Web of Life: Folklore and Midrash in Rabbinic Literature (Contraversions: Jews and Other Differences)

J E W

S..

A N D

W E B

OF

O

T

AND

RABBINIC

MIDRASH

LITERATURE

mm m

GALIT

HASAN-ROKEM

TRANSLATED

F E R E N C E S

L I F E

F O L K L O R E IN

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BY BATYA

STEIN

Copyrighted Material

WEB OF LIFE

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CONTR",,,r:RSIONS

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EB OP' L.IF

4' -_ _ __ .. O LKLQR .. ... ,.O "'DR AS H IN R ... . . .

GA '- IT H ... . ... H · R O K C ...

Tnnol.,oW by Botya S.. in

',.'c: LI T I n.. ny fa>rou,,, u, ... lIy iJlk htm,u"" Th, nla ,k> of 0,,1 , ..," ivity..., os ,h. bu ilding bloci« of lhe w, it"n

..,,,,,aIed

ta ' . Contempomy lhinking, part"ubrly ,ultu ..1and li " .. ry theory, pro-vi<J« the ,,. .. ing poinl fO, nty "oJy of Jewish ane"n' li"wu", as. m.onifOld . oo muitieon""u.i I'Y'''m of ani!tic communic""'n.

Thi, book is ,he produc' of Y'a" of study . nd " ,,>reb al th, D.pa"n",nl of Hebrew utero' u", " the H
,,

and II .... M.u' ne ,. of th< Heb,,",,' Un iv..r~ 'y, I could 00' have rompiIud,,, of Htbr<W 1i1 ""i'h 'he p.. o< T.lm ud. or , .... ,.bbonic "a, . M in " Sio",,1 political ' ,j, . nd particularly in 'hot of , .... Pale .. ini.n "morn;m (0"" ' .... nu' ' h"", huoo,ed y ' he 'WJic M,d .. ih in il< multi plici' y of ";mulu""",u. pe"I""'i,~., which .. nge f,om de>criploons of ,,,,,yJay life prophfl" visiono, from p",,~ ,b> bearing ,o. group'. "peri were .:emed with ,h. iv< ethnog"phic "",o,J ing of ,h.i, m lture, he",. ,hei, .. riau • • pproaa m
mmun ic.""" dimens ion , mbod,oJ in comp,"'i"" """mh.' Thi, concern with .. bbin;'; fol' litor"u,", .. p001. which wo, '~ry active 000 inRue nt;"1 in th, ilOOY of folk lit",turry en" ,10 , >hifi ,ng of Iocu, from th, text pef .. to the 'ext in ruitural rontexl, ,nd to to. funct",ning of every

,t!

cultural exp .... "'n .... ithin th. g'I1 typ< of tninki"ll unit.. to. "",ion, of I'''prir, ,o. hum," ", i, it, ",~,ywo.". I','here., L'vi-

St"",, "m.. oed witn,n tto< confin" of p,im,ti,'< cultUI of thti, own. SOIll< unOq"" '0 ,hem .nd some that 'h< , ..... rch tool. of the .dgr' I>hic-h isto ,ic.1 .pproach .nd • n.oo"". fun ctionall.m in hi, "ud'.. of rabbi nic agg.>olic lil< fir>t to b' ing into tl>< "udy of . gg. doc lit"'t UT< tho "'pe,i.oc. o< A"h'v.. b'ing tog
I"",

thi, «holarly , ..J i''''n ,nJ 1 thot .1", indud« f"g""''''' of ond Christ;"n,." '"'' "ntil the fo"rth «ntury, can thWl b< undmtood mor< bl'OOdly. Rather t hon I>< I..dmhip """um, w,""",o. ewrydiy life wo, char> literature tog< rith" to it. noroo tbry .taIo:e d . im, of 001< "",,'",,>hip. It;' tMil,,,,,,,"! 000 t "n,mitted from 0"" gen.",;"n toonoth ... I" moin ond origi n.! n.ooe of ",i" etKe i> oro1. and it> oni,,", fMur ar. the .... ult of it< r< f"'urOrtunity to I;nic corpu. will turn

our . ttent;"n to a>p«t, tlut are oot n"'.... rHy or to. center of traditional >eOOlirly inter! with r.obbinic liter.. ure, The foc", ,uUe"ed he .. will highlight .w'yJ. y lif. ... mltu ral category ",h.. th,n .. the b.clgrouoo or the «tting for n>ore i"'ron. nt, "hi!torical" .vent~ Ught will thw; be.tled on groul" that h,,~ '" for """n in the iludow of the sa~.. -the >mt. ",.. of lhe wrhi"s ,nd the ink wo,k< do.ely """Olbl< tho« of folk lite,ature i" gene ral-lhat ;,., mo.>t of I .. ""'terial w.. O(=~bI . ." """"..,i, of general Jmm,.ledge 10 tbe vari0U5 portn,,,, in the ere.. i.., proce .. , til< t ran.m"~oo inlo w'iting re"",ined inmn,""' . 00 often ",,,.I, . nd the , ... ,,;"n< tlut ru,~ " " hed u, are partial . nd >on",..-hot (orluitoo>, I"rticuhrly ," . 11 trul ' in the for m ge", .. I!), kn""71 ., "eug::fip" .nd priott
"",k.

n" focus on folk li,,,,,u,, will . 1>0 " . d u, '0 "",valu". ,o. iden'ity of ,h. socW groupo ' 0 whom we p«itic f.ot"re of ktlk li .. w"re iI, in my vi,w, i" rorul:lJl' r re-c"""n pro pl",•. In principl', .11 the m ateri.o.l i, obv",uslr linUd, to 10m< t,nt, '0 ,II ' h, ron"," introdoc«l into the disc"";"". For ,h. ",ke of duity, howewr, I haY< tried '0 pl ...... h ti' offoll: li,m tu .. , inform«l by'" ",bolarly . rod hh . A dOiC", (OIl"'" ""I"i"" "' to con&ider,,, bockground, the in"'rpr"'''",n ofl i.... ry work> in g'''''''1. Th ..."

" tl>< OV<listic folk ll1,rat; ... of. tr. gic human d"'t,ny" the ti"" of th, de>truct ion of the T. m ple-"fl ich in 'he COUN< of the ,h.p'" will «.u>< ,ho t<XI ;01-01"", . ch.in of >to, .... ,II of th"m linked ' 0 . oo" -na"'t;'" folk- lo"",y gen,,,, ,h. ,iddlt. 1\ ,ich in''''g< .... ,ic du"", is ,hu, wit h other ""p'''''''''n. of folk ''''' ivity: P''''' ic"" 1> to t h«",nt> ofthe Je>truet "n ,nd it> ,fte,moth on, hum,n, """"nal, .,,,,,,;' ntiol ,,,,,I. Ambiguity ,nd tens"m t""'~ru val"", w< te OO to .... as "I'",.. nting -iudao>m' 0' "rabbinic lite,atu",' ' " poign'ntly <xp'.....:I ot thi> b ·t ruetion ofth, Temple, The motto of mo" oft he pro<m. i. the ph .. ", "8e-cm" they "nn«!. they """e .. ile
h~.m

Akh~

>me on

I .. moo. in Rom" 0"'" huoJ,ed 000

Iw t:}r ) " fon roam~ 'Muld ",.. nol Wffp1 On u, W fulfilled; 'FoI Ihi. our h .. n t. f. inl .... Beeous< of Ihe moonlain of 7..ion, which i. """"",,,, M .. prowl OV " 'I" . 00 lhe mountain of Ih, hom, "

lhe h'gh pr.c .. of • for" (",,,,mla h ,.:8). Zek)",i'" ... .d: 'Th",,,Y' Ih" Lo,d ofhoi,,: Old n",n

and wo"",n rull

Y'" again 0"",11 in Ih, "',... of lem .. l.m, aoJ ..... ry

n\a n wilh hi, . talf in hi< lund for '~Iy ag•. And Ih" """" of lhe cily shall be full of boy> onJ gir~ I~.ying in it,

"reel, (Zekh"i"h S:4-}).

'The Iloll' 0 ..... ble.,."j be H" .. id: 'TheI
can poibly .m, wo,d>, .oJ ","ten,... In work> longer than th",to, ... found in ' &g. d;': Midt1>him. "«n'ion .hould ,Iso be I"id to 1''I\ft unili, w
Let u, ",' u,n ,h. condition, of in'''p''''tion di!Cu»«i in ,h. intr()du((ory (hop'" .00 on «1m< of ,h.m. Th< inle ' p,,"'ion of .n-

."bow.

>I,."

d."t ' ''''' ""'l" th.m .. "" i" ,hei, own tom. or .. gi""n in ou, own ,,luJy .II, s..ul Lid of Ih< ", i, i' oot • h"'o,ic.1 oo;..;:t. Scienti!K COlUCiou>""" 'equi... d", con"'nl> of ,h. p",,,,n' , bIl, ",he , "' '' i n''' " ;.~ .".bling u, ' 0 unde .. ,and in ,he pre .. ", wh ..

..... c".."" in ,he p'"''

In light of rr""nl:rid 'he T.l mud 'fOde .. i, ind< b,.. ic i n'pir",on of "ru ,be historical gop i>On 0 "",. nins shot«! by both ,utho, ,oJ ",ad.: percept""n of ,n"'PreMion, wl>i,;"n of o.ude L'vi-S,,,,,,, ,t.e >1fuClure of 'he m)"lh rdingly, in hi, "ru,:tu .. I'lUly~' oftt.e G,«k my,h of Oedip ... !..'vi-Str' u .. ;OJ", iocluJ", ,t.e ",,,,;"n" 'ep""",ed by Freud',

,twI,

in 1 myth." On 'his roin' , GaJ.mer', 'h«>'Y PO"" , probl<m. Gad,n"" argued ' hot 'he hi"",i..1proc"" of, .. "'tand,ng,'" Th< P')' """,,ibe.:! .bm~, together with our ... .,...ledS. of the

"o'y.

his'o,i,,1 P"""'" ,n",ibed ,n the w"h ref«.",< '0 both the ... um<J l"'rjOO of it> crM;"n and 'h< hi" o,ical l"',sp«tive thot ha> ' ",«ged betw«n thm and now. Tt.< '<xt "produced below i, • tr,ml.""," ofSolomoo Buber'",dit;"n of u.mm'"""", R.lbbti~. which is based on • manuscript of 'h" Mid,,,h founJ " the Co.."at, library in Rome. A brief ,omp.a roon with the rendit ion of the sam< "ory in the prin«" ....,r>;"n will follow," Thi, i.. "ory ,bout tho two ,hild,," of Zadok, th, H'gh F'ri<st. who ...~" "un " ptiw, on, mal [child] to one offic". Th .. [offic«] went to a horlo>!. and g. ve ha id : "Who i, )'Ou , f" hert" Sh" >aid,

'0

·z..Jok

[~h.:

w.,.,,:

"Y"""'; >IIomned fro m YebozoJu] t" High PriOJ...oo I ""ould k ... it," H.... ;0. "And ""'" ",moo", '0 show)'Ou 'his mol", would l"u koowl" ]i,l himl]. Sh" .. id, . y",: He uncoI·"red his ' Mulde, to h.., She .."'. [Md,tion in M., >",;on: "000 '«ogniud ~" [ . nd thlke!" -.nd 'g.in ''''''''' to thi, devie" in th" fifth qution, "The print«l "",~on ''''''''',," , .. uniqu. fOlmub, ion "mch and ,uch" fo, one on,,..,, only.

Some of tM mbtl",". of the "nguag. "nool b< nrto rM in deI.il in II>< " ,lliIalion • • nd 1 (Ollfine 01)'ify th. ""lhtory i• • lit"'ry ,onte" lh .. produ«, of >< original l."gu.g< otth< story we , re ,on.id in rhy""" ,nd . .... ""'"'.~ so"", of th,m unu,u.il ,oJ ,ugge>tinS • lit",ry "gist" of "ngtug are idt, who "'..,,, taken " pt""'; ".. ithoot """ reinting out th, s<xua! diff",,",« be",,«" them. In the ~ r" "'tion of the plot they >till remi,n unite.l- "",~" tat.n c. pti",,; n,mely. bath togother. oot the .. " of this ... ""ne. "poieh Oll< 1.11 to. diff.",,,t offiw, the offi" .. ,re DOt d iffmnti oted or ch".>0 th .. the m,in di"'lKt ion betw<e" the ,,.,, ,hildre" of ,h. pr"" i. ",II on. of g.nder, From h.", on. tl>old 10 • buyer of 'he oppoo;" .. x, In ,he 'l'..ooe wh"" bro' her ,nd ";';1.lbling>' only ,he girl begin' '0 " Y, in ",conl' j}{' with the mlturn percowyou , . . !" n", qu,",toollS. beginning ",;,h . ~.n",1 id.ntin... ion ,hrough. Io.:"ion

of the

oJd"". ,nd up 10 tbe body, build up, d)1lmlOc re>"ry "ory, where w, mffi~ from zero u.o,,'''-lg< to . " •

"par",I)" h. UfICO"''' ,nd i, "'f'O"d . nd ill. """ imm,diately ,fte""".rd,, the ilI,red ,,'ivity of """,&"i'ion tale. pl",., th." th"", l, ""he h>d b«n .""red • pri" ikged po,ition . nd de1ioed ritual role! in ,he TempI< ",,,,i,,,, Through tl>< figurati,.. devie. known in ,laMieal po< ","Orldly.nd 'he ""red, bet",,,,,n the people of hr ..1.nd the holy, Thi> .tory i. part of • ""Iuenlory, wool< realm of Rom.. m ilitary ."", ia t ion~ The rontrast i. sh''P''n«l ,wn furth., when we re.>d immedi ... ly .fierward that the ;old im ",11t h. rep"'",ntatiw. of pr;"t ly ,it...1 purity to the quint"""nti.1 repre",n"ti",. of defilen",nt. the harlot . nd the wine mere oppo>it'm bet_n defiled .",uality ,nd prie>tly purity pre",nted in this "ory io al", found in .nother Ilory .bout R. Zadok, whe", he ref"in, from "'. with. harlot I'I'«;'-Iy on the grounds that hlroyed." ll>e ",ur". h.aw nor proved h.lpful in ",tabhslling the identity of th, R. Yd\()"Jak (z...dok) in th" .tory, T"" aOld for the f,,,,,, of. ha ,lot.nd for wine, ,hu, ,,,,"ing . IOnd of degr.d ing parity bffl.,...,n the boy .nd the h"Io,., f. ",,,, .oJ bet"".. n th, girl .oJ the wi"", ll>e """" combin.,ion" merdunt .nd fen .. le, harlotand m..rie, which the poonologiGol "ruO»ibil i,y of ,""u. 1 up/oiution. Quoting the ""'''' from joel, ,,-hich jo,m to£",be, t"" boy >Old for t"" h.rIot', f.vo".nd t"" girl sold fur t"" ""ine, functIOn, ... kind of .ymbolic key, ""ti ng the '0,", fOf th. renewed '!ICO..mte, bet".... n brother .nd '''ter. T"" biblic. 1 quotation tran,1""'" th• • ingl" 'phemeral ",·.nt to. &e"" ..1 level. transcending ,"" .pedJi.:: nmati ... Th ~ ". dil'«l ,on>«juetK. of the pmd igm"ic, ')"itemic ,ole that biblical play "" i'hin the " bb;nic dir<eu .... ." A diaJ«ti~al tenoon .merge> between the perou, .ni,," d,,'ic

ad;":,,,,,,,

fate, ~'hile quoting th. '~r'" indicat .. thoit the .tory actu. lly co",,,,,i,,, ••

cuitu,,1 principl. gi",n p] '..,r... of"n ",r", .. g.n''''li"" nucH >ou"', of "'''ali,'' plot< in .. bbinic li"",ufhown I'.. lew. D"",,,k irony""''''''' into 'ragi, irony: ,0. girl fo .. """ "ta.1Iorb< in , n.. "i"Se to , >lav< ,0tal1y different from ""r. But tt>. true sourc< of w",rop/l< ~ ,,'hat she in

r", '00 much like her, octu,illy h.. own broto.r, T"" d i..""

>h< ii mourning ",!!eo befo" ,h. 0 .... that ".ill inJ<ed hapl"'n ""'. US< of 'heir mutu!! igoo",,,,. This moment in the "ory highl ight> the . In""t ba",,1 truth tn.t , in ",-ery ,itu"ion of sorrow , nd a-.I ofth«h""ter>, ~ 'pp".nt ""nS into bro'''' .nd ,o.,,, ....~ h.>oriou> in"cpr""t;"n, th .. follow from the "",b', multiple m tog of this dram,,'ic device," Th. Io>.~" form of "rt'COgni'ion" ~ 'hrough a "i~bI< ',"",n, toe"" ;, ,h .. wnstrued by the po th"ru< offoc.liLl,i(1n in ,h. < " oJl po"';bI •• ,h. gill mu" hOY< provided !Om' n>ore definite poin"r~ Th< ",O< of ,h. "0,), po,nt in thi, J ir«tion, Ol",iousry, . t th. "",,, 1-.1 oft .. plot, the mu ltiple """n ings in the ,mbig-

')'11'"

oous ""l""no. of "nl< I« ,,!;niztd the mol •• oo they kn.w 0"" ooother" - imply, Ii", . nd Io"'''''''t, "th.y ,,,,,,!;nized ... h other." To ,h i, Ii"ral in"
the ident ity of to< ki,s< ""uld ,, from the phy~aol d lu,lcing in the" past. In the con">:! of the hi"o'iO>to,kal , itLUtion e .. " iling tre""ndou. >uif< dr.. m. Vi< are told ",rod h, Knew h i, n",ther" tI'''_"'"ti"", R"bbah 1), ILimely, he had ><x"",1 "'"'tion, "" ith h~ "lOther. Complelrity i> enh,n,ed in the ""'ybeaus< of the !oxalicn of thi ... nten«

air«,,"

in the p.... g" ...... p two

'W'"

n...... ~ .. , til< id<dogicol . oo tho. p'),ou1. < ten.ion bet_n ' heir union ,nd ,ho>i, "p,,"ion

'hrough"'" , .... ""'y i, 'her«1 .. ,o ... , .... merch. n, and ,h. h. rlor, h".. 011 di"'PI"'"ed. In , ....

pi...,.,

'wo

«n,r.1 ",.ne, io 'he room, ,h.ir be ....v""r i, 0101"" wmpleteJy 'ymm. [""0 , .... di«"""ry .,:ell< I.dent;, 01", the tr. gic iron)" .nuiled by ' h, omn ipoten' God beholding hi, ere"ur" being destroyed'nd w""pin~, a, i, the ", knowledgn",n' f human impotence in the f"", of e,,«15 Robbolh "ory, .. well .. iu rool> in his,orical ' ook pi"". in PoI." i"e •• tIe" to the p.l""ini,n or igill.< of,be "orr in the form c\ooCludin~ il.> p»~hologic al inten.ity and i" compl o",>.>ag". Nor i. thi, ",ml""i",n in" nOt
'OOu' til< "'l"'n1tructlon "Oli.t the end ofGlrt;n in te.. B.abylon;'n T. lmud. Alon ";..:" the p" v. ltory. 'The .n.alyili iOOi. and Thon"", drom.", om/"pp,ng of r.u,."" 11>< "ory thu, promp" u, ' 0 'hink . bou, the di"",,,,ion of guil' ,ha, F"",d • • , w, \:"""', oo .. id ..«1 ,t.< uoJ.riying foun.ution of ,t.< .n,i re

'J"t<m of cultu,,1 "",. ning<mg~ Yet the lingular J>OW< ' tor;'" .. hi.toric" lq;eoJ~ wh"h sh.ped the histori..1 "",nt from the p""re who liv«l through it,

""y

,uu"'t. ,ul»..", i, .. int<rp",ution. Thi, interpr< l'iYr",ba"'" on our >tory. It i, only ""tu,.1 thot. in, lit" • ..,. corpu, namag' ~"uld he Ht to genr« con,ider«i pan of fol\: li tewu ... 1M vole< we .'" ",pai doe, oot 'ppe ..., . n ",pI;"it ideological """"'ge in robblnic Ii«r"u ... but "'00."" c!<arly in the p>ychologic. l n.....ge, HoncIe in an ev"I\(e ",ithin th, onive, .. lly COl\«Pt... lized ,do. of folk "" .. ti", •. A qu clearly d iff"en' , I" imm..." ..1<xist"",.. i" ' o'''r,, ,,n.;'n, natu .. , " well .. it! P'''''tK. in varied fo rm. of ""m' i '~. mmplel< cl.!»ic de> .. ,..,11 .. '0 ,h. uoo ...taooing of tt.. function, ,he fo,m, . nd ' he m'''n ing of folk n.mt iV«. ~Iy , pplOKh ' 0 gen,« in thi, wo,k m um« • continuum oHolk p'osol'f> of flk li",rature qLU litera,u"" M"" U;,hi. ' I do 00' ",n>id,,,hethi,d wmponen ' in Grimm', triad, myth, .. . gen"" In" .. J , i, is i>l undtood, on the on. hand, ,, . comprehensive "nK'ure of'hinking thot i"'pi,.. the v.. iou, ""p","';o ... of. gi'~n culture, i",loo>Ilg it> perc'p,lon ... group,.nd on ' he o,her hand . .. It.. • J'O""',iori w ... truct of th. moot fundam.nul .nd fo,mative of • culture'> n."" iv.,.,· Following Uilhi, ,he folkt.J., . 00 "~n more '" lh. kg.nd. i, d<scrib<J here acw,ding '0 poetic .00 fo,n ..1 cri' er ..... nd accord ing to ofl> with. J>< folk''''', '0 "'I",ti.""" in qmbolic '. or ... me> that r«ur time and again, .u< folk, oI. ,ymbolica lly owriap> the plOC• ., of odele",.n' m.nur.'",n." n.. social ron'",' ~ oot defined, and ev.)'lnd tim' , nd plac ."""t"I~· friend ly, and i" " pr< cia" iW ., .ymboli,. ,ul"'rnotural. or , .. listie. In . ymbolic folk .. les, the he""" ....,of,," ,n im,1s t>.having Ii.. human t>.ingo , nd. in many cultur", th... folktales t...:ame direct m. tapbor. of the hum,n world. Thi, i> true ofth. Eurol"''" fo lk I""otu", ",1,,«1 to the Glffk tradition as>o< " t«l with ,h. nam. altl>< ily""" of ,he fox (in Europ< I. or ,h. por ",tivating the folkta l. are from the ,<Jl'",«1 .,.,. fat. i> "united), t.... .I",'"'''''' of tbe (h'r>o ,war in them. Folkub are umally Iong . nd told by particul.riy gifted lU"atOr>, !n Euro1"'" li"wul "I"".n"' ioo. 11>< mod< in ",hich the ,lIain of tal« di5«ifi, to .ggoJ " homil; ,~ . nd definitely IUlfused with . I."",n" of pLty. pun~ . nd g. m« of meaning. For in'!.ilKe. induded in t .... lilt ,,,,, iW to R. Elie", b. Yoo< h. -G.!;li . re p,ar,ble introdLKed in the fim ""tion of L",,,,,-

RiWNh to p,.i« the wisdom of I.n=lem'. inh. bi,.n". The com-

nlOn . Th. "o,it. origi ...1i.1ngu.og. wo, A""""k:

(, ) Ther. w.. . man fro m ,.," .. I.m ,,'ho,,~""o A,h.n,

'0.uywith,

fritnJ fo, ••y.",1 ohy~ Hi> ,i"", COln. ['0 J i.l,nJ h •• n"u"ed h" b ,t.. n.. n h. woo "'yin& wi,h, H. ,old him: Shouk! my .o" ' 0 the 0""' silting behind it: H. " n", OOwn '0 ... who t.. w.. ,no! .. id : "\\00 ,I< )' ,nd ••" them before the two ,bugh"' .. , ,nd took the body ,nd ,j] the "''' for h,m",lf. H, ",id to him: "Howha.. you «rwd1" H...id to him:"! told l"'u. doJ ! not, th" it i< oot my [roI . nd ! wi!! go my w~: He wid: "On... "Uing the truth .nJ thr« or. lying." He """ in the morning, "'~nt to the but< mother died . nd 1 h,d • nur';ng b,teJ from her, . nJ when you came in the .Y«! me, 1 tu..l no n.. at to gi'''' l"'u;t)ld 1 il..iul7o"red thot l id . nd lI''''' you the n.. at." At thot VOint h . .. id: "Two.", t.Uing the truth and

t",,,.,,,

lying.' He "",nt to the win, mmhant and ",id to him: "T.ke p.yment .nd gi .. me the >am. wi ..... [a" night." H. >aid to him: "I haY< 00"': H. .. id to him: "II'", the", .nrth,ng ' I""lal . bout it!" He ",oJ

'0 him: "I ha,.., . vi"" lh., grow. on the g"'" of oor f"he r, .nd )'Ou p,,aid; "Thi, m, n [the p.op.ieto. him>elf[ mu" go .nd chKk with hi, n"'ther." H< ""nl to his n"'ther ,nd .. id '0 her. . ...."b00>< iOn.m It"" Sh< ... id '0 him: 'You , f."he" '" Haid to him:"Th. ,hildfOt plm....J with my heifer, yoo would oot ru,,~ fouOO out my riddl. " (]uJg"' 14:JS). (I) An Ath.",, " w."t .o Ie,",.iI.m . oo m ,011 w.11 ""ok«:0.... 'mok. third osh. and, th;rd;, ,,1< wood of the .1",. (10) An Ath,n"n ",.,nt to ).,..... em ""nt ing to ""n wisdom. He 'l'< ",.. .bout '0 ""~. h, bough' 0 sIov< wbo w.. bli 00 ,n on«),< n.. n "'M ",Id hi m .. id '0 h, m [,he buyer]: - By )Xlur lif. >IIe·""",1 blind ;n on< eye • ."d ilIe loa> ,,,..;ns in her womb, ond;, corrying two ,Kin~ on.of wine on thi> ,ide .nd 0"" of vinegar on that ';,Ie. ond tl>< "mII. gr.ue, on one , ide. but IIOt on tl>< ",I>aid to him: "1 "'~'. ",.h< "",b ofbothoft h<m:"And t..:... do)Xlu kno;.o th.lt ,I>< i, mry;ng 0 sldn of win. 00 onaid '0 him: "From the dripp ing.

~nc
< r<eognized fo, up '0 four mil. bu, f."her th. n fo" , m il " they conoot be

''''ognized:

(n) There " ... ." Ath,n"n "'00 m od, fun of " ' u< did,

\I'h< sent fo, him [til< n\On of l."""),,m ""00 had t..en to Ath< .. I. H< co"", out to him and preteOO«l to I>< concern.d . bout hi. ,,-el l-being. H< .. id: "lI'h.t c.n w< do with you'

11'. hal'< '" '~"'.n"nt .moo~ u, that 00 "''''ge' n\Oy b'ing . n).hing '0 ",J) hm unl." h .. OOal. befo .. him, On< man .."", up to him ,00 .. k«l : "How moch i. thi, .. oo. it" H. .. id: "Tdoit" H< ""d: "!'.ight d,n"",' H. hit him ow, tl>< h • .d, , nd h< went . oo .. t in .ootl><m,'" Most ofti>1ud .... hal'< of confron"ti"", . nd whe" individu.l> h.", "" ,ontrol "'.,,, tht i, the gen futKtion in ro>'ng . ,hall,ng', .i,her in public or in priv." l,h" i, t.... ridJli"t ,i'",,'i ... ).nd ito wl>al ,"" ign,

'wo

'0

'h" i" , .... "",', .bility ~ a d>al"nll" (,hi> ~ t.... rwidl'"g!",""'i"I) ,' " Riddle>,..,..u not . lw' Y' I>< al . oJ, ... P.g" mow.. may indude pictu .. , - " i, oft"" the ''''' in folk nm" i,~ ,oJ in ,hild.... nddling'-t ,n iconk or """'rbork, 1 ,,~ u i,i ng '>pli,,'ion." RidJ b induJin& pktutp«:in, con"xtu.1 informa,ion. The« rOld,,~ w.... " knowINge oft .... 'p«:ifi.: ",nto which 'he ,iddle! i> ",fm ing- m,h .. 5om",n', ,iddl< in 'he biblical Book of ludg.. - ." koown .. "ned ,iddle>:~ 'The Ii "'my . nd fol klori" ic , ,,di,ion ",nuin, m.ny "on.. ~'he" riddle< at< in"rwo'~n in v,noll< way~ Follow ing Pagi" ''''minology, we n\Oy di,-

'ex'

' inguisll .... '_n ri.J.,I"" """"'''~, in which , .... riddler, 'he ,iddle ",",""d,~

....'w""n "tru,,' and "un"",,· ,iddle ... n"i",~ M. ny ",iddl.

"',,"i,...· '" . mbNdeJ in f",,,,, n"'''i ......,,, in , .... Indian V". I.& "ot"" '" "V'mp'" T."":,,

In 'h" ""IU« of ""'''' dis<us...t .... ", ,II 'he "",i«>n. v sue" would perfo' m the "'h h . .. signed to him. ,in« in both n"" j, h•• nded "I' th. io.e " ",.:ei"ing Ie .. food. At g!a!\{ •• the ridd ler in the "ory in which lh. four m.n ofleru",lem »io .. of ridd le "'''< Hell rew riddl., 'hrough the n",nt",n of thn",,,, from the "ory of >am"",', r iddl< th., "''' sol Vlogk.l f.. "... biOOing the "yd• .,. whole. Thi. ne'ploon, """",,,,,. highl ights """n more the con,i".nt oom iouf\C. of the Athen,IihOn in oil ,he othe, "or;,,~ ,n oppooi'ion that ""tually 'Prrl.Iy ud ..... . nd. in"".d. the d,y . 00 its inh.biunt> Of" ., ill fully .Ii",. I'"en .,Ud ,bout the bu,ning of wood, 'he !al<m p,ie" N«> hi, .n'W i,linked. by . """,uti"", with, sitl1Ot"'" of des'ruct",n, :I(«001', ,h.",rot the fHld Ie st met Uf< aim"" completlUlly IKki, < ""1""nee of >1o,i« in o,h .... bbin" wo,b. A> mentiot>OO ."lier, LIm""",,,,", R"u",h ~ .-.,.il.bI. in prin'ed

'wo

«l i''''n., ,he ordinOfY «l i'",n of .IIiJro,h 1W0000 . nd the SoIomoo Bub! for compo,i"",• • Old .Iso Ih....I...t of.ll tern

Lorn,"'.""",

outside R.!obo", i> in Tr",w , S."h«lrin in Ih, Sobyloo.i.n T. lmud. In ,h. p,i",«l '·"""'n of th< Talmud ( ro ... - b). Ihp<m open> with .n .gs.>g. thot i. also qUO!«l .. ' h, 0l"n,ns 01 ch,p'" I in La .. ,nra· tion, R.bboh : H< expound«l ' 0 ,h,m "How [Ei.""1 doe, th, city .it ..,Iiury" (Lom· ."w'o", 1:,). Rot>b.o .. iJ in ,h. "'''''' ofRobbi Yoh,nn. n: "Why we re Imel punish«l th .. . I.",,,n"''''n [E,l".1 ,.,...;aid .bou, Ih.mbide i, """ .nd on the 00e it do not "'" i, doe, oot ,>t, and;, i.lo.HI«l wi,h ,wo""n .. o""of wine

and 0"" of oil; the 011< of wine d rip< ,nd ""'PO [into the groond], ,nd 'he 0 .. of oil dripo.nd t1o... [on the ground] . ' M the two n",n dri.ing i" on< i... Gentile . nd 0""" i• • lew. the Gentile rei",,,,,, him",lf 00 the rw< ro.>d: He "n after them . nd found it to 1>"1> to tll, but it fif>l'l'rem in the "'qu,,,«oft" w",> ion of th, "0'), in th, Po""tin;'," Mid,..n . nd that in t""

'pp< would danc, before them. Thaid to him: "It «ied hi> mother .nd ..,id to her: "If)'Ou ,dmit,.11 t"" bette" . nd if not, j must kill you." She .. id to him ,h .. her hu,b.ind had left "", uooer the b,idal co"opy, 'oo t"" king'. ha"gn"" laid with her .nd she con«iV«l He brought t"m m,at and when th..,. ,mell, d it th;l id : "Thi. m,,' """ Ii.., dog m'at: He w,nt and " ked hi, moth" . nd sa id to her: "If)'Ou admit,.ll th, better, . nd if 001, I will ki ll )'Ou: Sh, said to him: -A Li mb', m",her died and "'" nur"'" 'rom 'h, dog: H,

brought th,m win. and they .. ieg:o,«I d;'logue. ~""er. th, pro· pr .. tor .dd",,,.,, ..... ry qu.:;tion '0 the .. Ie .... nt ,hm«1 to the mother." Th. od",nug< of the mihic story i. puticubotly 'id """"'n.

tlow""r, to t" (o r.,]t) ",imr", of , eo"",nt g,n", t"ditlon of ridd" "1,, in tl>< cultu", of th, tim... when 0"" "oryer.. tes imm«l;"te ,,,,,,,i,,ion, to additio",l " ... in th, eh.in wring tl>< .. ,"" g,n", t.. dot]oo ."

1, tl><mioh .. y~ 'The word ,illra;, • ""rd of io"",nt" (La_",ali"", Rilbb." ,) . At it< co"', thi. Mklroo .pans t .... "'... unJdJ .., , nd tho.>< who climb from ,ung

'I"'"''

'0 rung p'''''' in the

empty baid to g< GOO within Joo. . nd the I"" wi'hin GOO. "The oothingne>< Mid .. .tIt of,.., earth, bu, :oJ", ' h, ... k >own on the d""oyM city, A pillar of sa l', .>.tIt rubbed in wounds, And the broken mortar ", ill nev< ,Id (Oun'"" , im, u< ,;ddl., Ii.. Eros, touc"",, d .. th,ooo of mooming. "Th. word ,iliur i, 0 "",, rd ofLu"en" - aoo ,uch i, ,h. ,her -

"''0

'0

ho,

earl""

,bou,

ti m.. , 'hyming qU;n th, Il",d.n .00 cali, 00' '0 hi, God -\\'h.r
< nan.to", n,n",ly, P.... 'i,.. .. ,I>< < I>'"= n.ooility, ""'¥ .1", ind;'... link> b ,h,p'" pi""", th. fol k .. mti,..,. of .. bbon;' li "" .. u" within' broader geog"ph;'.OO hi" o,hl rl ",hoot Thi, ochool. "'hi,h " 1"< " ....eh of d .... c... nd " Iig;ou, ",m. In i1i ,)"1< . noilrHd th. odop.."on of int" N tioNI tal. t)1'" to ",,' i,h culture. in o .. lIy tr. n.m,u.ou. li,mtur«lup«i"",n of this genr fiw

go< midr"hk .r.ti .......... "h on folk litmturk fictional g ",,,,ined with u.". g.neral intuition. It i. not a conc.rn of thi> di>cussioo. ,"""",,"t"I. to ..,..bli '" criteria of tim< 1'""«1tory of • king "'00 nlU" wry bock .nd forth . cor;>'" paradoxic.l. onchor«l in 'he rhy .... I, in . .. o'y thot i> ",'ually focused on the problem"k of . soul ""'king h.,~n in 0 body, Com menting on ,hi. it0l)', ""nz,,, draw> 0 db,i"'tion b.'",«n two m. in "lOtif" ,he "lOtif of ",n";'ivi'y . nd Imowledge of th..,ts d, .. i"" ion Joe, no' fo llow from the Indion tale i"",lfbul from ""nzer', "'qu. i"" n" with .tor'" from other ,ultu"", ond partkulo rly with Arab 0 ...... , Thi, I"dion it0l)', " ,,~II., .nothe, one ,10.< '0 i, in lbe onthology- d .. hng with ,h .... gger..«I ">tidiou,,,,, .. of ,h. king'ooo, 000 ,h. sound of ph),>ic.1 wol'k" - i< not di,ion, .00 g'''''''Uy in tW< of tbe "'ifi to the folklal. genr< ,h..!l "'n>< deuil. differ in the 'lOry ,hol'pp<m in A TIw"","d Nig~" a"d A. Niglo" The Ar.b n"teri.I, bolh in th. fol.,,1es . nd in lbe g..... logit~ ind iw .. more dir«1 cult u,,1 con""" with ,be Lom," '"""", RohiMlo w"ion, than ""ith th< Indun 0 ... , This is perfe of the tonth-century hislori,n M.",udi (d, WI), cm he rumn",d up ., fol l ",,~: I'az.1r AOO-Ar>d 100MWldd. h.d four "'n~ A)~d, Anm .., R,bi.h, and Mu,h ir, The f"her lefi . n
o , .c o u n .

73

hi> father'. >ions heing m.ode 00 the ba~, or ungibk ,ism. Th< i.,u. . u tau i> the p.>nitoon orth< tat. ami the di,i>ion or authority. and ewn the "n",1 that lefi the tratory 0' M=, ,nd to the prophet Muham mad di ... pj>tory), or baking ' cole....-hOi< dough 'urn, out to be lumpy (in A 11ro""mJ Night< "oj A Nigh!)." In . oot h" ""'Y, from lroqi oral"..! ition. til< "ory ofth ... rn
,.",1.,.

As in tbe Tunisian ""I tallory i> ""'ut thr« b rotber~ , nd

therat"r', will leaving t o. ""at"'o only two of th, m, In the Ir.qt.tory, ,be Ia" ord,,1 i, mod< har"'r: to. judge 'pproa oIwioudy t o. b,..,.rd. ,Ili,ed d,y, or tt.< ' W . I of the inhabited city to d."'rt d_II ... ,"' 'Il>e cont ..., bet"""n .n inhabited city'OO the d""rt ...1", fundam.ntal to n"ny A"b t"'t~" Th. tyJ>Ological wnt,.. t I>t ,«i i> ment",ned, "..h"h i. also the !\;1m< of the g"""00' in to. m.ntioned M. on 'ortu" ,00 "'If"' ing during the de>t'lK-

,ion of ,hi. d,y, .. _II .. ' tl< .. Iigicu. ['a< t;'" Ionking th, ,iddle lal« in Llm,"lati"", R.bNh to ot her cultu ,... "nnot I>< concludeJ withou, ""'ntioning ,ulto ..1cont>el«h H.1evydeolt b,;dly with tl>< Llm-

'"'0';0"' RobNh riddle ,01 .. lhot hod intern,,;"n." diffu.io n, poin'ing to I""'ibie p. rallel G"",k m.,,,i.11. He fouoo the mos' p< " uasiw """mbla nce in . Ii"" fro m Euripide"..-Ioo ..".. regarding tt.. interpretation of . Jre.m, "The pilla, of. family i. the "'n" (ljig (ont",," bet_n Arm . 00 H,br"", ,wi"", h""'........ po,n" to, mutu. 1 cultural commun.,,,ion th" w", ceminly oot ex/uu,,«1 in th .. "'rVnSWg . nd oth.. (u ltu, po1< ",hool d,im,ng that mo" EUfOp . 00,I>to,i ... di-

ha",

",,'Iy 0' i nd,,«,Iy. No i nfo"''''OoIl ;. •• • il>t.I, 'hat ,,-oWJ oil"", u, '0 d«ide ,.."",b" tho ,,,n.m..,Oon from ,he Mid,,
,ha,.

,ha,

f" IIl' nar""i", l'y of King BaIu .. m. ' h, nobl< hw, of ,b. broth", from s.,rendib. ' 0 be tarnished.

n.. dinm· a lot. n.. ...Xl task . .. igned to the brotber< " . divi.",n, not of fowl .. in LI,","'"'",", R.lbboh. but of eggs. In.. q\J<St"'n of "nat j,;"..,.,y of Bmj",",n oJT...uw." th. ed"",. of tbe Germ. n "'I>ion of th, PNqri""wo had . Ir the two type. together; thm ore ,,,,,ion,, howh«l in Ar,b """.,iv< of th, IFA "olie~ lhe "o'y ,bou, t .... camel'> t lKki .ppe..... a "'parat. unit, "nreb,ed to the "ory abou , the foor diner>. Th"" .. I", origi..... '" mainly in Ar,b ,..d i,ion, and w." told by "r... 1i Dmz< and A"b~ '"

111.. althou);h 'heydo fMure in the Arab folk "aditIO". oft .... M');h,eb, Th. tale 'YI"" . ppear in ",,,,,ral v< prev. len, in Jewi'h folk """ot i,... in Iraq, ..-hi< Silm' i' ): th...,., broth", ",ns< 'h in I""'i>l> ~Ioroc.. n ,ul,ufdition of the ..".,,1 "ory , nJ 'he d,,..,, ""'y, ,nd partip"'.!d in or.1 tradotion. In n>o>' IFA "o.

Thi. ,h.p''' .oortlorie., N.""rth.1=, ""' ..,'" of the gerrera! .imilarity I>< ruJ i> oot the aim of the p ..... nt "ooy. And y< igoortor;" h of th .. rkh net",,,,k. willl,aJ u> to adm it that mott of it ha> behip

bet_n know~ge.M p,.. is, in • mod< tlut drt .. mi"" follOO" as , """,;"1 fo,m of ",,.ti,'ity.' ll>e , ..10" of folklor indud« both vimal .00 . OOitory "l""t~' .M this is 01", tru< of otbe, form, of foll;lo,;"" ,,~"i.ity. El'<wing from th • .,.,t to the futuf""'ng • ,peo::iallinx with d""h, . nd powerfully.om'd itioo ,.,,['" b..:x to the in"rp""t;"n of d,eam, .. found in th. Bible, ,nd ,bbo",., on it. D.... m. in th. Bible .1< . mbigoowly mn"rueJ. A, in the ,,,,;"'t wo,ld in g,.."".I. d,um, n.. y 0. m''''''g'' from GOO, but .1", from evi!, demon" fore", delibo" di,«t, wo."", ioo< p".. g. I>< folm' ing "!LLitioo ol", in this p"=g'" -Sl"'p .. one liXlieth part of ol, b«n ""'"min«! in P>',jeul .. ). He sa id ' 0 him: Show yout",lf '0 m< I.. aOOV< Hoi}" Oil< He, >IIould '

< f,ar of d..,I4 •• 0[>!>S< living can obtain inform,ltion .bou, t'" ~flich i, mos' h;d""n f,om them, na mely, ~'ha, h'pl"'n." ,I>< , im, of "".rh. " .... mh""., it i, worth no'ing ,h.r, t.ow"'~t re .. ,uring ,t., no 1"'"",...1t..'imony can twtaJ'"'' .nyonJy indud< m,ny ref on dre.m in"!pretation: two are Pa"'ltinian .nd one is Il.lb)-Ion;'n. Of

mo>'

moo;'

'h, 'hr«, , .. Babylon;'n text i. 'h, klllg"'"
A mon com. to Rabbi yO!< bt interp'" ,h. d", m .. . dir«t m''''g< 0' ' hrough .ymbolic n.. , ... Afte, ' h< d r"n.. ,', "ply < koow n .gg.>d ic h"n",neut".1 ,u '" for in",p"" in g ,h. To,ah •• LKh ., I!"m,,tda (,h. nUm 1val"" oflett< ",,,uing 'wn'~ In ,I>< p .... lIel ",r· sioo, of thi, d",.m. bolh in I... ",,,,,,,,,,,,,, Ra/,b"Ir.nd in th. R..byIonion T.lm ud. 'M >lory "ndo wh"n ,I>< f< pI>< moil "mo ... '''''' of!.ol< Anliqu"y d
,«t of lh. Pale" ini.n T.lmud wh"re lh" inte'P"" tion ",I.,. on. biblie. 1 ... r",. Another "'''''. which 'pre"" in the next I"""g' '0 d •• uib< 'h" ",btlonship btic 0' hN. H< p,..tio:" • bitt" end fo, him, "nio:h is corrobo .....t by "",nli through the fe,mu l•• "And thus it h.pph"".l ,h. di.dogu< I> him 'P!"''' """hlnico1",d un< taken!" i. mo" dearly tafget«l her< .g.t,n" the ("uduj.nt in"rp"'er. 10, oothing in wh .. i, ""..1«1 . bout the d,eam ,h. to ,he d". mer. occup"ion: "Another .. n.. him . nd .. id: In my dre.m I >OW

fu'n>hall ri", to gre"""'" It l,hma
""r,'O"" ,,,,1:
dul,ng ~' i 'h ' h, dI>mael . ... , for p'ynllory oboo' 0 B.bylonun d re. m i,,"'rp"''''' n.med B" H«Iya," "'"" in"'rpr;,Iwly 'h" dle',m, of ,ho,," ""ho p.oid him, and n"goI'i",ly , .. dre. m, of 'hOi< ""ho did 00'. The Ilabjionian """,'" Abboy< p.oid him, .nd Ilar Hody. goov. him . ]>O>i' l", ,n"'p" .. ,lon. Ro\"•• Abb,y,,', friemS«! ofh" d".Ib.oo i, .. n",0CpIe: m. y in,i"",,,, hi, in"n,ion ",Ir>e' mo""y fr,OOu l,,,'ly for fabl< oth< end 01 tM M'),. Afte, th< bj Yo"""",,n "I. R. Ak i,~ taught him but I>< failed to u"""'>tand, He .... to him: " \\'hot i, the nu ttt 1"' '' of th, 1<Xl, 1< th'r in,,,II'ing R. A!:ivo <xu. lily, 'hildbirth, .nd dMh, In R. Elt b< , uptured, broken, and tom for her to be". child, In tbt«! te,m, tban 'ho>< of . crude phallic .ymbol, but a1.., to "".oct from th< ""'mingly ",.. trorhi< imag< t.... growth lat,nt in

destruction. He ~ .Iso .ble to «PO"', beneoth . n "'te",it>/y m

. the "ory tell. us. As lon~ .. th..,. haw oot been inte'P",ted they (On" in "v dtinotOon or it n",y 00" it n.. y be ",ad 0' it may no".nd it m.y it! interp"""ion", bUI we ab" ",.oJ : "Th.i, Rabbi .. id to Ih.m, Dre,m'.r< imn"te ri.>l."" No1< ,h..!, in re .. ,ion to thi, 01'(000, mo", : the "arronw "m"," 0' tl>< pt opt ion< 1'0 ' ",et ri ofT. 1nUlJi< -m Odrashic li" .. tu", b< end "vo" be it of th" uib< wm munity, lh" g'oo", groop. th" pro"",ion.I, ,,,,,,",tion. 0' lh" f"'opie, MKl r.. h. including .gg:> •• nJ jo..,,-btie negct;"toon, with th"" >ocial ,00 cultu,,1 !U.roun J 'n~ . ThU!, fol.- literary cootentt fo rm.illy ole-

pa""""

livered only by m.l" ' g,nli imphdt ly ;""Iude thei, f"male in 'h< N'

t ,,,,'iv
","n,c< 01< replac«:on" , th< ..,Ie . 00 dominan, f is

If . n~ ,, , d

into dir«"l aoo

bru,,1 viole ...... Th< lOlling i. oot ewn p,«<ded by . fight or by .n~ typ< of r<J.tion'hip. When Vi< ",. . h the moral of the "ory, w< infer thot before u, i, • violen' . nd fr ighte.ing figure of God. jeolou, .00 '~ng,ful, The bro.ader hi,torbl conta t of th, ...... nt< dcrib«i through ttoe porabl, doe> not .. '" this imp .... ion . ither. The .", re or I.... gr«Kh pr.,·.It """",.. rily I>< pro;'·ll ips idok"" How, th.n, < con,ider< p.o.rabl..... I",ody not. «ntr.1 g perc'pt",n i>.oo the "yii"ic un,fo,n"ty of this g.nre, which h,d alre.dy "",-.lorN du,ing the '"n"",nc P< 'heologic.1 "atu, of ,uffering" p,oblematic, . 00 th.i, p",..n-

wOon., an ""mpl. worthy of .mul"oon and .dmi,ot"'n is fraught with 1",n . nd ambiguity." ln to. "ory of the motl> "o,y', liter • ..,. . nd

KItoIogOc.J wmpl<xity, .. w.ll •• the tben"t ic . typ< of mY't;':'1 ruedi"' ",n found in con"mpo'

t"'"

"'y ",ure... nd koown unde, the g,,,, ,, 1"_n"" of SIr,", Qo,,,,,h. Thi. tYJ>< of ">«l""ion w" colKerned. ~ rtory, " ' Dot th,nr S.iol h" 'Of you, idolotry it ;, w,i,,< young ",n, "flo had bo'n< the brunt ofth< kle.l ofl> .,:copt for thi. 0,,",'" InllneJ;'tely th< ,g, of th< bo)' ,nd found him to h< ,;, .nd • h, lf )'ours. At th .. mom all this to th<m and th..,. ,'" all th,

,,,,,.1 d.y0 is., the focu> of th< confrontation with the ,"tho,it;"£ "And ..-h., did th< lUI ..

fi,,,

do ,. hnt . , .. "".n :I "'p,,»ion at the ultim," fron ti« ofh" """ li",,~ SM 00.. not quote biblical "''''''' but .imply "I to OJ,. ,nd emb""" he, iOIl ,od, in , ",n","..hat ,urpri"ns mow, nur"" him. Th. oct of nu .. ing ""u rm th< moth«son ,d.,ion,h ip to it> primary lewl. whon, unit«l in the a" of nursing, or< two figure> c.pabl. of dU.illy .. ("""" cI,im ,h.1t quoting "'.... "ory wi,h ,he n",,' arcbo:typ. l "0"1 of n.. rtyrdom in !<wish rradi' ''n. ,t.. .."i1K. of lsue. Mir;'m', ",ndins, abo"" th .. of Abraham, b., .n,"red h... pi",. ofbooor in j"",'i,h troJ,tio", ia her he",,,,,,,,,,n', In I,gh' of "..ha, " ..... id abou, ,t.. id.al oft..roi<m that .n"'rg'" f.om ,t.. ""ry. , nd f.maI. h.roi,m in p,rtirul... i, «<m, import,n' '0 derote "'''''

.boo,

di",m"oo '0 its hi,,0"l' 11>< "0"1 ,he mo,her ,nd her " "",n iOn< is, .. ooted, 0"" of ' he mo>I bmo",.nd wide'p",ad in !<wi'h trad"ion ' hrough00' it; hi"ory . nd In it> v..iou, lan!:"'g"'. Th. 'tor1 fi", 'pre'" in ,,," w.';"m in tt.. Boob of M",,«be.:< (, and 4). in "..h"h ,t.. nlO,her i, "'" iJen, ifi«l by nan", and ;, no' " ..,n ' he «n, ..1 figure ;n 'he "0"1. In the rabbink ""tiion, of ,hi. "0"1, the moth .. ha. , mOt< importan' rolo:. ,nd ,",'hen her """'" is "",n' ''nN i, ~ usually, a. t..re, Mir;,"" Th. nam. of

H. nnah, I>'h;':h enter«l """ folk '~r~on~ w.. opp",e ntiy giwn to Ile "ory of H,nn.h w.. print«l in n",ny popular «l it",n, in , ntholo-

&i0 pK.u,", of one of its «nml o"'tif.-indi\'idual heroism ag. in" . n oppr"'~'~ rul... Th< >tofy is p««ived ..... of)' of h;in" w~""" .1", 1t11< ,,",II

a,,,

bear. for < "",men" h liter"ul< coolJ b< .b. "'.. . bout twenty, P from 1h..!1 "blhh< n.m" ive focui in tl>< "fliest "wish SOUI«' ofth. ",I. in M,fl)T>. But wl>Ik illy. her ' rgum,nt le.d, to th, inf", nc. that human SK filic.,.nd ev.n more ibIy pre",nt in the .un< of mart)·,oom, ,Ithough the c""'I .'!""t .... "" inde< stor~. ... lthough historic.1 .videnc. iook....

,n.,

'he nam< M"i.m w.. tl>< """,t comnlOn f'mil< name on lb. re!em in ludah (Llm""ati,,", R.bbolo 1). In m.di'ru.:,ion ,nd point it t"',.... d red.mption: At "nce. MOOible, .. the di, i"" d,,,,'e "",Jre..Jy bJPI!q> "'II q'", "'11 U! .;!U!" P"' ''' 'ql ''''"'I JO ~U' P"! q "'Il- UJ"1 '!q U! ... 0 q> ''!"""" P"'P"! 'U"'!J'" "q "]li q>!qlol ,,:!..,.d "'I' JO pu. 'ql " POI!' qO)""'''I "'OJJ , ...., 01011 'ql U! I'-' lldw ! Ar'!1"'I001J "'I,.(q ,q'lnoJq ,...

A> " q 'OJ poUOJn"" "l 0, P"""I'" 'q' :u>J pll q> ''''I ' OJ aUld...,, !"'I ""1I :a"!d""" ""'q pu. 'OO!",U" " O) ''I''w«I U! p,.,q ..... ,"!'" V :1""1 ' ql N ' >U() AjolJ ' ql jO .I." , w "'I I 'q'!"'qUOJ .''I'f'" ">ql 1"'1" W"'I' q'!M "I' " IW"" '!"Gl " 1pu. 'PJO"" "'I' Aq U!'P ,,~'" 0,+" u" PIT q> AW "I!'" pu. 'I"!'u.,'qMU! "! q"1 qlol '.1.1 ,oM'! )0 mOl' >! "G 'aU !] "",.,.,,oJ'"o> puo:lU!l'"TJ>,"'q, '!lOA Pln"'l'A'+" 'lOUOl IOU, .... I 'mop.'~ '0'" I ""!"''',J"'U,,,,m ,'!' pu . .. q '" .,.00..~ u'q'" PU' ', ..'" AW ql!'" '(0) '"I q'!~" UOO" P"'I ' ql " ptJ " 'u~'"

I ',oq' "'ql ';0f" 'I'~XlI "'" ,~, ',"'TI>q Pin"", "G " q' '" 'puoqmq "W ~ 1!'" ~O, POI{ I ..:IT" 'q, U. "''!' "w ",. :1 I pu. 'pu",!,nq ,Uu q'!M cu....J aoo-"" which followed tbe ,Ilego,ic" t",dition of inte'p"tat ion of Song of Songs. M",eo,~" Gh. put her for her father, be", >h. giw. p",,,,deru:. to h.. 10", fo, her ,ister 0\.." h .. 10", for 1«00,'00 b.o~r. d; re
7

T H E RELIGIOUS C ONT EXT OF FO LK NARRATIVES IN THE AGGADI C MIDRASH THE RHETORIC OF INTIMACY AS A RHETORIC OF THE SACRED

llKO MOST .... ,~,CH li"""ul'< ' hroughou, ,h •• ~.~ Llm'"'aI""' R"!cou, .. Ii,,, of ""hing ><J" r" io"~ Ilb.re., the p,,,iou, ch'p"r w.. devoted 10 di>pbY' of f. minim., the "ntral in'<rpr., i,.., k')' to La"""Wr,,", RiibNh, this (h'pt" will point to the inlim". do.. ram< ph.oomenon, '" th< l.ock ofl' .... r prindpl .. in the otg'n i"'tio" of m""iol~ i". pref« il"''''' in the fu lfillment of forb odden "..i,1>« cOfICIo "'I:'... io",. I'".n poi"tong to the int"fac. bet,...,n p>y , nd mid .. ",ic mod« of "'p,,>.>ion , nd " ".ariou, d,,,,,I,,!,,,,,,nt>. "p"m;o", • • nd devi " io"~ i< (mci,1 to 'ny diKou"" of thi< kind.

THO " H HO " ,e o~ 'NT' MAC> A O A RHOTO " , e

o~

T HO OA e u

, ~,

n" "p'),< Oo, n:ol)'tic" ,har"'t ind«J part of ,h. tradi,iorul gm" of riddl ing , I'OOtii71, .. 1011"",-..1. "p.)'< li"'n«l '0 • king

who h.d two "'n~ H. bee,,,,. 'nrag«l .gain" ,I>< fiN'. took • itick, thra,h«l him, drove him ,n'o bam.lo""nt . 00 <xd.im«i: 'Wo< to him! From wh" comfort ha> I>< b«n boni!hed!' H. I"" bee,n", .n'.og«l . goinst to. «<m on, another. Ai their n",n'or, the f.,h" fir>! chooses to ..'u,,'" "'P"n,ib ili'y for hi, ""n, improper o.h.vior, thus ","biishing,

,ft"

for bh,,"'"t of the Ii", iOn ;, form ul"«1 aimo« i" t.... \'ery ",me ,,"ords th" the Mid .. >h u••" to d"",rib< Ad.!m'. pl ight . fter t .... "puloon from &Ie", "from "flot h«l" (Ge1Iio" of I"", «hoe< , .... ,,,,,,i,, i\'e link her_" Adorn ,nd the de-

""'n

"1\I(,ion of the Temple, which ' PPh«l him >0 thot .... writh«ond, ond he took 'he >lick >nd th .. >h«l him so thot he writh«l in 'gony ond d,«I. He .. id: 'No longer hoI'< I 'he .uength to I, m.nt OI'< &,t 'ymbol. « of co",~ying ' h, «petien" of ,h. OK,ed through ,h •• mbi .. lo '1'",0< ",n i, no' gud,IIe )'Oul ""'hat will I do with you, I wo,ned )"U, but)'Ou f,J<ed further. 'II"""n • o.;ng n",urn" wIl..u dot, he dol' n."y "pi;..J: 'H, o""rturn, hi. roOKh: H, »id '0 ,h<m:'1 ,,' ill do lihwi ... o. it ia »id. "A, I Iool«< ha, fu lfill ",,,,d thot he com m, nded in the of old " ' (l,n",""'",n, '''71.' 'Mo."""",: th..,. .. id, 'he~" .ilent : H• ..id to them: 'I ", ill do limi"" .. it i> taid, "Let him "t .Io"" .nd keep .ilrn<e" ' (lan"""',,,n, p3) , 'MorfO",r: th..,. .. id, 'he W«p «pI"
" .... "",II." The «n , ..1 th,me of th~ run", r highlight> intim.l< family inug"" in the tr. gi< ..g. of the T.mpl" de",,,,,t;,,n, A. bockgrouOO. ,n intrOOuc,;"" de«ri". the " Iev.n ' hi"oric. 1 "~n" in. n>.inner 'ypi,,1 of the historic.1 k geoo, pro'idi ng pr.d,,, deuil" the n,n", of the cruel ruler, Hadr;,n, who« ""nte, hke that of lit us. ;. ....... lIy ..,ompa n>«l by, for« ful 'U"," n'nt" of pla, ,,, "";1 known in the r-.I",i", of the tim.~ ,n .u< "'lfn" , " r" tion that followed, '!"h.e text inl<nsifies the ""u, 1boddy ",. lityofthe.., ing "" by ""n'ion ins' leg oHowl ,nd hUmin r.", in the >;in", ",nten« , 0". Deed"ot b opf'U.illy denOling ,I>< ind ividwl"'ho i, ,h. ",is or ''''no< ol,h. >lory. n.. groop hkl« in • cov.,.oo ,hi, ~ prob. bJy ,h,i r only r< ."th. I ~'OulJ "'" dw.ll on tho> .ymbolic i..... if "'S'""ion d id oot pI.y.n important role in ,h. ""t of ,h. "ory, Thi. 'pp,lIing br ..,h of tl>< taboo is ..... ned I>«,u", '«pon.ib ili,y i, ' ''UmN by the group, but "'" for long. 11'.,."", r"li l< that this i• • "01)' d .. l,ng with tl>< individual in tl>< ",,,,,t 1"""'ua1 ",n", of the term, .nd tl>< "ory turn. to ,I>< prougoni", who il ",nt ou, to ""'• • corps< to W . nd nnd. hi. ,loin f" her. The ..,"" of intimacy ov",;de, the hunger •• nd he bu rli w.. not sufficien' ly 'horough,

,a""

U",,·oid,biy. lh. "ory " ",be, ,I\< of the oonid feo ... nd ,be ",0'. '''''lh 00 inJeO.an,ng

""'y.

hio blie even of "lI in! (•• in 'he ,bow I"",bleo). and only by demu'ing him On " " bi, f.ther ,n o ,de, to def." bim. The f"h .. l,"n i,I\o .. clo.
Roo""" 4'l'

n.. w' his door-

THO " H HO " , e

O~

' NT ' MAC> A •

•

"HHO " ' C O ~ T HO . . C . . . .

,.."

to t,,,t him, . nd re>< paid . high prk< ",d ",I< ,haping of

"'pe'"'""

the ",logic", in it> hi"o,k.1 (on"" through ",,,,,i,,,,, Loken from th, hun",n world .

THO " H OTO " ,e O~ 'N T ' ''ACY A O .

RHOTO " ' C O .

T HO . . C . . . .

, ..

II

T H E HISTORICAL CONTEX T OF FOL K NARRATI VES IN T HE AGGADIC MIDRASH THREE TALES ON

~ 1 f.SSIANISM

TH" COSCWD'~" CH APTE. il oot "",. nt .., .... mma..,. of the thtorh M"""ni.: vi,ion d .. ~·. on w d ..wn from 'h< pol'ti..1..,d ",i,ilu,1 "'" of lh< ,in... 110< reLuioru.hip between "",,,, ..I, (,",c";V«! .. histo,bl 1«I"y.nd lh< 'o,i.:.J "~nr. usu>lly belon g to th" g"n re In.l « hob" of fo lk litm,ure "U "histo,k.J I"gend.:' Thi> is •• ubc""!lory of. ,no", bro>dJy defin. A u><J in th< 1 to be rIi"'", it",lf .,. m.,.n ingful . Iemen' in the ron",ioo",e" of the past ,nd in tbe idenh'y of 'he group narratins it ,nd p"",,,;ng i, within it> rrt~ th"", leg,nd, """ to. JXI"ible mul'~"O( al i'y within "",,,,,,he;',;( f,i th. A, • ,"",ul" "" >p«ify' ,im< ' M ' pt..c" be.:.us< lhe b0 on . In • .idilion_ 00 her, non -verba! modes of diKo""", docun", n" ,ion •• 00 «pre .. ion, in Ih, form of bu ildin!:,. ob.le 00 hi .. orbl ",",1" ..1" "deg ... ""0," in lhe term coined by Roland Ba"h concerning • Inon-;",ol) mode of wri'ing t..cking.ny degr ... of lI,noo"ll.i"on, ,·;w .nd repr""ntali'~ n""'" ",cording to it> 'pee,li< ... 'ure- . build,ng .. . build;ng, • legend •• , leg,nd, , pri.at. leu" .. , pr i '~1< Iette,---con.kIe .. bl~ improvlily 10 ,nlerpret ,nd discern ,I>< kind of informat ion ,,,,h on, proYidi, " I must ""'~r1hel ... question Y"" if'. phie,1di>00" they fouoo.ny .. paratioo betWffn their n>Ode. of "pr",.ion inapprop,iate, ,ilKe · the ... 00 the", are 'he ,,"o,ds of the li>i ng God" The Jicootomy bet",,,,n mid,,>hic, rabbi n;"1 ,,,",,,ity, " opposed to popular creat ivity, i" ba,;' , .. umption of Io""h Fr...n\;el', Th, M"lrod, of AggaJ.h.1Ui Mid,.,}" whieh pre"'nt. the world of the intell«"",I. shielded in tbe oous< of "ud)" .. "'p.o.rate ,nd detad>ed from 'he world of foil l,ter>lure, Fr... nkel poin" '0 Yitzhak Heinem,rm, ,u,hor of 1k Mfthod, oo.!(' within a given , .. Iity, . oo ron",y . b,~ .p«:t rum of ,dation"' ip> toward it, both poiitiv< ,00 n'gati".. But wben myth bum. into the I'g hi. n, n",? " H, ,n,wer«l. "Hi. n,n", .. Me .... hem· [Comfort er ]. "And his f"h coming will ~ he ,eIluilt: H, ... 0 late, the nun .. id,"[ will go ,nd "'" how the ,hild i> faring: H, went to her ,nd ..id: "TIu, child, how i, he?" She , n.",.. ",d, "Did [not tell )"U thot I

r.-..«I ho,dsh ipi, ' . . from tha, ti n""

winds.nd ""'i,I"' ind, cam< and lift«l him .w.y." Said .., "Did I oot 1 "..,itt,n, 'And the .. ,holl ",m, fo,lIl • rod out oft .. "em of 1"" .nd • b"",h "'"'II grow out of hi, roo,, " (I .. iall 11:1)." - Lim,"'.';"",

R"l,j",h ",. A c""' p,lfi"", between th, PT "",~on (Btrilllot "" yo) . nd the ooe dt«l here ",,,,aI. few but inl< .... 'ing diife .. ",e~ [n th, PT , .. ,~ on, the Ar.b without , >king, thot the till .. of the ",i[ " • lew: he .. 00 mm, t" mort .. plici' claim tlut "Th, king M,,,i.!h tw '-n born", Bethle""m" ..11«1 in th" I<Xl h,"" "'-mNth (the royal fort"". )", lIle identili", Menahem', mother bee, u>< the other women call on her to come .nd k """,~

""sma"

buy, .nd mtntion her ",n'. nam >!ory. Ttoe ,boic. of the inf. nt', n.m of old: Th. W1>< «h"", with the cy! " n OlUrch, mod, up mostly of "",... " 0",1 folk t"dit"n. whieh tend> to pr< rv< «rtain ,oocr"'" d«m thot the no"", of ttoe M""iah .00 the ",""" of hi. fathe r in thi, I'g'oo .re not ",elf """..ted in the Gal"'"', .1>tory, the birth of th, infant M",iah is .n""uIKed '0 the ",.pherds ,",'ho, like the ,",w tilling the ",i l in the Mid .. "" or. in t"" field ",hen th.y hear ,"" n.....ge, Th. shep"",d, are informed by the angeb but, in M.n"""", the magi fol low, 'ign from n"u", a ,ta, lhat announe 0' lignals the birth of the M.iah. A 'ign from nature, in the ""pe of a lowing

ox, "'" appe.r> in the Mid,,,,,. In M,nhew, the inf""t" li fe is th"atenM by Herod the King, "'00 ront, iv" to oo",n info,m" ion aboul the birth of the ch ild .n Munced by the n.. gi, and thm kj ll him, T"" magi save lh. child ",,""n they cou"",1 hi, parents to ...ape. ,nd Herod to ..". the infanl by giving "'''''' of hi, m."handi" 00 "edi, to the n>othor, and info,m, her h, ".. ill return '" vi~t. but'" "" ,vail, Sw"h", are a1"" n",ntio""d in the Ch,i""n >tory, in the ,nnuncialion to the '''''phefd, in LuI«: "Ye """II fil>< threat to ,be lif. of the n.....-bo,n . nd hi, f, mily', d,,,itution ar. ,<curr.nt motif. in the birth storllo,y, ! Ch,i""n ity." ""II:

""y

n..",i, ... _'" >hown to ,I\< weigh' of ,he ,n""ul,ural d ialot;"" he,,.,,.n few> . oo Arabo;n Ch.pte, 4. SOm il. rly•• n ;nt.. cul,ural di.bogu< con he d .. ""ed he", too, fir>l he,w«n ""'~ ,00 "wi>h Ch,i"ian~ . oJ ,hen he,,.,,.n few>.oJ Ch,i,,;,., in general. Th;, dialogu< bet_n foil: li",,-

'wo YO,"""

t u"" "",,"" how hi"o,k, 1 re'. in 'he p,I","oi,n foil: cu1,ure of ,hI""lite 1"", jLlSt.o. track> in lh. >and. which.or< ...oJ in lh< lighl of ,he &I/o .·T.zL" (the "oo~ of trod,.)..... lIah !>ar bar H,no •• humoro", g'''''', "'ifi bet"..... n ,he f. ntastic. the mythic.!. 000 the hcJIy, n." Arab. who i. R.!bI>ah 10.. !>a, Ha.. lh. "de.>d of th. de", .. " . nd Mount Sin," Aboo, other .ighu. mor< f... ""ic , nJ I... mythico!. Rabl>ah !>ar I>ar H,n, h~m rn.mdy from .. ilo .. , The Talmud" t""t i. built • • 0 tW< ,~". ".00 Elij.h "~nt up by. "or m of wind into ..... V t " .... t ion us." the .. m..." word for ... orm (al'.!) os th;t founJ in the story .bout the birth of til< M.;"h, in' im" ing' link betWff" 'Il< mo,if> of Elijoh ,nJ ,h. M,,"'h, Thi, cO"nK,ion will .",ntll.1lly b«on", the «ntral1< in MaJ. kh; 4') ). furthed by hi. own mOl""r, Rar KoIaim, 60:121. .....'hat wo, Ben Kozb.ah', "rengtb! Th..,. ,.iO: " lI'hen go,ng ;nto b.at-

,,,,,,,,,,nd

tie, he .. ugh, t" "'''pul" w;th ooe of h" hurled them b.a,k, ' ill ing ""..,,:oJ p«>pie,. 5.id R. YoIlann.n: "When R. Aki" IoohJ at &en K",bah he .. id, 'The", ilull romh"

Cut"". n {5.n",iun] om "... i,h him, "nd "",.iO Ito Hadrian]: " Be

,oJ...,. . 00 I "" ill help)Xlu mbdu< i,. Bu, •• Iong .. ,hi, h,n ,its on ,I>< ho1a< h.d
ear. ,nd R. Ele. zar diJ no' "",i« him. !'< , nd .. iJ to him: "Wh... did you '0 him!" He replied: "If I tell you. I divulg. th. king'. ""n," • • nd if I

do no' 1h< d ,ied up, . nd his 'igh' ~ >h.1I I>< d."k· ent< .. ," himno fu lfill the W>< itOty. " cileJ 1>< ... d' '''t ib lhe city', downfall . nd ' h< de .. h of the M"'''.n;c h,ro. witooul includi ng all II>< rum,i"" m" erial dealing "" i,h the .itg< of Betho" More detail, on th, balli< •• 00 particularly on II>< cruel fate of ,hoo< mu,dert
sign,

pr«Min~

birth, By com.,.ri",n. BJ.r Kolhbah i, rep,,,,,,nted through

th, closing link. th. "of)' ofh;' d,"h. In . n anick on tOe "roctu .... of th, he ,o', biography in folk I'g,,,,h. no. Nor pointM out that I~nd, oon .. · tin.. , "'«, ihe ,wn!> th" oecumd the hero', "'"h .00 af< IinW to h;' hei ... hi, "'«.ndm". h~ gw~ •• oo hi, [>O ",ferr«! to him in ""'"",... 'pp",n'ly hi, nam how "or ... d1"r i. no' discu,"'" h"e h in th. _ cul,u " of Isr"I, Th< gru, int"' ",... W by ,h".. two .tori.. w.. ""m"ically illLlS'''tM in the .y>"matic POOUl< of their iru;criptioo on th. iand oflsra< rn!< of the Sam "i,,", in il>, Kokhb. h·" , voItl Did they ,upport lb< I<wi>h " tr.I,! Did thpOrt ,I>< Rom.,",l Did they ,tay , wor." 11>< folk """'tive doe, not provide '")" inform"",n thot might h
",her, th..,. di>agr"" on whether the uiing th~ prael from the yoke of th, Romon conqu.ror tw ind"'" r; .. n. Th. u'" of the word King M i.. hi"ori1

"l""" "

After 'h, int rOOLK.ion, the gi" of the 'tory follow~ The link hetw..n ,o. ''''' p.... of the "ory-the m of the pr"J'ing sag< inform' hi> "" rd, .... i'h unique urg'ncy, " ..,n in th, PT ",,,ion of the "ory. The Cuthe," ,,-!to, from 0 .,...·;,h point ohiew. i, on!}' h.llf, """ger. .. oppo>< idiom of. coup! • ., • ,oo"p,u,] nlOdel of the rel"",n,"ip bple "flme! i,. m"upho,icol l""diyn that i, . 00 uS«! in

par:abl'" .bout kings ",here, " ooted, tbe _Ie of I,,,el r""u", eith", .. the king', ", if" or., tbe king', dj"",.. , Here, too, .. in tbe p,,,,,m to tbe w .." "Coil fo, tbe mou,ning women, t.... t thIi"ry, '" sa id the Holy OnlSIi",y," 11>< Psalnl! ch'p'er ",,,,ing .. th" ba,i, of tbe I""ble would 1m'" t..-fn '" 'pprop'''''' pro)", fo, R, EI~,zar to bring befo", God in the ,itua t ion Jes< ch'p«r in PWn.. 0p .1", • dw or!""i'" of til< ,n. ke, tbe otbe, 'n imal ["'tured in the "ory.nd rep"'"'ntins the I"'n it;"", 1"' ....1 .. p«t of God, Thus. R. [11o,k. 1 con"'''','' .,,,t in miUtor¥,nd politic. 1 te'm~ The concept of tbe king', ""'rOlditory do« h • .. , Ii" hi, mi",". p.,.oo:.ically, the "og.: hero i. Hadr" n who, lik< Totu, in the .bo""-",,,nt ioned .tory about hi, fHn pum, hm him, for the fi ,,, time in t he "ory, into th, rep"",n1Oti"" of th, peopl< for who>< fr« Jom he w•• ""'ggiing. In ,j>litt;ng off th, warrior'. kn"'" from the '"ppli"nt', Ii!", the "ory tr. n,fum. th, "'mpl'" of the Roman,, " 0"'" of the Ten ~hrt),,~ furth .. tt.. h.mh ,!,iritual implk"ion> of ,h. m il,,,,), f.ilure,"' In the "0,), .oout ttoe infont Me..l1h M,nahem, kroo>,'~ge abou"h. M~ah ', moment of birth is a>J., Mco,ding to tbe MOdra,h, Zekhari.&h', _hing blood led Nebuzardin to mu,de, Ill.ony lew.:

mod."

,~"ion, , nd up to 80,000 novit, ..cord ing to th. n>ore ",",000 (including the Gre-at aoo Small S. "beJ,in~ you'h~ _irgin>. and ochoolch ildrrn) in o,he, "",ion" un,il th. blood of lh< mu,dered t""d,nI Zekhari.&h', blood and "pj>to, ...... nuny of'be p,evious d~­ , .... ion. inJ ic,, t"" to "0'''' . boo, the de>trlK,lon 01 to. Sot unde,,tood in tbe pa,,]I.1 lew"" ,nd Chriu"'n ",dition,., . concretiza,lon of

th . . ."", 7-'kha,iah .... "",Iy• ., de-.I,ng wi,h '''''m'''~ (from 'h< Hebrew ,oot ZKR) , To 1o.., ..Y' Duboi~ 'he n",mory roocretil " 0"" i, oct""lI)" " 'n>lati ns ",I<mpl;"n into thewnm" ",n"of phy>k, l health, ,nJ 'ran>p' be oot«l ,ha, ' h,,,, "o,i« W found in 'he ' '''', ,",h .. rhY>icoi de>;"n, in ......,,,1 """«~ in odd i,ion to Lm"nt.= R.lbhail 1. it .1", in A.", de-

'pp"'"

'PP"'"

R.l1atini I.p.,. .. nt ly in 5om .. ;. I. the Juke of Ale.. nd,;'. The Juke of A.. b;'. " ..... t ...a, hi. name! TWh«l all"in" p,llow>.oo ,w.hiolli [I:""tl . One <m;.s to "'y, ther did not

gr"""

pity ",;"n, H, .. it! to thaid: "Bring 0 ,word . 00 kill th< Said Abpr. "Qui" th, cont "'.,.• • m.'" tOe

>n."':

t,,",,'< city gat... Th.,. brought tto<m to R. Yohannm b, 7...a1:kai. II 'h of the citr'o the fou, dul:e~ The Wt"n ,.mp.art to "'mga'. And i, .... d """" d< destroyN, . 00 'he th .... dul:e, d<moli>h«l tl>aid: -""'hy did tl>< orl>< top of the tow to rog. ge in battle with \,p..,i..!n'. be.iophistb,ed than th, dialog"" het_n B.ar Kozbah . nd It Elea.z.a,. The d""ription in the B.ar Ko,b.ah "ory give> • heav;"r ,nd ",ore opp ... ~'" sen", of the ,"rround, ng cireu m". ,,;th the t..gic end of the city'. downf. ll looming .",n ,Io«r.

[1("'.

In the "ory ,boot th, (aU of Betha,,1>< prougon,,,, . lb.it 00" h.ro who ",",,10., .ympathy, is n"",t ""uinly B.a, Kozbah. ~'h"... R. El,..,.,. ",ho;'

f,,,, red by to. namotor, is , o«on4 "y char,co". Al though B.a. KOlNh', ded in

">0" ge"",,1 ond me Baby"ni.n T.l mud.~ Thi. name reflects the ideologic.1 portro)~1 of the cru.,:o.:ter o. totally Ol.ntitied with ti>< v.l"", of .io]ence.OO belli ~ .. nce it n", 11>< preferelKe for an i.Jeolgicoi ","'< d "t ruction oft be T,mpi< th .. ,.~ b.iw =mined in the !'.I "..hen he po ..... 'ymbolic.lly, 'hrough """Iu" J."h onto full lif" 11>< b"bn« of POW" betwee" It )""","nan b. Z,U.i .nd !Ie" &atu.h begin' to ,h,nge" thi, point in the nm"i ..... Whe".. !len Bat"" h..J t.... ing tht Loti .. ', ",,,,,ion '0 the burntng of ,ummooed R. Yohann,n the "o"boo..." it i> now It YoI"nnan who .u mnlOn, hi, neph.w. probens< of . tra n.i,ion from one Uf. to another. in, concrete •• iiUal fo rm. 'The optin""" n01. of ....... beginning ",,",'n in the ",iJit of, «0 "," de .. later in ,be "ory. Th .. i,. utopia "'te.! out b), its be..",. In tbe "'" ofR. Yohamun b. z..u.. i. the >cting out of th, utopu bu ild> on • ,hain of tr,",mi.oo" known to us from th. beginning of the fir>' ,",sir,.,h in Awt: "M"", r"",iv«! t " Torah from 5;n, i. ,nd t "",mi11«1 it to Joshu., lo< from hi, ,, .. com" .. nder of ,h. Ro" .. n "nty"""ging Je,US;l\em '0 th" of Rom .. <mI"'ror. R. \'oh,,,",,n b. ZoU.i r
• < -And Leb.""n 'ion ,h"",,,"n"", of folk " .. ",i,.., -1'lh" did 'heyoo .. , ! ' Th< "". R. Y"","nan mu" DOW "nde'go follow ""turolly from the wi.oom he h. d p'Jy d,,!,l..iyed in hi, in"rpr , ign' of thi. typ< of myit .. ioU!, . 1010" ,ul"'matu .. l, wi.oom, it i, only ""ural th" ,he ruJe , or the judge "" ill wish to "it th, study i• • """« of in"", wisdom. ,o .. lIy ioo"l"'t> to 'he b.!'hho .... wh"n l'aWimon i, deep in pr')~' in the hous< of study 0' in the Temp" IAwt de--R.bO, ",.,,,"", '~r,,,JJ tha, the Jewi'h 1 a tW, Th. b,bh". 1 veri out wh,n Ji! !hoe, Hi, foot ",as " ,urn«! to >hope "'hen I\< '-<Jed th, .d"ice of lo«phLl>. "the duke of tl\< leW>," who told him to ba,.. som«>ne I\< hot" P'" befo", him." Thi, motif .ppe.. ~ in the rontext ofth, >aI'" >tory. in the thi"",nth-«ntu,y wo,' UgnuW A""a (The GoIJen L
  LIm,","""",
  
  thi, >tory." well .. tht "ory in th. Midr..h we.r< di",,,,,ing, to Io>t"'1' from to. lim it«l fume of th, dio!ogu, bet",,,,n t"" I..Je" "pre>«0'"'" • neut,,1 ~gurtrtK1Uf< it oliO '"",,'n in form. of the lewi'h " 1 "lOng "n.ion b oo""",ne harboring iocompatible pi«'" onoo,,"ledge. The ....",.iedg< that leru>..!lem ,)'mlool"", """ry'hing the Ronun, wont to d .. "1'0)" i. hard to !"dy ,"'" . bo", " • ch""'1" th" point 0 pro"",b tlut, in it> . mbiguo ... fo rmull· ,ion, act> oImo" .. an or",l" "n.. 1>)'OMibl~ .. ying" ",,,,in '0 ",n", t m. in ,h. future. Jlrovin~ tlut "the cur>< of t'" sage will be fulfilled:'" Thi. whol. episod' fully ..~ui" R, Yo/unnan fro m any ,u'pO:;on that h< harbor< f«lints of ""~ nge t.",...d ,h. ",.10ti. In 'hi< 'pi,it, when .11owe-J one
  
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  "lent, n, mely, to ..ve th. city , nd go ,,,'.y." V"pas;.n "r> be "noot gr, nt thi>. R. Yoiunnan, Ii.. Abrah.m when neg"';>ting with GOO for Sodom, ",",Uf« ' p.!n " l ", hieYement- ,be d,ylI'''' that open< tow"d lydd. i> '0 be left open dUfing the hattie, '" that the refuge con be .. ,ide, Y"",eh Oab""h, )amn,,), which" the 0"" u""lIy identitieJ with R. Vohanruon', enJe."..". The "of)', then, , «r,be> to R. Yohonrun , claim not only to the center;n Vavniu of. t\,dgJing, i, to be won, "",I to pf, p.rticularly hi"oria .... beeau", in the (oosc"'"'""'" oflat.. g.neration, it w.. pe".i'l< ""u. oOerw.;d.m in j<wi>h thinking throughout hi"ory und.rgo« • mn,form"ion by "~y of thi, "ory, which could he defined in 'he folkli"'",y term. disX,IIeg,nd •• bout th. dty. i«0'"" th. Shon!:,i-u of folk,.l. plot>. Abo"" . 11. il 1>o1'< il Nflhe,.nd fUrlhe, from lh. 1 dem",d to the ",n" aI i""", (on«,ning "hoLo" .nd lh,i , >ociety " ,h. lorn •. The" >h.ping within Li_",otio", RobiraIJ, which w.. " lh. foeu. of this d",u""n. dewlop 1 iote,,,,,,,,o blure, Th. nlOSt f. n>ou, ,;JJI. in thiHOlru>, whk h "po>< ,tat..,. "t>«l-riddl •."' A n.d riddl. con only I>< 00IV«l through ,«:ou, .. to tl>< p"Si'
  
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  'pre" to toe ttoe" solution,.' M. ny ' U-die """.,iv... '" ""wnh. le" re.... al,d ., enignutk. d",rac«riz.«! by the ]>I.yfuln. t)l'ic. 1of true riddle; ",hile . 1.&0 . n irol"'ng th •• nigma pre",nt ,n the", «xt~ which i> gOll< ,ically <xpre«! in th, riddle•• nd it",lf ,,,,,,,,n, unmoh'ed < to the ",-.>.1 1"] 10, found
  
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