Tibetan Quadrisyllabics Phrases and Idioms

Tibetan Quadrisyllabics, Phrases and Idioms

Acharya Sangye T. Naga and Tsepak Rigzin

LIBRARY OF TIBETAN WORKS AND ARCHIVES

Copyright©1994: Library of Tibetan Works and Archives

First Print 1994

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED No portion of this publication may be reproduced in any form without the prior permission of the publisher.

ISBN: 81-85102-90-2

Published by the LIDrruy of Tibetan Works and Archives (L1WA), Dharamsala, (HP.) 176215, India, and printed at Indraprastha P11~ss (CB1) 4, Bahadur Shah Zafar Mug, New Delhi-11CXX>2.

Publisher's Note A very important element of Tibetan language which has provided life and beauty in the evolution of human thought communication is its rich repository of Idioms and Phrases. It makes for conveying a point or idea just in one single idiom what could not be expressed in so many prosaic sentences. Efficiently effective and melodious, it is very commonly used among the older generation Tibetans. New generation of Tibetans are not very aware of the importance of this aspect of the language. It is feared that if our generation can not preserve this rich aspect of the language, there may be a danger of losing this richly melodious aspect of the language. Therefore I impressed upon its importance to Mr. Tsepak Rigzin and Mr. Sangye T. Naga to bring this work to light. I am thankful for their response and labour of love. It is hoped that this small effort will contribute in some way towards the enrichment and preservation of the Tibetan language.

Gyatsho Tshering Director. January 1994

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Compiler's Note I joined the Library of Tibetan Works and Archives on August 1st 1991, as a member of its Research and Translation Bureau. One of the first project that was assigned to me by both Mr. Gyatsho Tshering, Director and Mr. Tsepak Rigzin, the then head of the bureau, was this small collection of quadrisyllabics, and idioms. The Library· felt that this type of book was needed for its language students, therefore in 1980 LTWA obtained Mr. Jampa Choedak's initial collection of idioms from Mr.Pema Gyalpo. These idioms and phrases were added to the collection being prepared by Mr.Rigzin, whose· sources were derived from various Tibetan articles, books, most notably from His Holiness the Dalai Lama's public speeches. Having entrusted this project to me, I worked in the sincerity of being able to motivate and aiding individuals, who show a keen interest in the Tibetan Language, be they Tibetans or Westerners. For further information, one interesting article on quadrisyllabic phrases, entitled: "The Phonetic Structure of ABCD Type Words in Modern Lhasa" 1 and one chapter on "Phrases" in The Classicnl Tibetan Languagi' are suggested. In addition, the following Tibetan language books are also recommended: Modern Tibetan Language Vol.I & JI3,

A Basic Grammar of Modern Spoken Tibetan 4, Essentials of Modern Literary Tibetan 5, Modern Spoken Tibetan: Uzasa Dialect6, Textbook of Colloquial Tibetan 7 and New Plan Tibetan Grammar and Translation 8•

This book is aimed to act as a bridge between the so called literary and colloquial language. Therefore, it is sincerely hoped that this book may be prove to be a source of guidance. Lastly I wish to thank Mr. Tenzin Dorjee, the senior most translator at LTWA, for his assistance in editing this book. May this book help the reader to skillfully master the Tibetan language, whereby one can read both the classical as well as the modern Tibetan literatures!

Acharya Sangye T. Naga Library of Tibetan Works and Archives, Dharamshala, H.P. INDIA.

X

"1'~~·~~·~1:.11

primordial purity with spontaneity/primordial

purity with self-perfection

"1'~"1·~~·~Cl·~·~r::.·5S~·"l~r::.·~~·

... ... .... "l~r::.~·CIQ.'~Cl·~.r:fr~~l The 'primordial purity with spontaneity' is a philosophical view in the Nyingma tradition (of Tibetan Buddhism).

Lit.: decorating pillars with pine

branches/ Sense implied: unnecessary aids "1'Cl~'Q.E.l!l'5S~·

'tl i 'CI' Cl! Cl'CI' ~·~~~ ·3(-~·Q.~ 5S 'cN~'5SF3i'OJ'if~ ·5fC!~f t5l'tf~'CI'~'~l Decorating pillars with pine branches is such as giving one hundred rupees to someone who has thousands of rupees.

,.,-~.iJ~:f~ complication/controversial issue OJ~'"l'Q.~.Q.~Cl· CI'OJ'"fi'~·mr::.·~lll·5Sr::.·CftN~·~~l There are many complications in accomplishing this task.

1·~·1-~1 "1'~.,-~.S~'CJl "l·~·,=~·r.t"l~'CJl

dilly-dallying! to

complain or make some excuses fC~'fr::.·s~·~~·"l·~·,=~·5S·s~l Do not dilly-dally while studying.

"1~·~·,.-~·~·l concave/ uneven/ a land with many holes ~· 5S~'~'OJ5S'"1C.'~·1r::.·~·l'l!l·Q.~Fl"l'Cfi;r::.·l It is difficult to go through the uneven mountain passses of high lands.

~~·~~~·cN·.:q~l

omniscient wisdom/all knowing wisdom

~r::.~·!~·4J~~Cl·CI~·~~·5Ss;·~·J1~·arCl~;·;~·to;i~ ·~lll'lll·~·lll~r::.·f'!>l·lll~~·~:~~~·~·~·slll·~~:~~·~~~lll

The anthology of His Holiness the Dalai Lama's speeches and writings is very easy to understand.

CJ1"-"CJg·~~~·~2\1

to keep or abide by the law and order

iJ·r::.~·i:·~r::.·~~·~:~"l~·~:~i·~!>J~·rs:~;.·!>J·s~·~·ifr::.·~r::.·r::.·l'a!;r::.·!>J·~r::.·a-r~s:l\·

.....,

~r::.·1 Some bad people did not abide by the law and that's why all of us are ruined.

CJ1"-"J~·Cf~~=-·~Qf~l

All Tibetans should study well the profound advices of H. H. the Dalai Lama.

Cl"l~·~~t:.·~t:.·a:t~r

to comply faithfully with an order ~=-·Cf

~=-·*1~·~~=-·~=-·1 ~;~"la.·~~=-·~=-·~~·~~·l'~l comply with your orders faithfully.

Cl"l~·~~t:.·~·~c:~r

Be honest; we will

to do whatever one says/ to do as

advised/ to act upon their orders/ to be very obedient il·=-~·~Cf~·~·~;~~~·~~·~l

~;~"la.·~~=-·~·~~;~·~·il·s~;~l If bad leaders

are appointed we cannot act upon their orders

Q~~·~·~·~l

to respect and honour/ to offer service a~·~·a.r·

1;1~~·~·~=-·~a.r·f~;~·a.r·~·~·~·~Qf~l teachers and serve the nation.

s~;~·~~=-·s~;~·~f~·~~·~~·~,-~·~a.~~ competent instructor these days.

Qi""~·r.r~\Qj

One should honour the

It is rare to find a

well made/ well arranged (e.g. a building, a

craft work) well set ~;~1~·CJ·~~·~·~a.r·fc:.·a.~1 g=.·a.~l

~~·~·~~·CJa·?;

This well set castle looks like a magnificent mansion.

1;11~·CJ·~~·~·~l'~·CJ·a.~~~ ~c:.·~~;~=-·iJ~·CJ~·&l~·~~;~c:.·a.?f~ This well arranged offering irresistibly attracts every mind.

12

t:l~]"~l'ri&T'Q't1\T.1\'~~l31~l

to make excellent progess/ success

after success tJt~~'OJII''(~T~iQ]·~::~iarc)f'~·~l

OJll!'~~·~::~'.!l·~-.r2tJt·

r:.t't"f~'Q.lQ]lll'c)f'c:.·l There will be excellent progress when there is unity and friendship.

t:l~·~~-t:l~·Cll31~l

good-luck/ hello/ congratulations Q]~~~·ar

Q]lll~'llii'OJ'I::I'.!]'~ll!·~::~~·cilQ]ll!'~l

Greetings for the New Year.

I::T'.!J'~li!'Q~·cilQ]llll

Hello, where are you going ?

Q]'l::l'f41::1ll!'1

~Q]·a!;~·~c:.·;·~c:.·~af~·r:.t:.:. 'I::T'.!J'~ll!·~::~~·cilQ]ll!'c)f'~l Congratulations

for obtaining the first position in the examination. l::l~l\1·~::~~·

cilQ]llll

t"fC:.'I::I!j:.:.·tJte.OJ·c)f'c:.·l

t:l~~·arasl31~l

Good-bye, see you again.

Lit.: excellent crops or year/ Sense implied:

happily and successfully Q.~c:.t~~·~:.:.·$·~~e::~·if~::~~ll!·a:fcilQ]li!'C:.t:: ~l\1-~0J·i:!c:.·l The birthday celebrations of His Holiness the Dalai Lama have been concluded happily and successfully.

t:l~l31'&f~c:.~·l31~'t:ll~l

impressive/ dazzling! splendid/

glorious ~·t~~:.:.'!OJ·~-~~~Q]-~t~~·~l ~::T'.!JQ]'II~c:.t~~·~~·OJ·Q]a·~::~i~·~· I::I'Q.~Q]

The war-robe of king Geser is very impressive and

glorious.

t:l~~-~&T'fl31~'~l

death by starvatiorv' to die of thirst and

hunger !·il~·~::~t~·flc:.·~c:.·~l i5"~·il·t~~·t"f·~::~410J'I::I1 ~::~~t~~·~~~·{Q]lll' ~:.:. ·~::~ryc:.·c)f'~l More than one million Tibetans died of thirst and starvation in the Chinese prisons.

13

~~·~~~~·a.r~·~~~~l

to be afraid of/ cowardly over

cautious ~~·&~·~I:!!·~·&~~~·~~ 1

"'"·~~&~~·a.r"l·~~"'~~·ifl~p~r"·l Cowardly people get frightened at the sight of an enemy.

~~·~ffz:::ra.r~·~fS"'c:ll

clumsy hands and feet/ stiff hands and

feet/ to become awkward ~~~·f·"'"·-eq·~"·a.r"l·-eq·~"l·~&~·~~· ~· "'"·~Ffq·a.r"l·~Ffq· ifl"1~·~·1"4~ ·~~ ·~~Clf~·~"·a.r~·"fs~·~"F'"l·~·s"l"

al""l If socks and gloves are not worn properly in winter, one's hands and feet will become stiff and awkward, making it very difficult to work and go here and there. lit. dancing hands and feet/ Sense implied: dancing with joy/ to dance with abandon

~·~·

~"·~·~"l~·qa·~&~·~~~·f~·~~~ lfl""~f.!Cl"a.r"l·~f.!Cl"S~·dl"·l Small children will dance with joy swinging their hands and feet when they are happy.

-

"l~"·~~·lfl""~"l~·a.r"l·~"l~·q!q·~"·l

The police when they catch a thief, would chain them with fetters and hand cuffs.

~~·~~·a.r~·c:l~~l ...,.,

0\

fettered hand and foot ~\~·iflq·~~·q"f~·z;r ...,..,

....

"'~""t.l"!"~"'~"l""l~·lfl""~"l·a.r"l·q~&~·s~·z;r~~~

Many Tibetan political prisoners were chained hand and foot by the Chinese army.

~~·~~~·.1\~-~~~

only one single piece S:l""'~"l.lfl"""l%"1·~"·

"1%"1·a.r~·~~~ ~·~s·if'"·t"·s~·~"·a.r·sa.r·~q·~·&~·i:~l I have only one cigarette and therefore I cannot offer to you.

14

~c::a,~·a.t~·~&~l crippled legs and broken arms 1:11~~·-.ra.rifc:: RF~'"'C:.'ct.t:ll'a.rt:ll·~I!·Rc::Q-Ri'c:..·~·~~t:ll Many crippled beggars with broken arms are seen at holy places.

~r:;i:~·a.t~·t::l~t::ll

lit. erasing foot print with one's hand/

Sense implied: wiping away previous reputation ~c:..·~~· ~c:.·~c:.·st:ll·a.r~·t:ll~c:.·'!c:.~·~'ar"'~er~·~~·"lc:.·i~·a.rz:rrq~r:rt:ll~·~· ~~1:11 Looking at how he works at present, there is a definite danger that he might wipe away his past deeds.

~~:~c:.·~~·t::l~~~~

lit. body supported by legs/ Sense

implied: self-supporting if~'~'fc:.·u.tt:ll'Qot:ll~c:.·~t il·:l;·!~·~·i'1:11· ~~~ "lc:.·~c:.·~-.r·q~t:ll-.r·s~·~ql If one studies properly, one can

support one's life comfortably.

~c:.·&~i03·a.t·~·&~·&~·~~·t::l~:~l lit. until the sun strikes the soles/ Sense implied: something that will never happen

'"'I:.

~c:.·a.r-.r· Qj'l'~·s-.r·~c:. 'I! ila.r·a.r·~·R·il·+J.;. ·q~ ~~·q~~· ~.;. ·~-.r·jj ~~ However hard one might do house work, there will never be an end, just as the sun will never strike the soles of one's feet. ;c:.·c:t~'03~'t::l~l

gesturing with hands and feet/the gesture

of a mute/body language t:lliR'~'~f~·~~·~c:.·~·!t:ll-.r·~·t:ll~-.r·~~· ~~·"lc:.·q~·a.rt:ll·q~·s-.r·~·q~~c:.·s~·s·~~t:ll Two mutes in a drama have a discussion with gestures of their hands and feet. ;c:.·c:t~t::l'03~'t::l~t:ll

lit. banging hands and feet (e.g. when

15

angry) in full swing

e.~·~?[~·~·~~:.·rf~~:.~·~·~~:.·~~~·~~·

~~~·~~:_·~o~·;f~~·~;sr~;~:.·i:!~:.·t The ring leader of the bandits was very angry and berated the group, banging his hands and legs in full anger. ~~-l:J~l:J'Cl~·~~~

Lit.: rubbing hands and banging feeV Sense

implied: intimidation

ll·~~:.·rfa~;·~~·:r~·iJI:II\"~1:.·~~~·~~·~:11\·

9~1 ~·~~·:11\~:.·~·~clf~·~·r.~.~iJI'r:.J:II\'Zij~~·i:l~:.·t The angry man first rubbed his hands and banged his feet at his servant and then he whacked him on the cheek.

~~·s~·Cl~·s~l

maimed hands and legs ll·~:~.~·:l~iJI~·i~·~~~·

r:.J~"fif~~·~~:.·siJI·~~·siJI·a;~~·r:.~~~~ The hands and legs of these men were maimed during II World War.

~~·~~·03·~~~~~-fJ~'Ql Lit.: giving medicines of headache to someone with leg problem/ Sense implied: inappropriate treatment ~?[~·~:.~·~·;f~·ll·51~:.·~·;~·~·~~:.·~~·ar 51a'ftf~·~·f(~·~~·r:.~·~~~ These bad officials have always given inappropriate treatement to the public.

~~·Q·~~~·Cl·~~·~·l:J~f~~ lit. to have one foot pricked by a hundred thorns/ Sense implied: to have too many

problems

ll·a~;~:_·~iJI'l!l~·~·~·~·iJI~:.·~~~:.·~·~~:.·r:.~·~~~·~·~:ll\'51'~~·

~~·r:.~·~:ll\'~"11:1.'1:.~'~:11\'iJI'ai~'r:.J'clfl:.'~·~~~ There will be unending problems if a poor family has many children.

~~-~-Cl~'Q.i~·l

lit. to have crippled hands and legs/ Sense

16

implied: to utter excuses for not fulfilling one's duty ::.:_c:: ~·a.~~·r.~.Zil~·a.r"'~·~·a.~Zil·r.~.2r~:;
....,

§::.·~::.·1

Any how it is good that the teacher has come.

~~·~t:l·~·~t:l1 as best as one can ~·~::,·~~c:.·~~·?f~·~·~CJ~'c:Jl'a.rc:J· l-C1!·~~~·::.&J·~r::..·~CJ·~·~CJ·~~c:.·w~1 The government of India provided their best to help the Tibetan refugees.

~·1\~t:!'~t:l1 as much as possible Cl'!J'~~·~~·::.c:.·~·~~~·tfOJ·~~~· 2\&J'~'l'')'~Cl'~Cl·~~r::..·~·~~~ Tashi helps his friend as much as possible.

~~·q~'t·q~'t1 whatever one likes ~~c:.·~·~c:'~·tr=s~·::.c:.·~::.·~~·~r::..· ~~')·~~')·~~r::..·~·CN~·tf~r~~~ It is not good to do whatever you like with the government property.

~~·~t:l~'t:l~'t:l1 whatever is convenient ~~·Cll~·~c:.·~CJ~'CJ~'CJ'~· S')·::.r::..·~~·f~·a..r~~r::..·~~~·~~r::..·l convenient to you first.

53

Please

do

whatever

is

~~·s~·~·s~

to do one's best if~·Z31~C:.'"--"C:.•·rZ3lr::s.Qr~·sZ3l·~e.t·r:r

W~f I did my best for the Tibetan government.

~~·qs·~~·~~·~q~·l whatever it may be if~·~c:.·Q\(~·~·~~·~·~"1~· C:.ClS'l:llC:.'~S·~Z3l·w~·~·~c:.·Z3l~c:.·cil~·s~·~~e.t·r:rw~l We should struggle for our independence whatever the problems we might face.

~~·~~·;,y~·~~·t

~~·s~·~~·~~·s~·~t

~~·~~·;,y~·s~·~.t1~·~t

unrestramV to atl without decency/ to spea~ Without

decency fQ·I3J~·~c:.·~·Z3lc:.·~c:.·~,~c:.·~c:.·s~·~·rQ·I3J·~e.t·s~·~~~·s~·~ ~~~ If you do whatever comes to your mind in the school you will be dismissed from the school.

~~·;,y~;,y~·~~·~~l after a while/after sometime rs~·~c:.·w~~· ~s~:~e.t'Z31C:.'l!.:l;l!e.t'~l:ll·~e.t·~~·Cfl~·~·~~~ After a while you will feel happy when you reach the United States.

~~·~ar::r~ac:tl with great care ~itJ·~~·~·le.t·fq·~Z31· ~ lle.t'"-''Z31C:.'Z31.aQ· Z3l.iQ'QijQ'Z3l~c:.·~·~~Z31 The teachers are teaching the students with great care.

~~·ClJ·~~·;,y~;,y~l quite good Ffc:.·~c:.·Q·Z3lc:.·""·Z3lc:.·l!.:t;l!e.t'~Z3l·Cf~Z31·~· ~C:.'"--'Q~Z3llf.I'~~Z31

He stays in a quite good house.

~~·~~·~·~~l to the best of one's knowledge/whatever one knows ~~·Cl1Z3llf.l'~e.t·Z3lc:.·~e.t·~·~e.t·jft;r{~·Z31~C:.·~·~~Z31 The teacher is teaching to the best of his knowledge.

54

9C:."l.f"9C:."03l everywhere c:.~·~"l(ll"crQ.I(~·~c:.·"lc:.·(ll·"lc:.·Ool·Q.~5c:.· Uf~l My friend has the experience of having gone everywhere in the world.

9c:.·f.f·~·i!~l in every field ~·~·~·f3·~·e·~"l"Ool(ll""lc:.·•·r~·i!~·~(ll·s"l""l" Uf~l The U.S.A.is better than China in every field.

9C:."t::!l.f&T"Q"~"t::!.tl~·Ql to say whatever is in the mind "lc:.·~(ll~· cr~·~~·~f3~"0ol""l(IIC:."~·~~·~·~c:.·l One should not disclose the secret to someone who says whatever comes to his mind 9t::!"~l.f"Wt::!"~f.fl hide and seek c:.·~c:.·~c:.·~~·~(ll·"l~·~(ll·~~·~(ll·~c:.· Cf~~·~c:.·l When I was small I played the hide and seek game a lot.

9~·q~q~~·q~ij~·Ql

to wander everywhere ~·~c:.·"lJ\"Q.~

Q.~2\·Q.~il~·c.r(4~(11·~·~~l without purpose.

Mr.Tshering roams everywhere

9~·~c:.·m·~~l not to know where one has gone "12\·~c:.·Q.~J:.· -~ (IIC:."""~·~;~l

not to know where one has gone/ out of sight

-

!!~·

9yl"'~·~(II·Ffc:.·J:.c:.·"l2\"~C:.·t!.·il~·t!."l(ll"ifc:.·l Nothing is known about him (where he has gone) since he left the school.

-""

9~"l.fC:."{f.f·~~l ~

no trace of one's whereabout

~a!;~·Ool·~~·~·

~~~(ll·~c:.·~"l(II"CI"l!l2\"~C:.·i:(ll·il~·~·~2\·Q.~"l Although a thief entered the house at midnight, there was no trace of his whereabouts in the morning.

55

~03·~~~l'f· ~~·2fl extremely important ~~·a;·~~·'i'~·:w:.r::.·c:~tap:~;rc:~· '0

c:ra.r~a.r~~r::.GI·~;·~·~;·Q-'&'1;1

This document is extremely important to prove Tibetan Independence.

~03· ~·~~·~3.!f to take great care ifr::r~~·~·~.,·a!;·aJ·~aJ·~·~~·~;· ~a~GI·fr::.·~;r::.·~aJ'~1 One should give great care of to the student's education.

~03· ~·~l'f·~~~l'Jf important and urgent ~r::.·~·~.,·~·'i'~·~·~~·&l~· Jr::.·~·~·~·~aJ·~·~.,·~~~.,·~~;.,·~r::.GI·~~·~·a;~·a!~1 It has become important and urgent to study Tibetan language these days.

~03·~~~· ~~·2fl very important f~:~·~~·~%~·aJ·:w:.r::.·~·C1!~·f5:w:. ·~aJ· ~;~·~;·Q-~·s~·a;~·a!~1 A degree has become very important

for a student.

~03·rr~·03·~~·ry~·~c:.·l ~3.J'CJ~· ~l'f'03'c:!~· ;t;:z;.l Lit.: to emphasize the important ones and to make a hundred repetitions of a spiritual practice/ Sense implied: to emphasize f5~·:w:.r::.· ~-.r·~e;·~.,QJ·~~1 &l;·;·~r::.·~QJ·c:r~·QJ·;;·ry;·~r::.·~~·~~·i'.,·aJ·~:~~·

ffi:w;.·~·~~·~·~r::.·~:~!:w:.·~.,·~·~i1 It was clear to you, however as to emphasise this I told you again.

~l'f·c:~~:z:.·w·:z:.c:.·l to res.pect and admire :w:.r::.·~·if~:~·~~i'aJ'ZUGI'C:~~:w:.· ~·:w:.r::.·~;r::.·c:~·~·'i'~·~·~~.,.~.,.c:tar::.·cr~~·~~1 It is the- Tibetan

custom to respect and admire one's master.

56

- -

;) . ~ ~trlf'Q\l·~~~\~~l

.... respected and beloved v "lr;'tt,r~~61'!.1"]~·.!1~·

cr~·~e:!.l·mr;·~r;·~·tlrr;61·~61·~61·~t~"l~·~~·~~·~·i~·cr-~·a,·tlf~r His Holiness the Dalai Lama is respected and beloved by all Buddhists throughout the world.

9-t·lftrll·t·i!~·z::.tl to hear nothing about someone ~~·~61'0ol"]61' f~·~·l'~·~a·t61·~·~~·l'61·~·~~·~·.!1"]61'~r;·r Since Tashi left the school, l,lothing has been heard about him

9-t·lz:,·t·i!~·z::.tl nonsense ~~·~"l·~~·l~l~~·~a·~"l~·ir'a.!·~·~s· !.l'"]~r;·r

Please do not talk such nonsense.

9'~~·aJ9~'~9~l to understand very well 611;61'~61·~·"1~~;·~~· ~~~·tll"]61'~"]61'tllr;·~·Ool61'f!'Cl-!.!·i:~l It is not easy to understand well the meaning of the Buddha's teaching. "' Y.: .i1 9'Q'tll9'~Ql misinterpretationa'i~'!.l~·"l~r;·t>.~"]'"~'!-.1'..,61'~'61r;61·~61· ...., ..... ...,.., ~

~...,

;:J·"]~r;·Ooi·"]·~·Ool"]'~~·t>.~r::. ·~~·t>.l~l

There

is a danger of

misinterpretating~uddha's teaching if one does not know the

--

presentation of valid cognitions properly.

~9'~C:.'il~·~c:.·l

Lit.: to have heard or experience/Sense

implied: to have familiarity with "J~·cr~!fr::.·l'61·!fr::.·!.lr::.·Cftlf~· ~·a.!·f61·S61'~·Q:l"l61'~"9~·l'~·~·i;~l One will get a good lesson if one asks an experienced old man.

--

9'tll'&J'9

._-

. clearly/ to have half heard ~"1~'!-.ICI.S'"]'Ool' not hearmg

!.l'~"l~r::.·~·l'4~·l'"]61'~~l It is useless to engage in discussion that is not heard clearly.

57

ar~.:33i'~·t:\~l!r::3"71 improving

means of promoting or advancing! ~Gl·~~·~li\'!Gl·ajr::.·33l'll\·~fS!Ir:JGl'~·~r:J·~·l'l:llGl'fl:ll·

~ajGl·~:~·~~~ It is necessary to read many different books as a means of improving one's educational standard.

afc_·~"l'ar~.-~1 higher and higher/ to promote ~z:~~·~sll\·!· ~~l:llGl'r:l~~·afr::.·~Gl·ajr::.·~·fi~·r:l·~·~r::.·~Gl·!·~z:.~ar~sll\·!·~f~r::.Gl·~Gl· ~ajGl·z:.t·~~~ In order to promote economic development, it is necesary to know the modem economic methods.

(c_·~·z:!l%1:11·~~1 Lit.: to become one solid/ Sense implied: unity/ integrity/ solidarity tS'~·il·~r::.Gl·[l:llGl'33S~·r:J~~·afr::.·s· 1:1131:1l·~ll\·~r::.·~·J\r::.'r:Jt~·df~·z:.tll\'f4~·l'I:I1Gl'i1 It is very useful to have solidarity among Independence.

the

Tibetans

for

acheiving

their

(c_·~~·~"l·r.t1 the power of unity/ the spirit of solidarity !' ~l:ll·~Gl·q~·e·i~·33r::.·l'l:llGl·~·afr::.·~~·~Gl·~:~·l:ll~li\·S!IqGl·sGl·~~~ Chinese have tried to destroy the spirit of Tibetan solidarity.

(33·r.t·&~~~·'f"l1 Lit.: to step a forward/ Sense implied: to advance ~Gl·~~~·~li\'!Gl·~r::.·q·~·af33·~:~·33~~·~Gl·33~~·~·f~ajGl·z:.t· ~~~ It is necessary to advance step by step for the progress of a project.

(&~·r.t·f~·'f~1 Lit.: to step earlier/ Sense implied: to be ahead ~l§ara;Gl·~·e·~l:ll·~Gl·;·;-r::.·a'j33·z:~·l:llr::.·f~·fGl·sGl·~~~ Japan has taken a step ahead of China in the field of technology.

58

eo.. ~ ~&rz:r~;.y·~'!!~l

. ,:") ~ e. progressmg step by step a;~·~~·;.;·;c:.·~·Zll~·c.y·:l\~·

~~~·Zll;c:.·~~·;·~·~·Zll~Zl'1·1i"1i"!a.!"f·"t~·~~·~·~~~ If one progress step by step in politics, one day one will gain victory.

-

,.; ~;.y~·t:rOlc:..~·...,~l

-

'::. ..... spoiled habits ~~·~Zll""'-Xl;·~·~Zll~·a.r·Zll~~·c.y·a.rc:.t~r

~:1\·~·a;Zll·c.y·Zll;c:.·~af~l One should not indulge in bad habits, like smoking and so forth.

af;.y~·~~~·c:..~·c.'l bad habits a:;~~·~~·c:.;·c.y·~c:.·~~·;~·fc:.·~·~·slll· Zlla.r·~;·Cf~~~ It is very important to abandon bad habits from childhood.

af;.y~·~~~·~.ac:..·Qj good habits il·~c:.·ur·:l\~~·~·~·~~r~·~af~~·~~· ~=c:.·Cf~·slll·~~·~~l Children from a good family have good habits --eo..

~;.y~·~""l·~c:..·z:Jl

-e. e. ..... e. old custom -~ ~~·;,;·~Zll~·!ia.r·f)c:.·c.y·a.r·a;c:.·~"'-·!;·~·s"'-·

s~·~c:.·;~·s·~·~~a.r·Zll~·~Zll·"'-~Zll~·~a.r·~~~ In the age-olcl custom of Tibet, a would-be bride is garlanded a torquoise by the boy's family as an engagement gift.

--

-

~ ~~·Ol·~~·&rfl~·s~·~·~~·~·~~·~·a;~l

=~·Ol·.:r&rfl~·s~·~·=·~·

~~·~·a;~l If one carefully wears clothes, the clothes will never be worn out and if one eats moderately, the food will never run out.

sc:..·?f~·~~-~~~l compensation for the loss a.r!.r~:l\·~-~~-c.y~·Fc:.· c.y·~~~-Zll~c:.·~~·~~Zll"'-l"ilc:.·~c:.·lll~C:."i~·fc:.·?;Zll·~;·Zll~~·Zll;c:.·~·~~~

59

Because the government demolished the houses on the sides of the road, the govt. will give compensation for the loss.

~~· ti;·Qj a pretender/ malingerer i:l·t:l.~'CI.J~·'1·s')·~~-~')·,f;·Cf~·sl3r

t:l.Sl:ll This man malingers at the time of work. very

excellent/

abundance

in

'"'

t:l.~l:ll~l

It doesn't matter for a practitioner even if the facilities are not very excellent. I

'l!'~9'b~~·Q~".l ever ready/ fully prepared ~-l-~')'CI.J't:l.~~"·~; ~131·~~-z::~~"·&l~l

We are fully prepared to go to Tibet.

'll9~·r.~·~(l!·~~·l excellent reputation ~i;!CI.J·l31a~~·;131~·"€z::~·~:~~·~~· S'~iJJ~·~·~Zll~'Cl'~CI.J'§~·"€cr~')l The noble laureate have gained excellent reputation .

.....

~-t::l~')-~')1

Countless people were killed during the war.

-

~ 'lJ(l!'".&!'q£1tJ'8'~l

~ '"' class struggle ')iJJ~~·l:llot:l.'~CI.J'flt::I'~~-~CI.J'"iJJ't:l.S!t::l'

f')·~·z::~·~~·il')l country.

There is no class struggle in a democratic

~~·.tt·~~·Qj alert/ alive ~-~~·z::~·~iJJ~'il:ll'~·~~·*l·~')·Cf~~~·~:~·~·~~-~131CI.J'~~·Cfi;~l It is very important for security guards to be always alert and vigilant.

60

~r:r11s~·r~·i)"l flawless philosophical school ,·~~ar;~·u.t~·~~ ttf~·q~·~q'lll!~·~~~e.s·~q·III!~·J~·il~·~~~ A philosophical school with valid reasonings is called a flawless philosophical school.

~~·~~s~·~~·i)~l Lit.: irrespective of the sects/ Sense implied:

ecumenical ~'3'1115~·~e.s·il~·Ql·ifq'f~·~~~·!·~Ql·~~·~~~~ It is important to study (faith) irrespective of the sects.

~~·~~s~·~i~·~a"l biased attitute toward the philosophical

schools/ sectarian ~'3'1115~'Ql'~s~·IS~·s~·~·~~·,~·ar'1"e.s·~~e.s· !·~·~~·~~~

Sectarian people cannot actualise realisation.

f~~·f·~c:.·~~~~·l:l·1·w~·~~1 Lit.: the favour that is coming to the mouth is pushed away by the tongue/ Sense implied: to reject an opportunity/to miss an opportunity Qle.!'"fU>t~~·~s·sq·~~·~~·~e.s·~~·s~·q·~·.f~e.s·F3·~~·qiiqe.s·q·t~e.s· SQl'il~·q·~~·~~~~e.s·iftt Not availing of a good job opportunity of job resembles the favour that has come to the mouth being pushed away by the tongue.

f~~·i)~·~~~·~l

Lit.: to have no friend/Sense implied:

alone/ loneliness ~i·q~·~e.s·~·.f~e.s·il~·~~~·s~·~f~~e.st One has to go alone at the time of death.

fc:.·l:l~·~·~·wc:.·~·c:.~·~~·~~~~l Lit.: to mourn three days even for the death of one's neighbour's cow/ Sense implied: to respect or share other's suffering, such as not playing radios and so forth during the misfortune

61

?i'~·~·~c.·~~ure~·~~~·~·'1·~·'1·~~·~·o.~c.· 5 ·c.~·~l:ll·l:ll~~·s~·~·~~~ Tibetan people even mourn three days at the death of one's neighbour's cow.

9J'~~~·g~·~Ql to consult and examine OoJ~·~~·~~a·f:.;..·l:ll~~·a.r ~~·s·:~·~'1'l:lj~c.·~·o.tl:lj'~~rS~·$·~~~

One will gain a good understandiing of the work if one examines it and consults others.

9f~~·ar~.,rr 55~'.1\~'~f.f·~l'~r one's own decision 8]~·~~'!Cl'ftl3'~~·tl3·~9tl3l

elephant

load/

consult others and make

Lit.: to load a calf with an

Sense

implied:

to

over

load

~·~·a:f'1~''1~'QJ'C.OoJ'(o.r~OoJ·z:::r~·mc.·

somebody/exploitation

i~·~'1·~~0oJ·C:!s·OoJ·~~OoJ''1'C)C.'l:lj~l:lj·~·~~~ Engaging in the labour at the age of fourteen is to over load or exploit children.

m~·f~·~~'aJf.f'f~f.f·r.riJ~l ~.ar:~·ff.f·~~·aJf.f'':IJ~·Q·it~J

There is no greater hunger than at a picnic; there is no greater cold than in the new dress/

~C3~·~~[9Q1 to sing and dance a:fl:lj~:l\'~'1~'"1~·'9~~·a;c.·~~·~· ti!~·S"~f.l'1'SC)'~'~C)l

Everyone will dance and sing during

Losar.

~~·Q·~·~~f.fl a fool's persuation OoJ~·~~·l:llc.·~~·~·o.~c.·i]~·~·tfJ

~-9~·s·~·~c.·1 One should not engage in a fool's persuation whatever kind of job it may be.

62

Sf't::!~·~·r..1~·~~~-t:f~'~l:Jl Lit.: it did not help the lungs but it poisoned the liver/ Sense implied: Instead of help it became a harm to somebody.

sr~~·i't::!'~l:ll suddenly £:.~'~"1~rQ-fs~·"fq·!"l'~"l~·il·~"l'~41·~s~· if£:.'1 My friend suddenly returned from Ga Mi-nyag.

sr~~·:;l:Jl·l:ll~~1 sudden represion!sudden attack ~~r!'"141.~41·f s~·s"1·"1~~·"1·~41·g~·il~·~41·f3"1'Q-~~1 It is difficult to know when there will be sudden repression by the enemy.

",l:Jl~·j~~-~~CJ1

",l:Jl~·f~st~r~1

a mixture of joy and

sorrowa:f&~£:.·?.11i·t41'lfl'&~~·~£:.·~·s·~"l·~·~"l~·f~£:.·~saJ·i'f£:.·~·~~1 There will be a mixture of joy and sorrow when a mother meets her son after a long time.

",l:ll~·"'l:ll~·~"'·~"', ",l:Jl~·"'l:ll~·rw ",l:ll~·~QJ'w·~~·1

happily/

joyfully/ rejoicingly i5"~·il·.f;£:.'&~'a:f"141~·~q41·~"1~·~"1~·~~·~~· £:.£:.'{~·~·~~1

All Tibetans Jive happily during Losar.

",l:Jl~·if~·l'l:Jl'.ill\11

to be happy and be contented/to be

satisfied and pleased ~£:.'aJ'"l£:.'cN~·t.~·~·aJ·~"l~·if&~·l'"l·~41·g~·t.~· ~&J41'cit~·~~1 It is a religious practice to be satisfied with what

one has. " ~ ",l:Jl~·~~·~~·~~CJ1

'"' '::. ........ 0.. ..... "' ~ celebration E:.~'"lo~·&~~'a;£:.·41~-~"1~·~~-;~·~:jaJ'

41£:.'~~·~~1 Tomorrow is my sister's marriage celebration.

63

~~~·tf~·a!l close friends and well wishers c::l-~r::.·~r::.·~~-1'4~· ~~·~"1~·~-?:f~~~

We were dose friends from childhood on.

~~~·f~FJOl'Ql bubbled over with joy "1~~-~0J""l.ar::.·~·~~~· ~~·3J·a!;r::."1W~"l~"J~"~·~·~f[OJ·~c::l All Tibetans bubbled with joy when they heard the good news.

~~~ ·;:~-~~~ '3.!~~ to be biased ~r::.·l"l~·~·~s·~~-~-~"1~·3l~·~"l~· ~~"l·~·s~·~f3~·~·~s·~~~·CJ·~~~

Public leaders should be

unbiased

~~·~~·Q.az:_·2Ja·~~·~~ f4'3.l'Q.az:_·2Ja·~-~~ Lit.: students of a good teacher; children of a good parents/ Sense implied: A student will be as his teacher and a child will be as his parents/ an example of goodness/ This is used to appreciate someone's children or students. ~~·~~~·j~·itOll constructive suggestions and criticism "1~~· ~~~·I:J·sr::.·?:f~~·~·~~-~~~·f~·i!OJ""l~r::.·~~~~ One should give constructive suggestion and criticism if the news writers are honest.

~~·~~·~,~·~~ Lit.: white virtues and black non-virtues/ Sense implied: good and bad/positive and negative

~f3~·

I:J~"OJ~·~~-~tlf~"l~·~"l·~~·""r::.·~~·~·~·~~~ Scholars will never mistake the positive and negative action.

~~·~~·~~·Q~Oll Lit.: to explain virtues and to release

64

(from) non-virtues/ Sense implied: to show what is right and wrong l)~·q~·q.?~(ll'"l~~·~·~(ll·~"l~·~·l)~·q*ll)"i"l·q~Q.I·"j~c-_· ~·~·&l~·e~·~l)l It is the duty of the spiritual master to show what is right from wrong.

~afc:.~·Q·~~~'Ql

same opinion, assertion, thought and

interpretation '3"1~·~~:1\"l)c-_"qf(~·~~:l\·~·l)~c-_(ll"CI'"j%"j·e~·~l)l The interpretations of theif~·~~~

It is

good that the youngers should listen to the elders.

,~·~c:.·~OJ·~~l simple and disciplined ~~·~r:.·~OJ·~~·~·il·OJ·~~· ~~·if~! Everyone admired a person of disciplined and simple nature. ,~.5:1~·~·~~

poor and desperate condition ~~·~~~·~·~~·~·il·

OJ'~~·~J:.·~~~·~·s~·~~~~

He who is poor and in desperate

condition must be helped.

,~tq·aJ~·~·ifJ process of practice ~~·~:~~·~:~-f1~·~~~·~l'~·~~·~~~· lil~·~·if~r:.·~~·~:~"l~·f~:~·~~r:.·~~~·~~r:.·l May I request the spiritual master to guide me in the process of my practice.

,OJ·tq·~c:.·~·~t::..·tql Lit.: when one finds a place for rest, needs more space to stretch out one's legs/ Sense implied: greedy/ demanding more and more (sarcastic remark).

~·~·~c:.·~sOJt just to pass away the time QJ~·,·~·~·~r:.·~sQJ·s~· ~·~~~~·~~~:~~·ij~l Just to pass time with one's work is not acceptable.

~·~r~%~·OJ·a:f~%~·~r-tc:.·Ql Lit.: one day appears as long as one year/ Sense implied: to feel the day extremely boringlloneliness

100

~~·t:l'l~t:l'l·.a~·t:l'l~t:l'l

one meal a day ~~·l:l]~~·~l;!~·~~·l:l]%1:1]·a.r.a~r

l:l]%1:1]·a.r~·3:~'1;!'.i'l'l:l]·~·~·~~~ When fasting, one cannot eat more than one meal a day.

~~·&~;t;~·ii~·l:Jl

Lit.: throughout day and night/ Sense

implied: to do continuously lc::~·F·41~·~~a.r·~·~~·~·~~·~ar;~· iJ~·~~·a.r~·"l·s~·~·ar~·~~~ night to earn money.

Some businessmen work day and

~~·3$·~~'&!1 Lit.: day star/ Sense implied: very rare ar~· l;!,a~·~Q.~'Q.S'~e.a.r·~·~~·iia·~~·~·~~~ It is very rare to meet such a good lama.

~~·3$·~·~c:..:&~;t;~·3$·S1 Lit.: man at day and dog at night! Sense implied: to keep watch over all things ~a·s·~~·~· ~~·iia·il·~~·~ar;~·iia·s·&l~t My black dog is man at day and dog at night. ~~·ar~r:::2ifi·~~·il·at;c:,·Q.~a·~~·iia·il·~c:,·~ar;~·iia·@· s~-~~-~"1Q.·a.r~·I;!~CJ~·r;r&l~t For many years I worked hard as a member of the family during day and as a watch dog during night.

~~·&t;t;~·r:::l~~·ii~l regardless of day and night r4·~·l~·:~;.c:,·~·~· z~f~·~·~·~~·~ ar;~·l;!~~·iJ~·a.r~·"l·s~·t.t·~~~ Parents workregardless of day and night for their children.

~~·&t;t;~·~~·~t:l'l Lit.: six times day and night/ Sense implied: always

v~~·~~l'l:l]·~~·~~·~ar;~-~~-~I:I]·~·?S"~·:~;,~·I;!t~·~·~~·~·~·

101

C2..!1l'!'t::l~~·~·cN'~·c.r~~l His Holiness the Dalai Lama always works hard for the independance of Tibet.

~~·t;~~·~~~·~~~

one whole day ~~-~t!]-~l!]ll'l'l!]~z~r~·f"·~·

t::l~c::.·~·~,t:l.·c::.a..r·t%~·~iJf~~l whole day precept.

It is not difficult to observe one

~·~it~'tJ1 without ill-health/ well, fine ~·~·s~·a..r·t::~~~·~ll'l·~·~ il~-~~-l!]~ll'l'cN'\l I am fine due to the kindness of god.

~·~·~·~1 becoming closer and closer~~·~~·~·;{=~~~·~·~·~·~· ;:,::o. -

~~ ~·w~1

These days two of us are becoming closer and closer to each other.

~~·it~·fl·~w~

to blame the innocent 'fl.it::l't!].it::l'li'S'\'~'t!]~~·

~ll'l'll'~ll'l'fl'l!]cNt!]'S'\'~'~'\l If one is not careful, others will put blame on one.

~~·it~·~~·~90J1 punishing the innocent l'll'l·~~·~a..r·flt::l'j'~c::.· ~ll'l'il'\'~ll'l·t:l.a,a..r·§'\·~·cN''\l Even in religious countries, one finds punishment of the innocent.

~'?~·~~~·z:~~·~~~

oppression and exploitation Sll'l'~~·ft::~·

fc::.·~'\·~·l't!]·~·~·t!]~t:l.'t!]~~·t::l1'~t!]·t%~·~~t!]'~'\1 It is a serious exploitation and oppression to deprive children of education.

~~~·~·'?OJ'af~·~~·~~~·OJ~'z:!.tl~1

Lit.: to tell one's dreams

before one sleeps/ Sense implied: to be extremely imaginative 102

~~~·~~·~~·~~'ll~·Q-~~'9 good condition.

Right now/At the moment this car is in

"t~~·t::~~~·~~3J~·~a.t1 publication and distribution ?f~·~·~~· ~

~

~~·~~:1\~"''~CJ:I\'~;:j~·~~&l"''~QJ'I:Il~~·&l[Q~·~"'':I\I:Il'~CJ:I\'[Q~·~~ffhe Tibetan Cultural~ Printing Press is the publisher and distributer of the Political History of Tibet.

"t~a.t·~s~·~~·~~"t1 financial dealings/ fund raising l~·r.~· ~&l"''~CJQJ'~S:.;.·~~·~~~·QJ'&l[Q"''I:J'W~! Businessmen are expert in fund raising or making money.

"t~a.t·~s~·~~lJ1~·t::~~~1 economic development ~aJ·[Q~·~·~r.~aJ· ~

~s:.;.·.~~-9'-''~;:j~·,i~·~·~i-13]·~~'9'-''I:J'~~~ Many factories are set

up for natiml"al economic development.

"'~a.t·~s~·arr:..~·j"t1 wealth and resources

"'~"'·~'-'·z·l''-1·

~'9'-''~:.;.·~·~r.~QJ·~s:.;.·a:f~'-'·f~·~~·~·QJ·i~·r.~·-9~~·~~'-'1 According to Buddhism, one needs to be generous in order to gain wealth and resources.

"t~r:..·~·33"J33't::l~t::l1 to shoulder the responsibility equally

iS\

r.~~·s~·ij~·t-~"'·r.~·~~·&l~&l·~·QJ"'.~I:Il~·~~~·r.~·&l~&l·~~~·s~·r.~·~~~ Tibetan women shoulder the responsibility equally with their men.

134

c:f~c:..·1 We are extremely happy over your securing first position. "t~'t::!ii~'W-1\'~~~l to follow the good example l)a!''!!IC:..'c:fll.l·t~~~:~~.·

~~~'SI)'~'"'~lll'c:fOJ"f'~"f·~c:..·l If one follows the good example one will naturally become good.

",SOJ't::!~·;:}~·.c;,~·ff~·Q~·~~·~·~l Lit.: like an eye on our forehead and the heart! Sense implied: the most precious and the beloved one

V$0J't::!'W",'t::!~~·~.1\'~'~'

2f.c;,·;:}· t:6~·;.y~·.c;,sOJ·t::~~·~~-.c;,~·ff~·Q~·~~-~·~·~·w~l

His Holiness the Dalai Lama is like the eye of forehead and the heart within every Tibetan.

~t::!l'f'Q'~'t::!~",l with great confidence and courage

2~·~·

l'f;.J·~el'f'~t::!l'f'Q'~·t::~~.c;,·~·if~l'f'$'~"·~·~t::~l'fl Thonmi Sambhota had been to India with great courage and confidence. S~·1·;·il~-~~-~l'f·~-~~c:.·l Lit.: A horse-eating wolf cannot be satisfied with the carcase of a sheep/ Sense implied: very greedy

s~·1~·~·0J'l'l'f't::!.f:1",'Ql'f'~'l'4~l It is of no use to teach Dharma to a wolf. This proverb is used when someone preaches dharma to an unrecepient who doesn't listen. sC:.''JlC:.'~\?Sf active and smart z:J~·~lll"~'~·s=-·~=-·~~·c:f~·sl!l·~~l My friend is very active and smart.

135

s~·~~·~i:.!~·~~·f~·fj·';~l

Although one nurtures a wolfcub, it can not become a watch-dog.

s~·;·t:J.a~·t.\l~·~~·i~·';~·~~~·~~l Even if a wolf is very nice, a shephered is unlikely to listen/ Sense implied: umeliable/hard to trust someone

f~%.·~~~·~~l beneficial both to the individual and the society ~c.·~~·OJ~'t:I.ZI]~·~~·S!Z!]'c:!~c:!·~·t·~~·ZIJ~~·,~·~OJ't:l.~c:!~· '0

~~~ If one perfonns one's duty sincerely, it is a contribution

to both oneself and one's society.

fi.t~~·qftfaJ"l:Jl to bubble with joy s~·~c.·r.~.~·ZIJ~'~c:!~'I;J~'t il~~·~c:~·~·r.~.f'OJ'c:!~·c.c.·~~·~ZI]~i·.i;·~·~·~~~ We are very pleased with your visit here and would like to thank you whole-heartedly for the same.

136

~·t~·~~·~·f~'Qo0Jl s·~·~~·~·i{'&J'Sl

Lit.: His father was

like a sandalwood but he is like a hollow bamboo/ Sense implied: opposite of "like father, like son" ~·~OJ·s~·r.2.E:~l a son following one's father's tradition/to

take the responsibility of one's father ~-~~-~·~~~·~·l'(II·J:.~· ~-~~-~~~·aJ·y~·~:~r~-~~~·t~~~·~aJ·s(II·Q.E:~·s~·e~·~~f The youths of today take the responsibility of their fathers by preserving their culture and tradition. ~·z:tpj&J'~.J:.'1':2.E.~~l

father's words imprinted on their sons

Gl't:l*1~·s·~~·s~·~·~~~·~;IJ.I·sJ;.·Q.E.~(II'~~-, If a son listens to his father, his words will be imprinted on him.

~-~~-q~·s·~~-~·i3z:;t

A bad father does not mean a bad

son. ~-~~·z:;~·~·if~·w~-~~·q·~il.J:.t Although brothers become enemies, their lineage is gold (pure). This proverb is spoken to emphasise the importance of heritage and lineage. ~-~~'OJ'!l respecting blood relationship ~~~-~~-~'aJ'~J:.·~:~i·~:~·CJ.J· J:.t:l6f'~·~~(ll·w~f It is a sign of good manner to regard and respect one's blood relationship.

137

1'4'll:.~~·~·a:.=l~l 1'4'1·~·a:.~~~ generations 1'4·~·s·~~;~ar·~ar·~;~;"l·z;ta· ~=-·a,·~c::z;t~ 1 t::ITf~'i'll'!'iJ.J~ ·~ar·~;~;"l·t::~ac.·sar·~1

,,,.il;·~ar·il ;·

"l~~·~·~r:_ 'CI~ 1iJ·~~;·~;~~~·~·~a.~·~~ ·~·~f~;~·~~'a.!11il"ll'f'CI~ 't::li'!ll'f' ~·(~·~·a.~ar·~~;~ar·Cfi·ff~a·~sar·c.~·~~·c:~·"l~~·i3·.a1 It is undoubtedly the result of our bad kanna to have been exiled from our native land which has been ours for many generations due to the colonialism of Communist China. ·

1'4~''?~·{~'1:l.t1~l to listen and speak in a hidden manner 1'4~·~~~·~tll~·~~~ benefit and help ~~~·c:ar·~;·c:~·l'4~'~"ll'f'~"ll'f' ~J.J·s;·c:·i:;1 Doctors help and benefit patients.

1'4.~·~~·ZJ)~~·q~~~ to harm instead of benefit ~~·~·!~;~·J~·~· ..........

~

...,.,

~~;~ar·~·l'4~'3.1i'l:!hi'~~~·.t."ll'f'CI'e>Ji1

The support of stupid persons sometimes brings more harm than benefit.

1'4~·~~·q~~·l:l~ll:.l competition ~;·~1'4~·~~·~~~·~;~!~·~~;~ar·~;·~ ::!~'J.If!~'J.IC.'~~=-·1 There are many spectators to watch the competing sportsman in games.

1'4~· ~~·~~~·1'4~1 mutual benefit "l~~·a.~·if~;~·J.c.·~;~!!~;~·c:·~·l'4~·~~· '"' ~ '"' ... "l~l'f'l'4~·~·s·~;~·~"l·~;1 To teach others is a mutually beneficial job.

-

i"ll'fl

One should cultivate mutual respect to all religions.

138

'4~·~~·~s;·if~l

being patient to each other r::::.;."·;{-Zr ii~·~·~~·W"r::~(lf·~~·~~·I:J·~~~·CJ·w~l It is necessary to have undaunted courage to achieve a big task.

~·ftf~·~·~e:~l hatred/ animosity ~·t-~~·JJ·~·fi'~·~~·~t~·~·~r::~~·~·JJ· ~~·~·r::~~·&~'C11(1f"~~·c)f~·l If all of us are not over-powered by hatred and animosity, there will be happiness automatically.

~·~~·~9·~·~ftfas·~l enmity like boiling liquid poison ~11J"S9(\f" C11·~·~~·~9·~·~~·~fJC11'~'UI~·~~·~~·C11'9~\I:J'C11~'~11}'Ql'~'9~~~ Though one shows enmity like liquid poison toward the enemy, it does not harm the enemy but in turn it harms oneself.

~·~9'ftf9'z:::!iS~~l to hold evil thoughts in one's heart v~e11·r::~· ~~·Q-~·~~·~r::~~·~(lf·CJ~-t~·~·~~·~·~9·fi'9·r::~o~(\f·s~·~(lf·s~·Jl·~~·t I never hold evil thoughts in my heart since I received an empowerment from His Holiness the Dalai Lama.

~·~9·J~·~z:::!l cruel thoughts and deeds l'~·CJ·w~·~·~·~9·f~·~r::~· tfE::.·~~(Ifl If one is a practitioner, one should abandon cruel thoughts and deeds. ..... ~

...... G\ ::r:: .... !1 ........ nausea JJ'(J~'~E::.'tll'~~·~(lf·~·~~·"-19'9'~~9 When I travel in an automobile, I get nausea. -

~·&J~'Cll9'Ql

208

~·1:3~~·iff43:1 feels inconvenienced and disappointed J:.~·~·

"~·~~·~"'·(~.~·c.t·s~·~·~~·4J~·~·~·~~~·"~·r-t.l~.~·a.~"'·e"'·c>r~·1:3·&!~~ When a disciple gives back his vows, the spiritual master feels inconvenienced and disappointed.

~·f~·c:.c::~c:.·l relaxed and easy going l:lg~·~~"'·~·~.~s"·~~=-·sl:l·~· ~·if"·~~·~~·&l~·~·~~·~~·~~·~l:l'S~;~·e·i;"l One can accomplish a great purpose with contl'ttual diligence even if one is a relaxed and easy-going person.

~~·aJz~r~c:.·~tll·~~·c.q eyes

to feel disgusted and show angry

f!'"'~·~"'·4J~·~~"'.~"'·~·~·~~·ar"l·~c:.·il"1l~·"l~~·~·~s"1

From yesterday onward the teacher felt disgusted with me and shows his angry eyes.

~tllli.T'!'OJC:.'-t'~c:.·~~C:.'-T'S'~"'ll early to rise and early to bed l.l~~·~.~·"l'-'J\'CJ'{'-!·~"1'-''!'~~"'·"~·~a;c:."''S''1)CJ'S~·c.t·i:~l

New

brides are early to rise and early to bed. ~ ;t::l..jJ\'s~·~·~(li.TC:.'l

. ~ ::t::nuscellaneous expense "'s·~~·~\,:1\'s"·~~·"'~·~·

~~·{J:. ·if{~·~"l'I.I~·Cf~~·i;"l Abroad, miscellaneous expenses are very high too.

tll~~·f~·l:lftllli.T'~~~l to expose others' faults "1~~·!-J~·I:l("l'-'' ~~~'S"'CJ'-1':1\~·~~·~·t.l~·'t"l'-''"1~·~~·34"1 It serves no purpose to oneself to expose others' faults.

209

CJa'3Jfl"l'CJ'.i~·c.f~~~ depend on others.

He is a great scholar who need not

~~~·~~~·~.r~£~·z:;q an outstanding/incomparable '-'=-~·~~· t::l~3J·~~·~~~·~·9~~·~'!J~'3J'~i~·CI~·(~·~;~·~r:_·~9·~;~·~9·~~~ Buddha Shakyaminin is a great outstanding perfect teacher.

9~~·tJ~·~c::~~1 one's own and others' happiness l'~·3J~~·~·s· ~

'i?

~

......

0."'

t::l';;~~·~·9~~·t::ll'~r:_·~~·~r:.·9·~~~

If one's activities are in conformity with the dharma, there will be happiness for one's self and others.

9~~·~~·tJ~Cl!'tJ'Cl!'~t:..·~~·t.l1

to feel happy over others'

suffering 9~~·~9't::l!OoJ't::l'OoJ'~r:.i·~·~~~·~;~·OoJ~·~r:.·~~·s·ii·~r:.·l One ought to feel compassionate but not happiness at others' suffering.

9~~·~~·~~·a~c:..~1

to take the responsibilities for others'

welfare 9~~·~~·rs~·a~=-~·~;~·~·s=-·~t::l'i:l3J~'~I;I~'~~~·~·~~·~9'~~~ It is the commitment of Boddhisattvas to take the responsibility for others' welfare.

9~~·g~·q~~·f5~1 to dispute and be partial to others .!It::!'~~·~· ~~·~~·~=-·rsQJ·~·~&~·~;~·i\f~·~·~·l9~·~=-·9~~·r~·~~~·~~·Df=-·~·~~~ If relations among the political leaders are strained, there will be dispute and partiality in the society.

9~~·3~·[:~·~~C:..~1 to follow what others say ~9·~~·9=.·~~· ~r:.'t::!i9'~9~·s~·~~~·~;~·OoJ~·9~~·i!~·i:~·~sc..~·g·i:J·~r:.·l

210

It's not

right to follow simply at what others say, one should examine whether it is good or bad.

~~ar·~·i!~·r.yl

inconceivable

immeasurable/ that cannot be repaid/ f"i·'~~..Q)~a.s·~·iJ~·'~~·~·s"i·a.s·':l~"i·"i~·~t.Q)·~"i·~·

~~~·r~·~z;.l Due to the inconceivable kindness of Buddha, His teaching is flourishing in this world.

~~·i!~·~~·~~':!~l baseless under-estimation or insult .Q)~"i·a.s· Zll~·iJ~·~z:.·~~':!~·s~·'~·~·z:.c_·~~-~5a.s·':!z:.·~~':!a·~l To disparage others with baseless under-estimation or insult is a cause for one's going to hell.

-

~~·i!~·f~~~~l baseless over-estimation a!"i·ry~·iii:)'CI'O.Z'al"i·ry~· ~"':.-~ .... tiii~'CIZ:.'t!'"'"1'Zil~·&~~~·~·~lZil~·z;.~l

It is a baseless over-estimation to praise somebody for having good knowledge when he/she has not.

~~·i!~·~~'':!Sf to make a base out of baseless i':!·~·t~~~:z:..·!~· Zll~c_·~·a.z~·Zil~·ii~·Zil~'':!ES~l~"l~·c_a,z·~·':!·a!~t It is more difficult to start something from nothing campared to improving an already existing school.

~~~·s~·~'1&J·~{&J~1 native

-

the reunion of the exiled and the

Zll~~-s~·i5"'~·il·31~31·~r~~~·~c_·':!a·~·~~·~:z:..·~·~~z;.·':!a·~·':!·

tlll~l

We hope the day of the reunion of the Tibetans inside Tibet and those in exile will come very soon.

~~·g·aJ~~·~~~l a well established base/ strong foundation 211

"·a;·~t~'SOJ'?S'"·~~~·~·~~"'·~~~r~~·~·cil~"'·~~"'·a;~"'·af"l

At

present the foundation of the Tibetan government in exile has become well established.

-

~~~·~~~·~+!"'~"! Seven fundamental rights are mentioned in the Indian Constitution.

z:q~·f~·z:q~~·~c:.~l the basic condition ~~·"'~·?;"·~·~~·~~·~~"'· ~~"'·~~·~af"·~'-'·IS~·~~~"''S"'CI'~"l It is announced that the basic conditions in Tibet are quite good today. z:q~c:.·a.t;ra:lz:q~·Qa,

to strengthen the main path/ the

construction of high ways · ?S'"·il·~!l'.l"~'~"'·~·!l'.l·oOJ'!I'.I~t;,:~~· ~~~·a.~!r.!·cil~"!'CI~·~:;~af.!·z:.t·~~~ The Tibetans constructed well the high-ways in Himachal Pradesh.

z:q~c:.·~~~·q~t'~~l

unwavering patriotism or love toward

the government ~~~·iJ~"''~Q'I~.-i!~·~~"'·a.r~o.r~~~r~:~·~·cr~~~ People with unwavering patri~tism are called nationalists.

z:q~c:.·~~~·~c:.·2.!J sincere loyalty/ faith in one's government .:.

::o:-:-

:.:"":

-

....

....

~

...

~~~·'-'~!1'.1'-''S~·"~·~"·~·"~·I;l"!'~~·~:;~~~·~ry:::.·~~:;~·;.:;·!r.l·~~~

If one has a firm and sincere loyalty to one's government, one cannot be deceived by the enemies.

9~c:.·~~~·~~·~9 ..,.,

Or..

....,.,

pure loyalty f~:;~·~~·~!l'.lf.I'OJ'~~:::.·iJ~f.l'~!l'.l·"~· ......

~~"''CI~'I:;I"1~'aii:;I'~~:::.·~OJ'ai!

It is very important to advise the students to develop pure loyalty to one's government.

212

~~~-q~·Jt~·03~"4J~·~·~~·.at::~l

An old man's wisdom is better than a young man's might

t::l~~~·~t:,·~·t::l~~~l

whether to stay or not f!r:::.·~·'ll·~·-.r·OJ"

CI~ZIJ4f"~r:::.·&~·CI~ZIJ41"~41·~·il~t I don't know whether he stays in Lhasa or not at present.

t::IJ:t:.'!~·l:l;c:.·~·~c:.·e~·C>J:t:.'!~·~~·~~~ There will be development in a country if there is an improvement in agriculture, industry and nomadic life. c:~S:o.r~·sr~·~~l

industrial product C>J:t:.·e~·s~·e~~·l:la-~~·~c:.·&~:t:.'

l:l'a-~~·i'~·~~·~Zil·~Zil·~c:.·~~~ All the developed countries have excellent factory production.

c:~a~·5:1c:~~.r~o.r·c:~l unbearable/ !·~~·Cf~·e~:t:.'l:lS~'!I:l~·s~·l:la'&t~:t:.· l!l'f~·l:l;c:.·1:1·~~~ unbearably.

The Chinese have exploited the Tibetans

220

~· ~~·~·~~

total desperation ~-~~-~-~tll·~·~tll·~;~~·tll~~·~·~.tl}~·

~~·~·~·il~l I shall not seek others' help until I am in total desperation.

~·~·~·~1 scatter-brained il·~·~·~·~·l't~.~·~"'·"l·~~t!j·l:;!!a.r~·~·~~~ The scatter-brained persons will not complete their work. ~~·~·~~·~1 inattentive f~;~·~tll·~;·~·;r;·~·~·l't~.~·~a,·"li'~"~·if~;~·~t~.~· ~t!j·Cf~;·~·~-~~~ The inattentive students do not listen well to the teacher during the teaching. ~·~9·21~~·=~1 desperate and helpless ~-~t!j'21:;!~·=~·§~·;·5:1·~~· t!j~-~~-g~-~~-~-~~1 A person may do anything when he is desperate and helpless.

~·~~·~-~~·~c::.·OJ'&J~C::.~1 Lit.: A desperate dog jumps at the walls/ Sense implied: helpless

~~·~~·~:::.·~:::.·1

noise/ uproar il·~~·~~·~·~~-~~·~~-tN"~·~·~~tll The mob is running towards me in uproar.

~~·~ry&r~~~-&~1

disrupting rumours ~~~rtJ·~~t~.~·~~·t!jry~·

~~tll·a~·~·tll~~·~~;~~·~·il·~~~;~·~~~ Wise people are not overpowered by disrupting rumours.

221

~.1\·ci·2J1 an exaggerator ~:.;·a;·~·~s·~·s~l Don't be such an exaggerator.

0..

0..

.....

"'''-J"ifi 0.fl:;l~~·"'::.'1

They spent the whole night yesterday in an

uproar.

~~·9%9·~s~q Lit.: like the mixing of water with milk/ Sense implied: very friendly ::.·l-~9"~'a!-9~"~·;:f~·9~9·~~"~· 0..

..........

~::.·l:;l~~·"'!l.!'tJ't.\1~1

We two friends are very friendly, hard to be separated like milk in the water.

~\ ~~· ~~1 glaring! glittering ~~·,!;~·,!;~·~:.;·al-i!!~.!"''o~·9~:.;·~·~~1 All that glitters is not gold.

q'~·a.1\·~~·~~1 having thousands of rays of light "9:.;'S9"~·~· ~·~'"\"1'~~·~:.;·-w-::.·~"\·~·~·.:::Fl The sun with thousands of rays of light rises from the to~ of the eastern hill.

q'~·~~·~9~1 a deserving responsibility il·~·~"\·"\·w::.·~"~'tJ~· ~9~·~~·~·2:"1'tJ:.;·§~·~·~~1 Anyone who is given a deserving job will definitely accept the responsibility.

q'~·I:!I:!~·~~J~~·l whoever is deserving! appropriate il:;l'~9.~"~· t.~·~·~::.·o.J·~~·I:;l~9'1:;l~9~9·9~::.·~9"~'9"\::.·1 deserving student as prefect.

Please appoint a

q'~·~~·~ci~~·~l fitting and appropriate f!::.·~a,·~~·9~::.·1:;l·~·~"~· ~::.·~a'l~"!·.::r~9·§::.·~59 It is very fitting and appropriate for him to become a teacher.

222

OJ'Fa·~·331 Lit.: the setting sun/ Sense implied: old age a:f"'t.~' ~t.~·a.rF~·~·3J·~~·3J~~t.~·z:.~·~~l Growing old is like the setting sun.

OJ'Fa·~·33·"t~·~·Fa·~z::~·~ift

Lit.: the setting sun and the

fading shadow/ Sense implied: to have become aged ;(41· ~·~3Jt.~·~~·~~~·~~·OJ·F~·~·~·~~:.·~·F~·~l:.l·~~~l:.l~·~·C4~·~·~~r Only religious practice can help when one becomes old. OJ'"t:zl'~~·"t:zl

Lit.: nine passes and nine valleys/ Sense

implied: distant 3J~·z:.~·;(~·~·r~~·~~·OJ·~~·~~:.·~~·l:.l~l:.l~·~·~· ~~·~·?4z:.1~·z:.~·~~l The translator Marpa Chokyi Lodoe visited

India by crossing nine mountains and nine valleys. OJ't:I~OJ·~~·t:~~OJ1

Lit.: to cross mountains and valleys/

Sense implied: distant and difficult travel ~·~~·~·s~:.·s~~· ~~·OJ·~~·3J~·?fl:.l410J'~·tf~·~·l:.lijl:l·~·~~1 If you cross many mountains and valleys toward the north of India, you will reach Tibet.

OJ·~·z::~sz::~·~·~-1\'~1

Lit.: over every mountain pass there is a

slope/ Sense implied: after every difficult time there is a good time ~·~·iJ·;¥;~·~~·a.rOJ·~~·l:.l~l:.l·~·~~·~·a~·z:.~~·~·~~:.·~· ~~! There will be good time after every difficult time in our life.

223

a.yz~p·l~~r.:~r~r~c:.:~r:::.·l

Lit.: long arm with short sleeves/ Sense implied: man of ideas but having financial

problems a.~~·&~~~r:.·a.~·s·~r:_·!r:.·s~~r~.,ra.~l'l·"rS~·UII~·il·~~~ I cannot do any work because of financial problems.

a.!.t:ll'~~l S"l'~~l Lit.: hand print! Sense implied: legacy/ feat l'~·il·l'l&l'?f~l'!'~'a,~·~a.y·~~\~·a.y~'i:l'l'~~·~·~r:_·~·~~·~~~·~~l Thonmi Sambhota is credited for leaving behind the legacy of Tibetan writing system.

0J.t:ll'~e..!'5J"l'~E:"l~l Lit.: to climb a rock with a maimed hand/ Sense implied: a fool's attempt l'l'f·z:.riJ~·::.r~·i[&~·::.r·~l a.!~'S&~' g~·a.y·~l~l'l·r.~·~sl

A meditation done without hearing teachings is just like a handicapped person climbing a rock.

0J.t:ll''.!'~e..T·2Jj S"l'~e..!·'fj Lit.: tight hand or fist! Sense implied: stingy/miser/ opposite of spendthrift r:.·M·~~·~~l:lj'a.!l:lj'r.l'~&~· ~~·sl:l)·~.c:;·~.c:;l Our master is very stingy. a.!!J1't~rcf;·~~,r~e..~·Q·~~l Lit.: remembering a pincer only when

one's hand is burnt! Sense implied: to think only when it is high time to do something &ll:l)·~.c:;·~l:Jl'!'l:l)%l:lj·~:~;.·jf~'f==-· ~:~;.·~l:I]'.IJ1~==-·~·~·a.yl:lj·r.~·~·~l'!'~&l·~·s~·~·~::_·l:lj%l:lj·~·~~l Studying hard during the examinations only is like burning one's hand and then remembering the use of a tong.

0J.t:ll'Q'W'.t:ll~z:rr9·.t:J~.t:ll'Ql Lit.: clapping with one hand/ Sense implied: impossibility "'!l:!')'l:J'.:n%9·~l'!'l:;ll9'~·1:;l~l:;l·~l:!·c.~.grr~~·&~· ~~1

It is not possible to clap with one hand.

224

o.~~·c.r·.tl~~·2fl

Lit.:

liberal

hand/

Sense

implied:

generous/spendthrift/extravagant ~ll)·CJ·~c:.('.I·Cfit~·~·3J·~Ff:.;.· ~·5r~~~ If one is not generous, people will not come to one.

OJ~'CJ.1\'.tl'W\~·~~·~f3.1:.'9'Q.f.1\l Lit.: If one has a piece of meat in the hand, the birds will hover in the sky/ Sense implied: If one has knowledge and wealth, others will gather around him. o.~~·~~·Q.:ilOJ·q~l

deserving to put into practice ~ll)·