Paul Kußmaul
Verstehen und Übersetzen Ein Lehr- und Arbeitsbuch 2. Auflage
narr studienbücher
narr studienbücher
Paul Kußmaul
Verstehen und Übersetzen Ein Lehr- und Arbeitsbuch 2., aktualisierte Auflage
Paul Kußmaul, Ph D, Akad. Direktor i. R., 34 Jahre tätig in der Ausbildung von Diplomübersetzerinnen und Diplomübersetzern am Fachbereich Angewandte Sprach- und Kulturwissenschaft der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz in Germersheim.
Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über abrufbar.
2., aktualisierte Auflage 2010 1. Auflage 2007
© 2010 · Narr Francke Attempto Verlag GmbH + Co. KG Dischingerweg 5 · D-72070 Tübingen Das Werk einschließlich aller seiner Teile ist urheberrechtlich geschützt. Jede Verwertung außerhalb der engen Grenzen des Urheberrechtsgesetzes ist ohne Zustimmung des Verlages unzulässig und strafbar. Das gilt insbesondere für Vervielfältigungen, Übersetzungen, Mikroverfilmungen und die Einspeicherung und Verarbeitung in elektronischen Systemen. Gedruckt auf chlorfrei gebleichtem und säurefreiem Werkdruckpapier. Internet: http://www.narr-studienbuecher.de E-Mail:
[email protected] Druck: Gulde, Tübingen Bindung: Nädele, Nehren Printed in Germany ISSN 0941-8105 ISBN 978-3-8233-6542-6
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35
bone. Auch diese Beispiele lassen sich in umgekehrter Richtung betrachten. Dann ergeben sich wieder Divergenzen, und konkrete Vorstellungen (Szenen) sind dann wieder eine Übersetzungshilfe. Ein Satz wie She was cutting the meat off the bone erweckt eher nicht die Vorstellung vom Entgräten eines Fischs, sondern vom Fleischtranchieren, und die Übersetzung von bone ist dann nicht „Gräte“, sondern „Knochen“.
1.6
Wenn die Wörter zu fehlen scheinen
Es wird immer wieder gesagt, es gebe Wörter, die unübersetzbar seien. Ein oft genanntes Beispiel ist „gemütlich“. Gemütlichkeit, so heißt es, sei etwas so typisch Deutsches, dass es dafür im Englischen, Französischen oder Italienischen kein Wort gebe. So zu denken ist falsch. Natürlich kann man das Wort „gemütlich“ übersetzen, es wird ja nicht ohne Kontext gebraucht. „Ein gemütliches kleines Zimmer“ lässt sich bei entsprechender Größe und0|E lierung mit a cosy little room übersetzen, und „Er ist ein gemütlicher Mensch“ bei entsprechendem Wesen und Verhalten mit He is an easy-going person. Es wird auch hier wieder deutlich, dass es auf unsere Vorstellungen (Szenen) von den Dingen und Personen ankommt. Zwar gibt es im Englischen kein Wort, das die gleiche umfassende Bedeutung wie „gemütlich“ hat, aber innerhalb der jeweiligen Szenen gibt es durchaus Entsprechungen. Gute zweisprachige Wörterbücher deuten zumindest an, was wir hier als Szene bezeichnen. Langenscheidt/Collins Großwörterbuch Englisch z.B. differenziert: a (=bequem, behaglich) comfortable (=freundlich) friendly (=zwanglos) informal (=klein und intim) cosy b Mensch good-natured, pleasant (=leutselig) approachable, friendly (=gelassen) easy-going, relaxed c (=gemächlich) unhurried, leisurely Bei dem englischen Wort local wird zwar niemand sagen, man könne es nicht übersetzen, aber es ist oft schwierig, eine Entsprechung zu finden. Es ist ein falscher Freund der gefährlichen Sorte. Es kann manchmal mit „lokal“ übersetzt werden, z.B. local news mit „Lokalnachrichten“ oder local newspaper mit „Lokalzeitung“, aber nicht immer ist das möglich. Manchmal fehlt uns das passende Wort. Im bereits erwähnten ISSP, hier aus dem Jahr 2001, lautete eine Frage: Suppose you wanted the local government to bring about some improvement in your local community. How likely is it that you would be able to do something about it? Local taucht hier gleich zweimal auf. Als Übersetzer tendiert man meist dazu, zunächst einmal Entsprechungen auf Wortebene zu suchen. Dass „Lokalverwal-
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Qualitätskontrolle und Evaluierung
169
Übersetzungen einzelner Textstellen. In der Berufspraxis werden Übersetzungen am Schluss noch einmal durchgesehen und, wenn nötig, korrigiert. Bei der Umfragenübersetzung nimmt diese Phase einen breiten Raum ein. Evaluierung und die dazugehörigen Methoden sind ein fest etabliertes Gebiet der Übersetzungswissenschaft. Ich verweise auf die Artikel 108-114 in dem von Mary Snell-Horny et al. herausgegebenen Handbuch Translation (1998). Ich greife einige Punkte heraus, die im Kontext meines Buchs wichtig sind. Bei der Qualitätskontrolle geht es zunächst einmal um Organisation. Die Kontrolle muss zu einem bestimmten Zeitpunkt im „Herstellungsprozess“ einer Übersetzung stattfinden und fest etabliert sein. Für Übersetzerbüros ist dies wichtig, wenn sie die heutzutage begehrte und allgemein angestrebte Zertifizierung erlangen wollen. Sie ist geregelt durch die ISO (International Standardization Organization) 9000ff. und DIN (Deutsches Institut für Normung) 2345 (vgl. Schmitt 1998b:394ff.). Seit 2006 gilt statt der DIN 2345 die EN 15038, eine europäische Norm. Das Korrekturlesen (Qualitätslektorat) geschieht normalerweise nach Abschluss der Übersetzung. In Übersetzerbüros mit mehreren Übersetzerinnen und Übersetzern findet das Korrekturlesen in der Regel durch eine Kollegin oder einen Kollegen statt.
Abb. 2 Wie die Qualitätskontrolle bei sozialwissenschaftlichen Umfragen aussieht, habe ich in Kap. 3.2 kurz beschrieben. Bei dem erwähnten TRAPD-Verfahren versucht man, durch mehrere Stufen (Übersetzung, Überprüfung, Entscheidung für eine Übersetzungsvariante, Testlauf, Dokumentation) eine gute Qualität zu erreichen. Meist werden zwei Übersetzer für einen Ausgangstext eingesetzt, und die Entscheidung für eine der beiden Übersetzungsvarianten oder für eine Kombination aus beiden wird von einer Gruppe von Personen getroffen. Dadurch ist ein relativ hohes Maß von Objektivität und Zuverlässigkeit gewährleistet. Dass es trotz dieser geradezu idealen formalen Voraussetzungen dennoch Verstehens- und Übersetzungsprobleme geben kann, habe ich in Kap. 4.4 (Übersetzung von nowadays und government) gezeigt. Wer als Übersetzer allein arbeitet, wird sich normalerweise selbst korrigieren müssen. Dies ist auch die wohl häufigste Situation in der Ausbildung, wenn man
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