US Spacesuits

US Spacesuits

Kenneth S. Thomas and Harold J. McMann

US Spacesuits

Published in association with

Praxis Publishing Chichester, UK

Mr. Kenneth S. Thomas Mr. Harold J. McMann Space Shuttle Spacesuit-system Engineer Spacesuit-system Engineer from Mercury and historian to International Space Station Hamilton Sundstrand Temple Windsor Locks Texas Connecticut USA USA

SPRINGER–PRAXIS BOOKS IN SPACE EXPLORATION SUBJECT ADVISORY EDITOR: John Mason B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D.

ISBN 10: 0-387-27919-9 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York Springer is part of Springer-Science + Business Media (springeronline.com) Bibliographic information published by Die Deutsche Bibliothek Die Deutsche Bibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available from the Internet at http://dnb.ddb.de Library of Congress Control Number: 2005929632 Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside those terms should be sent to the publishers. # Praxis Publishing Ltd, Chichester, UK, 2006 Printed in Germany The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Cover design: Jim Wilkie Project management: Originator Publishing Services, Gt Yarmouth, Norfolk, UK Printed on acid-free paper

Contents

List of figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

ix

List of tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

xv

List of contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

xvii

Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

xix

Foreword. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

xxi

Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

xxiii

Editorial notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

xxv

Acronyms and abbreviations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxvii

1

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1

2

Reaching upward and outward . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3

3

The basics of spacesuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1 Types of spacesuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2 Challenges to spacesuit development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

11 11 15

4

Crew escape, rescue and survival spacesuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.1 The NACA/NASA X-15 program (1954–68) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2 Mercury program (1959–63) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

25 25 31

vi

Contents

4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8

Dual-purpose suits for Gemini, Apollo and Orbiting Laboratory Shuttle crew escape systems research and development (1971–79) Shuttle Ejection Escape Suits (1981–82) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Shuttle Launch Entry Suit (1987–95) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Shuttle Advanced Crew Escape Suit (1990–present) . . . . . . . . . Crew escape system review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

33 33 38 39 43 48

5

Gemini – the first approaches to exploring and working in space . . . . . 5.1 Early safety warnings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2 Gemini pressure suit evaluation and development . . . . . . . . . . 5.3 The development of extravehicular systems for Gemini IV . . . . . 5.4 Gemini IV: the first US ‘‘Space Walk’’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.5 Gemini V through VII goals and suit systems (1965–66) . . . . . . 5.6 Systems and experiences from Gemini missions VIII to XII (1966) 5.7 Lessons learned from Gemini. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

51 52 53 57 61 62 64 81

6

Apollo: mankind starts the exploration of the Moon . . . . . . . . . . . 6.1 Before the Apollo suit program (1960–62) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2 The original Apollo spacesuit system program (1962–64) . . . . 6.3 The possibility of flying: The ‘‘Lunar Leaper’’ (1963–65) . . . . 6.4 The Lunar Roving Vehicle (1963–72). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.5 Suit system recovery through replan and invention (1963–65) . 6.6 Apollo Block I suits, almost (1965–67) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.7 Completing the Apollo journey (1965–72). . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.8 Apollo suit system review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . .

85 86 88 97 99 101 120 121 147

7

Advanced development for cancelled Apollo missions . . . . . . 7.1 Early advanced suits (1962–65). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.2 Competition for Block III Apollo spacesuits (1966–71) 7.3 Late Apollo Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . .

. . . .

149 150 154 171

8

US Air Force spacesuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.1 The US Air Force X-20 program (1958–63) . . . . . 8.2 Early USAF spacesuit developments (1959–64) . . . 8.3 Manned Orbiting Laboratory IEVA suit program . 8.4 The ‘‘other’’ MOL suit systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.5 Continuing USAF Support Of EVA Spacesuit (1970–present). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Development . . . . . . . . .

173 173 175 177 193

Skylab and the Apollo–Soyuz Test Project suit systems (1969–75) . . . . 9.1 Planning for a space station . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.2 Pressure suits – ‘‘Piggybacking’’ on Apollo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.3 EVA life support system development: The umbilical makes a comeback. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.4 Skylab EVA and IVA Experience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

201 201 203

9

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

200

205 218

Contents

9.5 9.6

vii

Skylab review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Apollo Soyuz Test Project. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

226 227

10 The Space Shuttle program: Orbital EVA comes of age . . . . . . . . . . . 10.1 Development of the Shuttle Extravehicular Mobility Unit (1971– 79) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.2 Shuttle EMU: Baseline configuration (1979–2002) . . . . . . . . . . 10.3 The enhanced EMU for the ISS (1990–present) . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.4 Shuttle EMU summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

231 232 250 272 293

11 The next generation of spacesuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.1 Unincorporated research: potential contributors . . . . . . . . . . . 11.1.1 The Zero Prebreathe Suit (ZPS) (1982–85) . . . . . . . . . . 11.1.2 The Ames AX-5 Hard Suit (1983–89) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.1.3 Space Station Freedom AEMU (1985–90) . . . . . . . . . . 11.1.4 Further advanced pressure glove developments (1991–99) 11.1.5 International cooperation and cross influences . . . . . . . 11.1.6 Lunar return, traveling to Mars and beyond (1994– present). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.1.7 Entrepreneurial spacesuit concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.2 What’s Next? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

295 296 297 305 307 317 319

12 Epilogue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

345

Appendix 1: US spaceflight suit system overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

347

Appendix 2: US EVA information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

379

Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

387

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

393

322 338 341

Figures

2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7

Circa 1918 German Imperial Flying Corp oxygen pipe system 1920s NACA/US Army Air Corp oxygen mask and thermal protection suit The Post/B. F. Goodrich Suit No. 3 Of 1934 1943 BFG XH-5 prototype suit Dr. Henry in his 1946 Partial Pressure Suit prototype 1951 DCC D-558-II full-pressure suit with ‘‘Link-net’’ 1959-Era BFG Mark III/IV type full pressure suit

4 5 7 7 8 9 10

3.1.1 3.2.1

Types of spacesuits used by US programs with timelines 1962–63 Apollo schematic showing a ‘‘Basic System’’

12 19

4.1.1 4.1.2 4.1.3 4.1.4

1957 International Latex XMC-2-ILC X-15 prototype 1957 Rand–Iberall X-15 prototype Scott Crossfield in David Clark Co. (DCC) MC-2 X-15 suit The DCC A/P 22S-2 improved X-15 aviation/spacesuit (pilot Neil Armstrong, right) Mercury Astronauts in BFG program suits 1971 Shuttle IVA prototypes (ILC left and center, SAC right) 1972 ILC 8-psi IVA prototype PRE transfer concept ILC made PRE in don/use demonstration DCC (left, center) and ILC (right) Anthropomorphic Rescue Garments DCC STS-1 to STS-4 ejection escape suits DCC 1982–86 launch/entry helmets STS-26, first flight equipped with the crew escape equipment 1986–95 DCC crew escape equipment system DCC CEE/launch/entry suit in STS-26 training STS-112 astronaut Piers Sellers in emergency bailout training Shuttle ACES spacesuit manufacturing ACES upper torso Link-net restraint system

26 27 29

4.2.1 4.4.1 4.4.2 4.4.3 4.4.4 4.4.5 4.5.1 4.5.2 4.6.1 4.6.2 4.6.3 4.7.1 4.7.2 4.7.3

30 32 34 35 36 37 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 46

x

Figures

4.7.4 4.8.1

STS-101 astronaut Mary Ellen Weber after a practice water landing STS-113 suited and ready for the flight home

48 49

5.2.1 5.2.2 5.2.3 5.2.4 5.3.1 5.3.2 5.3.3 5.3.4 5.4.1 5.5.1 5.5.2 5.6.1 5.6.2 5.6.3 5.6.4 5.6.5 5.6.6 5.6.7 5.6.8 5.6.9 5.6.10 5.6.11

DCC Gemini rear entry spacesuit DCC Link-net views GT3’s Gus Grissom (left) and John Young In David Clark G2C training suits Derivations of the Gemini spacesuit system DCC Gemini IV suit materials Gemini IV EVA suit system schematic NASA/AiResearch Ventilation Control Module The world’s first Manned Maneuvering Unit First US EVA: Ed White and his Gemini IV suit system Donning the David Gemini VII G5C suit Gemini VII astronaut Jim Lovell leads the way to a launch Gemini VIII and later EVA gloves The component packaging of ELSS The AiResearch ELSS ELSS system schematic The Gemini IX EVA suit system DCC Gemini IX suit materials Internal view of the Astronaut Maneuvering Unit Buzz Aldrin with the Astronaut Maneuvering Unit in donning station Gemini X to XII base suit system configuration Astronaut Buzz Aldrin prepares camera for installation on spacecraft exterior Gemini XII EVA tests Aldrin’s spacewalking techniques

54 55 55 56 58 59 60 60 61 63 64 65 66 67 68 71 71 72 73 75 80 80

6.1.1 6.2.1 6.2.2 6.2.3 6.2.4 6.2.5 6.3.1 6.4.1 6.5.1 6.5.2 6.5.3 6.5.4 6.5.5 6.5.6 6.5.7 6.5.8 6.6.1 6.6.2 6.7.1 6.7.2 6.7.3 6.7.4

Pre-Apollo competition spacesuit development Original development period suits 1963–64 Apollo pressure glove views 1963 lunar excursion module evaluations First AX1H suit and life support testing Original configuration AX3H suit 1964 Lunar Leaper mockup (left) and 1965 final prototype (right) Late A-4H suit in ‘‘Rover’’ development 1963 development of the Liquid Cooling Garment 1965 manned chamber-testing of the ‘‘Liquid Cooled’’ backpack Program recovery suits Features of the A-4H training suits Apollo 7’s Walter Cunningham AX3H test in Oregon DCC AX1C (left) and HS/BFG AX6H (right) 1965 competition suits The ILC AX5L 1965 competition suit ILC AX5L shoulder and arm mobility systems The Apollo Block I David Clark A1C suit system Final A1C configuration (Grissom, White and Chaffee, left to right) The Apollo Block II preparing for the Moon configurations Apollo 7-10 extravehicular mobility unit (EMU) configurations A7L suit production floor at International Latex Components of the Apollo EMU system

87 90 91 92 95 97 98 100 103 105 106 110 111 117 117 119 120 121 122 125 126 126

Figures xi 6.7.5 6.7.6 6.7.7 6.7.8 6.7.9 6.7.10 6.7.11 6.7.12 6.7.13 6.7.14 6.7.15

Hamilton pre-delivery testing of ‘‘PLSSs’’ Apollo PLSS schematic Pre-Apollo 9 EMU chamber prove-out Apollo 9’s Russell Schweickart in first EVA without an umbilical Apollo 11–13 EMU configurations Apollo 11–14 EMU features Apollo 11 EMU supporting Buzz Aldrin in Man’s first lunar exploration Apollo 15–17 EMU configurations Earthly training prepares for lunar exploration The Rover (with James Irwin) extends Man’s ability to explore Apollo’s and Man’s last deep space EVA

129 130 131 132 133 134 135 140 141 141 147

7.1.1 7.1.2 7.1.3 7.1.4 7.2.1 7.2.2 7.2.3 7.2.4 7.2.5 7.2.6 7.2.7 7.2.8 7.2.9 7.2.10 7.2.11 7.2.12 7.2.13 7.2.14 7.2.15 7.2.16 7.2.17 7.2.18

Litton’s RX-1 (left) and RX-2 (right) prototypes Litton’s RX-2A suit with dual plane closure NASA Ames Research Center AX-1 prototype Johns Hopkins University Spherical Experiment 01 (1964) Litton’s RX-4 prototype Litton’s RX-5 suit features Open loop Portable Life Support System and RX-5A Litton’s Constant Volume Suit (CVS) design Litton’s Advanced Extravehicular Suit (AES) system The last known Litton Advanced Suit design NASA Ames Research Center AX-2 prototype International Latex 1966 ‘‘Lobster Shell’’ ejection suit Hamilton 1966 XM-2A and 1968 ‘‘Apollo Suit’’ David Clark S-1C chamber suit David Clark S1021 Advanced Apollo prototype AiResearch EX-1 prototype with cover garments The AiResearch EX-1A in Constant Volume Suit testing The AiResearch Optimized Portable Life Support System AiResearch Advanced Extravehicular Suit Webb Associates 1967 ‘‘1.9 PSI’’ prototype Webb Associates 1971 ‘‘3.3 PSI’’ prototype with life support NASA’s Manned Spacecraft Center mid-entry experiment suit

151 152 153 154 155 156 157 157 158 160 161 162 163 164 164 165 166 167 168 169 169 170

8.1.1 8.1.2 8.2.1 8.2.2 8.3.1 8.3.2 8.3.3 8.3.4 8.3.5 8.3.6 8.3.7 8.3.8 8.3.9

David Clark Co. (DCC) X-20 suit restraints and entry DCC X-20 ‘‘Dyna-Soar’’ suit configurations Mauch mechanical counter pressure suit DCC extravehicular protective assembly Manned Orbiting Laboratory (MOL) concept The MOL Pilot Corps Initial MOL IEVA development efforts 1965 BFG MOL prototype 1966 DCC MD-1/MD-2 and MD-3/MD-4 suits in testing 1966 HS MOL XM-1A XM-1A Mobility at 5 psi 1966 Litton MOL eject concept 1966 Litton MOL eject suit prototype

174 175 176 177 178 179 180 183 184 185 186 186 187

xii

Figures

8.3.10 8.3.11 8.3.12 8.3.13 8.3.14 8.3.15 8.3.16 8.4.1 8.4.2 8.4.3 8.4.4 8.4.5 8.4.6 8.4.7

1966 ILC MOL competition suit Hamilton Standard MOL IEVA production contract suits XM-4A suit demonstrating waist mobility Hamilton’s ‘‘Suit Lab’’ circa 1967 A MH-5 Suit in zero-G training The MH-7 training (left) MH-8 flight certification The MH-8 suit in certification evaluations Litton’s concept for MOL station and lunar suit Hamilton Standard’s competition concept IMLSS semi-completed prototype Final IMLSS features offered for Skylab 1965 Hamilton Standard ‘‘Chimp Suit’’ Hamilton MOL-related SPCA suit 1969 human testing of SPCA suit

188 189 190 190 191 192 192 194 195 196 197 198 199 200

9.1.1 9.2.1 9.3.1 9.3.2 9.3.3 9.3.4 9.3.5 9.3.6 9.3.7 9.3.8 9.3.9 9.4.1 9.4.2 9.4.3 9.4.4 9.4.5 9.6.1

The Skylab cluster ILC’s Skylab Pressure Suit Assembly The AiResearch Pressure Control Unit (PCU) Skylab PCU attached to suit showing controls PCU features PCU schematic PCU debris deflector in EVA (Alan Bean pictured) The AiResearch Secondary Oxygen Package (SOP) SOP shown on Owen Garriott’s EMU during a Skylab 3 EVA SOP schematic Life Support Umbilical (LSU) features Skylab’s remaining Solar Array Shield (SAS) beam Jack Lousma in a Skylab 3 EVA Thermal shield in place on Skylab Alan Bean in IVA test of the Automatically Stabilized Maneuvering Unit Owen Garriott testing the Foot Controlled Maneuvering Unit Deke Slayton in an A7LB Apollo–Soyuz test project suit

202 205 207 208 209 210 212 213 213 215 216 219 221 221 222 223 228

10.1.1 10.1.2 10.1.3 10.1.4 10.1.5 10.1.6 10.1.7 10.1.8 10.1.9 10.1.10 10.1.11 10.1.12 10.1.13 10.1.14 10.1.15

1973 requirements study illustrations Early ILC Shuttle prototypes 1975 NASA–JSC Shuttle prototype ARC-funded ILC and Space Age Control 8-psi gloves 1975 NASA–Ames AX-3 prototype Aerotherm suit system concept from 1976 Allied Signal Proposal SX-1 waist bearing and mobility systems The Liquid Cooling Garment (LCVG) Pivoted HUT and baseline pressure suit Baseline EMU demonstration Primary Life Support System (PLSS) 1983 Shuttle PLSS schematic Original and production 1000 series glove Features and dimensions of the Manned Maneuvering Unit (MMU) MMU with satellite attachment devise

233 234 235 236 236 238 239 241 242 243 244 245 246 249 250

Figures

xiii

10.2.1 10.2.2 10.2.3 10.2.4 10.2.5 10.2.6 10.2.7 10.2.8 10.2.9 10.2.10 10.2.11 10.2.12 10.3.1 10.3.2 10.3.3 10.3.4 10.3.5 10.3.6 10.3.7 10.3.8 10.3.9 10.3.10 10.3.11 10.3.12 10.3.13 10.3.14 10.3.15 10.3.16

EMU modules information EMU explanation diagram Shuttle EMU with Mini-Work Station and service and cooling umbilical Shuttle EMU 4000 series pressure glove STS-6, the first Shuttle EVA Astronaut Bruce McCandless in first MMU flight on 2/7/84 MMU being ssed by astronaut Joseph Allen for satellite retrieval STS-49 EVA, Akers, Thuot and Hieb manually retrieve Intelsat Astronauts Hoffman and Musgrave going out to work STS-61, the first Hubble servicing mission STS-88 baseline (foreground) and enhanced EMUs assembling ISS First step in assembling ISS completed The simplified aid for EVA rescue (SAFER) concept SAFER for enhanced EMU On-orbit Replaceable Unit (ORU) concept EMU power harness and REBA diagram Enhanced EMU/SSA diagram Heated glove TMG and Phase VI pressure glove Comparison of enhanced (left) and baseline (right) SSAs METOX regenerable CO2 removal JAXA’s neutral buoyancy facility Training in JAXA’s facility 1998 enhanced EMU on 1st ISS assembly mission 1999 STS-103 Hubble servicing James Voss and Susan Helms (pictured) set new EVA duration record 2001 STS-100 astronaut Scott Parazynski at window 2001 Mike Gernhardt (pictured) and Jim Reilly make first EVA from ISS 2002 STS-113 left an expanded but unfinished ISS

251 252 253 260 262 262 264 266 267 268 271 271 275 276 277 278 279 280 282 285 287 287 288 289 290 291 292 293

11.1.1.1 11.1.1.2 11.1.1.3 11.1.1.4 11.1.1.5 11.1.1.6 11.1.1.7 11.1.2.1 11.1.3.1 11.1.3.2 11.1.3.3 11.1.3.4 11.1.3.5 11.1.3.6 11.1.3.7 11.1.3.8 11.1.3.9 11.1.4.1 11.1.4.2 11.1.5.1

The ZPS options diagram A typical ZPS test configuration ZPS bend, rotate, squat and walking stride Rolling and toroidal convolute systems ZPS DCC ‘‘Phase I’’ gloves ILC (left) and LSSI (right) gloves with metacarpal joints Regenerable non-venting thermal subsystem AX-5 in zero-G (neutral buoyancy) demo Dual plane and rear entry development HUTs Mk. II in comparative entry testing Mk. III pressure suit DCC 1985 Phase IIIA glove and TMG ILC’s MK. III 8.3 psi glove HMD concept and demonstrator Testing JSC Mk. III and Ames AX-5 1989 advanced EMU diagram Final (Mk. III based) SSF prototype DCC 1999 Phase VI pressure glove configurations University of Maryland/ILC power-assisted glove The European Space Agency’s extravehicular spacesuit system concept

299 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 308 309 310 311 311 313 314 315 316 318 318 320

xiv Figures 11.1.5.2 11.1.6.1 11.1.6.2 11.1.6.3 11.1.6.4 11.1.6.5 11.1.6.6 11.1.6.7 11.1.6.8 11.1.6.9 11.1.6.10 11.1.6.11 11.1.6.12 11.1.6.13 11.1.6.14 11.1.6.15 11.1.6.16 11.1.7.1 11.1.7.2 11.1.7.3 11.2.1

Zvezda Orlan Ms in first US/Russian EVA In-situ resource processing on the Moon In-situ resource processing on Mars NASA/ILC hard/soft element hybrid ‘‘H’’ suit (2 views) ‘‘H’’ suit in Lunar/Mars gravity walking tests ILC ‘‘I’’ Lunar/Mars soft suit (2 views) ‘‘I’’ suit in Lunar/Mars gravity walking tests DCC ‘‘D’’ Lunar/Mars soft suit (2 views) ‘‘D’’ suit in Lunar/Mars gravity walking tests 1998 HSSSI’s Mars habitat concept Changeable PLSS and removable garments mockup Honeywell Mechanical Counter Pressure (MCP) glove Study of walking on uneven terrain NASA’s ‘‘H’’ suit with field science team Geologists collecting difficult-to-reach samples Evaluating transportation/suit interfaces Advanced communications testing 1990 Griffin command/control pressure suit Upper Torso prototype 1996 (circa) Harris–Weaver EVA study suit 2002 MX-2 suit ILC second generation ‘‘I’’ suit

322 323 323 325 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 333 334 335 336 337 337 339 340 341 343

Appendix I illustrations A1.1 A1.2 A1.3 A1.4 A1.5 A1.6 A1.7 A1.8 A1.9 A1.10 A1.11 A1.12 A1.13 A1.14 A1.15

B.F. Goodrich Mercury IVA spacesuit The David Clark Company A/P 22S-2 X-15 aviation/spacesuit David Clark Company (DCC) Gemini III G3C IVA spacesuit Gemini IV IEVA system – DCC G4C suit and NASA/AiResearch Ventilation Control Module Gemini V to XII IEVA system – DCC G4C suit and AiResearch ELSS DCC Gemini VII G5C IVA spacesuit Apollo 9 and 10 EMU (ILC A7L suit, HS-5 Portable Life Support System) Apollo 10–14 EMU (ILC A7L suit, HS-6 Portable Life Support System, Aldrin Apollo 11) Apollo 15–17 EMU (ILC A7LB suit, HS-7 Portable Life Support System) Skylab EMU (ILC A7LB suit, AiResearch Astronaut Life Support System) DCC Shuttle ejection escape IVA spacesuit (Story Musgrave) HS/ILC Shuttle baseline EMU EVA spacesuit system (Bruce McCandless STS-41B) DCC Shuttle launch/entry IVA spacesuit system DCC Shuttle advanced crew escape IVA spacesuit system HS/ILC Shuttle Enhanced EMU EVA spacesuit system (Rex Walheim STS110)

349 351 353 355 357 359 361 363 365 367 369 371 373 375 377

Tables

6.7.1 6.7.2 6.7.3 6.7.4 6.7.5

(Apollo A7L) Lunar Module crew extravehicular suit materials (Apollo A7L) Liquid-cooled garment materials (Apollo A7L) Command Module Pilot’s suit materials (Apollo A7L) Constant wear garment materials Specifications for the -5 & -6 Portable Life Support Systems

128 128 128 129 131

List of contributors

Bill Ayrey 1 is the Lab Manager and Company Historian/Museum Curator for ILCDover Corporation’s Fredrica, DE, USA, Facility. Jack Bassick 1 is David Clark Company’s Executive Vice President and Director of Research and Development and has been working with pressure suits since 1961. David Clark Company 1;2 of Worcester, MA, USA: Pressure Suit Provider for the X-15, Gemini and all the Shuttle Crew Escape Suits. Bill Elkins 2 was a Suit Engineer at Litton and then AiResearch before becoming Founder of Aerotherm and then Life Support Systems Incorporated. Dennis Gilliam 1;2 is an Aerospace Engineer and Pressure Suit Historian and Consultant. Hamilton Sundstrand 2 of Windsor Locks, CT, USA: Provider of the Apollo and Shuttle Extravehicular Mobility Units (EMU) and Portable Life Support System Contractor. Gary L. Harris 1;2 is an Author, High Altitude and Space Suit Historian, and Spacesuit Pressure Suit Designer and Researcher. Andy Hoffman 3 served as an engineer at the beginning of the Apollo spacesuit program, rose to retire as Hamilton Standard’s Executive Vice President, and remains an engineering consultant. Honeywell Corporation’s Torrance, CA, USA Division 2 with its AiResearch and AlliedSignal Heritage was the Extravehicular Life Support System Provider for Gemini and the Skylab Suit Systems. Arthur Iberall Family 2 who are Preserving the Memory of an Early Pressure Suit Pioneer.

xviii

List of contributors

ILC Industries Incorporated 2 of Fredrica, DE, USA: Pressure Suit Provider for the Apollo, Skylab and Shuttle Extravehicular Mobility Units. Dr. Joseph P. Kerwin, MD 3 is an esteemed physician, 22-year NASA astronaut, author, retired US Navy Captain and past President of Wyle Laboratories’ Life Sciences Division. Doug Lantry 1 is a Historian/Researcher with the US Air Force Museum, Wright– Paterson Air Force Base, OH, USA. Dr. Story Musgrave 3 is a respected 30-year veteran NASA astronaut with degrees in mathematics, business, chemistry, medicine, physiology and literature. Dr. A. Ingemar Skoog 1;2;3 is a career aerospace engineer, historian, formerly Dornier/ ESA European spacesuit system manger, co-author of Russian Spacesuits and member of the International Academy of Astronuatics. Smithsonian Institution National Air and Space Museum, 2 Space History Division, Washington, DC, USA. William E. Spenny, 1 Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) Subsystem Manager and 21-year career NASA engineer. US Air Force Museum 2 Research Division, Wright–Paterson Air Force Base, OH, USA. Dr. Paul Webb, MD, 2 who was the Founder of Webb Associates of Yellow Springs OH, USA, and Creator of the (Mechanical Counter Pressure) Space Activity Suit. Dick Wilde 3 is a career engineer having supported (among others) the Apollo Lunar Module and the Shuttle Extravehicular Mobility Unit. Amanda Young 1 is the Space History Division Apollo era specialist at the National Air and Space Museum.

Note: The contributor (1) shared or performed research in support of this text; or (2) provided photograph(s) or illustration(s) used in this report; or (3) supplied commentary or correction.

Preface

Ken Thomas and Joe McMann have produced a magnificent treatise on spacesuits, spacewalking, life support systems and escape systems. US Spacesuits is historical, massively comprehensive, precise, informative, relevant and readable. As an astronaut I spent 30 years in their world and in their suits. My life was in their hands. I trained on the Apollo and Skylab systems; I assisted in the development of the Skylab extravehicular activity (EVA) procedures and was a capsule communicator (capcom) on six of the Skylab walks. I helped them in the development and testing of the shuttle suits, escape systems and all the spacewalking equipment. Together with Don Peterson, I was the first astronaut to test the material in space and I was the lead walker in the initial repair of the Hubble Space Telescope. In this book I am able to relive a lot of my 30 years in that world and gain new insights and perspectives on those experiences. This book is an accurate and detailed history. It is a comprehensive chronology but it is also much more. It not only tells and shows what happened but it deals with how and why things happened. It addresses the hardware and processes that came into fruition and, very importantly, also addresses the options that might have occurred, but did not. It deals with history as an evolutionary process and shows the selection and development system at work. Although it is a history, it also carries the reader into the future; one is able to derive future possibilities from the historical trajectories it builds. Ken and Joe begin with the environment – what is space and what requirements are imposed on the hardware that must operate there. It is a wonderful place to start the book; it is so logical, that the reader need not even consider that it could have started elsewhere. The environment becomes the reference for everything else, as must be the case in the development process. In addition, the authors also deal not only with the hardware but with the physiology and the physiological consequences of different design specifications.

xx

Preface

The book is about hardware, but again it is also much more – it is a history of United States spacewalking. It is a chronology, description and analysis of all American EVAs – the hardware in purpose and action. The text is highly readable and accessible. It is a balanced mix of words, figures, illustrations, tables and indices. The language flows, the figures describe, the illustrations simplify concepts, the tables summarize, the indices point the way and the bibliography substantiates in a way that makes a massive amount of material digestible and understandable. This book could only have been created by these authors – people immersed in the day to day details of suit development and operation, people whose heart, soul and bodies were in the business and in the hardware. Side by side with Joe McMann for 30 years, we worked, sweat, suffered and celebrated the victories, defeats and tragedies. The book is a monument to those who gave the most and were the best– just for the sake of being the best. Story Musgrave

Foreword

One of my biggest thrills as a young Navy pilot in the early 1960s was the full pressure suit flight in the F-4H Phantom, then the Navy’s latest and greatest Mach 2 fighter. We launched, climbed to 35,000 feet, hit the afterburners and accelerated to twice the speed of sound, than pulled the nose up to about 60 degrees and climbed. At about 65,000 feet the afterburners quit (not enough oxygen), and at 80,000 we were as high as we were going to reach – still barely supersonic but down to 200 miles per hour, and pushing the nose over to avoid stalling. We were several miles offshore east of Norfolk, Virginia, on a clear day. I could see north to New York and south to Florida – it was breathtaking. That’s when we deliberately dumped the cabin pressure. The Goodrich Mark 4 full pressure suit inflated properly (thank goodness!) and there I was sitting in the front ejection seat, just able to move my arms. There was enough mobility to move the control stick with my fingers, and keep the Phantom wings level until we descended below 35,000 again, where the denser air made its way into the cabin and the suit gradually relaxed its grip. We were getting low on fuel, and returned immediately to NAS Oceana to land. I thought the suit was fine. It had done its job, keeping us alive and functioning long enough to get our aircraft down. Mobility and visibility weren’t great, it was a pain to don, and was warm and bulky in the cockpit. Nevertheless, we respected its protection, and acknowledged that this was the cutting edge of pressure suit technology. That suit was what the engineers at NASA and the various aerospace companies had to start with as they developed a spacesuit good enough to get humans to the Moon. The spacesuit was one of the astonishing developments that made the mission possible. A spacecraft has been described as a little world – a microcosm that must contain all the things of Earth that humans need to live and work – air, under the right temperature and pressure and cleaned of contaminants, water, food and all needed arrangements for work, sleep and communication. A spacesuit is also a

xxii

Foreword

microcosm – smaller, but nearly as complete. For several hours it must protect and sustain its occupant while allowing that person to see, reach and work in the vacuum and temperature extremes of space. It must be extremely reliable, with backups for almost every possible failure. It must be light and compact enough to pack on your trip to the Moon. And, yes, it even contains a little food and water. This prescription seemed impossible to some, and dangerous to many. I clearly remember the reluctance of some NASA managers to send crew members on EVAs in spacesuits unless it was absolutely necessary. Of course, in the early 1960s the men and women charged with developing these suits didn’t know what the suits would encounter, or if they would be successful. This book tells the story of how successful they – the people and the suits – really were. The history of the spacesuit is one of the best parts, in which the book reviews the earliest attempts to protect pilots at high altitudes, both in airplanes and balloons. Great old names like Wiley Post and Scott Crossfield are remembered and honored. The tremendous task of progressing from the aircraft pressure suit to the Moon and the Shuttle is then told in living detail. Some of you will read the book from end to end, as I did. Others will use it as a textbook and reference to the engineering breakthroughs and the lessons learned, and will become better engineers as a result. You’ll see how quickly materials wear and fail. You’ll learn of the tradeoffs between shoulder width (to fit three crew members side by side in the Apollo Command Module cabin) and mobility, of how to cool a hard-working human body in such a suit, of how much extra oxygen is required to get the astronaut back into the spacecraft if the fan fails, or if a micrometeoroid puts a small hole (you can forget about a large hole) in the pressure layer of the suit. You’ll read the names (not as many as should be mentioned) of the engineers who solved all these problems and produced a product that never failed when needed. When I came to NASA in 1965, I was fortunate to be assigned as one of the astronauts who monitored spacesuit development. I was privileged not only to meet these great young engineers at NASA, at Hamilton Standard, at ILC and at David Clark and other companies, but I was also able to watch them work, and to test the results in the lab, in altitude chambers, and eventually in space. I’ve never had so much fun in my life. I made friends with people whose talents, dedication and results I honor to this day. I wish we could start again together, on a suit in which to roam the hills and valleys of Mars. Joe Kerwin

Acknowledgments

We found that assembling the history of US spacesuits was a daunting task. Thousands of people in over a dozen government and industry organizations have been involved over the decades. Although one might surmise that uncovering the story of US spacesuit development would involve a relatively simple review of organized documentation, the opposite turned out to be the case. Official documentation is seldom retained longer than seven years after the conclusion of a program. The personal records of the personnel participating in the various efforts often tends to be fragmented and difficult to obtain. Much of the early documentation relating to the Apollo suit was classified, and the process of declassification, along with retention and storage is expensive and difficult for businesses to justify. In addition, business relocation, mergers and transition of organizations out of the space industry also contributed to loss of records. The inevitable loss of key individuals due to death has also robbed us of valuable sources of information. Nevertheless, we were able to tap into an impressive reservoir of information, both official and personal, that does exist thanks to the dedication and discipline of many past and present members of the spacesuit community. By drawing on the aforementioned contributors and referenced bibliographical sources, we have attempted to assemble as accurate and fair a representation of US spacesuit history as possible. For their dedication and contributions to spacesuit system development, the authors wish to express their appreciation to all the men and women, past and present, involved in spacesuit systems. These people have frequently faced personal sacrifice to make this subject possible. Two spacesuit documentation pioneers also deserve recognition. Lloyd Mallen wrote a book in the late 1960s that provided an excellent first attempt at the subject. Lillian Kozloski, while working at the National Air and Space Museum, recognized that suit history was being lost and attempted to capture it by producing a significant

xxiv

Acknowledgments

book. Both would have an effect on many of the contributors and on one of the authors of this text. For support of preceding documentation efforts utilized in this manuscript, the authors wish to thank Bill Ayrey, 2;3 Earl Bahl, 2 Bob Balinskas, 2 Dan Barry, 2 Jack Bassick, 2 Jim Clougherty, 2 Charlie Flugel, 2 Dennis Gilliam, 3 John Granahan, 2 Dave Graziosi, 2 Gary L. Harris, 3 Bob Herman, 2 Andy Hoffman, 2 the family of Arthur Iberall, 2 Tom Iles, 2 Jack Kelly, 2 Dr. Joseph P. Kerwin MD, 1 Joe Kosmo, 1 Lillian Kozloski, 3 Doug Lantry, 3 Bill Maas, 2 Michael Marroni, 2 Jim McBarron II, 1 Dan McFarlin, 2 Dr. Story Musgrave, 1 Bill Rademakers, 2 Mike Reddig, 2 Kevin Rusnak, 3 Tom Sanzone, 2 Ray Shuey, 2 Dave Slack, 2 Dr. A. Ingemar Skoog, 2 Hubert C. ‘‘Vic’’ Vykukal, 1 Dr. Paul Webb MD, 2 Dr. Walter Wiechetek MD, 2 Dick Wilde, 2 and Amanda Young. 3 The authors also wish to thank reviewers from the historical, technical and organizational communities (in alphabetical order); Bill Ayrey, 2;3 Jack Bassick, 2 David Clark Company, 4 William Elkins, 2 Dennis Gilliam, 3 Goodrich Corporation, 4 Walt Grin, 2 Hamilton Sundstrand, 4 Gary Harris, 2&3 Andy Hoffman, 2 Honeywell Corporation, 4 ILC Industries, 4 Joseph Kosmo, 1 Dr. Pascal Lee, 2 James W. McBarron II, 1 National Aeronautics and Space Administration, National Air and Space Museum (Dr. Cathleen Lewis, 3 Dr. Valerie Neal, 3 and Amanda Young 3 ), Louis Parker, 1 Mike Rouen, 1 Joe Schmitt, 1 Dr. A. Ingemar Skoog, 2;3 Dave Slack, 2 Hubert C. ‘‘Vic’’ Vykukal, 1 Bruce Webbon, 1 and Dick Wilde. 2 Without their support, this document would certainly have been of lesser quality. Appreciation is also expressed to all who contributed in any way to the illustrations used in this text. The authors are particularly grateful for the assistance (in alphabetical order) of: David Clark Company; William Elkins; Brand Griffin; Hamilton Sundstrand Div. UTC; Gary Harris; Honeywell Corporation; the Iberall family; ILC Industries; Dr. Pascal Lee; NASA; A. Ingemar Skoog; Smithsonian Institution National Air and Space Museum; University of Maryland; US Air Force Museum; and Dr. Paul Webb. Lastly, the authors wish to thank the families of all the above, without whose indulgence this book would not have been possible.

Note: Past or present – (1) NASA spacesuit system personnel; (2) contractor spacesuit system personnel; (3) historian or museum specialist; (4) spacesuit system organization.

Editorial notes

As people who have found themselves attempting to explain this subject countless times to the general public, we (the authors) recognized the difficulties. This text was crafted with the intent of providing enlightenment into the world of spacesuits. A spacesuit is a system that keeps an astronaut or cosmonaut alive and permits that person to perform useful work. This system includes a pressure suit assembly to provide atmosphere retention with personal mobility and a life support system to keep the enclosed atmosphere capable of supporting life. With intravehicular (IVA) activity spacesuits that support launch, reentry and rescue after landing, the spacecraft provides the primary life support. Such suit systems frequently have backup life support equipment for activity independent of the craft and to enhance survival. Extravehicular activity (EVA) spacesuits allow humans to venture outside the spacecraft to work or explore. These can derive life support by umbilicals from the vehicle or be totally autonomous by suit-carried systems for greater range and freedom from encumbrance. In the last quarter century, US spacewalking-type suits have worn a rather unique patch on the right shoulder. It has a Da Vinci-like figure in a spacesuit on a blue field that now has five stars. The five stars represent US extravehicular activity milestones, which are: . . . . .

Gemini IV – Ed White, first US EVA Apollo 11 – Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin, first lunar EVA Skylab 2 – Joe Kerwin and Pete Conrad, repair EVA that saved Skylab STS-6 – Story Musgrave and Don Peterson, first Space Shuttle EVA STS-104/ISS 7A – Mike Gernhardt and Jim Reilly, first EVA initiated from the International Space Station.

The Preface and Foreword to this text were provided, respectively, by Dr. Story Musgrave and Dr. Joseph P. Kerwin, MD. As these two gentlemen are also mentioned in the above list of US EVA stars, we are honored by their support.

xxvi

Editorial notes

Most of the illustrations used in this book were originally created by NASA or USAF-funded efforts. Many of those pictures are no longer available, or available only if the original negative is known. The courtesy acknowledgments reflect the person or organization that provided the item that was used. The illustrations without acknowledgments were created by Thomas J. Reddie, who produced detailed depictions of suit models to show the layers of suit systems, design evolution and permit comparison of features. Without his artistry, many models would have been depicted by crude design sketches or photographs of flat, lifeless, incomplete or tattered surviving artifacts. The world of spacesuits has its own language in the form of technical terms that are shared with other disciplines and in spacesuit-specific acronyms as provided in the next section. Acronyms are abbreviations for longer terms that facilitate writing and talking about subjects without tedious or distracting repetition. The majority of acronyms are pronounced as a string of letters. Examples are Extravehicular Life Support System (ELSS, e-l-s-s), Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU, e-m-u), Extravehicular Activity (EVA, e-v-a), Intravehicular Activity (IVA, i-v-a), Life Support System (LSS, l-s-s) and Pressure Suit Assembly (PSA, p-s-a). However, many acronyms are pronounced like words. Such acronyms used in this text include BLSS (b
e-les), ESA (
e-sa), EVVA (
e-va), FIDOE (f
ido), HUT (hut), IMLSS (imles), JAXA (jax-a), LEVA (l
e-va), MAG (mag), MOL (m
ol), NASA (nasa), NASDA (nasda), PLSS (pliss), PRE (pr
e), SAFER (safer), SUT (sut), WETF (wet-ef) and WIF (wiff). This text was written in the American dialect of English. While this may seem an odd statement to a US reader, the text was published by a British literary division that typically produces books in the Queen’s English. The two dialects have differences in spelling and traditions that reflect the political and cultural separation of over two centuries. This was a deliberate act by mutual agreement of authors and publisher because this is an American story. The authors wish to acknowledge that the writer-accessible and friendly culture of British publishing was a positive experience. We enjoyed our interactions with our British colleagues. We also tried to include some anecdotal insight in addition to the mass of technical detail, and we hope you find this book interesting and useful.

Acronyms and abbreviations

@ ACES AEMU AES A-L

ALSA AM AMU ARG ASEM ASMU ASTP atm BFG BLSS Btu CCA CCC CEE CEI CES CEV CFM

The scientific notation for ‘‘at’’ Advanced Crew Escape Suit Advanced Extravehicular Mobility Unit Advanced Extravehicular Suit, an Apollo Applications Project Air-Lock, Incorporated, Milford, CT was co-founded in 1951 by Mr. David M. Clark to design and manufacture pressure suit and anti-G suit hardware for DCC. A-L is now a wholly owned subsidiary of David Clark Company Astronaut Life Support Assembly, a Skylab LSS system Airlock Module Astronaut Maneuvering Unit, a USAF system, planned for use during Gemini Anthropomorphic Rescue Garment Assembly of Station by EVA Methods Automatically Stabilized Maneuvering Unit, a Skylab system Apollo–Soyuz Test Project One atmosphere pressure at sea-level, equivalent to 14.7 psi B.F. Goodrich (now Goodrich Corporation), makers of the Mercury spacesuits Buddy Life Support System, part of the Apollo 15–17 EMU system British Thermal Unit, a measurement unit of thermal energy Communications Carrier Assembly Contaminant Control Cartridge Crew Escape Equipment, a Shuttle IVA suit system Contract End Item Crew Escape System Crew Exploration Vehicle Cubic Feet per Minute

xxviii

Acronyms and abbreviations

CMP CO2 CSD CSM DCC DCM DCS ELSS EMU EOS ESA EV EVA EVVA FCS FIDOE FSA GFE HHMU HMD HMP HS

HSSSI HST HTS HUT IEVA

ILC

IMLSS in. ISS IVA JAXA JSC

(Apollo program) Command Module Pilot Carbon dioxide gas, a product of metabolism Crew Systems Division, the suit system technical unit of the MSC Command and Service Module David Clark Company Incorporated, Worcester, Massachusetts Display and Control Module, a Shuttle EMU subsystem Decompression sickness Extravehicular Life Support System Extravehicular Mobility Unit Emergency Oxygen System European Space Agency Extravehicular Extravehicular Activity Extravehicular Visor Assembly, a Shuttle EMU subsystem Fecal Containment System Fully Independent Delivery of Operational Expendables, the robotic support vehicle of a 1998 Lunar/Mars suit-system prototype In April 2004, the Russian Space Agency was renamed the Russian Federal Space Agency (FSA), which is also called Roscosmos Government Furnished Equipment Hand Held Maneuvering Unit Helmet Mounted Display Haughton Mars Project To 1970, Hamilton Standard Division of United Aircraft Corporation; 1970–99, Hamilton Standard Division of United Technologies Corporation; after 1999, Hamilton Sundstrand Division of United Technologies Corporation Hamilton Standard Space Systems International Hubble Space Telescope Hard Torso Shell Hard Upper Torso, a Shuttle EMU subsystem Acronym has two meanings: (1) Intra/Extra Vehicular Activity, a generic type of space suit; (2) Integrated Extra Vehicular Activity, a specific HS advanced suit designed (1967–68) Acronym has two meanings: (1) to 1969, International Latex Corporation, headquartered in New York City, spacesuit facility located in Dover, DE; (2) 1969 to the present, the ILC Dover subsidiary of ILC Industries Incorporated located first in Dover and later Fredrica, DE Integrated Maneuvering Life Support System, a specific model of HS spacesuit designed and made in 1968–69 Inch or inches International Space Station Intravehicular Activity Japanese Aerospace and Exploration Agency, formerly ‘‘NASDA’’ The Johnson Space Center, formerly MSC, at Houston, Texas

Acronyms and abbreviations

kcal km kPa kph LCG LCVG LES LEVA LRV LSS LSSI LSU LTA MAG MEEP METOX MMU MOL MSC MWC NACA NASA NASDA NBL NBS OES OPS ORU OSS OWS PCU PCV PECS PGA PLSS PMA POS PPA PRE PSA PSC psi

xxix

Kilocalories Kilometer Kilopascal, a metric unit of pressure Kilometers per hour Liquid Cooling Garment Liquid Cooling Ventilation Garment, a Shuttle EMU subsystem Launch Entry Suit Lunar Extravehicular Visor Assembly Lunar Roving Vehicle Life Support System Life Support Systems Incorporated Life Support Umbilical Lower Torso Assembly, a Shuttle EMU subsystem Maximum Absorbency Garment Mir Environmental Effects Payload METal OXide, a CO2 sorbent Manned Maneuvering Unit Manned Orbiting Laboratory, the US’s space station program before Skylab. This was a USAF program Manned Spacecraft Center, NASA Center in Houston, now Johnson Space Center Multiple Water Connector National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics National Aeronautics and Space Administration Japan’s national space agency until 2004; this agency is now ‘‘JAXA’’ Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory National Bureau of Standards Orbital Extravehicular Suit Oxygen Purge System Orbital Replacement Units Oxygen Supply System Orbital Workshop Pressure Control Unit, a Skylab LSS component Pressure Control Valve, an Apollo LSS component Portable Environmental Control System Pressure Garment Assembly Acronym has two meanings: (1) Portable Life Support System in Apollo; (2) Primary Life Support System in Shuttle Pressurized Mating Adapter, an ISS component Portable Oxygen Subsystem Pilot’s Protective Assembly Personal Rescue Enclosure Pressure Suits Assembly Pressure Sealing Cosure, a Shuttle CEE feature Pounds per square inch. Unless otherwise noted, the pressure is the delta

xxx

Acronyms and abbreviations

psia

R&D RCU RMS RSA RTV SAC SAFER SCU SEVA Standup SPCA SSA SSER SSF SUT TCV TMG USAF UCTA VCM WETF

WIF WLVTA WWI WWII ZPS

(psid) from the outside of the pressure vessel, which is usually the vacuum of space, to the inside Pounds per square inch above an absolute vacuum. This has significance where there is some level of atmosphere outside the spacesuit. The pressure measurement that reflects physiological atmosphere for the wearer is psia, where the pressure loads imposed on the pressure suit assembly are a lesser delta pressure Research and Development Remote Control Unit Remote Maneuvering System, an ISS component Russian Space Agency (in Russian, RKA). Since April 2004, this organization has now been renamed the Russian Federal Space Agency (FSA) Room Temperature Vulcanite, a type of silicon rubber compound Space Age Control Incorporated Simplified Aid For EVA Rescue Service and Cooling Umbilical Skylab Extravehicular Visor Assembly Extravehicular Activity or where the astronaut only partially leaves the spacecraft A model of primate suit developed under the monitoring of the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Space Suit Assembly Space-to-Space EMU Radio Space Station Freedom Soft Upper Torso Temperature Control Valve Acronym has two meanings: (1) Thermal Meteoroid Garment in Apollo; (2) Thermal Micrometeoroid Garment in the Shuttle The United States Air Force Urine Collection and Transfer Assembly Ventilation Control Module Weightless Environment Test Facility. Originally named the Water Immersion Facility (WIF), this NASA–JSC facility was eventually renamed the Weightless Environment Test Facility (WETF) Water Immersion Facility Water Line Vent Tube Assembly World War I World War II Zero Prebreathe Suit

  

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!$ @ "$! $ QQX"

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Š‰

X\‚  ƒ    ] €                              ‚  

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   =

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    ˜ {        =ƒ    %       ‹   

         „‰Š‹  [  €Œ‡— [ ‚ ]                    

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X\ _ \   ] = *                  ]                  ]  – *** –     š  ¡   ˜ {               {   >]  ¡     –   {              ] _   €%  Š„‰–‚ *        _      ƒ  – ***  '    – *=]      ]

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  q –   **      _   €{   •] ]‚

—Œ

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Œ

$**‚ [„   ]         ‡ŽŒŠ                    ***       =          >]       €   —„‚ +       ™ { # >      * ||– }} –  š  ‡ŽŒ—      •] ]=     +        =                      ]  *  ** *        ***                           ]  +            ]        



~!# ! ?! $ #@@# "&

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(A) ILC A5L Training Suits (1965) (a) External View (b) Without Covers

(B) ILC A6L (Starting Configuration, 1966) (a) EVA System (b) IVA System

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(a) EVA System

(a) EVA System

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(A) Lunar Module Crew EMU System (c and d) Without Covers (rear and front) (b) IVA Level

(B) Command Module Pilot EMU System (b) IVA Level (c) Without Covers

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   ƒ  ]     %  š $    ]   ˜  ] Ž  >˜~               ‡Š   € %  Œ—‰‚ *        ^

‡„Œ

†{  Œ

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‡„

$**‚ [„   ˜~    "    

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(A) Lunar Module Crew EMU System (a) EVA System (b) IVA Level

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(B) Command Module Pilot EMU System (a) EVA System (b) IVA System

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 %\*  $** ] + `q{ }

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Lt. R. L. Crippen Lt. Col. R. T. Herres Maj. R. F. Overmeyer Maj. K. J. Bobko Maj. D. H. Peterson Maj. J. E. Abrahamson Maj. H. W. Hartsfield Capt. C. G. Fullerton STANDING Maj. L. Macleay Maj. J. M. Taylor Maj. R. E. Lawyer SEATED

Maj. A. H. Crews LCDR R. H. Truly Maj. F. G. Neubeck

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Element

Command and Service Module

Multiple Docking Adapter

Apollo Telescope Mount

Airlock Module/Fixed Airlock Shroud

Orbital Workshop

Instrument Unit

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SUIT BIO-MED CABLE

SUIT INLET HOSE SUIT INLET CONNECTOR SUIT OUTLET CONNECTOR

CENTER RESTRAINT

AUDIO RESET SWITCH

DISPLAY PANEL SUIT RETURN HOSE

REGULATOR SELECTOR VALVE

MULTIPLE WATER CONNECTOR

REGULATOR SELECTOR VALVE LOCK MODE SELECTOR VALVE

RESTRAINT BELT

SUIT PRESSURE WARNING LIGHT REGULATOR NO. 1 LOW FLOW WARNING LIGHT

AUX O2 NIPPLE HALF DISCONNECT

SOP FLOW WARNING LIGHT

SOP O2 NIPPLE HALF DISCONNECT COMPOSITE DISCONNECT

NOTE: THERMAL COVERS REMOVED FOR CLARITY

FLOW CONTROL VALVE WATER DIVERTER VALVE LOW VENT FLOW WARNING LIGHT

WATER SUPPLY DISCONNECT OXYGEN DISCONNECT

TEST SWITCH

ELECTRICAL CONNECTOR

WATER RETURN DISCONNECT

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FOOTAGE MARKS (GREEN)

COMPOSITE DISCONNECT

TETHER ASSEMBLY

OXYGEN HOSE COUPLER

ELECTRICAL CABLE ASSEMBLY CONNECTOR

OUTLET WATER HOSE COUPLER (RED)

INLET WATER HOSE COUPLER (BLUE)

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SIMPLIFIED AID FOR EVA RESCUE (SAFER)

STOWED

DEPLOYED

HAND CONTROLLER MODULE

ATTACHED

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EMU Power Harness Assembly

LAA Cable LT-R

LT-L SEMU Cable ORU Connector

EMU Serial Data Connector

Interfaces With: ± Rechargeable EVA Battery Assembly (REBA) ± EMU RF Camera Assembly (ERCA) ± Remote Powered Heated Gloves ± Lower Arm Assembly Cable (LAA Cable) ± Short-EMU Cable (SEMU)

PCS Portable Computer System Connector REBA Rechargeable EVA Battery Assembly

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HIGH-PRESSURE O2 DISCONNECT DISCONNECT

LIGHTS

21.70 O2 ACTIVATOR

SECONDARY O2

PRIMARY O2

ATC VALVE

REG.

LIGHTS 5.20

CONTROLS

*

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CO2 & HUMIDITY CONTROL

7.20

AVIONICS

EVC 36.00

6.40

**

VALVE MODULE TED HX.

9.40

BATT.

8.00 10.00 DISCONNECT

23.00 RNTS FITTING

H2 O ACCUM.

ROLLING CONVOLUTE WAIST

HIP AND THIGH JOINT

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=$ =$ =$ =$

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„Œ „Œ ‰— ‰—

+ + + + + + +

=‰Ž =‰Ž =‰Ž =‰Ž =‰Ž =‰Ž =‰Ž

Š‰ Š‰ ŠŠ ŠŠ ŠŒ ŠŒ ŠŒ

˜ ˜ ˜ ˜ ˜ ˜ ˜

Ž„ Ž„ Ž„ Ž„ Ž„ Ž„ Ž„

‡ „ ‡ „ ‡ „ ˆ

+    ˜~ >˜~ >˜~ >˜~ >˜~

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+ =‰Ž + =‰Ž

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˜ ˜

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+   › ] +

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` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` `

Žˆ Žˆ Žˆ Žˆ Žˆ Žˆ Žˆ Žˆ Žˆ

„ ‡ „ ‡ „ ‡ „ ‡ „

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— Œ Œ Œ Œ Œ Œ — —

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+ =Œ‰ + =Œ‰

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\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \

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] ] ] ]

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š  š  š  š  š  š 

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˜ ˜ ˜ ˜ ˜ ˜ ˜ ˜ ˜ ˜

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‡ „ ‡ „ ‡ „ ‡ „ ‡ „

–  š $  ™ • š ˜ ˜ –  š $  ™ • š ˜ ˜ –  š $  ™

>  >  >  >  >  >  >  >  >  > 

>˜~ >˜~ >˜~ >˜~ >˜~ >˜~ >˜~ >˜~ >˜~ >˜~

— — — — Œ Œ — — — —

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+ + + + + + + +

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‡‡ˆ ‡‡ˆ ‡‡‰ ‡‡‰ ‡‡Š ‡‡Š ‡‡Œ ‡‡Œ

] ] ] ] ] ] ] ]

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     ™ ™ š ˜ $      ™ ™ š ˜ $

>  >˜~ >  >˜~ =$ >˜~ >  >˜~ >  >˜~ >  >˜~ =$ >˜~ >  >˜~

— — — — Œ Œ Œ Œ

‰ ‰ ˆ‹ ˆ‹ ˆ— ˆ— „— „—

+ + + + + +

=‡‡‡ =‡‡‡ =‡‡‡ =‡‡‡ =‡‡‡ =‡‡‡

‡‡— ‡‡— ‡‡ ‡‡ ‡‡Ž ‡‡Ž

š  š  š  š  š  š 

‹„ ‹„ ‹„ ‹„ ‹„ ‹„

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{ =`ª«  %   €%‚ { =`ª«  %   €%‚ { =`ª«  %   €%‚

>  >  >  >  >  > 

>˜~ >˜~ >˜~ >˜~ >˜~ >˜~

— — Š Š — —

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+ + + + + +

=‡‡„ =‡‡„ =‡‡„ =‡‡„ =‡‡„ =‡‡„

‡„„ ‡„„ ‡„ˆ ‡„ˆ ‡„‰ ‡„‰

\ \ \ \ \ \

‹„ ‹„ ‹„ ‹„ ‹„ ‹„

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 `   €~›‚  `   €~›‚  `   €~›‚

>  >  >  >  >  > 

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— — Œ Œ Œ Œ

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+ + + + + +

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•

•

•

•

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‹„ ‹„ ‹„ ‹„ ‹„ ‹„

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>˜~ >˜~ >˜~ >˜~ >˜~ >˜~

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>  >˜~ >  >˜~

Œ Œ

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* *

Œ„ Œ„

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] ]

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>  >˜~ >  >˜~

Œ Œ

„Œ „Œ

~*+

]  ` *   *  ` ] €„‹‹ˆ‚ #     "    {    ~› ] ^ *${  €‡ŽŽ‰‚ $%& #' $   `  •  >˜~=ŒŒ=‹‡—]     ~  +   €‡ŽŽ‰‚ $()   %*  & +$%&, #' $   ™ • >˜~=ŒŒ=‹‡—]   Œ[‡ˆ[Ž‰   ]   %  `  €‡ŽŽ‰‚ `    >]^ ~ ™       ˆ„ • ‡  —ˆ’—‰  `˜   š €‡ŽŽŠ‚ "      -. $         ]    > +  
ŽŠ‡Š‰Š †]   `  { { * Ÿ  $ € ‚ €‡Ž——‚  *
 /    •] ] =‰‹‹     •] ]    `{  $   > €   „‹‹‰‚  *0   * •] ] >=‡‹—     •] ]    `{    ˜  ˜  ›     $ `  €„‹‹„‚ 1    $2 1  1      %    /   ]>  „‹‹„=‹‡„ˆ‡„ †%     +* *  

    •] ] ] ™ { Ÿ  š` €‡ŽŒŒ‚ $    %
* 3*   4     ~ ]% ™ •  ]˜™$=+™=ŒŒ„ˆŠ    `™  { $ €‡ŽŒ‰‚       -    +  •  • > ‰‹‹      ™ ] >    ˜   ]   $ ~› { `˜ €‡ŽŽ„‚                `  { {     ~ ] % ]  $   ] %  +

ˆ

~*+

{ š > %  š˜      Ž *   {  >      % {] š  ‡Œ’‡Ž ‡Ž—Ž {   > € ‚ €‡Ž—Š‚   $(    % •] ] =ˆŠ‹    `{ •  ]    ]    _  +  *  \‘ `–  ` { š   ` •{ €‡ŽŒ‰‚ >#  ˜ `    \    + %  =+  ™    %   ˆŠ • ˆ  „„Š’„„— % `> €‡ŽŒˆ‚ +    ‰‹Ž‡     %   *   {  >        ` { š  ‡Œ’‡Ž ‡Ž‰ †]   ]   `   >      ˆ„ • ‡  „Š’ˆ  ]*  ]  * €‡ŽŽŠ‚ >] „‹‹‹^ ] > [™    {      ˆŒ • ‡ +  › €„‹‹‡‚     +,   $(   < *      ` –< € ‚ ˆ‡Ž’ˆ„‡ ` =  ‡ˆ „‹ ‰„ ‡„— ‡‰‰ ‡Žˆ „„‰ „ŠŒ „Š „—„ „— „ˆ `  – ‡‡Ž ‡ˆ„ >  =  „‹ ‡„— ‡‰ „—„ >    Š‰ Ž‰ ‡‹ ‡‡‡ ‡‡„ ‡‡Š ‡‡’‡„‹ ‡ˆŽ ‡‰„ ‡Š‹ ‡Š‡ ‡ŠŒ ‡ŠŽ ‡Œ‹ ‡ŒŠ ‡—‹ ‡—‰ ‡—Œ ‡‰ ‡Ž‡ „‹‰ „ˆ‰ ˆ„— ˆ„ ˆˆ‹ ˆŠ„ ˆŒ‰ ˆŒŒ >      ˆ‡Ž’ˆ„‹ >]  „‹‹‹ ˆ„‹’ˆ„‡

ˆŽ‰


"     ˜  ~  ] ‡„‡’‡‰ ˆŒ‹’ˆŒŠ >"     ˜  ~   „‹‡’„„— ˆŒŒ’ˆŒ— >"     ˜  ~   €‚ „ˆ‡’„—„ ˆ—‹’ˆ—‡ >"     ˜  ~   >  „—„’„Ž‰ ˆ—Œ’ˆ—— >"         ] €>]‚ ‡—Œ’‡—— >"       €> ‚ ŒŠ ŒŽ’—‹ %  %  %  ‡’‡Ž Šˆ ‡„‡ ‡„ˆ ‡„’‡„Ž „„— „‰Œ’„‰—

*  •  ™ *${ *   €   *   $ "‚ „Š’„Œ ˆ‡ ˆˆ’ˆ‰ ˆŒ Œ’ŽŒ ‡‹‰’‡‹— ‡‡‹’‡„‰ ‡ˆ„ ‡ˆŽ ‡‰„ ‡Š‹ ‡Šˆ ‡ŠŒ’‡Š ‡Œ‹’‡Œ‡ ‡Œˆ ‡ˆ„ ‡ˆŽ ‡‰„ ‡Š‹ ‡Šˆ ‡ŠŒ’‡Š ‡Œ‹’‡Œ‡ ‡Œˆ ‡—Ž ‡„ ‡‰’‡— ‡Ž „‹ˆ’„‹‰ „ˆ‰’„‰‡ „‰‰’„‰Œ „Š‡’„Šˆ „ŠŠ’‡Š „—ˆ’„—Š „——’„ˆ „Œ „Ž ˆ‹‡ ˆ‹ˆ ˆ‡‹ ˆ‡‰ ˆ‡—’ˆ„‹ ˆ„‰’ˆ„— ˆˆ ˆ‰‡’ˆ‰„ ˆŒ‹’ˆŒŒ ˆ—‹ ˆ—Œ *   +      ˆˆ‹’ˆˆ‡ *   +  ˜  – ‡„‰ ‡ˆ— *   $ " {   *${ *   š `  ‡‹„’‡‹‰

–  Š‡’ˆ –  Š—’‡ –  % Œ Ž „Œ ˆ‡’ˆˆ Š„’Šˆ  ‡‹‰ ‡‡‹’‡‡Œ ‡‡’‡‡Ž ‡—Ž ‡ˆ ˆ‰’ˆ‰Ž ˜~ „‰‹ „‰ˆ „‰Œ „‰ „Š‰’„Š— „Œ‹’„Œ‡ „—Š’„—— „‰’„Š ˆ—‹ ˆ—Œ  $       % ]>˜~ ˆ‡„  $    ‡‰ˆ  \"   „‰ˆ „‰— „Š‰ ˆ—‹ ˆ—Œ  \"   „‹Œ’„‹ „‡„’„‡Š „‡ „„‹’„„„ „„Š’„„Œ ˆŒŒ    {  ˜  Š‰ ˆŠ‰ $  { – ‡ˆ „‡ ‡‹„’‡‹‰ ‡‡’‡‡Ž ‡„„ ‡„‰ ‡„—’‡„ ‡‰ˆ ‡Š‰ „‡„ „„‰ „„ ˆ„Œ $  {     – „‰‹ „ŠŒ’„Š— „ŒŽ $      €     ˜‚ Š’‡—‡

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