The Republic of Plato (Volume 2)

THE

REPUBLIC OF PLATO

THE

REPUBLIC OF PLATO EDITED

WITH CRITICAL NOTES, COMMENTARY AND APPENDICES BY

JAMES ADAM SOMETIME FELLOW AND SENIOR TUTOR OF EMMANUEL COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE

SECOND EDITION WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY

D. A. REES FELLOW AND TUTOR OF JESUS COLLEGE, OXFORD

VOLUME II BOOKS VI-X AND INDEXES

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS CAMBRIDGE LONDON

NEW YORK MELBOURNE

NEW ROCHELLE SYDNEY

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, Sao Paulo, Delhi Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www. Cambridge. org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521118743 © Cambridge University Press 1902, 1963 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 1902 Second edition 1963 Reprinted 1965, 1969, 1975, 1980 This digitally printed version 2009 A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library ISBN 978-0-521-05964-0 hardback ISBN 978-0-521-11874-3 paperback

CONTENTS OF VOLUME II. PAGE BOOK

VI

i

A P P E N D I C E S T O B O O K VI

74

BOOK VII

88

A P P E N D I C E S TO B O O K VII

156

BOOK V I I I

195

APPENDICES TO BOOK VIII

264

B O O K IX

319

A P P E N D I C E S T O B O O K IX

372

BOOK X

384

APPENDICES TO BOOK X INDEXES

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

464 481

484

I.

Oi fiev Sr) iXooty fjv 8' iyooy c3 rXav/cav,

/xatcpov TWO? hie^ekOovros \6yov

fioyis

teal oi firj Sea

7TG>9 ave^avrjaav

oi

elav

e/cdrepoc. vI9 yap, €y, Sta y8/>a%eo? oi pahiov. Ov aiveTcu, elirov9 ifiol yovv en hoKel av ftekTiovcw avrjvcu, el irepl TOVTOV fiovov eSet pr)0f}vaiy KCU firj TTOWCI ra \oiira 8ie\0elv fieWovrc 5 4.

iftol yovv II: t/xoiy odv A.

4 8 4 A — 4 8 5 A We have now to an alternative also by Herwerden, as if shew that Philosophers, as defined by us, 8LCL fxcucpou rtvbs could mean 'at some should be entrusted with the government. length.' The first hand in S omits did, It is they alone who, by virtue of the Ideal but it occurs in all the other MSS. None in their souls, are able to guard the laws of these expedients is nearly so good as and institutions of a city. We shall the reading of the best MSS, if Schneider's therefore make them our Guardians, if explanation be adopted. fjutKpov has they possess the necessary practical quali- also caused difficulty, since the infications. A study of their nature will vestigation extends over only six pages shew that it is possible for them to unite of Stephanus: see Krohn PI. St. pp. both hifids of requisites. 105 ff. By Pfleiderer {Zur Lb'sung etc. P- 54)» w n o maintains (in partial agree4 8 4 A 1 Sid paicpov — \6yov : * through the conclusion of a somewhat ment with Spengel) that v 471c—vn lengthy argument.' die^eXSduros is in- (inclusive) embodies the dialogue 4»iX6transitive, as Schneider saw: cf. Laws o-oos announced in the beginning of the 805 B aXXd 7&/> elvov rbv fxiv \6yov iaerat. Politicus and Sophist, naicpou is hailed as UteJ-eXdeTv, e$ dieXOdvros d£ otirc* rb a significant lapsus calami, and referred 6OKOVV aipeiadai deJp. (The reference in to the investigations of the Sophist, Euthyelwov is to 799E Kay T\ Sii^odos aih-q o\rfdemus and Polilicus. But fxaKpoO is qualiffxovaa T£\O$ Uavus du ix-qvvacie KT\.) fied by TIV6$, and surely 474C—480A may Cf. also Dem. in Mid. 84. The word be described as 'a somewhat lengthy 8UI-€\$6VTOS is not otiose, because it is enquiry.' There is no allusion to the not till the very end of the argument that proverbial fiaicpds X6705 of which Aristhe 4>i\6 , which would weaken which their nature is revealed" (J. and the emphasis on iroAXd. For the omission C). rod \6yov (found in a few MSS) is of rjv see Schanz Nov. Comm. PI. p. 33. favoured by Stallbaum, and suggested as From the standpoint of Books vi and v n

TTAATQNOZ ri

[484 A

Biaipei ' /3LOcravT* ol6v re 6.Kpt-

ptaraTa admits that he may not see them in all their fulness and purity.

18 els r& akr\teo-T*Tov KTX. Cf. 500 c, 500 E—501 c (where the same figure is employed). The political value of the philosopher's knowledge of the Idea is here for the first time explicitly affirmed and explained : see v 479 D n. iiccurc : because truth is * yonder '— in the Heaven of the Ideas. The philosopher must call it from Heaven to Earth, by assimilating to it ' the earthly canons' (rd ivddde v6/ju/xa). 19 oiJrw &n = ' then and not till then* suggests that it is otherwise in existing States. 4 8 4 D 21 lav 8^-Q TWWGCU. If he has

the happiness to be born 'in his own country' (ix 592 A), whose institutions are already modelled on the Ideas, he need only guard (dpyKdrrovres suggests the 0tfXa/ces) and preserve what is already established. Otherwise he must himself become a legislator. Cobet's excision of ridecrdat is wholly gratuitous: his omission of rd in rh. KeLfieva is even worse, for the laws need not be of the philosopher's own making. 22 Sicuj^fxt. It would be easy to write 5ia4p€tv (with q etc.), but biaipipei. may be impersonal, or Glauco may be

nOAITEIAC S"

485 B]

vXa/cav, tiriros, avdpuiros), with VII 535 A, B nn. In Book 11 the by destruction when it loses that parnatural qualities insisted on were priticular determination and puts on anmarily moral; here and in v n they are other. Cf. v 479 A, B. Plato's form of primarily intellectual. This is in harexpression seems to imply that there is a mony with the difference between the sort of ouaia or substratum in phenoearlier and later schemes of education: mena. At a later stage he seems to have for the basis of the first was 6p8^ d6£a, identified this with space—the i whereas that of the second is i ^

TTAATQNOI

4 10 'Q/jLoXoyrfcrOco.

Kal JJLTJV, fjv S* eydo, teal OTL Trclarj^ avrrj^y Kal OVTC

(TfJLLKpOV OVT€

fiei^OVO?

OVT€ TL/JLLCOT€pOV OVT€ aTLfjLOT€pOV

eteovres aUvrai, wairep Kal

[485 B

ivs TOLS irpoadev

€p(»)TLKO)V <]X6ofjL€V.

fl€p0V$

irepl re royv LXOTLJIrtK«s KTX. Love me, love my friend. The Philosopher loves Wisthere is no hint here. Cf. Zeller II 1. dom, and Truth is Wisdom's kinswoman p. 725. and familiar friend. 4 8 5 D 25 a> TTOAITEIAC S"

4 8 6 B]

S

fjurjv 6 ye TOLOVTO? teal ovBa/jbfj (friXoxprjfiaTOS* cov yap 30 fjuera TTOXXT)*; hairdvq^

evetca ^prj/iara fiaXXoV

fj TOVTG) TrpO(T7]K€L r). *Ht,

BiavoLa /neyaXoTrpeireca /cal decopta iravro^ fiev xpovov, 5

8e overlap, olov

B dvOpdoTTivov

fiiov;

re oiei TOVTG) fiiya

'ASvvarov, 17 S* 09.

oh heivov re riytjaeTac 6 TOIOVTOS ;

TC hoicelv elvat TOV

Ovtcovv ' teal

"H/ciard

ye,

Qdvarov

AecXfj S77 ical

dveXevOepa) <j>vo~ei pa>v KTX. Cf. Ill 389 D Plato himself. See the eloquent words —390 E. of Longinus rrepl Vxfous 35, and compare y

ipcorrj/xa heofjuevov airOKpLcearn hi CIKOVOS XeyofjLevrjs. 2 u Si yey e<j>r), OIJJLCLL, OVK €t(o8a^ hi €LK6V(OV IV.

JLi€v> elirov

35 hvaairoheiKTov;

\iyeiv.

crKaairTei^ ififteftXrjKGbs fie e/9 Xoyov OVTCO

dtcove 8* ovv T779 e//coi/o9, Iv \ CTI fidXXov 18.

18779, 488

rai/rfl I I : ra&rrjv A.

18 TttvOV Be teal

irepl vavrc/ccov

erepa

Trph? dXkrjXov? irepl tcv/Sepvav,

airohel^au

p^-qre

hihdatcaXov

rrj^ io

fiadovra eavrov

Be TOVTOIS dcrtcovTa$ firjBe

ev cS i/judvOavev, irpos 2.

ev ovBev

£vvayayelv

ypdovo~iv. vorjaov yap TOCOVTOVI

TOL>9 ev rfj vrft iravras,

opoivra G)cravT(o^ fipa'xy n

avro

virep avrcov, olov oi ypanels

niyvvvre?

iroXXcov vecov irepu eXre / w a r

B jiev teal fxofir) virep rocavra,

Bel itc iroXXwv

r6 I I : om. A : yp rb irXrjflos in mg. A 2 .

babbler, altogether useless. Our simile explains itself. What wonder that the philosopher is useless in a city ? But the fault lies with those who niake no use of him. Jt is not his part to sue for employment : those who need his services ought to appeal to him.

7

vavKXrjpov KTX..

The PCUJKXJJPOS is

the Demos, as Aristotle observed \Rhet. in 4. I4o6 b 35): cf. also Olympiodorus Prolcg. 27 ed. Hermann. Cope on Arist. I.e. erroneously asserts that the vavKht\po% is the 'governor or governors of the unruly mob of citizens'; and Windelband's 4 8 8 A 2 «s y\lcrxpo>$ CIKCL^O) : 'how identification of the vauicXripos with the greedy I am of parables' (lit. 'how younger Dionysius is a strange freak of greedily I make parables), not (as J. and fancy: see Hirmer Entsteh. u. Komp. C.)''what a poor hand I am' at similes, etc. p. 620. As the vatf/fXijpos owned his an interpretation which deprives 2 n own ship (n 371 B «.), it is right that the 0 /xaWov of all its force. y\icxP * {conDemos should be voujK\y)pos in a demonected with y\la *glue' and 7X1x0^1) is cracy. For the frequent comparison of used as in Ar. Ach. 452 y\i tvvayayeiv). avrd should be taken Though unwieldy, sluggish, and dullwith eiVd^oj/ra, by an easy hyperbaton. witted (cf. Ap. 30 E VK6 fieyiOovs 5e vwdeffre'pit) icai deofx^Pif) iyeLpecrdai inrb 5 Tpav€\<x4>ous and similar fantastic /JLVWTTUS TIPOS). he is placid, and not decreations were of frequent occurrence in liberately vicious. It is the 5rjixaywyoi Oriental art. The word is fully illustra(in the widest sense of the term, inted by Blaydes on Ar. Frogs 937. cluding demagogues, sophists etc.), and 6 pi'yvvvTcs should be taken with not the dij^os who are here attacked. ypd(povffi: ' as painters paint goat-stags With /xeytdei KCLI f>6firi cf. fieydXov icai and the like by fusing creatures together.' iffxvpov 493 A. TOUOVTOVI KTX. There is no occasion to read roiovrbv r t : see ill 388 D n. For 4 8 8 B 11 HL1iTC Hia^VTa—£pav6av€v. yevSfxepov Richards would write yiyvdSee v 473 c n. and Xen. Mem. iv 2. 4—7. ixevov, because of optSvra etc. in B ft. and Politics, according to both Socrates and yiyvo/jitviov in 488 E. But Plato rightly Plato, is a science: see especially A fern. asks us to conceive of the completed i n 9. 11. The heaviest count in their indictment of Athenian democracy was its scene, although the scene itself must of practical denial of this fact. course be described by present parti13 4>d9 BcBa/cTov irolfiovs

' Kara- C

15 refiveiVy avTOvs he avr& del TCJ) vavtcXijpa) irepitceyyodai Beofjuevovs /ecu iravra

iroiovvraSj O7ra)9 av