Workbook for Norsk, nordmenn og Norge 1: Beginning Norwegian

noRSli

Workbook for

NORDMENN og NORGE

Beginning Norwegian SECOND EDITION Answers to written exercises and transcripts now included

Louis E. Janus

The University of Wisconsin Press

The University of Wisconsin Press 1930 Monroe Street, 3rd floor Madison, Wisconsin 53711-2059 uwpress.wisc.edu 3 Henrietta Street London WC2E 8LU, England eurospanbookstore.com Copyright © 1981 The Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any format or by any means, digital, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, or conveyed via the Internet or a Web site without written permission of the University of Wisconsin Press, except in the case of brief quotations embedded in critical articles and reviews. Printed in the United States of America

ISBN-13: 978-0-299-23714-1 (pbk: alk. paper)

CONTENTS

MUNTLIGE 0VELSER

BOOK I: Workbo_o_k Acknowledgments Introduction

SKRIFTLIGE 0VELSER

vii ix

1

F¢rste kapitteZ Annet kapitte Z Tredje kapitteZ Fjerde kapitteZ Femte kapitteZ Sjette kapitteZ Sjuende kapitteZ Attende kapitteZ Niende kapitteZ Tiende kapitteZ EZZevte kapitteZ ToZvte kapitteZ Trettende kapittet Fjortende kapitteZ Femtende kapitteZ Sek8tende kapitteZ Syttende kapitteZ Attende kapitteZ Nittende kapitteZ Tjuende kapitteZ Tjuef¢rste kapitteZ Tjueannet kapitteZ Tjuetredje kapitteZ Tjuefjerde kapitteZ Tjuefemte kapitteZ Tjuesjette kapitteZ Tjue8juende kapitteZ Tjueattende kapitteZ Uttale

3 F¢r8tekapitteZ 5 Annet kapitteZ '1 Tredje kapitteZ 11 Fjerde kapitteZ 15 Femte kapitteZ 19 Sjette kapitteZ 23 Noun review 2'1 Sjuende kapitteZ 32 Verb review 43 Attende kapitteZ 49 Pronoun review 55 Niende kapitte Z 63 Word order review 85 Tiende kapitteZ 89 EZZevte kapitteZ '13 ToZvte kapitteZ Possessive pronoun review 79 Trettende kapitteZ 89 Fjortende kapitteZ 95 /i/-/e/-/~/ Femtende kapitteZ 101 /a/-/a/-/¢/ Sek8tende kapitteZ 10'1 /o/-/u/-/y/ Adjective review 111 all single vowels /~i/-/~u/-/¢y/ 123 Syttende kapitteZ trykklett /a/ Spelling conventions 127 og /e/ /kj/--/sj/ Attende kapitteZ 133 /t/-/d/-/n/-/ng/ Irregular noun ·og Konsonantplurals 137 forbindelser stumrne konsonanter, 143 Nittende kapitteZ ~og~ Weak and strong verbs trykk og tonemer and modals 147 BOOK II: Tjuende kapitteZ 155 Answers &Transcripts Demonstratives and Answers to Written Workbook possessives 159 Exercises Complextosentences 165 Exercises1 Answers Written Workbook Transcripts Answers to Passives and Answers to 167Workbook Audio and Transcripts Exercises14 Workbook Audio Exercises

169 1'11 1'13 1 '15 1'1'1 1 '19 181 183 185 18'1 189 191 193 19'1 199 201 203 205 20'1 209 211 213 215 21'1 219 221 223 225 22'1 229 231 233 235 237 239 241 243 245 247 249

1 14

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I wish to express my gratitude to the following people and organizations for their help in preparing this workbook: Kathleen Stokker and Odd Haddal, for providing the material and impetus for writing this work, and for reading and commenting on various drafts, Liv Dahl, for reading through the final draft and making suggestions based on her keen linguistic and pedagogical insights, David L. Beatty, for reading and critiquing the grammar reviews, and for general editorial assistance, Kari Ellen Gade, for help preparing and recording the oral exercises, especially the pronunciation section. Barbara A. Riechmann, for preparing the lip and mouth illustrations in the pronunciation section; Philip Janus, for reading early drafts of the grammar reviews, Carlsen if, International Publishers A/S, Copenhagen, for permission to use six children's rhymes, published in Du og jeg og vi to, ed. Grete Janus Hertz (Oslo: Litor, 1978); The University of Minnesota Council on Liberal Education Small Grants Program, for its support of this project.

vii

INTRODUCTION

This workbook accompanies Nopsk, nopdmenn og Nopge. It gives students written and oral practice with the material presented in the textbook. The first section (SKRIFTLIGE 0VELSER) is composed of written exercises for chapters 1-20. There are also twelve review chapters which pull together and explain in English various aspects of Norwegian grammar. The workbook's second section (MUNTLIGE 0VELSER) is meant to be used with the related audio tapes. For each chapter, several excerpts from the textbook are recorded. Under the rubric LEST INN pA BANDET you will find references to the passage's page (side) and line (tinje) in the textbook. These passages are also marked in the textbook. The readings for six chapters are supplemented by children's rhymes and ditties. Exercises (0VELSER) follow the recorded excerpts for most chapters. For each exercise, the first two cue--response pairs are printed as a sample in the workbook. The speakers on the tape first go through these two cue--response examples. Then they start over. You should respond during the pause after each cue, then listen as the speaker gives the proper response. Each chapter ends with a dictation (DIKTAT) or listening comprehension exercise (LYTTE0VELSE). The final part of the oral exercises deals with pronunciation (UTTALE). These exercises are not dependent on the chapters in the textbook, but can be used for practice at any time. Answers to the written exercises and a complete transcript of the oral exercises are provided in the workbook's teachers' manual.

ix

F0RSTE KAPI'ITEL

GODDAG I•

SVAR pA SP0RSMALENE: 1. Hva heter du? 2. Er du fra Amerika? 3. Er du fra Norge?

4. Hvor er fami1ien din fra? 5. Heter du Jens?

6. Heter du Anne?

7. Hvordan har du det?

II.

HVA ER SP0RSMALET?

o.

__~~_i~~~-f~«_I~~~?

Ja, Jens er fra Norge.

1.

------------------- ?

Ja, jeg heter Hans.

2.

------------------- ?

Nei, hun heter Anne.

3.

------------------- ?

Nei, du heter Jens.

4.

------------------- ?

Ja, Kari er fra Norge.

5.

------------------- ?

Ja, fami1ien min er fra Amerika.

3

F¢rste kapittel

III.

SETT INN 'IKKE':

o.

Jeg er fra Norge. Jeg ep ikke fpa Nopge.

1. Du heter Jens. 2. Ban er fra Norge. 3. Familien din er fra Amerika. 4. Bun heter Kari.

IV.

SETT INN PRONOMENET:

o.

Kari er fra Norge. Hun ep fpa Nopge.

1. Jens er ikke fra Amerika. 2. Er Bans fra Norge?

3. Hvordan har Anne det?

4

ANNET KAPI1TEL

SNAKKER DU NORSK? I

I

SVAR pA SP0RSMALENE: 1. Hvordan har du det? 2. Heter du Jorunn? 3. Er Hansen e1ev?

4. Forstar Hansen norsk? 5. Er du student?

6. Er du fra Bergen? 7. ·Snakker du enge1sk?

II

I

SVAR

o.

I

NE I I

:

Heter du Hansen? Nei~

jeg hetep ikke Hansen.

1. Er Svein

l~er?

2. Snakker Jorunn norsk? 3. Stemmer det? 4. Er jeg fra Oslo? 5. Forstar Kari enge1sk? 6. Er du

l~er?

5

TREDJE KAPITIEL

ER DU STUDENT? I • ER SUBSTANTIVENE 'EN' ELLER 'ET'?

o. 1. 2. 3.

4. 5.

6.

II.

en

et

•

0 0

student

0

universitet

0 0 0 0

fabrikk

0 0 0 0 0 0

jobb

sko1e gang kontor

SVAR pA SP0RSMALENE:

o.

Bar Svein en jobb?

Ja, han hap en jobb. 1. Bar du en jobb?

Ja, 2. Sover Kari?

Nei, 3. Forst!r Anne enge1sk?

Ja, 4. Arbeider Jens

pa

en sko1e?

Ja, 5. Hvor arbeider

l~er

Hansen?

6. Hva studerer du na?

7

Tredje kapittel

III.

SEll INN RIKllG FORM AV

'A

VfRE':

1. Svein liker ikke du i Amerika nA?

2.

3. Jeg 4.

IV.

elev.

i Norge

----------

Kari

f~r.

----------

i Minneapolis

f~r?

SEll INN ORDENE SOM MANGLER: o.

_!t2e~

_____ ganunel er du?

1. Hun studerer 2. Hva

l~er

et universitet.

Svein

skolen?

3. Familien min er

Oslo nA. histor1e.

4. Sve1n lerer norsk, engelsk 5. Jeg arbe1der 6. L1ker du

et kontor. vcere student?

7. Kunne du si det en gang

---------- ?

8. __________ har du det?

Bare bra

8

,

---------- •

Tredje kapittel

-------------------V.

SKRIV TALLENE:

_______

27

----------

4

----------

39

----------

8

----------

45

----------

11

----------

51

----------

12

----------

63

----------

14

----------

72

----------

16

----------

86

----------

18

----------

98

----------

20

----------

104

----------

2

_~e

9

FJERDE KAPI1TEL

PENGER I NORGE I • SVAR pA SP0RSMALENE: 1. Har du skrivepapir?

2. Trenger du en penn? 3. Hva koster en linjal?

4. Kj¢per du en avis? 5. Arbeider du pA et kontor?

6. Hvor studerer du? 7. Har du et sp¢rsmAl?

II.

SVAR SLIK pA SP0RSMALENE:

o.

Har du en penn? J'a~

hezo ezo pennen.

1. Har du et viskelcer? 2. Har du en avis? 3. Har du skrivepapir? 4. Har du en blyant?

5. Har du en linjal?

11

Fjerde kapittel

III.

SETT INN 'IKKE':

o.

Jeg trenger en blyant.

Jeg tpengep ikke en btyant. 1. Hansen er

ekspedit~r.

2. Vi har kroner og 3. Jorunn liker A

~re

v~e

i Amerika. elev.

4. Jeg har mange penger. 5. Han

kj~per

et

viskel~.

6. Anne og Ole studerer ved et universitet. 7.

IV.

L~eren

har

v~t

i Oslo.

SKRIV SPSRSMALET: Ja, jeg heter Kari.

------------------- ?

Nei, han er ikke

l~er.

2. ___________________ ?

Familien min har Norge.

v~t

3. ___________________ ?

Ja, han

1.

4.

------------------- ?

kj~per

i

en avis.

Vi staver det F-A-B-R-I-Kv~e

s. ___________________ ?

Nei, du liker ikke A pa skolen.

6.

Jeg er atten Ar gammel.

------------------- ?

Nei, hun var ikke i en buttikk.

7. ___________________ ?

12

Fjerde kapittel

V.

HVA KOSTER FEMTI eRE?

2. J...-+--+--+-_

4.

I--+--+--+--

10. L...-~"'&"""""_

1. Jeg studerer ved et

---------------------

2. Trettisju pluss sytten er

-------------------- • nA.

3. Vi forstAr litt 4. Svein

s.

kj~per

alt dette i

-------------------- •

Anne er tolv Ar

•

--------------- • • Hun er --------------- •

6. "A vere eller ikke A v~e, det er 7. Kari arbeider pi en skole.

i Amerika?

8. Liker du I

koster alt dette?

9. Hvor

10. Elleve pluss ____________________ er tjuesju.

13

FEMTE KAPITIEL

I KLASSEVIERELSET I • SKRIV OM MED FLERTALL:

o.

Jeg har et bilde. Jeg hap mange biZdep.

1. Jeg har en penn. 2. Jeg har et vindu. 3. Jeg har en stole 4. Jeg har en blyant.

5. Jeg har en pult. 6. Jeg har en linjal.

7. Jeg har et va!relse.

II.

BRUK ENTALL I SP0RSMALENE: Tpengep du bape 4n

o. ___ g£f! ____________ ?

Nei, jeg trenger mange aviser.

1. ___________________ ?

Nei, jeg trenger mange bilder.

2. ___________________ ?

Nei, jeg trenger mange penner.

3. ___________________ ?

Nei, jeg trenger mange linjaler.

?

Nei, jeg trenger mange stoler.

5. ___________________ ?

Nei, jeg trenger mange klokker.

6.

Nei, jeg trenger mange vinduer.

4.

?

15

Femte kapittel

III.

BRUK BESTEMT FORM FLERTALL I SVARENE:

o.

Det er tre gutter her.

Vi sep ikke guttene

de~.

1. Det er fem studenter Her. 2. Det er seks bilder her.

3. Det er sju aviser her. 4. Det er !tte

klassev~elser

her.

5. Det er ni e1ever her.

6. Det er ti vinduer her.

7. Det er elleve piker her.

VI.

BRUK BESTEMT FORM ENTALL I SPSRSMALENE:

o.

Det er et golv i Hvo~

e~

klassev~elset.

go'tvet?

1. Det er ei klokke i 2. Det er en

l~er

3. Det er ei bok i

i

klassev~elset.

klassev~elset.

klassev~elset.

4. Det er et vindu i klassevcerelset. 5. Det er ei jente i klassevcerelset. 6. Det er ei

d~r

i

klassev~elset.

7. Det er ei tavle i

klassev~elset.

16

Femte kapitte1 -------------------~

V.

HVA ER SP9RSMALET? Nei, jeg arbeider ikke ber. 1. ___________________ ?

Ja, jeg 1iker A

2. ___________________ ?

Nei, jeg badde ikke boka i gAr.

3. ___________________ ?

Jo, ban beter Hansen.

4. ___________________ ?

Ja, ban er

5. ___________________ ?

Jo, jeg bar

6. ___________________ ?

Boka var dep i gAr.

SKRIV OM MED 'I DAG' ELLER 'I GAR':

o.

Jeg bar boka i dag.

Men du hadde ikke boka i gaP.

o.

Jeg badde b1yanter i gAr.

Men du hap ikke bZyantep i dag. 1. Jeg var i

ber. i Oslo

A1t dette koster tretti kroner.

8. ___________________ ?

VI.

v~t

i Norge.

Han skriver med kritt.

?

7.

1~er

v~e

k1assev~e1set

i gAr.

2. Bi1dene er pA veggen i dag. 3. Du var pA kontor i gAr. 4. Han bar noen penger i dag. 5. Fami1ien min var i Bergen i gAr.

17

f~r.

Femte kapitte1

VII.

SETT INN 1. Vi

'A

HA',

'A

V~RE',

'HAR HATT' ELLER 'HAR

--------------- ---------------

i Minnesota

V~RT': f~r.

2. Llker Anne _____________________________ _ en jobb?

du ______________ mange andre jobber?

3.

4. Svein _________ _ ikke __________ pA sko1en i dag.

5. Ban 1iker ikke _________________________ der.

VII I.

ER SUBSTANTIVENE 'EN' , 'EI' ELLER 'ET'?

o.

en

ei

et

•

0

pu1t

2.

0 0

0

0 0 0

3.

0

0

a

1ys

4.

0

0

0

vegg

5.

0

0

6.

a

0

7.

0

0

S.

0

9.

0 0

10.

a

1.

0

a a

jente tak

d~r

vindu taklys

0

0 0 0

0

a

k1assevcere1se

tav1e fami1ie

lS

SJEITE KAPI1TEL

HJEMME HOS JORUNN I,

SETT INN RIKTIG FORM AV

'A

HA' ELLER

'A

VfRE':

du i norsktimen i gAr?

1.

2. Lc.ereren

____________ mange jobber

3. Hun liker

__________ jobb pA kontor.

4.

5.

vi norsktime i dag? du ikke __________ pa skolen i dag?

6. Jeg studerer norsk, men jeg liker ikke student.

II

I

BRUK ENTALL I SVARENE:

o.

Er det mange taklys her? Nei, det er bare ett takZys her.

1. Er det mange linjaler her?

2. Er det mange stoler her? 3. Er det mange bilder her?

4. Er det mange klokker her? 5. Er det mange bord her? 6. Er det mange jenter her? 7. Er det mange vcerelser her?

8. Er det mange hus her? 19

f~r.

Sjette kapitte1 III.

SETT INN FORMENE SOM MANGLER:

__ o.

~~IAbb

UBESTEMT ___________

en penn

EL~BIALL

___

pennel'

~~IAbb

BESTEMT __________

pennen

fabrikker

2.

jentene

3.

ei bok timer

5.

bi1det

6. 7.

et tak1ys d~ra

8.

9.

en mann frimerkene

10.

11.

pennene

bordet

1.

4.

Eb~BI8LL

tak

20

Sjette kapitte1

-------------------IV.

BRUK RIKlIG PRONOMEN:

o.

Leif, forstAr

1.

-(KarIY---

3. Bj¢rn, har

4.

(aeIgaY---

du

-"n:eIfY---

skriver et brev til

--(EIvY--kjenner

sett

(sveIny---·

(B]¢rnY---

?

(TurIay---·

forstAr

5.

7. Jorunn, Kongen sA

V.

norsk?

--(Jorunny----- !

SEll INN EN PASSENDE INFINIlIV:

FiZZ in an apppoppiate infinitive:

o.

Dere 1iker ___ ~ _____ _

se ----------

bi1der av nordmenn.

1. Liker Per

enge1sk?

2. Jorunn 1iker

pA d¢ra.

3. Jeg 1iker

brev til deg.

4. Vi 1iker

mange penger.

5. Hansen 1iker ikke ____________________ 12rer. 6. Gro 12rer

---------- ---------21

b¢ker.

Sjette kapittel

VI.

HVEM LIKER ASTRI~

1. Vi leser mange

•

2. Det er fem ______________ _ i taket i

3. Hva er klokka?

Er ikke timen

4. "Du har _______________ , Jorunn. ikke i Amerika." 5.

"~er,

6. Vi

hvor er du?

Jeg ser

l~rer a snakke, forsta og norsktimen.

klassev~elset.

enna? Familien min er ikke." norsk i

7. En mann kommer og _______________ pa d¢ra til Jorunn.

22

NOUN REVIEW . Nouns name people, places, and things. In Norwegian, nouns (et substantiv) are divided into three grammatical groups, called genders (et kj¢nn): masculine (hankj¢nn), feminine (hunkj¢nn), and neuter (intetkj¢nn). This classification is to a large extent arbitrary, and you usually cannot guess the gender of a noun based solely on its form or meaning. Nouns can appear in several different forms, depending on whether they are indefinite (ubestemt) or definite (bestemt), singular (entaZZ) or plural (fZertaZZ). For an English noun, say 'house,' these four forms can be schematized like this: SINGULAR PLURAL ---------------------------------------INDEFINITE DEFINITE

a house

houses

the house

the houses

In Norwegian, these forms depend on the gender of the noun. In this review chapter, we will look at regular nouns in each gender. A later review chapter (pp.l37-l4l) deals with nouns which have irregular plurals. MASCULINE NOUNS. The indefinite article for masculine gender nouns is en. (The English indefinite article is 'a' or 'an.') We can refer to this class of nouns as en nouns. To say 'a boy' in Norwegian, we use the indefinite article en plus the base form of the noun gutt. En gutt therefore means 'a boy.' In English, the definite article ('the') comes before the noun: 'the boy.' Norwegian uses a definite article which is attached to the end of the noun. For en nouns, an -en appears as the ending on the noun. Gutten means 'the boy.' For nouns which end in an unstressed -e, the definite form uses only one e: en skoZe means 'a school' and skoZen means 'the school.' Indefinite plural forms for en nouns regularly end in -er: gutter means 'boys' and skoZer means 'schools.' The definite plural form for en nouns ends in -ene: guttene 'the boys' and skoZene 'the schools.' FEMININE NOUNS. The singular indefinite article for feminine nouns is ei. Ei kZokke means 'a clock.' The singular definite article, which is once again suffixed to the noun, is -a. KZokka means 'the clock.' Notice that the final unstressed -e of kZokke is removed before adding the -a. The plural endings are identical to the endings used for en nouns: add -er (or -r) for the indefinite plural and -ene (or -ne) for the definite plural. 23

NOUN REVIEW NEUTER NOUNS. The indefinite article for these nouns is et. Et hUB means 'a house.' An -et (or -t) is added to the end of the noun to form the definite singular form: hUBet 'the house. ' While the plural forms for en and ei nouns are identical, there is a subclass of et nouns which does not use -ep as the indefinite plural ending. Generally, et nouns with one syllable do not take any ending in the indefinite plural: et hUB 'a house,' hUB 'houses.' (Compare these nouns to the class of English nouns like deer and sheep.) It is usually clear from context whether the noun is singular or plural. Compound nouns like taktYB always take their gender and various forms from the last element in the compound. Thus taktYB 'ceiling light' behaves exactly like tYB 'light.' Et nouns which have more than one syllable (but are not compounds) form their indefinite plurals just like en and ei nouns: they add -ep (or -p) to the base form of the noun. Et bitde 'a picture' has two syllables. Thus its indefinite plural form is bitdep 'pictures.'

The definite plural ending for all regular et nouns is identical to en and ei nouns: -ene (or -ne). HUBene means 'the houses,' taktYBene 'the ceiling lights,' and bitdene 'the pictures.' The chart below summarizes the indefinite articles and endings for regular nouns in Norwegian: SINGULAR

PLURAL

en

-en

ei

-a

et

-et

-ene -ep

(1 syllable) } (2 or more syllables)

-ene

-ene

-------------------------------------------------------------

24

NOUN REVIEW

COVelL ~ c.ohunn

wkU.e an6«WLi.ng!

1. Which of the following are not nouns? cats wow! but are

wow!

but al'e

2. Does English use a gender system

similar to Norwegian? Yes

No

3. In Norwegian, do you expect all

masculine gender nouns to relate to male humans or animals? Yes

not nouns:

No. Al,l, nouns fal,l, into one aZas8. No. Fol' exampZe~ en 8koZe~ en dame.

No

4. Is 'the house' indefinite or definite?

Definite.

5. Is 'houses' indefinite or definite?

Indefinite.

~

6. Fill in the four forms for 2!~~Q~~

gutt:

______ ~~Q~ ______ _

INDEFINITE DEFINITE

en gutt

guttel'

gutten

guttene

7. Fill 1n the four forms for ei jente: 2!~§Q~g

______

~~Q~

______ _

INDEFINITE

ei jente jentel'

DEFINITE

jenta

jentene

8. Fill in the endings for these et nouns:

PLURAL

SINGULAR

indefinite definite indefinite definite --------------------------------------et bilde

bilde_

bilde

bilde

-t~

et bord

bord

bord

bord

-et~

9. What does brevet mean?

-ne

-l'~

--

~

-ene

the Zettel'

10. What does darner mean?

"ladies

11. What does boka mean?

the book

12. How do you say 'the doors'?

drpl'ene

13. How do you say 'newspapers'? 25

aviseze

SJUENDE KAPITIEL

JORUNN LEGGER SEG I.

FYLL INN PRONOMENENE SOM MANGLER: 8ubjekt

objekt

1.

meg

2. du ham

3.

hun 1.

oss

2. dere 3.

JI.

dem

SETT INN ORDENE SOM MANGLER: 1. Magne har noen b¢ker.

Det er b¢kene ______ Magne.

2. Jeg var ______ Amerika

Egil.

skr:i.ve brev

3. Marit liker

norsk.

4. Hun skriver alltid 5. Dere reiser

gAr.

Bergen ______ morgen.

6. Unni arbeider

et kontor. klassen?

7. Hvor mange gutter er det 8. Kunne du si det en gang ______ ? 9. Kommer familien din

Amerika? 27

Sjuende kapittel

III.

SETT INN 'DU' ELLER 'DEG': 1. Gro skriver mange brev til 2. Skriver

pa engelsk? v~e

liker a

3.

4. Kjenner hun

i Amerika.

------ ?

5. Kjenner

henne?

6. Har han sett p4 ______ ?

IV.

SETT INN RIKTIGE REFLEKSIVE PRONOMENER:

o.

Han ser

_!!~

__ i speil-et.

1. Hun ser

i speilet.

2. Vi ser

i speilet.

3. Dere ser

i speilet.

4. Ser du

i speilet?

5. Jeg ser

i speilet.

6. S4 de ------ i speilet? 7. 0yvind liker 4 se

------

i speilet.

8. Eivind og 0yvind har sett 9. Liker du 10. Ser dere

a

se

------

------

------

i speilet?

i speilet? 28

i speilet.

Sjuende kapittel

V.

'A

SETT INN RIKTIG FORM AV 1. Jeg pleier

LIGGE' ELLER

'A

LEGGE':

pa golvet.

2. Hansen ____________ seg alltid klokka elleve. 3.

du blyantene pa pultene?

4. Ja, de

der na.

5. Nar liker dere

dere?

6. Hvorfor ____________ avisen pI stolen? 7. Hvem ____________ krittet pa golvet?

VI.

SETT INN 'VET' ELLER 'KJENNER': du at han ____________ deg?

1. Hvordan 2.

hun hva vi heter?

3. Anne

Bj~rn.

4. Anne

at

5.

Bj~rn

legger seg klokka ni.

de dere?

6. Vi bor i Bergen.

Vi ____________ byen.

29

Sjuende kapittel

VII.

SVAR 'NEI': 1. Liker Svein seg pa skolen? 2. Liker du deg hjemme? 3. Liker vi oss ute? 4. Har Ingrid sett seg i speilet? 5. Liker jeg meg bedre pa kontoret? 6. Legger dere dere klokka ti? 7. Liker Jorunn a se pa bildene? 8. Liker Pal a

VIII.

v~re

i Norge?

BRUK PRONOMENER I SVARENE:

o.

Leser Aud boka? Ja~

hun Zesep den.

1. Liker Liv huset? Nei~

2. Ligger Odd pa senga? Ja~

3. Ser Gerd og Odd pa bildene? Nei~

4. Har Leif sett

Bj~rg

i dag?

Ja~

5. Hadde

~

linjalen i gar?

Nei~

6. Sitter Jorunn pa stolen? Ja~

7. Liker nordmenna reise? Nei~

30

Sjuende kapittel

IX.

SKRIV DIALOGEN FERDIG: Du:

OZav:

Jeg heter Olav.

Du:

OZav:

Jo, jeg er student ved universitetet.

Du:

OZav:

Jeg pleier 1 legge meg klokka tolv.

Du:

OZav:

Nei, jeg kjenner henne ikke. Hvorfor det?

Du:

OZav:

Hva er klokka?

Du:

OZav:

Jeg har time i hi storie nl.

Du:

31

Adj~.

VERB REVIEW This review chapter deals with some basic aspects of verbs and the structure of sentences. Verbs (et vepb) describe actions or states of being, like 'hit, run, have, feel.' Verbs can be in several forms, depending on how they are used. We will look at some of the forms here, and others in a later review chapter (pp.l47-lS.1. For each type we will discuss how to form it, and how it is used. THE INFINITIVE (en infinitiv) is the form you find in dictionaries and glossaries. It is, in a sense, the base or idealized form of the verb, not limited in time or by a subject. In English, 'to eat' does not tell you who is eating or when it happens. The infinitive is occasionally joined by the INFINITIVE MARKER (et infinitivsmepke), which is a in Norwegian and 'to' in English. In English, infinitives without the marker are hard to recognize. There is no special ending for them. Norwegian infinitives, however, always end in a vowel. For most verbs, this final vowel is an unstressed -e. But some verbs have stressed final syllables which can end with an -e or some other vowel. Up to this point in the textbook, the only use of the infinitive you have seen is after another verb, like tikep a v~pe or t~pep a snakke. Other uses of the infinitive will be introduced later. THE PRESENT TENSE (ppesens) describes actions happening now, happening soon, or generally happening. The form of the present tense verb varies in English depending on the subject ('I eat. He eats'). In Norwegian, the present tense form is invariable. Almost all verbs add -p to the infinitive to form the present tense, which then can be used with all subjects. The present tenses of a v~pe, a vite, a gj¢pe, and a sp¢ppe are irregular, and must be learned separately.

33

VERB REVIEW 1. Which of the following are not verbs? pretty grow street later

ppetty stpeet 7,atep

2. Can the infinitive describe actions

which happened in the past? Yes

No

no

3. What is the infinitive marker in Norwegian?

4. Which of the following are not Norwegian infinitives? sep hadde

ser gj¢re hadde tro

5. How do you say 'He likes to sleep'? Han 7,ikep

a

sove.

Hun 7,cepep

4

gao

6. How do you say 'She is learning to walk'?

7. Do you have to use the infinitive marker in sentences 5. and 6.? Yes

No

yes

8. If ep means 'is,' in hun ep, what would the verb form be for" 'we are'? ep 9. Write the present tense form for these

infinitives.

a a a

arbeide

apbeidep

bo

bop

hete

hetep

10. What are the present tense forms for:

a

va!re

a gj¢re a sp¢rre

ep gj¢p 35

sp¢p

VERB REVIEW Before going on to sentence structure, we should compare one more aspect of English and Norwegian present tenses which frequently causes trouble when students translate from English into Norwegian. Compare these sentences: 1. I speak English. 2. I do speak English. 3. I am speaking English.

~

1. .reg snakkel' engeZsk.

English uses three types of constructions for these sentences. Norwegian permits only one. The student who tries to translate the English sentences word-for-word will no doubt have trouble with the words 'do' and 'am' in sentences 2. and 3. Now we will summarize some things you have seen about Norwegian sentence structure. In simple declarative sentences in Norwegian, the subject (8) comes before the verb (V): 8

V

Vi Hun

sovezt. snakkezt

noztsk.

In sentences which have several elements in the verb, we will pay particular attention to the verbal element which comes first. That is the element which can change its tense, and can change its position relative to the subject. We'll call that element V: 8

V

Han Svein

hazt 7,ikezt

sett fi7,men f¢zt. a tu 7, 7,e.

Questions reverse the relative positions of 8 and V. For questions which require only a 'yes' or 'no' answer, the sentence starts with the V, and the 8 follows. Questions which require new information to be given start with an interrogative (et sp¢ztzteoztd), and V-S follow: (interrogative)

Hva

V

8

Sovezt Likezt Hazt hetezt

du? Svein du hun?

36

a

tu 7, 7,e? sett fi7,men f¢zt?

VERB REVIEW 1. How do you say 'She is counting'?

Hun tettell.

2. How do you say 'Leif is here'?

Lei! ell hell.

3. Why do you have a translation for 'is' in sentence 2., but not in sentence I.?

The plIesent tense te'L'Lell tllans'Lates 'is counting'. Is is the vellb sentence 2.

rn

4. Translate: They do stop.

De stoppell.

5. Translate: They do it.

De gj'lI det.

6. Translate: They are doing it.

De gj'lI det.

7. What is the subject in this sentence:

Odd og Magne kjenner Aud.

Odd og Magne

8. What is the verb in the sentence

kjennell

above?

9. In simple declarative sentences, what is the relative order of S and V?

-

-

s--v

10. What is the subject in this question: P1eier han ! snakke norsk?

han

11. In questions, what is the relative order of S and V?

v--s

12. Does that order remain the same in questions with interrogatives?

yes

13. In a verb like har sett, with more than one element, which word are we referring to when we use the shorthand V?

hall

37

VERB REVIEW Many English questions use a form of 'to do': Do you like to eat? Did she speak English? This 'do' is similar to the 'do' constructions we discussed before. It is part of the structure of English questions and must not be translated when forming Norwegian questions. The same warning goes for forms of 'to be' which are linked in English questions to '-ing' forms of verbs: Does Anne write letters? Skriver Anne brev? Is Anne writing letters? 50 far in this review, we have been talking about positive

statements and questions. sentences are formed.

Now, we'll look at how negative

We will keep the same definition of V which we used before: the first element of a verb if there-is more than one. The word ikke generally comes after the V in the types of setnences we've been discussing: S V -ikkeser ikke tav7,a. Jeg har Jeg ikke sett 7,(£reren. 7,iker ikke a gj¢re det. Jeg In sentences with a pronoun, ikke comes after the pronoun as well. ikke 5 V pronoun ser henne ikke Jeg kjenner ikke Svein dem Note the word order in questions: Arbeider ikke Svein? Arbeider han ikke? Forstar du meg ikke? Once again the rule is that ikke follows the come between the V and ikke.

y, but pronouns

But compare these sentences with more than one verbal element: Svein Ziker ikke a se demo Svein har ikke sett demo Here, the object pronoun does not intrude between V and ikke because the pronoun comes after all the verbal elements. 38

VERB REVIEW

We see the same pattern when the pronoun is the object of a preposition: S~ein hap ikke sett pa dem. Anne skpivep ikke tit deg.

39

VERB REVIEW

1. How do you say 'Do they speak Norwegian?' 2. How do you say 'Are we stopping?'

CoveJt ZIti6 c.olumn

whU.e. an6weJUng! e

Stoppe'P vi?

3. Where would you put ikke in each of these sentences? 2 S--V--ikke 2 S--V--ikke 2 S--V--ikke 2 S--V--ikke

0ystein og Grol kjenner 2 0yvind S •

2 S--V--ikke

0ystein og Grol kjenner 2 hamS.

;5

S-- V--p'Ponoun -ikK.e

1

ikke afte'P V

2 ikke afte'P

p'Ponoun

;5

ikke afte'P p'Ponoun

2 ikke afte'P

p'Ponoun

2 dem is object

of p'Peposition

41

A'ITENDE KAPITI'EL

LA OSS SPISE! I.

SETT INN 'DEN', 'DET', 'DE' ELLER 'DEM': er ei imponerende bok.

1.

er

imponerende. er et imponerende

2.

er

sm~rbr~d.

imponerende. 3.

-------

er imponerende bilder.

-------

er

imponerende. 4. _______ er en imponerende klasse.

er

imponerende. 5. Han bor i et hus. 6. Er

b~kene

Har du sett _______ ?

pa pulten?

Nei, _______ er pa golvet.

7. Pennene er pI skrivebordet.

------- ?

43

Skriver du med

Attende kapitte1

II.

SETT INN RIKTIG FORM AV VERBET I PARENTES: 1.

---------

du

---------

i Norge f¢r? (a v2re)

2. Nar pleier du _______________ ? (a legge seg)

vi norsk na? (a lese)

3.

4. Dere ____________ mange penger i gar. (a hal 5. Vi

dem i butikken i gar. (a se) pa tav1a med kritt.

6. De liker (a skrive) 7. Hvorfor

du dette? (a gj¢re)

8. Studentene

norsk.

(a 12re, a snakke)

III.

BRUK 'SKAL' I SVARENE:

o.

Skriver du brevene na?

Nei, jeg skaZ skpive dem i mopgen. 1. Kj¢per du boka na? 2. Gj¢r du dette na?

3. Studerer du norsk na? 4. Sover du na?

44

Attende kapittel

IV.

BRUK 'VIL':

o.

Olav spiser kake. Jeg viZ ogsa spise kake!

1. Olav pusser tennene. 2. Olav arbeider pa fabrikk. 3. Olav banker pa d¢ra. 4. Olav er hjemme hos Liv.

V.

SKRIV SETNINGENE SOM MANGLER: O. Dere rna snakke norskl 1. Dere rna

ga

Vi kan ikke

sna~ke

nopsk.

pa skole! Vi kan ikke kj¢pe avisene.

2.

3. Dere rna legge dere!

•

Vi kan ikke sta der borte.

4.

5. Dere rna telle videre!

45

•

Attende kapittel

VI.

SVAR 'JA' OG BRUK PRESENS:

o.

Skal du pusse tennene?

Ja, jeg pU88ep tennene na. 1. ViI du drikke kaffe? 2. Kan du skrive pa norsk? 3. Ma du legge deg? 4. Kan du se deg i speilet?

5. ViI du vere her pa skolen? 6. Ma du

gj~re

7. Skal du

VII.

dette?

sp~rre

meg?

SETT INN 'NOEN' ELLER 'NOE': 1. Jeg rna ringe til _______ i dag.

2. Jeg liker

a drikke

til frokost.

3. Jeg har spist _______ smakaker. 4. Pleier du a spise _______ ved 5-tiden? 5.

6. Sa du

holder gaffelen i venstre hand. i butikken du viI

7. Vi har ikke _________ penger.

46

kj~pe?

Attende kapittel

VIII.

SKRIV SETNINGENE FERDIG, BRUK MINST TRE ORD TIL.

Comptete the sentenoes using at teast thpee mope bJopds.

1. Nordmenn pleier 2. Bvorfor har jeg 3. Hva skal

----------------------------------?

----------------------------------------- ?

4. Familien min ma

---------------------------------- •

5. Hvordan __________________________________________ ?

6. Dere viI 7. Sp1ste ___________________________________________ ?

8. Hvem har

----------------------------------------- ?

47

PRONOUN REVIEW In this review chapter, we will take a look at pronouns (et pponomen). Pronouns (for example, 'he, she, they,' and 'them') can take the place of nouns or names. In Norwegian (as in English) the form of a noun or name remains the same regardless of whether it occurs as the subject or.an object in the sentence. As you will see in the examples below, objects can be classified as direct objects, indirect objects, or objects of prepositions. Noun as subject: Pennen ligger pI bordet. ~ sA pA Kari. Noun as object: Vi kj9Spte pennen. (direct object) Jeg skriver med pennen. (object of preposition) Vi sender mannen et breve (indirect object) Most pronouns, on the other hand, have distinct forms for subject and object use. As a shorthand, we will use the following grammatical terminology when we are talking about pronouns: 1st person - the speaker(s) 2nd person - the person or people being spoken to 3rd person - the person or people or thing(s) spoken about. The following chart summarizes the personal pronouns in Norwegian. 1st, 2nd, and 3rd persons all have singular and plural forms, and each category has subject and object forms. Asterisks mark categories or distinctions which we lack in English. Particular attention must be paid to those forms for that reason. PLURAL

SINGULAR SUBJECT

OBJECT

1st person

jeg

meg

vi

oss

2nd person informa1* formal *

du* De*

deg* } Dem*

dere*

dere*

han hun

ham henne

den* det

den* det

de

dem

3rd person masculine feminine inanimate !!! gender*} ei gender* et gender

49

SUBJECT

OBJECT

PRONOUN REVIEW Here are several hints which may help you remember some of these forms: The forms which require most attention for many students are the 2nd person singular informal, the forms you would use when talking to a friend or relative. You can't rely on your English sense to help you decide when to use du and when deg1 English does not have separate subject and object forms for 'you.' It might be helpful to use the analogy with jeg and meg, since English does differentiate between 'I' (subject) and 'me' (object). If, in a particular sentence, you can substitute meg in the slot in question, then you want to choose deg. If jeg works, then so does dUe On tests, students call this type of choice a du or deg situation. The formal 2nd person forms are rarely used in Norway today. The forms De and Dem are identical to the forms for the 3rd person plural, except that the d is capitalized out of respect. The plural form depe is used for both subject and object. It might be helpful to think of depe as meaning something like ny'all." Norwegian has two words for 'it': den and det. When you want to use a pronoun instead of a noun, you must choose the proper form. If the noun is an en or ei word, den is used if the noun is not mentioned in the sentence. Rep ep en stoZ. Jens sittep pa den. Jeg sep ei kZokke. Den ep pa veggen. Det replaces et nouns in the same way. But det also is used to pOint out the existence of something. It is used with all three genders. In these constructions, the noun is mentioned in the sentence: Jeg skpivep et bpev. Det ep pa nopsk. Det ep et biZde pa veggen. Det ep en penn pa bopdet. Det ep ei bok pa puZten. Det is also used with plural nouns! Det ep fem stoZep hep. Ep det mange studentep i kZassen?

50

PRONOUN REVIEW

CoveJt th1.!, c.olumn

wkUe aMwW.ng! 1. Circle the subject in each of the following sentences: a. Lcereren sukker. b. Barna legger seg klokka ti. c. Gerd og Marit skriver til Anna og Per. d. Konnner Arne?

a. L(Ezoezoen b. Bazona c. Gezod og Mazoit d. Azone

2. Underline the objects in these sentences: a. b. c. d. e.

Mannen sA barna. Mannen sA pA frimerkene. Ase kj~·pte et hus. Jon mA ringe til l~reren. Hans sender brevene til guttene.

a. bazona b. fzoimezokene c. et hUB d. Z(Ezoezoen e. bzoevene~ guttene

3. The following sentences in English are addressed to various people. What Norwegian word for 'you' would you use in each sentence, if you were translating into Norwegian? a. pAl, you weren't here yesterday. a. du b. Jon and Helga, mother wants to talk to you. _____ _

c.

b. dezoe

Ingrid, has Erik written to you? c. deg

d. Torhild and Solveig, can you speak Norwegian? _____ _

d. dezoe

4. Now continue to translate the rest of these sentences into Norwegian in your head, but write the translations for the pronouns underlined: a. We are sitting down. _____ _ b. Aud lost her pens. She can't find them. c. Kare can understand us. _____ _ d. Egil bought a newspaper. He is reading it now. ______ _ ____ _

a. Vi

b. Hun~ dem c. oss d. Han, den

e. Could they write me a letter?

------ ------

51

e.

de~

meg

PRONOUN REVIEW When the object of a verb or a preposition is the same person or thing as the subject of the sentence, we say we are dealing with a REFLEXIVE pronoun (et pefZeksivt pponomen). In English, the suffix -self or -selves is used on reflexive pronouns. Reflexive pronouns are underlined below: John wrote himself a long letter. Are you writing a long letter to yourself? In Norwegian, the reflexive pronouns take the same form as the object pronouns for 1st and 2nd person: Jeg sa pa meg. 'I looked at myself.' Du sa pa ~eg. 'You looked at yourself.' Depe sa p dtipe. 'You looked at yourselves.' Vi sa pa oss. 'We looked at ourselves.' For the 3rd person, however, the reflexive pronoun has a different form. For all 3rd person subjects, the reflexive pronoun is !!!!Jl. 'Be looked at himself.' Han sa pa !!!!Jl. Hun sa pa Beg. 'She looked at herself.' Den sa pa seg. 'It looked at itself.' Det sa pa Beg. Anne sa pa seg. 'Anne looked at herself.' De sa pa Beg. 'They looked at themselves.' 'Jens and Anne looked at Jens og Anne sa pa !!!!Jl. themselves. ' Did you notice that in the examples given above, ~ is used with all 3rd person subjects: singular and plura~noun and pronoun, masculine, feminine, and inanimate? Some verbs in Norwegian normally take a reflexive pronoun, but the English equivalent uses a non-reflexive construction: a Zegge seg means 'to go to bed' a Zike Beg means 'to be happy or pleased' a f~Ze Beg means 'to feel (at home or welcome)' When the infinitives of these reflexive verbs are given in dictionaries or glossaries, the reflexive pronoun listed is !!!!Jl. In sentences, of course, the proper reflexive pronoun is determined by the subject.

52

PRONOUN REVIEW 1. Reflexive pronouns are used when the objects refer to the same person or thing as the

---------------

1. subject

2. Do these sentences use reflexive pronouns? (yes/no) a. John wrote himself a letter.

a. yes

b. John wrote him a letter.

b. no

c. We called them on the telephone. ___ _

c. no

d. She wanted to buy herself a new car.

d. yes

3. Do these Norwegian sentences use

reflexive pronouns? (yes/no)

a. Jeg kjenner deg. b. Dere vasker dere.

a. no

-----

b. yes

-----

c. De ser pI meg. ----d. F~ler du deg hjemme her?

c. no

-----

e. Arne pleier 1 legge seg klokka tie

-----

d. yes e. yes

4. With which of the following subjects would you use the reflexive pronoun seg? jeg, hun, dere, piken, guttene, vi, Ase

hun, piken, guttene, Ase

5. Fill in the appropriate reflexive pronouns: a. Vi ser _____ i speilet.

a. oss

b. Hunden vasker

b. seg

c. Har dere penger med _____ i dag?

c. del'e

d. Har Jens og Hans sett pI ____ _ i speilet?

d. seg

e.

e. seg

F~ler

Jorunn _____ hjemme?

f.

f. Nlr legger du _____ ?

53

deg

NIENDE KAPI'ITEL

HUSET I • SKRIV OM 06 BRUK ORDENE I PARENTES:

o.

Magne skriver med penn.

(rna)

Magne ma skrive med penn. 1. Aud studerer kjemi.

(viI)

2. Astrid leser mange b¢ker.

(liker)

3. Egil forstAr

(kan)

ikke Turid.

4. Ase er i Norge nA ..

s.

Gj¢r Odd dette?

(trenger)

(skal)

6. Hilser Bj¢rg pA damen?

II.

(rnA)

7. Gutten snakker norsk.

(lcl!rer)

8. Elevene ser pA klokka.

(viI)

SKRIV OM 06 BRUK

o.

' LA' :

Jeg viI sta. La meg sta!

1. Hun viI lese dette. 2. Vi viI spise.

3. Han viI gAo 4. De viI legge seg. 5. Jeg viI stoppe her. 55

Niende kapittel III.

SETT INN DEN RIKT.IGE FORMEN AV VERBET:

o.

Vi __ !ef!!~ ____ middag nA.

(A spise)

Kjetil i Norge nA?

1.

2. Hva

------------

(A bo)

du til middag i gar?

3. La dem ____________ pA stolene.

(A spise)

(A sitte)

4. ____________ du ___________ _ i Amerika

f~r?

5. Hvem ___________ _ du i butikken i gAr?

(A

6. Torhild ____________ noen blyanter i gAr.

du ikke

7. Hvorfor 8. Jeg~kan ikke

-r----------

9.

du

(0

legge seg

------------

ekspedit~ren?

v~e)

se) (a hal

(A

sp~rre)

f~r klokka tolv.

------------

10. ____________ Jorunn hjemme i gAr kveld?

56

(a

(A

se)

(A vmre)

Niende kapitte1

IV.

STRYK UT PRONOMENENE SOM IKKE PASSER:

o.

Liv sa (~ / meg) i butikken i gar.

1. ( Han / Ham ) har ikke sett ( du / deg ) i dag. 2.

Jeg / Meg) 1iker a

v~e

student.

3. (Vi / Oss ) forstar ( hun / henne ) ikke. 4. ( De / Dem ) 1egger ( de / dem / seg ) k10kka ni. 5. ( Hun / Henne ) 1iker ( hun / he nne / seg ) i norsktimen. 6. Har ( du / deg ) sett ( han / ham / seg ) 1 spei1et? 7. ( Den / Det / De / Dem ) er imponerende bi1der. 8. Hva heter ( du / deg )?

57

Niende kapittel

V.

BRUK DEN RIKTIGE FORMEN AV EIENDOMSPRONOMENENE 'MIN', 'DIN', 'HANS' ELLER 'HENNES':

o.

Bar du et hus? L~pepen

kan ikke finne huset ditto

1. Bar han noen 2. Bar jeg et

b~ker?

kj~leskap?

3. Bar hun ei tavle? 4. Bar han fire glass? 5. Bar jeg ei

d~r?

6. Bar du noen brev? 7. Bar jeg en blyant? 8. Bar hun et fjernsyn?

58

Niende kapittel

VI.

BRUK DEN RIKTIGE FORMEN AV EIENDOMSPRONOMENENE 'VAR', 'DERES'ELLER 'DERES':

o.

Vi kj¢per noen bilder. Bildene vape ep imponepende.

1. De kj¢per et skrivebord. 2. Dere kj¢per en fabrikk. 3. Vi kj¢per ei bok. 4. Dere kj¢per et hus. 5. De kj¢per noen hus. 6. Vi kj¢per noen m¢bler. 7. Vi kj¢per et kaffebord.

VII.

BRUK EIENDOMSPRONOMENER I SVARENE:

o.

Kan du finne bildene til Ase? Ja, hep ep bildene hennes.

1. Kan du finne blyantene til Leif? 2. Kan du finne fjernsynet til Egil og Helga? 3. Kan du finne platespilleren til Gerd?

4. Kan du finne tavla til gutten? 5. Kan du finne fisken til jenta?

6. Kan du finne huset til onkelen din?

59

Niende kapittel

VIII.

SETT STREK UNDER HELE SUBJEKTET OG sLA SIRKEL RUNDT DET B0YDE VERBET:

UnderZine the entire subject and circZe the conjugated verb:

o.

Kari og

jeg([ik~a spise ved 4-tiden.

1. Jeg sa boka di pa

v~relset

ditt i gar kveld.

2. Nordmenn pleier a holde gaffelen i venstre hand. 3. Jorunn og Turid kommer ikke f¢r klokka sju i morgen. 4. Han sukker, ser pa pap irene pa skrivebordet og arbeider videre. 5. Ase har

v~t

her f¢r.

6. Forstar hun mye norsk allerede? 7. Skal vi ikke snakke norsk hjemme? 8. Vi rna ikke gj¢re dette her nat

60

Niende kapittel

IX.

A.

SKRIV OM OG BEGYNN SETNINGENE MED ORDENE SOM ER GITT:

Re~pite

these ppovided:

sentenaes~

beginning

~ith

the

~opds

Vi spiste fisk og poteter til middag i gar kveld.

o.

Fisk og poteter

spiste vi tiZ middag i gdp kveZd.

1. Til middag 2. I gar kveld 3. Spiste B.

Nordmenn pleier

a

si IITakk for maten" etter et maltid.

4. ·'Takk for maten ll

5. Etter et mal tid

6. Pleier

c.

Dere viI ikke

gj~re

dette her na.

7. Na 8. Dette 9. Her 10. ViI

D.

Vi legger oss ved elleve-tiden hos oss. 11. Hos oss 12. Ved elleve-tlden 13. Legger 61

WORD ORDER REVIEW In an earlier review chapter (pp. 36-41), we saw that in normal declarative sentences, the subject (S) comes before the verb (V): S V Han kommer til byen i morgen. Questions use the order V--S: V S with interrogative: N!r kommer han til byen? V

without interrogative:

S

Kommer han til byen?

One more aspect of word order will be discussed in this short review chapter. A declarative sentence does not always start with the subject. For emphasis or stylistic variation, we can move another element to the first position in the sentence. When this happens in Norwegian, the order of the subject (S) and verb (V) is inverted from the normal S--V. Below we will look at several types of elements which-cause inversion (invBPsjon) when they fill the first slot in the sentence. 1

2

NORMAL

Vi

drikker

ofte kaffe i Norge.

INVERTED direct object

Kaffe

drikker

vi ofte i Norge.

adverb

Ofte

drikker

vi kaffe i Norge.

prepositional phrase

I Norge

drikker

vi ofte kaffe.

Notice that the V is stands for the first sentences which have the two parts of the

always in slot 2. Remember that V part of a verb in a compound. Ininverted V~-S then, the S comes between compound:

NORMAL

S V Han har vcert i Norge

f~r.

INVERTED

V S I Norge har han vcert

f~r.

F~r

V S har han vCErt i Norge.

63

WORD ORDER REVIEW

The rules for ikke placement are the same as they are for questions:

s

NORMAL

V

Han kommer ikke til byen i morgen.

s

V

Hun vil ikke se pA fjernsyn nA. V

INVERTED

S

I morgen kommer han ikke til byen. V

s

NA vIl hun 1kke se pA fjernsyn.

64

TlENDE KAPIITEL

FAMILIEN I • ER SUBSTANTIVENE 'EN' , 'EI' ELLER 'ET'?

o.

hAnd

1. par 2. br¢dskive 3. by 4. viere1se

s.

seng

6. frimerke

7. dame

8. jente 9. pike

10. vindu 11. d¢r

II.

en

ei

et

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

•

SKRIV SETNINGENE FERDIG: 1. Jeg har to fore1dre: 2. Du har fire s¢sken:

~n

_________ og

~n

_________ •

to _________ og to

•

3. Han har to bestern¢dre og to bestefedre. Han har fire 4. Moren til Jorunn har to fore1dre. Det er ____________ og ____________ til Jorunn.

s.

Dere har ti barn:

6. De har seks

fern _________ og fern _________ •

s¢skenba6~:

tre ______ og tre _______ •

Tiende kapitte1

I I I • SKRIV FORMENE SOM MANGLER: ENTALL

UBESTEMT

BESTEMT

o.

en s¢nn

8¢nnen

1.

en far

UBESTEMT

FLERTALL

BESTEMT

-------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------~

8¢nnene

moren

2.

d¢tre

3.

----~---------------------------------~----------------

4.

5.

tantene

en onke1

fetteren

6.

nieser

7.

8.

nev¢ene

------------------------------------------------------9.

en bror

------------------------------------------------------barnet

10.

11.

xxxxxxx

xxxxxxx

12.

xxxxxxx

xxxxxxx

s¢sken

fore1drene

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------66

Tiende kapittel

-------------------IV.

SKRIV OM OG BRUK PRONOMENER ISTEDENFOR NAVN:

Re~~ite~

~epZacing

changes necessapy:

o.

Jens viI

kj~pe

names

~ith p~onouns.

Make aZZ

othe~

boka til Anne.

Han viZ kj¢pe boka hennes. 1. Lp.if har ikke sett Liv

f~r.

2. Familien til Aud og Egil viI 3. Helga rna snakke rned

l~reren

kj~pe

huset til Ase.

til Jens.

4. Bestefaren til Jorunn liker ikke Svein. 5. Har fetterne til Lars og Pal

v~t

hjemme hos Gro?

6. 0ystein og Eivind rna skrive et brev til Turid og Kari. 7. Marit kjenner ikke Karin og Kari.

67

Tiende kapittel

V.

HVA

MA

VI KJ0PE?

1.

~~-+__

3. 4.

6.

Til frokost liker vi ! ____ l~ ______ kaffe. _____ ~~_____ hun mange penger nar hun arbeider? Ei br¢dskive med palegg heter et ____ !~ _____ _ Det er et ____

~~

______ og en ____

2~

______ pa badet.

Farfaren min og morfaren min er ___ ~~ _______ mine. Nordmenn pleier

a

holde gaffe len i ____ l~ ______ hand.

Ha det ____ ~~ ______ ! Til _____

~~

_____ spiser vi egg.

Kusinene mine og fetterne mine er ____ IQ~ _____ mine. Ved 5-tiden pleier nordmenn a spise __ !!~ _______ .

68

ElJ.EVTE KAPIlTEL

JOURNALISTEN DAG KROGSTAD SKRIVER OM FAMILIEN BAKKE I.

SVAR pA SP0RSMALENE:

o.

Hvem er gift med faren hans? Mopen hans ep gift med fapen hans.

1. Hvem er gift med mormoren hennes? 2. Hvem er

s~steren

til faren vAr?

3. Hvem er barna til foreldrene dine (og ikke deg)? 4. Hvem er

s~nnene

til tantene og onklene mine?

5. Hvem er faren til faren deres? 6. Hvem er barna til barna til Ase og pAl?

II.

SKRIV SETNINGENE FERDIG:

o. Jeg

legger meg alltid klokka elleve.

Jeg Zeggep meg aZZtid kZokka eZZeve.

1. Du 2. Mette 3.

dere

4. De

•

5. _______________________ oss ______________________ _

69

Ellevte kapittel

I I I • SKRIV ~ETNINGENE ETTER M0NSTERET, BRUK HJEMME :

o.

Aud og Odd

Na

IV.

~nsker

meg velkommen.

f¢tep jeg meg hjemme.

1. Aud og Odd

~nsker

ham velkommen.

2. Aud og Odd

~nsker

oss velkommen.

3. Aud og Odd

~nsker

henne velkommen.

4. Aud og Odd

~nsker

dem velkommen.

5. Aud og Odd

~nsker

dere velkommen.

6. Aud og Odd

~nsker

deg velkommen.

BRUK IMPERATIV:

o.

Vi skal studere seinere.

Studep nal 1. Vi skal se pI 2. Vi skal

b~kene

seinere.

sp~rre l~eren

3. Vi skal spise

seinere.

sm~rbr~det

seinere.

4. Vi skal si ordene seinere. 5. Vi skal lage frokost seinere. 6. Vi skal bruke tavla seinere.

7. Vi skal

v~e

pI skolen seinere.

70

'A

F0LE SEG

Ellevte kapittel

V.

SETT INN DEN RIKTIGE FORMEN AV VERBET: 1. ViI dere 2. Han

------------

------------

Marit for meg? (to introduce)

godt i gar kveld. (to sleep)

3. Dere (to know)

------------

4. Liker du

at det er fjernsynet til liereren.

besteforeldrene dine?

(to visit)

5. La oss

henne som et barn. (to treat)

6.

ikke! (to

talk~

Barna

na.

to fall asleep)

7. Noen gr¢nnsaker ____________ bra her i Norge. (to grow)

8.

tennene f¢r du (to

brush~

to go to bed)

9.

hun

her ofte f¢r? (to be) velkommen hos familien

10. Gerd og Unni Hansen.

11. (may~

1

(to feel) i norsktimen?

vi to sleep)

12. Bestefaren hans er gammel, men han ___________ _ enna.

(to live)

71

E11evte kapitte1

VI.

SETT INN PREPOSISJONENE SOM PASSER: etasje er det et

f~rste

1.

kj~kken

og

ei stue. en gard ____________ 1andet.

2. Bonden bor 3. Vi spiser frokost

7-tiden. en fabrikk mens kona hans

4. Kare arbeider arbeider

en avis. et universitet.

5. Hun 1iker a studere

6. De forstar enge1sk, men vi skriver brev

dem

norsk.

7. Har du

v~t

8. Spiste du

Kari?

hjemroe

kj~tt

e11er fisk ____________ middag i

gar? 9. Vi sa

viske1~et

hans, men vi kan ikke finne

b1yanten ____________ Solveig. 10.

L~reren

atti-arene.

min er en mann

handen mens de

11. Barna dine tar henne smi1er 12. E1evene presenterer

henne. l~reren

13. Kusinen din 1igner ____________ Hans.

72

fore1drene.

TOLVTE KAPl1TEL

p.A BES(JK HOS FAMILIEN BAKKE I.

SETT STREK UNDER HELE SUBJEKTET OG SLA SIRKEL RUNDT DET B0YDE VERBET:

o.

Pal og jeg €iseDtil Oslo i morgen.

1. Familien hennes liker a bo i byen. 2. Lisbet og Gunnar dyrker korn. 3. Der pleier korn a vokse bra. 4.

~reren

til Gro ma

bes~ke

foreldrene hennes.

5. Bar du spist maten din? 6. Det er boka deres. 7. I Norge pleier vi a snakke norsk. 8. Sover Siri pa et

sovev~relse

i annen etasje?

9. Familien Roe sa seg omkring pa landet. 10.

B~ker

interesserer deg.

73

Tolvte kapittel

II.

BRUK DET RIKTIGE EIENDOMSPRONOMENET:

o.

Jeg trenger et Hvop ep

viskel~r.

vi8keZ~pet

ditt?

1. Hun trenger en traktor. 2. Vi trenger ei

d~r.

3. Jeg trenger bilder. 4. Dere trenger et egg. 5. Du trenger skrivepapir. 6. De trenger

s~sken.

7. Ingeborg trenger en linjal. 8. Leif og Torleif trenger en avis. 9. Han trengar en skje. 10. Hun trenger et hus.

74

Tolvte kapittel

III.

SETT INN DET RIKTIGE PRONOMENET:

o.

Liv star foran speilet.

Hun ser

_~~a

___ i det.

1. Jeg viI bes¢ke Per og Ole, men f¢rst rna jeg skrive til

•

2. Ved ll-tiden legger vi

•

3. Far jeg presentere Aud, eller kjenner du allerede? 4. Dere har ikke 5. F¢ler du

her f¢r.

v~t

----------

6. Bj¢rg er hjemme.

omkring!

Se

hjemme her?

Liv kommer og bes¢ker

hjemme hos 7. Arne liker ___________ hjemme.

Han pleier a sitte

og lese hjemme hos ____________ 8. Jeg kan ikke finne blyantene mine.

------------ ?

75

Har du sett

Tolvte kapittel

IV.

SKRIV OM OG BRUK EIENDOMSPRONOMENER ISTENDENFOR NAVNENE I PARENTES:

o.

Lise leser boka (til Lise).

Lise tesep boka si. 1. Jens, bor

br~drene

(til Jens) i utlandet?

2. Hans, bor

s~strene

(til Jens) i Danmark?

3. Har du sett stabburet (til Ole og Ase)? 4.

L~er

Hansen ser pA avisen (til

5.

~eren

l~rer

Hansen).

(til Gro) mA snakke med foreldrene (til Gro).

6. KAre og datteren (til KAre) er pA s~nnen (til Kari).

bes~k

hos Kari og

7. Kan Siri og Lars finne pengene (til Siri og Lars)? 8. Familien (til Erik) ringer til Erik i morgen. 9. Det er

sovev~elset

(til Anne).

76

Tolvte kapittel

-------------------V.

SETT I NN DEN RI KT.I GE FORMEN AV VERBET I PARENTES:

1.

I

gar _________ dere pa en restaurant. (a spise)

2. Pleier Hans

i norsktimen? (a sove)

3. Vi har ikke

pa boka die (a se)

4. Han ____________ det ofte na.

(a

si)

5. Har du _________ hos familien Sten enna? (a vrere) ordet 'imponerende'! (a stave)

6.

7. Anna _________ slektningen sine i fjor. (a bes¢ke)

VI.

SKRIV GRUNNTALLENE OG ORDENSTALLENE: ORDENSTALL

GRUNNTALL

o.

5

1.

11

11.

2.

6

6.

3.

18

18.

4.

23

23.

5.

31

31.

6.

92

92.

7.

64

64.

8.

88

88.

9.

16

16.

10.

20

20.

.5.

fern

77

femte

Tolvte kapittel

VII.

STRYK UT ORD.ET SOM IKKE PASSER:

o.

Han

f~ler (~

/ seg ) velkommen.

1. Krogstad ( vet / kjenner ) ekteparet Bakke. bes~k

2. Torhild og jeg er pa

hos

s~steren

( henne / hennes ). 3. Vi

bes~ker

( henne / hennes ).

4. Krogstad ( vet / kjenner ) at Bakke er bonde. 5. Dere ska1 reise til ( bAde / begge ) Sverige 09 Danmark. 6. Hva slags

gr~nnsaker

( dyrker / vokser ) her?

7. ( BAde / Begge ) jentene 1eser

b~kene

sine.

8. Slektningene mine ( sa / sa ) seg omkring i byen. 9. ( Hvor / Hvordan ) mye koster a1t dette? 10. Ska1 vi vekke ( du / deg ) ved 6-tiden? 11. Har du hatt ( noe / noen ) A drikke? 12. Hvorfor ( 1igger / legger )

78

b~kene

vare pa golvet?

POSSESSIVE PRONOUN REVIEW This review chapter will focus on several types of possessive constructions. Throughout this chapter, we will pay attention to the structure of phrases and sentences which use possessives. The first possessive construction you learned was used when the owner was mentioned by name: boka tit Jopunn 'Jorunn's book' btyantene tit Svein 'Svein's pencils' This form can also be used when the owner is mentioned using a noun, instead of the name: boka tit guttene 'the boys' book' btyantene tiZ Z~pepen 'the teacher's pencils' We can write out a formula for this type of possessive construction showing the relationship between the owner and the item owned: ITEM

OWNER tiZ

noun in definite

name or noun

Since it is often inconvenient to repeat the name of the noun which stands for the owner, we can use a possessive pronoun (et eiendomspponomen) in its place. We can say 'John's car,' or if it is clear we are talking about John, we could say 'his car.' In Norwegian, some possessive pronouns have different forms depending on the gender and number of the item which is possessed. Other possessive pronouns have only one form, which is used for all genders, singular and plural. First, we'll look at non-reflexive possessive pronouns, next at the invariable ones. Then we'll examine reflexive possessives. The possessive pronouns for 'my' and 'your' (informal, singular) have similar forms, so we will look at them at the same time. These forms are used when the speaker (first person) is the owner: min with en gender singular nouns mi with ei gender singular nouns mitt with et gender singular nouns mine with all plural nouns. ?or second din di ditt dine

person singular, informal, the forms used are: with en gender singular nouns with ei gender singular nouns with et gender singular nouns with all plural nouns. 79

POSSESSIVE PRONOUN REVIEW

These pronouns can be used in constructions like: Buset mitt e~ de~ bo~te. 'My house is over there.' Btyanten din e~ pa bo~det.'Your pencil is on the table.' Det e~ b¢kene mine. 'They are my books.'

The following formula shows how you form possessive constructions in which the owner is referred to with a pronoun: ITEM

OWNER

[ possessive pronoun

noun in definite Notice that as in which is owned is the item owned is for both of these huset tit

the previous formula we made up, the item mentioned before the owner. Also in both, in the definite. Compare English usage points:

Jo~unn

huset hennes

Jorunn's house

her house

These possessives can also stand alone, or preBicatively, linked to a noun by a linking verb. Btyanten e~ min. 'The pencil is mine.' Buset e~ ditt. 'The house is yours.' B¢kene e~ mine. 'The books are mine.' In this type of possessive construction also, the pronoun must agree in gender and number with the item possessed. While there are four forms for min and din, there are only three for the possessive pronoun meaning 'our' or 'ours': va~ is used for singular en and ei nouns va~t is used for singular et nouns va~e is used for all plural nouns. For example: Det et stoten Det e~ ktokka Det e~ bitdet Det e~ husene

, 'It is our chair. 'It is our clock. I , 'It is our picture. , 'They are our houses.

va~. va~. va~t. va~e.

80

POSSESSIVE PRONOUN REVIEW

The rest of the non-reflexive possessive pronouns are invariable. They have only one form, which is used with all nouns, regardless of gender and number. Hans means 'his,' hennes 'her, hers,' dens and dets mean 'its,' depes means either 'your(s), (owned by depe) or 'their(s), (owned by de). Depes (with a capital D) means 'your(s), (owned by De). This chart summarizes all of the non-reflexive possessive pronouns as well as the corresponding subject and object personal pronouns: PLURAL

SINGULAR SUBJ.

OBJ.

1st person

jeg

meg

2nd person informal

du

formal 3rd person masculine feminine inanimate en/ei et noun et noun

deg

POSSe

SUBJ.

min-mi- vi mittmine din-di-I dittdine depe

De

Dem

Depes

han hun

ham henne

~:::esl

den det

den det

dens dets

81

de

OBJ.

POSSe

oss

vapvaptvape

depe

depes

dem

depes

POSSESSIVE PRONOUN REVIEW Hints and Suggestions 1. The confusion which might arise between depes (meaning 'their'), depes (meaning 'your'--belonging to depe), and Depes which means 'your(s) '--belonging to De, is usually cleared up by knowing the context in which the possessive is used. We usually know what is under discussion, and can figure out if the item owned belongs to 'you' or 'them.' 2. The English pronoun 'her' has two functions: object and possessive. These have distinct forms in Norwegian: henne is the object form: Jeg sa henne. 'I saw her.' hennes is the possessive form: Det ep boka hennes. 'It is her book.' It might help you to remember that the possessive form (hennesJ ends in -s, like all the other invariable possessive pronouns (hans, depe~). 3. English has two forms for some of the possessives: my/mine, your/yours, her/hers, our/ours, your/yours, their/theirs. When the possessive stands alone, without direct connection to the noun, the longer form (mine, yours) is used. The picture is mine. It is my picture. This distinction is not made in Norwegian: Bi'ldet ep mitt. Det et bi'ldet mitt. 4. Students who try to translate word-for-word will have the following problems: English Norwegian my house huset mitt a. word order

owner first

item first

b. form of item

indefinite

definite

c. agreement with noun

none in English

82

necessary in Norwegian for some possessives (min--mi--mitt-mine)

POSSESSIVE PRONOUN REVIEW 1. In the possessive constructions we've been looking at, what form is the item in? indefinite definite

1. definite

2. Fill in the correct possessive pronouns (The subject pronoun tells you who owns the item.)

2.

.

a. (jeg) blyanten ____ ; brevene -----, klokka

mine: mi

b. (han) linjalen _____ 1 senga -----; papiret ______ • c. (vi)

d. (de)

b. hans1 hans:

.

skolen ______ : glassene ------, barnet

hans

Va2't

kontoret ______ ; pennene ______ , d. de2'es: de2'es; de2'e8

stua

.

e. henne81

e. (hun) frimerket -------, b¢kene ______ 1

hennes; hennes

avisen 3. Would you use henne or hennes in translating these sentences? henne hennes a.

~

family is in Norway.

0

a

b. The book is hers.

c. I bought a flower for her.a

a a

d. Give me her pen. e. Give her my pen.

a a o a a

4. Bow do you say 'Pal's table'?__________

a. hennes b. hennes c. henne d. hennes e. henne

4. b02'det tit Pat

'our table' 'your table' (du) _________________ _

b02'det va2't

'your table' (dere) _______________ _

b02'det de2'es

83

b02'det ditt

POSSESSIVE PRONOUN REVIEW

There is a special set of possessive pronouns in Norwegian which is used when an item is possessed by the subject of the sentence, and that subject is in the third person. (You recall the special reflexive pronoun seg, discussed on pp. 52-53.) The reflexive possessive pronouns (et pefteksivt eiendomspponomen) sin--si--sitt--sine are used whenever an item is owned by the subject of the sentence, which is in the third person. Depending on the subject, these reflexive possessives can mean 'his,' 'her(s),' 'its,' 'their(s).' The form of this pronoun must agree in gender and number with the possessed item(s), in just the same way that the forms min--mi--mitt-mine must agree with the possessed item. Pay attention to these sample sentences and their meanings (the subjects are underlined in all examples below): Pat skpivep tit fettepen sin. 'P!l is writing to his cousin.' Mapit pingep tit bapnet sitt. 'Marit is calling her child.' De tikep

a bes¢ke

stektningene sine. 'They like to visit their relatives.'

Now consider this English sentence: Olav gave Odd his book. We don't really know whose book Odd got: Olav's, Odd's, or someone else's. But the Norwegian sentence: otav gav Odd boka si tells us immediately that it is Olav's book, because si, the reflexive possessive pronoun can only be used when the owner is the subject of the sentence. On the other hand, the sentence: otav gav Odd boka hans can only mean that the book Odd got was not Olav's.

84

POSSESSIVE PRONOUN REVIEW Hints and Suggestions Remember that when the reflexive possessive is used, the subject of the sentence owns the object. Therefore, a reflexive possessive can never be used in the subject of the sentence. You cannot use a form of sin-rn sentences like: His brother lives here. Jens and his brother live here. You also cannot use a form of the reflexive possessive in sentences in which det is the subject (unless it clearly stands for same noun which is the owner of an item). Sentences like the following would never have a form of sin: Det Det

e~ e~

'It is her pencil.' 'They are their pictures.'

btyanten hennes. bitdene de~es.

When you are trying to decide if a reflexive pronoun (seg) or a reflexive possessive (sin, si, sitt, sine) should be used in a sentence, you must first know exactly what the entire subject of the sentence is. If the subject is the same person or thing as the object, and the subject is in the third person, you should use seg. If the subject is the owner of the item, and is in the third person, use the reflexive possessive, sin, si, sitt, or sine.

85

POSSESSIVE PRONOUN REVIEW COVeIL.thi6 c.otumn whil.e an./tweJc1.ng J

1. Underline the entire subject in these sentences: a. Harald is talking to his mother.

a. Hap"a"1.d

b. Harald and his mother are talking.

c. It is his mother.

b. Har-a1.d mot-'Jiep c. It

d. You are talking to your mother.

d. You

2. If you translated the sentences in 1.

into Norwegian, which of them would use the reflexive possessive sin? a.

b.

c.

2. on1.y a.

d.

3. Can the reflexive possessive appear as

part of the subject? yes

3. no

no

4. What would 8i mean in English if you

translated these sentences:

4.

a. Hun finner klokka si.

a. hep

b. Hans finner klokka si.

b. his

c. De finner klokka si.

c. theip

d.

L~eren

finner klokka si.

e. Kari og Anna finner klokka si.

87

d. his e. theip

an"a

his

--------------------

TRETl'ENDE KAPITI'EL

TURIST I OSLO I • ER SUBSTANTIVENE 'EN', 'EI' ELLER 'ET'? SKRIV OGSA UBESTEMT FLERTALL FOR HVERT ORD:

o. 1. 2. 3.

4. 5. 6.

7. 8. 9.

10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18.

-en -ei

et

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

• 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ubestemt f1erta11 penn

penner'

menneske barnebarn s~ster

bonde onke1 kusine fetter datter s~nn

far ord k10kke skje fabrikk vcere1se skrivebord ke1ner kone

89

Trettende kapitte1 II.

FYLL INN FORMENE SOM MANGLER: ENTALL Q~~§I~~I

o.

______

en uke

~~~~~~~

______

FLERTALL Y§~~~~

ukel'

uken

________ ~~§~~~

ukene

--------------------------------------------------1.

et barn

1cereren

2.

senger

3.

arene

4.

5.

en nordmann

programmet

6.

museer

7.

d¢rene

8.

9.

10.

et teater

hote11et

ting

11. 90

Trettende kapittel

III.

HVA ER SP0RSMALET? STILL SP0RSMAL OM DEN UNDERSTREKEDE DELEN AV SVARET: Ask about the undepZined papt of the

ans~ep:

Hun reiser den 6. oktober. 1. __________________ 1

~

2. __________________ ?

Jeg sov bra, takk.

3. __________________ ?

Jens bor pa landet.

4. __________________ ?

Sonja er trettifem ar gamrnel.

5. __________________ ?

6.

Jeg viI presentere Q!!y for deg. Solveig leser interessante

------------------ ?

b~ker.

7. __________________ ?

IV.

spiste vi til frokost.

Han holder gaffelen i venstre hand.

BRUK FLERTALL I SVARENE:

o.

Jeg spiser et

r~dt

eple.

R¢de epZep spisep vi ogsa. 1. Jeg

bes~ker

et stort museum.

2. Jeg ser pa en interessant tinge 3. Jeg bruker et dyrt

kj~kkenbord.

4. Jeg har en fin penn. 5. Jeg bor pa et fullt hotell. 6. Jeg tar et bilde av en

h~y

bygning.

7. Jeg lager en fin statue av Karl Johan. 91

Trettende kapittel

V.

BRUK ENTALL I SVARENE:

o.

Bar du noen billige flagg? Jeg hap bape ett biZZig fZagg.

1. Ser du pI noen moderne bygninger? 2. Leser du noen lange b¢ker? 3. Spiser du noen saftige appelsiner? 4. Kjenner du noen hyggelige steder? 5. Gj¢r du noen imponerende ting? 6. Kj¢per du noen nye kj¢leskap? 7. GAr du i noen norske teatre?

VI.

SETT INN ADJEKTIV SOM PASSER. BRUK IKKE NOE ADJEKTIV MER ENN ~N GANG: FiZZ in fitting adjeotives. Do not use an adjeotive mope than onoe. 1. Vi har et

vcerelse p! et hotell.

2. Eplene er _______ og 3. Jeg mA kj¢pe en

blomst.

4. Vi sA et _______ skuespill i et teater. 5. AIle _______ kafeer er ______ _ 6. Oslo har to

torg.

7. En _______ bygning ligger ved siden av en _______ park. 92

biZZig deiZig dyp fapgepik fin fuZZ gp¢nn hvit h¢y intepessant Zang nopsk ny pOpuZ(2P pimeZig p¢d stop

Trettende kapittel

VII.

HVOR MANGE NORSKE ORD KAN DU FINNE? o v f e t t eCi: e i s e)r mid d a 9 b

0

k k e

0

¢

k 1 e v k u e n e k i s d r s tel 1 e k j e n t e i a t d Y tid

0

q ear

n f j ¢ s p ¢ r r e r

~

e

9 t a r i mel i 9 e P s loddrett

vannrett

o.

O. r-eise

93

vi 1,

FJORTENDE KAPI1TEL

MER OM OSLO II

FYLL INN ORDENE SOM MANGLER: et -----

stort

hus,

noen

1. (norsk)

bok,

_______ student,

sm¢rbr¢d, 2. (ny)

-----

_______ stuer,

slektninger park,

teater, ____________ tavle 3. (billig)

_~~ __

m¢bler,

fjernsyn, _______ seng,

4. (gr¢nn) ____ _

plante, klcer,

5. (kjent)

linjal

noen -----------

teppe skuespill,

kvinne,

lys, ____________ platespiller, bilder

95

sted, dagbok

spisestue,

6 • (moderne)

pcere,

Fjortende kapittel II.

SVAR SLIK pA SP0RSMALENE:

o.

Var du der i gar? Nei~

men jeg gar dit nao

1. Var du nede i gar? 2. Var du oppe i gar? 3. Var du ute i gar?

4. Var du hjemme i gar? 5. Var du inne i gar?

6. Var du borte i gar? 7. Var du der inne i gar?

8. Var du der borte i gar? 9. Var du der nede i gar?

10. Var du der ute i gar?

96

Fjortende kapittel

III.

STRYK UT ORDENE SOM IKKE PASSER:

a

O. Vi 1iker

sitte ( der nede /

d~d

) ved havna.

1. Arbeider du ( der inne / dit inn ) ? 2. Vi pleier

a

sove ( her oppe / hit opp ) •

3. Han reiser ( borte /

b~rt

) i morgen.

4. ViI dere ta bussen ( hjemme / hjem ) ? 5. Bestefore1drene hans bor ( her ute / hit ut ) • 6. Vi 7.

Sa

rna

ikke gj¢re dette ( her nede / hit ned)

du skipet ( der borte / dit bort ) ?

8. Kan du komme 9.

her / hit ) et ¢yeblikk?

( Oer / Oit ) ska1 jeg sitte og lese avisen.

10. Har hun

v~rt

( hjemme / hjem ) he1e dagen?

11. Ligger papirene ( der / dit ) pa golvet? 12. Vi gikk ( inne / inn) i butikken.

97

•

Fjortende kapittel

IV.

SKRIV OM OG BRUK IMPERFEKTUM:

Vi har det hyggelig. Vi tar baten ut til Bygd¢y og ser oss omkring litt. Ute pa Bygd¢y er det mange mennesker og noen sier at aIle restaurantene er fulle. Vi sier at vi er sultne, men vi gar til Vikingskipmuseet for a se skipene. Vi bes¢ker ogsa noen andre museer. Vi kommer hjem seinere, spiser god mat og sover bra.

V.

BRUK DISSE SUBSTANTIVENE MED ADJEKTIV, LAG SETNINGER:

o.

jente /

1.

skip / havn

2.

spillemann / hardingfele

3.

statue / teater

4.

v~else

5.

mat / kaf6

6.

journalist / land

Ei pen jente

kl~

/ teppe

98

kj~pep

nye

kt~p.

Fjortende kapittel

VI.

SKRIV FERDIG DISSE SETNINGENE:

o.

Hvorfor rna vi

bes¢ke fapfap i dag?

1. Nordmenn pleier a 2. I annen etasje 3. Presenter 4. I fjor 5. Norske hotelIer 6. Her nede ved havna 7. Turistene pa

Bygd~y

8. Nar skal du 9. Der borte

99

FEMTENDE KAPITTEL

MER OM MAT OG SPISESKlKKER 1 NORGE II

FYLL INN ORDENE SOM MANGLER:

ei 1.

-------

(tr~tt)

ku

_______ menneske,

,

gutter, ____________ kelner 2. (morsom)

opplevelser,

jente,

_______

kveld, _______ by,

3. (liten)

_______ teatre, halv~y

slott,

4. (viktig) ____ _ mal tid,

kvinner, _______ stue, ____ _

5. (gammel) ____________ dagbok, universitet, 6.

(norsk)

-------

bunad

-------------

kaf~

br~dskive

101

,

,

gris _______ _______

nev~,

m~bler

~y,

,

lcerere, ____ _ 7. (annen)

bes~k

tre _______ teater,

----- -------

b~nder

Femtende kapitte1

(I.

FYLL INN ORDENE SOM MANGLER-- FORTSATT) 8. (su1ten) ____ _

hund,

katter,

ku, ____._ 9. (ny)

_~~

dyr _______

_________ ar, pu1t, ____ _

d~r

jobb,

10. (interessant)

----- -------

IIi

b~ker,

dansere ,

-----

kone,

------- museum

STRYK UT ORDET SOM IKKE PASSER:

o~

Gr¢nnsaker (

~r

/ vokser ) bra i Norge.

1. Hvor ( 1igger / 1egger ) Nationa1theatret? 2. Snart ma dere ( 1igge / 1egge ) dere. 3. Han ( sitter / setter ) i 1enesto1en. 4. P1eier du a ( 1igge / 1egge ) b¢kene pa senga? 5. Hvorfor ( sitter / setter ) Sigrid seg pi sofaen?

III.

SETT INN DET REFLEKSIVE PRONOMENET OM DEI TRENGES:

Add the

o.

Vi sa

pefte~ive

--~!!!-

pponoun i f neoessapy:

omkring i sentrum.

1. Hun 1egger

------

avisen pa skrivebordet.

2. Jeg setter

-- ...---

ved kaffebordet.

3. Ase sitter

------ ved

kj~kkenbordet.

102

Femtende kapittel

IV.

SKRIV OM OG BRUK PERFEKTUM:

o.

Jeg hadde noen interessante opplevelser. Jeg hap hatt no en intepessante oppZeveZsep f¢p.

1. Vi tok bussen dit ute 2. Gjestene hans kam pa bes¢k. 3. Du var ikke ute pa Bygd¢y. 4. Tor og Tore spiste gr¢nnsakene sine. 5. De bes¢kte he nne ikke. 6. Turistene gikk hele veien opp til toppen. 7. De kom dessverre ikke ned.

V.

SETT INN PREPOSISJONENE SOM MANGLER: 1. Troms¢ ligger nord ______ Oslo. 2. Vi reiser til Sverige _____ julie 3. Kristine sa et skuespill _____ Ibsen. 4. Klokka er ti _____ elleve.

(10.50)

5. Han kommer _____ bes¢k _____ l¢rdag. 6. Mannen star _____ h¢yre _____ kona si. 7. AIle gjestene pleier

a

smake _____ desserten.

8. Barna har lyst _____ a lage middag. 9. Foreldrene har lyst _____ noe

a

drikke.

10. Porsyn dere _____ sausen! 11. Han har et fint

v~else

12. S¢sknene vare bor

hotellet. utlandet

103

Femtende kapittel

VI.

KRYSSORD

1

2

3

.

~7

8

~12

10 11

6

5

~

9

~

1 .. 15

13

lTD

T7 18

20 22 ~

\LV'

~

29

36

26

~

30

Ts"

2 ..

23 IQQIi

19

~ 21

~

~33

~

~

27 28 31

32

35

3 .. 37

.. 3

"2

38 3 9 .. 0 .. 1 ~

.. &

--

.. 7

"--

104

.. 5

'NV' ....

~

Femtende kapittel

LODDRETT (dolJ)n)

VANNRETT (aoposs) lmotsatt (opposite) av venstpe sfar og ____ _

2Vi tok bAten dit ut til

------

3Ta det med _ _ _ _ _ •e -I Norge spiste vi r~de, gr~nne og gule _____ • sJeg er forsynt. Jeg er

7motsatt av nede 'Til dessert har jeg lyst pA _____ •

------

10presens av skuZZe 12Julius Cesar kunne ikke snakke norsk. Han kunne snakke • lSEn er en mann som har gJester pA bes~k hos seg. l-infinitiv av gikk 16s~steren til mor eller far 1'motsatt av hep 20s~nnen til broren eller

6Han pleier A f~r han kommer.----8Jeg viI ha et sm~rbr~d. ----llimperfektum av kan lSoet er tolv mAneder i et • 17Kaffe eller _____ ? 18Adam var gift med -----21I Norge bruker vi kroner

s~steren

og _____ e

22infinitiv av sa 2SJeg skal _____ mange penger fra bestemoren min. 26 ku 27 legger du deg? Jeg ---Iegger meg kl. 10. 29motsatt av stopt SlMange vet om hotellet. Oet er et hotell. 33 motsatt av inn S-Oet du sa var riktig. OU hadde • 36 mo tsatt av sf/Jp 37 _____ pere

22Vi har lyst til A spise. Vi er • A lere aIle 2_0e t er ordene:--2Smotsatt av ute 28 8 (grunntall) 30Noen som bes~ker et annet sted er en • 32presens av a v~pe 35 10 (grunntall) 39Vi kom for _____ spise. -oLiker han! mange penger nAr-han-arbeider? -12 (grunntall) -3Smil _____ gjestene!

38 partisipp av a ga _2Jeg tar et sm~rbr~d med skinke og _____ • --Jeg arbeider. en _____ e

_Smotsatt av fopan

Jeg har

-610. (ordenstall)

_7 Jeg er mett. Jeg har spist _____ •

lOS

SEKSTENDE KAPI1TEL

TURIST I BERGEN I • BRUK RIKTIG FORM AV 'GOD' OG 'LITEN' I SVARENE:

o.

Hvordan er blyanten? Det er en god, men Ziten bZyant.

1. Hvordan er eplet? 2. Hvordan er klcerne? 3. Hvordan er kommoden?

4. Hvordan er bildet? 5. Hvordan er boka? 6. Hvordan er veggmaleriene?

I I • BRUK BESTEMT FORM AV SUBSTANTIVENE:

o.

Byen er store Jeg ser den store byen.

1. Lampa er r¢d. 2. Skipet er fint.

3. Barna er tr¢tte. 4. B¢kene er nye. 5. Bildet er pent.

6. Kafeen er full. 107

Sekstende kapittel

III.

SKRIV OM MED FLERTALL:

o.

BAten er tysk. AZZe batene ep tyske.

1. Fiskeren er sulten. 2. Dagen er grA. 3. Bergenseren er morsom. 4. Botellet er dyrt. 5. Skipet er gammelt. 6. Gata er vakker. 7. Boka er interessante

IV.

SKRIV OM OG BRUK RIKTIG FORM AV 'LITEN':

o.

Jeg liker store hus. Jeg Zikep ikke sma hus.

1. T.V.-stua er store 2. Vi reiser med det store toget. 3. Vi ville kj¢pe en stor fabrikk. 4. Vi sA den store parken og de store kafeene. 5. Bun spiste et stort eple.

108

Sekstende kapittel

V.

SKRIV OM OG BRUK IMPERFEKTUM: Jeg ma fortelle deg det! Jeg ser noe morsomt der borte. Det er et stort vikingskip som jeg viI se litt bedre pa. Det har et rart dragehode og ser ut som et stort gammelt dyr. Jeg gar opp til skipet. Det star en gammel mann ved skipet, og han sier at bestemoren hans er der inne. Han far ikke snakke med henne. Jeg har lyst til a ga, men jeg tar allikevel et bilde. ViI bestemoren til den gamle mannen komme ut? Spiser hun og sover hun inne i skipet? Skriver hun ei lang bok, kanskje?

VI.

BRUK RIKTIGE EIENDOMSUTTRYKK:

o.

Jeg kj~per en gard. Hvop ep gapden din? o. L~eren kj~per el hytte. Hvop ep hytta til lrepepen? 1. Hun kj¢per noen b¢ker. 2. Dere

kj~per

en bat.

3. Ingrid kj¢per et dragehode. 4. De kj¢per et hus. 109

Sekstende kapittel

VII.

SKRIV SETNINGENE FERDIG: 1. Bergen er en star by sam

-------------------------- •

2. Jeg ser en mann der borte sam 3. Folk sam kommer fra Norge

VIII.

----------------------

_________________________ e

SVAR SLIK pA SP0RSMALENE:

o.

Ser du den store baten? Ja~

den ep meget stoP.

1. Ser du det

treet?

gr~nne

2. Ser du den rare stua? 3. Ser du det

h~ye

fjellet?

4. Ser du den vakre brygga? 5. Ser du det gamle slottet?

IX.

BRUK EIENDOMSUTRYKK BADE MED OG UTEN ADJEKTIV:

o.

Jeg har et hus.

Jeg har et

Det ep huset mitt.

r~dt

hus.

Det ep det p¢de huset mitt.

1. Hun har en avis.

Hun har en norsk avis.

2. Vi har noen radioer.

Vi har noen dyre radioer.

3. Han har en linjal.

Han har en lang linjal.

4. Olsen har en gard.

Olsen har en liten gard. 110

ADJECTIVE REVIEW

Adjectives (et adjektiv) are words which modify nouns. They can describe, define, or tell us something more about the noun. Words like 'big,' 'juicy,' and 'delicious' are adjectives. In English, an adjective has the same form regardless of which noun it modifies. There is no difference for singular or plural, indefinite or definite nouns. In Norwegian, adjectives are said to "agree" with the noun. Most adjectives have several forms. The proper choice of form depends on the noun's gender, number, and whe"ther the noun is definite or indefinite. The dictionary form or base form of an adjective is the form used to modify indefinite singular en nouns. For most adjectives, the other forms are composed of the base form plus an ending. We will look first at adjectives which follow the most general pattern, then at the adjectives which follow other patterns .. Adjectives in this first and most regular group have three different forms. As mentioned above, the dictionary form is used to modify indefinite singular en nouns: en god bZyant. The same form is also used to modify singular, indefinite ei nouns: ei god bok. There are only two adjectives (which we will deal with later) which have separate forms for en and ei nouns. The second form for these regular adjectives is used for modifying indefinite singular et nouns. This form is composed of the base form plus -t: et godt hus. Adjectives which modify indefinite plural nouns add an -e to the base form of the adjective. The gender of the noun is not relevant in forming the adjective in the plural: gode bZyantergo de b¢kergode hus. The three forms of an adjective used to modify indefinite nouns are: 1. base form, used for indefinite singular PEN en and ei nouns 2. base form + t, used for indefinite PENT singular et nouns 3. base form + e, used for all indefinite PENE plural nouns 111

ADJECTIVE REVIEW

These indefinite forms which we have been lookinq at are used when the adjective plus noun fo~ one unit, like et godt hus. They are also used when the noun and adjective are joined throuqh a linkinq verb. In sentences like Buset eZ' godt the adjective is used predicatively. Here, the adjective is introducinq new information about the noun, not just describinq it, as in et godt hus. Even thouqh huset in the sentence above is definite, we use the indefinite form of the adjective, godt. After the review questions on the next paqe, we will turn our attention to adjectives which are used to modify definite nouns. In other words, we know how to say 'a pretty flower' and now we want to say 'the pretty flower.' The form of the adjective is quite simple, as we will see, but the structure of the adjective + noun phrase needs closer scrutiny.

112

ADJECTIVE REVIEW

1. Which of the following words are not adjectives? boat however tall oh! 2. Since the noun will determine which form of an adjective must be used, let's look at the relevant aspects of some nouns. Mark all appropriate circles: en ei et sing pI indef def a.fjernsynet: 0 () 000 0 0 b.d~trene:

0 0 0 0 0 0 stue: 0 0 0

0 0 0

c.bilder: d.ei

0 0 0

0 0 0

0 0 0

COVelL tki6 column whi.le. an.swe,Wrg!

not adjectives: boat h074eveze oh!

.

e e e n "Z- t

s p g t

.d

"Z-

,

n e d

00. • 0 0 • 00 a • a • 00. o • • 0 o• 0 • 0 • a

3. The dictionary form for 'expensive'

is dyr. Bow do you say 'an expensive hotel'?

et dyz-t hotett

.

n

n

"

'an expensive lamp'?

e"Z- dyz- tampe

II

n

n

'expensive tables'?

dyzee boz-d

n

n

n

"

'expensive buildings'?

dyz-e bygningeze

n

n

n

n

'an expensive building'?

en dyze bygning

" "

4. What does fulle qater mean? et fint bilde? -

futt stzeeets a fine pictuz-e a J4hite dooz-

h~ye

fjell?

high mountains

5. Since fjell has the same form in both singular and plural, how could you decide which to use in the translation of h~ye fjell, above?

113

-e i.n h¢ye indicates that it is modifying a ptuz-at noun

ADJECTIVE REVIEW Except in the rarest of cases, the form of an adjective that modifies a definite noun is identical to the form of the adjective that modifies an indefinite plural noun. You will recall that for the regularly formed adjectives we have been looking at, the plural form of the adjective has an -e added to the base form. Thus the form gode would be used for both plural indefinite nouns and for all definite nouns. As you know, nouns form their definite singular and plural forms by adding suffixes in Norwegian: bygningen 'the building' df/)'Z'a 'the door' ep Z,e t 'the apple' pln'e~ 'the pears.' When these nouns are modified by adjectives, an "extra" definite article is added as a free-standing definite article before the adjective. Den is used for en and ei singular nouns, det for singular et nouns, and de for all plural nouns: den stotte bygningen 'the big building' den sto:re d¢":ra 'the big door' ait sto:re epz,et 'the big apple' sto:re pln'ene 'the big pears.'

ae-

These free-standing definite articles are used only when there is an adjective present. Some students tend to forget that nouns in the definite without adjectives do not use the "extra" definite article. --You may find it helpful to think of these three components when you form an adjective + definite noun phrase: 1. the free-standing definite article (den~ det or de), 2. the adjective, formed in most cases by adding -e to the base form, and 3. the noun in the definite, with its normal definite suffix (-en~ -a~ -et~ or -ene).

114

ADJECTIVE REVIEW 1. Let's review the suffixed endings used to form definite nouns: How do you say 'the house'?

huset

'the houses'?

husene

'the boat'?

bdten

'thf\ boats'?

bdtene

'the pear'? 2. Add the proper endings to these adjectives: pen___ va!relser

-e

h¢y ___ bygninger

-e

popul~___

steder

-e

In general, adjectives modifying plural nouns add what to their base forms? 3. How do you say 'a big house'?

-e

et stopt hus

'the big house'?

det stope huset

'the big houses'?

de stope husene

'the houses'?

husene

(If you were tempted to use two Norwegian words for 'the houses,' you have begun to translate word-for-word. Re-read the sections about definite noun formation in the noun review chapter, and on the previous page.) 4. Fill in the missing parts to these adjective + definite noun phrases: I. den

II. r¢d__

III. eplet

fargerik __ blomst dyr __

I. II. det -e

---

hotellene

115

-e de

-e

III. -en

ADJECTIVE REVIEW Several spelling conventions affect the forms of a few plural and definite adjectives. (A later review chapter will take up these spelling conventions in more detail.) Note that in these adjectives, the plurals and definites are slightly irregular: en mopsom mann 'an amusing man' mopsomme menn 'amusing men.' The m is doubled before adding the regular ending -e. Adjectives like suZten show the following irregularity: en suZten tupist 'a hungry tourist' suZtne tupistep 'hungry tourists.' In sultne, the unstressed -e from the base form sulten is dropped when the ending -e is added. The same loss of unstressed -e occurs in: en vakkep dag 'a beautiful day' den vakpe dagen 'the beautiful day.' In this case (as in gammel - gamle) one of the double consonants is also dropped from the base form. Up to this point in this chapter, we have been talking about adjectives which have three different forms. Now we look at the remaining types of adjectives. Most of them have fewer than three forms (because several functions share a single form). But we'll begin with two adjectives which have more than three forms. The adjective which means 'little' has five (count 'em) different forms, and therefore requires special attention: liten modifies indefinite singular en nouns, n .. ei", lita .. .. et", lite " lille all definite singular nouns, and all plural nouns (definite and indefinite). sma

. .. ..

Compare the forms used en Ziten gutt ei lita jente et lite barn den lille gutten den Zille jenta det Zille barnet gutter sma• de sma jentene sma barn de sma barna

in these phrases: 'a little boy' 'a little girl' 'a little child' 'the little boy' 'the little girl' 'the little child' 'little boys' 'the little girls' 'little children' 'the little children'

116

ADJECTIVE REVIEW

What type(s) of noun can these adjectives modify? en ei et sg pI ind def 1. h~yt 0 0 0 0 0 2. r~d

3. dyre

A. B.

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

o o o o

0 I 0

o o o o

0 0 I

4. Do you have to know the gender of a

noun to form an adjective which modifies it in the plural? YES

NO

e e e nit

s p g t

i d n e

'6

00110 11010 10 11101 II 1111101

zeegutal' adjectives add -e to the base fOl'm fol' ptuzeats

No~

5. What type of noun can these forms of

liten modify? en ei et lite lita smA liten lille

sg pl

00000 00000 o0 0 0 0 o0 0 0 0 o0 0 0 0

ind def

00 00 o 0 o 0 o 0

6. How do you say 'a little school'?

e e e nit

s p g t

i d n e

'6

00110 010 10 10 11101 II 1001010 1111001 en titen skote

'the little apples'?

de

'little apples'?

sm~

'the little clock'?

den title klokka

'a little island'?

ei lita tJy

'a little cafe'?

en Ziten kaf4

'the little prince'?

den tille pl'insen

sm~

eptene

epteze

7. How do you spell the plural form for

gamZe

8. How do you spell the definite form for morsom?

mOl'somme

gammel?

117

ADJECTIVE REVIEW The adjective annen has four forms. Like titen~ it has distinct forms for indefinite singular en and ei nouns. But unlike titen, the form for the plural is identical to the form for the definite: 'another boy' en annen gutt ei anna jente 'another girl' et annet bapn 'another child' andpe guttep 'other boys' den andpe jenta 'the other girl' de andpe bal'na 'the other children.' Now we'll turn our attention to adjectives which have fewer than three forms. Many adjectives end in -ig or in -tig. These adjectives have only two forms. The base form is used to modify all indefinite singular nouns. There is not the usual distinction between the form for en and ei nouns, on the one hand, and et nouns on the other. No -t is added to the base form when -ig or -tig adjectives modify et nouns: en hyggetig gutt 'a pleasant boy' ei hyggetig jente 'a pleasant girl' et hyggetig bal'n 'a pleasant child.' The form for the plural and definite follows the general pattern we discussed previously: hyggetige guttep 'pleasant boys' den hyggetige jenta 'the pleasant girl' de hyggetige bal'na 'the pleasant children.' Most adjectives which end in -sk ao not add a - t to the base form when they modify indefinite singular et nouns. There are, however, some -s k adj ectives which do add the regular -t. Here is the rule to determine whether or not a -t should be added: Do not add - t when: 1. the adjective describes a nationality or 2. the adjective has more than one syllable. Adjectives whose base forms are regular: en hvit bygning ei hvit tampe et hvitt teppe hvite veggel' den hvite btomsten

end in a - t preceded by a vowel 'a white building' 'a white lamp' 'a white rug' 'white walls' 'the white flower.'

But Norwegian avoids three consonants in a row, whenever possible. So if the base form of an adjective ends in a -t which is preceded by a consonant, no new -t is added when the adjective modifies an indefinite singular et noun: 118

ADJECTIVE REVIEW

en tp¢tt gutt 'a tired boy' ei tp¢tt jente 'a tired girl' et tp¢tt bapn 'a tired child.' There is no problem with adding the usual -e when the adjective modifies plural or definite nouns: tp¢tte guttep 'tired boys' den tp¢tte jenta 'the tired girl' de tp¢tte bapna 'the tired children.' Adjectives which end in a stressed vowel require a little attention. They all add -tt instead of just a single -t when they modify indefinite singular et nouns: et nytt hUB 'a new house' 'a blue flag.' et bZatt fZagg But some don't add the regular -e for the plural and definite form, while others do: nye kZ~p 'new clothes' bZa kZ~p 'blue clothes' den gpa byen 'the gray city.' It is easier to memorize the forms for the few adjectives like this rather than try to find well-defined rules to predict which take -e and which don't. We'll end this review chapter by mentioning several adjectives (imponepende~ BtiZZe~ and modepne) which have only one form. These invariable adjectives all end in an unstressed -e, and the base form can modify all genders, definite and indefinite, singular and plural: en imponepende gutt 'an impressive boy' ei imponepende jente 'an impressive girl' et imponepende bapn 'an impressive child' imponepende guttep 'impressive boys' den imponepende jenta 'the impressive girl' de imponepende bapna 'the impressive children.'

119

ADJECTIVE REVIEW 1. How do you say 'another book'?

ei. anna bok

'another hotel'?

et annet hoteZZ

'other theaters'?

andzoe teatzoe

'the other hotel'?

det andzoe hoteZZet

2. Add all necessary endings to these adjectives: en deilig__ dag den rimelig__ kafeen et saftig__ eple et gul__ eple den billig__ lampa et lat barn (a lazy child) et s~t__ eple (a sweet apple) et kjent__ bilde den ny__ stolen et ny __ stabbur 3. As a general review of adjective agreement, fill in the missing endings: sterk__ mennesker et tysk__ tog den amerikansk__ turisten et flott stykke ei stor __ ~y de tr~tt __ b~ndene ny __ steder et billig__ land et moderne__ kj~kken deilig__ erter de h~y __ tarnene det norsk__ folket et pen__ fjell

(no endi.ng) -e

-t -e

-t -t

-e -tt

-e -e

--

121

-e -e

-e -e -e

-t

--------------------

SYTIENDE KAPI'ITEL

TIDENGAR I.

SKRIV SETNINGENE SOM MANGLER:

o.

ViE sni11!

Mci j eg Vl2r'e snil:l,?

fJeg Val'"

snitt i

gciP.

----------------------------------~--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1. Sov!

Ma jeg spise det?

2.

Jeg sa pa dem i gar.

3.

4.

Bes~k

farfar!

5.

Ma jeg besti11e det?

Jeg gikk dit i gar.

6.

7. Skriv 1eksene!

8.

Ma jeg sta der?

Jeg tok dem dit i gar.

9.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------123

Syttende kapittel

I I • BRUK SLIKE EIENDOMSUTTRYKK I

SP~RSMALENE:

o.

Det er huset mitt. Sa du at det vap ditt hus? o. Det er den r~de linjalen til Per. Sa du at det vap Peps pf/Jde ZinjaZ? 1. Det er lampa hennes. 2. Det er de store eggene til lcereren. 3. Det er det fargerike flagget mitt.

4. Det er stedet vart.

s.

Det er den vakre bunaden deres.

6. Det er eplene dine.

III.

VELG RIKTIG UTTRYKK ELLER SETNING: a 1. I dag er det

s~ndag.

b

c

d

Det var fredag:

a) i to dager. b) om to dager. c) for to dager. d) for to dager siden. 2. Det er juni na. Dere kommer i august. Dere kommer: a) i to maneder. b) pa to maneder. c) om to maneder. d) for to mlneder siden. 3. Na er klokka ti. Vi sa dem klokka fern og har ikke sett dem siden. Vi har ikke sett dem: a) i fern timer. b) pa fem timer. c) for fern timer. d) om fern timer.

124

0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0

Syttende kapittel

-------------------(II I I

VELG RIKTIG UTTRYKK ELLER SETNING--FORTSATT) 4. Han har god tid. a) Han har det hyggelig. b) Han rna skynde seg. c) Han kommer tidsnok. d) Han kommer for seint.

a

b

c

d

0 0 0 0

5. De gikk i land da:

a) de tok bussen til farfars gard. b) de reiste fra Norge til Amerika. c) de tok en lang tur i Nordmarka. d) baten deres kom til brygga.

0 0 0 0

6. De matte skynde seg av og til.

a) De hadde darlig tid noen ganger. b) De kommer aldri for seint. c) De skal skynde seg til bussen. d) Vertinnen sender potetene til gjestene og de forsyner seg.

IV.

0 0 0 0

SKRIV OM OG BRUK PRESENS:

o.

Han sa pa kartet sitt. Han sep

pa kaptet sitt.

1. Solgte de fisken pa torget? 2. Hun matte reise

b~rt.

3. Dere forsynte dere av vinen. 4. Sov du godt? 5. Olav begynte allerede klokka fern. 6. De satte seg ved kj¢kkenbordet.

7. Nordmannen ville skynde seg hjem. 8. "Visste du hvorfor du gjorde det?" spurte faren.

125

Syttende kapittel

V.

STRYK UT ORDENE ELLER UTTRYKKENE SOM IKKE PASSER: 1. Vi tok ( bAde /

b~e

) tog og buss.

2. Hun ringte til noen venner ( at / som ) hun kjente. 3. Odd

h~rte

4. Jeg

kj~per

pA musikken ( i / for ) fern timer. et nytt hus ( i Ar / i fjor ).

5. Dere har ikke tjent mange penger ( i / pA ) mange uker. 6. Anna leste hele boka ( ut / ute ) i parken. 7. Han har alltid paraplyen med seg ( nAr / da ) han er her. 8. Jeg lAnte boka hans og ( sA / da ) leste jeg den. 9. De pleier A lese leksene sine ( om / i ) ettermiddagen. 10. Jens stod opp tidlig ( i morges / i morgen ). 11. Han viste henne ( hele / alle / all / alt ) gArden sin. 12. Hvor mange ( tider / ganger / timer ) har jeg sagt det?

VI.

SKRIV SETNINGENE FERDIG OG OVERSETT TIL ENGELSK: 1. Vi sang da ________________________________________ e (engelsk) _________________________________________ e

2.

F~rst

__________________ og sA ____________________ •

(engelsk)

----------------------------------------- •

3. Jeg liker A (engelsk) 4. Da solgte (engelsk)

nAr

_________________ e

----------------------------------------- • _________________________________________ e

----------------------------------------- •

5. I morgen tidlig ___________________________________ • (engelsk)

_________________________________________ e

126

SPELLING CONVENTIONS In this chapter, we will look at several general conventions of Norwegian spelling, and see how they affect the forms of nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs. We have quite a few spelling conventions in English. They don't apply just to one class of words, but wherever a relevant situation occurs. For example, a y at the end of an English word becomes an i when we add endings: fly flies happy happiness pretty prettier Exceptions like monkeys and ftying are explained by further refinements of the spelling convention. Another convention in English causes us to double a consonant at the end of a word with a short vowel when we add certain endings: run running quit quitter quiz quizzes Let's start with a simple Norwegian spelling convention and see how it is applied to several different word classes:

§l.

WORDS NEVER END IN A DOUBLE M.

Compare the forms of these words in Norwegian: noun

et rOm rommet

verb

kom l komme

'come' (imperative), 'came' 'to come'

adj.

morsom morSOmme

'amusing' (indef. sg. en and ei form) 'amusing' (def. and plural form)

adv.

hjem hjemme

'home' (motion) 'home' (location)

'a room' 'the room'

In the second word of each pair in these examples, the m is not the final letter. A double m is therefore permitted. The double consonant shows that the preceding vowel is short. But as the next noun demonstrates, final m does not always follow a short vowel. When the vowel is long, the m is never double: et problem 'a problem' problemet 'the problem'

127

SPELLING CONVENTIONS Another spelling convention with widespread effect is this:

§2. WHENEVER POSSIBLE, THREE CONSONANTS IN A ROW ARE AVOIDED.

Even though there are many exceptions to this convention (see below), it can be helpful in explaining and remembering the spelling of a number of words. For example, you know that sometimes consonants are dropped from adjectives and weak verbs when endings are added. Here are some examples of how this convention applies to adjectives: en gr~nn park et gr~nt tre (loss of one n to avoid three consonants) This convention also explains why the adjective kjent does not add another -t when it modifies et nouns: en kjent mann et kjent hotell. Since the adjective already ends in a t and adding another t would create a combination of three consonants, the single form kjent serves with all singular indefinite nouns. In the class of weak verbs which add -te and -t to form the imperfect and perfect tenses, there are several verbs with the double consonants ZZ, mm, and nne When these endings are added, one of these consonants is dropped, avoiding three consonants in a row: ! kaZZe 'to call' kaZte 'called' har kaZt 'have called' ! glemme glemte har glemt

'to forget' 'forgot' 'have forgotten'

! begynne begynte har begynt

'to begin' 'began' 'have begun'

Exceptions to this spelling convention fall into several groups: compound words: friluftskaf§, gr~nnsaker combinations with s: no~sk, skj~nne, venst~e, gutts combinations with n: sendte, ringte, tenkte -t endings on adjectives: va~mt combinations to avoid confusion between words: visst 'known' (from! vite) vist 'shown' (from I vise) fuZZt 'full' (from full) fult 'sly' (from ful) 128

SPELLING CONVENTIONS The third spelling convention deals with nouns and adjectives whose base forms end in -el, -en I and -ep.

§3. THE

E IN =EL, =Ea, AND =fa IS OFTEN DROPPED WHEN AN ENDING WITH AN ~ IS ADDED.

Study the forms of these nouns en nouns en onkel onkelen onkler onklene

et nouns

carefully: 'an uncle' 'the uncle' 'uncles' 'the uncles'

e

en vinter vinteren vintrer vintrene

'a winter' 'the winter' 'winters' 'the winters'

e retained e dropped e

et teater teatret teatre teatrene

'a theater' base form 'the theater' e dropped 'theaters' e 'the theaters'e

base form e retained e dropped

..

base form

.

..

..

For en plural For et as the

nouns, this spelling convention applies only to the forms (e.g. loss of the e in onklep and onklene). nouns, it can apply to definite singular forms as well plural forms (e.g. loss of e in teatpet, teatpe, and teatpene). Several special cases of plural formation for nouns which end in -ep will be taken up in the review chapter on irregular noun plurals (pp.138-139).

Adjectives are also affected by this spelling sulten indef. sg. en and ei nouns su1tent indef. sg. et nouns su1tne plural and def. nouns

convention: base form e retained e dropped

Adding the unstressed e ending for the plural and definite form causes the loss of the e from the base form. Adding the endings for comparative and superlative also causes a similar loss of e: sulten positive base form su1tnere e dropped comparative sultnest superlative e

..

Now let's look at the forms of the adjective gammet: gamme1 indef. sg. en and ei nouns gammelt indef. sg. et nouns plural and definite nouns gam1e The form gamte shows the effects of two spelling conventions, in the following order: §3. loss of e in an et adjective when ending is added, §2. loss of consonant m to avoid three consonants in a row. 129

SPELLING CONVENTIONS We'll end this chapter with a short note about stressed and unstressed final e in nouns. First, compare the following forms carefully: en kaf4 en skje en skole skjeen kafeen skolen kafeer skjeer skoler kafeene skolene skjeene In nouns which end in an unstressed e (like en skoZe), the endings which are added (-n~ -p~ -ne) do not add another e. Thus skoZen has only one e. Nouns which end in a stressed e, however, take the full endings (-en~ -ep~ -ene). One syllable nouns (like en skje) do not require an accent mark, since the only vowel in the word must be stressed. In words with more than one syllable (like en kaf4) , the accent mark in the indefinite singular tells us that the e is stressed. The other forms do not need the accent mark, since the double e reminds us that the first e is stressed.

130

COVelL

SPELLING CONVENTIONS

while

J:h1A c.o.f.wnn ~welLi.ng!

1. The noun et program has a short a before the m. HOw do you write 'the program'? program!!1.et

2. If

~ langsomt ar means 'a slow year,' how would you write 'slow years'?

3. A glemme means 'to forget.' the imperative form?

What is

,

gZem!

_________________ e

4.

sykdom (with short 2) means 'a disease.' How do you write 'the diseases'?

~

5. En snill kvinne means 'a kind woman.' --How do you write 'a kind child'? et sniZt barn

6. Write the imperfect forms for these verbs: a skj¢nne

skjf/mte

a bestille

bestiZte

a bestemme

bestemte

7. En vakker dag means 'a beautiful day.' --How do you write 'beautiful days'? vakre dager

'a beautiful child'? et vakkert barn

8. En htmmel means 'a sky.' --write 'the sky'?

How do you himmeZen

Does that form lose its e?

YES

NO

no

How do you write 'skies' and 'the skies'?

himZer~

Do those forms lose their e's? YES

him7,ene yes

9. Is the final e stressed in en YES How do you write 'entries'?

NO

entr~?

NO

------------

131

yes entreer

--------------------

ATfENDE KAPITTEL

SKOLELWET I NORGE I.

SKRIV OM OG BRUK IMPERFEKTUM:

o.

Vi bruker lang tid pA A Vi bpukte tang tid

gj~re

leksene ferdig.

pa a gj¢pe teksene fepdig.

1. Dere gAr lange turer i Nordmarka. 2. Vi synger he Ie tiden. 3. SeIger hun aIle 4. Hvorfor

gj~r

b~kene

sine?

han sA mye?

5. Olsen vet det ikke. 6. Det blir kaldt pA tirsdag. 7. De drikker litt

~l

og splser

p~lser.

8. Tar du kartet med deg?

II.

SETT INN PILER MELLOM FORMENE SaM H0RER SAMMEN:

o.

A sPise~drikke~Pist~drukket A drikke spiser rakk spist

1. A si

sier ser

sA sa

sagt sett

gir gar

gikk gav

gAtt gitt

A vise

vet viser

viste visste

visst vist

4. A vcere A vare

varer er

var varte

vart

A se 2.

a gA A gi

3. A vite

133

vcert

Attende kapittel

II I.

BRUK PERFEKTUM I SVARENE:

o.

Jeg gleder meg til

a spise.

Men hap du ikke aZZepede spist?

1. Jeg gleder meg til a bli lcerer. 0

0

2. Jeg gleder meg til a synge sanger.

,

3. Jeg gleder meg til a drikke vinen. 0

4. Jeg gleder meg til a begynne a lese boka. 5. Jeg gleder meg til a

gj~re

det.

6. Jeg gleder meg til a sp¢rre ham.

7. Jeg gleder meg til a reise meg fra bordet. 0

IV.

BRUK 'EGEN', 'EGET' ELLER 'EGNE' I SVARENE:

o.

Har du et Ja~

sovev~relse?

jeg hap mitt eget

1. Har han en lenestol? 2. Har dere noen flagg?

3. Har jeg et sted abo? 4. Har de en gard? 5. Har vi noen ski? 6. Har {l}yvind ei klokke? 7. Har barna et hus?

134

sovev~peZse.

Attende kapitte1

-------------------V.

HVILKE KLASSER H0RER DISSE VERBENE TIL? I

-te!:-t

o. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

10.

VI.

a spise abo a servere a vente a eie a dekke a f~le a bruke A banke a pr~ve a reise

•

II

-et!:-et

III

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

IV

-dde!:-dd

-de£-d

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

BRUK RIKTIGE TIDSUTTRYKK: KLOKKA FEM. 1. Han sku11e komme

to timer.

2. Han har ikke kommet enna. kommet ______

~n

time

Han sku11e ha

_______ e

3. Han skulle ha v~rt her fire timer hvis han virke1ig hadde-kommet k10kka feme

135

IRREGULAR NOUN PLURALS You have seen a number of nouns which do not form their plurals according to the general pattern. (See the noun review chapter (pp.23-2S) for an overview of the general pattern.) In this review chapter, we will consider the following types of irregul~r plural formation: 1. Internal vowel change 2. Anomalous endings 3. Family terms. Irregular forms must be memorized. Generally, there is nothing in their form or meaning which signals that they are irregular. 1. INTERNAL VOWEL CHANGE

In English, we have several common nouns which form their plurals by changing their internal vowels: a foot a tooth a mouse a man feet teeth mice men In Norwegian, the same type of change takes place, occasionally i~ words which are related to the English ones. Usually the plural endings -e~ (for indefinite) and -ene (for definit~are added to the new stem. We have seen several nouns which have a in the stem of the singular and e in the plural: ei tann 'a tooth' en natt 'a night' tenner 'teeth' netter 'nights' One other common noun follows this pattern, but it does not add the expected -e~ in the indefinite plural: menn en mann 'a man' 'men' 'the man' mennene mannen 'the men'

-

The Norwegian word for 'book' has an internal vowel change: ei bok 'a book' b¢ker' books' boka 'the book' b¢ kene 'the books' Here, 0 in the singular alternates with ¢ in the plural. En bonde shares the same vowel alternation. We've seen two nouns which change e in the singular to ~ in the plural. These words, et t~e and et kne also have unexpected endings. Study the forms for et t~e closely: et tre • a tree' trsitetet i Oslo •• • • for> a bes¢K.e venner> og sZektninger>.

III.

300

Vi

~ver

oss IV.

V.

302 303

tekst

•

0

•

Mom. Hvor> gar> du.? Ha dBt bro.

Noen fag

amenkansk • • • o ¢konomi

Noen yrker

Jeg er> arkitekt • • • Jeg arbeidBr> ute (i fnZuft).

0

•

B. eVELSER BANDET

STUDENTEN

I. Besti1te hun det i gAr? Spiste han det i gar? II. Drikker han? Skrev de brevet? III. Bruker du Pers bi1? Bruker hun Pers hus? IV. Vi

kj~per

et nytt

piano. Han se1ger gitaren sin. V. Vi forta1te ham det i gAr. Vi pr~v.de a begynne i gAr.

Nei" men hun besn 1, Zer> dBt M. Nei" men han spiser> dBt

m.

Ja" dBt gj¢r> han. Ja" det gjor>de dB. Nei" jeg haz> min egen biZ. Nei" hun har> sitt eget hus. ]{j¢pte dBre ikkB et nytt piano for> noen uker> siden? SoZgte han ikke gitaren sin for> noen uK.er> siden? Haade dere ikke for>taZt ham dBt f¢r>? Haade der>e ikke pr>f/JVd

207

a begynne

f¢r>?

Attende kapittel

C. UTTALE0VELSE Les setningen etter at du

h~rer

klokka.

1. Hun gikk i gAr tidlig. 2. Hun arbeidet pA hdtellet. 3. De gav ham tolv kroner. 4. Drog dere dit i gAr kveld? 5. Det stod en kirke der

f~r

atten seksten.

D. DIKTAT 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

208

NITTENDE KAPITTEL

A. LEST INN

pA

BANDET

side

linje

I.

307 308

1 26

Ba7,Zo, dst e1' hos NO'PVik •• • • Mom da.

II.

309

27 39

Bun 'haro hatt

III.

316 317

101 117

tekst

Fami7,ien NO'PVik boP i Os7,o. • • • dsn i t'Pe az..

Bei, Jo'PUnn! Ute og gaz.? • • • Med dsg, Svein, e1' a7,1,e tuzoe1' "Lange.

B. 0VELSER BANoET I. Vi laget middag f¢rst. Vi spiste etterpA. Vi gledet oss til er glass ¢l f¢rst. Vi drakk etterpA. II. Ban kj¢rte en ny bile Bun hadde kj¢pt bilen. Ban spiste en dei1ig middag. Bun hadde 1aget middagen. III. Bar du pene Bar du h¢ye

sett mange vcere1ser? sett mange fjell?

IV. Synger de pene sanger? Synger de fine sanger?

STUDENTEN F¢1'st 'taget vi middag, sa spiste vi. F¢1'st g1,edst vi oss ti7, et gZass ¢7" sa dztakk vi.

Ban kj¢Pte den nye bi7,en som hun hadde kj¢pt. Ban spiste den dsiZige middagen som hun hadde 'tageto

Nei, jeg 'haro sett bazte ett pent '/J(/!;lIe Zse • Nei, jeg haP sett bazte ett h¢yt fje 7, 7,. Ja, og ds synge1' dem pent. Ja, og ds synge1' dem lint.

209

Nittende kapitte1

C. DIKTAT 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

210

TJUENDE KAPITTEL

A. LEST INN pA BANDET side

1inje

tekst

I.

321

1 16

Det ep mange butikkep og fonaetningep • • • • • • sier ofte "Va!l" sa god" igjen.

II.

327 329

43 91

God dag. Ran jeg hjeZpe depe? Jeg ta:r> resten.

III.

337

126 149

Va!l" sa god~ fru Noroviko • • Mange takk.

0

B. 0VELSER BANDET I. Jeg har 1yst pa denne stolen. Jeg har 1yst pa disse gr¢nnsakene. II. De fje11ene er h¢ye. Disse bi1ene er store. III. Mor, Jens sa at han var h¢y. Mer, Jens sa at han var viktig. IV. Mer, Anna sa at hun var h¢yere enn meg. Mer, Anna sa at hun var v1kt1gere enn meg. V. Det b1ir seint, og vi b11r su1tne. Himme1en er b1a, eg det b11r varmt.

STUDENTEN Men jeg vi Z he ZZep ha den sto Zen. Men jeg viZ heZZep ha de gr¢nnsakene. Men det fjeZZet ep ogsa h¢yt. Men denne biZen ep ogsa stoP. Ja~

men

au

ep egentZig

h¢yere~

Anna. Ja~

men

au ep egentZig viktigere~

Anna.

au ep fOrTesten den h¢yeste i heZe famiZien. Nei~ Jens~ au ep fOrTesten den viktigste i heZe famiZien. Nei~ Jens~

Jo seinere det bUp~ jo suZtneN bUr vi. Jo b Zaere hirrme Zen eI'~ jo vameN bUr det.

211

Tjuende kapittel

C. LYTTESVELSE S1A sirkel rundt tallene som blir lest: 1.

8

18

80

88

2.

2

7

15

20

3.

5

35

45

53

4.

19

29

92

1902

5.

27

44

72

97

6.

100

157

175

570

D. DIKTAT 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

212

TJUEF0RSTE KAPITTEL

A. LEST INN pA BANDET side

1inje

I.

347

1 7

II.

348 349

28 41

III.

351 354

IV.

357 358

Hva heter det pa norsk? 91 105

tekst (I banken) v~ sa god? • • • Takk skal. du ha. (Pa postkontoret) sa god.

v~

v~

sa god? • • •

Damek~

••• ••• votter

Johnson har mistet pa8set sitt. • • • "Du vet hvor gl.emsOl1l jeg er."

B. DIKTAT 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

213

-------------------TJUEANNET KAPITTEL

A. LEST INN pA BANDET

-side I.

363

II.

369

III.

370

linje 1 16

tekst De fiN az.sti