5 !67
THE
SAMARITAN LITURGY EDITED BY
A. E.
IN
COWLEY
TWO VOLUMES VOL.
II
OXFORD AT THE CLARENDON PRESS 1909
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5 !67
THE
SAMARITAN LITURGY EDITED BY
A. E.
IN
COWLEY
TWO VOLUMES VOL.
II
OXFORD AT THE CLARENDON PRESS 1909
HENKY FEOWDE,
M.A.
PUBLISHER TO THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD
LONDON, EDINBURGH,
NEW YORK
TORONTO AND MELBOURNE
PREFACE THE
present work was begun in 1890 at the suggestion of the late Dr. Neubauer, who also helped in the revision
few
sheets, printed in
1892-5. Its progress other work, and by the diffiThe whole of the text had culties of the undertaking. to be transcribed by my own hand from MSS. in Samaritan of the
first
has been much hindered by
character into
Hebrew square
be done in leisure
and could only moments, at long intervals and during character,
hurried visits to various libraries.
hope that scholars,
I
who will appreciate the difficulties, will make allowance for the defects, and consider only the interest of the new material.
The
texts are mostly edited for the first time,
and the
few that have been published before, appear now, it is believed, in a more correct form, as well as in their proper setting.
may have
been omitted, but the collection includes
were found. a
some hymns or prayers
It is quite possible that
The introduction
(pp.
xx
all
that
to xxxiv) represents
attempt at tracing the history of the liturgy by putting together all the scanty information that can be first
The
gathered as to the various authors. short
and incomplete,
will, it is hoped,
of the obscurities in the
Aramaic
It only remains to express
texts.
my
Dr. Neubauer for his advice and
obligations to the late help, and to the late
Padre Bollig, Librarian of the Vatican,
handed over to
me
text
who most generously
MS. V 3, which and made the basis must also thank the
his transcript of the
I then copied into square character
of the
Glossary, though throw light on some
on pp. 3 to
8 1.
a 2
I
PREFACE
iv
Earl of Crawford for his great kindness in sending his MSS. to me in Oxford; the Delegates of the Press for their patience with
unavoidable delays
my
;
their Oriental
minute care of the proofs reader, Mr. Pembrey, and above all, the members of Magdalen College, whose for his
liberality enabled
me
in 1894 to
;
pay a most
profitable
visit to the East. :}iv
pmn
UD pa p
pm A. C.
MAGDALEN COLLEGE, OXFORD.
CONTENTS PAGE
INTRODUCTION TEXTS PREVIOUSLY PUBLISHED
Vli
... ...
METHOD or THIS EDITION LIST OF MSS. USED
DATES OF THE TEXTS
HIGH PRIESTS
GENEALOGICAL TABLES
.
...
GLOSSARY
.
INDEX OF FIRST LINES
INDEX OF AUTHORS CORRIGENDA
TEXT COMMON PRAYERS (DEFTER) PENTECOST SERIES
xviii
xxxv
.
xliii
.
xlix
.
Ixxiii
.
....
... .
.
.
SERVICES OF THE SEVENTH MONTH
xlv
.
... .
PASSOVER SERIES
.
.
.
.
.
.
...
.
viii
ix
INDEX OF AUTHOES)
(SEE
GRAMMAR OF THE ARAMAIC TEXTS LIST OF
.
xcvi xcix
3
93 .
.
.284
.
.
.
428
OCCASIONAL PRAYERS
MARRIAGE AND CIRCUMCISION BURIAL APPENDIX
....... .
.
.
818 852 867
INTRODUCTION PARTS
of the Samaritan Liturgy have already been published Gesenius by (Carmina Samaritana, Lipsiae, 1824, reprinted in square character by Kirchheim in Karme Shomron, Frankfurt a.
by Heidenheim (in his Vierteljalirsschrift, Gotha, and Die samaritanische Liturgie, Leipzig, 1885 + ), by
M., 1851),
1860
+
,
+
+
Geiger (in ZDMGr.,
xviii, pp.
mann
Sam. Grammatical, Carolsruhae
813
(Brevis ling. 1873, Chrestomathia, pp. 12 +),
Rendiconti,
iii, i,
pp. 550
Internal, des Orientalistes,
+
2,
,
i,
ii,
,
xxi, pp. 169
by Merx
),
by Peter-
et Lipsiae,
a (Atti dei Lincei, ser. 4 me Actes du 8 , Congres
pp. 160 +
119
+
,
in Pertsch's Catal. Die
zu Gotha, 1893, pp. 29 + and in Bansch-Drugulin's Marksteine aus der Weltlitteratur, Leipzig, orientalischen Handschriften
.
.
.
,
1902), by Hilgenfeld (in Ztschr.fur wiss. Theol., xxxvii, pp.233 +), and by S. Eappoport (Journal Asiatique, 1900, pp. 207 + and ,
La
Liturgie samaritaine, Paris, 1900). These are mostly isolated hymns.
Heidenheim 's collection, which is the most extensive, is very inaccurate both in text and translations. 1 Many of the pieces are extremely difficult in any case, and only become intelligible when compared with others, and when the peculiarities of Samaritan style are studied. In the present edition it has been thought best to follow the MSS. closely, reproducing the traditional, or at least customary, spelling of the scribes, and correcting tacitly only what, as being departures from established custom, are clearly mistakes. Many difficulties, however, still remain on which the MSS. throw no light. It is not possible to deal with the texts by the ordinary rules of Hebrew and Aramaic (see below, p. xxxv), and to attempt to do so would be to The later Samadestroy the character of the compositions. ritans, living in almost complete isolation, and from about the eleventh century A. D. speaking only Arabic, developed the use of
own 1
lines.
The same
Hebrew for religious purposes entirely on their Whether it was worth while to try to reproduce is
true of Gesenius's work, but it must be remembered that his and that he had to rely on a single
translation represents a first attempt, incorrect MS. in each case.
INTRODUCTION
viii
form of the language, as has been done,
is a question of the various which need not be discussed here. The quality author's of the the with degree compositions varies of course
their
on learning: the trustworthiness of particular MSS. depends method The scribe. the of the intelligence adopted particular has been to select the MS. which seemed on the whole most correct,
and to make
it
the basis of the text.
The more
important variants of other MSS., if any were accessible, have then been given in the foot-notes, which therefore sometimes contain the better reading.
Where no complete MS.
existed
+)
the text has been pieced together from the fragmentary copies. As a rule the variants, though numerous, are trivial, consisting of differences of
(e. g.
for circumcision, pp. 8 1 8
mere scribal errors. In the case of inferior dupliit was thought unnecessary to note such variants for special reasons, but it is believed that none have except which could in any way throw light on the omitted been The first the text or the usage of the scribe. of meaning is P. based on the Defter) Bollig's part (pp. 3-81, containing very careful transcript of the Vatican MS. (V 3), but since the Aramaic in which it is mostly written, is of the fourth century, spelling or cate copies
and important in connexion with the language of the Targum, all variants (except those which are classified below, p. xxvi) The other texts are are intended to be given in this part. based chiefly on the MSS. in the British Museum (L i &c.) 2 and on the Crawford collection (Or 1 1 &c.) now in the John 1
Rylands Library at Manchester. The rubrics, or headings, are mostly in very corrupt Arabic, which, after much hesitation, has been reproduced with all its errors. As their form seems to depend on the taste of the scribe, variants in them are given only when the sense is concerned, but they are printed in the most explicit form in which they appear in any of the MSS. used, and sometimes compiled from two MSS. Liturgical MSS. are so numerous that it would have been impossible to collate them all. Moreover, little would have been gained by attempting to do so, since they all 3 represent 1
the
These will be described by the Kev. G. Margoliouth in his catalogue of
Hebrew and Samaritan MSS.
3
A
8
Except the fragments of the Damascus
catalogue of this
Defter.
is
in preparation. '
use
'
(p. xii)
and MSS. of the
METHOD OF
THIS EDITION
ix
the same tradition. They are, with few exceptions, modern, and as they are uniform in character a detailed description of
them is unnecessary here. They are usually of stout oriental paper, about 8 x 6J inches, written as a rule in a cursive hand, not in the formal character used in copies of the Pentateuch ; leather. The biblical passages, which form a large part of the liturgy, are written continuously, the hymns generally in double lines, forming two columns. To save space
and bound in native
the biblical passages are here omitted and the hymns are printed continuously, but a single point is placed at the end of the first
and a double point at the end of the second half. These points are not to be regarded in any sense as stops, especially in the earlier parts (from V 3). They simply indicate the arrangement of the text in the MS., or, in prose passages, half-line
perhaps pauses in chanting. The MSS. used for the various parts of the liturgy are noted at the beginning of each division, and the folios of the copy on which the text is mainly based are indicated in the margin.
The following is a list of the MSS. used At Berlin (Royal Library)
:
:
Most of these were not collated throughout i = MS. or. 4to 531. Ff. 69. The acrostic (usually found only in Pentateuch MSS.) gives the scribe's name as Shelah b. Isaac Danfi. Date 1 163 H. (=1750 A. D.). For Harvest. :
B
B2=MS.
or.
4to 532. Pp. 301. in 1213 H.
Abraham Danfi
Defter, agreeing, even in
Or Cr
i T,
but incorrect.
Written by Isaac A. D.).
(=1798-9
b.
The
the Arabic version, with
The writing
also is like that of
Perhaps both are copies from the same original. It was collated to p. 108, thence only in the rubrics. 1 1
.
Page 286 dated 1217
H.
B 3 = MS. or. 4to 533. Ff. 58. Written by Shelah, as in B i, in 1167 H. (1753-4 A.D.). For Mo'ed ha-Succoth. = B 4 MS. or. 4to 534. Written by Mufarrij = Marhib) b. (
Joshua in 1201 H. (=1786-7 the
i
B5 = MS.
st of
A. D.).
For Passover and
Nisan.
Ff. 115. Written by Tabiah b. 4to 535. Isaac, the Priest (an intelligent and careful scribe), in 1200 H. (=1785-6 A.D.). For Succoth. good copy. or.
A
INTRODUCTION
x
B6 = MS.
or.
4to 536.
Written by Marhib, as
Ff. 128.
B 4, in 1201 H. (=1786-7 A.D.). For Passover. B7 = MS. or. 4to 537. Ff. 125. Written by Ghazal = Tabiah, as B 5), mostly in 1200 H. (=1785-6 A.D.). (
For Mo'ed ha-shemini.
B8 = MS.
Written by Ibrahim b. or. 4to 538. Ff. 109. For Isma'il Mufarriji, in 1242 H. (=1826-7 A. D.).
Zimmuth
Succoth, Mo'ed hodesh ha-shebhi'i, ten days
of Selihuth.
B9=MS.
Written by Ibrahim, as (=1825-6 A.D.). For nmpo nW, Dnmn m>, nan3 TVpn an. The only MS. available for this part of the text. Ff. 2-9 are by an earlier or. 4 to 539. in 1241 H.
B8,
Ff. 129.
hand.
B
10
= MS. as
69,
or.
4to 530. in 1249 H.
Written by Ibrahim, For the seven
Ff. 133.
A. D.).
(=1833-4
Sabbaths following Passover.
Bn=MS.
or.
4 to 529.
= Marhib, (
Ff.
and i3 = MSS. Petermann
12 (
= Tabiah),
1763-4
as
A. D.).
Pp. 317.
6,
Written by Ghazal
7.
in 1199 and 1177 H. (=1784-5, For the day of Atonement.
At Manchester (John Rylands ii.
Written by Mufarrij (=1786-7 A. D.). For
B 7,
library of the Earl of Crawford
Cr
71.
in 1201 H.
ha-mazzoth.
Hag
B
B 6),
as
Library), formerly in the
:
Written in 1209
H.
(=1794-5
A. D.)
by
Mufarrij ( = Marhib) b. Joshua b. Mufarrij, as B 1 1 The Defter in the later recension. It contains the begin.
which is wanting in V 3, and some later additions. In two columns, that on the left being an Arabic version. Both columns are in Samaritan character, ning,
mostly majuscule in the early part, but in the latter part cursive Samaritan and Arabic characters are used. An excellent copy, well written and correct.
Cr
Pp. 38. Written by Joseph Danfi in 1277 H. (=1860 A. D.).
12.
first
month.
Ishmael For the eve of the
b. Israel b.
Cursive and incorrect.
LIST OF MSS. USED Cr
Written by Muslim
Ff. 57.
13.
Danfi in
1
120 H.
On
Careful.
fol.
Danfi in 1276 H.
Cr
15. (
Murjan b. Ibrahim For Hag ha-mazzoth. 41^ an addition by Salih b. Ibrahim b.
A. D.).
(= 708 1
(= 1859-60
A. D.).
Written by Muslim (as Cr 13) in 1144-5 H On if. 5i b~55 are later entries. For
Ff. 55.
= 1732
xi
-
A. D.).
A good
Burial.
copy.
Pp. 19. Written by Muslim (as Cr 15) in 1140 H. (=1728 A.D.). His prayer in time of drought (see p. 85) with an Arabic version.
Cr
1 6.
Cr
1 8.
Ff.
1
12
6
;
in 1179 H.
x
Written by Ghazal
4 inches.
The
A. D.).
(=1766
(as
B
12)
Defter, beginning (as
P
The 8, f. 22*>) with the prayer of Joshua (see p. 4). rubrics are mostly in Samaritan. very good copy,
A
but containing less than Cr 1 1 and with no Arabic version. Ff. 107-112 were added by Salih b. Ibrahim ,
Danfi in 1256 H. (= 1840 A.
Cr
D.).
6x4 inches. Written by Muslim (as Cri6)in 111511. = 201 6 -~JL; X 73 A.D.). Pp. no, in are dated 1132 pp. 112, 113 in 1134, pp. 114, 115
1 9.
Pp. 121
(
;
by the same
in 1143
Marriage (^/iM various colours.
J^l).
scribe.
Some
For Circumcision and lacunae.
On
paper of
Pp. 109, 116-121, and two pages
at
the beginning, contain later entries.
Cr
20.
Pp. 125;
6x4 inches. Pp. 3-24 by Amram b. Solomon,
others) written
(and perhaps the Priest, in
1248 H. (=i833A.D.). Pp. 25~i24by Ishmaelb. Abdhanuna ( = Abd-al-latif) Danfi, in 1117 H. (=1705 A.D.). For Hag ha-mazzoth. On p. 2 an addition by Salih, as in Cr. 13, in 1262 H. (=1846).
Cr27. in
Ff. 17.
1075 H.
Zimmuth
Written by Mufarrij ( = Marhib) b. Jacob (=1664 A. D.). For the Sabbath of
ha-pesah.
Ff.
i,
2,
10
9,
are
a
later
addition.
At Gotha (Grand-Ducal Library) G i (see Merx in Pertsch, Die p. 29),
oriental. HandscJiriften
a fragment containing
P- 555A. D.)
:
No
or later.
date.
n to
*?
of the
.
.
.
,
hymn on
Probably about 115011. (=1737
INTRODUCTION
xii
G
Ff. 61, loose and out of order. Written Abi Sarur and Mnrjan Danfi, in 1 168 H. Contains various pieces from the A. D.). of the service for marriage and most &c., and
2 (ibid., p. 31).
by Ghazal (=1754-5 Defter,
b.
circumcision.
In the British Museum
Hi=MS.
:
Ff. 47 (and some leaves in an European hand). Not all by one hand, nor continuous. Copied from an early MS., partly in the sixteenth cen-
Harl. 5481.
tury (G. Margoliouth), partly earlier. Contains parts of the Defter, marriage service, &c., as used at
Damascus, some with Arabic version.
H2 = MS.
Harl. 5495.
Ff.
25
(and some leaves in an
European hand). Probably the earlier part is by the same (sixteenth century) hand as i, the rest is later. Contains parts of the service for marriage and circumcision, &c., some with an Arabic version, and (pp. 33-48) some leaves of calendar.
H
H 3 = MS.
Harl. 5514. Ff. 220, folio. Ff. 204-220 in an European hand. Various contents written by many hands at different dates. On f 1 8 begins the liturgy for the eve of the first month (to f. 70), as used at Damascus. The text is very corrupt and often unintelligible (see .
extracts in the Appendix). Probablynot later than 90011. or about 1 500 A. D. Ff. 7 1 sqq. contain Marqah's Commen-
tary with Arabic version:
Hi,
2, 3,
85-171, 174-203 calendar. although of more interest than most Samaritan ff.
MSS., were only occasionally consulted, since, being fragmentary, they did not help to establish the form of the Liturgy.
H
H
i and Moreover 3 represent the use of Damascus, which differed from that of Shechem. It is hoped to deal with these
three
MSS. elsewhere.
In the Library of Keble College, Oxford K 4. Ff. 35, sm. 4to. It is a fragment of the Defter, mostly early, in a majuscule hand, perhaps of the thirteenth or fourteenth centuiy, on paper. A later hand has supplied ff. i, 10, n, 22, 24-27, part of 32, :
33-35- No scribe's name or date is found in either but the name Ibrahim Isbaq, signed on f. u,
part,
OF MSS. USED
LIST
xiii
be that of the scribe of the later part (nineteenth The old part originally represented the earlier cent.).
may
V
recension (see below, p. xxv) as in 3, but it has been to hand the late agree with the later by of the original readings recension as in Or 1 1 Many
altered
.
are in consequence illegible. Vowel- points are few and probably added by a later hand. The rubrics
are in Samaritan (as in liarity,
critical
V
A
3), not in Arabic. pecunot found elsewhere, is the use of Arabic diapoints, thus A", A* ?VS, in writing Aramaic.
In London (British Museum)
:
L i=MS.
by Solomon b. For Hag D.). ha-mazzoth. Ff. 1-5, 75 were added by Solomon b. Ghazal, the Priest, in 1228 H. (=1813 A. D.). add. 19,005. Ff. 75. Written Jacob Danfi in 1162 H. (=1749 A.
L2 = MS.
add. 19,007. Ff. 143. Written by Marhib b. Joshua Marhibi, as Cr. n, in 1184 H. (=1770 A, D.). For the 2nd Sabbath of the ist month, and for Mo'ed
A good
ha-pesah.
copy.
L3 = MS. as L
add. 19,020. Ff. 118. Written by Marhib, For the ist of 2, in 1184 H. (=1770 A.D.). Nisan and the ist Sabbath of Nisan. careful
A
The beginning
copy.
is
missing.
Ff. ii2 b-ii5 a
,
117,
118 were added in 1187 and 1198 H. by Solomon b. Sarur: ff. U5 b 116 by Tabiah. ,
L4 = MS.
Written by Tabiah 19,650. Ff. 141. (= Ghazal, as Cr. 18) in 1197 H. (=1783 A. D.). For the ist of Nisan and the ist and 2nd Sabbaths of add.
Nisan.
Mostly followed for this part of the
The beginning
L 5 = MS.
or. 1448.
is
text.
missing.
Ff. 68, 8vo.
Written by Benjamin
b.
Jacob Danfi in 1289-91 H. (=1872-74 A. D.). For Mo'ed ha-pesah, with additions. An inferior copy perhaps from L 6 and partly from L 2. Ff. 43-46, 48-50, 52-55 are earlier.
L
6
= MS. or. 2689. Ff. 161. Written by Ab-Sakhwah = Murjan) b. Ibrahim Danfi (cf. Cr. 13) in 1149 H. (
(= 1737
A. D.).
For Mo'ed ha-pesah and Mazzoth.
INTRODUCTION
xiv
L 7 = MS.
sm. 8vo. Written by Solomon = 1882 A.D.). For the b. Amram, Kohen, in 1299 H. ( ist the of month, for Passover ist and 2nd Sabbaths or.
2690.
and the
Very
Ff. 101,
days of Mazzoth, with some additions.
7
cursive and careless.
L 8 = MS. add. 19,006. Ff. 174. L 4) in 1 1 7 7 H. = 1 764 A. D.).
Written by Tabiah (as For Zimmuth Succoth, ( Mo'ed hodesh ha-shebhi'i, and the Sabbath of the 10 days of Selihuth. Mostly followed in this part F. 174 is a later addition.
of the text.
L9 = MS. Danfi
Written by Solomon Ff. 92. 19,008. H. in 1185 (=1771 A. D.). For the 7 i)
add. (as
L
days of Succoth, and the Sabbath of Hag ha-Succoth. Ff. 90 b 91 were added in 1254 H. by Solomon the Ff. 2, 92 by Amram the Priest Priest b. Tabiah. ,
in 1261 H.
Lio = MS.
(=1845
add.
A. D.).
19,017.
Ff.
62
7x5^
(about
L
inches).
in 1095-7 H (=1684-6 A. D.) ; if. 1-3, 57-60 written by his grandson Solomon (as L 9) in 1166 H. (=1753 A. D.).
Written
by Murjan Danfi
For Mo'ed ha-shemim. written by Muslim
L
ii
b.
Ff.
(as
-
6)
61-63
Murjan in 1151
composed and H.
(
= 1738
A. D.).
add. 19,018. Ff. 56. Written by Ghazal ( = in H. as L Tabiah, 8) 1177 (=1764 A. D.). For Hag ha-Succoth. Ff. 55 b is dated 1239 H. F. 56, 1261 H. by Amram the Priest.
=MS.
Li2 = MS.
add. 19,019.
Ff. 102.
Written by Solomon
For Mo'ed 1197-8 H. (=1783-4 A. D.). ha-shemini. Ff. 1-3 dated 1226 H. by Solomon the
b.
Sariir in
Priest b. Tabiah.
L i3=MS.
F. 96 b, 1198 H.
F. 102, 1204 H.
Written by Murjan 19,791. 90. Danfi (as L 6) in 1152-4 H. (=1739-41 A. D.). For the 10 days of Selihuth, and the 7 days of Succoth. add.
Ff.
Ff. i~3 a are later additions.
L
i4
= MS.
add. 25,880. Ff. 41. Written (badly and unby Isaac b. Ibrahim (as B 2) in 1229 H.
intelligently)
(=1814 Succoth,
A. D.).
and
Incomplete.
For the Sabbath of the Zimmuth ist day of the 7th month.
the
LIST OF MSS.
Li5 = MS.
or.
1449. as
by Benjamin,
USED
Written (badly)
Ff. 53, sm. 8vo.
L
5,
and
'finished in 1288 H.
For Mo'ed ha-shemini.
A. D.).
xv
(=1871
51-53 contain
Ff.
only scribbling.
Li6 = MS.
add. 19,009.
Ff.
Written by Solomon
156.
Sarur (as L 12) in 1195 H. ( = 1781 A. D.). For the Inaccurate and different in day of Atonement. b.
L
17
arrangement from the other
copies.
=MS.
The
add. 19,010.
44-80 (about
1 1
Ff. 82.
80
earlier part,
6-36,
ff.
perhaps not all by one hand. 82 were written by Amram the
H.) is
Ff. 1-5, 37-43, 8 1,
= 1850
For the day of long hymns. Li8 = MS. add. 19,651. Ff. 196. Written by Solomon For the b. Jacob (as L 9) in 1184 H. (=1770 A.D.). It includes the long hymns day of Atonement. composed by the scribe's brother Abraham b. Jacob 1266 H.
Priest in
Atonement.
A good
(see p. 609).
L
= MS. 19 Sarur
(
copy.
add. 19,652.
L
(as
A. D.).
It omits the
Ff. 53.
in
16)
1199
Written by Solomon b. (=1785 A. D.). For
H.
Burial.
L
20 = MS. add. 19,790.
Written by Ff. 72, sm. 8vo. Ibrahim b. Zedaqah Danfi in 1145 H (=1733 A. D.). For Circumcision and Marriage ((_^\p On paper of various colours. The end is -^i]l). b.
Zedaqah
-
missing.
L
21
=MS. Ghazal
add. 19,655. (
= Tabiah)
Ff. 78.
Written by Solomon
the Priest in 1261 H.
(=1845
b.
A. D.).
For the seven Sabbaths following Passover.
L
22
= MS. Tabiah
add. (as
Ff. 55.
19,654.
L n)
in 1177 H.
Written by Ghazal = (=1763 A. D.). For the
feast of Harvest.
N = MS. or. 5034. in 656 H.
(
Ff. 7 2, vellum,
= 1 258 A.D.).
sm.
From
Written mostly
fol.
f.
5o
b
about
fifty
years
Containing part of the Defter. See a full description by G. Margoliouth in ZDMGr., vol. 51, p. 499.
later.
It
was bought by the Museum Extracts from
already printed.
Appendix, pp. 872 +
.
after the text it
was
are given in the
INTRODUCTION
xvi
At Oxford (Bodleian Library) i
=MS.
Samar.
:
Written by Jacob b. Isaac (=1739 A ) For tne Ist f Ff. 47, 48 were on a Sabbath. Ff. 48.
e. i.
in 1152 H.
b.
Murjan Nisan if it falls added by Abraham
(=1741
02=MS.
Jacob
b.
Ab-Sakhwah
b.
in
1
154 H.
A.D.).
Samar.
e.
(=1887
A. D.).
Sabbath
of
the
beginning cursive hand.
Samar.
Written in 1305 H. For the
101.
Ff.
2.
The scribe is not named. the Zimmuth Pesah and
of
O3 = MS.
-
month.
ist
B
for :
the
a very
Written by Ibrahim
Ff. 62.
e. 3.
Incorrect
10) in 1239 H.
b.
A. D.).
(= 1824 53-62 were added by Amram b. Solomon, the Priest, in 1247 H. (=1831 A. D.). For Hag ha-Succoth. Isma'il al-mufarriji (as Ff.
4
= MS.
Ff. 45. Samar. e. 4. Written by various hands between 1750 and 1890. No date or name For the eve of Passover and for the 3rd is given.
Sabbath of the
ist
month
(f.
Not continuous.
22).
05 = MS.
Samar. e. 5. Ff. 108. Written by Joshua b. Joseph Mufarriji ( = Marhibi) in 1260-2 H. (=1844-6 For the Sabbath of the Zimmuth Succoth, A. D.).
06
Mo'ed hodesh ha-shebhi'i, tne 10 days of Selihuth, and the day of Atonement. = MS. Samar. f. i. Ff. 38; 6 x 4^ ins. Written by Selim, called (?), b. Salim (Danfi) in 1294-5 H. A. the i st Sabbath of the i st month. D. For (=187 7-8 ).
^U
At
Paris (National Library)
P 8 = MS.
Samar.
mostly
8.
:
Ff. 38,
sm. 8vo. it
By
various hands, of the
was a compendium
Perhaps seems at one time to have begun a volume, with the prayer of Joshua, as Or 18. Some early.
Defter.
F. 22 b
showing that the present volume composite, and some differ much from the text of the other MSS. (see Appendix). Carefully written. pieces occur twice, is
The name Ibrahim on of
f.
38^
is
b.
Abdallah
in too late a
most of the volume.
version.
hand
b.
Ibrahim
b.
Ghazal
to be that of the scribe
Ff. 22 b-3o
have an Arabic
LIST OF MSS.
Pi8 = MS.
USED
xvii
No
Samar. 18. Ff. 74. Incomplete. For the Sabbath of Mazzoth.
mentioned.
scribe
Ff. 7-59,
61-63 in a good hand like that of Tabiah b. Isaac. ff. 16 and 17. Ends on f. 6% b with a catchword ni? that another service shewing Ff. 4-6, 64-74 additions by a late bad followed.
Lacuna between
hand
,
L 7. The early part was specially the vowel-signs, which are carefully
like that of
collated
for
marked.
The following
MSS. were not
collated throughout Written Pi9=MS. 19. by Jacob b. Aaron, the in H. 1285 present priest, (= 1868 A. D.). For the Zimmuth Pesah and beginning of Nisan. 7
:
Samar.
P2o = MS.
Samar.
Danfi (as
and
L 5)
nnmn
20.
Written by Benjamin (=1872 A.D.). For
in 1289 H.
Ff.
n2E>.
8-12,
17-24,
Jacob
b.
nmpB
28-30
DV are
earlier.
P 2 1 = MS. Samar. 2 1 as
L
Written by Ab-Sakhwah ( = Murjan, For Succoth. (=1672 A. D.).
.
in 1083 H.
13)
Ff. i, 2 later.
P
23 = MS. Samar. 23.
1301 H.
P
(=
Written by Jacob, as For Passover.
P
19, in
1883-4- A. D.).
24 = MS. Samar. 24. Written by Shelaby b. Jacob (?) in 1290 H. (=1873 A. D.). For the eve of the ist
month, and the
ist of the 7th
month.
A few
ff.
are
earlier.
P 25 = MS.
Written by Solomon, as L 18, in A. D.), and Jacob, his father, in The Defter, with an Arabic version. A 1149 H. good copy. It begins with the rules for the reading of the Law, followed by some of the first prayers. Then (f. i o) a new beginning with the prayer of Joshua, as Cr 18. Samar.
1148 H.
(
25.
= 1735-6
1
P
26
= MS.
as
Samar.
26.
LS) in 1170
H.
Written by Mufarrij (=Marhib, For the seven A. D.).
(=1756-7
Sabbaths following Passover.
Ff.
22-24, 44~4^ are
later. 1
See the translation in J. Q. R.,
OOWLET
b
vii, p.
134, from a Berlin
MS.
INTRODUCTION
xviii
At Kome
V 3.
(Vatican Library)
Ff. 193, vellum,
:
sm.
4to.
No
scribe or date
men-
ascribed to the thirteenth century by Bollig and Neubauer, but most probably of the fourteenth.
tioned
;
The present text The most on based Bollig's transcript. (pp. 3-8 ) MSS. the all of liturgical important
The Defter 1
W. Some
in the early recension.
is
fragments belonging to the editor, containing
parts of the Defter, in an early hand, like that of but smaller, perhaps of the fourteenth century.
K4
Other MSS., belonging to Mr. E. N. Adler, Mr. Marcus Adler, and Dr. Gaster, were most generously offered by the owners for the purposes of this edition, but as the texts were already The liturgical collection printed, they could not be used. copies) said to be complete, at Heidelberg, was not Besides collating the various available for the present work. copies where they coincide, it was necessary for the sake of
(modern
completeness to incorporate the parts peculiar to each. MSS. of a service do not contain the same amount of
The hymns
are regarded as
an expansion of the
All text.
service, or
as fitting into the original framework, and appear to be not all necessarily used on every occasion to which they apply. Hence individual scribes include more or less of them according to taste, date, or other circumstances. 1
Some
copies
seem
to
be meant as outlines, and again additions are often made at the beginning or end of a volume, which do not properly belong In spite of every effort to collect these scattered texts to it. fit them into the appropriate places, some must have been overlooked, especially in the less accessible copies, which were not fully collated, for the difficulty of dealing with so much
and
material in manuscript is great. With regard to the dates of various parts of the liturgy, obviously the only sound basis for investigation is the evidence of the chronicles, checked by one another, by genealogies, and by quotations or notices in other authors. It is true that the chronicles are
most bewildering in their
inconsistencies, their
Mr. M. Adler there is a note of a decision to and and Sabbaths of Nisan. This only note of the kind I remember. 1
a
In a MS. belonging
hymn
to
in the service for the ist
insert is
the
DATES OF THE TEXTS
xix
but some definite There are four extant the book of Joshua, 1 in Arabic, not used for the present
vagueness and
their disregard
(i)
purpose
(2)
;
as Elt;
(3)
of dates,
from them.
results can be obtained
that called El-tholideh
that of Abu'1-fath
2
:
(Et-taulideh), here quoted
3
(Abf)
;
(4)
that belonging to
these, Elt, in Hebrew with an (Ad). Arabic version, is largely the basis of Abf and Ad. The earlier part of it was compiled by Eleazar b. Amram in
Mr. E. N. Adler
4
Of
was continued by Jacob b. Ishmael, (=1346-7 A. D.), and brought down to modern times probably by Jacob b. Aaron the Priest, who copied it in 1276 H. = 1859-60 A. D. For the periods immediately preceding these two dates (544 and 747 H.) it 544 H. (=1149-50
A. D.), it
Damascus, in 747 H.
priest at
therefore be regarded as fairly trustworthy. Abf, in Arabic, mentions (p. 5) the chronicles he used (now lost, except Elt and the book of Joshua) and seems to have made some
may
effort to distinguish
(=1355
fact
from
Muhammad. The
fiction.
record
bringing his
A. D.)
He
down
wrote in 746 H. to the time of
various copies have additions by the scribes. Elt, but is fuller and better arranged.
Ad, in Hebrew, follows
Though not an independent
authority, it is useful, since the seems to have had other sources
compiler is intelligent and It is brought of information.
down
The
to the year 1900.
no doubt also the compiler, is called Ab-Sakhwah copyist, who b. As'ad b. Ishmael b. Abraham ha-danfi, and is the same as the Murjan who wrote the Hebrew Book of Joshua published is
'
'
5 by Gaster.
From these three authorities it has been possible, with much wearisome calculation, 6 to draw up a tolerably certain 1 2
Ed. by Juynboll, Lugd. Bat., 1848. Ed. by Neubauer in the Journ. Asiat., 1869,
p. 385,
The
references here
are to the extract.
A
3 small Ed. by Vilmar, Gothae, 1865. The translation never appeared. part (to p. 33) was translated by Payne Smith in Heidenheim's Vierteljahrs-
tchrift, vol. 4
ii,
pp. 303, 431.
Ed. by E. N. Adler and
vols.
44-46.
The
M.
Seligsohn in the Revue des Etudes Juives,
references are to the extract (Paris, 1903).
5
ZDMG.,
*
It is unnecessary to give this here.
Ixii, p.
237.
For the
later priests, with
whom
alone
the liturgical dates are concerned, see the tables below (pp. xliii-xlvi). Where dates are given here it is to be understood that they are based on calculation
from the chronicles.
INTRODUCTION
xx
with approximate dates, as a foundation and ultimately to arrive at the dates of most of the liturgical compositions, where their authors are named. A large number of pieces are indeed anonymous, giving no of
list
High
Priests
*
for the chronology,
clue to their date, but these are mostly short tions
of
The
^Is^-^
(ascrip-
are
compositions
generally attributed in the headings to their authors, and as the MSS. are careful in this respect and nearly always corroborate one another, and are again often supported by external evidence,
there
is
The
praise).
longer
no reason to doubt the attributions.
earliest collection is that called the Defter
(jl
S/>0e'pa,
It of the present edition. considerable all of the same date.
the 'Book') contained in pp.
192
however, by no means is by Marqah, another part,
is,
part
pearls
')
is
mostly by
Amram
A
Durran 2 ('string of (mi, n^Tf, also }p? and
the
Darah 2
and one piece is by Nanah b. Marqah. The chronicles (Elt, p. 19; Ad, p. 55; Abf, p. 12 5) relate that Baba the great, contemporary (son, Ad, Abf) of the High ^Lojll, 'the ancient'),
Priest Nethanel (who died in 332 A.D.), built or opened the synagogues, nopp ni3B*N r&J, and enjoined the reading of the
Law
(nnVTiN
mpD
PJ^ftfl).
Ad, p.
55, looks like
an account of
We
need not here the earliest form of synagogue worship. the fact underlies much historical how exaggerated inquire It seems clear at least that some important story of Baba.
movement
did take place in the fourth century, and since mentioned by all three chronicles as living at the time, his work no doubt was written for the liturgy drawn 3 The date of Baba's 'appearance* (vbto = was lorn ?) up then.
Marqah
1
It
purely
is
may be thought
that at any rate the earlier names in this
It is possible, however, that they rest on a genuine, In a papyrus, dated 408-7 B.C., edited by tradition.
fictitious.
distorted,
list
are
though Sachau
(Abh. d. Preuss. Akad., 1907), one of the authorities of Samaria is named He was not governor, since his father Sanballat held that office. Daliah. The name is uncommon, occurring only once in the list of Priests, and then at
a date which seems to be about eighty years later than the papyrus. If he was a High Priest it would appear that the names in the list are right, though the years of office are not always correct. 2-2 There is no doubt some connexion between these two names, though it may be only due to paronomasia. 8 Geiger, ZDM&., xxii, p. 534, contends that Marqah cannot be put so Gurtelreim early because he uses the He poetry before the ninth century. '
But
this,
the only instance,
is
',
is
which does not appear in Arabic referring to the
probably not by Marqah.
hymn
The
style
on is
p. 193.
not
his,
DATES OF THE TEXTS = given with great exactness by Ad, p. 56, as 308 A. died about and A. D. 362 'reigned' forty years
is
xxi D.
He
^
Marqah's father was Aniram
b. Sered (Abf, p. 133 ; ^.\ 1 a priest. It is not definitely * so ca U e d '"1B1B, a p. 130^^5 rv*^)' stated that he is the same as Aniram Darah the author of the it is probable that the two are identical. At any Darah's language is the same as that of Marqah, namely the Aramaic of the Samaritan Targum. All the Durran Some pieces contain is, however, not of the fourth century.
Durran, but
rate
Amram
Hebraisms and even Arabisms, indicating a much later period. These are in some cases no doubt merely due to the scribe, but there remain pieces (e.g. nos. 21, 22, pp. 46, 47) which must be really later. In the heading on p. 31 Amram Darah is called (by V 3) PQI ruro, though according to the lists there
was no High Priest named Amram in the fourth century, nor at any date at which the Aramaic of the Durran could have been written. The heading evidently confuses two persons, and the hymn on p. 31 (which is not in the style of the Durran) is not by Amram Darah, but by the author of the hymn on p. 30, In a later Amram who was High Priest (see below, p. xxv). later times Marqah and Durran were used as general terms, so that e. g. the heading Dm>2 "WO |D npllO nui ffcW JV3 (p. 81) only means that the two pieces are composed on the model of the Durran and Marqah, being really by Pinhas, and in Hebrew. Similarly two sJj^o .^^>, on p. 37 are in Hebrew (
by Eleazar. Marqah's son Nanah is the author of the hymn on p. 15 and of the short piece on p. 410 (cf. p. 442) but hardly of the hymn ascribed to him on p. 689, which in language and in use of rhyme belongs to a much later period. The reading of the Law, which Baba enjoined (or taught or instituted), was no doubt the original, as it always remained The work of Amram, the essential, part of the liturgy. to it which can and the earliest Nanah was addition Marqah, be dated. For liturgical purposes the Law was divided into its
he does not use rhymes in the pieces which are certainly by him, and the may be accidental. [The only other acrostic is in the hymn on p. 846,
acrostic
On his date see Baneth Des Sam. Marqah's . . . Abhdg., p. 12. p. 63.] Baneth's identification of the author of the prayer of Joshua and of the book of Joshua with Joshua b. Baraq (Elt, p. 20, Ad, p. 56) is very unconvincing. 1 If rrenTD = Titus, npna = Marcus, and TO3 (his son) = Nonus, the family must
Ad,
have lived in the time of the
Roman government
of Syria.
INTRODUCTION
xxii 1
I^P,
The a
an arrangement which perhaps originated at this time. from the Law, connected by P)Bp is a string of phrases
common idea. With regard to
the anonymous compositions in the Defter, the prayers of Moses, of Joshua, and of the Angels, there is no evidence for determining their date. From the position of most of them at the beginning of the collection, from the high
esteem in which they were held, and from their invariable use in all the services, it is probable that they were composed
some time before the date occur.
They
there are no
of
N
and
V3
in which they mostly
give the impression of being
means
of dating
them
much
but
earlier,
Moreover,
precisely.
it
Moses and Joshua in early times. In the eleventh century and afterwards they would bear the author's name. The n^Hp (p. n) as found in the later MSS. is an amplification of the earlier form, and perhaps something of the kind has happened to the
was natural that prayers should be attributed
to
prayer of Joshua. To this nucleus further additions were gradually made the compositions of ed-Dustan, Tabiah b. nnTT, Ab-gelugah,
:
Abu'l-hasan of Tyre, Joseph ha-rabban, Pinhas perhaps Eleazar b. Pinhas.
The meaning
of the
name ed-Dustan
occurs in Abf, where Vilmar If Dusis followers of Dusis.
(p.
is
b.
Joseph, and
is quite uncertain.
It
Ixxiii) takes it to mean the the Dositheus mentioned by
Epiphanius and others, as Vilmar considers, he was a contemporary of Philo, but Abf (pp. 151+) followed by Ad, puts him after the time of Baba, and so Elt, p. 21 (DTlon). On the other hand ed-Dustan are mentioned by Abf as an heretical sect just before he speaks of Alexander the Great (p. 82) and again several centuries later (p. 162). It is, however, unlikely that compositions by heretics would be included in the liturgy or that they are of any great antiquity. All that can safely be said as to the date of these pieces is that they occur in V 3, so that they are earlier than the fourteenth century, and that
they borrow from the Durran (fourth century). suggests a date in the eleventh century.
Tabiah
b.
same period
nmn
The
style
seems from his style to belong to about the as Ab-gelugah (see below). The father's name is 1
See Jewish Quarterly Review,
vii, p.
134.
DATES OF THE TEXTS
xxiii
unusual. Vilmar (p. Ixxxii), in his analysis of the additions to the Paris MS. of Abf, mentions a Duratha who helped to restore the synagogue shortly after the death of the High Priest Nethanel (died
c.
274
H.).
If this Tabiah is his son,
he would belong to the tenth century A. D. He in a treatise 1 on repentance in the Leiden MS.
is
quoted
(no. xxvii
in de Jong's catalogue), p. 318, but the passage does not occur in the only prayer by him in the Defter. 2 Nor does this mention of him fix his date, since the date of Abu'l-hasan b. Ghanaim (not the same as Abu'l-hasan of Tyre, see below), On various the author of the treatise, is also uncertain. grounds it is probable that this Abu'l-hasan lived some time
early in the twelfth century, which a tenth-century date for Tabiah.
would be consistent with
With
regard to Ab-gelugah and Abu'l-hasan of Tyre the Both Elt (p. 25) and chronicles are very much confused. Ad (p. 95) mention an Ab-gelugah as famous for his good
works, which included the building of a synagogue and an its services, apparently soon after the time of
interest in
Al-hakim ibn al-Mu izz, about 1080 or noo naturally identify him with the liturgical
We
c
at
any
A. D.
writer,
rate before the fourteenth century, since his
included in
V
But he
3.
said
is
should
who
lived
work
is
by the chronicles to have
been the son of Ab-hisdah ( = Abu'l-hasan) and his genealogy is given (by Elt) for 200 years, whereas in the heading in V 3 3 i son of Tabiah he is called son of rbp and in son of rfcp.
H
The account
in Elt, p. 66, however, does seem to refer to the liturgical writer, and if so, he lived in the time of Aaron b. Amram, who was High Priest from 509 to 531 H. (=1115-
37 A. D.). Both Ab-gelugah and his father lived at Acco. Abu'l-hasan (or Ab-hisdah) of Tyre is not mentioned as a liturgist in the chronicles.
that
name
His
father's
He may
be one of the
men
of
in the genealogy of Ab-gelugah, though it is not mentioned that any of the family were connected with Tyre.
1
In Arabic.
Tabiah 2
name
In
( Jh^:
He
= (
is
f^>).
is
not given in the headings in any MS.,
consequently called Ghazal, the regular doublet of The name is never written miTD.
V 3, not in any other MS. known at present. There H 3, 48 see Appendix.
a (different?) prayer by him in 3 In Elt, p. 66, the translation
of the family of these good men.
f.
is
are fragments of
;
wrong.
The MS. has
rviTQ
pte
^^n ;o~
INTRODUCTION
xxiv
He
H
e. of priestly family. 3, f. 83 he is called jU3H, i. not later than the thirteenth century, since a hymn by He is generally said by recent writers l to is found in N.
but in is
him
have lived in the eleventh century, but without any reasons being stated. This is probably about his date, although it is founded on a wrong assumption. In the preface to an anonymous commentary edited by Neubauer ( Journal Asiatique, 1873, Daud b. Amram b. Levi is mentioned p. 343) an Abu'l-hasan who had a son Abu Said, in 1033 A. D. It seems to have been assumed that this Abu Said is the same as the author 2 of the Arabic version of the Pentateuch and that this Abu'lhasan is identical with Abu'l-hasan of Tyre. The only ground for the former assumption is that Abu Said's translation is not used in the
commentary, which
is
surely an
insufficient
3 Moreover, Kahle has recently shewn reasons for Said in the thirteenth century, and in any case he
argument.
dating Abu cannot have been the son of Abu'l-hasan of Tyre, since in 4 the preface to his version he speaks of Abu'l-hasan, not as his father, but as a person who lived considerably earlier. There is a quotation from Abu'l-hasan of Tyre in the Leiden
MS.
(Catal.
de Jong, no. xxvii), pp. 317, 318, which
V 3 (the hymn V 3) but occurs
in
in
help to fix his date
on
is
not found
p. 79 of this edition being incomplete
The
in N.
owing
quotation, however, does not
to the uncertainty as to the author
On the whole, the commonly 5 eleventh the century, best suits the facts and accepted date, the character of his work.
of the treatise (see above).
A little later, in the time of the High Priest Aaron b. Amram the chronicles 6 mention a certain Mattanah =
(509-531
H.),
Isaac b.
Abraham
synagogues,
1
as having established the ritual of the and the order of the hymns fniokfl ^3 2JT
1
Nutt, Sketch of Sam. History,
p. 139, n. 2. Montgomery, Samaritans, Juynboll, Lib. Jos., p. 115, says tenth century. Hence dated about 1070 by Nutt and others. Die arabischen Bibelubersetzungen, p. xi and note.
e.g.
p. 293. 2
3
In the Paris MS. C in Kuenen's ed., p. P. The preface in the other Paris (B) has been falsified by Abu'l-barakat. See also De Sacy in the Mtmoires de VAcaCttmie, vol. 49, for a collection of material on the Arabic version. 5 When, according to Kahle, the version was composed. He seems inclined 4
MS.
to think that
Abul-hasan was
also de Sacy, op. 6
Ad,
p. 95.
its
author,
Abu
Said being only a reviser. See
cit.
Elt, p. 31
and
p. 25,
where the translation
is faulty.
DATES OF THE TEXTS
xxv
The hymn quoted with [Elt rus&x]). his acrostic is not found in the liturgy, and no composition of his occurs in the Defter. Probably therefore the Mattanah (ha-mizri)
of
the later
liturgy
is
a
different
person,
see
below, p. xxix. It
was pointed out above that the High Priest Amrain, are ascribed the hymns beginning on pp. 30 and 31,
whom
to be distinguished
from
Amram
Darah.
As
to his date
to is
we
have only the negative evidence of N, which omits these two hymns with others by later authors, i. e. all from the heading on p. 30 to the heading on p. 38, and continues with the
Durran immediately after the hymn of Amram Darah ending on p. 30. As the other authors on these pages are all later than N it is probable that there is the same reason for the omission of
V 3.
Amram High Priest.
He
is,
however, included in
priest of the name who satisfies both these conditions held office from 653 to 668 H. (=1255-69 A. D.).
The only high
The remaining writers who appear in the Defter, Joseph High Priest or ha-rabban, Pinhas, and Eleazar, will be
the
discussed below, as belonging properly to the next period. Till the fourteenth century then, the Defter was the Corpus
Liturgicum from which prayers and hymns for the various festivals were selected. This view is corroborated by the fact that V 3, which was written not later than the fourteenth century, prescribes the portions to be used for the particular 1 occasions. In the later MSS. (as Cr n) these directions
not given, because they are not required, the special At some time after services being by that time instituted. are
the fourteenth century the Defter thus completed must have been revised. At any rate there is a clearly marked distinction between the recension found in the early copies (as V 3) and the later (as Cr n). Nor is the distinction merely It is so consistent that it has been found possible accidental. to mark the additions, alterations, and omissions thus (not :
in
V
MSS.].
ment
MSS.) ; [not in Cr 1 1 and the later Peculiarly interesting in this respect is the fragThe differences are 4, on which see above, p. xiii.
and the
3
K
earlier
not due to gradual corruption of the text, but are evidently intentional, and extend to details of spelling and grammar.
1
See pp. 66, 67.
It
was thought unnecessary to print
these.
INTRODUCTION
xxvi
The following
a
is
list
which are not mentioned in
of those
the notes: contusion of gutturals, as
(a)
V3
rran
pnn, rtiTO, iyo,
Or
n
nno, rrann.
prty, ftjnw,
transposition of gutturals, as
(6)
V3
*yaa, fNn,
Cr
-ws?, ninta
yaj, fns, vyop, nnita
1 1
return of quiescent letters, as
(c)
3 pta,
m,
Cm
j&n
\vb,
'i,
p5>n, nan, vn, jn&6,
p
and
160*1.
of a vowel-letter, as (d) insertion
V3
Cr
pan, Dan, *jnp, -pv, oyo, am, pyr, p
n
pna^ man, T*jp, pi*, aiir and aM\ piyr and pW, r, ?', "-
D^y,
1
I'"
vowel-letter omitted, as
(e)
Vs
7n and
^r
and
T
^NTrr, nn^K,
IX
w* ^
1 1
B>na,
/n. The date is lost, but as the transaction took place before the High Priest
p. 95,
a deed of sale
must have been between 844 and 878 H. In Harkavy, p. 181, an Abu'1-fath b. (=1440-74 Abraham (Lw ['Djait? p) of the family of 1JV bought a Torah in 929 H., a date which is quite reasonable if he is the son of one of the authors under discussion. Perhaps the Abu'l-'izz, who is the author of one hymn, is of the Yithranah family and father of this Abraham. Another inhabitant of Damascus is Seth Aaron b. Isaac, the author of two compositions. Unfortunately the genealogy is Abisha
b.
[Pinhas]
it
A. D.).
Seth (Aaron) b. Isaac see the colophon in
(= 1469-70
b.
Seth Aaron
Abraham
A. D.).
b.
J. Q. JR., xv, p. b.
Isaac
(b.
Seth Aaron)
;
637, written in 874 H.
Seth Aaron wrote the MS.
described in J. Q.R., xiv, p. 31, in 909 H., and witnessed the There is nothing to shew sale in Harkavy, p. 181, in 929 H.
which Seth Aaron
b.
Isaac
is
If the earlier,
the liturgist.
his date will be about 830 H. (1427 A. D.) 860 H. (1456 A. D.).
;
if
the later, about
In 945 H. (= 1538 A. D.) the High Priest Pinhas and his son Eleazar were brought (back ?) from Damascus under the protection of Zedaqah. b. Jacob, of the family of Munes (Elt, The date is well established, for Zedaqah 's p. 36 ; Ad, p. 103).
Jacob b. Abraham Munes, is the person for whom the Bodleian MS. Marsh 15 was written in 911 H. and who sold it in 935 H. His brother, Japhet b. Jacob (b. Abraham) Munes,
father,
was witness
it in 935 H. and also of the sale of 534 in 941 H. With them came, according to Ad, Abraham b. Joseph ha-qabazi, the liturgist, 2 usually called Abraham Qabazi, and associated with them,
the Berlin
of the sale of
MS.
or.
according to Elt,
1
Elt, p. 72,
has^ij
fol.
was Abdallah
for this
name
b.
Abraham nron
(Arab.
in the Arabic version, so that they
be members of the family of Kethari mentioned before 2 See his account of himself on pp. 466, 552, 812.
(TTV
a
may
INTRODUCTION
xxxii 1
not as printed in Elt, p. 81, note i), also a liturgist, 2 who a witness in 929 H. (Harkavy, p. 181). It seems that the
is
office of
were
Haftawl was hereditary, and that the holders of probably to be connected as follows
liturgists are
it
who
:
Berakhah Abdallah I
Abraham Abdallah II
Zedaqah I
Ma'yan
With
?
regard to Abdallah
b.
Berakhah, the end of the
acrostic (bar Matar) on p. 432 is probably accidental and is not to be taken into account, as there is no evidence that the
family of Matar was connected with the office of Haftawi. In the other piece by him (on p. 345) a section is by Pinhas who must be the High Priest who came from Damascus in 945 H.
All the family, except Berakhah, were liturgists ( J 53 8 -9 A. D.). and must have written between about 920 and 960 H., i. e. There is also a Joseph early in the sixteenth century. pWi nrDJJ whose father is not named. He probably belonged to the same family and the same literary period at Damascus. Perhaps he is the same as Joseph ha-rabban, mentioned above, since the title of Rabban seems to be associated with Damascus. Pietro de la Valle found Samaritans there in 1616, but the
congregation must have come to an end soon after, since it is not mentioned in later epigraphs or documents. It had a special
am
(rite)
identified
own see above, p. xii, on MSS. H i and 3. Badr er-Ramihi (Rumaihi) may reasonably be
of its
Isma'il b.
;
with the author
(in
944 H.
praise of Moses (Nutt, p. 132).
= 1537 A. D.)
He was
of a
a pupil of
work
in
Abraham
Qabazi, and is quoted by the commentator Ibrahim (see below). Since mnT=jJo he is no doubt the same as the Ishmael b.
Zaharah ha-ramihi
who
the sale of MS. Bodl. Abi-'uzzi b.
As
a
The title of the unknown to me. 8
See
p.
(=1532-3
A.D.) witnessed
139, with his father Zaharah b.
Remah.
summary
1
in 939 H. or.
of the preceding remarks and as the basis of
assistant priest (at
449, where he
is
called
Damascus
pwi (nmn=)
?).
The
nror.
origin of the
word
is
SUMMARY OF CONCLUSIONS what
reference should
follows,
be made to the tables on
pp. xliii-xlviii. The later writers belong chiefly to three groups 1
(or Priestly
the Danfi and the Marhib
),
xxxiii
(
:
the Levitical
= Mufarrij)
families.
They are more easily identified than the earlier authors, because their names (and genealogies) frequently appear in the colophons of MSS. In the headings also where the author is the same as the copyist, the composition is ascribed L^ol5sJ. Of the Levitical or Priestly family the liturgists are
Abraham
who
died in 1145 H. 2 (=1732 A. D.) ; Tabiah or Ghazal b. Isaac (died in 1201 H. = 1787 A.D.), a prolific writer; his b. Isaac
son Solomon
Amram
b.
Solomon
b.
(died in 1291
hymn, on
(the
probably also
who
Tabiah (died in 1273 H.
b.
Solomon
unless
his,
it
p.
= 1857
H.= i874
;
his sons
and Isaac
of Isaac the Priest is
257,
be by Isaac
^ = 1693-4
A.D.)
A. D.)
b.
Zedekiah, Priest,
Pinhas b. Isaac (died in 1898) and his brother Khidr. Tabiah b. Abraham is probably the son of Abraham b. Isaac, but there is no proof died in 1105
A. D.)
;
of this.
The genealogy
of the Danfi family can be collected with cer-
tainty from their colophons, for they were assiduous copyists. The only difficulty is to distinguish the two Murjans and the
two Muslims.
Murjan I
(
= Ab-Sakhwah)
b.
Ibrahim
is
the
author of several pieces, and perhaps those ascribed simply to Murjan the Danfi are his also. If he were Murjan II, he
would no doubt be distinguished in some way from his grandMuslim I (HD^D) b. Ab-Sakhwah ( = Murjan I) [cf. Ad 107] is the author of certainly two pieces, and probably of those ascribed to Muslim b. Murjan, or simply to Muslim. In one case (p. 311) Muslim b. Ibrahim b. Murjan is a mistake for Muslim b. Murjan b. Ibr. The Abu, Murjan, author of two pieces, should be a member of this family, but the reading
father.
of the (
name
is
= Ab-Sakhwah)
Abraham b. Jacob b. Murjan I Abraham (see his acrostic on p. 796), called Abraham s-*jJl, or simply Abraham
not certain. b.
the liturgist, also wrote the Arabic
ha-danfi,
commentary
3
on the Pentateuch,
1
In 1033 H (=1623-4 A.D.) the High-Priestly family (descended from Aaron) died out. From that date the priest is not called Vnan pan but jnsn M^rr, being descended from Uzziel, a younger son of Kohath. -
2 3
The dates are calculated from the chronicles and from colophons of MSS. Parts of it were published as doctor's dissertations by M. Kluinel, Berlin,
INTRODUCTION
xxxiv
existing in MS. at Berlin, to which attention was first drawn He is mentioned in the ZDMG., vol. xvii, p. 723.*
by Geiger by Ad (p.
1
08) as a benefactor (though nothing is said of his b. Isaac the Priest, and he is
commentary) in the time of Tabiah
He belongs to about the also the copyist of several MSS. middle of the eighteenth century ; see the table, p. xlvii. The family of Marhib is important in liturgy and also in the copying of MSS., though not so distinguished as that of
Marhib by interpretation is Mufarrij (3m = -.^9) as appears from several epigraphs and is definitely stated by Huntington in 1695 (Epistulae, London, 1704, p. 55) (litteras) scripsit Merchib Ibn Yacob, vulgo Mopherrege, vir inter illos primarius. This Marhib b. Jacob, the earliest of the family who needs to be mentioned here, is also called simply Mufarrij almufarriji. He is the author of the two letters in 1086 and 1099 H. (=1675 and 1688 A. D.). The rest of the family are chiefly imDanfi.
:
The
portant as copyists.
liturgical compositions is
who was
mufarriji),
member of the family to write Abraham b. Ishmael (b. Joseph al-
latest
living in 1828 (see also Notices
It is not certain
xii, p. 1 60).
Marhib ha-marhibi
where Abdallah
b.
et Extraits,
Joseph
b.
Jacob
into the genealogy. To sum up the results of this inquiry it appears that the composition of the liturgy may be divided into three main
b.
fits
:
periods,
(i)
the fourth century A.D., when Aramaic was the (2) the tenth and eleventh centuries, when
language used
;
Aramaic had ceased to be the vernacular, but was still used in liturgy, though it had become artificial and was mixed with Hebraisms (3) the fourteenth century and after, when Hebrew, mixed with Aramaisms, had become the liturgical language. On the basis of this division it is possible to class most of the compositions whose authors are either unknown or cannot be dated, under one of the three periods. But not without ;
reserve, since e.g. Abu'l-hasan ha-Suri
wrote his 31
rbti (p. 70)
The former puts him in the fifteenth 1902, and S. Hanover, ibid., 1904. century, and identifies him with the liturgist, knowing only the hymns published by Heidenheim. Hanover notes that Abraham mentions coffee and tobacco, and consequently puts 1
He
Jacob ', but simply his father Jacob had other '
him two
centuries later.
Abraham
2p? yarn, which does not mean of the tribe of one of the sons of Jacob '. He describes himself so because
calls himself
sons,
'
among them being Solomon, a great copyist (see = e^-X ancestor of the well-known (
the list of MSS. above), and Zedaqah *-^*' LS " Jacob Shelaby. '
GRAMMAR OF THE TEXTS
xxxv
in Aramaic, and nnN TH! (p. 79) in Hebrew. Moreover, some Hebrew pieces at the beginning of the Defter cannot be ascribed to the third period.
That Aramaic had ceased to be commonly understood by the eleventh century is probable on other grounds, and is made evident by the appearance, about that time, of the Arabic version of the Pentateuch in place of the Targum. No doubt Arabic became the only current language soon after the Moslem
conquest of Syria in 638 A, D., while the knowledge of Aramaic, and even of Hebrew, gradually decreased with the lapse of time. 1 We consequently find in the later compositions an increasing number of Arabic idioms and words, Hebrew (or Aramaic) words used in the Arabic sense, and even phrases adapted from the Qur'an. 2
The grammar by Petermann in
of Samaritan
Aramaic has been well treated Gram. (Porta Lingg.
his Brevis Linguae Sam.
The following remarks, referring Lipsiae, &c., 1873). to the chiefly liturgical texts, are only intended to supplement his work. It must also be observed that the Aramaic forms Or.,
may equally well appear in Samaritan Hebrew. Pronunciation: as the gutturals N, n, n, y are not sounded
here noted
and merely serve to support a vowel, they are often either omitted in writing, as changed (N with n, n, y
for s^NO, "D3 for "DJJB/or intern with N, rarely with n, V; n with y), as 3K for 2H, ply for pin, n^Tl with v.l. rbtf, or transposed, as P
;
nnim and nnnn (commonly), Tmntf and litnriN (often), TKN and ^inN (p. 14 n), ^y^l for ^jfej (p. 45 t). The hard (dageshed) sound of 1 and B, and the consonantal sound of 1, are usually marked by an overline, as WTIssnri, but nri
= n:n;
Wtt=soul, but
t?B3 (Pa. neppesli)
= deliver.
changes frequently with T and sometimes with
2 inter-
a, as in p3D13
(V
3)
1
There is no evidence to shew the date of the Arabic versions of the earlier which are found in some MSS. That of Or 1 1 and B 2 was not made by the scribe from the text before him, but was copied from an existing It sometimes gives a version, since it often translates a different reading. wrong rendering, or translates literally, using identical words, without underliturgy
standing the sense.
nonn men +s*, ownn ym nrcn =^-*L^jJII ^.jU* doubt too the frequent ins nV rvb is of Muhammadan origin, but earlier varieties of it (in Marqah, &c.) are derived from Deut. xxxii. 39, &c. Its addition at the end of each hymn of Marqah and Amram is of course not due to the author. 2
e.g. o"iDn
ij^Jl
.
No
"?
INTRODUCTION
xxxvi
pDDD p. 37 3. The other begadkephath letters always have 1 the hard sound, according to Petermann. V is always V to is represented by D V and D are confused
for
;
in the MSS.,
N
is
;
and sometimes D and
T.
used as a vowel-letter, e.g. in nDN^Q, *]nK313, as in
=
nm^
the covenant p. 14, niVH Arabic, or may be omitted, as Sometimes n is similarly used, as or creation, JKDPI3 or foro. The vocalic > often D'NniDT p. 12, |n3T p. 14, fJWW p. 60 K.
(_) as in the (Hebrew) termination D^", on vowels). fDriD (see jD'fiD Words beginning with a consonant bearing shewa are usually pronounced with a prefixed vowel (a or e, according to Petermann 2 also i\ which is sometimes represented by - or N, as "DIE' Thus the prefixes 3, T, pa-ID) = efikfe&&r, TTO' O r WMK.
has the sound of
e
and
i>
with shewa, are pronounced ew, fid, eZ (hence interchanging with i>N and i?y), but 3, and formative D, when followed by a labial, are pronounced with a full vowel, as |1D'D3 = bamison not t
evmison.
Vowel-signs, which Petermann says do not exist, are largely used in the later MSS. 3 In the present text they have been carefully added in accordance with the MS. which seemed to
be most accurate in using them, but, since all diacritical marks may be omitted, they are not printed when their shape or
They position is uncertain, as it often is in careless writing. 4 a or e, which may stand before are - or (the Arabic fath) or after a consonant, as nva'=ew/om, Dy'=em (with) as *]Dy'
=
p. 21
\ o'y=aw,
r\risM
= effata
~=
9
'orr,
= -emma, -Jcemma = tdeb, i?D2 batel, and
'ti3
as in nnn
(cf.
e, printed commonly on the last syllable of (what would be in Hebrew) segholates, as &)=nafesh, VW\)=g[ashet, but the form f'W is the Arabic damma, or o, as 'Hb=fto-t, n&f also used:
Arab.)
:
=
=u
It is sometimes written wto^ =^^, but "pN e^toA;=^K. It is often confused with or indistinguishable plene as rfttb. and indeed evident mistakes in the use of the vowels from , ro#,
"jriK
frequently occur. 1
9 8
In transliterating Arabic, 3 is never used, as by the Jews, for ^. in such words as pi-UN = 3ri"n in Hebrew. Cf. the prothetic
N
A
V
more rudimentary system is found in (and perhaps in 3). Possibly the invention dates from the twelfth century, when Ibrahim ibn Faraj wrote on grammar. *
The
signs used in
Generally -i, but printed convenience.
N are printed in the Appendix when certain.
-1-
in the middle of words for typographical
GRAMMAR OF THE TEXTS
xxxvii
Other signs are: the overline already mentioned as It is also indicating the hard 2 and B and consonantal 1. used for on a final letter, as 5^33 ='w, n5'Dp 1 = /n^tDp or ,
nntap, and initial 5 seems to be for ? (with the Hebrew Since the suffixed article) as distinguished from 3'= ev. of the third masc. is pronoun pers. sing. pronounced with e, as in Jewish Aramaic, rn (in him) would be be, noy' emme, cf. nt? she, but the overline may be only a differentiating mark, for elsewhere the vowel is written, as ifep p. 61 . It is generally said to have only this differentiating use, but it is probably to be explained otherwise in most cases.
The
and
are used only with n and y. They imply something as to the quality of the guttural, perhaps that it is to be pronounced instead of being, as usual,
seem
signs
to
e.g. ^y^ (p. 258) being associated with Je, 'Oy^ (wrongly on p. 2 1 3) with ^LC., but "Oy* with ^j-&. If so, the difference is only due to traditional pronunciation, and is not based on
silent;
linguistic affinities, since
we
and
corresponding to Xj-s
^
find e.g. (p. 151) napn^ B3 ihy^ ... , as well as D*on* from the root
The marks of punctuation in liturgical MSS. are and :, combinations. and other The <j ;, rarely single point, *,
|
omitted in the printed text; the double here by a single
is
dividing words,
j
off hemistichs, is represented
marking and marking the end of a line or of a stanza, is double point. These points, however, as a represented by noted above, are not to be taken as marking pauses in the sense. They sometimes even divide a word into two parts for
point,
point
:
;
|
,
the sake of the rhyme. Of the pronouns, the following compound forms are used:
= Nin nn,
win = Kin
UD
8on "PSD, Kin.
With
later
p 3rd
(nntP^fi),
MSS.
tf>
V
=
pi.
p.
is),
(p.
fern, for p~,
but jr fni>
fnx (this
w no
82
m = Heb. nnK
the relative,
Suffixes:
of them
nci
is
}H-,
= aon Similarly = 3iD ni Nin m no ntW, H = Kin 1^.
int
nr.
r)
as piny p. 39 2, doer any rate in
often used for this, at
69 n,
pnm
p. 74, 1. 7-
T^
^
thee
fem
-
found in Marqah, as VBK, V^y p. 13, nnl V31B is he whose shield thou art, and in Nanah b. Marqah, as vta, VDi"n p. 1 6, unless such passages are corrupt. 3rd masc. nao Uessed
1
The 3rd
is
pers. fern, is
sometimes so written, but
it is
no doubt a mistake.
INTRODUCTION
xxxviii
Demonstratives, besides the ordinaiy forms, are p, fin, and ilNI a vulgar form of the same, properly sJui, fern., fNn or J.1N this (also an adverb where, fna6 whither), pbtf, :
m
=
Pn.1
P^N.1 or pi>n
$ese.
In the Hebrew texts never "G?. 1 A common no which, also whereas, since 11E, 1O = nD The genitive is also expressed by "1 (in Heb.
Eelatives: 'Ijl.
compound Nini, NM1
1E=1
is
nD.
t|
:
never hv) and the possessive pronouns, as ^H. In the verb the form tapK is ambiguous. either for Peal &c.,
(i.
e.
^p with
prothetic
tf)
may
It
stand
or Aphel, or Ithpael,
with the formative n assimilated.
Apocope of a weak radical may take place in the Imperative, from 3iT, ID and KB> (both also probably in 3rd pers. Peal) from 1133 K>3 less often in other parts of the verb, as jno Infinitive from J?T, v\bft from At the end, as *p or ^y as 3d
;
,
*.
s
The transposition JP1D for 'JO3 is merely due to the weakness of the guttural, mentioned above. In the perfect the 2nd pers. sing, is TODp or nri7Ep ist plur. in P" or U" (to be distinguished from (iinM = PiM) for "On* . 1
:
the ptcp. with
2nd
3rd plur. fern. p^D pa3 p. 49 pers. sing, future in "3, as in p. is in n3E1t>3 p. 40 1. found e. Syriac, perhaps g. The participle active in Peal regularly has the form 1 6,
(also in
nniyD
suif.)
I|
3.
:
plur. 'tintap
:
The 3rd
Hebrew), as ,1*3^1 niUV maker of
dwellers
in
the
cave (the Patriarchs),
the world, rain*
1
the
Giver
Another common form is fe'p (or Wp), as phi dabec[= (God). helping, ^jan p. 14, inh taeb. Karely the hebraizing form ^Dlp is found. The arabizing form pn&O is fairly common. The passive participle in Peal is ^Dlp, as *]*12\y thy created things. Also ^Dp, as 7-0, and in a stative sense D^3 resting. The active (ni.T ) and the passive (IST ) are both written in^ in Where ^Bp appears to be active, it early MSS. (as V 3). 1
is
1
only so by confusion with
i?Dp,
as
I
I
D' 1'
DK>
Samaritans for
The Imperative form i>DpK (also in Hebrew) may be due to Arabic influence, or the K may be merely prothetic. Instances are -DIN p. 39, nnSK, 1.13K. Peal and Pael are generally alike in form, and cannot always be distinguished. 1
In Harkavy's catalogue,
p. 48, nte*
is
no doubt a wrong reading.
GRAMMAR OF THE TEXTS Aphel
is
regularly 5>BpK, less often
xxxix
^DpN and tapn. As noted
indistinguishable from Peal with prothetic Shaphel only (?) in 13JH? and fet? p. 868. it is
above,
tf .
Niphal participle occurs, and indeed Hebrew forms and words are often found where there is a quotation or reminiscence of a passage of the Pentateuch. Other forms which
might be future of Niphal are probably
to be explained as
disguised Ithpeel, &c. (see above). Ithpeel, Ithpael and Ittaphal are not distinguished in form, and are noted in the glossary as Ithp.
The
assimilation of the
=
a dental, as "OIK SWSfiN, fetf p. 56
"13^1"! X,
n
is
but
regular in roots beginning with
is
=
also found in others, as 8M3N Some of these, however, may
"pbtf p. 56 B.
J,
perhaps be explained otherwise. In roots beginning with T, D, or tp, the usual transposition of the n takes place in Ithp.,
sometimes with a change of dental, as pJTTD of
called, ptcp. Ithp.
pyr.
Since the confusion of gutturals is a common feature of the dialect, and since the guttural verbs present no other peculiarities
in an unpointed text, they need no special treatment. may be drawn to the following interchangeable
Attention
forms:
D^n and
Moved,
and
D.:jy
know,
*n
and
'Dtf
^N turn, 1HD and nyx descend, TJD and ty
"J2n
nnN and nyj, In verbs :"D,
infinitives
as noted above.
Of the same
see,
l^n and
(TDD)
"TJJD
testify,
my nm,
strike.
like 2DE, fHD, 1B, pSO, with are usual, but the 3 is often retained, corresponding imperfects, in maa*. always (so Petermann) Imperatives, 3D, fn, "ID, p13,
class are p^D, np^, infin. pDD,
npD, imperat. pD, Hp.
In verbs
tf"a (n^a), infinitives like
have dropped vowel-letter.
vowel
is a, as
n^O
(mimar),
^o, l^D
the silent guttural, and the s is merely a Hence it is not written in forms where the
BD
(mallef, ptcp.), *pn},
ncn
11
.
dropped in $n, N^ for N^. Many verbs 1 5; have y or n for the second radical, as dyp, Others have i *ijn, ^yi, rya, 3nn (also nsn), nyv=n^=iv\ in Pael, as Dl!>, nil are common, forms Polel In these verbs and the Ithpalpel yTyTTN. Verbs N"i>, r\"h, *"*? form one class, generally '*!>. Their
In verbs
'"a
the
^
is
x/
.
2nd
formed with V, as THK, T^, 1*^K but this use has also been extended (rarely) by false
pers. sing. perf. is ,
INTRODUCTION
xl
The active paranalogy to strong verbs, as TD1D, J33W3. is V"D (besides nHX3, &c., p. 15, an Arabism?) ticiple frequently in and verbs y"7, n"i> (the silent guttural Creator, similarly being however retained), as I'jttDP (often written ^JHDB>), in7D or 1TT. The imperative takes "JV before suffixes, as fJVlQ, |n^y p. 26, fJWD p. 28 y, |n^ON p. 35 O j(Z?Z ws (to be dis-
p3'7K tliou hast filled us). For the infinitive, Petermann quotes the Pael-form HNVS, Aphel HNTniD, besides
tinguished from the
common
'THD.
The weak verb nin has 3rd pers. pi. ivords were Ms workmen 3rd pi. imperf.
fern.
.nin
has Aphel
tinguished from *DN has impf. ptcp.
infin. ''Tn
*D^ (to
emph. riNDK
TP has Aphel
and
shew, in
is
1
Aphel
ptcp.
JTT1K, ptcp.
D^no.
'JV^N
Compounded, Syntactically, Hebraisms in the
pivi>)
in
wos.
Hebrew
are often confused.
i>y
&c., generally (T)Op, Ac.
For (T)OIP, wow
xli
are too
common
non
= nns
but also
ego, rvi>
later Aramaic
to notice.
f^
(for
fN nisi tu.
In the
and Aramaisms Aramaic
earlier
Amram
and Marqah Hebraisms probably only occur in the Pentateuch or reminiscences of it. from quotations Arabisms occur frequently in the later (not in the early) 2 == Aramaic, and more frequently in Hebrew, as nnx nin J^i ^l^, of
The use of a verb in the fern. sing, with "1O* nin = J^AJ ^l^ a masc. plur. subject as p^KBH njD (our sins abound) is perhaps in imitation of the Arabic broken plural with a singular verb. The
object of the verb is sometimes introduced
by
"?,
as f&n
as often as in Jewish Aramaic. \k> p. 42 \ but not ntf with the subject perhaps on p. 36 ^ (by Eleazar b. Pinhas). On p. 37 3 (by the same) read probably nwno in Vs, for which
Cr n,
8
have p131 HUHO, but
cf. p. 38 :. note pnp p ^n*W we fear when we read, p. 33 3 p:no |D 11^03^ vh cease not from repeating. 3*nn1 ^0 although much is owed (Marqah, p. 21 D, quoted 1
Particular constructions
:
:
from Durran, often nni3i :uV>g
^
U
p.
M
41 n) and so frequently.
no ^oy
JJl^j
ntyt:3
(v.
1.
^^^Co ^
u^n, U3
JU
On
p.
38
tf
and
jn)
^ Moso
like M. let him consider what is his (M.'s) greatness. = pronounced and rhymed as r?OW eshma, whence the accusation that the Samaritans worshipped a god Ashima. W131PI is always written as one word.
is
a prophet nin' is
regard to metre in the poetical compositions, no certainty is possible since pronunciation varied at different periods and we know little about it at any time. Some pieces seem to
With
be metrical, as e. g. that by Joseph on p. 63, by Nanah(?) on at most only in some sort p. 689, but the majority are probably of rhythm, the lines being of about the same length and short syllables being neglected or not as required. 1
The usual form from
But the modern pronunciation, according to Petermann, is On p. 51, which is probably by Marqah, in 2 perhaps nn read for mm, and similarly elsewhere. 2
lut.
im
should be
INTRODUCTION
xlii
Amram (not in the Durran) and Marqah onwards
is
alphabetical.
They both use a double alphabet (the first and third lines in each four beginning with the same letter), but this sometimes breaks down, unless the defects are due to scribal corruption. In the alphabetical arrangement the gutturals K, n, n, y are interchangeable. The earliest acrostic is (once *) in Marqah, in the hymn for circumcision on p. 846. In later writers it is very Amram and Marqah do not use rhyme, which common. becomes usual later, and in the long hymns is carried through a whole section of twenty or thirty lines on the same syllable. Hence HE^jn mny p. 34, which is rhymed and has other signs of late style, is no doubt by Pinhas (as V 3) or Eleazar (as Cr 1 1) and not by Marqah (as Cr 18, B 2). Similarly piny 1iinK p. 30, in which rhyme is attempted, is by the High Priest Amram, not by Amram Darah. Strange forms are frequently invented by most writers for the sake of the rhyme, and a word may even be divided for the same reason between two lines.
The Arabic of the headings is the vulgar language used by the later Samaritans, but as the headings or rubrics have no literary character and may be varied according to the will of the scribe, the language
is
more than usually debased.
They
are very cursively written, often hard to read, and harder to explain. They are printed here, with all mistakes, as in the MSS.
Where
the reading
is
uncertain the correct form
The following spellings &, * for i, \jo for ^,
^
for
dots. vi>y
k>
;
LOJ for
L1
;
j
final without dots, plun perfect Hebrew words are introduced at will, as
the 3rd pers.
with
is
are usual, but not invariable
;
mm 1
As
to the Irymn
on
p. 193, see
above, p. xx.
printed. : for
for
Ij
final
in (j
I.
(Abf,
Ad
LIST OF HIGH PRIESTS FKOM ELT AND AD. ( + ADDITIONS),
omit)
Nathaniel
reigned 32 years
died 332 A. D.
Baba rabba
40
Abf
Aqboii Nathaniel
3i
Aqbon
20
Eleazar
21
Aqbon
24 27
Eleazar
Aqbon Eleazar Nathaniel
Eleazar
(Abf omits)
26
30 27 31
25
ABF
says (p. 178)
jj
INTRODUCTION
xliv
reigned
Eleazar
38 years
GENEALOGICAL TABLES
xlv
r-j-.
S ft
vS rO
PM tn
PM
w
,CD
w
o s o M
a
xlvi
INTRODUCTION
.
I? Is O co
1
c3
'-'
CQ
o
t-q
d
3'5 -i ^
!
^ DND.
HNDN
the physician.
1DN healing, pp. 30^, 56 3, 68p.
TTDN,
p.
846, o^cer.
= 1Dn, pp. 6 2, 7 61; imp.H3SN fa, p.
sing.
Pa. ptcp.
49
*]^M, p. 56
^N^a revealing, p. 72
v3 the
visible world,
^3
n.
opp.to
God) .Z/w dealings with men, p. 72 3. (of
H1D3, p. 76
1
P-
47
846.
p.
T,
destruction.
p. 13.
^?/; ; with ace.
e.
Law pOT
trust
;
npTIN,
ptcp.
;
p.
75
helper,
^22
p.
s^.
"mo
ptcp.
73
P"O*I,^>
and
D,
ordering, ?"s
passive,
J^* D3
(Cr
ordered, p, 18 3.
?
5hj;. Wa
3,
p.
731, *D3.
visible things, opp. to
nn^oa. nnv3 revelation
p.
3
q. v.
^eep the
/>,
o.
3.
i.
to,
;
Pa.
c.
Ithp.
m,
in, ist sing.
bringing abundantly. ^3, H73, K73 rewaZ, then cre^, caitse
usually or 7
(?read 373D), but
2nd
Germanus,
PDT because,
cleave
#for?/, p. 13.
7373, ptcp. 7373D glorifying, p.
suff.
n. pr.
p
DVI73, pLgrZory, p.
p.
V
in
m, p
magnify.
60
31 B
p.
3,
a.
44
iyi3, p.
}Js?
15;
p.
723.
D,
,
)
praeteritus,
ptcp. pnya mortals, p. 26
pi. jN^Ta, p. 21.
(or plurJ);
34
ira*
j~a>, p. 19/1.
\
protecting imperat. pN, p. 75 3. pB gratis, ut al.
}33.
,
nia or rva
deathl
3,
jrwaa, p. 133* Ptcp. Af. |3B
>.
an answer.
13VIB
ma
shame, pp. 20, 77, 62
133
Sp3.
liii
xx.
o/,
p.
15
Targ.),
3,
3,
m, rnn=3*= pi, ptcp. }NT judging, p. 25 ; jwc^e ; pID, i$o., p. 20.
pH.
Af. imper. tentively
pHS
upon,
look at-
sq.
7V,
p.
GLOSSARY
liv
"in,
H,
DI, HOT, ptcp.
Ithp.
2nd
sing.
wade
fo'&e,
p.
DIE!
72 K
p.
ft&e, p.
DM
j. 40
,
i.
INH3
2nd
"jn
DD%
43 r;
fern. }.T, p.
61
selected, special, best,
75 ""I
p.
ron=n3N
p.
20
T
68
n, "].!,
wAo?
no
i(?Aai?
"]n,
and
D wiin praises. DP.!
with
DM
=mi,
1D.1, ist sing.
52
p.
"iNi=*in 42
1.
H = "ill
;
p.
c?w;eZZ, L3,
pi.
40
n.
also,
impf.
:,
nm generations.
^^
liturgical pieces
by
H3QK,
p.
76
1,
h
;
pp. 39 3, 68,
-]&T\, ',
.
(pearls, with a play on nil), name of a series of
&c.
Aere.
divellers in, pp.
51!, 62 P, 68
,
*!
here.
HM, H3K
p.
pi.
in one word, id.
^Tinn VDl =^11^. (Moses).
,
49
p.
3rd
*?.
(Heb.), id.
p. 192
,
^Tn; impf. 3rd
sing.
how, as
secret
things, p. 16 (l^.-^j).
fin be ye.
pi. p.T, p.
=1^1K,
e.
ought,
51.
D^.l, q. v.
= JTK, p.
D01, ptcp. pD'DII
^U,
44 IS for
with
57
i.
we
u.A.1j
let us, c. infin., p.
likeness.
covered
b.
76
$53.1=S>3n destroy1
"I.
name of
"1121
P
when,
ftfn
]nvh whither.
T.
13.1, UJ
13n, p. p.
p. 41
]rb id., p. 3.1, f?
p.
47*13.
1131 remembrance,
venit.
76
p.
^5.
Ithp.
p. 20.
Mt. Gerizim, always as one word. ,
Amram
Darah.
62 heading. J, id., p. 311 degree, dignity, often.
pp. 43-
V
(Or),
44
3'-
ec/,
p.
BHPfc
supplication,
and generally a
p.
75
1,
liturgical
composition, p. 689.
pascit
Ithp.
,
p. 26.
74
B.
GLOSSARY
Iv 20. yisy, p.
won,
seeyit.
pD*T assembly, meeting-place,
p? our glory
?
p.
= 3W marry.
with
confused
PW,
im=&on
,
wn
nr,
74
T.
;^ movement, calamity, 48. p. 22 T (or
^,
from fW yTT = yW
50
3
N,
53
(V
T
vyrr, id.,
TT=VT, nat.
p.
Ithp.
p.
p.4T-
jnar,
ypf, as
mm nnan, nnny, 'nn, ^Ull the second priest (usually at
Damascus).
^n=^y
p.
see.
nn one]
^TT,
;
"HP!
nnn, ^jJ
pi.
(quasi create,
pp. 17, 19.
52
^j,p.
T;
53%
JJ
Hin),
(i.
e.
57
p. p.
14
t;
pi.
been
49^; ptcp. pn&r,
|OT 6n7igr together
P- 3
1
;
p.
Ithp.
,
J^xs?, p.
,
id., p.
34 B, renewal. 28 N
is
new,
i.e.
p. 79.
49
'
(but read
nmn as V 3).
fern.
s creator, id.
impft.,
imperat.
3.
30 W.
p.
what
;
imperat., Hif. infin.
jj^s? (of the resurrection),
y-
draw water
p. n.
32 3;
rewew, p. 75
7DnrN ^ow Aas^ been of us
76
p.
righteousness, merits.
Syr.
r.
in titles, name of a method wj, of chanting.
gracious to us), p. 43 3\ N3T righteous, clean', plur.
HOT
r.
t.
justified
MN3T,
63
p.
341, trembling
fear, p. 47 "D
49
p.
Ithp.
3).
ptcp. ynTD, j^iJ, yiT? 77ioi'mrfc^,p.
67
p.
moon,
13,
jmrn,p.54n;
B(^jl);
pyr,
intrans.,
3),
was moved: but?
ynttf
from
motion,
22, 343, 42
(cf.
PP- 23, 34
42
m
se
trans., pp.
68.
T,
nr.
?).
wiow,
/,
myr=mnr
quake, fear, p. 35 3.
p.
fthp. pynro
pyiTK, p. 54 D.
75
P-
(n)int splendour, glory, p.
p^yr,
(called,
ptcp. act.
;
pyn a cry, pp. 30
nr.
TIT.
yiT
to)
75
P.
Tiamed.
p. 78.
68 1
33,
appointed
p2TK our time,
jor.
p. 53.
M,
pp. 47
p. 15, often
faVw0,
cf.
T;
,Tyr=nr, p. 840 (Targ.). pyr, p. 44 n ; ptcp. pass,
Ithp.
p. 760. SUf marriage. '
32
am. snner.
|
"!
p.
44 T.
created,
GLOSSARY
Ivi
Din, imperat, (Af.
*jn
DHN, p. 39 3,
?),
pity.
mm,
^
thee,
*fo
/red
p.
40 1
it
pleases ptcp. (Pa. or
;
Af. 1) 'OnB benefiting, pp.
(of Joseph),
p. 42 B.
1
3
1,
42D, 72p(fDUp'D). [Ithp. ptcp. iTjyno, ace. to the Ar.
3tn=:fc01]n appearance.
mn, nn, ptcp. (emph. ?) nirn sm ill), 57 1 i- e. never so much ( JiX),
m\ ptcp. ni^ inheriting, p. 42 B. tn
fo'$
as when
pp.462,
existence,
8i 5 3(Heb.). mistake for p- 75 "t ,
my
pp.
TlW
^ew
cry.
law on
Mt. Sinai). DBm=Dcn&n,p. 52. rosnK, (the
p.
ptcp. pass.
oVlD
theme
pNH
delivered,
3
^y?=T
p.
49 t2=
=nnN
pn'
47 23. *
p. 42 Af.
;
p.
^3. IP
69
p.
-nn
1.
nnx
or
3,
infin.
3HD, fo
(for
^3).
p. 12,
(
38
p.
N. ,
s
him,
.
pj, p.
v.l.
dwelling-place, p. 6 1
13
Ithp.
^3K
pp. 23,
56
N.
38
^L,
dweller,
rahtf
!
ijy.
t
without a negative,
31JV
ptcp.
-
^3,
jrv ^3, v.
p.
handwriting, %
pp. 39 *> 57
P> to
33 righteous men. P-
^y D>O{Pn ns'3
JJ A
3,
P- 59-
flW,
45 ^ (wU). hymns on the
of
as Syr.
p.58;pl.p.7o. Ithp.BBnnK, IV, c. suff. 'K3T
? p.
name
(e.g. p. 152).
ptcp. oVlB, p. 59;
613;
3,
p.27n),c.suff. |V3,pp.38, 14 ^, p"3 liU, p. 16;
Af. B&?1K, or 'in /tand over
DIP*.
S
rm'fy (and so
;
beseeching.
tD,
t^cts
i;
crowned,
ptcp.
1.
JV31JVD degree, status, position.
P-
55
T.
1E3=1iTlE3
V3nin his dwelling, p. 38 K. 3nin stranger, &c., p. 29 y.
iw, p. 36
1.
wretched, feeble,
2
upright, p. 63 P (Heb.).
HD3.
abundance,
p.
77 n.
D3N hidden,
p. 79.
*D3 the unseen world, opp. to ^73
the
^Zory (of God) per-
sonified.
nntOD3 hidden things,
TO,
.
ovpa-
ra vorjTa, opp. to nnNv3. ni*lB3 atonement. via,
name
of
an angel
(cf.
Nutt,
p. 69, n. i).
nS3 subdue
n3 = 1^tO when, &c.
H3
now,
Si3=i?3, |i?H3
p3.
;
LO,
p. 62.
also
Pa. p3
IthpJ
suff.
c.
;
nb,
;
ptcp.
^c^, obedient, A*k*, p.
c.
suff.
p13, Uli3l, p. 26 3. p. 41 1;
except,
28 n
;
inasn 71 3. submit them-
selves, p. 29 T. 1HD3 submission,
p!?3.
imperat.
p.
p.
75 N.
$ return (to God), death, p. 852 heading.
p3
cry out, proclaim
;
ptcp. TVO
GLOSSARY God),
(of
26.
p.
and
84,
p.
lix
pi. c. suf.
3rd
plO&O
874
P.
crying out and saying.
jJ,
antiphon in head-
A-Jj
,
nrna5,
i?.
ings.
rt~\($)2 proclamations, p. 531.
supplication, p. 12.
na. Ithp.
?
or Af.
stored
up
naK &j,
p. 6 1
i. e.
replenished all
pi.
ftf-d,
&&ft flashing,
ptcp. Palpel
T,
stores.
na
feop;
v.
13;
p.
oppress, distress
afo/$s J-dl before creation;
matter as opp. to
s.
gence (yio); *toc& J-l, p. 47 33 ; *,
the scripture, p.
3D3O
3 n, 1 6
;
49
p.
75 X.
rtntrW,
^.
sumus,
s
PP. 49 3, 50 3.
nana
nir&,
;
with iufin. c.
suff.
ttr^,wi (=KM n>i?), pp. 20, 39 N. TV? won d^o. \yf? non
^
ptcp.
P- ptcp-
or impf., p. 39 a;
i0Ao rn^ao, ^s?2 devotes himself wholly, p. 21.
"K?a, ptcp.
It;ll
p Dv ^e cawwo^,
76 B.
J,
34
P-
generation.
1
pp.
ptcp. pass.
;
-
72 n.
p.
,
^i*,
plur. }(N')na, p. 61
73 n
P-
intelli-
t3
13
p.
pnsp.
n^ JN, p.
X.
p. I 3
;
but fin^=
1 6.
143;
1.
writing, book, esp.
mm. ls
waited, p. 49.
v. s. .
>yi>
Ith p-
B-
74
wa< wearied, p.
,
wnij i
pi?
fating
^uo, p. 42
;
as adj.
nnwn /or ^
