Uyghur Reader

Uyghur-Reader

Uy gh ur Re ad er

Na bija n Tur sun

U yg h u r R ea de r

N ab ija n Tu rs un

dp

200 7

DU NW OO DY P R E S S

Uyghur Reader Copyright «:> 2007 by McNeil Technologies, Inc. All rights reserved.

All inquiries should be directed to: Dunwoody Press 6525 Bel crest Rd., Suite 460 Hyattsville, MD 20782, U.S.A. ISBN: 978-1-931546-42-3 Library of Congress Control Number: 2007943960 Printed and bound in the United States of America

About the Author Nabijan Tursun is a US-based specialist in Central Asian and Uyghur Studies. He received his Ph D from the Oriental Studies Institute at the Russian Academy of Sciences in 1995. From 1985 to 1990, he taught Modern Uyghur, Ancient Turkic for the Department of Chinese Languages at Xinjiang University in Urumchi. He has participated in various conferences, giving speeches and lectures at universities and research centers throughout the United States, Russia, Central Asia and Xinjiang providing data on issues concerning Uyghur and Central Asian political and cultural history. From 2000 to 2003, he was a member of the Xinjiang Project at the Central Asia-Caucasus Institute of Johns Hopkins University and, from 2002 to 2004, was a member of the Xinjiang Study Group at the East-West Center in Washington, D.C. He has published more than 100 articles in a variety of languages including Uyghur, English and Russian.

His publications include: Book Chapter: Political History and Strategies ofControl, J884-1978,(with James Millward).ln Frederick Starr, ed. Xinjiang: China's Muslim Borderland. M.E. Sharpe, 2004 Modern Uyghur Poetry Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan, 2002 (in Russian) Issues of Uyghur Political History in the Chinese Historiography Moscow, Russia, 1997 (in Russian) Issues of the Uyghur Ethnogenesis in the Chinese Historiography, Moscow, Russia, 1998 (in Russian) Moscow Thoughts Urumqi, China, 1995-1997 (in Uyghur). Moscow Thoughts Listed among the 100 best works ofUyghur literature in 201h century.

For My Parents

Table of Contents

Preface In Uyghur .......................................................................................................... i In English ............................................................................. ... .. ....................... iii General Facts on the Language Itself: Where the language is spoken and who speaks it ............ 00000000 .. 00 ... 00 ......... v History of the Language: How it evolved and how it changed .. .......................... .. ...... ...... 00 ................ vi English 1 Uyghur Grammatical Terms ........................ 0000 .......... ...... ...... vii Abbreviations 000000 ......................................................................... ..... ........... .viii Bibliography ...... ....................................... ..... .................................................. ix Grammar Sketch ........... .......... ..... .. ..... ...................................... .. 00 ............... . xiii Selections 1: oLojl......., ..:_r.Jt:; ..:_r~1) 1;k ................................................ ................ 000000 1 2: )4t5 ................................................................... 00 0000000000000000ooOOOooOOOOoo0 00003 3: ~t:;4~~,s-~ ................................................... oo ooo 0000 o000000 4

.

~; r::~~ ~ ·. :i":;·:::::::::::::::::::::::::::: :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ~

6: 7:

8:

9:

lS_r-L~ ..!L..;~>~ ......................... .... ..................... ............. .. ............ 10 ~.w~>u.w~>~L-. ...................................... ...................................... ...... 12 ) .............. .................................... oo oo oooooooooo ooooooo15 ~}> )J.:; ! .,\_j 8)~1)t:; ~~~ , - !)1._,5 J;...;;oo •oo •oo•oo oo ooooooooooooo18 l5""-';5ol,j )4_ 0 I .. ~.w~> ,.s..:.....>)~ ..::...-..915 ~.::.j-o-;> ............... oo ................ oo .......... oo .... oo .. oo ..... 20 23 • .::. )~~ ooooooooooo oooooooooo oooooooooooooo oooooooo ooooooooooooooooooooo oooo o56 24: ~;;; ~--b1jt:; .................................................. .......... ............................. 61 ·--· ............... ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo 65 • J•· 25 : ~;-'......., "'"· j,......,J' 26: LS,r-io\r-l.,. ..!L..;>'Y>~~ ........ ............ ...... ................................................... 68 21: 0A1;.-.~ ;-Jl:- >~~ .............. oo .. ......... oo .... .................. ........................ 73 28: c..s"'J; ~,SSo;.Li ~.:>j-o-;> ... .................. .. .......................................... 76

29: ~" .._.--.1..1,\.,> ..!L..,;_;¥~ ,sj I. _'--';. ...................................... ............ 79 • . •• • . • . • .!L...;))I)~,., < 1 ~ " L.....; ................................................ .. 81 . ~ .................................................................................... 106

- 1..1, ............................ .. 109 ' . •• L;t...iifri < • « • J.L..:.....jL....... _ . ~d...J• ;~,., •

t •'t ~ f.'f.~ 1:.J.t~r ··~· r4~: ~r~~~~' ~r ~4~i· l't '-~ ~C· •. 'D• c ~ b" c;: 't-;.--~~, .,_ C· '-e'".' t . t . :(.r '~... 1 .c- -• ·C· •f "t... ,J; · · ( "'· . . ll\ • • ""' ... . • G, t (;., •. ;. t r. . r.l \.-. : _ tc· G2:: t ·c;, .. [,.. & 't "t t ..,.!._,5o) \j\.... >~~(A History ofUyghur Education) Urumqi: Xinjang People's Publishing House. Abdureyim Otkur (1985). or-'L;J.._. Jfof (Journeys of a Lifetime). Urumqi: Shinjang Youth Publishing House. Abduxaliq Uyghur (1986). o_,...!~ ._j..ll.;..j.J.,JIJ (Poems ofAbduxaliq Uyghur). Urumqi: Xinjang People's Publishing House. Dannie) St.John (1997). w.c.jl "-;'-~ "-;'.JJi..>..Y (A Concise UighurEnglish Dictionary). Urumqi: Xinjiang People's Publishing House. Hahn, R. (1991). Spoken Uyghur. Seattle: University of Washington Press. Ham it Tomiir (1993). ~t_,~,_...l.JJ_r.;.: (A Grammar of the Uyghur Language). Beijing: Nationalities Publishing House. Horlick, Michael (2007). Uyghur-Eng/ish Dictionary. Hyattsville: Dunwoody Press. Imin Tursun (2001) . .u.l.;;j;_,.; (Noruz). Urumqi: Xinjiang People's Publishing House. Kaydarov, A. and Arziyev, R. (2001). ,_...LJJ_r.y(the Uyghur Language). Alma-ata: Academic Publishing House. Nabijan Tursun (1998). tSrlJ~ l_;L.,.. (Moscow Thoughts) . .i.l~ ~..).._. (Xinjiang's Culture), Number 5-6. Nabijan Tursun (2003) . .... • · IL The unrounded vowels are: w, .u, .r. (now) 2) Adverbs of direction. For example: ~~ (forward), t.....y-9_;: (upwards) 3) Adverbs ofDegree. For example:~......, (very), ~~ (extremely) 4) Adverbs of Manner. For example: ~b (always), ~;~"5 (brutally) It should also be noted that, as a rule, most adjectives can be used in place of adverbs with little or no alteration.

Pronouns Uyghur pronouns can be divided into the following seven types. 1) Personal pronouns. For example: 0J....o (I), 0......_, (you) 2) Demonstrative Pronouns. For example: j.! (this), :Y (that) 3) Interrogative Pronouns. For example:~ (what), ~ (who) 4) Reflexive Pronouns. For example:;;, (self), iJ;;, (myself), (yourself) 5) Comprehensive Pronouns. For example: ~"-.ss>, ~;l,. (all) 6) Negative Pronouns. For example:~ (no one) 7) Indefinite Pronouns. For example:;;~ (someone), ;~1-'-'t.; (somehow)

ll,;;,

xvi

Grammar Sketch

Numerals

Uyghur numerals are divided into two types - simple and complex. Simple numerals are those that function solely to count and quantify, as in:

r

~

'.

~

oJ>

. .._,

If J"'

4..1>~ 0, - - ,.

)~,.,

'~

~~

~~

.

-.._,

l..)"'"'-'>-' -

L.>~J.......

L.>w~

jj! &.... 0~ ~)~

One Two Three Four Five Six Seven Eight Nine Ten Twenty Thirty Forty Fifty Sixty Seventy Eighty Ninety One hundred One thousand One million One billion

The other, more complex varieties are produced by means of inflection. They include: 1) Approximate Numerals. For example: ~~ (approximately fifty), formed with the suffixes "~.. ~-/~.0- " or " ~-". 2) Ordinal Numerals. For example: ~r (first), ...r. · .5:5: ~ (second), formed with the suffixes ''..s>:~-l.._ri>-". 3) Fraction Numerals. Measure Words

Measure words are used to help enumerate different varieties of nouns. While English has phrases like "a pair of shoes" or "a pound of dates," Uyghur requires that such quantifiers be placed into phrases in a much

xvii

Grammar Sketch

larger number of cases. More often than not, words that are governed by the same measure word have one or more characteristic in common. Examples include: d..:> (used for grains of sand, kernels of com, and other similarly shaped items) )"-:dj (used for people, collected individuals) Jl:; (used for strands of hair, individual cigarettes, or other long and sender items) Adjectives Adjectives describe the characteristics of nouns, referring to features such as color, appearance, taste, smell, and quality. Uyghur adjectives are divided generally into two types: adjectives of degree and simple adjectives. The adjectives of degree can likewise be subdivided into four varieties. 1) The "positive" or original degree. 2) The decreasing degree, formed either by reduplication, suffixation, or both. For example: ..;l_;;j~-u;j~ (long-longish),~ ..~-~ (smallsmallish). 3) The emphatic degree, a construction typically formed by a reduplication of the root to indicate an excessive or extreme degree of the original adjective, e.g., j.>_r.3 ~ J-.~ (bright red, deep red), ~;j;-. ~ ~;iHY. (clear). 4) The endearing degree, also known as the diminuative form of adjectives, formed by the suffixation of "L....;;..I~-1~-1~-" to indicate affection, cuteness, etc. e.g., ~L. ~ ~L. (comfortably cool), ~ ~ • · ~ =: S (tiny, cute as a button). Word-forming Affixes

The Uyghur language uses a wide array of affixes to create derivative words from roots that are inherent to one part of speech or another. They include affiXes that are added to nouns or adjectives: ~;J-

I ..;;J-I a.J_ I ..;.J-

-r---

-(..>!.;--

-cr.--

-J-.=:.xviii

Grammar Sketch -0l_...-

-LS5-I~lf";~­

)"5;~­

-..r.-G-

Affixes that are added to verbs:

Verbs

Uyghur verbs come in three different types.

1) "Basic" verbs or actions that are described by the use of a semantic root that is inherently verbal in nature.

2) "Derived" verbs or actions that are described by placing a verb-forming suffix on a semantic root that is not immediately verbal in character. 3) "Compound" verbs or actions that are described by combining any number of different roots into one verbal phrase. Verbal Participles

Uyghur participles can be divided into three types: 1) Perfect Participles 2) Progressive Participles 3) Imperfect Participles Perfect participles are formed by adding the suffixes 04..5-" and indicate the completion of action.

xix

"-I 0\j_ I0~- I0li

Grammar Sketch

For example: ~,)~ 0li._;....; (a ripened apricot, i.e. an apricot that has ripened) ).illy 0.S..::...J> .,~,)~(days spent in Urumqi) ~r.-"\j 0~0~'J> J.-3 )_;...:~(an American who has learned Uyghur)

The Progressive participle is formed by infixing the stem from one of several different verbs - typically "-..::..>~-, " "-)j;J~-, " "-)j;-, " and"-)~-." The result is an action that covers an expanse of time, regardless oftense. Imperfect participles can be distinguished from their perfect counterparts by the presence of the infix "-LS~-" or the suffix "-..:;ldu~-/ ..:;ldu~". For example: ..:;ldu..)..J+);5 (looking) ..:;ldu..)..J+j~ (writing) A second form of the imperfect is formed by the suffix ")\j __ , Verbal Moods

The mood of a Uyghur verb indicates the way in which the subject of the sentence intends the information to be received. Sulayman Seper identifies three different types while Hamit Tomlir suggests thirteen varieties. These moods including imperatives and indicators of anxiety, regret, and even necessity. This sketch will not address them, but, for a more lengthy explanation of these types, please see the related words mentioned above. Verbal Tense

While traditional Uyghur linguistics identifies three tenses, namely the present, past, and future, Professor Hamit Tomlir posits that each type of predicate form can combine with any of the verbal moods to create a statetense verbal phrase. The result is a much larger number of options, including the Direct Statement Mood, the Indirect Statement Mood, the Hearsay Statement Mood, the Subjective Assessment Mood, and the Objective Assessment Mood. This topic will likewise not be addressed here. For more information on this, please see Hamit Tomur's Uyghur Grammar.

XX

Grammar Sketch

Verbal Voicing Voicing is a category that shows the relationship between the action expressed by the verb and the grammatical subject. The voice category of the Uyghur verb can be broken into five types.

The Original Voice The original voice indicates that the grammatical subject of the action is also its logical subject. The verbal root in these cases is unmarked. The Passive Voice The passive voice is formed by the inclusion of the affixes "--I .:_r:,- I 0 0}>-10~", or "JJ>-IJ~IJ..:.IJ" after the verbal stem and serves to indicate that the subject of the sentence or phrase is also the object of the verb. The actor is by definiton someone or something else. The Reflexive Voice The reflexive voice of verbs is used to indicate that the person carrying out the action and the recipient of that action are one and the same. Reflexive verbs are also found in subjectless sentences. This voice is produced by attaching the suffix "-0}>-10~-l.:._r:,-10" or "JJ>-IJ~-IJ..:.-IJ" to the verbal stem. The Causative Voice The causative voice of verbs is used to indicate that a certain action has been precipitated from the object by the subject. This voice is indicated by the presence of any number of verbal suffixes including "-1"/J:- •;:Y-1/y• )~" and others. The Mutual Voice The mutual voice functions to indicate that an action is being carried out by a number of people simultaneously and that, in some cases, that action may be directed by those same people at one another. It is produced by attaching the affix "J- }>-I J- ~-I...;-:,- IJ-" to the verbal stem. Negated Verbal Forms Verbal stems are negated by the inclusion the affix suffixes follow any suffixes added to indicate voicing.

xxi

"-6...1>-IL:.".

These

Selections

Selection 1

Vocabulary ;J.....)7! v. we give, we will provide (inf ~d...o;&...:>) Jl-""~ n. circumstance, condition o~L.. n. hour ;~adj. following, next 4..3~ n. tomorrow ~->)L.... n. the western calendar

and each year based upon a predetemilned cycle) ._;1..0j.o pro. like, such ._:_,I~LA. n. animal ;J....J....J~ v. is called, is named (inf.

(the calendar centered around the birth of Jesus Christ) )4l5 n. calendar ; ' - I • ~ v. they use (inf.

._;Wb~)

~43~)

\.9''}! n. OX lT' IJ!J:! n. tiger ._:_,l.i....:._,; n. rabbit ;~~.G n. dragon 0~ n. snake o~ n. horse c.,;;,; n. sheep ._:_,~Lo n. monkey ;>_,; n. chicken ~ n. dog l.i....:. r. n. ptg ._:_,l.i....:.l:; n. rat lT'l> ili;" adj. special, characteristic ~~'l'~ n. characteristic

l.i....:.l,> ..:,r.>..L;~ adv. additionally, what' s more

._:_,W,;..-._;.o n. Muslim ._;l.;;~ adj. common, shared d....:-'~

n. the Islamic calendar, the Hejri ;~_,; v. they put to use, adopt (inf ...;~W,;) ;~r-~ v. they separate, they split into (inf ...;~_r-~) J~;o n. the Zodiac (i.e. a calendar that attributes one of twelve animals to each month

0

3

Selection 3

Vocabulary ~;t;...>~ n. university ~adj. year ~J->y adj. daily, typical o~k n. life ~)d...) adj. orderly, structured .:.)))~ n. place, spot (e.g. a seat, a

~ n. tooth, teeth ";">L;b v. I wash, clean (inf

0U;b) Jl3L..... n. beard 0~~ ~_rlJI.3L..... v. I shave my beard (inf 0W~ Jl3l.....) ~ ..J~ n. quarter (e.g. of an hour, a

bed) ";";)~ 0-'J...o_rJ~ v. I get up, rise from my place (inf. 0-'~J~ 0Lo)~) L)~.u. n. stadium, sports field f"# mw. half

dollar) n. class, lesson 04->y-S .o._,)..~ v. I go into the classroom, enter the classroom (inf. ~.u.y-S .o._,).. ~) 0~~ i .. ~ v. I rest, take a break (inf 0W~ i .. ~) cL.tL..;~ adj. morning l.;L;.,' -! < l'b .')"rn. 1 rary 0~'i)j)d...) v. I review, go over again (inf. ~~)}'d...)) J- '7! adj. free, empty ..;:...,...jl; J- '7! n. free time LJ"" ) .. ~

\...; n. birth control,

planned procreation 0;.--;~~ acij. traditional,

customary according to, in accordance with 1..:5,_.... n. gift, present .~~> W~ n. God, Allah ~5,;~~ vn. killing ~5,;j-!>r. vn. aborting 01;~ adv. just, only ~'.7! prep.

Notes

I. The suffixes "i-" and ·~-" are added to singular and plural nouns to indicate possession, in this case, " my" and "our" respectively. 2. The presence of specific words for "older sister" and "younger sister" and "older brother'' and ''younger brother" is a characteristic of many Asian languages and is not unique to Uyghur. 3. The phrase '\....-~\r.-~ yy ~"translates directly as "are often met," but is perhaps better glossed here as "common." 4. The word "~r." comes from the verb "~u;j.-!>r.". As a a causative form of the verb "~~r.", "~u;j.-!>r."means "to make go out'' or "to cause to go down." The implication is clear here, though, that an abortion is being discussed. However, independent of context, one would likely need to say " ~4 ~5,;j-!>r." for this meaning to be apparent.

7

Selection 5

Vocabulary ~L;._,;"~ n. our classroom (nom.

L;._,j' n. copy, example (e.g. of a

\jL;._,) .. ~)

book) n. window J~ n. flower ;...-. n. water Y-o->;;> y~~ ;...-. v. we pour ..;;--0;;~ n. chair J~~ n. table hadj. new ~..;;> v. taking turns, alternating (inf ~~.J.; ..;;>) ~)1..,;\:; v. we clean, wash (inf.

~"'-:> adv. very, quite

"'rr.~

~4 adj. beautiful, attractive ll~ adj. right

j,_... adj. left n. side \:in. wall [ _ ;~ n. world .,_;_,;.G. n. map, chart 0~ v. is hung, has been suspended (inf 0~) iL-."; n. painter, artist ...:;li~ v. painted, rendered (inf

';'" ;4.3

..;U;ll) ~;,_,

..;l.o~) ...:;W\:;~ v. called, named (inf.

n. we wipe, daub (inf.

~ol..o-3),_,)

9'5> n. home J.u:~d.5' n. poor, indigent ~;"~ n. textbook Jd...,.., adv. a little, a bit ..;ji:,......adj. cold, chilly

..;Wll~)

o ..;,_, n. picture, image

...:;~13'r. v. enlarged, made bigger (inf. ..;~13'r.)

8

Selection 5 u,...~~-.......J~ vn./n. warming,

~n. winter .._;..-..> n. brick uo;o n. level, floor ;4 n. steam, vapor if........, n. oven, stove ';-';!;;~ Jt;)~ v. fitted with, placed in (inf ...;W;)~ Jt;)~) )YY n. coal ; ' I ~ v. are heated, made bot (inf ._;1.1 ~) if;!;);; n. building, construction ~~ n. installation

beating ..;:..:,4..5 n. village, small town \5:.......'.:. n. blackboard ;'Y n. chalk ~;.t.-. n. level . .)•u.>..>;J~~r. v. explaining, describing (inf. ~ . . . . .);~~r.) ';-'")d.3 n. side Jj; n. money J.li!ljl.... n. classmate 0--:!~ adj. very, most

Notes

I. Ghazy Emet is a famous contemporary Uyghur artist. Once a professor and president of the Xinjiang Artistic Institute, he currently lives in Ururnqi. 2. The Uyghur "Muqam" are a set of traditional musical pieces and dances, each of a different style, that represent an important part ofUyghur culture. There are many famous images of the Mukham being performed, a lot of which were painted by Ghazy Emet. 3. The verbal phrase ''.r->;;; ';-'j:!_;; ;-." is made up of the verbal phrase "._;~;; ;-." (to put water on, to water) and the verbal complement "._;l...)_;....,, that is compounded to it, which indicates that the verb is in a progressive, ongoing state. 4.

'\?• • · -,!

~"

is a phrase made up of a noun and a verb.

"~• • • - , !" means "to meet" or ''to match." In this case, the phrase acts

as an adjective, describing students whose class-levels do not match. 5. The phrase "~)d.3 ~ ..._;"-:! ••• ~)d.3 ~"describes an "on the one hand, on the other hand" context. However, such a context usually involves an ablative structure, and the syntax here is clearly dative. It is important to notice the difference. The result is a sentence that reads ''teaching a low-level lesson to one side and a high-level Jesson to the other." 6. The compound verb ''..)..u.>..>;J~~r. ....-'~" is made up of the verbs "._;l...;~" and "~ . . . . .;J~~r.", which together create the phrase "writing out an explanation."

9

Selection 6

Vocabulary ._:;.t.5:..,~o;J .

< .~ v. are exported, are sent abroad (inf

._;w....; u)J .

"~-"~ n. fruits and nuts (in

general)

o;.;.-:..G n. pear

.( .~)

6.J~ n. grape melon 0~ v. ripened, made ready for eating (inf ...;~) o;,.-. n. grade, kind '-;'')~ v. grafting, splicing (inf

'¥;,5 n. Korla (a city in the Uygbur Region) ;~):; v. are pulled to, are brought to (inf ...;W-...:i):;) -.::>")}Jl> n. temperature l~;;;~y.; vn. heat, redden (inf

..:;¥,S n.

...;U~)

._;\.,j~j-o-9)

a..L~ adj. juicy, moist ~l.; adj. sweet, tasty "~ n. fruit

J. ;;; - · -. ~ vn. creating, making (inf ~d..b;; -

• -. ~)

Notes

I. The complex verbal phrase "._:;.t.5:.., 1 I . : ; .. ~r.-:' ~" can be broken up into two main parts: "~r,-:> ~" and "._:;.t.5:.., 1 .I. - • .''.

"...-.Lr,-:> ~" is a construction that means ''to bring to." The main verb "...;W~" is commented upon by "~d.A;d...?", which appears here as the

passive variant "~~r,-:>".

10

Selection 6

The second half of the phrase "00:.,' I · ·" is also a passive verb, taken from "Jl..;l....;•, "to sell" or "to buy." The combined phrase means "to bring and sell" or ''to bring for sale." 2. The variant of '\jWJ:'" seen here, "~liJJ:'", contains a special affix which indicates the meaning "owing to" or "because of." In this case, "~liJJ:' 0~ l.>....--!.;;;~y.3 d,;,j"))~ l.Sr-9~" means "due to their ripening in the high temperatures (of the sun)".

11

Selection 7

Vocabulary ~~

..:;.....;\; n. time

~~;.:>

j---.... · I!~ v. we shall walk around, stroll (inf ~~~~) ~~ n. silk .)~ ~~ n. the Silk Road

n. Sunday n. Monday ~~"'--' n. Tuesday ~~)L:: n. Wednesday ~~~ n. Thursday d...br n. Friday ~ adj. adorned, decorated

)li:.n. cave

)1;-o;j_;:; n. vineyard 12

Selection 7

~"¥~ n. gardening, horticulture Jvn. irrigation, watering Jbl..9 n. canal 4l)> n. ruins, remains o.J5~ n. state ~...__. adj. sincere ;~~4 v. benefits, uses (inf.

JL.o.,J..J~> adv. nearly all of l..!..>b n. song J;......~ n. dance ~'r\j adj. beloved, liked ~~~ J- ;> adj. joyous, happy ~;>-j~ n. nature, temperament, disposition jj-3 adj. direct, candid (shows character of person)

;;¥;......

~W)l,~4)

Notes I. The suffix '\..r.-"on the verb barmaq ~Lo;V"' indicates the verb is in the future imperfective tense. With the conjugated form "_;....-.;l;;J,.", it forms a compound verb indicating decided or intended action.

2. Dongkowruk is a famous bazaar and trading center named for the small part ofUrumqi in which it is located.

r .. ·

3. In this context, " l2\j" means ''to walk around" without having a particular destination in mind - walking as a means of exploring, visiting, or seeing. In other contexts, it could also indicate an effort to go around something - like an obstacle. 4. The Uyghur word "d....or" comes from an Islamic term referring to the congregational salat said by Muslims just after noon on Fridays. The word has also been expanded to include the meaning Friday as well. 5. This ancient Uyghur city was one of the great cultural and trade centers of the Silk Road and the political center of the Uyghur States until the 14th century. Idiqut is located about 10 kilometers (6 miles) west of Turpan. 6. " ;d...ll>...__:. cr->~u J,C)-:!" literally means "Yarghol Old City." It's located not far Turpan, and was also one of the biggest Uyghur cities throughout the Fourteenth century. 7. The phrase '\)··"·".>...>;~.0 u--S.0" contains the word "u--S.0" (image) and a causative form of the verb "~ '1 .~- f:-:c-1 ~ 'l C· c.. 't_: • t::;

....

•

•

' ~

't. 'te[, r:~"\., "...... 't" c:- ~.c- b ( _ 't" 1 (•

C>

G.

C•

1. ~>

I

fc ,

\J). "{. 'fl

~

b-

J.1

" _,.[ '!. [ ..

b

' ~ · !;.. ·t t-~J< ' l~ .v : t:.'f,~- • ~.. ~
)~4.3 )~) ..::.>~)L~ n. district ~bn. county ~,LS' n. kilometer 0 ~~ ~)~4.3 v. were shaken (inf

~d...b)d.,> j~) ...:,.u:l~ v. died ( inf ~41~) ...:,l.:}i~ ';"');;J..S v. caused by,

~~..;~4.3)

~\..,._;~ adv. any, some • . I. t.,_ vn.~I n. woun d'mgs,

brought about by (inf

';"');;J..S

~L.}i'"':') ~~~ n. event, incident

~)

instances of injury Notes

1. While the use of decimal amounts is a regular occurrence, they are read aloud according to a scheme not immediately clear in the written rendering itself. The whole number is read first and then the second as a ratio of the given number over the whole decimal amount most logical to it.

18

Selection 9

In this case, "7.8" would be read as 'J-SSd...-. .:.r.>:>,Y 0~~

d..:;.j4." or "seven whole and eight out often" with ten being the most logical, whole base-ten decimal place.

Had the number been "7.80" instead, the Uyghur would read

"0~~ d..:;.j4.

0~d...-. .:.r.:.;~" or "seven whole and eighty out of one hundred."

2. Uyghur has no specialized term for the word "epicenter" so the idea is instead conveyed by the phrase '\s;..-S;d....o if;;.u ;4." or "earthquake center." 3. The verb '\s.JJ? ~;;.w...,, comes from "~.._;..;;.w...,, (to shake, to tremble). 4. "~)~ if;;.u ;4." is the specialized name given to China's Earthquake Research Unit and is perhaps equivalent to the US Geological Survey. 5. "J~" is a measure word that is used to help enumerate the magnitude of earthquakes. It can also describe the strength of wind. It's closest English equivalent is "force," as would be used in a phrase like "a force eight gale".

19

Selection t 0

Vocabulary ~l5n. time

,).J_;;~ ~_;... v. was fixed to,

.._r..o;;:; n. Urumqi (capital,

was pegged to (inf. -.;W_;;~ ~_;...) ~r}g, ~ adv. until now, to

Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region) w~ adv. a bit, some ..::...ui...:. n. attention, care ~ ..::...ui...:. v. if attention is not paid ( inf. -.; l.J_._; ..::.. .ui...:.) -.;.Jbl> n. mistake, error ~r.-! j}! vn. incident, instance ;.J;J--y-6 n. conversation, speaking ur5d.A adj. existing, present

this day ~... .:.)""'"";' n. unity, unanimity

~.t.-..S"J! adj. high, lofty J- )l9L. vn. preserving,

preservation 0~~ v. not thinking about, (they) do not consider (inf -.;W~) 1•.;.J.•.~.)5~ n. trouble, difficulty .....;\..,~ n. justification, reasoning

20

Selection 10 ._..1,! I ~ "--'·l..l,L,. V. JUSU • 'fy'mg, • or--'

~

excusing (inf. 13t....L..; .GlA.\.,>) ~t....L..; 13)~ v. do not distinguish, don't tell apart (inf

0

0Y v. the sun rises (inf

-~

. !. . . 34 0Y v. the sun sets (inf 0Y 13!...:;4)

~d....o),~ill)~)

~} n. distance, interval J1~~ n. situation, event

~lfr n. geography (as a study)

0~.J.;.. .:.e; v. are used to, are accustomed to (inf ~4-).J.; ...:.e;)

~ n. knowledge

\;,_; adj. true, correct, right o~~l; n. principle, concept ..:;lSl.. n. hometown, native land i.JL......L...; ud....o)~ v. if you respect, should you honor (inf wd....o)~ 13l....L..3) ..:;L..~ adj. bad &~ n. province ~~1) ~1; n. time zone

.. ~.G adv. as a result, consequently ~b adv. often, always ~\.......=.¥~ n. misunderstanding, miscommunication ;~ ~ v. happen, occur, come out of (inf 13~ ~) J-.~ adv. originally, at first adj. kind, type

J.->

Notes

1. "Beijing Time" is the standard time index for the entire People's Republic of China. In spite of the tremendous geographic disparity between east and west, even people in western Tibet and Xinjiang are subject to it. 2. "Xinjiang Time" is set two hours behind Beijing Time. Most Uyghurs in the Autonomous Region use Xinjiang Time, which is also called "Urumqi Time", despite the official endorsement of the other system. The resident Han Chinese, however, primarily use Beijing Time. 3. The noun "13)~, means "difference" or "disparity." As such, simple constructs like "13W~ 13)~, (to be different) and "13l....L..3 13)~, (to differentiate) are easily formed. The form seen here, negated and fitted with a locative suffix means "by not differentiating." However, the 13l....L..3/13W~ forms described just now need to be clearly differentiated from the base level and causative forms ~"-'ill)~ and ~d....o)J~ill)~· While ~4-Jill)~ is close enough in meaning to 13WJ:' 13)~, ~d....o;J~ill)~ is actually a bit closer in meaning to "separating out" or "causing to be different from".

";,>......3lj. -

I • · ~ y;)~ >L)e;" is made up of "13l...)~)L)e;, and"~" which mean ''to confuse, to mix up" and

4. The compound verb

''to utilize, to implement" respectively. When they occur together as seen

21

Selection 10

here, they intermingle their meanings to create the phrase "to use incorrectly, to use ineffectively." 5. The phrase "1..0~ 0-'~ ~lfr" contains a form of the verb "._;~" which means "to speak" or "to say." The ablative suffix

suggests speaking from a certain point of view, resulting in the complete meaning "speaking from a standpoint of geographic knowledge." 6. While the "L-" suffix on"._;~" quite often indicates a conditional syntax, it can just as easily set up a conjunctive structure, lending an "and then" feel to the verb to which it is attached, along with any that follow. 7. The verb "._;~~" means simply "to live." The verb that is compounded to it, "~~;5" means ''to be used to" or ''to be accustomed to." Together, seen here as ''..s~-J.;
22

Selection 11

Vocabulary ~\...,~ adj. suspected, presumed .:)-U.;d...:! v. reached, hit (inf. ~43d...:!)

~.s_..., n.

health, wellness department, office 0~e; v. called, opened (inf.

oo);l.; n.

t5~ n. inside, inner portion .&~ n. province ;".:.or-? adv. comparatively, relatively I.S: · - ;~ n. statistics .....:;.j"5f adv. now, currently 0-U.;~ v. crossed into, moved up to (inf. ~43~) o.u..J..oo~...o n. nation, country 0• ( I ..t. ~ v. comprise, represent

04e;) d}~.>e; n. press, news ~n.

meeting

)->~~ n.

AIDS, HIV

LJ"jr5 n. virus, infection ;~y_;)L.¥j:

n. infected people, afflicted persons (sing.

..r.-;;u)L.¥j:) 0;;~ n. place, level

(inf.

0.U.....:._r. v. fell, has fallen (inf ~~Y.) 0l..J~l_, v. was detected, was discovered (inf 0~\.,>)

~ ..-9- I ( ~)

C:,.s_...,~

num. percent (i.e, as a ratio of one hundred)

23

Selection I I

Notes 1. "~ ~ 0~ d).~->~" is a term specific to journalism. Translated literally, it means a "news announcement meeting," but an acceptable English equivalent would be "press conference." However, the creation of equivalent terms in Uyghur for standard English words and phrases has created a large number of variants for each. As such, students should not expect for this one rendering to be the one they will always see.

2. The suffixes "~" and ''....~-~-", seen here in "~:}", form ordinal numerals from cardinal numbers, much like the English suffixes "st," "-nd," and "-th." 3. The number of people in the Uyghur region infected with lllV is increasing every day. According to official numbers from November of 2004, there were 9,347 registered cases, but many experts fear the actual numbers are much, much higher. The Uyghur Region in particular is being affected because of an increasing illegal drug problem. 4. Numerals decline according to their grammatical usage just like other words. When the numbers are spelled out, these endings appear seamless, but when numerals are used instead, the endings are still added to ease the reading process. 5. '\s-!.S~~" is the short name of the Guanxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. The Zhuang nationality is an ethnic minority that has the most members of any officially recognized minority group in China.

24

Selection 12

Vocabulary

~" vn. learning, studying

.r--"~ n. century

...?~>;;5 ~~ ~ol..:' v. they really liked, enjoyed (inf ~~ ~d....o)'Y> ~~>;~ adv. in Arabic, in an

~/)~~adj. literary ~~

adj. religious, spiritual ~o~..:>~ n. medicine (as a study) 0~ n. science (in general) 0lc;~ v. wrote (inf ...;L.;~) ~{>!y. adv. today, nowadays ~,;;~-LS~ adj. Indo-European if _;;b n. sound ;~.Jd...J n. pronunciation

Arabic manner ~;~ adv. in Persian, in a Persian manner U";; n. (the) Russian (language) ~ n. (the) English (language) 0&" adj. past, previous

25

Selection 12 ~ 9\.;\c~ n. the Chaghatay

';"~d....o prep.

belonging to, governed by ._:_,l.... ~ adj. easy, simple 0¥;~ adj. many, numerous ~l...:...>~ n. similarity, common trait r--' .u n. influence, impact r--' ~ n. century ~ adj. last, recent

language 0~ J~,; v. accepted, received (inf ~l...;.....W J~,;) ~)~ v. lessening, decreasing (inf. ~~~;~) ;;~

n. (Han) Chinese

~W~ v. traded (places with), exchanged (inf ~L..-!.W~)

Notes 1. The word "~;4" may also be found spelled "~;4". The exclusion of such fill vowels or the inclusion of extras is common in vocabulary borrowed from other languages.

2. This adverbial connotes a meaning of "from day to day" or "on a daily basis." 3. The word "0:Y.:Y" has several different meanings in Uyghur, including "for," "on account of," and others, and must therefore be interpreted in context. The first instance in this reading occurs in the phrase "0:Y.:Y };~:Y" and means "for Uyghurs." The second appears in this fairly lengthy phrase:

It can be translated as "on account of the numerous similarities in pronunciation between Uyghur and the Indo-European languages." 4. Here, the suffix "~\;'' is added to the adjective "0L~" indicating a comparative structure and, in this case, is equivalent to the English suffixes "ier" or "er." 5. Proper use of the postposition "';"~d....o" requires the use of the dative case to indicate what object the subject of the phrase is being attributed to. 6. Students should note the presence of the pluralizing suffix appearing here with an ablative affix.

26

";.J/}-",

Selection 12

Plurals are sometimes required in Uygbur where they are not in English, and vice-versa. In this case, saying "end of the nineteenth century" actually glosses as" ends of the nineteenth century". 7. The infix "J~" seen here is a derivative of the verb '\jW~" and acts as a modal particle indicating that Uyghurs "are able to pronounce" the sounds of Indo-European languages.

)

8. In Uyghur, the phrase ''the sixties", appearing here with a dative ending, is expressed by the use of sixty as an ordinal numeral. Thus, "601 · )l.Loo,., is read as " )IL " is simply the adverb "..:;_;;j,>'' with the additional suffix "':/". "':/" works to accentuate the meaning of the word to which is it attached, making the end result here "even before". In other instances, it could just as well mean "immediately before". 2. '\s;;o~ ;)l.ll;~ J-L;·•• is the Uyghur equivalent of the archaeological term "Stone Age". Translated literally, it means "the Stone Tool Era".

29

Selection 14

Vocabulary ~"-"'~ adj. regarding, pertaining to \.;;:_;..;; adj. strong, sturdy ;.G~ n. craftsmanship, workmanship ..::.o~J,_., n. art, craft ..::.o~d,_.,o-;.G~ n. craftsmanship ,sl I :.G n. beauty, elegance LJ""'.).).u;..., adj. holy, sanctified, sacred ;..l.;!.J.r.).U v. value, revere (inf

,)....,1; n. time, age ._;1;~ adj. long, lengthy ,);J¥ji v. born, birthed (inf

...;W¥ji)

w· ··-

conj. for, for the benefit of Lr+->u adv. specially, specifically ..:_,WL... ~ v. built, made (inf. ...;l-...~)

..!1~.r.).U)

dj>}5 n. bed ~.).U

0- - • . I , · v. placing, laying, putting (inf ...;WL...) 9~ n. feast, celebration f""""'"'1;~ n. ceremony, proceeding

adj. ancient, extremely

old

w;;;.; n. structure ..::.."-"'~

n. aspect, side

30

Selection 14 0-'.,:,li...!,~ v. ftlled, made full (inf.

;~ )'r--' v. they paint, shellac (inf.

0~~) o .. .:.~ n. custom, tradition )14 n. child ._;;~~ n. item, thing .;..;;~ mw. set, collection (e.g. of books, of clothes) L..~ n. master, expert ~y n. handle, hilt dj->)5 n. bed E.o;~ n. edge, lip

._;Ur---) ~.u.l; adj. comfortable, pleasant ~)',; adj. useful, helpful

.j-J);4 adj. valuable, worth the investment v. while shaking, as they rock (inf. E.......;..;;o0) l..!....;..\j 9.JJ~ n. lullaby 0L..;~-j);~ n. hope, wish i4-1~-u;.o.:> n. hardship, adversity ~;;.0

Notes

1. When referred to in English, the term "E,_:.;l' is probably best left untranslated because the nearest English equivalent, "cradle," is not complete enough a term to describe this culturally significant item. Boshuk has been preserved in the translation provided. 2. ";~G. ~;"'..,, is a collective term that refers to all the Turkic peoples. In all, there- are more than 30 different groups, including the Uzbeks, the Kazakhs, the Tatars, and the Uyghurs. They live throughout Eurasia, in Russian Siberia, in the Volga and Ural river basins, in the Caucasus, and throughout Afghanistan, Mongolia, and elsewhere. 3. " L>-.).;\j" is simply the word "l}.;\j" with a locative suffix. It means "ranks" or "lists." It is difficult to produce an equivalent English phrase that includes all the components of the sentence, but essentially means that boshuk are seen as valuable and, as such, are held in the list of things deemed sacred. 4. "9~" is a general term which simply means "feast'' or "celebration." It can refer to a wedding, a circumcision, a cradle party, or any number of special events. 5. The phrase "~ 0-'.>:.li...!.~ 0Y ~-Y.r-9 y_;J_¥.y )14" should be translated as "forty days after the birth of the child." While the syntax of the Uyghur is different from that of the equivalent English, all component parts are present: "yjl_¥.y )14 (with a child's birth) and "0Y ~-Y.r-9 ~ 0-'.,:,li...!._,....,, (after forty days have filled).

31

Selection 14

6. Phrases like "~5? l.S_r-3;:" which join two words together in one compound are quite common in Uyghur. These couplets can be made up of either antonymous or synonymous words and can be made from adjectives, nouns, and even adverbs. They also appear both with and without hyphens between them.

32

Selection 15

Vocabulary

);.o v. complicating, making complex (inf ~J..A)~~.OS..)r) J-.y.3 adj. red ~)"..:. n. river ~ .. ,~ n. edge, lip tl;J~ ~ n. the tropics ...;;1.9;);; lf_r. n. mainland, continent l)J'~ ·-l - n. t emperature ._;li:)j9 adj. dry, arid ol.-L.5 n. climate ;J......i~ v. lies (inf ._;\...;~) ..:_,.6)~~.os..

...;jb;j~ ~)~ n. east longitude

a..J.S..S :.,J~..,...._.!. n. north latitude n.

~n.line .&~ n. province ~ ~~ adv. directly 0l.,;._,~~-"' v. obedient to (inf 0\.o.;~J;')

35

Selection 16

;.>...>;~t;_;; v. connecting, joining .if.. ...,-L.),..,._. '- ·t;'-) ,., (In

~jt;;~ n. length ;~~ v. longer than (i.e. to be

more than a certain length) (inf ~~~)

Notes

1. The suffixes '\:_,~-" and "0~~-" indicate that the information in the related phrase came to the speaker from another source. It is somewhat akin to "they say" or "I've heard." It might also, depending on context, be translated as "apparently." 2. While English speakers would typically read this phrase as "Kela Number 2," this and other similar Uyghur constructions call for using the ordinal number system instead. As such, when including the accusative marker"~-", this phrase reads "-o~ n. horses, animals 0lok adv. always, once 9~ n. (traditional) tea 9~ ~~;.-. n. milk tea 0l; n. bread 0l; ~ n. flat bread 0l; Wl; n. puffed bread ..:;..ju n. cubed sugar d;t; n. rock candy J~ adj. fresh, moist .oJ.:-.o J~ n. fresh fruits ..::.>d........)j; n. chance, opportunity ~->-:?4 v. using, taking advantage of(inf 0~>L->-:?4)

cordiality 0\..R:;lW ·• • I ol;b v. ongoing, continuous (inf. • I ol;b ~~..S) .::...>~

n. happiness 0\.;.;l; )~ adv. any ~1).-.:. n. circwnstances ~~~prep. under, beneath ~.J--9 adv. fervently, enthusiastically ;.w~ ~ )l; v. they receive, greet

(inf. 0W~ ~)t;) 0\..;.L~~ v. invited, summoned

(inf. 0l.L~~) ~~~L..\.; adv. unexpectedly, by

chance f')~d..9 prep.

regardless, independently, no matter

37

Selection 17

Notes

I. Here, the word "~" appears as a simple adjective and not in its superlative form "~..~". Nevertheless, standard English usage demands it be translated as "finest." 2. '\jf>;" is an Islamic term that refers to the daily sustenance provided to each person by God - one's "daily bread." This rizq can be shared by friends, family members, guests, and even strangers. 3. The verbal phrase '\jW~ ~}.9" means ''to welcome" or ''to greet." However, the subject of the sentence here is '\)~...o". The verbal structure of'\.jW~ ~}.9", however, is active and not passive. Because of this, it seems clear that the sentence is lacking a "he." In spite of this, the meaning of the sentence is not adversely affected. 4. ")~"and '\jJ:!" are likely among the first words a student ofUyghur will encounter. In spite of this, their meanings can be quite complex and are heavily context-dependent. In this case, they refer to that which is ready for use and that which is not. 5. The word ",. ).-V'G " is a general, collective term for horses and all other beasts of burden or pack animals. Such "compound nouns" are quite common. 10. ' ._:;!.> ~" is one of the many different kinds of Uyghur bread. This particular variety is flat and is often decorated with a pointed tool called a "&~". Other kinds of bread include'\.)!.> Ut.;" which is puffed. 11 . "1;!~" is a food typically eaten at breakfast and is made from oil, sugar, and flour.

39

Selection I 8

Vocabulary ~ v. preparing, making (inf

-.;Lot; n. meal, allotment of food

~-.J, 04->/'"-! v. enjoy, get some

; ' • 1 ~"-! v. determines (inf.

(inf -.;W, 04->/'"-!) -=....;4..3 n. ritual washing, ablutions ~ -=....;4..3 v. (ritual) cleansing, washing (inf -.;W~ w;d..3)

~~"-!)

~;;_r vn. consumption,

eating

40

n. morning

Selection 18 j~t. n. (Muslim) prayer

~_;....:.~

;~;;~ j~G v. (they) pray, read

additional a.J.S"4-;-:! n. food ..;;J;; adj. dry (!Jj!yn. grape(s) (!J.>f ..;;J;; n. raisin ._;I..St-:!n. walnut ~n. nut, kernel L...l ' . . lly .. J'Y'n. Jam, Je ..;~~adj. soft ..:_,t.
(their) prayers (inf ..;~;;~ j~t.) ·• I ;. ! v. gather, (they) collect

(i.e. into a group inf ..;~) ~ . . . . . J..>Jk v. encircling,

surrounding ( inf ';'" .>..>J_r.) n. china bowl ~ il~ n. (larger) china bowl ';' ~ v. soak, soaking (inf. ~

..;~) ~d..AJ:P.9 v. to dip into, to put into

;~

';'iJJ:P.9 v.

(they) dip

J"":..U ~;.o

(something) and then drink (inf.

adj. unalike, dissimilar

~~ · ~e· -) • ...... • :JYr'J'

..:_,~l..:..;..~

._;\.9):; adj. spread out, sparse

9~

~ n. field

yogurt food

n. • is traditional, long noodle. The word itself has a number of different pronunciations depending on the dialect of Uyghur being spoken. Variants include "L>.t..oi:.J" and "L>~.J". They are among the most popular and most well-known Uyghur foods.

42

Selection 19

Selection 19

Vocabulary ..:_;l.i.J~ n. the palm of the hand ...;Lo;~ n. finger ...;t..~ n. nail t:;J:? n. thighs

0"~'-!

n. body, physical structure ~bacij. exterior, outer o~~ n. appearance, look ..:_;d.....wL~ adv. basically if~ n. head ..:..;j.!J! n. neck -.~;~ n. body, torso n. hand, arm u~ n. foot, leg

~

n. lap

.._;~\j4 n. leg ...;;.....:.~ n. calf

J,;

..:..;41:; n. ankle ...;Lo;~ n. finger ...;;;~-J~ n. dune, pile, hill 0lJ~ n. storm, strong wind ~5:! v. move, causing to shift . if.. ~~U3v~) (m 0l.;u~\.:; v. to be abandoned, to be cast off (inf ~W~b) 0~JC.;J> adj. changed, altered ..r'}6....o n. scenery, landscape d....L.r}6....o adj. scenic, eyecatching J\j n. snow ;j-o n. ice, frost

extending, stretching

(inf ~W;;,_...)

i.JY n. area, scale

~,L-5 dJ~l;S" n. square

kilometer ~_;!;;J;; n. continent, mainland

~_;!;;J;; ~ adj. inland, internal lf~ adj. low, lacking significant height ..Jr, n. foothills, piedmont \34 n. boundary, edge, distant side ~ n. rock, gravel il....S adj. wide, having breadth 0~.w adv. about, approximately

Notes 1. The compound verb "~l..J;; ylJ~, is made up of"~~J~" and "~l..Jj>""''. In this case, the verb "~L..J;;" loses its normal meaning and indicates that the verb is moving forward in a progressive fashion. An additional example of this same phenomena can be seen in "j..uJ;; ~5:!", which appears later in the given text. Several important mountain ranges are mentioned in the given text. The "E\.:; ..s~d...>""'', a large mountain range in the Uyghur region which extends into Central Asia. It is also widely known by its Chinese name "Tian Shan" (R The "..H \;J;;", an extremely large mountain chain that extends from eastern-most Afghanistan to north of the Himalayas. It is likewise widely known by it Chinese name, the "Kunlun Shan" ( ~ 1?;-U..J).

w).

The " E\.:; 0yl~" is a large mountain range located between the eastern part of the Uyghur region and the Chinese provinces Gansu and Qinghai. 2. The use of the first person plural possessive form of the word o.o.:.J....6....o, - "our country" - is typical of media and officially produced texts from the People's Republic of China. Phrases such as ·~~~J" - "our region" - are also quite common.

' .T """ · < 166..-o"

3. While the primary meaning of the verb "~W)l.,~" is ''to be considered" or ''to be deemed," it is also used in many situations in which

47

Selection 20

perfectly verifiable or otherwise quantifiable facts - such as whether or not a desert is the largest within a country - are presented. 4. The suffix ",).-·-"'-", seen here in the word 0~~'"', functions exactly as the English suffix "-shaped" and is widely seen in texts of all kinds. In this case, it creates the adjective "arc-shaped" or "curved." 5. Some scholars maintain that the name "Taklimakan" actually means "Grape Land" because the worcl)543" "resembles the word for "grape" in the Turpan dialect. 6. The compound verb phrase "0~ 0li-:.)GI.Sl. ';""..u;r." is made up of "._;!_.:. )GI.Sl." (to settle) and "~o~..o->..u;r." (to surround, to block oft). The combined result is ''to settle centered around" or ''to make a home surrounding.

48

~

bJ 0

r(- &t0

~

~ "'

,....... .!:·

·

~-,.:..._

-C''t"

l

'f.. -::J

fr

t. r

,.._

(-l1·< ~

'-"E-:,. '-' ·"" ... . t G, " n. ~ f ~f

1

r

AA &1·

~ 'l, · J v \o • l ~ '-" ' "'·•

~C'"- .v ~ t.te. ,j!· 'i (~!. \e-;.

r

rJ . 1:-.,:, 'b't \~. 'Lt. ~~cr~ l. c- v 't\1~ r- r"'e_c·c...... 'f>· t. p;· f.~ L .c-'t ,.. ·c-;; 'f> - (;"" ·~ ,t •( ~-< c-;; t 'l l• t ' t. "'[•( " -~ t ~ t •• ~• "" " ,. 't· t. ~ " ~ 'F ~ "'!D7'1 t c- ~- c· S ~ ~ - ~'t to · ~~ r [s l · · ~· ~ c-;; ·C ,. 'f.;._"',. '-'.c. """ li\• l. • ~ .c- . ,....... t ' C

-~

'f v_

-.;J< "" "

"

•

•

C·

.~r.

. c:; .{. G, .c ·

c-;;~

,..

"

~

l;

..

t.

~.

~

~r~

r

"' • v 'f>lD • "C C· t

t1 t:~. fe-., r~- tC· 'G. - ."

'F... . ~- l .

(.~ tl}~ ' t.'(\ 'l, f: -:,. ~- , l· J

"'

·v ~-

i •. -'!.

ID •

't

b

• •,j!t

".:_L

"'

v . (v '

~

c-;; . '-'

c;:-

r

't

!Do •

(!!_

• G,

l. ·

ID '

v

~

.·

II>

't ,

c;-

r

c-;;"' "' .

l. · l. ·

t

II.

II.

r-::

r~.

-

. -.-

.t

• " ~

~

v

· 'P.~

I>

c-E l

t c-;;~. ~

;:.t.
~ 't· t·

- v 'P. · c:; • \.p • V c-;; , j! · C.. •

'" '-> '""' " • r'!· :~~ n. prophet, Messenger of God Jj-9 n. slave, servant 0~~U adj. obedient, submissive ~ n. knife, dagger o4-J1> ..) n. thanks, gratefulness ~ }>1>0 n. expression, exhibition ~ .,__; &.......

naming r----43 n. influence, impact • - L.. ~ . n. stage, step 0~)Y.d..5 ~4 v. went through, experienced (inf. ~4 ~ .......)Y.d-.5) o~~ n. Islam, the Islamic

faith 0\.,;.L; J~_,9 v. accepted, received

(inf ~W-..9 J~_,9) ~ .. ~~..) adv. like, as

0.J......_,"'-" conj. for example, for instance

so

Selection 21

d..L...o\.9 n. last name, surname,

o~;,.-.

n. adjective, descriptive word ol9jl>.u. n. living things, organisms