The Rough Guide to Japanese Dictionary Phrasebook 3

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the Rough Guide

japanese phrasebook

Compiled by

L E X US

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Credits Compiled by Lexus with T. Yahata Hyland and Kumi Liley Lexus Series Editor: Sally Davies Rough Guides Reference Director: Andrew Lockett Rough Guides Series Editor: Mark Ellingham First edition published in 1998 by Rough Guides Ltd. Revised in 2001. This updated edition published in 2006 by Rough Guides Ltd, 80 Strand, London WC2R 0RL 345 Hudson St, 4th Floor, New York 10014, USA Email: [email protected]. Distributed by the Penguin Group. Penguin Books Ltd, 80 Strand, London WC2R 0RL Penguin Putnam, Inc., 375 Hudson Street, NY 10014, USA Penguin Group (Australia), 250 Camberwell Road, Camberwell, Victoria 3124, Australia Penguin Books Canada Ltd, 10 Alcorn Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M4V 1E4 Penguin Group (New Zealand), Cnr Rosedale and Airborne Roads, Albany, Auckland, New Zealand Typeset in Bembo and Helvetica to an original design by Henry Iles. Printed in Italy by LegoPrint S.p.A No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher except for the quotation of brief passages in reviews. © Lexus Ltd 2006 304pp. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN 13: 978-1-84353-634-5 ISBN 10: 1-84353-634-X

The publishers and authors have done their best to ensure the accuracy and currency of all information in The Rough Guide Japanese Phrasebook however, they can accept no responsibility for any loss or inconvenience sustained by any reader using the book. Online information about Rough Guides can be found at our website www.roughguides.com



contents Introduction

5

Basic Phrases

8

Scenarios

13

English - Japanese 

31

Japanese - English

178

Japanese - English: Signs and Notices

215

Menu Reader Food �����������������������������������尓������������������������������������尓����������������������������������� 238 Drink �����������������������������������尓������������������������������������尓����������������������������������� 258

How the Language Works Pronunciation �����������������������������������尓������������������������������������尓��������������� 263 Abbreviations �����������������������������������尓������������������������������������尓�������������� 263 General; Articles; Nouns �����������������������������������尓������������������������ 264 Pronouns �����������������������������������尓������������������������������������尓������������������������ 265 Possessives �����������������������������������尓������������������������������������尓����������������� 268 Postpositional Particles �����������������������������������尓������������������������� 269 Verbs �����������������������������������尓������������������������������������尓���������������������������������� 275 Adjectives �����������������������������������尓������������������������������������尓���������������������� 279 Adverbs �����������������������������������尓������������������������������������尓���������������������������� 282 Word Order; ‘Yes’ and ‘No’ �����������������������������������尓������������������ 283 ‘And’ �����������������������������������尓������������������������������������尓����������������������������������� 284 Masculine and Feminine Forms of Speech ��������������� 285 Counting �����������������������������������尓������������������������������������尓�������������������������� 286 Dates �����������������������������������尓������������������������������������尓��������������������������������� 288 Days; Months; Time �����������������������������������尓����������������������������������� 290 Numbers �����������������������������������尓������������������������������������尓�������������������������� 292 Conversion Tables �����������������������������������尓������������������������������������尓��� 294



T

■ Introduction

he Rough Guide Japanese dictionary phrasebook is a highly practical introduction to the contemporary language. Laid out in clear A-Z style, it uses key-word referencing to lead you straight to the words and phrases you want – so if you need to book a room, just look up ‘room’. The Rough Guide gets straight to the point in every situation, in bars and shops, on trains and buses, and in hotels and banks. The main part of the Rough Guide is a double dictionary: English-Japanese then Japanese-English. Before that, there’s a section called Basic Phrases and to get you involved in two-way communication, the Rough Guide includes, in this new edition, a set of Scenario dialogues illustrating questions and responses in key situations such as renting a car and asking directions. You can hear these and then download them free from www.roughguides. com/phrasebooks for use on your computer or MP3 player. Forming the heart of the guide, the English-Japanese section gives easy-to-use transliterations of the Japanese words wherever pronunciation might be a problem. Throughout this section, cross-references enable you to pinpoint key facts and phrases, while asterisked words indicate where further information can be found in a section at the end of the book called How the Language Works. This section sets out the fundamental rules of the language, with plenty of practical examples. You’ll also find here other essentials like numbers, dates, telling the time and basic phrases. The Japanese-English section is in two parts: a dictionary, arranged phonetically, of all the words and phrases you’re likely to hear (starting with a section of slang and colloquialisms); then a compilation, arranged by subject, of various signs, labels, instructions and other basic words you may come across in print or in public places. Near the back of the book too the Rough Guide offers an extensive Menu Reader. Consisting of food and drink sections (each starting with a list of essential terms), it’s indispensable whether you’re eating out, stopping for a quick drink, or browsing through a local food market.

BASICS

Introduction

!"#$%&'( tanoshi goryoko o!

have a good trip!



Basic Phrases

BASIC PHRASES

yes

hai

goodbye (formal)

sayonara

NO

xyz{|

no

(informal) dewa mata

ie

PQR OK

oke

STUV

}~¡¢ (between friends) ja ne

£¤¥¦

see you later!

ja, mata! hello

§¨©ª«¬

kon·nichi wa

WXYZ[ (on phone) moshi-moshi

please (requesting something)

\]^_

­®¯°±²

good morning

yes, please

ohayo gozaimasu

hai, onegai shimasu

good evening

could you please ...?

komban wa

... -te kuremasen ka?

good night (when leaving)

thank you

osaki ni

arigato

(when going to bed) oyasuminasai

thank you very much

`abcdefgh ijklm nop qrstuvw

8

onegai shimasu

³´µ¶¸¹º»¼ ½ —¿ÀÁÂÃÄÅÆ ÇÈÉÊË honto ni arigato gozaimasu

!"#$%&'() *+,-./

sorry?/pardon me?

012345678 9

pqrstuvwx

ie kek·ko desu

nante imashita ka?

don’t mention it

do itashimashite

:;?@A

I see/I understand

naruhodo

yz{| I don’t understand how do you do?

hajimemashite

BCDEFG how are you?

ogenki desu ka?

HIJKLMN I’m fine, thanks

okagesama de

OPQRST nice to meet you

hajimemashite

UVWXYZ

wakarimasen

BASIC PHRASES

no, thank you

}~¡¢£¤ do you speak English?

Eigo o hanasemasu ka?

¥¦§¨©ª«¬­ I don’t speak Japanese

nihon·go wa hanasemasen

®¯°±²³´µ¶ could you speak more slowly?

mot·to yuk·kuri hanashite kuremasen ka?

¸¹º»¼½¾¿À ÁÂÃÄÅÆÇÈ could you repeat that?

excuse me (to get past)

shitsurei shimasu

[\]^_

mo ichido it·te kuremasen ka?

ÉÊËÌÍÎÏÐÑ ÒÓÔÕÖ

excuse me! (to get attention)

chot·to sumimasen!

`abcdefghi excuse me/sorry

gomen·nasai

jklmno 9

Scenarios

is there an inexpensive hotel you can recommend? a yasume no hoteru o shōkai shite kuremasu ka? zan·nen desu ga, subete yoyaku zumi desu b I’m sorry, they all seem to be fully booked can you give me the name of a good middle-range hotel? a chū gurai no hoteru wa arimasu ka?

Scenarios  Japanese

1. Accommodation

sōdesu ne, chūshin bu ga ī desu ka? b let me have a look; do you want to be in the centre? if possible a dekireba sukoshi hazure demo ī desu ka? b do you mind being a little way out of town? not too far out a amari tōku nai hō ga ī desu where is it on the map? a chizu no doko desu ka? can you write the name and address down? a namae to jyūsho o kaite kudasai I’m looking for a room in a private house a minsyuku o sagashite imasu I’d like to stay in a ryokan, a Japanese-style hotel a ryokan ni tomaritai desu

13

Scenarios  Japanese

2. Banks bank account to change money cheque to deposit pin number pound to withdraw

ginkō kōza ryōgae shimasu kogit·te yokin shimasu anshō bangō pondo hikidashi masu

口座番号 kōza bangō account number 手数料 tesūryō commission 当座預金 tōza yokin current account

can you change this into yen? a yen ni ryōgae shite kudasai could I have three 10,000 yen notes, two 5,000 yen notes and five 100 yen coins? a ichiman en satsu sanmai, gosen en satsu nimai to hyaku en dama goko kudasai

貯蓄預金 chochik(u) yokin savings account 支店コード shiten kōdo sort code

do you have information in English about opening an account? a kōza ni tsuite Eigo no setsumē wa arimasu ka? hai, don·na kōza ga ī desu ka? b yes, what sort of account do you want? I’d like a current account a tōza yokin ga ī desu

pasupōto o misete kudasai b your passport, please

can I use this card to draw some cash? a kono kādo de genkin ga hikidasemasu ka? kaikē ni it·te kudasai b you have to go to the cashier’s desk I want to transfer this to my account at Nippon Bank a kore o Nip·pon Ginkō no watashi no kōza ni sōkin shite kudasai shōchi shimashita, demo denwa ryōkin o itadakimasu b OK, but we’ll have to charge you for the phonecall

14

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shower telephone in the room payphone in the lobby

shawā heya no denwa kōshūdenwa

do you have any rooms? a heya wa arimasu ka? a nanmē sama desu ka? for how many people?

Scenarios  Japanese

3. Booking a room

for one/for two a hitori desu/futari desu

a hai, aki beya ga arimasu yes, we have rooms free a nanpaku desu ka? for how many nights?

just for one night a hito ban dake desu

how much is it? a ikura desu ka? furo tsuki de ichi man en, furo nashi de hassen en desu b ten thousand yen with bathroom and eight thousand yen without bathroom does that include breakfast? a chōshoku tsuki desu ka? can I see a room with bathroom? a furo tsuki no heya o misete kuremasu ka? ok, I’ll take it a kore ni shimasu when do I have to check out? a chek·ku auto wa nanji desu ka? is there anywhere I can leave luggage? a nimotsu okiba wa arimasu ka?

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15

Scenarios  Japanese

4. Car hire automatic full tank manual rented car

o-tomachik·ku mantan manyuaru renta kā

I’d like to rent a car a renta kā o karitainodesu ga a nan nichi kan desu ka? for how long?

two days a futsuka desu

I’ll take the ... a…ni shimasu is that with unlimited mileage? a sōkō kyori wa musēgen desu ka?

hai b it is

menkyo shō o misete kudasai b can I see your driving licence, please? sorekara pasupōto mo b and your passport is insurance included? a hoken komi desu ka? so desu ga, saisho no ichi man en wa jiko futan gaku desu b yes, but you have to pay the first ten thousand yen hoshōkin wa ichi man en desu b can you leave a deposit of ten thousand yen? and if this office is closed, where do I leave the keys? a kono ofisu ga shimat·te itara dokoni kī o kaeshimashō ka? ano hako ni irete kudasai b you drop them in that box

16

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ADSL modem at dial-up modem dot Internet mobile (phone) password telephone socket adaptor wireless hotspot

ADSL modemu at·to daiyaru ap·pu modemu dot·to intānet·to kētai (denwa) pasuwādo denwa soket·to adaputā waiyaresu hot·to supot·to

Scenarios  Japanese

5. Communications

is there an Internet café around here? a kono chikaku ni intānet·to kafe wa arimasu ka? can I send email from here? a koko kara denshi mēru o okuremasu ka? where’s the at sign on the keyboard? a kono kībōdo dewa dore ga at·to desu ka? can you switch this to a UK keyboard? a UK kībōdo ni henkan dekimasu ka? can you help me log on? a rogu in o tetsudat·te kuremasu ka? I’m not getting a connection, can you help? a setsuzoku dekimasen, mite kuremasu ka? where can I get a top-up card for my mobile? a doko de kētai denwa no top·pu ap·pu kādo o kaemasu ka? can you put me through to...? a …ni tsunaide kudasai zero one two three four

zero ichi ni san yon

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five six seven eight nine

go roku nana hachi kyū

17

Scenarios  Japanese

6. Directions where? doko?

which direction? dochira no hōgaku?

hi, I’m looking for Shinjuku a sumimasen, Shinjuku o sagashite imasu gomen·nasai, shirimasen b sorry, never heard of it hi, can you tell me where Shinjuku is? a sumimasen, Shinjuku wa dochira desu ka? watashi mo shiranaindesu b I’m a stranger here too hi, Shinjuku, do you know where it is? a sumimasen, Shinjuku wa doko daka wakarimasu ka ? sono kado b around the corner futatsume no shingō o hidari b left at the second traffic lights soshite saisho no migi no michi b then it’s the first street on the right asoko ni over there

…no mae in front of…

mot·to saki further

tōri street

chikaku near

mas·sugu mae straight ahead

…o sugite past the ... sugu ato just after

ushiro back wakare michi turn off

migi(gawa) ni on the right

tonari, tsugi next

hantai gawa opposite hidari ni on the left

18

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accident jiko ambulance kyūkyūsha

consul ryōjikan embassy taishikan

fire brigade shōbōtai police kēsatsu

help! a tasukete!

Scenarios  Japanese

7. Emergencies

can you help me? a tasukete kudasai please come with me! it’s really very urgent a is·sho ni kite kudasai! kinkyū jitai desu I’ve lost (my keys) a (kagi) o nakushimashita (my car) is not working a (kuruma) ga koshō shimashita (my purse) has been stolen a (saifu) ga nusumaremashita I’ve been mugged a gōtō ni aimashita o namae wa? b what’s your name? pasupōto o misete kudasai b I need to see your passport I’m sorry, all my papers have been stolen a gomen·nasai, shorui ga zembu nusumaremashita

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19

Scenarios  Japanese

8. Friends hi, how’re you doing? a kon·nichiwa, o genki desu ka? hai, anata wa? b OK, and you? yeah, fine a ee, genki desu

not bad a waruku arimasen

d’you know Mark? a Mark-san o go zonji desu ka? and this is Hannah a kochira wa Han·nah-san desu

ee, shit·te imasu b yeah, we know each other

where do you know each other from? a doko de o ai ni narimashita ka? Kenji-san no tokoro de ai mashita b we met at Kenji’s place that was some party, eh? a yoi pātī deshita ne?

saikō b the best

are you guys coming for a beer? a bīru o nomini ikimasen ka? a īne, ikimashō cool, let’s go

a īe, Yōko-san to aimasu no, I’m meeting Yōko

see you at Luke’s place tonight a Luke-san no tokoro de konya aimashō

20

jyā ne b see you

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I’m not feeling very well a kibun ga suguremasen can you get a doctor? a isha o yonde kuremasu ka? doko ga itai desu ka? b where does it hurt?

Scenarios  Japanese

9. Health

it hurts here a koko ga itai desu a itami wa tsuzuite imasu ka? is the pain constant?

it’s not a constant pain a zut·to itaku wa arimasen

can I make an appointment? a yoyaku wa toremasu ka? can you give me something for ...? a …no kusuri o kuremasu ka? yes, I have insurance a hai, hoken ni hait·te imasu antibiotics antiseptic ointment cystitis dentist diarrhoea doctor hospital ill medicine painkillers pharmacy to prescribe thrush

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kōsēbus·shitsu kanōdome nankō bōkōen haisha geri isha byōin byōki kusuri itami dome yak·kyoku shohō suru kanjida shō

21

Scenarios  Japanese

10. Language difficulties a few words interpreter to translate

ikutsu ka no kotoba tsūyaku honyaku suru

anata no kurejit·to kādo wa kyohi saremashita b your credit card has been refused what, I don’t understand; do you speak English? a e? wakarimasen, Eigo o hanasemasu ka? kore wa mukō desu b this isn’t valid could you say that again? a mō ichido it·te kudasai

slowly a yuk·kuri

I understand very little Japanese a Nihongo wa hotondo hanasemasen I speak Japanese very badly a Nihongo wa amari hanasemasen kono kādo de harau koto wa dekimasen b you can’t use this card to pay a wakarimasu ka? do you understand?

sorry, no a gomen·nasai, wakarimasen

is there someone who speaks English? a dare ka Eigo o hanaseru hito wa imasu ka? oh, now I understand a ā, ima wakarimashita is that ok now? a dewa, kore de ī desu ka?

22

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hello a kon·nichiwa kon·nichiwa, watashi wa Kumiko desu b hello, my name’s Kumiko Graham, from England, Thirsk a watashi wa Igirisu no Thirsk kara kita Graham desu

Scenarios  Japanese

11. Meeting people

sore wa shirimasen, doko desu ka? b don’t know that, where is it? not far from York, in the North; and you? a hokubu no York no chikaku desu, anata wa? watashi wa Ōsaka kara kimashita, anata wa kochira dewa o hitori desu ka? b I’m from Ōsaka; here by yourself? no, I’m with my wife and two kids a īe, tsuma to kodomo futari ga kochira ni imasu what do you do? a o shigoto wa?

kompyūtā kankē desu b I’m in computers

me too a watashi mo here’s my wife now a kore ga watashi no tsuma desu hajime mashite b nice to meet you

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Scenarios  Japanese

12. Post offices airmail kōkūbin

post card ehagaki

post office yūbinkyoku

stamp kit·te

what time does the post office close? syūjitsu wa goji desu b a yūbinkyoku wa nanji ni shimarimasu ka? five o’clock weekdays is the post office open on Saturdays? a Doyōbi ni yūbinkyoku wa aite imasu ka?

shōgo made b until midday

I’d like to send this registered to England a kore o Igirisu ni kakitome de okuritai no desu ga wakarimashita, san byaku yen desu b certainly, that will cost 300 yen and also two stamps for England, please a sorekara Igirisu e no kit·te o ni mai kudasai do you have some airmail stickers? a kōkūbin no sutek·kā wa arimasu ka? do you have any mail for me? a watashi e no yūbinbutsu wa arimasu ka?

国内 海外/国際 書簡 小包 局留め郵便

24

kokunai kaigai/kokusai shokan kozutsumi kyokudome yūbin

domestic international letters parcels poste restante

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bill menu table

kanjō gaki menyū tēburu

can we have a non-smoking table? a kin’en seki o onegai shimasu? there are four of us a yonin desu

there are two of us a futari desu

what’s this? a korewa nan desu ka?

Scenarios  Japanese

13. Restaurants

sakana no is·syu desu b it’s a type of fish kono tochi no mēbutsu desu b it’s a local speciality

naka ni dōzo, o mise shimashō b come inside and I’ll show you we would like two of these, one of these, and one of those a kore o futatsu, kore o hitotsu, soshite are o hitotsu kudasai red wine a aka wain

a o nomimono wa? and to drink?

white wine a shiro wain

a beer and two orange juices a bīru hitotsu to orenji jūsu futatsu some more bread please a mot·to pan o kudasai a ikaga deshita ka? how was your meal?

excellent!, very nice! a saikō! totemo oishikat·ta desu!

a hoka ni wa? anything else?

just the bill thanks a okanjō onegai shimasu

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25

Scenarios  Japanese

14. Shopping nani ka, o sagashi desu ka? b can I help you? can I just have a look around? a miru dake desu

yes, I’m looking for ... a hai, …o kaitaino desu ga

how much is this? a kore wa ikura desu ka? ni sen en b two thousand yen OK, I think I’ll have to leave it; it’s a little too expensive for me a wakarimashita, yamete okimasu, sukoshi taka sugi masu kore wa dō desu ka? b how about this? can I pay by credit card? a kurejit·to kādo de haraemasu ka? it’s too big a ōki sugi masu

it’s too small a chīsa sugi masu

it’s for my son – he’s about this high a musuko no desu – kore gurai no takasa desu a hoka ni nani ka? will there be anything else?

that’s all thanks a kore de zembu desu

make it five thousand yen and I’ll take it a go sen en ni shite kurereba kai masu fine, I’ll take it a ī desu, kaimasu

お支払い 閉店 開店 バーゲンセール 取り替える

26

o shiharai hēten kaiten bāgen sēru torikaeru

cash desk closed open sale to exchange

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art gallery bus tour city centre closed

bijutsukan basu tsuā chūshinbu shimat·te iru

guide museum open

gaido hakubutsukan aite iru

I’m interested in seeing the old town a kyūshigai ga mitai desu

Scenarios  Japanese

15. Sightseeing

are there guided tours? a gaido tsuki no tsuā wa arimasu ka? mōshiwake arimasen, manseki desu b I’m sorry, it’s fully booked how much would you charge to drive us around for four hours? a yo jikan no kankō doraibu wa ikura desu ka? can we book tickets for the concert here? a koko de konsāto no kip·pu o yoyaku dekimasu ka? a hai, o namae wa? yes, in what name?

a dono kurejit·to kādo? which credit card?

where do we pick up the tickets? a kip·pu wa doko de moraemasu ka? iriguchi de uketot·te kudasai b just pick them up at the entrance is it open on Sundays? a Nichiyōbi wa aite imasu ka? how much is it to get in? a nūjōryō wa ikura desu ka? are there reductions for groups of 6? a roku nin no dantai ni waribiki wa arimasu ka? that was really impressive! a totemo yokat·ta desu! www.roughguides.com/phrasebooks

27

Scenarios  Japanese

16. Trains to change trains platform return single station stop ticket

norikaeru purat·tofōmu ōfuku katamichi eki eki kip·pu

how much is ...? a …wa ikura desu ka? a single, second class to ... a katamichi hitori, futsūsha, … made two returns, second class to ... a ōfuku futari, futsūsha, ... made for today a kyō no

for tomorrow a ashita no

for next Tuesday a raisyū no Kayōbi

Shinkansen wa tokubetsu ryōkin desu b there’s a supplement for the Bullet Train zaseki o yoyaku shimasu ka? b do you want to make a seat reservation? Okayama de norikaete kudasai b you have to change at Okayama what time is the last train to Kyoto? a Kyoto e no saisyūdensha wa nanji desu ka? is this seat free? a kono seki wa aite imasu ka? excuse me, which station are we at? a sumimasen, koko wa doko no eki desu ka? is this where I change for Okayama? a Okayama e wa koko de norikae desu ka?

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English ➜ Japanese

fg

my back aches a, an* hitotsu

!"#$%&

hijklm

ni-ju kurai

about: about 20

'()*+

it’s about 5 o’clock a film about Japan

goji goro Nihon ni

tsuite no eiga

012345678 … no ue ni

address

jusho

xy

address book

absorbent cotton

das·shimen

¡¢£

admission charge

akseru

nyujoryo

CDEF

accept (present)

¤¥¦

uketorimasu

GHIJKL

(credit card etc) uketsukemasu

MNOPQR

adult

otona

§¨

advance: in advance

©ª«¬

aeroplane

ga arimashita

jiko

UVWXYZ[\ accommodation

]^

heya

­®¯

after

hikoki

… no ato de

°±²³ after you

dozo osaki ni

´µ¶¸¹º

account

koza

after lunch

accurate

seikak (na)

after all

abcde

mae-

mot·te

jiko

there’s been an accident

_`

jushorok

ABCDEFGHIJKLAf

@AB

ST

adapta

stuvw

z{|}~

=>?

accident

nopqr

adapter

gojusho wa?

gaikok de

accelerator

michi

what’s your address?

9:;
?@AB

English ➜ Japanese

aspirin

akachan

yz{|

37

English ➜ Japanese

bebi-fudo

baby food

}~¡¢£¤

baby’s bottle

¥¦§¨

baby-sitter

honyubin

bebi-shit·ta

©ª«¬­®¯

back (of body)

°±

senaka

(back part) ura

³´µ

can I have my money back?

okane o kaeshite kuremasen ka?

¶¸¹º»¼½¾¿ ÀÁÂÃ

ABCDEFGHIJKLBa

modot·te

kimasu

ÄÅÆÇÈÉ to go back

modot·te

ikimasu

ÊËÌÍÎÏÐ

backache

koshi no itami

ÑÒÓÔ

bacon

bekon

warui

a bad headache

ÛÜÝÞß hidoku

38

(carrier bag) biniru-bukuro

"#$%&

nimotsu

baggage

-.

baggage checkroom

tenimotsu-azukari-jo

/01234 baggage claim

tenimotsu-uketori-jo

56789: baker’s

pan-ya

;?@A

a room with a balcony

beranda-tsuki no heya

BCDEFGHIJ boru

boru-pen

NOPQR

hidoi zutsu

mama desu

æçè

!

ballpoint pen

àáâãäå badly

(paper bag) fukuro

KLM

ÙÚ

not bad

kaban

ïðñ

ball

ÕÖ×Ø

bad

bag

'()*+,

ushiro ni

to come back

badominton

éêëìíî

(handbag) handobag·gu

²

at the back

badminton

bamboo

S

take

bamboo shoots

TUVW

banana

banana

XYZ

takenoko

[\]

bandage

^_

bando

basu-tsuki no heya

hotai

`abcde

bank (money)

fg

ginko ginko-koza

banker’s draft

kawase-tegata

hijk lmno ba

pq chokoreto-ba

rstuvwxy toko-ya

baseball

yakyu

z{

yokuso

denchi

ÔÕ

(for car) bat·teri

!"#$% bay

wan

be*

desu

'(

beach

hamabe

)*

on the beach

+,bean curd

kago

¢£¤¥¦ basketball

./

beans

(in shop) basuket·to basuket·to-boru

§¨©ª«¬­®

bath

ÒÓ

ofuro

¯°±

0

tofu

mame

soya beans

12 beard

hamabe de

daizu

hige

34

beautiful (object, painting)

can I have a bath?

subarashi

²³´µ¶¸¹º» ¼½¾¿ÀÁ

(person, view) kirei (na)

ofuro ni hait·te mo i desu ka?

bathroom

ABCDEFGHIJKLBe

barber’s

~¡

bathtub

&

a bar of chocolate

|}

basu-taoru

ÍÎÏÐÑ

battery (for radio etc)

bank account

basket

ÆÇÈÉÊËÌ bath towel

Bandaid® bando-eido

bar

with a private bathroom

English ➜ Japanese

band (musical)

ofuro-ba

ÂÃÄÅ

56789 :;?@

39

English ➜ Japanese

because

nazenara

beginning: at the beginning

ABCD

because of ...

hajime ni … no tame ni

EFGHI

bed (Western-style)

JKL

bed·do

MN

I’m going to bed now

sorosoro nemasu

OPQRSTU bed and breakfast

choshoku-tsuki yado

VWXYZ

bedding (Japanese)

[\]

futon

shinshitsu

ABCDEFGHIJKLBe

^_

beruto

belt

º»¼

bend (in road)

kabu

berth (on ship)

shindai

½¾¿ ÀÁ

gyuniku

best

beer

biru

better

efghijklm nopq … mae ni

itsu

z{|}~¡¢£¤ shoshinsha

are you feeling better?

kibun wa yoku narimashita ka?

+,-./0123 456 … no aida ni

789:

uvwxy

¥¦§

mot·to i

between

hajimarimasu

beginner

saiko (no)

&'()*

two beers, please biru futatsu, onegai shimasu

hajimarimasu ka?

… no soba ni

!"#

%$bcd

when does it begin?

… no shita ni

µ¶¸¹

ÂÃÄÅÆ

rst

40

°±²³´

below

beside

`a

begin

watashi no

ushiro ni

beef

before

… no ushiro ni

«¬­®¯ behind me

(Japanese-style) nedoko

bedroom

¨©ª behind

beyond

… no muko ni

bicycle

jitensha

;?@ ABC

big

oki

DEF

okisugimasu

GHIJKL it’s not big enough

chisasugimasu

MNOPQR bikini

bikini

a bit expensive

±²³´µ¶¸¹ bite (by insect)

º»¼½

¾¿ÀÁÂ

bill seikyusho

VWX

bitter (taste etc)

ÃÄÅ

(in restaurant, bar etc) okanjo

black

(US: banknote) shihei

blanket

could I have the bill, please?

blind

YZ[ \]

okanjo o onegai shimasu

^_`abcde fg

k

tori

birthday

kuroi

ÆÇ ÈÉ

mofu

me no fujiyu na hito (no)

ÊËÌÍÎÏÐ ÑÒÓ buraindo

blinds

ÔÕÖ×Ø

blocked (road, pipe)

ÙÚÛÜÝ

tanjobi

lmn

otanjobi omedeto gozaimasu!

happy birthday!

opqrstuvw xyz{| biscuit

nigai

bisuket·to

}~¡¢£

bit: a little bit

¤¥¦ a big bit

sukoshi

§¨©ª« a bit of ...

(sink) tsumat·ta

Þßàá blond (adj)

… o sukoshi

¬­®¯°

kimpatsu (no)

!"#

%$blood

ketsu·eki

&'

high blood pressure

koketsu·atsu

()* blouse

oki bubun

fusagat·ta

ABCDEFGHIJKLBl

gomibako

hij

bird

mushi-sasare

(by dog) inu no kamikizu

STU

bin

chot·to takai

desu

English ➜ Japanese

too big

burausu

+,-.

blow-dry

buro-dorai

/01234

I’d like a cut and blow-dry

41

English ➜ Japanese

kat·to to buro-dorai o onegai shimasu

56789:;?@ABCDE blue

aoi

what time would you like it booked for? nanji ni

otorishimasho ka? shichijihan ni onegai shimasu that’s fine o-ukeitashimasu half past seven

FG

boarding pass

HIJ

boat

yoyaku shitai no desu ga

tojoken

boto

and your name?

KLM

dochirasama desu ka?

(for passengers) fune

N

body

bookshop, bookstore

qr

karada

OPQ

boot (footwear)

boiled egg

yude-tamago

boiled rice

gohan

RSTUV

ABCDEFGHIJKLBl

WXY

bone

Z[

bonnet (of car)

bon·net·to

\]^_` a

hon

(verb) yoyaku shimasu

bcdef

seki o yoyaku dekimasu ka? can I book a seat?

ghijklmn op

dialogue I’d like to book a table for two teburu o futari-yo ni

42

butsu

(of car) toranku

vwxy

border (of country)

kok·kyo

bored: I’m bored

taikutsu

z{

hone

book (noun)

stu

hon-ya

desu

|}~¡ boring

taikutsu (na)

¢£¤

born: I was born in ... (place)

… de umaremashita

¥¦§¨©ª«¬ (year) … ni umaremashita

­®¯°±²³ borrow

karimasu

´µ¶¸

…o okarishite mo i desu ka?

may I borrow ...?

¹º»¼½¾¿ÀÁ ÂÃÄÅÆ

GHI

ryoho

ÇÈ

boyfriend

bother: sorry to bother you

otesu o okakeshite sumimasen

bra

ÉÊËÌÍÎÏÐÑ ÒÓÔÕÖ bottle

bin

boi-frendo

JKLMNOP braja

QRSTU

bracelet

buresuret·to

VWXYZ[

brake (noun)

×Ø

a bottle of sake

!"#

bottle-opener

$%&

sake ip·pon

sen·nuki

bottom (of person)

'(

brandy

burande

`abcd

bread

pan

ef

oshiri

at the bottom of the ...

white bread

ghi … no

(hill, mountain) … no fumoto ni

no pan

wholemeal bread

-./012

(road, street) … no tsukiatari ni

3456789:

bowl (porcelain)

chawan

(wooden) owan

=> box

?

mnopqr

break (verb)

kowashimasu

stuv

…o kowashite shimaimashita

I’ve broken the ...

wxyz{|}~ ¡¢£ domo tekubi o ot·ta yo desu

(wooden) kibako

@A

kip·p-uriba

BCDEF

boy

zenryuko

I think I’ve broken my wrist

hako

box office

kuro-pan

ABCDEFGHIJKLBr

jkl

)*+,

shiro-pan

brown bread

soko ni

;


I’ll bring it back later

789:; Eikoku Eikoku (no)

ABCDE

44

_

brother-in-law

giri no kyodai

cdefg

(someone else’s) giri no oni-san

lmnopqr stuv

atode

kaeshi ni kimasu

British (adj)

(younger: one’s own) ototo

(younger: one’s own) giri no ototo

mot·te kimasu

?@

Z

hijk

%&'()*+

Britain

(elder: one’s own) ani

(elder: one’s own) giri no ani

(colour) azayaka (na)

bring

kyodai

XY

`ab

burifu-kesu

ÚÛÜÝÞßà

brilliant

brother

(someone else’s) ototo-san

ØÙ

!"#$

burochi

[\]^

×

bright (light etc)

OPQRS brooch

(someone else’s) oni-san

bridge (over river)

briefcase

(leg etc) hone ga oreta

TUVW

ÉÊËÌÍÎÏÐÑ ÒÓÔ

brief

kowareta

LMN

dorobo ni hairaremashita

ÕÖ

panfret·to

FGHIJK

broken

break-in: I’ve had a break-in

breast

brochure

(someone else’s) giri no ototo-san

wxyz{|

brown

cha-iro (no)

bruise

daboku-sho

}~

¡¢£

¤¥¦

burashi

bus

basu

?@ABCDE FGHIJK

hotoke-sama

when is the next bus to ...?

Buk·kyo

Buddhism

®¯

tsugi no …-iki no basu wa nanji desu ka?

°±²³´

LMNOPQRST UVWXYZ[

(noun) Buk·kyoto

what time is the last bus?

Buddhist (adj)

Buk·kyo (no)

µ¶¸ buffet car

¹º»

¿À

ÁÂÃ

shinkansen

does this bus go to ...?

kono basu wa …-iki desu ka?

shindai

ÄÅ

no, you need a number ...

bureau de change

!"#

burglary

\]^_`abcd ef dialogue

biru

bullet train bunk

uba-guruma

ryogae-jo

oshikomi-goto

$%&'()

burn (noun)

*+,

yakedo

gh

shigoto

ij

business card

-./012 wa kogete imasu

business

(company) kaisha

(verb) yakedo shimasu burnt: this is burnt (food)

ie, … ban no basu desu

ABCDEFGHIJKLBu

¼½¾

building

saishu basu wa nanji desu ka?

shokudosha

buggy (for child)

English ➜ Japanese

brush (for hair)

kl

kore

3456789:;

meishi

business hotel

bijinesu-hoteru

mnopqrs 45

English ➜ Japanese

businessman

bijinesu-man

written by ...

business trip

shut·cho

by the window

tuvwxy z{

businesswoman

kyaria-uman

|}~¡¢£¤¥

bus station

basu-taminaru

¦§¨©ª«¬

bus stop

basu-tei

­®¯

bust

… ga kaita

àáâãä åæçè by the sea

mado no soba

umi no soba

éêëì by Thursday

Moku·yobi

made ni

íîïðñò bye

dewa mata

!"#$

basuto

°±²

(between friends) ja ne

busy (restaurant etc)

³´µ¶¸

konde iru

I’m busy tomorrow

ashita wa

isogashi desu

%&'(

C

¹º»¼½¾¿ÀÁ

ABCDEFGHIJKLBu

but

demo

cabin (on ship)

ÂÃ

butcher’s

ÄÅ

)*

niku-ya

(in mountains) yamagoya

+,-

butter

bata

cable car

button

botan

café

kis·saten

kaimasu

cake

keki

ÆÇÈ

456

ÌÍÎÏ where can I buy ...?

789

doko de

… ga kaemasu ka?

ÐÑÒÓÔÕÖ× ØÙÚ by: by car

ÛÜ

by bus

46

kuruma de

basu de

ÝÞß

keburu-ka

./0123

ÉÊË

buy

senshitsu

cake shop

keki-ya

:;?@AB lunar calendar

CD

kyureki

call (verb: to phone)

shimasu

denwa

calligraphy

shodo

kore wa nan to imasu ka?

camcorder

bideo-kamera

what’s it called?

JKLMNOP QRSTU

ÍÎÏÐÑÒ

camera

kamera

ÓÔÕ

he/she is called ...

kare/kanojo wa … to imasu

VWXYZ[\] ^_` please call the doctor

ËÌ

isha o

yonde kudasai

abcdef ghij please give me a call at 7.30am tomorrow ashita

klmnopqrs tuvwxyz please ask him to call me

kare ni denwa o kureru yo tsutaete kudasai

{|}~¡¢£¤¥ ¦§¨©ª«¬­ call back: I’ll call back later

ato de mata ukagaimasu

®¯°±²³´µ ¶¸ (phone back) ato de mata denwa shimasu

¹º»¼½¾¿ÀÁ call round: I’ll call round tomorrow ashita ukagaimasu

ÂÃÄÅÆÇÈÉÊ

Ö×ØÙ

campsite

kamera-ya

kyamp-jo

ÚÛÜÝÞ

can

kanzume

ßàá

a can of beer

âãäå

kan-biru

can*: can you ...?

…-koto ga

dekimasu ka?

æçèéêëìíî ïð … o morat·te mo i desu ka?

can I have ...?

ñòóôõö÷øù úûüý I can’t ... …-koto ga dekimasen

!"#$%&'() *

Canada

ABCDEFGHIJKLCa

no asa shichi-ji han ni denwa o kudasai

camera shop

English ➜ Japanese

EFGHI

Kanada

+,-

Canadian (adj)

Kanada (no)

./0123

watashi wa Kanada-jin desu

I’m Canadian

456789:; canal

un·ga

?@ABC kyandi

candies

DEFGHI

chushajo

¡¢£

jutan

carpet

¤¥¦§¨

candle

rosoku

carp streamer

canoe

kanu

car rental

JKLM NOP

canoeing

WXY

cap (hat)

kankiri

boshi

µ¶¸¹º ninjin

mochimasu

¿ÀÁÂ

kuruma

ABCDEFGHIJKLCa

`a

keitai-yo bebi-bed·do

carry-cot

kuruma de

ÃÄÅÆÇÈÉÊË

carton

card (birthday etc)

bcd

kado

pak·ku

ÌÍÎ

cartoon (film)

New Year’s card

efg

kyakusha

biniru-bukuro

carrier bag

carry

]^

by car

³´

»¼½¾

(of bottle) futa

_

carriage (of train)

carrot

Z[\

car

rentaka

®¯°±²

kanuingu

can-opener

koi-nobori

©ª«¬­

QRSTUV

nen·gajo

animeshon

ÏÐÑÒÓÔÕ

cash (noun)

genkin

here’s my (business) card

Ö×

watashi no meishi desu

(verb) genkin ni kaemasu

hijklm cardphone

kado-denwa

nopqr

careful

chuibukai

stuv be careful!

ki o tsukete!

wxyz{| carp

koi

}~

48

car park

ØÙÚÛÜÝÞ

will you cash this for me?

genkin ni kaete kuremasen ka?

!"#$%&'() *+,cash desk

./

kaikei

cash dispenser

0123456 cassette

kaset·to

789:

cassette recorder

kaset·to-rekoda

;?@ABC shiro

castle

D

kyukyubyoto

EFGH neko

tsukamaemasu

doko kara dete imasu ka?

PQRSTUVWX YZ[\]^_` ab

Catholic (adj)

Katorik·ku (no)

cdefghij

cauliflower

karifurawa

klmnop hora-ana

qr

CD shi-di

stuvw xy

tenjo

cemetery

z{

centre

chushin

¬­

ikimasu ka?

®¯°±²³´µ¶ ¸¹º» konfureku

bochi

centigrade

ceremony

ÃÄ

shikiten

opening ceremony

kaikaishiki

ÅÆÇ

tea ceremony

ÈÉ

certainly

chakai

tashika ni

ÊËÌÍ

certainly not! (that’s wrong) zet·tai chigaimasu!

ÎÏÐÑÒÓÔ

ABCDEFGHIJKLCh

where do we catch the bus to ...? …-iki no basu wa

ceiling

chushin (no)

§¨©ª«

¼½¾¿ÀÁÂ

KLMNO

cave

central

cereal

IJ

catch

senchi-metoru

~¡¢£¤¥¦

how do we get to the city centre? hankagai niwa do

casualty department

cat

|} centimetre

English ➜ Japanese

genkin-jido-shiharaiki

(refusal) dame desu!

ÕÖ×ØÙ certificate

ÚÛÜ

chair

shomeisho

isu

ÝÞ

change (verb: replace)

torikaemasu ses·shi

ßàáâãä 49

English ➜ Japanese

(trains etc) norikaemasu

åæçèéê

(money) kuzushimasu

ëìíîï

(noun: money) kozeni

!"

can I change this for ..., please? kore o … to

torikaete kudasai

#$%&'()*+ ,-./0 where do I change trains?

doko de norikaereba i desu ka?

123456789 :;? I don’t have any change

ABCDEFGHIJKLCh

kozeni ga arimasen

@ABCDEFG can you give me change for a 1,000-yen note?

sen-en-satsu o kuzushite kuremasen ka?

HIJKLMNO PQRSTUV dialogue

do we have to change (trains)? norikae-nakute

wa narimasen ka? yes, change at Tokyo/no, it’s a direct train hai,

Tokyo-eki de norikae desu/ie, chokutsu desu

50

changed: to get changed

kigaemasu

WXYZ[ character (written)

\]

charge (noun)

^_

kanji

ryokin

(verb) seikyu shimasu

`abcd charge card

kurejit·to-kado

efghijkl

cheap

yasui

mn

do you have anything cheaper? mo sukoshi

yasui

no wa arimasu ka?

opqrstu vwxyz{|

check (US: noun)

}~¡

kogit·te

(bill) seikyusho

¢£¤

(in restaurant, bar etc) okanjo

¥¦§

could I have the check, please? okanjo o onegai

shimasu

¨©ª«¬­®¯°

check (verb)

shirabemasu

±²³´

could you check the ...? … o shirabete kuremasen ka?

µ¶¸¹º»¼ ½¾¿ÀÁ

check-in

chek·ku-in

chek·ku-in shimasu

ÈÉÊËÌÍÎÏÐ

where do we have to check in?

doko de chek·ku-in shinakute wa narimasen ka?

ÑÒÓÔÕÖ×ØÙ ÚÛÜÝÞßàáâ ãäå cheek (on face)

ho

æç

èéêëì

cheers! (toast)

íîï

cheese

kampai!

chizu

toriniku

45

chickenpox

mizuboso

6789: kodomo

child

;
?@ AB

children’s pool

CDEFGH okosama-yo

yak·kyoku

kogit·te

õö÷

sakuranbo

øùúûü

cherry blossom

ý

IJKL

sakura

ago

MN

china

setomono

China

Chugoku

OPQR ST

Chinese (adj)

cherry tree

!"#

sakura no ki

chess (Western)

$%& '(

*+

furench-frai

Z[\]^_` (US) poteto-chip·pu

abcdef chocolate

mune

Chugoku (no)

UVWXY

chips (French fries)

chesu

(Japanese) shogi

chestnut

kodomo-yo

puru

chin

cheque

komori

ABCDEFGHIJKLCh

óô

)

chicken (meat)

children’s portion

ðñò

chemist’s

chest

chuin·gam

,-./0123

child minder

bai-bai!

cheerio!

cherry

chewing gum

English ➜ Japanese

ÂÃÄÅÆÇ check in

chokoreto

ghijkl milk chocolate

kuri

miruku-chokoreto

mnopqrstu 51

English ➜ Japanese

"#$%&'

plain chocolate

burak·ku-chokoreto

vwxyz{|}~ ¡ kokoa

a hot chocolate

¢£¤ choose

erabimasu

¥¦§¨

chopstick rest

©ª«¬

chopsticks

­®

Christmas

Kurismasu

Meri-Kurismasu!

´µ¶¸¹º»¼

ABCDEFGHIJKLCh

Christmas Eve

Kurismasu-Ibu

½¾¿ÀÁÂà kyokai

cider

rin·goshu

cigar

hamaki

kore o kirei ni shite kuremasen ka?

:;?@AB CDEFGHI cleaning solution (for contact lenses) kontakuto-renzu-yo

kurina

JKLMNOPQR STUVW cleansing lotion

tomei (na)

(obvious) akiraka (na)

ÏÐÑÒ

raita

eiga

en

(in theatre) barukoni-seki

52

3456789

cdefg

tabako

cigarette lighter

!

kirei (na)

-./012

clear

ÌÍÎ

ÓÔ

clean (adj)

XYZ[\]^_ `ab

ÊË

cigarette

circle

hankagai

*+,

kurenjing-roshon

ÆÇÈÉ

cinema

city centre

can you clean these for me?

hashi

merry Christmas!

ÄÅ

toshi

()

(verb) kirei ni shimasu hashioki

¯°±²³

church

city

hijklm clever

kashikoi

client

irainin

nopq rst

cliff

u

gake

climbing

vw

tozan

xyz

cloakroom

kuroku

{|}~

clock

kumori (no)

cloudy

clutch (in car)

ÂÃÄÅ

tokei

¡¢

close (verb)

¼½¾¿ÀÁ

coach (bus)

shimarimasu

£¤¥¦§

kurat·chi

chokyori-basu

ÆÇÈÉÊ

(on train) kyaksha

ËÌ

dialogue

coach station

basu-taminaru

ÍÎÏÐÑÒÓ

what time do you close?

nanji ni shimarimasu ka? we close at 8pm on weekdays, and 6pm on Saturdays heijitsu wa

do you close for lunch?

hiruyasumi wa arimasu ka? yes, between 12 and 1pm

hai, juniji kara ichiji desu

coach trip

basu-ryoko

ÔÕÖ×

coast

kaigan

!"

on the coast

#

%$coat (long coat)

&'(

engan ni koto

ABCDEFGHIJKLCo

hachiji, Doyobi wa rokji ni shimarimasu

(jacket) jaket·to

)*+,coathanger

han·ga

./01

code (for phoning) closed (door)

shimat·ta

shigai-kyokban

¨©ª«

2345

(shop) heiten (no)

what’s the (dialling) code for Osaka? Osaka no shigai-

¬­®¯° cloth (fabric)

±²

nunoji

(for cleaning etc) zokin

³´µ¶

clothes (Western)

¸¹

English ➜ Japanese

º»

clinic shinryojo

yofuku

(Japanese) kimono

kyokban wa namban desu ka?

6789:;?@ABC

coffee

kohi

DEFG two coffees, please

kohi

53

English ➜ Japanese

futatsu, onegai shimasu

HIJKLMNO PQRSTU coin

koka

VW

kushi

come

kimasu

º»

¼½¾

Coke® kola

XYZ

cold

dialogue

tsumetai

[\]

where do you come from?

(weather, person) samui

doko kara iras·shaimashita ka?

^_

I’m cold

samui desu

I come from Edinburgh

`abc

I have a cold

Ejinbara kara kimashita kaze o

hikimashita

defghijk

collar

eri

ABCDEFGHIJKLCo

ÅÆÇÈÉÊËÌ

nopq

I’ve come to collect ...

come in

…o

tori ni kimashita

rstuvwxyz collect call

korekuto-koru

{|}~¡¢£

college

¦

modot·te kimasu

¿ÀÁÂÃÄ

mata ashita kimasu atsumemasu

collect

colour

come back

I’ll come back tomorrow

lm

¤¥

daigaku

hairimasu

ÍÎÏÐ

comfortable

yut·tari shita

comic book

man·ga

ÑÒÓÔÕÖ ×Ø

compact disc

kompakuto-disuku

ÙÚÛÜÝÞßàá

iro

company (business)

do you have this in other colours? hoka no iro wa

arimasu ka?

§¨©ª«¬­®¯ °±

colour film

54

²³´µ¶¸¹ comb

kara-firumu

âã

compare

kaisha

kurabemasu

äåæç

compartment (on train)

koshitsu

!"

kompasu

consulate

complain

kujo o imasu

contact (verb)

#$%&

'()*+,-

complaint

./

kujo kujo ga

arimasu

0123456 completely

789

computer

kanzen ni

konsato

ABCDE FGH

rinsu

kontakuto-renzu

mnopqrst contract

uv

keiyaku

IJKLM NO

wxyz{

(location, object) benri (na)

|}~¡¢

sore wa tsugo ga yoku arimasen

£¤¥¦§¨©ª« ¬­®¯ cook (verb)

ryori shimasu

°±²³´

kaigi

not cooked

conference room

PQR

kaigijo

kakunin shimasu

STUVW

congratulations!

omedeto!

XYZ[\]

connecting flight

setsuzokubin

^_`

connection (in travelling)

setsuzoku

ab

constipation

tsugo no i

han·nama (na)

µ¶¸¹º» cooker

renji

cookie

bisuket·to

¼½¾

¿ÀÁÂÃ

cool

suzushi

cork

koruku

ABCDEFGHIJKLCo

kondomu

conference

cd

hijkl

that’s not convenient

conditioner (for hair)

confirm

renraku

shimasu

convenient (time)

kompyuta

:;?@

condom

ryojikan

contact lenses

I have a complaint

concert

efg

English ➜ Japanese

compass

ÄÅÆ ÇÈÉ

corkscrew

koruku-nuki

ÊËÌÍÎ

corner: on the corner

bempi

machikado ni

ÏÐÑ

55

English ➜ Japanese

in the corner

ÒÓ

cornflakes

sumi ni

konfureku

ÔÕÖ×ØÙÚ

correct (right)

tadashi

ÛÜÝ

corridor

!"

cost (noun)

&'

jkl

keshohin

countryside

mno

hiyo

how much does it cost?

ikura desu ka?

0123456

ABCDEFGHIJKLCo

bebi-bed·do

789:;


]^_`abcde fgh (countryside) inaka

#

%$cotton

I couldn’t ... … koto wa dekimasen deshita

country (nation)

roka

cosmetics

cot

TUVWXYZ[\

…o

cracker (biscuit)

kurak·ka

­®¯°±

craft shop

min·geihin-ten

²³´µ

crash (noun)

shototsu-jiko

¶¸¹º

I’ve had a crash

shototsu-jiko ni aimashita

crazy

muchu (na)

ÅÆÇÈÉ

cream

kurimu

creche

takuji-sho

ÊËÌÍ ÎÏÐ

credit card

#$%&'( )*+

crossing (by sea)

,-

crossroads

./0

crowd

kurejit·to-kado

ÑÒÓÔÕÖ×Ø

do you take credit cards?

kurejit·to-kado wa tsukaemasu ka?

ÙÚÛÜÝÞßàá âãäå!" dialogue

odan

jujiro

hitogomi

1234

konda

crowded

567

crown (dental)

89:;

cruise

kuraun

kokai

?@

ABCD

kurejit·to-kado de haraemasu ka?

cucumber

which card do you want to use? doko no kado desu

cup

kyuri

EFGH kap·pu

IJK

ka?

a cup of ..., please

Mastercard/Visa

hitotsu kudasai

masuta/biza desu yes, sir hai, oshiharai itadakemasu what’s the number?

ban·go o itadakemasu ka? and the expiry date?

yukokigen wa itsu desu ka?

LMNOPQRST

cupboard

poteto-chip·pu

oshire

UVWX

(with shelves) todana

YZ curly

kari-hea (no)

[\]^_` abc

curtains crisps

…o

ABCDEFGHIJKLCu

can I pay by credit card?

tojiki

crockery

English ➜ Japanese

»¼½¾¿ÀÁ ÂÃÄ

katen

defg

57

English ➜ Japanese

cushion

kus·shon

hijkl floor cushion

mnop custom

qr

zabuton

shukan

ÇÈÉÊËÌÍÎÏ ÐÑÒÓÔÕÖ× !

damn!

chikusho!

shimet·ta

"#$%&'

customer

kyaku

damp

Customs

zeikan

dance (noun)

cut (noun)

kirikizu

s

tu

vwx

(verb) kirimasu

()*+ ,-.

dansu

(verb) odorimasu

/0123

would you like to dance?

yz{|

odorimasen ka?

I’ve cut myself

kit·te

shimaimashita

}~¡¢£¤¥¦§

456789:; dangerous



abunai

ABCDEFGHIJKLCu

cutlery

naifu-foku-rui

Danish (adj)

cycling

saikuringu

dark (adj: colour)

cyclist

saikurisuto

¨©ª«¬­®¯° ±²³´µ¶ ¸¹º»¼½

Dem·maku (no)

?@ABCDEF GH

koi

(hair) kuroi

IJ

it’s getting dark kuraku nat·te kimashita

D

KLMNOPQRS

daily

mainichi (no)

¾¿

damage (verb)

ÀÁÂÃ damaged

ÄÅÆ

kowashimasu

kowareta

I’m sorry, I’ve damaged this

sumimasen, kore o

58

kowashite shimaimashita

date*: what’s the date today?

kyo wa nan·nichi desu ka?

TUVWXYZ[ \] let’s make a date for next Monday raishu no

Getsuyobi ni shimasho

^_`abcd efghi

j

musume

(someone else’s) ojo-san

higaeri-ryoko

ÇÈÉÊË

giri

no musume

shinda

dead

ÌÍÎ

opqr

deaf

(someone else’s) giri no musume-san

deal (business)

stuvwx

dawn

yoake yoake ni

|}~¡ day

¢

mimi ga kikoenai

ÏÐÑÒÓÔÕ Ö×ØÙ

hi

ÚÛÜÝÞßàá !"#

death

$

the day after

torihiki

it’s a deal sore de te o uchimasho

yz{ at dawn

sono tsugi no

£¤¥¦§ the day after tomorrow

as·sat·te

decaffeinated coffee

%&'()*+ ,-./0 123

sono mae no

decide

Junigatsu

kimemasu

hi

4567

the day before yesterday

kimete imasen

¬­®¯° ototoi

±²³´ µ¶

all day

mainichi

we haven’t decided yet

¸¹º

in two days’ time

futsuka-inai ni

»¼½¾¿

mada

89:;?@

decision

AB

ket·tei

deck (on ship)

ichinichi-ju

kafein

nuki no kohi

December

¨©ª« the day before

shi

ABCDEFGHIJKLDe

hi

every day

gokigen·yo!

ÀÁÂÃÄÅÆ day trip

klmn

daughter-in-law (one’s own)

have a nice day!

English ➜ Japanese

daughter (one’s own)

CDE

deckchair

dek·ki

dek·ki-chea

FGHIJK

deep

fukai

LM

59

English ➜ Japanese

definitely

mat·taku sono tori

desu

NOPQRSTUV WX definitely not

mat·taku

chigaimasu

YZ[\]^_` degree

a

do

bc

okure

deliberately

waza to

de

fgh

®¯°±²³ ´µ

bumon

¶¸¹º

ABCDEFGHIJKLDe

delicious

sozai-ya

totemo oishi

lmnopqr

haitatsu shimasu

stuvw

delivery

haitatsu

Denmark

Den·maku

z{|}~

dental floss

»¼

depato

shup·patsu

departure lounge

ijk

dentaru-furosu

¡¢£¤¥¦§ haisha

¨©ª

dialogue it’s this one here koko no kore desu this one? kore desu ka?

60

deodoranto

deodorant

departure

delicatessen

dentist

ireba

«¬­

department store

delay (noun)

xy

dentures

department

(qualification) gakui

deliver

no that one ie, sore desu here? koko desu ka? yes hai

shup·patsu-raunji

½¾¿ÀÁ depend: it depends

bai ni

yorimasu

ÃÄÅÆÇÈÉ it depends on ...

… ni

yorimasu

ÊËÌÍÎÏ

deposit (for bike/boat hire)

hoshokin

ÐÑÒ

(as part payment) atamakin

ÓÔ

description

ÕÖ

design

setsumei

dezain

!"#$

dessert

dezato

%&'(

destination

mokutekichi

genzo shimasu

,-./0

dialogue

OPQ diarrhoea

RS

geri

do you have any medicine for diarrhoea? geridome wa

arimasu ka? could you develop these films? kono firumu o

TUVWXYZ[\ ]^

genzo shite kuremasen ka? yes, certainly hai, genzo desu ne

diary (business etc)

when will they be ready?

dictionary

itsu dekiagarimasu ka? tomorrow afternoon ashita no gogo desu

didn’t*

how much is the four-hour service? yojikan no

see not die shinimasu

(for personal experiences) nik·ki

ab cd

tonyobyo-kanja

12345

jisho

…-masen deshita

efghijkl mnop

diesel diabetic (noun)

dizeru-sha

qrstuv

diet

daiet·to

wxyz{

diabetic foods

I’m on a diet

tonyobyo-kanja-yo shokuhin

desu

6789:;?@ABCD

dialling code

shigai-kyokuban

EFGH diamond

daiyamondo

IJKLMN

diaper

omutsu

techo

daiet·to-chu

|}~¡¢£¤¥

ABCDEFGHIJKLDi

sabisu wa ikura desu ka?

_`

English ➜ Japanese

)*+ develop

I have to follow a special diet shokuji-seigen ga

arimasu

¦§¨©ª«¬­®

difference

¯°

chigai

what’s the difference?

chigai

wa nan desu ka?

±²³´µ¶¸¹ 61

English ➜ Japanese

different

º»

chigau

(of department) bucho

-. kore wa

this one is different

chigaimasu

¼½¾¿ÀÁ a different table

chigau

teburu

ÃÄÅÆÇÈ

difficult

to have dinner

yushoku

shokuji o

ÒÓÔÕÖ×

ABCDEFGHIJKLDi

direct (adj)

ØÙÚÛÜ

is there a direct train?

chokutsu no densha wa arimasu ka?

ÝÞßàáâãä åæçè hoko

;?

is there access for the disabled? shintai-shogai-sha

@ABCDEFG HIJKLM

disappear

nakunarimasu

NOPQRS it’s disappeared

nakunarimashita

TUVWXYZ disappointed

gak·kari sh(i(ta

disappointing

kitai hazure (no)

[\]^_`

which direction is it?

dot·chi

ëìíîïðñò !" is it in this direction?

kono

hoko desu ka?

#$%&'()* director (section chief)

shintai-shogai-sha

mo riyo dekimasu ka?

choksetsu (no)

no hoko desu ka?

62

kitanai

9:

shimasu

+,

yogore

disabled: disabled person

ÐÑ

éê

123456 dirty

shokudo

dinner (evening meal)

direction

denwa-ban·go-an·nai

78

ÉÊËÌÍ ÎÏ

/0

directory enquiries

dirt

muzukashi

dining room

(of company) shacho

kacho

abcdefgh

disaster

ij

saigai

this is a disaster

hidoi desu

kore wa

klmnopqr

disco

disuko

stuv

wx

waribiki

dizzy: I feel dizzy

is there a discount?

waribiki

ni narimasu ka?

yz{|}~¡¢£

disease

¤¥

memai ga

shimasu

byoki

ÕÖ×ØÙÚÛ do (verb)

shimasu

!"#

what shall we do?

nani o

shimasho ka?

disgusting

iya (na)

dish (meal)

ryori

¦§¨©ª «¬

$%&'()*+, how do you do it?

doyat·te

surundesu ka?

-./01234 5678

(plate) sara

­

will you do it for me?

disk (for computer)

®¯°±

English ➜ Japanese

discount

disuku

disposable diapers/nappies

soshite

kuremasen ka?

9:;?@A BC

kami-omutsu

¶¸

dialogue

kyori how do you do?

toku ni

in the distance

¹º» district

chiho

disturb

jama shimasu

¼½

nice to meet you

¾¿ÀÁÂà do not disturb

okosanaide

kudasai

ÄÅÆÇÈÉ ÊËÌÍ

diversion (detour)

mawari-michi

ÎÏÐ divorced

rikon shita

ÑÒÓÔ

hajimemashite, dozo yoroshiku o-aidekite ureshides what do you do? (work) oshigoto wa nan desu ka?

ABCDEFGHIJKLDo

²³´µ distance

I’m a teacher, and you?

watashi wa kyoshi desu ga anata wa? I’m a student watashi wa gakusei desu what are you doing tonight? komban wa

nani

o shite imasu ka?

63

English ➜ Japanese

document

watashitachi wa nomi ni ikimasu ga, is·sho ni kimasen ka?

dog

inu

doll

nin·gyo

do you want tea?

ocha wa

ikaga desu ka? I do, but she doesn’t

watashi wa itadakimasu ga, kanojo niwa kek·ko desu doctor

DE

WX Y

Z[

domestic flight

\]^

don’t!*

kokunaisen

dame!

_`a

don’t do that!

yoshinasai!

bcdefg see not door doa

isha

we need a doctor

hi

isha ga

hitsuyo desu

ABCDEFGHIJKLDo

FGHIJKL please call a doctor

isha o

yonde kudasai

MNOPQR STUV

(of house: Japanese-style) to

j

sliding door (wooden lattice and paper) shoji

kl

(patterned) fusuma

mno doorman

doaman

doorway

genkan

pqrs

dialogue

tu

doko ga itai desu ka? right here koko desu does that hurt now? kore wa itai desu ka? yes hai

double

take this to the chemist

double whisky

kore o mot·te kusuri-ya ni ikinasai

doughnut

where does it hurt?

64

shorui

we’re going out for a drink, do you want to join us?

vw

nibai (no)

double bed

daburu-bed·do

xyz{|}

double room

~¡¢ £¤¥

daburu daburu

donat·tsu

dream (noun)

kono shita

desu

dress (noun)

«¬­®¯ put it down over there

789

soko

ni oite kudasai

°±²³´µ ¶¸¹º it’s down there on the right

soko o it·te migi desu

»¼½¾¿ÀÁÂà it’s further down the road

mot·to saki desu

ÄÅÆÇÈÉ downmarket (restaurant etc)

yasup·poi

dozen

doresu

dressed: to get dressed

fuku

o kimasu

:;

dressing gown

?@A

drink (noun)

BC

gaun

nomimono

(alcoholic) osake

DE

(non-alcoholic) seiryo-inryo

FGHI JKLM

shita

a cold drink

tsumetai

nomimono ichi-dasu (no)

ÏÐÑÒ half a dozen

ÓÔÕÒ draught beer

!"#$

can I get you a drink?

han-das (no) nama-biru

draughty: it’s draughty

sukima-kaze ga hairimasu

%&'()*+, -. drawer

hikidashi

/01

drawing

e

dreadful

hidoi

2

345

NOPQR nomimono wa ikaga desu ka?

STUVWXYZ [\

what would you like (to drink)? nani o nomimasu

ABCDEFGHIJKLDr

Î

yume

(verb) nomimasu

ÊËÌÍ downstairs

6

English ➜ Japanese

¦§¨©ª down: down here

ka?

]^_`abcd no thanks, I don’t drink

arigato, demo arukoru wa nomimasen

efghijklm nopqrst uvw 65

English ➜ Japanese

I’ll just have a drink of water

mizu o kudasai

xyz{|} drinking water

~¡¢

inryosui kore

wa inryosui desu ka?

£¤¥¦§¨©ª «¬ unten shimasu

­®¯°± we drove here

kuruma de

kimashita

²³´µ¶¸ I’ll drive you home

okut·te

ikimasu

¹º»¼½¾¿

ABCDEFGHIJKLDr

driver

untenshu

ÀÁÂ

ÃÄÅÆÇ

drop: just a drop, please (of drink) hon no sukoshi dake

kudasai

ÈÉÊËÌÍÎ ÏÐÑÒ

drug (medicine)

kusuri

ÔÕ

mayaku

012345678 9:;?@ABCDEF GHIJ dull (pain)

zuki-zuki

KLMN

(weather) kumori (no)

OPQRST dummy (baby’s)

kawaita

!"#

oshaburi

Z[\]^

during

… no aida ni

_`ab

dust

hokori

cde

dustbin

gomibako

fgh

hokorip·poi

ijklmn

Dutch (adj)

yop·parat·ta

Ö×ØÙÚÛ

66

tochaku suru hazu deshita

dusty

drugs (narcotics)

dry (adj)

due: he was due to arrive yesterday kare wa kino

UVWXY

unten-menkyo-sho

drunk (adj)

kurining-ya

)*+,-./

(uninteresting) tsumaranai

driving licence

Ó

$%&'( dry-cleaner’s

is this drinking water?

drive (verb)

(wine) karakuchi (no)

Oranda (no)

opqr

duty-free (goods)

menzei(hin)

stuvw

ÕÖ×

xyz{ duvet

Fuk·katsu-sai

Easter

menzeihin-ten

Eastern (oriental)

toyo (no)

ØÙÚÛÜ

kakebuton

|}~¡¢

easy

yasashi

ÝÞßà tabemasu

eat

E

áâãä

we’ve already eaten each (every)

sorezore (no)

£¤¥¦§¨©

how much are they each?

hitotsu ikura desu ka?

ª«¬­®¯°±²³ ear

´

mimi

watashitachi wa mo tabemashita

!"#$%&'( )*+ eau de toilette

o-do-toware

,-./01

earache: I have earache

mimi

economy class

µ¶¸¹º»

23456789

hayai

eel

¼½

unagi

:;
?

either: either ... or ...

I called by earlier

ka

ÁÂÃÄÅÆÇÈÉÊ

either of them

sakihodo mo ukagaimashita earrings

iyaringu

ËÌÍÎÏ

earthquake

ÐÑ

east

Ò

jishin

ÓÔ

… ka …

@ABC DEFG

elbow

dochiraka

hiji

HI

electric

higashi

in the east

ekonomi-

kurasu

ABCDEFGHIJKLEl

ga itai desu early

English ➜ Japanese

duty-free shop

denki (no)

JKLMN

electrical appliances

higashi ni

denki-kigu

OPQR 67

English ➜ Japanese

electrician

STU

Empress of Japan

VW

¥¦§¨

erebeta

empty

XYZ[\]

else: something else

kara (no)

©ª«¬­

nani ka

hoka no mono

^_`abcd somewhere else

Kogo-

Heika

denki

electricity elevator

¡¢£¤

denki-ya

end (noun)

®¯°

owari

at the end of the street

doko ka

hoka no tokoro

efghijklm

±²³´µ¶¸¹º » when does it end?

dialogue

¼½¾¿ÀÁÂÃÄ

ABCDEFGHIJKLEl

irimasu ka? no, nothing else, thanks

engaged (toilet)

ÅÆÇ

ie,

hoka niwa nani mo irimasen, arigato

England

English (adj)

kinkyu

desu!

Þß

I’m English watashi wa Igirisu-jin desu

xyz{ hijoguchi

Emperor of Japan Ten·no-

68

Igirisu (no)

×ØÙÚÛÜÝ (language) Eigo

this is an emergency!

Heika

Igirisu

ÓÔÕÖ

kinkyu

emergency exit

enjin

ÏÐÑÒ

stu

|}~

ÈÉÊ

ËÌÍÎ

taishikan

vw

(phone) hanashi-chu

engine (car)

nopqr

emergency

shiyo-chu

(to be married) kon·yaku shita

i-meru

embassy

itsu owari

masu ka?

would you like anything else? hoka ni nani ka

e-mail

sono

michi no tsukiatari ni

àáâãäåæçè do you speak English?

ga hanasemasu ka?

Eigo

!"#$%&'()

tanoshimimasu

WXYZ[\ setsubi

equipment

*+,-.

English ➜ Japanese

enjoy: to enjoy oneself

]^

(for climbing etc) sobi

_`

dialogue

error how did you like the film?

machigai

abcd

eiga wa do deshita ka?

especially

I enjoyed it very much, did you enjoy it? totemo

essential

tanoshikat·ta desu, anata wa do deshita ka?

efg

toku ni

hitsuyo (na)

hijkl

it is essential that ...

…-koto

wa hitsuyo desu enlargement (of photo)

hiki-nobashi

/0123 enormous

totemo oki

:;

jubun

¥¦§

?@

tarimasen

it’s not big enough

chisasugimasu

ABCDEF sore de jubun

desu

GHIJKLM

entrance

iriguchi

NOP

(of house) genkan

QR

envelope

futo

epileptic

tenkan-kanja

STUV

(no)

{|}~¡¢£¤

even: even the ...

there’s not enough

that’s enough

vwxyz

European (adj) Yorop·pa

even if ...

… demo

moshi … demo

¨©ª«¬ evening

­®

yugata

this evening

¯°

komban

in the evening

±²

evening meal

³´

eventually

µ¶¸

ABCDEFGHIJKLEv

456789

enough

mnopqrstu

Europe Yorop·pa

yoru ni

yushoku

tsui ni

ever: I hardly ever ... hotondo

...-masen

¹º»¼½¾¿ÀÁ 69

English ➜ Japanese

dialogue

except

have you ever been to Hiroshima? Hiroshima

excess baggage

yes, I was there two years ago hai, ni-nen mae ni

exchange rate

ikimashita

exciting

ni it·ta koto ga arimasu ka?

every

subete no

every day

ÆÇ

ryogae-reto

FGHIJ

omoshiroi

excuse me (to get past)

shitsurei shimasu

mainichi

mina-san

ÈÉÊ

everything

ËÌÍ

subete

ABCDEFGHIJKLEv

everywhere

doko demo

ÎÏÐÑ

sono tori desu!

ÒÓÔÕÖ×ØÙ

exam

ABCDE

PQRST

(to say sorry) gomen·nasai

everyone

exactly!

choka-tenimotsu

KLMNO

ÂÃÄÅ

shiken

example

!

excellent

[\]^_`abc

executive

def

kanrishoku

exhaust (pipe)

ghi

exit

haikikan

tenrankai

deguchi

mn

tatoeba

subarashi

&'()*

(food) totemo oishi

+,-./01 (hotel) ichiryu (no)

23456 excellent!

(to get attention) chot·to sumimasen!

jkl

rei

for example

UVWXYZ

exhibition

ÚÛ

"#

%$subarashi!

789:;< 70

… igai wa

=>?@

where’s the nearest exit?

ichiban chikai deguchi wa doko desu ka?

opqrstuvw xyz{|} expensive

~¡

takai

experienced

keiken no aru

¢£¤¥¦

explain

setsumei shimasu

setsumei shite kuremasen ka?

¬­®¯°±²³´ µ¶ express (mail)

¸¹

sokutatsu

eyeliner

extension (telephone)

¼½

naisen

¾¿ÀÁÂÃÄÅÆ ÇÈ

extension lead

ai-meku-otoshi

3456789 eye shadow

ai-shado

:;?

encho-kodo

extra: can we have an extra one? mo hitotsu

moraemasen ka?

ÎÏÐÑÒÓÔÕÖ ×ØÙÚ do you charge extra for that?

sore wa betsu-ryokin desu ka?

ÛÜÝÞßàáâ ãä extraordinary mezurashi

åæçèé

totemo

me

will you keep an eye on my

F face

kao

@A

face mask (for colds)

BCD

factory

EF

masuku

kojo

Fahrenheit

GH

ABCDEFGHIJKLFa

ÉÊËÌÍ

í

ai-raina

-./012

eye make-up remover

naisen no …, onegai shimasu extension ..., please

eye

eyeglasses (US: spectacles)

*+,

º»

êëì

îïðñòóôõö ÷øùú!"#$% &'() megane

(train) tok·kyu

extremely

chot·to sutsukes o mite ite kuremasen ka?

suitcase for me?

can you explain that?

English ➜ Japanese

§¨©ª«

kashi

faint (verb)

ki o ushinaimasu

IJKLMN kanojo wa ki o ushinaimashita

she’s fainted

OPQRSTUVW X

71

English ➜ Japanese

I feel faint

fura-fura shimasu

fantastic

yuenchi

far

YZ[\]^_ fair (funfair)

`ab

toi

ÇÈ

(trade fair) mihon-ichi

cde

dialogue

(impartial) kohei (na)

fghij

(amount) kanari (no)

klmnop fairly (quite)

qrs

fake (adj)

kanari

nise (no)

tuvwx

fall (US: season)

y

in the fall

ABCDEFGHIJKLFa

z{

fall (verb)

aki

aki ni

korobimasu

|}~¡¢ she’s had a fall

kanojo wa

korobimashita

£¤¥¦§¨©ª«

false (not true)

machigat·ta

¬­®¯°

family

kazoku

±²

famous

yumei (na)

³´µ¶¸

fan (electrical)

¹º»

sempuki

(handheld) sensu

¼½¾

(sports) fan

¿ÀÁ 72

subarashi

ÂÃÄÅÆ

is it far from here? koko kara toi desu ka? no, not very far ie, amari toku nai desu well, how far? dono kurai desu ka? it’s about 20 kilometres nijuk·kiro kurai desu

ryokin

fare

ÉÊ

fare box (on buses)

ryokinbako

ËÌÍ

farm

nojo

ÎÏ

fashionable

oshare (na)

ÐÑÒÓÔÕÖ

fast

hayai

×Ø

fat (person)

!"#

futot·ta

(on meat) aburami

$%&'

father (one’s own)

(

chichi

(someone else’s) oto-san

)*+,

giri

I feel like going for a walk

no chichi

sampo ni ikitai desu

(someone else’s) giri no oto-san

desu ka?

-./0

§¨©ª«¬­®¯

1234567

faucet

jaguchi

89:

gomen·nasai, watashi no sei deshita

;?@ABC DEFGH watashi no sei dewa arimasen

it’s not my fault

IJKLMNOP QRS oki ni iri (no)

[\]^_`ab

fax (noun)

fak·ksu

cdefg

(verb) fak·ksu o okurimasu

hijklmno pq February

rs

feel

Nigatsu

kanjimasu

tuvw I feel hot

atsui desu

xyz{ I feel unwell

nai desu

°±²³´µ¶ I’m feeling better

zut·to i

kibun ga yoku

|}~¡¢£¤¥¦

¸¹º»¼½¾

fence (noun)

¿

hei

fensingu

fencing

ÀÁÂÃÄÅ Japanese fencing

ÆÇ ferry

kendo

feri

ÈÉÊË

festival

omatsuri

ÌÍÎ

fetch (person)

tsurete

kimasu

ÏÐÑÒÓÔ (object) tot·te kimasu

ÕÖ×ØÙÚ I’ll fetch him

kare o yonde

kimasho

ABCDEFGHIJKLFe

choshi ga okashi

TUVWXYZ

favourite

ikaga

desu

fault: sorry, it was my fault

faulty

how are you feeling?

English ➜ Japanese

father-in-law (one’s own)

ÛÜÝÞßàá âãä will you come and fetch me later? atode mukae ni kite

kuremasen ka?

åæçèéêëì íîïðñòó

feverish

netsup·poi

!"#$

73

English ➜ Japanese

few: a few

%&'

yes, how many exposures?

a few days

()* fiancé(e)

arimasu ka?

sukoshi no ni-san nichi

kon·yakusha

+,-

field

.

film processing

gh

hatake

final (adj)

fight (noun)

/01

fill in

hai, nan·mai dori desu ka? 36 san-ju-roku-mai desu

find (verb)

kinyu shinakute wa narimasen ka? do I have to fill this in?

789:;? @ABCD ip·pai ni shimas

ABCDEFGHIJKLFe

EFGHIJKL fill it up, please

ip·pai ni

shite kudasai

MNOPQRS TUVW filling (in cake, sandwich)

XYZ

nakami

I can’t find it

mitsukarimasen

I’ve found it

mitsukemashita

stuvwxy z{|}~¡ find out

shirabemasu

¢£¤¥

could you find out for me?

shirabete kuremasen ka?

¦§¨©ª«¬­ ®¯ fine (weather)

°±²

hareta

(punishment) bak·kin

(in tooth) ha no tsumemono

[\]^_` ab

mitsukemasu

nopqr

23456

film (movie)

saigo (no)

ijklm

kenka

kinyu shimas

fill up

genzo

eiga

(for camera) firumu

cdef

³´

dialogue how are you?

ogenki desu

ka? I’m fine, thanks

dialogue do you have this kind of film? kon·na firumu wa

74

okagesama de is that OK?

ka?

sore de i desu

e,

fireworks

34

kek·ko desu

first finger

µ

saisho (no)

56789

yubi

watashi ga saki

I was first

finish (verb)

owarimasu

¶¸¹º»

mada

I haven’t finished yet

owat·te imasen

¼½¾¿ÀÁÂÃÄ Å when does it finish?

itsu

owarimasu ka?

ÆÇÈÉÊËÌÍÎ

fire (in hearth)

Ï

hi

CDEF

first on the left

hidarigawa

no saisho

GHIJKL

okyu-te-ate kyukyubako gurinsha

kaji desu

!"#$

kasai-hochiki

%&'()

fire brigade

shobotai

fire escape

hijoguchi shokaki

(plane) fasuto-kurasu

YZ[\]^_` first-class ticket (train) gurinsha joshaken

abcdefgh

ABCDEFGHIJKLFi

Ö×ØÙÚÛÜÝÞ ßàáâãä

fire extinguisher

hajimete

TUVWX

koko de hi o taite mo i desu ka?

012

the first time

first class (train)

can we light a fire here?

-./

saisho ni

@AB

QRS

kaji da!

*+,

at first

first-aid kit

ÒÓÔÕ

fire alarm

:;?

MNOP

ÐÑ

it’s on fire

deshita

first aid

(blaze) kaji fire!

hanabi

English ➜ Japanese

that’s fine, thanks

(plane) fasuto-kurasu chiket·to

ijklmnopq rst first floor

uv

ni-kai

(US) ik·kai

wx

first name

yz

namae

75

English ➜ Japanese

fish (noun)

{|}

sakana-ya

fishmonger’s

~¡

fit (attack)

¢£

!"#$%&'( )*+

sakana

hos·sa

¤¥¦§¨©ª «¬­

shichaku-shitsu

fix (verb: arrange)

tehai shimasu

±²³´µ

can you fix this? (repair)

naosemasu ka?

¶¸¹º»¼½

ABCDEFGHIJKLFi

fizzy

tansan (no)

¾¿ÀÁÂ

fizzy orange

ÃÄÅÆÇÈÉÊ ËÌÍÎ hata

ÏÐ

flannel

hiko

01

flight number

23

flood

bin·mei

kozui

45

floor (of room)

6

yuka

(storey) kai

7

on the floor

89 :;

flower


?

ikebana

infuruenza

@ABCDEF

ÑÒÓ

furashu

ÔÕÖ×Ø

flat (noun: apartment)

ÙÚÛÜ

apato

(adj) taira (na)

ÝÞßàáâ taiya ga panku shimashita I’ve got a flat tyre

76

flight

flu

taoru

flash (for camera)

nomi

florist’s

tansan-iri orenji

jusu

flag

fumi

./

sore wa watashi ni aimasen

®¯°

,-

flea

fit: it doesn’t fit me

fitting room

flavour

fluent: he speaks fluent Japanese kare wa ryucho

na Nihon-go o hanashimasu

GHIJKLMNO PQRS fly (noun)

TU

hae

(verb) tobimasu

ka?

can we fly there?

hikoki de

ikemasu ka?

Z[\]^_`a bc fog

d

¯°±²³´µ¶¸ ¹º»

dialogues

kiri who’s the tempura for?

foggy: it’s foggy

kiri ga dete

imasu

efghijk food (in

general) tabemono

lmn

(in shop) shokuryohin

opq

(in restaurant) ryori

rs

food poisoning

tuv

food shop/store

shokuryohin-ten

wxyz

foot (of person)

{

on foot

ashi

aruite

¡¢£¤

sak·ka

(ball) sak·ka-boru

¥¦§¨©ª« footwarmer

¬­®

no basu wa doko de noremasu ka? the bus for Shinjuku leaves from Tokyo station

Shinjuku-iki no basu wa Tokyo eki kara dete imasu how long have you been here? koko niwa mo

|}~

football (game)

where do I get the bus for Shinjuku? Shinjuku-iki

kotatsu

for: do you have something for ...? (headache/diarrhoea etc) …

ABCDEFGHIJKLFo

shokuchudoku

tempura wa dochira desu ka? that’s for me watashi desu and this one? kore wa dochira desu ka? that’s for her kanojo desu

English ➜ Japanese

VWXY

dono kurai ni narimasu ka? I’ve been here for two days, how about you?

futsuka desu ga, anata wa? I’ve been here for a week

is·shukan ni narimasu

ni kik kusuri wa arimasu

77

English ➜ Japanese

forehead

fandeshon

odeko

¼½¾

foreign

¿À

Z[\]^_`a

gaikoku (no)

foreigner

ÁÂ

gaijin

bc

def

forest

mori

foyer

forget

wasuremasu

fracture (noun)

!

jk

wasurete shimaimashita

&'()*+,-. fok

/012

ABCDEFGHIJKLFo

formal

seishiki (na)

kosokudoro

{|}~

reitoko Furansu (no)

¤¥¦§¨©ª

nishukan

(language) Furansu-go

«¬­®¯

un·yoku

forward: could you forward my mail? tegami o tenso shite

kuremasen ka?

IJKLMNO PQRSTUV WXY

freeway

French (adj)

CDE

forwarding address

muryo

¡¢£

=>?@AB

FGH

tada, muryo

pqrst

freezer

(dress) aratamat·ta

fortunately

free (no charge)

uvwxyz

yoshi

89:;
? @A

it·te miru kachi ga arimasu ka?

worth: is it worth a visit?

wrestler

:;
hyaku-to-ban police ?@ keisats police

ABCDE

kasai-hochiki

fire alarm

FGH

shobosho fire

brigade

IJK

shokaki fire

extinguisher

LMN

hinan·guchi

emergency exit

Days ¡¢£ ¤¥¦ §¨© ª«¬

Emergencies

first aid

landing card

218

­®¯ °±² ³´µ

OPQ Getsuyobi Monday Kayobi Tuesday Suiyobi Wednesday Moku·yobi

hijoguchi

emergency exit RS kosho breakdown

TUVWXY

hijoyobidashi emergency call

hijo-denwa

emergency telephone

Entertainment ^_`

eigakan cinema,

movie theater

ab eiga film, movie cdef seijin-eiga adult film

ghijklm animeshon cartoon

no yoga Western film pq jimaku subtitles rstuvw rodosho special release

xyz

joei-chu now

showing

{|}~

kaijo-jikan

opening time

¡¢£

booking

¤¥ gekijo theatre ¦§ kip·pu ticket ¨©ª« kip·pu-uriba ticket office, box office ¬ seki seat ­® zaseki seat zaseki-ban·go

seat number

³´µ

shitei-ken reserved

seat ticket



%$manseki all

Teikoku-Gekijo

Imperial Theatre

0123

Kabuki-za

kabuki theatre

4567

Kokuritsu-Gekijo

National Theatre 89 Bunraku traditional puppet theatre : N o Noh play ?@ Kabuki traditional drama from the Edo period ABCD disuko disco

EFGHIJ KLMNOP

hosutesu-ba hostess bar karaoke karaoke

QRST bar

UVWXYZ okotowari minors

miseinen-

not

admitted

[\]^_`ab miseinensha-nyujo-muko

minors not admitted

shiteiseki reserved

seat

!"#

play or film

,-./

naito-kurabu nightclub

maeuri-ken advance

¯°±²

&' man·in full ( geki play, drama )*+ jidai-geki historical

Japanese ➜ English: Signs and Notices

Z[\]

seats taken

cdef pachinko pinball ghijklm gemusenta amusement

arcade

nopqrstuv takis·shu basu Turkish

bath

219

Japanese ➜ English: Signs and Notices

5678

Ferry, Boat Services wxyz{

9:;?@

kyumei-boto

lifeboat

|}~¡

feri ferry; ferry

service

¢£¤¥¦§¨

hobakurafuto hovercraft ©ª«¬ suichu-yokusen

hydrofoil

gaikokujin-toroku-shomeisho foreign

resident’s ID card, alien registration card

ABCDE

mibun-shomeisho ID card shup·patsuyoteibi intended date of

FGHIJ departure

Forms

KLMN

­® yoshi form ¯°±²³ anketo

OP hakusu length of visit QRST

questionnaire

gokinyu kudasai write in ÂÃ shimei full name ÄÅÆ onamae name ÇÈ jusho address ÉÊËÌ taizaijusho

ink

address during stay

!"#

renrakusaki contact

address

$% nenrei age &'() seinen-gap·pi date of birth

*+ kokuseki nationality ,- shokugyo occupation ./01234 pasupoto-ban·go passport

number

taizai-nis·su

length of stay

´µ¶¸¹º»¼½ ¾¿ÀÁ borupen de

220

ryoken-ban·go

passport number

honichi-mokuteki purpose

of

visit

UVW XYZ

go-shome signature sain signature

Garages [\]^_`ab gasorin-sutando petrol station, (US) gas station cdef gasorin petrol, (US) gas gh sekiyu petrol, (US) gas ij keiyu diesel klmn hai-oku high octane opqr supa super, premium

stuvw

regyura

seibi-kojo auto

repairs

¦§ sensha car wash ¨© ryokin fee, charge ª« yuryo fee, charge ¬­®¯ muryotenken free inspection

°± muryo no charge ²³´µ¶¸ tenkensabisu service

¹º»¼½¾¿ chek·ku tyre

taiya-

check, (US) tire

check

À mizu water ÁÂ eya air

Geographical Terms ! misaki cape, promontory " kuni country # mori forest $% onsen hot spring & shima island ' mizumi lake () chizu map * yama mountain +, sam·myaku mountain range

-. hanto peninsula / kawa river

0 umi sea 12 chojo summit 3 tani valley 45 kazan volcano 6 taki waterfall 7 shi town, city 8 mura village 9 ken prefecture : higashi east ; kita north minami south ? nishi west @A Kansai Kansai Region (Osaka etc)

BC

Kanto Kanto

Region

(Tokyo etc)

Japanese ➜ English: Signs and Notices

regular unleaded

xyz oiru oil {| toyu paraffin, kerosene }~¡¢£¤¥ jidosha-

Hairdresser’s, Beauty Salon DEF

biyoin hairdresser’s,

beauty salon

GH tokoya barber’s shop IJK rihatsu·ten barber’s shop

LMNOPQRST byuti-saron beauty

UVWXYZ

salon buro-dorai

blow dry

[\] kat·to cut ^_ chohatsu cut !"#$%& heya-sutairu hairstyle

221

Japanese ➜ English: Signs and Notices

'()*+ heya-set·to set ,-./0123 shampu-set-to shampoo

and

set

45 sempatsu wash 6789: manikyua manicure

;?

mas·saji

massage

kashibeya room

to let

rstu

jikan-gashi

hourly rental

vw atama-kin deposit xyz tetsukekin deposit {|}~ kyori-barai payment by distance

¡¢£¤

jikan-barai

payment by the hour

¥¦§¨©ª«¬

Health @A isha doctor BCD haisha dentist EF in (small) hospital GH byoin hospital IJK shinryojo clinic LMN hokenjo public health centre

OP shinryo consultation QRST shinryo-jikan consultation hours

Hiring, Renting UVWXY

kashi-…

… hire, … rental

Z[\]^

kashi-jitensha

bicycle hire

_`abc

kashi-jidosha

car rental

ijklm rental

rentaru-sabisu rental service ni-di-ke two rooms

­®¯

and dining kitchen

Hotels °±² hoteru hotel ³´ minshuku guesthouse µ¶¸¹º»¼ bijinesu-hoteru business

hotel

½¾¿ÀÁÂà kapuseru- hoteru capsule

hotel

ÄÅ ryokan traditional inn !"# kaikei-gakari cashier $%&' furonto reception

kashi-boto

boat hire

defgh

222

nopq

() uketsuke reception *+, robi lobby -./01234567 Nihon-Kotsu-Kosha Japan

rentaka car

Travel Bureau 89 dantai group

yoyaku reservations heya room washitsu Japanese-

style room

@A

yoshitsu Western-style

room

BC reibo air-conditioning DEF ofuro bath GHIJKLMN dainingu-rumu dining

room

OP shokudo dining room QRS inryosui drinking water

TUV

nomimizu drinking

water

WXYZ[\

kuriningu

dry-cleaning

]^ dambo heating _` onsen hot spring abcd raunji lounge efghijk rumu-sabisu room

service

lm denwa telephone nopqr jido-hambaiki vending machine

xy

sumo traditional Japanese wrestling z{ Shogatsu New Year |} Setsubun BeanThrowing Festival (3 February) ~¡ Hina-matsuri Girls’ Festival, Doll Festival (3 March) ¢£ Hanami Cherry Blossom Viewing

¤¥

Hana-matsuri

Buddha’s Birthday (8 April) ¦§ Tanabata Star Festival (7 July) ¨© Obon Bon Festival, Buddhist festival celebrated in summer

!"#

Japanese ➜ English: Signs and Notices

:; ?

Shichigosan

Festival for 3, 5 and 7 year olds (15 November)

$%&'(

Kurisumasu

Christmas

)*+

bijutsukan art

gallery

,-. hakbutsukan museum

Japanese Culture and Festivals (see also

/0 onsen hot spring 123 ofuro public bath

Public Holidays)

Lifts (Elevators)

st jin temple u tera temple vw jinja shrine

456789

erebeta

lift, elevator : …-kai floor, storey

223

Japanese ➜ English: Signs and Notices

;< =>

chikai basement ik·kai ground floor,

(US) first floor ?@ ni·kai first floor, (US) second floor AB te·in capacity CD man·in full E hei close F kai open G ue up H shita down

IJKL

hijoteishi

emergency stop

MNOP

hijodenwa

emergency telephone kosho out of order

QR

Medicines STUVWX ichinichi …jo …

tablets a day

YZ[\]^

ichinichi …-kai …

times a

day

_` shokugo after meals abc shushinzen before

aspirin

vwx

chintsu-zai

painkiller

yz{|}~¡¢ hi-pirin-kei-chintsu-zai

paracetamol

!"#$%&' sekidome-dorop·pu throat

lozenges

Months () Ichigatsu January *+ Nigatsu February ,- San·gatsu March ./ Shigatsu April 01 Gogatsu May 23 Rokgatsu June 45 Shichigatsu July 67 Hachigatsu August 89 Kugatsu September :; Jugatsu October Juichigatsu November

?@A

Junigatsu

December

going to bed

de shokuzen before meals fg shok·kan between meals hijk fuku·yohoho directions for oral use lm tekiryo dosage n saji spoonful(s) op jozai tablets

qrstu 224

asupirin

Notices on Doors BC iriguchi entrance, way in DE deguchi exit, way out FGHI jido-doa automatic door hiku pull osu push

JK LM

business

]^_`

nenju-mukyu

teikyubi closed

fghij

Getsu-yo-

on Mondays nichi-saijitsu-

yasumi closed

on Sundays and National Holidays

klmn

honjitsu-kyugyo

closed today

opq

teikyubi closed

for

holidays

rstu

hijoguchi

ÌÍÎÏÐÑÒ

terehon-kado phonecard

ÓÔÕ denwadai call charge Ö×Ø tsuwaryo call charge ÙÚÛ kokanshu operator ÜÝÞ denwacho directory ßà naisen extension áâãä denwaban·go

hinan·guchi kaiho-genkin

keep closed

¢£¤¥¦ okotowari no

åæçè

kokusai-denwa

éêëì

shinai-denwa

local call

emergency exit

|}~¡

denwa-bok·ksu phone booth KokusaiDenshin-Denwa Overseas

ÆÇÈÉÊË

international call

emergency exit

yz{

public phone

ÀÁÂÃÄÅ

phone number

hijodeguchi

emergency exit

vwx

º» denwa phone ¼½¾¿ koshudenwa

Telecommunications Service

open all year round

abcde

Phones

Japanese ➜ English: Signs and Notices

NOP eigyochu open QR hiraku to open S kai open T hei closed UVW tojiru to close, to shut XY kyujitsu closed Z[\ eigyochu open for

!"#

%$chokyoridenwa long-distance call &'() shigai-denwa

out-of-town call

nyujo

admittance

§¨©ª«¬­®¯ °±² kankeisha igai no tachiiri kinshi no

admittance for unauthorized personnel

³´µ¶¸¹ tachiiri-kinshi no

entry

*+,-.

fak·kusu fax;

fax machine

Place Names /0 Hakone 12 Hiroshima 345 Hok·kaido 225

Japanese ➜ English: Signs and Notices

67 Honshu 89 Ise :; Kamakura ? Kyoto @A Kyushu BC Nagasaki DEF Nagoya GH Nara IJ Nik·ko KL Osaka MN Shikoku OP Tokyo QR Yokohama

printed matter tomeoki poste restante, general delivery wx kawase money order yz chiho out of town

uv

{|}~

gaikoku-muke

overseas mail

¡¢£

tokunai to

other

parts of Toyko

¤¥¦

tafuken to

other

prefectures

Post Office STU yubinkyoku post office yubinkyoku no maku

symbol for Japanese post office VW madoguchi counter XY kit·te stamp Z[ tegami letter \] kozutsumi parcel, package

^_`a

koku-shokan

aerogramme

bcd kokubin airmail ef sokutatsu express mail gh kakitome registered mail

ij funabin sea mail klm sarubin surface 226

mail, overland mail

no jusho address pq atena addressee rst insatsubutsu

Public Holidays §¨

shukujitsu public

holiday

©ª Ganjitsu New Year’s Day

«¬­®

Sejin-no-hi

Coming-of-Age Day (2nd Monday in January)

¯°±²³

kenkokukinem·bi National Foundation Day (11 February) ´µ¶¸ shum-bun·no-hi

Vernal Equinox

¹º»¼½

midori-no-hi

The Greenery Day (29 April)

¾¿ÀÁÂ

kempokinem·bi Constitution

Day (3 May)

kodomo-no-hi

Boys’ Festival, Children’s Day (5 May) %&' Sea Day (20 July)

()*+

keiro-no-hi

Respect the Aged Day (15 September)

,-./

shubun·no-hi

Autumnal Equinox

0123

tai·iku-no-hi

Sports Day (2nd Monday in October)

4567

bunka-no-hi

Culture Day (3 November)

89:;?@AB Ten·no-tanjobi The Emperor’s Birthday (23 December)

Restaurants, Cafés and Bars CD shokudo restaurant EFG ryori-ya restaurant HIJKL restoran restaurant

MN

kap·po upmarket

restaurant

OP

ryotei upmarket

restaurant

QR

washoku Japanese

restaurant

STUV

chuka-ryori

Chinese restaurant WXY tempura restaurant specializing in deep-fried food Z[\] koryori-ya small restaurant usually serving local dishes ^_ meshi-ya small local restaurant `ab sushi-dokoro sushi restaurant

cdefg shojin-ryori-ya vegetarian restaurant

hij

shokji-dokoro very small local restaurant klm eigyo-chu meals being served no teishoku set meal pq soba noodles rstu ramen Chinese noodles vwx okaikei cashier yz{ kis·saten coffee shop

|}~¡

Japanese ➜ English: Signs and Notices

!"#$

keishoku-kis·sa

coffee shop serving light meals ¢£ keishoku snackbar

¤¥¦§

snak·ku

snackbar

¨©ª«¬­

snak·kuba

snackbar

®¯ ba bar °±² izaka-ya bar, serving local cuisine

227

Japanese ➜ English: Signs and Notices

³´µ

nomi-ya bar, serving food, often from a mobile stall

mawari-michi

diversion, detour

*+,-

kosokudoro

expressway

Road Signs

./

¶¸¹º

0123

sasetsu-kinshi

»¼½¾

usetsu-kinshi no

right turn

¿ÀÁÂ

teisha-kinshi no

stopping

ÃÄÅÆ

tsuko-kinshi no

through traffic

ÇÈÉÊ

tsuko-dome no

through traffic

ËÌÍÎÏÐÑÒ spido o otose reduce speed saiko-sokudo

maximum speed

×ØÙÚ

dorokoji road

under construction

ÛÜÝ koji-chu road works Þßàá kyukabu sharp bend

âã joko slow äåæç it·tan-teishi stop èéêë it·tan-teisha stop ìíî tomare stop ïðñòóôõö kono saki hyaku-metoru 100

metres ahead jiko accident chui caution kiken danger

!" #$ %&

kokudo national motorway/highway yuryodoro toll

road

no left turn

ÓÔÕÖ

228

'()

45 ryokin fee 67 yuryo fee charged 89 muryo no charge :;< kosaten junction, intersection

=>

honsen lane for through traffic ?@ fumikiri level crossing, railroad crossing ABC chushajo car park, parking lot

DEFGH

hijochusha-tai emergency

parking area

IJKLM

ichiji-azukari

short-term parking

NOPQ

chusha-kinshi

no parking

RS

mansha car park/ parking lot full

Shopping TUVW

…-ya

… shop/store

XYZ[

…-ten

… shop/store

antique shop, curiosity shop

ghijklm

odio-

seihin audio and hi-fi equipment nop pan-ya baker’s qr hon-ya bookshop, bookstore st shoten bookshop, bookstore uv niku-ya butcher’s wxyz keki-ya cake shop

{|}~

kamera-ya

camera shop

¡¢£¤¥¦§ kodomofuku(-uriba)

children’s wear ¨© toki china

ª«¬­

setomono-ya

china shop

®¯° kis·saten coffee shop ±²³´ okashi-ya confectioner’s, candy store µ¶¸ keshohin cosmetics

¹º»¼

depato

department store

½¾¿ÀÁÂà kuriningu-ten dry cleaner’s denki-seihin

ÄÅÆÇ

electrical goods

ÈÉÊ

denki-ya electrical

goods shop

ËÌ sakana-ya fishmonger ÍÎ hana-ya florist ÏÐ shokuhin food ÑÒÓ kudamono-ya fruit shop

ÔÕÖ yao-ya greengrocer’s ×ØÙÚ shokuryohin-ten grocer’s

ÛÜÝ

kanamono-ya

hardware store Þß kimono kimonos àá baiten kiosk

âãäå

daidokoro-yohin

kitchen goods

æçèéêëì

fujinfuku(-uriba) ladies’ wear

department

Japanese ➜ English: Signs and Notices

\] reji cash desk, cashier ^_ kaikei cashier `ab okanjo pay here cdef kot·tohin-ten

!"#$%&'( koin-randori launderette,

laundromat

)* ichiba market +,-./01 shinshifuku(-uriba) menswear

department

23

saka-ya off-licence,

liquor store

456789 megane(-ten) optician

:; kosui perfumery ? yak·kyoku pharmacy @AB shashin-ya photography shop

CDEFG

rekodo-ten

record shop, music store

229

Japanese ➜ English: Signs and Notices

HIJ

furuhon-ya secondhand bookshop/bookstore KL kutsu-ya shoe shop

MNO

miyage-ten

souvenir shop

PQRSTUV spotsu-yohin-ten sports

summer presents

ÈÉÊËÌÍÎ esukareta escalator

ÏÐÑÒ …-kai floor ÓÔ okjo roof

shop

WXYZ

bumbogu-ya

stationery shop

[\]^ supa supermarket _`abcd omochauriba toy

department

efghi

omocha-ya

toy shop

jklmn travel agency shitagi-uriba

underwear department

wxyz{|}~¡ ¢£¤ ote o furenaide kudasai please do not touch ¥¦§¨ bagen bargains ©ª«¬­ ouridashi

bargains, sale

¸¹º»

ÝÞßà

kosoku-doro

motorway, highway

áâãäå

oikoshi-sen

lane for overtaking æç hiroba square

Taxis èéêë takushi taxi ìíîïðñ kojinòóôõö÷ takushi-noriba taxi

now on

tokubetsu-kakaku special

price

ÕÖ rosen lane ×Ø doro road ÙÚÛÜ kansen-doro

takushi mini-cab

®¯° seru sale ±²³´µ¶ seru-jis·shi-chu sale

Streets and Roads

arterial road, trunk road

ryokodairi-ten travel agency opqr ryokogaisha

stuv

¼½¾ oseibo year-end gifts ¿ÀÁÂÃÄ saimatsu230

uridashi year-end sale ochugen mid-

ÅÆÇ

rank

øù kusha for hire, free !"#$%& ryokin-meta fare

meter

'()*+,-. yakan-warimashi-ryokin late-

night fare

automatic door

Timetables 567

jikokhyo timetable,

schedule

89 tochak arrival :; shup·pats departure ? homen direction @AB ikisaki destination CD noriba boarding platform/track

EFGHI for …

Toilets koshu benjo

public toilet

TUV

keshoshits toilet,

rest room

WXYZ

nop

shiyo-chu

occupied, engaged q aki vacant

Train Types rs densha train tu res·sha train vwx shinkansen bullet train

… iki bound

JK keiyu via LMNO … sen … line

PQRS

toilet, men’s room fujin-yo ladies’ toilet, ladies’ room l otoko men m onna women

ijk

otearai toilet(s),

rest room(s)

[\] toire toilet, rest room ^_ benjo toilet, rest room `ab danshi-yo gents’

yz kyuko express {|} hikari fastest bullet

Japanese ➜ English: Signs and Notices

/0 kaiso out of service 1234 jido-doa

train

~¡

futsu local slow train stopping at all stations ¢£ junkyu semi-express ¤¥¦ kodama slower bullet train

§¨©ª

tokbets-kyuko

super express with limited stops only «¬ tok·kyu super express with limited stops only

­®¯°±

gurin-sha

green car (first class)

toilet, men’s room joshi-yo ladies’ toilet, ladies’ room fgh shinshi-yo gents’

cde

231

Japanese ➜ English: Signs and Notices

Train and Underground Travel

)* kodomo child +, dantai group -. kojin individual /01 kaisats-guchi ticket

²³ tetsdo railway, railroad ´µ shitets private railway ¶ eki station ¸¹º» …-ken … ticket ¼½ kip·p ticket ¾¿À kaisuken book of

234

tickets

ÁÂÃ

teiki-ken season

ticket

ÄÅÆ

maeuri-ken advance

sale tickets

ÇÈ yoyak reservations ÉÊËÌÍÎ shiteiseki (-ken) reserved seat (ticket) jiyuseki unreserved

ÏÐÑ seat

ÒÓÔÕ kip·p-uriba ticket office; ticket vending machine madoguchi ticket window

Ö×

ØÙÚ

shus·sats-guchi

ticket window

ÛÜÝÞßà

midori no madoguchi first-class ticket

window

!"#

ryokinhyo table

of

unchinhyo table

of

charges

$%& fares

'( 232

otona adult

barrier

nyujoken platform

ticket

567

hom platform, (US)

track

89:;
zaseki seat ? seki seat @A yuko valid BC muko not valid

DEFGHIJK

…-en-kukan-yuki for destinations within the …yen zone (eg 200-yen zone)

LMNOPQ

gesha-

zento-muko after

alighting, not valid for further travel

RSTUVWXY

hatsbai-tojits-kagiri-yuko

valid only on day of purchase Z[\ seisanjo excess fare office ]^ tochak arrival(s) _` has·sha departure(s) ab shup·pats departure(s)

cdefg

norikae-guchi

this way for changing trains hi shasho conductor

jklmn

…-go-sha

shokdo-sha dining

car

rs man·in full tu kaiso out of service vw nimots luggage, baggage xyz{|}~ koinrok·ka coin-operated

¡¢£¤¥¦

locker

luggage office, baggage checkroom ishitsbuts-

toriatskai-jo lost

property office, lost and found

­®¯°

owasure-mono

lost property, lost and found

±²³

ÊËÌÍÎÏÐ yus-hosteru youth

machiai-shits

hostel

ÑÒ daidokoro kitchen ÓÔÕÖ kit·chin kitchen ×ØÙÚÛÜÝÞ koin-randori launderette,

laundromat

ichiji-azkari-jo left

§¨©ª«¬

Youth Hostels

ßà baiten shop áâãä shawa shower

Japanese ➜ English: Signs and Notices

carriage …

opq

waiting room ´µ chizu map

¶¸¹º hidarigawa-tsuko keep to the left

»¼½¾

migigawa-tsuko

keep to the right

¿À

higashi-guchi east

exit

(or entrance)

ÁÂ

kita-guchi north

exit

(or entrance)

ÃÄ

minami-guchi south exit (or entrance) ÅÆ nishi-guchi west exit (or entrance)

ÇÈÉ

chikatets

underground, (US) subway

233

Menu Reader: Food

ABCDEFGHIJKL

Essential Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238 Basic Foods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 Basic Preparation and Cooking Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 Basic Set Meals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 Bean Curd Dishes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 Beef and Beef Dishes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240 Biscuits, Cakes, Crackers and Sweets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240 Chicken, Poultry etc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 Chinese Food . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 Condiments, Herbs, Spices and Pickles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242 Desserts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242 Eggs and Egg Dishes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 Fish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244 Fish Dishes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 Fruit, Nuts and Seeds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246 Lunch Boxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246 Meat and Meat Dishes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246 Menu Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247 Noodles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247 Pork and Pork Dishes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 Rice and Rice Dishes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 Salads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250 Snacks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250 Soups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250 Starters and Appetizers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 Sushi Dishes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 Vegetables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252

Menu Reader: Food

Contents

237

Menu Reader: Food

Essential Terms bowl chawan !" chopsticks hashi #$ cup kap·p %&' dessert dezato ()*+ fork fok ,-./ fried rice chahan 01234 glass kop·p 567 knife naif 89: menu menyu ; noodles menrui ?@A plate sara BC rice (boiled) gohan DEF soup sup GHI soy sauce shoyu JKLM spoon spun NOPQ table teburu RSTU excuse me!

chot·to sumimasen!

VWXYZ[\]^_ could I have the bill, please?

okanjo o onegai shimas

`abcdefghi

238

Basic Set Meals

jk pan bread lmn bata butter op miso fermented

12

soybean paste

qrstu

kechap·pu

ketchup

v abura oil wxyz kosho pepper {| shio salt }~¡¢ shoyu soy sauce £¤¥ sato sugar

teishoku set meal with rice, soup, pickles and main dish of meat or fish

34567 teishoku set

higawari-

meal of the day

89:;?@AB

unagi-

teishoku set

meal with eel

teishoku set

meal with fried

CDEF

yakizakana-

fish

Basic Preparation and Cooking Methods

GHIJ

¦§¨©ª«¬­

KLMNOP

yakiniku-

teishoku set

meal with grilled meat tonkatsu-

teishoku set

meal with pork

teishoku set

meal with raw

QRST

sashimi-

fish

ABCDEFGHIJKL

babekyu shita barbecued ®¯° yudeta boiled ±²³´µ donabe de nita casseroled ¶¸ nita cooked ¹º» ageta deep-fried ¼½¾ hoshita dried ¿ÀÁ yaita grilled ÂÃÄ tsuketa pickled ÅÆÇÈÉÊ rosto shita roast !"# mushita steamed $%&' nikonda stewed ()* itameta stir-fried

tempura-

teishoku set

Menu Reader: Food

Basic Foods

Bean Curd Dishes UV tofu bean curd WXY abura-age deepfried bean curd dengaku grilled bean curd on a wooden skewer

Z[

+,-./0

tsumemono shita stuffed

239

Menu Reader: Food

Beef and Beef Dishes \] gyuniku beef ^_` bifu beef abcd sukiyaki beef and vegetables cooked with soy sauce in a pot at the table

efgh

tep·pan·yaki

beef and vegetables grilled at the table

ijklmno gyushogayaki beef

cooked in soy sauce with ginger

pqrst

gyuteriyaki

beef cooked in soy sauce and sake uvwx bifuteki beef steak yz yakiniku fried beef marinated in soy sauce

{|}~¡¢£ bifu roast

rosto-

beef

¤¥¦§¨ saroin sirloin ©ª«¬­® shabushabu sliced beef with vegetables boiled at the table ¯°±² steki steak

Biscuits, Cakes, Crackers and Sweets ³´µ¶¸

bisuket·to

biscuits, cookies

¹º»¼

kuk·ki biscuits,

cookies

½¾¿ keki cake ÀÁÂà wata-ame candy floss, cotton candy

ÄÅÆÇÈÉ

chizu-keki

cheesecake

!"#$%&

chokoreto

chocolate

'()

okashi

confectionery

*+,-./0 shukurimu cream puff donat·tsu

12345 doughnut

6789 ekurea éclair :;< wagashi Japanesestyle confectionery okoshi popped rice confectionery @ABC zenzai rice cake with sweet bean sauce DE mochi rice cakes

=>?

FGHIJ

shio-sembei

rice crackers flavoured with salt KLMN sembei rice crackers flavoured with soy

240

manju rice-

shchimencho

turkey

flour cakes with sweet bean paste TUVW yokan soft, sweet bean paste

Chinese Food

shoto-

Chinese-style cuisine

XYZ[\]^ keki sponge

cake with fresh cream and strawberries _`ab kasutera sponge cake cdef oshiruko sweet bean soup with rice cake

ghij

kuzumochi

Chicken, Poultry etc no toriniku chicken pqr tori-ryori poultry dishes

stuv

barbecued chicken on a skewer wxy sasami breast z{|} gacho goose ~¡ kiji pheasant ¢£¤ uzura quail chikin roast

chicken

³´µ¶

mabodofu bean curd in spicy sauce ¸¹º kanitama crab omelette »¼½¾ kara-age deepfried pieces of pork or chicken ¿ÀÁ harumaki deepfried spring rolls ÃÄÅÆ gyoza fried dumplings stuffed with minced pork ÇÈÉ hap·posai fried pork with vegetables !"#$% chahan fried rice

&'()

yasai-itame

fried vegetables

*+,

nikudango

meatballs

yakitori

¥¦§¨©ª«

Chuka-ryori

ABCDEFGHIJKL

triangles of arrowroot jelly in brown sugar syrup klm monaka wafers filled with sweet bean paste

¯°±²

Menu Reader: Food

¬­®

sauce

OPQRS

rosto-

-./0

yakisoba

noodles fried in a wok 1234 ramen noodles in bouillon

56789:;< chashumen noodles in bouillon with slices of pork

241

Menu Reader: Food

=>?@AB

miso-

ramen noodles

in bouillon with fermented soybean paste CDEF tam·men noodles in bouillon with vegetables

GHIJKL

wantam·men pork dumplings, served in bouillon with noodles

MNOPQ

rstuvw dores·shingu salad

tonkatsu-sosu thick

-./0

taku·an yellow

radish pickles

Desserts 1234 dezato desserts 56789: ap·purupai apple

Condiments, Herbs, Spices and Pickles

pie

;?@ABC DEFG chokoreto-aisukurimu chocolate

ice cream

HIJKLMNOP chokoreto-musu chocolate

umeboshi dried,

pickled sour Japanese plums XY nat·to fermented soybeans Z[\] shoga ginger ^_` mitsuba Japanese coriander ab shiso Japanese basil

cdefg mayonnaise

mayonezu

hij karashi mustard klm paseri parsley nopq kosho pepper 242

sweet

fruity sauce , su vinegar

shumai

steamed pork meatballs in thin pastry RST subuta sweet and sour pork

UVW

dressing

xy shio salt !"#$ shoyu soy sauce %&'()*+

mousse

QRSTUVWXY Z chokoreto-sande chocolate sundae

[\]^_`a

kohizeri coffee-flavoured jelly bcde kurepu crepe fgh uji-gori crushed ice

with green tea syrup

ijkl

uji-kintoki

crushed ice with green tea syrup and sweet bean paste

mnop

kori-remon

crushed ice with lemon

kurimu strawberry

kori-meron

crushed ice with melon syrup

uvwx

kori-ichigo

crushed ice with strawberry syrup

yz{|

crushed ice with sweet bean paste

sarada fruit

frutsu-

¦§¨©ª«¬

frutsu-

jelly

­®¯°

mitsumame

am·mitsu

gelatin cubes with sweet bean paste and pieces of fruit

µ¶¸¹º»¼

aisukurimu ice cream ½¾¿ zeri jelly ÀÁÂÃÄ remon-pai

lemon pie

ÅÆÇÈÉÊ sufure lemon

remon-

soufflé

ËÌÍ musu mousse ÎÏÐÑÒÓ shabet·to sorbet

yoguruto

yoghurt

!"#$%&'() *+,- storoberi-aisu-

Eggs and Egg Dishes J tamago egg KLM kanitama crab omelette

NOPQR

medama-yaki

fried egg

STUVW

yude-tamago

hard-boiled egg

XYZ[

omuretsu

omelette

\]^_`

ABCDEFGHIJKL

gelatin cubes and sweet bean paste with pieces of fruit

±²³´

vanilla ice cream

EFGHI

cocktail, fruit

salad

zeri fruit

strawberry sundae purin caramel custard

89:

;?@ABC D banira-aisu-kurimu

kori-azki

}~¡¢£¤¥

ice cream

./0123456 7 storoberi-sande

Menu Reader: Food

syrup

qrst

tamago-yaki

Japanese-style omelette

abcde

omuraisu

omelette with rice

fghijk

otoshitamago poached egg lmno chawam·mushi

savoury custard with egg and fish

pqrst

hanjuku-

243

Menu Reader: Food

tamago soft-boiled egg tamagosupu soup with egg {|}~¡ tamago-dofu

uvwxyz steamed egg

¢£¤ awabi abalone ¥¦ akagai ark shell §¨ fugu blowfish ©ª« mirugai boiled round clams katsuo bonito,

tunny

¯° koi carp ±²³´ hamaguri clams µ¶ tara cod ¸¹º tarako cod roe »¼½ anago conger eel ¾¿À shijimi corbicula Á kani crab ÃÄÅÆ karasumi dried mullet roe

ÇÈÉ unagi eel ÊËÌ hirame flatfish !"#$ tobi-uo flying fish

%&'()

; dojo loach ?@AB ise-ebi lobster CD saba mackerel EFG chu-toro medium

-./0

HIJK

anko

monkfish

LMNO muru-gai mussels PQ tako octopus RS kaki oyster TUV sam·ma Pacific saury

WXY

kamasu pike,

barracuda

Z[\]^

kim·me-dai

kazunoko

herring roe 12 aji horse mackerel 345 kurage jellyfish

kuruma-ebi

prawns

_`ab

nijimasu

rainbow trout cd sashimi raw fish efgh tairagi razor shell ligament ij sake salmon klm ikura salmon roe nop iwashi sardines

qrst

tachi-uo

scabbard fish

gold-eyed bream *+, nishin herring

244

taraba-gani

king crab

fatty tuna

Fish

¬­®

6789:

uvwx hotategai scallops yz kai-bashira scallops {|} suzuki sea bass ~¡ tai sea bream ¢£ hamo sea eel ¤¥ kisu sea smelt ¦§ uni sea urchin

clam

­® ebi shrimps, prawns ¯°±² shishamo smelt ³´µ¶¸¹º» sumoku-samon smoked

salmon

¼½

toro soft, fatty pink belly of tuna

¾¿ÀÁÂ

shita-birame

sole

Fish Dishes @ABC DEFG

kabayaki

broiled eel

HIJ

unaju broiled

eel

on rice

KLM

STUVWX

unadon broiled

eel

aji no

chopped raw horse mackerel, mild ginger and herbs YZ[\ tempura deepfried seafood and vegetables tataki

]^_`

takoyaki

dumplings with small pieces of octopus ab nabemono fish and vegetables cooked in a pot at the table cde yosenabe fish and vegetables cooked in a pot at the table fg sashimi raw fish hi sushi raw fish on rice balls jklm fugu-sashi raw sliced blowfish nop tek·kadon rice in a bowl topped with slices of raw tuna

qrst

fugu-ryori

blowfish cuisine

robata-yaki

charcoal-grilled fish and vegetables

ABCDEFGHIJKL

ÃÄ ika squid ÅÆ ayu sweet smelt !"# kajiki swordfish $%& sazae top-shell '() namako trepang *+ masu trout ,-. maguro tuna /01 karei turbot 2345 sup·pon turtle 67 fuka type of shark 89: kujira whale ;? buri yellowtail

on rice in a bowl

NOPQR

Menu Reader: Food

¨© same shark ª«¬ asari short-necked

fugu-chiri

shredded blowfish in vegetable chowder uvw oden vegetables and fish dumplings stewed in a thin soy soup, served hot

245

Menu Reader: Food

Fruit, Nuts and Seeds xyz{ kudamono fruit |}~¡ frutsu fruit ¢£¤¥¦ amondo almonds

§¨© rin·go apple ª«¬ banana banana ­®¯°± sakurambo cherries

!" kuri chestnuts #$%&' kokonat·tsu coconut

()*+ ,-./

ichijiku figs gin·nan gingko

Lunch Boxes lm bento boxed lunch nopqr makunouchibento boxed lunch with rice, meat and vegetables

Meat and Meat Dishes (see also beef,

nuts

chicken, poultry etc and pork)

grepu-frutsu grapefruit

s niku meat tuvw bekon bacon xyz{|} babekyu

01234567 89: budo grapes ;< ume Japanese plum =>? remon lemon @AB meron melon CDEF orenji orange GH momo peach IJKLM pinat·tsu peanuts

NO PQ

nashi pear kaki persimmon,

sharon fruit

RSTUVW painap·puru pineapple XYZ sumomo plum [\] zakuro

pomegranate

246

^_ goma sesame seeds `ab ichigo strawberries cde mikan tangerine fgh kurumi walnuts ijk suika watermelon

barbecue

~¡¢£¤¥¦

roru-

kyabetsu cabbage

rolls filled with minced meat §¨©ª abaraniku chops

«¬­®

korok·ke

croquettes

¯°±²

katsuretsu

cutlets

³´µ

kushi-age deepfried meat on skewers ¶¸¹ hireniku fillet !" ham ham

#$%&'

hambagu

nopqrs

filled dumplings

~¡¢£

234

hikiniku minced

beef, pork or chicken maton mutton honetsuki on the bone

567 89:

;?

soseji

sausage

@ABCDEF

ramuno-kushiyaki skewered lamb GHIJK speyarib

spare ribs

chanko-nabe

Italian-style cuisine Nihon-ryori

Japanese-style cuisine

¤¥¦§

kaiseki-ryori

Japanese haute cuisine

¨©ª«¬­

meinkosu main course ® niku meat ¯°±² kyodo-ryori

regional specialities

³´ teishoku set meal µ¶¸ supu soups ¹º»¼½ odoburu starters, appetizers

thick meat and vegetable stew QR tan tongue ST motsu tripe UVW koushi-niku veal

!" yasai vegetables #$%& shojin-ryori

Menu Terms

Noodles

XYZ[ menyu menu \ nami cheaper selection ]^_`abcd

+,

honjitsu no osusume-hin

chef ’s speciality of the day

efgh

Chuka-ryori

Chinese-style cuisine ijkl dezato desserts m jo expensive selection

vegetarian cuisine

'()*

seiyo-ryori

Western-style cuisine

ABCDEFGHIJKL

LMNOP

Fransuryori French-style cuisine tuvw kudamono fruit xyz{|} Itaria-ryori

Menu Reader: Food

hamburger

() jinzo kidney *+ ramu lamb ,-. reba liver /01 nikudango meat-

soba buckwheat

noodles

-./

udon thick noodles made from wheatflour

0123

shirataki

translucent, thin noodles made from potato flour 4567 somen very

247

Menu Reader: Food

thin wheatflour vermicelli served cold with soy-sauce dipping sauce

89:;

yakisoba

Chinese noodles fried in a wok ? ramen Chinese noodles in bouillon

@ABCDEFG chashumen Chinese

noodles in bouillon with slices of pork

HIJKLM

miso-

ramen Chinese noodles in bouillon with fermented soybean paste

NOPQR

champon

Chinese noodles in salted bouillon with vegetables STU ten-zaru cold noodles served with deepfried shrimps

VWXY

hiyashi-chuka

cold noodles with slices of meat and vegetables in vinegary sauce

Z[\]^_`a zaru-soba/udon cold

noodles with sweet soy sauce for dipping

bcde

kakitama

noodles and egg in fish soup

fghi

gomoku-soba

noodles in bouillon with

248

vegetables and meat

jklmn

kare-namban

noodles in curry-flavoured soup with pork or beef

opqrs

tororo-soba

noodles in fish bouillon garnished with grated yam

tuvwxyz{

tsukimi-soba/udon noodles in fish bouillon with a raw egg

|}~

kamo-namban

noodles in fish bouillon with chicken

¡¢£¤¥¦§¨© kitsune-soba/udon noodles in fish bouillon with deepfried bean curd

ª«¬­®¯

tempura-

soba noodles

in fish bouillon with deep-fried shrimps

°±²³´µ¶¸¹ okame-soba/udon noodles in fish bouillon with fish dumplings

º»¼½¾¿ÀÁ nameko-soba/udon noodles in fish bouillon with Japanese small mushrooms

ÃÄÅ

niku-namban

noodles in fish bouillon with pork or beef

ÆÇÈÉÊËÌÍÎ tanuki-soba/udon noodles

in

!"#$%&'() * ankake-soba/udon noodles in thick bouillon with fish dumplings and vegetables

Pork and Pork Dishes +, butaniku pork -./ poku pork 0123 tonkatsu deepfried pork cutlets

456

katsudon

deep-

789:; butaniku

honetsuki-

pork chop

?@AB

buta-

pork cooked in soy sauce with ginger

shogayaki

CDEFG

katsukare

pork cutlets with curry

HIJKL

buta-teriyaki

pork cooked in soy sauce and sake

MNOPQRS poku roast

rosto-

pork

TUVWX

batayaki

sliced pork (or beef) fried in butter

YZ[ \]^ _`a

gohan rice raisu rice unaju broiled

eel

on rice

bc

dom·mono bowl of rice with something on top

def

oyakodon

dom·mono with chicken and egg

ghi

katsudon

dom·mono with deep-fried breaded pork cutlet jk tendon dom·mono with deep-fried shrimps

lm

tamagodon

dom·mono with soft scrambled eggs and onions

nop

unadon

dom·mono with broiled eel

qrs

chukadon

dom·mono with pork and vegetables tu gyudon dom·mono with sliced beef vwxyz chahan fried rice {|}~ onigiri riceballs ¡¢ mochi rice cakes £¤¥¦ ochazuke rice in tea or fish bouillon §¨ kamameshi rice steamed in fish bouillon

ABCDEFGHIJKL

fried pork on rice

Rice and Rice Dishes

Menu Reader: Food

fish bouillon with small pieces of deep-fried batter

249

Menu Reader: Food

with pieces of meat, fish and vegetables

©ª«¬­®

chikin-rais

rice with chicken, cooked in tomato sauce

¯°±²³´

karerais

rice with curry-flavoured stew µ¶¸¹º omurais rice wrapped in a plain omelette

»¼½¾¿À rais diced

hayashi-

beef in gravy on

rice

GHIJKL

hambaga

hamburger

MNOPQ

hamusando

ham sandwich

RSTUVW hot·todog·gu hotdog

XYZ[\] tomorokoshi roasted corn on the cob

^_`abc

sandoit·chi

sandwich

defghi

spaget·ti

spaghetti

jklm tosto toast nopqr tsunasando tuna sandwich

Salads ÁÂÃ sarada salad ÄÅÆ nama-yasai salad !"#$%&' mik·kus-sarada mixed salad potetosarada potato salad

()*+,./0123

dores·shingu salad

dressing

Snacks 456789:

chizubaga cheeseburger ;?@ potetofrai chips, French fries ABCDEF potetochipu crisps, (US) potato

chips

250

Soups stu

supu soups (usually Western-style) vw shirumono soups (Japanese-style) xy suimono clear fish

bouillon with meat, fish or vegetable

z{|}

sumashi-jiru

clear fish bouillon with meat, fish or vegetable

~¡¢£¤¥¦

konsome-supu consommé

§¨©ª«¬­®¯ ° yasai no kurimu-supu cream of vegetable soup

±²³´µ¶¸¹ º»¼ onion-guratan-

ÅÆÇÈÉÊ

tomato-

supu tomato soup ËÌ soba buckwheat

noodles in bouillon ÍÎÏ udon thick noodles made from wheatflour in bouillon ÐÑÒÓ ramen Chinese noodles in bouillon

!"#

%$mashrumu mushrooms

XY kaki oysters Z[\]^ kuruma-ebi prawns

_`a

sakana no tamago

roe

bcd sarada salad efg sarami salami hi sake salmon jklmn soseji sausage

opq rst

ko-ebi shrimps maguro tuna

Sushi Dishes uv

sushi raw

fish on

riceballs

odoburu

starters, appetizers

&'()

wxyz

nigiri-zushi raw fish on seasoned riceballs

otsumami Japanese-style starter/appetizer

{|}~

asuparagasu asparagus

¡¢£¤¥

*+,-./

0123 kyabia caviar 456 serori celery 789: hamaguri clams ;< kani crab =>?@ABCD frutsu-jusu fruit juice EF ham ham GHI nishin herring JKLM ise-ebi lobster NOP meron melon

gomoku-zushi

mixed fish and vegetables on rice zushi mixed

ABCDEFGHIJKL

Starters and Appetizers

QRSTUVW

Menu Reader: Food

onion soup au gratin misoshiru soup with bean paste ÀÁÂÃÄ potaju thick soup supu

½¾¿

chirashi-

raw fish on

rice

¦§¨©

oshi-zushi sushi

cut in squares

ª«¬­

saba-zushi sushi with vinegared mackerel

®¯°±²

kap·pa-maki

cucumber and seasoned rice wrapped in seaweed

³´µ¶¸

oshinko-maki

251

Menu Reader: Food

pickles and seasoned rice wrapped in seaweed

¹º»¼

chakin-zushi

seasoned rice wrapped in egg crepe

½¾¿ÀÁ

inari-zushi

seasoned rice wrapped in deep-fried bean curd ÂÃÄÅ norimaki sliced roll of rice, vegetables or cooked gourd wrapped in seaweed

ÆÇÈÉ

tek·ka-maki

tuna and seasoned rice wrapped in seaweed ÊËÌ wasabi very spicy horseradish served with sushi

Vegetables !" yasai vegetables #$% azuki adzuki beans &'()*+ asuparagasu asparagus nasu aubergine,

,-

eggplant

./01

abokado

soramame

broad beans

VWXYZ

burok·kori

broccoli

[\]

shimeji brown button mushrooms

^_`ab

mekyabetsu

Brussels sprouts cde gobo burdock root

fghi

kyabetsu

cabbage

jklm ninjin carrot nopqrs karifrawa cauliflower

tuv serori celery wxyz{ puchi-tomato cherry tomatoes

£¤

cabbage

shinachiku

bamboo shoots cooked in

252

RSTU

takenoko

bamboo shoots

:;? mame beans @AB moyashi bean sprouts CDE bitsu beet FGHI tensai beetroot

shun·giku chrysanth-

emum greens

¥¦§¨©ª tomorokoshi corn

on the

zuk·kini

courgette, zucchini

°±²³ kyuri cucumber ´µ¶¸¹ kampyo dried gourd shavings shitake dried mushrooms ¾¿ nori dried seaweed ÀÁ nameko edible fungus ÃÄÅÆ kikurage edible tree fungus

º»¼½

!"#$%&

endibu

endive

'()*

kabocha

pumpkin, squash

Z[\]^_`

mash-

mushrooms (Western) abc kinoko mushrooms (general term) rumu

defg

karashina

mustard greens hij okura okra

klmn tamanegi onion opqrst

789:;
?

green horseradish matsutake

Japanese mushrooms, with a distinctive aromatic flavour

DEFGHI

ingem·mame kidney beans komatsuna leafy

JKL

cabbage negi leeks

uvw poteto potato xyz{| jagaimo potato

}~¡¢£¤¥ hatsuka-daikon radish hijiki seaweed

¦§¨

cooked in soy sauce and sugar ©ª goma sesame seeds «¬­ daizu soybeans

®¯°±²³

ABCDEFGHIJKL

burdock root and carrot nin·niku garlic shishito green chilli pepper 3456 piman green pepper

MN

root

VWXY

endomame peas

kimpira fried

+,-. /012

@ABC

OPQ retasu lettuce RSTU renkon lotus

Menu Reader: Food

cob

«¬­®¯

horenso

spinach

´µ nira spring onions ¶¸¹ wakegi spring onions

º»¼ kon sweetcorn ½¾¿ÀÁ satsumaimo sweet potato

ÂÃÄÅ

satoimo taro

potato

253

Menu Reader: Food

ÆÇÈ tomato tomato ÉÊ kabu turnip !"# wakame type of seaweed

$%&

kombu type

of

seaweed

'()*

kureson

watercress

+,

fuki wild butterbur (green vegetable stalk) -./0 yamaimo yam

12345

enokidake

yellow button mushrooms

254

Menu Reader: Drink

Essential Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258 Beer, Spirits,Wine etc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 Coffee,Tea etc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 Soft Drinks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260

Menu Reader: Drink

Contents

ABCDEFGHIJKL 257

Menu Reader: Drink

Essential Terms beer biru 678 bottle bin 9: coffee kohi ; cup kap·pu ?@A glass kop·pu BCD milk miruku EFG mineral water mineraru-uota HIJKLMNOP orange juice orenji-jusu QRSTUVWX red wine aka-wain YZ[\ rice wine sake ] soft drink sofuto-dorinku ^_`abcd sugar sato efg tea kocha hi (green) ocha jk water mizu l white wine shiro-wain mnop wine wain qrs whisky uiski tuvwx a cup of …, please

… o hitotsu kudasai

yz{|}~¡¢£ another beer, please

biru o mo hitotsu onegai shimasu

¤¥¦§¨©ª«¬­®¯°±² a glass of sake

sake o ip·pai

³´µ¶

258

on the rocks

Z[\]^_`

¸¹º biru beer »¼½¾¿À brandi

ab amakuchi sweet cdefghijk

brandy

ÁÂÃÄÅ hiya chilled

!"#$

lmnop

Nihonshu

qr

vermouth

rice wine nama-biru

draught beer

%& karakuchi dry '( jin gin )*+,-. jin-toniku gin and tonic

/0123

toniku-uota tonic berumot·to

shampen

champagne

ÆÇÈÉÊ

spakuringu sparkling

shochu very strong, transparent, colourless spirit stuv uok·ka vodka wxyz{ uiski whisky |}~ mizuwari whisky with water

¡¢£¤

shiro-wain

white wine

jin-fizu gin

¥¦§

Nihonshu

Coffee, Tea etc

wain wine

atsukan heated

9:;?@AB

¨©ª

o-nomimono

beverages

matini

martini

«¬­

gem·mai-cha

wine

ban-cha tea with roasted rice ®¯ mat·cha bitter green tea made of fine tea powder

variety)

¹º

CDEFGH

poto-wain

port

IJKL

aka-wain red

M sake rice wine NO jizake rice wine (local PQ

masuzake rice wine served in wooden box cup RS ramu rum

TUVWXY

onza-

ABCDEFGHIJKL

fizz

45678

Menu Reader: Drink

rok·ku scotch

Beer, Spirits, Wine etc

°±²³´µ¶¸

buraku-kohi black coffee kocha black tea,

similar to English tea

»¼½¾¿

uron-cha

Chinese tea

ÀÁÂÃ

kohi coffee

259

Menu Reader: Drink

ÄÅ ocha green tea ÆÇÈ kokoa hot

hijklmno pqrs gurep-fruts-jus

chocolate

!"#$%&

grapefruit juice

ais-ti iced

tea

'()*+,-

ais-

kohi iced coffee ban-cha inexpensive

./

tea with large leaves

012345

remon-ti

lemon tea

67

sencha mediumgrade green tea 89: miruk milk ;?@A hojicha tea made with roasted ban-cha leaves

BCDEFG

miruk-ti

tea with milk

HIJKLMN kohi white

miruk-

coffee, coffee

with milk

tuvwxyz{ gurep-jus grape juice soda-sui green,

|}~¡

sweet soda pop

¢£¤ ohiya iced water ¥¦§¨© remonedo lemonade

ª«¬­®¯°± remon-skash lemon

½¾¿ÀÁÂÃÄÅ mineraru-uota mineral

rin·go-

juice

VWXYZ[

kohigyunyu coffee-flavoured

milk

\]^_` Coke®

koka-kora

abc kora cola defg fanta Fanta® 260

water

ÆÇÈÉÊËÌÍ orenji-jus orange

juice

!"#$%&'() orenji-skash orange

squash

*+, Pepusi Pepsi® -./0123 painjus pineapple

jus apple

meron-

jus melon juice º»¼ miruk milk

juice

4567 saida soda pop 89:;< ichigo-

Soft Drinks OPQRSTU

squash

²³´µ¶¸¹

gyunyu strawberry

milk

=>?@ABC

tomato-jus tomato juice mizu water korimizu water with

DE FG ice

How the Language Works

f m ob. part. part.

feminine masculine object particle particle

pol pl sing sub. part.

polite plural singular subject particle

Pronunciation / Abbreviations

Abbreviations

■

Throughout this book, Japanese words have been transliterated into romanized form so that they can be read as though they were English, bearing in mind the notes on pronunciation given below. a as in rather e as in bed; e is always pronounced, even at the end of a word i like the ee in feet, but slightly shorter o as in not u as in put ae separate a followed by e, pronounced ah-eh ai as in Thai ei as in weight ie separate ee followed by e, pronounced ee-eh ue separate u followed by e, pronounced oo-eh g hard g as in girl s always as in mass (never z) y as in yet A bar over a vowel means that it is twice as long as a vowel without a bar. A dot (·) between two letters indicates a slight pause. Note that ing in Japanese is pronounced more strongly than in English. In spoken Japanese the sounds u and i, in certain contexts, are shortened and can become barely audible. In this book we show u and i in italics to mean that their pronunciation is clipped. For example, desu is pronounced as des. Japanese is generally evenly stressed, with all syllables having the same emphasis.

HOW THE LANGUAGE WORKS

Pronunciation

263

HOW THE LANGUAGE WORKS

General The Japanese language has a number of characteristics which are very different from European languages, the most important of these being that there are no changes for case, number or gender and that verbs do not change according to the person or number. Also, pronouns, both personal and impersonal, are often omitted. Another distinctive feature of Japanese is that small words known as postpositional particles are used after a noun or pronoun to indicate whether it is the subject, object or indirect object of a sentence. See pages 269.

Articles

■ General / Articles / Nouns

There is no equivalent in Japanese for either the definite article ‘the’ or the indefinite articles ‘a’ and ‘an’. The exact meaning of a word or phrase will be clear from the context. Therefore, zas·shi (magazine) can mean ‘a magazine’ or ‘the magazine’. If you want to be more precise, you can use the demonstrative adjectives sono/ano (that) or kono (this) with the appropriate word (see page 282). The number hitots (one) (see page 286) can also be used to translate ‘a/an’, but generally this is not necessary: biru hitots, onegai shimas [‘beer one please’]

a beer, please

Nouns Japanese nouns only have one form. Singular and plural forms of nouns are the same and there are no distinctions for gender (masculine/feminine/neuter).Therefore: 264

or ‘the books’ biru can mean: ‘a beer’, ‘the beer’, ‘beers’, ‘some beers’ or

‘the beers’ Usually, what you mean will be perfectly clear from the context. Where necessary, you can be more specific by using numbers (see Counting, page 286). Although the form of the noun itself does not change, grammatical particles placed after the noun indicate whether it is the subject, object or indirect object of a sentence: watashi no fak·kusu wa todokimashita ka? [‘I’ + possessive part. ‘fax’ + sub. part. + ‘arrived’ + question part.]

has my fax arrived yet? [‘fax’ + ob. part. + ‘sent’ + question part.]

Pronouns

Nouns / Pronouns

did you send the fax? and o are known as postpositional particles (see page 273). One interesting aspect of many nouns is that they can be changed into verbs by just adding suru (to do) or shimas (polite form of ‘to do’).Thus, dokusho is the Japanese word for ‘reading’, and doksho suru is the equivalent of ‘to read’. Wa

■

fak·kusu o okurimashita ka?

HOW THE LANGUAGE WORKS

hon can mean ‘a book’, ‘the book’, ‘books’, ‘some books’

Generally, pronouns are omitted in Japanese whenever possible, but occasionally it might be necessary to use them for emphasis or to avoid misunderstanding. It should be remembered that, on the whole, use of pronouns does not show respect and should be avoided, especially when addressing one’s superiors. If it does become necessary to use a personal pronoun, the words listed in the sections that follow can be used. 265

HOW THE LANGUAGE WORKS

Personal Pronouns watashi bok watakshi anata kimi kare kanojo watashitachi anatatachi kimitachi karera kanojotachi sorera

I I (m, fam) I (pol) you (sing) you (sing, fam, to a subordinate) he she we you (pl) you (pl, fam, to subordinates) they (m) they (f) they (inanimate objects)

watashi wa Igiris-jin des

■

[‘I’ + sub. part. + ‘English am’]

Pronouns

I’m English The subject of the sentence above is followed by the subject particle wa (see page 270). Care should also be taken not to address Japanese using anata, the direct translation of ‘you’.The best way to say, for example, ‘where are you going?’ in Japanese, is to use the person’s name plus -san, instead of the word for ‘you’. Another acceptable way to say this is to omit both ‘you’ and the name in Japanese. Eigo o hanasemas ka? [‘English’ + ob. part. + ‘speak can’ + question part.]

do you speak English? Nakada-san wa Frans-go o hanasemas ka? [‘surname Mr’ + sub. part. + ‘French’ + ob. part. + ‘speak’ + question part.]

Mr Nakada, do you speak French?

266

me me (m, fam) me (pol) you (sing) you (sing, fam, to a subordinate) him her us you (pl) you (pl, fam, to subordinates) them (m) them (f) them (inanimate objects)

■

watashi o bok o watakshi o anata o kimi o kare o kanojo o watashitachi o anatatachi o kimitachi o karera o kanojotachi o sorera o

HOW THE LANGUAGE WORKS

The form of the pronoun does not change, but there is a change in the postpositional particle that is placed after the pronoun; for direct object pronouns, use o instead of wa:

kare o yonde kimasho

I’ll get him ‘It’

Japanese has no word that is equivalent to the English pronoun ‘it’;‘it’ will be understood in phrases like the following: doko desu ka?

toi desu ka?

[‘where is’ + question part.]

[‘far is’ + question part.]

where is it?

is it far?

Pronouns

[‘he’ + ob. part. + ‘fetch’]

ame ga fut·te imasu [‘rain’ + sub. part. + ‘fall is’]

it’s raining

If you really need to emphasise ‘it’, you can use sore, but this is a demonstrative pronoun rather than a personal pronoun, and actually means ‘that’: 267

HOW THE LANGUAGE WORKS ■ Pronouns / Possessives

268

sore wa kare no kuruma des [‘that’ + sub. part. + ‘he’ + possessive part. + ‘car is’]

it’s his car Demonstrative Pronouns kore sore are

this (one); these (ones) that (one); those (ones) (nearby or just mentioned) that (one); those (ones) (further away)

kore wa watashi no des

sore dewa nak, kore des

[‘this’ + sub. part. + ‘I of am’]

[‘that as for not this is’]

this is mine

not that one, this one

are wa takai des [‘that’ + sub. part. + ‘expensive is’]

that one is expensive

See Demonstrative Adjectives, page 282.

Possessives Possessive adjectives and pronouns are the same in Japanese. To form the possessive, add the particle no to the pronoun: watashi no bok no watakshi no anata no kimi no kare no kanojo no watashitachi no anatatachi no kimitachi no karera no kanojotachi no sorera no

my; mine my; mine (m, fam) my; mine (pol) your; yours (sing) you (sing, fam, to a subordinate) his her; hers our; ours your; yours (pl) you (pl, fam, to subordinates) their; theirs (m) their; theirs (f) their; theirs (inanimate objects)

watashi no heya de [‘I’ + possessive part. + ‘room in’]

it’s mine

in my room

The possessive is generally omitted if the meaning is clear from the context: handobag·gu o nakushimashita [‘handbag’ + ob. part. + ‘lost’]

I’ve lost my handbag

In phrases like the one below, it’s more respectful to use the possessive particle with the person’s name or job title: shacho no kuruma [‘director’ + possessive part. + ‘car’]

the director’s car rather than:

■

kare no kuruma

HOW THE LANGUAGE WORKS

watashi no desu [‘I’ + possessive part. + ‘be’]

[‘he’ + possessive part. + ‘car’]

Postpositional Particles Postpositional particles are small words that always follow the word they relate to.They have two main functions: a) They indicate whether a noun or pronoun is the subject, object or indirect object of a sentence. b) They are the equivalent of certain English grammatical elements, for example, prepositions (to, from, with etc), constructions such as ‘and’,‘because’,‘also’, and they are also used to indicate a question. The following list shows the meanings of the various particles in brief; for further information and examples, see the text that follows this list.

Postpositional Particles

his car even if the English phrase doesn’t use the name or title.

269

HOW THE LANGUAGE WORKS

follows the subject of a sentence, emphasises the subject wa follows the subject of a sentence o follows the object of a sentence ni follows the indirect object of a sentence; or means on, in, to, at (referring to time and location) e to (indicates motion towards); towards; until made to; up to; until; as far as kara from; since de by, by means of; with; at; on; in (referring to location) to with, accompanied by; and, that mo too, also; even; both ... and; neither ... nor no of; possessive ka? question particle ne? question tag: isn’t it?, haven’t we?, haven’t you? etc ga

■

Subject Particles

Postpositional Particles

To indicate that a word is the subject of a sentence, the particles ga or wa are used: onaka ga sukimashita ka? [‘stomach’ + sub. part. + ‘empty’ + question part.]

are you hungry?

The particle ga can indicate that the subject of the sentence is more important than the text that follows. In English this distinction can be achieved by tone of voice: watashi ga ikimasu [‘I’ + sub. part. + ‘will go’]

I will go, it’s me who’s going (not anyone else) watashi ga haraimasu [‘I’ + sub. part. + ‘pay’]

I’ll pay (nobody else has to pay)

If wa is used instead of ga, this gives less emphasis to the subject and more to the rest of the text: 270

watashi wa gakusei desu

[‘I’ + sub. part. + ‘American am’]

[‘I’ + sub. part. + ‘student am’]

I’m American

I’m a student

Ga

is often used if the verb is arimasu or imasu:

kyo wa sumo ga arimasu [‘today’ + sub. part. + ‘sumo’ + sub. part. + ‘is’]

there’s a sumo match today

and wa is often used when the verb is des or a negative: sore wa totemo omoshiroi desu [‘that’ + sub. part. + ‘very interesting is’]

that’s very interesting watashi wa Igirisu-jin desu [‘I’ + sub. part. + ‘English am’]

■

I’m English

HOW THE LANGUAGE WORKS

watashi wa Amerika-jin desu

watashi wa ikimasen

I’m not going kono hon wa omoshiroku nai desu [‘this book’ + sub. part. + ‘interesting not is’]

this book is not interesting Object Particle

The object particle o is placed after the object of the verb: yoyaku o shite arimasu [‘reservation’ + ob. part. + ‘made’]

I have a reservation

Postpositional Particles

[‘I’ + sub. part. + ‘go’ + negative]

Eigo o hanasemasu ka? [‘English’ + ob. part. + ‘speak can’ + question part.]

can you speak English?

271

HOW THE LANGUAGE WORKS

Indirect Object Particle

The particle ni is used to indicate an indirect object: sensei ni wain o agemashita [‘teacher’ + ind. ob. part. + ‘wine’ + ob. part. + ‘gave’]

I gave the teacher a bottle of wine Other Particles

The particle e indicates motion towards something: Kobe e ikimasu [‘Kobe to go’]

I’m going to Kobe

The particle made means ‘to’, ‘up to’, ‘until’ or ‘as far as’: kuko made, onegai shimasu

■

[‘airport to please’]

to the airport, please

Postpositional Particles

... made nan-kiro arimasu ka? [‘... to how many kilometres is’ + question part.]

how many kilometres is it to ...? Doyobi made [‘Saturday until’]

until Saturday

The particle kara means ‘from’ or ‘since’: Rondon kara Tokyo made

senshu kara

[‘London from Tokyo to’]

[‘last week since’]

from London to Tokyo

since last week

The particle ni (as well as being the indirect object particle) means ‘on’, ‘in’, ‘to’ or ‘at’, referring to time or location: Doyobi ni [‘Saturday on’]

on Saturday

272

[‘Hilton Hotel at staying’]

I’m staying at the Hilton Hotel Tokyo ni oba ga sunde imasu [‘Tokyo in aunt’ + sub. part. + ‘lives’]

my aunt lives in Tokyo

The particle de can mean ‘by’, ‘by means of ’ or ‘with’: kuruma de

basu de

[‘car by’]

[‘bus by’]

by car

by bus

kurejit·to-kado de haraemasu ka? [‘credit card by can pay’ + question part.]

can I pay by credit card?

can also mean ‘at’, ‘on’ or ‘in’, referring to location:

■

de

HOW THE LANGUAGE WORKS

Hiruton hoteru ni tomat·te imasu

ba de suwat·te imashita

he was sitting at the bar depato no naka de aimasho [‘department store of inside in meet let’s’]

I’ll see you in the department store

The particle to means ‘with’, ‘accompanying’: haha to kaimono shimasu [‘mother with shopping do’]

I go shopping with my mother

See page 284 for when to use to meaning ‘and’.

Postpositional Particles

[‘bar at was sitting’]

The particle mo can mean ‘too’, ‘also’ or ‘even’: kimi mo heya ni itano ka?

watashi mo

[‘you too room in were’ + question part.]

me too

were you in the room too?

273

HOW THE LANGUAGE WORKS

can also be used to translate ‘both ... and’ (in a positive statement) and ‘neither ... nor’ (with a negative verb, see page 278):

mo

biru mo sake mo nomimashita [‘beer both sake and drank’]

I drank both beer and sake biru mo sake mo nomimasen deshita [‘beer both sake and not drank’]

I drank neither beer nor sake

The particle no means ‘of ’ or corresponds to the ’s or the possessive in English: ane no hon

kurabu no memba

■

[‘sister of book’]

[‘club of member’]

my sister’s book

a member of the club

watashi no kuruma Postpositional Particles

[‘I of car’]

my car

The particle ka is added to the end of a statement to change it into a question: kip·pu wa takai desu [‘ticket’ + sub. part. + ‘expensive’]

the tickets are expensive kip·pu wa takai desu ka? [‘ticket’ + sub. part. + ‘expensive’ + question part.]

are the tickets expensive?

The particle ne is the equivalent of English tag questions like ‘isn’t it?’, ‘haven’t we?’ and so on: Keiko-san, kore wa anata no desu ne? [‘Keiko’ + polite form + ‘this’ + sub. part. + ‘you of is’ + question tag]

it’s yours, Keiko, isn’t it?

274

[‘here in that came’ + sub. part. ‘be’+ question tag]

we’ve been here, haven’t we?

Verbs Unlike English verbs, Japanese verbs do not change their form according to first, second, or third person subjects, singular or plural.Therefore, ikimasu means: to go I go you go

he/she/it goes we go they go

The form of Japanese verbs is changed to indicate different levels of politeness. As a general rule, longer verb forms denote courtesy: yomimasu to read shimbun yomu ka? (basic form) shimbun yomimasu ka? (polite) shimbun yomaremasu ka? (very polite)

do you read the paper?

It is more straightforward for beginners in Japanese to stick to the second form given above (yomimasu).This is the verb form we have generally given in the English-Japanese section of this book and it is polite enough for most situations. Present Tense

P o s t p o s i t i o n a l P a r t i c l e s / Ve r b s

Polite Verb Forms

■

However, Japanese verbs do change their form according to various other criteria, for example, the degree of politeness required, the tense, or whether the verb indicates ‘wanting’ or ‘necessity’.

HOW THE LANGUAGE WORKS

koko ni kita koto ga arimasu ne?

To express the simple present, use the basic form of the verb ending in -masu: 275

HOW THE LANGUAGE WORKS

ikimasu to go

swarimasu to sit down I go I sit down you go you sit down he/she/it goes he/she/it sits down we go we sit down they go they sit down To express a continuing action in the present (‘he is going’, ‘I am walking’ etc), the -masu ending is removed from the verb and replaced with -te or -de, and imasu is placed after the verb: nani o yonde imasu ka? [‘what’ + ob. part. + ‘reading’ + question part.]

what are you reading? karera wa tabete imasu [‘they’ + sub. part. + ‘eating’]

■

they are eating kare wa tabako o sut·te imasu [‘he’ + sub. part. + ‘cigarette’ + ob. part. + ‘inhale’]

Ve r b s

he is smoking Past Tense

The ending -mashita indicates the past tense. Replace the -masu ending of the verb with -mashita: ikimasu to go ikimashita I went

mimasu to see; to watch mimashita I’ve seen

you went he/she/it went we went they went

276

you’ve seen he/she/it has seen we have seen they have seen

tsukimasu to arrive kyo tsukimashita

tabemasu to eat watashitachi wa mo tabemashita

[‘today arrived’]

[‘we’ + sub. part. + ‘already have eaten’]

we arrived today

we’ve already eaten

There is no real future tense in Japanese; instead the present tense is used to express the future: mata ashita kimasu

rainen Kyoto ni ikimasu

[‘again tomorrow come’]

[‘next year Kyoto to go’]

I’ll come back tomorrow I’m going to Kyoto next year Asking Permission

Asking permission to do something is indicated by the verb ending -te followed by ... i desu ka? (literally: is it allowed?): anata ni tegami o kaite i desu ka? [‘you to letter’ + ob. part. + ‘write is is allowed’ + question part.]

can I write to you? Indicating Necessity

Ve r b s

ikimasu to go mo ikanakereba narimasen

■

Necessity is indicated by the verb ending -nakereba narimasen:

HOW THE LANGUAGE WORKS

Future Tense

[‘already go must’]

I have to go now kakimasu to write tegami o kakanakereba narimasen [‘letter’ + ob. part. + ‘write must’]

I have to write a letter Indicating Wanting

Wanting to do something is indicated by the verb ending -tai: okurimasu to send kore o Igirisu ni okuritai no desu ga [‘this’ + ob. part. + ‘England to send want request please’]

I want to send this to England

277

HOW THE LANGUAGE WORKS

karimasu to rent kuruma o karitai no desu ga [‘car’ + ob. part. + ‘buy want request please’]

I’d like to rent a car Negatives

There is no simple equivalent to ‘not’ in Japanese. Instead the form of the verb changes to indicate the negative. The -masu ending changes to -masen and the -tai (wanting) ending changes to -taku nai: kono gak·ko e ikimasu [‘this school to go’]

I go to this school kono gak·ko e wa ikimasen [‘this school to’ + sub. part. + ‘go’ negative]

■

I don’t go to this school

Ve r b s

Igirisu ni ikitai desu [‘England to want go’ + polite ending]

I want to go to England Igirisu ni ikitaku nai desu [‘England to want go’ + negative + polite ending]

I don’t want to go to England

Japanese has no words like ‘nobody’, ‘no-one’, ‘never’, ‘none’,‘neither’,‘nor’,‘(not) any’; these must be expressed in Japanese by a negative verb construction: dare mo kimasen deshita [‘somebody even come’ + negative]

nobody came dare mo hakbutskan e ikitagarimasen [‘somebody even museum to want to go’ + negative]

nobody wants to visit the museum

278

[‘Kobe to’ + sub. part. + ‘not once even that’ + sub. part. + negative]

I’ve never been to Kobe mo hitots mo arimasen [‘already one even exist’ + negative]

there’s none left hoshik arimasen [‘want’ + negative]

I don’t want any

Adjectives

is is is is

red delicious interesting bad

The final -i or -i indicates the present positive form of the adjective, which is the basic form given in the EnglishJapanese section of this book; to make the past positive form, remove the -i or -i to obtain the stem and add -kat·ta: present positive

past positive

akai is red oishi is delicious omoshiroi is interesting warui is bad

akakat·ta was red oishkat·ta was delicious omoshirokat·ta was interesting warukat·ta was bad

Ve r b s / A d j e v c t i v e s

akai oishi omoshiroi warui

■

Japanese ‘adjectives’ are a special category of words, many of which behave in a way quite unlike their English counterparts. Many, indeed, are more like verbs since they have separate forms for present and past tenses and for positive and negative use. For example, the adjective for ‘red’ akai really means ‘is red’. There are two types of adjectives in Japanese.The first type end in -ai, -i, -oi or -ui:

HOW THE LANGUAGE WORKS

Kobe niwa ichido mo it·ta koto ga arimasen

279

HOW THE LANGUAGE WORKS

These are all plain forms which generally would not be used by themselves; to make them polite forms, add desu: nimotsu wa omokat·ta desu [‘luggage’ + sub. part. + ‘was heavy’ + polite ending]

the luggage was heavy

To form the present negative, remove -i or -i, and add -k nai; for the past negative add -ku nakat·ta to the stem: present negative

past negative

akaku nai is not red oishiku nai is not delicious

akaku nakat·ta was not red oishiku nakat·ta was not

omoshiroku nai is not

omoshiroku nakat·ta was

delicious interesting

not interesting

waruku nai is not bad

waruku nakat·ta was not bad

■

To make the above polite forms (as used in speech), change -ku nai to -ku arimasen:

Adjectives

kono suika wa amaku arimasen [‘this watermelon’ + sub. part. + ‘sweet’ + negative]

this watermelon is not sweet Adjectival Nouns

The second type of Japanese adjective is more like an English adjective in that it does not change its ending and is not a form of verb.This type of adjective does not end in -ai, -i, -oi or -ui, but consists of a noun followed by na: shizuka (na)

quiet Adjectival nouns are used with the following to form the present and past tenses (positive and negative):

280

positive

present past

des deshta

negative

present past

dewa arimasen dewa arimasen deshta

hoteru wa shizka des [‘hotel’ + sub. part. + ‘quiet is’]

the hotel is quiet kono hon wa tekito dewa arimasen [‘this book’ + sub. part. + ‘suitable’ + negative]

this book is not suitable chit·toma shimpai dewa arimasen deshta [‘not at all worried’ + negative]

I wasn’t worried at all Comparatives and Superlatives

To form the comparative, put mot·to (more) in front of the adjective: mot·to omoshiroi

faster

more interesting

ichi·ban omoshiroi toshi [‘most is interesting city’]

the most interesting city

Adjectives

To form the superlative, put ichi·ban (literally: number one) or mot·tomo (most) in front of the adjective:

■

mot·to hayak

HOW THE LANGUAGE WORKS

If the adjectival noun is followed by des, na can be omitted:

mot·tomo takai hoteru [‘most is expensive hotel’]

the most expensive hotel

To express ‘more ... than ...’, ‘...-er than’, use yori (than): kono hoteru wa ryokan yori takai desu [‘this hotel’ + sub. part. + ‘Japanese inn than expensive’]

this hotel is more expensive than a Japanese inn densha wa basu yori hayai desu [‘train’ + sub. part. + ‘bus than fast is’]

the train is faster than the bus

281

HOW THE LANGUAGE WORKS

To express ‘as ... as ...’ use to onaji kurai (about the same as): Rondon wa Nagano to onaji kurai samui desu [‘London’ + sub. part. + ‘Nagano as cold as is’]

London is as cold as Nagano

To express ‘not as ... as ...’, use hodo ... nai: Nippon wa Amerika hodo okiku nai desu [‘Japan’ + sub. part. + ‘America not as big as is’]

Japan is not as big as America Demonstrative Adjectives

There are three demonstrative adjectives: kono, sono and ano: this; these that; those (nearby or just mentioned) that; those (further away)

kono sono ano

■ Adjectives / Adverbs

kono densha this train sono tomodachi that friend (of yours, that you mentioned) ano basu that bus (over there)

Adverbs To form an adverb from the first type of adjective (ending in -ai, -i, -oi or -ui), change the final -i to -k: hayai osoi yasashi warui yasui

quick slow easy bad cheap

hayaku osoku yasashiku waruku yask

quickly slowly easily badly cheaply

To form the adverb from the second type of adjective (shown with (na) in the English-Japanese section), change na to ni: shizka na heya

282

Keiko-san wa shizka ni hanashimas

[‘quiet room’]

[‘Keiko’ + polite form + sub. part. + ‘quietly speaks’]

a quiet room

Keiko speaks quietly

The normal word order in Japanese sentences is: subject – object – verb ane wa sushi o suki des ga, watashi wa suki dewa arimasen [‘sister’ + sub. part. + ‘sushi’ + ob. part. + ‘like but I’ + sub. part. + ‘like not’]

my sister likes sushi but I don’t

Adjectives usually precede the noun they modify while particles and conjunctions follow the noun they refer to.

‘Yes’ and ‘No’

ie kek·ko des

yes, please

no thanks

yomimashta ka?

hai, yomimashta

have you read the paper?

yes, I have

In general, however, it is possible to omit hai and ie and answer simply by using the verb. When the question is a negative one, however, hai and ie are used in quite a different way to English. This is because hai is used to confirm the statement, whether the answer is affirmative or negative: anata wa Amerika-jin dewa arimasen ka? [‘you’ + sub. part. + ‘American’ + negative + question part.]

aren’t you American?

W o r d O r d e r / ‘ Ye s ’ a n d ‘ N o ’

hai, onegai shimas

■

The words for ‘yes’ and ‘no’ are hai (or sometimes e) and ie (or ie):

HOW THE LANGUAGE WORKS

Word Order

hai, Igirisu-jin desu [‘yes (I am not) English’]

no, I’m English

283

HOW THE LANGUAGE WORKS

This kind of negative question (as in English) implies the speaker may be slightly surprised or incredulous or wants to confirm something that they are almost sure of. If a positive question were asked, with no prior assumptions, the answer would be ie. In the same way, when the question is a negative one, ie is used to deny the sentence whether the answer is affirmative or negative: soba o tabemasen deshita ka? [‘noodles’ + ob. part. + ‘eat did not’ + question part.]

didn’t you eat the noodles? (implying you should have) ie, tabemashita [‘no, did eat’]

yes, I did eat them

■

‘And’

‘ Ye s ’ a n d ‘ N o ’ / ‘ A n d ’

There are different words for ‘and’ in Japanese. To is used with nouns and pronouns: shio to kosho

Tokyo to Rondon

salt and pepper

Tokyo and London

kohi to sato o kaimashita [‘coffee and sugar’ + ob. part. + ‘bought’]

I bought coffee and sugar also means ‘and’; it is used with verbs, adjectives and adverbs:

Soshite

watashitachi wa onsen ni hairi soshite shokji o shimashta [‘we’ + sub. part. + ‘hot spring in go and meal did’]

we had a bath in the hot spring and had a meal kare wa hayak, soshite utskushik, ji o kakimas [‘he’ + sub. part. + ‘fast and neatly characters’ + ob. part. + ‘writes’]

he writes both fast and neatly means ‘and then’:

Sorekara

284

[‘television’ + ob. part. + ‘watched and then study’]

I’ll watch television and then I’ll study

Masculine and Feminine Forms of Speech

I can speak English! watashi wa okoto ga hikeru wa! (said by a woman) [‘I’ + sub. part. + polite prefix + ‘Japanese harp’ + ob. part. + ‘play can’ + emphasis]

I can play the Japanese harp! Women make more use of the polite prefix o- or go-, as in: denwa/odenwa

(said by a man/woman) (your) telephone gokazoku wa ogenki desu ka?

Masculine and Feminine Forms

[‘I’ + sub. part. + ‘English’ + ob. part. + ‘speak can emphasis’]

■

In the past, there were many different levels of courtesy in Japanese speech and special words and phrases were used, for example, to praise one’s superiors, and to deprecate oneself. As well as this, women’s speech was traditionally more polite than men’s. Although the differences between male and female speech patterns are now less pronounced than they used to be, there are still many ways of speaking that are exclusively used by either men or women. Men speak with a more even tone of voice, whereas women speak in a more lilting manner. Men and women use different pronouns and interjections.Also, in informal speech, men tend to use yo or zo at the end of sentences for emphasis, whereas women will use wa, for example: bok wa Eigo ga hanaseru yo/zo! (said by a man)

HOW THE LANGUAGE WORKS

terebi o mite, sorekara benkyo shimas

[polite prefix + ‘family’ + sub. part. + polite prefix + ‘well’ + question part.]

are your family all well?

285

HOW THE LANGUAGE WORKS

Women also tend to use emotional interjections more than men, such as ‘kawai’ (cute!) or ‘suteki!’ (marvellous!). To express surprise when meeting somebody unexpectedly, women tend to say ‘ma!’ or ‘ara!’, which are never used by men, who tend to say ‘ya!’ or ‘o!’.

Counting Japanese has two sets of numbers from one to ten: set 1

set 2

■ Counting

1 ichi hitotsu 2 ni futatsu 3 san mit·tsu 4 yon/shi* yot·tsu 5 go itsutsu 6 roku mut·tsu 7 nana/shichi* nanatsu 8 hachi yat·tsu 9 kyu/ku* kokonotsu 10 ju to The first set is used when referring to expressions of time, quantities and measurements.They are used with the classifiers on the opposite page or with count words such as ‘minute’, ‘yen’ etc: go-fun

ichijikan mae

five minutes

an hour ago

gozen shichiji ni

ju-en

at 7am 10 yen * The alternative numerals in the first set above must be used in the following time expressions: yoji

shichiji

kuji

four o’clock seven o’clock nine o’clock The second set of numbers is used for counting any other things not mentioned above.The number is placed after the

286

biru futats, onegai shimas

kip·p o sam-mai, kudasai

[‘car two’ + classifier]

[‘ticket’ + ob. part. + ‘three’ + classifier + ‘please’]

two cars

three tickets, please

Counting

kuruma ni-dai

■

two beers, please If you use the two sets of numbers in the way described above, this will be acceptable, but a further method of counting, using a counting word known as a classifier, is more commonly used. Classifiers equate roughly to English words like ‘glassful’,‘cupful’,‘bottle of ’,‘sheets of ’ etc. Nouns or groups of nouns in Japanese have specific classifiers which are used when they are counted or quantified. The most common classifiers are: -dai machines, cars, bikes, stereos -hai glassfuls, cupfuls -hiki animals -hon pens, cigarettes, other cylindrical objects -ko fruit, cakes, eggs and small chunky objects -mai pieces of paper, tickets, other things that are thin and flat -nin people -sats books -tsu letters

HOW THE LANGUAGE WORKS

object and is used without a count word (like ‘minute’) or a classifier:

Nihon·go no hon o go-satsu kaimashita [‘Japanese of book’ + ob. part. + ‘five’ + classifier + ‘bought’]

I bought five Japanese books majan wa yo-nin de shimasu [‘mahjong’ + sub. part. + ‘four’ + classifier + ‘by do’]

mahjong is played by four people There is only one set of numbers above ten. See pages 292293.

287

HOW THE LANGUAGE WORKS

Dates The word order for dates is: year – month – day There are two common ways of counting years in Japanese. The Western system is used thus: sen-kyu-hyaku-kyu-ju-hachi-nen

ni-sen-ichi-nen

[thousand-nine-hundreds-nine-tens-eight-year]

[two-thousand-one-year]

1998

2001

There is also a traditional system of counting from the first year of the current emperor’s reign. The Heisei period (of Emperor Akihito) began in 1989:

■

Heisei ni-nen

Heisei ju-nen

[Heisei two year]

[Heisei ten year]

second year of Heisei (1990) tenth year of Heisei (1998) Dates

Kugatsu tsuitachi

Junigatsu futsuka

[nine-month (September) first]

[twelve-month (December) second]

the first of September

the second of December

ni-sen-ichi-nen Gogatsu san-ju-nichi [two-thousand-one-year five-month (May) thirtieth]

the thirtieth of May 2001 Heisei ju-nen Rokgats ni-ju san-ichi [Heise-ten-year six-month (June) twenty-third]

the twenty-third of June 1998

Dates are formed using the versions of the ordinal numbers below: 1st 2nd 3rd 4th

288

tsuitachi futska mik·ka yok·ka

)* +, -. /0

Dates

12 34 56 78 9: ;< =>? @AB CDE FGH IJK LMN OPQ RST UVW XYZ [\]^ _`ab cdef ghij klmn opqr stuv wxyz {|}~ ¡¢£ ¤¥¦§

■

itska muika nanoka yoka kokonoka toka ju-ichi-nichi ju-ni-nichi ju-san-nichi ju-yok·ka ju-go-nichi ju-rok-nichi ju-shichi-nichi ju-hachi-nichi ju-ku-nichi hatska ni-ju-ichi nichi ni-ju-ni-nichi ni-ju-san-nichi ni-ju-yok·ka ni-ju-go-nichi ni-ju-rok-nichi ni-ju-shichi-nichi ni-ju-hachi-nichi ni-ju-ku-nichi san-ju-nichi san-ju-ichi-nichi

HOW THE LANGUAGE WORKS

5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 21st 22nd 23rd 24th 25th 26th 27th 28th 29th 30th 31st

Japanese ordinals are written using the Chinese characters (kanji) above if writing vertically; otherwise, when writing left to right, Arabic numbers can be used instead.

289

HOW THE LANGUAGE WORKS

Days Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday

■ Days / Months / Time

Getsuyobi Kayobi Suiyobi Moku·yobi Kin·yobi Doyobi Nichiyobi

¨©ª «¬° ®¯° ±²³ ´µ¶ ¸¹º »¼½

Ichigatsu Nigatsu San·gatsu Shigatsu Gogatsu Rokgatsu Shichigatsu Hachigatsu Kugatsu Jugatsu Juichigatsu Junigatsu

¾¿ ÀÁ Âà ÄÅ ÆÇ ÈÉ ÊË ÌÍ ÎÏ ÐÑ ÒÓÔ ÕÖ×

Months January February March April May June July August September October November December

Time what time is it? ima nanji desu ka? ØÙÚÛÜÝÞ it’s one o’clock ichiji desu ßàáâ it’s two o’clock niji desu äåæç at one o’clock ichiji ni !"# at two o’clock niji ni $%& five past one ichiji go-fun '()*

290

HOW THE LANGUAGE WORKS ■ Time

ten past one ichiji jup·pun +,-. quarter past one ichiji ju-go-fun /0123 quarter past two niji ju-go-fun 45678 half past one ichiji-han 9:; half past two niji-han quarter to one ichiji ju-go-fun mae ?@ABCD quarter to two niji ju-go-fun mae EFGHIJ twenty to one ichiji nijup·pun mae KLMNOP ten to two niji jup·pun mae QRSTU am gozen VW pm gogo XY at 1am gozen ichiji ni Z[\]^ at 1pm gogo ichiji ni _`abc 13.00 ju-sanji def 14.00 ju-yoji ghi 18.30 ju-hachiji sanjup·pun jklmno noon shogo pq midnight mayonaka rst hour jikan uv minute fun w one minute ip·pun xy two minutes ni-fun z{ second byo | quarter of an hour ju-go-fun }~¡ half an hour san-jup·pun ¢£¤ three quarters of an hour yon-ju-go-fun ¥¦§¨

Minutes are expressed by adding -fun (minute) to the numbers below. This sometimes changes to -pun depending on the preceding sound: ni-fun

go-fun

jup·pun

two minutes

five minutes

ten minutes

291

HOW THE LANGUAGE WORKS ■ Numbers

292

Numbers See Counting pages 286. 0 zero 1 ichi 2 ni 3 san 4 shi 5 go 6 rok 7 shichi 8 hachi 9 kyu 10 ju 11 ju-ichi 12 ju-ni 13 ju-san 14 ju-shi 15 ju-go 16 ju-rok 17 ju-shichi 18 ju-hachi 19 ju-kyu 20 ni-ju 21 ni-ju-ichi 22 ni-ju-ni 30 san-ju 31 san-ju-ichi 32 san-ju-ni 40 yon-ju 50 go-ju 60 rok-ju

©ª « ¬ ­ ® ¯ ° ± ² ³ ´ µ¶ ¸¹ º» ¼½ ¾¿ ÀÁ Âà ÄÅ ÆÇ ÈÉ ÊËÌ ÍÎÏ ÐÑ ÒÓÔ ÕÖ× ØÙ ÚÛ ÜÝ

70 shichi-ju 80 hachi-ju 90 kyu-ju 100 hyak 101 hyak-ichi 102 hyak-ni 200 ni-hyak 1,000 sen 2,000 ni-sen 3,000 san-zen 4,000 yon-sen 5,000 go-sen 10,000* ichi-man 20,000 ni-man 1,000,000

hyaku-man

Þß àá âã ä åæ çè éê ë ìí îï ðñ Úñ %& '( )*

10,000,000

is·sem·man

+,-

100,000,000

ichi-oku

./

*For 10,000 and above, use man instead of sen. Japanese numbers are written using the Chinese characters (kanji) above if writing vertically; otherwise, when writing left to right, Arabic numbers can be used instead.

In Japanese, the words used for the dates (1st of March etc) and the ordinals in English sense (for example, ‘third chair from the window’) are different. The English ordinals can usually be translated by adding -bam·me to numbers.

012 345 678 9:; ?@A BCD EFG HIJ KLM

■

1st ichi-bam·me 2nd ni-bam·me 3rd san-bam·me 4th yon-bam·me 5th go-bam·me 6th rok-bam·me 7th nana-bam·me 8th hachi-bam·me 9th kyu-bam·me 10th jyu-bam·me

HOW THE LANGUAGE WORKS

Ordinals

See pages 288-289 for the set of ordinals used to form dates. Numbers

293

HOW THE LANGUAGE WORKS

Conversion Tables 1 centimetre = 0.39 inches

1 inch = 2.54 cm

1 metre = 39.37 inches = 1.09 yards

1 foot = 30.48 cm

1 kilometre = 0.62 miles = 5/8 mile

1 yard = 0.91 m

km

30

1 mile = 1.61 km miles miles km

1

2

3

4

5

0.6

1.2

1.9

2.5

3.1

1

2

3

4

1.6

3.2

4.8

6.4

100 250 500

oz

3.5 8.75 17.5

20

40

50

100

6.2 12.4 18.6 24.8 31.0 62.1

5

10

20

30

40

50

100

8.0 16.1 32.2 48.3 64.4 80.5 161

1 gram = 0.035 ounces g

10

1 kilo = 1000 g = 2.2 pounds 1 oz = 28.35 g 1 lb = 0.45 kg

■ C o n v e r s i o n Ta b l e s

kg

0.5

1

2

3

lb

1.1

2.2

4.4

6.6

8.8 11.0 13.2 15.4 17.6 19.8 22.0

5

6

60

70

7

80

8

20

30

40

50

lb

44

66

88

110 132 154 176 198 220

lb

0.5

1

2

3

4

5

6

kg

0.2

0.5

0.9

1.4

1.8

2.3

2.7

90

9

kg

7

10

100

8

3.2 3.6

9

10

20

4.1

4.5

9.0

1 litre = 1.75 UK pints / 2.13 US pints 1 UK pint = 0.57 l 1 US pint = 0.47 l

1 UK gallon = 4.55 l 1 US gallon = 3.79 l

centigrade / Celsius

°C = (°F - 32) x 5/9

°C

-5

0

5

10

15

18

20

25

30

36.8

°F

23

32

41

50

59

64

68

77

86

98.4 100.4

Fahrenheit

294

4

38

°F = (°C x 9/5) + 32

°F

23

32

40

50

60

65

70

80

85

98.4 101

°C

-5

0

4

10

16

18

21

27

29

36.8 38.3

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