M.A. — Furnishings for Palazzo dello Sport. DI ZITTI ING. MARIO – Mural works at various subsidiary venues. GIOACCHINI ING. ANTONIO – Roads for subsidiary venues. SOUNDEX ITALIANA – Soundproof covering at Palazzo dello Sport. VETRARIA LATINA – Glass works.

TENNISQUIK – Tennis grounds. INDUSTRIA PRODOTTI SIDERURGICI – Iron works.

VILLANI PAOLO – Wooden works.

COSENTINO ALVARO – Mural works at subsidiary venues LA NUOVA SILVESTRE – Mural works at subsidiary venues. E.D.I.C.A. — Mural works at subsidiary venues. S.I.R.A. – Pumping installations. C.O.I.M.A.S. – Mural works at subsidiary venues. TECNEDILE – Mural works at subsidiary venues. VENTURI – Sports equipment. SIAMA-MASS – Barges at Castelgandolfo. FRAUSIN ING. MARIO – Plastic spatulas for subsidiary venues. R.A.D.A. – Plastic spatulas for subsidiary venues. ONDOLUX – Plastic sheeting for subsidiary venues. PASQUALUCCI ING. ENRICO – Mural works at subsidiary venues. MERLINO ING PIETRO – Mural works at harbours in Naples. SAVARESE LUIGI – Mural works at harbours in Naples. AUTELCO – Telephone exchange installations.

93

MANAGEMENT OF OLYMPIC VENUES

T he administration of the Olympic venues was entrusted to the Sports Venues Management Service of the Italian Olympic Committee which had been incorporated into the operative establishment of the Olympic Organisation. A provisional but detailed technical plan was worked out which took into consideration all problems connected with the running of the venues themselves. Obviously none of the already existing sports venues were equipped to the extent required for such a large number of athletes in competition and the venues under construction were not planned to contain technical equipment suited to such diverse requirements. The work, however, was prepared with care and there were no surprises notwithstanding the concurrence of the sports competitions and the unknown factors of the time-table (advances or postponements to the programme, delays in the holding of certain competitions). So as to be able to execute the various responsibilities connected with management, which in any case were strictly bound to an operational work plan during the period of training and during the period when the competitions took place, the Venues Management was set up in accordance with directives laid down by the Organising Committee. The organisational chart will be found on page 98. The Management Service, in direct agreement with the Technical Services Section, studied the equipment requirements of competition venues as well as those of subsidiary venues; it worked out a budget for the purchase of necessary material once it had made an inventory of the equipment already existing in each single venue; it established contact with the respective National Sports Federations to obtain approval, from a technical point of view, of the equipment already existing and that which had to be purchased by the Technical Services Section; lastly, is attended to the distribution of the equipment to each venue. The organisation system of the Venues Management necessitated the employment of 815 civilians, employees and workmen, and 360 military personnel. Their various duties and the manner in which they were distributed will be seen from Table No. 1. The personnel, most of them qualified, were trained to thoroughly acquaint themselves with the time-table of events and were also trained to know the 97 7.

HEAD OF SERVICE

Giovanni Poli

Vittorio Preto

ORGANISATION

SECRETARIAT

FIRST AID

Raffaele Niola

FIRE BRIGADE

COMPETITION VENUES

FORO ITALICO ZONE OLYMPIC STADIUM

E. U. R. ZONE PALAZZO DELLO SPORT

SWIMMING STADIUM

CONTRACTS AND ACCOUNTING

AUTOMOBILE CLUB

PALAZZETTO DELLO SPORT FLAMINIO STADIUM

Antonio Carneroli

VELODROME PALAZZO DEI CONGRESSI

TRAFFIC LAKE ALBANO BATHS OF CARACALLA

WORKS AND MAINTENANCE

PUBLIC ORDER

PIAZZA DI SIENA STADIO DEI MARMI

BASILICA OF MAXENTIUS

BARS MARATHON

Giorgio Besi USHERETTES

COURSE

C. COLOMBO CIRCUIT

MATERIAL AND EQUIPMENT

PASSO CORESE TICKETS UMBERTO I RANGE

Dante Pandimiglio EQUIPMENT

TRANSPORT

ROSE SWIMMING POOL

GROTTAROSSA CIRCUIT

CESANO RANGE

ACQUASANTA GOLF CLUB TRE FONTANE

LAZIO RANGE NAPLES

INDICATIONS PRATONI DEL VIVARO

Domenico Stilo TRAINING GROUNDS

TRAINING GROUNDS

TECHNICAL SERVICES LIAISON DIRECTORATE

various phases and development of work for setting up equipment in accordance with the time available in order to avoid, particularly at crucial moments of the competitions, harmful delays in the organisation of work. These experimental measures gave rise to complete elimination or the reducing of any break or delay that would otherwise have been harmful to the steady carrying out of activities connected with the development of competitions. In fact, the programme planned permitted quick and precise allocation of technical equipment as required in the various venues. 98

TABLE NO. 1

PERSONNEL EMPLOYED FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF VENUES DUTIES

EMPLOYEES

Administration of Management Equipping of sports venues Equipping of training venues Printing works Various controls Liaison with Sports Federations Typists Designers for indicator placards Maintenance of tracks and arenas Maintenance of grounds Maintenance of gymnasiums Maintenance of loudspeaker and telephone installations Maintenance of electrical installations Maintenance of heating and air-conditioning plants Maintenance of hydraulic installations Maintenance of dressing rooms and hygiene installations Maintenance of purifying plants Maintenance of lifts and passages Storeroom attendants Swimming pool attendants Equipment moving attendants Placing of indicator placards attendants Cloakroom attendants TV - telephoto - photofinish attendants Ushering of athletes attendants Traffic control attendants Custodians and guards Drivers Motorcyclists Cyclists Mechanics Women attendants for Ladies dressing rooms Maintenance of grass fields and flower beds Maintenance of water installations Cleaners TOTAL

WORKMEN

MILITARY PERSONNEL

STAFF FROM VARIOUS COMPANIES

23 22 30 5 12 8 12 16 16 27 11

24 50

10 21 10 15

10 8

41 7 2 10 15 18 10 12 9

125

6 8 4

45

40 16

30 26 27 9 7 2 8 22

10

76 4 247

———————————————————— 128

309

360

369

99

Officials of the Sports Venues Section:—-from the left, Giuseppe Tosi, Tullio Tuti, Pietro Longhi, Giuseppe De Ruvo, Maurizio Clerici, Bruno Bruni, Lamberto Puecher, Giovanni Poli, Ennio Foglietti, Renato Magini, Giorgio Besi, Renato Impiccini, Leone Massetti, Franco de Giordano, Giuseppe Tartaglia, Raffaele Niola.

Maintenance of the venues. In order to ensure the smooth running of the various events, the Venues Management dedicated the greater part of its activities to daily maintenance of the fields, tracks, arenas and equipment in general so as to keep everything in perfect order. It also attended to maintenance of dressing rooms, showers, saunas and sanitary arrangements. A no less responsible task was that of installing signalling equipment and measuring devices as well as the maintenance and checking of loudspeaker apparatus and internal telephone communications. A further duty of the Venues Management was that of attending to the night illumination of competition arenas and internal signalling requirements, as well as the maintenance of bar and restaurant services set up in each sports venue. Special technical arrangements were catered for so as to ensure a constant supply of water, light and gas throughout. The various sports venues were linked to two separate sources of supply so that, in case of any interruption 100

or break, it was immediately possible to switch on the second source of supply which was held in reserve. In fact, no complaint was ever raised during the few occasions that recourse had to be had to this safety precaution. During the period of training, in order to give athletes the maximum assistance possible, dressing rooms complete with showers had to be set up and even built, (or in certain cases improved upon). This complex of venues proved satisfactory to all concerned (Table No. 2). So as to complete the picture of the activities undertaken for the maintenance and management of the sports venues, it should be remembered that TABLE NO. 2

DRESSING ROOMS AND SHOWERS

VENUE

DRESSING ROOMS

CAPACITY

SHOWERS

(ATHLETES)

Olympic Stadium

11

220

47

Stadio dei Marmi

36

700

95

Velodrome

21

250

27

Palazzo dello Sport

24

360

48

Flaminio stadium & Palazzetto dello Sport

16

240

72

Acquacetosa and C.R.A.L.

40

800

97

Stadio delle Terme

3

160

7

Farnesina stadium

6

180

6

Eucalipti stadium

4

80

10

Via Sannio gymnasium

7

105

13

21

320

52

8

120

20

Foro Italico swimming pool

124

300

56

1st floor pool (Foro Italico)

57

130

9

Swimming Stadium

132

300

50

Piscina delle Rose

64

300

13

Baths of Caracalla

14

280

8

Basilica of Maxentius

32

200

6

6

120

18

19

380

20

4

120

10

20

400

25

669

6.065

709

E.U.R. grounds Stella Polare – (Ostia)

Lake Albano Palazzo dei Congressi S. Croce in Gerusalemme gymnasium Other grounds and gymnasiums TOTAL

101

particular care was devoted to the large number of lawns and wooded areas either forming part of the venues or immediately adjacent to them. Work of this nature, which called for constant attention by specialised labour fully equipped for the purpose, was carried out from 15th May to 15th September 1960 (Table No. 3). TABLE NO. 3

MAINTENANCE OF GREEN AREAS

Work Days

VENUE

Acquacetosa

3,706

Olympic Village

2,997

Hedges

Chemical manure

lin. m.

qtls.

4,636

Lawn mowers

Watering appliances

Rubber tabes

Fixed piping

lin. m.

lin. m.

9

24

1,220

3,600

4

16

480

8,900

Tor di Quinto

544

875

3

4

320

1,200

Umberto I Firing Range

210

190

1

2

110

800

Foro Italico

960

1,220

5

6

350

Olympic Stadium

360

310

4

10

300

Stadio dei Marmi

240

620

1

2

260

Farnesina Stadium

360

358

2

2

170

750

Swimming Stadium

993

1,072

4

12

380

1,050

Flaminio Stadium and Palazzetto dello Sport

581

830

4

3

298

1,200

Baths of Caracalla

360

500

2

3

90

600

4

400

720

10,100

Eucalipti Stadium

360

412

2

Piscina delle Rose

247

320

1

2

90

350

1,814

3,495

1

12

590

2,800

Velodrome

745

83

2

8

340

1,600

Palazzo dello Sport

358

415

1

4

160

850

Stella Polare

596

60

2

4

193

920

Piazza di Siena

363

1

2

150

260

Pratoni del Vivaro

245

Castelgandolfo

113

Tre Fontane

120 1

Stores TOTAL

16,152

15,396

168

35

16

30

1,000

66

150

7,056

35,700

The classification and distribution of all the sports equipment necessitated carefully planned and timed work undertaken by extremely specialised personnel. The sports equipment already existing in each venue, together with 102

New sight measuring device for long jump. Equipment and equipment carrier for athletics.

103

the new equipment purchased by the Technical Services Section, was more than sufficient to cover requirements, as will be noted from Table No. 4. Naturally, certain equipment or material of common use or of irrelevant technical importance has been omitted from the list.

Mr. Rosenquist, Secretary of the National Olympic Committee of Finland, examines the javelins to be used in the Rome Olympic Games.

104

TABLE NO. 4

SPORTS EQUIPMENT

TECHNICAL MATERIAL

QUANTITY

SUPPLIER

ATHLETICS Tracks and arenas for the following stadiums:—Olympic – dei Marmi – Farnesina – East park Tre Fontane – Eucalipti

5

Ing. Guido De Bernardi – Turin

Tracks and arenas for the following stadiums:— Acquacetosa – Silvano Abba – Stella Polare Track and Field illumination towers at Olympic Stadium

3

Romana Impianti Sportivi – Rome

4

Buini & Grandi – Bologna

Measuring device for discus, javelin and hammer

1

Measuring device for long and hop, step & jump – Russian type Competition and training pole vault uprights

The London Instrument Company Limited (Cantabrian) Cambridge

5 12

F.lli Onofri – Rome Romana Impianti Sportivi – Rome

Competition and training high jump uprights

16

Romana Impianti Sportivi – Rome

Competition hurdles

100

Fast – Trieste

Training hurdles

384

Fangarezza – Modena Romana Impianti Sportivi – Rome

Spare battens for hurdles

500

Fast – Trieste

Competition and training discuses (M. 20-L. 20)

40

Sportarticles Co. Ltd. – Helsinki

Competition discuses (M. 20-L. 20)

40

Broderna Sandstroms – Stockholm

Training discuses already existing in venues (M. 61-L. 45) Ash wood javelins (M. 100-L. 65)

106 165

Sportarticles Co. Ltd. – Helsinki

Metal javelins (M. 40-L.30)

70

See Fabriks Aktiebolag – Sandviken (Sweden)

Competition and training hammers

40

Primo Ferrari – Modena

Hammers already existing in venues

18

Bronze and iron shots for competitions and training (M. 60-V. 30)

90

Shots already existing in venues

48

Precision weighing machines for checking equipment Starting blocks

2 50

Starting blocks already existing in venues

46

Pole vault and high jump bars for competitions

50

Fast – Trieste

Pole vault and high jump bars for training

20

Romana Impianti Sportivi – Rome

Hurdles for steeplechase

6

Primo Ferrari — Modena

Berkel – Rome Romana Impianti Sportivi – Rome

C.O.N.I. – Sports Venues Management Service

105

Pole vault uprights with moveable base for eventual quick changes.

Mobile luminous indicator for results of throws and jumps.

Measuring device for discus, javelin and hammer throws.

Transistor apparatus including three laryngophones and eight loudspeakers for starts in athletics events.

107

QUANTITY

TECHNICAL MATERIAL

ATHLETICS

SUPPLIER

(cont.)

Cloth flags for steeplechase course

200

C.O.N.I. – Sports Venues Management Service

Vaulting poles (metal) of various types for training

45

Fast – Trieste

Trolleys for transporting hurdles

11

C.O.N.I. – Sports Venues Management Service

Pole vault uprights for decathlon

2

Romana Impianti Sportivi – Rome

Special steel competition vaulting poles

10

See Fabriks Aktiebolag – Sandviken (Sweden)

Shot carriers

12

C.O.N.I. – Sports Venues Management Service

Javelin carriers

8

C.O.N.I. – Sports Venues Management Service

Hammer carriers

4

C.O.N.I. – Sports Venues Management Service

Vaulting pole carriers

3

C.O.N.I. – Sports Venues Management Service

1,200

C.O.N.I. – Sports Venues Management Service

2

C.O.N.I. – Sports Venues Management Service

Starting block carriers

12

C.O.N.I. – Sports Venues Management Service

Lane markers

28

C.O.N.I. – Sports Venues Management Service

Throwing markers

90

C.O.N.I. – Sports Venues Management Service

Coloured spheres for jump indications Wool thread

Kgs.

Hand Scoreboard complete

2

Montanucci Sport – Rome

Arrow markers for indications of throw

10

C.O.N.I. – Sports Venues Management Service

Flags to mark Olympic and World records

20

C.O.N.I. – Sports Venues Management Service

Relay batons Plastic strips to mark out competition sectors m.

130 1,500

Francesco Rubini – Rome Romana Impianti Sportivi – Rome

Writing frames for judges

110

C.O.N.I. – Sports Venues Management Service

Wooden folding chairs

100

Gradella Sport – Rome

Megavox electric megaphones

4

Standard Elettronica Italiana – Genoa

Mobile luminous indicator boards

3

Standard Elettronica Italiana – Genoa

Meteorological units

2

Filotecnica Salmoiraghi – Milan

Anemographs

2

Guido Guidelli – Bologna

Transistor starting apparatus including 3 laryngophones and 8 loudspeakers

1

Standard Elettronica Italiana – Genoa

Electric tachometer apparatus to two units

108

Standard Elettronica Italiana – Genoa

TECHNICAL MATERIAL

ATHLETICS

QUANTITY

SUPPLIER

(cont.)

Special starter pistols

4

Omega – Bienne (Switzerland)

Radiotelephone pairs

2

Standard Elettronica Italiana – Genoa

Supply points walk events

complete for marathon and

Metallic torches complete with fuel to illuminate marathon course Portable transistor tape recorder 3-unit luminous indicator board to call athletes forward Black competitors' numbers on white background (men)

10

La Nuova Silvestre – Rome

1,000 1

Agip – Rome Standard Elettronica Italiana – Genoa

1

Standard Elettronica Italiana – Genoa

3,000

Romana Sport – Rome

300

Romana Sport – Rome

300

Romana Sport – Rome

Black competitors' numbers on yellow background (20 km. walk)

300

Romana Sport – Rome

Calibration apparatus and measurement apparatus for throwing equipment

15

Yellow competitors' numbers on black background (women)

1,500

Romana Sport – Rome

White numbers on red background (women's relay)

600

Romana Sport – Rome

Red numbers on white background (men's relay)

1,200

Romana Sport – Rome

White competitors' numbers on black background (marathon) White competitors' numbers on green background (50 km. walk)

Eredi S. Delle Grotti – Rome

BASKETBALL Official competition balls Training balls

110 60

Superball Vis – Lavagna Gradella Sport – Rome

Patented backboards

6

Giulio Spada – Milan

Tempered 12/14 glass 180 × 120 cms

9

L. Brusotti – Milan

Iron baskets Nets

11

Giulio Spada – Milan

9

Giulio Spada – Milan

BOXING Gloves – pairs for training

79

Gradella Sport – Rome

Gloves – pairs for punch bag

43

Gradella Sport – Rome

570

Gradella Sport – Rome

Gloves – pairs for competition (8 oz)

109

QUANTITY

TECHNICAL MATERIAL

SUPPLIER

BOXING (cont.) 580

Gradella Sport – Rome

Elastic waist bands

82

Gradella Sport – Rome

Training punch bags

18

Superball Vis – Lavagna

Iron spring extensors

18

Superb all Vis – Lavagna

Speed balls

27

Superball Vis – Lavagna

9

Superball Vis – Lavagna

Training masks

55

Gradella Sport – Rome

Skipping ropes

47

Gradella Sport – Rome

Elastic bandages – pairs

Speed ball platforms

Special ring complete with accessories for Palazzo dello Sport

1

Francesco Rubini – Rome

Ring complete with accessories for training

5

Francesco Rubini – Rome

Ring complete with accessories for training

4

Montanucci Sport – Rome

Rings already existing in various gymnasiums

4

Univerbell mirrors

13

Renzo Bottero – Rome

Weighing machines for athletes

12

Berkel – Rome

Medical training balls

18

Superball Vis – Lavagna

580

Gradella Sport – Rome

Elastic bandages – pairs Automatic point Scoreboard

1

Ditta Solari – Rome

CANOEING AND ROWING Numbers in cloth for canoeing (2 series of 1 to 100)

200

Romana Sport – Rome

Numbers in cloth for rowing (120 series of 1 to 6)

720

Romana Sport – Rome

Bronze bells 2.150 kgs

9

P. Braguglia – Rome

Dress flag series

3

Unione Militare – Rome

Red tammy flags

12

Unione Militare – Rome

White tammy flags

12

Romana Sport – Rome

Lambrecht Anemometer

1

Filotecnica Salmoiraghi – Rome

Sisal hemp rope

kgs.

650

Hemp rope

kgs.

65

Siama-Mass – Rome

4

Siama-Mass – Rome

Weights – 260 kgs.

110

Gradella Sport – Rome

TECHNICAL MATERIAL

QUANTITY

SUPPLIER

CANOEING AND ROWING (cont.) Weights – 460 kgs

1

Siama-Mass – Rome

Brass megaphones

4

Siama-Mass – Rome

Luminous results Scoreboard

1

Standard Elettronica Italiana – Genoa

1

Standard Elettronica Italiana – Genoa

1

Standard Elettronica Italiana – Genoa

Rowing starting apparatus composed of 8 monitor-phones Canoeing starting apparatus composed of 28 monitor-phones

CYCLING Bicycle carrier frames applied to vehicles following road races Photo-finish equipment complete

40 1

Photo - electric apparatus for pursuit race events Electric tachometers

1 1

Omega – Bienne (Switzerland) Standard Elettronica Italiana – Genoa

Hand Scoreboard complete

1

Francesco Rubini – Rome

Vests with Olympic rings

13

Gradella Sport – Rome

3 1

Edizioni Lancio – Rome Gradella Sport – Rome

Strips indicating "Last kilometer" and "Finish" Number series from 1 to 100 for track events

Gastone Capacci – Rome Omega – Bienne (Switzerland)

Indicator plates and placards

390

Arpa Color – Rome (and others)

Supply bags

250

Pietro Chiappini – Rome

Number series from 1 to 200 for road races Plastic armlets

EQUESTRIAN

4

Antonio Ganna – Milan

318

Arpa Color – Rome

100

Laboratorio Artigiano Bertoni Carletti – Rome

SPORTS

Number pairs covered in plastic Horse slaughter pistols

2

Armeria Smith – Rome

Numbered armlets

550

Costanzi Lea – Rome

Saddle numbers

100

Costanzi Lea – Rome

White breast numbers

100

Costanzi Lea – Rome

10-position commutators for attaching thread in endurance test Cockades for horses

6 100

Felc – Tivoli Picchiani e Barlacchi – Florence

Horse capes Lead weights – 1 kg.

6

A. Pariani – Milan

30

A. Pariani – Milan

111

Electric tachometer equipped with acoustic signal for track cycling events.

Starting block carrier.

Electric Scoreboard for immediate registration of results in gymnastic events.

Hurdle-carrier trolleys.

TECHNICAL MATERIAL

EQUESTRIAN

SPORTS

QUANTITY

SUPPLIER

(cont.) 6

Sellerie Carletti – Rome

Leather and cloth covers with buckle and rings

12

Sellerie Carletti – Rome

Scoreboard with national flags

22

P. Pallini – Rome

Coloured barriers

36

P. Nisini – Rome

6

P. Nisini – Rome

Wooden walls

15

P. Nisini – Rome

Field telephones

40

Italian Army

Belts for lifting horses

Wooden gate and rails

Course marker trolleys

2

C.O.N.I. – Sports Venues Management Service

FENCING Firwood pistes for competitions and training

16 24

Antonio Cucinotta – Rome

Spool pairs Spool holders

32

Conti Giuseppe – Milan

Equipment signalling touches for foil events

16

Carmimari – Milan

Equipment signalling touches for sabre events

16

Carmimari – Milan

Tabulator pairs registering points

16

Standard Elettronica Italiana – Genoa

Luminous Scoreboard

1

Standard Elettronica Italiana – Genoa

Tribune for central piste at Palazzo dei Congressi Electrified blades for sabres

1 20

Antonio Cucinotta – Rome Conti Giuseppe – Milan

Signal repeaters

16

Carmimari – Milan

Weights for measuring foils

16

Carmimari – Milan

Weights for measuring sabres

16

Carmimari – Milan

Linoleum pistes

16

Vincenzo Naticchioni – Rome

Device for checking of arms Apparatus with manometer for checking of electric points Pistes in canvas Cocoanut matting

1 1 16 150

Carmimari – Milan

Carmimari – Milan Carmimari – Milan P. Fornara & Co. – Turin Giacomini & Co. – Tezze di Piave

Plates for fixing metallic carpets

16

Ugo Pirazzoli – Rome

Scoreboard for registration of results

12

Stam – Rome

Brass calibrating sets for checking of arm

114

6

Carmimari – Milan

TECHNICAL MATERIAL

QUANTITY

SUPPLIER

FOOTBALL Official competition balls

90

Superball Vis – Lavagna

Balls for training

96

Gradella Sport – Rome

Results scoreboards

12

Various suppliers in the differents towns

GYMNASTICS Parallel bars for men's competitions and training

4

Figone & Carlini – Chiavari

Asymmetric parallel bars for women's competitions and training Fixed bars for men's competitions and training

4 4

Figone & Carlini – Chiavari Figone & Carlini – Chiavari

4

Figone & Carlini – Chiavari

6

Figone & Carlini – Chiavari

Horse with pommel for men's competitions and training

4

Figone & Carlini – Chiavari

Long Horse for men's and women's competitions and training Beams for women's competitions and training

7 4

Figone & Carlini – Chiavari Figone & Carlini – Chiavari

Elastic platforms, Reuter type

8

Alder & Eisenth – Zurich

Supports for rings for men's competitions and training Platforms for free-standing exercises – men and women

Platforms, rigid

12

Figone & Carlini – Chiavari

Cocoanut matting, 1 × 2 m

60

Figone & Carlini – Chiavari

Leather matting, 1 × 2 m

20

Figone & Carlini – Chiavari

Rubber tracks for take-off run

6

Figone & Carlini – Chiavari

Hand placards for jury scoring

50

Figone & Carlini – Chiavari

Tribune for competition arena

1

Venturi – Bologna

Hand scoreboards for results

2 2 3

Montanucci Sport – Roma

Steps in firwood Extensions for belts with rope and pulley Spare bars, pairs Felt to cover platforms

14 222,9

Montanucci Sport – Roma Figone & Carlini – Chiavari Figone & Carlini – Chiavari C. Bragetti – Prato

HOCKEY Balls

480

Hans Raj Mahajan – Jullundur City (India)

Whistles for International referees

20

Gradella Sport – Rome

Uniforms for ball boys

18

Gradella Sport – Rome

115

TECHNICAL MATERIAL

MODERN

QUANTITY

SUPPLIER

PENTATHLON

Horses for equestrian test

67

Carabinieri Forces

Horses for training

30

Carabinieri Forces

Saddlery complete

30

A. Pariani – Milan

Tents, 6 × 6 m. as dressing rooms and classification service

10

Italian Army

Obstacles of various types for competition

25

Cecchini – Passo Corese

6

Cecchini – Passo Corese

Obstacles for training ground

12

Obstacles for training Precision weighing machines to weigh athletes Lead weights, 1 kg., for athletes

2 30

Ballot-box for drawing of lots for horses Competition numbers for equestrian shooting tests with national flags

1

Italian Army Berkel – Rome A. Pariani – Milan Ministry of Finance — Rome

and 70

Romana Sport – Rome

Numbered saddle cloths with national flags

70

Italian Army – Air Force

Stables for horses on competition ground

60

Cecchini – Passo Corese

Stables for horses on training ground

30

Italian Army

Armlets for equestrian and fencing tests

70

Romana Sport – Rome

Tribune for equestrian test at Passo Corese

1

Venturi – Bologna

Water troughs, field

2

Italian Army

Hand scoreboards for results

3

Francesco Rubini – Rome

12

Francesco Rubini – Rome

Panels for results Luminous Scoreboard for equestrian result

3

Standard Elettronica Italiana – Genoa

Exchange linked to 25 obstacles

1

Felc – Tivoli

Telephone earphones

25

Standard Elettronica Italiana – Genoa

Wooden placards for judges

40

Montanucci Sport – Rome

25

C.O.N.I. – Sports Venues Management Service

White flags for obstacles

30

Romana Sport – Rome

Red flags for obstacles

30

Romana Sport – Rome

120

Romana Sport – Rome

Metals numbered obstacles

placards for

equestrian

Yellow flags with St. Andrew's red cross signalling obligatory passages Water wagons for watering of course

116

2

Antero Gambellini – Rome

TECHNICAL MATERIAL

MODERN

PENTATHLON

QUANTITY

SUPPLIER

(cont.)

Double target switching apparatus Competition numbers for fencing and athletics with national flags Pincers for authenticating pistols Target replacements for pistol shooting

9 70

Giuseppe Sibani – Vergato (Bologna) Romana Sport – Rome

3

Tesoreria della Zecca

500

Tesoreria della Zecca

Fencing arms measures

6

Carmimari – Milan

Pincers for authenticating blades

2

Arpa Color – Rome

Metal platforms for training

6

P. Fornara & C. – Turin

Spools for wire

12

Carmimari – Milan

Signalling equipment for touches in training

6

Carmimari – Milan

Strips indicating " S t a r t " and "Finish"

2

Edizioni Lancio – Rome

Indicator course

pickets

outlining cross-country

Strips outlining athletics course

800 10,000

C.O.N.I. – Sports Venues Management Service Romana Sport – Rome

Tribune for cross-country test at Acqua Santa

1

Venturi – Bologna

Office bus following test

1

Italian Army

Boxes for measuring automatic pistols

4

G. Magheri – Florence

Zenith weighing machines, 200 kgs

4

A. Algranati – Rome

Target carriers in fibre

6

M. De Rossi – Rome

Revolving blackboards for results

2

Montanucci Sport – Rome

Hand scoreboards complete for results

8

Francesco Rubini – Rome

Platforms in firwood for shooting lines

20

SHOOTING

Luminous sector panels Calibres 5.6 for pistol and small-bore rifle

4

E. Saioni – Rome Standard Elettronica Italiana – Genoa

24

G. Magheri – Florence

Calibres 8 for free rifle

8

G. Magheri – Florence

Card indexes for judges

70

Montanucci Sport – Rome

Numbered metal sheets

85

L. Amendola – Rome

Sawdust pillows for shooting lines

100

L. Sonnino – Rome

117

Luminous indicator connected with juries for wrestling events.

118

Special card perforator for the awarding of points in diving competitions.

119

TECHNICAL MATERIAL

QUANTITY

SUPPLIER

SHOOTING (cont.) Indicators for markers

147

E. Saioni – Rome

Bullet impact sheets

200

Di Fazio & Bianchi – Rome

Magnifying lenses

7

Ocularium – Rome

Target perforators

2

E. De Magistris – Rome

Targets, 300 m.

8,000

Ricci & Barbaro – Treviglio

Targets for free pistol

8,000

M. Forti – Rome

Silhouettes for rapid fire

8,000

M. Forti – Rome

10,000

M. Forti – Rome

Silhouette spares Switching apparatus, electrically controlled for rapid fire

10

Giuseppe Sibani – Vergato (Bologna)

Automatic apparatus for pulling back targets

60

Spieth – Nurimberg

Competition numbers (two series of 1 to 400)

800 99,900

Clay pigeons

60

Cocoanut mats

60,000

Targets for small-bore rifle

Romana Sport – Rome Armeria F.lli Rossini – Torrette (Ancona) Giacomini & C. – Tezze di Piave M. Forti – Rome

500

Edelmann-Heidenheim – Brinz

2,150

Edelmann-Heidenheim – Brinz

25,000

Edelmann-Heidenheim – Brinz

Targets for free pistol

2,000

Edelmann-Heidenheim – Brinz

Silhouettes, cardboard

500

Edelmann-Heidenheim – Brinz

Silhouettes, paper

150

Edelmann-Heidenheim – Brinz

White patches

100,000

Edelmann-Heidenheim – Brinz

Black patches

400,000

Edelmann-Heidenheim – Brinz

Transparent patches

650,000

Edelmann-Heidenheim – Brinz

Target backings Targets for free rifle Targets for small-bore rifle

SWIMMING, DIVING

WATERPOLO

AND

Dismountable support for 1 m. springboard diving Pyramids with playing area

120

lanes marking

1

F.lli Onofri – Rome

waterpolo 14

Francesco Rubini – Rome

QUANTITY

TECHNICAL MATERIAL

SWIMMING, WATERPOLO DIVING (cont.)

SUPPLIER

AND

Balls for official competitions

50

Superball Vis – Lavagna

Balls for training

33

Gradella Sport – Rome

Special card perforator for assigning diving points Waterpolo caps.

1 153

Olivetti Bull – Milan Gradella Sport – Rome

Boards for competition diving

1

Duraflex Pasadena – California

Boards for diving training

1

Lucas Pesie – Amersfoort –

Boards for diving training

1

Norman Buck Mfg. Co. – Washington

Boards for diving training

1

White Plains

Boards for diving training

1

Modern Swimming Pool International Inc.

Boards for diving training

1

Contemporary Industries – London

Special stand and enclosure for weighingin at Palazzetto dello Sport

1

Montanucci Sport – Rome

Platforms for warming-up

5

Montanucci Sport – Rome

Platforms for competition and training

9

Montanucci Sport – Rome

Sub-platforms for training arenas

8

Montanucci Sport – Rome

WEIGHTLIFTING

Steel bars for weights complete with vice

39

Primo Ferrari – Modena Gradella – Rome Sirea – Rome

262

Ferrari — Modena

Dumb-bells for training

40

Ferrari – Modena

Folding beds for resting

15

Montanucci Sport – Rome

Dumb-bell and weight holders

4

Montanucci Sport – Rome

Electric signalling device validating lift with jury

1

Standard Elettronica Italiaiui – Genoa

Electric Scoreboard indicating weight lifted

1

Standard Elettronica Italiana – Genoa

Hand Scoreboard complete

1

Francesco Rubini – Rome

Weighing machine for athletes

8

Maurizio Monti – Rome

Weights, various

Cocoanut matting m.

50

Montanucci Sport – Rome

121

TECHNICAL MATERIAL

WEIGHTLIFTTNG

SUPPLIER

QUANTITY

(cont.)

Weight rests

16

Primo Ferrari – Modena

280

Romana Sport – Rome

20

Primo Ferrari – Modena

8

Primo Ferrari – Modena

Barbell rests

40

Primo Ferrari – Modena

Pressed rubber platforms

16

Sirea – Rome

Competition numbers (7 series of 1 to 40) Training benches Dumb bells for training

WRESTLING Special competition mattresses

3

Foldeak – Munich

Cloth mattresses for training

8

Gradella Sport – Rome

32

Gradella Sport – Rome

Side protection mats Tribune for competition arena

3

Francesco Rubini – Rome

Luminous signalling boards linked to jury

3

Standard Elettronica Italiana – Genoa

Scoreboards, hand, already existing

3

Anklets, two colour, for athletes

48

Gradella Sport – Rome

Counters for drawing lots

10

Gradella Sport – Rome

Weighing machine for athletes

8

Berkel – Rome

Gong for competition

4

Gradella Sport – Rome

Megaphones for Jury

4

Gradella Sport – Rome

Hand scoreboards for results

3

Montanucci Sport – Rome

Whistles, 3-tonality Ballot-box for drawing of lots White, red & green flags Armlets for Jury

40 8

Gradella Sport – Rome Montanucci Sport – Rome

54

Gradella Sport – Rome

100

Gradella Sport – Rome

YACHTING Olympic " Finn " class dinghies Weighing machines to weigh craft Mainsails for " Finn " craft

122

55 3 60

Cantieri Riuniti dell'Adriatico – Trieste Michele Viganego & C. – Genoa Velscaf – Rapallo

Iron basin complete with electric pump for gauging (5.5. class). Gauging operations.

TECHNICAL

MATERIAL

SUPPLIER

QUANTITY

YACHTING (cont.) Metal signs for buoys Starting cannons Alluminium poles for gauging craft

20

La Meccanica Navale – Naples

6

Secondo Tanfoglio – Gardone

92

Cantieri Riuniti dell'Adriatico – Trieste

Numbers for recalling purposes

140

Vittorio Rubera – Genoa

Coloured buoys for mooring

110

P. Cepollina – Rapallo

Trolleys for launching and towing F.D. & Finn class

20

Officina Meccanica Baldi – Dronero

Portable 5-transistor megaphones

12

Aspi – Milan

Levels, water in suitcase

2

Protest flags, Finn class

60

Socota – Como

Megaphones, normal

30

G. R. Raggio – Genoa

Finn covers

55

Velscaf – Rapallo

Iron basin for gauging with pump Plastic float apparatus for Finn craft

1 260

Michele Viganego & C. – Genoa

Officine Meccaniche Servettaz-Basevi – Savona Ditta Plastica Entella – Chiavari

" Dennison " weighing machine, 3,000 kgs, for 5.5. and Dragon class

2

Michele Viganego & C. – Genoa

" Marengo " weighing machine, 300 kgs, for F.D. class

1

Michele Viganego & C. – Genoa

Floating smoke signals, orange Buoys for mooring and races

400 39

Montanari s. r. l. – Naples Naples Marine Arsenal

Luminous buoys with 2 m light projection

4

Italian Navy

Luminous buoys with electric lights

5

Italian Navy

124

TECHNICAL SERVICES

O n October 1st 1956, the Technical Section was formed and placed in the hands of Mr. Virgilio Tommasi. Acting on the basis of directives received, the Section worked out a general programme of work, the salient points of which may be summarised as follows: setting up of sports committees; working out of a sports programme and timetable; drawing up of technical regulations, entries to competitions; preparation and formation of juries; selection and purchase of competition equipment; employment of personnel in stadiums; technical equipping, both internally and externally, of sports and training venues, flag requirements and displacements; timekeeping services. The Section immediately started to set up internal offices, as indicated in Table no. 1. In order to create an efficient organisation for the various Sports included in the programme of the Rome Games, one of the first problems to be dealt with was the selection and recruiting of persons considered suitable for their organisational capacities, technical competence and experience. Acting on the principle that the Technical organisation should be directed by persons acting in a voluntary capacity, in agreement with the various National Sports Federations, the Honorary Technical Stewards were selected from persons who practised the sports in question at a competitive level. These persons co-operated with the Technical sections in drawing up organisational plans of the sports programmes and subsequent developments, keeping up regular and constant contacts with their respective sports Federations. Later, the work of the Technical Stewards was integrated by the Sports Committees. The Presidents of the respective Italian Sports Federations acted as Chairmen of these Committees which were formed of members varying in number in accordance with the requirements of the various sports on the programme. The Committees controlled the organisation and supplied all the necessary suggestions to perfect what the Technical Section and Technical Stewards, the responsible bodies for the organisation, had laid down. Furthermore, both in the final phases of the organisation and during the competitions proper, members of the sports committees dealt with the various duties connected with representation and the executive requirements of the various sectors (checking of equipment, contacts with juries, liaison with officials of the International Sports Federations, etc.). 127

TABLE NO. 1 TECHNICAL SECTION Virgilio Tommasi

MECHANOGRAPHIC CENTRE Edoardo Facello

TIMEKEEPING SERVICE Giovanni Romagna

CO-ORDINATION OF SPORTS COMMITTEES

REGULATIONS AND ENTRIES

TRAINING OFFICE

FLAG COLLECTION CENTRE

Mario Vivaldi

Giovanni Guabello

Amos Matteucci

Aurelio Chiappero

ATHLETICS BASKETBALL BOXING CANOEING CYCLING EQUESTRIAN SPORTS

Liaison with International Federations

FENCING

Nomination, confirmation and use of Juries

FOOTBALL GYMNASTICS

Duties

of each

Sports Committee

Liaison with the Press and teams Liaison with Protocol Office

HOCKEY Liaison with venues MODERN PENTATHLON ROWING SHOOTING SWIMMING AND WATERPOLO WEIGHTLIFTING WRESTLING YACHTING

Classifications and official results

However, the greater part of the work and responsibility lay with the Honorary Technical Stewards whose work proved to be particularly useful in the course of their constant contacts with the Technical Section for the solution of the many problems connected with the preparation of the Olympic Games and particularly in respect of controversies or matters not foreseen by the regulations. Particular stress should be laid on their help and intervention on the occasion of the drawing up of the sports regulations, of the preparation of entry forms for the competitions, of the establishing of the competition timetable and when the Olympic Committees submitted their entries to the Games. This latter operation necessitated the revision of entries, the drawing up of lists once a check had been made on the details required by the entry forms as well as a check on the final dates prescribed for entry. Once the setting up of the Sports Committees had been settled and its work of co-ordination and study set in motion, the Technical Section started working on the choice of localities for the holding of the yachting and rowing events. However, from the outset, it was decided to hold the yachting events in the Bay of Naples and the rowing and canoeing regattas on Lake Albano. This decision was communicated to the I.O.C. for approval and at the same time authority was requested to hold elimination rounds or pre-Olympic selection rounds of team events in other Italian cities. Once appropriate analyses had been made on climatic conditions and temperature in the City of Rome (Table No. 2), in January 1957 a decision was arrived at for the period during which the Games were to be celebrated, namely, some time between the last ten days in August to the first ten days TABLE NO. 2

AVERAGE TEMPERATURE AND RAINFALL

JULY

AUGUST

SEPTEMBER

1. - Average temperature

25.5

25.1

22.3

2. - Average minimum temperature

18.2

18.2

16.2

3. - Average maximum temperature

31.4

31.7

28.3

4. - Lowest minimum temperature

11.0

9.0

10.0

5. - Highest maximum temperature

38.0

39.0

40.0

at 07.00 hrs

71

75

83

at 13.00 hrs

42

43

51

12.0

19.7

72.5

1.6

2.2

5.7

6. - Relative humidity in % 7. - Rainfall in mms.

8. - Number of days with rainfall superior or equal to 1 mm.

The average temperature and rainfall in Rome, as indicated in the above table, is based on calculations made over a period of twenty years of observation for items 1, 7 and 8 and over eight years for the other items.

129

of September. However, before submitting a proposal for definite dates to the I.O.C. for approval, the Section took this matter up with the International Sports Federations. From other studies made and after an exchange of ideas with representatives from International Federations and from many National Olympic Committees, particularly during the Evian meeting in June 1957, the Section, in agreement with the General Olympic Organisation, arrived at the conclusion that certain modifications should be made to the sports programme that had been accepted in principle at the time when the Games had been assigned to the City of Rome. These modifications were dictated in view of the obvious increase in the number of competitors foreseen and the consequent difficulty of completing the smooth running of competitions within the prescribed period of only 16 days. In fact after the many Olympiads which had been held, it appeared opportune to review the general situation and results obtained in each individual sport. Accepting in principle the sports programme of the XVI Olympiad, it was nevertheless considered that the number of Olympic titles to be won in certain sports also be reviewed, whilst the number of competitors allowed to participate be reduced. It was therefore proposed to the I.O.C. that the competition programme be modified by cutting down the number of gold medals in cases where these were not considered absolutely necessary and also by reducing the number of competitors. After many deliberations made in a number of Sessions, the I.O.C. facilitated the requests made in this respect. During the I.O.C. Sofia Session of 22nd September 1957, proposals were submitted and passed whereby certain competitions be eliminated from the programme of the Games (i.e. Running Deer Shooting), overall team classification be done away with, etc. In the meanwhile, the Section took steps to obtain a limitation on the number of " reserves " allowed in the various sports. The intention was partly successful notwithstanding considerable opposition from some of the International Sports Federations. In September 1957, a proposal was made to the I.O.C. for levelling out the competition timetable so as to avoid, as was the case in the past, a full and interesting first week's programme with sports of major interest to the general public, to the detriment of the second week where normally sports of secondary interest to the public are held, with consequent reduction in attendance. In this respect, the Rome Organisation, bearing in mind the criticism made over past timetables, made plans to delay the athletics competitions, normally held within the first eight days, and which, once over, provoke a decreasing interest in the whole Games. Finally, the International Amateur Athletics Federation agreed, with certain provisoes, to the proposed change. 130

The I.O.C. and the International Federations likewise finally accepted the proposals and gave them their official sanction. Thus, the timetable showed the most spectacular sport (athletics) as taking place in the middle of the 16 competition days, with a more logical and impartial distribution of the other sports during the first days. A further innovation, which, was proposed and accepted, was that concerning the Marathon. This event was moved from its traditional place in the athletics programme and held, as is known, during the evening along the picturesque route leading from the Capitol, across the Imperial Forums, E.U.R. and the Old Appian Way and ending at the Arch of Constantine. This route was described as excellent by Mr. D.T.P. Pain, Honorary Secretary of the I.A.A.F., on the occasion of his visit to Rome in August 1957. These modifications and innovations to the sports programme were finally submitted to the I.O.C. for their approval during the work of the 53rd Session of Sofia. On this occasion, the Italian Delegation, whilst expressing itself prepared to adopt the technical theme of the preceding Melbourne Games, pointed out the possibility of reducing certain events on the programme. The modifications, which were unanimously approved, consisted of:—the elimination of medals for team events based on the total of points obtained by individual competitors in the same event; elimination of sports insufficiently developed nothwithstanding their inclusion in previous Olympic Games (Running Deer shooting, 10,000 metres canoeing); reduction in the number of participants per nation in certain events (Gymnastics, athletics, swimming); further limitation in the number of reserves. To sum up, the variations in the Rome Games as opposed to those of Melbourne (for events) can be seen from Table No. 3. TABLE NO. 3

SPORT

Athletics Canoeing

Cycling Equestrian Sports Fencing Gymnastics Swimming Shooting

COMPETITIONS

ADDED

Ladies 800 m. Ladies K2 500 m. Mens K1 4 × 500 relay — — Team time-trial over 100 kms. — Ladies team foil — Men and Ladies 4 × 100 medley relay —

COMPETITIONS

Mens Mens Mens Mens

C1 C2 K1 K2

10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000

ELIMINATED

m. m. m. m. —

Team dressage — Ladies team competition with portable apparatus — Running deer

131

The main modifications approved by the International Olympic Committee, as planned and proposed by the Organising Committee, were those concerning the overall team classification based on the total of the individual results and the double individual classification in the gymnastics events. It was therefore decided to hold two separate Road Cycling events for both individual and team classification and two Equestrian Jumping competitions (Grand Prix) for individual and team classification. Again, a new formula was adopted for individual titles in the Gymnastics apparatus competitions whereby there was a final event reserved for the best classified gymnasts on the various apparatus in the combined events. It was only in the 3-Day Equestrian event and Modern Pentathlon that it was not possible, for obvious practical reasons, to repeat the competition twice, so that the team classification was arrived at by adding the scores of the three best competitors per nation in the individual event. In January 1958, the Technical Section, irrespective both of the formalities of entry and the maximum number of participants in each competition, was able to announce the general programme of the events of the Games and in October of the same year the programme could be considered definite, but it was only in May 1959, namely after the decisions taken by the I.O.C. at Tokyo, that the programme could be circulated and even then with a number of provisoes. (Table no. 4). As a result of the decision taken during the Tokyo Session of the I.O.C, the Technical Section began negotiating with the International Sports Federations concerned to clear up certain points of the programme which were still subject to controversy. The Congress of the I.A.A.F. held in Stockholm in August 1958 passed a resolution which permitted a reduction in the number of competitors participating in the individual Athletics events and the inclusion in the programme of the Ladies 800 metres race. The system to be adopted by the I.A.A.F. for reducing the number of competitors was approved by its Board on 9th May 1959. Meanwhile, agreement was reached with the International Gymnastics Federation on the 14 events on the programme. On the strength of the authority granted during the Tokyo Session, the President of the I.O.C, Mr. Brundage, came to an agreement with the F.I.N.A. on the inclusion of the Men's and Ladies' 4 × 100 Medley Relay in the programme on the understanding that the teams participating would consist of competitors already entered in other events. The F.I.N.A., in agreement with the Organising Committee, reduced the number of entries in each event from 3 to 2. It had been decided at Tokyo that the canoeing events be limited to seven and that the K4 and long distance events be excluded from the programme. The International Canoeing Federation protested against the exclusion of the K4 and succeeded in having the question reviewed during the Monaco Session of the I.O.C It should be stated that the International Ca132

noeing Federation had, in effect, largely contributed to the lightening of the Olympic programme, canoeing events having been reduced from nine to seven and having voluntarily renounced the right to reserves which, in preceding Games, could have amounted to 100 % of the competitors. However, notwithstanding this, the International Canoeing Federations's request was not granted. We feel that it should be pointed out that in spite of the reductions in question, the number of sports and events on the Olympic programme of Rome called for considerable effort, concentration and financial backing. The International Olympic Committee should bear in mind for the future that the volume of organisational work required by Olympic Games is becoming enormous as the result of the growing number of Olympic titles and of the steady increase in the numbers of National Olympic Committees which intend to participate in the Games. In view of the above, the I.O.C. should be extremely cautions when considering the insertion, in future Olympic programmes, of new sports or new events all of which lead basically to a substantial increase in participants. Lastly, the experience obtained from the Rome Games shows that both the public and the organisers have come to a crucial point and namely to a point where Olympic Games cause a multitude of problems. It is becoming almost impossible for the public to follow the more interesting events whilst the organisers have considerable difficulty in making available sufficient well qualified personnel and substantial financial means for an enterprise of such dimensions. In May 1958, in the presence of Mr. William Jones, Secretary of the F.I.B.A., the organisation of the basketball tournament was considered. On that occasion, amongst other things, it was decided that the 16 teams participating, in accordance with the Olympic Regulations, should consist of the eight teams classified in the eight places in the Melbourne Games; the Italian team as representative of the organising country; the three teams winning the qualifying continental tournaments such as the Pan-Asiatic and South American Games and 4 teams classifying in the first four places of the pre-Olympic qualifying tournament which was subsequently held in Bologna from 13th to 18th August 1960. In August 1958, the Section arranged a meeting at which Mr. Bruno Nyberg, the Finnish President of the International Weightlifting Federation, was present to examine the programme arranged for the weightlifting events. During this meeting, the ruling in connection with weighing-in and medical examination was established and it was also confirmed that the Jury of Appeal should be composed of 5 persons and that the judges should total 21 in number. During the same month, another meeting was held with Mr. Bertyl Sällfors, Secretary-General of the F.I.N.A., and the Section to settle problems in connection with swimming, waterpolo and diving. This meeting also established the numer of foreign and Italian judges and timekeepers. 133

SPORTS AUGUST SPORTS

Opening ceremony

26 FRI.

25 THU.

27 SAT.

28 SUN.

29 MON.

30 TUE.

2 FRI.

A

Athletics Rowing

A

Basketball Boxing

1 THU.

31 WED.

M N

A

N

A

N

Canoeing

M

A

Cycling

M

A

M

A

N

A

N

M

N

A

N

A

N

A

A

M

A

M

A

M

A

M

A

M

A

N

A

N

A

N

A

N

A

N

A

N

A

A

M

A

M

N

N

M

Equestrian Fencing Football

A

R E S T

M N

Gymnastics Hockey

M

Wrestling

M

Swimming

M

M

Modern Pentathlon

M

M

A N

A

M

A

M

N

M

A

N

M

A

N

M

N

M

M

M

A

M

M

M N

A A

N

A

A

A

A

M P

N

M

A

M

M

A

M

A

N

A

N

M

N

M

N

M

N

N

M

N

M

N

M

N

A

M

Weightlifting Shooting Water-Polo

N

M

M

N

Yachting

M

A

N M

N

M

N

N

A

N

M

M

Closing Ceremony M

134

=

MORNING

A

=

A F T E R N O O N

TABLE NO. 4

PROGRAMME

S E P T E M B E R 6 TUE.

5 MON.

4 SUN.

3 SAT.

7 WED.

8 THU.

10 SAT.

9 FRI.

11 SUN.

VENUES

Olympic Stadium M

M

A

A

M

A

M

A

A

Olympic Stadium road courses

N

and

Lake Albano

A A

N

A

N

N

N

N

Palazzetto dello Sport and Palazzo dello Sport

N

Palazzo dello Sport

N

Lake Albano Olympic Velodrome and road courses

A R E S T

M

M A M

N

M

A

M

A

M

A

M

A

M

M

A

M

A

M

A

M

A

M A

N

N M

A

M

A

M A

N

M

A

M

A

M

A

M

A

M

Flaminio Stadium for the finals

N

A

M A

Pratoni del Vivaro Piazza di Siena Olympic Stadium Palazzo dei Congressi

A

N M

M A

Baths of Caracalla

A

Stadio dei Marmi and Olympic Velodrome

A

N

Basilica of Maxentius

N

Swimming Stadium Courses and different localities

A

M

M

M

A

M

A

M

A

M

A

M

A

M

A

M

A

Palazzetto dello Sport

N

M

Umberto I and Cesano Shooting Range "Lazio" Shooting Stand

A

Swimming Stadium and Piscina delle Rose

N M

M

Bay of Naples

M A

N

=

Olympic Stadium

NIGHT

135

In November, the programme of the Equestrian events was approved in accordance with the resolution passed by the I.O.C. during the Tokyo Session and in full agreement with the International Equestrian Federation. During that same month, Mr. R. H. Russell, Secretary-General of the International Amateur Boxing Federation, attended a meeting to approve the boxing programme. The number of international judges was fixed as was also the composition of the Jury of Appeal. At a meeting held in Paris on 21st March 1959, attended by officials of the Technical Section, details of the elimination rounds of the Football tournament were studied and established. Another meeting at which members of the Technical Committee of the Union Cycliste Internationale were present was held on 25th March 1959. The meeting which comprised Mr. Stämphli (Switzerland); Mr. Dupin (France); Mr. Fernand Paul (Belgium); Mr. Alfred Binda (Italy) and Mr. Adriano Rodoni, President of the U.V.I., selected the two courses for the road cycling events and established the timetable for both the road and track events.

The " minimum " standards table. On 10th May 1959, a meeting of the Council of the I.A.A.F. was held in the halls of the Foro Italico under the chairmanship of the Marquis of Exeter. Also present at the meeting were Mr. Pain (England), Mr. Miettinen (Finland), Mr. Ferris (U.S.A.), Mr. Mericamp (France), Mr. Ericson (Sweden), Mr. Knenicky (Czechoslovakia), Mr. Paulen (Holland), Mr. Danz (Germany), Mr. Ciomenkov (U.S.S.R.) and Mr. Zauli (Italy). Among other matters, the Council approved the table of minimum standards required for participation in the Rome Games. These standards were as follows:— Men:—100 metres – 10"4; 200 m. – 21"3; 400 m.– 47"3; 800 m. – 1'49"2; 1,500 m. – 3'45"; 5,000 m. – 14'10"; 10,000 m. – 29'40"; 3,000 m. steeplechase – 8'55"; 110 m. hurdles – 14"4; 400 m. hurdles – 52"2; high jump – 2.05 m.; long jump – 7.50 m.; hop, step and jump – 15.60 m.; pole vault – 4.40 m.; shot – 17 m.; discus – 53 m.; javelin – 76.50 m.; hammer – 62 m.; decathlon – 6,750 points. Ladies:—100 m. – 11"9; 200 m. – 24"3; 800 m.–2'12"; 80 m. hurdles – 11 "2; high jump – 1.67 m.; long jump – 5.90 m.; shot – 14.60 m.; discus — 48 m.; javelin – 49 m. In accordance with the new regulation established by the I.A.A.F., all nations could enter one competitor for each of the above-mentioned events. However, any nation having a second athlete who had reached the abovementioned minimum standards after 1st October 1959 was permitted to enter a second athlete. Again, if any nation had a third athlete who had reached 136

these standards, a third athlete could be entered, thereby making up the maximun entry total allowed for each nation and for each event. The Council then went on to establish standards for qualification, namely, competitors entered in accordance with the above ruling had to surpass the following standards in order to take part in the events proper:— Men:—high jump – 2 m.; long jump – 7.40 m.; hop, step and jump – 15.50 m.; pole vault – 4.30 m.; shot – 16.75 m.; discus – 52 m.; javelin – 74 m.; hammer – 60 m. Ladies:—high jump – 1.65 m.; long jump – 5.80 m.; javelin – 48 m.; shot – 14.50 m.; discus – 47 m. Another meeting held on 19th-20th September was that of the F.I.N.A., under the Chairmanship of Mr. Jean De Vries, to decide the designation of nations to participate in the waterpolo tournament. During this period, the sports programme and relative regulations could be considered definite but for any other interventions for changes and modifications on the part of the I.O.C. and, in particular, of the International Sports Federations directly concerned.

The technical regulations. The Organising Committee attempted to follow the principles of the I.O.C. by unifying the regulations of the various sports. A great number of difficulties had to be faced because the various International Sports Federations possessed regulations widely differing one from the other. However, one matter was put forward which may be a determining factor for the success and continuity of the Modern Olympic Games. It had always been borne in mind that the Olympiad is not a series of championships in the various sports but simply one great event during which various sports are held and disciplined by common fundamental principles. Thus it was possible to come to an agreement with the interested Sports Federations whereby, in team events where no more than 16 nations could be admitted, the team of the organising nation of the Games be admitted by right to the various tournaments. It was also possible to get certain Federations, whose regulations permit the substitution of competitors or reserves up to a few days and even a few hours before the commencement of the events, to accept the principle that entries should be closed 14 days before the events proper. Another tangible result was obtained by establishing a smaller number of reserves than that laid down by regulations of the various International Sports Federations. 137

Some of the 18 technical regulations in respect of the sports on the programme.

The former stipulation was only reasonable as, by closing entries two weeks before the commencement of the events, the organisers allowed themselves the minimum sufficient time to draw up accurate timetables, prepare programmes with the names of competitors, issue communications to the Press and lay on appropriate accommodation. From the point of view of lodging, it was obviously useful to reduce the number of reserves to an absolute indispensable minimum, bearing in mind that each extra unit creates new problems and greater difficulties. However, it should be stressed that the International Sports Federations accepted and did their best to meet the requests made by the Organising Committee. The establishing of the technical regulations involved serious study and was completed as a result of the co-operation of the Italian Sports Federations and, in particular, of the International Federations which had to approve the texts of each regulation. The Sports Committee Co-ordination Office of the Technical Section, which received the help of representatives of each National Sports Federation, undertook this work which had become very complicated owing to many interventions. Unfortunately, the printing of a number of regulations was delayed owing to uncertainty on technical points or because Federations returned the final text after long delays notwithstanding polite but reiterated reminders. The technical regulations in respect of Gymnastics and Equestrian Sports placed the Organising Committee in serious difficulty, to the extent that this was subject of comment in the Official Bulletin. Last-minute changes and consequent rewording caused the organisers great loss of time and expense. Thus it was proved, as was already evident from the Melbourne Games, that the closest and fullest of co-operation should be shown to the organisers of an Olympiad, where duty and expense is involved. The compilation and translation of the various texts took two years of work and delivery, mostly by air, began on 16th November 1959 with the dispatch of 50 copies to the International Hockey Federations, and ended in April 1960. Each regulation was published in a separate volume in three languages i. e. French, English and Italian. 1,600 copies of each were produced with the exception of the Gymnastics booklets which were 2,100 in number, as copies were made available to instructors and competitors, these latter regulations containing details and drawings of the compulsory exercises. The Gymnastics regulations were also integrated with films on the Men's and Ladies' compulsory exercises. These films were produced under the control of the Technical Committee of the International Gymnastics Federation and were placed at the disposal of Olympic Committees of those nations which 139

TABLE NO. 5

Members of the I.O.C.

62

I.O.C.

3

Secretariat

TOTALS

Yachting

Wrestling

Weightlifting

Swimming & Waterpolo

Shooting

Rowing

Modern Pentathlon

Hockey

Gymnastics

Football

Fencing

Equestrian Sports

Cycling

Canoeing

Boxing

Basketball

Athletics

GROUPS

Complete with Olympic Regs.

DISTRIBUTION OF TECHNICAL REGULATIONS

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

85

International Sports Federations

10

50

50

50

50

50

50

50

80

50

50

50

50

50

50

50

50

50

880

National Sports Federations

35

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

40

200

Olympic Attachès

42

84

84

84

84

84

84

84

84

84

84

84

84

84

84

84

84

84 1,428

Organising Committee

80

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

170

30

34

34

34

34

34

34

34

34

34

34

34

34

34

34

34

34

34

578

10

17

17

17

17

17

10

17

10

10

17

17

17

17

17

17

17

17

268

Afghanistan

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

85

Albania

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

136

Antilles

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

85

Argentine

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

255

Australia

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

255

Austria

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

255

Bahamas

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

85

Belgium

30

30

30

30

30

15

30

30

15

30

15

15

15

30

15

30

30

520

Bermuda

10

10

10

10

5

5

10

10

5

10

5

5

5

10

5

10

10

135

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

85

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

255

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

85

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

255

Burma

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

85

Canada

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

170

Press

943

Radio-TV Technical Section

Service

National Olympic Committees

Bolivia (a) Brazil British Guiana Bulgaria

140

TOTALS

Yachting

Wrestling

Weightlifting

Swimming & Waterpolo

Shooting

Rowing

Modern Pentathlon

Hockey

Gymnastics

Football

Fencing

Equestrian Sports

Cycling

Canoeing

Boxing

Basketball

Athletics

Complete with Olympic Regs.

GROUPS

Ceylon

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

85

Chile

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

136

Chinese Popular Republic

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

68

Chinese Republic of Formosa

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

85

Colombia

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

85

Costa Rica (a)

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

85

Cuba

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

85

Czechoslovakia

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

20

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

260

Denmark

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

9

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

249

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

85

Dutch Antilles

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

85

El Salvador (a)

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

85

Equador (a)

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

85

Ethiopia

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

85

Figi

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

85

Finland

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

255

France

35

35

35

35

35

20

35

20

20

35

35

35

35

35

35

35

35

550

Germany-East

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

170

Germany-West

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

340

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

85

Great Britain

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

40

40

40

20

40

20

20

420

Greece

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

170

Guatemala (a)

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

85

Haiti

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

85

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

255

Honduras (a)

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

85

Hong Kong

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

85

Hungary

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

340

Iceland

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

136

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

170

Dominican blic

Repu-

Ghana

Holland

India

141

TOTALS

Yachting

Wrestling

Weightlifting

Swimming & Waterpolo

Shooting

Rowing

Modern Pentathlon

Hockey

Gymnastics

Football

Fencing

Equestrian Sports

Cycling

Canoeing

Boxing

Basketball

Athletics

Complete with Olympic Regs.

GROUPS

Indonesia

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

85

Irak

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

136

Iran

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

136

Ireland

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

136 216

Israel

15

15

15

15

15

10

15

10

8

15

10

10

10

15

10

15

13

Italy

35

35

35

35

35

25

35

25

25

35

35

35

35

35

35

35

35

565

Japan

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

340

Kenya

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

136

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

14

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

94

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

170

Liberia

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

85

Liechtenstein

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

85

Luxemburg

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

8

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

88

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

85

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

85

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

136

5

5

5

5

5

5

85

Korea Lebanon

Malaya

5

Malta

5

5

5

Mexico

8

8

8

Monaco

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

8

8

8

Morocco

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

136

New Zealand

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

9

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

89

Nicaragua (a)

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

85

Nigeria

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

85

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

85

Norway

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

170

Pakistan

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

170

Panama

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

85 85

North Borneo (a)

Paraguay (a)

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

Peru

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

85

Philippines

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

85

Poland

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

340

Portugal

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

170

Puerto Rico

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

85

Rhodesia

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

85

Rumania

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

255

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

85

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

85

San Marino Singapore

142

Totals

Yachting

Wrestling

Weightlifting

Swimming & Waterpolo

Shooting

Rowing

Modern Pentathlon

Hockey

Gymnastics

Football

Fencing

Equestrian Sports

Cycling

Canoeing

Boxing

Basketball

Athletics

Complete with Olympic Regs.

GROUPS

Somalia

2

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

18

South Africa

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

136

Spain

20

20

20

20

20

15

20

15

15

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

325

Sudan

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

85

Surinam

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

85

Sweden

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

340

Switzerland

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

255 85

Tanganyka (a)

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

Thailand

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

85

Tunisia

13

13

13

13

13

13

13

13

13

13

13

13

13

13

13

13

13

221

Turkey

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

170

Uganda

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

85

United Arab Republic

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

15

19

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

184

United States of America

45

40

40

40

35

25

40

30

25

30

40

40

35

45

40

40

35

625

U.S.S.R.

35

35

35

35

35

35

35

35

35

35

35

35

35

35

35

35

35

95

Uruguay

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

9

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

105

Venezuela

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

136

Viet Nam

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

85

Yugoslavia

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

255

Partial totals

1,215 1,188 1,182 1,182 1,182 1,172 1,105 1,182 1,165 1,130 1,172 1,177 1,177 1,172 1,187 1,177 1,182 1,205 19,937

Miscellaneous CONI Provincial Committees

92

Official, Judges, libraries, associations, private persons etc.

283

General Total Surplus Copies printed

291

261

255

341

300

218

321

411

350

280

290

260

308

290

250

255

290 4.971

1,590 1,479 1,443 1,437 1,523 1,472 1,323 1,503 1,576 1,480 1,452 1,467 1,480 1,480 1,477 1,427 1,437 1,495 24,908 410

121

157

163

77

128

277

97

24

620

148

133

163

120

123

173

163

105 2,792

2,000 1,600 1,600 1,600 1,600 1,600 1,600 1,600 1,600 2,100 1,600 1,600 1,600 1,600 1,600 1,600 1,600 1,600 27,700 (c) (b)

(a) Did not participate. – (b) Complete series of regulations with Olympic Regulations. – (c) Booklets in three languages (French, English & Italian).

143

requested a copy. The requests received were for 23 copies of the Men's exercises and 33 of the Ladies'. In addition, a further volume was printed containing the complete series of all the technical regulations and this edition had the Olympic Regulations reproduced in the front pages. 1,000 copies were produced in English, 500 in French and 500 in Italian. The dispatch of the regulations was undertaken by the Press Services Section which also gave invaluable help in not only translating the various texts but also prepared and edited the booklets. The distribution and dispatch of the regulation booklets was based on a plan which will be found under Table No. 5.

The Entry Forms. The system followed for entry in the Games of the XVII Olympiad differed from that used in occasion of previous Games. The Technical Section also undertook this work and, whilst basing itself on previous experience, it decided to be more practical in the use of the forms and did not follow the pattern of the traditional forms used in previous occasions. For purposes of clarification, a booklet entitled " Entry Forms " was published and sent out to all Olympic Committees. This gave precise details and instructions on the compilation of the entry forms. The forms themselves were printed in 8 different types and each form consisted of 3 copies: (a) original (blue in colour);

(b) 2nd original (yellow) and (c) copy (green). The types of entry forms were as follows:— (1) Entry form for nations (Form ST 1); (2) Entry form for individuals (Form ST 2); (3) Entry form for teams (Form ST 3); (4) Special entry form for the yachting events (Form ST 4). (5) Special entry form for the equestrian events (Form ST 5); (6) Special entry form for the diving competitions (Form ST 6); (7) Form for the declaration of amateur status (Form ST 7); (8) Medical certificate for women's athletics competitions (Form ST 8). The entry forms were sent out in triplicate in French and in English. It was only necessary to use one copy of forms ST 7 and ST 8 (declaration of amateur status and medical certificate). Among the more important instructions for the filling in of the entry forms was that reminding interested parties that the forms should be submitted 144

Facsimile of the entry forms for events.

10.

by and not later than 24.00 hrs. of the specified day. The booklet also specified that a form ST 1 had to be submitted for each sport in which the Olympic Committee intended to participate. This latter form to reach the Organising Committee by and not later than 24.00 hrs. (Rome time) of 30th June 1960. Form ST 2, " Individual Entry ", had to reach the Organising Committee within 14 days of the commencement of the first event of each particular sport and completed in detail. Competitors wishing to participate in more than one event had to fill in a separate form for each event. Furthermore, indication had to be given of (a) for athletics, the best performance attained by the athlete between 1st October 1959 and 15th August 1960, as this information confirmed the athlete's right to participate; (b) for swimming, the best performance attained by the athlete up to August 10th 1960. For the women's athletic competitions, a medical certificate had to be attached (Form ST 8) in accordance with the I.A.A.F. rules. Form ST 3, " Team entries " had to reach the Organising Committee, duly completed, within 14 days of the commencement of the event referred to. As many forms ST 2 (individual entry) as there were members of the team entered, reserves included, had to be attached to this entry. For the yachting events, in addition to forms ST 2 and ST 3 as prescribed, form ST 4, duly filled in, had to reach the Organising Committee by 24.00 hrs. (Rome time) on 14th August 1960 together with the following additional documents:— (a) certificate of rating of the yacht and; (b) a statement by the National Authority concerned to the effect that the certificate of rating had been checked and found to be in order. Exception was made for the " Finn " class where form ST 2 only was required. Form ST 5, " entry for equestrian events ", was required for all events of this sport in addition to form ST 2 (in the case of individual competitions) and ST 2 and ST 3 for team events. Form ST 5 had to reach the Organising Committee by 24.00 hrs., Rome time, August 21st 1960. For the diving events, form ST 6 had to be filled in and, together with form ST 2, had to reach the Committee by 24.00 hrs. (Rome time) on 11th August 1960. Form ST 7, " declaration of amateur status " had to be sent in one copy duly signed by the athlete and countersigned by the President or Secretary of the National Federation concerned and attached to form ST 2. Lastly, for the women's athletics events, one copy of the medical certificate, form ST 8, had to be attached to form ST 2 as laid down in Art. 17 (Para. 3) of the I.A.A.F. rules. In the case of each form, interested parties were reminded of the dates established for submission as indicated for each sport in Table No. 6. 146

TABLE NO. 6

SPORT

PERIOD OF COMPETITION

MAXIMUM DATE ESTABLISHED FOR RECEIPT OF FORMS

Swimming & Waterpolo

from 25 August to

3 September

11th August 1960

Boxing

from 25 August to

3 September

11th August 1960

Football

from 26 August to 10 September

11th August 1960

Canoeing

from 26 August to 29 August

11th August 1960

Cycling

from 26 August to 30 August

11th August 1960

Hockey

from 26 August to

9 September

11th August 1960

Wrestling

from 26 August to

6 September

11th August 1960

Basketball

from 26 August to

9 September

11th August 1960

Modern Pentathlon

from 26 August to 31 August

11th August 1960

Fencing

from 29 August to 10 September

14th August 1960

Yachting

from 29 August to

7 September

14th August 1960

Rowing

from 30 August to

3 September

15th August 1960

Athletics

from 31 August to 10 September

16th August 1960

Gymnastics

from 5 to 10 September

21st August 1960

Equestrian Sports

from 5 to 11 September

21st August 1960

Shooting

from 5 to 10 September

21st August 1960

Weightlifting

from 7 to 10 September

23rd August 1960

The Entries Office of the Technical Section was in operation to receive entries ever since 20th June 1960 and had taken all necessary steps for the checking and filing of entries as received. Eight weeks before the beginning of the Games, the Olympic Committees submitted the ST 1 forms, duly completed, to the Organising Committee. Thus 67 National Olympic Committees has submitted their entries regularly within the prescribed time, whereas the Olympic Committees of Chile, Colombia, Malaya, Mexico, Philippines, Sudan and Tunisia had only sent their entries telegraphically and with delay and it was only after a number of reminders that their ST 1 forms were submitted. The Olympic Committees of Lebanon, Haiti and Viet-Nam sent in their entries after considerable delay. 147

Hong Kong

Great Britain

Dutch Antilles

Czechoslovakia

Chinese Rep. of Formosa

Irak

Iran

India

Indonesia

Iceland

Hungary

Holland

Greece

Haiti

Ghana

France

Germany

Finland

Figi

Ethiopia

Denmark

Cuba

Colombia

Chile

Ceylon

Burma

Canada

Bulgaria

Bermuda

Brazil

Bahamas

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38

Belgium

2

Austria

Antilles

Argentine

1

Australia

Afghanistan

EVENTS

British Guiana

TABLE OF

ATHLETICS Men

100 metres 200 metres 400 metres 800 metres 1,500 metres 5,000 metres 10,000 metres 110 metres hurdles 400 metres hurdles 3,000 metres steeplechase High jump Long jump Hop, step e jump Pole vault Shot put Discus Javelin Hammer 4 × 100 metres relay 4 × 400 metres relay Decathlon 20 kms. Walk 50 kms. Walk Marathon

× × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × ×

× × × × ×

× × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × ×

× × × × × ×× × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × ×

× × × × × × × × × ×

× × × × × × × × × × × ×

×

× × ×

× ×

× × × × × × × × × × × × × × ×× × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × ×

× × × ×

× × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × ×

× × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × ×

× × × × × × × × × × × × × ×

× ×

× × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × ×

× × × × × × × × × × × × ×

× × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × ×

× × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × ×

× × × ×

×

Ladies

× × × × × ×

100 metres 200 metres 800 metres 80 metres hurdles High jump Long jump Shot put Discus Javelin 4 × 100 metres relay

× × ×

×

× × × × × ×

× ×

BASKETBALL

×

× × × × × × ×

×

×

× × × × × × × × × ×

× × × × × × × × × ×

× × × × × ×

× × × × × × × × × × × ×

× × × × × × ×

×

× × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × ×

× × × × × × × × ×

×

× × × × × × × × × ×

× × × ×

× ×

×

BOXING

Fly-weight Bantam-weight Feather-weight Light-weight Light welter-weight Welter-weight Light middle-weight Middle-weight Light heavy-weight Heavy-weight

148

× × × × × × × × × ×

× × × × × × × × × ×

× × × × × × ×

× ×

× × × ×

× × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × ×

× × × × ×

× × × × × × × × × × × × × ×

× × × × × × ×

× × × × × × × × × × ×

× × × × × × ×

× × × × × × × × × ×

× × × × × × × × × ×

× × × ×

× × ×

×

× × × × × × × × × ×

× × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × ×

TOTAL

Yugoslavia

Viet-Nam

Uruguay

United States of America U.S.S.R.

United Arab Republic

Turkey

Uganda

Thailand

Tunisia

Sweden

Switzerland

Sudan

Surinam

Spain

South Africa

San Marino

Singapore

Rhodesia

Rumania

Portugal

Puerto Rico

Philippines

Poland

Panama

Peru

Norway

Pakistan

Nigeria

New Zealand

Monaco

Morocco

Mexico

Malta

Luxemburg

Malaya

Liberia

Liechtenstein

Korea

Lebanon

Kenya

Japan

Israel

Italy

Ireland

Venezuela

TABLE NO. 7

ENTRIES BY NATIONS

39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84

× × × × × × × × × ×

× × ×

× × × × × × × × ×

× × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × ×

× × × × × × × × × × × × × ×

× × × × × × × × × × ×

× × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × ×

× ×

× × × ×

× ×

× × × × × × × ×

× × × × × × × × × ×

× × × × × × × × × ×

× × ×

× × ×

× × × × ×

× × ×

×

× × ×

×

× × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × ×

×

×

×

× × ×

× × ×

× ×

× × × × × × × × ×

× × ×

× ×

× × × × × × × × × ×

× × × × ×

× × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × ×

× × × × × × × × × × × × × ×

× × × × ×

× × × × × ×

× ×

× × ×

× ×

× × ×

× ×

×

× × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × ×

× × × × × × × × × ×

× × × ×

×

×

×

× × × × ×

× × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × ×

× × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × ×

× × ×

× × × × × × × × × × × × × × ×

× × × × × × × × × ×

×

×

×

× × × × × × ×

× × × × × × × × × × × ×

× × × ×

× × × × × × × × × ×

×

× × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × ×

57 55 53 49 41 40 37 38 35 30 39 47 39 31 26 30 26 29 28 31 28 24 24 41

× × × × ×

×

31 30 22 23 19 24 21 24 20 16

×

16

× × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × ×

× × × ×

×

× ×

× × × × × × × × × ×

×

×

×

× × × × × × × × × × × × × × ×

× × × × × × × × × ×

× × × × × ×

× × × × × × × × × ×

× × × × × × × × × ×

× ×

× × ×

× × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × ×

× × × × × × × ×

× × × × × × × × × ×

× × × × × × × × × ×

× × × × × × × × × ×

× × × × × × × × × ×

× × × × ×

× × × × × ×

41 47 48 45 39 43 36 36 30 26

149

Irak

Iran

Indonesia

India

Iceland

Hong Kong

Hungary

Haiti

Holland

Greece

Great Britain

Germany

Ghana

France

Figi

Finland

Ethiopia

Denmark

Dutch Antilles

Cuba

Czechoslovakia

Colombia

Chile

Chinese Rep. of Formosa

Ceylon

Burma

Canada

Bulgaria

Brazil

British Guiana

Bermuda

Bahamas

Belgium

Australia

Austria

Argentine

Afghanistan

Antilles

EVENTS

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38

CANOEING Men

× × × × × × × × ×

Kayak singles Canadian singles Kayak pairs Canadian pairs K1 4 × 500 metres relay

× × × ×

× × ×

× × × ×

× × × × ×

× × × × × × × × × × × × × ×

×

×

×

×

×

×

× × × ×

× × × × × ×

×

× × × × × × × × × × ×

× × × × × ×

× × × × × ×

× × × × × ×

× × × × × ×

× × ×

×

× × × ×

× ×

× ×

× ×

× × × × × ×

× × × × × ×

× ×

× × × × × ×

× × × × × ×

× × × × ×

× ×

× ×

× ×

× ×

×

×

×

×

× × × × × × × × ×

× × ×

× × ×

× ×

× × × × ×

× × × × ×

Ladies

×

× × × ×

Kayak singles Kayak pairs

× ×

CYCLING

1,000 metres time-trial Individual scratch Tandem 4,000 metres team pursuit Individual road scratch 100 kms. team time-trial

× × × × ×

× × × × × × × × × × ×

×

× ×

× × ×

× × ×

× × ×

× ×

× ×

× × ×

× ×

× × ×

×

× ×

× × × ×

× × × × × ×

× ×

× × × × × ×

× × ×

EQUESTRIAN SPORTS

Dressage Grand Prix Individual three-day event Team three-day event Individual Grand Prix jumping Team Grand Prix jumping

× × × × ×

×

× ×

×

×

× × × × × ×

× × × × × × × ×

× × × × × ×

× × ×

× ×

× ×

×

× × × × ×

×

FENCING Men

Foil (team) Epée (team) Sabre (team) Foil (individual) Epée (individual) Sabre (individual)

× × × ×

× × ×

× × × × × ×

×

× × × × × × × ×

Ladies Foil (team) Foil (individual)

×

FOOTBALL

×

×

×

×

GYMNASTICS Men

Team event Individual event Individual apparatus event

150

× × × × × × ×

× × ×

× × ×

× ×

× × ×

TOTAL

Viet-Nam

Yugoslavia

Venezuela

U.S.S.R.

Uruguay

United States of America

United Arab Republic

Turkey

Uganda

Thailand

Tunisia

Sweden

Switzerland

Sudan

Surinam

Spain

South Africa

Singapore

Rumania

San Marino

Rhodesia

Portugal

Puerto Rico

Philippines

Poland

Panama

Peru

Norway

Pakistan

Nigeria

New Zealand

Morocco

Mexico

Monaco

Malta

Luxemburg

Malaya

Liechtenstein

Lebanon

Liberia

Kenya

Korea

Italy

Japan

Ireland

Israel

39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84

× × × × ×

× ×

× ×

× × × × × × × × ×

× × × × × × × ×

×

×

× × × × × × ×

× ×

× × × ×× × × × × × ×

×

×

× ×

× ×

× ×

×

× ×

× ×

× × ×

× × × ×

× × × × ×

× × × × × × × × × × × ×

× × × × × ×

× × × × × ×

× × × × ×

×

× ×

×

× × × ×

× ×

×

×× ×× × ×

× ×

× × × × ×

×

× ×

× ×

×

× × × ×

×

×

×

× × × × ×

× ×

× ×

×

× × × × × ×

×

×

× × × × × × ×

× × × × ×

× ×

× × ×

× × ×

× × ×

× × × ×

× × × × ×

× ×

×× ×× × ×× × × ×

× × × ×

× × × × × ×

× × × × × × × ×

×

× × × × × × ××

× × × × ×

×

× × × ×

× × ×

×

× × × ×

× ×

× × × × ×

× × × × ×

× × × × × × × ×

× ×

× × ×

× × ×

×× × × × ×

× ×

24 16 24 14 20 17 14

× × ×× × ×

× ×

30 24 18 22 42 37

27 41

×× × × ×× × × × ×

24 25 21 35 36 33

17 21 19

× × × × × × × ×× × ×× × ×× ×× × ×

15 26

×

×

16

× ×× × × × ×× ×

× × ×

23 29 29

× × × × × ×

× × ×

× × × × × ×

×

× × × ×× × ×× × × × × × × ×

×

×

× × × × ×

× × × × × ×

× × × × ×

× ×

151

Iran

Irak

Indonesia

Iceland

India

Hong Kong

Hungary

Haiti

Holland

Greece

Ghana Great Britain

France

Germany

Figi

Finland

Ethiopia

Denmark

Dutch Antilles

Cuba

Czechoslovakia

Colombia

Chinese Rep. of Formosa

Ceylon

Chile

Burma

Canada

Bulgaria

Brazil

British Guiana

Bermuda

Bahamas

Belgium

Austria

Argentine

Australia

Antilles

Afghanistan

EVENTS

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38

GYMNASTICS

Ladies Team event Individual event Individual apparatus event

× × × × ×

× × ×

HOCKEY

×

×

× × × × ×

×

× × × × × × × × × × ×

× × × × ×

× × ×

× × × × × × × × ×

× × ×

× × ×

×

× ×

×

×

×

× × × × × ×

× ×

× × × × ×

× ×

× × × ×

MODERN PENTATHLON

Individual event Team event

× ×

× ×

ROWING

Fours with cox Pairs without cox Single sculls Pairs with cox Fours without cox Pairs with cox Eights

× × × × ×

× × × × × × × × × × × × ×

× × × × × × ×

×

× × × × × × ×

× × × × ×

× × × × × × ×

× × × × × × ×

× × × × × × ×

× × × × × ×

× × × × × ×

× × × × × ×

× × × × × ×

× × × × × ×

× × × × × × × ×

× × × × × × × ×

× × × × × × × × × × ×

×× × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × ×

× × ×

×

×

×

×

× × ×

×

×

×

×

× × × ×

× × × × ×

SHOOTING

300 metres free rifle 50 metres small-bore rifle Small-bore rifle – 60 shots Free pistol 25 metres automatic pistol Clay pigeon

× × × × × × ×

× × × × × × × × ×

× × ×

× × × ×

× × × × × ×

× × × × × ×

× × ×

× × × × × × × × × × × × × ×

× × × ×

× × × × ×

×

× × × ×

× × × × × ×

× × × × × × × ×

SWIMMIMG Men

100 metres free style 400 metres free style 1,500 metres free style 200 metres breast stroke 200 metres butterfly 100 metres backstroke 3 metres springboard diving 10 metres high diving 4 × 200 metres free style relay 4 × 100 metres medley relay

152

× × × × × × × × × × ×

× × × × × × × ×

× ×

×

×

× × × ×

×

× × × ×

× × × × × × × × × × × ×

× ×

× × × ×

× × × × × ×

× × × × × × ×

× ×

×

×

× ×

TOTAL

Viet-Nam

Yugoslavia

U.S.S.R.

Uruguay Venezuela

United States of America

Uganda

United Arab Republic

Turkey

Thailand

Tunisia

Sweden

Switzerland

Surinam

Spain

Sudan

South Africa

San Marino

Singapore

Rhodesia

Rumania

Puerto Rico

Portugal

Poland

Peru

Philippines

Panama

Pakistan

Nigeria

Norway

Morocco

New Zealand

Monaco

Malta

Mexico

Malaya

Liechtenstein

Luxemburg

Lebanon

Liberia

Korea

Kenya

Italy

Japan

Ireland

Israel

39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84

× × × × × × × ×

× ×

× × ×

× ×

× × ×

×

× ×

× × ×

×

× × × × × × × × × ×

×

× × × × × ×

× × × × × × × × × × × ×

× × × × × × × × × ×

× × × ×

×

× × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × ×

× × × × × × × ×

× × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × ×

×

×

× × × × × × ×

× × × × × ×

× × × × × × × × × ×

× × ×

× × × × ×

×

× ×

× ×

× × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × ×

× × × × ×

× × ×

× × × × × ×

× × × × × ×

× × ×

× × × × × ×

×

×

× × ×

× ×

× ×

× × × ×

× × × × × × × ×

× ×

×

× × × × × × × × × × ×

× × × × × ×

× × × × ×

× ×

× × × × ×

× × × ×

× × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × ×

× × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × ×

× × × × ×

×

× × × × × × ×

× × × × × × × ×

× × × × ×

× ×

19 28 28

16

× ×

× × × ×

× × × × × ×

× × × × × ×

× × × × × × × × × ×

× × × ×

×

× × × ×

×

× × × × ×

×

× × × × × × × ×

× × × × × × × × × ×

× × × × × × × × × ×

× × × × × ×

25 18

× × × × × ×

27 25 24 24 24 21 17

× × × ×

31 45 48 46 42 43

× × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × ×

42 32 31 39 33 41 22 21

× × × ×

24 26

153

Irak

Iran

Indonesia

India

Hungary

Iceland

Hong Kong

Holland

Haiti

Greece

Ghana

Great Britain

France

Germany

Finland

Figi

Ethiopia

Denmark

Dutch Antilles

Cuba

Czechoslovakia

Chinese Rep. of Formosa

Colombia

Chile

Ceylon

Burma

Canada

Bulgaria

British Guiana

Bermuda

Brazil

Belgium

Austria

Bahamas

Argentine

Australia

Afghanistan

Antilles

EVENTS

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 SWIMMING

Ladies

× × × × × × × × ×

100 metres free style 400 metres free style 200 metres breast stroke 100 metres butterfly 100 metres backstroke 3 metres springboard diving 10 metres high diving 4 × 100 metres free style relay 4 × 100 metres medley relay

× × × × ×

× ×

× × × × × × ×

×

×

×

×

× ×

WATERPOLO

× × × × ×

×

×

× × × × × × ×

× × × × × × ×

× × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × ×

× ×

×

×

×

× ×

×

×

×

×

×

× × × × × × × × ×

× × × × × × × × × × ×

× ×

×

WEIGHTLIFTING

× × × × × × × × × × × × × × × ×

Bantam-weight Feather-weight Light-weight Middle-weight Light heavy-weight Heavy light-weight Heavy-weight

× ×

× × × × × × × × ×

× × × × × × × × × × × × ×

× × × × × × × × × × × × × × ×

× × × × × × ×

× × × × ×

× × × × × × ×

× × × × × × ×

× × × × × × × ×

× × × × × × × ×

× × × × × × × ×

× × × × × × × ×

× × × × × × × ×

× × × × × × × ×

× × × ×

× × × × × ×

× × × × × × × × ×

× × × × × × ×

× × × × × × × × × × × × × × × ×

WRESTLING

Greco-Roman Fly-weight Bantam-weight Feather-weight Light-weight Welter-weight Middle-weight Light heavy-weight Heavy-weight

× × × × × × × × × × × ×

× × × × × × ×

× × × × × × × × × × × ×

×

× ×

×

× ×

× × × × × × ×

×

× × × ×

× × × × × × × ×

× × × × ×

× × × × ×

× × × ×

× × × × ×

× × × × × × × ×

× × × ×

Free style Fly-weight Bantam-weight Feather-weight Light-weight Welter-weight Middle-weight Light heavy-weight Heavy-weight

× × × × × × × ×

× × ×

×

× × ×

× × × × ×

× × ×

× × × × × × × ×

× × × × × × × ×

× × × × × × × × × ×

× × × × × × × ×

YACHTING

International 5.5 Dragons Stars Flying Dutchman Finn

154

× × × × × × × × × × × × × ×

× × × × × × × × × × × × × ×

× × × × × × × × ×

×

× × × ×

× × × × × × × × × × × × × ×

× × × × ×

× × × × ×

× × × ×

× × ×

× ×

TOTAL

Yugoslavia

Viet-Nam

Venezuela

U.S.S.R.

Uruguay

United Arab Republic

United States of America

Uganda

Tunisia

Turkey

Switzerland

Thailand

Surinam

Sweden

Sudan

Spain

South Africa

Singapore

Rumania

San Marino

Rhodesia

Portugal

Puerto Rico

Poland

Peru

Philippines

Panama

Norway

Pakistan

Nigeria

New Zealand

Monaco

Morocco

Malta

Mexico

Luxemburg

Malaya

Liechtenstein

Lebanon

Liberia

Kenya

Korea

Italy Japan

Ireland

Israel

39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84

× × × ×

× × × × × × ×

× × × × × × ×

× ×

× × × ×

× × × × × × ×

× × × × × × ×

× ×

× ×

× × ×

× × ×

× ×

×

× ×

× × × × × ×

× × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × ×

× × × × × × × ×

× × × × × ×

×

× × ×

×

× × ×

× × × × ×

×

× × ×

× ×

×

× × × × × × × ×

× × × × × ×

× × × × × ×

× ×

×× × × × × × × × × ×

× × ×

× × ×

× × × × × × × × × × ×

× × × × × × × ×

× × × × × × × ×

× ×

× × ×

× × × ×

× × × × × × × ×

× × × × × × ×

× × × ×

× × × × ×× × × × × × ×

× ×

×

× × × × × ×

×

× × × × × × × ×

× × × × × × × ×

× × × × × ×

× × × × × × × ×

× × × × × × × ×

× × × × × × × ×

× × × ×× ××

× × × × ×

× × × × × ×

× × × ×

×

× × × × × × × × ×

× × × × × × × ×

×

×

×× × ×

32 25 27 23 29 17 16

×

16 18

× × ×

× × ×× × × ×× × × × × ×

×

× × × × × × ×

×× × ×

×

×

× × ×

× × × × × × × ×

×

× × ×

×

× × ×

× ×

× × × × × ×

× × × × × × ×

××

× × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × ×

× × × × ×

× × ×

×

16

× × × × × × ×

× × × × × × ×

× × × × × × ×

× × × × × × × ×

× × × × × × × ×

× × × × × × × ×

× × × × × × × ×

× × × × × × × ×

× × × × × × × ×

23 23 29 29 28 25 23 21

× × × × ×

× × × × × × × ×

20 29 27 36 38

34 37 43 32 28 33 26

× ×

× × × × × × ×

× ×

27 30 29 28 32 29 27 24

155

The Organising Committee took up the matter of these latter Committees with the International Olympic Committee and the International Sports Federations concerned and obtained authority to accept the entries in question. This brought the number of entries from Olympic Committees up to 86. The entry of Somalia only was accepted " sub judice " as the Somalia Olympic Committee was still awaiting recognition by the I.O.C. On 22nd July 1960 the exact situation on participants was finally known and the Technical Section, through the Entries Office, was able to prepare the table of entries. (Table No. 7). All ST 1 forms (entries by nations) were filed in appropriate files together with all incoming and outgoing correspondence and proposals for variations so that quick reference could be made at any moment to matters dealing with each National Olympic Committee. In the meantime, arrangements were made for the arrival of forms, as per the prescribed time limits, in respect of the various sports. A file was kept for each sport together with a sub-file for each Olympic Committee. These files were used to hold the yellow copies of all forms, carefully classified, so that any document required could be found quickly and easily. Unfortunately, notwithstanding the clear instructions outlined in the " Entries " booklet, circulars sent out by the Organising Committee and by the I.O.C, quite a number of Olympic Committees submitted the ST 2 forms and other forms with a number of imprecisions, errors and omissions. This caused considerable additional work which necessitated the Technical Section having to telegraph for details and modifications. Less serious irregularities were adjusted in agreement with the technical stewards (uncertainties in connection with the weight categories in boxing, wrestling and weightlifting; the lack of designation of reserves; forms not signed by Presidents of National Olympic Committees, etc.). We regret to remark that only 40 % of the forms arrived correctly compiled in every respect. Some forms contained entries over and above those allowed, reserves which were not permitted, teams in larger number than prescribed, etc. In cases of this kind, one had to refer back to the interested parties constantly and with great loss of time. Upon expiry of the time limit for entry to the various sports, a notary designated for the purpose made out his official statement on the names of the National Olympic Committees which had entered within the prescribed period. The Olympic Committees which sent in their entries with delay are listed in Table No. 8. 156

TABLE NO. 8

ENTRIES WHICH ARRIVED WITH DELAY COUNTRY

Argentine

Belgium

SPORT

DATE OF ARRIVAL

NUMBER

TOTAL

OF ATHLETES

12th August 1960

13th August 1960

Cycling Swimming Waterpolo Boxing Wrestling Football Modern Pentathlon

8 4 8 10 2 18 4

54

Canoeing Wrestling Cycling Swimming Waterpolo Hockey Boxing Modern Pentathlon

4 5 14 3 11 18 4 1

60

Malaya

13th August 1960

Swimming

2

2

Morocco

12th August 1960

Cycling Wrestling Modern Pentathlon Boxing

6 7 2 7

22

19

19

U.A.R.

12th August 1960

Football

Venezuela

12th August 1960

Cycling Swimming Wrestling Boxing

9 3 2 3

17

Germany

13th August 1960

Cycling Swimming

12 3

15

Greece

13th August 1960

Swimming Boxing Wrestling

2 2 3

7

Lebanon

12th August 1960

G.R. Wrestling

6

6

Indonesia

16th August 1960

Fencing

1

1

Norway

17th August 1960

Athletics

11

11

Malaya

17th August 1960

Athletics

3

3

Liechtenstein

16th August 1960

Fencing

1

1

Spain

16th August 1960

Rowing Yachting Fencing

21 12 12

45

263

263

Total

157

At the request of the Organising Committee, the International Olympic Committee and the International Sports Federations gave their approval to the acceptance of the entries which arrived late and it was only after such approval that the position of each Olympic Committee could be put in order. This was not the case, however, for some Committees which had submitted entries for athletes or had requested changes in certain sports subsequent to submission and confirmation of entries, as these were not approved by the I.O.C. and the International Sports Federations concerned. The Committees in question are listed in Table No. 9. TABLE NO. 9

COUNTRY

SPORT

ENTRIES REQUESTED

SUBSTITUTIONS REQUESTED

TOTAL

Austria

Swimming

1

1

Finland

Swimming

1

1

France

Swimming

1

Swimming

1

Athletics

1

U.A.R.

2

3 2

Once the entries were finally closed, a few minor changes were still necessary but these were relative to the spelling of Christian names and surnames, and, in a few cases, the signing of forms which had arrived without signature. The final situation of entries and participation of athletes in the Games of the XVII Olympiad will be seen from Table No. 10. Notwithstanding the arrangements made in agreement with the I.O.C. for a revision of the number of competitors owing to the increase in number of participating nations (84 as opposed to 69 in Helsinki and 67 in Melbourne), the total number of athletes entered and participating in the Rome Games was superior to that of any previous Games. In fact, in Rome there were 5,915 entries as opposed to the 5,859 in Helsinki and 5,337 actual participants as opposed to the 4,925 of the 1952 Games. From these data, it will be seen that whereas, in the 1952 Games, the athletes entered but who did not participate reached a percentage of 19 %, in Rome this was reduced to about 9.2 %.

Competition officials. In Rome there were 1,096 officials as opposed to the 1,863 in Helsinki and 1,830 in Melbourne. This shows that the formation of Juries was calculated correctly and this was confirmed from the few appeals made. 158

TABLE NO. 10

FINAL STATE OF ENTRIES ATHLETES PRESENCES

NATION entered

Afghanistan Antilles Argentine Australia Austria Bahamas Belgium Bermuda Brazil British Guiana Bulgaria Burma Canada Ceylon Chile Chinese Republic Colombia Cuba Czechoslovakia Denmark Dutch Antilles Ethiopia Figi Finland France Germany Ghana Great Britain Greece Haiti Holland Hong Kong Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Irak Iran Ireland Israel Italy

13 14 101 200 119 17 108 11 90 6 117 11 86 5 9 35 17 12 122 122 5 12 2 120 253 321 15 274 52 1 124 4 201 9 65 36 22 25 52 23 302

non participants

1 — 12 13 15 4 9 2 14 1 22 1 1 — — 9 1 — 7 23 — 2 — 4 21 31 2 24 4 — 15 — 17 — 19 12 1 2 3 — 27

OF

participants

12 14 89 187 104 13 99 9 76 5 95 10 85 5 9 26 16 12 115 99 5 10 2 116 232 290 13 250 48 1 109 4 184 9 46 24 21 23 49 23 275

IN

ATHLETES

COMPETITIONS

16 20 99 248 123 14 124 9 84 6 104 10 124 5 9 30 23 14 129 104 5 15 3 143 275 340 15 306 59 1 129 4 232 11 50 29 28 24 57 36 317

159

ATHLETES

NATION entered

Japan Kenya Korea Lebanon Liberia Liechtenstein Luxemburg Malaya Malta Mexico Monaco Morocco New Zealand Nigeria Norway Pakistan Panama Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Puerto Rico Rhodesia Rumania San Marino Singapore South Africa Spain Sudan Surinam Sweden Switzerland Thailand Tunisia Turkey Uganda United Arab Republic United States of America U.S.S.R. Uruguay Venezuela Viet-Nam Yugoslavia

Total

160

non participants

participants

PRESENCES OF ATHLETES IN COMPETITIONS

182 31 41 21 5 6 53 9 11 73 13 54 38 13 43 49 8 31 43 223 71 29 15 129 10 6 59 159 10 1 151 161 20 51 56 12 83 305 299 38 39 4 127

21 3 6 3 1 1 2 — 1 4 2 7 1 1 4 4 2 — 3 31 5 2 1 26 1 1 4 15 — 1 15 10 — 12 7 3 9 13 17 5 2 1 12

161 28 35 18 4 5 51 9 10 69 11 47 37 12 39 45 6 31 40 192 66 27 14 103 9 5 55 144 10 —

202 31 39 21 6 8 66 11 13 101 13 73 47 15 43 54 8 33 49 235 85 29 22 123 12 5 69 160 13 —

136 151 20 39 49 9 74 292 282 33 37 3 115

176 175 24 50 55 15 76 347 332 39 56 6 130

5,915

578

5,337

6,441

The badges worn by technical delegates, competition judges and timekeepers.

In this respect, only two appeals against two decisions in Wrestling, four in Cycling and one in the Men's 100 Metres Free Style Swimming event were officially made. These appeals, which were not accepted in part, were put forward against decisions made by foreign judges appointed by the International Sports Federations. In fact, it should be stated that no appeal was made against any decision of Italian judges and timekeepers even though these formed 60 % of the whole group. Table No. 11 shows the formation of judges. TABLE NO. 11

TOTAL

COMPETITION OFFICIALS

SPORT

Italian

GENERAL

Foreign Men

Men

Athletics

Cycling

—

205

12

10

17

—

27

—

6

—

40

—

46

—

46

(a) 16

—

15

—

31

—

31

37

7

—

44

—

44

2

— —

14

—

42

25

— —

16

—

67

—

67

16

—

19

—

35

—

35

3

6

40

27

43

33

76

—

20

—

20

—

20

—

11

—

35

—

47

—

—

45

2

Equestrian Sports Fencing Football Gymnastics —

Hockey Modern Pentathlon Rowing

Women

22

Boxing Canoeing

Men

12 —

183

Basketball

Women

TOTAL

Women

8

—

(a) 12

—

217 (b)

(d)

(c)

27

16

11 47

Shooting

30

2

15

Swimming & Waterpolo

12

1

82

4

94

5

99

32

—

32

(e)

47

8

—

24

—

Wrestling

13

52

—

65

—

65

Yachting

21

— —

13

—

34

—

34

182

—

—

182

—

182

1,044

52

1,096

Weightlifting

Timekeepers Total (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

601

21

— 443

31

Ten judges acted for both canoeing and rowing competitions. Scorers not included. Consisting of the Jury of Appeal. Judges assigned to the individual sports acted for the five tests Military personnel acting as obstacle judges are not included. Signallers and military judges are not included.

161 11.

TABLE NO. 12

ORGANISATIONAL CHART OF JURIES FOR ATHLETICS A - DIRECTING SERVICES 1 Head of organisation services 1 Assistant

1 Competition Director

| 1 Head of technical services 1 Assistant

1 Vice-director COMPETITION DIRECTORATE

1 Head of Group for races 1 Assistants

1 Secretary 2 Secretariat staff

1 Head of Group for jumps 1 Assistant 1 Head of Group for throws 1 Assistants

1 Director for meetings

B - TECHNICAL SERVICES 1 Vice-director for arena meetings MEETINGS DIRECTORATE

1 Protocol steward 1 Assistant

1 2 12 10

1 Arena Director 3 Assistants

Head of competitor services Competitor stewards Competitor assistant stewards Competitor guides 1 Head of attendants 1 Assistants

ARENA DIRECTORATE

1 Official measurer 3 Anemometrists

1 Head equipment storekeeper 1 Assistant

Referee Judge 6 Jury secretaries 20 Finish judges

RACE JURY

1 Head control judge 3 Section stewards 30 Control judges 1 Timekeeping services steward

3 Start judges 6 Assistants 3 Referee Judges

COMPETITION

1 Referee Judge 1 Jury President

6 Jury secretaries 17 Competition judges

JURY

ROAD EVENTS JURY

1 Head of Secretariat 3 Assistants

4 6 1 2

Course inspectors Supply stewards Leader Couriers

18 International Walk judges

C - ORGANISATIONAL SERVICES 1 Vice-director booth meetings 1 Head of announcers

1 Secretary for Nations 4 Secretariat assistants

1 Head of Secretariat SECRETARIAT

1 2 1 2 1

Secretary-General Secretariat assistants Statistics and Records steward Committee control stewards Archives and Supervision steward

162

1 Jury of Appeal secretary 1 Secretariat assistant 1 Jury secretary 3 Secretariat assistants

In general, the work of the Juries was scrupulous, efficient and efficacious and thanks to the order and discipline of the judges, their movement and numbers were not evident in the competition arenas. (Table no. 12).

Accompanying Officials. Ever since May 1958, the I.O.C., as a result of a proposal put forward by the Technical Section, found it necessary to adjust the tables indicating the number of accompanying officials to be admitted to the Games. On the basis of this proposal, it was decided that the maximum number of officials should be as follows:— (a) up to 15 competitors, 1 official for each 3 competitors; (b) for the subsequent 85 competitors (from 15 to 100), 1 official for each 5 competitors; (c) for competitors exceeding 100 in number, 1 official for each 8 competitors. (Table No. 13). TABLE NO. 13

EXPLANATORY TABLE

Competitors

Officials

Competitors

Officials

Competitors

—

—

—

—

—

1-3 . 4-6 . 7-9 . 10-12 . 13-15 . 16-20 . 21-25 . 26-30 . 31-35 . 36-40 . 41-45 . 46-50 . 51-55 . 56-60 . 61-65 . 66-70 . 71-75 . 76-80 . 81-85 .

.............1 .............2 .............3 .............4 .............5 .............6 .............7 .............8 .............9 . . . . . . . . . . . . .10 . . . . . . . . . . . . .11 . . . . . . . . . . . . .12 . . . . . . . . . . . . .13 . . . . . . . . . . . . .14 . . . . . . . . . . . . .15 . . . . . . . . . . . . .16 . . . . . . . . . . . . .17 . . . . . . . . . . . . .18 . . . . . . . . . . . . .19

86-90 91-95 96-100 101-108 108-116 117-124 125-132 133-140 141-148 149-156 157-164 165-172 173-180 181-188 189-196 197-204 205-212 213-220 221-228

. . . . . . . . . . . . 20 . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

229-236 . 237-244 . 245-252 . 253-260 . 261-268 . 269-276 . 277-284 . 285-292 . 293-300 .

Officials

—

. . . . . . . . . . . 39 . . . . . . . . . . . 40 . . . . . . . . . . . 41 . . . . . . . . . . . 42 . . . . . . . . . . . 43 . . . . . . . . . . . 44 . . . . . . . . . . . 45 . . . . . . . . . . . 46 . . . . . . . . . . . 47 BOATMEN

Rowing Canoeing 1 for each country Yachting GROOMS

For each two horses: 1 groom

Ancillary personnel were established as follows:— (a) a maximus of 3 masseurs for the first 100 competitors and 1 extra for each subsequent group of 50; (b) 1 boatman for each sport, namely, 1 for rowing, 1 for canoneing and 1 for yachting; (c) 1 groom for each 2 horses. 163

The training of horses for the Modern Pentathlon. Another problem of undoubted difficulty was that of the selection and training of horses for competitors in the riding event of the Modern Pentathlon. The riding event is the first of the Pentathlon and has considerable consequences, both as regards points and the morale of the competitors, when the result is partly governed by the luck of the draw. Particular care therefore was taken to resolve this problem which is rendered more difficult now that in Italy, as is many other countries, there are no longer any cavalry units. Owing to a shortage of suitable horses in Italy, it was at first thought opportune to find the necessary horses abroad. A plan was examined, but later abandoned, to import horses from the Argentine. Later, special negotiations were conducted in an endeavour to obtain, on loan, horses from Switzerland, Sweden and Hungary. However, in the end it was decided that the problem could be resolved locally by recruiting horses from Sardinian studs. Together with the direct co-operation of the Carabinieri Forces, who placed a first nucleus of horses at disposal, the training started and proceeded gradually under their care. At the same time, 60 horses were purchased from the Sardinian market and these formed the first nucleus of the preparation which started towards the end of 1958. Later, this preparation was divided up into three groups, two in Sardinia, namely at Cagliari and Sassari, and one in Rome under the guidance of capable instructors. It was a long and detailed preparation, subject to constant control and selection until, in the Spring of 1960, the horses selected were concentrated at Passo Corese to complete their training over the area of the course. After the final test for selection, undertaken over a timed course, the 67 horses (60 plus 7 reserves) required for the event were finally chosen. The horses which were eliminated were placed at the disposal of training schools in Rome, namely at Tor di Quinto. There was a loss of horses during training due to wounds or sickness, whilst others were eliminated owing to excess or lack of speed but these were replaced from an adequate supply of reserves placed at the disposal of the selectors. Prior to the drawing of lots, veterinary certificates were made available which attested to the state of health and capacity of the horses to cover the course. Again, before lots were drawn, team captains were given a list which indicated the number of the horses, their colour and main characteristics.

Training Grounds and their allocation. The Technical Services Section dedicated particular care to the preparation of training grounds and their allocation so as to facilitate, in the best way possible, athletes in every sport who wished to complete their training in 164

Rome. Particular care was devoted to the more complex sports which required more intense training. Thus, for the competitors in the Modern Pentathlon who had to undergo training in five different and varying sports, a training programme was devised whereby the competitors would not have to travel more than a mile away from the Olympic Village. These competitors had reserved for them the fencing hall and swimming pool at the Flaminio Stadium, a special arrangement for shooting at the Umberto I shooting range, a ground for cross-country running and an equestrian obstacle course at Tor di Quinto where 40 horses for training were stabled temporarily. Athletes in weightlifting and wrestling also had a number of venues reserved for them in the Acqua Acetosa area located in the immediate vicinity of the Olympic Village. Separate gymnasiums for men and women were available for training in gymnastics. These gymnasiums were equipped with apparatus exactly similar to that used for the competitions. Furthermore, teams, in turns, were able to acquaint themselves with the arena of the Caracalla Baths. A large number of training venues for running and jumping were prepared and provided with equipment and obstacles similar to those of the actual events. Moreover, in the said venues, the starting judges appointed for the competitions proper performed their duties in accordance with pre-established time-tables which were communicated to the athletes. Account was taken of the desire expressed by the boxers to train separately, and to this end seven gymnasiums, well equipped with 13 rings, mirrors, punching bags, boxing gloves, training and punch bag gloves, protective headgear etc., were placed at their disposal. Four venues were placed at the disposal of the swimmers for training purposes, one of these having more than one pool. Only in the case of fencers was it not possible to set up pistes in the immediate vicinity of the Olympic Village, so that the pistes in the Palazzo dei Congressi at the E.U.R. were used, with the advantage, however, that the athletes were able to use the same pistes for training as for the actual competitions. To facilitate training, in the case of the more complex sports, a number of brochures were prepared containing instructions regarding the time-table and places of training as well as other useful news on preparation. It is with pleasure that we report that all athletes undertook their training with an intensity and an availability of means that is without precedent. From Table No. 14, it may be seen that presences on the training venues reached the figure of 81,397. By dividing this figure by the number of participants (5,337), we reach the very significant conclusion that each athlete completed 15 sessions of training. 165

TABLE NO. 14

TRAINING VENUES AND ATTENDANCE OF ATHLETES

SPORT

FIELDS AND STADIUMS

VENUES AVAILABLE

Athletics

Basketball

Boxing

Equestrian Sports

166

from

to

PRESENCES TOTAL

Nations

Athletes

9/9 5/9 8/9 8/9 30/8 3/9

18 22 16 43 4 6

6,870 364 2,520 2,412 90 314

PRESENCES

Acqua Acetosa Tre Fontane Stadio delle Terme Farnesina Silvano Abba Eucalipti Stadium

1

8/8

1 1

13/8

1

10/8 19/8 17/8

Palazzetto dello Sport Palestra Foresteria American College Gymnasium Convitto Nazionale Gymnasium Y. M. C. A. Gymnasium

1

1/8

1

10/8

31/8 9/9

13 16

672 1,056

1 2

10/8 10/8

9/9 9/9

16 16

924 900

1

10/8

9/9

16

852

3

10/8

4/9

3

10/8

4/9

2

10/9

4/9 47

5,294

5,294

1

10/8

4/9

2 1 1

10/8 10/8 10/8

4/9 4/9 4/9

1

6/8

28/8

35

2,918

2,918

30 20 13

797 165 95

1,057

31

1,122

1,122

56

384

384

43

176

176

C. O. N. I. Via Sannio Gymnasium S. Croce in Gerusalemme Gymnasium Carabinieri Cadets Gymnasium C. S. I. C. Duilio Gymnasium Stadio Flaminio Gymnasium G. I. Gymnasium E. Fiermonte Gymnasium

Rowing and Canoeing Lake Albano Cycling

PERIOD OF TRAINING

1 1

9/8

Olympic Velodrome Grottarossa Circuit Viale C. Colombo

1

8/8

1

12/8

1

8/8

25/8 28/8 25/8

Pratoni del Vivaro Borghese Gardens Tor di Quinto Cesano Range (300 m. shooting) Umberto I Range (50 m. aut. pistol) Lazio Range

1 1

17/8 17/8 17/8

8/9 8/9 8/9

1

12/8

3/9

1 1

12/8 15/8

3/9 2/9

4

12,570

4,404

SPORT

FIELDS AND STADIUMS

VENUES AVAILABLE

PERIOD OF TRAINING

from

to

PRESENCES TOTAL

Nations

Athletes

PRESENCES

Fencing

Congress Hall

8

14/8

28/8

43

885

Football

Acqua Acetosa Fields

4

11/8

30/8

5

941

Tor di Quinto Fields

2

9/8

22/8

5

220

Tre Fontane Fields

1

22/8

28/8

2

90

Acqua Acetosa Gymnasium

1

8/8

9/9

15

3,721

G. Cesare Gymnasium

2

10/8

9/9

29

2,610

Caracalla Baths

1

10/8

9/9

29

3,915

Foro Italico Gymnasium

3

8/8

9/9

28

3,900

Caracalla Baths

1

8/8

9/9

28

900

Hockey

Acqua Acetosa Fields

4

8/8

9/9

16

7,396

Modern Pentathlon

Tor di Quinto (riding)

1

9/8

25/8

24

255

Flaminio Stadium Fencing Gymnasium

1

12/8

26/8

19

223

Flaminio Stadium Pool

1

12/8

29/8

17

196

Umberto I Range

1

9/8

28/8

24

251

Tor di Quinto (steeplechase course)

1

9/8

30/8

20

248

1

13/8

24/8

42

2,786

Acqua Acetosa

1

10/8

3/9

40

5,383

Foro Italico Pool

1

24/8

25/8

7

78

Piscina delle Rose

1

16/8

2/9

49

1,610

Swimming Stadium

1

14/8

24/8

16

266

Piscina delle Rose

1

16/8

2/9

16

872

Aniene Club Pool

1

8/8

2/9

19

3,693

Acqua Acetosa Gymnasium

8

10/8

6/9

53

6,547

6,547

Acqua Acetosa (4 under cover and 4 in openair)

8

10/8

5/9

46

6,486

6,486

Gymnastics (Men)

Gymnastics (Women)

Swimming and Diving Swimming Stadium

Waterpolo

Weightlifting

Wrestling

TOTALS

104

885

1,251

10,246

4,800

7,396

1,173

9,857

4,831

81,397

167

A view of the Mechanographic Centre.

The Mechanographic Centre. The Mechanographic Centre of the " Totocalcio " (Football Pools Dept.) was mobilised by the Organisation of the Olympic Games and, in collaboration with Messrs. Olivetti Bull Co. realised the automatic registration of both administrative and statistical services of events. Thus for the first time mechanisation played an integral part in the field of sport and contributed in a considerable degree to the organisational success by means of rapid, clear and timely elaboration of technical, personal and statistical data. Planned and realised to meet the requirements of work which included all the organising phases, the Electronic Centre carried out a vast programme, the full scope of which is not generally appreciated. Installed in a group of premises in the Olympic Stadium, the Electronic Centre began its activities as from June 1960. Previous to this, whilst all sectors of the Organisation worked for the preparation of the Games, specialised employees of the C.O.N.I. together with technicians from Messrs. Olivetti Bull Co. worked out the basis of their work down to the very slightest detail. 168

The Centre was entrusted with the following duties:— (1) elaboration of personal and numerical data in respect of accredited journalists, newspapers and Press Agencies; (2) elaboration of personal, technical and statistical data in respect of athletes in relation to individual entries to events and the convalidation of Olympic cards; (3) elaboration of personal and numerical data relative to the stay of athletes and accompanying personnel in the Olympic Village and statistical and accountancy data in respect of food consumption in each restaurant of the Village; (4) detailed elaboration of personal, numerical and statistical data relative to the components of the Italian delegation; (5) preparation of competition cards:—the results of each event were drawn up in a few seconds only because of the help of data previously prepared. This enabled the necessary information for the successive phases to be passed to field technicians in a very short time. The Mechanographic Centre also disposed, among other things, of a tabulating machine, with attached perforator, able to print 150 lines per minute, in addition to another sifting, inserting and translating machine. So as to give one an idea of the work performed by this system, the following are the phases of elaboration that the machines produced:— (a) sifting machine, which elaborated 25,714 forms (by elaboration is meant the passages through the machine); these forms, classified according to the final programme, then underwent a further total of 907,453 passages through the machine; (b) inserting machine, with which 18,271 forms were drawn up by means of a single passage through the machine. This classified the forms; (c) tabulating machine, with which 18,271 forms were drawn up by means of 132,468 passages through the machine. In all, for the elaboration of the data required, a total of 1,258,192 passages through the machines were recorded and which necessitated a total of 63 consecutive hours of work.

Flag Assembly Centre. Within the framework of the Technical Section a " Flag Assembly Centre " was set up working in collaboration with the military. It operated continuously from 11th July to 30th September 1960. In the months preceding the period of functioning, the Technical Section had carefully elaborated a plan of action for the use of flags. To this end, the material already in existence with the C.O.N.I. was catalogued and used. In other words, 2,826 flags were assembled and placed at the disposal of the 169

Centre. To supplement these and meet all requirements, at the same time another 1,685 flags in all were ordered. The Assembly Centre during the period of functioning kept in constant contact with the General Secretariat of the Games and with the various Sections of the Organisation and especially with the Cerimonial, Administration, Olympic Village and Olympic Military Detachment Sections, for the purpose of obtaining and guaranteeing a perfect collaboration. A special part of Palazzo delle Federazioni—the head-quartes of the Organising Committee of the Games—was placed at the disposal of the Flag Assembly Centre and here were assembled all flags necessary for the various sports manifestations (decoration of the city excluded). A further subsidiary depot was set up at the Olympic Stadium for greater convenience and rapidity of use of the flags during the various ceremonies foreseen at the Olympic Stadium and in other nearby sports venues. During the entire period of the Olympic events, the depots remained open uninterruptedly from 8 a.m.to midnight with shifts worked by two teams of sailors acting as store-keepers. The duties of the Flag Assembly Centre were various and particularly exacting. The 15 ceremonies of flag-raising at the Olympic Village, the ceremonies of Opening and Closing of the Games, the decoration of the 45 competition and training venues, the 150 prize-giving ceremonies, give some idea of the arduous work of collection of the flags at the conclusion of manifestations and of the movement of loading and unloading of same for the transport of the flags themselves. For its normal functioning, the Flag Assembly Centre was equipped with adequate personnel and sufficient means of transport. Besides a Head of Office who had the responsibility for the material and the various movements of same, the Centre disposed of an officer in charge of the detachment of sailors, two subordinate officers, eleven non-commissioned officers and a manual worker for the manipulation of the " mobile ladder ". In addition, 4 military lorries were used for the transportation of personnel and material destined for the various ceremonies. (Table No. 15). TABLE NO. 15

SUPPLIED BY

C.O.N.I.

Olympic flags Italian flags Rome flags Foreign flags

450 493 28 1,855

Total

170

2,826

Army

Snia-Viscosa

930

NEWLY

FLAGS

ACQUIRED

AVAILABLE

175 1,501

1,389 693 203 3,356

1,867 1,860 465 15,017

1,685

5,641

19,209

9

200

200

930

MOVEMENT

It should also be added that during the Olympic period, forty flags were purloined from their flagpoles by collectors and enthusiasts of Olympic souvenirs, namely, 20 Olympic flags, 6 Italian flags, 3 Rome flags and 11 foreign flags.

Timekeeping service. The timekeeping service required by the Rome Olympic Games was entrusted, for that which concerned the technical and organisational sector, to a selected director. This was Mr. Giovanni Romagna, President of the Italian Timekeepers Federation, who was assisted by a technical delegation whose tasks were co-ordinated by Mr. Lucio Di Paolo, Secretary of the same Federation. So that a scheduled plan could be worked out well in advance, the Italian Timekeepers Federation established a working agreement with the Technical Section of the Organising Committee as far back as June 1958 and, as its first step, selected the most suitable of its 1,700 federated timekeepers. At the same time, it appointed a special Commission to which was assigned the task of examining the capacity of each of the chosen timekeepers. The scheduled plan was studied and throughly worked out with especial reference to the particular requirements of each sports sector. In May 1959, three hundred timekeeper candidates underwent practical tests on the occasion of important sports meetings, when they were brought together, and more particularly in the case of athletics and swimming events such as the University Games of Turin, the National Championships etc. By means of these tests, 182 timekeepers were definitely selected, this number being considered necessary for the various services required by the Olympic events in the following sports:—athletics, canoeing and rowing, cycling, gymnastics, wrestling, swimming, modern pentathlon, boxing, fencing, weightlifting, equestrian sports, shooting and yachting. Again, the number of 182 timekeepers was also established on the basis of duty shifts which were so organised as to enable each individual timekeeper not to exceed the maximum time of 4 hours of consecutive duty. With the collaboration of the Italian Federation of Sports Doctors, the 182 timekeepers Mere asked to undergo a special technical examination and psychotechnical tests specially with reference to the exact estimate of the " reaction time " of each timekeeper. Having concluded this preliminary work and re-examined all the facts, including the results of the medical examinations and psychotechnical tests which the candidates selected in Spring of 1960 had to undergo, the Commission presented the list of timekeepers appointed for the various sports. As the same time in which the Commission was carrying out the work of selection and preparation of the timekeepers, the Timekeepers Federation, 171

after a series of studies and check-ups on the special apparatus, came to definite agreements with the Firm of Omega (of Bienne), encharged by the Organising Committee to supply the technical material, in part already approved by the competent International Sports Federations. In view of the constant progress in sports it is also evident that there be a technical advance in terms of adequate modern equipment. This was assured by the collaboration of the firm of Omega which, in addition to its reputation of reliability and efficiency, also possesses an organisation of undoubted skill of maximum guarantee. In order to facilitate the work of the timekeepers, and more particularly the transmitting of times and the registration of intermediate times as well as to achieve a prompt transmission of all results to the events Directorate, the Italian Timekeepers Federation studied and brought out special printed forms by acting in collaboration with the Technical Delegates of each single sports Federation. During the period of the Games, the timekeepers' work proved to be even more exacting and complex due to the fact that, in contrast to the procedure followed in preceding Olympic Games, it had then been decided to take the times not only of the first three arrivals in each event, but of all participants. The appointed timekeepers were employed to take the times of competitors in those events where the time factor is of prime importance. The taking of times was effected by using hand chronometers equipped with Class 'A' certificates. However, in the case of certain sports, electric apparatus piloted by quartz clocks and registration devices was used. This apparatus had, in part, already been tested by Messrs. Omega which also supplied all the hand chronometers for the Rome Games (See Table No. 16). In the case of athletics and swimming, the times of each competitor was taken by three timekeepers. This was also necessary for the ratification of records which can only be made on the basis of hand chronometers. In practice, for athletics on seven lanes, 21 timekeepers were necessary since it was even essential to take the times of the seventh runner to provide against the eventuality that the competitor might have equalled or beaten the record of his own country. The electric apparatus used for athletics consisted of a camera, which registered one hundred photogrammes per second, linked at the start with the starter's pistol. In less than two minutes, the film was developed and, by means of a special lens, the photogramme reproducing the exact second of arrival could be identified. In the case of road events (20 kilometre walk, 50 km. walk and Marathon), special timing points were set up along the routes, where interested parties could obtain information on the overall and relative positions, and the times of each competitor. 172

The starter's pistol connected to the electric timekeeping apparatus.

Special electric devices for the rowing events at Albano.

In the case of track events, for distances of over 400 metres, intermediate times were also taken, either lap by lap, or at the end of each kilometre. It may also he of interest to recall that a special timekeeping service was set up which provided for the recording, for statistical purposes, of the intervals of time between the starter's words: " On your marks " " Get set " and the pistol shot. TABLE NO. 16

OMEGA MATERIAL USED FOR THE VARIOUS SERVICES

Second timer to tenth of a second

125

Table second timer

60

Chronometers to tenth of a second

52

Chronometers for Hockey

12

(*) Swim-O-Matic Timer (for swimming events)

1

(*) Complete installation for Basketball

1

(*) Complete installation for Boxing

1

(*) Complete installation for the Velodrome

1

(*) Racend Omega Timer (photo-finish) for the Olympic Stadium and Velodrome

2

Large clocks, undoubted, for Olympic Stadium

2

Large clock, undoubled, for Swimming Stadium

1

Time Omega Recorder to hundredth of a second

8

Miniature photo-finish for Rowing

1

Large clock for the public at Lake Albano

1

Large clock for the public at Passo Corese

3

Large clock for the public at Basilica of Maxentius

3

Large clock for the public at Piazza di Siena

1

(In addition were supplied:—Photoelectric cells, starter pistols, material and tools for repairs, checking apparatus, oscillographs etc.). (*) Material donated to C.O.N.I. by Messrs. Omega.

The Registration of Times. All times taken and attributed to the various events were accompanied by photographic documentation at the finishes, this being effected by means of the Racend Omega Timer:— The protogrammes of finishes were however published without the times, as stipulated in the International regulations. 174

Judges at the finish in the swimming events.

Judges at the finish and timekeepers integrate electric timekeeping in the athletic events.

176

The intervention of the Italian timekeepers in the swimming events may be considered as of fundamental help. The Italian nucleus was placed at the disposal of the International Jury appointed by the F.I.N.A., and carried out their duties in collaboration with the timekeepers from other countries chosen by the F.I.N.A. itself. The swimming events called for the use of thirty timekeepers for the ten lanes of the pool. In addition, each lane was equipped with an apparatus connected with the starter's pistol whilst finishes were recorded by the timekeepers by means of the pressing of special buttons. For each lane, three times were recorded by the Omega-Swim-O-Matic Timer apparatus; each start recorded by the apparatus was set off by the pistol shot of the starter as the pistol was linked to the apparatus. For every finish, one timekeeper worked on a button independent of the other two timekeepers appointed to the same lane. In any case, in addition to the automatic system, the hand timekeeping service also functioned both for finishes and for the recording of intermediate times in the case of races over one hundred metres. Thus the time of each competitor was taken by three timekeepers, exception made for the time of the winner which was recorded by a fourth timekeeper also. This procedure permitted the ratification of national records set up by the athletes during the events, even if these were classified after the third position. In the case of other sports, there were no special technical applications or novelties. However, mention should be made of the adoption of large chronometers which worked in conjunction with the normal hand chronometers. Timekeeping operations for rowing events on Lake Albano were carried out by using the Time Omega Recorder apparatus. Use of this apparatus made it possible to obtain the times of arrival, as well as the recording of the intermediate times at the 500 metre, 1,000 metre and 1,500 metre points of the course. This was rendered possible by a system whereby a number of timekeepers were set at suitable intermediate points, ready to work special electrical devices which allowed the timekeepers on duty in the cabins at the finish to take down from the apparatus itself the intermediate times and communicate them immediately to journalists and public. The timekeeping arrangements made for the cycling events also required special technical devices. For the track events taking place at the Velodrome, the Firm of Omega installed photoelectric cell apparatus, this having proved its worth for those events requiring automatic time-keeping. Nevertheless, these apparatus which were linked to equipment writing to the hundredth part of a second, were always coupled, for double check purposes with the system of hand timing. For the gymnastic competitions and the wrestling contests, the timekeepers necessary for the recording of times were placed at the disposal of the respective 177 12.

Table second-counting clocks for gymnastics and wrestling.

Special photo-electric cells for the track cycling events.

Juries, as foreseen in the respective technical regulations. But, whereas for the gymnastic competitions, the timekeeping was carried out with special table second-timers, for wrestling, the timekeepers assisting the Jury disposed of chronometers linked with large dials which were also visible to the public, who thus had the possibility of following and keeping a check on the length of the bouts, as well as the vicissitudes of the fight itself. The tests in connection with Modern Pentathlon were timed by means of the same apparatus or by the manual system, conceived and adopted in similar events individually inserted into the Olympic programme. In the case of the equestrian test, a special timekeeping point halfway through the course was set up; this happy solution allowed the entire round of each competitor to be followed with greater interest. The boxing tournament did not require the appointed timekeepers to perform any special technical services. They disposed of a special clock for reading the times, this being attached to a huge circular apparatus, installed by Omega, above the ring. TABLE NO. 17

USE AND DUTIES OF THE TIMEKEEPERS TIMEKEEPERS ALLOTTED

SPORT

TOTAL PRESENCES

TOTAL NUMBER OF TIMES TAKEN

Athletics

33

372

5,689

Rowing

8

50

1,422

Boxing

6

60

978

Canoeing

8

30

948

10

40

2,144

4

40

1,406

22

264

628

9

54

680

Wrestling

12

70

651

Swimming

36

304

3,534

Modern Pentathlon

8

72

961

Weightlifting

2

20

121

Shooting

8

12

3,658

Yachting

10

72

828

Reserves

5

—

—

181

1,460

23,648

Cycling Equestrian Sports Fencing Gymnastics

Totals

179

DAILY TOURS OF DUTY AUGUST SPORT

25 M A

27

26 N

M A

N

M

A

30

29 N

M

A

N

M

A

N

Athletics 10

Rowing 7

Boxing

7

7 10

8

8

8

8

8

1

31 M

A

N

M

A

2 N

M

A

50 55

50 55

40 65

10 10

10 10

10 10

8

7

7

7

7

7

N

7

10

Canoeing

10 10

10

Cycling

10 10 10

10 10

10 10

Equestrian Sports 28 28

28 28

Fencing

28 28

28 28

28 28

Gymnastics 7

7

Wrestling Swimming and waterpolo

6 32 30 30 12

Modern Pentathlon

7

7

4 35 35 12 10

7

7

7

4 35 35

7

7

7

36 40 35

6

32

8

8

7

7

7

39 32

4 38

7

39 35 6

Weightlifting Shooting Yachting

8

8

13 71 57 54 33 73 60 53 81 60 85 82 55 138 100 53 138 100 53 117 114 52

TOTALS

13

182

166

N. B. - 28th August and 4th September were rest days.

180

194

222

297

291

283

TABLE NO 18.

PERFORMED BY TIMEKEEPERS SEPTEMBER TOTAL

M

A

50

55

N

M

A

7

6

5

3

N

50 55

M

A

N

M

A

8 N M

32 40

50 55

A

9 N M A N

10

11

M A

N M A

35

20

10 7

2

7

7

4

42

M

A

322

415

30

50

2

59

4

4

2

4

16

4

4

4

N

20

757 80

72

131 50

20

30

20

20

34

12

46

30

70

28 28

28 28

28 28

28 28

28 28

28 28

336

336

672

10 10

10 10

10 10

10 10

9

10

40

59

99

7

7

7

7

70

5

5

5

5

6 8

8

213

5

5

5

6

8

89 100 56 105 95 13 107 93

245

N

6

7

28 28

TOTALS

207

7 87 85

53 78

55 42

172

131

97

28 42 25

95

4

4

8

146

140

62

16

15

15

70

140

304

590 78

5

35

12

12

56

56

1,163 1,152

2,816

501

2,816

181

The system was appreciated by the public present, who in this way were always able to follow the length of each bout. The complex fencing tournament required an extremely exacting system of timekeeping, for which second-counting watches of large dimension were used. It may be interesting to record that the " warning " to juries and competitors of the " fifth minute " proved necessary in the case of 60 % of the épée events, in 40 % of the men's foil events, in 25 % of the women's foil events, whilst it was rarely necessary for the sabre events. It will also be of interest to note that, in the final of the individual épée, the Italian contestant Delfino, out of the seven bouts fought in the round, in six exceeded the time limit, being still level on points at the sixth minute; in fact, one of his fights was prolonged to 14 minutes 42 seconds. The weightlifting events did not involve the timekeepers in any particular duties, nor did they require any special technical equipment. According to the rules laid down in the International Regulations, the timekeepers placed at the disposal of the Jury used manual chronometers and furnished, at the stipulated intervals, due indications to the Jury. The timekeepers' duties in the equestrian sports were different. The dressage events were checked by means of manual chronometers whose indications were passed to the President of the Jury. On the other hand, the tests of the 3-day Equestrian events and the Grand Prix Jumping were checked by means of photo-electric cells and by the Omega Time Recorder. At the same time, to provide a double check, a service of manual timekeeping was arranged for at each timekeeping " point ". In the case of the events taking place at Piazza di Siena and at the Olympic Stadium, that is, for the individual and team Grand Prix events, a large clock was also linked to the writing apparatus, this being clearly visible and easily legible by the public. For the target-shooting events, qualified timekeepers expert in this type of event were chosen. According to the provisions of the International Regulations, the Jury had to be able to check, at any moment, the exact timing of the rotation of the silhouettes in the case of pistol shooting events. In order to carry out these technical requirements, the Italian Timekeepers Federation introduced a special device; this, inserted into the rotation system of the silhouettes, provoked electric contacts which allowed, by means of a writing apparatus adjusted to the hundredth part of a second, the constant examination and control of established times. Examined in relation to the complexity of the work carried out, (Tables Nos. 17 and 18) the evolution and progress achieved in agonistic and technical fields, we have no hesitation in affirming that the timekeepers proved to be right on top of their jobs, and this despite the ever greater difficulties involved and the greater experience of the athletes. There is however no doubt that all the timekeepers without exception rose to their task of following and 182

controlling such an exacting and complex manifestation as the Olympic Games, surpassing all expectations and showing that they possessed a level of preparation excellent from every point of view.

The Yachting Regattas. The Yachting regattas were held in the Bay of Naples for the following classes: 5.5; Flying Dutchman; Dragon; Star and Finn. The organisation of the operation known as « Sole Mio » was divided in various branches as shown in the following Table No. 19:—

TABLE NO. 19

The 138 craft from the 46 participating Nations are shown in Table No. 20. The regattas took place over the three courses located in the waters of the Bay of Naples in the positions indicated in Table No. 21. 183

TABLE NO. 20

CRAFT AND COMPETITORS CRAFT

COMPETITORS

NATIONS

-

In the 5 classes: Australia Bahamas Canada France Germany Great Britain Italy Portugal Spain Sweden Switzerland U. S. A. U. S. S. R.

-

In the 4 classes: Argentine Austria Bermuda Denmark Finland Greece Norway

21. 22. 23. 24. 25.

-

In the 3 classes: Brazil Holland Hungary Ireland Japan

26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34.

-

In the 2 classes: Belgium Burma Indonesia Kenya Lebanon Malta New Zealand South Africa Yugoslavia

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.

14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.

184

5,5

Dragon

Star

F. D.

Finn

Crew

× × × × × × × × × × × × ×

× × × × × × × × × × × × ×

× × × × × × × × × × × × ×

× × × × × × × × × × × × ×

× × × × × × × × × × × × ×

11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11

3 3 1 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 3

14 14 12 14 14 14 14 14 12 14 14 14 14

× × × × ×

×

× ×

× × × × × × ×

9 8 9 9 9 8 9

2 2 2 3 1 3 3

11 10 11 12 10 11 12

× × × ×

× × × × ×

5 6 5 6 6

× × × × ×

× ×

3 3 5 3 3 3 3 3 3

×

× × × × ×

× ×

× × × × ×

× × × × ×

×

×

× × × ×

× × × × × ×

Reserves

Total

2 2

5 9 5 8 8

2 1 1 1 1 1 1

3 3 7 4 4 4 4 4 4

3

COMPETITOBS

CRAFT

NATIONS 5,5

35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46.

-

In 1 class: Antilles (W. I.) Cuba Mexico Monaco Morocco Philippines Rhodesia Singapore Thailand Turkey Uruguay Venezuela TOTALS

Dragon

Star

F. D.

Finn

× × × × × × × × × × × × 19

27

26

31

35

Crew

Reserves

Total

2 2 2 3 1 3 2 3 2 1 3 2

2 1 1 1

1 1

2 2 3 3 3 4 3 4 2 1 4 3

287

74

361

1

138

TABLE NO. 21

LEGENDA

Course buoys Course buoys with luminous lamps Ships delimiting the area reserved for competitors and official craft

Sub-divisions per course were as follows: Red Course 5.5 19 boats Dragons 27 boats Yellow Course Stars 26 boats Flying Dutchmen 31 boats Blue Course Finns 35 boats Personnel, craft and material which the Italian Yachting Union and the Italian Navy used in the operation « Sole Mio » are shown in Table No. 22. TABLE NO. 22

CRAFT AND VARIOUS

International Jury Yacht Yacht for " Team Managers „ Yacht for invited personalities Ships for the public Launches for the Press Motor boats for R.A.I.-TV and Cinema Motor boats for Organising Committee Minesweepers, M.S.O. type Minesweepers, M.S.C. type Minesweepers, M.S.I. type Motor launches Boats for divers Motor boats Tankers Hydrograph ships Workshop ships Tugs Crane pontoons Fiat 1100 cars Fiat 1400 cars Fiat 2100 cars 20-seater busses 30-seater busses 42-seater pullmans Motor ambulances Fiat Landrovers Fiat Lorries Helicopters

UNITS

1 1 6 4 4 2 3 3 6 3 43 2 1 2 1 1 3 4 5 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 2

PERSONNEL

NUMBER

International Jury

12

Organising Committee

70

Rome Org. Committee - Naples Office Interpreters Gauging committees

5 17 24

Regatta committees International Gauging Committee

21

Medical Centre

10

Olimpia exchange

22

Olimpia Yachting detachment Press & TV Office staff Press & TV Office interpreters

3

287 7 6

Minesweepers, M.S.O. type

195

Minesweepers, M.S.C. type Minesweepers, M.S.I. type

174 51

The entire organisation, beginning with the study of the general plan in September 1957, was progressively developed and, on 10th August 1960, finally assumed its definite form. 186

Mergellina Port.

The basic structure of the Operation « Sole Mio » was articulated on:—(1) the Head of the Organisation, President of the Italian Yachting Union; (2) the Organising Committee of the Games of the XVII Olympiad; (3) the Officer Commanding the Naples and Lower Tyrrhenian Naval Department; (4) the Naples Naval Command; and (5) the General Secretariat of the Italian Yachting Union. The principal divisions of the organisational plan were:—organisation at sea; organisation on land; press office; protocol, reception and ceremonial. Each of these divisions consisted of offices, Committees and Sub-committees. The sea organisation was entrusted to Captain Giulio Figarolo di Gropello, who had at his disposal Naval and Civilian units. According to the established plan, the Naval units had the following tasks—the activation of the three Regatta Courses; the preparation of craft to be used by the Regatta Committees; the delimitation of the regatta courses 187

and the policing of the waters; towing of competitors and assistance at sea, preparation for mooring of the eight " official " yachts. The three regatta courses were activated in the seven days, as foreseen. The Regatta Committees, presided over by engineer Luigi Mino Poggi (for the Red Course), by Captain Egisto Picchi (for the Yellow Course) and by Captain Marino Tarabocchia (for the Blue Course), composed of 6 civilian yachtsmen and by one Senior Naval Officer, duly carried out all the operations provided for in arrangements made by the Presidency of the Italian Yachting Union, without encountering any difficulty. The assignment of Motor launches to each Course proved sufficient and the use of same amply fulfilled requirements. All the tasks assigned to the Minesweepers, small craft and official yachts were carried out without having to have recourse to the use of reserve craft. Members of the Regatta Committees were: Captain Mario De Petris for the Red Course, Cdr. Roberto De Martinis for the Yellow Course and Cdr. Orazio De Fidio for the Blue Course. The presence of the above-mentioned Officers in the Regatta Committees greatly facilitated relations between the Members of the Regatta Committee (civilians) and the Naval Units Command. The operations undertaken by the units destined for the Regatta Committees were without exception carried out with promptness and ability, demonstrating the high level of training reached by the crews. The measures taken to achieve a correct manoeuvring of the units, even in bad weather, proved efficacious and resulted in the realisation of good starting and finishing lines, in accordance with requests periodically advanced by the Regatta Committees. The 53rd Squadron of the 3rd Mine-sweeping Group was responsible for the preparation of the three units chosen as bases for the Regatta Committees. These Mine-sweepers, MSC type, were:—" Giaggiolo " for the Red Course, " Timo " for the Yellow Course and " Gaggia " for the Blue Course. These units effected 57 trips at sea for a total of 335 hours in movement during which they covered 1,559 miles. For the task of delimitation of the regatta area and the policing of the waters, use was made of the following naval craft:— 3 MSO type Minesweepers:—" Salmone ", " Storione ", " Squalo "; 3 MSC type Minesweepers:—" Quercia ", " Ciliegio ", " Castagno "; 3 MSI type Minesweepers:—" Porpora ", " P i n n a " , " Riccio "; 2 launches of the Customs Police; 3 fast motor-boats of the Military Police. Operative control of the area lay in the hands of Cdr. Giovanni Ciccolo, Commander of the 6th Minesweeping Flotilla, on board the minesweeper " Salmone ". The perimeter of the prohibited area was divided off into eight sections, a minesweeper being assigned to each section with the task of preventing non188

The Port of Molosiglio for the 5.5 and Star classes.

The Port of S. Lucia where Dragons were moored.

189

authorised craft from entering the area. The decided intervention of these watch units, on the first day of the Regattas, against persons attempting to transgress the order that no one was to be allowed into the Regatta area, considerably facilitated the task of the Police on the days which followed. The towing of competitors both to and from the Regatta areas was carried out by 4 Minesweepers and 29 Motor Launches. These assistance craft were assigned as follows: - Molosiglio harbour (5.5 and Stars):—MSI Minesweeper " Pinna ", 5 Red Course motor-launches for 5.5, 7 Yellow Course motor launches for Stars; - Santa Lucia harbour (Dragons):—MSC Minesweepers " Quercia " and " Ciliegio ", 4 Red Course motor-launches for Dragons; - Posillipo harbour (Flying Dutchmen and Finns):—MSC Minesweeper " Castagno ", 7 Yellow Course motor-launches for F.D., 6 Blue Course motorlaunches for escort to Finns. All operations of towing were carried out promptly without incident or complaint of any sort. The motor launches, guided by the larger units, the Minesweeper, displayed considerable skill in the towing of the craft even in bad weather conditions, such as those of the sixth day (sea force four, wind force five & pouring rain). Likewise the operations of assistance at sea, fortunately very few in number, were carried out with extreme promptness. The only accident to occur, which resulted in the loss of the Lebanese Flying Dutchman, cannot be imputed to the method employed by the rescue crew after the boat had overturned, but to the incompetence of the Lebanese F.D. crew who attached the tow cable around a belaying cleat fixed to the deck. Moored during the entire period of the Olympic events in the Santa Lucia harbour, the eight " official " Yachts had the task of welcoming (during the period of events) the eminent personalities of International Yachting, and giving them the opportunity of following the Regatta close at hand. For each of these a special numbered mooring was prepared, thus facilitating rapid manoeuvring when putting out to sea or returning to moorings. The eight yachts had to carry out these manoeuvres daily in the short space of a half-hour in all. The 23 civilian units employed during the Olympic Regattas fell under the direct responsibility of the Presidency of the Organising Committee and were subdivided into five groups. The first group consisted of the Yacht " Shyraga ", owned by Enrico Piaggio from Genoa, used during the whole Olympic period as the headquarters of the International Jury and the Yacht " San Giorgio ", owned by Carlo Ciampi of Milan, used for transporting the " Team Managers ". Both these yachts were authorised to sail within all three Regatta Courses. The second group consisted of 6 official yachts to transport important personalities; they were indeed tribunes of honour. Three units were assigned 190

daily, in rotation, to the Red Course, two to the Yellow Course and one to the Blue Course. These units were: " Pazienza " owned by Giacomo Bruzzo of Genoa, " Ea " owned by Guido Giovannelli and Filippo Camelli of Genoa, " Mait II " owned by Italo Monzino of Milan, " Djinn III " owned by Sebastiano Marulli d'Ascoli of Naples, " Santa Lucia " owned by Ernesto Piletti of Milan, and " Prima Stella " owned by Pietro Sada of Rome. In the third group were gathered the motor-boats and motor launches placed at the disposal of the Press, Radio and TV and of film operators. The fourth group was entrusted with the service of transportation of the public, carried out with considerable success by the following units:—steamer " Capri " with a capacity of 500 persons for the Red course, Motor-vessel " Falco " with a capacity of 1,700 persons and Motor-vessel " Anna Maria " with a capacity of 130 persons for the Yellow course and Motor-ship " Jolly " with a capacity of 170 persons for the Blue Course. Finally, the fifth group consisted of the following motor-boats prepared for the service of the Organising Committee:—" Portofino ", " Positano ", " Il Milione " " M.M. 191 " and " Grazia ". All the craft of all five groups, did a fine job without mishap or incident or any kind. The Harbour Master of the Port of Naples carried out, among his various tasks, one of the most difficult jobs of the whole organisation, due to the considerable resistance encountered. The discipline to be followed for mooring in the harbours of Molosiglio, Santa Lucia and Posillipo necessitated special arrangements being made to clear such ports so as to make room for the craft taking part in the Olympic Regattas. The Harbour Master collaborated with the Police Service in the off-shore waters with powers of preventive supervision by making available two motor boats in addition to two fast motor boats of the Police. All these arrangements, made as a result of many previous meetings, were carried out in good time and proved perfectly adequate. All the personnel spared no effort to make their application fully successful.

The Naval Command of Naples. In the preparation and implementation of the Yachting regattas of the Games of the XVII Olympiad, the contribution made by the Naval Command of Naples (COMAR) was very significant. Among its principal responsibilities, mention should be made of:— - the preparation, laying and subsequent removal of 24 buoys marking off the three courses of the regatta and in water of an average depth of 150 metres, of 4 buoys to assure the mooring of the " Vespucci " and " DD.RR. " vessels on the occasion of the Closing Ceremony; 191

- the preparation and removal of 1,000 metres of chain for the mooring of the yachts and other regatta craft in the small ports of Mergellina, Santa Lucia and Molosiglio; - the handling and berthing of 43 motor launches to be used for towing and assistance on the regatta courses; - the systematic control of the buoys marking off the regatta courses with regard to position, floating ability and mooring; - assistance and fuelling supplying of the many national and foreign naval units gathered at Naples for the occasion. For the carrying out of the above-mentioned tasks, civilian personnel of the Harbour Office were used, for a total of some 9,000 working hours, these having at their disposal 3 lighters, 3 tugs and 2 diesel-driven craft. The Naval Dockyard also made its contribution, effecting important works especially as regards carpentry, telephone communication links and photoelectric services. The Naval Commissariat also assured a service of general accomodation assistance by furnishing provisions and clothing to the Olympia Yachting detachment and replenishing supplies of fuel and lubricants for all the units and craft taking part in the Olympic Games. Under the direct supervision of engineer Giovanni Arciprete, the land organisation was undertaken by civilian and military bodies. Among the former were the Presidencies of the Italia, Savoia, Posillipo, Napoli and Nautico Yachting Clubs with their personnel, as well as the officers and personnel of the U.S.V.I. The Navy collaborated through the offices of the Presidency of the Naples Naval Yachting Section with 8 junior officers of the Navy, 4 noncommissioned officers and 16 sailors. The ports chosen by the U.S.V.I. for mooring and shelter of the craft during the Olympic Games period were:—Molosiglio for 5.5 and Star classes; Santa Lucia for the Dragon class; Posillipo for the Flying Dutchman class and Sea Garden for the Finn class. The various Nautical Clubs placed at the disposal of the Organising Committee a large part of their equipment and quarters, for the various services planned. The preparation of the Small Ports involved the Land Organisation in the following arrangements:— - preparation of charts of each Port with indication of the moorings of the various Olympic craft and ocean yachts gathered at Naples for the Olympic Games; such charts also indicated the various services premises used in connection with the Olympic function of the port; - laying of mooring buoys for competing craft (19 for the 5.5 and 62 for the Star classes at the small port of Molosiglio; 27 for the Dragons at the small port of Santa Lucia); 192

- laying and preparation of slip-ways for the laying-up of the F.D. and Finn classes in the small ports of Posillipo and Sea Garden; - co-ordination and organisation of work falling under the responsibility of the various local organisations (Commune of Naples, Harbour Master's Office, Local office of Maritime Works, the Ministry of Public Works, and of the Technical Section of the Organising Committee). - technical and logistical assistance to competitors and regatta craft during the entire period of their stay in Naples, including arrangements to welcome them on arrival, to set up a service of continuous supervision in the Olympic Ports, the launching and laying-up of all boats, by means of military and civilian personnel, to assist competitors in the preparatory phase of the Regattas, and, on their return, to keep the " Olympia " centre constantly informed of all movements of Olympic craft by means of special charts, with coloured indications showing at any given moment the position of craft on sea and land, and lastly, arranging for the dispatch of all vessels to their own countries at the conclusion of the Regattas. - participation in manifestations connected with the Olympic Games, such as the arrival of the Olympic Torch at Naples and its transfer to Fort Ovo, as well as the ceremony of protocol of prize-giving and the transfer of the Torch to Molosiglio.

Gauging operations. The International Gauging Committee, technical body of the International Jury, was composed of 3 Members, under the Presidency of the Italian engineer Artù Chiggiato and with, in addition, a French member, Jean Jacques Herbulot, and an English member, James MacGruer. They carried out the gauging checks with the help of 5 gauging Groups, composed of 24 gauging experts, distributed as follows:— - 5.5 Class 5 gauging experts - Dragon Class 5 „ „ 4 - Star Class „ „ 6 - Flying Dutchman Class „ „ „ 2 - Finn Class „ The gauging for the 1st check took place from 20th to 25th August, and for the 2nd (checking of modifications) on 26th and 27th August. The Technical Committee of the U.S.V.I. arranged to make available the material listed below, necessary for gauging operations:— — an iron pool for the gauging of craft; - two " Dennison " scales of 3,000 kilogrammes for weighing the 5.5 and Dragon classes; 193 13.

- automatic scales of 300 Kg. for the Flying Dutchmen class; - six large board floors for the checking of the sails; - complete apparatus for the gauging of the Flying Dutchmen, including a special section for masts and others for checking the ferrule, keel line etc; - various types of steelyards and scales for the weighing of masts, anchors, drifts; - individual equipment for all the gauging experts:—metal tapemeasures 20 metres long with metric system and English measures, plummets, double tape-measures, plumb-lines, calibres; - blocks of moulded or drilled lead, of regulation weight, for the addition of ballast in the ease of underweight; - models for all phases of checking operations. In all 103 yachts, besides the 55 Finns constructed in Italy and previously checked, were gauged. 895 sails were checked, distributed as follows:—251 for the 5.5 class; 283 for the Dragon Class; 163 for the Star Class and 198 for the Flying Dutchman class. A total of 169 infractions of gauging regulations were verified, of which 63 in respect of sails and 106 in respect of hulls and equipment. Of the 63 sails found not corresponding to regulations, four were in the 5.5 class; fifty-four in the Dragon Class (thirty-six of which were corrected and re-admitted); one in the Star Class and four in the F.D. class. Twenty-six hulls had their weight corrected by means of the addition of ballast, these being fifteen Dragons, six 5.5 and five F.D. Compared to the number of sails admitted the following was the average number of sails presented:— 14 out of 18 sails admitted 5.5 Class 15 out of 18 sails admitted Dragon Class 6 out of 12 sails admitted Star Class 6 out of 12 sails admitted Flying Dutchman Class

194

THE JOURNEY OF THE OLYMPIC TORCH

Iworking n the latter half of 1956, at a time when the officials of the C.O.N.I. were out details of the problems to be solved in the four years preceding the Olympic Games, the Olympic Torch Section was also set up. This first stage set the Section in motion for working out specific duties which were:— the organisation of the Olympic Torch relay from Olympia to Rome via Syracuse-Taranto-Naples and Castelgandolfo; the supplying of torches; the constitution of local Committees; the organisation of ceremonies in the various localities passed through; the recruiting of torch-bearers and the kindling, maintenance and extinguishing of the flame during the Games. Once the operative framework had been established the Section fixed the form the organisation was to take initially by setting up a Committee to which a number of collaborators who had already been engaged in the transport of the Olympic Flame from Rome to Cortina D'Ampezzo in occasion of the Winter Games of 1956 were invited. Thereafter, with the aim of obtaining the interest and support of various organisations whose co-operation was considered necessary for the work of the Section, a central Committee was formed to which the following were invited:— Mr. Amedeo Maiuri, Superintendent of Antiquities in Campania; Mr. Carlo Chiriachi, representative of the Ministry of the Interior and Mr. Leonilda Turrini from the Ministry of Defence. Mr. Aldo Mairano, President of the International Panathlon Club was Chairman, whilst the Secretary was Mr. Alfredo Maria Langellotti. (Table No. 1). On the basis of certain principles drawn up in the organisational field, the Section elaborated a plan of work which in the years 1957-58 led to the selection of the course, the compilation of running schedules and the selection of the type of torch, fuel and the various tripods to be used. The plan of work for the two-year period 1959-60 included a reconnaissance of the course, the working out and designing of placards at the various hand-over points, the setting up of various executive provincial Committees and Communal Committees, the cooperation of sports Clubs and the Armed Forces for the recruiting of the necessary athletes to compose the relay. 197

TABLE NO. 1

CENTRAL CONSULTANT COMMITTEE

OLYMPIC TORCH SECTION Head of Section Alfredo Langellotti

MINISTRY OF MARINE (sea voyage)

15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7

6 5 4 3 2

Consequently, during the first months of its activity, the Section paid particular attention to the timing of the running schedules and the compilation of programmes. It established contacts with the Communes, Prefectures, and the Ministry of the Interior for the definition of the various Ceremonies to take place in the different centres along the course. 198

ROME

LATINA

CASERTA

NAPLES

SALERNO

AVELLINO

POTENZA

MATERA

TARANTO

COSENZA

MESSINA

CATANIA

PREFECT OF THE PROVINCE C.O.N.I. PROVINCIAL DELEGATE THE MAYOR TOURIST BOARD REP. CHAMBER OF COMMERCE REP. POLICE REP. MILITARY POLICE REP.

SYRACUSE

PROVINCIAL EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE President Secretary Members

CATANZARO

1

REGGIO CALABRIA

C.O.N.I. PROVINCIAL DELEGATES

The choice of the course. Of the first problems which the Section had to face, the most important was the selection of the itinerary for the journey of the Flame from Olympia to Rome. In view of the time factor and the length of the course involved, it was decided not to adopt the principle of an exclusively overland course which would have led from the Balkan peninsula to Trieste and thence across Italian territory to Rome. It therefore became necessary to adopt an itinerary which would include the crossing of the Ionian Sea to a port on the peninsula but the project of disembarkation at Brindisi, whence the course would have followed State Road No. 7 to Naples and Rome, although appearing more logical, was abandoned in favour of a route considered to be more in line with the spirit of the Games. In fact, it was also decided to give the itinerary and the observances for the carrying of the Torch that particular classic touch which undoubtedly distinguished the 1960 Games. It was therefore decided to select an itinerary which coincided with and bore reference to the two apexes of classical civilisation, Athens and Rome, and which would pass through the sites of Magna Grecia. The first part of the journey took place completely in Greek territory, namely:—Olympia, Pyrgos, Patras, Corinth, Megara, Eleusis and Athens. From the Panathinoikon Stadium in the Greek capital, the Flame was conveyed to the port of Turkolimano at Phaleros and thence, by sea, was brought to Italy, at Syracuse, a city founded in 734 B.C. which, like Naxos, may be considered the first Greek colony in Sicily. Following the Sicilian and Calabrian Ionic coast and over to the Tyrhennian coast of the Campania and Lazio regions, the route passed through many of the more famous Greek settlements of Sicily and Magna Grecia:—after Syracuse, Lentini (the ancient city of Leontinoi founded in 829 B.C.), Naxos, Messina, the straits between Scilla and Cariddus, Reggio Calabria, the river Halex (which according to legend sheltered Hercules), Locri (which in 660 B.C. gave Greece and its peoples a complete first Code of written Laws), Crotone, Sibari, Siri, Metaponto and Taranto, the major centre of Magna Grecia. From here, through Matera and Potenza, the Olympic Flame made for ancient Poseidonia on the Tyrhennian sea, Pompei, Herculaneum, Naples and the roads via the Acropolis of Cuma and running beside Lake Averno to Minturno, Terracina and Castelgandolfo. Thus, after so many centuries, the participation of ancient cities in the Olympic Games was ideally renewed, many of which cities had, by their athletes, attained famous victories extolled by poets of ancient times. The last part of the course was chosen amongst historic sites still vibrant with activity today:—the Appian Way, the Forums, the Capitol, and from the Capitol Hill to the Olympic Stadium. 199

The rite of kindling the fire of Olympia in the Temple of Jupiter.

The athlete Epitropoulos takes over the Olympic Torch.

In a meeting held on 27th May 1958, the Olympic Torch Committee examined a detailed report on the itinerary, the concepts governing its choice and the reasons for selecting Syracuse as the port of disembarkation. This same meeting saw the emergence of a plan for crossing the Straits of Messina and a decision on the prototype of the Torch which was to be different to that used in the London Olympic Games of 1948. Prof. Maiuri was encharged with providing illustrative data on the types of ancient torches so that a final selection could be made. In July 1958, provincial meetings were first held, at which delegates from the C.O.N.I. were present, with a view to illustrating the operations involved in the Relay and the arrangements to be made in the territories of each province. The meetings also dealt with the projected composition of the relay. It was decided to establish contact with the public Authorities for organising the ceremonies which were to take place upon entry into each Province, and the construction of podiums at each hand-over point and the preparation and construction of indicator placards were considered. The programme of training of the young runners selected to make up the relay was also examined.

Reconnaissance of the Course. On 20th September 1958, a meeting of the Committee was held in Naples during which a report was made on an initial reconnaissance held over the whole course, with particular reference to the crossing of the Straits of Messina. The installation of the tripod at Taranto and other rest points was also examined. It was decided to inform the Ministry of the Interior of the arrangements being undertaken and to establish contact with local Administrations. The Committee also decided that, when considering arrangements to be made for events on the programme in urban centres and along the course in the provinces special attention should be paid to the floodlighting of points of attraction particularly along the Amalfi coast road where bonfires were to be lit on the heights above Sorrento and Villa Ioni on Cape Tiberius at Capri. During the first three months of 1959, the whole course and the times for each relay were finalised. However, the itinerary was subject to variations before the moment for the relay actually arrived. A more practical solution was found for the Eboli-Paestum stretch; the reiterated requests by the Nocera area Municipalities for the Torch to pass through their territories were granted and the desire expressed by Caserta Province for the Torch to pass its territory was also met. Meanwhile, all operations to take place in Greek territory were finalised and the traditional formalities for the kindling of the Flame by means of a burning glass in the Stadium of Olympia at 11.00 hrs. on 12th August 1960 were established. 201

After a number of contacts established during the first six months of 1959, the Italian Navy very generously offered to concede the Training Ship " Amerigo Vespucci " for the transportation of the Flame from the Greek port of Turkolimano at Phaleros. At a meeting in April 1959 and others that followed, the Committee established that the sea voyage from Phaleros to Syracuse should not exceed five days, this being due to the fact that the Flame should not reach Syracuse before the night of 18th August while, on the other hand, it could not leave Athens later than the 13th as the Greek Royal Prince and Greek Government Officials had already made arrangements to leave for the Sanctuary of the Island of Tynos on the morning of the 14th. It was therefore absolutely necessary to accept these limiting factors and to arrange for the " Vespucci " to effect a slow voyage circumnavigating the Peloponnese. The Section set up a executive Committee under the Chairmanship of the Prefect in each Province through which the Relay was due to pass. These Committees were encharged with the promotion and assistance with local initiatives and celebrations. In order to obtain the necessary number of athletes, the Section organised a call-up of Torch-Bearers in 1959. Special tests for selection were organised. A Greek athlete on his way towards a hand-over in the Olympic Relay.

202

H.R.H. Prince Constantine receives the Olympic Torch from the Greek torch-bearer.

The honour of lighting the tripod on the " Amerigo Vespucci " goes to a cadet of the Italian Navy.

The athletes selected were used over fractions of 1,500 metres each within the territory of their respective provinces. The time established for each fraction was 5 minutes 15 seconds. Young men, 18 to 23 years of age, of all social classes participated in the selection. To ensure the success of the Torch-Bearer call-up, the co-operation of the Ministry of the Interior, Public Instruction, Defence and the Provincial Committees of the C.O.N.I. was enlisted. Towards the end of 1959, the Section arrived at a number of decisions which included:—the uniform for the athletes selected to run in the Torch relay (white woollen singlet with the badge of the Games and shorts donated by Snia Viscosa Company and gym shoes); the printing of 3,000 placards indicating the hand-over points of the relay; the adoption of the torch model designed by Prof. Maiuri and his collaborators from the National Archeological Museum of Naples.

The new model of the torch. The new model, decidedly classical in line with slim and slightly conical fluting, was built by the firm of Curtisa of Bologna. The torches, placed in appropriate cylindrical boxes, were despatched in rectangular cases containing 6 to 12 models. In December 1959, the Section and the Olympic Torch Committee faced the problem of the emphasis to be placed on all artistic and historical items existing in each area passed by the relay. In January 1960, approval was given to the publication of a treatise which not only summarised and illustrated the technical operations throughout the various sections of the course but also described the intimate significance of the XVII Olympiad. In this respect, direct contact was also established with the Italian Touring Club for the production of a work to be entitled " The Olympic Flame from Greece to Rome ". During this same period, a solution to the problem of transporting the athletes to the various hand-over points of the relay was arrived at and it was decided that the Chairman of the Committee should visit Greece to finalise the arrangements for the Ceremony of handing over the Flame. On 25th February 1960, the Organising Committee for the Games issued a series of organisational amendments to the Provincial Delegates of the C.O.N.I. to facilitate the smooth running of the work already established. Amongst other things, a ruling was given on the lay-out of the course, the positioning of placards, the supply of transport for the athletes and the operations for the embarkation and sea voyage of the Torch. Specific indications were given regarding the supply of the ten tripods for Syracuse, Messina, Reggio Calabria, Crotone, Taranto, Potenza, Paestum, Naples, S. Maria Capua Vetere, Castelgandolfo and Rome. Further instructions were issued for the setting up of posters containing various information including details of the exact times of the relay passing the various points. 204

The itineraries. In April 1960, a detailed reconnaissance of the course was made and on May 5th a meeting was held in Salerno of all Provincial Delegates of the C.O.N.I. for distributing and explaining the itineraries. Matters concerning the nomination of the the athletes for each fraction, lodging requirements and the transportation of material and personnel were also examined at this meeting. During the month of May tests were made on the radio links with the co-operation of TV technicians who were to effect live television transmissions along the whole of the course of the relay. In July, a team of collaborators from the Section started to mark off the various fractions of the itinerary with paint lines. Later, a small detachment from the Armed Forces undertook to place the various indicator placards which consisted of plastic boards measuring 40 × 60 cms bearing the emblem of the Games and the number distinguishing the fraction. In the meanwhile, the C.O.N.I. Delegates and representatives from the Prefectures of the main provincial centres established the arrangements for the ceremonies regarding the handing over of the Torch. This entailed the setting up of appropriate stands for the Authorities whilst final arrangements were made with officials with a view to ensuring public order so that events should not be disturbed because of over-enthusiasm on the part of the public. Careful arrangements were made with Delegates of the C.O.N.I. for the setting up of local Committees encharged with studying the holding of festivities, positioning the posters, checking the marks indicating hand-over points and attending to the decoration of houses. The help rendered by the Olympic Military Detachment to this sector of the organisation was of very great value and particularly so during the transfer of the Olympic Flame from the small harbour of Zeas to Rome. Equally precious was the help afforded in the preparation of the course and the training of 300 military torch-bearers to act as reserves but also capable of covering the 1,500 metre fraction in the required time of 5'15". The Detachment was also responsible for handling transport arrangements as well as fixed and mobile communication links covering the relay. On the basis of a plan elaborated by the Detachment in agreement with the Organising Committee for the Games, the Chiefs of Staff of the Defence Ministry decided to empower the Army, in April 1960, to deal with the manpower, materials and transport requirements. In particular, within the framework of the organisation of the course to be followed by the Olympic Torch, the Detachment attended to the distribution and setting up of the indicator placards for each of the fractions making up the course as well as the disposal of such material once it was no longer required. 205

The O.M.D. decided to entrust the Territorial Military Commands concerned with the task of organisation within their respective territories and, in this respect, such duties were outlined to them in accordance with the plan elaborated by the Organising Committee and the O.M.D. The representatives from Territorial Commands were requested to effect reconnaissance, supply the transport required and maintain contact with the Provincial Committees of the C.O.N.I. to co-ordinate details of the operation. At the end of June 1960, meetings were held at the Headquarters of the Olympic Military Detachment in the course of which all requirements were examined and solutions found to the minor problems in connection with the organisation of the itinerary with particular reference to the timing as laid down in the work plan. Transport was not overlooked and arrangements were made to supply sufficient vehicles to transport the torch-bearers from the various assembly centres to the hand-over points of each fraction and to collect those who had completed their distance. For this work, three motorcycles and drivers and twelve drivers for the twelve Fiat cars placed at the disposal of the Organising Committee were laid on. Transport operations and collection of the torch-bearers along the course was undertaken by the Territorial Military Commands within the territory over which they had jurisdiction in addition to the valuable contribution of personnel and transport made by the Navy, the Air Force, Public Security Police, the Carabinieri, the Finance Police and the Traffic Police. A total of 148 vehicles were used as follows:—56 vehicles from the Military Region Command of Sicily; 76 from the Southern Military Command and 16 from the Central Military Command. In order to ensure mobile communication links following the relay, the Olympic Military Detachment used 4 radio vans which necessitated the use of 2 officers, 7 warrant officers and 10 transmitting personnel who worked for a total of 5,016 working hours. (Table No. 2).

From Olympia to Rome. At 9.30 on the morning of 12th August 1960 the historic ceremony of the kindling of the sacred Flame took place at Olympia. Operations commenced at 9.30 in the Temple of Jupiter. A Greek woman wearing the clothes of an ancient Priestess held a parabolic reflector over the torch and in a few seconds the torch flared. Before proceeding with the kindling of the flame, the Priestess had said a prayer to Jupiter " that the rays of Phoebus should kindle the sacred torch, whose flame, carried across land and sea to the Stadium of Rome, would enlighten the noble competition of the peaceful Games for all peoples of the earth ". The Priestess and the vestals wore ash-grey tunics similar to those in use at the time of the priestesses of the Goddess Hera. 206

TABLE NO. 2

COMPOSITION AND CO-ORDINATION OF T H E OLYMPIC RELAY

o

LONG DISTANCE RADIO VAN (40-50 Kms. ahead)

o

SHORT DISTANCE RADIO VAN (5 Kms. ahead)

o o

SHORT DISTANCE RADIO VAN (5 Kms. ahead) BUS TRANSPORTING AND

o

POLICE RADIO VAN

DEPOSITING ATHLETES

(1.5-3

Kms.

ahead)

o o 2 TRAFFIC POLICE MOTORCYCLISTS 1 MOTORCYCLIST WITH RT LINK ON SIDE OF TORCH BEARER o ¡ o

o 2 TRAFFIC POLICE MOTORCYCLISTS o

RELAY DIRECTORATE (Fiat 2100 Station Wagon)

o o

PRESIDENT OF COMMITTEE (Fiat 2100 Special)

o o

SERVICES (Fiat 2100 Station Wagon)

o o o o o

LIAISON VEHICLE (Fiat 1400)

SERVICES (Fiat 2100 Station Wagon) RADIO-TELEPHONE OPERATOR AMBULANCE VEHICLE

FOR

PREFECT

OF PROVINCE

BEING PASSED

THROUGH

VEHICLE OF TERRITORIAL MILITARY COMMAND VEHICLE OF TERRITORIAL MILITARY COMMAND

o o o

R.A.I.-TV. (Fiat 1100)

o

OLYMPIC FILM

o

RADIO-TELEPHONE SERVICES

PROVINCIAL C.O.N.I. OFFICIALS PROVINCIAL C.O.N.I. OFFICIALS

TRAFFIC POLICE RADIO VAN o o o o o 4 TRAFFIC POLICE MOTORCYCLISTS

o

BUS COLLECTING ATHLETES

o

TRAFFIC POLICE RADIO VAN

o

MOTORCYCLISTS WITH RADIO-TELEPHONE LINK

207

The crowd applauds the passage of the Relay.

On board the " Vespucci ". As soon as the torch was lit, it was placed in a classical Greek vase and carried in procession to the ancient Temple of Hera. Meanwhile, the vestals performed classical dances whilst the Priestess kindled another torch with the flame in the vase and handed it over to the first runner, Penaghoitis Epitropoulos, an athlete who was later to compete in the Decathlon of the Rome Games. The Greek athlete received the torch kneeling and immediately started to run in the direction of Athens. The course of 330 kms was undertaken by a relay organised by the Greek Olympic Committee and passed through Pyrgos, Patras, Corinth, Megara and Eleusis. 208

The course of the Olympic Torch.

At 21.00 hrs on the 13th August, the Flame was handed over by H.R.H. Prince Constantine of Greece in the course of a picturesque ceremony to Mr. Piero Oneglio, Vice-President of the C.O.N.I. and representative of the Organising Committee. He, in turn, handed it over to Mr. Aldo Mairano, President of the Olympic Torch Committee who then passed the symbolic Flame to a cadet of the Italian Navy who boarded a Greek whale-boat and crossed over to the harbour of Zeas near Piraeus and brought it aboard the training-ship " Amerigo Vespucci ". At 20.30 hrs on 18th August, the Flame was disembarked at Syracuse and received by the President of the Sicilian Region not far from Fonte Aretusa. From Syracuse, the Relay followed the same course as that followed by the ancient Greeks during the period when they founded their colonies and through those parts whose former prosperity earned them the name of Magna Grecia. The itinerary covered 1,532.800 kms in all. The course was divided up into 1,199 fractions, most of them 1,500 metres long, to be covered in a time of 5 mins. 30 secs. Exception was made in the case of uphill stretches where the distance was cut down to 1,000 metres to be run in the same time. (Table No. 3). The torch-bearers were recruited from amongst the members of sports clubs and schools in the fifteen provinces the Relay passed through. The selection was made after strict training on tracks and roads, particular attention being paid to the selection of those who were to run through towns. All the fractions were covered in the established time. The handing over of the Flame was effected by applying torch to torch, to the accompaniment of great popular enthusiasm which this race aroused. In places where special ceremonies were to be held, namely, Syracuse, Messina (where the Straits were crossed aboard characteristic Messina craft and accompanied by practically the whole of the shipping from that city), Reggio Calabria, Metaponto and Castelgandolfo, use was made of tripods burning fuel lit by the Olympic Torch. Other tripods were used at those points where the Torch remained overnight, i.e. Crotone, Taranto, Potenza, Paestum, S. Maria Capua Vetere, these being closely guarded by young athletes and surrounded by crowds of local townspeople increasing in numbers as day dawned. All the centres along the course witnessed scenes of great enthusiasm on the part of the population as a result of the initiatives taken by the Authorities and sports officials. Colourful spectacular scenes of festivity were the rule at the passage of the Torch. Everywhere flowers, fireworks, the ringing of church bells and thousands of young people wearing the traditional five coloured rings greeted the Flame. Large panels illustrating the various sports, special lighting and a panoply of flags provided exceptional spectacle value doing full justice to the spiritual significance of this event. The organisation for the Province of Rome was encharged to Lt. Col. Francesco Andreotti of the Metropolitan Police Corps. 209 14.

TABLE NO. 3

PROVINCE CROSSED

56.900

56.900

43

43

COURSE

PROGRESSIVE

IN KMS

DISTANCE

DAY & MONTH

From

Syracuse

PROGRESSIVE FRACTIONS

TIME-TABLE FROM BORDER TO BORDER

FRACTIONS PER PROVINCE

ITINERARY SCHEDULE OF THE OLYMPIC TORCH

18th Aug

To

21 00' 00"

19th Aug

0 51' 00"

Catania

19th Aug

0 53' 00"

4 48' 15"

60.900

117.800

50

93

Messina

19th Aug

4 50' 15"

8 32' 00"

58.250

176.050

46

139

Messina Straits

19th Aug

8 40' 00"

9 40' 00"

12.400

188.450

1

140

Reggio di Calabria

19th Aug

9 40' 00"

18 20' 00"

138.550

327.000

97

237

Catanzaro

19th Aug

18 22' 00"

263.100

400.100

119

356

20th Aug

9 14' 00"

Cosenza

20th Aug

9 16' 00"

16 48' 30"

119.400

609.500

86

442

Matera

20th Aug

16 50' 30"

19 24' 00"

40.050

649.550

29

471

Taranto

20th Aug

19 26' 00"

105.650

755.200

78

548

Matera

21st Aug

11 17' 30"

96.420

851.620

81

630

Potenza

21st Aug

18 30' 30"

109.780

961.400

93

723

32.300

993.700

32

755

153.000

1,146.700

128

883

119.400

1,266.100

102

985

Avellino

22nd Aug

14 33' 30"

Salerno

22nd Aug

16 57' 30"

16 54' 30" 16 09' 30"

23rd Aug 23rd Aug

18 28' 00" 14 31' 00"

22nd Aug

Naples

16 11' 30"

Crotone: from 1.28 to 5.47

Taranto: from 22.13 to 7.10 Potenza: from 21.05 to 9.05' 30" Paestum: from 21.30 to 9.56

1 07' 30"

24th Aug Caserta

24th Aug

1 09' 30"

9 05' 30"

83.100

1,349.200

67 1,052

Latina

24th Aug

9 07' 30"

17 10' 30"

117.310

1,466.510

87 1,139

Rome (Capitol)

24th Aug

17 12' 30"

21 00' 00"

59.690

1,526.200

48 1,187

Capitol-Olympic Stadium

25th Aug

16 56' 00"

17 34' 00"

6.600

1,532.800

12 1,199

210

NIGHT STOPS

Santa Maria Capua Vetere: from 3.21' 15" to 5.44 In the Capitol from 21 hrs. of August 24th to 16.58 of August 25 th.

The Olympic Torch entered into the territory of the province at the 48.34 kilometre mark along the Via Appia Nuova on 24th August at 17.12 hrs and was taken into custody by the Prefect, who then handed it over to the first torch-bearer of the province. The successive hand-overs in front of the Municipalities of the various Communes took place at the following times:— Velletri, 17.43" hrs; Genzano, 18.32'30" hrs; Ariccia, 18.43'15" hrs; Albano 18.5312 " hrs; Castelgandolfo, 19.03' hrs and Rome (Capitol) at 21.00' hrs. Upon arrival at the Capitol, the last athlete of the Relay greeted the crowd, raising the Torch in their direction, and then proceeded to light the tripod which was kept alight until the next day. Thus the great relay came to an end to the sound of a fanfare by the Followers of Vitorchiano. Here the people of Rome enjoyed one of the most colourful ceremonies. Within the framework of the Michelangelo Palaces on the Capitol where Rome in the person of Tarquinius the Proud raised the Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus Capitolinus, the Sacred Flame burned throughout the night, whilst the Olympic Flag fluttered on the Capitol tower. The following day, in the presence of the Mayor of the City and numerous representatives from the Government, the Armed Forces and the Organising Committee, the relay took up its course once more and, crossing Rome via the Corso and the Via Flaminia, reached the Olympic Stadium at 17.30 hrs as the Opening Ceremony was taking place. (Table No. 4). TABLE NO. 4

FROM THE CAPITOL TO THE OLYMPIC STADIUM

FRACTION

DEPARTURE POINT

TIME

METRES

1188

Capitol

16 58' 00"

500

1189

Piazza Venezia

17 01' 00"

500

1190

Piazza Colonna

17 03' 15"

500

1191

Piazza S. Carlo al Corso

17 05' 30"

600

1192

Piazza del Popolo

17 08' 00"

600

1193

Piazzale della Marina

17 10' 30"

850

1194

Piazzale Manila

17 13' 45"

600

1195

Piazza Apollodoro

17 16' 15"

700

1196

Piazza Cardinal Consalvi

17 19' 15"

600

1197

Lungotevere Diaz

17 21' 45"

350

1198

Headquarters of C.O.N.I. Foro Italico

17 23' 15"

380

1199

Underground passage Olympic Stadium

17 29' 50"

420

Olympic Stadium:—Lighting of Tripod

17 34' 00"

211

TORCHBEARERS IN THE RELAY OF THE " OLYMPIC TORCH "

SYRACUSE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43

Lo Bello Concetto D'Agata Gaetano Valente Vincenzo Puglisi Salvatore Tinè Luciano Occhipinti Nunzio Orlando Giuseppe Laboria Giovanni Russo Benito Farina Giuseppe Fabbiano Vincenzo Mica Luciano Carpanzano Salvatore Scordia Giuseppe Iacono Francesco D'Angelo Damiano Mulè Francesco Montoneri Giuseppe Nicolino Antonino Jannò Roberto Mendola Salvatore Pizzo Salvatore Gianino Domenico Cannarella Salvatore Giunta Giuseppe Betta Giacomo Sillato Giampaolo Fraterrigo Leonardo Marziano Francesco Cannarella Corrado Conti Vincenzo Mastrogiacomo Alfio Strano Alfio Cappello Vincenzo Nardi Raffaele Salibra Luciano Giudice Giovanni Alì Giovanni Accaputo Lucio Marino Pasqualino Contu Dario Trommino Oreste Garajo Gabriele

CATANIA 44 45 46 47 48

212

Tamburella Mario Scriminaci Salvatore Pulvirenti Carmelo Giannaresi Francesco La Jacona Salvatore

Vigile Salvatore Romano Domenico Giardina Vito Spoto Francesco Faro Aldo Cara Romeo Giuseppe La Rosa Ottavio Russo Ignazio Roccaforte Domenico Cangemi Vittorio Lo Giudice Vittorio Sicari Elio Mascali Isidoro Cazzetta Alfio Di Mauro Rosario Barbagallo Francesco Randazzo Carmelo Trombetta Gaetano Corsaro Antonino Signorelli Giuseppe Torre Amedeo Granozzi Gaetano Granozzi Gaetano Serapione Serafino Brunetto Carmelo Vecchio Antonino Nicolosi Rosario 76 Bonaccorsi Antonino 77 Falà Salvatore 78 Contino Diego 79 Scuderi Antonio 80 Longo Francesco 81 Anastasi Gaetano 82 Macca Giuseppe 83 Incardona Bruno 84 Di Grazia Isidoro 85 Trovato Luigi 86 Vasta Giovanni 87 Bonaccorso Leonardo 87- bis Sciacca Alfio 88 Mazzeo Santo 89 Greco Antonino 90 Pernicano Salvatore 91 Iraso Giuseppe 92 Torrisi Santo 93 Badia Lorenzo

49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75

96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140

MESSINA Di Stefano Carmelo Spanó Rosario 95-bis Rigano Antonino

94 95

TEOCLE Club 2 with cox team Calabrò Domenico Gallodoro Enrico Bisazza Giovanni Trovato Stellario Adorno Arcangelo Rizzo Pasquale Milone Antonino D'Andrea Nicola Vinci Mario Torre Giuseppe Muscolino Antonino Cacopardi Luigi Mantarro Santi Trimarchi Rosario Mondello Giuseppe Quartarone Giuseppe Salvago Sergio Santoro Giulio Zappalà Andrea Arrigo Antonino Ventimiglia Salvatore Minghelli Giovanni Colonna Giuseppe Gemelli Felice Ruggeri Nicola Auditore Carmelo Prestigiovanni Giuseppe Munafò Andrea Restuccia Francesco Stasi Enrico Nostro Giuseppe Gullace Aldo Micari Diego Tiano Giovanni Montalbano Domenico Rizzo Giovanni Donato Salvatore Chille Piero Bombaci Antonino Zodda Andrea Tiano Santi Migneco Mario Bonanno Giovanni Magazzù Vittorio REGGIO DI CALABRIA

141 142 143

Penna Aldo Romeo Antonino Candito Domenico

TORCHBEARERS LIST cont.

144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169

Febbe Filippo D'Ascola Dante Martini Ezio Matalone Angelo Riso Giuseppe Scotto Felice Mauro Carmelo Sorrentino Salvatore Golfo Giovanni Latella Vittorio Cuzzocrea Diego Perazzo Francesco Ferrandello Paolo Degirolamo Giuseppe Pizzinga Emilio Ielo Antonino Febbe Diego Britti Carmelo Romeo Elio Toscano Giuseppe Zampaglione Sergio Minicucci Domenico Lugarà Francesco Geria Annunziato Zumbo Antonino Macrì Carlo

170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195

Avenoso Michele Rato Giuseppe Scuncia Emilio Serranò Antonino Vacalebre Anselmo Gentile Giovanni Verduci Mario Iriti Antonino Battaglia Vincenzo Prestinicola Consolato Barreca Giuseppe Schipani Rodolfo Mordà Domenico Filangeri Aldo Ferrara Demetrio Marino Giovanni Laganà Antonino Errante Vincenzo La Piana Vincenzo Foti Giuseppe Sofia Biagio Mandalari Francesco Mollo Mario Toscano Antonio Gullì Franco Valenti Francesco

196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221

Lacava Carmelo Miceli Francesco Fara Nicola Boracchi Pasquale Ravenda Ferruccio Sartiano Antonio Frascà Luigi Caielli Antonio Caccamo Giuseppe Sergi Nicola Gallipari Rodolfo Monorchio Vincenzo Cotroneo Giuseppe Scimone Aldo Furci Roberto Galluccio Francesco Lombardo Giuseppe Galasso Domenico Caridi Antonino Prochilo Giuseppe Gasparro Giuseppe Pedullà Renato Carbone Carmelo Quattrone Antonio Sposati Vincenzo Favoino Carmelo

The " Vespucci " in navigation towards the Italian coast.

TORCHBEARERS LIST cont.

222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237

Campanella Giuseppe Muscolo Domenico Turiano Natale Tripodi Aldo Labate Francesco Falsone Rosario Torchia Carmelo Incorvaia Filippo Baldassare Giorgio Misitano Francesco Gatto Domenico Noto Gualtiero Berlingeri Antonio Armeni Vincenzo Labate Dante Iachino Francesco

CATANZARO 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271

214

Gallo Luigi Amatruda Leopoldo Galeno Pasquale Andricciola Giovanni Pisani Arturo Colloca Ernesto Villella Gianfranco Careri Antonio Dattilo Domenico De Masi Vincenzo Barbieri Matteo Ciliberto Vittorio Moschella Antonio Mazzitelli Francesco Barbuto Giuseppe Scopacasa Francesco Ciancio Antonio Apicella Fausto Pultrone Giuseppe Caminiti Antonio Palazzo Martino De Vita Elio Altamonte Fortunato Cosentino Francesco Solano Giuseppe Russo Vincenzo Spitale Santo Marcello Giuseppe Giofrè Domenico La Rocca Marcello Rito Giuseppe Primerano Rosario Vignardi Giovanni Piterà Cesare

272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323

Telesa Abramo Catarinella Anna Greco Giovanni Nitti Mario Di Lorenzo Ernesto Massimilla Sergi Francesco Raso Francesco Scicchitano Giuseppe De Maso Luigi Catarinella Giuseppe Severino Giuseppe Rizzo Carmine Cosentino Antonio Masciari Benito Puccio Antonio Plastino Giovanni Leone Giovanni Ranieli Giuseppe Sergi Giuseppe Rosi Antonio De Falco Giovanni Giacobbe Dante Ruga Francesco Grande Giuseppe Mirarchi Antonio Puccio Giancarlo Accurso Domenico Pisacane Pasquale Saraceno Raffaele Intrieri Antonio Potente Domenico Mirabelli Arnaldo Mirabelli Pietro Cosentino Antonio Barbieri Francesco Paparo Enrico Tozzi Vincenzo Cerviani Gaetano Carcea Claudio Scandale Sergio Covelli Antonio Vallone Mario Ammerata Armando Bombardieri Roberto Luzzaro Raffaele Mungari Franco D'Oppido Francesco Sorrentino Cosimo Noce Mario Boiano Alfredo Volterrani Mario

324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 355 356

Schifino Fedele Cimino Tommaso Galena Luciano Guarnieri Silvano Tessitore Antonio Bortone Luigi Scerra Marcello Fazio Fedele Tancredi Annibale Rotondo Giuseppe Lattanza Antonio Tricoli Sergio Paturzo Menotti Pantisano Pasquale Varrese Vito Pollastro Luigi Longo Antonio Proto Giuseppe Torchia Giuseppe Pittelli Franco Blois Salvatore Tancredi Arturo Franco Mario Pasqualetti Carmine Viraldi Giovanni Sisca Antonio Galena Lorenzo Perrone Filippo Greco Daniele Lidonnici Saverio Riolo Mario Argentieri Antonio Bartolotti Umberto

COSENZA 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373

Cufari Giovanni Cariglino Cataldo Graziano Saverio Latanza Antonio D'Agostino Gilberto Abbritti Pietro Abbritti Giuseppe Celeste Olindo Di Pietro Francesco Arcuri Diego Liquori Romano Ippolito Aldo Porco Mario Perrone Giacomo Manna Ettore Zappone Umberto Apa Nicola

Having passed the historical Arch of Constantine, the Olympic Torch makes its waytowards the Sacred Way.

TORCHBEARERS LIST cont.

374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 396 397 398 399 400 401 402 403 404 405 406 407 408 409 410 411 412 413 414 415 416 417 418 419 420 421 422 423 424 425

216

Costa Vittorio Greco Giovanni Riganelli Osvaldo Fucilla Ruggero Romano Francesco Pescatore Antonio Russo Ugo Scalise Alfonso Donato Martino Le Fosse Quintino Barone Serafino Petrini Antonio De Simone Alfonso Sapia Giovanni Campana Benito Scorza Aldo Pisano Carmine Le Pera Francesco Magliarella Guido Pirana Roberto Florio Luigi Campolo Giuseppe Liquori Gianpaolo Romano Michele Giuffrida Antonio Bevacqua Antonio Benvenuto Piero Benvenuto Alfonso Malomo Francesco Scorza Leonardo Guaragna Giuseppe Cardone Domenico Lauro Domenico Santini Luigino Decollatore Giovanni Perri Salvatore Campana Alberto Cirianni Enrico Andreotti Franco Del Gaiso Lorenzo Franzese Fulvio Lettieri Francesco Montalti Onorato Gerandini Leonardo Vitola Nicola Conte Damiano Dattoli Biagio Aurelio Rosario Minasi Francesco Pulieri Domenico Giacobini Luigi Cappa Enrico

426 427 428 429 430 431 432 433 434 435 436 437 438 439 440 441 442

Lanza Giuseppe Perrone Gennaro Lo Spennato Severino Donadio Fedele Gatto Raffaele Paese Antonio Carofiglio Antonio Ceraudo Franco Parise Giovanni Tito Enzo Toscano Franco Ziviello Vincenzo Spadafora Antonio Atteritano Cesare Toscano Enrico Annesi Antonio Cavalcanti Fabio

443 444 445 446 447 448 449 450 451 452 453 454 455 456 457 458 459 460 461 462 463 464 465 466 467 468 469 470 471

Sinno Primo Becucci Aurelio Giordano Antonio Massari Ettore Lorè Emanuele Serio Rocco Iannino Luigi Stanzione Gennaro Celano Giuseppe Forastiere Antonio Signorini Gino Cicchetti Enzo Virno Domenico Rana Giuseppe Fittipaldi Giuseppe Giugliano Michele De Leonardis Mariano Nicoletti Egidio Tomaselli Franco Parente Antonio Parisi Nino Lovecchio Antonio Lombardi Cosimo Caputi Francesco Narciso Mario Castronuovo Nunzio Bernini Rocco Avallone Vincenzo Lombardo Rosario

MATERA (Jonic Section)

TARANTO 472 473 474

Ceccherelli Victor Ugo Pierri Pietro Castellano Antonio

475 476 477 478 479 480 481 482 483 484 485 486 487 488 489 490 491 492 493 494 495 496 497 498 499 500 501 502 503 504 505 506 507 508 509 510 511 512 513 514 515 516 517 518 519 520 521 522 523 524 525 526

Bianchi Cataldo Conte Giovanni Longone Cosimo Caporlingua Giuseppe Del Vecchio Michele Galeone Vincenzo Peretto Antonio Musco Rodolfo Miolla Giuseppe Fago Cosimo Presicci Salvatore Torretta Domenico Lacapria Fortunato Pirami Paolo Pisani Giovanni Palminteri Lucio Tibaldini Antonio Silvestri Angelo Bianchi Giovanni De Florio Amedeo Vinci Giovanni Trono Giovanni Montemurro Fernando Romano Benito Ippolito Pietro Tursi Amedeo Pierri Lucio Castellano Francesco Baldi Nicola Santoro Gaetano Caliandro Walter Leggieri Salvatore Lucarella Antonio Galli Luigi Braini Remigio Ragone Michele Da Correggio Gino Carucci Stefano Tosoni Rinaldo Di Bisceglia Vincenzo Leone Eugenio Palagiano Emanuele Cicorella Salvatore Cavagna Federico Bettini Stefano Atza Antonio Sgammato Gennaro Marenco Carlo Sferra Giuseppe Ragone Pasquale Olivari Antonio Bozzo G. Carlo

TORCHBEARERS LIST cont.

527 Baini Sergio 528 Malfatto Roberto 529 Spreafico Giovanni 530 Motolese Raffaele 531 Valente Tommaso 532 Isi Tommaso 533 Lopinto Matteo 534 Morbidelli Claudio 535 Rana Domenico 536 De Vita Angelo 537 Colella Paolo 538 D'Aprile Paolo 539 Boezio Antonio 540 Caliandro Michele 541 De Gironimo Francesco 542 Kossler Franz 543 Miceli Gaetano 544 Zuccarini Marcello 545 Orfino Pietro 546 Scaglioso Vittorio 547 Abbamonte Nicola 548 Ciaccia Giuliano 549 Leone Pietro

MATERA (Appennine Section) 550 551 552 553 554 555 556 557 558 559 560 561 562 563 564 565 566 567 568 569 570 571 572 573 574 575

Giordano Antonio Massari Vincenzo Lisanti Antonio Manicone Giuseppe Mazzi Eugenio Garubba Giuseppe Rana Giuseppe Becucci Aurelio Rochira Agostino De Leonardis Vincenzo Castore Michele Taratufolo Benito Sinno Primo Cicchetti Vincenzo Spada Francesco Strammiello Nicola Morelli Angelo Persia Giuseppe Bruno Antonio Cifarelli Vito Di Ginosa Antonio Di Sogra Antonio Di Pierro Francesco Fittipaldi Rocco Lavecchia Egidio Losignore Nicola

576 577 578 579 580 581 582 583 584 585 586 587 588 589 590 591 592 593 594 595 596 597 598 599 600 601 602 603 604 605 606 607 608 609 610 611 612 613 614 615 616 617 618 619 620 621 622 623 624 625 626 627

Massaro Aldo Martire Salvatore Lasalvia Franco D'Addiego Domenico Capodagli Domenico Casella Franco Labriola Antonio Fortunato Filippo Nocera Luigi Fortunato Rolando Zaccagnini Pietro Lamacchia Renato Manicone Belisario Maremonti Salvatore De Simmeo Nicola La Bella D'Anzi G. Battista Troccoli Vincenzo Cammarota Tommaso Vicenti Antonio Miulli Donato Cammarota Pietro Loponte Francesco D'Arienzo Vincenzo Marinaro Tonino Epifania Vincenzo Liuzzi Matteo Bollettieri Francesco Piccolo Antonio Camardella Antonio Allegro Giovanni Lombardo Salvatore Sarra Adolfo Mascolo Antonio Valluzzi Eugenio Piancazzi Pasquale Giglio Michele De Leonardis Raffaele Loperfido Vito Domenico Lorè Eustacchio Stella Nicola Murano Francesco Bruno Pancrazio Nicoletti Imperio Tommaselli Nicola Fittipaldi Giuseppe Venezia Eustacchio Sarra Filippo Donvito Francesco Coniglio Raffaele Stabile Ianora Raffaele Porcari Antonio Giugliano Rosario

628 629 630

Spinelli Mauro Fiore Vittorio Salerno Michele

POTENZA 631 632 633 634 635 636 637 638 639 640 641 642 643 644 645 646 647 648 649 650 651 652 653 654 655 656 657 658 659 660 661 662 663 664 665 666 667 668 669 670 671 672 673 674 675 676 677

Riviello Michele Boero Elio Coriglione Maurizio Perciante Andrea Springher Antonio Tramutola Antonio Palese Franco Restaino Domenico Copertino Franco Basentini Rocco Continanza Amedeo Pennacchio Zaccaria Di Croce Vincenzo Gioioso Raffaele Caggiano Vincenzo Ferrone Francesco Ciorciaro Angelo D'Emilio Guglielmo Falciano Vincenzo Mitidieri Egidio Larocca Raffaele Bettinetti Roberto Telesca Paolo Ragone Giuseppe Siciliano Raffaele Rizzitiello Vincenzo Rivela Raffaele Giacomini Raffaele Zappella Decio Santarsiere Antonio Di Marti Vincenzo Barlin Costantino Pannucci Marcello Cippelletti Luigi Infantino Antonio Oppido Ottavio Garciuoli Mario Taddonio Emanuele Misuriello Vincenzo Orologi Edoardo Cerverizzo Salvatore Pepe Luca Atena Livio Cerverizzo Aldo Di Nuzzo Giuliano Matera Mario Santagata Giuseppe

217

TORCHBEARERS LIST cont.

678 679 680 681 682 683 684 685 686 687 688 689 690 691 692 693 694 695 696 697 698 699 700 701 702 703 704 705 706 707 708 709 710 711 712 713 714 715 716 717 718 719 720 721 722 723

Carpelli Luciano Cassino Biagio Taddonio Luciano Spirito Felice Vietro Aniello Lomagro Luigi Spreafico Enrico Ferraresi Eros Genovesi Luigi Massaro Domenico Villani Rocco Messina Paolo Emilio Bongiovanni Umberto Rosa Rocco Blasi Silla Napoli Mario Falconieri Carmelo Padulosi Luciano Carlone Luciano Carlone Vincenzo Aliastro Rocco Lovallo Salvatore De Luca Enrico Maggio Aniello Basile Filippo Ponticelli Vincenzo Ristelli Nicola Sforza Franco Pedretti Luigi Loy Felice Cantore Rocco Mancusi Giorgio Loffredo Gabriele Ungaro Rocco Veracchi Pasquale Ricciuti Vincenzo Gallino Venusto Dores Nicola Viggiani Michele Nolè Vincenzo Miccoli Mario Acciale Franco Zaccagnino Angelo Fabrizio Gerardo Cantore Antonio Chirichella Umberto

AVELLINO 724 725 726 727

218

Cicoira Ettore Galgano Giuseppe Cindolo Gennaro Ascione Pasquale

728 729 730 731 732 733 734 735 736 737 738 739 740 741 742 743 744 745 746 747 748 749 750 751 752 753 754 755

Galliano Silvio Gentile Nicola Genovese Antonio Liguori Domenico Pericolo Bruno Di Blasio Vincenzo Carbone Fulvio Saggese Enrico Benigni Italo Ruocco Bruno D'Agostino Donato Gengaro Pasquale D'Argenio Carmine Capolupo Francesco Mauro Antonio Vuotto Ezio Festa Vittorio Freda Rocco Chianca Ottone Del Guercio Carlo Delia Pera Claudio Grasso Antonio Perrottelli Vito Del Vecchio Antonio De Girolamo Giuseppe Antoniello Raffaele Sessa Gerardo Guarnaccia Virginio

SALERNO 756 757 758 759 760 761 762 763 764 765 766 767 768 769 770 771 772 773 774 775 776 777

Benvenuto Felice Siano Ferruccio Cernera Salvatore Martinelli Romeo Lenza Antonio Ricca Orazio Formica Costantino Lardo Antonio Festa Giovanni Lenza Gerardo Franchomme Emilio Califano Francesco Vicinanza Vincenzo Giardella Angelo Bartone Antonio Lardo Vincenzo Anzalone Giuseppe Verdicchio Nicola Gasperro Antonio Pecoraro Virgilio De Sio Giovanni De Amicis Pietro

778 779 780 781 782 783 784 785 786 787 788 789 790 791 792 793 794 795 796 797 798 799 800 801 802 803 804 805 806 807 808 809 810 811 812 813 814 815 816 817 818 819 820 821 822 823 824 825 826 827 828 829

Cincione Elio Iannicelli Alberto Garofalo Salvatore Granito Giovanni Basso Francesco Parlato Guido Orsano Donato Moscarelli Vittorio Telese Sante Mottola Francesco Cuomo Alberto Strianese Vincenzo D'Apuleio Gianfranco Viviani Antonio Biasucci Giovanni D'Ascoli Antonio De Luca Aldo Mennillo Gerardo Voso Giuseppe Albano Antonio Tarallo Paolo Carola Francesco Benincasa Mario D'Aniello Federico Lo Cascio Vincenzo Iorio Pietro Nigro Carlo Capo Angelo Lopardo Eugenio Pisciottano Mario Voza Francesco Barattucci Alfredo Amabile Franco Landi Leonardo Di Giacomo Fiore Garbuti Edoardo Serra Salvatore Farina Orazio Volpe Francesco Guerritore Marcantonio Verta Giuseppe Rosamilio Vito Galderisi Mario Bove Pasquale De Stefano Bruno Proietti Domenico D'Aquino Arminio Proietti Giuseppe Vestuti Candido Vistocco Mario Di Luccia Alfonso Garofalo Donato

On August 24th, the Mayor of Rome lights the tripod on the Capitol.

TORCHBEARERS LIST cont.

830 831 832 833 834 835 836 837 838 839 840 841 842 843 844 845 846 847 848 849 850 851 852 853 854 855 856 857 858 859 860 861 862 863 864 865 866 867 868 869 870 871 872 873 874 875 876 877 878 879 880 881 882 883

220

Sapere Dalmazio Ginosa Alberto De Santis Costantino Grimaldi Antonio Rainis Raffaele Vicinanza Franco Barela Sergio Sica Luigi Filipponio Bruno Di Motta Vittorio Pepe Alfonso Parisi Bruno Rossillo Franco Santoriello Gennaro Benatti Andrea Giordano Giovanni Pisapia Bruno Crucito Bruno Gasperini Gennaro Marano Ugo Giordano Luigi Marino Amerigo Boarto Raffaele De Martino Antonio Sanniota Umberto Oliva Andrea Landi Gennaro Del Pizzo Elio Coscioni Bruno Coscioni Arturo Lembo Matteo Coscioni Luciano Tramontano Italo Pacileo Francesco Di Lieto Angelo Gargano Antonio Delia Monica Alfonso Rizzo Michele Scattaretico Giovanni De Maio Pietro Amendola Pietro Sanna Paolo Cristiano Lello De Vitis Roberto Nobile Ferdinando Forino Augusto Parisi Valerio Cinque Ferdinando Romano Giovanni Guadagno Michele Cassaro Antonio Kössler Franz Soriani Giorgio Parisi Franco

NAPLES 884 885 886 887 888 889 890 891 892 893 894 895 896 897 898 899 900 901 902 903 904 905 906 907 908 909 910 911 912 913 914 915 916 917 918 919 920 921 922 923 924 925 926 927 928 929 930 931 932 933

Vignola Giovanni Ercolano Michele Cacace Mattia Zotti Alessandro Nasti Giovanni Catapano Pasquale Liccardo Giovanni Tartaglia Umberto Gargiulo Luigi Scarlini Adriano Calò Antonio Bracale Carlo Irolla Antonio De Gennaro Tommaso Giardulli Sergio Lombardo Virgilio Vigorito Carlo Cavaliere Benito Cesarano Francesco Buonocore Luigi Pappalardo Francesco Giordano Umberto Ammendola Antonio Saggese Enrico Pappa Italo Saporito Learco Cioffi Francesco Colella Pasquale Vosa Renato Savy Francesco Ambrosanio Mario Villa Umberto Lucariello Antonio Fogliamanzillo Felice Picarella Francesco D'Angelo Michele Auciello Livio Lullo Diego Delia Gatta Domenico Borrelli Antonio Scala Mario Negro Alfonso Misto Luigi Lococciolo Francesco Scalici Gaspare Burani Alessandro Erpete Giovanni Coppola Bruno Pasqualotto Ugo Occhiuzzi Norberto

934 935 936 937 938 939 940 941 942 943 944 945 946 947 948 949 950 951 952 953 954 955 956 957 958 959 960 961 962 963 964 965 966 967 968 969 970 971 972 973 974 975 976 977 978 979 980 981 982 983 984 985

Ottaiano Pasquale Libero Giovanni Kuhne Italo Formisano Luigi Longhi Ubaldo Grillo Luigi Bertolingrande Claudio Marzano Gaetano Costantino Salvatore Caggiano Alfonso Iovino Salvatore Raiola Bruno Marra Guido Gurgo Roberto Mazzagalli Franco Magliulo Giovanni Fasulo Luigi Magliulo Agostino Cavaliere Gaetano Susini Gian Paolo Artiaco Giuseppe Donati Carlo Cupido Agrippino Gagliardi Giuseppe Guardascione Michele Mastropasqua Gaetano Martino Antonio Illiano Giuseppe Romeo Romualdo Schiano Antonio Cosentino Salvatore Grasso Corrado Iaccarino Vittorio Perna Antonio Palmesino Umberto Flaminio Pasquale Formisano Ciro Petrucci Alfredo Di Mauro Mario Giovannucci Renato Santillo Alberto Tognaccini Rosario Lanni Antonio Scala Giuseppe Pelella Aniello di Tommaso Cervo Umberto Pianese Benedetto Faussone Oreste Fogliano Francesco Bottone Giovanni Ferrara Domenico Medas Giorgio

TORCHBEARERS LIST cont.

CASERTA 986 987 988 989 990 991 992 993 994 995 996 997 998 999 1000 1001 1002 1003 1004 1005 1006 1007 1008 1009 1010 1011 1012 1013 1014 1015 1016 1017 1018 1019 1020 1021 1022 1023 1024 1025 1026 1027 1028 1029 1030 1031 1032 1033 1034 1035 1036

Normando Mario Oioli Gian Pietro Gatta Eduardo Mandara Livio Vinci Camillo Gregori Vincenzo Manfredi Giuseppe Marcangeli Mauro Proia Enrico Leonardo Pietro Zechender Paolo Colella Domenico Sparaco Antonio Moriello Vittorio La Spina Franco Massa Bruno Tronco Nicola Gazzillo Vincenzo Vigliotta Ettore Batelli Giuseppe Miccoli Ciro Baldassatici Luciano Mazzi Dino Marini Duilio Maglione Armando Longano Luigi Aveta Raffaele Jodice Giovanni Bodenizza Vittorio Madonna Mario Preti Alberto Moscardi Bruno De Lucia Biagio Mingione Domenico Gramignoli Eugenio Faudella Luigi Cassinelli Luigi Panzeri Francesco Teso Lorenzo Pizza Giovanni Cappannella Olivo Merenda Giuseppe Crosato Angelo Lombardi Innocenzo Stellato Angelo Cerreto Aniello Lazzarini Giovanni Simioni Lucio Merlino Giovanni Bruschi Mario Franceschini Ivo

1037 Baggi Giovanni 1038 Cipriano Andrea 1039 Cipriano Luigi 1040 Vaglianti Achille 1041 Rillo Piero 1042 Decio Biagio 1043 Bonfanti Erino 1044 Tagliaferri Giulio 1045 Quattrini Cesare 1046 Padalino Vittorio 1047 Natalini G. Paolo 1048 Linguonotto Sergio 1049 Saragni Angelo 1050 Rossi Bruno 1051 Scandella Mario 1052 Izzo Pasquale

LATINA 1053 1054 1055 1056 1057 1058 1059 1060 1061 1062 1063 1064 1065 1066 1067 1068 1069 1070 1071 1072 1073 1074 1075 1076 1077 1078 1079 1080 1081 1082 1083 1084 1085 1086 1087

Ionta Salvatore Santorelli Mario Riccardi Silvio Treglia Paolo La Starza Pasquale Chiaromonte Romolo Lutrario Enrico Filosa Giovanni Santoro Raffaele Punzo Luigi Papponetti Elio Mesolella Vittorio Marciano Erasmo Incardona Pietro Ciano Aldo Simeone Manlio Kotler Querino Scinigariello Giuseppe Scicconardi Salvatore Magliozzi Damiano Recchilungo Giovanni Torres Giuseppe Garzia Marco Meconi Aldo Buccimozzo Franco Croatto Nevio Parisi Bortolo Sepe Bruno Soccodato Giancarlo Iudicone Franco Razzino Salvatore Colella Vincenzo Zoina Astolfo Masci Antonio Bianchini Bernardo

1088 1089 1090 1091 1092 1093 1094 1095 1096 1097 1098 1099 1100 1101 1102 1103 1104 1105 1106 1107 1108 1109 1110 1111 1112 1113 1114 1115 1116 1117 1118 1119 1120 1121 1122 1123 1124 1125 1126 1127 1128 1129 1130 1131 1132 1133 1134 1135 1136 1137 1138 1139

Farignoli Ubezio Di Micco Ettore Fantasia Erasmo Somma Roberto Fusco Romano Mandatori Silvano Del Monte Franco Faragnoli Giuliano Martelli Lanfranco Noro Luca Cassandra Angelo Di Raimo Luigi Di Marchis Cristoforo Matteoli Guglielmo Cearini Cesare Dell'Antonia Giuseppe Piattella Giancarlo Ventorusso Attilio Bagnariolo Orlando Marangoni Francesco Equipaggio Marina Militare Azzolina Antonio Rigoni Plinio Brunello Sereno Palese Giuseppe Ubaldi Francesco Pallotti Francesco Arca Silvestro Albanesi Mario Di Trapano Umberto Ceci Elio D'Amico Bruno Mastracci Nello Panico Aldo Zanchetta Adriano Ceci Giovanni Orelli Paolo Manzutti Valentino Stefani Bruno Cusumano Gino Tropiano Mario Pugliese Addis De Noni Luciano Severini Giancarlo Mangiapelo Paolo Salvini Roberto Castellani Benito Pompili Franco Caccioppola Franco Polinari Agapito Gianpaolo Rolando Imperiale Antonio

221

TORCHBEARERS LIST cont.

ROME 1140 1141 1142 1143 1144 1145 1146 1147 1148 1149 1150 1151 1152 1153 1154 1155 1156 1157 1158 1159 1160 1161 1162 1163 1164 1165 1166 1167 1168 1169 1170

Damiani Otello Segatori Flavio Colonnelli Vittorio Tedesco Damiano Andaloro Alessandro Pugnaloni Sandro Ballati Franco Giuffrida Rosario Garbaglio Andrea Barbieri Renato Aleco Lucio Maria Gaetani Mauro Cenciarelli Rodolfo Di Marzio Massimo Castagna Giancarlo Bettini Alfonso Pompili Aldo Veschi Giovanni Cascino Giovanni Cinque Erasmo Galeani Agostino Capitoli Domenico Bellardinelli Enzo Dinetti Franco Centi Gianfranco Ausili Pietro De Paoli Giorgio Romani Angelo Lo Giudice Giorgio Baghini Massimo Locatelli Romano

1171 1172 1173 1174 1175 1176 1177 1178 1179 1180 1181 1182 1183 1184 1185 1186 1187

Maggiacomo Adelmo Caputo Piergiuseppe Cumillo Franco Cremona Francesco Paoletti Enrico Oliva Beniamino Scarciello Antonio Polidori Paolo Gullo Antonio Rotundo Antonio Viragh Attila Nanni Franco Risi Umberto Andreotti Piergiorgio Guglielmetti Amedeo Orsini Riccardo Pensarella Giuseppe (From the Capitol to the Olympic Stadium)

1188 Sacchi Carlo 1189 Sbernadori Mario 1190 De Mohr Ugo 1191 Trobiani Carlo 1192 Covrè Giuseppe 1193 Gatti Giovan Maria 1194 Bigioretti Vincenzo 1195 Bambara Francesco 1196 Sole Italo 1197 Bottoni Stefano 1198 Di Ronzo Pierantonio 1199 Peris Giancarlo

The new model of the Torch, whose conception was inspired by Prof. Maiuri from torches reproduced on ancient monuments, was made in bronzed aluminium by the Curtisa Firm of Bologna. The Torch weighs 580 grams and measures 40 cms. in height. During the relay from Syracuse to Rome it was lit with capsules containing special resinous substances produced by the firm of G. Belardini & Figli of Rome.

222

THE OLYMPIC VILLAGE

T he choice of a locality for the construction of the Olympic Village was dictated by considerations of a practical nature but the particular difficulties arising out of the creation of a new residential quarter posed complex problems and the dynamic solution to these was, however, reconciled with considerable aesthetic sense. The urban complex was planned in accordance with criteria of structural unity and bearing in mind the absolute necessities that the quarter be self-supporting in nature. Thus the requirements of an Olympic Village were studied in harmony to those of a welcoming town quarter, as described in detail in the chapter " Olympic Venues ". During the Olympic Games, the rooms, spacious and bright, were modernly furnished with one or two beds, a table, chairs, luggage racks, a large wardrobe and everything else necessary for the comfort of visitors. Each group of 7 to 9 athletes had at their disposal a series of hygienic amenities which included showers and baths and each appartment was also equipped with a small kitchen for the immediate necessities, especially at night, of the guests. In the organisation of Olympic Games, the setting up of an Olympic Village undoubtedly constitutes work of an onerous nature from every point of view. Since we consider it of interest to furnish full details on the organising effort taken to bring into being and run the Village in its Olympic function, as well as to report on the complex material in a clear and practical form, it is felt that rather than providing an outline of the process of evolution of the whole enterprise (conception, organisation and execution), it would be better to provide a picture of the activity carried out in the organising phase with particular stress on the criteria which prompted the same, and describe the practical functionning of the various sectors and services during the period the Village operated as such. (Table No. 1). The " Olympic Village " Section, constituted in September 1958, initially provided for the drawing up of the broad outline of the plans necessary for the good order, organisation and life of the Olympic Villages, care being ta225 15.

TABLE NO. 1 MANAGEMENT OF OLYMPIC VILLAGE Giuseppe Fabre

GENERAL SECRETARIAT Michelangelo Bassignano Serse Ascenzi RECEPTION

VARIOUS ACTIVITIES SECTOR

DISPLACEMENTS

HEAD OF SECT. OFFICE

Steno Borghese

2

13

7

1

3

11

8

4

9

5

10

18

14

12

6

24

19

22

16

20

23

17

21

26

34

36

38

29

33

35

37

39

30

40

31

41

27

LODGING

SERVICES

HEAD OF SECT. OFFICE

HEAD OF SECT. OFFICE

Ferruccio Colucci

Raffaele Ruggeri

42

45

43

46

49

52

71

74

78

44

47

50

53

72

75

51

54

73

76

70

77

PROVISIONING

32

25

15

48

28

91

82

92

97

87

93

98

88

94

99

95

100

83

86

79

84

80

85

81

89

90

HEAD OF SECT. OFFICE

96 Fannio Maviglia ADMINISTRATION 55

56

61

64

67

57

62

65

68

58

63

66

69

HEAD OF SECT. OFFICE

Carlo De Biase

101

59

102

60

103

104

105

106 107

108

GLOSSARY

BREAKDOWN OF THE SECTORS OF THE OLYMPIC VILLAGE

RECEPTION

SERVICES

36. - TRANSPORT OFFICE 37. - ENTERTAINMENT

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

- ARRIVALS & DEPARTURES OFFICE

38. - MEDICAL ASSISTANCE OFFICE

- GUESTS DISPOSAL

39. - HYGIENE

-

LUGGAGE

71. - INTERNAL 72. - MUNICIPALITY PERSONNEL

40. - SICK BAYS

- LUGGAGE DISPOSAL

70. - CLEANING OFFICE

73. - TENDERING COMPANIES

41. - VETERINARY

74. - EXTERNAL

- PARCEL DELIVERY

75. - SWEEPERS

- LOST PROPERTY

76. - STORES DEPOSITS

- VISITORS OFFICE

LODGING

8. - INFORMATION

77. - MAINTENANCE OFFICE 78. - TECHNICAL TEAMS

9. - INFORMATION TO PUBLIC 10. - INFORMATION TO PRESS 11. - PERMIT OFFICE 12. - PROTOCOL 13. - ATHLETES INFORMATION 14. - " SUNDRIES OFFICE " 15. - TRAINING AND COMPETITIONS 16. - TRANSPORT 17. - TRAVEL AGENCIES 18. - NEWS CIRCULATION OFFICE 19. - COPIES

42. - MALE DELEG. QUARTER OFFICE

79. - SPECIALISED COMPANIES

43. - HEADS OF BUILDING

80. - ENGINEERS

44. - CLEANING OF LODGINGS

81. - LABORATORIES

45. - FEMALE DELEG. QUARTER OFFICE

82. - SUPERVISING OFFICE

46. - HEADS OF BUILDING

83. - MALE QUARTERS

47. - CLEANING OF LODGINGS

84. - GATES

48. - QUARTER PERSONNEL OFFICE

85. - INTERNAL

49. - MALE GROUP

86. - FEMALE QUARTER OFFICE

50. - DRESSING ROOMS

87. - GATES 88. - INTERNAL

51. - LODGINGS

89. - QUARTER PERSONNEL OFFICE

52. - FEMALE GROUP

20. - CIRCULARS

53. - DRESSING ROOMS

21. - SERVICES TO DELEGATIONS

90. - QUARTER SERVICES OFFICE 91. - SERVICES OFFICE

54. - LODGINGS

22. - COMMUNIQUES DISTRIBUTION

92. - VARIOUS

23. - DESPATCH RIDERS

93. - SAUNAS AND SHOWERS 94. - SHIPPING

24. - PUBLIC OFFICES

PROVISIONING

25. - BANCA NAZIONALE DEL LAVORO

95. - G O N D R A N D & Co. 96. - CUSTOMS

26. - POST AND TELEGRAPHS

55. - STATISTICS AND ATTENDANCE OF-

27. - TELEPHONES

FICE

98. - INTERNAL TRANSPORT

56. - CONTROL OFFICE

99. - LAUNDRIES

57. - FOODSTUFFS

DISPLACEMENTS

97. - SERVICES MESSES

100.

-

STORES

58. - LOCAL PURCHASE

28.

- PUBLIC OFFICE

ORDER

29. 30.

-

CASTELGANDOLFO

31.

-

NAPLES

AND

SECURITY

- PRATONI DEL VIVARO

59. - KITCHENS

ADMINISTRATION

60. - PAVILIONS 61. - INTERNATIONAL

WAGONS - LITS

COMPANY

62. - 10 RESTAURANTS 63. - VICTUALLING AND PERSONNEL

VARIOUS ACTIVITIES

64. - STORES OFFICE 65. - FOOD STORES

32.

- OLYMPIC CARDS OFFICE

101.

- CONTRACTS OFFICE

102. 103. 104. 105.

-

SHOPS

-

SERVICES

66. - EXTERNAL DEPOSITS

33. - CEREMONIAL

67. - OTHER COMPANIES OFFICE

34. - PRESS OFFICE

68. - SERVICE MESS

35. - TRAINING AND COMPETITIONS

69. - DISLOCATED MESSES

106. 107. 108.

AND

EMPLOYMENT

- PERSONNEL PAY OFFICE - ACCOUNTANCY OFFICE

AND

STATEMENTS

- PAYMENTS OFFICE STORES - DELEGATIONS

ACCOUNTS

OFFICE

227

Aerial view of the Olympic Village.

ken in the course of this work to bear in mind the many and differing requirements of an international community. In other words, the Section took measures and provisions adequate to bring together, lodge, feed, assist and facilitate the living conditions of thousands of athletes and accompanying personnel. It therefore created the organisation for the Management of the Olympic Village employing qualified and expert personnel competent to deal with the various branches of activity, both for the management and executive sides; it saw to the provision of materials and means in the quantities, varieties and types required by services and offices; and lastly it undertook gradually to attain the full working efficiency of the vast complex for the date fixed for the opening, the 25th July 1960. The two Sections of the Village, for men and for women, constructed in the area of Campo Parioli, and separated by a well-guarded fence, were completely autonomous as regards lodging and hygienic services, whilst they both shared the facilities of use of the canteen and all the other services laid on by the Committee composed of the following members:—Baraldi Rolando, Gotta Andreina, Davanti Mario, Funaro Giuseppe, Merlo Luciano and Turilli Gaetano. The possibility that all were able to share the places of general use constituted a special feature of the Rome Olympic Village. (Table No. 2). 228

GLOSSARY I Quarter 1 Building A CQ CE 33 C MB MG MV P J K Y W Z --

Staircase Head of Quarter Head of Building Infirmary Rest Room Luggage Stores Central Stores Foodstuffs Stores Parking Lot Post & Telecommunications Reception Bank Information Office Management of O.V. Internal boundary

TABLE NO. 2

ACCOMMODATION ALLOCATED TO EACH DELEGATION MALE QUARTERS

Nation

Initial

Afghanistan Antilles Argentine Australia Austria Bahamas Belgium Bermuda Brazil British Guiana Bulgaria Burma Canada Ceylon Chile Chinese Rep. Formosa Colombia Cuba Czechoslovakia Denmark Dutch Antilles Ethiopia Figi Finland France Germany Ghana Great Britain Greece

AFG ANT ARG AUS AUT BAH BEL BER BRA GUA BUL BIR CAN CEY CIL RCF COL CUB CSV DEN ATO ETI FIG FIN FRA GER GHA GRB GRE

Building no. 11 3 3 19 31 29 31 11 3 24 24 11 26 10 4 10 4 4 23-24 16-17 4 4 11 16 32 30 11 25-26 21

Nation Guatemala Haiti Holland Hong Kong Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Irak Iran Ireland Israel Italy Japan Kenya Korea Lebanon Liberia Liechtenstein Luxemburg Malaya Malta Mexico Monaco Morocco New Zealand Nigeria North Borneo Norway

Initial GUT HAI PBA HOK UNG ISL IND INS IRK IRN IRL ISR ITA GIA KEN COR LIB LIE LIC LUX MAL MAT MEX MON MAR NZE NIG BOR NOR

Building no. 4 3 17 26 22 16 10 11 11 10 17 29 20-21 21 11 11 10 11 24 31 10 29 4 31 10 19 11 11 17

Nation Pakistan Panama Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Puerto Rico Rhodesia Rumania San Marino Singapore Somalia South Africa Spain Sudan Surinam Sweden Switzerland Thailand Tunisia Turkey Uganda U.A.R. U.S.A. U.S.S.R. Uruguay Venezuela Viet-Nam Yugoslavia

Initial PAK PAN PER FIL POL POR PRI RHO ROM SMA SIN SOM SAF SPA SUD SUR SVE SVI TAI TUN TUR UGA RAU SUA URS URU VEN VIE JUG

Building no. 10 29 4 4 24 4 3 29 24 32 26 11 29 3 4 17 17 24 11 11 11 11 10 27-28 24 4 ?4 11 22

FEMALE QUARTERS All nations were accommodated in buildings 12-13-14-15-16-17-18 and distinguished by their respective initials.

The body responsible for the work of organisation and management, rendered necessary by the daily requirements of the guests and created on a scale sufficient to meet the estimated number of guests, was divided off into six separate sectors corresponding to the basic requirements, i.e. Reception—Lodging—Provisioning—Services—Administration—Displacements. In addition, a Management Office with its Secretariat was set up to direct and co-ordinate the activities of the aforesaid sectors and to maintain contact both with the Organising Committee and with the Organisations and persons interested in the Olympic Village. Specific tasks were assigned to each sector, i.e.:— (a) Reception Sector, to provide for the organisation and functioning of the " Arrivals and Departures " services, for the settling of the customary formalities; " Information Services " for the collecting and publication of news for the use of guests of the Olympic Village, the public and other Services and Offices of the Organisation; " Visitors Service " for organising the flow of incoming persons; " Social and Recreation " to render the stay of the guests of the Olympic Village more pleasant and interesting; " Public Services and Shops " for bank, postal and telephone services and to allow the quick location of basically essential articles. 230

Busy movement and waving of flags at the entrance to the Olympic Village.

(b) Lodging Sector, to see to the organisation and management of lodging for:—the athletes and their accompanying personnel and for the personnel in charge of the services of the Olympic Village:—to the accommodation organised in ten "Quarters", each composed of a varying number of "buildings". (c) Provisioning Sector, for the organisation and management of feeding arrangements for the athletes and their accompanying personnel, for the personnel in charge of the services of the Village, assuming a structure made up of " Offices " (Direction, Restaurant, Management, Food Stores Management, Inspection Office, Statistics Office) and " Installations " (10 Restaurants—a staff canteen—centralised depot for foodstuffs with 4 shops inside and refrigerating units outside the Olympic Village). (d) Displacements Sector, for the lodging organisation of displacements from the Olympic Village to those zones or places where the yachting events (Naples), rowing (Castelgandolfo) and equestrian sports (Pratoni del Vivaro) took place; to co-ordinate the use of specialised soldiers, grouped into a " supporting detachment " to meet the requirements of particular services, for the Village and for the above-mentioned displacements. (e) Administration Sector, to see to the settlement of formalities of an administrative nature directly or indirectly interesting the management of the Olympic Village, on the basis of technical bookkeeping, or general and specific instructions given by the Administration Section of the Organising Committee, and divided off into offices corresponding to the various branches of administrative activity:—Book-keeping, Payment and rendering of accounts, Bursar's Office, Delegatian Accounts. (f) Services Sector, to provide for the organisation and working of services of general use such as:—cleaning of places of general use and outside areas; maintenance of installations, buildings and gardens of the Village; inspection inside and on the borders of the Village; accessory services; saunas and showers, Customs, Transport, etc. The major problems in the organisation of the Village created the necessity of determining and providing the necessary personnel and materials; of establishing the criteria of allocation of the appartments and providing in good time for their equipment and, lastly, of creating an adequate service of provisioning. The solution as regards finding suitable personnel also included the determination of the quotas of personnel to be employed in stipulated tasks and particular services; the individualisation of sources and the settlement of forms of recruitment; the formulation of a plan for the gradual assumption of the personnel chosen. The determination of the " quotas " and " tasks " (Table No. 3) was established according to the organic structure of the Direction of the Olympic Village and according to the onus of the number of guests, and the corresponding amount of work involved. 232

TABLE NO. 3

Various activities

—

—

—

—

—

—

— 1 2 8 — — — —

— 1 1 — 10 29 — —

— 1 1 7 — — — 1

—

— — — —

— 1 1 4 — — — —

— 1 — 4 — — — —

— 1 — 3 — — 40 1

1 1 7 5 31 10 29 40 2

— — 17 2 6 — — — — — — 4 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —

— — 55 26 24 30 — — — — — — — — — — — — — 30 — — — — — — —

— — 63 5 7 — — — — — — 2 109 — — — 91 — — — — — — — — — —

— — 68 2 10 — 143 77 111 262 204 2 — — — — 70 — — — — — — — — — —

— — 10 — 4 — — — — — — — — 41 32 40 — 540 17 — 30 113 — — — 14 —

— — 22 1 3 — — — — — — 2 — — — — — — — — —. — — — — — —

— — 10 2 2 — — — — — — — — — — — 69 — — — — — 53 7 7 — —

14 14 4 5 4 — — — — — — 2 — — — — 33 — — — — — — — — — 192

14 14 249 43 60 30 143 66 111 262 204 12 109 41 32 40 263 540 17 30 30 113 53 7 7 14 192

32

176

318

959

846

1 — 4

34

155

313

TOTAL

Displacements

—

Lodging

1 1 — — 1 — — — —

Reception

Administration

TOTAL

Services

Director Vice-director Heads of Sector Vice-heads of Sector Heads of Office Heads of Quarter Heads of Building Doctors Veterinaries Physiotherapists and Assistants Nurses and masseurs Employees Interpreters Shorthand typists and typists Runners Heads of Restaurants Services Coffee servers and Dispensers Commis Waiters Kitchen staff Ushers Cloakroom attendants Specialised workmen Gardeners Sweepers Servants Women cleaners Men cleaners Porters Labourers Gate-keepers Public Security agents Traffic Police Fire Brigade personnel Night watchmen Drivers

Management

QUALIFICATION

Feeding

STRUCTURE OF PERSONNEL OF THE OLYMPIC VILLAGE

2,833

233

The measures taken for the individualisation of sources and the settling of forms of recruitment were conditioned by the necessity to:— - be assured, above all, of the conscientiousness, and continuous working capacity of the individuals forming part of the Organisation; - carry, as far as possible, the onus of the expense, in view of the fact that the temporary nature of employment and the coincidence of the tourist season would not have favoured either requirement, especially in the case of certain specialisations. Thus recourse was had to:— - the collaboration of personnel offered by Government, Municipal and civil bodies, as a general rule using their skills for the carrying out of tasks of management; - the assumption of the majority of the personnel employed for office duties by means of open offer, with contract for a fixed period; - the holding of courses within the competence of the E.N.A.L.C. (Italian Restaurant Training Institute) to guarantee the availability of staff and waiters for the restaurant services; - private firms with exclusive contracts for the carrying out of determined services (management of restaurants and food stores, cleaning of buildings, maintenance of houses and installations, transport of guests' luggage, etc.). In order to graduate the incrementation of personnel with the development of the organising complex a plan was formulated for the gradual assumption of personnel destined to work in the Olympic Village. (Table No. 4). An estimate of the requirements both in quantity and variety was necessary before the material could be provided this being:— - furniture series (bed, mattress, blankets, sheets, bedside table, small table, wardrobe, bedside mat, chairs) for bedrooms; - furniture and typewriters for the Direction and Delegation Offices; - materials and equipment for the restaurants and staff canteen; - consumable materials for hygienic, maintenance and heating services; - equipment for stores; - communication and transport services. It should, however, be pointed out that the criterion generally followed to ensure the availability of materials was to proceed, after appropriate enquiries, to contracts stipulated with organisations or firms, by which the necessary materials were hired for a fixed period of time, thereafter being returned after use. In addition, arrangements were made for the free use of apparatus and instruments such as television and radio sets, electric razors, irons, cooking stoves, washing machines, etc. Lastly, recourse was had to actual purchase of limited quantities of consumable materials (with the exception of liquid gas) and others not otherwise obtainable (kitchen ware, uniforms for the restaurant staff, etc.). 234

TABLE NO. 4

INFLUX AND ATTENDANCES OF PERSONNEL IN THE OLYMPIC VILLAGE DIRECTIVE PERSONNEL

GENERAL ORDER PERSONNEL

EXECUTIVE PERSONNEL

TOTAL

A policeman explains the significance of the symbol of Rome, hoisted at the entrance to the Olympic Village, to a group of Philippine athletes.

The preparation of lodgings. The following provisions were made for the equipment and allocation of the lodging quarters:— — the composition and arrangement of beds according to the dimensions of the rooms available in the various appartments; 236

- the planning of operations for arrival and arrangement of furniture according to availability of time between the handing over of the appartments and the opening of the Village. Such planning entailed the drawing up beforehand of programmes to cover transport and equipment operations. The distribution of appartments for men was made to groups of ethnically related Delegations, gathered in a " quarter " or " building " of their own, according to the numerical strength of their components. Each Delegation was lodged in a " building " according to its numerical strength and, for each Delegation, one (or two) rooms were equipped for office use and one (or two) for massage rooms. Centralised showers and saunas were available in addition to the hygienic services in each appartment. The women were gathered in a single quarter completely enclosed, with one or more appartments for each single Delegation; showers and saunas separate, besides the hygienic services available in the appartments; a room equipped for massages in each building. The decision to include to Women's Section of the Village in the same area as the Men's presented no problems of any kind. We may even go further and state that this appeared the ideal solution; the women could make use as they wished of the restaurants, assembly rooms, the streets of the Village being open to all the athletes without distinction. On the other hand, it was strictly forbidden to cross the closely-guarded gates leading to the Women's Section of the Village.

The feeding of the guests. The feeding of the guests called for a series of provisions to guarantee the success of the provisioning service. These concerned the provisioning and supply of foodstuffs and the composition of the various dishes. In order to ensure the provision of foodstuffs in the necessary varieties and quantities, it was decided to compile a general list of dishes, which was then submitted for approval to all the Olympic Committees taking part in the events; to make out on the basis of this list another list of foodstuffs, with the estimated quantity of each required; after careful enquiry, to stipulate a network of contracts for supplies "according to consumption" extended to the whole of the national market and, in some cases, also to the foreign market. In order to assure the prompt supplying of foodstuffs, it was decided to organise a series of centralised depots where, if necessary, sufficient quantities of products supplied could be stored so as to provide daily replenishment for the restaurants of the quantities and varieties required by these. To guarantee that the foodstuffs provided satisfied the requirements of guests widely differing in tastes and habits, it was decided to entrust the management of the restaurants to a specialised and well-reputed firm (the Inter237

The walker, D. Thompson, having had his luggage placed in his room in the Olympic Village, is not smiling... at the photographer but the English athlete will be smiling at the finish of the 50 kms. Road Walk: a gold medaller.

238

The Russian, R. Shavlakadze, is trimming his moustache after his victory in the high jump with 2.16 metres.

national Company of Wagons-Lits), so as to benefit from its wide experience and particularly well-qualified and expert personnel; to integrate the general list of foodstuffs with the compilation of particular lists composed of absolutely typical dishes in use in the various Countries present; to include among the cuisine personnel of each type cooks recruited from the various Countries or who had come in response to a request on behalf of the Organisation to personally superintend the preparation of the most popular dishes; to stimulate the daily agreement between the Heads of Delegation and the respective Restaurant Managers in the compiling of the list of food to be served to the guests the following day. The adoption of these measures also permitted the individual athletes to choose and follow the type of diet best suited to the requirements of their particular sports, the scrupulous observance of this diet—it should be stressed— being the exclusive responsibility of the athlete and personnel of each Delegation. The preparation of the restaurants was seen to and completed on the basis of an experimental programme carried out in conjunction with a course for the training and qualifying of staff and waiters. 239

The experimental programme allowed final touches to be made to the allotments of material and equipment for each pavilion and a plan for the preparation of the remaining restaurants. Other solutions which may be termed secondary, i.e. having an accessory nature, were nevertheless absolutely indispensable for the complete functional efficiency of the Village. These requirements bore especially on the field of assistance and included hygienic health service; maintenance of order and security in the Olympic Village; the functional and pleasant living conditions in the Village under the headings of a number of particularly important living amenities of the guests (communications and transport—immediate availability of information, essential services and articles—postal, bank and telephone services—possibility for recreation and social meetings); the protocol of greeting to mark the arrival in the Village of the various national delegations. The measures taken in these fields were adapted to the particular character and nature of each and every requirement and thus the measures and services which resulted remained outside the organising and functional competence of the Management of the Olympic Village. The importance and interest assumed by the hygienic health assistance service within the framework of the Olympic Organisation led to the creation of a special Committee linked to the Medical and Scientific General Committee and composed of famous personalities in the various fields of medical and surgical science and hygiene. This Committee had the task of organising and directing all the necessary health hygiene services in each sector of Olympic activity and, therefore, also in those of the Olympic Village. In order to ensure pleasant inhabitation of the Olympic Village, a system had to be evolved—as co-ordinated and economical as possible—of qualified services to provide facilities for the guests staying within the wide limits of the area (some 13 km. of road in an area of 350,000 sq. m.). Thus arrangements were made for the acquisition of news on the availability of training venues and on the programme of events; for the effecting of bank and postal and telegraphic operations; internal communications and easy location of services (hairdresser, tailor, shoemaker), of personal articles and objects (medicaments, laundry and cleaning, newspapers) were ensured while, lastly, possibilities of meeting and entertainment were created. It was therefore decided to detach personnel and transport from other Sections of the Committee to certain offices of the Management of the Olympic Village, linking their work and integrating their activities:—personnel from the Technical Section to the Information Office, to see to news on the availability of training venues and programmes of events; personnel from the General Secretariat to the Arrivals and Departures Office, to deal with the stamping of the Olympic Cards; personnel from the Protocol Section to the Reception Sector, for anything in connection with Ceremonies for the official greeting by 240

The Olympic Village.

TABLE NO. 5

SHOPS AT THE OLYMPIC VILLAGE ARTICLES SUPPLIED

CONCESSIONARY FIRMS

Air travel Footwear and sports articles Florist Tourist services Non-alcoholic beverages Newspapers and magazines Electrical domestic appliances Men's and ladies' hairdresser Shoeblacks Typewriters Clocks and watches Philatelic assistance Photographic accessories General stores Men's and ladies' tailor

Alitalia Burdese Cardilli & Zamponi C.I.T. Coca-Cola F.I. Newspaper Editors Hoover Maestrelli & Sons Marchioni Brothers Olivetti Omega Philatelic Office Vasari Zingone Zingone alla Maddalena

TABLE NO. 6

ACTIVITY AND TIMES PHASE

TIME

ACTIVITY

Ideas. Premises. Directives. Up to June 1,959

Preliminary

Study and estimate of the requirements. Outline of the organising complex. Definitions, criteria and provisions. Various arrangements.

from June 1959 to June 1960

from June 1960 to 25 August 1960 from 25 August 1960 to 20 Sept. 1960

Planning for influx of personnel and equipment. Planning for preparation of living quarters, restaurants and services. Organic completion.

Organising

Preparation Executive Management

Effecting of plans for preparation of offices, lodgings and services. Arrival, stay and departure of guests.

241 16.

the Committee and Management of the arriving Delegations; personnel from the Press Section to the Reception Sector for the service of communiques to the Press; personnel and vehicles from the Transport Section to the Services Sector for the organisation of transport for the Management and Delegations (a jeep and scooter for each Delegation). In another pavilion, the offices for the postal and telegraphic service functioned, with personnel and transport placed at their disposal free of charge by the Ministry of Post and Telecommunications and a bank office with personnel and transport offered by the Banca Nazionale del Lavoro. A number of public offices for the sale and distribution of articles and objects of a personal nature and primary importance were placed under the jurisdicion and control of the Reception Sector. To this end shops standing under the porticoes of a number of buildings were leased out to private qualified Firms, these being managed by the concessionary Firms themselves. See table No. 5. In order to complete the picture of the various matters dealt with which will give some idea of the work carried out, the periods allowed for development of the various activities and the consistency i.e. the study, planning and implementing of the whole enterprise, must be stressed and remembered. The comparison of data will be sufficiently indicative. (Table No. 6).

Reception Sector. The organisation of the Reception Sector disposed of a " Direction " prepared for all services of reception; of an " Arrivals and Departures Office " for the settling of the habitual formalities in connection with the arrival and departure of the guests; of an " Information Office " for the collection and propagation of news useful to the guests of the Village, the Management Offices and visitors to the Village; of a " Visitors Office " for the granting of the necessary passes; of a " Social and Recreation Office " to render more comfortable and pleasant the hospitality offered to guests; and of a group of " Public Offices " for postal, telephone and bank services. The activities of the Arrivals and Departures Office consisted of explaining formalities regarding the arrival and departure of the guests; formalities which became identified with the actual framework of the Office, which was divided into three branches, i.e. reception, to welcome the guest with the customary greeting; lodging, for the complete assistance to the guest moving into and leaving his lodging on arrival or departure; book-keeping, for entering, keeping up-to-date, and communication to all other interested Offices of personal data and the numbers of guests in the Village. In practice, each arrival was communicated in advance to the Protocol Sector while each departure was preceded by notice of same in advance by 242

the Head of Mission to the Arrivals and Departures Office, followed by the help of the Olympic Village Transport Department for the accompanying of the departing persons and their luggage as far as their points of departure; each departure was concluded by the consequent variations to the " Delegation Account " and communication of the departures to the interested offices. The situation of the daily presences of guests (by names and numbers) was brought up-to-date daily by means of the mechanographic system on the

The American, Jeff Farrell, one of the strongest swimmers in the Olympic 4 × 200 metres relay, gives a haircut to the Ghana athlete, W. A. Quaye, whilst his friend E. Q. Quartey looks on amused.

243

basis of " Olympic Cards " temporarily deposited by guests and of information on the arrivals and departures of same; thus this situation was communicated to all interested Offices and Services by means of lists of names of arrivals and After having received the gold medal for the 3-metre diving, the American, Gary Tobian, signs autographs for his admirers.

TABLE NO. 7

ARRIVALS AT THE OLYMPIC VILLAGE

departures; by means of a general name index of persons present subdivided by nation and sex, in alphabetical order; by means lastly, of a summarised numerical outline of the situation, distinguished by nationality and listed in alphabetical order, of persons present from day to day and of the total presences of guests and horses from the date of opening of the Olympic Village. These operations made it necessary for the Office to operate during all twenty-four hours of the day, employing a total of 30 persons, alternating in three shifts of eight hours each. The work accomplished was considerable and the results obtained without doubt satisfactory when we consider that the movement of guests in one single day registered such impressive figures as the following peak points in the same day:—964 persons arriving and 1,487 persons departing. (Tables Nos. 7, 8, 9 and 10). 245

TABLE NO 8.

DEPARTURES FROM THE OLYMPIC VILLAGE

The Information Office. If it is true that the information compiled by certain Delegation Accounts on the persons in question was not absolutely exact this was always due to circumstances beyond their control, for example the guest who possessed an Olympic Card declaring him resident in the Olympic Village but who preferred to stay in a hotel; or a number of Missions who completely omitted to declare the departure of some of their athletes, or else compiled the appropriate forms giving notice of departure inexactly. The " Information Office " set up for the diffusion of news useful to the guests, visitors and various services of the Village, following on considerable work of preparation for the gathering, sorting and cataloguing of informative 246

TABLE NO. 9

PRESENCES OF ATHLETES IN THE OLYMPIC VILLAGE

material, was adapted during the period of functioning of the Olympic Village to the many information requirements, i.e. the following services came into being:— - information services within the Village reserved for the guests to provide further guidance in all fields of the Olympic activities with the help of eight interpreters (alternating in two shifts) and by means of informative material mainly consisting of collected news arranged by subject-matter and in alphabetical order. This work was carried out in co-operation with personnel detached from other sections (Technical Section for information of the programmes of training and events; transport section for requests for transport not already provided for); 247

TABLE NO. 10

PRESENCES (PERSONS x DAYS) OF PERSONS AND HORSES FOR EACH DELEGATION PERSONS

HORSES

DELEGATIONS PRESENCES

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43.

248

-

Afghanistan Antilles Argentine Australia Austria Bahamas Belgium Bermuda Brazil British Guiana Bulgaria Burma Canada Ceylon Chile Chinese Republic of Formosa Colombia Cuba Czechoslovakia Denmark Dutch Antilles Ethiopia Figi Finland France Germany Ghana Great Britain Greece Haiti Holland Hong Kong Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Irak Iran Ireland Israel Italy Japan Kenya

383 369 2,663 5,536 1,765 484 1,929 122 2,412 302 2,339 419 2,506 194

GUESTS

43

PRESENCES

288 108 9 44 192 85 96

334 1,661 454 291 2,497 2,238 114 462 104 2,305 4,278 6,827 628 5,286 1,171 40 2,881 115 4,128 230 1,500 1,291 728 1,043 1,007 838 7,515 6,014 860

48 61

140 146 165

78

118

407

36 100

GUESTS

PERSONS

HORSES

DELEGATIONS PRESENCES

44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. 81. 82. 83. 84. 85.

-

Korea Lebanon Liberia Liechtenstein Luxemburg Malaya. Malta Mexico Monaco Morocco New Zealand Nigeria Norway Pakistan Panama Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Puerto Rico Rhodesia Rumania San Marino Singapore Somalia (did not participate in the Games) - South Africa - Spain - Sudan - Surinam - Sweden - Switzerland - Thailand - Tunisia - Turkey - Uganda - United Arab Republic - U.S.A. - U.S.S.R. - Uruguay - Venezuela - Viet-Nam - Yugoslavia F.I.B.A. TOTALS

GUESTS

1,928 429 311 141 814 410 362 2,033 357 1,869 1,391 531 858 1,669 183 599 1,669 3,429 1,669 531 601 3.922 294 224 125 2,169 3,561 376 33 2,393 2,647 725 1,419 1,852 332 2,654 9,327 9,956 1,350 1,353 138 2,176

PRESENCES

GUESTS

84

19

176 172

380

297

24

200 130

13

300 208 406 402 140

3 146,739

811

4,628

13

249

- information service for outside the Village, reserved for the public and especially for visitors to the Village—this functioned by means of interpreters and informative material on the Olympic Village; - communiques and bulletins service set up for the publication among the guests of official news and news on certain aspects of life in the Village. Communiques and bulletins (three weekly publication) were stencilled in three different languages (French, English and Italian). TABLE NO. 11

VISITS BY THE PUBLIC TO THE OLYMPIC VILLAGE

250

A copying service was also set up for the translation into the official languages and the reproduction in copies of official communiqués, for internal circulars and for the printing of posters, and the compiling of cards and passes. A centre for collecting and distributing the communiques and various compilations saw to the distribution of all informative and propaganda material. Thirty persons, for the distribution and delivery of communiqués or particularly urgent packets, were used for this service. A special information service on the telephone numbers of the Village was rendered necessary by the fact that the telephone network of the Village was directly inserted into the urban network of the Italian Telephone Service. This service was carried out by military telephonist-interpreters who worked in shifts, thus assuring a constant 24-hour service. The absolute necessity of organising the large numbers of people who all had some reason or right to enter the Village itself led to the organisation of a Visitors Office. This office, located in the entrance pavilion, provided for the release of passes after due compilation of the appropriate form and the deposit of an identification document from the applicant. Free entrance was allowed to all those holding an Olympic Card, who were issued with permanent cards. The total number of passes issued reached a total of 34,906, of which 8,577 for the press, 26,329 to the general public, with a peak of 1,847 passes issued in the single day of 4th August. (Table No. 11). Particular care was devoted to the activities of the Social and Recreation Office. Its policy was to try and create an atmosphere of relaxation and entertainment for the guests who had decided to spend their free time in the Village. One of the main tasks of this Section was the organisation of a large meeting-room where non-alcoholic beverages, ice-creams and sweetmeats could be obtained. It was furnished with armchairs and small tables and contained a record-player. In addition to this, some 80 television sets were installed in the porticoes of the buildings, and 1,000 armchairs and ten table-tennis tables were provided. Lastly, programmes were drawn up for evening cinema sessions as well as various other entertainments and programmes of music and songs. Television and cinema programmes were especially popular with the guests. It should be noted that the open-air cinema in the Village showed 50 consecutive hours of programming with a total of 33 evening shows and a total audience of 24,000 persons, with a maximum evening attendance of over 1,000 spectators.

Lodging Sector. The organisation of the Lodging Sector was composed of:—Management of Sector dealing with all lodging services; ten Services of Quarters, each corresponding to a definite group of buildings (a Quarter) for the lodging of the 251

guests of the two Sections of the Village and the personnel of the services; two Branches (at Villa Glori and Pratoni del Vivaro) for the lodging (in stables) of the horses entered for the equestrian events and for the accommodation (through lodging services) of their respective personnel; a centralised service for the washing of sheets and towels and for the constant supply of articles of general consumption. The preparation and distribution of buildings was carried out on the principle of keeping the guests grouped together within their own Delegations; of grouping the Delegations as far as possible according to their ethnic affinities;

A writing room for the athlete guests of the Olympic Village.

setting aside for the individual national groups a number of beds and of general purpose rooms (representation offices and massage rooms for the Delegations—offices and stores for the lodging services) in accordance with the numerical strength of each of these and contained within the limits of one or more buildings of the same quarter (groups of ethnically related Delegations). In view of the necessities of the personnel of the Management of the Olympic Village it was decided to divide the buildings into 8 quarters for the Men's Section of the Village, 1 quarter for the Women's Section and 1 quarter for services, each of these including a varying number of buildings and thus of appartments and rooms. Each quarter was provided with its own lodging service whose size depended on the number of buildings included in the corresponding quarter. On the assumption that the buildings were composed of appartments with receptive capacity varying from 2 to 5 rooms and from 1 to 2 bathrooms (besides kitchen) and that each bedroom took at least one or two beds (three in exceptional cases), the equipment of the buildings was undertaken with materials as indicated in Table No. 12. This material served to equip a total of:—7,594 beds, 184 rooms for use as offices and 146 as massage rooms in the Men's Section of the Village; 921 beds, 248 bathrooms, 27 rooms for use as offices in the Women's Section; 1,634 beds, 25 rooms for office and other use in the Services Quarter; 181 beds in detached sections. (Table No. 13). The work undertaken by the Sector responsible for the furnishing of accommodation was particularly noteworthy. It was a question of obtaining, organising the influx and placing in 7,683 variously located rooms (4,723 normal rooms and 2,960 service rooms) of a total of 1,500 tons of varied material with a volume of over 20,000 cubic metres in a period of time slightly in excess of forty days. The undertaking was completed thanks to a very careful plan of preparation, which included control of transport and the actual placing of furniture into the respective appartments, but above all because of the enthusiasm and steadfast sense of duty on the part of the personnel of the Sector. The functioning of the services of the quarters was ensured by 842 persons who included:—10 Heads of Quarter, 29 Heads of buildings; 30 storekeepers, 21 assistant store-keepers and 12 employees; 108 lady housekeepers and 550 women cleaners. (Table No. 14). The choice of suitable personnel for duties of a somewhat delicate nature such as Head of Quarter, Head of Building and storekeepers naturally fell on military personnel, whilst choice was made from school services personnel, kindly placed at disposal by the City Administration, for the linen-room duties. 253

TABLE NO. 12

THE FURNISHING OF LODGINGS MATERIAL

FOR LODGINGS Cupboard

4,806

Drying racks

970

Vacuum cleaner

110

Clothes hangers

3,783

Plastic container

MATERIAL

QUANTITY

QUANTITY

Mirror with bracket

4,932

Table

6,570

Small tables

161

VARIOUS SERVICES Lorries

66

200

Cars

5

Blanket

6,454

Jeep

105

Bed cover

8,048

Motor-scooter

100

Bed table

3,134

Motor-scooter rickshaw

Table cover Bookcase Pillow-case Ironing iron

70 100 21,610 344

10

Motorcycle

3

Alfa Romeo car

2

Horse-van

16

Special mobile crane

3 7

Woollen pillows

10,116

Special trailers

Clothes hanger

22,672

Telephones

584

291

Radio receiving sets

150

Sheets

45,638

Waste-paper baskets

1,505

Bed

10,389

Caps for servants

2,004

Drying cloths

7,075

Washing machines

Polisher Table lamps Sewing machine Woollen mattress

24 4,183 27

Gowns for servants Lavatory paper rolls

71 20,000

10,708

Aprons

4,317

Bench

517

Jackets

2,312

Arm-chair

111

Typewriter

Refrigerator Electric razors Bedside carpets Chair Luggage carrier Desk Book racks Stools W.C. brushes

254

149

64

Ash-trays

2,150

296

Key-rings

4,364

3,078

Trousers

710

Dust collectors

46

3,132

Racks

41

6

Cloths

1,500

10,276

127 12,616 1,774

Clothes brush

52

Dustbin

91

Plastic bag

9,600

MATERIAL

Glass covers Massage tables

MATERIAL

QUANTITY

7,000 150

Saucepans

QUANTITY

229

Sieves

51

Ping-pong tables

10

Bread-baskets

90

Key holder boards

57

Cutlery boxes

62

Television sets

70

Coffee pots

107

378

Fruit forks

7,500

Forks

7,502

Ventilator

FOR RESTAURANTS Refrigerator stores

40

Gas boilers

20

Cold plate bench

100

Steam cooker benches

60

" Elco „ gas cookers

10

" Elco gas cooker mod. 5 & 1

10

Refrigerated container

160

Fruit juice containers

40

Iced water fountains

20

Ice cream refrigerator

20

Automatic washing machine

10

Sink Mincer, grater and vegetable slicer machine Potato peeler machine Kitchen table

110

Meat hook Grater

11

Toasters

15

Funnel

24

Salad bowls

120

Ladle

130

Axe

10

Oil-cruet

218

Frying pans

134

Soup sieves

31

Potato peeler

40

Kitchen shovel

50

Pots 10

Plates

10

Egg-cups

160

400

110 35,310 500

Flour sieve

41

Glasses

29,002

Bone saw

11

Bowls

4,000

Skimmer

80

Basins

76

Spatula

10

Ferton bath

43

Salt cellar

605

Water basin

493

Trencher

100

White bags

610

Baking-pan

220

Weighing-machine Cooks headgear Meal trolley

12 242 55

Pan Cup and saucer Paper napkins

37 6,000 2,020,800

Knives

7,583

Tablecloths, cotton

1,100

Coffee spoons

8,000

Cotton napkins

6,000

Spoons

7,506

Resin tray

5,000

255

The assignment of Duties. In order to give a clear idea of the functioning of the Quarter services and to demonstrate the sense of responsibility that guided the Organisers in setting up services of this kind, it has been decided to outline the duties of each person and to point out the particular requisites called for. The Head of Quarter, a senior Army officer with a knowledge of the language spoken by the guests of his quarter, was responsible for keeping up courteous and friendly contacts with the Heads of Missions and all guests, providing all information in connection with the internal organisation of the Village, the Games and events of a cultural, artistic and folkloristic nature taking place in occasion of the Olympic Games. He had to welcome Heads of Missions and athletes on their arrival and accompany them to the premises

Past and present glories of athletics; the unforgettable Owens, protagonist in the 1936 Olympic Games, during a visit to the Olympic Village attempts, for fun, to beat the German, Armin Hary, at a spurt.

TABLE NO. 13

BEDS PREPARED FOR MEN

BEDS

PREPARED

QUARTER

MAXIMUM SERIAL

No.

DELEGATIONS

GUESTS

NUMBER PRESENT TOGETHER

I

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

Antilles Argentine Brazil Chile Colombia Cuba Dutch Antilles Ethiopia Haiti Mexico Philippines Peru Portugal Puerto Rico Spain Sudan Uruguay Venezuela TOTAL

II

19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29

Afghanistan Bermuda Burma Ceylon Figi Ghana India Indonesia Irak Iran Kenya

for service personnel

for guests

20

18

20

137

111

147

100

95

105

10

10

13

27

23

28

12

10

12

6

6

7

14

14

18

2

2

6

90

90

99

45

44

59

48

42

50

68

68

80

35

33

38

188

183

210

20

20

24

53

49

65

47

47

55

922

865

16

16

23

15

11

12

15

16

23

7

7

8

16

1,052

4

4

6

11

11

16

76

66

90

76 32

66

90

32

37

36

36

50

33

33

41

257 17.

QUARTER

BEDS PREPARED MAXIMUM SERIAL

DELEGATIONS

No.

31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44

Korea Lebanon Liberia Malaya Morocco Nigeria Pakistan Rep. of China - Formosa Somalia Thailand Tunisia Turkey U.A.R. Uganda Viet Nam TOTAL

45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54

Australia Denmark Finland Holland Iceland Ireland New Zealand Norway Surinam Sweden TOTAL

IV

55 56 57

Greece Italy Japan TOTAL

258

NUMBER PRESENT TOGETHER

30

III

GUESTS

for service personnel

for guests

65

63

75

22

22

27

9

9

13

17

17

22

80

78

100

19

19

25

61

61

76

59

58

66

5

5

6

38

38

53

67

65

75

82

72

96

106

100

140

15

15

16

7

7

11

931

893

190

171

16

1,168

205

139

115

152

139

120

152

111

108

124

13

13

14

62

55

65 40 52

38

38

49 3

43 3

4

130

117

145

874

783

16

969

51

49

62

343

370

206

299 202

600

550

12

224 668

QUARTER

BEDS PREPARED

V

MAXIMUM SERIAL

No.

DELEGATIONS

TOGETHER

58 59

Hungary Yugoslavia

60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67

British Guinea Bulgaria Czechoslovakia Liechtenstein Poland Rumania Switzerland U.S.S.R. TOTAL

VII

68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78

Bahamas Canada Great Britain Hong Kong Israel Malta Panama Rhodesia Singapore South Africa U.S.A. TOTAL

VIII

NUMBER PRESENT

TOTAL

IV

GUESTS

79 80 81 82 83 84 85

Austria Belgium France Germany Luxemburg Monaco San Marino TOTAL

203 139

189 138

342

327

8 157 134 10 233 143 187 366

8 128 130 10 215 141 137 259

1,238

1,128

3 104 254 5 44 12 5 13 5 63 333

3 88 230 5 42 12 5 9 5 63 312

841

774

110 125 259 356 59 15 14

110 113 213 302 48 15 14

938

815

for service personnel

for guests

5

260 171 436

9 175 150 12 250 159 197 376

16

1,344

4 116 270 6 51 13 6 15 6 73 370

16

946

118 135 270 375 62 20 15

16

1,011

250

The youngest guest in the Olympic Village: the Rumanian cox, Roger Mircea, has the day off... adequately escorted.

260

BEDS PREPARED IN QUARTER IX RESERVED FOR WOMEN BEDS PREPARED MAXIMUM SERIAL

DELEGATIONS

NUMBER

GUESTS

No.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

Antilles Argentine Australia Austria Belgium Brazil British Guinea Bulgaria Canada Chile Chinese Republic - Formosa Cuba Czechoslovakia Denmark Finland France Germany Ghana Great Britain Holland Hong Kong Hungary Iceland Indonesia Ireland Israel Italy Japan Korea Luxemburg Mexico New Zealand Panama Philippines Poland Portugal

2

PRESENT

for

for service

TOGETHER

guests

personnel

2

2

1

1

1

34

34

45

23

23

34

8

8

8

1

1

1

3

3

3

13

13

12

12

19 12

1

1

1

4

4

4

2

2

2

15

15

21

13

13

24

11

11

12

28

28

40

60

60

82

2

2

2

49

47

60

35

35

46

2

2

2

3

3

3

1

1

1

2

2

2

2

2

2

6

6

6

43

43

44

24 1

24

36

1

1

6

6

6

7

7

7

5

5

6

5

5

5

7

7

7

25

25

36

7

6

7

32

261

BEDS PREPARED MAXIMUM SERIAL

DELEGATIONS

GUESTS

No.

NUMBER PRESENT

for

for service

TOGETHER

guests

personnel

37

Puerto Rico

1

1

1

38

Rhodesia

6

6

6

39

Rumania

23

23

34

40

San Marino

1

1

1

41

South Africa

2

2

2

42

Spain

14

14

15

43

Sweden

20

20

22

44

Switzerland

3

3

3

45

Turkey

3

3

3

46

U.S.A.

63

63

75

47

U.S.S.R.

64

64

64

48

Venezuela

6

6

6

49

Yugoslavia

10

10

10

50

Various guests

8

8

8

715

712

TOTAL

921

allocated to them, see that his quarter functioned properly, supervise the work performed by his subordinates, inform the Heads of Reception, Administration and Lodging Sectors daily on the number of guests and staff present and bid farewell to Heads of Missions on their departure from the Village. Furthermore, he had to keep a daily register of guests present; find solutions to all possible requests made by Heads of Missions, referring matters to the Directorate of the Olympic Village only when he was unable to solve them himself and, finally, immediately report to his Head of Sector any incident, however slight, that might have taken place. The Head of Building, a junior Army officer, was responsible for meeting the Heads of Missions on their arrival and accompanying them to their respective premises; keeping a daily record of the number of guests, signing appropriate reports to be sent out to various offices; superintending the activities of the service personnel assigned to him and working out routine timetables; immediately reporting the slightest incident to his Head of Quarter; requesting the Services Sector for any help required from the maintenance team, 262

TABLE NO. 14

ORGANISATIONAL CHART OF QUARTER SERVICES

QUARTER

NUMBER OF BUILDINGS

BEDS

WOMEN CLEANERS AND SERVANTS

HEAD OF QUARTER

HEAD OF BUILDING

EMPLOYEES

1

3

6

58

12

HOUSEKEEPERS

I

3

1,052

II

3

1,168

1

3

6

58

12

3

6

58

12

III

3

969

1

IV

2

668

1

2

4

46

8

V

1

436

1

1

2

34

4

3

6

58

12

VI

3

1,344

1

VII

3

946

1

3

6

58

12

VIII

3

1,011

1

3

6

58

12

IX (a)

3

921

1

5

14

110

12

X (b)

2

1,634

1

2

4

60

11

Detached

1

181

—

1

3

47

2

27

10,330

10

29

63

645

109

TOTAL (a) Women's quarter. (b) Services quarter.

reporting to the Services Sector by signed reports of all cleaning personnel in his building and bidding farewell to Heads of Mission on their departure from the Olympic Village. The storekeeper had the duty of giving his full cooperation to the Head of Building and replacing him during his absence; checking daily on the number of guests present; compiling the report on the number of guests present; assisting the Head of Building in taking over both the premises and material therein; controlling the work of the housekeeper and cleaning personnel; keeping a check on the distribution of the material handed over to him and generally assisting the guests in his building in whatever ways were considered necessary. The assistant storekeeper acted as substitute to the storekeeper during his absence; checked on the changing of linen and the functioning of the service and installations, saw to regular changing of sheets; organised the withdrawal and return of the athletes' personal washing. He was furthermore responsible for all materials in store; kept an up-to-date record of material belonging to the Armed Forces as well as the property of the various firms 263

Entrance to the Women's Village, suitably protected; thus the quarter reserved to the female athletes' world functioned independently both for accommodation as well as for amenities.

and a check on the bed linen in reserve in case of unexpected requirements which also had to be taken into consideration. The housekeepers, four in number per building, worked in two shifts from 7 a.m. to 14.30 and from 14.00 to 21.30 hrs each day. They helped the storekeeper in storing material and keeping order in the storeroom premises; took charge of the building's linen, sheets and other consumable material; prepared beds in the case of unexpected arrivals and were at the general disposal of the guests for small mending, the removal of stains and sewing on of buttons etc. as well as the ironing of clothes only. The room personnel, who came from private organisations especially in the case of cleaning services, were entrusted with keeping offices and accommodation premises tidy; the internal cleaning of kitchens, bathrooms, floors, stairs and balconies; replacing consumable material (toilet paper, disinfectants, deodorants); the cleaning of windows, fixed assets, furniture and bric-a-brac and the making of beds and replacement of bed linen. 264

TABLE NO. 15

STANDARD PLAN OF A RESTAURANT

In order to carry out their tasks, the Heads of Quarter and Heads of Buildings had suitably furnished premises in the building which were used as office and lodging; storekeepers and housekeepers had premises as stores at their disposal whilst the room personnel made use of dressing-rooms situated in the 265

Services Quarter where they changed into uniform, thereafter being posted to the various buildings in accordance with a pre-arranged plan of allocation. The Accommodation Section attended to the organisation of the Villa Glori and Pratoni del Vivaro sectors for arrangements in connection with the stabling of horses entered for the equestrian events and lodging of the personnel in charge of the horses. The Villa Glori complex, which comprised seven buildings, having been suitably furnished, was able to accommodate some 100 to 150 grooms as well as making use of other premises as offices, stores and forage stores. The organisation of displacements was attended to by the Displacements Section which consisted of military personnel and comprised:—a Head of Displacements, a Head of Quarter, a veterinary officer, a warrant-officer farrier, a warrant-officer storekeeper and 4 soldiers. The Pratoni del Vivaro complex, where the " Dressage " and " Endurance " tests of the Equestrian Event were held, consisted of six groups of buildings set up especially for the purpose. In two of these, 120 beds were available as well as offices, stores, saddle store and other accommodation services. The other four were used as stables with a capacity of some 120 horses. Special arrangements made with local enterprises made it possible for this displacement to be autonomous as regards food for the personnel (the displacement staff, grooms and athletes participating in the competitions), forage for the horses, the removal of horse dung from the stables and the repair of saddles. Apart from managing the stock of material for furnishing the buildings and offices, the Accommodation Sector carried out other tasks which, although accessory, called for arrangements and measures of a certain importance in view of the considerable amount of consequent work. This was mainly composed of services for the cleaning of bed linen and towels and the replenishing of consumable materials. For the entire period of functioning of the Olympic Village a total of 60,140 sheets, 23,609 pillow-cases and 8,111 bedspreads were changed for some 7,000 beds in all. The replenishing of consumable materials in the lodgings i.e. toilet paper, soap, toothpaste and other toilet products was effected by the Administration Section at such times as to pass unnoticed by the guests. During the entire period of functioning of the Olympic Village the following quantities were distributed in the buildings:—20,000 rolls of toilet paper, 11,520 tins of shoe whitener, 5,000 tablets of soap, 5,000 tubes of toothpaste, 1,000 litres of liquid deodorant besides other consumable material of lesser interest. 266

The Provisioning Sector. The functioning of the Provisioning services was assured by an appropriate Management for the Sector and whose main task was that of co-ordinating the various services made responsible to offices under its jurisdiction:—the statistics and reports offices for the registration of goods consumed and the persons present and the checking of replenishments, the kitchens, the feeding halls and hygiene; the restaurant and food stores management offices which were entrusted to the International Company of Wagons-Lit on the one hand (restaurants) and the Italian Federation of Agricultural Consortiums on the other (food stores). Each of the ten restaurants was equipped with fixed installations, comprising a refrigerating and chilling unit (provided by the Stanzani & Co.) used to store edible provisions (with a constant room temperature of 0° to 10° C.) and capacity of 120 sq. m.; with a larder (also provided by Stanzani & Co.) chilled for conservation of meat and fish and for the preparation of certain dishes (constant room temperature adjustable right up to 15° C), capacity 74 sq. m.; with a whole range of kitchen equipment for the needs of the various sections, provided by the firm of Zoppas, i.e. cafeteria, washing of vegetables, cooking of dishes, washing of saucepans, crockery and glasses, cold dishes service, distribution service with 10 chilled shelves, 6 steam cookers, hot chambers, 4 shelves for dishes and 2 sliding trays. The mobile fittings for kitchen and restaurant allowed the maximum number of diners to be served in each restaurant in a two-hour session by means of the " self-service " system. Each restaurant, in addition, disposed of equipment for cool and iced drinks, in the form of refrigerating units provided by Zoppas (from four to six) with a total capacity of 6,000 litres; refrigerators for small bottles provided by Coca-Cola, 16 in number and with a total capacity of 9.60 cu. m.; two refrigerators for ice-creams supplied by Motta & Co. with a capacity of 3 cu. m. for 1,000 bars; four fruit juice distributors with a total capacity of 60 litres; two small iced-water fountains (provided by the FIAT company). The placing of this equipment in each of the 20 canteen rooms is shown in the graph contained in Table No. 15 together with the lay-out of the tables. The preparation and initial functioning of the restaurants was governed by the numbers of guests present and the consequent needs, in as short a time as possible and according to a detailed plan of preparation. By the 25th July (the date of the Opening of the Village) 4 restaurants were functioning and, of these, one had been in operation from 20th May onwards for the training of 120 assistants and 240 waiters recruited by the E.N. A.L.C. (Hotel Training Association). The further 6 restaurants were prepared and entered into operation between 28th July and 7th August, at the rate of one every two days. 267

Cordial conversation during moments of rest.

268

Preparations called for the utilisation of 60 men for a total of 180 working days; of 40 vans for transporting goods from general stores to restaurants; and of 20 visits by the disinfection team. The functioning of services was assured in each restaurant by personnel trained and specialised in the different branches. A " Head of Pavilion " carried out the task of overseeing and co-ordinating the service of the various sections, to see to administrative questions, and to account for all provisions as they were unloaded. The Head of the Room was encharged with the task of collaborating in inspection, direction of service in the room and distribution to the self-service of hot dishes and organisation of the shifts of the waiters. Lastly, the Head of Larder was responsible for all goods in store and had the task of gathering together each evening orders from the kitchen, attending to the preparation of breakfast and directing his personnel to lay out the cold snack bar. For the cleaning of the restaurants and area surrounding the pavilions workmen were employed in eight-hour shifts, i.e. from 5 to 13 hrs; from 11 to 19 hrs; from 17 to 01 hrs. (Table No. 16). During the period of maximum movement (28th August-6th September) the number of kitchen-boys, waiters and assistants had to be increased (to 120 persons in all) in the most popular restaurants.

Not even a hairdresser is lacking; here are a few athletes being attended to by the able hands of an expert.

269

TABLE NO. 16

ORGANISATION OF EACH OF THE TEN RESTAURANTS STAFF

TOTALS

FUNCTION Restaurant

Kitchen

Larder

Cleaning

Head of Pavilion

1

1

Head of Restaurant

2

2

24

24

6

6

Waiters Kitchen-boys Head Cook

1

1

Heads of Section

5

5

12

12

Porters

5

5

Dishwashers

2

2

Parlour-maids

2

2

Butcher

1

1

Assistants

Head Storekeeper

1

1

Storekeepers

5

5

Head coffee-maker

1

1

Coffee-makers

4

4

Manual workers TOTALS

33

28

11

3

3

3

75

In order to satisfy the various food requirements of the different Delegations, these were divided off into nine groups, according to racial and dietetical similarities and each group was assigned a separate restaurant. In addition, a " general menu " of dishes consisting of items of widely differing appeal was compiled to meet the needs of an international community, while each of the nine restaurants were provided with " special menus " containing more typical dishes of the countries in question. (Tables Nos. 17, 18 and 19). So as to avoid the possible inconvenience caused by a misunderstanding between Head of Delegation and Head of Pavilion on the pre-arrangement of the " daily menu ", the following measures were taken daily in all kitchens for the use of the general menu of dishes, i.e. foods classed as breakfast dishes were available daily as well as hors-d'oeuvre and cold buffet, fruit juices, cheeses, beverages. Two or three different dishes were prepared each day, for the items falling under the categories of vegetables and cream of vegetables soups, thick and clear coups, fish, meat vegetables, sweets. 270

TABLE NO. 17

ALLOTMENT OF RESTAURANTS PER GROUPS OF DELEGATIONS 1

2

3

4

5

NORTH AMERICA BRITISH ISLES

LATIN AMERICA IBERIA

GERMAN SPEAKING NATIONS

EASTERN EUROPE

SCANDINAVIA POLAND

Great Britain Ireland

313 80

Argentina Mexico Spain Uruguay

113 302

Austria Switzerland

411

393 Canada U.S.A.

138 70 115 88

Brazil Chile Colombia Cuba Panama Peru Portugal Puerto Rico Venezuela

114 50 31 47 15 9 78 20 51

Germany Liechtenstein

159 225

Czechoslovakia 143 U.S.R.R. 259

384

402

322 7

Hungary Rumania

257 170

Denmark Norway Sweden

120 93 185

398 Finland Iceland Poland

159 16 269

415

415

329

427

444

808

826

713

829

842

6

7

8

9

10

CENTRAL AND WESTERN EUROPE

INTERNATIONAL

MEDITER. NATIONS BALKANS

COMMONWEALTH AFRICA

ASIA

Belgium France

299 140

Destined for guests arriving late or for those engaged in sports activities outside Rome.

Greece Italy Lebanon Tunisia

118 77 68 8

Antilles Australia Bermuda Dutch Antilles Ethiopia Kenya New Zealand Rhodesia South Africa Uganda

Bulgaria Turkey Yugoslavia

123 99 227

15 130 11 7 39 20 60 13 70 19

Afghanistan Burma Borneo Ceylon India Korea Pakistan Philippines Singapore Thailand Viet Nam

Ghana Irak Iran Liberia Morocco Nigeria U.A.R.

16 23 46 17 41 39 164

15 11 9 34 71 56 77 38 49 17 25 402

384

471

439 Holland Israel Luxemburg Monaco

37 333 33 68

China Figi Hong Kong Japan Indonesia Malaya

63 3 8 224 47 46

271

449

346

391

710

920

730

793

271

TABLE NO. 18

THE MENU LIST PETIT DEJEUNER

POISSONS.

Lait – Chocolat – Thé – Café – Nescafé – Nescafé décaféiné – Ovomaltine – Beurre – Toast – Petits pains au beurre – Brioches – Croissants – Miel – Marmelades – Confitures d'orange – Fruits divers – Porridge – Corn Flakes – Yogourt – Jus de fruits et de tomates – Pamplemousse – Fruits – Compotes – Oeufs – Bacon – Jambon – Filets de harengs – Saumon – Haddock (aiglefin fumé) – Rollmops – Croquettes de poisson – Fromage – Viandes froides – Haricots.

Dental – Ombrine – Sole – Turbot – Bar – Truite – Langouste – Cabillaud – Mulet – Cre– vettes – Calmars – etc.

HORS–D'OEUVRE ET BUFFET FROID.

Jambon de Parme – Jambon de Modène – Jambon fumé – Saucisson – Galantine – Langue – Langue fumée – Pâtés – Terrines – Oeufs: durs, mollets, pochés – Thon – Sardines – Saumon fumé – Salades mixtes – Salades de poisson – Olives – Champignons et coeurs d'artichauts confits – Cor– nichons – Concombres – Anchois – Tomates – Poivrons – Aubergines – Salade de poulet – Roast– beef – Noix de veau – Poulet – Agneau – Dindon – Riz au lait – Salade de riz – Salades de saison crues et cuites. SAUCES.

Mayonnaise – Tartare – Griniche – Menthe – Chutney – Suédoise – Savora – Moutarde – Worcester – Piccalilly – Ketchup – Chili – Horse radish – Mixed pickles. FARINEUX – POTAGES – CRÈMES – CONSOMMÉS – SOUPES.

Pâtes (farine de blé de lère qualité): « macca– roni » de différentes formes assaisonnées comme suit: au beurre et parmesan – aux tomates fraîches – au jus de viande – a la bolonaise – à la crème – au gratin – en timbale – etc. Gnocchi (petites quenelles de semoule). Riz: Pilaf nature ou garni – Créole – Risotto – en timbale – Croquettes. Potages: de légumes frais ou secs – de semoule – etc. Crèmes: Volaille – Riz – Tomates – Avoine – Orge – Haricots – Lentilles – Petits pois – etc. Consommés: Chauds ou froids – au tapioca – au riz – aux pâtes – etc. Soupes: à l'italienne, au riz ou aux pâtes – Minestrone – etc. Bouillons de légumes.

272

VIANDES.

Boeuf: Roastbeef – Grillé – Braisé – Bouilli – Carbonnade – Fricassé – Filets tartare – Pau– piettes – Goulasch à la hongroise – Biftecks. Veau: Rôti – Grillé – Bouilli – Escalopes – Blan– quette – Curry – Pojarski – Paupiettes – Sauté de veau à la hongroise. Mouton: Rôti – Grillé – Braisé – A l'irlandaise – A l'écossaise – Au curry – Ragoût. Agneau: Rôti – Grillé – Blanquette – Au curry – Sauté d'agneau – Ballotine d'agneau – A la romaine. Poulet: Rôti – Grillé – Braisé – Farci – Fricassé – Au vin blanc – Curry. Gibier: Rôti – Grillé – Farci – Sauté. Pigeon: Rôti – Grillé – Farci – Sauté. Canard: Rôti – Farci – A l'orange. Lapin. Jambon cuit et Langue au Madère. LÉGUMES.

Frais: Pommes de terre – Tomates – Courgettes – Aubergines – Carottes – Champignons – Chou rouge – Céleri – Epinards – Bettes – Poivrons – Haricots verts – Haricots frais – Laitue – Chou – Betteraves – Concombres – Oignons – Artichauts. Secs: Haricots – Lentilles – Pois – Pois chiches – etc. FRUITS.

Pcches – Poires – Raisin – Reinettes – Oranges – Prunes – Melon – Abricots – Pamplemousses – Pastèque – Bananes – Fruits secs. DESSERTS.

Glaces au choix aromatisées – Tartes aux fruits – Strüdel – Gâteaux divers – Fraises. FROMAGES.

Gruyère – Chester – Gorgonzola – Bel Paese – Parmesan – Mozzarella (fromage frais) – Mozza– rella fumée – Laitages frais – Hollande – Yogourt – Provolone doux ou piquant – Stracchino – Ca– ciotta (fromage fabriqué dans la région de Rome ou en Toscane). BOISSONS.

Eaux Minérales (gazeuses ou non) – Orangeades – Coca-Cola – Jus de fruits – Lait – Thé – Café – Chocolat – etc.

The athletes engaged outside the Village at meal times could, on request, obtain picnic lunches which were available on the spot. Over three thousand picnic lunches were prepared during the entire period. TABLE NO. 19

MEAL TIMES IN THE TEN RESTAURANTS BEFORE AND AFTER THE GAMES

RESTAURANTS

MEALS

Breakfast Normal (Nos. 1 to 9)

to

7

9

total hrs. daily

2

from

6

to

total hrs. daily

9.30

3.30

Lunch

11.30

14

2.30

11

15

4

Dinner

19

21

2

18

23.30

5.30

9

11

2

10.30

1

Lunch

14

15

1

15

16

1

Dinner

21

22

1

24

3

3

Breakfast International (No. 10)

from

DURING THE GAMES (*)

TOTAL HRS.

10.30

9.30

18

TOTAL HRS.

(*) Times at which athletes could freely eat meals: 6

7

8

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

1

2

3

times

The Restaurant services. The international restaurant also served as a refreshment centre for all guests, who showed their approval of this initiative by making full use of this facility. During the whole period of its functioning this restaurant distributed approximately 20 thousand meals, plus a very large number of sandwiches, fruit, fruit juices, and beverages. In the canteen restaurants a sort of " self-service " was set up and so arranged that the guest, on entering could at once see the " daily menu " displayed on a large board placed above the distribution counter. Proceeding from one end to the other of the " self-service " counter he could pick up the following: tray, crockery and cutlery, hors d'oeuvre, cold dishes, hot dishes, fruit, and sweets. Then, from a second counter placed in the centre of the room, he could help himself to sauces, various condiments, 273 18.

The German, Heidi Schmid, after having won the gold medal in the individual foils, gaily dresses up in the Mexican poncho given to her by the Mexican, Roldan.

fruit juices, bread, etc. Before sitting down the guest could take his choice of beverages (mineral water, orangeade, coca-cola, etc.) directly from the various refrigerators set out along the walls of the room. The tables (with six places per table) were laid by the waiters with the following only: carafes of water, glasses, and napkins. No limitation was set on the guest who could serve himself time and again with whatever dishes he fancied. The waiters saw to the cleaning of the tables (changing of dirty trays, crockery, and glasses). The right of using the canteen was limited to guests of the Village officially registered by the Reception Office as they entered the Olympic Village and thus furnished with an Olympic Card with the words " Olympic Village " stamped across it. Each Delegation, however, could invite guests to the Olympic Village canteen, on the condition that the Delegation in question had provided its guests with a special " meal ticket " on sale directly from the Village Bank or from the Head of Pavilion. The guests of the Village were not subjected to special formalities in order to enjoy the canteen services. The restaurants of the Village were considered as part of their home and it was the desire of the Organizing Committee that they should make use of the canteen at will, as if in their own homes. 274

Naturally, the Olympic Village possessed its own shops: Here you see souvenirs and various articles for women.

However, to ensure order, a discrete watch was kept on proceedings by the Head of Pavilion, restaurant superintendents and Heads of Buildings. A clearer idea may be obtained of this service if we consider that in all 640,323 meals, chosen from at least 30 daily menus (three per restaurant), were served, with daily variations but with an average content of: mixed hors d'oeuvre, thick soup, three to four meat or fish dishes, sweet, ice-cream, fruit, coffee, and various beverages. To these figures must be added the distributions made by the international restaurant which, as mentioned above, also ran a refreshments service.

45,495 Work days. The service in all restaurants entailed an activity equal to 45,495 workdays on the part of the staff. In order to ensure the arrival in good time of foodstuffs of the quality and in the quantities necessary for the daily working of the restaurants, a network of supplies by means of stipulating " contracts 275

on consumption " were set up, this constituting a centralised depot for a determined quantity of all types of foodstuffs necessary for the preparation of dishes appearing on the " general " and " special " menus. The daily supplying of provisions from the centralised depot to the individual restaurants was made on the basis of specific requests. The depot was run by a director, an accountant, two assistant accountants, a chief storekeeper, 36 manual workers for loading and sorting provisions, a storekeeper, and a butcher. The technical management was in charge of an expert from the Provisioning Offices situated near the stores. The transportation of all provisions necessitated the use of 1 motor van and 6 medium-sized lorries with drivers for the requirements of the internal stores, 3 refrigerating lorries with drivers for the outside depot (refrigeration units), whilst for the refrigeration depot the following were necessary: 12 goods hoists, 300 metres of shelving, 12 scales and other accessories. Each restaurant when it began to function was equipped with a " reserve larder " comprising various types and quantities of foodstuffs. The stores of the central depot were equipped with 5 supply points, each for the exclusive use of two restaurants. The daily cycle of supply operations began at mid-day each day with the notification from the Statistics Office to the Restaurant Section of the number of guests present the previous day. This cycle developed following the requests for specific foodstuff's made by the Heads of Pavilions to the stores management office. Such requests had to be submitted before 4 p.m. each day. Between 4 p.m. and midnight each day the stores management prepared from each supply point the quantities and types of foodstuffs required and at 5 a.m. the following morning saw to the handing over and transport of the goods required by the restaurants. The cycle closed at 11 p.m. approx. with the transport of the last batch of requests of the preceding day. In the period between 25th July and 20th September 1960 a total of 1,370 tons net of foodstuffs were distributed by means of 1,200 medium-sized lorry-loads from internal depots to restaurants, covering over 2,000 kms. In addition, 310 transport lorries running between external and internal depots covered some 6,000 kms. This transportation service required in all 2,450 work days. (Tables Nos. 20 and 21). The work of removing empty bottles and wrappings was also considerable since it was indispensable to keep clear the corridors through which supplies were carried to the restaurants which easily became cluttered with empty bottles and tins, etc. from the restaurants themselves. This service was carried out by the transport and staff from the stores, taking advantage as far as possible of the return journey of vehicles which had transportated supplies to the restaurants. These operations generally took place between the end of 276

TABLE NO. 20

ITEMS CONSUMED IN THE RESTAURANTS CONSUMPTION SERIAL

No.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40

ITEMS Unit of measurement

Vinegar Bananas Butter - 1st quality Cocoa Coffee - unroasted Coffee - roasted Cinnamon Meat: Lamb " Mutton " Fresh beef " Frozen beef " Veal " Sweetbread " Tongue " Smoked pork " Fresh pork " Sucking pig Cloves Chocolate Sweets: Savoyard biscuits " Cakes without cream " Cakes with cream Flour: 1st grade " Oatmeal " Rice " Barley meal " Flour starch " Porridge " Barley pearl " Semolina " Tapioca Cheeses: Astro " Bel Paese " Caciotte " Fontina Norsk " Gorgonzola " Buffalo milk " Dutch " Parmezan " Provolone

Litres Kgs. " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " "

Quantity

1,905 40,052.700 7,563.500 158 2,682 1,553 0.600 2,070 87 27,622 33,889.500 26,221.500 763.900 2,484 350 1,688.800 31,300 1 5 11.750 4,182.750 9,625.300 1,633 63.200 169.600 37.600 98 319.800 42.400 94.400 34.600 14.850 777.400 163 186 327 413.700 1,195.950 2,519.600 1,636.500

277

CONSUMPTION SERIAL

No.

41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84

278

ITEMS Unit of measurement

Cheeses: Provolone spiced " Swiss Dried Fruit: Apricots " Almonds, peeled " Almonds, salted " Peanuts, peeled " Peaches " Prunes Mushrooms: Fresh " Dried Jelly 1st grade Industrial milk Dried vegetables: dwarf pea " " split pea Honey Olive Oil Peanut Oil Bread: Gentilini rusks " Grated crumbs " Bread sticks " Wholemeal " rolls " Rye " lunch loaves Whipped cream Macaroni " (made with eggs) Noodles Pepper: White coarse " " fine " Black coarse " " fine Fresh fish: Cuttlefish " " Mullet " " Mussels " " Dentex " " Prawns " " Whitebait " " Mackerel " " Cod (large) " " Cod (small) " " Grayling " " Plaice " " Sardine

Kgs. " " " " " " " " " " Litres Kgs. " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " "

Quantity

15.650 3,149.200 75 14.500 7 5 5 250 300 42 9.200 55 10 285.700 1,548 6,098.400 5,950 21 32 180 1,352 25,646 647 3,404 1,136 13,618.200 1,280 172 7.450 25 5 18.900 398 256.300 5 506.400 3,154.200 29.500 85 82 1,102.900 531 85.500 160

CONSUMPTION SERIAL

No.

85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128

ITEMS Unit of measurement

Fresh fish: Crayfish " " Crawfish " " Sole " " Sword-fish " " Halibut " " Trout " " Turbot " " Mussels Poultry: Duck " Chicken " Turkey Buttermilk curd, fresh Rice: Arborio quality " Maratelli quality " R.B. quality " Rizzotto quality Salt: Kitchen, lump " Kitchen, fine " Table, fine Lard Mortadella Bacon lard (unsmoked) " (unsmoked) " smoked Ham, smoked (uncooked) " cooked " smoked and cooked " raw, with bone " raw, boneless Salami, Milanese quality " Hungarian quality Lard fat Lemon Juice Sultanas Tea " (free) Vanilla Marsala wine Vienna sausage Sugar: cubes " fine Oranges Lemons Herbs: Laurel

Kgs. " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " Litres Kgs. " " " Litres Kgs. " " " " "

Quantity

2,297 182 2,890.500 379.400 1,995.100 586.100 941 95 408.500 46,039.050 575.600 143.800 2,100 2,450 2,500 2,270 1,900 890 1,755 211.200 346.100 8,400 289.300 2,164.650 103.800 7,708.200 96.100 37.800 3,201.750 643.550 558.050 500 5 7 11 299.376 0.060 164.500 830 200 9,148 39,194 5,636.500 17,500

279

CONSUMPTION SERIAL

No.

129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170

280

ITEMS Unit of measurement

Herbs: Sweet basil " Watercress " Marjoram " Mint " Origan " Parsley " Horse-radish " Rosemary " Sage Fruit: Apricots " Water-melons " Apples " Melons " Pears " Peaches " Plums " Grapes Fresh beans: red " " white Vegetables: Dried garlic " Beetroot " Carrots " Cucumbers " Onions " Green beans " Egg-plant " Potatoes " Peppers, hot " " American type " " Neapolitan Tomatoes: salad " San Marzano quality " Porri quality Radishes Vegetable marrow Bieta (Italian vegetable) Cabbage Salad: cappuccia (Italian) " trocader " Lettuce " (small type) Celery

Kgs. " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " "

Quantity

159.500 29 9.800 0.500 6.580 522.200 7.750 138.500 98.350 122.500 13,601 3,536 9,395 43,698 64,170.300 491 66,392.200 1,852 687 197 3,365 11,813 2,727.500 5,550 8,108 4,518 60,940 372 1,310 2,806 21,987.500 12,359 507.800 20 10,065.500 6,361.500 1,336.500 3,386 9,717.500 2,164.500 10 3,116.400

CONSUMPTION SERIAL

No.

171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214

ITEMS Unit of measurement

Mineral water: Crodo " " Ferrarelle " " Neri " " Nocera Umbra Pineapple, Sunny Farms quality Orangeade, Fanta Broth concentrate, Maggi " " " Capers, in vinegar Artichokes, in oil Tinned beef, Simmenthal brand Cucumbers, in vinegar Pearly onions Coca-Cola Red colouring Commital Apricot jam Orange marmelade Cherry jam Peach jam Curry powder " " Cakes, various Plum cake Tomato concentrate " " Anchovy fillets Cheeses: Galbani cream " D.O.R.E.M.I. cream " " " " Otto " " Vitto " Candied fruit Mushrooms, in vinegar Ice-creams: Cream " Mixed cassata Ice Pickles Milk: Stelat creamed " " " " Stella full cream " " " " " Stemag creamless " " "

½ bottles " " " " " " 1 kg. tins 6 ½ oz. bottles large small 1 kg. tins 3 ½ kg. tins small 4.7 kg. tins 4.7 " " 6 ½ oz. bottles 100 grms 1 kg. tins 6 " " 6 " " 6 " " 6 " " ½ lb. tins 1 lb. tins pieces " 2 kg. tins 5 " " tins pkt. 6 " 40 " 60 " 2 " 3 boxes 4.7 kg. pieces " blocks 4 ½ kg. bottles ½ lt. bottles 1 lt. bottles ½ lt. bottles 1 lt. bottles ½ lt. bottles 1 lt. bottles

Quantity

33,225 28,715 31,460 41,165 2,412 200,016 95 25 138 175 2,600 279 180 281,856 1 70 301 253 15 224 138 75 22,000 1,850 266 120 536 1 1 1 19,933 3,327 2 201 127,089 44,640 440 66 19,280 16,752 30,000 10,920 18,300 1,080

281

CONSUMPTION SERIAL

No.

215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258

282

ITEMS Unit of measurement

Mustards: Colmans " French " Grey Poupon Nutmeg Olives: black, greek " green Ovaltine Bread: sandwich loaf " Swedish rusks Hungarian paprika: sweet " " strong Cayenne pepper Peas, tinned Tomatoes, peeled " " Asparagus tips Soused herrings Sardines, tinned Savora mustard French " English " Fruit juice: Orange (Mitidja) " " " (Sergi) " " " (D & C) " " " " " " " (Cavarzene) " " Grapefruit (D & C) " " " " Sultanas Tomato ketsup: foreign " " Italian Tunny fish in oil Eggs Vanilla powder Wines & spirits: white wine " " rosé " " white " " rosé " " Frascati dry " " Ruffino rosé " " Verdicchio dry " " Cinzano sparkling " " Vermouth white " " " red

tins bottles " pieces 3 kg. tins 3 " " pkts. loaves pkts. tins " " 5 kg. tins 2 " " 3 " " 26 gm. tins 4 kg. tins tins bottles " " 5 kg. tins 3 ½ kg. tins 1.36 lit. 53 lit. ½ lit. 1.36 lit. 53 lit. tins. bottles " tins pkts. 1 lt. bottles 1 " " ¼ lt. bottles " " " bottles " " " " "

Quantity

53 343 50 445 149 278 62,897 13,349 600 13 12 4 1,039 980 1,035 44 2 432 92 81 38 4,819 4,900 12,441 2,160 — 6,582 — 2 40 552 334 318,320 100 708 708 54,680 47,136 20 6 20 20 8 8

CONSUMPTION SERIAL

ITEMS

No.

259 260 261 262 263 264

Unit of measurement

Wines & Spirits: Whisky (J. Walker) " " " (White Horse) Wheaties (vitaminised food) Worcester sauce Vienna sausage Yoga fruit concentrate

269

" tomato Yoghurt (curdled milk): large " " " small Yomo blue (curdled milk uncreamed) Saffron

270

Herbs: " serpentaria " (mint)

265 266 267 268

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

" Detersives: " " " " "

grease-proof paper Calinda powder Pumice stone Washing soap Soap Sidol (brass cleaner) Vetril (window cleaner)

Miscellaneous: Paper towels " Glass decanters " Lavatory paper Lace-type paper Paper baskets

20

"

Light brooms

21

" " " "

Wire sponges Synthetic rubber sponges Two-pronged sticks Paper serviettes

23 24

5

pkts. bottles 5 pair to a tin bottles " bottles " "

27,000 201 150 59,500 44,800 44,195 14,880 8,488

5 grms pkt. plants

58

Kgs. "

250

" " " " "

Miscellaneous: steel wool " sawdust " string

" "

22

5

Soap flakes Soda

19

18

bottles "

Deodorant: Neoformiol Detergents: Soap powder " "

Quantity

"

16

1,780 63.500 1,440 110 6,000 64 273.400

tins pkts. bars. "

750

bottles "

212

500 240 600 12

Nos. " rolls sheets

60,000 44 450 200

Nos. " " " " "

17,950 500 250 100 100 1,802,000

283

TABLE NO. 21

FODDER CONSUMPTION HORSE ATTENDANCE

TYPES OF FODDER SUPPLIED

NATION Villa Glori

Pratoni del Vivaro

(No. horses x No. days) Maize TOTAL

Oats Kg. 8

1. - Argentina

201

2. - Australia

—

Hay

MaraBarley LeguForeign nino minous

May hay

Straw

Bran

Linseed Carrots

Kg. 8 Kg. 8 Kg. 8 Kg. 15 Kg. 15 Kg. 20

99

300

2.352

—

—

—

3,525

885

6,035

132

132

96

—

—

—

213

1,102

1,660

3. - Austria

7

—

7

56

—

—

—

105

__

4. - Belgium

44

—

44

352

—

—

—

660

—

3,000 555

Kg. 2

— 45

—

576

—

240

140

—

—

14

—

880

—

—

88

—

4,000

—

—

400

720

1,820

—

—

170

360

—

2,010

—

108

200

736

736

128

6. - Bulgaria

17

68

85

680

—

—

7. - Canada

24

36

60

—

—

—

— —

8. - Czecoslovakia

42

12

54

342

—

—

—

630

150

1,090

—

71

71

64

—

—

—

240

345

1,180

—

—

126

5. - Brazil

9. - Denmark

200

—

—

4

126

10. - France

79

75

154

1,192

—

—

—

1,300

1,010

2,980

—

—

278

11. - Germany

82

54

136

880

—

—

—

1,230

740

2,620

—

—

248

12. - Great Britain

96

66

162

56

—

—

—

—

180

3,515

—

—

187

—

—

120

—

208

—

84

13. - Hungary

60

60

144

—

—

—

270

—

1,380

14. - Ireland

79

36

115

864

—

—

—

1,140

585

2,340

6

36

42

336

—

—

—

90

540

1,300

104

736

—

—

—

1,500

60

2,080 1,740 500

15. - Italy 16. - Japan

104

—

—

74 — 24

—

176

—

—

176

—

—

40

1,920

—

—

160

17. - Korea

84

—

84

704

—

—

—

630

690

18. - New Zealand

20

—

20

160

—

—

—

300

—

96

96

1,400

360

2,160

166

1,288

— —

—

80

— —

—

1,440

975

3,370

—

—

322

5,290

1,380

6,840

—

—

772

—

4,029

5,950

—

—

616

3,150

—

—

306

19. - Poland 20. - Portugal

— 86

21. - Rumania

252

140

392

3,088

—

—

—

22. - Spain

164

144

308

1,912

—

—

552

23. - Sweden

69

84

153

690

—

—

—

1,045

1,050

24. - Switzerland

89

36

125

776

—

—

—

1,470

300

2,404

—

—

250

4,650

6,200

—

—

620

25. - Turkey

310

—

310

26. - United Arab Republic

208

—

27. - Uruguay

136

—

28. - U.S.A.

316

29. - U.S.S.R. TOTAL DISTRIBUTION

284

2,480

—

—

—

—

208

1,664

—

—

—

3,120

—

4,160

—

—

415

136

1,088

—

—

—

2,040

—

2,720

—

—

264

93

409

2,544

—

—

—

851

6,415

7,880

135

—

782

241

161

402

3,216

—

—

—

1,135

4,972

7,880

—

—

804

3,016

1,519

736

128

648 32,499 32,938 89,744

4,535 29,902

278

4

8,677

One of the well-equipped kitchens which prepared meals to satisfy all tastes and customs.

lunch (about 3 p.m.) and the beginning of dinner (6 p.m.). During the busiest period removal operations were also carried out during the night. This work entailed the use of a further 1,070 transport lorries from restaurants to stores, for the transportation of over 800 tons of various types of wrapping material. Hygienic and Sanitary precautions. Hygienic and sanitary precautions were taken in regard to the personnel, premises and provisions themselves in the supply service. The restaurant staff were medically examined before engagement and weekly during the whole period of service. Premises (restaurants and 285

stores) had to undergo complete disinfection before entering into function and thereafter were periodically disinfected in the early hours of the day and more frequently at peak periods. Supplies (and especially fish and meat), before passing on to the restaurant, were inspected daily by a commission composed of a doctor, a specialised commercial veterinary and a provisions expert. In addition, general inspections were carried out by the same commission on the kitchens and refrigerating units of the restaurants. The maintenance of the varied and valuable restaurant equipment and installations (electric refrigerating units, gas stoves, power and light fittings, pipelines) was absolutely indispensable to keep the equipment in constant perfect working order, thus guaranteeing the smooth running of the kitchen and restaurant services. This particular task was entrusted to a maintenance team composed of workmen specialised in the various branches (a total of 8 persons) and directed

Otis Norton, Davis Otis, Les Carne, Bob Boozer and Stone Johnson enjoying a meal at the Olympic Village.

286

by a foreman. This team also had the task of trying to avoid as far as possible breakdowns by means of inspection of the various installations and equipment, continually checking all details, restaurant by restaurant so as to ensure that everything was in working order. This service, by attending to minor details, proved invaluable, as may be seen from the following data: repairs to electric equipment 272; repairs to gas fittings 156; repairs to hydraulic and discharge pipes 364; replacing of external discharge piping for a total of 64 m. at some 12 points; miscellaneous repairs to fittings and substitution of 34 panes of glass.

Services Sector. The functioning of services was assured by a sector direction which had the task of following up and co-ordinating the work of the various branches of activity; by a maintenance service composed of an office and 6 different teams of specialised workmen (electricians, bricklayers and painters, glaziers, plumbers and smiths, carpenters, and unskilled labourers). The maintenance service disposed of work-rooms for carpenters, smiths, and electricians. A special office saw to the cleaning service and comprised three cleaning groups, one for inside the buildings of the Olympic Village (lodgings, offices, general purpose rooms), one for the cleaning the outdoor areas of the Olympic Village (roads, squares, and gardens) and one for hygienic drainage. An inspection service was created at the entrances to the Village with an office and 110 variously qualified members of staff. Lastly, a group of miscellaneous services had an office and groups of specialised personnel for the functioning of special services, such as the working of the water supply, saunas and showers, the handling over of personal effects to guests in the laundry. The above mentioned services were provided with their own installations and sheds. This, briefly, was the functional structure of the Services Sector whose efficiency was ensured by entrusting the realisation of works of maintenance of buildings and installations, cleaning of lodgings, drainage of installations and outdoor areas of the Village to specialised firms under contract and by employing groups of municipal services for the cleaning of roads and squares. The activities of the maintenance service were heaviest during the organising stage of the Village when it was necessary to take over the buildings from I.N.C.I.S. (State Housing Institute), to equip the restaurant and the showers for the staff on duty, the general stores and the customs stores, saunas and showers for the athletes, the depot (containing 10 partitions in one single store) for depositing and collecting of personal effects to and from the laundries, and the laboratories for the specialised maintenance staff. In addition, 287

considerable work was carried out to perfect the hygienic services in the apartments and the lighting and power installations or to adapt these to the special requirements of the Village during the period of the Olympic Games. The conscientious and enthusiastic efforts of all rendered possible in a short time a series of constructions and preparations deserving mention, i.e. a wood and matting shed, 240 square metres in area and 4 metres high; a concrete block for the hygienic services for the use of the 800 salaried workers: three separate shower installations with a total of 60 showers equipped with boilers using liquid gas for the production of hot water; network for the distribution of water to the above services and for safety precautions against fire for stores, laboratories, showers, saunas and laundries; between them, these two systems called for the use of a total 800 m. of Mannesman tubes; electric installations inside the 10 pavilions in use as stores, staff canteen, laboratories, etc.; electric installation for the supply of the boilers with a total power of 160 Kw; furnishings for the 10 departments of the laundry service, consisting of benches, shelving, and coat-hangers, accounting in all for approx. 1,500 m. of Dexion and 5 cub. m. of compressed wood shavings; shelving in four shelf heights measuring 2 × 2 × 0.45 metres for a total of 80 shelves constructed in Dexion and wood; subsidiary electric installation

Athletes relaxing in the rest room.

288

Guests of the Olympic Village, competitors in the Women's 200 metres.

in the ten restaurant pavilions for the supply of a total of 160 refrigerated containers for drinks; installations which entailed the use of 700 metres of re-inforced cable and of 60 links with a total installed power of 160 Kws; five wooden and composition screens with doors to protect the distribution panels for current placed in the linking corridors of the restaurant pavilions and other minor works. In addition, the restaurants were equipped with tubing to run 20 fountains with electrically supplied iced water, 70 electric plugs for the television sets installed by Philips; liquid gas cooking stoves in the individual a p a r t ments; 30 electric clocks and other minor material. Arrangements were also made for the setting up of a large number of signposts provided by the Rome Municipality and for the repair of the 163 steps leading to the buildings (of 3, 4, or 5 storeys) which had been damaged when the furniture was brought in. 1,800 mirrors were installed inside the 1,800 bathrooms of the lodgings and 187 flagpoles were set up. This was the main work performed by the maintenance service during the period from 6th June to 31st July. Thereafter, whilst the Village was in operation, the maintenance service perfected its organisation by equipping the various specialised groups with motor vans fitted for rapid service when called upon and setting up a night assistance service. It carried out a total of 3,099 services, of which 107 were in reply to calls received at night by telephone. An analysis of the work carried out has shown that these services were divided among the various specialised groups as follows:—545 for the electricians (50 of these during the night), 985 for the plumbers (55 of these being during the night), 432 for the carpenters (2 during the night), 135 for the bricklayers and 1,000 for the glaziers. In addition, the specialised personnel carried out a daily average of 53 hydraulic repairs, 25 carpentry repairs, 23 electric repairs and 5 repairs to lodging for a total of 21,883 working hours. The cleaning service was divided into three sections:—one for the lodgings with female personnel assigned to the wardrobe and cleaning service of the apartments; one of City Cleaning and Garden services with the following personnel and material provided by the Municipality—2 supervisors, 6 drivers, 32 dustmen, 3 automatic sweepers and 3 water sprinklers and 130 metal dustbins with lids and 1,400 sacks for garbage. The gardening service had 30 men suitably equipped to see to the care of plants, hedges, and flowers adorning the various parts of the Village. The specialised firms working under contract for the care of the plants were also responsible for the laying out and sowing of lawns, for the planting of trees and hedges, and the preparation of flowers in pots. This work was commenced one month before the opening of the Village with the use of 200 men daily and 30 mechanical appliances such as ploughs, harrows etc. for the planting of 80 well-grown trees varying in height between 8 and 14 metres (coni289 19.

Weight check-up after the meal.

290

fers and deciduous), 2,000 evergreen and flowering shrubs, 7 hectares of green meadow and 2,000 small flowering plants in pots. Lastly, the cleaning service included the Drainage Department composed of specialised personnel and materials supplied by a private enterprise. For over thirty days, the interior of the buildings and outside areas of the Village were sprayed with polivalent disinfectants under the guidance and control of the Hygiene Office of the Municipality. Thus absolute precautions against flies, mosquitoes, and other sources of infection were taken. The service charged with the supervision of the installations and stores of the Village and with the control of visitors at the various entrance points was carried out by means of a team of 12 guards from the Italian Nightwatchmen Police and of a group of 110 overseers. Entry into the Village was controlled by reserving certain entrance gates for the exclusive use of personnel and staff vehicles. Identification documents considered valid for entry and exit were the Olympic Card—bearing the stamp The American couple, Harold Connolly and Olga Fikotova, winners at the Melbourne Games in hammer and discus respectively, did not achieve the same results in Rome but, to make up for this, they happily take a cab-ride along the streets of Rome.

291

A happy ending. The Australian swimmer, John Henricks, terminated the Rome Games by marrying Bonnie Wilkie from the U.S.A.

292

of the Olympic Village—for guests; a special pass for visitors; an identification card for the staff on duty, whilst special badges were stuck on the windscreens of motor vehicles. The two centres for saunas and showers were set up in various prefabricated metal pavilions, carefully placed to meet the needs of the guests in the men's section (20 showers, 10 saunas and 2 toilets) and the women's section (4 showers, 2 saunas and 1 toilet). For the good order of each pavilion, 6 members of the domestic staff were appointed to work in shifts of two. The guests demonstrated their particular appreciation of this service which operated from 16th August to 12th September (25 days). In this period, greatest use of these facilities was made by the Russians with 537 attendances (persons x days) followed by the Americans with 402, the Japanese with 214, the Finns with 188, the Australians with 174, the English and Poles with 166 each, and the Italians with 153. The road service in the square beside the main entrance to the Village was carried out by a group of City Policemen attached to the Olympic Village by the Commune of Rome. The Customs services were equipped by the setting up in the Olympic Village of an office and depot for Customs formalities, managed by personnel from the Customs Section of Rome in direct collaboration with the luggage transportation service.

Administration. Within the framework of the Direction of the Olympic Village also functioned an Administration Section and a Displacements Section, the latter attending to the lodging organisation of the areas or sites where the yachting, rowing, and equestrian events took place, besides co-ordinating the work of the soldiers grouped into a " Supporting Unit " The Administration Section attended to the various branches of administration activity such as contracts, employment of personnel, material, accounting, bursar's duties, stores, and Delegation accounts. Acting on the basis of the general rules governing the administration and accounting of Italian companies and in accordance with the general and specific indications laid down by the Administration Section of the Committee, this Section attended to the supplying of materials and services which had been contracted for or spread over a length of time, as also to the collection of tenders, the indication of events to take place, and the stipulation of terms agreed upon which were drawn up according to each individual case either in the form of a private transaction or of an accepted order. The original copy of all documents were preserved. Besides controlling the efficient carrying out of contractual obligations, the Administration Section checked up on all bills referring to the 293

contracts stipulated, passing them on to the accounting office for settlement. Lastly, it held on file all documentation on the personnel directly engaged by the Olympic Village by means of a special commission and saw to the formalities concerning the legal status of such personnel. The Accounting office saw to the payment of salaries of the staff employed by the Direction of the Olympic Village, keeping an up-to-date record of attendances. It attended to the administration of salaried personnel; registered and checked all orders coming in from the various Sections in respect of purchases or loans of various kinds before confirming that payment could be effected. The Bursar's office dealt with the small necessities in the way of stationary and similar material for the internal Direction of the Olympic Village, keeping the documentation on the entry and exit of materials donated to the Village, keeping a check on the use of materials acquired from the Direction or given by firms for total consumption. It attended to the correct management of materials distributed to the various sections and made detailed reports with full explanations on lost or missing items. The Delegation Accounts Office kept up accounts of amounts owing by the individual Delegations to the Organising Committee on the basis of reports submitted by the various sections of the Direction and other sections of the Committee. Among its tasks, we may mention the noting of variations as indicated by the Bank of the Village, keeping current accounts of the individual Delegations up-to-date and passing on such information to the accounting office for statistical purposes and for the compilation of reports for the Administration Section. In the course of the reports, when reference was made to the components of the various Delegations housed in the Olympic Village, the term " guest " has repeatedly been used. This should not, however, lead us to misunderstand the significance of the term and so we would point out that all national representations living in the Village were liable to payment of set quotas to cover the cost of food and lodging. The quota was fixed at 8 dollars per capita and 4 dollars per horse. In order to carry out its task, the Administration Section comprised 34 persons: a head of section, a deputy head, 4 department heads, an interpreter, 22 office workers, 3 typists and 2 ushers.

Displacements. The fact that the 3-day equestrian event was carried out at Pratoni del Vivaro, the rowing events at Castelgandolfo, and the yachting events at Naples entailed the organization of a number of displacements which would guarantee the technical and lodging requirements for the individual competitions, avoiding any possible inconvenience caused by the distance from the central organi294

zation and overcoming the difficulties of timely and adequate service by the normal bodies of the Direction already fully engaged in the Village. Naturally the Direction reserved the right of controlling and co-ordinating the activities of the displacements themselves. Displacements to Villa Glori and Pratoni del Vivaro have already been mentioned in the chapter dedicated to the Lodging Section. It should, however, be remembered that the displacement to Villa Glori close to the Village could benefit from all the services of the Olympic Village, while Pratoni del Vivaro had recourse to the services of firms under contract for everything concerning the daily life of persons and horses, once the construction and preparation of lodgings and stables had been attended to. This displacement functionned from 21st August to 15th September, registering 1065 attendances (days x persons) of stable personnel, 220 attendances of full board of participants in events who, either after training or having completed their competition, returned to the Olympic Village; 3,750 attendances of the group of 150 soldiers located there. For the displacement to Castelgandolfo, an agreement was drawn up with the " Pius XII Institute for a Better World " where, under the control of a trustee of the Committee, the personnel of the Institute also provided a restaurant service which served a total of 4,407 meals. The athletes taking part in the rowing events were thus able to take their meals at this Institute and have their siesta on the verandas or make use of the rooms and corridors which had been prepared for this purpose. In the case of the displacement to Naples, recourse was had to the hotels of the city, tentative agreements being drawn up with various hotels of 1st and 2nd category so as to assure board and lodging for all participants in the yachting events, as well as the various football teams and their accompanying personnel. The care of this organization, together with everything else required for the carrying out of the events, was entrusted to a representative of the Committee whose office was set up in the Naples Tennis Club. The link with the Central Organization was always very close especially during the period of the Games during which a daily correspondence service was in operation for the urgent delivery of news as well as information on the number of athletes arriving at Naples and departing from there to Rome. When choosing hotels, an attempt was always made to allow all members of one team to stay in the same hotel. In conclusion, if we are to be objective, it must be admitted that certain aspects of the complex organization might have been improved if worked out in greater detail but we have also to admit the fact that experience in such particular fields was, in many cases, simply non-existant. Notwithstanding inevitable imperfections, it may be stated that t h e organization of the Village largely fulfilled the hopes of the guests. 295

ART AND HISTORICAL SPORTS EVENTS

A

ll events of an artistic nature which took place during the period of the XVII Olympic Games were presented for study and approval to the Arts Committee, whose President was Prof. Guglielmo De Angelis d'Ossat, General Director of Antiquities and Fine Arts. The Committee itself was composed of the following members: Prof. Renato Bartoccini, Superintendent of Antiquities of Southern Etruria, Maestro Alessandro Bustini, Director of the Conservatory of Santa Cecilia, Prof. Carlo Ceschi, Superintendent of Monuments for Lazio, Prof. Amedeo Maiuri, Superintendent of Antiquities for Campania, Prof. Valerio Mariani, Professor of the History of Art at Naples University, Mr. Roberto Roberti, President of the Professionals and Artists Union, Maestro Bonaventura Somma, Director of the Choirs of the Santa Cecilia Academy, Dr. Roberto Vighi, Director of Villa d'Este and Villa Adriana. Secretary of the Committee and head of the Arts Section in the first period of work was Dr. Romolo Passamonti, who unfortunately died before expiry of his term of office and was replaced by Dr. Roberto Vighi. The Arts Committee carefully examined and deliberated on questions concerning the official poster, the model of the Torch, the symbols and medals, the Olympic hymn, the official fanfare, the national anthems and other musical items. It also made all arrangements in connection with the use of ancient monuments for Olympic events, collaborated in the preparation of the folkloristic events, of the Olympic Exhibition of Sports Photography and, above all, it prepared and was responsible for the Exhibition of Sport in History and Art.

Competition for the Poster. On 31st January 1957 the Arts Section iniziated a " Prize-winning Contest between artists of Italian nationality for the poster intended to exalt the Games of the XVII Olympiad ". The proclamation stipulated that the designs entered should represent an allegory containing the following essential elements: (a) the idea of Olympic sport at Rome: (6) the five Olympic rings; (c) the wording "Games of the XVII Olympiad—Rome—MCMLX". 299

The 16th July 1957, on the proposal of the Arts Committee, the Examining Jury was appointed under the Chairmanship of Mr. Roberto Roberti, President of the Italian Professionals and Artists Union and composed of Prof. Carlo Giulio Argan, art critic, Mr. Mino Maccari, painter, Mr. Domenico Purificato, painter, Prof. Alfredo Lalia, commercial artist, representative of the Italian Advertising Federation, Dr. Marcello Garroni, Secretary-General of the Games, Dr. G. B. Fabjan, Vice-Secretary General of the Italian National Olympic Committee and Dr. Romolo Passamonti.

212 Competitors and 249 Designs. 212 competitors, with 249 designs, were entered for the contest. By an announcement of 9th August 1957, the Jury found that none of the works presented was in line with its requirements and decided not to award any prize. At the same time it suggested that a second competition be held, announcing the names of twelve poster artists as competitors. The conclusions of the Jury were approved by the Arts Committee and, subsequently on 5th November 1957, also by the Presidency of the C.O.N.I. The same Jury examined the works of the seven participants in the competition out of the twelve invited, i.e. Erberto Carboni, Carmelo Cremonesi, Augusto Favalli, Paolo Garretto, Marcello Nizzoli, Saverio Pozzati, Gian Rossetti, Armando Testa, Pino Tovaglia, Dante Vernice, Luigi Veronesi and Franco Grignani and, by its announcement of 10th January 1958, judged the work of Armando Testa of Turin to contain the best artistic solution of those presented by the seven participants. However, when the vote of the Jury was passed for ratification to the Executive Committee of the C.O.N.I., this latter body, in its meeting of 22nd January 1958, was of the opinion that the design in question did not completely fulfil their requirements and authorised the awarding of the prize, at the same time inviting the Arts Section to seek an arrangement with some highly qualified Italian artist for the elaboration of the design. Thus, the Arts Committee in its meeting of 6th February 1958 took note of the decisions of the Jury and the remarks of the Committee of the C.O.N.I. and in view of the fact that the twelve most qualified Italian poster artists had already been invited to take part in the second stage of the contest, decided to propose to the author of the winning design, Armando Testa, that certain modifications be made which, while preserving the fundamental inspiration and realization of the work whose originality, impact, and artistic value they recognised, would simplify a number of details of execution. For this the artist Testa was approached, but the Executive Committee of the C.O.N.I. still did not express itself satisfied. The Executive Committee then decided to establish what they wanted in the poster, namely: a pillar with capital and the Capitoline Wolf as symbols of 300

The official poster of the Games of the XVII Olympiad.

The Roman column surmounted by the famous "Belvedere capital" which decorates the Vatican palaces, comes from one of the monumental columns in the gymnasiums of the Baths of Caracalla. The capital depicts the apotheosis of a winning athlete, who, according to Roman rites, crowns himself with his right hand and holds the palm of victory in his left.

its Roman character, the five Olympic rings and the prescribed wording. Among the designs presented on this theme the best was, once again, judged to be that of Testa, who produced a modern interpretation of the Belvedere Capital showing a scene of acclamation to a winning athlete of the III century B. C. Testa's final design, having been approved by the Arts Committee and the Executive Committee of the C.O.N.I., was adopted and used for the Official Poster of the Games of the XVII Olympiad. Distribution of the poster was undertaken by the Press Services Section. The Wolf, which was the badge of the Romans before Marius' second Consulship, is represented in the celebrated bronze in the Museum of Palazzo dei Conservatori on the Capitol in the act of suckling Romulus and Remus; the work bears witness to the conventionalism of Etruscan art in the VI century B. C. inspired by Greco-Ionic models and is attributable most probably to the School of Veio. The suckling twins are, however, more modern, being the work of Guglielmo della Porta and Antonio del Pollaiolo. The Capitoline Wolf, which inspired the creation of the official symbol, was reproduced and the various models used for the different decorative requirements of the Olympic organisation. 301

The wording of the poster printed in ten languages other than Italian, namely, French, English, Arabic, Japanese, Greek, Indian, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish, and German.

302

The original Greek text of the Olympic Hymn composed by the poet Kostis Palama.

303

The Olympic Hymn. After carefully weighing many decisions on proposed new compositions for the official Hymn, without, however, finding one which met their specific requirements, the Arts Committee accepted the suggestion of the I.O.C. which

The Olympic Hymn, music by Spyro Samara, executed during the 1st modern Olympiad which was celebrated at Athens in 1896.

304

The four bars of the Olympic fanfare which come from the Hymn of the Sun of Mascagni's opera " Iris " were the leit-motif heard at every official ceremony of the Games.

proposed the Official Hymn of the 1st Olympic Games (Athens 1896), with music by Spiro Samara and words by Kostis Palamas. The text for choir and pianoforte of this Hymn was obtained from the Greek Olympic Committee, and a long work of translation of the words into Italian was commenced by Prof. Sigfrido Troilo, while work was also begun on the musical and instrumental transcription essential for the choral and orchestral execution. The work was directed by the late Maestro Bonaventura Somma with the valuable collaboration of Messrs. Domenico Fantini, Conductor of the Carabinieri Band, Alberto Di Miniello, Conductor of the Italian Air Force Band, Antonio Fuselli, Conductor of the Band of the Public Security Police, Giovanni D'Angelo and Olivio Di Domenico, Vice-Conductor and Conductor of the Band of the Finance Guards. The choice of the Hymn and the official fanfare for the XVII Olympic Games implied a long process of selective work. Having examined various proposals, the Arts Committee accepted the suggestion made by Dr. Garroni to adopt, as the Hymn of the Rome Olympic Games, the Hymn of the Sun, from Mascagni's " Iris " (Ricordi edition). Likewise after rejecting a number of unacceptable suggestions, the first bars of the same Hymn to the Sun were adopted, and this constituted the leit-motif played at each official ceremony. The choral and orchestral execution of the Olympic Hymn, the National Anthem and the Hymn of the Sun were carried out by Maestro Somma. At the same time, considerable work in connection with the instrumentation for bands of the National Anthems of all the Nations taking part in the Games was being carried out, in collaboration with the Protocol Section. Gramophone recordings were also made of each Anthem. Furthermore, work was carried out on the execution of marches to be played during the opening and closing ceremonies of the Games, as well as of other musical themes. 305 20.

The Medals for Winners. The medal of honour awarded to winners, in accordance with the decisions of the I.O.C., remained that adopted many years previously at the Amsterdam Olympic Games (1928) despite the fact that its subject was not considered with any favour by Italian art critics. However, the original medal produced by Prof. Cassioli of Florence was adopted in the successive Olympic Games of Los Angeles (1932), Berlin (1936), London (1948), Helsinki (1952) and Melbourne (1956), preserving the same design and thus creating a tradition which prompted the I.O.C., on the occasion of the work of the 54th Session held at Tokyo, to decide that this same theme for the medals for winners should be continued for the 1960 Games. On the face of the medal there therefore appeared the same allegory conceived by Prof. Cassioli, while the back bore the words " Games of the XVII Olympiad – Rome 1960 ". The medal was encircled by a bronze band composed of laurel leaves. The commemorative medal of the Games was the work of Prof. Emilio Greco, who designed it according to his own personal ideas, avoiding any form of complicated symbolism and turning directly to the expressive clarity of a purely figurative style. On the face of the medal, the sculptor modelled a female nude running and bearing the Olympic torch with the Olympic rings in the background. On the back of the medal the artist depicted a flight of eagles rising from the Olympic Stadium of Rome and disappearing in the sky. This original conception at the same time symbolises the victories in the Olympic Games and their echo throughout the world. The Arts Committee, having obtained the approval of the Organising Committee, also entrusted Prof. Emilio Greco with the creation of a giant statue symbolising " The Olympic Torch ". This work by the sculptor Greco, inspired by modern figurative art, was placed close to the Palazzo dello Sport, at the highest point overlooking the waterfall and the small lake. The original model, presented by the sculptor to the Exhibition of Sport in History and Art, was set up in the centre of the main staircase in the Palazzo delle Scienze at E.U.R. In addition, under the auspices of the Italian Numismatic Society, a special gold medal for numismatic purposes only was coined and officially circulated, with the full agreement of the Organizing Committee of the Games. The medal, the work of the sculptor Renato Signorini, was coined in six different sizes. The rim of the largest sized medal bore the following inscription:— MMDCCXXXVI AB IN. OLYMPIIS MMDCCXIII AB U.C. MCMLX A CH.N.

The Arts Committee, in agreement with the Superintendency of Monuments in Lazio and with the Rome Municipality, decided on holding sports venues in the Caracalla Baths for gymnastics and in the Basilica of Maxentius for wrestling. 306

The medal for winners; a bronze chain formed of olive leaf links, with a medal of honour in silver-gilt, in silver and in bronze. The base of the setting was inscribed with the particular sport. Medals awarded to winners of team events on the basis of " artificial classification " were not provided with chains.

307

Historical Sports Events. It should be remembered that the General Direction of Antiquities and Fine Arts allowed all athletes and sports organisers free access to Museums, Galleries, Monuments and Excavations of Antiquities which formed part of State property, while the Rome Municipality did likewise for Municipal Museums. In addition, the Arts Committee approved the following historical sports events: (1) The Florentine Football Match; (2) The Game of the Pisa Bridge; (3) The Crossbowmen's Tournament; (4) The Ascoli Piceno Quintain Tilting; (5) The Foligno Quintain Tilting. The realization of these spectacles was entrusted to the Ente Nazionale Industrie Turistiche (Italian State Tourist Office). The events themselves, whose grandiose and evocative character ensured their complete success, were however faced in the preparatory stages with considerable difficulties and the consequent excitement of the organizers may be imagined when, after two years of work and worry, the Crossbowmen's Tournament finally took place in the gorgeous setting of a floodlit Circus Maximus on the night of 20th August. The contest between the cities of Gubbio and San Sepolcro with 400 persons in their glittering costumes was celebrated in the presence of the Head of the Government and a crowd of over twenty-five thousand spectators, for the most part foreigners. The following day, the Foligno Quintain Tilting took place with some six hundred participants who included knights, pages and esquires, halbardiers, trumpeters, and drummers, some forty thousand spectators being present. The Florentine Football Match played in the Piazza di Siena on the afternoon of 28th August brought an impressive number of spectators. The event started with the procession of the five hundred participants along Via Veneto preceded by a hundred torch-bearers accompanied by the rhythmic rolling of drums, and amidst tremendous general enthusiasm. The fourth event took place on 4th September in Circus Maximus, before an enthusiastic crowd of the forty thousand persons. This was the famous Ascoli Piceno Quintain, the knightly tournament based on strictly historical traditions from as far back as 1387. Nine hundred persons representing the population of the various quarters, with their own banners, consuls, ladies and maids-of-honour, pages, jousting knights, armigers and halbardiers, took part in the pageant. The last of the five competitions, the ancient Game of the Pisa Bridge which took place on the night of 10th September in Circus Maximus, brought the cycle of representations worthily to a close, with fifty thousand persons present. In this Game, decreed in 1490, two factions participate (Tramontana and Mezzogiorno), respectively from the North and South of the River Arno, and each composed of three hundred and eighty participants with their various banners. 308

A view of the statue dedicated to the " Olympic Torch". The work, inspired by modern figurative art, is situated in front of the Palazzo dello Sport.

The commemorative medal. The face of the medal depicts the figure of a woman running and bearing the Olympic Torch and the back a flight of eagles soaring over the stadia of Rome.

309

Medal coined under the auspices of Numismatica Italiana.

To permit the public more easily to follow the various phases of the five historical pageants, the E.N.I.T. (Italian State Tourist Office) arranged for the publication of a pamphlet, with a circulation of 500,000 copies, containing the history of the individual events, in Italian, French, English, German, and Spanish. It also provided for the publication of 50,000 posters, displayed throughout Italy and especially in the offices of travel agencies and air and steamship companies. In connection with the propaganda programme, the publication of a pamphlet in four languages on the canoeing and rowing events at Castelgandolfo should also be remembered and more especially the realization of a shortlength film which, with skilful shots, succeeded in capturing the manifold aspects of the Capital by day and night. This film, in colour and Cinemascope, was distributed throughout the world, with a circulation of 70 copies in full-size film and 120 copies in 16 mm. film. Lastly, the E.N.I.T. in agreement with the Italian Automobile Club printed a million copies of a special publication illustrating the motor routes converging on Rome from the various frontiers.

The Exhibition of Sports Photography. This outline of the artistic events organized directly by the Organizing Committee of the Olympic Games would be incomplete without due mention of the " Olympic Exhibition of Sports Photography " in which unfortunately all too few National Olympic Committees participated. As far as Italy was concerned, a national competition was organised by the Presidency of the C.O.N.I. with substantial prizes. At least 250 blackand-white photographs and almost as many colour photographs were presented within the time limits laid down in the announcement. After a careful choice by a special Jury of experts, the best works were gathered together in the halls of the Palazzo delle Esposizioni and put on public display. 310

Up to 31st March 1960, the time limit as announced in the regulations, the works presented for the Olympic Exhibition of Sports Photography, selected and sent directly by the National Olympic Committees, were 332 in blackand-white, and 53 in colour, all or almost all of the 30 X 40 size. The Organizing Committee then arranged for them to be placed in 40 X 50 cm. elegant metallic frames, covered with glass and grouped under countries on suitable panels which were arranged geometrically all around the 200 meters of corridors surrounding the Palazzo dello Sport at E.U.R. The exhibition was organized and directed by Avv. Nello Ciampi. The countries sending in photographs, in reply to the invitation made to the various Olympic Committees, were: Argentine, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Finland, France, West Germany, East Ger-

A scene from the Florentine football match in the setting of Piazza di Siena.

A scene from the Foligno Quintain Tilting in the Circus Maximus. The start of the Ascoli Quintain in the Circus Maximus.

many, Japan, Hong Kong, England, Iran, Iceland, Israel, Italy, Jugoslavia, Luxembourg, Morocco, Nigeria, Norway, Holland, Poland, Roumania, Spain, United States of America, South Africa, Sweden, Switzerland, Hungary, and U.S.S.R. All authors whose works, through the agency of the various Olympic Committees, were shown in the Exhibition received the General Catalogue, the Diploma of Merit, and the Commemorative Medal of the Games. Independent of the initiatives taken by the Organizing Committee in the artistic field, the occasion of the Olympic Games gave rise to a number of other events, among which two were of especial importance: the first concerned well-known artists who were called on to express their sensations on the occasion of the great event and the other was intended for children who were asked to express, by means of drawing or painting, the world of their dreams as inspired by the Olympic Games. The first of these two above-mentioned artistic manifestations appeared closely bound to tourism and, under the title of " Meeting with the tourist ", an original competition of pictorial art and photography took place, works inspired by the Olympic Games being displayed in the windows of the most elegant shops in the centre of the city. This manifestation, organised by the Italian Women Professionals and Artists Centre, under the patronage of the Provincial State Tourist Board and the newspaper " II Tempo ", was highly successful. Taking part in the other artistic manifestation entitled " The Olympic Games " were the pupils of primary schools from all over the world. Children from 80 Countries participated in this initiative promoted by the Ministry of Education.

Sport in History and Art. The most important cultural event, however, was undoubtedly the Exhibition of " Sport in History and Art ". The Exhibition was set up in Palazzo delle Scienze at E.U.R. and was inaugurated by the President of the Italian Republic on 14th July 1960, thereafter remaining open to the public until 8th January 1961. The Exhibition was arranged by the Organizing Committee of the Games who entrusted its preparation and realization to the General Direction of Antiquities and Fine Arts of the Ministry of Education. The principal aim of the Exhibition was to present a wide range of iconographic and bibliographic material of all sorts so as to offer visitors the most complete picture possible both of the various aspects of sports in Italian life from antiquity down to the end of the XIXth century, through Etrusco-Italic, Roman and Italian works of art, and of Greek artistic documentation which have come down to us in the shape of works conserved in Italian museums. 313

Two sectors of the " Exhibition of Sports Photography ",

A preliminary study of the vast range of material was undertaken as far back as 1956 by Dr. Vighi who, after numerous exchanges of ideas with the General Director of Fine Arts and with the Organizing Committee of the Games, at the beginning of 1957 presented a report illustrating " the importance of sport, in all its various aspects, in classical antiquity as a fount of artistic inspiration. In fact, the two words " art " and " sport " were inseparable in ancient Greece, to the point that the birth and evolution of Greek art cannot be conceived without the constant plastic, linear, and dynamic experience offered to the artist in the exercises of the gymnasium, events in the stadium, and the very bodies of the athletes whether at rest or in movement. The heritage of the vast Greek patrimony of experience and artistic production passed to the Romans, and was preserved and passed on by them to subsequent civilizations. Almost all Greek sculptures have come down to us by means of copies made by the Romans between the I and II centuries A.D. and rediscovered in Italy; a large number of these, today conserved in our museums and in those of the great European cities, represent athletes and agonistics, an obvious proof of the predilection of the Romans, not only generically, for all Greek works of art but especially for those with a sports theme ".

The Plan of the Exhibition. Dr. Vighi's report—of which we have quoted a short passage—was approved by the Arts Committee and by the Organizing Committee. In consequence, Dr. Vighi was appointed to preside over a select study Committee for the preparation and planning of the Exhibition composed of: Prof. Franco Minissi, architect, Dr. Guglielmo Triches, of the Ministry of Education, Dr. Michele Carlo Formica, administrator, Dr. Romolo Passamonti and Prof. Antonio Zanelli, with the subsequent addition of Dr. Emidio Cerulli of the Central National Library at Rome. The bibliographic research and preparatory work was carried out by Vighi, with the collaboration of Romolo Passamonti, Luigi Salerno, Emilio Cerulli, Vera Bianco, Maria Letizia Casanova, Sofia Letizia Cottone, Mirella Fantoli and Maria Luisa Vianello. The preparation of models, designs, geographical maps, and drawings was entrusted to Nicola Labianca, Achille De Quaglietti, Alberto Di Battista, Bruno Colonnello, Siro Salinetti, Agostino Manetti, under the technical direction of Antonio Zanelli. The photographic reproductions were by Mario Leoni. The huge volume of material collected was arranged and subdivided according to the criterion of bringing the ranks of sportsmen closer to art, by attempting to rouse in them an immediate interest in the best-known and most famous representations, that is to say, a division was made according to material which allowed a substantially novel contribution to be made to sports iconography. 315

Arrangement of the Works. Thus the arrangement followed the idea of grouping works together according to the different classes of sport, in such a way that each clearly showed results and details, with the modifications and evolution through the ages. The Exhibition was subdivided into 28 sections, each of which included monuments and reproductions from Antiquity, the Middle Ages and the modern era. After a first section which brought together themes of a general nature, such as athletic competitions, gymnasium scenes, victories, prize-giving ceremonies, and sport for young people, a further 23 sections were devoted to individual sports: Running, Jumping, Discus and Javelin, Ball and Football, Swimming, Rowing, Fishing, Cycling, Mountaineering, Winter Sports, Wrestling, Boxing, Fencing, Gladiatorial Games, Game Shooting and Hunting, Target Shooting, Equestrian Sports, Jousts, and Tournaments. In each of these sections the material was grouped in chronological order, while a section apart was devoted to Italian art from the Middle Ages to the XIX century. A further four sections were conceived which did not follow the criterion of arrangement by classes of sport and chronological divisions, one being dedicated to sports buildings from Antiquity to the XIX century, another to modern Olympic buildings, a third to prize-winners in modern Olympic Games and a fourth to the " ex-libris " inspired by sport. The basis of this arrangement was, above all, didactic. Quite apart from any consideration of a critical nature, it was intended to draw the attention of sportsmen to the historical aspect of sport by means of iconography and publications; in fact, the sports installations throughout the ages proved of the greatest interest. This aim was reached by supplementing the original works of art with a vast bibliographic, photographic, and plastic documentation, drawing together all the essential elements of each theme and in many cases a wealth of examples. From the didactic point of view, the reconstructions of sports buildings, especially of gymnasiums and dioramas were especially important, these last translating into plastic terms the most noteworthy sports scenes represented in pictures and engravings of the XVI to the XIX centuries: the Florentine Football Match, the Venetian Regatta, the Fencing Academy, the Race of the Coachmen, the Spheristerium, the Game of the Pisa Bridge, the Tournaments of Bologna and Rome, etc. Mention should also be made of the mosaic copies, executed directly on originals by the group of mosaic workers of Ravenna, of the two famous mosaics of Piazza Armerina, one depicting the Girl Gymnasts and the other the chariot Races in Circus Maximus. The 28 sections of the Exhibition were set up on the first floor of Palazzo delle Scienze at E.U.R. and covered an area of over 7,000 sq. m. The exhibits were more than 2,300, 1,000 of these being originals, including sta316

Statue of a winning boxer, work of Koblanos (I cent. A.D.).

The " Boxer at rest" a bronze statue by Apollonius.

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tues and bas-reliefs, Greek, Italic, and Etruscan vases, bronzes, ivories, pictures, armour, mosaics, engravings, manuscripts, and books, etc. More than one hundred Italian Museums (State, Provincial, Municipal, and private) made contributions in the form of original works of art, whilst over thirty Libraries, through the agency of the General Direction of Academies and Libraries sought out and sent manuscripts, publications, and prints on sports themes. The Exhibition Committee, composed of the Superintendents of Antiquities, the Superintendents of Galleries, the Directors of Museums and Libraries, the Priors of the Districts of Siena, the Presidents and Directors of the Provincial Tourist Boards and scholars and collaborators had as President Dr. Gaetano Predone, Inspector-General of Antiquities and Fine Arts and as VicePresidents Prof. Francesco Barberi, Inspector-General of Academies and Libraries, Prof. Filippo Rossi, Superintendent of the Florence Galleries and Prof. Antonio M. Colini, Director of the Rome Municipal Museums. The Bibliographic Committee which undertook the selection, research, and loaning of manuscripts and publications, was composed of: Prof. Guido Arcamone, Counsellor of State and onetime Director-General of Academies and Libraries, Prof. Attilio Frajese, Director-General of Academies and Libraries, Prof. Ettore Apollonj, President of the National Council for Popular and School Libraries, Dr. Bruno Zauli, Secretary-General of the C.O.N.I., Prof. Guido Rispoli, Director of the National Council of Popular and School Libraries, Prof. Francesco Barberi, Inspector-General of Academies and Libraries, Dr. Osvaldo Del Grosso of the General Direction of Academies and Libraries, Dr. Manfredi De Vita of the General Direction of Academies and Libraries, Dr. Domenico Caiazza, of the General Direction of Academies and Libraries, Dr. Laura de Felice, Director of the Vittorio Emanuele II Central National Library in Rome, Dr. Roberto Vighi, Director of the Exhibition of Sport in History and Art, Dr. Salvatore Fabbri, of the National Council of Popular and School Libraries, Dr. Sofia Letizia Cottone, of the National Council of Popular and School Libraries. An idea of the success of the Exhibition may more readily be gained from the months following the period of the Olympic Games, by the impressive attendance of school children and the interest shown by young people —more than 18,000—by teachers, and devotees of the various forms of sport, many of whom made a special journey from abroad to visit the Exhibition and obtain from it ideas for their own Museums and Institutes. Of considerable didactic importance, especially for propaganda purposes, were three initiatives created by the Exhibition: a documentary film in colour produced by the LUCE National Institute and the National Council for Popular and School Libraries, intended for showing all over the world together with the film " The Great Olympiad "; a second documentary entitled " The Torch ", produced by Urbe Films, directed by Nino Zucchelli and intended 319

The famous Discobulus of Myron.

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The armour of medieval tournaments.

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for schools; and lastly, the publication of an art volume by the Organising Committee of the Games to contain, in accordance with the same arrangement as the Exhibition, thirty-five works of art on a sports theme, clearly and richly presented, as well as the publication of the Official Catalogue of the Exhibition, a volume of 150 pages of text and 142 plates composed of 200 illustrations. At the final closing of the Exhibition on 8th January 1961 the Ministry of Education and the C.O.N.I. decided to place the material available in a " Permanent Sports Exhibition ", which would serve as a tangible souvenir of the Rome Olympic Games in the cultural field, at the disposal of scholars and sportsmen from all over the world.

Fête at the Pincio. The Arts Section took the opportunity of collaborating with the Provincial Tourist Board in Rome on the occasion of a number of manifestations of an artistic and spectacular nature organised in ancient settings of particular appeal. Among the most noteworthy manifestations arranged by the Provincial Tourist Board mention must be made of:—Shakespeare's " Julius Caesar " organised from 23rd August to 1st September in the Roman Theatre at Ostia Antica and the ballet performance organised at the Ninfeo di Villa Giulia. In addition to the above-mentioned manifestations, the Provincial Tourist Board took the initiative of offering the members of the International Olympic Committee a special performance of " Sounds and Lights " which took place on 7th September in the evocative setting of the Roman Forum. Finally, the Provincial Tourist Board, in collaboration with the Organising Committee of the Games, the Rome Commune, the A.C.E.A. and the Rome Opera, realised the final splendid Fete, which took place in the Pincio Gardens, by night, after the Closing Ceremony of the Olympic Games. The Pincio, which was reserved on this occasion to guests only, saw the gathering of over twelve thousand persons including the Prime Minister, members of the Government, Members of Parliament, Members of the Diplomatic Corps, Officials of the C.O.N.I., and the I.O.C., Foreign Missions, journalists, athletes and organisers. The Minister of Entertainment and Tourism, the Hon. Folchi, acted as host, after transmitting the greetings of the Italian Government to all these present. The Band of the Carabinieri and the orchestra, choir and corps de ballet of the Rome Opera House took part in the evening's programme, with the collaboration of famous operatic singers who sang well-known themes from Italian operas. The festivity was crowned by a magnificent fireworks display, a worthy and spectacular conclusion to the Games of the XVII Olympiad. At a pre322

Spectacular conclusion at the Pincio of the final night fête.

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arranged signal the heights bordering the horizon of the Pincio, from Monte Mario to the Aventine, were illuminated with thousands and thousands of brilliant flashes and luminous showers. Subsequently, Castel Sant'Angelo too was lit up with fireworks differing from the Italian ones in their particularly elegant fragile quality, these being offered by the Japanese Olympic Committee, almost as if to form a link between the Games of Rome and the 1964 Games of Tokyo. Piazza del Popolo, the facade of the Valadier, the steps leading up to the Pincio, Porta del Popolo and the three Churches were artistically illuminated by over 5,000 Roman torches, whilst the Pincio, thanks to the collaboration of the Commune and the A.C.E.A., presented a unique sight with thousands of lamps and invisible reflectors placed between the trees which projected various tonalities of light and colour. A detail that went far in creating an indelible memory of the festivity for visitors and Romans alike was the unique sight of Rome with brilliant illuminations for the occasion on all its towers, cupolas, bell-towers and principal monuments, whilst a multitude of searchlights raked the sky, their rhythmic play ever centred on the cupola of Saint Peter's whose massive outline, bathed in a concentric wave of light, now and then loomed up from the shadows, standing, as it would seem, symbolic guard over the Eternal City.

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ORIGINAL WORKS DISPLAYED IN THE EXHIBITION AREZZO – Committee for the Saracen's Joust: Turkish style jousting helmet – Saracen's head in wood – Costume of Knight of the Joust – Sword with sheath (XVII cent.). AREZZO – Archeological Museum: Bronze statuette of woman gymnast (4th Cent. B. C.) – Two bronze statuettes of discus throwers (5th Cent. B. C.) – Etruscan vase with wrestlers (4th Cent. B. C.) – Attic krater with quadriga (5th Cent. B. C.) AREZZO – Medieval and Modern Museum: Five hunting flasks (XVI-XVII Cent.) – Two hunting knives (XVII Cent.). BARI – Provincial Archeological Museum: Attic krater with quadriga (VI Cent. B. C.) – Attic oenochoe with javelin thrower (5th Cent. B. C.) – Attic krater with victorious athlete (5th Cent. B. C.) – Fictile statuette of woman gymnast (3rd Cent. B. C.) – Attic oenochoe with quadriga and Nike (5th Cent. B. C.) – Two Attic kraters with biga and quadriga (5th Cent. B. C.) – Attic krater with victorious horseman (5th Cent. B. C.). BARLETTA – Civic Museum: Picture of sleighing at Paris, by G. De Nittis (XIX Cent.) – Two pictures depicting races at the Bois de Boulogne, by G. De Nittis (XIX Cent.). BERGAMO – Civic Library: L'Arte del nuoto, by A. Corti, 1819 – Treatise on fencing, by Faloppia, 1584 – Feste, giostre e corse a Napoli, 1536 – Giuochi fatti dai cavalieri bergamaschi, 1602 – Giostra fatta in Bergamo nel 1599. BOLOGNA – University Library: Regole di molti cavagliereschi esercizi, by V. Ghisleri (XVI Cent.) – Treatise on fencing, 1605 – Torneo di Ferrara, 1676 – Two treatises on hunting (XVIII Cent.). BOLOGNA – Daria Bargellini Collection: Picture of hunter, by L. Crespi (XVIII Cent.). BOLOGNA – National Gallery (Marzoli collection): Portrait of Marquis Marsigli in hunting dress, by L. Crespi (XVIII Cent.). BOLOGNA – Civic Museum: Panathenaic amphora with runners (6th Cent B. C.) – Campanian krater with athletes (3rd Cent. B. C.) – Attic Lekythos with victorious athlete (6th Cent. B. C.) – Campa-

nian krater with victorious discus thrower (3rd Cent. B. C.) – Attic pitcher with runner carrying torch (5th Cent. B. C.) – Small bronze statue of weightlifter (5th Cent. B. C.) – Attic cup with wrestling school (5th Cent. B. C.) – Attic cup with boxers (6th Cent. B. C.). BRESCIA – Civic Queriniana Library: La giostra dell'anello, 1766. CAGLIARI – University Library: Voyage en Sardaigne, by A. La Marmora (XIX Cent.) – The statues of Eleonora d'Arborea, 1805. CAGLIARI – National Museum: Two small bronze groups of wrestlers (8th7th Cent. B. C.) – Two statuettes of archers (8th-7th Cent. B. C.). CAPUA – Campanian Provincial Museum: Campanian glass with master and athlete (3rd Cent. B. C.) – Campanian vase with victorious javelin thrower (4th Cent. B. C.) – Campanian krater with runners and archers (4th Cent. B. C.) – Attic amphora with hunter and dog (5th Cent. B. C.) – Campanian cup depicting departure for the hunt (4th Cent. B. C.). CASERTA – Royal Palace: Two pictures depicting the 1846 Tourney, by S. Fergola – Picture depicting duck hunt on Lake Fusaro, by Verner (XVIII Cent.). CATANIA – University Library: Treatise on fencing, by C. Carnazza, 1830. CATANIA – Ursino Library – Recupero: Treatise on fencing, by A. Marchionni. CATANIA – Castle Ursino Museum: Bronze statuette of horseman (XVI Cent.). CENTO – Civic Museum: Fresco of deer hunt, by Guercino (XVII Cent.). CHIUSI – Civic Museum: Lid of cinerary urn with wrestlers (9th-8th Cent. B. C.). ESTE – Archeological Museum: Small bronze statue of stone thrower (5th Cent. B. C.) – Bronze statuette of javelin thrower (5th Cent. B. C.) – Small bronze statue of rider (5th Cent. B. C.) – Small fictile statue of rider (6th Cent. B. C.). FABRIANO – Communal Picture Gallery: Tapestry depicting hunter (XVI Cent.).

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Packing arrangements for the pieces to be displayed in the Exhibition.

FERMO – Civic Museum: Tapestry depicting a coot hunt (XVI Cent.). FERRARA – National Museum: Attic krater with gymnasts (5th Cent. B. C.) – Attic krater with athlete (4th Cent. B. C.) – Small attic pitcher with athlete (5th Cent. B. C.) – Attic cup with discus throwers (5th Cent. B. C.) – Attic krater with instructor and woman gymnast – Drinking

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horn with instructor and pupil (5th Cent. B. C.) – Attic cup with victorious athlete (5th Cent. B. C.) – Attic cup with woman gymnast (5th Cent. B. C.) – Two small Attic pitchers with runners carrying a torch (5th Cent. B. C.) – Attic cup with runners carrying torch (5th Cent. B. C.) – Small Attic pitcher with runner (5th Cent. B. C.) – Two small Attic pitchers with jumper) 5th Cent. B.C.)– Campanian glass with victo-

rious discus thrower (4th Cent. B. C.) – Two small bronze statues of discus throwers (5th Cent. B. C.) – Attic vase with boxers (5th Cent. B. C.) – Attic oenochoe with horseman (5th Cent. B. C.). FLORENCE – Central National Library: Regolamento per le corse di cavalli, 1837 – La giostra di Lorenzo de' Medici (XVI Cent.) – Treatise on hunting by Carcano, 1622 – Uccelleria by Olina, 1622 – Bando contro gli archibugi, 1640. FLORENCE – Prints Gallery: Engraving by Van Westerhout depicting the football game, 1691 – Fishing: engraving by A. Fontanesi (XIX Cent.) – Engraving of Hercules and Anteus, by M. Raimondi (XVI Cent.) – Engraving of Hercules and Anteus, by Agostino Veneziano (XVI Cent.) – Six figures of horses, engraving by Tempesta (XVII Cent.) – Engravings of festivities and tourneys, by R. Gualtieri and J. Callot (XVI-XVII Cent.) – Engraving of the Bridge Game at Florence, 1608 – Seven engravings of hunting scenes, by Tempesta – Engravings with figures of horses and hunting scenes, by Tempesta. FLORENCE – Gallery of Modern Art: Picture by E. Ceconn: " The Final Blow" (XIX Cent.). FLORENCE – Uffiz i Gallery: Torso of the Doriphorus (5th Cent. B. C.) – Sarcophagus with gymnastic Cupids (1st Cent. B. C.) – Marble group of wrestling Cupids (2nd Cent. B. C.) – Two Medici tapestries depicting tourney scenes (XVI Cent.) – Tapestry with Medici coat-of-arms (XVII Cent.) – Tapestry with wild-boar hunt (XVI Cent.). FLORENCE – Archeological Museum: Prehistoric harpoon – Attic cup with wrestlers (5th Cent. B. C.) – Attic cup with wrestling school (4th Cent. B. C.) – Attic krater with boxers and pankratiasts (5th Cent. B. C.). FLORENCE – Bargello National Museum: Bronze statuette of wrestler, by Camelio (XVI Cent.) – Small bronze group of wrestlers (4th Cent. B. C.) – Bronze statuette of Cosimo de' Medici on horseback, by Giambologna (XVI Cent.) – Statuette of Louis XIII of France on horseback, by Francaville (XVI Cent.) – Tourneying shield in wood and leather (XVI Cent.) – Small model of

tourneyer (XVI Cent.) – Armour said to be that of Charles V (XVI Cent.) – Breastplate and armour (XVI Cent.) – Reversed helmet (XVII Cent.) – Gala crest (XV Cent.) – Engraved skull-cap (XVI Cent.) – Back portion of armour (XVI Cent.) – Painted jousting buckler (XVI Cent.) – Two jousting helmets (XV-XVI Cent.) – Two bronze statuettes of fowlers by Giambologna (XVI Cent.). FLORENCE – " Florence in former times " Historical Museum: Engraving by G. Zecchi with the football game, 1378 – Engraving by G. S. Muller with the Coach Race (XVIII Cent.) – Picture depicting the Coach Race (XVIII Cent.) – Picture depicting a tourney on horseback (XVI Cent.). FLORENCE – Stibbert Museum: Six swords (XVI-XVIII Cent.) – Small wooden model of two tourneyers (XVI Cent.) – Three sets of white jousting armour (XVI Cent.) – Two sets of white engraved armour (XVI Cent.) – Mantuan equestrian armour of Marquis Guadagni (XVII Cent.) – King at Arms (XVI Cent.) – Milanese armour (XVI Cent.) – Small model of jouster (XV Cent.). FLORENCE – Palazzo Pitti: Six pictures with portraits of racing horses, by V. Cotlison (XIX Cent.). GELA – Archeological Museum: Attic cup with fisherman (5th Cent. B. C.) – Small fictile boat (4th Cent. B. C.) – Fictile head of horse (5th Cent. B. C.). GUBBIO – Communal Picture Gallery: Picture of Saint Ubaldo, by Barocci (XVI Cent.). IMOLA – Communal Library: Manualetto di ginnastica by F. Valletti, 1879 – La ginnastica in Roma, by F. Valletti, 1884 – La caccia in Italia, by F. Costa, 1880 – Manuale del cacciatore, by A. Bac chi, 1876. ISCHIA DI CASTRO, Lotti Collection: Corinthian vase with hunting scene (6th Cent. B. C.). LECCE – Provincial Museum: Apulian krater with victorious athlete (4th Cent. B. C.) – Attic krater with gymnast (5th Cent. B. C.) – Attic cup with jumper (5th Cent. B. C.) – Attic cup with victorious quadriga (5th Cent. B. C.) – Pottery depicting wild-boar hunting. (XVIII Cent).

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LUCCA – Picture Gallery: Picture with Prince Frederick di Rubino holding a racquet. MACERATA – Spheristerium Society: Original design for the plan of the Spheristerium. MATELICA – Piersanti Museum: Tapestry with the hunt of Aeneas and Dido (XVII Cent.). MILAN – Communal Library: Regulations for horse races, 1840 – Della caccia, by Simoncello, 1616 – Treatise on hunting by Toblini, 1739. MILAN – Bagatti Valsecchi Collection: Front portion of coffer depicting the story of Griselda (the hunt) (XV Cent.). MILAN – Brera Gallery: Picture of hunter, by G. Induno (XIX Cent.). MILAN – The Scala Museum: Picture depicting the Bridge of Fists at Venice (XVIII Cent.). MILAN – Civic Museum: Coffer of the Sforza family depicting the departure for the hunt of the Duke of Milan (XV Cent.). MILAN – Civic Prints Collection: Engraving by F. B. Werner with ball playing at Florence, 1740 – Engraving by Avesani and Zucchi, depicting the ball game at Verona, 1770 – Lithography of a football player at Rome (XIX Cent.) – Lithography of the Rua Festivity at Vicenza, 1813 – Engraving depicting the greasy pole, 1813 – Print depicting boxing match, 1865 – Two prints with fencers (XVII-XVIII Cent.) – Two diplomas for fencing with sticks (XIX Cent.) – Engraving depicting the Asti Palio (XVIII Cent.) – Engraving depicting the Bologna Palio (XIX Cent.) – Engraving of the Paduan sulkies, 1854 – Three engravings of horses and races (XVIII-XIX Cent.). MODENA – Este Library: Caroselli, tornei, cavalcate... by V. Forcella. MODENA – Este Gallery: Picture of wedding procession at Venice, by L. Carlevariis (XVII Cent.) – Bronze statuette of Hercules on horseback, by Bertoldo di Giovanni (XVI Cent.) – Bronze statuette of mounted tourneyer, by Tacca (XVI Cent.) - Coffer depicting the Tale of Griselda (the hunt) (XVI Cent.) – Two frescoes of hunting scenes, by N. dell'Abate (XVI Cent.).

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NAPLES – National Library: Treatise on fencing by M. Parise, 1884 – Scherma a cavallo by G. Weiss, 1830 – Treatise on horseriding, 1723 – Two treatises on hunting, 1739 – Two treatises on hunting (XIX Cent.). NAPLES – University Library: Treatise on horseriding by Melillo, 1833. NAPLES – Capodimonte Museum: Seven swords (XVI-XIX Cent.) – Picture of the races at Agnano, by N. Palizzi (XIX Cent.) – XVII Cent armour used for the Caserta tourney – Large double-handed sword (XVII Cent.) – Three hunting guns (XIX Cent.) – Picture depicting coot hunting, by Hackert (XVIII Cent.) – Portrait of Charles III hunting (XVIII Cent.). NAPLES – National Museum: Panathenaic amphora with oplitodromes (6th Cent. B. C.) – Group of gymnasium equipment (1st Cent. B. C.) – Attic unguentary with gymnasts (6th Cent. B. C.) – Attic cup with gymnasts (5th Cent. B. C.) – Victorious athletes: two Pompeian pictures (1st Cent. B. C.) – Two Pompeian pictures with gymnasium motifs – Pompeian picture with gymnasium scenes – Attic cup with jumpers (5th Cent. B. C.) – Panathenaic amphora with discus throwers and instructor (5th Cent. B. C.) – Attic amphora with javelin thrower (5th Cent. B. C.) – Fishing net and fishing tackle (1st Cent. B. C.) – Two reliefs with triremes (1st Cent. B. C.) – Pompeian picture with wrestlers (1st Cent. B. C.) – Bronze statue of wrestler (4th Cent. B. C.) – Statue of victorious boxer, signed by Koblanos (1st Cent. B. C.) – Mosaic with boxer (1st Cent. B. C.) – Bronze arm of boxer (1st Cent. B. C.) – Five fictile statuettes of gladiators (1st Cent. B. C.) – Panathenaic amphora with chariot races (5th Cent. B. C.) – Attic Deinos with quadrigas (6th Cent. B. C.) – Roman sarcophagus with races of Cupids (2nd Cent. B. C.). NAPLES – St. Martin's Museum: Picture of the Caserta Tourney, by Sauget, 1846. OSTIA ANTICA – Museum: Marble group of two wrestlers (4th-3rd Cent. B. C.). PADUA – University Library: Il ginnasta... by, G. Borassatti, 1753 – L'idroginnastica by G. Orsolato, 1878 – Treatise on horseriding by Galiberti, 1650.

PADUA – Bottacin Museum: Two medals struck for the horse races (XIX Cent.) – " De Viris illustribus familiae Capitis listae" Code, illuminated, 1434 – Bronze statuette of Diana the huntress, by T. Aspetti (XVI Cent.).

PISA – University Library: Manuscript on the Bridge Game (XVIII Cent.) – L'Oplomachia pisana, 1713.

PADUA – Civic Museum: Picture of fishermen (XVI Cent.) – Picture of fishermen (XVIII Cent.) – Fictile statuette of gladiator (1st Cent. B. C.) – Bronze statuette of horseman (5th Cent. B. C.) – Stele of the horse named Egypt (1st Cent. B. C.) – Stele of Servilia with biga (1st Cent. B. C.) – Picture of return from the hunt (XV Cent.) – Picture of hunter (XVII Cent.) – Picture of game (XVII Cent.) – Picture of falconer, by Tomasselli (XIX Cent.).

RAVENNA – National Museum: Small ivory tablet depicting tourneying scene (XV Cent.).

PALERMO – Communal Library: Treatise of fencing by Blasco Florio, 1828 – Treatise on fencing by V. Labertini, 1870 – Treatise on fencing by C. A. Blengini, 1864 – De' giuochi bellici, by Villabianca: manuscript dating from the XVIII Cent. – Libro de falconeria e caccia by Bazani: manuscript of the XVI Cent. PALERMO – Dasti Collection: Bronze statuette of javelin thrower (4th-3rd Cent. B. C.). PALERMO – National Museum: Bas-relief of woman gymnast (5th Cent. B. C.) – Attic Lekythos with athlete (6th Cent. B. C.) – Attic cup with instructor and gymnasts (5th Cent. B. C.) – Etruscan cippus with game before the jury and triga races (6th Cent. B. C.) – Corynthian balsamarium with horsemen and acrobat (6th Cent. B.C.) – Bronze statuette of woman runner (6th Cent. B. C.) – Attic Lekythos with jumper (6th Cent. B. C.) – Marble relief with quadriga (5th Cent. B. C.) – Two fictile arulae with quadriga and horsemen (6th-5th Cent. B. C.) – Small bronze group with quadriga (5th Cent. B. C.) – Attic amphora with horseman and quadrigas (5th Cent. B. C.). PARMA – Palatine Library: Treatise on fencing by T. Ceresa, 1641 – Treatise on hunting by Isacchi (XVII Cent.). PARMA – Museum of Antiquities: Bronze statuette of discus thrower (4th Cent. B. C.) – Two bronze statuettes of fencing Cupids (1st Cent. B. C.).

PISA – Provincial Tourist Board: Four suits of armour of captains of the Bridge Game – Three flags from the Bridge Game.

REGGIO CALABRIA – National Museum: Italiot krater with athletes (4th Cent. B. C.) – Lead weight for jumping (5th-4th Cent. B. C.). ROME – Communal Antiquarium: Mosaic with portrait of athlete (4th Cent. B. C.) – Inscriptions of victorious athletes (4th Cent. B. C.) – Large mosaic depicting a hunt, by Bibiana (3rd Cent. B. C.). ROME – Library of the Dei Lincei Academy: Treatise on horseriding by Ansalone, 1629 – La caccia dell'arcobugio, by Bonfandini, 1672. ROME – Angelica Library: Volume on the Barberini Joust of 1634. ROME – Library of Archeology and History of Art: Treatise on fencing by Fiore de' Liberi – stereotype edition – Il Torneo di Caserta del 1846. ROME – Casanatense Library: Treatise on ball games, by A. Scaino, 1555 – Treatise on fencing by Alfieri (XVII Cent.) — Treatise on horseriding by Palmieri, 1625 Feste e giostre a Firenze, 1579 – Del roccoletto, by G. M. Cassini (XVIII Cent.). ROME – C.O.N.I. Library: Artis Gymnasticae, by G. Mercuriale, 1569 – Dialogues de l'exercice de sauter, by A. Tuccaro, 1599 – De Motu animalium, by G. A. Borelli, 1685 – De corporis exercitatione, by D. A. de Bellis, 1754 – La Ginnastica, by G. Nenci, 1766 – Ginnastica medicochirurgica, 1781 – Istituzione di arte ginnastica, by N. Abbondati, 1846 – Lodi de' giocatori di pallone, by O. Rinuccini, 1619 - L'uomo galleggiante, by O. De Bernardi, 1794 – Arte de nadar, by O. De Bernardi, 1807 – Twenty fencing treatises – Treatise on the Bonacossa horses, 1574 – Treatise on horseriding by G. C. Tratta, 1785 – Oplomachia by Pistofilo, 1621 – " De arte venandi" by Frederick II, 1595 – L'Uccellagione, by Tiraboschi, 1775 – Il Falconiere, by Triano, 1735 – La caccia, by Tondi, 1816.

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Maximum care and special devices for the transfer of the works of art. ROME – Central National Library: G. du Chaul, Discorso... sopra la castrametatione e bagni antichi..., 1559 – De Arte Gymnastica, by G. Mercuriale, 1573 and 1587 – De Thermis by A. Bacci, 1622 – Coroginnica, by F. Vallonica, 1878 – Storia della ginnastica, by F. Valletti, 1893 – Meccanica umana, by E. Baumann, 1882 – L'educazione fisica..., by A. Mosso, 1892, 1894 – Memorie del calcio fiorentino, by P.

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Bini, 1688 – Discorso sopra il gioco del calcio fiorentino, by G. Bardi, 1673 – Sopra il giuoco del calcio, in " Poesie toscane" by V. Filicaia, 1707 – Canto del calcio, 1750 – Lettera intorno alla sferisterica, by F. S. Quadrio, 1751 – Il giuoco pratico... del pallone e della racchetta, by R. Bisteghi, 1753 – "A un vincitore nel pallone" by Leopardi, 1834 – Gli azzurri e i rossi, by E. De Amicis, 1897 – Three volumes on

cycling in the XIX Century – Epistle by Petrarch, 1492 – Osservazioni su una piccola parte degli Appennini, by Orazio Telfico, 1796 – Una salita al Monviso, by Q. Sella, 1863 – Eleven publications on Italian mountaineering (XIX Cent.) – Seven treatises on fencing (XVI-XIX Cent.) – Un an à Rome, by Thomas (XIX Cent.) – Three treatises on horseriding, by F. Baldini, 1774 – Four volumes on horseriding in the Eighteenth Century – Volume on the Belvedere Tournament in 1565 – Volume on the Piacenza Tournament in 1574 – Feste a Firenze nel 1608 – Il Maggio romanesco ovvero il Palio conquistato del Peresio, 1688 – Le guerre festive... a Palermo, 1680 – Feste... in Parma nel 1769 – Libro delle nature degli uccelli, 1874 – La caccia col falcone, by Lorenzo de' Medici, 1825 – "Ruralia Commoda" by De Crescenzi, 1478 – Four treatises on hunting in the XVI Cent. – Two treatises on hunting in the XVII Cent. – Three publications on hunting in the XIX Cent. ROME – Alexandrine University Library: Simmetria dei corpi humani, by Dürer, 1594 – Historia delle genti settentrionali, by Olaus Magnus, 1565 – Two treatises on fencing – Treatise on horseriding by Ferraro, 1602 – Treatise on hunting by Acquaviva, 1519 – Delle caccie, by Raimondi, 1626. ROME – National Engravings: Engraving of Cupids on quadriga (XVI Cent.) – Four English engravings depicting horse races in the Roman countryside, 1844-1848. ROME – Lemmermann Collection: Engraving of the football game at Naples (XIX Cent.) – Two engravings depicting the strength of Hercules (XIX Cent.) – Engraving depicting a boxing match, by Bernasconi (XVIII Cent.) – Twenty coloured engravings with hunting scenes (XIX Cent.). ROME – Passamonti Collection: Engraving by G. Zecchi depicting the game of bowls (XVIII Cent.) – Engraving by Gandini: the last prize in the regatta (XIX Cent.) – Three engravings showing the strength of Hercules (XVIII-XIX Cent.) – Engraving of boxers (XIX Cent.) – Small ivory tablet depicting the Bridge of Fists at Venice (XVI-XVII Cent.). ROME – National Prints Room: Engraving showing the football game (XVIII Cent.) – Engraving by B. Pinelli depicting the game of bowls, 1834 – Two engravings by

Van Cluf of the bull hunt at Testaccio and in Piazza Farnese (XVI Cent.) – Engraving by E. Sadeler of the race of the Barbary horses, 1615 – Engraving of the Siena Palio, 1717 – Engraving of the tournament in Piazza Navona (XVII Cent.) – Engraving of the Belvedere Tournament, by du Pérac (XVI Cent.) - Engraving by M. A. Raimondi of lion hunt (XVI Cent.) – Four engravings depicting hunting scenes by Stefano della Bella (XV Cent.) - Volume of the "mock hunts" by Mitelli (1684): 15 engravings – Eight engravings with huntings scenes by Tempesta (XVI Cent.). ROME – Barberini Gallery, Odescalchi Armoury Four hunting flasks (XVI-XVIII Cent.). ROME – Borghese Gallery: Two pictures with fishermen, by G. Grimaldi (XVII Cent.) – Two statuettes of negro falconers, by Duquesnoy (XVII Cent.) – Two pictures of hunting scenes, by Tempesta (XVI Cent.) – Picture of stag hunt, by N. dell'Abate (XVI Cent.) – Picture of hunters, by Paolo Brill (XVII Cent.). ROME – Corsini Gallery: Marble seat with athletic competitions and hunting scenes (1st Cent. B. C.). ROME – National Gallery of Ancient Art: Picture of the Lingelbach Riding-School, 1664 Picture of wildboar hunt by Snyders (XVII Cent.). ROME – National Gallery of Modern Art: Seven pictures of racing horses, by F. Palizzi (XIX Cent.) – Picture depicting " arab fantasy " by S. Ussi (XIX Cent.) – Seven studies of animals and dogs, by F. Palizzi (XIX Cent.) – The return of the hunter, by Quadrone – The Hunter, by M. Cammarano. ROME – Spada Gallery: Picture of hunting scene and the slippery pole, by N. dell'Abate (XVI Cent.). ROME – Jockey Club: Six pictures of horses victorious in the Italian Derby (XIX Cent.). ROME – Museum of Popular Arts and Traditions Two engravings by B. Pinelli with popular gymnastic games 1821-22 – Coloured engraving by G. Piattoli, with the trucco on the ground (XVIII Cent.) – Chapters on the football game and on the games of trucco and bowls (XIX Cent.) – Engraving by A. Pinelli showing the football game, 1835 – Three statuettes of Neapolitan fishermen (XIX Cent.) – Five flasks in the shape of

331

fish (XVIII-XIX Cent.) – Engraving depicting the Strength of Hercules – Engraving by B. Pinelli: the steel arm (XIX Cent.) – Edict on horse races, 1847 – Engraving by Pinelli showing the game of the ring, 1821 – Two Sardinian guns (XIX Cent.). R O M E – Baracco Museum: Hand of Myron's discus thrower. ROME – Castel Sant'Angelo Museum: Five pieces for the Bridge Game – Helmet (XV Cent.) – Hunting flask (XVIII Cent.) – Four hunting spits (XVII Cent.) – Seven hunting daggers and knives (XVII-XIX Cent.) – Four hunting guns (XIX Cent.) – Hunting rapier (XVII Cent). – Six hunting cross-bows (XVIII-XIX Cent.). R O M E – Capitoline Museum: Sarcophagus with hunting scenes (3rd Cent. A. D.) – Lid of sarcophagus with child hunters (2nd Cent. A. D.). R O M E – Museum of Roman Civilisation: Relief with gladiators (1st Cent. A. D.). R O M E – Conservatori Museum: Attic amphora with victorious athlete (6th Cent. B. C.) – Two statues of runners (4th Cent. B. C.) – Attic cup with javelin thrower (5th Cent. B. C.) – Attic amphora with wrestling school (6th Cent. B. C.) – Statue of Hercules wrestling (6th Cent. B. C.) – Statue of consul opening the races (3rd Cent. B. C.) – Attic krater with woman gymnast (5th Cent. B. C.). ROME – Napoleonic Museum: Velocifero (XIX Cent.). R O M E – National Rome Museum: Statue of torch bearer (1st Cent. A. D.) – Mosaic with portrait of athlete (4th Cent. A. D.) – Sarcophagus with children's games (3rd Cent. A. D.) – Statue of Hercules (3rd Cent. B.C.) – Statue of Myron's Discus thrower – Two mosaics with fishes (lst-3rd Cent. A. D.) – Sarcophagus with swimming and fishing Cupids (2nd Cent. A. D.) – Bronze statue of boxer at rest (1st Cent. B. C.) – Small bronze statue of gladiators (1st Cent. A. D.) – Three reliefs with gladiators (lst-3rd Cent. A. D.) – Fictile slab with " venatio " (1st Cent. B. C.) – Sarcophagus with hunting scenes – Lid of sarcophagus with chariot races – Relief with charioteer and chariot drawn by 8 horses – Two mosaics showing game – Mosaic with two gladiators and a tigress.

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ROME – Villa Giulia National Museum: Parthenaic amphora with boxers (6th Cent. B. C.) – Small Attic vase with gymnasts and quadrigas, signed by Nicostene (6th Cent. B. C.) -Attic cup with gymnasts (5th Cent. B.C.) - Attic cup with massage (5th Cent. B. C.) – Two bronze strigils (4th Cent. B. C.) – Two large bronze rings (6th Cent. B. C.) – Two bronze strigils (4th Cent. B. C.) – Bronze statuette of athlete with strigil (4th Cent. B. C.) – Bronze statuette of athlete with strigil (4th Cent. B. C.) – Small cage and bronze combs (4th Cent. B. C.) – Attic cup with gymnast (5th Cent. B. C.) – Attic cup with victorious athletes (5th Cent. B. C.) – Roman oil lamp with victorious athlete (1st Cent. A. D.) – Bronze candelabrum with discus thrower (4th Cent. B. C.) – Attic krater with gymnasts (5th Cent. B. C.) – Attic siphon with gymnasts (6th Cent. B. C.) – Bronze statuette of acrobat (4th Cent. B. C.) - Fictile statue of gymnast (4th Cent. B. C.) - Attic amphora with runners (6th Cent. B. C.) – Two Attic cups with runners (6th Cent. B. C.) – Small Attic pitcher with torch race (6th Cent. B. C.) – Attic cup with torch race (5th Cent. B. C.) – Fictile statuette of runner (4th Cent. B. C.) – Bronze statuette of runner (4th Cent. B. C.) – Attic krater with jumpers and discus thrower (5th Cent. B. C.) – Two Attic cups with jumper (5th Cent. B. C.) – Attic amphora with jumpers (5th Cent. B. C.) – Bronze statuette of jumper (5th Cent. B. C.) – Attic krater with gymnasts (5th Cent. B. C.) – Iron discus (6th-5th Cent. B. C.) – Bronze candelabrum with discus thrower (5th Cent. B. C.) – Two bronze statuettes of javelin throwers (6th Cent. B. C.) – Attic krater with javelin throwers (6th Cent. B. C.) – Attic amphora with javelin throwers (5th Cent. B. C.) – Bronze statuette of javelin trower (5th Cent. B. C.) – Attic amphora with wrestling school (5th Cent. B. C.) – Attic cup wrestlers (5th Cent. B. C.) – Two Panathenaic amphorae with boxing match (6th Cent. B. C.) – Attic amphora with boxers (6th Cent. B. C.) – Ficoroni Cista, with the boxing match between Pollux and Amicus (4th Cent. B. C.) – Bronze mirror with the boxers Pollux and Amicus (4th Cent. B. C.) – Bronze statuette of boxer (5th Cent. B. C.) - Attic cup with boxing school (5th Cent. B. C.) – Falyro vase with victorious boxer (4th Cent. B. C.) – Two oil lamps with boxers (1st Cent. A. D.) – Six oil lamps with gla-

diators (lst-3rd Cent. A. D.) – Attic cup with horsemen (6th Cent. B. C.) – Two Roman oil lamps with horse races (1st Cent. A. D.) – Attic pitcher with quadriga and horsemen (6th Cent. B. C.) – Attic cup with horseriding scenes (5th Cent. B. C.) – Etruscan amphora with deer and lances (6th Cent. B. C.) – Two Attic cups with hunting scenes (5th Cent. B. C.) – Fictile brazier with sports scenes (7th Cent. B.

C.) – Three fictile slabs with bigas and horsemen (6th Cent. B. C.). ROME – Palazzo Venezia Museum: Small bronze group depicting the "Saccomazzone" fight by Moschi (XVII Cent.) – Fourteen fencing weapons (XV-XVII Cent.) – Two halberds (XVI Cent.) – Two helmets (XVII Cent.) – Spiked clubs and hammers (XVII Cent.).

Large and solid cases transported by expert hands.

333

ROME – Rome Museum: Picture of the football game, by L. Manglard (XVIII Cent.) – Two pictures of fishermen on the Tiber, by E. Roesler Franz (XIX Cent.) – Picture of regatta on the Tiber, by E. Roesler Franz (XIX Cent.) – Engraving of joust in the Augusteo (XIX Cent.) – Water-colour by Pinelli showing the joust of the cows in the Augusteo (XIX Cent.) – Picture of the games at Testaccio (1545) – Two engravings by Pinelli of the joust of the cows (XIX Cent.) – Two coloured lithographies of the races of the Barbary horses (XIX Cent.) – Two engravings by Pinelli on the race of the Barbary horses (XIX Cent.) – Five water-colour engravings on the race of the Barbary horses (XIX Cent.) - Engraving of the horse named Aquilino (XVIII Cent.) – Two pictures of the Rospigliosi horses (XVIII Cent.) – Edict for the Carnival races (XIX Cent.) – Manuscript of the " Song" for the Rospigliosi joust of 1670 – Picture showing the tourney in Piazza Navona (XVI Cent.) – Picture of fox hunt by Cabani (XIX Cent.). ROME – Caracalla Baths: Column of grey-coloured granite (3rd Cent. A.D.) - Capital with athletic figure (3rd Cent. A.D.) ROME – Capitoline Picture Gallery: Picture of the crossbowman, by L. Lotto (XVI Cent.). SA SARI – National Museum: Two Sardinian guns (XVIII Cent.). SIENA – " Caterpillar " District: 1763 " Palio " – Jockey's helmet – Two swords. SIENA – " Snail " District: 1772 Palio – Duke's helmet. SIENA – " Owl " District: Two helmets, breastplate and jockey's skullcap. SIENA – " Dragon " District: Palio of Virginia – Duke's helmet. SIENA – " Porcupine " District: Skull-cap and riding-whip – Iron club. SIENA – " Unicorn " District: Palios of 1795, 1818 and 1860 – Duke's helmet, armour and two swords. SIENA – " Wolf " District: Palios of 1775 and 1856. SIENA – " Ram " District: Two gala and racing helmets.

334

SIENA – " Shall " District: 1841 Palio – Skull-cap of jockey. SIENA – " Wave " District: Print depicting the 1767 " carro" – Water colour of the " comparsa " (XVIII Cent.) – 1810 Palio – Duke's helmet. SIENA – " Tower " District: Helmet, chin-strap and glove for the Palio procession – jockey's helmet – sword and club – Duke's helmet. SIENA – Provincial Tourist Office: Lithographies with the costumes of the various contrade (XIX Cent.). SIENA – Monte dei Paschi: Picture with the procession of the districts by L. Fratellini (XVIII Cent.) – Picture with the festivities for the Palio (XVIII Cent.). SYRACUSE – National Museum: Attic Lekythos with discus thrower (6th Cent. B. C.) – Italiot krater with victorious athlete (4th Cent. B. C.) – Attic Lekythos with jumper (6th Cent. B. C.) – Attic amphora with jumper and discus thrower (6th Cent. B. C.) – Iron discus (6th-5th Cent. B. C.) – Italiot vase with boxers (4th Cent. B. C.) – Italiot krater with boxing school (4th Cent. B. C.) – Two Attic kraters with horsemen (5th Cent. B. C.) – Fictile arula with quadriga (6th Cent. B. C.). TARANTO – National Museum: Attic Lekythos with gymnasts (6th Cent. B. C.) – Fictile statuette of woman acrobat (4th Cent. B. C.) – Attic amphora with runners (6th Cent. B. C.) – Two prehistoric fish-hooks – Attic Lekythos with boxers and wrestlers (6th Cent. B. C.) – Attic vase with wrestlers (5th Cent. B. C.) – Attic cup with wild boar hunt (5th Cent. B. C.). TARQUINIA – National Museum: Frescoes from the Tomb of the Olympic Games (6th Cent. B. C.) – Attic cup with gymnasts (5th Cent. B. C.) – Attic amphora with runners and judges (6th Cent. B. C.) – Attic krater with discus thrower and javelin thrower (5th Cent. B. C.) – Attic cup with javelin throwers and instructor (5th B. C.) – Four Attic amphorae with boxing scenes (6th-5th Cent. B. C.) – Etruscan sarcophagus with duellers (3rd Cent. B. C.) – Attic amphora with quadrigas (6th Cent. B. C.) -

Small urn ornamented with horses and horseman (5th Cent. B. C.) – Two Attic amphorae wrestling scenes (5th Cent. B. C.). TIVOLI – Villa Adriana: Statue of Mars (5th Cent. B. C.) – Fragment of marble vase with boxing Cupids (2nd Cent. A. D.). TIVOLI – Villa D'Este: Picture of the bath of Diana (XVI Cent.) – Picture of fishermen, by Coccorante (XVIII Cent.) – Picture of fishermen on the Tiber (XVII Cent.) – Picture of fishermen, by P. Roschi (XVII Cent.) – Marble group of wrestling Cupids (XVI Cent.) – Two pictures of hunters, by Angeluccio (XVII Cent.). TURIN – Royal Armoury: Twelve fencing weapons (XVI-XIX Cent.) – Jousting lance (XVIII Cent.) – Two suits of equestrian armour of the Martinengos (XVI Cent.) – Burnished and damascened suit of armour, of the Martinengos (XVI Cent.) – Black and gold armour (XVI Cent.) – Monogrammed armour (XVI Cent.) – White armour (XVI Cent.) – Three hunting guns (XIX Cent.). TURIN – National Library: Ariens warring and feasting: code struck in 1645. TURIN – Archeological Museum: Attic vase with wrestlers, signed by Eutymid (5th Cent. B. C.) – Small fictile statue of boxer (1st Cent. A. D.). URBINO – National Gallery: Racquets ball (XVII Cent.) – Embroidered hunting belt (XVI Cent.) – Flemish tapestry with hunting scenes (XV Cent.). VENICE – Marciana National Library: La sferistica, 1818 – Venetian publications on the regattas of the XVII to the XIX centuries – I Numi a diporto sull'Adriatico,

1688 – Poem on the " w a r " of the sticks, 1550 – Manuscript of the treatise on hunting by Oppiano (XI Cent.) – La caccia dello schioppo, by N. Spadoni, 1673 – Cicalata sulle cacce di tori, by Battaglia, 1844 – – Viaggio di un cacciatore, by V. Adam, 1839. VENICE – Querini-Stampalia Library: Callistenia, 1829 – La ginnastica per i giovani, 1829. VENICE – Ca' d'Oro: Bronze relief showing the struggle of the Giants, by Camelio (XVI Cent.). VENICE – Querini-Stampalia Gallery: Picture by G. Bella of the game of Racquete (XVIII Cent.) – Picture by G. Bella of the game of football (XVIII Cent.) – Picture by G. Bella of skating on the lagoon (XVIII Cent.) – Two pictures by G. Bella of regattas (XVIII Cent.) – Picture by G. Bella depicting the Strength of Hercules – Picture by G. Bella of the Bridge of Fists – Two pictures by G. Bella of bull hunting in St. Mark's Square and in Campo Sant'Angelo – Picture by G. Bella of the Battle of the Bridge. VENICE – Correr Civic Museum: Engraving of the football game (XVII Cent.) – Engraving with sleighs on the frozen lagoon, 1789 – Picture of regatta, by C. Heintz (XVII Cent.) – Two portraits of participants in the regatta (XVIII Cent.) – Engraving with the 1701 regatta – Picture of regatta, by I. Caffi (XIX Cent.) – Engraving with the Bridge of Fists, by P. Liberi (XVII Cent.) – Engraving with the bull race at Verona (XVIII Cent.) – Heavy sword used for bull hunting – Engraving with bull hunt, by Lovisa (XVIII Cent.).

The following organisations also contributed with the loan of drawings and reconstructions: AREZZO – Archeological Museum. BARI – Archeological Museum. BENEVENTO – Sannio Provincial Museum. FLORENCE – Marinelli Foundry. FLORENCE – Art Institute. NAPLES – National Museum.

ROME – ROME – ROME – ROME – TRIPOLI

Museum of Roman Civilisation. Rome Museum. Plaster casts Museum of the University. Museum of popular arts and traditions. – Archeological Museum.

335

THE PRESS SERVICES

22.

W ithin the framework of the general organization for the Games of the XVII Olympiad, the Press Services, forming Section V, were in operation as far back as October 1st 1956. Gradual technical co-ordination, as called for because of the particular functions of Section V, brought about a reinforcement of the initial structure. Thus in the spring of 1960 the Press Services consisted of the following establishment: HEAD OF SECTION

Mr. Giuseppe Sabelli Fioretti

LIAISON OFFICE IT. RADIO-TV

Mr. Pasquale Stassano

DIRECTOR OF TECHNICAL SERVICES

DIRECTOR OF SECRETARIAT

Mr. Guido Pugliaro

Mr. Romolo Giacomini

COMMUNICATIONS

OFFICIAL BULLETIN

ACCREDITATION & ACCOMMODATION OF JOURNALISTS

Mr. Giovanni Bollini

PROGRAMME CENTRE

NEWS CENTRE

SPEAKERS & INTERPRETERS

PHOTOGRAPHIC POOL

PRESS CENTRE

TRANSPORT

Once the main problems directly connected with relations with the national and international Press had been outlined, the various duties and responsibilities were assigned in accordance with the directives which are summarised hereunder: compilation and issuing of the " Official Bulletin" and publicity material; preparation of illustrative material (information and photographs) necessary as publicity to be diffused through modern information channels: press, radio, television, and cinema; training of announcers and interpreters; organ339

Bulletin No. 22 of October 1960 terminated the series of official publications for the Games of the XVII Olympiad.

isation of the Press Centre and News Centre; technical communications of the Press Services with the internal and international telecommunication networks; organization of information services for the Press in all Olympic venues; official accreditation and assistance to journalists, photographers, radio and TV commentators, cinema and television operators, within the limits prescribed by the Olympic Regulations; assignment of accommodation to accredited journalists; distribution of Olympic Cards and tickets to reserved seats for accredited journalists; organization of a transport service for accredited journalists; reception of accredited journalists; compilation and printing of " Daily Programmes "; organization and control of the Photographic Pool; liaison (as control) with radio & TV organizations; preparation, compilation, and printing of the Official Report. The Press Service was directed by a Head of Section who took up duty on January 1st 1959 and by a Director of Secretariat appointed at the same time as the Section was formed. Initially, the section was composed of: 1 clerk, 2 typists with a working knowledge of languages, and 3 translators (French and English). Ever since it came into being, the Section devoted its work to drawing up a plan of co-ordination which, as time went on, followed a natural process of expansion and perfection. Amongst other things, a considerable correspondance service of information was the starting point of working relations with foreign and Italian newspapers, National Olympic Committees, International Sports Federations, and various sports and tourist organizations. A card index was compiled and communiques giving news on the general organization were distributed.

The Official Bulletin. During the first three months of 1957, a special questionnaire was despatched to all foreign and Italian newspapers, compiled in such a way as to get an opinion on the solution of certain problems of a technical journalistic nature and, in particular, on the choice of accommodation for the Press Centre. The communications received from the international Press, duly filed and catalogued, were to prove extremely helpful. The greater part of the answers were unanimous in stating: the excellence of the site chosen; the usefulness of having board and lodging in the same quarters; the usefulness of having a concentration of all the Press services in the same accommodation premises. Other details obtained in connection with the information service were varied requirements on working possibilities, the use of telephones and teleprinters, the transmission of telephotos, etc. During this period, the first number of the Official Bulletin was edited and circulated. The Bulletin was produced at varying intervals on the basis 341

of a progressive plan and its object was to provide the Press with all news in connection with the Olympic organization. Measuring 21 X 31 cms, printed in offset in two or more colours, compiled in three languages, it reached a total of 22 numbers with a total circulation of 557,000 copies (see Table 1). TABLE NO. 1.

DETAILS OF THE OFFICIAL BULLETIN NUMBER

PERIOD COVERED

PAGES

COLOURS

COPIES

1 2

16

January-April 1957

two

24,000

20

October-December 1957

two

24,000

3

16

January-March 1958

two

24,000

4

20

April-June 1958

two

24,000

5

20

July-September 1958

two

24,000

6

16

October-December 1958

two

24,000

7

20

January-February 1959

four-colour

25,000

3

24

March-April 1959

two

25,000

9

24

May-June 1959

two

25,000

10

24

July-August 1959

two

26,000

11

24

September-October 1959

two

26,000

12

20

November-December 1959

four-colour

26,000

13

20

January 1960

two

26,000

14

20

February 1960

two

26,000

15

24

March 1960

two

26,000

16

20

April 1960

four-colour

27,000

17

20

May 1960

two

27,000

18

24

June 1960

two

27,000

19

20

July 1960

two

27,000

20

24

August 1960

two

27,000

21

20

September 1960

two

27,000

22

20

October 1960

four-colour

20,000

The Bulletin was addressed to the International Olympic Committee, to the International Sports Federations, to Italian Sports Federations, Provincial Committees of the Italian National Olympic Committee, the Presidency of the Italian Republic, the Presidency of the Council of Ministers, the Ministry of Defence, the Rome Municipality, to foreign and Italian newspapers, Italian Embassies abroad, Consulates and Vice-Consulates, Legations, Tourist organi342

zations, Cultural Institutes, hotel associations, tourist agencies, transport companies, and various other organizations and institutions. On 11th March 1957, a final decision was made and approved by the responsible bodies of the C.O.N.I. on the choice of premises known as the Domus Pacis and Domus Mariae as quarters for the accommodation of officially accredited journalists. The latter building was also chosen for setting up the Press Centre with all the necessary technical equipment. The choice of the Domus Mariae, situated in a pleasant area along the Via Aurelia, as the Press Centre was made as a result of approval received from the international Press and, more particularly, because of its equidistance from the main sports centres: 6 kms. from the historic centre of the City, 8 kms. from the E.U.R., 7 kms. from the Foro Italico, 9 kms. from the Olympic Village and 27 kms. from Lake Albano.

A Committee of Experts. Taking into account the many requirements, the Section considered it indispensable for the detailing of technical responsibilities to set up a select Committee of members, thus achieving greater elasticity than would have been the case with a larger body. This Committee, composed of experts in the field of journalism and acting as consultants, comprised the following: Chairman, Mr. Marcello Garroni, Secretary-General for the Games; Members, Mr. Bruno Roghi, President of the Italian Sports Press Union; Mr. Max Bergerre, President of the Foreign Press Association (substituted in March 1958 by the new President of the Association, Mr. Kurt Klinger); Mr. Giuseppe Galliani Caputo, Department Head and Head of the Press Office of the Rome Municipality (substituted in March 1958 by Mr. Armando Ravaglioli, new Head of the Municipality Press Office); Mr. Renato Lefevre from the Presidency of the Council of Ministers; Mr. Donato Martucci from the Press Office of the C.O.N.I. and Mr. Enrico Mattei from the National Federation of the Italian Press; Secretary, Mr. Romolo Giacomini. In December 1958, the new President of the Italian Sports Press Union, Mr. Leone Boccali, was called upon to join the Committee whilst the former President of the Union, Mr. Bruno Roghi, was also re-elected. In its first meeting held on June 21st 1957, the Committee examined two projects: that of the allocation of Olympic cards and that of the production of the Olympic film. On the following 3rd December 1957, the Committee visited the Domus Mariae premises to ascertain the requirements for the Press Centre. The problem of ensuring that the Press received news on all the sectors of the organization in the quickest and most complete way created the necessity, in May 1957, of elaborating a plan for a photographic, radio, and television service. 343

During the second half of 1957, the circulation of reports on the Olympic organization and on the state of work on the venues and training grounds was intensified. During this same period, work was started on the collection of various articles published by the Italian Press and this material, carefully selected, was thereafter catalogued in appropriate booklets. The same work was done on press cuttings from the foreign Press after a summary had been made for a publication called " Foreign Press Review ". 86 editions of this latter publication were produced. As already mentioned, ever since the Section was created, a large amount of informative material was circularised. This increased in volume gradually and, during the last year of Olympic preparation, reached very high proportions. In this respect, it is considered opportune to provide statistics on the illustrative and informative material which was circularised during the four years of preparatory work (See Table 2). TABLE NO. 2

PUBLICITY MATERIAL DISTRIBUTED BY THE PRESS SERVICES

TYPE OF PUBLICATION

DESCRIPTION

QUANTITY

Official Bulletin

Diary of the Olympic organization

557,000

Handbills

Sports venues

20,000

Booklets

Daily Sports programme

50,000

Handbills

Daily sports programme with map of Rome and location of sports venues (in colour)

60,000

Handbills

Programme and time-table of events (in colour)

80,000

Charts

Course of the Marathon

15,000

Charts

Course of the 50 km. Walk

15,000

Charts

Course of the 20 km. Walk

15,000

Charts

Courses of the Cycling events

15,000

Book

" The climate of Rome "

Book

"Olympic

Publications in multilith

Technical data and description of sports venues

50,000

Photographs

Sports venues, Olympic symbols, and various

13,096

Official Poster

In eleven languages

290,000

Daily Programmes

52 editions

862,000

344

events at Naples "

3,000 10,000

By means of this method of periodical circularisation, it was possible keep the public up-to-date, giving information on the state of work on the sports venues, the competition programme of the Games, the functioning of the Press Centre and the progressive working out of the many and various problems in connection with the general organization. Although the instruments of propaganda used proved reasonably efficient, a method of circulation of general news through Information Agencies was at the same time set in motion. Amongst the various types of publicity, the Section also collaborated directly with the National Tourist Board (E.N.I.T.) in producing the publication called " Olympiad 1960 ". This publication, produced with the help of other organizations in the city as interested parties, was originally printed in two languages, French and English, but was later produced in Italian, German, and Spanish. Thousands of copies were circulated in accordance with the E.N.I.T.'s publicity campaign.

The Diffusion of the Poster. The Executive Committee of the Games, after approving the draft for the proposed official poster, arranged for the printing of 290,000 copies, that is, 30,000 in French, 55,000 in English, 83,000 in Italian, 12,000 in Arabic, 15,000 in Japanese, 7,000 in Greek, 10,000 in Urdu, 13,000 in Portuguese, 13,000 in Russian, 30,000 in Spanish, and 22,000 in German. Plans for distribution required detailed study in order to establish the quantities considered to be sufficient for the needs of each country interested in the Rome Olympic Games, and to decide the subdivision in language groups of these quantities, since, as shown above, they were issued in eleven different languages. The question of quantities, of the subdivision into languages, and distribution was the direct responsibility of the Press Services Section, whilst the despatch of material was attended to by Messrs. Gondrand Brothers, the official forwarding agents. The poster was sent to the National Olympic Committees for sending in their headquarters and for distribution to the local sports societies that had submitted requests it. The same criterion was adopted for material despatched to the International Sports Federations, to officially accredited tourist agencies, to the Italian delegations abroad (by arrangement with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs), to Italian Cultural Institutes, and to Chambers of Commerce abroad, etc. The requirements of the various foreign countries amounted to a total of 120,499 copies, as shown in Table No. 3. Distribution of the poster in Italy took place in two stages, that is, a first distribution of 60,000 copies was undertaken during the month of April 1960. A further distribution of 103,609 copies took place in the period July-August, 345

DISTRIBUTION OF THE OFFICIAL

I.O.C. Lausanne Afghanistan Albania Antilles Argentine Australia Austria Bahamas Barbadoes Belgium Bermuda Bolivia Brazil British Guiana Bulgaria Burma Canada Ceylon Chile Colombia Costa Rica . . Cuba Cyprus Czechoslovakia Denmark Dominican Republic . . . Dutch Antilles Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Ethiopia Figi Finland France Germany – East Germany – West . . . . . .

346

55 40 85 30 540 175 190 50 90 50 25 155 45 185 30 165 140 33 60 85 90 220 90 85 30 25 385 25 40 30 90 400 525 750

160

200

180

60 35

1,225

155 1,265 965 925 100 50 500 155 95 1,640 230 475 80 1,515 405 270 300 270 145 80 1,040 270 145 155 120 1,935 120 400 155 660 4,730 1,050 2,500

Various organizations

Newspapers and Press Agencies

Italian Chambers of Commerce

Italian Cultural Institutes

Italian Diplomatic Delegations

Accredited Tourist Agencies

International Sports Federations

COUNTRIES

I. O. C. and National Olympic Committees

RECIPIENT ORGANIZATIONS

10 10 310

50 50 50

530

50

135

20 50

350

10 10 50 10 20 20 20 20

70 35

185 350 130

40 430

35

10 50 100 200

250 120 180

120 10

310

250

270

50

90

200

110

20 20 10

20 50 20

150 150

70 90

10 20 10 20 20

145

240

50 100

100 820

880

100

760

555

50

150 300 200 550

130 1,300 50 1,600

TABLE NO. 3.

POSTER ABROAD

I.O.C. Lausanne . . . Afghanistan Albania Antilles Argentine Australia . . . . . . Austria Bahamas Barbadoes Belgium Bermuda Bolivia Brazil British Guiana . . . Bulgaria Burma Canada Ceylon Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Cyprus Czechoslovakia . . . . Denmark Dominican Republic. Dutch Antilles . . . Ecuador Egypt El Salvador . . . . . Ethiopia Figi Finland France Germany – East . . Germany – West . .

5 40

90

765

5 130 70 155 130 1,260 205 120 40 155 175 185 240

510 80

85 1,525 135

10

10

30 915

30

155

7,220

315 145 895 725 240 810

5 40 25 40 355 200 385 30 10 180 40 40 360 35 65 35 345 40 53 100 40 40 20 205 105 35 40 45 155 45 145 40 155 885 240 860

5

5

5

5

5

5

10 10 10

20

20

30

20

10

20

20

1,990

10

German

Spanish

Russian

Portuguese

Urdu

Greek

Japanese

Arabic

Italian

French

English

COUNTRIES

TOTAL

QUANTITIES DISTRIBUTED IN

5

5

2,025

130 100 1,805

20

135

140 485

115 60

165

10

80 380 360 430 350 225

10 10

370 535 215 120

2,610 120

235

220

10 20

450 40

20

80

40

1,295 5,125

55 210 95 195 2,550 1,660 2,450 150 50 1,385 215 180 3,145 275 810 120 2,040 555 413 530 410 265 80 1,500 650 250 195 165 2,765 165 460 185 1,180 9,755 1,825 6,815

347

Ghana Great Britain Greece Guatemala Haiti Honduras Hong Kong Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran Iraq Ireland Israel Japan Jugoslavia Kenya Korea Kuwait Lebanon Liberia Libya Liechtenstein Luxembourg Malaya Malta Mexico Monaco Morocco Netherlands New Zealand Nicaragua Nigeria North Borneo Norway Pakistan Panama

348

45 685 245 55 15 35 105 255 130 855 15 105 105 130 115 1,020 210 60 140

1,340

145

85 190 70 115 45 70 135 40 110 260 75 55 45 50 140 65 105

25

150 4,125 1,270 265 115 275 350 1,250 625 3,345 175 375 345 625 445 4,300 625 360 520 50 25 175 175 305 240 105 1,580 160 620 1,500 295 360 195 100 510 150 475

10 100 50 20 10 20 10 10 20 20 20 10 10 20 50 30 10 10 265 20 10

285 75 25

265 155

20 30 10 20 10 30 20 30

8 300 20

20 120 20 180 10 18 30 40 20 450 100

115

45 75 130

600 50

85

20 300 80

100 35

35

20

40 15 30

20 10 30

Various organizations

Newspapers and Press Agencies

Italian Chambers of Commerce

Italian Cultural Institutes

Italian Diplomatic Delegations

Accredited Tourist Agencies

International Sports Federations

COUNTRIES

I. O. C. and National Olympic Committees

RECIPIENT ORGANIZATIONS

45

60 140

175

20 100

40 200

20 100 40

100 100

10 100 20 20

150

TABLE NO. 3 cont.

105 225 1,110 745 745 185 478

50 845

10

75 125

130 350 10

120

820 600 50 355 350 10 190 10 75 160 180 200

1,970 480 215 125 740 215 140

35 920 195 35 35 40 40 180 30 50 35 40 35 40 65 435 200 75 30 10 40 20 65 35 35 35 45 415 70 80 200 40 35 35 35 70 40 45

35

190 40

20 1,505

35

35

35

80 330

50

920 220 10 285

350

185

3,320

455

5,850

10 10 10

390 20 420 150 75 150 70 10

1,725

480 10 400

445

TOTAL

German

Russian

Portuguese

Urdu

Greek

Japanese

178 5,500 155

Arabic

1,070 100

Italian

English

Ghana Great Britain . . . Greece Guatemala Haiti Honduras Hong Kong Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran Iraq Ireland Israel Japan Jugoslavia Kenya Korea Kuwait Lebanon Liberia Lybia Liechtenstein . . . . Luxembourg . . . . . Malaya Malta Mexico Monaco Morocco Netherlands New Zealand . . . . Nicaragua Nigeria North Borneo . . . Norway Pakistan Panama

French

COUNTRIES

Spanish

QUANTITIES DISTRIBUTED IN

213 7,700 1,865 365 140 330 485 1,835 775 4,400 220 518 490 870 675 6,539 1,045 430 770 50 460 210 225 260 470 285 245 2,150 200 910 2,190 520 435 250 160 930 255 630

349

Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland

245 380 75

Republic of China (Formosa) Rhodesia Rumania San Marino Singapore Somalia South Africa South-West Africa Spain

55 170

190 1,000

330 125

330

Various organizations

Newspapers and Press Agencies

Italian Chambers of Commerce

Italian Cultural Institutes

Italian Diplomatic Delegations

30 30

100 30

115

245

1,180

135

50 20 40 100

50

20 10 60

10 10 10

525 60 2,750 355

20

125

715

240

750 270 190 110 610 680 195

20 30

. . . . 540 155 110 105

Sweden Switzerland Syria Tanganyika Thailand

75 55 55 25 125 135 45

Tunisia Turkey Uganda United States of rica Uruguay

30 20 20

50

55

Sudan Surinam

Ame-

U.S.S.R Venezuela Vietnam

1,825 120 1,505

4,725 440 2,775 420

110 45 TOTAL . . .

350

305 300 275 1,015 2,270 230

75 65 75

Portugal Puerto Rico

Accredited Tourist Agencies

COUNTRIES

International Sports Federations

I. O. C. and National Olympic Committees

RECIPIENT ORGANIZATIONS

17,753

30

50 190

180

100

680

20

10 50 70

40 90

250 300

10

50

10 10 20

110

10 30 200

50 10

800 50

30 10

50

2,000

5,765

50

100 200

400 100 300 50

400 100

6,681

8,025

50

115 3,575

72,540

4,160

TABLE NO. 3 cont.

Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Puerto Rico

795

350 70

Sweden Switzerland Syria

. . . .

Tanganyika Thailand Tunisia Turkey

. . . .

410 215 40 140 10

5,775

705

45 220 25 595 50

250 70 120 565

215 100 1,115

210 120

Uganda United States of America Uruguay . . . . . . U.S.S.R .

800 70

Venezuela Vietnam

80 130

TOTAL . . .

210

30 40 145 255 35 20 135 10 190 40 10 160 615 35 35 35 75 100 30

765

220 50

. . . . .

1,035

TOTAL

German

Spanish

Russian

Urdu

Greek

Japanese

Arabic

465 390

45 75 40 155

510 465 390 1,380

360

65 35

. . . .

Republic of China (Formosa) . . . . Rhodesia Rumania San Marino . . . . Singapore Somalia South Africa . . . . South-West Africa. . Spain Sudan Surinam

Italian

English

French

COUNTRIES

Portuguese

QUANTITIES DISTRIBUTED IN

3,065

10

3,140 305

270 760

1,200 255 380

1,290 340 465 55

70

730 60 4,020

10

4,470

215 10 10

565

350

245 155 775 1,195 240

480 10

300

70 60 80

300 670

20 10 10 10

300

4,590 470

30

16,760 34,906 12,668

5,475

8,420

1,440

540 110 1,405 1,755 385

3,760

5,115

6,365 14,800 10,790

8,200 820 4,660 640 160 120,499

351

Despatch and diffusion of the Official Poster.

at which time posters were set up along the route followed by the Olympic Torch and in the cities where the eliminating rounds of the Football Tournament took place: Florence, Grosseto, Livorno, Pescara, L'Aquila, and Naples. The distribution of the poster in Rome alone involved a large number. In order to permit in a greater number of cases the display of 11 copies of the poster side-by-side, that is, of the entire series in the 11 languages in which it was issued, it was decided to make use of special boardings. A series of new boardings was prepared along the Olympic Road, along which it was thought the bulk of the Olympic traffic would pass, thus presenting an impressive display of publicity. In the historic centre of Rome, the poster was placed in special publicity frames set on metallic pedestals. (Table No. 4). 352

TABLE NO. 4.

DISTRIBUTION OF POSTER IN ITALY

12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27

910 9,100 910 100 200 30 50 1,000 1,000

910

200 310 800

200 310

200 310 300

200 310 500

910

200 200 310 100

1,000 900 1,000 100 200

1,400 150

1,000 2,000 600 1,600 360 110

German

TOTAL

Spanish

Urdu

Greek

Japanese

Arabic

Italian

English

1,000 2,000 10,000 1,000 1,000 800 1,200 1,500 1,800 5,000 135 1,339 110 200 150 300 425 125 125 125 125 100 500 200 200 400 400 400 400 400 50 50 50 50 50 110 110 1,000 110 110 685 1,800 325 520

Russian

Posting up in Rome .............. Tourist and Travel Agencies. Hotels Youth Hostels Alitalia Air Line Banca Nazionale del Lavoro Camping Grounds Youth Tourist Centre............. Italian Tourist Company....... Italian Shipping Companies . C.O.N.I. Provincial Committees Messrs. Gondrand Italian State Tourist Board . Rome Provincial Tourist Board Italian Sports Federations . Newspaper & Press Agencies . National Institute for Foreign Commerce Exhibition of Sport in History and in Art Naples - Yachting regattas . Route of the Olympic Torch Relay Provinces and Municipalities . Italian Radio & TV................ Headquarters of Organizing Committee and C.O.N.I. . Olympic Football Tournament (6 centres) Football Pools (15 regions) . Italian Touring Club................. Various Organizations............

Portuguese

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

RECIPIENT ORGANIZATIONS French

Serial No.

EDITIONS

125 100 400 50 110 115

125 100 400 50 110 210

125 100 400 50 110

125 200 400 50 110 345

910

910

910

910

910

20

50

50

200 310 100

200 310

200 310 200

125 100 50 110

200 200 310 150

200 310 150

1,000 20,000 1,600 17,400 500 3,354 300 125 1,675 200 1,800 400 4,000 50 550 110 2,100 300 4,300 910 18,200 30 360 1,000 3,570 200 310 150

2,200 3,410 2,450 200

200 5 300

5 300

55 5 300 10,000

500 4,700

1,500 35,600 10,500 50 1,220

5 5 300 7,000

5 300

5 300

5 300

5 300

5 300

1,000 7,000 17,000 1,000 1,000 8,500 500 125 250

900

400

1,000

600

1,000

50

50

10

25

50

10

100

30

30

30

30

30

30

30

30

30

300 600 300 150 30 30 100 100 100 1,850 1,920 4,960

300 30

300 30

30

30

300 30

300 30

300 30

300 30

220

660

740

435

1,180

920

1,700

30

30

5 300

330

3,000 450 300 1,700 16,285

—————————————————————————————————— Total distribution in Italy

11,545 19,760 70,219 6,375 6.480 5,140

5,895 7,110

Total distribution abroad as per Table No. 3 . .

16,760 34,906 12,668 5,475 8.420

3,760 5,115

Copies remaining . . .

1,695

334

113

150

100

1,440 420

345

6,160 14,125 10,800 163,609

6,365 14,800 10,790 120,499 375 1,075 410 5,892 475

—————————————————————————————————— TOTAL COPIES PRINTED . .

30,000 55,000 83,000 12,000 15,000 7,000 10,000 13,000 13,000 30,000 22,000 290,000

353 23.

Young volunteers for the announcers' course.

Course for Announcers. In January 1958, in accordance with the general plan for expansion, the Section increased its personnel by employing interpreters and translators, some of whom spoke several languages, as well as experts in the field of public relations. During the month of May 1958, a course was organized for student announcers and a first contingent of 50 young people were selected from 1,387 applicants coming from high schools. The students were given special courses which enabled them to improve their knowledge of one or more languages. Following a scheme which took into account further recruitment, further applicants were examined and selected and a second nucleus of announcers was thus formed. This led to the formation of two groups, one composed of 92 announcers in the English language and the other of 49 in French. As a result of proposals made by the instructors, it was decided only to make use of those announcers considered most versatile and suitable. These, once a selection had been made, were given an intensive course of lessons and 354

were used during the Games for all announcement purposes, thus undoubtedly facilitating the giving out of immediate information. In July 1958, the Section worked out a plan for submission to the I.O.C. for negotiating the televising of the Games with Television Companies on a commercial basis. On the basis of this plan, the I.O.C. subsequently condensed and fixed the ruling contained in the new article No. 49 of the Olympic Regulations, which governs the right of information and relationship with Television Companies constituted on a commercial basis.

Olympic Press Cards. The allocation of the Olympic Press Cards was certainly a hard and, to some extent, an ungrateful task which necessarily became subject to strong opposition and criticism. And yet the study took into account the precedents of previous Games in Berlin, London, and Helsinki. In fact, on the occasion of the Games celebrated in those cities, the Press Cards were, in principle, allocated on the basis of 10 % on the number of athletes participating from each country. However, this quota was always increased once the circulation of the applicant newspaper and the amount of space dedicated to sport had been ascertained. But it must not be forgotten that at that time there were practically no limitations on the allocation of Olympic Press Cards. It was only at the I.O.C. Congress in Athens in 1954 on the occasion of the 49th Session that the I.O.C. established and laid down (Art. 48 of the Olympic Regulations) a maximum number of 1000 cards for journalists to be officially accredited. Consequently, in conformity with this restriction the allocation of Olympic Press Cards for the Rome Olympiad turned out to be the " punctum dolens " of the Press Services Section owing to the very high number of requests received for accreditation. However, the criterion adopted in past Olympiads proved a useful guide. On the other hand, the procedure for the allocation of cards necessitated continual changes and re-consideration and it was on this account that the allocation procedure appeared different to that in the past. Given the limitations imposed by Art. 48 on the one hand and the exceptional number of requests on the other, the problem of allocation became ever more complicated and, notwithstanding the desire to satisfy all the requests made by the international Press, this was not possible owing to the necessity of abiding by these limitations. As a consequence, the allocations were necessarily in excess of the number of 1,000 in spite of continuous and sometimes regrettable changes to the quotas established in proportion to the requests received. Insofar as the Italian Press was concerned, consideration was given to a strict Union ruling whereby it is laid down that only professional journalists can act as " special correspondents ". 355

Without wishing to overstress the fact, one cannot but repeat that the Section was faced with exorbitant requests and the solution of these constituted a very delicate and heartfelt problem. However, it was possible to satisfy requests within reasonable limits and, although the limit laid down under Art. 48 was surpassed, it was by the bare minimum necessary to guarantee the complete satisfaction of the authentic requirements of the international Press. It should furthermore be borne in mind that accredited journalists received, in addition to the Press Card, 5,889 special tickets allowing entry into certain venues where space was subject to limitations. (See Table No. 5).

Solutions to the Benefit of the Press. January 1959 saw the Section engaged in the conducting and coordination of a number of other matters worked out in collaboration with the Sections most directly interested. This was the case as regards the realization of the leaflet on the competition programme containing information on the location of the Stadia and their relative distances from the centre of Rome, the drafting of the project for the means of transport planned for the Press Centre, as well as for the recruitment and use of guide-interpreters in the various sectors of the Section. It was again particularly necessary to work in close collaboration with the Technical Section. Here, it was necessary to keep in constant touch for that which necessitated revision and translation into French and English of all the texts of the sports regulations, followed by the responsibility of putting the various texts into format, supervising printing and arranging distribution to interested parties. Insofar as postal arrangements proper were concerned (which also included installations for use by the public), it was proposed that the framework of the " special " Post and Telegraph network be subdivided into two categories, the first of direct interest to the Press Service, which involved installations reserved for accredited journalists, whilst in the second category, it was proposed to make use of mobile units placed at the disposal of the public but located near the Press sectors in such a way as to be also at the journalists' disposal. In May 1959 the arrangements made for the photographic " pool " could already have been considered as operating by virtue of a plan which had been redrafted many times. This plan was submitted for the final approval of the Executive Committee but it was not until later, after the active participation of the representatives of the best known photographic Agencies in the world (those in fact comprised in the Pool) that the plan, which had undergone minor modifications, was considered as corresponding faithfully to the various requirements of these Agencies and the journalists directly interested in the transmission of telephotos abroad. 356

TABLE NO. 5.

OLYMPIC PRESS CARDS DISTRIBUTED COUNTRY

Afghanistan Antilles Argentine Australia Austria Belgium Bermuda Brazil Bulgaria Canada Chile Colombia Cuba Czechoslovakia Denmark Dutch Antilles Finland France Germany - East Germany - West Ghana Great Britain Greece Holland Hong Kong Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran Ireland Israel Italy Japan Kenya Lebanon Luxembourg

Journalists

Radio Commentators

Television Commentators

1 1 6 15 20 20 1 16 5 9 1 2 1 11 20 1 22 66 72 13 45 10 13 1 17 4 7 3 3 5 3 172 33 1 1 3

1 4 2 4

8

3 1 5

3 2

4 2

4 4 5 3 1 8 1 4 1 2 2 1 2

2 7 8 7

2 1 17 10 1 2

22 6 2

41 3

Total

1 1 7 19 22 32 1 19 6 14 1 2 1 18 24 1 28 77 85 23 1 75 11 23 2 21 6 8 5 3 7 4 230 46 2 1 5

357

TABLE NO. 5 cont.

COUNTRY

Malaya Malta Mexico Monaco Morocco New Zealand Nigeria North Borneo Norway Pakistan Panama Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Rumania South Africa South Korea Spain Sudan Sweden Switzerland Taiwan (Formosa) Thailand Tunisia Turkey United Arab Republic U.S.A. U.S.S.R. Uruguay Venezuela Yugoslavia Total Exceptional concessions: Italy Japan Switzerland Sweden Allocations to Press Agencies Total

358

Journalists

1 12 1 3 1 1 18 1 1 4 2 13 8 6 7 4 14 1 43 38 1 2 11 10 55 43 5 3 11 943

Radio Commentators

Television Commentators

1 1 4 2 1 1

Total

2

2

1 2 16 2 2 4 1 2 24 1 1 4 4 19 9 7 9 5 15 1 53 46 1 1 3 11 11 81 46 7 3 15

153

143

1,239

1 3

2 3 1 1 2 1 1 5 6 1

3

3

5 2

1 1 10 3 2

16

10 6 2 1 184 1,442

OLYMPIC CARDS TO PRESS AGENCIES 1. – Antara Agency

1

2. – Alfil Agency

1

3. – Australian Associated Press

3

4. – Agence Beige

1

5. – Allgemeiner Deutscher Nachrichtendienst (A.D.N.) 6. – Agence France Presse (A.F.P.)

2 20

7. – Agerpres

2

8. – Agenzia Italia

8

9. – Agenzia Italiana Sportiva (A.I.S.)

1 1

10. – Agencia Nacional 11. – Algemeen Nederlandsch Pres-bureau (A.N.P.) 12. – Agenzia Nazionale Stampa Associata (A.N.S.A.) 13. – Associated Press (A.P.)

7 11 20

14. – Austria Press Agentur

1

15. – Agencja Prasowo Informacyjna

4

16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22.

– Associated Press of Pakistan – Reuters Ltd. – A. S. Norsk Telegrambyra – Tass Agency – Agence Telegraphique Bulgare – British United Agency – Central News Agency of China (Taiwan)

1 17 2 7 1 1

23. – Ceskoslovenska Tiskova Kancelar (C. T.K.) 24. – Deutsche Presse Agentur (D.P.A.) 24. – Ghana News Agency 26. – Hoyres Pressekontor 27. – Internationale Sport Korrespondenz (I.S.K.) 28. – Jiji Press 29. – Kosmos 30. – London Press Service 31. – New Zealand Press Association Ltd. 32. – Oy Suomen Tietotoimisto Finska Notisbyran 33. – South African Press Association 34. – Sportinformation 35. – Sport Informations Dienst (S.I.D.) 36. – Sportinformazioni 37. – Tanjug News Agency 38. – The Canadian Press 39. – The Irish Press 40. – The Kyodo News Service 41. – The Press Trust of India 42. – Tidningarmas Telegrambyra Aktiebolag 43. – Turk Haberler Ajansi 44. – United Press Association (U.P.) Total

2 6 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 8 2 2 2 2 6 1 5 1 20 184

2

The Operations for Accreditation. At this same time, the drafting and printing of the various questionnaires and the setting up of relevant card-indexes in connection with the work of accreditation was undertaken. A solution to this further problem was found immediately after an initial allocation of the Olympic Press Cards had taken place, the work in connection with which implied a firm valuation. Only in September 1959 was it possible to begin the despatch of the questionnaires themselves to the Newspapers, Press Agencies, Radio and TV Companies. In the second half of 1959, the Section willingly lent its cooperation to the " Olympia Sports Editions " for the production of the " Special Souvenir commemorating the Games of the XVII Olympiad " and to other bodies which produced various publications on Olympic sports and touristic propaganda in collaboration with the Organizing Committee of the Games. It became necessary to increase the personnel in line with the considerable increase in work. Thus the Section gradually made provision for the employ359

ment of fresh staff having sports experience and possessing a knowledge of two or more foreign languages. In this way roles were more or less filled, but the structure, however, was only completed during the period of the Games. From January 1960, just eight months away from the celebration of the Games, the Section was engaged in a feverish activity which demanded absolute determination. The introduction of improvements in certain sectors of the organization was also necessary, all this being in consideration of the appropriateness and expediency as pointed out by requests, advice, and suggestions received from the International Press. It must be remembered that not all suggestions proposed were in fact put into effect; not all the problems were of equal importance and responsibility and indeed certain suggestions were often debated and, on occasion, an alternative was selected. The solution of these and other minor problems was always examined in conjunction with the interests of Press representatives and with the aim of creating better working conditions. On the other hand, all services for the Press were awaited by those who were to take advantage of them and thus the main worry was to do everything possible to satisfy every minimum requirement. Bearing these aims in mind, an examination was made in the first four months of 1960 of the questions regarding the functioning of the Press Centre, special attention being paid to the easy locating of all the working equipment. A select group of Press Attaches was finally chosen for duty in the various stadia; seats in the stadia assigned to journalists were distributed; places intended to accommodate the Press Agencies were prepared; and, in short, considerable hard work was devoted to the final setting up of the daily programmes. It may be stated that by July of 1960 all sectors of the Section could be considered entirely efficient: the work of assignment of the Olympic Press Cards was completed, the lodging for accredited journalists settled, and the functioning of the various sectors checked and rechecked. There only remained outstanding eventual modifications and the problem of transport which had already been taken in hand. The running-in of the services was pronounced satisfactory to assure to all accredited journalists the possibility of rapid and complete work. On 25th July the Section was transferred to the Domus Mariae and in this headquarters all the technical equipment in connection with the functioning of the Press Centre and the News Centre was installed. All the necessary material had previously been found and gradually installed in the offices. This was a huge task involving a specially careful checking of the whole so as to guarantee that the vital needs of the International Press would be satisfied and a rapid service to all accredited journalists assured. The organization of the News Centre was based on the idea of the advisability of supplying the journalists, in whatever competition venue they were 360

The Domus Mariae was equipped with technical installations in order to function as a Press Centre and News Centre.

Vast premises of the Domus Pacis accommodated the services of the International Press Agencies.

placed, with the immediate results of the competitions carried out contemporaneously in all other venues. Two distinct communication networks by teleprinter were installed in the Domus Mariae: the first, " Network A " , directly linked the News Centre with each individual sports venue; the second, " Network B ", simultaneously linked the News Centre with all the other venues in which events were taking

A view of the work-room for journalists set up by Olivetti in the Press Centre.

place, the Press Agencies, the newspaper editing offices, the headquarters of the organization, and the Olympic Village, for the immediate retransmission of the results and of news arriving at the News Centre by means of the first network. In addition, a third circular-type network, " Network C ", was set up, linking the News Centre with the main venues (Olympic Stadium, Swimming Stadium, Palazzo dello Sport), for the distribution of all such news coming from the competition venues as was considered of utmost urgency for the journalists. (Table No. 6). 362

NEWS CENTRE – TELEPRINTER LINKS

—

Linked each competition venue and main training grounds direct to the News Centre for the collection of results. Network " B " — — Circular link with venues from the News Centre. Network " C " Permitted immediate diffusion of news from the News Centre to points mostly frequented by the Press and was a circular link with venues. Network "A"

TABLE NO. 6.

363

The Press Centre and News Centre. The Press Centre provided for the immediate distribution of all information arriving from the News Centre. The problem of the distribution of such information was somewhat complex on account of the enormous quantity of material and the necessity for a translation of the texts.

A sector of the links by teleprinter of the News Centre.

The communiques, apart from the " official " communiques compiled in collaboration with the technical Commissions and with the various Juries, reported in chronological order all that happened in the various competition venues; news bulletins were of course numbered, with a consecutive numbering system for each sport, so as to provide the journalists with a quick and convenient reference. Another basic principle of the organization of this particular sector of the Press Service was that of keeping the quantity of communiques within reason364

able proportions. The journalists were provided with communiques which were placed in their pigeon-holes in the Press Centre and, in addition, in the two sub-centres and on all the competition venues in which events were taking place, chronological communiques were made available to them by means of a "self-service " system; and in each venue in use official communiques regarding results in the venue itself. In this way the journalists engaged in the observation of events were spared the annoyance of finding themselves " snowed under " at their posts in the tribune with a continuous mass of sheets and more sheets containing news of other sports which at that moment might be of no interest to them. For these services the Press Centre disposed of a group of valets who, in appropriate shifts of daily work, saw to the continual replenishing of the pigeon-holes and the immediate distribution of the communiques in the various Press sectors. A considerable number of obstacles had to be overcome in order that the accredited Press should obtain access to the Olympic Village. First of all, the hostility of the Heads of Mission towards all that might disturb the calmest possible daily life of the athletes inside the Village itself had to be faced. In order to favour the accredited journalists, access to the Olympic Village was only allowed within certain time limits (morning from 10 a.m. to 12 noon; afternoon from 4 p.m. to 6.30 p.m.), thus excluding those times devoted to the rest and meals of the athletes. The journalist desiring to enter the Olympic Village had to deposit his own Olympic Card at the entrance, obtaining in exchange a document which allowed him access; then, at the conclusion of his mission, the journalist gave back the document in exchange for his Olympic Card. The selection of non-accredited journalists and photographers to whom it was necessary to give a possibility of work within the Olympic Village proved much more difficult, in view of the fact that their accredited colleagues were employed in the competition venues. A considerable number of those requesting access were selected and were able repeatedly to obtain special access permits. (Table No. 7). At this point it would be well to remember that during the four-year period of preparation for the Games, the officials of the Press Services received a considerable number of visits from foreign journalists particularly interested in the technical preparation of the sports venues and in the means of information placed at the disposal of the International Press. The fact that, as reported, at least 1,781 foreign journalists, representing 51 Nations, obtained information on the organization and photographic material for their services appears of some interest. These were all interested in learning what the organizing criteria were and almost all were thereafter accompanied on a visit of the sports venues already 365

TABLE NO. 7.

VISITS BY JOURNALISTS TO THE OLYMPIC VILLAGE A U G U S T

S E P T E M B E R

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 | 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

450 –

A

400 –

T 350 –

T E

300–

N D

250 –

A N

200 –

C E

150 –

S 100 –

50 –

0

366

A helicopter for rapid movements of accredited journalists.

Lambretta motor-scooters with military drivers at the disposal of accredited journalists.

constructed or in course of construction. But from 6th August 1960 onwards only officially accredited journalists and photographers were allowed into the competition and training venues. Access to training venues was allowed at the times of beginning of training itself in special sectors reserved for the press. During the Olympic events, the accredited journalists had free access to the venues in tribunes and in reserved seats (Table No. 8). The Press seats prepared in the Basilica of Maxentius (Wrestling), the Cristoforo Colombo Circuit and the Grottarossa Circuit (Cycling), as also the Arch of Constantine (Marathon) were not entirely used. TABLE NO. 8.

SEATS AT THE DISPOSAL OF THE PRESS

VENUE

Olympic Stadium Swimming Stadium Rose Swimming Pool Flaminio Stadium Palazzo dello Sport Palazzetto dello Sport Velodrome Lake Albano Palazzo dei Congressi Caracalla Baths Basilica of Maxentius Lazio Stand Piazza di Siena Grottarossa Circuit Cristoforo Colombo Circuit Arch of Constantine Stadio dei Marmi Passo Corese Umberto I Shooting Range Cesano Shooting Range Acquasanta Pratoni del Vivaro

Sport

Athletics and Opening and Closing Ceremonies Swimming and Water Polo Elimination Rounds, Water Polo Football Finals Basketball, Boxing Weightlifting, – Elimination Rounds Basketball Cycling and Hockey Finals Rowing and Canoeing Fencing Gymnastics Wrestling Clay Pigeon Shooting Equestrian Sports Road Cycling Cycling – Team pursuit and time-trial events Arrival of Marathon Elimination Rounds, Hockey Equestrian Sports – Pentathlon Shooting Shooting – Pentathlon Cross-country Running – Pentathlon Equestrian 3-day event Totals

Press tickets for one single event

Press Tables

Reserved Seats

572 154

554 78

1,126 232

1,212 604

114 196

50 148 173

50 262 369

109 205 691

60 81 150

120 252 148 70 102 132 60 153 150

518 375 248 686 260 460 40 104 26

200 270

200 270

33 45 80

120 96 60 70 102 132 72

156 88

Total Seats

12 102 15 12 52 1,688

2,008

3,696

5,889

369 24.

The Problems in Connection with Information. In view of the special situation of the competition venues centralised in two distinct sectors of the city, it was decided to set up two sub-centres in addition to the Press Centre, one of them in the centre of the Foro Italico (covered Swimming Pool) while the other, serving the sector of the E.U.R., was obtained by reinforcing the Press sector in Palazzo dello Sport. In any case the technical equipment for the transmission of services was extended to each single competition venue, where Press sectors were set up equipped with the following means of rapid transmission: telephone lines, telephoto lines, and Italcable service. The International Agencies were favoured by the choice and concession, for their exclusive benefit, of a gigantic hall in the Domus Pacis divided between these Agencies where they could set up a true and proper Olympic headquarters. The spaces assigned and subsequently divided up by means of insulating material were the following: Associated Press, Reuters, France Presse, Sport Informations Dienst and A.D.N. For the other Agencies (the Deutsche Press Agentur and others) a solution was found by allotting more modest spaces in the rooms of the Domus Mariae and the Domus Pacis. The spacious work-room of the Press Centre (Domus Mariae) was equipped with special panels organized by the Olivetti Company. In addition, the Olivetti Co. placed 1,000 Olivetti typewriters, 600 of them table models and 400 portable machines, at the disposal of the journalists in the various Press rooms and even in their own rooms in the Press Centre. These 1,000 typewriters were rationally subdivided into the various international keyboards, so as to satisfy as nearly as possible the cosmopolitan nucleus of journalists coming from all parts of the world. The 400 portable machines were issued, on request by the interested parties, to journalists intending to work in their own rooms. (Table No. 9). For the communiques issued from the Press Centre, stencil paper of 21.9 X 33 cm. size in 18 different colours was chosen; that is, a different colour for each sport. For the drafting of the communiques themselves, intended to meet the requirements of the Press, i.e. journalists, radio reporters, and telereporters and for the various collections and record purposes, the Press Centre arranged for the printing of 1,800 copies of each communique. It should be remembered that the individual competition venues were absolutely autonomous as regards the production and distribution of the communiques which were also placed at the disposal of the journalists present. 370

TABLE NO. 9.

12

10

Domus Pacis

15

5

10

20

2

2

2

5

3

20

12

30

15

3

5

2

6

5

Palazzo dello Sport Press sub-centre

5

3

8

3

1

2

1

1

1

25

Olympic Stadium

6

4

9

4

1

2

1

2

1

3

Velodrome

5

4

4

3

2

1

1

20

Caracalla Baths

3

1

3

3

2

2

Basilica of Maxentius

3

1

3

2

2

2

Flaminio Stadium and Palazzetto dello Sport

3

2

3

3

2

1

10

6

15

10

3

5

2

5

2

2

3

2

3

2

2

2

0

TOTAL

Norwegian

3

Bulgarian

Swedish

9

Rumanian

Portuguese

10

Polish

Russian

20

Hungarian

Spanish

50

Dutch

German

20

Greek

English

25

FOR JOURNALISTS

Turkish

French

Domus Mariae

WORKROOMS RESERVED

Yugoslav

Italian

OLIVETTI DESK TYPEWRITERS

Press Centre

Foro Italico sub-centre

Press

Lake Albano Naples (Yachting) Press Services Section (Domus Mariae)

Portable "Lettera 22" machines issued at journalists' request

1

1

1

175

1

65

1

100

1

15

2

15

15

1

2

2

2

2

50 2

20 70

70 170

60 140

85

20

30

10

35

25

2

5

2

5

5

3

2

1

600

60

45 100

60

20

15

10

30

15

5

6

5

10

6

6

4

3

400

On the other hand, the communiques circulated by the Press Centre were placed in the appropriate pigeon-holes of the accredited journalists. They were then checked, condensed, and arranged in a summarized form, by means of a photographic reproducer (reproduction in offset) which allowed the reduction and consequent grouping together of more communiques on a single page. (Table No. 10). 371

TABLE NO. 1 0 .

PAPER USED FOR COMMUNIQUES

SPORT

Colour of paper

Paper One or two consumption (circulation page for juries, jourcommuniqués nalists present, distributed in collections for federations, the stadia etc.)

CommuniPaper qués of one consumption or more (circulation pages distri- 1,800 copies buted by per commuPress Centre nique)

TOTAL

225 x 1000

225,000

56

100,800

325,800

Green

57 x 450

25,650

19

34,200

59,850

Basketball

Dark pink

97 x 400

38,800

25

45,000

83,800

Boxing

Cyclamen

154 x 450

69,300

39

70,200

139,500

Canoeing

Sea green

98 x 450

44,100

25

45,000

89,100

Cycling

Pale pink

65 x 450

29,250

22

39,600

68,850

Equestrian Sports

Orange

69 X 400

27,600

23

41,400

69,000

Fencing

Pale violet

175 x 350

61,250

44

79,200

140,40

Football

Dark grey

40 x 350

14,000

13

23,400

37,400

Gymnastics

Canary yellow

289 X 350

101,150

72

129,600

230,750

Hockey

Dark ivory

58 x 300

17,400

20

36,000

53,400

Wrestling

Orange yellow

99 x 350

34,650

25

45,000

79,650

Swimming and Water Polo

Pale blue

212 x 400

84,800

53

95,400

180,200

Modern Pentathlon

Pale ivory

20 x 350

7,000

7

12,600

19,600

Weightlifting

Yellow

61 x 350

21,350

20

36,000

57,350

Target Shooting

Pale grey

30 x 250

7,500

10

18,000

25,500

Clay Pigeon Shooting

Pale grey

50 x 300

15,000

17

30,600

45,600

Yachting (Naples)

Sky blue

49 x 300

14,700

17

30,600

45,300

Various communiques instructions, informative notes, text of speeches, etc.

White

124

223,200

223,200

631 1,135,800

1,974,300

Athletics

Golden yellow

Rowing

TOTALS

1,848

838,500

Accommodation Assistance. A true picture of the activities carried out by the Section to create a better atmosphere for the accomplishment of the work of the accredited journalists cannot be obtained without the addition also of the various important initiatives and steps taken, each of which had different objectives and faced different problems. In this connection, it should be remembered that a special Accommodation Office was set up the Press Centre for the lodging and subsequent 372

assistance of all the journalists who tentatively requested and were granted lodging in the two hotel complexes of the Domus Mariae and the Domus Pacis. In fact, we repeat, all those journalists who expressed the desire, were assured lodging in the two above-mentioned comfortable hotels. This help with accommodation was much appreciated by the journalists, as is obvious from the number of those who took advantage of the lodging thus offered, a number exceeding three quarters of the officially accredited journalists. The Accommodation Office, in direct collaboration with the respective Managements of the two hotel complexes, registered the following figures: at the Domus Pacis, 9,500 days of residence (persons X days) in all; at the Domus Mariae, 7,263 days of residence. The help rendered to journalists was not limited to the sector of housing in hotels alone. In order to allow the rapid movement of the journalists, in view of the limited availability of the " parking discs " placed at the disposal of the Agencies and the principal newspapers, and taking into consideration also the limited capacity of the parking zones in most of the Olympic venues, autonomous bus services were set up for the exclusive use of the journalists, with such frequent services as to permit an ordered and continuous inflow of the representatives of the Press to all the sites of competitions. In addition, emergency services were established from day to day in accordance with the necessities that arose, serving those Olympic venues most difficult to get to. The journalists could, in addition, make use, on request, of a helicopter placed at their disposal by the Innocenti Company, this being particularly useful for rapid displacements and for taking photographs of certain special events. Receptions for the Press were limited in number so as not to interfere with the journalists, all fully engaged in the resolving of their particularly onerous tasks. In fact there were two receptions reserved to the journalists alone: the first was offered by the President of the Republic and took place at the Quirinal Palace; the second took place on the initiative of the Italian Confederation of Industry and was held in the Baths of Diocletian. In the course of this latter reception, the Confindustria arranged for lots to be drawn among the journalists for two Fiat 500 motorcars, sixty portable Olivetti typewriters and other valuable and appreciated gifts.

The Photographic Pool. A delicate problem and one difficult to solve was undoubtedly that which concerned the organization of photographic services. It is necessary first of all to point out that, in this case, it was absolutely impossible to refer to or do draw on the experience of precedents in the previous 373

Olympic Stadium:—Photographers at work at the finish of the 50 kms. Walk.

Olympic Games (Helsinki and Melbourne) insofar as the Games of the XVII Olympiad started a new phase in Olympic history, that is, for the first time it saw the direct and continuous television transmission of the Games. The television on competition venues themselves posed difficult problems of a technical nature: the most basic ones arose from the necessity of allowing space inside the venues to a considerable number of television operators and technicians, whose presence on the spot was ensured only at the price of the reduction of other sectors, so as not to run the serious danger of disturbing or altering the technical rhythm of the events. In order that this reduction should not affect the number of competition judges or operators working on the Olympic film and those forming part of 374

Photographers and television at the finish of the Marathon.

375

the technical organization or the participants, it was obviously possible only by reducing the number of the photographers. Besides, the requests flooding in from all parts of the world from photographic agencies, photographers of important newspapers, and photo-reporters in general made it immediately obvious that this drastic solution would not be effected without encountering considerable resistance; thus, it was necessary to face the problem, choosing the solution most satisfactory to the technical organization. Following a tentative examination of the " stadium situation", it was found impossible to accommodate more than 6 photographers inside the competition venues. This situation was aggravated still further by the fact that in certain venues the number of photographers in the venue was even less than 6 on account of the prior instructions issued by the respective International Sports Federations. Since the maximum number of the stadia in use at one and the same time was twelve, it follows that the total number of accredited photographers inside the competition venues was calculated at a maximum of 72 (6 X 12) with a total of 1,354 daily presences. On this basis a single international " pool" called " Olympia " was set up and entrusted to 6 worldwide and international type agencies, that is: United Press International, Associated Press, European Picture Union, Keystone, Agenzia Nazionale Stampa Associata (A.N.S.A.) and Agenzia Italia. The members of such a " pool" constituted a single service unit, with the reciprocal obligation of immediate circulation of every photograph taken by the respective operators, this being in the form of exchange between associates. The Organizing Committee took pains to furnish the "Olympia" pool with the necessary space for the setting up of competent laboratories located at the Press sub-centre at the Foro Italico. This complex of Agencies, gathered in a " pool ", assured the covering of every aspect, even marginal, of the events of the Rome Olympic Games. In order to favour the photographers of newspapers with a very large circulation, especially for the taking of colour photographs, 17 cards were issued, valid only in special sectors of the stand of the Olympic Stadium. They were assigned as follows: Germany 4 cards, France 4, United States 4, Japan 4, Switzerland 1. It was calculated that the " pool " effected daily some 3,000 negatives for more than 54,000 photographs, thus adequately covering every one of the sports of the Games and every one of the nations represented in the stadia. Newspapers of all countries were thus able to receive sufficient photographic material to satisfy each and every requirement directly in their offices, by means of circuits prepared by the " pool ". (Table No. 11). It should be noted that many photographers operated freely from the back seats of the Stadia, in the capacity of paying spectators, and in such cases it was not possible to effect any control of their production, which was carried out completely outside the " pool" and the official services. 376

TABLE NO. 1 1 .

PRESENCE OF ACCREDITED PHOTOGRAPHERS

VENUES

Olympic Stadium

SPORT

DAYS OF

TOTAL

EVENT

PRESENCES

Opening Ceremony

1

Athletics

9

264

Closing Ceremony Swimming

8

Water Polo

9

Rose Swimming Pool

Elimination Rounds, Water Polo

5

32

Flaminio Stadium

Football

7

54

Finals, Basketball

4

16

10

72

Weight-lifting

4

28

Elimination Rounds, Basketball

6

60

Cycling

3

40

Hockey Finals

7

84

Rowing Canoeing

5 3

Palazzo dei Congressi

Fencing

12

96

Caracalla Baths

Gymnastics

6

60

Basilica of Maxentius

Wrestling

10

120

Lazio Stand

Clay Pigeon Shooting

2

8

Piazza di Siena

Equestrian Sports

4

32

Grottarossa Circuit

Road Cycling

1

6

Viale C. Colombo

Team Pursuit Race

1

6

Arch of Constantine

Marathon

1

6

Stadio dei Marmi

Elimination Rounds, Hockey

4

48

Passo Corese

Equestrian Sports – Pentathlon

1

6

Umberto I Shooting Range

Shooting

6

24

Cesano Shooting Range

Pentathlon – Shooting

1

6

Acquasanta Golf Course

Pentathlon Cross-country Running

1

6

Pratoni del Vivaro

Equestrian 3-day Event

4

24

Swimming Stadium

Palazzo dello Sport Palazzetto dello Sport Velodrome Lake Albano

Boxing

160

1,354

377

Daily Programmes. The daily programmes demanded extremely complex work in setting up and execution. The time factor, precision and the urgent nature of the work in fact rendered necessary a study on concrete bases and particular safeguards; and in view of these vital requirements, recourse was also had to the experience acquired in this sector by the management of preceding Olympic Games. In Spring of 1958, a first project concerning the classification, printing, circulation, distribution, and sale of programmes was drawn up. This complex general plan provided for: a) the type of covers, b) type of individual programmes (daily – periodical – single issues), c) contents of each programme and number of pages, d) number of copies of each programme. In addition, the project also included an accurate analysis of the necessary precautions to be taken during the work so as to eliminate as far as possible the underlying causes of possible errors or difficulties in the printing and circulation. In May 1960 the " Programme Centre " was set up and preparations made for an office which was charged with the collection of all the data to be inserted in the programmes. At first the editing was limited to a small number of experts with special experience in this type of work. The editing staff was gradually increased until the point was reached where there was an editor, plus assistants, for each sport on the programme. In view of the fact that the work would have implied considerable difficulties of realization if carried out by a single printing press, a publishing agreement was decided upon with four printing firms and the necessity of anticipating and studying all guarantees necessary for the urgent compilation of programmes was recognized. On the basis of a calculation regarding the number of copies and the number of pages of each programme, in May 1960 it was decided to take the opportunity of setting aside the quantity of paper necessary for the texts and the covers. Thus a million sheets, equivalent to 2,000 reams, for the texts and 145,000 sheets, equivalent to 290 reams, for the covers were purchased. Meanwhile, the editing staff intensified the work of collecting all data which it was intended to insert in the texts (winners of previous Olympic Games and world and Olympic record-holders – times and order of events – clarification and explanations) and began the setting up and compilation of the type sets of the programmes themselves on the following bases: – a) for the cover: two-colour background printing, with reproduction of the sports venue covering the entire two outside pages; abbreviations of the participating nations and outline of the general programme in the two inside pages; b) for the texts: world and Olympic record-holders; extracts from technical regulations; timetable; list of athletes entered; preface; information; graphs and other useful news. 378

A few examples of the daily programmes.

379

The preparation of the programmes entered into its most intense work phase from the first ten days of August 1960 onwards, with a resultant recruiting of new qualified personnel and the subsequent burden of rapid printing by night. On the basis of the projects worked out with the editing body, 52 programmes were printed, each of them fulfilling different technical requirements. The work was effected in two stages: in the first stage the covers and the fixed compositions were printed; in the second stage final agreements were reached with the printing presses for the variable content of programmes (names of the athletes participating in the individual events and results of the events of the previous day). Since these could only be passed over from 8 p.m. to 12 midnight each day, this implied a consequent feverish activity from 10 p.m. approximately to 7 a.m.; however, it was always effected in good time for the distribution of programmes in the stadia, in the Press Centre, and at points of affluence of the public. With this premise, we now give a synthetic outline showing the type of daily programmes with the respective number of pages and relevant circulation, sale, and return. (Table No. 12). As already indicated, for all the events 52 edition of various types were printed with a total circulation of 862,000 copies, of which 415,000 at the price of 200 lire per copy and 347,000 at the price of 150 lire per copy. Of the total circulation of programmes, the Organizing Committee held back, for the needs of the organization as well as for distribution of free copies, etc., 39,200 copies of the type at 200 lire and 107,526 copies of the type at 150 lire. On the basis of experience gained in previous Olympic Games it was clearly shown that the production of daily programmes was never a profitable business from an economic point of view, and that rather it always constituted a considerable financial loss, partly also on account of the difficulties of simultaneous distribution to distant parts of the world. It was, however, considered that the setting up of the programmes of the Rome Olympic Games would reach the desired objectives, namely, worthy covers for the programme, meticulous study of technical data, precision and correctness of contents, timely production of programmes destined for the Organizing Committee and for sale. However, the sale of programmes cannot be said to have been a success.

The Press Service for Yachting. The Press Service in Naples was set up in premises placed at its disposal by the President of the Provincial Press Association and was directed by Mr. Bruno Ziravello. 380

TABLE NO. 1 2 .

TYPE, PRINTING AND SALE OF PROGRAMMES

EVENTS

TYPE OF PROGRAMME

EDITIONS

PAGES

TOTAL NOS. PRINTED

COPIES SOLD

COPIES FOR ORGANIZATION

REMAINDER

Opening Ceremony

Single

1

32

50,000

13,414

2,596

33,940

Closing Ceremony

Single

1

48

35,000

17,756

2,891

14,378

Athletics

Daily

9

32/48

280,000

134,262

26,318

121,570

Basketball

Periodic

3

24/40

30,000

9,177

8,867

6,986

Boxing

Single

1

40

30,000

8,231

2,622

19,147

Canoeing

Single

1

24

10,000

1,025

2,623

6,377

Cycling

Daily

4

16/24

46,000

3,502

10,606

32,801

Equestrian Sports

Periodic

3

20/24

45,000

18,433

9,110

18,497

Fencing

Periodic

4

32

40,000

2,300

12,490

27,378

Football

Periodic

3

16/40

90,000

5,033

7,898

77,149

Gymnastics

Single

1

40

14,000

6,429

2,598

4,848

Hockey

Periodic

3

16/40

18,000

2,216

7,867

7,952

Modern Pentathlon

Single

1

32

10,000

263

2,594

7,143

Rowing

Daily

5

16/20

50,000

5,771

13,767

31,243

Shooting

Single

1

48

6,000

373

2,591

3,036

Swimming and Water Polo

Daily

8

24/32

80,000

38,687

23,537

19,783

Weight-lifting

Single

1

24

8,000

893

2,549

4,558

Wrestling

Single

1

48

10,000

2,561

2,623

4,841

Yachting

Single

1

24

10,000

38

2,589

3,373

862,000

270,374

146,726

444,900

52

106 journalists, of which 51 foreign and 45 Italian, were present for the yachting events. The premises of the Press Office were equipped with a pigeon-hole bracket, two direct telephones (one to Rome and one to the Naples Olympia Exchange), three ordinary telephones, 35 typewriters, a radio room with a direct transmission service and recording service for 17 foreign radio commentators and a transmission studio for Naples Radio. The personnel forming part of Section V, Press Services, will be found on Table No. 13.

381

TABLE NO. 1 3 .

PRESS SERVICES PERSONNEL APPOINTMENT

ROME

NAPLES

Head of Section

1

Director of Secretariat

1

Technical Services Office

1

Accreditation of journalists' lodging

1

RAI-TV Liaison Office

1

Press Centres attaches

44

1

Attached to News Centre

12

6

Translators, Secretariat officials

27 156

6

45

2

7

8

Duplicator staff (excluding military personnel)

24

3

Superior Institute of Physical Training cadets

32

Guide-interpreters Typists for press attaches Teleprinter operators (excluding military personnel)

290

Runners

32

Ushers and errand boys TOTAL

674

26

Radio and Television. One hundred and eight television organisations from all over the world, assisted in various ways by R.A.I. (Italian Radio and TV Company), enabled the public from 69 countries in the five Continents to follow the Games of the XVII Olympiad by both radio and television. To be more precise, 75 organizations from 60 countries effected radio transmissions with the assistance of R.A.I., 23 organizations from 21 countries received live and deferred television programmes produced by R.A.I. and 60 organizations from 37 countries made use of the daily journalistic film accounts also produced by R.A.I. and sent daily to all those who requested this service. The radio and television service set up for the Rome Games has no precedent in the history of the modern Olympiads nor does it bear any comparison for the breadth of its coverage and the complexity of its organization to any other type of news service ever undertaken by any radio and TV organization. The events of the Rome Games were seen in live transmission by the public 382

of 18 European countries and, with only a few hours of interval, also in the United States, Canada, and Japan; whereas most of the countries represented in Rome could follow the exploits of their athletes by means of a direct radiophonic service transmitted to all corners of the earth. The creation of a link of these proportions could obviously not be improvised and, in fact, it was due to the existence of a very precise organization carefully prepared down to the slightest details. R.A.I., as concessionnaire for the radio and television service in Italy during the Rome Olympic Games, was fully aware of the responsibilities involved. It considered its duty was not only to attend to the transmission of radio and television services for the Italian public, but also to produce a specific TV service for foreign countries. As far back as 1958, R.A.I. had set up a special Olympic centre, under Prof. Sound technicians at the Olympic Stadium.

383

Italo Neri, an independent and self-sufficing organization capable of providing every necessary technical and organizational requirement for producing an efficient service which could be used during the Games to act as an autonomous production centre for the broadcasting of radio and television programmes from all the stadia and competition venues to all countries in the world. The Problem of links. The difficulties that faced the organization of the service were neither few nor simple. Insofar as radio was concerned, there was the problem of linking up with so many different and distant countries, each of which had to receive direct transmissions from the many competition venues. In the case of television, it was a question of bearing in mind the widespread ramifications of the chain, this time consisting of 23 links, the multiplicity of the points of departure and destination of the signal as well as the many different languages involved. For both one and the other there was no possibility whatsoever of reference to past experiences. None of the Olympic Games held so far had ever had recourse to a service of such an extensive and far-reaching nature. In Rome the problem presented itself in a new light for two different reasons: Rome is located in the centre of a Continent whose countries are for the most part equipped to receive a television service; the existence of the Eurovision network, with a possibility of its being linked to Intervision for the countries of Eastern Europe, was to make it possible to connect up 18 countries by a single link, whereas the difference in mean-time in their favour, and the technical innovation that had come into being in the last few years (the introduction of ampex for magnetic tape recordings and the consequent instantaneousness of the video signal) was to make it possible for tens of millions of television viewers in the United States and Canada to follow the direct recordings of the Games on the same day within a few hours of their having taken place. For over a year and a half, the Olympic Centre was in operation so that all technical and organization problems should be resolved well ahead of time and in order that at the pistol shot on the evening of the 25th August 1960, everyone should be ready and waiting at his post. The headquarters of the Olympic Centre were established in the building of the College of Music at the Foro Italico and it was in this building that all the necessary equipment for production and broadcasting of the radio and television service was installed, thus ensuring that all countries were able to follow the great Rome event. In order to permit radio organizations to be able to function in an autonomous manner, 58 studios, known as RS, were set up on the terrace of the building. They were all of equal dimensions, built with asbestos cement sheets, complete even though small, and comprising one room for direction and recording services and another as a studio. The whole space measured twelve square metres, 384

A radio commentator point at the Olympic Stadium.

Radio

technicians

at

work.

385 25.

TABLE NO. 1 4 .

AUDIO-LINKS NETWORK FOR RADIO AND TELEVISION SERVICES

386

each unit being allocated to a different country (only in rare cases were two organizations transmitting at totally different hours required to share the same RS). In these studios, radio correspondents from all Continents were able to produce live transmissions, either emanating directly from the RS or from the various competition venues, or to record the commentaries coming from the stadia, or to produce partly from live and partly from recordings. But in order to permit each organization to forward its service from either its own RS studio or from one of the 18 competition venues from which it was possible to establish a link with each respective country, it was necessary to create a gigantic cross-link exchange in the basement of the College of Music building. This exchange linked four hundred vertical lines with four hundred horizontal lines connected, on the one hand, with the international telephone cable terminals and, on the other, with the RS studios and competition venues. This permitted 400 simultaneous communications to take place and up to 160,000 different combinations to be formulated. (Table No. 14).

The Television Service. The cross-link permutator, divided up into four successive panels of one hundred by four hundred lines (no room space could possibly have accommodated this whole owing to the exceptional dimensions involved) represented the key to the radio service as well as to the problem involving audio-lines for television. The organization of the television service, rather simpler in some ways and yet more complex in others, presented obstacles of a new type. On the second floor of the College of Music, the master Direction Unit with its studio proper was installed. It was in contact, on the one hand, with the adjacent TTVE (the master installation which was in control of all the interested television parties which were linked by a permanent telephone circuit) and with the video centre, on the other, which was situated in the basement of the building. (Table No. 15). The master direction unit had the task of piloting the programme upon receiving and selecting the images coming in from all the sports venues, in close collaboration with the TTVE from which it could receive all suggestions, whilst the video centre, upon reception of the signal, dealt with passing the programme to all the transmitters in Europe. In order to satisfy the particular individual requirements of organizations, arrangements had been made for a further two studios, with their relative direction units, for transmissions known as " unilateral" (unilateral transmissions, according to the definition of the Union Européenne de Radiodiffusion – U.E.R. – are those passed on to one or more foreign organizations but not broadcast on the network of the country of origin). Mobile equipment and points in the competition venues had to be arranged for outside the Olympic Centre. It was not an easy problem when one consid387

TABLE NO. 1 5 .

VIDEO-LINK NETWORK

Main commutator centre Main venue with Eurovision commentators (the number indicates the number of cameras used) Secondary venue Repeator point Recording centre Co-axial cables Video-links Relephone link with 12 channels

388

Positions for telecommentators in the Olympic Stadium

Positions for telecommentators in the Olympic Velodrome.

ers that all the organizations naturally wanted to have their own radio and TV point whilst it was not possible to appropriate more space from the studios than that allowed. After many inspections and careful study, it was at last possible to set up a reasonable number of positions (which later proved to be sufficient) in various ways and according to the importance of the event taking place in each venue and in view also of the possible interest shown by each country in the event. The most important stadium was of course the Olympic Stadium where, by making use of the 30 cabins allocated to R.A.I., it was possible to set up 38 radio positions which, in more than one case, were simultaneously all fully occupied. Next followed the Arch of Constantine with 30 positions for the finish of the Marathon, the Swimming Stadium, the Palazzo dello Sport, the Flaminio Stadium with 28, the Basilica of Maxentius with 19, the Palazzetto dello Sport, the Olympic Velodrome, the Baths of Caracalla and the Cristoforo Colombo circuit with 16, together with many others making up a total of 298 positions in 18 of the 22 venues for the Rome Games.

The Technical Apparatus. It was only at Passo Corese, the Cesano Shooting Range, the Pratoni del Vivaro and Acquasanta that it was not considered necessary to lay on fixed positions and commentators wishing to serve these venues were equipped with portable tape-recorders. Portable tape-recorders were particularly useful at Naples on board the special launches which followed the yachting races. In order adequately to equip both the radiophonic studios and the radio commentator positions, the following were required: 600 microphones, 527 microphone amplifiers, a further 276 amplifiers of various types, 210 tape-recorders for recording purposes, 164 portable tape-recorders, 103 tape-recorders on a closed circuit, 650 ear-phones, 750 field telephones, 200 telephones with transistor amplifiers, 200 normal telephones, 1,030 duplex line cables connecting the competition venues for a total coverage of 5,000 kms. and a further 73 kms. of cable for internal links with diverse duplex lines. The positions for telecommentators presented a very much more difficult problem to solve. The ideal would have been to set up as many positions as there were organizations connected in each of the venues and for which a service was foreseen (practically all of the organizations). It was therefore decided to divide up the competition venues into two separate groups, those described as " main" (the Olympic Stadium, Swimming Stadium, Flaminio Stadium, Palazzo dello Sport) and " secondary " (all the remainder). In the four main stadia, selected as such not only because of the importance of the events taking place there but also because of the greater amount of coverage envisaged, eighteen positions were set up which were sufficient to accommo390

date the commentators from all the organizations present in Rome grouped together, in certain cases, according to language. In the other venues, on the other hand, only four positions were set up: one for the Italian commentator, one available for special services and one each for two pilot commentators especially selected by the U.E.R. These passed their commentaries in English and French to the representatives of all the foreign organizations situated in the main stadia. The foreign telecommentator who was in one of the four stadia could thus make his live report on the event taking place in front of his eyes and, relying for news of events in other venues on a monitor, receive a continuous flow of news and explanations from one of the two pilot commentators broadcasting on the spot elsewhere through ear-phones in the special " Commentator boxes " of the U.E.R. type which were used for the first time on this occasion. An equally tricky problem was that of the camera positions in all the stadia where the requirements for an efficient TV coverage had to be reconciled, on the one hand, with the legitimate right of the public not to have their view obstructed and, on the other, not to cause disturbance to the athletes competing. In certain stadia, such as the Swimming Stadium, eight positions were catered for so that the various types of events (swimming, waterpolo, and diving) could be covered and the various positions of the sun obviated. The positions on the Olympic Stadium were particularly numerous. Here six cameras were used to cover the inauguration ceremony (plus a seventh on the slopes of the nearby Monte Mario). Use was, however, made of a greater number of positions which varied from day to day in accordance with the type of event.

The Production of Filmed Services. In order to have a sufficient number of installations for mobile coverage and so as not to have to cause too frequent movement of teams from one stadium to another, R.A.I. concentrated the greater part of its coverage teams in Rome, withdrawing them from its other centres in Milan, Turin, and Naples. The super TV Direction Unit of the Olympic Centre could thus count on twelve coverage teams of various types: one van with 4 cameras, 7 vans with 3 cameras, 3 vans with 2 cameras, and one van with one camera. Five of these vans were permanently situated in the Olympic Stadium, the Palazzo dello Sport, the Flaminio Stadium, the Palazzetto dello Sport, and in the Olympic Village (where a fourth studio was set up to facilitate interviews with athletes). The remaining seven vans were used in the other competition venues in accordance with the requirements for coverage but by means of a plan which reduced moves to an absolute minimum. For the production of film services to be sent to 60 organisations which had asked for this, the following were used: 24 moviolas, 32 film cameras, 391

3 processing machines for reversal, 3 processing machines for positive and negative prints, and 4 film copying machines, of which two at high velocity rotation. This material permitted a more rapid production and immediate delivery to 37 different countries of the 9 minutes daily filmed coverage which, in accordance with the Olympic Regulations, could be transmitted in three separate news services with an interval between each. Both for the radio service and the television service it was absolutely necessary to have a great number of technicians of proven experience and, in fact, of the 960 persons engaged in the Olympic Centre, fifty per cent consisted of technicians in one of these two branches. In order to be able to dispose of the 245 Radio and the 223 TV technicians required, without counting the 18 radio commentators, the 17 TV commentators, 10 directors, 32 cineoperators, and 20 editors, R.A.I. called upon its specialists from all other centres in Italy, preferring to reduce other services to a minimum, particularly outside Rome, rather than to have to rely on chance personnel not sufficiently trained on this special occasion. Besides the technicians the presence of the interpreters, which R.A.I. had recruited well ahead of time so as to be able to rely on the best and most qualified personnel for the service, was considered indispensable. Fifty-two of these, 36 young ladies and 16 young men of an average age of 22, selected not only for their knowledge of languages but also for their physical fitness which enabled them to stand up to the fatigue of the occasion, were used as a means of liaison between the Italian technicians and the radio and TV commentators in the RS studios and in the competition venues. They were employed on August 1st, having undergone a training course which included visits to the venues, telephone communication tests, lessons on the television organization, and on the technical functioning of transmissions. A further 24 interpreters, selected especially for their knowledge of several languages and for their experience of television organization, were also employed, after special selection, for use in the various offices of the Olympic Centre (bookings, information, results, etc.). All foreign journalists present in the Centre were continually kept informed of what was going on in the various venues by means of two teleprinter circuits, six large television sets installed in such a way as to permit vision of current events from any point in the workroom, an electrically controlled board showing the venues where events were taking place and another showing the winners of medals, two blackboards where the main results of the day were shown and, in addition, printed leaflets on results supplied three times daily by the Press Services Section of the Organizing Committee. The problem of transport was solved by arranging for a service which included 166 vehicles. Of these, 31 were used for the filmed requirements (which necessitated the maximum urgency), 8 for the movements of TV commentators, 13 for the radio commentators, 63 for the television coverage, 27 for the radio coverage and 15 for various other uses. During the three weeks of 392

Positions of the American telecommentators in the Olympic Stadium.

393

the Games, the R.A.I. transport vehicles covered a total of 243,760 kilometres with a total consumption of 21,000 litres of petrol, 8,000 litres of diesel oil and 168 litres of engine oil. The least difficulty problem turned out to be the question of accommodation, which had been attended to well ahead of time. The Italian technical personnel brought into Rome from the various centres were accommodated in a building in the Olympic Village; foreign personnel were allowed the freedom to choose accommodation most appropriate to themselves, which the Olympic Centre was always prepared to indicate. On the other hand, the despatch of the daily filmed service to the 60 foreign organizations which had asked for this might have been very much more complicated had R.A.I. not entered into an agreement with the Ministry of Finance to simplify customs formalities because of the exceptional circumstances and the authentic reasons for urgency. As a result of this organization, on the evening of 25th August, the Olympic Centre was able to set in motion a radio and television service for all the organisations connected to the vast network of transmissions which were to supply the world with a description and images of the inauguration Ceremony. On the evening of 25th August, Radio Olympia took up its duty as a news service which enabled the public to follow all that was taking place in the twenty-two competition venues. Radio Olympia, with its eighteen specialized commentators, was present at all the sport events, providing live commentaries, interviews, news, and explanations. (Table No. 16). TABLE NO. 1 6 .

HOURS OF RADIO TRANSMISSIONS DIVIDED PER SPORT

394

93 Hours and 40 Minutes of Transmission. The road cycling events, the fifty kilometre walk, and the Marathon were followed in their entirety as a result of many radio positions. It was especially possible to organize a chain radio commentary for the Marathon in the final forty-minute phase by means of a number of microphone positions situated along the course from the thirtieth kilometre until the finish at the Arch of Constantine. This permitted radio commentators to describe the efforts of the competitors almost as if they were following the athletes themselves. With its 93 hours and 40 minutes of broadcasting, divided up into the three daily portions and with its effective 279 links, of which 70 were in duplex, 38 in triplex and 24 on a chain basis, Radio Olympia undoubtedly set up a most admirable and up-to-date example of radio journalism. But when considering the whole of the Olympic Centre, Radio Olympia was only one of the fifty-eight studios which were transmitting programmes throughout the world. On the terrace of the College of Music, 242 foreign radio commentators, together with the technical personnel and interpreters placed at their disposal by R.A.I., were occupied at all hours of the day and night in transmitting their services, thus putting the efficiency of the organization to a severe test. The special correspondent of the Argentinian radio would finish his broadcast at half-past two in the morning, whilst at half-past four arrangements had to be made for the circuit for the Australian correspondent who started his Olympic service for the listeners of that continent. The main difficulty was that of the continuous variations in the programme, both as regards the hour of transmission and the link required by each organization. The various requests had been brought up-to-date until one month before the Games and a detailed list had been worked out for the requirements of each organisation. But in actual point of fact, the variations were so many and frequent that it was considered appropriate to do away with all reservations placed in advance and to prepare a new daily list of requirements. To quote an example, on the 29th August, the foreign organizations requested a total of 486 services, of which only 136 corresponded to reservations made up to 30th June and 350 were completely new services which necessitated a great number of changes in the programme for that day. 72 % of services asked for in one single day were in excess or different from the reservations made in advance; and this is not an isolated case but is based on an average. In order to prepare the new lists, establish links with the circuits, and deal with the allotment of positions in the competition venues on the new arrangement for requests received each day of the Games up to 19.00 hrs. on the day before, the personnel of the technical office and reservation office had to work in shifts during the whole night. 395

The allotment of positions in the various competition venues was established in accordance with the alphabetical order of the countries of origin of the organizations requesting this service, priority being given to those who were broadcasting live as opposed to those who were recording. Certain exceptions were made in the case of football, as positions affording the best visibility were allocated to the correspondents whose teams were in competition. A comORGANIZATIONS WHICH EFFECTED RADIO TRANSMISSIONS Radio Kabul. Radio Rivadavia. AUSTRALIA – Australian Broadcasting Commission. The Australian Federation of Commercial Broadcasting Stations. AUSTRIA – Osterreichischer Rundfunk. BELGIUM – Radiodiffusion-Télévision Beige. BRAZIL – Radio Emissora Continental. Radio Jornal de Commercio. BULGARIA – Radiodiffusion Bulgare. CANADA – Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Canadian Association of Broadcasters. CHILE – Sociedad Chilena Radiodifusora. CHINA – Broadcasting Corporation of China. COLOMBIA – Radio Cadena Nacional Ltda. CZECHOSLOVAKIA – Ceskoslovensky Rozhlas. DENMARK – Statsradiofonìn. FINLAND – Oy Yleisradio Ab. FRANCE – Radiodiffusion-Télévision Française. Radio Europe n. 1. GERMANY (EAST) – Deutscher Demokratischer Rundfunk. GERMANY (WEST) – Bayeriseher Rundfunk. GHANA – Ghana Broadcasting System. GREAT BRITAIN – British Broadcasting Corporation. HOLLAND – Stichting Nederlandsche Radio Unie. HONG KONG – Radio Hong Kong. HUNGARY – Magyar Radio es Televizio. ICELAND – Rìkìsùtvarpid. INDIA – All India Radio. INDONESIA – Radio Republic Indonesia. ICELAND – Radio Eireann. ISRAEL – Kol Israel. JAMAICA – Jamaica Broadcasting Corporation. Radio Jamaica and Rediffusion Broadcasting House. JAPAN – Nippon Hoso Kyokai. National Association of Commercial Broadcasters in Japan. KENYA – Kenya Broadcasting Service. KOREA – HLKA Korean Central Broadcasting Station. AFGHANISTAN – ARGENTINA –

396

Radio Luxembourg Radiodiffusion de Madagascar. MALAYA – Radio Malaya. MALTA – Radiodiffusion Malta Ltd. MEXICO – Telesistema Mexicano. MONACO – Radio Monte-Carlo. MOROCCO – Radiodiffusion-Nationale Marocaine. NEW ZEALAND – New Zealand Broadcasting Service NIGERIA – Nigerian Broadcasting Corporation. NORTH BORNEO – Radio Sabah. NORWAY – Norsk Rikskringkasting. PANAMA – Corporación Panameña de Radiodifusion. PERU – Radio Panamericana. PHILIPPINES – Philippine Broadcasting Service. POLAND – Polskie Radio. PORTUGAL – Emissora Nacional de Radiodifusao. LUXEMBOURG –

MADAGASCAR –

PUERTO RICO – WRIO

Radiodifuziunea si Televiziunea Romina SOUTH AFRICA – South African Broadcasting Corporation. SPAIN – Radio Nacional de España. SWEDEN – Sveriges Radio. SWITZERLAND – RSI – Radio Svizzera Italiana. SSR – Société Suisse de Radiodiffusion. SRG – Schweizerische Rundspruchgesellschaft. TUNISIA – Radiodiffusion-Télévision Tunisienne. TURKEY – Radio Istambul. U.A.R. – U.A.R. Broadcasting Service. URUGUAY – C.X. 18 Radio Sport. U.S.A. – A.F.N. Europe. USIS – Voice of America. Radio Free Europe. A.B.C. American Broadcasting Company. N.B.C. National Broadcasting Company. C.B.S. Columbia Broadcasting System. KMPC. Radio Station WHOM. U.S.S.R. – Sovietskoie Radio i Televidenie. YUGOSLAVIA – Jugoslovenska Radiotelevzija. RUMANIA –

TABLE NO. 1 7 .

RADIO SERVICE FOR ABROAD TRANSMISSIONS

DATE

FROM MICROPHONE POSITIONS IN VENUES FROM

From two From movenues From one re venues simultan- simultanvenue eously eously

STUDIOS

20th August

RECORDINGS

In RS studio from venues

Editing

TOTAL

in RS

In venues

studio

1

9

10

21st

"

5

22nd

"

10

8

18

23rd

"

22

10

32

24th

"

40

34

74

25th

"

67

25

26th

"

77

39

10

27th

"

80

31

8

28th

"

30

29th

"

77

43

8

1

83

64

62

338

30th

"

84

48

9

2

81

43

39

306

31st

"

89

45

8

1

114

76

55

388

1st September

97

42

11

108

78

39

375

2nd

"

90

46

10

2

110

73

46

377

3rd

"

88

39

14

1

105

68

44

359

4th

"

38

5th

"

78

36

6

1

78

58

38

295

6th

"

89

28

6

2

82

61

35

303

7th

"

82

23

5

2

83

64

37

296

8th

"

79

34

2

55

61

20

251

9th

"

78

10

5

36

55

33

217

10th

"

68

40

5

51

53

26

244

11th

"

51

25

39

38

8

161

12th

"

5 1,433

5

2

45

60

11

208

90

73

33

322

76

69

54

320

17

47

28

1

66

2 554

107

15

1,236

1,094

7 580

6,338

397

pletely different criterion was adopted for the Olympic Stadium and the Swimming Stadium where placing was of extreme importance, as the positions were along a long single row which effected visibility along the finishing line. Here a drawing of lots in alphabetical order was effected for the allotment of the first day and on a rotation basis for subsequent days, thus ensuring that organizations had positions with the best visibility on at least a certain number of days. By summarizing all the different types of services, direct transmissions from venues and studios, recordings and editing in the studios, recordings on portable tape-recorders, and studio commentaries by radio commentators present at the venues as observers, a total of 6,338 services (Table No. 17) passed to transmitters of 75 different organizations was arrived at which (taking into consideration that two circuits were used for each transmission) meant that the international circuits were used for a total of 2,789 hours.

Television Transmissions. On the eve of the Rome Games, the eyes of the whole world were focussed above all on television, the use of which constituted the main new feature of the Olympiad. There were twenty-one countries linked to television coverage of the Games: the fourteen countries comprised in Eurovision (Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Western Germany, Great Britain, Holland, Italy, Luxembourg, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and Yugoslavia); the four of Intervision (Czechoslovakia, Eastern Germany, Hungary and Poland); the United States and Canada through the medium of the CBS organization; and Japan through NHK. Spain and Portugal had, up to a few weeks before the Games, hoped to have been linked but this was unsuccessful, whereas the Soviet Union had already communicated that it would be unable to have its necessary video link ready by 25th August. Whereas eighteen countries were able to receive live transmissions, the other three had to undergo a delay of several hours. However, the two contractual companies for this service organized themselves to reduce this delay to a minimum. The video signal was directly recorded on magnetic tape at the airport and reels were despatched by the first jet aircraft departing for New York and Tokyo. Finding common agreement between representatives from twenty-one countries on a single programme which was acceptable to all was no easy undertaking and the setting out of the television programme chart of the Games had to be changed on more than one occasion. A final approximate layout was only agreed to a few days before the Games after many long and laborious meetings between all the participating organizations. The choice of the events to be televised had to take various criteria into account; for some of these, such as the importance of the sport and the effec398

tiveness as a television spectacle, it was not difficult to arrive at unanimous decisions. But there were others such as popularity, probabilities of victory, and placing where the participating organizations disagreed. To come to a compromise, it was necessary to increase the space allocated daily to the Olympic transmissions so as to ensure the maximum amount of coverage from the major number of venues. Above all, considerable goodwill was called for from all the organizations, the Italian one included, in foregoing their natural desire to produce a programme of particular interest to their own viewers and to organize a time-table as international as possible in character. Priority was frequently given to sports which mainly interested foreign countries even when this meant a reduction in the sports which were of special interest to the Italian public (the case of cycling may be quoted). The programme was, however, subject to a daily revision during morning meetings at which those foreign organizations linked by a special circuit were present and again verified, with possible slight changes, three hours before the start of a transmission during a meeting at which all responsible bodies from the TTVE master control and master direction unit, heads of missions technicians, assistant commentators, and pilot commentators were present. This was held daily at 11.45 hours. On the 3rd September, there were continuous switches, by means of 11 commutations, from the Olympic Stadium, where important athletic events were taking place, to Lake Albano where the finals of the rowing events were being held. In order to overcome the problem of concurrence of events, the two magnetic tape-recorders installed in the Olympic Centre were found to be most useful, as these permitted the recording of at least another event. They were particularly useful on the many occasions when events started later than the established time or when they finished earlier and they were also helpful in recording those events of direct interest to Italy. It would especially have been impossible to transmit the more important swimming events without making use of these recorders as those events usually took place at times of transmission of other scheduled programmes in both Italy and abroad. These recorders were used for transmission on five occasions, a few moments after completion of the event and resulted in being of greater interest as all pauses had been eliminated. The commentary for the recordings was generally made in the studio of the Master Direction Unit of the Olympic Centre, where the commentator was able to follow the images and sound effects which had been recorded as well as receive data, news, and suggestions from his colleague at the venue by earphone. The number of telecommentators used by R.A.I. in the competition venues was seventeen all told, these having been selected on the basis of a criterion of experience. Only three of them described three different sports to the Italian public, whilst all the others only commented on one single sport. 399

The telecommentators normally work in couples but for athletics and cycling three were always used together with the help of two informers. The same criterion of experience was adopted for the eight directors, all experts in sports coverage, each of whom directed all the transmissions from the same venue and only passing on to another venue when the events in the first had been completed. Three of them had to be used for the Marathon event which was covered by four mobile units. Throughout the sixteen days of the Olympic Games, 102 hours of live television were covered, of which 96 hours 30 minutes were passed abroad as well as through the R.A.I. network. The peak was reached on September 10th with 8 hours 30 minutes of coverage on Olympic events, whilst the minimum was on September 11th (Closing of the Games) with a coverage of 3 hours. The average was over 6 hours daily. (Table No. 18). TABLE NO. 1 8 .

HOURS OF TV TRANSMISSIONS SUBDIVIDED BY SPORTS

Special Transmissions. Of the five and a half hours of transmission not passed abroad, only three concerned sports events proper, the remainder consisting of interviews transmitted from the studio in the Olympic Village which used the video for 15 minutes approximately in ten days of the Games. 400

It should be remembered that our interviewers met with various difficulties on account of the transmission hours coinciding with the times of meals of the athletes and the reluctance on the part of certain trainers who maintained that a television interview was harmful to the athletes. However, the fact that a studio had been established in the heart of the Olympic Village helped to overcome this and other obstacles, such as those of traffic and the necessity of always having to apply for permission from the Heads of Mission. In this studio, both the telecommentators and the athletes were able to follow events from a television set. This convenience, however, had an adverse effect in the case of the American, Nieder, who, when coming into the studio for an interview on the day of the high jump, was very upset to see the unexpected defeat of his fellow-countryman, Thomas. The other countries were also able to produce their own special transmissions and interviews. In fact, some of them were able to make use of exclusive live coverage thanks to the " unilateral " system in operation. These particular transmissions were rendered possible above all by two fundamental factors: (a) the numerous directions of emission of the television signal arranged for the Games (in addition to the RAI network, other circuits were available going outwards abroad, Rome-Milan-Switzerland and Rome-Milan-France, without counting the two independent links towards the recording installations of C.B.S. at Ciampino Airport and those of the Japanese N.H.K. at Fiumicino Airport); (6) the existence of three television studios close to the Master Unit which were capable of producing, recording, editing, and trasmitting a live television programme from the studio or from the competition venue, as well as filming or recording according to requirements. The organizing of these programmes fell to the organizations making request who used their own personnel but the responsibility for their production was entrusted to RAI in the same way as is normally the case for this type of programme in Eurovision. In the three television studios for the " unilateral" system use was made of three directors, two production secretaries, three studio assistants, three light producers, three microphone assistants, two mechanics, two trolley workers, nine labourers, two make-up dressers, and a musical assistant over and above all the technical personnel. Certain organizations made daily use of this possibility by fixing a night appointment with their viewers for an end-of-day round-up which included commentaries, interviews, news, films, recordings as well as live flashes and links with more than one venue. Every evening, therefore, the technicians had to arrange for successive programmes in studio " two " for Western Germany and Great Britain and in studio " three " programmes for Eastern Germany and France. But six other organizations in varying measure took advantage of this precious instrument both for studio transmissions and live transmissions which could not otherwise have been effected. A typical case 401 26.

was that of Denmark which succeeded in obtaining exclusive coverage for its viewers of the first half of the football final by asking for the " unilateral " only two days before the event, once the Danish team had won its semi-final. (Table No. 19). TABLE NO. 1 9 .

TV UNILATERAL TRANSMISSIONS DIRECT

ORGANIZATIONS AND NATIONS

RECORDINGS TOTAL

FROM STUDIOS

FROM VENUES

FROM STUDIOS

FROM VENUES

number duration number duration number duration number duration number duration

4hl4'

—

—

—

—

—

—

3h51'

—

—

—

17

4h41'

—

—

(Holland)

1

0h21'

0h35'

— —

SRG

(Switzerland)

1

0h29'

—

DSR

(Denmark)

SRT

(Sweden)

BBC

(England)

17

14h33'

RTF

(France)

14

3h26'

ARD

(W. Germany)

18

DFF

(E. Germany)

NTS

— 1

5

1 — 1

—

5 —

6h10'

27

24h57'

—

14

3h26'

— —

—

—

18

3h51'

—

—

17

4h41'

—

—

—

2

0h56'

—

—

—

—

1

0h29'

0h50'

—

—

—

—

1

0h50'

—

—

1

0h15'

17

16h14'

0h15'

—

—

—

—

—

—

CBS (United States)

—

—

—

—

NHK

—

—

—

—

—

— —

(Japan)

BBC + CBS OVERALL TOTAL TRANSMISSIONS

OF

69

27h36'

7

— 5h39'

7 — 7

1h26'

17 —

16h14' —

—

1h26'

—

5

4h15'

5

4h15'

1h26'

27

26h39'

110

61h20'

Equipment for shooting special filmed services was also placed at the disposal of the foreign organizations. Nine of these took advantage of this and produced 173 special services, most of which were transmitted by the " unilateral ", which consisted mainly of interviews in the Olympic Village and portions of events of particular interest to the public of the organization in question. But the real activity of the great cinematographic service set up by the TV was in effect another: that of the filmed news transmitted twice a day on the Eurovision network and, above all, distributed in copy to 60 organizations which had requested it and which involved the use of a good 198,000 metres of film. These accounts, which were always produced on the basis of the objective importance of the events without in any way taking into consideration either an Italian or European point of view, enabled the highlights of the 402

Games to be passed to those distant countries which had perhaps never before received any television image and whose television service was as yet in the initial stages of development. The important place given to the Games on television and their presence on sets in many countries of Asia, Africa, Oceania, and South America may have contributed more than any other single factor in bringing home the reality of the Olympic ideal and in creating a better understanding of the spirit of the Games themselves. ORGANIZATIONS THAT WITHDREW FILMED NARRATIONS Télévision Corporation. Herald Sun Télévision. Station ADS. TVW Perth. BTQ, Channel 7. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. General Télévision Corporation. Amalgated TV Services ATN. BELGIUM – Institut National Beige de Radiodiffusion. BERMUDA – Bermuda Radio and Television. BULGARIA – Radiodiffusion Bulgare. CANADA – Canadian Broadcasting Corporation – Toronto. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation – Montreal. COLOMBIA – Radio Televisora Nacional. COSTA RICA – Televisora de Costa Rica. CYPRUS – Cyprus Broadcasting Corporation. CZECHOSLOVAKIA – Radio TV Cecoslovacca. DENMARK – Denmark Radio. EGYPT – UAR/TV Cairo. ENGLAND – Independent Television News. British Commonwealth International Newsfilm Agency. British Broadcasting Corporation (B.B.C.). E L SALVADOR – Banco Hipotecario de El Salvador. GERMANY (E) – Deutscher Fernsehfunk – Berlin. GERMANY (W) – A.R.D. Munich. HOLLAND – Nederlandese Televisie Stichting. HUNGARY – Mayar Radio es Televizio. JAPAN – Station Jokr – TV Radio Tokyo. Fuji Telecasting Co. Nippon Television Network Corp. Asahi Broadcasting Corp. Nippon Hoso Kyokai. The National Association of Commercial Broadcasters in Japan. AUSTRALIA –

Motion Pictures Office of Public Information. LEBANON – Compagnie Libanaise de Télévision. KOREA –

Radio-Tele Luxembourg. MEXICO – Excelsio TV Producciones. Proveedora de Televisione – Televicentro. NEW ZEALAND – New Zealand Broadcasting Service. NIGERIA – Western Nigeria Radiovision Service NORWAY – Norsk Rikskringkasting. PANAMA – R.P.C. Télévision Canal 4. PERU – Radio America TV Canal 4. PORTUGAL – Radiotelevisao Portuguesa. RUMANIA – Radiodifuziunea si Televiziunea Romina. SAUDI ARABIA – Aramco TV Stations. SPAIN – Spanish Télévision. SYRIA – UAR/TV Damascus. SWEDEN – Sveriges Radio Aktiebolag. THAILAND – Thai Télévision Co. Thai-TV Channel 4. U.S.A. – U.P.M.T. Columbia Broadcasting System. Hearst Metropole News Inc. Telenews. American Broadcasting Company. National Broadcasting Company. TEL-RA Productions. U.S.S.R. – U.S.S.R. State Committee for Radio Télévision. VENEZUELA – Tiuna Films. YUGOSLAVIA – Radiostanica FNRJ. LUXEMBOURG –

403

TRAFFIC TRANSPORT AND PARKING

T

he VI. Section, Traffic, Transport, and Parking, which took its place within the framework of the general organization, had as its sole task the vast complex of movement and parking of vehicles in connection with the Organization of the Olympic Games. In accordance with the decisions of the Organizing Committee, the Section was composed to a large extent of military technical personnel (one senior officer as Head of Section and five junior officers who undertook the specific tasks involved in organization of the Olympic traffic in general and, in particular, of the services of transport reserved to holders of Olympic cards. The Section was divided (See Table No. 1) into five subsections, i.e.: Secretariat and Staff Office, responsible for the procedure in connection with TABLE NO. 1 HEAD OF SECTION Sergio Taviani

SECRETARIAT AND PERSONNEL

C. Perioli

VEHICLES

S. Rossi

MOVEMENT

TRAFFIC

ACCOUNTANCY AND MATERIALS

U. Baldi

A. De Emanuele

F. Vetriani

CONTROL AND ACCIDENTS

HIRINGS

EXTERNAL

INTERNAL

O. V.

O. V.

MILITARY

MILITARY

PLATOON

ITINERARIES AND PARKING

PETROL AND LUBRIFICANTS

CIVILIANS

CIVILIAN

SERVICES

INDICATORS

REPAIRS

MILITARY PERSONNEL

INSURANCE

CIVILIAN PERSONNEL

407

control of the staff; Vehicles Office in charge of the registration of vehicles entrusted to the Section, and the number-plating and insurance of these vehicles; Movements Office which directed the use of vehicles and the direction of their movements; Traffic Office to whom was assigned the control of road conditions and the setting up of roadside signals. Lastly, a special Accountancy and Materials Office was responsible for the movement of fuel and lubricants supplies by AGIP and repairs carried out by civil firms by agreement with the Organizing Committee. In fact, all questions with organizations and civil companies in connection with transport, traffic and parking, the insurance of motor vehicles and of their drivers, and the use of motor vehicles driven by civilian drivers, were elaborated by the VI Section which was responsible for the planning of all inherent services in accordance with the general directives of the Organizing Committee. Among the most difficult tasks were the assignation to the officials of the I.O.C., to Delegations, newspapers and Press agencies of the means of transport destined for them for the period of the duration of the Olympic Games and, in consequence, the distribution of badges and special traffic numberplates as well as of badges entitling the holders to places in the Olympic car parks.

Olympic traffic. It should be noted that the preventive organization was established in agreement with the Olympic Military Detachment (R.O.M.) whereby traffic routes of a fixed nature and on a circular system were set up on the main traffic routes to the Olympic venues, while other routes of a temporary nature were similarly established for the peripheral venues. With a distribution of means to meet the basic needs within the framework of general requirements, the Section, once more in collaboration with the R.O.M., took steps to ensure the movement of Olympic vehicles, arranging these according to timetables of movement and use following orders given on each occasion by the Organizing Committee. The entire movement and parking of vehicles in connection with the Organization was defined as " Olympic traffic ". This was inserted into the " urban traffic " by means of special linking networks regulated by precise provisions and measures, both in the course of training and competitions. These measures in fact served to accentuate the importance of the role carried out by the Section within the organizational system. The insertion of " Olympic traffic " in the already overcrowded " urban traffic " of the Capital, constituted a problem which both the Authorities and the Civil bodies responsible for the organization and control of traffic did their best to solve. 408

The Routes chosen. The study for the determination of the " Olympic traffic " – which had to conform to basic requirements of regularity, safety, and a chronometric punctuality – passed through the following phases: choice of the most suitable routes for the linking of the various venues; measures to facilitate the traffic; planning of transport in general and, in particular, of lines running to strict timetables for the various destinations. The programme of development was faced and rendered possible by means of the help of a large number of civil and military technicians responsible for the Olympic traffic. Bearing in mind the location of the sports venues and the transport requirements for each locality, the routes were chosen along the roads of least urban traffic, thus avoiding as far as possible the streets in the centre of the city and making maximum use of Rome's great Raccordo Anulare and the " Via Olimpica". The routes chosen are summarized in Table No. 2. The length of each route was measured and the " practical capacity " and " coverage times " with the various types of motor vehicles gauged. These operations were carried out especially during the peak hours of normal urban traffic. TABLE NO. 2

LINKING OF THE OLYMPIC VILLAGE TO TRAINING VENUES DISTANCE

TRAINING

VENUES

SPORT

Foro Italico

Women's Gymnastics, Basketball, Swimming

Umberto I Shooting Range

IN KMS.

(both ways)

TIME

NECES-

SARY

TO CO-

VER DISTANCE

(both ways)

Target Shooting

2 2

15 13

Tor di Quinto

Football, Pentathlon, Equestrian Sports

3

20

Acqua Acetosa

Men's Gymnastics, Football, Athletics, Wrestling, Weight-lifting, Swimming

1.500

11

Carabinieri Training School Gymnasium

Boxing

4.500

30

Villa Borghese (Galoppatoio)

Equestrian Sports

3.800

25

Valco S. Paolo

Athletics

14

1 hr 25'

E.U.R.

Football, Athletics, Hockey, Swimming, Fencing, Cycling

16

Castelgandolfo (Lake Albano)

Canoeing and Rowing

47

1 hr 35' 2 hr 25'

Pratoni del Vivaro

Equestrian Sports

45.600

2 hr 25'

Passo Corese

Equestrian Sports

44

1 hr 45'

409 26 a

The Fiat 2100 car placed at the disposal of the President of the I.O.C.

Regular Lines. Having once established the number of motor vehicles and the approximate number of athletes to be transported to the different localities at various times of the day, the Section proceeded to draw up a plan of division of the routes for traffic in general and established regular lines (Table No. 3), running " to timetable " or " by booking ", functioning with coaches and destined to transport the athletes and their accompanying personnel to the various training and competition venues. Other fixed lines were intended to meet the requirements of the Press Services and of accredited journalists. 410

TABLE NO. 3.

Olympic Village links - arrival and departure términi Olympic Village links - competition términi Press links - competition términi

411

The Mayor of Rome attempted to speed up the solutions already proposed by the Organizing Committee of the Games and on 16th May 1960, in view of the necessity of pre-arranging an organic plan, measures of an administrative and technical nature to guarantee the best conditions to deal with the crowding and traffic, he considered the idea of gathering together in a co-ordinating committee the representatives of Public Administrations and of other Organizations most directly concerned. To this end the Mayor of Rome set up a Co-ordinating Committee which, at the end of its first phase of work, laid down an organic plan containing measures in connection with roadworks most affecting the Olympic zones and with the consequent setting up of road signs. In addition, in order to guarantee optimum traffic conditions, the Committee established a number of limitative traffic measures between the zone of the Municipality and certain sectors of the City. The work undertaken and, more particularly, operations in connection with general traffic grew steadily in dimensions. Various general dispositions included measures regarding the zones of no-thorough fare, the holding up of public manifestations, the adoption of a single timetable for all public offices, the rule that no heavy vehicles in transit should be allowed to enter the City and the limiting of the movement of motor-coaches within the streets of the Capital. These provisions facilitated the task of the Section which was thus able to realize the network of linking roads necessary for the " Olympic traffic " which required a sure co-ordination and manoeuvring in order to be assimilated into the " urban traffic ".

Main Links. In addition to the main road-links set up for arrivals and departures of athletes and officially accredited personnel, the Section established further links with the Airport of Ciampino and with the railway station of Rome Termini. In addition, in agreement with the Press Services Section, it finally defined the direct linking of the Press Centre (Domus Mariae and Domus Pacis) with the various sports venues. In order fully and adequately to meet the requirements of the Press, special regular bus services running punctually in all cases were set up. Departures took place from each terminus every twenty minutes during the day, while this interval was gradually increased to one hour at night-time. In the Domus Mariae park an adequate parking space was made available for two-seater scooters and Lambretta and Vespa three-wheelers. Motor vehicles were reserved exclusively to accredited journalists for displacements and movement of an urgent nature. Newspapers and Press Agencies having five or more Olympic cards were allotted a total of 40 motor cars with drivers. Thus 412

Motor vehicles from the Olympic park destined for transport requirements of Officials of the I.O.C. and International Sports Delegations.

the journalists enjoying this special concession were able to make use of the buses of the regular services and also of an autonomous means of transport for emergency or strictly private services. In collaboration with the R.O.M., the Section set up and implemented a plan in connection with the movement of vehicles provided for the transport of Members of the I.O.C., of representatives of National Olympic Committees, and of International Sports Federations. 413

The Movements Office of the Section which was responsible for transport in general, in collaboration with the R.O.M., also made arrangements for the transport of Delegations, athletes, and accompanying personnel from stations and airports of arrival to the Olympic Village or their pre-arranged place of lodging. For the receiving of requests and for their co-ordination within the Movements Office, a Transport Acceptance and Co-ordination Office was set up which dealt with requests received for transport to be provided by vehicles which were assigned from time to time or with regular lines. Also on the basis of requests received by the Cerimonial Section, a daily order of movement was compiled, intended to provide the motor vehicles necessary for the transport of personnel. Vehicles were applied for from the Motorization Office of the R.O.M. or, in the case of buses, direct request was made to the Movement Office of the S.I.T.A. bus company. To integrate the measures set out in the orders of movement, a permanent service was set up at Airports and Stations, as pointed out above, with motor vehicles placed at the disposal of the Reception Offices to meet requirements of unforeseen arrivals which, in the peak days, were very numerous and required a considerable number of supplementary motor vehicles. All requests regarding the above-mentioned transport had to be presented by the users on special forms intended for the offices and persons in charge of the service. These forms proved perfectly functional and allowed a fully satisfactory functioning of the service, even on days of overcrowding, assuring prompt departure and adequate control of outgoing vehicles and a prompt recovery of these same vehicles on completion of their service.

Special Number-Plates and Discs. The movement of all vehicles was ensured by the collaboration of the organizations of Police, Carabinieri, and Urban Police who took steps to maintain the traffic in continuous movement on the Olympic routes and to avoid as far as possible breaking in and crossing of other vehicles, in view of the fact that Olympic vehicles were given absolute precedence over all others. To this end, measures were taken to mark clearly, and distinctly the Olympic vehicles with special number-plates and discs which ensured that they were clearly noted by the traffic police. In accordance with sports requirements, within the general framework of transport, vehicles were ranged into various classes of use. In general, it was a question of scheduled transport of personnel (athletes, accompanying personnel, etc.) on pre-established and organized routes according to strict timetables, based on the example of urban public transport. 414

TABLE NO. 4.

BUS LINES TO SET TIME-TABLE VENUE

TERMINI

NUMBER

Route No. 1 " " 2

Olympic Village

Velodrome and Palazzo dello Sport.

"

"

Rose Swimming Pool.

"

"

"

3

"

"

"

4

"

"

Eucalyptus Stadium, Tre Fontane Sports Centre, Palazzo dei Congressi. Foro Italico.

"

"

5

"

"

Lake Albano

"

"

6

"

"

National Boarding School Gymnasium and Foro Italico Basketball Gymnasium.

"

"

7

"

"

Caius Duilius Gymnasium Training School.

" "

" "

8 9

" "

" "

American College Gymnasium.

" " "

"

10

"

"

Acquasanta

" "

11 12

"

"

Pratoni del Vivaro.

"

"

Aniene Swimming Pool and Acqua Acetosa Sports Centre.

" "

"

13

"

"

Lazio Clay Pigeon Shooting Range.

"

14

"

"

Julius Caesar Gymnasium and Enzo Fiermonte Gymnasium.

"

"

15

"

"

Y.M.C.A. Gymnasium.

"

"

16

"

"

S. Croce in Gerusalemme Gymnasium and C.O.N.I. Gymnasium in Via Sannio.

"

"

17

"

18

" "

Viale di Valle Giulia and Galoppatoio in Villa Borghese.

"

" "

"

"

19

"

"

"

"

20

"

21

" "

Passo Corese Hippodrome.

" "

" "

"

22

"

"

Silvano Abba Stadium.

"

"

23

"

"

Flaminio Stadium.

"

"

24

"

"

Termini Station.

"

"

25

"

"

Ciampino Airport.

" "

"

26

"

27

Reserve "

" "

"

28

"

29

"

"

30

Press House " " "

"

and Gymnasium of the Police

Terme Stadium and Baths of Caracalla.

Umberto I Tor di Quinto Shooting Range and Tor di Quinto Hippodrome. Cesano Shooting Range. Casalotti Nuovi Stand.

E.U.R. zone. Basilica of Maxentius and Baths of Caracalla. Foro Italico zone and Olympic Stadium.

415

In addition, it should be remembered that the Section collaborated with the Direction of the Olympic Village in the organization of the transport services in respect of the supplying of provisions and of transportation of luggage and goods arriving with the guests. To meet these latter requirements a Motor Department was attached to the Services Sector of the Village; this included 5 motor cars, 105 jeeps, 100 motorscooters, 10 " Ape " three-wheelers, and 12 lorries. These vehicles were used for the necessities of the Direction of the Olympic Village or of the Heads of Mission, who, for the whole period of their stay at the Village, were assigned a motor car and a motor scooter. The Transport Section, with the co-ordination provided by its own personnel attached to the Reception Sector (Information Office) and the use of the special Car Park, were directly responsible for the transport of athletes to training and competition venues according to a pre-established programme as well as for the granting of supplementary requests for transport. The whole of the Olympic traffic for the transport of athletes to the various localities was based on 30 regular bus routes. (Table No. 4). In addition to the collective services for the movement to the training or competition venues, as already noted, a " movement of assigned vehicles" over a given period of time was organized, these vehicles being destined for Members of the I.O.C. and for the Authorities in general. A military car was placed at the disposal of each Head of Mission. In addition, in cases where the members of one team exceeded the quota of fifty, a pass disc was also granted in respect of a second car. The number of such discs was one more for every hundred additional athletes, i.e.: from 1 to 50 from 51 to 100 from 101 to 200 from 201 to 300

athletes athletes athletes athletes

1 1 1 1

car car plus 1 pass disc. car plus 2 pass discs. car plus 3 pass discs.

Olympic Parking. The problem of parking in the areas close to the sports venues was revealed, after examination by the VI Section, as being extremely complex. However, the Section, in collaboration with the Rome Olympic Constructions (C.O.R.), made a careful study of the above areas before elaborating a complete plan of routes and car parks which was then submitted and approved by the Authorities responsible for traffic in Rome. After detailed study and numerous on-the-spot visits, the Section laid down precise dispositions for the use of Olympic and private car parks. The areas required for Olympic parking were divided into 5 sectors, as follows: Sector A, for cars of the Head of State and his retinue, and for cars of members 416

Olympic motor park:— cars for the transport of competitors.

Olympic motor park:—Fiat 500 cars driven by sixty sailors at the direct disposal of newspapers.

417 27.

of the I.O.C. and their families; Sector B, for cars of representatives of International Sports Federations, of National Olympic Committees, of the Diplomatic Corps, and for Olympic Attaches, Heads of Mission, and of State Officials of I and II categories; Sector C, for cars of guests of honour, Members of the Organizing Committee, Officials of the Federations and Members of the I.S.F. and of the N.O.C., and of Authorities collaborating with the Organization; Sector D, for cars and buses of athletes and accompanying personnel; Sector E, for vehicles of supplying firms; Press Sector, for cars and other forms of transport for journalists, Radio and TV operators, cinema cameramen, and photoreporters. (Table No. 5). TABLE NO. 5.

OLYMPIC CAR PARKS CAPACITY

ZONES

CAR PARKS

Foro Italico, Olympic Stadium and adjacent areas

1

A

197

2

B

180

3

C

217

4

D

242

5

E-F-G

400

1

A

724

2

B

290

3

C

293

4

D

512

5

E

115

6

F

487

7

G

257

1

A-B

180

2

C-D-E

250

3

F-G

180

E.U.R. Palazzo Sport and adjacent areas

1

657

E.U.R. Velodrome and adjacent areas

2

A-B-C-DE-F-G A-B-C-DE-F-G

Flaminio Stadium and adjacent areas

Piazzale Mancini and adjacent areas

SECTORS

Motor Cars

TOTAL

418

Motorcycles

1,236

400

2,678

610

2,387

1,730 6,911

TOTAL

400

6,911

Motor park reserved for Lambretta scooters used for various linking purposes.

Motor park reserved for Vespa scooters for internal service in the Olympic Village.

419

Special circulation number-plates placed on cars for the duration of the "Olympic period".

The setting up and functioning of Olympic car parks was entrusted to the Italian General Petroleum Company (A.G.I.P.) who made all arrangements directly and at their own expense. Each vehicle having the right to park in a certain sector was furnished with an appropriate sign. Each parking place was organized in such a way as to allow the rapid movement of incoming and outgoing vehicles. In addition, an " on-the-spot " assistance service was set up to deal with possible minor mechanical breakdowns, this being organized and managed by of A.G.I.P. In the Olympic Village, also, arrangements were made for special car parks reserved for all those vehicles destined to perform a service of regular or group transportation and which were required to line up in good time or to remain in the neighbourhood of the Village itself; to civil cars of athletes and their accompanying personnel in possession of pass discs; to the car group of the Olympic Village, composed exclusively of vehicles at the direct disposal of the Olympic Village.

Category Badges. In order to allow vehicles to be easily recognized by those using them, by traffic and car park police, and by persons responsible for their surveillance, three different types of badges were used, i.e. general membership badges of the organization; category badges (passes); and route distinguishing numbers (for buses only). The " category badges ", stuck on the windscreen, served to distinguish the type of service carried out by the vehicles and were considered as passes in respect of controlled routes and Olympic car parks. These badges were transfers in the form of small shields consisting of a white circle (within which was stamped the letter of pass and car park) on a coloured shield corresponding to the Olympic Card, i.e.: white for the Members of the I.O.C., N.O.C., I.S.F. and Heads of Mission; white with red disc for Members of the Organizing Committee and qualified Heads of service; pink for officially accredited journalists, Radio and TV operators, photoreporters, and cinema cameramen; blue for 420

Distinguishing badges used by "Olympic traffic" vehicles. The colour of the badge and the letter in the centre of the disc enabled immediate recognition of the vehicle both for proceeding freely along routes as well as for parking purposes.

421

official judges, referees, and timekeepers; green for athletes, competition officials, accredited doctors, masseurs, trainers, armourers, boatmen, and stablemen; red for general services. The " route distinguishing numbers " were composed of placards indicating the Olympic routes of the regular services placed respectively on the front and on the sides of the vehicles in question. Flags indicating nationality, stamped or hung on pennants were used only by cars of Members of the I.O.C., by reconnaissance cars assigned to Heads of Missions, and by scooters inside the Olympic Village.

Insurance and Accidents. All the vehicles used were insured by and at the expense of the Organization, with a special form of insurance which covered practically any responsibility deriving from accidents. Insurance was distributed in the following way: full coverage of " third party risks " including third parties transported; guarantee against " accidents to drivers " and persons transported, in case of death or permanent invalidity; coverage against " fire ", including striking by lightning and injuries deriving from the explosion of fuel in the tanks of motor vehicles. After a special competition between the various Insurance Companies, the Societá Assicuratrice Italiana was chosen as offering the most favourable terms, and the whole procedure of insurance was entrusted to this company. The complex Olympic traffic was organized to the complete satisfaction of all concerned. In no case did traffic jams or obstructions of any consequence occur in the Olympic zones. And all this in spite of the fact that, within the framework of general requirements, the Organization disposed of a total of 1,244 motor vehicles, of which some thousand were in daily movement. We consider that a further breakdown should be given in order to have some idea of the objective reality of the Olympic traffic. For example, in the period of 15th July to 31st October 1960, some 100,000 motor services were operating, with an average of 448 departures daily and with peak periods considerably in excess of this figure from 25th August to 12th September. In all 2,449,230 kilometres were covered, of which 2,181,390 by motor vehicles and 267,840 by motorscooters. (Tables No. 6-7). It should be noted that the firms of FIAT, Innocenti, and Piaggio furnished vehicles to the Organization free of charge. As was only to be expected, almost all vehicles underwent considerable wear and tear and were therefore subject to normal repairs; in fact, during the period of use a total of 897 repairs were carried out. To this number must be added the number of repairs carried out directly by the FIAT company to motor vehicles on loan to the Organization. 422

TABLE NO. 6.

VEHICLES USED

No.

KMS. COVERED

ACCIDENTS

Cars supplied by the Armed Forces

602

1,755,692

188

Cars supplied by FIAT

284

104,075

8

Buses hired from S.I.T.A.

142

321,623

62

Innocenti motor scooters (Lambretta)

76

94,240

Innocenti 3-wheelers

20

24,800

100

124,000

20

24,800

1,244

2,449,230

21 Piaggio Motor scooters (Vespa) Piaggio 3-wheelers TOTALS

279

No fatal or particularly serious accidents occurred. A total of some 279 accidents were recorded, that is, one accident per 370 cars in movement, or one every 7,818 Kms. covered, which gives a figure of 0.28 %; as is obvious, this is very low, especially in view of the number of kilometres covered, the density of the traffic in the Capital during the period of the Olympic Games and the overwork of drivers for long hours over the normal timetable. This result was undoubtdely achieved by the methodical planning of transport, the selection of personnel placed in charge of the driving of vehicles and the strict compliance with traffic rules. TABLE NO. 7.

CONSUMPTION

Petrol Diesel oil Scooter fuel Oil and lubricants

LITRES

LITRES

(Motor cars)

(Buses)

LITRES

(Motor scooters)

KG.

(Motor cars buses)

303,797 143,955 13,401 5,597

To sum up, it may be stated that the organization of transport, the smooth running of traffic and the adequacy of parking space fully met all Olympic requirements, thus solving the many problems envisaged during the period of preparation. 423

SECRETARIAT AND GENERAL AFFAIRS

27a

T he Secretariat and General Affairs Section was formed on 1st October 1956 and entrusted to the care of Dr. Gino Del Neri. The Section was set up with the following organizational structure:—

HEAD OF SECTION Gino Del Neri RELATIONS WITH ASSOCIATIONS AND AUTHORITIES

HOSPITALITY

RELIGIOUS ASSISTANCE

SECRETARIAT AND PERSONNEL

PHILATELIC ASSISTANCE

The tasks of the Section were subdivided into five groups: – 1. – Relations with the Olympic Authorities (International Olympic Committee, National Olympic Committees, International Sports Federations). 2. – Relations with the Office for Religious Assistance to Athletes. 3. – Relations with Authorities and private persons of the City of Rome for the solution of problems not strictly connected with the Games, namely, the reception capacity and decoration of the City (Municipality of Rome, Provincial Tourist Board, Italian State Tourist Office, Hotelkeepers Association). 4. – Planning of Olympic cards and badges; distribution of medals and souvenirs; various provisions for participants in the Games; arranging for gifts to be made available to participants by various Associations and Firms; contracts for Customs operations. 5. – Philatelic assistance, issue of philatelic material, etc. 427

Relations with the I.O.C. One of the first duties undertaken was the drawing up of the first report presented at the 52nd Session of the I.O.C., held at Melbourne on 19th November 1956, on the eve of the Games of the XVI Olympiad. This report followed the questionnaire submitted to the I.O.C. during the Paris Session in June 1955. The successive official reports drawn up by the Section were presented by the Italian Delegation on the occasion of the following Sessions of the I.O.C.: 2nd Report presented at Evian on the occasion of the meeting held from 3rd to 7th June 1957 and opened by the Executive Board of the I.O.C. as well as to the Representatives of International Sports Federations and National Olympic Committees; 3rd Report at Sofia for the 53rd Session of the I.O.C., celebrated from 22nd to 28th September 1957; 4th Report at the 54th Session of the I.O.C., held at Tokyo from 14th to 17th May 1958; 5th Report on the occasion of the meeting of the Executive Board of the I.O.C. at which representatives of Olympic Committees were present (this time the Section also dealt with accommodation matters), held at Rome on 19th May 1959; this same Report was presented at the 55th Session of the I.O.C., held at Monaco from 25th to 27th May 1959; lastly the 6th Report for the 56th Session of the I.O.C., which took place at San Francisco from 12th February 1960. In January 1957, the Section made its first contacts for the nomination of the Olympic Attaches. In June 1957, the first nominations of attaches were received as proposed by the National Olympic Committees concerned. As time passed, these nominations were gradually increased until the eve of the Games when the posts became complete, as may be seen from the list that follows: OLYMPIC ATTACHÉS AFGHANISTAN ANTILLES ARGENTINE AUSTRALIA AUSTRIA BAHAMAS BELGIUM BERMUDA BRAZIL BRITISH GUIANA BULGARIA BURMA

428

- Mr. Abdul Kader Sulaiman – Mr. John Patrick BrasierCreagh - Mr. Aldo Antinori - Mr. Raymond J. Triado - Dr. Heribert Tschofen - Mr. John Patrick BrasierCreagh - Count Alfredo d'Assche - Mr. John Patrick BrasierCreagh - Dr. Gerardo Eulalio do Nascimento e Silva - Mr. Speer Ogle - Mrs. Nadejda Lekarska - Dr. Paolo Paolucci

CANADA CEYLON CHILE CHINA COLOMBIA CUBA CZECHOSLOVAKIA DENMARK DUTCH ANTILLES ETHIOPIA FIGI

(Islands)

FINLAND FRANCE GERMANY GHANA

– Mr. Louis C. Vacchino - Mr. Peter Melville David Fernando - Mr. Sergio Moder - Mr. Chu Chen-Chiu - Mr. Gonzalo Bula Hoyós - Mr. José A. Rabaza Vasguez - Mr. Milan Sebik - Maj. Gen. S. G. Callisen - Mr. Albert Plesman - Mr. Beyene Habte Zion - Mr. Derek Carr Linton Oxley - Mr. Taneli Kekkonen - Mr. Paul Lix - Mr. Eric Kusch - Mr. Paolo Garroni

GREAT BRITAIN

– Col. Patrick G. L. Cousens

PANAMA

- Don Rafael A. Vallarino

GREECE

– Mr. George Petrounakos

PERU

- Dr. Alfonso Aria Schreiber

HAITI

– Dr. Carlo Micara

PHILIPPINES

- Dr. Julio Calvo

HONG KONG

– Dr. Paolo Paolucci

POLAND

- Prof. Bronislaw Bilinski

HUNGARY

– Mr. Jozsef Molnar

PUERTO RICO

ICELAND

– Dr. Lorenzo La Rocca

INDIA

– Mr. B. Deva Rao

PORTUGAL

- Marquis Cosimo Dragonetti de Torres - Mr. Raul Victoria dos Santos

INDONESIA

- Mr. Sukarno

RHODESIA

- Mr. George Radziwil

IRAK

– Mr. Fakhri Eldin Taher

RUMANIA

- Mr. Giorgio Toader

IRAN

– Mr. Hossein Sadegh

SAN MARINO

- Dr. Gilberto Bernabei

IRELAND

– Mr. F. N. FitzGerald

SINGAPORE

- Mr. Harry C. Cushing

ISRAEL

– Mr. Valerio Ajo

SOUTH AFRICA

- Mr. Edwin George Ball

JAPAN

– Mr. Yoshikazu Kanakura

SPAIN

- Mr. Nicolas Martin Alonso

JUGOSLAVIA

– Mr. Milan Samec

SUDAN

KENYA

- Mr. Paolo N. Rogers

- Mr. Tag El Din Mohd. El Tahir

KOREA

– Mr. Sung Wook Hong

SURINAM

- Mrs Lia Del Neri

LEBANON

– Mr. Mario Turati

SWEDEN

- Mr. Gunnar Widegren

LIBERIA

- Mr. Jenkins Cooper

SWITZERLAND

- Dr. Luciano Mordasini

LIECHTENSTEIN

– Mr. Gastone Fortin

THAILAND

- Mr. Boworn Samrithikul

LUXEMBOURG

– Mr. Gastone Fortin

TUNISIA

- Mr. Taoufik Abdennebi

MALAYA

– Dr. Paolo Paolucci

TURKEY

- Mr. Ali Hikmet Alp

MALTA

– Maj. Edward J. Scicluna – Dr. Arturo L. de Ortigosa

U.A.R.

MEXICO

- Mr. Saleh Eldine Youssef Kamel

MONACO

– Mr. Georges Rene Borghini

UGANDA

- Mr. Wolf Breitling

MOROCCO

– Mr. Abdeslam Benjelloun

URUGUAY

NETHERLANDS

– Mr. Albert Plesman

NEW ZEALAND

– Dr. Aldo Piccolo

U.S.A.

- Dr. Cosimo Dragonetti de Torres - Mr. George E. Hill

NIGERIA

– Mr. Umberto Turati

U.S.S.R.

- Mr. Leo Satisev

NORWAY

– Mr. Einer Riis

VENEZUELA

- Dr. Antonio Casas Briceno

PAKISTAN

– Mr. Faruq Ahmed Choudury

VIET NAM

- Mr. Do Van Minh

Roughly during the same period, the first " guidance" circulars were distributed to National Olympic Committees with the aim of intensifying relations as well as to know the requirements in respect of participation of each Committee in the Games of the XVII Olympiad. In the meantime, the Section circulated special notices throughout the Press to protect the Olympic emblems. These gave warning which prohibited the use of Olympic symbols by companies or private individuals for publicity or commercial reasons. Referring to Art. 14 of Law no. 929 dated 21st June 1942, the Section warned that severe action would be taken against any attempt at 429

abuse, having in the meanwhile registered the following symbols as patents: the five Olympic rings; the Roman Wolf surmounting the figures " MCMLX " and the five Olympic rings; the same symbol with the initials " C.I.O. "; the Roman Wolf, " MCMLX " with other ornaments. From January 1957 onwards, negotiations were held with the hotelkeepers of Rome for the accommodation of the Members of the I.O.C., the Presidents and Secretaries of National Olympic Committeees and of International Sports Federations as well as for guests of honour in general. These negotiations took place with the collaboration of the Rome Municipality, the Provincial Tourist Board, and with other public and administrative bodies having an interest in the Olympic organization. It was thus possible to set up an approximate plan for the booking and distribution of lodging and in June 1957, an agreement was reached with the Provincial Tourist Board and the Rome hotelkeepers whereby accommodation for the Olympic personalities was reserved. During the period of the Games, the following Olympic personalities were accommodated in Rome: – NATIONAL OLYMPIC COMMITTEES

PRESIDENTS

SECRETARIES-GENERAL

HEADS OF MISSION

Sardar Mohd Farouk Siraj

AFGHANISTAN ANTILLES

Herbert Mc Donald

H. N. Walker

ARGENTINE

José Orian

Alberto Petrolini Edgar S. Tanner

AUSTRALIA

Grange Sidney Broadway

AUSTRIA

Heinrich Drimmel

Edgar Fried

BAHAMAS

George Roberts

Eustace Myers

Arold Munnings

BELGIUM

Victor Boin

José Crahay

Emile Clemmé

BERMUDA

Whitfield Fred Hayward

James Murray

BRAZIL

Paulo Martins Meira

A. Dos Reis Carneiro

BRITISH GUIANA

Percival A. Cummings

Ivan Mongul

BULGARIA

Vladimir Stoitchev

Anguel Vassev

Jeliasko Kolev

BURMA

C. C. Khoo

Sydney Chan

Mayor Patrick Palha

CANADA

Kenneth P. Farmer

E. Howard Radford

James Worral

CEYLON

Commodore de Mel

B. C. Ingleton

CHILE

Alejandro Rivera Bascur

Hernan Munoz Segura

CHINA REPUBLIC (For-

Teng Chuan-Kai

mosa) COLOMBIA

430

Mario Garcia y Garcia

Pedro Nel Machado Zea

S. De Magalhaes Padilha

NATIONAL OLYMPIC COMMITTEES

PRESIDENTS

SECRETARIES-GENERAL

HEADS OF MISSION

Rafael De I. Iglesias

CUBA CZECHOSLOVAKIA

Frantisek Vodslon

Frantisek Kroutil

Karel Cervinka

DENMARK

Leo Frederiksen

Axel Lundqvist

Harold Jespersen

DUTCH ANTILLES

Mordy S. L. Maduro

Statius Muller

Marchal Belprian

Ydnekatcheou Tessema

ETHIOPIA FIGI

D. M. N. Mc Farlaine

L. O. Simpson

William Philip Ragg

FINLAND

Yrjo Valkama

E. A. Rosenquist

Reino Piirto

FRANCE

Armand Massard

Jean Carle

Pierre Morrel

GERMANY –

East

Heinz Schoebel

Helmut Behrendt

GERMANY –

West

Karl Ritter von Halt

Walter Koenig

GHANA

Ohen Dyan

F. E. Tachie Menson

GREAT BRITAIN

Marques of Exeter

Kenneth Sandilans

GREECE

Alki Papadimitriou

Duncan Basile Leondopoulos

HAITI

Stock Gerard

Pierre Plaisimond Cornelis Kerdel

HOLLAND

Pahud De Mortanges

HONG KONG

A. De Olivera Sales

HUNGARY

Gyula Hegyi

ICELAND

Bragi Kristijansson

INDIA INDONESIA

Maharajah Yadavindra Singh Prince Pakualam

Minister Maladi

IRAK

Akram Fahmi

M. M. Kaisi

IRAN

Ahmad Rouholiman

IRELAND

H. I. H. Prince Gholam Reza Pahlavi Lord Killanin

ISRAEL

Shalom Zysman

Haim Glovinsky

Wein Heim

ITALY

Giulio Onesti

Bruno Zauli

Giordano Bruno Fabjan

JAPAN

Juichi Tsushima

Masaji Tabata

Hiromu Kasuga

KENYA

R. S. Alexander

R. W. Hoyle

KOREA

Sang Beck Lee

Walter Jhung

LEBANON

Sheik Gabriel Gemayel

Antoine Batloumi

LIBERIA

Frank O. Roberts

Lokko

LIECHTENSTEIN

Hans Ritter

Xavier Frick

LUXEMBOURG

Paul Wilwertz

Jim Blau

Prince Franz Geza von Liechtenstein Jean Hentges

K. Aryaduray

Lim Kee Siong

MALAYA MALTA

V. Y. Pace

J. N. Van Den Houten Andras Gyenes

Ingolfsson Brynjolfur Ashwani Kumar Sriamin M. Daftari

Patrick Carrol

Chyun Kyu Hong

Alfred P. Briffa

431

NATIONAL OLYMPIC COMMITTEES

PRESIDENTS

SECRETARIES-GENERAL

MEXICO

Victor Luque Salanueva

Manuel Aguilar

MONACO

Prince Pierre de Monaco

René Sangiorgio

MOROCCO

Mohamed Ben Benjelloun

M'Jid Mohamed

NEW ZEALAND

H. I. Austad

NIGERIA

HEADS OF MISSION

Abel Roger

T. W. Niblett

G. Akin Deko

NORWAY

Arthur Ruud

Tormed Normann

Y. C. Schonheyder

PAKISTAN

Mohammed Azam Khan

Zafar Ali

Awan Ayub

PANAMA

Annibal Illueca Sibauste

L. F. Hurtado

PERU

Nicanor Felix Arteaga

José Salom Maurtua

PHILIPPINES

Antonio De Las Alas

Serafin Aquino

POLAND

Wlodzimierz Reczek

Tomasz Lempart

PORTUGAL

Francisco Nobre Guedes

Alex Gomes De Lemos Correia Leal

PUERTO RICO

Julio E. Monagas

Luis S. Mejia

RHODESIA

Charles Dodd

Diana Dodd

RUMANIA

Manolo Bodnaras

Paul Georgescu

Duma Aurel

SAN MARINO

Federico Bigi

Carlo Ghironzi

Ferruccio Piva

SINGAPORE

C. C. Tan

Low Kee Pow

Chua Tian Teck

SOUTH AFRICA

H. B. Klopper

John Sive

Frank Braun

SPAIN

Elola Olaso Idiacaiz

Jaim S. Roman y De La Fuente

Alejandro Martin

SUDAN

Mohed Idriss Abdalla

O. Hussein Osman

El Mur Matar

Higuelmo

Freddy Glans

SURINAM SWEDEN

Bo Ekelund

Sten Svensson

SWITZERLAND

Marcel Henniger

Jean Weymann

THAILAND

Luang Sukhum Pradit

Svasti Lekhyananda

TUNISIA

Ben Adelkader

Hassine Hamouda

TURKEY

H. Gureli Hüisamettin

Felek Burhan

Kong Visudharomn

John Hughes

UGANDA U. A. R.

Eldin Hussein Kamal

Mahmoud Mouktar

UNITED STATES

Kenneth L. Wilson

Asa S. Bushnell

URUGUAY

H. Paysse Reyes

Raul Bove Ceriani

U.S.S.R.

Constantin Andrianow

Leo Zeizev

VENEZUELA

José Beracasa

Alberto Narino

VIET NAM

Huynh Xuan Canh

YUGOSLAVIA

Boris Bakrac

432

Daniel Cintron

Branco Polic

Ahmed el Demerdash Duny

Nicolai Romanov

Tripalo Mika

Flags waving gaily along the Consular Roads. Here is the Via Solaria.

The Olympic Way.

The Via Cassia

The Via Flaminia

The Via Appia Nuova

436

The Via Tiburtina

437

To control the movement of the public towards the stadia and at the same time control the vast flow of traffic, the Municipality made use of 15,000 metres of barricades. Thus such events as the arrival of the Olympic Torch, the folkloristic shows in Circus Maximus and at Piazza di Siena, the symphony concerts in the Stadio di Domiziano on the Palatine Hill, with the Orchestra of the Academy of Santa Cecilia, the opera presentations at the Opera Theatre, the performances of classical plays at the Roman Theatre of Ostia Antica, the " Sound and Light " shows in the Roman Forum, etc., were able to proceed without incident.

The Accredited Tourist Agencies. So as to make provision for the foreseen exceptional numbers of tourists on the occasion of the Games, the Organizing Committee wished to ensure that lodging would be available to all purchasers of entrance tickets to the stadia. In this connection, the Section invited all the National Olympic Committees, in April 1958, to indicate a local tourist agency of their choice which could be made responsible for the sale of tickets. This agency, once officially chosen and accredited, was empowered, by agreement with the Provincial Tourist Office at Rome, to reserve accommodation. Thus tourists wishing to reach the Italian Capital to be present at Olympic events were able to refer directly to their accredited Agency in each Country for both the purchase of the tickets desired and for the booking of the necessary lodging. It should at once be stated that the worries of the Roman organizers in this connection proved quite unjustified and the cautionary measures adopted were only necessary for hotels of I and II categories, whilst for all other types plenty of accommodation was available even during peak periods of the Olympic Games. The list of the officially accredited tourist agencies has been set out in the chapter on the " Tickets and Control " Section, which was responsible for the booking and sale of entrance tickets through the media of these agencies. It should be remembered that other initiatives to facilitate the stay in Rome of the Olympic tourists were taken. In this connection, the Authorities also granted permission for foreigners to drive motor vehicles registered in Italy. During the course of the second half of 1959, in agreement with a number of Ministries and Associations, it was decided to set up the following special " Olympic Offices " which acted in liaison with the Organizing Committee: - Ministry of Defence: for the setting up of the Olympic Military Detachment and for general agreements on Army personnel and materials to be used by the Olympic Organization. - Ministry of Foreign Affairs: for international relations with diplomatic Delegations and Personalities and for possible interventions as regards visas, ceremonies, etc. 438

- Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications: for the setting up of telephone services, teleprinters and technical installations for the Press services. - Municipality of Rome: for everything concerning the city, including traffic organization and decoration. - Banca Nazionale del Lavoro: for all banking services including international operations connected with the Rome Olympic Games (the Banca Nazionale del Lavoro was chosen as the official bank of the Organizing Committee). - Italian Radio and Television Co.: for the technical and executive sections of the radio and television broadcasts in Italy and abroad, as well as for the transmitting of the Olympic TV News. - Provincial Tourist Board: for the hospitality offered to and reception of tourists, census and coordination of available hotel accommodation, details of private accommodation and consequent allotment of same. - Alitalia Airlines: official carriers for the Rome Olympic Games. It should be remembered that, on account of the diversity of the duties of each, the Olympic Offices offered their services with the aim of reaching the organization goals common to all, in direct consultation with the various Sections of the Organizing Committee. Thus the various chapters in the Official Report show the contributions rendered by each Olympic Office to the organization of the Rome Games. Other questions were treated with various bodies and especially with the Ministry of Health. On the basis of international health conventions, precise agreements were drawn up and, in February 1960, decisions were taken in conjunction with Italian Health Authorities established at the point of entry into the Country, whether by sea or air, to require all tourists to produce: (a) an international certificate of vaccination against smallpox for travellers arriving by sea or air from all countries of Africa or Asia, with the exception of Turkey; and (b) a certificate of inoculation against cholera for all travellers arriving by air from infected zones.

Special Provisions for Athletes. The Section negotiated with a number of firms who not only collaborated with the Organization but also made a point of offering a number of gifts to participating athletes. Further provisions and facilities were granted to allow certain advantages to athletes and accompanying personnel possessing an Olympic Card. Thus the concession of free entrance to all Museums, Galleries, and Monuments of the city was allowed from February 1957 onwards, and this was also extended to include the Vatican City. 439

Concessions for free transport on City buses, trolleybuses and trams for all holders of an Olympic Card were granted by the Municipal transport authority. But the most difficult negotiations were those with the Ministry of Transport for the concession of a reduction on State Railways for travellers to Rome and from Rome to other sites of Olympic events. Unfortunately TABLE NO. 1.

FREE TRIPS FOR OFFICIALS AND JOURNALISTS COUNTRIES

NUMBER OF GUESTS TRIPS

1958

1959

1960

TOTAL

France

2

10

Belgium

2

10

10

20

Spain

1

5

5

10

Greece

1

5

Austria

2

10

Tunisia

1

5

5

Holland

1

10

10

Switzerland

2

10

Kenya, Uganda, Tanganyika

1

10

U.S.A.

4

20

India

1

10

10

Israel

1

5

5

Germany

3

15

Ethiopia, Somalia, Sudan

1

10

10

Rhodesia

1

5

5

Brazil

1

10

10

Uruguay

1

5

5

Portugal

1

5

5

Canada

1

5

5

Venezuela

2

5

Argentine

1

10

10

Great Britain

2

20

20

Lebanon

1

5

5

Iran

1

5

5

South Africa

1

10

10

Libya

1

5

5

85

300

TOTALS

440

38

30

10

20

5

185

5

5

15

15 10

20

10

10

40

25

15

these negotiations were not wholly successful, although a reduction of 20%, valid for not more than two months within the period of 20th June-20th September, was granted to holders of the Olympic Card only. In this connection, mention must be made of reductions on the railways conceded by other Countries, i.e. Bulgaria 25 %, Portugal 20 %, Spain 25 %, and Turkey 25 %. The Italian shipping companies, i.e. Soc. Italia Adriatica, Lloyd Triestino, and Soc. Lauro also granted considerable reductions on the prices of return tickets for athletes in possession of an Olympic Card. No reduction was, however, obtained from the air companies which, despite the increased tourist traffic resulting from the holding of the Olympic Games, refused to grant any facilities even to those participants in the Games in possession of an Olympic Card. Alitalia was the only exception to this rule, collaborating with the Organizing Committee by the offer of its services and thus meriting the title of official carrier of the Games. In fact, despite the attitude adopted by the air companies, the Section, in September 1957, in agreement with Alitalia, C.I.T., and E.N.I.T. organized a series of free trips to Rome reserved to sports directors and journalists belonging to those countries with which Alitalia was linked by air, with the aim of allowing the very welcome guests, two years before the Games, to visit the works being undertaken. In the course of this period 38 trips took place, a total of 300 persons being transported. (Table No. 1).

Badges and Uniforms. In February plans were made for badges for athletes, directors, judges, etc. and in March 1958 the coinage of the winners' medals and the commemorative medal was approved. Later, a plan for badges of 66 different types was also approved. (Table No. 2). This table shows that 12,341 badges were handed over. In the meantime a total of 16,276 commemorative medals were also distributed. Besides the badges of the various sports categories and the commemorative medals, the Section, at the beginning of 1960, decided on the types of uniforms which were distributed to officials and personnel of the Organizing Committee. Thus all the technical delegates, competition judges, and timekeepers chosen by the various International Sports Federations had a special uniform, identical in all cases, with the exception of the different badge worn according to the sport practiced. The uniform was made up of grey tropical wool cloth consisting of: a single-breasted jacket with three buttons and patch-pockets; on the pocket of the jacket was applied the symbol of the Rome Olympic Games for members of the Organizing Committee; trousers of the same material; white shirt; silk tie with the official badge of the Games; blue leather belt; white 441

TABLE NO. 2.

BADGES DISTRIBUTED AS PER CATEGORY CATEGORY

TYPE

TECHNICIANS

JUDGES

TOTAL

1

International Olympic Committee

78

2

International Sports Federations

43

3

National Olympic Committees

4

Organizing Committee (Directors)

65

5

Organizing Committee (Officials)

106

6

Heads of Mission

7

Officials

796

8

Attaches

130

9

Health Service

248

274

66

10

Red Cross

11

Press

12

Radio and Television

13

Photofilm

14

Timekeepers

225

15

Official Guests and Various

649

57 1,215 301 96

16 17 18

Athletics

1,092

148

217

1,457

19 20 21

Football

300

36

43

379

22 23 24

Canoeing and Rowing

668

87

75

830

25 26 27

Cycling

313

46

35

394

28 29 30

Equestrian Sports

191

78

12

281

31 32 33

Gymnastics

261

44

74

379

34 35 36

Hockey

282

31

23

336

37 38 39

Wrestling

334

56

56

446

40 41 42

Basketball

226

36

28

290

43 44 45

Modern Pentathlon

81

16

8

105

46 47 48

Boxing

287

64

43

394

49 50

Fencing

397

74

67

538

52 53 54

Weight-lifting

196

43

27

266

55 56 57

Shooting

340

35

42

417

58 59 60

Yachting

328

20

36

384

61 62 63

Swimming

667

70

96

833

51

64

Japanese Mission

65 66

Various (Sports Technicians, Assistants to Jury, etc.)

63

TOTALS

442

ATHLETES

200 5,963

884

882

12,341

socks; white and black shoes. Judges and timekeepers only were also provided, when on competition sites in the open, with a transparent raincoat. The women also had a uniform made in the same cloth, styled like a " chemisier " dress with open pointed collar, with side pleats on the front of the

The competition judges and timekeepers were also issued with a transparent raincoat and, as can be seen in the photo, did not miss the occasion to put it on hurriedly during the unexpected shower in the afternoon of September 5th.

bodice running from collar to waist. The badge was attached to the sleeves. The skirt was stitched to the bodice also with pleats all round and two side pockets hidden in the pleats. A belt and bag in black canvas with white leather ornamentation in front was also provided, the bag with white leather shoulder strap and fastening. 443

Here is a group of charming interpreter-guides in their elegant uniforms made up in grey woollen fresco cloth.

The young " usherettes " in uniform: bodice in grey cloth and white skirt.

444

The Insurance Policy. In accordance with the convention stipulated on 3rd February 1960 with the Organizing Committee, the National Institute of Insurance offered free of charge insurance coverage for athletes taking part in the Games as well as to officially accredited journalists, radio and TV commentators, for a total capital outlay of 7,500,000,000 lire (Tables Nos. 3 and 4). TABLE NO. 3.

PROGRESSIVE DAILY INSURANCE COVERAGE

DATE

Athletes

Journalists and Radiocommentators

Total

DATE

Athletes

Journalists and Radio – commentators

Total

28th July

5

–

5

21st August

2,861

790

3,651

29th

"

5

–

5

22nd

"

3,221

958

4,179

30th

"

5

–

5

23rd

"

3,887

1,131

5,018

31st

"

5

–

5

24th

"

4,418

1,315

5,733

5

–

5

25th

"

4,536

1,401

5,937

– –

11

26th

"

4,884

1,401

6,285

11

27th

"

5,009

1,399

6,408

– –

11

28th

"

5,174

1,443

6,617

21

29th

"

5,216

1,475

6,691

1st August 2nd

"

11

3rd

"

11

4th

"

11

5th

"

21

6th

"

37

7th

"

8th

37

30th

"

5,312

1,475

6,787

47

– –

47

31st

"

5,297

1,475

6,772

"

53

–

53

1st September

5,338

1,491

6,829

9th

"

105

–

105

2nd

"

5,229

1,526

6,825

10th

"

129

–

129

3rd

"

5,243

1,526

6,769

11th

"

190

–

190

4th

"

5,057

1,526

6,583

12th

"

275

271

546

5th

"

4,732

1,526

6,258

13th

"

454

296

750

6th

"

4,521

1,527

6,048

14th

"

629

330

959

7th

"

4,322

1,527

5,849

15th

"

740

366

1,106

8th

"

4,006

1,527

5,533

16th

"

1,037

424

1,461

9th

"

3,820

1,527

5,347

17th

"

1,258

460

1,718

10th

"

3,392

1,527

4,919

18th

"

1,508

518

2,026

11th

"

3,138

1,527

4,665

19th

"

1,880

610

2,490

12th

"

1,913

1,527

3,440

20th

"

2,334

704

3,038

TOTAL

(47 days)

111,351 (*)36,526 147,877

(*) Certain journalists left without warning and therefore remained insured until 12/9/1960.

445

Table No. 3 shows the progressive daily insurance coverage as per the number of persons insured. Table No. 4 shows distribution as per nationality of insured persons and total coverage in days and number. Thus, as already indicated in the chapter on " The Carrying Out of the Task ", the Policy was perfected and called the " Rome Olympic Games Policy ", assuring a capital of 1 million lire in case of death only. The validity of the policy was established for the whole period in which the individual athletes

446

participating and the officially accredited journalists came under the administrative jurisdiction of the organization of the Games. The Policy was claimed and put into effect in only one case, on the occasion of the sad death of the Danish cyclist Knud Enemark-Jensen. The insured capital of 1 million lire was paid out ten days after the unfortunate event, on 5th September at 11 a.m. in the headquarters of the Organizing Committee, to Mr. Erik Krog Mayer, first secretary of the Royal Danish Embassy to the Italian Republic.

On February 15th 1960, the convention for the Insurance Policy in favour of athletes and journalists was signed in the presence of the Hon. Andreotti and Mr. Onesti of the Organizing Committee and Prof. Francesco Santoro Passarelli and Mr. Casali of the I.N.A.

447

The various types of Olympic Identity Cards.

448

TABLE NO. 4.

DISTRIBUTION OF NATIONALITY OF INSURED PERSONS AND TOTAL NUMBER OF DAYS OF COVERAGE

NATIONALITY

Afghanistan Antilles Argentine Australia Austria Bahamas Belgium Bermuda Brazil British Guiana Bulgaria Burma Canada Ceylon Chile Chinese Republic of Formosa Colombia Cuba Czechoslavakia Denmark Dutch Antilles Ethiopia Figi Finland France Germany Ghana Great Britain Greece Guatemala Haiti Holland Hong Kong Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Irak Iran Ireland Israel Italy Japan Kenya Korea

Journalists and RadioAthletes commentators

Total

312 317 1,965 4,582 1,299 393 1,517 130 1,792 154 1,854 306 1,950 140 303

28 21 201 595 1,031 – 737 19 401 – 145 – 338 – 24

340 338 2,166 5,177 2,330 393 2,254 149 2,193 154 1,999 306 2,288 140 327

1,241 353 202 1,910 2,001 132 384 52 1,764 3,733 5,014 460 3,811 864 16 38 2,226 96 3,014 150 914 900 537 674 686 682 5,699 4,894 624 1,350

102 42

1,343 395 202 2,185 2,598 153 384 52 2,427 6 165 8,111 481 5,902 1,058 16 38 3,053 119 3,447 243 1,110 1,018 537 742 906 773 13,048 7,618 673 1,483

– 275 597 21 – – 663 2,432 3,097 21 2,091 194 – – 827 23 433 93 196 118 68 220 91 7,349 2,724 49 133

NATIONALITY

Lebanon Liberia Liechtenstein Luxembourg Malaya Malta Mexico Monaco Morocco New Zealand Nigeria North Borneo Norway Pakistan Panama Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Puerto Rico Rhodesia Rumania San Marino Singapore Somalia South Africa Spain Sudan Surinam Sweden Switzerland Thailand Tunisia Turkey Uganda United Arab Republic United States of America U.S.S.R. Uruguay Venezuela Viet-Nam Yugoslavia TOTAL

Journalists and RadioAthletes commentators

24

Total

301 185 116 590 248 163 1,362 230 1,391 1.122 393 – 584 1,250 130 636 1,185 2,670 1,176 439 378 2,831 189 105 125 1,727 2,666 436 10 1,615 2,187 714 1,075 1,283 230

237 333 20 – 1,431 1,020 20 61 306 –

325 185 116 661 273 187 1,603 274 1,433 1,262 423 19 1,203 1,301 152 734 1,269 3,155 1,329 439 404 3,034 189 105 125 1,964 2,999 456 10 3,046 3,207 734 1,136 1,589 230

1,826

251

2,077

7,452 7,404 830 785 59 1,818

3,420 1,098 103 73 – 353

10,872 8,502 933 858 59 2,171

111,351

36,526

147,877

– –

71 25 24 241 44 42 140 30 19 619 51 22 98 84 485 153 – 26 203 – –

449 29.

The Olympic Identity Card. At the end of the first half of 1959 the Olympic Identity Card was approved. The first thought of the Organizing Committee was to obtain from the Ministry for Foreign Affairs and from the Ministry of the Interior authority for this Olympic document to be considered as a normal passport, as well as a permit for the carrying of arms for sports shooting. The Olympic Identity Card was printed on " papertex " produced by the Snia-Viscosa Company. The document, consisting of four pages besides that of the cover, contained on the first page the photograph of the bearer, on the second a complete list of personal data while the third and fourth pages contained the validation of the Olympic Committee and of the Authorities of the Country to which the bearer belonged. In addition, the Identity Cards were enclosed in covers in six different colours, these being handed over at the moment of validation of the Olympic Identity Card. The identity cards were valid from 1st June to 30th September 1960. According to category, all bearers of the Olympic Identity Card, equipped with the special badge handed to them on their arrival at Rome, were entitled to free transport on the various forms of transport placed at their disposal by the Organizing Committee for travelling to stadia and competition, and training grounds. In addition, the Olympic Card allowed bearers free transport on all trams, buses, and trolley-buses of the City network, free entrance to Museums, Art Exhibitions, as mentioned earlier. The distribution of the Olympic Identity Cards took place in three distinct phases, i.e.: (a) pre-Olympic: preparation; (b) Olympic period: final TABLE NO. 5.

DISTRIBUTION OF OLYMPIC CARDS CARDS

TO WHOM ISSUED

CATEGORY

COLOUR

Card A

White

Members of the I.O.C.

160

155

Card B

White

International Sports Federations

450

300

Card C

White

National Olympic Committees

779

432

Card D

Blue

Judges, Referees, and Timekeepers

1,450

1,243

Card E

Pink

Journalists, Radio TV, and operators

1,553

1,552

Card F

Green

Athletes, masseurs, trainers, etc.

8,571

7,755

12,963

11,417

Dispatched

TOTALS

450

Validated

adjustments, validation and release of Olympic Cards with distribution of badges and commemorative medals; (c) post-Olympic period: closing of activities and summing up. The first phase implied particularly delicate work with the dispatch of the Cards to all National Olympic Committees and International Sports Federations. The second period, from 10th August to the end of the Games, was necessarily more complex: the validation of Olympic Cards reached as much as 800 per day, implying continuous work from 8 a.m. to midnight. The third period was devoted to the summing up of distribution to each single country, which gave one the various final totals. (Table No. 5).

Customs Formalities Problems. In June 1957, the Section first made its contacts with the Ministry of Finance with a view to solving the problem of customs formalities in connection with the technical material, sports clothing, and special foodstuffs to be brought into the country by the various sports teams. It was only in May 1958 that the negotiations were concluded whereby goods destined for use during the Games would receive special concessions. The Italian Customs Administration created special extraordinary measures in order to allow the maximum speeding-up of formalities for both persons and materials as well as for any special equipment required for the Olympic events. A special CusTABLE NO. 6.

CUSTOMS OPERATIONS EFFECTED IN THE OLYMPIC VILLAGE

MATERIAL

Definite Import Kgs.

Personal effects & Sports equipment Arms & Ammunition

30,559 2,992

Rowing boats

Temporary Import Kgs.

Units

Transit Export Operations Operations Kgs.

Kgs.

1,563 6,142

788 2,308

6,993 94

12,128

5,200

Various Kgs.

Cinema, TV, radio & timekeeping material

2,010

Kgs.

Units

39,903 11,536 17,328 20,906

20,906

Special foodstuffs

TOTAL

36,156

34,949

73,115

243

Horses

19,064

19,064

Harness

19,850

Miscellaneous TOTAL

56,467

75,053

243

43,245

7,087

19,850

19,850 201,702

243

451

toms Section was established within the Olympic Village with powers not only to carry out activities subsidiary to normal frontier services but also authorized to handle every possible special operation in connection with customs procedure. (See Table No. 6). The Naples Customs set up a fixed post at the Maritime Station as well as a mobile post for the supply of fuel, arranged on a lighter in the small harbour of S. Lucia. This enabled rapid bunkering to be effected to craft which had arrived in Italy and which were anchored close in or in the off-shore waters. An indication of the increased number of incoming foreign tourists may be gathered from the data obtained during the period August-September 1960 as compared with movement registered during the corresponding months of 1959 which show that the increase in question was far higher than the annual average of preceding years. For example, insofar as the airports of Rome and Naples alone are concerned, the increase in the number of visitors arriving and departing as compared to the same period of 1959 was shown to be of approximately 20 per cent. (See Table No. 7). TABLE NO. 7.

MOVEMENT OF AIRCRAFT AND PASSENGERS IN ROME AND NAPLES AIRPORTS 1960

1959 AIRPORT

MONTH

Arrivals Aircraft

Passengers

Departures Aircraft

Passengers

Total Movement Aircraft

Passengers

Arrivals Aircraft

Passengers

Departures Aircraft

Passengers

Total Movement Aircraft

Passengers

Rome Ciampino

August

2,563

61,736

2,562

62,800

5,125 124,536

3,272

88,162

3,275

77,489

6,547 165,651

2,512

67,770

2,510

73,339

5,022 140,109

3,260

61,014

3,271 103,789

6,531 164,812

Rome Ciampino

September

Naples Capodichino

August

225

7,218

225

6,941

450

14,159

993

8,024

993

7,628

1,984

15,652

Naples Capodichino

September

226

6,321

226

7,036

452

13,357

758

7,565

758

7,820

1,516

15,385

TOTALS

5,526 143,045

5,523 149,116 11,049 292,161

8,283 164,765

8,297 196,735 16,580 361 500

As already mentioned, all persons in possession of the Olympic Identity Card, which was the only document required in order to obtain customs facilities granted for the occasion, obtained special benefits such as permission to bring temporarily into the country personal effects contained in the luggage of the foreign sports delegations, objects and other material required for daily use, etc. In particular, special facilities were granted for the free entry into the country of ammunition to be used during training and the competitions proper as well as for the special foodstuffs intended for the various groups 452

of athletes in connection with special national food requirements or on account of special diets in connection with the different methods of training. For sailing and rowing boats, horses and respective harnessings, and for all other sports material arrangements were made for these to be brought in under the temporary import scheme without obligation of paying any deposit, as is prescribed, as the C.O.N.I. had stood as guarantor to the Treasury. It may be affirmed that the Customs activity in connection with the Games of the XVII Olympiad involved all of the most important customs offices situated at the land, sea and air frontiers besides the special section set up within the Olympic Village. After a number of detailed negotiations, the Section submitted the suggested nomination of the firm of Gondrand as Official Forwarding Agents for the Games of the XVII Olympiad to the Organizing Committee for approval. On the basis of a specified contract, Messrs. Gondrand worked in collaboration with the Customs service, with the Arrivals and Departures Office of the Olympic Village and with all Sections interested in the transportation and forwarding of sundry material. Messrs. Gondrand Bros. mobilized the following specialized personnel to undertake the extra work involved: 6 heads of service, 8 customs delegates, 25 office staff and 110 workmen. For the transportation of luggage and sundry goods, it made use of 70 motor vehicles of various types which included 35 medium-sized lorries, 8 special lorries, 16 vans for the transport of horses, 7 special trailers, and 3 mobile cranes. These vehicles ensured a rapid and continuous service with the Airports of Ciampino and Fiumicino. All the personal luggage of the sports authorities, athletes, journalists etc. had special labels in papertex attached to it. The 60,000 labels used were divided up into six different groups, each of different colour and with different wording. The Members of the I.O.C., Presidents and Secretaries of Olympic Committees and the Presidents and Secretaries of International Sports Federations were provided with labels distinguished by a white band and the flag of the country of origin. For the athletes and juries the band was respectively green and light blue while the representatives of the Press were provided with a pink label. The labels for the Radio and TV corporations bore a pink band with the wording " Radio-TV " replacing the flag. Photographers had a white label with the wording " Foto " replacing the flag of country of origin. All the labels were numbered consecutively and contained sufficient space for the address. Messrs. Gondrand attended to over 1,300 customs operations and effected the transportation of 14,842 pieces of luggage in arrival and 16,858 pieces in departure. In addition, it transported 135,000 kilograms of sports equipment and 45,000 kilos of television material as well as providing transport for 237 horses and 340 boats. 453

The Philatelists Assistance Office. Ever since 1957, the Italian State gave its approval to the proposal that a series of commemorative stamps should be issued for the Games of the XVII Olympiad. Later, for the first time in the history of the modern Olympic Games, the " Philatelists Assistance Office " was set up within the framework of the Secretariat and General Affairs Section. This office was responsible for the following tasks: 1) the issue and circulation of commemorative postcards, sticker labels, special postal cancellations, and all other material of interest to collectors; 2) the study and organizing of a special postal service in all sectors throughout the period of the Games in agreement with the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications; 3) maintaining contacts with the national and foreign postal Authorities for organizing issues of commemorative stamps; 4) supplying collectors with philatelic material commemorating the Games of the XVII Olympiad at completely non-speculative prices. The constitution of this special service was made known generally by means of a circular published in 4 languages and which was despatched to specialized collectors, clubs, associations, recreation societies, and to all those directly or indirectly interested in this hobby, thereby creating every possible relationship necessary to ensure the success of the service. The interest of the collectors immediately became apparent and, in the short space of a few months, applications flooded in to such a large degree that a real selection according to the requirements of each was rendered necessary. In April 1958, the first special commemorative issue was brought out which consisted of the application on an official envelope of the mechanical franking in use at the Post Office of the C.O.N.I. for publicity reasons. The celebration of the 1958 Olympic Day was recalled on 25th August 1958 by the application on an official envelope of the commemorative franking in use at the C.O.N.I. Post Office by the Organizing Committee of the Olympic Day. A series of six postcards which had considerable success as publicity was conceived during the period between the second and third issues. These postcards, which drew attention to the ancient Olympic champions of Magna Grecia, stressed the historical continuity of the Games. As the general programme provided for the issue of commemorative postcards on the occasion of the inauguration of the sports venues, it was thought opportune to prepare a series on " Ancient Olympic Champions ". This resulted in 10,000 series of six pieces being produced in double format. A further 30,000 copies were also planned beforehand which only bore the printing of the Olympic symbol. These latter series were held in anticipation of the inauguration of the following venues: Flaminio Stadium, Swimming Stadium, Olympic Velodrome, Palazzo dello Sport, and Lake Albano. 454

The issue of a series of sticker labels was undertaken with the reproduction of the symbol of the Games with wording in twelve different languages. This entire stock was exhausted before the beginning of the Games. On March 18th, 1959, on the occasion of the inauguration of the Flaminio Stadium, a commemorative postcard in colour was issued with commemorative franking distributed by the Post Office of the C.O.N.I. On 19th May 1959, on the occasion of the Rome meeting of the Executive Board of the I.O.C. and the representatives of National Olympic Committee, the Republic of San Marino issued a series of seven commemorative stamps seeking to recall a number of eminent personalities of the sports world. The subjects were furnished by the Organizing Committee in honour of these famous persons. Subscribers to the service were able to receive a " First Day of Issue " on an official envelope and a series of six maximum postcards with a reproduction in single colour of each individual stamp of this series. On 23rd June 1959, the series of five stamps serving as Olympic publicity for Italy was issued on the double format postcards representing " Ancient Olympic Champions ". By agreement with the Provincial Directorate of the Rome Postal Services, a Special Post Office was set up within the Post Office of the C.O.N.I., where an artistic commemorative franking with the symbol of the Games could be obtained. The setting up of the Post Office of the Olympic Committee on 23rd July 1959 was the occasion for the issue of a postcard of international philatelic format with the reproduction of the symbol of the Games. This card was marked with the cancellation of the above Office, coupled with a post-marking composed of the following wording: " Inauguration of the Post Office of the Organizing Committee ". At short intervals, issues were also brought out on the occasion of the inauguration of the various sports venues and of the Celebration of the 1959 Olympic Day. On 22nd August 1959, a commemorative cancellation on one of the previously prepared postcards of double format was applied on the occasion of the inauguration of the Swimming Stadium and distributed by the Post Office of the Olympic Committee. On 25th August 1959, the 1959 Olympic Day, the Olympic Committee Post Office distributed a commemorative franking on an official envelope, whilst the Olympic Committee Post Office also applied a commemorative mechanical post-marking on the official postcard. On 30th April 1960, to celebrate the inauguration of the Olympic Velodrome, a special Post Office was set up close to the Velodrome on a bus kindly supplied by the Banca Nazionale del Lavoro. Here a commemorative post-marking on double-format postcard was applied. On 3rd 1960, the inauguration of Palazzo dello Sport was marked by the distribution of a commemorative mechanical stamping by the Post Office of the Olympic Committee on a postcard of double format. 455

This same Office was responsible for the application of the commemorative post-marking on the occasion of the opening of the Regatta Course at Lake Albano, on 21st August 1960. The success of the first edition of sticker labels, showing the symbol of the Games, suggested the idea of a further issue in series of 12 languages similar to the first but with the reproduction of the official poster of the Games. On 23rd May 1960, the series of 14 commemorative stamps issued by the Republic of San Marino were mounted on 4 postcards of international philatelic format with the reproduction of the symbol of the Games.

The " First Day of Issue ". Pending the issue of the Italian series of Olympic commemorative stamps, arrangements were made for the publication of a giant size postcard with the reproduction of the official poster which would take the complete series of 9 values. The franking machine in possession of the Organizing Committee's Post Office was used for the " first day of issue ". The issue of the series of commemorative Olympic stamps made it possible to draw up a programme for the celebration of the Games. This programme also included the commemoration of the Olympic Torch and commemoration of the XVII Olympiad. In connection with the Olympic Torch, two issues were planned which were entirely due to the enthusiastic and kind collaboration of the General Directorate of Greek Postal Services and the Italian Ministry of Marine. The aerogram celebrating the lighting of the Torch at Olympia, bearing a Greek commemorative postmarking produced by the Greek Postal Services, was flown back with the return of the Organizing Committee's Olympic mission. The second issue was composed of the commemorative leaflet depicting the " route of the torch " on Greek territory. Collected at Phaleros by a ship's officer, it was transported on the Training Ship " Amerigo Vespucci " which carried the Flame from Olympia. On board the " Vespucci ", the leaflet was postmarked in transit with the stamp belonging to the ship. The Italian Admiralty then placed a helicopter at the disposal of the Olympic Committee which collected this philatelic correspondence in the Mediterranean some 30 miles from Syracuse. This unusual event was commemorated by a special cancellation thus conferring on the leaflet the prerogative of philatelic correspondence having " travelled " by helicopter. The commemoration of the Olympic phase proper was covered by a series of 33 postcards, for the publication of which use was made of the blocks al456

ready prepared for the entrance tickets into the various venues where the Games were held. Each card was franked with one value of the series of pre-Olympic stamps appropriate to the sport or ceremony to which each referred. The postmarkings all bore the Olympic symbol and the words: " Games of the XVII Olympiad – Rome ". The first official link with the naval training ship Amerigo Vespucci, which was transporting the Fire of Olympia, was established 25 miles at sea from Syracuse by a helicopter from the Italian Navy 1st Group piloted by Lieut. Negro and carrying Captain A. Carlo Condarelli of the Philatelists' Assistance Service of the Organizing Committee for the Rome Games. Capt. Condarelli brought ashore the philatelic correspondence prepared in Greece for the commemoration of the kindling of the Olympic Fire and the subsequent relay. The event was commemorated by franking the correspondence with a special official commemorative stamp.

457

The series of 33 pieces did not follow a strict chronological order for obvious reasons of economy and cost but was conceived in such a way as to cover the entire cycle of the Games, as follows: – 1. - OLYMPIC VILLAGE – coupled with the offic-

ial quadrangular seal: " Opening of Olympic Village ". 2. - PRESS CENTRE – coupled with the official oval seal: " Opening of Press Centre". 3. - I.O.C. SESSION.

17. - SWIMMING STADIUM – Pentathlon-Swimming. 18. - LAKE ALBANO – Rowing. 19. - PALAZZO DELLO SPORT – Boxing. 20. - ACQUASANTA – Pentathlon-Running. 21. - CARACALLA BATHS – Gymnastics.

4. - OPENING CEREMONY. 5. - ROSE SWIMMING POOL – Waterpolo. 6. - OLYMPIC VELODROME – Cycling track. 7. - LAKE ALBANO – Canoeing. 8. - PALAZZETTO DELLO SPORT – Weight-lifting.

24. - PRATONI DEL VIVARO – Equestrian, 3-day

9. - BASILICA OF MAXENTIUS – Wrestling.

26. - LAZIO SHOOTING RANGE – Clay Pigeon Shoot-

10. - MONTE MAGGIORE – Pentathlon – Equestrian

Events.

11. - SWIMMING STADIUM – Swimming and Diving. 12. - PALAZZO DEI CONGRESSI – Pentathlon-Fen-

cing. 13. - UMBERTO I SHOOTING RANGE – Pentathlon

Shooting.

14. - PALAZZO DEI CONGRESSI – Fencing. 15. - NAPLES – Yachting. 16. - GROTTAROSSA CIRCUIT – Cycling, road.

22. - PIAZZA DI SIENA – Equestrian Events. 23. - CESANO SHOOTING RANGE – Shooting.

event. 25. - UMBERTO I SHOOTING RANGE – Shooting.

ing. 27. 28. -

Athletics. VELODROME – Hockey.

OLYMPIC STADIUM – OLYMPIC

29. - FLAMINIO STADIUM – Football. 30. - PALAZZO DELLO SPORT – Basketball. 31. - MARATHON – Marathon. 32. - OLYMPIC STADIUM – Equestrian, Grand Prix

Jumping.

33. - CLOSING CEREMONY.

Within the Olympic framework and in anticipation of the decision of the I.O.C. to include philately within the art-categories admitted to the Olympic Games, an exhibition-competition of Olympic stamps – coupled with the exhibition of sports photography – was organized in the halls of the Palazzo dello Sport in collaboration with the periodical " Sports-Phila". 61 competitors, representing 21 countries, took part in this competition. The examination of the material submitted, which was of great philatelic and sports value, was extremely laborious. In the end, the jury assigned first place to Capt. Carlo Condarelli (Italy) who received the Alberto Bonacossa Trophy. Second place went to Mr. Ira Seebacher (United States), third to Mr. Raymond Depover (Belgium), and fourth to Prof. Eugenio Rappaport (Brazil). In the single classes, prizes of importance were also awarded to Messrs. Juan A. Samaranch Torello (Spain), José M. Auset Guardia (Spain), Giuseppe Bertasso (Italy), Walther Von Adelson (Switzerland), Egidio Pennati (Italy), Hermann Bollhardt (Germany), Rene Azzaletti (Switzerland), Aziz K. Versan (Turkey), Ernst Naetzold (D.D.R.), Gunther Schneider (Germany), Carl Olof Enhagen (Sweden), Olle Cronsjö (Sweden), Jean Schmit-Mousel (Luxembourg), and Sandro Audino (Italy). 458

Commemorative Issues.

Series of commemorative frankings.

Religious Assistance. The fact of religion, being as it is so personal and subjective a matter, more often than not defies checking and reporting. It is for this reason that we shall confine our remarks to outside initiatives and leave out the many and significant facts that the respect owed to each and every faith and the right of everyone to his own privacy prompts one to do. The same goes for all those secrets which will remain closed in the hearts of the confidents chosen by the athletes. The subjects which we will cover, therefore, are confined to two fields only, namely, the adoption of necessary initiatives to allow the athletes to fulfil their own religious obligations; the organisation of audiences with His Holiness the Pope, thus seconding an explicit desire of the vast majority of the athletes themselves. In connection with this second field, it in fact became very clear indeed that the desire to see the Pope sprung not from individual ties with the various religions but also from the general interest of those concerned.

The medal offered by His Holiness the Pope to International Delegates in occasion of the Papal Audience,

Once set up, the Office for Religious Assistance, directed by Mons. Nicola Pavoni, considered as its first duty the contacting of the representatives of as many religions and cults as was possible, thus ensuring that the athletes, through the Office itself, were provided with all news of a religious nature considered of interest. 464

In fact, once the Organizing Committee had decided against the authorization of the official institution of places of worship within the Olympic Village, the obvious alternative was to keep athletes informed of the location of existing churches in Rome and of the relevant timetables of services. To this end, arrangements were made for formal invitations to be sent out all those responsible for religions and cults present at Rome, giving assurance at the same time that it would be the specific task of the Office to inform athletes of whatever news was received. The invitation was in effect addressed, among others, to the following non-Catholic religious institutions: the President of the Italian Jewish Communities and of the Jewish Community at Rome, the Archimandrite of the Russian Orthodox Church, the President of the Federal Council of the Evangelical Churches which includes, to name only a few, the Lutheran Evangelical Church, the Italian Methodist Evangelical Church, the Waldensian Evangelical Church, the Italian Union of the Adventist Churches, etc. Within a short period of time, the Office for the Religious Assistance received numerous communications in connection with either the cult itself or of a general religious nature. All the material was translated into various languages and brought to the attention of the guests of the Olympic Village by being posted up on a special board prepared by the Organizing Committee for this purpose or by direct distribution to individuals through a special service organized for communications of general interest. The young athletes were thus provided not only with informative leaflets on the cult but with all published material of a religious nature reaching the Office. All this was in strict accordance with the Olympic Regulations which lay down that all cults and religions should receive equal attention. Furthermore, direct contacts were established between the representatives of the various cults or religions and the Head of the Office, Monsignor Nicola Pavoni, on special subjects and projects and every possible attempt was made to satisfy the specific requests of individuals or groups of athletes on questions or requirements connected with their religion.

The Papal Audiences. The most outstanding achievement of the Office for Religious Assistance was to obtain the granting by His Holiness, Pope John XXIII, of general and private audiences, an activity which was widely acclaimed and which met with general approval. These Audiences had been asked for by many and both the Organizing Committee and public opinion judged them to be an undoubted element of prestige and moral strength. Lastly, it should be remembered, especially in connection with the great Audience in St. Peter's Square, that the Olympic Regulations do foresee, dur465 30.

The President of the Organizing Committee for the Games addresses a speech of homage to the Holy Father.

ing the Opening Ceremony and immediately after the lighting of the cauldron, the possibility of holding a religious service without speaking of the advisability of paying a courtesy visit to the spiritual head of the city where the Games are held. Already in April 1959, when he received the congressists of the Italian Sports Centre, His Holiness had made clear his intention of receiving, on the occasion of the " important event ", the athletes participating in the Games. As the date of the Games approached, the Office for Religious Assistance established contacts with the appropriate organizational and technical bodies of the Vatican for discussion and agreement on details of the complex organiz466

ation. Arrangements were made for the preparation of stands and special barriers, for the transportation of athletes and the taking of measures necessary to ensure the orderly arrival and departure of the athletes and the large public which would be present. At the same time, the various departments of the Organization prepared invitations which were sent out to: Members of the I.O.C., officials of Olympic Committees and the C.O.N.I., Olympic attaches, accredited journalists, heads of international delegations, and all the athletes. On the eve of the Audience, August 23rd 1960, 3,830 athletes from 72 nations had accepted to take part, but when the Audience actually took place, it was obvious that a considerably larger number of athletes were present, having come either with the 100 motor coaches already laid on or with their own transport. The Holy Father appeared in St. Peter's Square at 17.30 hrs. on the 24th August to the deafening applause of the vast crowd gathered in the Square and to the notes of the ancient Olympic Hymn played by the Band of the Palatine Guard. Immediately afterwards, the Hon. Andreotti, President of the Organizing Committee of the Games, directed an address of homage in Latin to the Holy Father in which, referring to the cordial welcome extended by Pope Pius X to Baron de Coubertin, he expressed the feelings of homage and gratitude of the Organizing Committee and all those present. In addition, in the name of all the officials and athletes, he begged the Holy Father to pronounce a few words which would solemnize the event and in order that " eademque verba fore gratae memoriae causam, quibus laetum hoc concordiae, iuventutis ac ludicri agonis festum exornatur, quod Roma elato effusoque gaudio celebratura est". The Pope then graciously pronounced a fatherly speech in Latin which he addressed to the officials and athletes and in which he referred once more to the encouragement given to Baron Pierre de Coubertin by Saint Pius X. He stressed his pleasure at having left Castelgandolfo in order to greet the " compact and valiant ranks of athletes ". He went on to say that it was not possible for him to wish for the victory of any particular individual or group reminding all of the words of Baron de Coubertin that the importance was the event and not the victory: " Non enim palma in stadio proposita, sed recta corporis exercitatio potior aestimanda est". He then referred to the great benefits of sport to body and soul which he listed as " sanitas, vigor, membrorum agilitas, gratia, pulchritudo, ad corpus quod attinet; quod ad animum, constantia, fortitudo, sui abnegandi consuetudo ". Immediately at the end of the Pope's speech, the speakers of the Vatican Radio gave a summary of the text in French, English, Spanish, Portuguese, German, Dutch, Russian, Polish, Hungarian, Rumanian, Chinese, Japanese, and Arabic. At the same time, the Olympic Officials present at the ceremony 467

The Hon. Giulio Andreotti and Mr. Avery Brundage, President of the International Olympic Committee, during the Papal Audience.

were presented to the Holy Father. Immediately afterwards, a delegation of athletes representing the five continents (Pierpaolo Spangaro, Italy; Leslie Claudius, India; Aye Adjavon, Liberia; Jesus Gruber, Venezuela and Ivan Lund, Australia) offered gifts from the Organizing Committee to His Holiness. First, a small statue of Saint Giovanni Bosco, work of the sculptor Pietro Canonica from whom it was requested shortly before his death. Second, an edition of an ode in elegant Latin verse, with miniatures inspired by the Olympic Games, composed by the Latin scholar, Father Vittorio Genovesi S. J. on the invitation by the Provincial Tourist Board to celebrate the Rome Games. On 29th August 1960, a private Audience was arranged for the Members of the International Olympic Committee and was held in the Swiss Room in the Palace at Castelgandolfo. The distinguished group, headed by the President of the I.O.C., Avery Brundage, included almost all the Members accompanied by their respective wives, the President of the Organizing Committee of the Games, the Hon. Andreotti and the President of the C.O.N.I., Mr. Onesti. After presenting the members of the Executive Board of the I.O.C. to the Holy Father, President Brundage pronounced a brief address of homage and gratitude, in English, to the Pope, concluding with the words " Since the aim of the Olympic movement is not so much to encourage the winning of medals or the conquering of records but to develop health and character and thereby finally arrive at an easier and more peaceful world, I can assure Your Holiness that your encouragement to the Olympic movement is well placed". The Holy Father replied to the address with a noble speech in French. Taking as his theme the moving memory of the Audience granted to the athletes, to " cette belle jeunesse, vibrante de vie et d'enthousiasme ", he stated that the highest significance of the Audience lay in the search for one word which could unite all irrespective of colour, race, or creed and openly declared that he intended above all to stress his " cordiale approbation á ce désir universel de collaboration plus généreuse de tous les peuples en vue du véritable bien-être et de la défense des valeurs humaines ". He then remarked that the words of Baron de Coubertin: " Ce qui importe n'est pas de vaincre, mais de participer aux Jeux ", reminded him of the doctrine of St. Paul " Ne savez-vous pas que dans le courses du stade, tous courent, mais un seul remporte le prix ? Courez donc de maniére á remporter tous quelque chose de plus haut et de plus durable qu'une couronne périssable ". Confirming once again his own happiness at the thought of the Olympic activity taking place at that time in Rome, he requested the Members of the I.O.C. to " renouveler aux jeunes athlétes—dont la présence sur la Place Saint Pierre demeure un des plus heureux souvenirs de cette année—nos voeux de bon succés dans les Jeux qui se déroulent et d'heureux développements de leurs activités d'hommes dans l'avenir ". His speech concluded with the Apostolic Blessing and immediately afterwards Mr. Brundage presented the individual International Delegates to the 469

Athletes and sports enthusiasts in St. Peter's Square.

Holy Father with the Hon. Andreotti, the Vice-president of the I.O.C., the Marquis of Exeter, Count Thaon de Revel and Marquis Ekelund standing close beside the Papal Throne. The Pope was then presented with a case containing the gold and silver medals coined for the winners in the Olympic competitions. His Holiness, in turn, offered each of those present a medal especially executed by the sculptor Giacomo Manzù, bearing the effigy of His Holiness in cape and cap on one side and, on the other, a flowering olive tree with the wording " Oboedientia et Pax ". The illustrious guests were then invited to accompany the Pope through a number of rooms in the Palace of Castelgandolfo and then to a terrace overlooking Lake Albano where the rowing competitions were in progress. On 7th September, an Audience was granted to Officials of National Olympic Committees and International Sports Federations who had expressed their heartfelt desire to be received by the Holy Father. On this occasion, the sacred hangings for the Church to be erected in the Olympic Village quarter were offered to the Pope. And thus ended the official events organized by the Office for Religious Assistance to the athletes participating in the Games of the Rome Olympiad where the Olympic spirit, in its widest sense, found true ground for respect and exhaltation also in the religious sphere.

472

ADMINISTRATION

30a

Iit tfirstshould first of all be pointed out that the Organizing Committee, when started its activities, made use of very few persons indeed and limited the organizational structure of its administration. This principle was decided upon in order to limit expense during the phases of initial preparation and also because it was considered opportune to make use, in view of the limited requirements at that time, of the C.O.N.I. General Accounting Service which could guarantee the handling of administrative operations of both the technical organization and that of the Rome Olympic Constructions (C.O.R.). On the other hand, as the C.O.N.I, was the financing body for the Olympic organization, it was consequently considered logical and indispensable that the C.O.N.I. should exercise control over all works. TABLE NO. 1.

HEAD OF SECTION

Tommaso Folinea

BANCA NAZIONALE D E L LAVORO Treasury Services

SUPPLIES

SUPERVISORY OFFICE

PERSONNEL OFFICE

Giovanni Biondi

Gino Braga

ACCOUNTANCY

INVENTORY

STORES

475

For the whole of the 1957-58 two-year period and during the first months of 1959, the various Sections, as and when they were set up within the general organization, reported all financial outlay commitments and issued payment vouchers which, signed by the Secretary-General and the Technical Director, were passed to the General Accounting Service which effected the payments involved. In June 1959, the Administration Section (No. VIII) was constituted which included the Personnel Office, the Ticket Office, both of which were already in operation, and the Supervisory Office, newly set up. Whilst the Personnel Office and Supervisory Office continued to form part of Section VIII, the Ticket Office, shortly before the Games, became an autonomous Section. (Table No. 1).

Supervisory Office. The Supervisory Office was entrusted with the following tasks:– 1. – withdrawing from Sections all orders for payment previously issued; 2. – collecting, checking, and card-indexing all letters and vouchers in respect of orders for various supplies; keeping the C.O.N.I. General Accounting Service informed of same; 3. – examining invoices and issuing respective orders for payment; 4. – keeping up-to-date inventories of furniture, machines and equipment either purchased or on loan to meet the requirements of the Organizing Committee; 5. – attending to the supply and distribution of equipment, machines, uniforms, general supplies, and stationery to all offices; 6. – attending to the supply of material of general interest already approved by the Executive Committee of the Games by means of public tenders or by private negotiation; 7. – advancing funds for the carrying out of specific events or activities and, of consequence, evaluating and settling the accounts rendered with supporting documents; 8. – attending to direct payments for minor supplies or urgent requirements, withdrawing the required sums from a fund which ranged from 1 to 50 million lire and recovering such sums by submitting periodical statements of account. This service proved particularly important during the Olympic period. Once the General Games were over, the fund was reduced to 1 million lire; 9. – attending to collection of sums owed in any way, including those in respect of service set up during the period of the Games. It should be remembered that ever since the constitution of the Organizing Committee, the various Sections had the facility of issuing order vouchers and preparing letter-contracts for signature by the Secretary-General of the 476

Games. Once the Supervisory Office was set up, it was stipulated that a copy of the voucher or letter-contract order should be handed over to the office in question which would note the contents on appropriate cards made out in the name of the supplying firms. Once any invoice or request for payment was received, a check was first of all made to ascertain the commitment for the expense (order voucher or letter-contract); the invoice was then forwarded to the head of the interested Section for checking of the quantity, quality, and price of the goods in question. The goods invoiced – when involving material not for immediate consumption – were then taken into stock by the issuing of appropriate vouchers, then registered in the inventory book of the Organizing Committee and on the detail cards and finally handed over to the offices for which they were intended. Subsequently, orders for payment were issued, and numbered progressively with an indication of the " account " to which the expense was to be attributed. These orders, signed by the head of the Administrative Section and by the Secretary-General of the Games, were then passed – together with the invoices and supporting documents – to the C.O.N.I. General Accounting Service, where they were transformed into payment vouchers which were settled by the Banca Nazionale del Lavoro entrusted with Treasury duties. As soon as orders for payment were forwarded to the C.O.N.I. General Accounting Service, registration of the contents were made in an appropriate book divided up into the respective accounts as well as on cards made out in the name of the firm in question which discharged the commitment involved. Orders for payment were collected together in bound volumes (each containing 200 documents) and copies of all supporting documents were filed in order corresponding to the sub-division of the expense accounts. So as to keep the inventory up-to-date, the Supervisory Office proceeded, first of all, with a general check on material in the possession of the Organizing Committee, comparing this with the lists of property transferred from the Offices of the C.O.N.I. or from the Totocalcio (Football Pools service) and then completing this with the material purchased by the Organizing Committee ever since it started its activities. On the basis of these checks, the " inventory book" was instituted in which all property taken over up to May 1959 was registered, and subsequently all property purchased by the organization and Olympic Constructions. At the same time, a card-index was kept with a card for each item of property, which provided details as to its origin of supply, the inventory number and to whom issued. Furthermore, an up-to-date list was kept for each consignee which provided a complete record of where property could be found. The supply of furniture, office equipment, consumable material, and stationary – indispensable to the offices as and when these were set up as well as to technical Committees and Juries – was attended to rapidly and generous477

ly at the same time avoiding waste and dispersion. This took place once requests were evaluated on the basis of the requirements of the various sectors. So as to facilitate the various services, a general store was set up. Requests were submitted to this store, counter-signed by the Supervisory Office which took note of these for statistical and administrative-accountancy purposes. Each request, in fact, was registered by both the Office and the Store and recorded on the card which showed the total availability of each article. This guaranteed the carrying-out of each request at any given moment, as these were nearly always urgent. The requests were grouped under Office or Section. This enabled one to know, at any time, the amounts supplied to the various Offices. This procedure proved invaluable, as it permitted the clamping down on excessive requests. As already stated, the various Sections were allowed the facility of ordering direct, goods or services which were necessary. However, the Executive Committee entrusted Section VIII with the task of supplying material of particular importance which included: flags of nations participating in the Games; special uniforms for the organizers, judges, delegates, technicians, etc.; special paper in 20 different colours for duplicating requirements at the News Centre; commemorative medals and diplomas. Supplies were furnished by means of tenders and appropriate Commissions were set up. In certain cases, negotiations previously conducted by the Sections or by the Offices of the Secretary-General were concluded. The Supervisory Office, furthermore, took an interest in ascertaining the typerwriter and accounting machine requirements of the various Sections and Technical Committees. It obtained for use, free of charge, 1,000 typewriters and 32 calculating machines from Messrs. Olivetti; 4 special calculators from the firm of Gallo-Pomi; 54 " reporter" electrical duplicators from Messrs. S.A.D.A. & Co.; and 10 alcohol duplicators from Dupleco & Co. At the end of the Games, it undertook to recover the above machines, together with all office furniture, as well as the reserves of paper and various accessories. Only 10 typewriters were not recovered. In many cases, the Committee found itself having to advance funds for the organizing of certain events or having to pay out deposits or advances to firms, hotels, etc. as a guarantee for the supply of goods or services. The Supervisory Office therefore attended to this, acting on the basis of orders received from the various Sections, and card-indexed such advances, at the same time taking the necessary steps to liquidate them by checking statements of account, vouchers or invoices issued by the interested parties. Of noteworthy importance were the accounts opened in favour of the Olympic Military Detachment, the Olympic Village, the Wagons-Lits Company, the Federation of Agricultural Consortiums, the Organizing Committee for the 478

Exhibition on Sport as well as the various Sections, Federations and hotels during the climax of the Games. The Administrative Section undertook a large number of other services through the Supervisory Office, both to guarantee the maximum output in every sector and to lighten the tasks of other sections during the most critical moments. This was achieved with a restricted number of personnel, notwithstanding the vast amount of work and the concurrence of many activities. One of the most difficult of these tasks, and one which involved heavy responsibility, was the daily booking of meals in the staff mess in operation in the Olympic Village. Particular mention should be made of the supply of uniforms to the organizers, judges, technical delegates, guide-interpreters, and personnel attached to offices and services. Each of these received a length of cloth from which TABLE NO. 2.

DISTRIBUTION OF SPORTS UNIFORMS CATEGORY

MEN

WOMEN

TOTAL

Officials

317

13

330

Employees

495

88

583

Typists

137

137

Guide-Interpreters

411

411

16

16

32

163

163

326

Announcers Ushers-runners Technical delegates

68

68

Timekeepers

205

205

Competition judges

760

55

815

Sports doctors

197

6

203

Military Officers

77

77

Military N.C.O.'s

50

50

886

886

Military Other Ranks Press Attaches

38

Technical staff of LUCE Institute

65

65

Workmen from LUCE Institute

30

30

Drivers and ushers for protocol

12

12

687

687

1,350

1,350

Civilian workmen Seat attendants TOTAL

5,416

2

891

40

6,307

479

the uniform could be tailored. Foreigners had the option of either receiving the cloth or the uniform already made up by Rome tailors, selected for this purpose, once measurements had been submitted by the interested parties. All this necessitated a special service which, run in conjunction with the Technical Section and the General Secretariat for the Games, attended to the distribution and allotting of uniforms and registering the various articles of clothing distributed on appropriate cards. (Table No. 2). The work of the Supervisory Office was carried out by a staff of seven, whilst during the more crucial phases this number was increased to twelve. It is felt opportune to list the following data in respect of work performed by the Supervisory Office: – - orders passed up to and including 11th September 1961 . . No. 6,641 " 4,746 - payment vouchers passed up to 16th October 1961 . . . " 6,787 - letters despatched and received up to 16th October 1961 . . " - stock vouchers for material purchased 637 - stock release vouchers and agreements for sale, for free distribution, restitution or declarations for deteriorated 52 material "

Personnel Office. The Personnel Office was set up on 1st February 1957. At that time, the Organization consisted of a nucleus of 40 persons, officials and staff, distributed amongst the offices then in operation. TABLE NO. 3.

PROGRESSION IN ENGAGEMENT OF PERSONNEL DATE OF ENGAGEMENT

1st

ORGANIZING COMMITTEE

OLYMPIC CONSTRUCTIONS

R.O.M.

FROM OTHER ADMINISTRATIONS

PROGRESSIVE ESTABLISHMENT

February 1957

20

20

40

31st December 1957

34

38

72

31st December 1958

55

44

31st December 1959

100

55

26

136

59

204

399

1st March 1960 1st April 1960

99

181

169

59

260

488

16th May 1960

173

57

327

557

16th June 1960

235

70

856

1,161

30th June 1960

266

70

856

1,192

31st July 1960

321

74

2,350

2,745

1,890

95

4,247

25th August 1960

480

5,420

11,652

It is considered opportune to point out, however, that ever since June 1956, when the activities of the Organization commenced, about 20 persons were engaged by the Organization but their administration was attended to by the Personnel Office of the Italian National Olympic Committee. In addition to being engaged in its normal duties, the Personnel Office was also charged with the task of engaging appropriate staff, that is, persons possessing technical sports qualifications as well as a perfect knowledge TABLE

NO. 4.

PERSONNEL IN THE OFFICES OF THE ORGANIZATION

7 Secretariat & Gen. Affairs

8 Administration

9 Tickets and Control

1

1

1

1

1

1

37

1

84

6

96

9

12

7

7

15

10 Protocol

TOTAL

R.O.M.

6 Traffic and Parking

1

Medical-Scientific Committee

5 Press Services

1

Olympic Constructions

3 Olympic Village

1

4 Art

2 Olympic Torch 1

1. Technical

ESTABLISHMENT AS AT 25TH AUGUST 1960

Olympic Venues Management

C.O.R.

SECTIONS OF THE OLYMPIC ORGANIZATION

CIVILIAN PERSONNEL

Heads of Section Officials and collaborators

10 6

32

Doctors Medical staff Employees & typists

7

Borrowed from CONI

5

Borrowed from Football Pools

1

338

2

52

4

26

22

15

Lady guide-interpreters

43

156

Usher-runners

30

290

I.S.E.F. students – male & female

75

9

1

56

1

32

13

15

4

3

5

6

13

8

8

33

18

5

1

20

332

169

169

77

77

2

502 29

6

8

98

241

440 320

40

5

Cashiers

20

280

50

133

Drivers

133 176

176

Box office control personnel Personnel for minor services

313

22

Personnel for various services

1,942

10

1,786

1,786

8

343 758

2,710

MILITARY PERSONNEL (*)

Officers

387

387

N.C.O.'s

476

476

3,384

3,384

Other Ranks TOTAL

151

4 2,833

10

674

235

47

36 1,965

323

44

815

268 4,247 11,652

(*) Military personnel were also used to complete the establishments of Sections and also in various sectors of the Olympic Organization.

481 31.

of the official languages of the Olympic Organization. Very often, the engaging of personnel had to be undertaken very rapidly, as nearly all requests required immediate attention. The engagement of staff progressed, obviously, in relationship to the organizational requirements that gradually increased in the various sections. As related in the chapter entitled " The contribution of the Armed Forces ", the Olympic Military Detachment (R.O.M.) was constituted and operated in strict co-operation with the officials and staff of the Olympic Organization. In addition, attached to certain Sections during the Games were a large number of collaborators and technicians either private or borrowed from other Administrations (their salary being attended to directly by the Sections in question through the Banca Nazionale del Lavoro). In Table No. 3, we show, numbered, personnel of the Organizing Committee, the Olympic Constructions, the R.O.M., and those coming from other Administrations. The year 1960 registered an increase in the numbers of personnel engaged and completion of the directive and executive bodies in every sector of the Organization. Immediately before the Games, the usher-runners for the Press services were also engaged, as were the last contingent of lady guide-interpreters and ticket office personnel. At the same time, 98 persons, officials and employees, were borrowed from the C.O.N.I. Offices, namely the Football Pools section as well as 140 boy students and 140 girl students from the Superior Institute of Physical Education (I.S.E.F.). The personnel engaged were distributed amongst the various offices of the Organization in accordance with the requirements of the various Sections. (Table No. 4). It is considered opportune to illustrate the method and powers of engagement used for employing personnel. Initially, directive personnel were engaged by the Presidency of the C.O.N.I. Later this power was vested in the Provisional Committee for the Management of Olympic Affairs, whilst later still the power passed to the Executive Committee of the Games. Engagements in respect of ordinary employees were, on the other hand, entrusted to a consultant Committee for personnel which started its work on 27th October 1959. This Committee held 15 meetings, the last of which on 19th August 1960, made 379 decisions, of which 207 were for engagements, and 172 various deliberations amongst which were salaries for the staff, working hours, and authority to a sub-commission for engagement of staff for the Olympic Village. The consultant Committee for the engagement of personnel was composed of:— – Marcello Garroni, Chairman; Fernando Monatti, Member, Gino Braga, Secretary. 482

The sub-committee for the personnel in the Olympic Village was composed of: Giuseppe Fabre, Chairman; Gino Braga, Member, Michele Bassignano, Secretary. This sub-committee held ten meetings which took place between 29th February and 30th July 1960. It engaged 185 persons, as authorized by the personnel consulting Committee. All decisions taken by the two committees for engaging personnel necessitated careful examination of documents submitted by each individual candidate which, in addition to the normal qualifications required, also gave results of specific tests. In fact, in order to be considered as a candidate, each applicant had to undergo special examinations on language capabilities, typing, shorthand, etc. It is considered useful to report that during the preparatory Olympic period, despite the fact that no form of advertisement was ever used, some 8,003 applications, which were duly registered and catalogued by the Personnel Office, were submitted to the Organizing Committee. These applications were divided up as follows:— – – – – – – – – – – – – –

interpreters in both English and French languages . . . No. " interpreters in English " interpreters in French " interpreters in German " interpreters in Spanish and Portuguese interpreters in various European, Oriental, and other languages " " Typists and shorthand typists " journalists " sports organizers " work executives, designers, and assistants " usher, general duty personnel, and drivers personnel with various qualifications (workmen, labourers) " " storekeepers

510 363 253 124 146 2,166 572 57 139 154 240 3,235 44

Demobilization of Personnel. On the 12th September 1960, the day after the closing of the Games, the establishment of personnel was rapidly reduced by 1,195 persons. On the following 1st October, a further reduction was made to the extent of 4,753 persons, namely, practically the whole of the personnel employed within the Organization. Consequently, during the month of November 1960 there only remained 128 persons, officials, and employees, divided up as follows:— No. 94 – in the offices of the Olympic organization '' 34 – in the offices of the Olympic Constructions On the 31st December 1960 the above personnel, who were employed in offices for the winding-up of the Organization, were again very much reduced 483

to the extent that, in January 1961, there were only 28 persons still employed. These persons were used for the final phase of the winding-up operations of the Olympic Organization which were, by them, fully underway.

Banking and Treasury Services. In such an event as an Olympiad, which involves an influx of hundreds of thousands of persons from all over the world, all of whom must be guaranteed, accommodation well ahead of time, entrance tickets, currency exchange, custody of valuables and other services in connection with the transfer of funds, in addition to the running of sports and tourist accounts, accounts for participants etc., it was absolutely indispensable to count upon the technical and specialized co-operation of a suitable banking institution which, on account of its importance and prestige, would be able to ensure, through an efficient organization liaison with foreign Banks, proper functioning of banking services and, particularly important, the setting up of special services within the Olympic requirements. It was, therefore, considered opportune to call upon the services of the Banca Nazionale del Lavoro (B.N.L.) which, in May 1958, was nominated Official Treasurer to the Rome Olympic Games. This bank, a Finance Institute of Public Right, has a capital which is almost entirely guaranteed by the State. It administers over 1,700 milliards of lire, both of its own and that of third parties, and has 185 branches and offices in Italy, nine Representative Offices and a Branch abroad. It plays an important role in the development of the country's economy. In the particular sphere of sport, the B.N.L. has given its banking assistance to the C.O.N.I. ever since it was established and, together with C.O.N.I., promoted the setting-up of an Institute for Sports Credit, a public body for the financing of the construction of sports grounds and venues (Law No. 1295 dated December 1957). At its nomination as Official Treasurers to the Rome Olympiad, the Bank became responsible for the following tasks:— – the organising of a banking liaison abroad in order to facilitate the transfer of funds in connection with the sale of tickets and reservation of accommodation; – the setting up of a network of general information on finance and exchange for the various Boards, Associations, and foreign visitors; – the handling of banking service during the period of the Olympiad in favour of foreign and national sports Associations, official foreign Delegations, athletes, visitors, etc.; – the handling of banking services for the Organizing Committee of the Games. The handling of such a complex activity necessitated the planning, well ahead of time, of a series of links and operative organizations which could en484

Office for foreigners of the Banca Nazionale del Lavoro. Assistance to Olympic tourists by the B.N.L.

The Olympic guide edited by the B.N.L.

Pamphlet of the B.N.L. distributed in Italy and abroad.

sure, in detail, the proper functioning of services, bearing in mind their different nature, the brevity of their duration and the concentration in a short period of time of large numbers of visitors. Ever since March 1958, the Bank set up a special office called " B.N.L. Olympic Office " which was entrusted with dealing with the preparatory work, establishing contact either directly or by correspondence with the various foreign and national organizations, activating publicity and information and the studying of all problems connected with the tasks assigned to the Bank. In order to organize the work programme, close and friendly relationships were established between the Bank, the Organizing Committee, public and tourist organizations and other bodies participating in the Rome events. Special priority was given to negotiations with the C.O.R. (Rome Olympic Constructions) in order to ascertain the location and setting up of banking branches in the various Olympic centres.

Liaison abroad. Arrangements were immediately made between the B.N.L. and its banking correspondents in the various countries to establish, in line with the cooperation relationships then in force, suitable liaison to ensure the rapid transfer of funds in connection with the booking of accommodation, the purchase of entrance tickets and the requirements of foreign sports and tourist organizations. At the same time, a widespread network of contacts was established with the National Olympic Committees of countries throughout the world and with 486

Banking office at the Press Centre.

Banking office at the Monte Antenne camping ground.

Mobile office at the de Coubertin Village.

the leading Tourist Agencies of every nation to co-ordinate, in line with the banking system, the above-mentioned services which were indispensable to participants in the Games. Advantage was taken of these contacts to publicize and encourage the use of travellers' cheques in lire which would facilitate payments and purchases by foreign visitors during their stay in Italy. The contacts thus established were also useful for the purpose of a widespread distribution of the various publications that the Bank produced for the occasion and which outlined the various banking services organized. Particularly appreciated amongst these was a folded map of Rome, edited in five languages, which indicated the location of the banking services and an " Olympic Guide" which reproduced the detailed programme of events and a description of the venues. Herewith is a summary of the distribution of the various publications produced by the Bank:— – Map of Rome in pamphlet form complete with data and illustrations (in 5 languages) – Olympic Guide, booklet of 140 pages (in 5 languages) . . – Pamphlet of Olympic Rome – Wall poster in plastic

350,000 copies 200,000 " 215,000 " 3,000 "

The Bank also purchased and distributed in Italy and abroad 5,000 copies of a publication produced by the Italian Touring Club and the C.O.N.I. named " The Olympic Flame from Greece to Rome " and 12,000 copies of a publication known as " Olympicus". In order to carry out the banking services for the Olympic period, the Bank arranged for the preparation of suitable personnel to be selected for the special tasks involved. These persons were naturally fully experienced in exchange operations, in dealing with the public and had a knowledge of languages (taken as a whole, 11 foreign languages were spoken fluently). The personnel selected underwent practical training by being attached to the Foreign Branch offices of the B.N.L., where experience was obtained, and also by attending a number of informative courses on the Games and on the general organization of the Olympic services. These latter courses were attended by about 120 employees of the Bank and all these were later used in the various offices and services for the Games. Most of the personnel in question were lodged within the Olympic Village so that their continuous presence ensured the adoption of working hours which were most convenient to the requirements of athletes, the public, and the various offices. 488

By agreement with the Organizing Committee, the B.N.L. opened the following branches and offices in Rome and surroundings: 1) Olympic Village Branch; 2) Domus Mariae (Press House) office; 3) Lake Albano office; 4) Camping ground at E.U.R.; 5) Monte Antenne camping ground; 6) Mobile office at De Coubertin Village; 7) at the Palazzo dei Congressi. In addition to the above, the Bank set up a mobile agency and a Delegations' Accounts Office. Insofar as the yachting events in the Bay of Naples were concerned, two branches were opened; one in the Canottieri Napoli Club and another in the Press Club. Table No. 5 shows the distribution of personnel attached to the various branches and services. TABLE NO. 5.

PERSONNEL ATTACHED TO THE BANKING SERVICES

OFFICES AND VARIOUS SERVICES

OFFICIALS

EMPLOYEES

1. – Olympic Village Agency

4

7

2. – Delegation Accounts Office

1

7

3. – Domus Mariae

2

4

4. – Lake Albano

–

INTERPRETERS

EMPLOYEECASHIERS

–

–

28

2

10

2

2

14

1

1

2

– 4

TOTAL

5

2

10 –

SUNDRY

5. – E.U.R. Camping

1

–

3

2

2

8

6. – Monte Antenne Camping

1

–

3

2

2

8

2

5

7. – Palazzo dei Congressi

–

–

1

2

8. – De Coubertin Village Office

–

–

1

1

3

3

3

3

2 2

4

3

9. – Naples Office – Circolo Canottieri 10. – Naples Office – Press Club

2 2

11. – Mobile Agency

1

12. – Various services (movement and accounting of tickets, payment of salaries to personnel)

1

4

15

28

TOTAL

–

– 32

– 19

–

2 5

15

5

15

–

8

–

5

26

120

The activity of this organization was twofold. It attended to the various requirements of the Organizing Committee (as well as the various institutions, delegations, and organization involved in the Olympiad) and it also had to satisfy the requirements of visitors, both participants in the Games and spectators. 489

Offices of the Accounting Centre of the B.N.L.

490

In connection with " domestic" tasks, provisions were made for a) a " ticket service " whereby the Bank provided ample assistance in the organization and distribution of tickets. Over 10 tons of tickets were held in custody, distributed, and accounted for. For this purpose, the Bank made available vast Safety vaults, offices, and electronic machines situated in its Centre at Piazza Albania where various offices of the Organizing Committee and Italian Tourist Company were also set up; b) a " salary payment service " for temporary employees of the C.O.N.I. and personnel attached to the various services, ticket control, stadia, etc. Payments were effected by this Centre by means of cheques issued mechanically; c) an " Accommodation Payment service " for persons providing accommodation on behalf of the Local Tourist Board; d) a " charges accounting service " for guests in the Olympic Village, which was attended to by the aforesaid Delegations' Accounts Office and which disposed of special accounting machines and technical personnel detached from the Bank. This Office checked the daily numbers of persons present, the amounts owed by each Delegation and, in this respect, prepared statements of account for each delegation. It attended to the accounting and payments through the Agency in the Olympic Village; e) a " cash-desk service " which was attended to by the Agency for all the organizations operating within the Village (WagonLits company for the operation of restaurants, cleaning organizations, postal administration provisioning service, etc.) as well the paying out of salaries and wages to the auxiliary staff of the Village. In order to carry out these tasks, in addition to the staff allocated to the various offices, quite a large number of staff had on occasion to be transferred from the Headquarters of the Bank or from its two main Rome branches to deal with the various requirements as they arose. The particular nature of the work, concentrated within a relatively short space of time but nevertheless intense to the extent that it continued without interruption until late at night, necessitated out-of-the-ordinary measures which involved over 15,000 hours of overtime.

Special Current Account Cheques. In order to facilitate payments made by the Delegations and the various Sports organizations, the Bank produced special cheques for current accounts which it placed at the disposal of all interested parties for the purpose of making use of sums in lire or in foreign currency that had been deposited with the Bank. The more typical cashier services, which were set up in favour of the many visitors and guests of the Village and other centres, consisted principally of exchange operations and the purchase of notes and foreign monies. (Table No. 6). 491

Special series of B.N.L. cheques issued for the Rome Olympiad.

For these services, all the counters of the Bank in Rome (2 Branches and 20 agencies) underwent considerable activity whilst consistent co-operation was also given by other branches of the Bank located in other areas of transit or where events were being held. Other services consisted in the paying out of tourist cheques in lire or other lire cheques issued abroad for the a/c of the B.N.L. or other Italian banks; the negotiation of Travellers' cheques or tourist cheques in foreign currency; the payment of letters of credit and the opening of accounts in lire and in foreign currency, etc. 167 current accounts were opened in the Agency of the Olympic Village. Of these, 36 were in local lire, 76 in lire from abroad, 18 in sterling, 35 in U.S. dollars, 1 in Canadian dollars and 1 in Dm. A further 66 accounts were opened in the Press Centre. In order to simplify cashing in procedure, considering the vast influx of persons expected and in effect so (in the Olympic Village alone there was a total of 148,056 attendances with a daily average of 7,000 persons) and accelerate counter operations, the cashiers at the desks were able to effect the necessary calculations and pay out on the spot. 492

TABLES NO. 6.

NET PRICES PAID FOR THE PURCHASE OF FOREIGN BANK-NOTES COUNTRY

AFGHANISTAN

(Jamaica) ANTILLES (Bahamas) ARGENTINE (small denom.) ARGENTINE (large denom.) ANTILLES

AUSTRALIA AUSTRIA BELGIUM BERMUDA BRAZIL BRITISH GUINEA BULGARIA BURMA CANADA CEYLON CHILE COLOMBIA CUBA CZECHOSLOVAKIA DENMARK DUTCH ANTILLES EGYPT ETHIOPIA FIGI FINLAND FRANCE GERMANY GHANA GREAT BRITAIN GREECE GUATEMALA HOLLAND HONG KONG HUNGARY ICELAND INDIA IRAK IRAN IRELAND ISRAEL

FOREIGN BANK-NOTES

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Afghani Jamaica £ Bahamas £ Peso Peso Australian £ Shilling Belgian franc Bermuda £ Cruzeiro B. W. I. £ Low Kyat Canadian $ Ceylon rupee Escudo Colombia peso Peso Koruny Danish Kroner Guilder Egyptian £ Ethiopian $ Figi £ Markka Nouveau franc Deutsche Mark Ghana £ Sterling Drachma Quetzal Florin Hong Kong $ Forint Kronur Indian rupee Gulf notes Iraq dinar Rial Irish £ Israeli £

AVERAGE PRICE PAID IN LIRE

6.90 1,637.00 1,616.00 7.00 7.35 1,363.00 23.90 12.00 1,616.00 3.10 294.00 25.40 45.00 634.00 84.60 458.00 81.50 97.00 20.90 89.50 290.00 1,254.00 197.00 1,262.00 1.90 124.40 148.00 1,696.00 1,741.00 20.00 567.00 163.00 98.00 9.50 12.00 83.00 124.00 1,546.00 7.00 1,726.00 219.00

493

COUNTRY

JAPAN KENYA LIBERIA LIECHTENSTEIN LUXEMBOURG MALAYA MALTA MEXICO MONACO MOROCCO NEW ZEALAND NIGERIA NORTH BORNEO NORWAY PAKISTAN PANAMA PERU PHILIPPINES POLAND PORTUGAL PUERTO RICO RHODESIA RUMANIA SINGAPORE SOMALIA SOUTH AFRICA SPAIN SUDAN SURINAM SWEDEN SWITZERLAND SYRIA THAILAND TUNISIA TURKEY UGANDA UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

small denomination large denomination U.S.S.R. URUGUAY VENEZUELA

(South) (small denomination) YUGOSLAVIA (large denomination)

VIET-NAM

YUGOSLAVIA

494

FOREIGN BANK-NOTES

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Yen East Africa shilling Liberian $ Swiss franc Luxembourg franc Malay $ Maltese £ Peso Nouveau franc Dirham N.Z. £ B.W.A. £ Malay $ Norwegian kroner Pakistan rupee Balboa Sol Philippine peso Zloty Escudo USA $ Rhodesian £ Leu Malay $ Somalo South African £ Peseta Sudanese £ Surinam guilder Swedish kroner Swiss franc Syrian £ Baht (Tical) Tunisian dinar Turkish lira East Africa shilling

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Dollar Dollar Ruble Uruguay peso Boliva Vietnam Dongo piastre Dinar Dinar

AVERAGE PRICE PAID IN LIRE

1.50 84.00 613.00 143.50 11.60 183.00 1,603.00 42.00 124.00 104.00 1,517.00 1,655.00 148.00 86.00 85.00 472.00 19.00 155.00 5.60 21.50 617.50 1,673.00 25.35 183.00 86.75 1,701.00 10.15 1,335.00 225.00 119.30 143.50 154.00 25.30 1,200.00 48.00 84.00 616.50 619.50 11.00 50.00 178.00 3.80 0.50 0.55

Amongst the subsidiary services connected with the activity of the cash counters foreseen for the Games, such as the cashing of accommodation charges, telephone and teleprinter subscriptions from the Press centres, ticket vouchers for the restaurants, etc. it is interesting to draw attention to the first experiment of a special service in the Olympic Village in respect of " custody bags " which were prepared by the Bank and supplied by special tender by an important Italian firm which specializes in armoured equipment. These bags, two thousand in number, were placed at the disposal of athletes, whilst delegations could make use, for the custody of valuables, of 141 security safes of normal type which were kept in 8 large safes by the Agency of the Village. Each bag distinguished by a number which was also stamped on the tag with corresponding key, had a zip-fastener appropriately protected and was held in custody in armoured cupboards in special premises which were suitably protected. Of the 2,000 bags, about 1,600 were used and of the 141 security safes, use was made of 98.

The Mobile Agency. Another initiative is also worthy of mention on account of its efficiency and usefulness which was throughly appreciated by all tourists and by the Organizing Committee which made great use of it. This was the Mobile Banking Agency which was organized by the Banca Nazionale del Lavoro on a specially constructed vehicle and which operated continuously throughout the whole period of the Games from 8.30 a.m. to midnight. A staff of 7 persons directed by a bank official worked in shifts for this purpose. The motor-bank, which was parked near the stadia, well in sight, avoided for many the trouble of having to go into town or to other banking offices in the sports centres for the purpose of exchange operations. Use was made of this facility by many foreigners and 3,000 operations were negotiated. The motor-bank also proved very useful for the depositing of monies coming in from the sale of tickets at the main sports venues. The responsible party at the ticket offices received instructions to this effect from the Head Office of the Bank to which he was linked by a radio circuit. This also permitted the possibility of depositing sums late at night when evening events were taking place. The banking assistance provided by the Banca Nazionale del Lavoro was particularly useful, not only for the general financial services; but also for the technical organization provided, the efficiency of the service established for the busy days of the Games, and the setting up of mobile and permanent offices, safes and accounting equipment and so on. It was an efficient and elastic organization which enabled rapid and regular operations. These operations involved a total movement of over 2,500 million lire. 495

TICKETS AND CONTROL MEASURES

32.

A lthough the tasks falling to the IX Section were all included under the one item " printing and sale of tickets abroad, in Italy and on the local market ", these were in fact of considerable volume involving the Section in special calculations, forecasts, comparisons, and arrangements. The Section, which was set up in Spring 1958, was at first included in the Administrative Section. At a later date it became autonomous and was entrusted to Dr. Carlo Delia Vida. It should, however, be noted that the Organizing Committee from as far back as 1957 had made special studies of a plan to solve the ticket problem. The Section, in view of the particularly difficult character of the work entrusted to it, set up three work sections, i.e.: – the Technical section, which had the task of preparing tickets and means for their distribution; – the Commercial section for the fixing of prices, and for normal and special sales; – the Propaganda section which was responsible for bringing to the knowledge of the public, rules, formalities, and information on the purchase of tickets. A few months before the beginning of the Games, the Control Section was also set up, this being responsible for a service of checking at the entrances to all sports venues.

The Technical Section. The Section presented its estimates and the plans it had drawn up to a Committee of Experts composed of Messrs. Rastelli, Baglini, Marchesi, Righetti and Delia Vida. In view of the fact that the printing of tickets by an engraving process would have involved approximately one year's work, whilst this time would be reduced to some 5-6 months by a lithographic process and also in view of the possibilities of forgery of the tickets since " no printing technique exists however complex that entirely eliminates the possibility of perfect imitations ", 499

the Committee decided to adopt the least costly and most rapid process, namely, the lithographic process. It also decided to choose as the best defence against forgery a special filigrained paper easily recognizable by its touch and sound. In fact, the paper was manufactured exclusively for the production of the tickets, in sheets weighing about 80 grammes, in a 70 X 100 cm. format. 28 tickets of a 9.5 X 24.5 cm. format were printed on each sheet. On the reverse side the tickets were illustrated with two-colour artistic Roman motifs, by the painter Corrado Mancioli, while on the front side were engraved and printed indications. A competition was held to decide who was to supply the tickets, the most well-known firms specialized in this branch being invited to participate. After careful consideration of the estimates presented, the Committee, composed of Messrs. Giuseppe Botti, Carlo Delia Vida and Tommaso Folinea, decided to entrust the supply of tickets to the firm of " Salomone " of Rome, whose offer was more favourable in price. TABLE NO. 1.

DESIGNS OF TICKETS EVENT

TYPE

DESIGN

A

Opening Ceremony

Rome Capitol

B

Closing Ceremony

Trevi Fountain

C

Sports Exhibition

Mosaic of Piazza Armerina

D

Athletics

Olympic Stadium – Arch of Constantine

D

Rowing and Canoeing

Lake Albano

D

Basketball and Weight-lifting

Palazzetto and Palazzo dello Sport

D

Boxing

Palazzo dello Sport

D

Cycling

Velodrome – Grottarossa Circuit

D

Equestrian Sports

Piazza di Siena – Olympic Stadium – Pratoni del Vivaro

D

Fencing

Palazzo dei Congressi

D

Football

Flaminio Stadium

D

Gymnastics

Baths of Caracalla

D

Hockey

Stadio dei Marmi – Velodrome

D

Wrestling

Basilica of Maxentius

D

Swimming and Waterpolo

Swimming Stadium

D

Modern Pentathlon

D

Shooting

Five Olympic rings containing the distinguishing designs of the five sports Lazio Shooting Stand

D

Yachting

Bay of Naples

500

The sale of entrance tickets throughout Italy started in January 1960. In the premises of the Italian Tourist Company, sole concessionnaire in Italy, the public was enabled to consult pre-prepared plans in order to choose the most suitable places in accordance with the tickets required.

There were four types of tickets whose main characteristics in general were the same but varying in design, namely: (a) Opening Ceremony – reproduction of the statue of Emperor Marcus Aurelius with a background of the Capitoline tower; (b) Closing Ceremony – reproduction of the Trevi Fountain; (c) Historical and Artistic Exhibition of Sport – reproduction of the " Young female gymnasts " from an ancient mosaic of Piazza Armerina; (d) For all competitions – reproduction of the Capitol seen through the columns of the Roman Forum. The tickets varied in colour for each sport (17 different colours) and varied in design for each venue (18 venues). Each sport also had a distinguishing design. (Table No. 1). The tickets were marked with coloured stripes varying in accordance with the necessary differentiation of the individual classification of seats in each competition venue. All tickets were marked to indicate the progressive numbering system, the venue, the entrance, place, date, and hour of commencement of each event; in addition they bore the letters " M ", " P " or " S " to indicate " morning ", " afternoon " and " evening " and the price of the ticket. On the back, besides the progressive number being repeated, a small plan of the competition venue with indication of the various sectors was included, thus allowing the ticket holder to find his place more easily, and the official stamp of the Italian Association of Authors and Publishers. The Firm of Salomone delivered the tickets in blocks consisting of 50 units each. Each block was marked outside with the progressive number, price and sport, thus facilitating the various dispatch operations when the time came.

The Commercial Section. In November 1958 a summarized table of prices was drawn up, this being based on the following fundamental concepts: (1) to render accessible to all social classes in Italy and abroad the purchase of a number of tickets at a fair price, especially in the case of the more popular sports; (2) to allow the Organization to realise a total intake sufficient to cover at least in part the vast cost of the preparation of the Games; (3) to establish a limitation in the sections of the best seats in order not to deny space and satisfaction to the lower-priced categories; (4) to avoid eventual speculation which would be to the detriment of both organizers and purchasers. In order to establish the price of tickets, studies were made of the prices ruling in the preceding Olympic Games of London, Helsinki, and Melbourne. A comparison of the average thus obtained showed that the prices established for Rome were approximately equal to those ruling at Helsinki with differences 502

never exceeding 25 % more or less. It should, however, be remembered that in the case of Rome the price of tickets included a fiscal tax (this amounted to 25 % for tickets over 1,200 lire in price) which was not applicable in the case of the Helsinki Games. The Section also examined the convenience of producing season tickets which gave admission to all sports events but it was decided not to issue such tickets in the high-price category (even if this meant a reduction in price over the total price of single tickets). Moreover, since a season ticket made eventual exchanges difficult, it was considered that such a ticket would imply a sense of compulsion or might prove a loss to the holder. For certain sports arrangements were made for a " series of tickets", namely a booklet containing all tickets, or part of them, required to follow the various phases of a given sport. The price of the series was equivalent to that of the total cost of single tickets for each phase. The advantage offered to the purchaser of " series " was the right of priority of purchase over the single tickets. " Series " were not available in the case of all sports, but only for those where such an arrangement was considered worthwile, e.g. athletics, boxing, etc. In the case of tournaments, " series " were available for the final phases only. In general, these " series " were made up in accordance with eminently practical and commercial criteria. The Section also examined the possibility of effecting a numer of reductions in price for certain categories of spectators, but the suggestion was definitively rejected on account of the considerable inconvenience, from both a material and morale point of view, that would have been caused. It is likely that this very inconvenience was faced in preceding Games as an examination of published data showed that not in any single case was there ever a sign of tickets being sold at reduced prices.

The Distribution Section. The plan studied for the distribution, reservation, and sale of tickets was based on the experience of preceding Olympic Games as well as on general concepts and particular requirements of the 1960 Games. It was, therefore, decided to adopt the principle of a first subdivision of the mass of tickets between foreign countries and Italy on an equal 50 % basis. The quantity for Italy was in its turn subdivided into 2/5 for Rome and 3/5 for the rest of the country. Sales for Italy were entrusted exclusively to the Italian Tourist Company (C. I. T.) which was represented in all provincial centres by its branches and correspondent agencies. For the distribution and sale of tickets abroad recourse was had to the collaboration of accredited Tourist Agencies (See chapter on " Secretariat and

503

The tickets, divided up per sport, were kept in large shelves in the safety vault commonly known as the " cave " of the Banca Nazionale del Lavoro.

Members of the Banca Nazionale del Lavoro attending to the checking of the blocks of tickets, dividing them up in accordance with the competitions and the seat category.

General Affairs "), which were responsible for recording reservations on special forms provided by the Organizing Committee. The Accredited Agencies responsible for the reservations and movement and sale of tickets were the following:— 1.

-

AFGHANISTAN

16.

- CEYLON

J. Keller – Shahar-e-nou, Kabul. 2.

- ANTILLES

Martin's Travel Service – Harbour at East Streets, P. 0. Box 226, Kingston. 3.

- ARGENTINE

Delfino – Turismo S. R. L. – Florida, 439, Buenos Aires. 4.

- AUSTRALIA

Thomas Cook and Son (Australasia) Pty. Ltd. – Mr. J. Tyerman, Traffic Manager, 159-161 Collins Street, Melbourne. 5.

- AUSTRIA

Osterreichisches Verkehrsbüro – Friedichstrasse, 7, Wien 1. 6.

Thomas Cook & Son – P. 0. Box n. 36, Colombo 1.

-

BAHAMAS

17.

- CHILE

Litvak & C. – Bandera 191, Santiago. 18. -

19.

- COLOMBIA

Allen & Mary Lowrie – Apartado Aereo 1036, Bogotà. 20.

- COSTA RICA

Centro America Travel Agency – 14 Apartado E-Calle 7 n. 46, San José. 21.

- CUBA

Bona & C. – O'Reilly 208 – P. 0. B. 2590, Havana.

Playtours – P. 0. Box 1061, Nassau. 7.

-

BARBADOES

H. B. Niblock & Co. Travel Agency Bridgetown. 8.

- BELGIUM

Agence des Wagons-Lits Cook -17, Place de Brouckére, Bruxelles. 9.

- BERMUDA

22.

- BOLIVIA

23.

- BRAZIL

Exprinter S. A. – Avenida Rio Bronco 57-A, Rio de Janeiro. 12.

- BRITISH GUINEA

British Guyana Tourist Comm. – P. 0. Box 255, Georgetown. 13.

-

24.

14.

25.

15.

- CANADA

American Express Company – 1200, Peel Street, Montreal.

DENMARK

- DOMINICAN REPUBLIC

Southerlands Tours – Embajador Intercontinental Hotel – Ciudad Trujillo. 26.

- DUTCH

ANTILLES

S. E. L. Maduro & Sons Inc. – Shipping Department, Willemstad, Curaçao, N. A. 27.

- EASTERN GERMANY

Staatliches Reisebüro der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik (DDR) – Universitätsstrasse 3/A, Berlin N. W. 7. 28.

- ECUADOR

Metropolitan Touring – Apartado n. 2542, Quito.

- BURMA

Airways Agencies – N. 549, Merchant Street, Rangoon (Burma).

-

Danmarks Rejsebureau Forening – P. 0. Box 117, Copenaghen.

BULGARIA

Balkantouriste – Place Lénine, Sofia.

- CZECHOSLOVAKIA

C. E. D. O. K. – Na Prikopy, 18, Praga 3.

Agencia de Viajes « Exprinter » – Avenida Camacho, La Paz. 11.

- CYPRUS

A. L. Mantovani & Sons Ltd. – Post Box n. 327, Nicosia.

Harnett-Richardson – 26, Front Street, Hamilton. 10.

(Formosa) Far Eastern Travel Service – 36, Hwaining Street 1, Taipei, Taiwan (Formosa).

CHINA

29.

- EGYPT

Misr Travel and Shipping (S. A. E.) Sharia Soliman Pasha, P. 0. Box 1000, Cairo.

505

30. -

EL SALVADOR

El Salvador Travel Service – Edificio Palomo, San Salvador C. A. 31. -

World Sport & Travel Service Ltd. 198, Sloane Street, London S. W. 1. (for the Priority sale to members of Governing Bodies of Sport).

HAITI

Magic Island Tour – Rue de Centre, P. 0. Box 957, Port-au-Prince. 40. -

HONDURAS

Copantours – Av. Cervantes, P. 0. Box 436, Tegucigalpa. 41. -

HONG KONG

Thos Cook & Son – Queen's Bldg, B. C. C., Hong Kong. 42. -

HUNGARY

IBUSZ – V. Felszabadulás tér 5, Budapest.

506

47. - IRAN

Teheran Travel Agency Co. Ltd. – Ferdowsi Square, Teheran. 48. - IRELAND

The Irish Travel Agency Ltd. – 8, D'Olier Street, Dublin. 49. - ISRAEL

Peltours Ltd. – 28, Achad Ha'am St., Tel Aviv. 50. - ITALY

Compagnia Italiana Turismo – Piazza della Repubblica, 68, Roma. 51. - JAPAN

Japan Travel Bureau, Mr. Masanobu Hata Manager – Overseas Travel Department -1-1 Chome Marunouchi, Tokio. 52. - JUGOSLAVIA

« Udruzenje preduzeca za saobracaj putnika i turista FNRJ » – Majke Jevrosime ul. 47, POB 867, Beograd.

GUATEMALA

Agencia S. H. LIANG – P. 0. Box n. 455, Guatemala City C. A. 39. -

Universal Travel Bureau – Rashid Street, Sinak, opposite Sindbad Hotel – P. 0. Box n. 265, Baghdad.

GREECE

Agence « Hermés en Grèce » – 4, rue Stadium, Athenes. 38. -

46. - IRAK

GREAT BRITAIN

The Association of British Travel Agents - 10, Mayfair Place, London W. 1. (for sale of tickets to the General Public).

37. -

« Nitours » – Int. Tour. Off. – Djl. Madjapit 2, Djakarta.

GHANA

Travel Services Ltd. – P. 0. Box 401, Accra. 36. -

45. - INDONESIA

FRANCE

Wagons-Lits Cook – 40, rue de l'Arcade Paris (8éme). 35. -

Mercury Travels (India) Private Ltd. Head Office Grand Hotel – P. 0. Box n. 925, Calcutta.

FINLAND

Travel Bureau Association of Finland, c/o Aerea Travel Agency Ltd. – P. Esplanadikatu, 2, Helsinki. 34. -

44. - INDIA

FIGI ISLANDS

Harvey Hunt – Hunts Travel Service, Suva, 33. -

Iceland Tourist Bureau – Reykjavik.

ETHIOPIA

Ethiopian Travel & Tourist Agency Haile Selassie Star Square, P. 0. Box 1136, Addis Abeba. 32. -

43. - ICELAND

53. -

KENYA

Raymond Travel Service Ltd. – P. 0. Box 6, Nairobi. 54. - KOREA

Korea Tourist Bureau – Bando Building Seoul. 55. - KUWAIT

Kuwait National Travel Association Shaikh Fahad Street, P. 0. Box 757, Kuwait. 56. - LEBANON

Navital – Graoui Building, Rue de Parlement, Beyrouth.

57.

-

72.

LIBYA

Falzon Brothers – Giaddat Istiklal n. 36, Tripoli. 58.

-

-

60.

-

-

MEXICO

74.

-

- MONACO

Wagons-Lits Cook – Avenue de Spelugues, Monte Carlo. 64.

-

MOROCCO

Agence Maritime Orlando – 55, Boulevard de Marseille, Casablanca. 65.

-

75.

-

66.

- NEW

76.

– POLAND

Office for the Organization of Sports Events and Tours «Sports-Tourists» 4, Frascati, Werszawa 18. 77.

- PORTO RICO

Bird Tours – c/o Representaciones Comerciales Internacionales S/A Recinsa, Edificio Espana, 8-2, Madrid.

67.

-

-

-

79.

-

80.

-

81.

-

-

NORWAY

82.

-

-

PAKISTAN

Globe Travel Service – 4, Bandukivala Building Mc Leod Road, Karachi 2.

SOMALIA

Camera di Commercio, Industria e Agricoltura della Somalia, Sezione Fiere e Turismo – Casella Postale 27, Mogadiscio. 83.

– SOUTH AFRICA

Weightman's Travel Bureau – P. 0. Box 859, Johannesburg. 84.

- SOUTH-WEST AFRICA

World Travel Services – P. 0. Box 775, Windhoek.

Den Norske Reisebyraforering – Post Box 781, Oslo. 71.

SINGAPORE

Everett Travel Service – 11, Collyer Quay, P. 0. Box 2700, Singapore.

Harrisons & Crosfield (Borneo) Ltd. Labuan. 70.

ROUMANIA

Office National de Tourisme Carpati Boîte Postale n. 40, Bucarest.

NIGERIA

- NORTH BORNEO

RHODESIA

Mann George & Co. (CA) (PTV) Ltd. 58, Speke Avenue, P. 0. Box 429, Salisbury.

West African Travel Agency Company 4/9 Victoria Street, Lagos. 69.

PORTUGAL

Casa Atlantica de Viagens, Lda. – rua Capelo, 4/A, Lisbona.

NICARAGUA

Agencia de Viajes Y Carga Aerea Arturo Cuadra G. – 15 de Sept. Y 2a Av. S. E.. Managua. 68.

78.

ZEALAND

Union Line – P. 0. Box 1799, Wellington.

PHILIPPINES

World Wide Travel Service – Manila Hotel, Manila.

NETHERLANDS

Travel Agency Lissone-Lindeman N. V. - 22, Groenmarkt, The Hague.

PERU

Wagons-Lits Cook – Unión, 801, Lima.

Travel S. A. – Insurgentes Sur n. 102, Mexico D. F. 63.

PARAGUAY

Compartur- Juan O'Leary, 141, Asuncion.

MALTA

Malta Tours Ltd. – 53, St. Lucia Street, Valletta. 62.

-

- MALACCA

Mansfield & Co. Ltd. – Loke Yew Building – Kuala Lumpur 61.

73.

LUXEMBOURG

Bureau de Voyages Weitzel – 59, bd. Royal, Luxembourg.

PANAMA

Boyd Bros – P. 0. Box 805, Panama.

LIECHTENSTEIN

Quich Tourist Office – Vaduz. 59.

-

85.

-

SPAIN

Agencia de Viajes, «Wagons-Lits Cook» Calle de Alcala, 23, Madrid.

507

86.

- SUDAN

Trucco G. and Co. Ltd – P. 0. Box 243, Khartoum. 87.

89.

-

SYRIA

Voyages Omayad – Hotel Omayad, Damascus. 90.

- TANGANYIKA

95. - UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

American Express Company – 65, Broadway, New York 6, N. Y. 96. - URUGUAY

«Asociacion Uruguaya de Agencias de Viajes Internacionales » (A.U.D.A.V.I.) - Calle Sarandì n. 699, Montevideo. 97. - U. S. S. R. «Intourist» – Ul. Gorky, 1, Moscow 9. 98. - VENEZUELA

Club de Turismo Venezolano – Conde a Carmelitas n. 4, Edificio Venezuela, Caracas.

J. W. Kearsley (E. A.), Ltd. – P. 0. Box n. 801, Dar-es-Salaam. 91.

- THAILAND

99. - VIET NAM

Vietnam Travel Agency – 7, Bên Chouong Douong, Saigon.

World Travel Service Ltd. – 1199 Charoen Krung Road, Bangkok. 92.

- TUNISIA

Agence de Voyages Wagons-Lits Cook - 65, Av. Habib Bourguiba, Tunis.

Turk Turism – Mesrutiyet Avenue, Istanbul. Equatorial Agencies Limited – P. 0. Box 2202, Kampala.

- SWITZERLAND

Fédération Suisse des Agences de Voyages – Place St.-François 16, Lausanne.

- TURKEY

94. - UGANDA

- SWEDEN

Svenska Resebyraföreningen – Post Box 160. 36, Stockholm 16. 88.

93.

100.

- WESTERN GERMANY

« D. E. R. » Deutsches Reisebüro G. m. b. H. – Mainzer Landstr. 42, Frankfurt/ Main 9.

Distribution and booking of tickets. The accredited Agencies enjoyed the monopoly of the sale of tickets for the territory of their competence. The quantities of tickets were calculated on the basis of prudent and limited estimates and were integrated or diminished according to the effective number of reservations. The reservations were considered valid and definitive and engaged the Organization to dispatch corresponding tickets only when the sums equivalent to the value of the tickets reserved were fully deposited with the Banca Nazionale del Lavoro, which acted as Treasurer of the Organization. The Agencies were authorised to increase the price of tickets by 5 % in order to cover their distribution costs. In order to favour sports enthusiasts from all over the world, it was decided to grant National Olympic Committees the right of priority on reservations, for a limited period of three months, and only for tickets corresponding to effectively reserved lodgings. Right of precedence was also granted to Members of the Italian Olympic Committee, to Presidents and Secretaries of International Sports Federations, personalities of the sports and political world, non-accredited journalists, and to Organizations of international standing in the sports or touristic fields. 508

For Italy also a right of precedence was established for citizens of outstanding merit in the sports field, namely: Members of the National Council of the C.O.N.I., Members of Federal Boards of Managers, Italian " blues", Italian amateur champions, eminent referees, presidents of sports associations, etc. Preferential reservations were also granted to diplomatic representatives of participating nations accredited to the Italian Republic. Three factors were taken into consideration in the assignment of tickets to each nation: their numerical participation in past Olympic Games and their estimated participation in the Rome Games; the numerical strength of the population and the normal tourist movement; the requests for tickets already received by the Organizing Committee. The accredited tourist Agencies, after the tickets assigned to them for each sport had been exhausted, could apply for more and obtain these if available. On the other hand the Organizing Committee reserved the power of decreasing the first assignment to such Agencies which, judging from the rate of reservations being made, would seem to have been assigned a number of tickets in excess of their requirements.

The armoured door leading into the "cave".

Accurate operations for the despatch of tickets.

509

Reservation of tickets ended on 31st December 1959. After that date, all assignments of tickets were considered as no longer valid and the remainder were automatically returned and placed at the disposal of the Organizing Committee. From that time on began the free sale of the remaining tickets and of tickets which were not reservable. In the first two months of 1960, the Agencies received the tickets they had reserved and paid for and made arrangements for their distribution. Never before in preceding Olympic Games had requests for tickets been made so much in advance and in such great numbers. The prices of all tickets were fixed by the Organizing Committee in an attempt to satisfy, in the best way possible, requests received from sports enthusiasts all the world over; in 70 % of the cases, these prices were decidedly popular. For the first time in the history of the Olympic Games the tickets were all codified, which permitted the use of a mechanographic process and assured the constant control of tickets sold and paid for. In this way it was possible to ensure the regular flow of tickets to all the countries of the world. For greater clarity, we consider it opportune to record the operations which were carried out in three stages: 1) reservation all the world over through the accredited Agencies; 2) purchase of tickets from the agencies of the C.I.T.; 3) direct acquisition of tickets from box-offices. In an attempt to meet special requirements, an office for the sale of tickets within the Organizing Committee was also in operation.

Sales Abroad. As far as the first stage was concerned (reservation throughout the world), the execution of each task was carefully carried through, in accordance with the pre-prepared scheme. In fact, individual reservation forms and recapitulatory forms were sent to all accredited Agencies. The individual forms were used for bookings made by Olympic tourists, whilst the recapitulatory forms were duly filled in with the data requested and then sent back to the Section which day by day posted special booking lists. At the time of dispatch of the booking forms to Agencies, the lists were marked with the quantity of forms themselves, the date of dispatch, and the assignment of tickets or series of tickets previously established. Naturally the tickets were carefully divided up according to sport, venue, class of place, and day. The Agencies each appointed a Bank which was charged with the task of collecting the sum in respect of tickets sold and of sending remittances direct to the Banca Nazionale del Lavoro. The Agencies effected bookings only when payment of the whole sum had been made, thus guaranteeing the Organizing Committee against any irregul510

arity. In spite of this, in certain countries the system did not work smoothly, partly on account of the obvious attempt at speculation and in part on account of the laxity on the part of the agents. However, in all fairness, it should be remembered that the Section was not always able to furnish the Agencies with the location of seats in each stadium. In fact, the Section only received the plans of certain of the stadia, marked with the numbers of the seats available in the various sectors, after considerable delay. However, this was the inevitable consequence of the modifications and adaptations of venues in the sectors destined to the public, journalists, and authorities. In the spring of 1959, 50,000 copies of the booklet entitled " How to buy tickets ", edited in three languages, were distributed. This booklet contained all the essential instructions for booking tickets and listed the tickets divided up per sport and class, each with their respective code number.

Sales in Italy. Similarly to the ruling made for the sale of tickets abroad, where for each country one single Agency acted on a monopolistic basis, sales in Italy were entrusted exclusively to the Italian Tourist Company which was represented in each provincial centre by its branch offices or corresponding agencies. Booking in Italy took place, in a first stage, on a quantity of tickets equivalent to 50 % of the total available. Quantities and percentages could of course be varied to a greater or lesser extent both in respect of internal relations (Rome-Italy) and external relations (Italy-countries abroad) according to the requirements and the course of sales. Booking in Italy commenced before the closing down of sales abroad. This permitted, when necessary, the transfer from Italy of tickets which were not in demand locally in replacement of tickets for certain sports returned from abroad because of not being required. Sales were planned with the collaboration of the Banca Nazionale del Lavoro which offered an entire floor of the Bank in Piazza Albania to meet the requirements of the various operations. More particularly, the Bank equipped a vast reception room with tables, cupboard-safes, and calculating machines. The third and final phase of selling took place with the commencement of the Games and with the opening of booking-offices set up at the individual sports venues. From the 24th August onwards, whilst the C.I.T. continued with the sale of tickets for all future events, each day preceding that chosen for the events scheduled, special agents made arrangements to draw out the remaining tickets held by the Bank – with the exception of a certain number declared unsaleable for special reasons – and handed them over to the chief cashier of the box-office Service, who was responsible for the sale at the sports venues themselves. 511

Specimen of invitation ticket used during the Rome Games (240 types).

Two variations occurred in the sports programmes originally envisaged: the semi-finals of the football tournament, which took place at Naples instead of at Rome and the weight-lifting events whose time-table was changed. In both cases arrangements were made in good time for the refunding or the changing of tickets already purchased. The system of sale adopted both in Italy and abroad proved very sucessful and no outstanding difficulties were encountered. In no way did it give rise, as had been feared, to black market dealings, except in a few sporadic cases of secondary importance which occurred on the occasion of the swimming events. For the performance of operations in connection with sale of tickets at the box-offices set up in Rome, 133 cashiers were employed. Finally, insofar as the issue of staff entrance tickets was concerned (for the services of order, technical and management services), the Organizing Committee, in agreement with those Organizations directly concerned, after examination of the various titles of each, distributed 139,834 tickets for the various categories. (Table No. 2). 512

TABLE NO. 2.

SERVICE TICKETS

RECIPIENTS

Police

PUBLIC ORDER

TECHNICAL SERVICES

VENUES MANAGEMENT

18,278

Police Flying Squad

410

Traffic Police

150

Military Police

12,891

Tax officials

16,876

Telecommunications personnel

3,850 3,645

Announcers

3,400

Physical Education cadets

2,495

Doctors

2,910

Cabin operators

2,185

Indicator operators

10,457

Olympic Film personnel

3,643

I.N.C.O.M. Film news personnel

7,582

Guide-interpreters

6,315

Ushers

13,113

Employees

4,805

Workmen

3,600

Technicians Programme sellers

4,249

Sundry services personnel

18,980 48,605

68,000

23,229

TOTAL SERVICE TICKETS

139,834

Control Service. For the organization and functioning of an adequate control service, the Section carried out a series of reconnaissances of the various venues and, later, on the basis of all useful technical elements obtained with the collaboration of the various offices concerned, drew up a rational work plan. The routes of road-cycling and circuit events were examined and the road networks adjacent to sports venues were inspected. Finally, examination 513 33.

was made of the possibility of closing off areas in the immediate vicinity of venues and setting up " check points and routing points ". An adequate number of motor vehicles were placed at disposal, thus enabling the staff on duty to reach the control points and the entrances to venues in good time. It should be remembered that the same means of transport were left at the disposal of the same personnel which at certain times in the day's programme were also on duty in other competition venues. Normally persons in charge of control arrangements were transported by six motor coaches with a capacity of 60 places each, to each competition zone, i.e. to E.U.R., to Foro Italico, and to Pratoni del Vivaro. At the engagement of staff intended for the control service, the Section informed them of the general and special rules with which the personnel should comply, and at the same time assigned them with qualifications, place, day and shifts of work. Special stress was laid on the importance of general good appearance (neat uniform, polished shoes, etc.) of all staff who were furnished with a uniform and an official service badge with progressive number. Special directors and inspectors were entrusted with the task of checking up and reminding personnel of disciplinary rules, services and tasks to be carried out, the operation of the various venues and the carrying out of events. In this way the control personnel were always in a position of being able to furnish any explanations required. The control personnel were subdivided into four categories, corresponding to the various tasks: inspectors, controllers, gatekeepers, and usherettes. The first were responsible for watching over set zones, entrances, walls, and barriers, thus guarding against abuses and intervening in special situations which they considered might give rise to incidents. Controllers were chosen from those elements most fitted to speak one or more foreign languages, these being employed in zones overlooking the entrances, with in addition the task of giving timely assistance to persons, specially TABLE NO. 3.

CONTROL PERSONNEL OLYMPIC VENUES

INSPECTORS

CONTROLLERS

USHERS

USHERETTES

CASHIERS

TOTAL

North Olympic Zone I

21

99

757

354

1,231

South Olympic Zone II

17

75

330

72

494

2

14

45

Pratoni del Vivaro, etc. Zone III.

61 133

Used in the 3 zones TOTAL

514

40

188

1,132

426

133

1,919

foreigners, obviously in difficulties. The task of the gatekeepers was to check on the validity of the tickets (comparing these with a " sample " list displayed at their place of work) and to collect the counterfoil portion of tickets which were then inserted in special drawers. Lastly, the usherettes, chosen with extreme care, were employed to help the spectators and to point out and show spectators to their seats. (Tables Nos. 3 and 4). TABLE NO. 4.

ATTENDANCES AND SHIFTS OF PERSONNEL

COMPETITION VENUES

CONTROLLERS NO. 188

INSPECTORS NO. 40

USHERETTES NO. 426

USHERS NO. 1,132

TOTAL

attendattendattendattendshifts shifts ances shifts ances shifts ances ances

TOTAL

TOTAL

persons attend1,786 ances

shifts

Olympic Stadium

13

175

40

591

334

4,380

136

3,600

523

8,746

Flaminio Stadium

8

45

40

270

265

2,043

120

920

433

3,278

Swimming Stadium

7

84

19

312

134

2,530

60

1,134

220

4,060

Piazza di Siena

5

25

30

150

227

1,135

100

500

362

1,810

Palazzetto dello Sport

3

44

12

264

70

1,226

14

308

99

1,842

Lazio Shooting Range

1

1

11

2

8

16

10

19

101

292

13

78

4

24

Stadio dei Marmi

4

4

9

24

84

240

Umberto I Shooting Range

1

1

2

7

10

70

Palazzo dello Sport

4

84

56

1,058

174

3,482

68

1,290

302

5,914

Velodrome

4

51

21

349

147

1,627

87

476

259

2,503

246

71

2,664

Palazzo dei Congressi

5

114

10

384

50

1,920

6

Basilica of Maxentius

3

50

9

152

58

816

4

72

74

1,090

Baths of Caracalla

4

32

16

110

68

500

39

236

127

878

Rose Swimming Pool

1

5

7

53

32

235

2

13

42

306

16

180

21

228

47

304

40

40

197

392

66

767

197

392 44

Tre Fontane Venues

1

6

4

42

I.O.C. Session and Congresses

2

2

5

30

40

272

Passo Corese

1

1

7

7

24

24

E.U.R. Cycling Circuit

2

2

39

78

156

312

Lake Albano

2

28

13

142

44

575

Grottarossa Cycling Circuit

2

2

34

68

161

322

Acquasanta Golf Club

2

2

5

5

10

10

Cesano Shooting Range

1

1

2

4

10

20

Pratoni del Vivaro

2

16

13

104

44

Marathon

5

5

24

24

120

TOTAL

8

8

7

22

27

27

44 13

25

342

6

48

65

510

120

4

4

153

153

Controllers

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -1,786

Cashiers

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -133

Attendances

- - - 83 - - - - - - - - 428 - - - - - - - - 2,286 - - - - - - - - 692 - - - - - - - - 3,479

Shifts

- - - - - 780 - - - - - - - 4,230 - - - - - - - 22,397 - - - - - - - 8,928 - - - - - - - - - - - 36,335

515

The Tickets Sold. We feel it particularly useful to show, in Table No. 5, a summary of the tickets sold and sub-divided per event; in Table No. 6, a summary of tickets sold sub-divided per nation and, lastly, in Table No. 7, the quantities of tickets, classified into code numbers, printed and sold with the respective partial cash intake and total cash intake (including taxes). TABLE NO. 5.

TICKETS SOLD SUBDIVIDED PER EVENT TOTAL CASH INTAKE

EVENT

TICKETS SOLD

(including tax) Lire

57,382

170,014,000

Athletics

448,338

1,126,496,200

Football

252,759

289,510,500

5,366

7,306,100

Rowing

18,434

25,945,500

Cycling

31,022

42,521,100

Gymnastics

44,443

39,872,500

Hockey

23,604

18,441,500

Wrestling

26,729

35,825,500

181,432

321,669,000

76,310

112,994,000

3,765

4,245,000

Boxing

83,529

127,114,000

Fencing

20,939

25,459,000

8,008

9,808,000

64,465

119,791,900

Shooting

3,718

3,891,500

Yachting

3,233

4,433,500

54,599

166,603,000

1,408,075

2,651,941,800

Training

12,430

2,506,000

Sport Exhibition

15,586

4,675,800

1,436,091

2,659,123,600

Opening Ceremony

Canoeing

Swimming and Waterpolo Basketball Modern Pentathlon

Weight-lifting Equestrian Sports

Closing Ceremony TOTAL

GENERAL TOTAL

516

TABLE NO. 6.

TICKETS SOLD SUBDIVIDED PER NATION NATION

SERIAL NO.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38

ANTILLES ARGENTINE AUSTRALIA AUSTRIA BAHAMAS BELGIUM BERMUDA BRAZIL BRITISH

GUIANA

BULGARIA BURMA CANADA CEYLON CHINA

(Formosa)

CYPRUS CZECHOSLOVAKIA DAKAR DENMARK DUTCH

ANTILLES

ETHIOPIA FIGI FINLAND FRANCE GERMANY – EAST GERMANY – WEST GHANA GREAT

BRITAIN

GREECE HAITI HONG KONG HUNGARY ICELAND INDIA IRAN IRELAND ISRAEL ITALY JAPAN

TICKETS SOLD

356 564 24,711 5,381 153 3,141 1,022 882 106 1,500 118 3,775 317 46 1,320 3,955 126 8,771 174 178 38 8,668 69,662 10,213 153,369 101 96,787 5,179 79 162 4,880 3,450 296 1,831 2,802 3,249 823,286 3,482

CASH INTAKE

Lire

1,272,000 1,331,600 69,076,300 9,425,600 410,500 7,868,200 2,104,500 2,395,500 278,000 1,137,000 459,500 8,864,300 662,800 46,000 3,709,500 4,828,200 438,000 16,846,900 584,000 559,500 134,000 19,103,800 116,908,200 22,122,300 278,291,500 209,000 177,412,800 11,798,000 240,000 419,500 11,005,000 5,908,800 743,500 3,454,600 7,489,400 5,578,300 1,336,321,300 9,913,000

517

NATION

SERIAL NO.

39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77

JUGOSLAVIA KENYA KOREA KUWAIT LEBANON LIBYA LIECHTENSTEIN LUXEMBOURG MALACCA MALTA MOROCCO NETHERLANDS NEW ZEALAND NIGERIA NORTH BORNEO NORWAY PAKISTAN PANAMA PHILIPPINES POLAND PORTO RICO PORTUGAL RHODESIA ROUMANIA SINGAPORE SOMALIA SOUTH AFRICA SOUTH-WEST AFRICA SPAIN SUDAN SWEDEN SWITZERLAND TANGANYIKA TUNISIA UGANDA UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

U.S.S.R. VENEZUELA VIET-NAM TOTAL

518

TICKETS SOLD

CASH INTAKE

25,289 682 370 293 478 815 48 712 32 476 2,780 6,837 9,268 54 89 2,908 114 48 72 7,577 357 3,244 1,328 1,640 194 176 8,687 571 8,637 24 21,128 16,047 113 241 261 66,233 3,750 240 147

24,853,500 1,760,200 930,400 872,000 696,500 2,037,000 83,000 1,999,600 60,500 1,457,500 5,005,200 18,904,100 20,760,400 94,000 374,000 6,637,800 323,500 194,000 262,500 17,291,500 924,000 8,649,800 3,500,100 2,932,500 710,000 288,500 26,345,400 1,999,000 17,236,100 104,000 70,476,600 41,392,400 255,600 640,000 491,700 231,925,800 5,835,500 1,083,500 375,000

1,436,091

Lire

2,659,123,600

TABLE NO. 7.

TICKETS PRINTED AND SOLD

SPORT

O P E N I N G CEREMONY

ATHLETICS

Code No.

Price Lire

Printed

001

12,000

002

6,000

»

003

3,000

004 005

(tax included) Lire

2,600

31,200,000

»

7.824

7,648

45,888,000

»

»

14,393

12,962

38,886,000

2,000

»

»

25,000

19,868

39,736,000

1,000

»

»

24,000

14,304

14,304,000

73,849

57,382

170,014,000

2,800

1,017

3,051,000

7,301

2,605

5,210,000

11,975

3,078

4,617,000

25,000

4,582

4,582,000

25,000

5,109

2,554,500

2,964

1,864

18,640,000

3,000

012

2,000

014

Sold

2,632

011

013

TOTAL CASH INTAKE

TICKETS

Date & Time

1,500 1,000

2 5 - V I I I aftn.

31-VIII morn.

»

»

»

»

»

»

»

»

015

500

016

10,000

017

5,000

»

»

8,156

6,133

30,665,000

018

3,000

»

»

13,827

9,400

28,200,000

019

2,000

»

»

25,000

12,003

24,006,000

020

1,000

»

»

25,000

8,689

8,689,000

147,023

54,480

130,214,500

31-VIII aftn.

021

3,000

1-IX

morn.

2,800

999

2,997,000

022

2,000

»

»

7,301

2,556

5,112,000

023

1,500

»

»

11,975

2,535

3,802,500

024

1,000

»

»

25,000

3,836

3.836,000

025

500

»

»

25,000

3,583

1,791,500

026

10,000

1-IX

aftn.

2,964

2,039

20,390,000

027

5,000

»

»

8,156

7,365

36,825,000

028

3,000

»

»

13,827

11,879

35,637,000

029

2,000

»

»

25,000

14,097

28,194,000

030

1,000

»

»

25,000

10,940

10,940,000

147,023

59,829

149,525,000

519

SPORT

ATHLETICS (cont.)

520

Code No.

Price Lire

TOTAL CASH INTAKE

TICKETS

Date & Time Printed

(tax included)

Sold

Lire

031

3,000

2-IX

morn.

2,800

982

2,946,000

032

2,000

»

»

7,301

2,262

4,524,000

11,975

2,479

3,718,500

033

1,500

»

»

034

1,000

»

»

25,000

2,611

2,611,000

035

500

»

»

25,000

3,554

1,777,000

036

10,000

2-IX

aftn.

2,964

2,103

21,030,000

037

5,000

»

»

8,156

7,264

36,320,000

038

3,000

»

»

13,827

12,577

37,731,000

039

2,000

»

»

25,000

14,303

28,606,000

040

1,000

»

»

25,000

10,941

10,941,000

147,023

59,076

150,204,500

041

3,000

3-IX

morn.

2,800

933

2,799,000

042

2,000

»

»

7,301

2,366

4,732,000

043

1,500

»

»

11,975

2,459

3,688,500

044

1,000

»

»

25,000

2,349

2,349,000

045

500

»

»

25,000

3,653

1,826,500

046

10,000

3-IX

aftn.

2,964

1,961

19,610,000

047

5,000

»

»

8,156

6,671

33,355,000

048

3,000

»

»

13,827

10,415

31,245,000

049

2,000

»

»

25,000

11,534

23,068,000

050

1,000

»

»

25,000

8,665

8,665,000

147,023

51,006

131,338,000

051

3,000

5-IX

morn.

2,800

886

2,658,000

052

2,000

»

»

7,301

2,273

4,546,000

053

1,500

»

»

11,975

2,597

3,895,500

054

1,000

»

»

25,000

2,551

2,551,000

055

500

»

»

25,000

3,711

1,855,500

056

10,000

057 058

5-IX

aftn.

2,964

1,865

18,650,000

5,000

»

»

8,156

6,483

32,415,000

3,000

»

»

13,827

9,981

29,943,000

SPORT

ATHLETICS (cont.)

Code No.

059 060

061

Price Lire

Printed

2,000

5-IX aftn.

1,000

»

3,000

TOTAL CASH INTAKE

TICKETS

Date & Time

»

6-IX morn.

(tax included)

Sold

Lire

25,000

11,182

22,364,000

25,000

8,335

8,335,000

147,023

49,864

127,213,000

2,800

881

2,643,000

«

7,301

2,459

4,918,000

062

2,000

»

063

1,500

»

»

11,975

2,978

4,467,000

064

1,000

»

»

25,000

2,591

2,591,000

065

500

»

»

25,000

3,339

1,669,500

066

10,000

6-IX

aftn.

2,964

2,064

20,640,000

067

5,000

»

»

8,156

7,090

35,450,000

068

3,000

»

»

13,827

12,172

36,516,000

069

2,000

»

»

25,000

14,337

28,674,000

070

1,000

»

»

25,000

9,570

9,570,000

147,023

57,481

147,138,500

071

3,000

7-IX

morn.

2,800

892

2,676,000

072

2,000

»

»

7,301

2,292

4,584,000

073

1,500

»

»

11,975

2,790

4,185,000

074

1,000

»

»

25,000

3,695

3,695,000

075

500

»

»

25,000

3,526

1,763,000

076

10,000

077

7-IX

aftn.

2,964

1,751

17,510,000

5,000

»

»

8,156

6,420

32,100,000

078

3,000

»

»

13,827

10,330

30,990,000

079

2,000

»

»

25,000

11,004

22,008,000

1,000

»

»

25,000

8,946

8,946,000

147,023

51,646

128,457,000

080

086

10,000

087 088

8-IX

aftn.

2,964

2,323

23,230,000

5,000

»

»

8,156

7,571

37,855,000

3,000

»

»

13,827

13,304

39,912,000

089

2,000

»

»

25,000

18,393

36,786,000

090

1,000

»

»

25,000

14,076

14,076,000

74,947

55,667

151,859,000

521

SPORT

MARATHON

ROWING

522

Code No.

Price Lire

TOTAL CASH INTAKE

TICKETS

Date & Time Printed

(tax included)

Sold

Lire

091

2,000

10-IX

night.

5,000

2,874

5,748,000

092

1,000

»

»

4,400

4,106

4,106,000

093

300

»

»

5,000

2,309

692,700

14,400

9,289

10,546,700

111

2,000

30-VIII

day

1,900

924

1,848,000

112

1,000

»

»

4,000

1,538

1,538,000

113

300

»

»

3,000

576

172,800

8,900

3,038

3,558,800

114

2,000

31-VIII

day

1,900

723

1,446,000

115

1,000

»

»

4,000

1,143

1,143,000

116

300

»

»

3,000

599

179,700

8,900

2,465

2,768,700

117

2,000

1-IX

day

1,900

754

1,508,000

118

1,000

»

»

4,000

1,076

1,076,000

119

300

»

»

3,000

450

135,000

8,900

2,280

2,719,000

120

2,000

2-IX

day

1,900

969

1,938,000

121

1,000

»

»

4,000

1,403

1,403,000

122

300

»

»

3,000

480

144,000

8,900

2,852

3,485,000

123

3,000

3-IX

day

1,900

1,566

4,698,000

124

2,000

»

»

4,000

3,733

7,466,000

125

500

»

»

3,000

2,500

1,250,000

8,900

7,799

13,414,000

Code No.

SPORT

BASKETBALL

Elimination

Semi-finals

Finals

Price Lire

131

500

132

1,000

133

1,000

134

500

135

1,000

136

1,000

137

500

138

1,000

139

1,000

TOTAL CASH INTAKE

TICKETS

Date & Time Printed

(tax included)

Sold

Lire

morn.

3,000

2,339

1,169,500

»

aftn.

3,000

2,520

2,520,000

»

night

3,000

3,000

3,000,000

morn.

3,000

2,495

1,247,500

»

aftn.

3,000

2,762

2,762,000

»

night

3,000

3,000

3,000,000

morn.

3,000

3,000

1,500,000

»

aftn.

3,000

2,332

2,332,000

»

night

3,000

2,706

2,706,000

27,000

24,154

20,237,000

620

371

742,000

2,600

1,116

1,116,000

620

620

1,240,000

26-VIN

27-VIII

29-VIII

140

2,000

1-IX

aftn.

141

1,000

»

»

143

2,000

»

night

144

1,000

»

»

2,600

2,600

2,600,000

146

2,000

2-IX

aftn.

620

439

878,000

147

1,000

»

»

2,600

1,183

1,183,000

149

2,000

»

night

620

619

1,238,000

150

1,000

»

2,600

2,600

2,600,000

152

2,000

3-IX

aftn.

620

404

808,000

153

1,000

»

»

2,600

1,380

1,380,000

155

2,000

»

night

620

620

1,240,000

156

1,000

»

2,600

2,599

2,599,000

19,320

14,551

17,624,000

»

»

158

4,000

7-IX

night

2,487

1,833

7,332,000

159

2,000

»

»

4,000

2,668

5,336,000

160

1,000

»

»

5,292

3,295

3,295,000

161

4,000

8-IX

night

2,487

2,479

9,916,000

162

2,000

»

»

4,000

3,932

7,864,000

163

1,000

»

»

5,292

5,285

5,285,000

164

4,000

9-IX

night

2,487

1,502

6,008,000

523

Code No.

SPORT

165

BASKETBALL Finals

BOXING

(cont.)

Elimination

2,000

TOTAL CASH INTAKE

TICKETS

Date & Time Printed

(tax included)

Sold

Lire

night »

4,000

2,202

4,404,000

»

5,292

2,710

2,710,000

9-IX

166

1,000

167

4,000

10-IX

night

2,487

2,428

9,712,000

168

2,000

»

»

4,000

4,000

8,000,000

169

1,000

»

»

5,292

5,271

5,271,000

47,116

37,605

75,133,000

181

2,000

25-VIII

night

2,060

875

1,750,000

182

1,500

»

»

2,487

520

780,000

4,000

733

733,000

183

1,000

»

»

184

500

»

»

5,292

1,980

990,000

185

2,000

26-VIII

aftn.

2,060

484

968,000

186

1,500

»

»

2,487

557

835,500

187

1,000

»

»

4,000

602

602,000

188

500

»

»

5,292

649

324,500

189

2,000

»

night

2,060

765

1,530,000

190

1,500

»

»

2,487

607

910,500

191

1,000

»

»

4,000

665

665,000

192

500

»

»

5,292

1,012

506,000

193

2,000

27-VIII

aftn.

2,060

621

1,242,000

194

1,500

»

»

2,487

601

901,500

195

1,000

»

»

4,000

551

551,000

196

500

»

»

5,292

1,008

504,000

197

2,000

27-VIII

night

2,060

1,008

2,016,000

198

1,500

»

»

2,487

783

1,174,500

199

1,000

»

»

4,000

1,170

1,170,000

200

500

»

»

5,292

2,155

1,077,500

201

2,000

29-VIII

aftn.

2,060

544

1,088,000

202

1,500

»

»

2,487

474

711,000

203

1,000

»

»

4,000

506

506,000

204

500

»

»

5,292

770

385,000

205

2,000

29-VIII

night

2,060

854

1,708,000

1,500

»

»

2,487

556

834,000

206

524

Price Lire

Code No.

SPORT

BOXING Elimination

(cont.)

Printed

819,000

5,292

1,189

594,500

2,060

535

1,070,000

»

2,487

496

744,000

»

»

4,000

648

648,000

»

»

5,292

1,074

537,000

2,060

1,102

2,204,000

»

2,487

1,041

1,561,500

»

»

4,000

1,965

1,965,000

»

»

5,292

2,769

1,384,500

2,060

481

962,000

»

2,487

285

427,500

»

»

4,000

1,091

1,091,000

»

»

5,292

557

278,500

2,060

898

1,796,000

»

2,487

746

1,119,000

»

»

4,000

1,271

1,271,000

»

»

5,292

2,287

1,143,500

152,229

40,304

44,079,000

2,060

383

1,149,000

2,487

467

934,000

4,000

214

321,000

500

209

2,000

210

1,500

»

211

1,000

212

500

213

2,000

214

1,500

»

215

1,000

216

500

217

2,000

218

1,500

»

219

1,000

220

500

221

2,000

222

1,500

»

223

1,000 500

226

2,000

Lire 819

208

3,000

(tax included)

Sold

4,000

1,000

225

TOTAL CASH INTAKE

TICKETS

Date & Time

207

224

Quarter-finals

Price Lire

29-VIII night

»

»

3 0 - V I I I aftn.

30-VIII night

31-VIII aftn.

31-VIII night

1-IX

aftn.

»

» »

227

1,500

»

228

1,000

»

»

5,292

1,246

1,246,000

229

3,000

1-IX

night

2,060

925

2,775,000

230

2,000

»

»

2,487

1,209

2,418,000

231

1,500

»

»

4,000

1,083

1,624,500

232

1,000

»

»

5,292

2,779

2,779,000

233

3,000

2-IX

aftn.

2,060

425

1,275,000

234

2,000

»

»

2,487

481

962,000

235

1,500

»

»

4,000

321

481,500

236

1,000

»

»

5,292

597

597,000

237

3,000

»

night

2,060

1,291

3,873,000

525

Code No.

SPORT

BOXING Quarter-finals

(cont.)

Semifinals

Finals

CANOEING

526

Price Lire

TOTAL CASH INTAKE

TICKETS

Date & Time Printed

(tax included)

Sold

Lire

238

2,000

2-IX

night

2,487

1,272

2,544,000

239

1,500

»

»

4,000

1,489

2,233,500

240

1,000

»

»

5,292

3,431

3,431,000

55,356

17,613

28,643,500

241

3,000

3-IX

aftn.

2,060

596

1,788,000

242

2,000

»

»

2,487

825

1,650,000

243

1,500

»

»

4,000

494

741,000

244

1,000

»

»

5,292

1,058

1,058,000

245

3,000

3-IX

night

2,060

1,486

4,458,000

246

2,000

»

»

2,487

2,276

4,552,000

247

1,500

»

»

4,000

1,915

2,872,500

248

1,000

»

»

5,292

3,415

3,415,000

27,678

12,065

20,534,500

6,000

5-IX

night

2,060

1,770

10,620,000

250

4,000

»

»

2,487

2,487

9,948,000

251

2,000

»

»

4,000

3,999

7,998,000

252

1,000

»

»

5,292

5,291

5,291,000

13,839

13,547

33,857,000

249

261

2,000

26-VIII

day

1,900

316

632,000

262

1,000

»

»

4,000

463

463,000

263

300

»

»

3,000

208

62,400

264

2,000

27-VIII

»

1,900

320

640,000

265

1,000

»

»

4,000

655

655,000

266

300

»

»

3,000

299

89,700

267

3,000

29-VIII

»

1,900

558

1,674,000

268

2,000

»

»

4,000

1,211

2,422,000

269

500

»

»

3,000

1,336

668,000

26,700

5,366

7,306,100

SPORT

CYCLING C. COLOMBO circuit

OLYMPIC VELODROME

GROTTAROSSA CIRCUIT

EQUESTRIAN PIAZZA DI S I E N A

Code No.

Price Lire

281

2,000

282

1,000

283

300

TOTAL CASH INTAKE

TICKETS

Date & Time Printed

(tax included)

Sold

Lire

morn.

1,500

429

858,000

»

»

2,700

708

708,000

»

»

15,000

619

185,700

19,200

1,756

1,751,700

26-VIII

284

2,000

26-VIII

aftn.

6,858

554

1,108,000

285

1,000

»

»

4,998

877

877,000

286

500

»

»

6,000

289

144,500

287

3,000

26-VIII

night

6,858

751

2,253,000

288

2,000

»

»

4,998

967

1,934,000

289

500

»

»

6,000

1,316

658,000

290

2,000

27-VIII

aftn.

6,858

757

1,514,000

291

1,000

»

»

4,998

1,194

1,194,000

292

500

»

»

6,000

520

260,000

293

3,000

27-VIII

night

6,858

868

2,604,000

294

2,000

»

»

4,998

1,281

2,562,000

295

500

»

»

6,000

1,394

697,000

296

3,000

29-VIII

night

6,858

2,284

6,852,000

297

2,000

»

»

4,998

4,419

8,838,000

298

500

»

»

6,000

5,454

2,727,000

89,280

24,681

35,974,200

299

2,000

30-VIII

morn.

2,200

1,270

2,540,000

300

1,000

»

»

4,600

1,801

1,801,000

301

300

»

»

35,000

1,514

454,200

41,800

4,585

4,795,200

311

3,000

5-IX

morn.

6,350

4,412

13,236,000

312

2,000

»

»

4,800

1,145

2,290,000

313

500

»

»

5,400

1,839

919,500

314

3,000

6-IX

»

6,350

4,301

12,903,000

315

2,000

»

»

4,800

956

1,912,000

527

Code No.

SPORT

EQUESTRIAN PIAZZA DI SIENA (cont.)

PRATONI DEL VIVARO

OLYMPIC STADIUM

(1st round)

FENCING

TOTAL CASH INTAKE

TICKETS

Date & Time Printed

(tax included)

Sold

Lire

day

5,400

1,425

712,500

10-IX

aftn.

6,350

6,328

12,656,000

1,000

»

»

4,800

4,581

4,581,000

319

500

»

»

5,400

3,703

1,851,500

320

5,000

7-IX

day

6,350

5,774

28,870,000

321

3,000

»

»

4,800

2,503

7,509,000

322

1,000

»

»

5,400

4,707

4,707,000

66,200

41,674

92,147,500

316

500

317

2,000

318

328

1,000

329

300

330

1,000

331

300

332

1,000

333

300

334

1,000

335

300

6-IX

6-IX

day

2,500

1,690

1,690,000

»

»

3,000

271

81,300

7-IX

day

2,500

1,365

1,365,000

»

»

3,000

157

47,100

8-IX

day

2,500

2,491

2,491,000

»

»

3,000

1,035

310,500

9-IX

morn.

4,000

3,881

3,881,000

»

»

11,000

2,035

610,500

31,500

12,925

10,476,400

336

3,000

11-IX

morn.

2,800

1,032

3,096,000

323

2,000

»

»

6,969

4,814

9,628,000

324

1,500

»

»

12,645

1,639

2,458,500

325

1,000

»

»

22,000

1,590

1,590,000

326

500

»

»

20,000

791

395,500

64,414

9,866

17,168,000

341

1,000

342

500

343

29-VIII

day

2,500

1,162

1,162,000

»

»

1,500

616

308,000

2,000

30-VIII

day

2,500

1,415

2,830,000

344

1,000

»

»

1,500

1,467

1,467,000

345

1,000

31-VIII

2,500

566

566,000

1,500

292

146,000

346

528

Price Lire

500

»

»

Entrance tickets to the stadia.

Code No.

SPORT

FENCING (cont.)

FOOTBALL

Elimination

Price Lire

TOTAL CASH INTAKE

TICKETS

Date & Time Printed

(tax included)

Sold

Lire

347

2,000

1-IX

day

2,500

703

1,406,000

348

1,000

»

»

1,500

369

369,000

349

1,000

2-IX

day

2,500

870

870,000

350

500

»

»

1,500

558

279,000

351

2,000

3-IX

day

2,500

734

1,468,000

352

1,000

»

»

1,500

441

441,000

353

1,000

5-IX

day

2,500

623

623,000

354

500

»

»

1,500

578

289,000

355

2,000

6-IX

day

2,500

911

1,822,000

356

1,000

»

»

1,500

893

893,000

357

1,000

7-IX

day

2,500

912

912,000

»

»

1,500

368

184,000

358

500

359

2,000

8-IX

day

2,500

1,090

2,180,000

360

1,000

»

»

1,500

604

604,000

361

1,000

9-IX

day

2,500

1,826

1,826,000

362

500

»

»

1,500

1,262

631,000

363

2,000

10-IX

day

2,500

1,504

3,008,000

364

1,000

»

»

1,500

1,175

1,175,000

48,000

20,939

25,459,000

6,283

1,048

3,144,000

371

3,000

372

1,500

»

»

8,500

2,491

3,736,500

373

500

»

»

32,000

2,334

1,167,000

374

3,000

6,283

1,165

3,495,000

2 6 - V I I I aftn.

2 6 - V I I I night

1,500

»

»

8,500

2,180

3,270,000

376

500

»

»

32,000

3,809

1,904,500

377

3,000

6,283

1,136

3,408,000

378

1,500

375

379

500

380

3,000

381 382

1,500 500

2 9 - V I I I aftn.

»

»

8,500

2,566

3,849,000

»

»

32,000

3,665

1,832,500

6,283

2,220

6,660,000

8,500

5,420

8,130,000

32,000

11,791

5,895,500

2 9 - V I I I night

» »

» »

529 34.

Code No.

SPORT

FOOTBALL

Elimination (cont.)

Games played at Naples

Semi-finals

Finals

Price Lire

TOTAL CASH INTAKE

TICKETS

Date & Time Printed

(tax included)

Sold

Lire

383

3,000

1-IX

aftn.

6,283

741

2,223,000

384

1,500

»

»

8,500

1,636

2,454,000

385

500

»

»

32,000

2,816

1,408,000

386

3,000

1-IX

night

6,283

1,074

3,222,000

387

1,500

»

»

8,500

2,681

4,021,500

388

500

»

»

32,000

4,239

2,119,500

389

4,000

5-IX

night

6,283

313

1,252,000

390

2,000

»

»

8,500

450

900,000

391

1,000

»

»

32,000

568

568,000

327,481

54,343

64,660,000

392

4,000

6-IX

night

6,283

2,500

10,000,000

393

2,000

»

»

8,500

5,600

11,200,000

394

1,000

»

»

32,000

6,137

6,137,000

46,783

14,237

27,337,000

395

4,000

9-IX<