The Messiah Myth: The Near Eastern Roots of Jesus and David

THE

MESSIAH

MYTH

BZSIHC3JI Other books by Thomas L. Thompson The Mythic Past The Early History of the Israelite People The Historicity of the Patriarchal Narratives

THE M E S S I A H

MYTH

The Near Eastern Roots of Jesus and David

Thomas L. Thompson

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data T h o m p s o n , T h o m a s L., 1 9 3 9 T h c Messiah myth : the Near Eastern roots of Jesus and David / T h o m a s L. Thompson, p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and indexes. I S B N 0 - 4 6 5 - 0 8 5 7 7 - 6 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Jesus Christ. 2. Jesus Christ—Genealogy. 3. Jesus Christ—Historicity. 4. Bible. N.T.—Criticism, interpretation, etc. 5. Bible. O . T . — Criticism, interpretation, etc. 6. Middle E a s t — H i s t o r y — T o 6 2 2 .

I. Title.

BT303.T57 2005 220.67—dc22 2004028573 0 5 0 6 0 7 / 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

To Ingrid Hjelm

CONTENTS

Preface Abbreviations xiu

One: The Kingdom Of God 1 Historicizing the Figure of Jesus, the Messiah 2 T h e Figure of the Prophet 3 T h e Children and the Kingdom 4 T h e Song for a Poor Man

^^

Two: The Royal Ideology

5 T h e Myth of the Good

King

6 T h e Myth of the Conquering Holy Warrior 7 T h e Myth of the Dying and Rising God

Three: The Never-Ending Story 8 Holy War 9 Good King, Bad King 10 T h e Figure of David in Story and Song

Appendix 1: Examples of the Song for a Poor Man Appendix 2: Testimonies of the Good King Notes Bibliography 371 Index of Biblical Citations Subject Index

PREFACE

This book attempts to answer the question I first raised some five years ago: What is the Bible if it is not history? In The Mythic Past, I wrote confidently that the Bible is not a history of anyone's past and that the Bibles story of the chosen and Israel

presented

mankind

a

losing its

history of early

philosophical way.1 Our

Palestine

metaphor

rejected about

knowledge of

has not

the

been seriously

altered in the intervening years and the debate about its

history

still

deals

with

the

question

of

its

possibility, given the heavy commitment of biblical scholars to the idea that the Bible reflects a historical

past.2 T h e historical work that is being done is both interesting and historical

promising, depending

sources

from

primarily on

archaeology

and

contemporary inscriptions. 3 But the question of what information in the Bible might be used by historians to write a history of Palestine is a false one and a distraction. historical

Historians

need

constructions

and,

evidence

for

without

their

evidence,

history is appropriately silent. That the Bible alone offers no direct evidence about Israels past before the Hellenistic

period

is

not

because it is

late

and

secondary—though surely that should give pause to the most conservative of historians—but because the Bible is doing something other than history with its stories about the past. In discussions about both monumental inscriptions and events

biblical in

a

narratives,

historians

demythologized

tend

space,

to

place

which

they

themselves create. T h e intention is to displace the mythic space to which

biblical and ancient texts

have given voice. Whether one is dealing with an army led

by

God

and

meeting no

resistance, a

heroic king marching through the night to attack at sunrise

or—in

victory—returning

the

people

to

faithful worship and the abandoned temple to its god, absence of attention to the story's world ignores the function of ancient texts. T h e further failure to weigh our texts against comparable literature cripples reading

by neglecting

the stereotypical quality of

biblical tropes. Rhetorical strategies such as the logic of retribution, reiterative echoes of legends past and ever illusive irony are lost in the historian's search for a past that shifts the reader's attention from the story to an imagined past. T h e assumption that the narratives of

the Bible are accounts of

the

past

asserts a function for our texts that needs to be

demonstrated

as

it

competes

with

other

more

apparent functions. T h e question is whether the modern history of Palestine, Syria's southern fringe, is concerned with the same kind of questions as biblical interpretation. Are archaeologists and

historians dealing

with

the

same kind of past as the Bible does? This, I think, is the central question of the current debate about history and the Bible, rather than the questions that have dominated. write

a

Can

modern

biblical stories history

of

be used the

to

ancient

past—whether of the individuals or of the events in which they participate? Even when confirmation of the

historical

inscriptions

references

relating the

to

available—as

Sennacherib's

Palestine

at

BCE—our

historical information is

extrabiblical and

close

is of

the

with

invasion

of

eighth

century

formed

by the

archaeological sources. T h e

Bible

uses such historical information for other purposes, in the way that literature has always used what was known of the past. T h e public debates on the historicity of the Bible have

tended

since

the

mid-1970s

to

focus

on

questions about the historical existence of individuals such as Abraham, Moses, David, Josiah, Ezra and Jesus, rather than on literary and theologically more significant

questions

of

understanding

and

interpreting biblical texts. I, therefore, have chosen to focus on the role of the king, and in particular on

his

presentation as savior of

his

people and

servant of the divine, which we meet in the myth of the messiah. Although I concentrate on the rich development of

this

Hebrew

I

Bible,

figure in

also

stress

the the

works of antiquity

the and

continuity of this tradition. T h e Pentateuch and the early Jewish biblical tradition present Samaritan and

Jewish

versions

intellectual

of

an

ancient

understanding

of

Near the

Eastern

late

first

millennium BCE; the gospels present and share this same

intellectual

and

literary

tradition

in

the

Greco-Roman period of late Hellenism. I, therefore, decided to represent this ancient myth of the king through

three

perspectives.

Part I deals with

the

perspective of the gospels, which builds its narrative figures on the basis of the myth drawn primarily from earlier Jewish tradition. Part II considers three of the most central figures of ancient Near Eastern royal ideology—the good king, the conquering holy warrior and the dying and rising god—and discusses their reuse in biblical tradition and especially in the Hebrew Bible. Part III describes the biblical revision of holy war ideology and the way this tradition has affected the composition of the narratives about the kings

of

Judah

and

Israel

and

finally

the

development of the messiah figure in narrative and song. My selection of material Eastern

world

has

from the ancient Near

many

gaps—the

many

extrabiblical traditions of early Judaism not included in

the

literary

biblical

collections and

traditions of

Greek and

especially the rich

the Mediterranean

world

in

Latin. These occidental perspectives in

the ancient world were deeply intimate with the intellectual

traditions

of

Mesopotamia,

Syria

and

Egypt through writers like Berossus, Philo of Byblos and

Manetho.

They

had

their

own

independent

development and relationship to the biblical material that is profound and enlightening. However, like the ancient

author,

I

have

not

been

able

to

read

everything in my library and I have made a selection from what I have read that relates to the themes of royal ideology. An as yet unfinished project ("From

Gilgamesh to the Gospels"), in which I am engaged with

my

colleagues

(Copenhagen)

and

Niels

Philip

Davies

Peter

Lemche

(Sheffield),

will

adjust whatever imbalance this present research has involved.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This book began in a course I presented together with Thomas Bolin at Marquette University a dozen years ago. In the discussions I shared with Thomas and the students, some of the essential perspectives of this present book

first

took shape. Not least

among them is the recognition that the common theological principles implicit in the writing of the gospels and the Hebrew Bible hardly support the separation

that

is

usually

assumed

in

todays

scholarship.4 Such separation, of course, has its roots in a

postbiblical development of antagonistic and

separate Jewish and

Christian identities during the

second and third centuries CE. This literature reflects a common intellectual engagement of its writers in the Mediterranean and Southwest Asian worlds of the Persian, Hellenistic and Greco-Roman periods. I wish to thank my students and the members of the

Old

Testament

graduate

seminar

in

the

Department of Biblical Studies in Copenhagen, from whom

I

have

gained

much

insight

and

advice

relating to the issues of this book. My colleagues have strongly supported my efforts to understand these

issues.

Professor

Niels

Peter

Lemche,

with

whom I share many interests, encouraged my questions about the implications of intellectual history that dominate the present study. Bodil Ejmass's work on

the

Psalms

of

the

Dead

Sea

Scrolls

has

encouraged

me to investigate

the development of

themes in biblical poetry. My editor, Chip Rosetti, has helped much in clarifying the books argument, and Jim West has caught countless mistakes in my language and presentation. My copyeditor, Chrisona Schmidt,

has

caught

many

inconsistencies in

my

writing style. I must also thank my stepson, Andreas Hjelm, for his support and help with my computer. I am most grateful to my wife and colleague, Ingrid Hjelm, to whom I dedicate this book. She followed this

book

through

the different stages of its de-

velopment, criticizing and supporting it. She herself is

responsible

scholarship helped

lay

for

that the

central

have

contributions to todays

changed

foundations

my for

thinking this

and study,

particularly the figure of Hezekiah, whose tears of humility saved Jerusalem from Sennacherib's siege; an explication of the literary techniques with which the

patterns of biblical stories have served to develop a never-ending

chain of

reiterative

narrative and

a

historical understanding of the implicit competition between the two interrelated religious traditions of Samaria

and

Hellenistic

Jerusalem periods. 5

during

Ingrid

the

ever

Persian

and

directed

my

attention to this historical context of the literature I wish to understand. THOMAS

Copenhagen}

L.

THOMPSON

November,

zoo4

^

ABBREVIATIONS

Gen

Genesis

Ex

Exodus

Lev

Leviticus

Num . . . . Numbers Dt

Deuteronomy

Josh

Joshua

Jgs

Judges

1 Sm . . . . 1 Samuel 2 Sm . . . . 2 Samuel 1 Kgs . . . . 1 Kings 2 Kgs . . . . 2 Kings 1 Chr. . . . 1 Chronicles 2 Chr. . . . 2 Chronicles

Ezra

Ezra

Neh

Nehemiah

Job

Job

Ps

Psalms

Prv

Proverbs

Eccl

Ecclesiastes

Song . . . . Song of Songs Is

Isaiah

Jer

Jeremiah

Lam

Lamentations

Ez

Ezekiel

Dan

Daniel

Hos

Hosea

J1

Joel

Am

Amos

Jon

Jonah

Mic

Micah

Zeph . . . . Zephaniah Zech . . . . Zechariah Mai

Malachi

Mr

Matthew

Mk

Mark

Lk Jn Eph

Luke John Ephesians

1 Th . . . . 1 Thessalonians 1 Pet . . . . 1 Peter

Js

James

Rev

Revelation

1 Macc . . .1 Maccabees 2 Macc . . . 2 Maccabees 1 Esd . . . . 1 Esdras Sir

Sirach

Jub

Jubilees

CD

Damascus Code

THE

MESSIAH

MYTH

PART

O N E

CHAPTER

I



Proclaim and say; Great is the God who works wonders, for

he

brings down

remnant; and

he

the

raises

arrogant spirit the

poor

from

without

even

the dust

to

a an

eternal height, and extols his stature up to the clouds and cures him together with the divinities in the congregation of the community.

31. 4Q Sapiential

Work (4Q413, frag 2,

col iii)68

From poverty he lifted your head and seated you among the

nobles.

Over

an

inheritance

of

glory

he

has

given

dominion to you, always seek his will. If you are poor, do not say "I am

poor and

can not seek

knowledge." Bend

your shoulder to all discipline and in all . . . refine your heart and

in much

knowledge

the mystery of existence, and

examine all

what is

bitter

Honor your

your thoughts. Investigate

consider all

the

the roots of evil. T h e n for

man

father in

and

your

paths of truth you will

what is sweet poverty and

for a

know man.

your mother in

your steps.

j 2 . //.Q Messianic Apocalypse

feQjzi,

frag z} col

a) 69 T h e heavens and the earth will listen to his Messiah and all

that is in

them

will not

turn away

from

the

holy

precepts. Be encouraged, you who are seeking the Lord in his service! Will you not, perhaps, encounter the Lord in it,

all

those

who

hope

observe the devout and

in

their

heart.

The

Lord

will

call the just by name and upon

the poor will he place his spirit, and the faithful will he

renew with upon

his strength.

the

throne

giving sight

to

of

the

For

he will

honor

eternal

royalty,

freeing

blind, straightening out

the devout prisoners,

the

twisted.

Ever shall I cling to those who hope. In his mercy he will judge and

from no one will the fruit of good deeds be

delayed and the not

existed,

Lord will perform marvels such as have

just

as

he

said.

He

will

heal

the

badly

wounded and will make the dead live. He will proclaim good news to the meek, give lavishly to the needy, lead the exiled and enrich the hungry.

53. 4Q Wisdom Text with Beatitudes

(4Q523)70

Blessed is the one who speaks the truth with a pure heart and

does not slander with

who adhere to paths. Blessed

his tongue. Blessed

are those

his laws and do not adhere to

perverted

are those who

rejoice in

her and

do not

explore insane paths. Blessed are those who search for her

with

pure

hands

and

do

not

importune

her

with

a

treacherous heart. Blessed is the man who attains wisdom and walks in the law of the Most High and dedicates his heart to her ways and is constrained by her discipline and always

takes

pleasure

in

her

punishments and

does

not

forsake her in the hardship of his wrongs and in the time of anguish does not discard her and does not forget her in the days of terror and in the distress of his soul does not loath her. For he always thinks of her and in his distress he meditates on the law and throughout his whole life he thinks of her and places her in front of his eyes in order not

to

walk

on

paths of evil. . . .

account casts away

together and

his heart . . . and

with

on

her

kings it will

make him s[it] . . . with his scepter over . . . brothers. .. .

/f.Q Bless Oh my Soul" ij*

faQ^j^frag

l, col

Bless, my soul, the

Lord for all his marvels, for ever. And

blessed be his name, because he has saved the soul of the poor.

The

needy

he

has not despised

forgotten those oppressed. He

and

has opened

he

has not

his eyes upon

the oppressed and has heard the cries of the orphans and has paid attention to their entreaties. In the abundance of his mercy, he has favored the needy and has opened their eyes so that they see his paths and their ears so that they hear his teaching. He has circumcised their hearts and has saved them by his grace and has set their feet firm on the path. In their many sorrows he did not forsake them and did not deliver them into the hands of violent men, nor did he judge them with the wicked.

55-

4(2

Knowledge

B l £ S S

to

Oh my Soul' (4Q436, frag strengthen

the

downcast

i)7Z

heart

and

to

triumph in him over the spirit, to console those oppressed

in the epoque of their anguish and his hand will lift the fallen to make them receptacles of knowledge and to give knowledge to the wise and increase the instruction of the upright.

NEW Matthew

TESTAMENT

EXAMPLES

5:3-12, 43-45; 11:4-6; 13:14-17;

18:1-5; 20:25-28, 33-34;7S 23:8-12;

25:31-46

Mark Luke

2:10-12; 4:2-9; 7:32-37; 8:22-26;74 10:21-27 1:46-55, 76-79; 3:5-6; 4:18-19; 6:20-27; 7:21-23; 10:29-37; 14:7-14; 17:11-18;" 18:2-8;

John

7:37; 8:12; 9:39

Romans James

12:14-21. 2 : 1 5 - 1 6 ; 4:6, 9 - 1 0 , 1 2

1 Peter Revelation

18:9-17; 19:2.5-1076

5:5-7 7:16-17; 21:1-4, 6 - 8 ; 22:17

APPENDIX

2

Testimonies of the Good King

L HEMATIC

FUNCTIONS

De

Dedication

of memorial

Le

Statement

Pa

Declaration of the king as chosen by the gods or as servant of the divine patron

Pi

Declaration of innocence, piety or virtue in office

Su

Description of past evil, rebellion or the anger of the gods

Di

Recognition of divine participation as the primary cause for change

Vi

Declaration of strength and victory over hardship, suffering, evil or enemies

Re

The reversal of destinies and the power over fate

Na

Establishing a name

Bu

Building or repairing temples or cities

Go

Fullness of time or reference to sudden, transcendent good news.

Sha

Creation of a Utopian shalom

of legitimation

TEXT

PARAPHRASES

1. In the seventh-century story of Sargon of ancient Akkad,1 the king presents himself in the first person (De). T h e text refers to

his family (Le)

to present Sargons

birth as the

birth of a hero (Na), His mother is a priestess (a virgin); his father unknown (Pa). He is born in secret, and put into

the Euphrates in a

basket of rushes (Su), whose door is

sealed with pitch. He is saved by a laborer, who rears him (Vi). He was Ishtars lover and her father's gardener (Pi). He was

king

over

Akkad

for

four

years.

He

conquered

mountains; he scaled the heights and walked in the valleys (Re) and

circled

the sea

three times (Go/Sha), capturing

Dilmun and going up to the great Der to destroy Kazallu (Vi). He calls on the kings who follow to do likewise (Na). 2.

Written

Yahdun-Lim

in

a

(De) 2

third-person is dedicated

voice, to

the inscription of

the god

Shamash

as

king of heaven and earth and overlord of Mari (Pa). T h e king is described

as digger of

canals,

builder of

walls,

erector of steles and provider for his people (Pi). He is a mighty king and a famous hero (Na) who writes his stele when Shamash listened to his prayer (Pa). T h e king, who is identified as the son of Yaggid-Lim (Le) is described as the

first

Shamash

king

to

reach

the

Mediterranean

built Mari (Di). He entered

(Vi)

since

the mountains, did

battle, made his name and proclaimed his power (Na). He united

the

entire

region

under

him,

and

imposed

permanent tribute (Sha). T h e same year, three

a

kings re-

belled (a list) and conspired against him (Su). He defeated them, made a their

land

(Vi).

Euphrates and construction

massacre, He

built a

razed

repaired temple

(Bu). He prays

their the

cities and embankment

to Shamash

annexed of

with

for a long and

the

perfect

happy rule

(Di). A curse follows for anyone who neglects the temple, stops the offerings or erases Yahdun-Lims name (Na). 3. T h e inscription attributed to Assurbanipal II 3 opens in a the

first-person (De) description as gods

and

king

of

high

the

world

priest, (Pa),

favorite of son

of

Tukulti-Ninurta, son of Adad-Nirari (Le), a hero (Na) who follows the instructions of the gods and is therefore without rival (Pi).

He is the shepherd

of all, unafraid, and

irresistable flood (Pi). He makes the unsubmissive submit and rules all humanity (Re). He has personally conquered

all lands from beyond the Tigris to Lebanon and from the source of

the Subnat

river

himself, chose him (Na) and In wisdom and describes

to

Urartu

proclaimed

knowledge he rules

building the

(Vi/Sha?). Asshur, his power (Di).

Calah (Pi). He then

palace, including

painted scenes to

tell his heroic deeds (Na) and his establishment of proper cult in Calah (Pi). He describes his "garden of happiness," with

rare trees

marched,

listing

from all the countries through which some

forty

varieties

(Sha).

He

he

erects

temples and established festivals (Bu). He made a statue of himself in gold

and

placed

it

before Ninurta (Pa). He

resettled abandoned tells (Re). Ninurta and Palil who love him (Pi) ordered him to hunt (Di); so he heroically kills large numbers of animals (Na). He organizes herds of wild animals and adds land and people to Assyria (Sha). 4.

The

Esarhaddon

inscription 4

is

inscription identifying Esarhaddon as

a

first-person

(De)

king of the universe,

king of Assyria and other titles (Le), worshiper of Nabu

and Marduk (Pa). Before him there were evil days, factions and rebellions (Su). T h e gods, plundered, were angry and planned

evil. Babylon was

flooded

and

the

people went

into slavery (Su). Seventy years of desolation was appointed (Go), but merciful Marduk turned

fate about and ordered

restoration (Re) in the eleventh year (Go). Esarhaddon was called

from among his older brothers (Na), his foes were

slain and

he was entrusted with the rule of Assyria (Pa).

At the beginning there were favorable signs (Go). He was hesitant about the commission and prostrated himself (Pi), but the oracles encouraged and

restore

places,

Esagila

freed

the

him to rebuild Babylon's walls

(Bu). He restored enslaved

from

the gods to

their

slavery

their

(Re).

A

variant of this inscription 5 reiterates the narrative as above. After

the

Esagila and

restoration,

Esarhaddon

Babylon endure

forever

prays

that

(Go/Pr),

his that

seed, he

be

like the plant of life to the people (Sha), and that he rule in justice (Pi) to a ripe old age. He prays for the blessings

of life and

fertility

secure rule, a

for

himself

happy spirit and

and

his land

that

(Sha), a

he might walk

his

bright path (Sha), including a conquering hand against his enemies (Vi). He speaks of and

having made memorial steles

foundation inscriptions, writing

his name, of writing

of the deeds he accomplished and of his works (Na). He blesses whoever among his sons succeeds him to read and anoint his inscription and states that Marduk will hear his prayer.

One

who

destroys

his

name

and

shatters

the

inscription, however, is cursed (Na). T h e inscription closes: Year of accession of Esarhaddon, king of Assyria. 5.

The

first-person

(De) introduces

inscription

of

Nebuchadnezzar

him as servant of Marduk

(Pa), a

II 6 wise

ruler, who causes Babylon to become the foremost country in

the

Lebanon

world (Di),

(Pi/Na). which

The is

god

controlled

wants

timber

from

by

foreigners

and

robbers, its people scattered (Su). Nebuchadnezzar's role is of a royal savior (Na). He eliminates the enemy and makes

everyone happy (Vi). He breaks the mountains and makes a straight path to deliver the people, return them to their homes

(Re),

where

they

live

in

safety

(Go/Sha). He is established as eternal

undisturbed

king (Na/Go/Sha).

He blesses the destiny of those who protect his inscription and asks for a name (Na), long life, fertility and an eternal dynasty. 6. T h e first of

the Nabonidus' inscriptions 7 is in

first person (De) and his

the

begins speaking of Sennacherib and

crimes against Babylon

and

of Marduk s anger

(Su).

When the time was full (Go) and Marduk appeased (Re), the deity

remembered

Esagila

and

Babylon,

and

caused

Sennacherib to be murdered by his sons, who had earlier destroyed

Babylon

by

Marduk s

command

(Di).

The

Mandeans destroyed the temples of Assyria and the towns and cult-centers of Akkad (Su). T h e king of Babylon was innocent Akkad

and

went

rebuilt

the

as

in

temples

mourning and

(Pi).

restored

The the

king

cults

of

(Re).

Nabonidus was made king by the rule of Marduk (Na/Pa). He will obtain all that he wishes (Vi). He is successor to Nebuchadnessar and Neriglissar and his purpose is to carry out their will (Le). Nabonidus reports a dream, predicting for

him

a

long

life:

a

permanent

throne

enduring rule (Sha/Na) in which Marduk will

(Go)

and

hear

him

(Sha). He asks Marduk to allow him to rule long years if that is his wish. He promises to care for the sanctuaries. He describes improvements, including the rebuilding of the temple (Bu). 7.

The

first-person

second

Nabonidus

(De), announces a

text, 8

written

great miracle

in

the

(Go), in

a

dream calling him to kingship (Pi). He was an only son, one

alone

in

the

world

(Na/Le),

who

did

kingship (Pi). T h e gods chose him to rebuild

not

seek

the temple

in Harran (Bu) and to give him "all the lands" (Pa). T h e people and

administrators of

evil and sinned (Su).

the cities of Babylonia did

They ate each other, caused disease

and starvation and the god Sin decimated the land (Di). Nabonidus is forced by Sin to leave his city and wander in the desert

for ten years (Go/Su). Sin appointed

watch over send

him (Di). Ishtar

messages of

friendship

caused

all

(Sha/Di).

hostile Nergal

gods to kings to

broke

the

weapons of his eternal enemies in Arabia (Sha/Di/Vi), and they

submitted

caused

the

to

Nabonidus'

hearts of

the

patronage

people

to

turn

and

Shamash

again

to

him

(Sha/Pa). T h e time the divine crescent 9 had appointed falls on the seventeenth of Tashritu, a day on which Sin is gracious (Go). A

prayer of praise and recognition of Sin as

his patron is given (Pi). T h e gods who had fled Babylon returned

(Re). He rewards

his supporters generously

and

returns home unchanged (Sha). He builds a temple to Sin and

restores the gods (Bu).

war,

it

was

to

carry

out

Whenever the

he

command

has of

fought a the

divine

crescent (Pa). He instructs his successor to visit the sacred places of Sin and find support in battle.

8. T h e with

the

who

had

Cyrus inscription 10 problem of removed

the

the

begins in

bad

images

thrones and replaced them with

the

first

person,

former

king,

Nabonidus,

of

gods

from

the

their

fakes; used wrong rituals

and prayers and set the people under corvee without relief (Su). T h e gods withdraw temples empty (Di/Pa).

from

the

city and

leave

their

The people become like the living

dead, without the breath of the gods (Su). Marduk

hears

their plaint and repents of his anger, showing mercy (Di). He finds the righteous Cyrus (Pi) and names him to rule the whole world (Na/Pa). Both Guti and Manda submit to Cyrus's just presents

patronage (Vi). T h e inscription's second

Cyrus in the first-person (De) and

part

reiterates the

themes of the first part. Marduk is his friend (Na/Pa) and makes

him attack Babylon (Di), where

his soldiers enter

without a battle (Sha). Godless Nabonidus is defeated (Vi). Sumer and Akkad rejoice at Cyrus's patronage (Go), which brings them back from the dead (Go/Re). Cyrus is king

of

the world

(Sha/De), like

his

father

and

grandfather

(Le), whom the gods love. He forbids terror, corvee (Sha) and

improves

housing

(Pi),

reversing

the

(Re). All recognize his patronage and

peoples

plaint

bring tribute (Na).

Gods and people return from exile (Sha). 9. T h e Xerxes inscription" begins in a third-person voice (De),

declaring

that

Ahuramazda

made

Xerxes

the

sole

great king (Pa). Xerxes then speaks in the first person as ruler over all countries and languages (Na). He is the son of Darius (Le). Under Ahuramazda he is king over thirty great

regions

rebellion

from

(Su).

With

Media

to

Kush

Ahuramazdas

(Pa). help

There (Di),

is

a

Xerxess

reestablishes the rebels status as clients (Vi). Some of these had worshipped evil gods (Su). Xerxes reform destroys their temples,

forbids

the

services,

and

reorients

all

religious

services to Ahuramazda and the cosmic order (Re). What was done in a (Pa/Re).

Xerxes

bad

way, is now done in a good

teaches

the

audience:

All

should

way live

according to God's law and serve him alone (Pi). Xerxes prays for protection from evil.

INSCRIPTIONS

10.

The

very

long

FROM

ANATOLIA

of

Manly

story

Suppiluliuma, the Great

The

Deeds

of

King, the Hero (Na) 12 is told

by

his son Mursili II (De). T h e author refers to Suppiluliuma as "my father" who met the Kashka enemy (Le). T h e gods stood

by

him

(Pa)

and

he

was

successful

(Vi).

Suppiluliuma bravely asks to be sent to battle (Pi) in his sick father's stead (Su). of

Hatti.

goes

Outnumbered,

home in

The first campaign is to the land the

enemy

surrenders

(Vi)

and

peace (Sha). T h e grandfather is well and

joins the father to attack Masha and

Kammala (Vi) and

the gods again go before him (Pa). There is rebellion (Su) and all enemies die (Sha) when it is put down (Vi). T h e

gods marching in front create victory (Di). In

fragment

18,

the

resistance

matched

by

example,

there

a

returned

is

story

proceeds

reiterations rebellion

of

but

with

near

the

recurrent

success.

towns

are

For not

(Su), Suppiluliuma sends his commander, who is

taken by surprise and defeated (Su). Suppiluliuma lays siege to Mount Tiwatassa (Vi). When the enemy refuses to fight, Suppiluliuma

abandons

the siege

and

chases

the

enemy,

fighting from town to town (Vi). He challenges the king of Mitanni,

but

the Mitanni

king

plague breaks out in his army and

mocks

him

the towns of

(Su).

A

Kashka

(Su). T h e gods march in front and the enemy die en masse (Di/Vi). All fear Suppiluliuma (Sha/Na). Further extensions of the story are created within a cycle of winters at home and springs on campaign. When the enemy see him, they fear him (Na) and make peace (Vi). All the lands make peace (Sha). But Carchemish does not make peace and lays siege to his town Murmuriga (Su) and his father with the

gods

help (Di), defeats them (Vi). T h e narrative is further

expanded with an Egyptian conspiracy (Su). Having heard of Suppiluliumas attack on Amqa, they become afraid (Na). Thutmosis's widow offers sons.

Suppiluliuma

is

to

marry

suspicious

Suppiluliuma lays siege to

one of Suppiluliumas

of

Carchemish

a

conspiracy

(Su).

for seven days and

takes it in "a terrific battle on the eighth day" (Go/Vi). He fears taking

the

gods

booty

of

only

Carchemish from

the

and

lower

honors town

them

(Pi).

(Pa),

Captives

brought to the palace were 3 , 3 3 0 , while those his troops took

were

"beyond

counting"

(Sha).

In

considering

the

Egyptian offer, the king calls for the "tablet of treaty," as proper precedent for making a treaty between

Egypt and

Hatti (Pi). T h e seventh tablet of the inscription opens with news of the murder of Suppiluliumas son Zannanza (Su). Suppiluliuma makes a lament. T h e gods help him (Di). In reiterating cadence, he destroys one town, spends the night and goes on to the next (Vi). He comes to Timuhala, "a

place of

pride." They

humble

themselves and

he accepts

them as clients of Hatti (Re). T h e story continues, but the colophon tells us that the text is incomplete. 11. A short first-person narrative of Tudhaliya IV 1 3 (De) relates the taking of

booty

from

Cyprus (Vi). Tribute is

listed in the order of the gods to whom it is dedicated (Pa).

The

text

closes

with

a statement of Suppiluliuma,

informing us that his father had not made the statue (De), but

Suppiluliuma

grandson

of

had,

who

is

Hattushili

(Le).

He

son

of

Tudhaliya

declares

that

and

he

has

engraved true exploits (Pi). He built a mausoleum and put the statue in it (De). 12. Separated from the foregoing with a double line, 14 a narrative of Suppiluliuma speaks in the first person (De). He declares his heroic status (Na) and lists his titles with references

to

his

father

and

grandfather

(Le).

With

an

uncertain reference to his father, he speaks of crossing the sea

to

Alashiya.

Ships

meet

him

in

battle

three

times,

whom he defeats and burns (Vi). On coming ashore, large numbers of enemies attack (Su) whom he defeats (Vi). T h e rest

of

the

narrative

is

lost.

The

text

closes

with

the

reiteration that his father did not make the statue, but that Suppiluliuma had and had built a mausoleum for it (De), including assigning villages for its support (Pi). T h e gods who

recognized

Tudhaliya's

kingship

(Pa)

will

punish

anyone changing the arrangements.

INSCRIPTIONS

13- T h e

FROM

SYRIA

first-person voice (De) of the Idrimi inscription 15

identifies the

king as "son of Ilimilimma (Le), servant of

Adad, Hepat and Ishtar" (Pa). T h e narrative

begins with

the report of a hostile act in Aleppo, causing his family to flee to Emar (Su). Idrimi is the younger brother (Na) who thinks thoughts that no one else thinks (Na/Pi). He goes

into the desert and spends the night with Suteans (Su). He goes to the land of Canaan, where, because of his family ties (Le), he becomes chief of the town Ammiya (Vi). He lives among Hapiru for seven years (Su), where he studies birds and divination (Pi) and discovers that Adad turned to him

(Go/Pa).

He

built ships,

traveled north. His land and treaty

three other with

him

cities (Vi).

took

hears of

aboard

seven

and

him (Na) and Alalakh

bring gifts and For

soldiers

his allies make a

years

Barratarna,

the

Hurrian king, was hostile (Su). Idrimi writes him declaring his family's traditional vassal status (Le). Idrimi is king in Alalakh (Sha).

Kings rise up against him on the left and

right (Su) and Idrimi puts an end to the warfare (Vi). He goes to war and destroys a list of Hittite vassal cities (Vi). He did as he pleased (Re). With his booty from Hatti, he builds a house and a throne, and shares his kingship with his brothers, sons and friends (Sha), and settles those who are settled

in

his land

in

better

houses, and

makes the

nomads live in

houses

(Re). He reestablishes

the

proper

cult of his ancestors (Re). Idrimi calls on the gods to curse those who would steal, change or erase the statue or its inscription and asks the gods to

bless the scribe who

has

written it. On the right cheek of the statue is added: "I was

king

for

thirty

years

(Go/Sha).

I

wrote

my

achievements (Na) on the statue (De). Let people [read it] and ble[ss me]." 14.

The

Kalamuwa

inscription 16

person (De), with identification of

begins

in

the first

the writer as son of

Hayya (Le). T h e narrative begins in the former times when the

Mushkabim

lived

like

however, father, mother and

dogs

(Su).

Kalamuwa

was,

brother to some (Pi). There

follows a variant of the poor mans song (Re) to show that Kalamuwa protects the Mushkabim and that they love him (Sha). T h e text closes with curses and the wish that the gods punish successors who damage the inscription or erase it (Pa/Na).

15. T h e Azatiwada inscription 17 begins in the first person (De), identifying Azitawada as blessed (Na), servant of Baal (Pa). T h e speaker is empowered the

Danunians

(Le).

He

is

by Awariku the

father

and

king of

mother

to

the

Danunians, giving them life (Pi). With Baals grace, there was prosperity in his day (Di). T h e (former) Rebels and all evil (Su) were destroyed (Sha) and he caused his patron to reign

on

his

father's

righteousness (Na),

throne

he established

(Pa).

Because

peace with

of

his

every

king

(Vi/Pi). He built fortresses (Bu) and offers a form of the poor man's song: he makes evil men subject (Re/Sha); he humbles the strong land of the West and resettles them in the

East. Where there had

security (Re). and

names

offerings

for

Commissioned of

been insecurity

he established

by the gods (Pa), he builds

the

city

Azatiwadaya,

Baal

(Bu). T h e inscription

and

establishes

closes

with

the

hope for blessings, prosperity, long life, strength for every king,

fertility and

piety Any who removes

his name or

gate (Na), may

the gods erase

that

king and

kingdom

(Cu). 16. T h e inscription of person

(De)

grandson of

with

Yehawmilk 18

begins in

identification as son of

the first

Yeharbaal

and

Urimilk (Le), made king by Baalat of Byblos

(Na/Pa). He called to the goddess (Pi) and she heard his voice (Su) and gave peace (Sha/Di). He built an altar and temple to Baalat (Bu). A

prayer in the third-person asks

the mistress of Byblos to lengthen his days (Pr), for he is righteous (Pi) and to give him favor before the gods and the people (Pr). He orders that any later work on the altar bear his name (Na), but if anyone removes his name or changes the foundation, Baalat should

cause him and

his

seed to rot before the gods. 17. T h e Zakkur inscription 19 begins in the first person (De). He was raised by

him

Bar-Hadad

and of

by Baal Shamem (Na/Pa), who stood

made Aram,

him

king

together

of with

Hazrach seventeen

(Na/Pa). kings,

conspired against him and laid siege to Hazrach (Su). He prayed to Baal Shamem who answered him (Di/Pa), saying through seers and diviners that (Pi). Baal will save

he should not

be afraid

him (Di). He built Hazrach and its

defenses. He built shrines (Bu) and wrote his achievements on this monument (Na). T h e inscription

closes with

the

prayer that any who erases his deeds (Na) or removes the monument be cursed by the gods. 18. T h e Hadad

inscription 23

begins in

the

first

person

(De), identifying Panamuwa as son of Qarli, king of Y'dy (Le)

who

erected

this statue

abode" (Pa), that is, and

gave

to

Hadad

in

"my

eternal

his tomb. T h e gods supported

him dominion (Di). Whatever

him

he took up or

asked of the gods, they granted (Pi). He restored the lands fertility and prosperity (Re). He reigned on the throne of his father and he eliminated war and slander (Su/Vi). T h e people of Q d y were prosperous (Sha). He built towns and villages (Bu). He made offerings to the gods and they were

delighted in him (Pa). He prays that whichever of his sons succeed him maintain his memory with the gods (Pr). He also prays that he remember his name (Na), or that Hadad reject

him and

give

him sleepless nights and

terror. He

closes with the wish that his successor not act in violence and

that

no

one

be

put

to

death.

He

then

offers

a

discourse on treachery (Pi). 19.

The

Panamuwa

inscription 21

begins

in

the

first

person (De), identifying the statue as one that Bar Rakib set up

for

his

father, Panamuwa,

T h e gods of Y'dy delivered

king of Y'dy (De/Le).

Panamuwa

(Pa/Di)

from the

destruction that was in his father's house (Su). A damaged part of

the inscription states

assassinated

with

mounted

chariot and

a

his

that

seventy

his

brothers

escaped

father Barsur (Su).

was

Panamuwa

(Vi). The usurper

filled

prisons and created ruins more numerous than towns (Su). Panamuwa's brings

a

resistance

gift

to

the

creates king

of

inflation Assyria

(Su). (Pi),

Panamuwa who

makes

Panamuwa king over his father's house (Pa). He then "kills the stone of destruction (Vi)," and gives a short form of the

"poor

man's

song"

(Re).

He

organized

proper

government (Pi) and was esteemed among kings (Na). He was

rich, wise and

loyal. He lived

and

Y'dy also lived

(Sha). He was at the Assyrian king's side in war (Na) and transported the people of the east to the west and prolited more than all others (Re). He died in the service of the king of Assyria (Pi), who, with

his relatives and all the

Assyrian

brought

camp,

wept

(Na)

and

his

body

from

Damascus to Assyria (Vi). In a postscript, Bar Rakib states that, caused

because him

of to

his sit

father's on

his

loyalty

(Le),

Tiglathpileser

father's

throne

(Pa).

The

inscription closes, asking that the gods show him favor. 20. T h e Bar-Rakib inscription 22 begins in the first person (De), with the statement that he is son of Panamuwa, king of Sam'al, servant of Tiglath Pileser (Pa), who, because of his loyalty, gave him the throne (Le). T h e land prospered

(Sha) and

he was with

the Assyrian

along with powerful, rich his

fathers

powerful

house and

kings

(Pi).

king in war

(Pi),

kings (Na). He took control of

made it The

text

better closes

than

that of

the

with

reference

to

the

first

building his palace (Bu). 21.

The

identifies

Mesha the

king

Chemosh-[uncertain for

thirty

years

inscription (De)

as

reading],

(Go/Le).

,23

It

in

son

and

person,

successor

of

king of Moab, who reigned is

set

up

in

a

sanctuary

dedicated to Chemosh (Bu) because he delivered him from all

his enemies (De/Pa). Mesha recounts that Omri,

king

of Israel, had long oppressed Moab because Chemosh was angry (Su). This oppression was intensified by his successor (Su). Mesha, however, has triumphed and Israel was totally destroyed

(Vi). T h e narrative is reiterated: Omri lived in

Madeba in his time and

half the time of his son: forty

years (Go/Su) ,24 but Chemosh lives there in Meshas time (Re/Pa/Sha). Mesha builds Baal Meon and

Kiriathaim (Bu).

T h e Gadities were indigenous to Ataroth and the king of Israel built the city (Su). Mesha captured the city (Vi) and dedicated the population as a sacrifice to Chemosh (Pa/Pi). He

returned

(Re/Bu)

and

Maharith

(Re).

the

Arel

settled

[uncertain there

the

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43

INDE X

OLD

OF

TESTAMENT

Genesis 1:1-2:3 1:2 1:6-7 1:26 1:26-2:3 1:26-28 1:26-31 1:27-28 1:28 1:29-30 1:31 2:1-3 2:2-3 2:3 2:4-3:24 2:5 2:6 2:7 2:8 2:9 2:10-14 2:15 2:17 2:23-24 3:1 3:4-5 3:10-11 3:11-13 3:15

171, 224 74, 189,314 189 150. 151. 181 235 183 78. 225 140 70, 235, 236 226 226 226. 231 150 70, 183 171,226 74. 154 257 190, 226, 250 154,212 269 189,257 226 227 227 227 227 237 228 228

BIBLICAL

3:18 3:18-19 3:19 3:20 3:23-24 3:24 4:1 4:6 4:7 4:9 4:12 4:14 4:15 4:16 4:25 4:26 5:1 5:1-6:4 5:2-3 5:3 5:24 5:29 6:1-3 6:1-4 6:5 6:5a 6:5b 6:6 6:8 6:9 6-9 6:9

CITATIONS

74 235 175 63. 154. 229 229 176, 212. 264 63, 189, 229 140 144. 230 230 230 230 230. 312 143 231 92 150 233 174 150, 231 151 231 231 123 231 181 181 181 151, 212 151 176 238

7 7:4 7:10-11 8:20 8:20-22 8:21-22 8:22 9:1 9:2 9:2-6 9:5 9:7 9:11 9:12-17 9:20-21 9:22 9:24-27 9:25 10:15-18 10:15-19 11:1-9 11:29 12:1 12:1-3 12:3 12:4 12:10-20 13:10-13 13:15 13:19 14:21-24

«•*>

238 233 174 234 217 165. 183. 235 150, 219, 236 230 235 237 237 237

181. 201 234. 235 175, 236

235 237 242 140, 242 244.257 163 145 241 238 102,238 241 140 233 238 176 166

15:1 15:5 15:13 15:18 16 17:1 17:2-14 17:6 17:8 17:12-14 17:14 17:17 17:19 18 18:1 18:1-15 18:3 18:10 18:10-15 18:11 18:14 18:16-19:38 18:17 18:18 18:19 18:22-23 19 19:17 19:20-21 19:28 20 21 21:1 21:1-2 21:1-6 21:1-7 21:2-6 21:7 21:8 21:11-12 21:16-17 22 22:7 22:17-18 22:18 23:4 24:7 24:13-14

293 238 241 238 140 151 239 153 238 239 245 167 238 23.34. 186, 265 63 41 151 41 41 63 41 233 163 238 151 283 175.313 234 212 239 140 140. 186 281 229 23 34,41 63 214 41 98 92 173 92 142 238 241 238 287

24:40 25:21-26 25:26 25:29-34 26:1-11 26:3-4 27 27:28 27:29 27:38-40 27:39 27:41 28:14 29:1-14 29:15 29:15 30:24 29:31-32 30:15-30 30:22-24 32:23-33 32:24-29 32:24-30 32:24 32 32:31-32 38 38:26 41:1-4 45:2 45:14-15 48:13 48:17 50:3 50:16-21 50:20-21

151.287 23 228 127 140 238 98 230 129 92 230 230 238 287 63 23 63 305 186 142 208 173 300 311 51 309 208 92 92 94 98 93 255 217

Exodus 1:15-2:10 1:19 2:1-10 2:15-22 2:23-24 3 3:2 3:2-3 3:7-10 3:8 3:12

23 95 153 287 93 69. 251 218 30 251 208 56, 60, 73, 251

3:13-18 3:14 3:17 4:10-16 4:10-17 4:16 6:2-9 6:23 6:30-7 12:21-27 12:29-30 12:35-36 12:41 13:1-16 13:15 14:19 14:26 15:1 15:3 15:10 15:13-17 15:17 15:18 16:2-36 18 18:13-18 19:3-6 19:5-6 19:18 20:1-17 20:2-17 20:3 20:12 20:19 20:22-23 20-23 22:20-23 23:6-9 23:20 23:20-21 23:20-26 23:20-33 23:21-24 23:23 23:27-33 24:1 24:3-8 24:5-8 24:9-11

56 215 251 153 36 146 56 298 69 203 82 245 241 229. 251 251 46 314 139 304 174.314 139 212 301 54 55 269 239 242 239 200 242 178 153 200 200 241 247 151 46.47 184 251 252 308 140 251 57 201 201 49. 203

24:15-18 24:16 28 36-38 30:9 30:12-16 30:22-23 30 23-25 31:1-11 32:1-35 32:10 32:12 32:32 32:34 33:1-3 33:2 33:3 33:12-34 33:13 33:18 33:19 33:35 34:9 34:10-16 34:10-28 34:11-16 34:19 34:27 34:29-35 34:30 40:1-16

41 57 296 298 314 296 296 296 313 183 183 11 46. 184 251 46 184 58 58 58 58 58 58 251 58 245 229 11 59. 150 57 296

14:24 14:30 14:31-33 18:1-10 19:16-19 23:14-15 23:21-24 24:17 25 27:12-23 35:25

296 251 252-253 54 55 254 254 153 254 231.252 212 233 254 212 254 304

19:27-28 19:32-34 19:33-34 19:34

Leviticus l:3-< 1:17 3:5 3:16 4:1-21 4:3 8:10-12 8:15 10 10:1-5 10:10 11:44 17:10-11 18:24-30 19:9-10 19:10 19:18

Numbers 3:1-4 3:13 11 11:4-35 11:19-20 12 12:3 12:7 13:13-20 13-14 13:30 14 14:3 14:5-6 14:8-9 14:9

212 212 254 297 201 256 301 292 71 52 295

21:16-20 21:17-23 23:22 25:4 25:23-24 26:1-13 26:14-16 26:14-33 26:16 26:25

234 201 201 201 295 295 296 236 71 298 69 101 236 245 50 144 103. 144. 241,246. 247. 257. 304 209 256 117, 242 144. 145, 177.241. 246. 247. 304 85 73 50 293 127 293 72 293 237 237

26:34-35 27:26-27 109:23-24

293 251 120

Deuteronomy 4:26 4:29 5:6-21 6:5 6:10-11 7 7:1 7:1-5 7:2-4 7:6 7:6-11 7:26 8 8:1-6 8:19-20 9:7-29 10:12 10:12-18 10:18 10:18-19 10:19 10:19-20 11:25-26 11:29 14:1 14:19 14:28-29 14:29 16:11 16:14 17:14-17 17:14-20 17:16-17 19:14 21:1-9 24:14-15 24:16 24:17-22 24:19 25:17-19 26:5-9 26:12

269 258 242 122. 143. 242. 262 256 251 140 242 245 202 242 251 233 243 269 233 143 243 25 144 246. 247 243 252 38 209 246. 247 98. 243 246. 247 243 243 268 276 276 15 239 117 168 117 50 302 243 243

26:19 27:1-6 27:11-28:6 27:17 27:17-18 28:1-19 28:8 28:20-25 28:36 28:68 30:19 31:28 31:30 32:1-14 32:8 32:10-14 32:10-19 32:13 32:30

69 244 111 15 243 244 111 72 269 275 269 269 139 145 127 146 239 145 293

Joshua 1:8-9 6-10 9:1-15 10:28-43 22:5 23:1-5 23:10 23:10-11 23:14 23:16 22 23-24 24 24:13 24:14 24:14-28 24:19 24:19-21 24:22

213 162 167 162 143 255 293 255 251 251 255 241 256 256 201 38, 70 256 256

M» 2:1-19 2:2 2:21-22 3:4 3:10

252 252 252 252 302

5:31 6-11 6:34 9:27 11:29-40 13 13:1-18 13:2 13:4-7 13:5 13:5b 13:6 13:7 13:12 13-16 13:18 13:19 13:19 23 13:25 14:3 14:6 14-16 14:19 15:18 15:24 19:22-30

124 297 302 143 302 63. 93. 154 23 63 35 93 34 63 63, 296 63 34, 297 63 63 239 302 240 302 175 302 240 302 302

Ruth 4:16-22

186

t Samuel 1:1 1:1-2:10 1-2 1:5-6 1:11 1:15-16 2 2:1-9 2:1-10

2:2-3 2:4 2:4-8

300 23 34. 186. 300 63 2% 35 63. 93 105 23.36,91. 93. 133. 146. 179, 186, 285.318 299 166 116

2:4-9 2:4-10 2:6 2:7 2:7b-8b 2:9-10 2:12 2:12-17 2:25 2:27-36 2:30-31 2:35 3:11-14 3:13 3:13-14 3:18 8:1-3 8:5 8:7 8:10-22 9:16-17 9:22-24 10:1-8 10:9-13 10-14 10:19 10:24 11-12 11:12-15 12:1-5 12:1-25 12:14-15 12:20-21 14:6 14:45 15:1-35 15:2 15:3 15:6 15:11 15:17-22 15:22-23 15:23 15:25-26 15:27 16:1 16:1-13 16:4-13 16:6-13

112 123 188. 262. 300 88. 105 98 299 300, 307 298 307 71 298 298. 300 71 300 308 300. 308 300 301 301 301 301 301 302 302 302 302 302 281 302 296 302 302 178 240 308 312 223 302. 306 303 303 303 303 308 263 306 303 153.316 185 304

16:7 16:10-11 16:14 16:18-19 16:20 16:23 17 17:25-26 17:26 17:35 17:36 17:37 17:42-44 17:45-47 18:7 18:10-11 18:12-29 18:17-19 18:20-24 18:20-27 18:23 18:25-29 19:9-20:42 19-20 21:1-2 21:1-9 21:9 21:10 21:10-14 22:19 22-23 22-25 22-26 23:1-14 23:15-29 24 24:3-5 24:4 24:4-7 24:6 24:6-7 24:10 24:10-13 24:14 24:15 24:17-18 24:18 24:22 26

316 98 304 304 304 304 154,231,304 304 240 304 240 304 304 304 305 305 85 305 305 285 85. 126 305 154 305 306 305 264 311 305 306 306 298 306 306 306 154,306 307 306 306 306 307 308 307 308 307 307 309 307 154.306

26:19 26:19-20 26:20-21 26:21 26:21-25 26:25 27 27:1 27:8-12 28:8-14 29 29:17 30 31

144 308 265 145. 308 309 308 154 309 309 309 309 304 309 309

2 Samuel 1:17 1:17-27 1:19 1:19-27 1:21 1:23 1:25 1:27 1:27b 2:1-7 2:4 2:8-11 2:12-32 3:1 3:30-34 3:36-39 4:1-22 4:4 4:5-12 5 5:5 5:6-10 5:6-12 5:8 5:9 5-10 5:11 6 7 7:1 7:9

244 123. 241 310 149, 285, 293. 309 293 310 310 310 310 154, 310 310 310 310 310 85 311 311 86 311 311 154 84 311 84. 86. 311 164 154 164 311 241 267 166

7:14 7:15-17 7:16 7:18-29 8 8:5 8:13 8:14 8:15 9 9:1 9:6 9:6-13 9:13 10 10:9-19 11 11:2-6 11-12 11:14-21 11-19 11:21 11:24 11:25 12? 12:1-15 12:1-25 12:5 12:7-14 12:8-10 12:9-10 12:10 12:24-25 12:27 13:1-20 13:1-21-39 13:27 14:1-15 14:12 15 15:10-12 15:13-16:14 15:25-26 15:32 16:21-22 18:9 18:9-18 18:14-15 18:16

298 311 191.298 267 223.311 319 85,319 162 85. 153 311 85 86 25 86 311 319 126 265 265 265 311 265 264 265 85 126 320 266 266 145 264 264 155 265 311 311 265 311 311 91 320 311 166.312, 320 263 312 266 311 275 266

19:23 19:44 20:1-2 20:3 21 21:1-2 21:1-4 21:4-9 21:16-22 21:18-22 22 22:1 22:1-2 22:7 22:22 22:25 28 22:28 22:29 22:31-37 22:31-51 22:38-43 22:40-42 22:44-46 2244-49 22:44-50 22:46 22:46-47 22:47 22:49-50 22:51 23:1-7 23:2 23:3-4 23:5 23:6 23:8-39 23:13-17 23:22 23:39 24 24:6 24:9 24:13-14 24:16 24:17a 24:17b 24:18 24:18-25

275 266 266 266, 312 314 312 265 312 231 264 285.312 139. 142. 162, 166. 318 158 166 166 300 124 150 312 312 141.312 312 146 313 141 313 302 142 146 145 285.317 55 124, 232 166 317 264 265 86 265 262. 314 275 262 314 314 264 264 277 234.314

I Kings 1:1-4 1:39 1:40 2:1-4 2:1-9 2:12-10:13 2:27 2:35 3:1-14 3:3 3:9 3:15-28 3:16-28 3:28 4-5 4:29-34 5:1 5:1-14 5:7-12 5:15-6:32 5:15-7:51 5:15-8:66 6:15-22 6:15-35 7:1-12 7:13-8:66 8:22-53 8:32 8:34 8:41-43 8:46 9:1-9 9:4-5 9:4-7 9:20-21 10:1 10:1-13 10:8-9 10:14-25 10:24 10:26-29 11:1-8 11:9 11:29-40 12 12:24 14:21-31 14:25-26

149. 274 298 48 299 275 154 71 71 269. 299 269 269 269 166 146 167 146 165. 166 276 166 289 165 268 164 268 164 289 269 262 269 144 262. 269 269. 299 279 276 255 166 276 276 276 166 276 276 270 270 260 270 270 272

15:5 15:9-24 15:11-14 15:23 16-46 17:1 17:1-7 17:2-6 17:8-16 17:16 17:17-24 17-19 18 18:17-46 18:24 18:25-29 18:26 18:30-32 18:34 18:41 1844-46 19 19:1-3 19:1-12 19:1-13 19:4 19:5 19:6-8 19:10 19:12 19:15-18 19:15-21 19:19-20 20:26-30 21 22

264 260, 270. 273 271 271 38-39 37 49 37 38. 49 145 38. 49 37 38-39, 208 38 208 39 281 39 39 40 40 36. 58 40 40 38.41 40. 140. 281 281 54 41.281 41.281 297 101 101 239 127, 260. 281 261,265

2 Kings 2:1-22 2:11 3:27 4:1-7 4:1-37 4:8-17 4:18 4:18-37 4:29 4:30

281 151 41 41.49 41 41,49. 63 41 41.49 44 44

4:38-41 4:42-44 6 6:1-7 6:8-18 6:18-23 11:1-12:21 11:17-18 12 12:2-3 12:17 12:18 12:20-22 14:1-20 14:5-7 14:14 15:18-21 16 16:1-20 16:7-8 17:5-7 17:13-20 17:15-18 17:18 18:1-20:21 18:1-24 18:3-6 18:3-8 18:5-6 18:9-11 18:14-16 18:16 18-20 18:23 19:37 20:3 20:4-11 20:6 20:12-19 20:15 20:17-18 21:1-17 21:3-18 21:17-26 21:19-26 22:2 22:8-13 22:11-13 22:20

50 50,51 281 281 281 282 271 271 260. 273 271 271 272 169.311 271 169 272 272 260 60. 271 272 271 182 178 271 271 267 271 267 262 271 272 272 260. 273 267 266 278 262 278 272 279 280 260 272 260 272 267 267 267 267

22-23 23:1-8 23:3-18 23:12-13 23:21-23 23:25 23:25-26 23:26-27 23:29 24:1-2 24:10-13 24:14 24-25 25 25:12 25:13-17 25:26 25:27-30 25:29-30

86. 260, 273 86 271 272 251 262 266 262 261 297 272 126 241 212, 275 126 272 275 275 86

I Chronicles 11:4-9 16:22 29:14-15

84 297 242

2 Chronicles 1:18-7:10 6:40-42 6:41-42 12:1-16 12:5 12:7 18 27:6-7 29-31 29-32 34-35 35:7 35:20-25 35:23 36:21 36:21-23 36:22-23

289 297 146 182. 279 182 182 261. 265 297 84 260. 272, 273 273 239 261 265 293 267 274

Ezra 1:1 1:1-4

247, 267 274

1:1-6 1:28 6:2-5 9:1 9:2 9:7 9:11 9:11-12 10:12 10:13 10:44

245 246 274 140, 250 245 245 245 245 246 246 246

Nekemiab 8:4

102

Job 1-2 1:3 1:6 1:7 1:11 1:13-19 1:20 1:21 2:2 2:3 2:5 2:5b 2:8 2:10 4:9 4-31 5:2-7 5:8-16 5:17-18 5:17-22 7:16 7:17-19 9 12:23 14:2 14:7-9 14:13 14:14 14:15 15:20-25 16:9-10

150 143. 145 129 144 143 192 145. 207 125. 228 144 144 143 144 143, 145, 207 144 175 283 140 119 277 119 40 141 143 179 174 149.214 214 214 214 230 193

19 21:12 22:5-11 22:7 22:29 29 29:2 29:2-3 29:3 29:6 29:6a 29:6b 29:7-11 29:7-25 29:9 29:10-11 29:11 29:12-13 29:12-17 29:14 29:15 29:15-16 29:l5ff 29:17 29:19 29:20 29:24-25 29:25 30:24-31 30:31 31:38 32:6-14 32:6-33:4 32:18—19 32:19 32-37 33:4 33:4-7 33:14-18 33:23-30 34:14-15 34:21-30 35:5-8 36:16-21 37:21 -23a 38 38:4-12 39:9-28 39:30

129 48 120 89 88 142 143, 149 143 150 145 145 145 146 54 146 146 146 146 64. 118 146.150 84 146 87 119. 146 149 149. 241 150 143. 149 72 48 208 154 199 215 199 199 150 175 72 150 150 150 150 150 150 184 190 190 28

39:37-38 40:1-5 40:25-41:25 42 42:5-6 42:6

184 146 149. 207 150 192 193

3:2-3 3:4 3:8 5:13 6 7:1 8:2 8:3

141.278 283 193 263 317 213 140, 149, 166. 257 77 178,318 317 300 178.300 142. 192. 223 145. 177, 188. 256 141 129 61 192 247, 248. 297, 310 191 193. 279 186 191 188. 191 167 191 142 83 144 160. 186. 218. 278 192 223 223 192 11.263.318

8:5 8:5-6 8:5-7 8:6 8:7 8:10 9:6-8 9:13 10:15 10:18 12c 14:5-7 15:2 16:8 16:8-11 17:3 18 18:1 18:3 18:25-28 18:28 18:28-30 18:31 18:42 18.44-50 18:46 21:5 21:10 22 22:2 22:3 22:7-8 22:11 22:13-14 22:26-27 23:2 23:4-5 23:5 23:5-6 24:4

Psalms l 1:1-6 1:2 1-2 1:2:1 1:2-3 1:3 1:3-4 1:4 1:4-6 1:5-6 1:6 2 2:1 2:1-2 2:1-3 2:1 -6 2: Id 2:2 2:3 2:4 2:5-8 2:6 2:7 2:8 2:8-9 2:10-11 2:10-12 2:11-12 2:12 2:12a 2:18 2:20 2:110 3:1

263 293 147 293 278 11. 318 92. 105 77,81.91, 92. 105. 132 92. 94 141 92 266 92, 105. 193 92. 105 159 230 129 129 256 127 182, 278 94 55 182. 278 312 11,318 293 300 89. 124 88 293 50 141 208 191 239 192 47. 193 167, 193 193 193 193 167 53. 237 53 237, 257 191 182. 278

25:24-27 27:1 27:8 28 28:8 31:17 33:6 34:1 34:3 34:7 34:12 34:16 34:18 34:19 34:22 35:12 35:13-16 36:10 37:11-15 37:21-22 37:31 39:12 39:13 40:13-18 46:3-6 49:11-12 49:17-18 51:1 51:12 52:10 58:7 60:1 61:7-8 61:9 62:10 63:1-2 63:10-11 65:2 65:4 65:7-8 65:8-9 65:8-10 65:8a-b 68:6-11 69:8-13 69:16-17 69:22 69:29-37 70:2-6

85 153 182. 278 193 293 153 175 182.305 305 305 182 182. 305 182 305 305 309 89 153 130 130 182. 278 175 242 85 174 125 125 140. 320 182. 278 214 147 319 191 193 175 306 306 193 180 174 184 191 184 87 130 130 130 130 85

72:6 74:19 75:8 78:19-20 78:25 78:65 78:70 78:72 82:3-4 82:6-7 82:7 84:1-4 84:6 84:10 84:12 86:11 89:1-2 89:2-9 89:31>-5:25 89:4-5 89:5 89:5:27-30 89:5-6 89:6-9 89:10-11 89:10 89:12-19 89:18 89:20 89:21-23 89:23-24 89:25 89:26 89:27-39 89:28 89:28 37 89:29-30 89:31 89:38 89:38-45 89:39 89:39-52 89:40 89:42-43 89:44 89:46 89:47 89:47-48 89:48

53 239 88 54 54 149 150 150 123 232 123 191 182. 293 293 182. 184 180 184 186 153. 184 69 184 184 174 184 186 186 191 180 186 184. 186 167. 180 180 184 193 181 184 145. 184 184 193 184 184 179. 175

278

278

191

186 191

193. 294

192

89:51-52 89:52 89:53 90:3 91:4 92:8-9 92:13-15 93:1 93:4 or 4 94:6 94:11 96:10 101:2 101:6 o 102:13-15 103:15-16 103:16 104:2 104:6 104:6-9 104:10-14 104:10 28 104:20 104:29-30 105:15 105-40 107 107:29 107:33 107:35 109 109:5-17 109:18-19 109:22 109:23-25 110:1 110:5 112:4 113:5-9 115:16 118:26 119:1-2 119:10 119:105 126 126:3 132:9 137:1-6 138:1

184 228 167. 192 190 293 214 214 174 174 247 175 174 151 151 294 174 175 189 190 190 189 190 190 190 297 54 179 41 179 179 129 129 129 129 129 55 94 153 128 212. 225, 235 90 151 182.278 153 127 127 146 213 182.278

142:1 142:2 142:3 142:4-5 142:5-6 142:6-7 142:7-8 143:7 144:2-3 144:3-4 146:7-9 146-150 150:4

193. 307 307 307 307 307 193 307 193 293 175 118.247 213 48

Proverbs 1:1 3:12 3:34 4 4:2 6:20-7:5 7:2 7:6-23 8 8:22-36 8:29 14:27 14:31-32 15:33 17:5 18:12 19:17 22:17-21 22:22 22:22-24:20 23:10 25:6-7 29:23

11, 139. 158 277 89 278 278 283 182. 278 283 283 190 190 252 89 252 89 89 89. 98 15 15 15 15 98 89

Ealesiastes 1:1 1:2 1:8-10 2:16-17 3:2-4 5:14-15

158. 229 126 294 125 309 125

6:1-2 6:2-3 12:8 22:27

146 125 126 143

6:10 6:11-13 6:12-13 6:13 7:1-3 7:7-9 7:11-12 7:14 7:14-16 7:15 7:16

8 8 8

212

Isaiak 1:2 1:2-3 1:2-6 1:11-14 1-12 2:3-4 2:4 2:9 2:11 2:17 3:5 3:12 4:1-3 5 5:1-7 6:1 6:1-8 6:1-13 6:3 6:5-7 6:6-7 6:8-10 6:9 6:9-10

S

8

5ofg of Sengs 6:2

-3 3-4

89 280 277 303 93, 112 45 168 124 124 124 277 277 213 210 73.77 68 36 298 263 68,73. 153 30 46 94 29. 30.61. 68. 69. 146 29 277 30 217 60 60 45 34. 56. 60. 292 60 34 61

-10 1-20

2-13

1

3-29:1 1-6 9:2-7 9 9 6 12-19

16-18

20

20-21 22

1

1-8 1-9 3-9 4-5 4-6 6-8

6-9 3 5 4-21 12-15 12-14 la

24 24:1-11 24:1-13 24:1 28:22 24:3 24:7-9 24:10 7.4:11 24:12 24:17 24:21 24:22-23 25:6-8 25:9 26:1-3 26:1-7 26:2

154

61 61

61

61

62 143 37

61

218

63.167 35. 244. 248 292 217

218

218 61

218

64,218 292 166

125 64 21S

64.218. 226 219 45 45 123 232 184,278 139 204 204

210

210

204 204 176 48, 204 176 204 123 204 204.210 205 104

81

83.91

27:2-6 28:7-8 28:14-15 29:18-20 30:28 30:29 30:33 31:4 31:5-9 33:20-22 35 35:1-10 35:4-8 35:5-6 35:10 36:4-22 36:13-20 36-39 37:1-4 37:2 37:2-3 37:4 37:8-35 37:14-20 37:21-29 37:21-38 37:22 37:22-38 37:24 29 37:36 37:36-38 38:2-3 38:3 38:5 39 39:1-7 40:1-11 40:2 40:3 40:3-4 40:3-5 40:6-7 41:3 41:8 41:9-10 41:15 41:17-18 42:1

210 210 210 88 175 48 175 212 239 198 121 73. 121 278 88 278 82 181 82. 94. 217, 271, 272, 277 182 82. 267 82 82 182 82 159 267 82 82 278 278 182 182 278 182.278 82 272 82, 257 295 37. 47. 295 46, 249 83,162 174 83 212 83 249 179 57. 94

42:1-4 42:3 42:3-4 42:5 42:5-6 42:6-7 42:7 44:5 44:9 44:28-45:1 45:1 45:1-7 45:1-8 45:1-13 45:2 45:11 45:13 45:22 45:22-23 45:22-24 48:20 49:1 49:1-3 49:1-6 49:3 49:5-6 49:6 49:7 49:8 49:14-21 50:4-5 50:4-11 51:11 52:7-10 52:10 52:13-53:12 53:4 53:5 54:4-12 54:13 56:1-6 56:3 8 56:7 57:14-21 58:3-9 58:6-11 59:14-15 59:16 59:19-20

74 94 94 250 94 97 94 230 178 155 83. 290, 297 274 257 165 94. 248 94 94 45. 94 45 95 93 9 3 94 93 74. 142 153 93 45. 93 193 294 294 96 74 278 199 45 74 72 72. 94 202 77 80 117. 128 80 128 103 117, 122 179 179 179

60:1-4 61:1 61:1-2 61:1-3 61:1-7 61:2-3 62:2 62:4 62:10-12 64-66 65:13-14 65:16-17 65:17-19 65:19-20 65:22-25 65:25 66:1-2 66:5-14 66:7-9 66:7-11 66:10-11 66:18-21 66:22-24

179 297 133 109 202 115 69 94 80. 203 258 117 258 219 94. 123 219 123. 258 219 95 95 90 90 258 117

Jeremiah 1:6:24 177 6:26 178 6:30 178 178 7:7 80 7:8-15 7:22-23 303 7:30-34 239 8:1-9:3 33 78 8:13 240 9:24-25 16:6 209 17:6-8 149 17:8 77, 140 19:1-9 239 24:1-10 78 78 24:2-3 24:7 77 177 25:9-11 25:11 165. 247, 293 25:11-12 160, 267 29:10 160. 247, 258. 267, 293 29:10-14 247

29:12-13 29:12-14 29:16-20 30:22 30:31 31:8 31:10 31:12 31:13 31:18 31:21 31:29-30 31:31-34 31:33-34 31:34 31:35-39 32:19 32:21-25 32:36-41 34:18-22 35:17-19 41:5 47:5 48:36 48:37 51:2 52:31-34

247 258 78 258 258 84 258 162 258 258 62.63 311

201.216 77 205

216 251 251

78.217 239 238 209 209 48 209 263.314 275

Lamentations 2:1-3 2:13 4:20 5:14-15

240 62 309 48

Ezekiel 2:3-5 2-7 6:1-4 7:10-13 7:18 11:17-21 14:14 14:20 17:1-21 18

280 17 229 17 209 77 143 143 239 311

19:10-14 28:9-11

28:16

31-32 32:14 32:27 34:17 34:17-31 36:16-36 36:25-28 37:3 37:4-10 37:11-14 38:21-22 40:5-43:12 40-48 47 47:1-12 47:12 47:22-23

74 240 229 240 208

123

102

53 215 77 215 215

216

246 257 153

166

212

257

29 18 18

19 19 19 294 57 124

/ fosea 1:1 1:2-5 1-3 6:1-3 6:6 9:10-14 10:10

158 280

74, 94 214 303 78 74

1:2-4

168

208

Amos 1:4 2:4 2:6

5:2 5:21-23

193 280 280 62 303

Jonah 1:17 3:5 3:5-10 3:6 4:2 4:2-4 4:3 4:4 4:6 4:9-11

214 29, 167 217 145 217

281

40 140

281

140

Micah 1:3-5

1:8

1:16

2:9 4:3 5:4

6:6-8 6:8

280 293 293 293 168 167 303 143

Habkakuli 2:11

88

Zepkaniah

Joel 1:1-2:11

209 297 55

212

Daniel 3:12 3:33 4:31 6:27 7:13-14 7:27 9:15-19 10:5-6 12:2-3

2:12-27 3:1 3:1-5 3:10 4:23-26

209 280

1:1

1:2-4

158 280

'/.cchariah5:3-10 5:3-12 1:2-4 280 5:11 294 1:12-17 5:11-12 304 4:6 5:11-16 247 7:10 5:43-48 202 9:9-10 6:14 80 9:9-11 6:16-21 201 9:11-12 8:5-13 77 13:1 8:13 13:7 205 8:17 14:9 153 8:18-22 8:28-34 9:9-13 Malachi 9:17 1:2-4 176 9:18 1:6 104 9:18-26 3 49 9:36 37,47 3:1 10:5-15 295 3:1-7 10:32-42 34 3:2 10:34-36 37 3:12 11:2-6 3:16-24 33 11:4-6 3:18-19 239 11:13-14 3:19-24 61 11:16-17 3:20 37 12:39 58 3:22-24 12:41 46 3:23 12:42 3:23-24 32-33, 37, 90 12:45 3:24 34 . 233 13:10 4:5 295 13:11 13:13-15 13:14-15 NEW TESTAMENT 13:18-43 13:24-30 Matthew 13:40-43 1:18 62 13:43 1:20-21 60 14:13-21 1:22-23 60 14:19 34. 56, 62 15:19 1:23 2:1 64 15:20-28 15:21-28 2:23 63 62 3:1-3 15:23 3:11-12 15:27 35.77 36 3:13-15 15:28 4:16-17 122 15:30-31 5:1-7:27 51 15:32-39

119 110. 116, 132 95 130 119 101 56 122 45 45 72 36 70 36 200 48 44, 48 52 36 102 35 132 109 32 48 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 30 28 77 27 30 52 53 70 70 50 50 50 50 51 51

16:1-12 16:28 17:1 17:2 17:9-13 17:10 17:11 17:12-13 18:1-5 18:1-11 18:3 18:3-4 18:5-6 19:13-15 19:14 20:1-16 20:20-28 21:1-11 21:2-5 21:5 21:9 21:12-13 21:12-14 21:14 21:15 21:15-16 21:15-17 21:16 21:18-19 21:18-22 21:19 22:1-14 22:37 23:1-12 23:6 23:11 23:13 23:14 23:15 23:16 23:16 22 23:17 23:19 23:23 23:25 23:27 23:29

52-53 57 57 57 31 32 32 32.46 97 95 75 79. 95 97 75 76. 79 309 97 202 80 97 80.81, 90, 80 77 80. 87 90,91 77. 90 91 81 78 77 77 78 143 89 100 89 89 100 89 89 89 89 89 89 89 89 89

23:39 24:5-25 24:27 24:32-44 24:37-39 24:46 25:1-10 25:31-46 26:17-29 26:29 26:31 26:36-46 26:39 26:42 26:51-53 27:54 27:48

90 90 27 78 27 90 78 102. 122

198 204. 205 205 320 204 204 307 130 130

Mark 1:1 1:2-3 1:10

1:25-28 1:29-31 1:40-44 2:2-12

2:13-14 2:22

3:3-5 4:1-2 4:11-13 4:14-20 4:21-25 4:26-29 4:30-21 4:33 4:34 4:35-41 4:40 5:1-20 5:6 5:21-43 5:25-34 5:43 6:7-13

37.47.81, 198 37 55 70 71 71 73 36 200 79 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 67 68 70 70 44,48.71 71 49 36

6:30-32 6:30-44 6:33-44 6:34 6:34-36 6:39 6:45-52 6:51 6:52 7:1-23 7:23 7:24-30 7:31-37 7:32-37 8:1-10 8:11-13 8:14-21 8:22-26 8:29 8:38-9:1 9:1 9:9-12 9:9-13 9:11-13 9:13 9:14-29 9:35-37 9:37 9:38-41 10:15-16 10:14 10:35-40 10:41-45 10:46-52 11:1-11 11:12-14 11:15-18 11:19-26 11:25-24 12:51 13:24-27 13:30 14:12-25 14:32-42 15:39

52 52 67 52. 53 52 53 67 69 69 69 70 50, 70 51 70 51, 67 53 53 53 69 28 57 71 31 32, 46 32 71 97 97 97 75 76, 79 97 98 73 78. 202 77, 78 77 77 78 103 28 28 198 320 47

Luke 1-2 1:17 1:18 1:24-25 1:26 1:27-28 1:32 1:32-33 1:35 1:39-56 1:41 1:42 1:43 1:44 1:46-55 1:46-56 1:52 1:68-73 1:76 1:78-79 1:79 1:80 3:5 3:5-6 3:15-17 3:22 4:18-19 4:18-29 5:27-28 5:37-39 6:20-26 6:20-27 6:22 6:22-23 7:1-2 7:5-5 7:6-8 7:7 7:11-17 7:16-17 7:18-23 7:22 7:24 7:27 7:31-32 8:40-56

186 34 62 34 34 62 34 35 34 22 55 146 35 35. 93 91. 133 36. 105.146 105 37 37. 133 37 133 34 49 154 35 57 109 133 36 200 110 132 88 95.130 97 44 44 45 46 46 46.109, 132 51 46 47 48. 49 44. 48

8:55 9:1-6 9:2 9:7 9:10-17 9:11 9:11-12 9:12-17 9:20 9:22 9:22-35 9:24-27 9:27 9:28 9:28-36 9:31 9:35 9:46-48 9:57-62 10:25-37 11:43-44 12:49-56 13:6-9 14:7-11 14:7-14 14:11 14:12-14 17:20-37 17:24 17:26-27 17:30 18:9-14 18:15-17 18:16 18:17 19:28-40 19:37-40 20:46-47 21:34-36 22:7-23 22:18-19 22:20 22:24-27 22:28-30 22:39-46 23:35 23:36-37

49 36, 52 56 56 52 52 56 56 56 56 57 56 57 57 57 58 57 98 36 103 100 35 77 98 100 98 98 28 27 27 27 88 75 76, 79, 88 89 202 88 100 28 19S 204 212 99 99, 204 320 99 99

23:39-43 24:18-35 24:35 24:36-52 24:36-53

99 49 49 49 49

I lycter 1:23 2:24 4:7 5:5-6

77 72 18 89

John 2:1-11 2:1-12 2:13-17 2:13-25 3:1-10 3:1-21 3:3 3:3-5 3:5 3:22-36 4:42 4:46-53 5 6:1-13 6:10 11:1-57 13:3-20 13:13-20

45 44 77 200 75 77 75, 76 79 76 76 45 44 75 52 53 44 99 99

Acts 1:8 2:1-4 2:1-13 2:5-36 2:38 1

55. 59 55 55 55 55

17

Ephcsians 5:26

77

Tkesialonians 4:15-17

1:12-16 13:1-18 15:6 16:1-20 21-22 22:1-5 22:14 22:16

57 276 57 223 112 166 153, 212 292

THOMAS 22:1-2 22:3-4

75,79 79

APOCRYPHA lEsdras

Corinthians

7:29-30

Revelation

28

8:70

69

1 Maccabees 3:45

48

2 Maccabees 2:17-18

269

Sirach 45:1-5 45:6-17 48:9-11 48:12-14

296 296 33 35

PSEUDEP1GRAPHA

D E A D SEA SCROLLS

l Enoch 6:6

123

7:1

123

7:1-6

232

9:9

123

10:9

123

Jubilees 1:4-6

11-12

16:10-13

35

1Q Hodayot 1QM 4Q Hodayot 4Q88 4Q163 4Q171 4Q372 4Q413 4Q427 4Q434 4Q436 4Q521 4Q525

131, 132, 334 131, 131, 130, 333 131, 131 335 335 131, 335

334 332 333 332 332-333 334

334

SUBJECT

INDEX

Aaron, 2 9 5 - 2 9 8

i n the garden, 2 2 7 - 2 2 9

Abel, 5 9 , 2 2 9 - 2 3 0

N o a h a s new, 2 3 5 Alub, King

Abiathar, 3 0 6

~

T h u t m o s i s as son o f , 1 9 1 ,

286 a s vizier o f the poor, 1 1 3

Abihu, 2 9 7 - 2 9 8

David and, 1 2 6 - 1 2 7

Amun, 326

Abishai. 3 0 9

Elijah miracle stories a n d ,

Anat, 2 0 7 - 2 0 8

37. 39, 4 0 - 4 1

Abraham cue n a m e , 6 0 Elisha stories linked to, 42-43 narrative roles o f . 6 4 Nosh's s t o i y linked t o . 151 quest f o r s o n s wife. 2 8 7 Yahweh's c o v e n a n t w i t h . 238-241

Josiah and. 2 6 1 - 2 6 2 o b a d i a h and. 2 0 8

from, 262-263. 320 p u n i s h i n g D a v i d with murder of. 2 6 6 tragic fall of D a v i d s house,

literature, a n c i e n t A n d e r s o n , Walter, 2 6

Ahiqar. 2 4 - 2 5

ankh, 187

Akhenaton,

a n o i n t i n g , see messtah

187-190

A k i t u festival

anthropology.

12-13

D a v i d a s messiah a n d , 3 1 7

apocalyptic language, 18

H c b - s e d festival vs.. 1 8 7

apocalyptic p r o p h e t

180-182

D a v i d repents after fleeing

a n c i e n t literature, see

Ahaz, 6 0 , 2 7 1

h u m b l e king stories and.

Absalom

Anatolia, 3 4 0 - 3 4 1

divinely d e t e r m i n e d day o f destiny and, 2 7 - 2 8

Alexander the CJteat, 9 6

interpreting. 1 8

Amalekites. 3 0 2 - 3 0 3 . 3 0 9

Jesus as, 3 - 8

Amaziah, 2 7 1

Jesus as sage vs.. 1 6 - 1 7

Amencmhet, 324 Amenemopet,

14-15,327

sapiential vs., 1 7 - 1 9 subvetsive Jesus vs.. 12

Amenhotep III. 1 8 7

Apophis dragon. 148

Adad. 1 8 6 - 1 8 7 , 3 1 0

Amnon, 3 1 1 - 3 1 2

A p p e n d i x 1. set s o n g f o r a

Adad-Guppi,

Amon, 1 9 0 - 1 9 1 , 2 7 2

311

167-168

Adad-Nirari. 2 8 8 Adam

Amon-Re Scch-Aphophis myth and,

as cue name, 59 exile and b a n i s h m e n t theme, 176

148 song for a poor man examples, 3 2 4 . 3 2 5

p o o r man A p p e n d i x 2. see k i n g . testimonies o f g o o d Apsu, 1 7 9 - 1 8 1 . 1 8 3 . 1 8 5 Armageddon, 2 2 3 Asa. 2 7 0 - 2 7 1

Ashurbanipal I] building and repairing of temples. 165 creating name. 163 divine involvement in kingship of. 161

Ben Hadad. 2 7 0 - 2 7 1 Bible ancicnt compositions in. 25 language of, 28 holy war images in. 2 2 3

ideal picture of kingship.

meaning of messiah in,

inscription text paraphrase. 338 ihcmc of peace, 1 6 5 - 1 6 6 Amir. 3 1 0 Atum, 174 authentic sayings. <et sayings. authentic AzaiKvada building and repairing of temples, 165 inscription, 3 3 0 , 3 4 2

290-291 natural explanations for miracles. 4 song for a poor man examples. 331 Bible, narrative techniques. 47-59 compassion as sign of kingdom. 5 0 - 5 1 cue names, 5 9 - 6 0 entering kingdom through mourning. 4 8 - 4 9

pcacc theme. 1 6 6 - 1 6 7

feeding talcs, 5 1 - 5 6

reversal of destiny theme,

linking Jesus to traditional

163

stories. 5 6 - 5 9 resurrection stories, 4 9 - 5 0

victory of, 162

riddles and parables. 47-48

Baal

biography

Solomon « o t y vs., 288-289 story of, 2 0 6 - 2 1 0 Yahweh vs.. 3 8 - 4 0 Babel story, 176 Babylon creation story, 1 7 9 - 1 8 1 . 186-187, 250 proverbs, 25 Babylonian Theodicy, 327-328 Bacchus. 2 0 5 Bar Rakib. 165. 343 Bathsheba

gospels doubtful as. 3 historicity of ancicnt, 167-169 birth stories divine intervention in. 62-63. 93 hope and peace in miraculous. 2 9 - 3 0 . 112 pious childless couple theme in. 34 reflecting high literature. 23 of saviors. 153, 1 8 5 - 1 8 6 blessing

Solomon story compared

curse vs.. 116

to. 2over 7 6 house of [>avid sword

Jerusalem's fate, 2 6 2

and. 126. 2 6 5 - 2 6 6 Beatitudes. 1 3 2 - 1 3 3

David story, 8 4 - 8 8 Jesus stories. 8 0 - 8 1 ,

apocalyptic mythic

divine patronage of. 158 154-155

overview of, 1 1 0 - 1 1 1 blind motif

Job story. 1 4 3 - 1 4 4 Merneptah story. 2 5 0

87-88 lost Torah story, 8 6 - 8 7 blood of covenant lake's version. 2 1 1 - 2 1 2 overview of, 2 0 2 - 2 0 5 Bow. 6 0 Book of the Dead, chapter 125, 3 2 6 Botg, Marcus, 1 2 - 1 3 buildings, it* temples Cain cuc name, 59 exile and banishment theme, 1 7 6 Job's story linked to, 145 story of. 2 2 9 - 2 3 1 Cairo Hymns to Amon-Re; Papyrus Bulaq xvii, 3 2 5 Caleb, 2 5 4 - 2 5 5 Canaanites. 5 0 - 5 1 , 2 4 4 - 2 4 5

castmti, 128-129 cclibacy. 79 census, 3 1 4 centurion miracic stories, 44-45 chaos theme, 176, 178 Chemosh holy wars of. 2 5 0 Mesha story, 155, 159-162 children. He also birth stories bitth ol new Jerusalem imagery. 90 disciples as metaphor for, 89 humility theme and, 90-92, 95-103 Isaiahs servant song/wisdom of. 9 3 - 9 5

kingdom and children saying, 75 principle of multiple attesration. 7 4 - 7 5 recognition of Jesus in temple. 80 81. 9 0 - 9 2 as signs of kingdom, 67

ban on blood sacrifice. 236 circumcision metaphor and, 2 4 0 - 2 4 1

curse blessing vs., 116 in the garden. 2 2 8 - 2 2 9 Jerusalem's fate. 2 6 2

Luke's version, 2 1 1 - 2 1 2

J o b story. 1 4 3 - 1 4 4

meaning of, 2 0 2 - 2 0 5

Merneptah story. 2 5 0

covenants. 2 9 7 - 3 1 0

Ncah story, stt Noah

stillborn metaphor. 8 2 - 8 3

with Abraham. 2 3 8 - 2 4 0

overview of, 1 1 0 - 1 1 1

strength coming from

with Noah. 2 3 5 - 2 3 8

sword over house of

mouths of, 8 0 - 8 3 , 91-93 universal quality of, 104-105 Cinderella motif, 185 citcuincbion, 2 4 0 - 2 4 1 cleansing theme in David stories. 8 4 - 8 6 Ezra and Jerusalem, 245-248 Jesus cures unclean spirits, 70-72 Jesus in the temple, 80-83. 90-92 Jesus taking up holy war role, 8 3 - 8 4 Mark's discourse on hygiene, 6 8 - 6 9 parables for unclean. 68 principle of reciprocity, 72 in story of lost Torah, 86-87 suffering and sickness in, 72-73. 80-81 compassion ancient inscriptions showing kingly. 114 entering into kingdom through. 48 of Jesus and Yahweh. 55-56 as sign of kingdom, 5 0 - 5 1 Coptic manuscripts, 9 - 1 2 Counsels of Wisdom. 3 2 8 covenant of blood

David. 2 6 4 - 2 6 6

retribution and eternal, 299-300 sacrifice healing breaches of. 308 transformation metaphor of, 2 1 6 - 2 1 7 crcation Babylonian stories. 186-187

Cyrus good king theme, 163. 267 inscription text paraphrase. 339-340 resurrection theme, 165 threat to king as child motif. 1 8 5 - 1 8 6

destruction and, 171, 174 Enuma Elish stoty, 179-181 Genesis story, 1 7 3 - 1 7 4 , 224-231

damnation, see curse Daniel. 294 Darius. 3 3 0 - 3 3 1 David

Greek tradition. 1 7 3 - 1 7 4

birth of. 1 8 5 - 1 8 6

Hymn to the Sun God.

covenant with Yahweh,

188-190 in image of Cod. 2 2 4 - 2 3 1 nothingness and. 1 7 3 - 1 7 4

289-310 deathbed scene as foreigner, 2 4 2

of peace. 1 9 3 - 1 9 6

Elijah's role and, 3 1 0 - 3 1 5

by the word. 45

Goliath and. 304

Crossan, John Dominic authentic sayings and, 20. 91, 107-108 Jesiis as sage, 1 6 - 1 9 kingdom and children saying. 7 5 - 7 7 philosophical tradition and. 1 0 8 - 1 1 0 principle of multiple attestation. 7 4 - 8 0 crucifixion story. 99 cue names in biblical narrative. 59-60 of Isaiahs children, 74

Hannah's song 36 holy war victory. 309. 310-311 humility of. 3 0 8 Idrimi story linked to. 154 as imiutio Christi, 3 1 6 - 3 2 1 impotence of, 2 7 4 - 2 7 5 J o b story linked to. 145-146 lame and blind inotif in, 84-88 messiah motif and. see messiah on Mount of Olives. 263. 312

murder of Uriah. 2 6 4 . 311. 3 2 0 - 3 2 1 piety of. 3 1 8 - 3 2 1

destruction

Deutemnomy, 2 4 2 244

radical transformalion of.

Dialogue Between a Man and His God. 3 2 8

141-142

Samuel and. 304 Saul and. 3 0 5 - 3 1 0

song for a poor man

Eli

Ewkiel, 1 7 - 1 8 disciples competition between, 97-100

Elihu. 1 9 9 - 2 0 0 Elijah David as. 3 1 0 - 3 1 5

as metaphor for children,

dethroning. 2 8 0 - 2 8 1

89

Jesus events linked to. 57-58, 90

understanding and not understanding. 6 8 - 6 9 , 73-74 doomsday prophets

tree of life metaphor, 2 1 4

defined. 27

united kingdom/golden

dethroned in books of

age theme. 288 kingdom of Jesus

307-308 story of, 298 300

Jesus sending out, 5 6 - 5 7

sword over house of.

day ol judgment

sinning against Yahweh.

Dionysus. 2 0 5 - 2 0 6

Song of the Bow, 1 2 3 - 1 2 4 261-267

pcacc, 2 9 2 El Qano, 3 8 - 4 1 , 2 5 6 Eleazar, 298

metaphors in, 1 2 5 - 1 2 6 , 129-130

Utopian metaphor of

Diet true (Day of Wrath).

Solomon and, 2 6 6 - 2 6 7 , 276. 299

hymn of Thutmosis, 191

Dialogues (Plato). 9

retribution and. 2 6 2 - 2 6 4 . 300. 3 1 1 - 3 1 2

286

179-181

prophecy of Moses, 276

264 266. 3 1 2 - 3 1 5

David's songs linked to,

Enuma Elish story.

predcccssors of. 2 8 5 - 2 8 9

reconciliation and.

Eighteenth Dynasty

creation and, 174

Kings. 2 8 0 - 2 8 1 Dumuzi, 2 1 0 - 2 1 1 dying and rising God. set

involving, 27 28

God, dying and rising

literary- tradition

John the Baptist as, 34-37, 46-47 Matthew's proverbs linked to, 1 0 1 - 1 0 2 messianic role of, 74 miracle stories of. 37—41 myth-building and tradition of, 59, 64 suffering and return of. 31-32

myth Elisha

portraying. 28. 3 1 - 3 3 Day of Yahweh. 3 2 - 3 3

Ebal

Jesus as judge. 35

Dead Sea Scrolls. 1 3 0 - 1 3 2 .

Edorn, 176

Matthew's proverbs linked

332-335 death, tte God. dying and rising myth dedication, of memorials, 157 desett theme burning bush story, 56 green gross motif vs., 53-54 meanings of. 47 suffering imagery in, 212-213 Yahwehs destructive power and.177-179

to. 1 0 1 - 1 0 2

Egypt patronage over nine bows. 250 renaissance period in. 172 role of king inscriptions, 113-114 song for a poor man examples. 3 2 3 - 3 2 7 Egyptian Coffin Text, 323-324 Egyptian Tale of the Eloquent Peasant, 2 4 - 2 5 Eichhorn. J . G . , 4

miracle storks of. 4 1 - 4 3 as prophet of peace.

281-282

twelve oxen and disciples of, 36 Elizabeth Mary's visit to, 22 paired pregnancy with Mary. 3 4 - 3 5 pregnancy of divine intervention, 6 2 - 6 3 songs of, 3 6 - 3 7 Eloquent Peasant, 3 2 4

En Gedi, 3 0 6

in garden. 2 2 7 - 2 2 9

Enoch. 232

mythic role of mother. 63

Enuma Elish Babylonian crcation story of. 1 7 9 - 1 8 1 David's birth as messiah linked to. 186 Genesis creation story linked to. 1 8 4 - 1 8 5 Psalm 104 linked to. 190 violence leading to repentance. 183 eroticism

Evil-Merodach, 275

211

Esarhaddon

life metaphors.

Ezra and. 2 4 6 - 2 4 7 Israel's return from, 215

inscription text paraphrase. 338-339 legitimation of. 158 peace theme. 165. 166 renaissance and. 172 reversal of destiny. 163 song for a poor man example, 3 2 9 - 3 3 0 suffering theme. 160 temple building of. 165. 267 eternal life metaphors of. 2 1 1 - 2 1 9 resurrection and. see resurrection transcendent's holy mountain. 212 Euridice. 2 3 3 - 2 3 4 Eve

209 story of Esarhaddon, 153

Noah and. 1 5 1 - 1 5 2

Fcucibach, Ludwig, 4

theme of, 176

fever, motif of, 7 1 - 7 2

Ezekiel. 102, 2 1 5 . 2 5 7

fig tree episodes. 7 7 - 7 8

Ezra

flood

cleansing of Jerusalem. 245-248 misunderstanding retribution. 2 5 1 - 2 5 2 righteous accepted into kingdom, 102 uncomfortable story ending of, 2 5 6

leading to divine repcntancc, 176, 181 story of Noah, 1 5 0 - 1 5 2 flute motif. 4 8 - 4 9 food set feeding tales foreigner Ezra and cleaning of Jerusalem, 2 4 5 - 2 4 8 J o b as. 143. 1 4 4 - 1 4 5

kingship of. 161 152-153

ritual of mourning and.

fertility v*.. 2 1 2 - 2 1 3

divine involvement in ideal life of king.

211-219

Esarhaddon and. 153

chain narrative technique.

168

197 resurrection and eternal

exile

Dionysus myth. 206 Inanna and Dumuzi myth,

new beginnings based on,

faith

Torah's demand to care for,

Canaanitc woman tale, 50-51 Matthew's emphasis on, 45 father's kingdom metaphor, 198-199, 204-205 feeding talcs, 5 1 - 5 6 disciples understanding and, 6 8 - 6 9

241-242 foreskin man. 2 3 9 - 2 4 1 formalism, 1 1 7 - 1 1 8 fottune, reversals of ancient inscriptions showing, 1 1 3 - 1 1 5 Dead Sea Scrolls examples, 130-132

miracle stories of Mark, 53

Isaiah's song for a poor

miracle stories of Matthew,

man metaphors.

51-53 placing in desert or wilderness. 5 3 - 5 6 resurrection stories and. 49-50 fertility Baal's battle with Mot. 207-210 desert/wilderness wandering vs.. 2 1 2 - 2 1 3

122-123 Job as good king, 1 6 2 - 1 6 3 Pannamuwa, 162 song celebrating, see song fountain uflifc. 153 4Q Apocryphon of Joseph. 333 4Q Isaiah Pfcsher, 3 3 2 4Q Messianic Apocalypse. 334

cue name. 59

Dionysus myth. 2 0 5 - 2 0 6

4 Q Psalms. 3 3 3

exile and banishment

Inanna and Dumuzi myth.

4Q Psalms Pesher, 3 3 2 - 3 3 3

theme, 176

210-211

4Q Sapiental Work. 334

4Q Wisdom Text with Beatitudes. 3 3 5 4QBless Oh my Soul. 3 3 5 4 Q 4 2 7 , 334

Goliath. 3 0 4 good news good king announcing. 165 inscriptions showing. 1 5 7

Gabriel. 34 Genesis creation in image of God. 224-231 creation story. 1 7 2 - 1 7 3 cue names in. 5 9 - 6 0 Gibeonites. 3 1 2 Gilgamesh. 164, 2 6 8 gluttony, 5 4 - 5 5 God, creating in image of, 224-231 ancient Near Eastern literature and. 2 2 5 - 2 2 6 Cain and Abel stories, 229-231

Gospel of John failure of Jesus' messianism, 7 kingdom and children saying. 7 5 - 7 7 Last Supper, 9 9 - 1 0 0 Gospel of Luke high literature creating, 22-23 humility theme, 9 8 - 9 9 kingdom and children saying. 7 5 - 7 7 kingdom of God in. 28 Pharisee and tax collector parable. 88 89

creatures and Eve. 2 2 7

pride vs. humility in. 100

God's seven acts of

rewriting Hannahs song.

wonder. 2 2 4 - 2 2 5 man vs. God for supremacy, 2 2 6 - 2 2 7 men rule world while God rests.225-226 snake as tempter, 2 2 7 - 2 2 8 Yahwehs cursc. 2 2 8 - 2 2 9 God, dying and rising myth, 197-219 o f Baal, 2 0 6 - 2 1 0 covenant of blood, 198-205

116 sayings in Thomas and Q.

Gospel of Matthew birth of Jesus. 63 64 child as model of humility. 96-97 creating Hezekiah-like Jesus, 84 Jesus as Immanuel. 6 1 - 6 2 Jesus' birth story. 2 9 - 3 0 Jesus cleansing temple. 80-83. 90-92 Jesus' cntrancc into Jerusalem. 8 3 - 8 4 Jesus healing lame/blind. 80-81, 87 Jesus preparing new Jerusalem. 90 kingdom and children saying. 7 5 - 7 7 , 1 0 1 - 1 0 2 Last Supper, 1 9 8 - 2 0 3 parable of kingdom of God. 2 8 - 2 9 parable of sower. 29 pattern of judgment shown in. 119

10-12

rewriting eadier biblical

132-135

similarity of sayings in

songs for a poor man in, Gospel of Mark chain of narrative in stories of, 6 7 - 7 1 child as model of humility, 97-98 curing of deaf man talc, 51 disciples

tradition. 103 Thomas and Q . 1 0 - 1 2 songs for a poor man in, 132-135 strength from mouths of babes. 81 Gospel of Iliomas kingdom and children

o f Dionysus, 2 0 5 - 2 0 6

understanding)'not

saying in, 7 5 - 7 6 , 79

resurrection and eternal

understanding, 6 9 ,

sayings of Jesus in Q and.

life. 2 1 1 - 2 1 9 mots of biblical new beginnings. 1 9 7 - 1 9 8 o f Tammuz, 2 1 0 - 2 1 1 golden age in books of Kings, 273-280 royal inscriptions bearing,

288

73-74 events in Jesus' life, 5 - 6 failed prophet of. 6 - 7

9-12 gospels failed prophet of. 6 - 7

fig tree episodes in. 78

fig tree episodes in, 7 7 - 7 8

kingdom and children

Jesus as center of, 5 5 - 5 6

saying. 7 5 - 7 7 kingdom of God theme, 29.37 parables of. 7 3 - 7 4

Judaism vs. Hellenism in, 7-8 miracle stories in, 74 natraiive roles in, 6 4 - 6 5

Origins of sayings in, 107-108 riddles and parables in, 47-48 as source of history. 9 as stereotyped biography, 3

hcroic figures ancient literature presenting, 1 4 - 1 6 birth stotics, 1 8 5 - 1 8 6 forgiveness and anointing role of, 2 9 5 - 2 9 6

Great Hymn to Marduk. 3 2 9

as imitatio Christi. 316

Great Hymn to Osiris. 325

oral tradition developing.

Greek tradition, 173

21-23

green grass motif, 5 3 - 5 4

quest for wives, 287

guilt theme, 2 9 5 - 2 9 6

as speaker or implied author. 26

Hachilah, 306 Hadad. 3 4 2 - 3 4 3 Hagar. 42 Hammurapi Code. 328 as divinely chosen, 248-249 I iannahs song ancient literary roots of, 23. 134 blessing and curse in, 116 miraculous pregnancy. 36 Samuel ax messiah and king, 2 9 9 - 3 0 0 signifying divine intervention. 63 signifying eternal peace. 112 Song of the Bow and. 123-124

Hezekiah Isaiah reiterating tears of,

310-311 divine judgment interpreting, 1 2 9 - 1 3 0 Ezra and. 2 4 5 - 2 4 8 forcignci theme and, 241-244.248 God as pat ton and see patronage Isaiah's imagery ol. 124-125 Job and. 1 4 7 - 1 4 8 Mesha and. 155 mcxtiah's role in. 2 4 4 . 2 4 8

181-182

Moses and. 2 4 2 - 2 4 4

94

oven and fire metaphors.

Isaiah s sen-ant song and, Matthew creates Jesus like, 84 plundering of temple, 271-272 story of. 2 7 7 - 2 8 0 strength hum mouths of babes. 82 high priests David in role of, 314 role of. 1 0 4 - 1 0 5 subordinating to justice, 298-299 historical realities Hebrew Bible's messiah myth, 2 9 1 - 2 9 2

Hapitu, 154

hidden in myth, 4

Harkhuf, 3 2 3

kings of Hebtcw Bible,

harvest myths, 197

David and. 304. 309.

259

Noah and. 2 3 1 - 2 3 8 239 overview of, 2 2 3 - 2 2 4 re-establishing divine rule with, 2 4 8 Torah debate on. 8.3-86 holy warrior myth. 1 7 1 - 1 9 6 Biblical narrative and. 171-175 creation, destruction and. 175-179 humility of king and. 179-184 Merneptah and. 1 9 3 - 1 9 6 son of God and. 1 8 4 - 1 8 7 universal hymns and. 188-191 virtue of suffering and, 191-193

Hathor, 183

holy, see cleansing theme

Homer, 21

Hazael. 271

holy war. 2 2 3 - 2 5 8

Hosea, 74, 214

Heb-sed festival. 1 8 7 - 1 9 0

ancient war as. 223

hospitality theme, 38

Hellenistic period

biblical philosophy of, 244

humans as gods, see God,

Jesus as philosopher of, 13 Judaism vs.. 7 - 8 presenting great figures of tradition. 14 Hctcuks, 285

corruption overcome by. 236-238 covenant with Abraham and. 2 3 8 - 2 4 1 creation in image of God and. 2 2 4 - 2 3 1

creating in image of humility children as epitome of. 90-93, 95-103 of David. 308 Esathaddon and, 153

of king. 1 7 9 - 1 8 4

Job and, 1 4 9 - 1 5 0

kingdom and children

Joshua, Caleb and,

saying, 76

254-255 imiuuio Christi,

newborn motif and. 77

Immanuel. 6 0 - 6 6

parable. 88 89 song for a poor man metaphors. 125, 127 universal quality of children and. 1 0 4 - 1 0 5

316-321

song for a poor man metaphors, 1 2 1 - 1 2 5

cue name, 60

Ishbosheth, 85

defining, 34

Ishmael. 4 1 - 4 2 , 59. 275

Esarhaddon vs., 153

Ishtar

Jesus' birth as, 81

as root of Baal and

John becoming. 34 Matthew's understanding

Dionysus myths. 2 1 0 song for a poor man

of, 6 1 - 6 2

wilderness wandering as lesson in. 2 4 3

109-110 servant song of, 9 3 - 9 5

in New Testament. 89 Pharisee and tax collector

philosophical tradition in,

signifying God's presence as blessing. 61

Hurru, 196

example. 329. 330 Israel stele celebration of pcacc,

hygiene. 6 8 - 6 9

Inanna, 2 1 0 - 2 1 1

Hymn to Anion-Re, 324

innocence theme. 76

magic sword. 264

Hymn to Ishtar, 3 2 9

inscriptions, monumental

Merneptahs imperial

Hymn to Marduk. 3 2 9

Anatolian good king, 340-341

Hymn to Ninurta; Protector of the King, 3 2 9

for a poor man

as imiutio

testimonies of good describing ideal life of king. 1 5 2 - 1 5 6

Christi,

316-321

Syrian good king. 341-345

universal, 1 8 8 - 1 9 1 Hymns to die Gods as a

united kingdom/golden age theme. 288

Single God. 325

Instruction of Amenemopet. identity. 171 Idrimi

example. 326 Itamar. 2 9 8

from Appendix 2. see king.

188-190 hymns

patronage in. 2 4 9 2 5 0 song for a poor man

from Appendix 1. see song

Hymn to Tckpinus, 328 Hymn to the Sun God,

193-196

327

Jacob, 23. 2 8 7 Jairus, 4 8 - 4 9 Jason, 126 Jehoiachin, 275 Jehoshaphat. 2 6 1 - 2 6 2 Jeremiah, 2 1 6 - 2 1 7 Jerusalem conflict with Samaria, 87 Davids siege of, 84

Inteft Stele. 323

debate on purity of, 8 3 - 8 4

as David's predecessor. 285

Isaac. 23. 59

Ezra and cleansing of.

ideal picture of kingship,

Isaiah

154. 159 inscription text paraphrase. 341-342 legitimation of. 158 peace theme. 166

245-248

expanding motifs of

of Yahweh. 1 2 8 - 1 2 9 , 202-203

Isaiah calling audience to. Ill

Jesus' entrance into.

in. 1 9 8 - 1 9 9 Israel as suffering servant

suffering theme, 160 victory of, 162

89-90

unclean and holy, 68 father's kingdom metaphor

reversal of destiny, 163

imiutio

gudicring of children of,

Jesus' birth story and. 30 language of new creation, 217-219 parable of sower. 29

80-83. 90-92 as victim of divine wrath, 177-178 Jcshurun Jesse's root. 64 Jesus children's humility and. 95-103

cue name, 60 curing "unclean spirit*",

Job mctaphots, 1 1 8 - 1 2 0 .

70-71

143

death of. 4 7 . 49 disciple* of. 56

themes and traditions in

entrance into Jerusalem. 80-83. 90-92

book of. 2 4 - 2 5 tree of life metaphor in.

John the Baptist paired with, 3 3 - 3 7 , 4 6 - 4 7 as king at war. 2 2 3

214 Job is good king. 1 4 3 - 1 5 0 faithful servant of the

Marks presentation of, 37 Moses/Elijah events

divine, 144 feet washed in milk,

associated with, 5 7 - 5 9 narrative tolcs of, 64 as prophet figure, itt piophet figures reconciliation and. 71 Jesus Seminar on authentic sayings, 14 on Coptic manuscripts. 9-12 Matthew's Sermon on the Mount and, 1 3 2 on oral tradition. 22 philosophical tradition and. 109 on sayings in Thomas and

Q, 10-12 on sayings of Jesus vs. gospels, 1 0 7 - 1 0 8 Jesus, histoticizing ftom ancient literature. 14-16, 23-26 as apocalyptic piophet, 3-8 authentic sayings. 1 2 - 1 3 , 17-21 Coptic manuscripts. 9-12

Joy at the Accession of

song for a poor man

145-146 foreigner, 143. 1 4 4 - 1 4 5 good news, 1 4 7 judge. 146 messianic role. 1 4 7 - 1 4 9 oriented toward imitatio, 149-150 paralleling story of David. 145 royal compassion. 143-144 uial of. 1 4 3 - 1 4 4 virility and potency. 149 John, iff Gospel of J o h n John the Baptist a s Elijah. 3 2 - 3 3 . 4 6 - 4 7 narrative roles of. 64 paired with Jesus. 3 3 - 3 7 , 46-47 as presented in Mark. 37 written tradition forming. 132-133 Jonathan. 8 5 8 6 . 3 0 8 Joseph, 63 Joshua. 2 5 4 - 2 5 6 Josiah

Ramses IV. 3 2 7 Judaism Christian theology vs., 7 dichotomy of Hellenism vs., 7 - 8 as origin of messianism. 290-291 judgment apocalyptic, 1 7 - 1 9 day of, 2 7 - 2 8 . 3 1 - 3 3 interpreting kings through divine, 2 6 0 in Isaiah's servant song, 94 Jesus in Jciusalcm, 90 Job and. 1 1 9 - 1 2 0 . 146 moralizing holy war through divine. 129-130 Noah and. 2 3 3 rain reflecting impending, 246-247 righteous vs. godless, 77-78 song for a poor man metaphors, 1 1 7 - 1 1 8 , 121, 1 2 2 - 1 2 4 justice ancient inscriptions showing kingly. 113-115 father's kingdom metaphor for. 198-199 messianic high priesthood subordinated to. 298-299 Kalamuwa Inscription, 3 3 0 , 342

Jesus as sage. 1 6 - 1 9

death of, 2 6 1 - 2 6 2

Kcilah, 3 0 6

from oral traditions.

as good king, 2 6 0 - 2 6 1

king, 2 0 - 2 1

21-22 Jezebel. 4 0 - 4 1 . 127 Joab. 3 1 1 - 3 1 2 Joash. 271

lost Torah story, 8 6 - 8 7 tragic story of, 2 7 2 Joy at the Accession of Merneptah. 3 2 6 - 3 2 7

ancient inscriptions on role of. 1 1 3 - 1 1 5 as divine ruler on earth. 18-19, 249

humility of, 1 7 9 - 1 8 4

Day of Yahweh and,

Last Supper

influence in biblical

32-33

John's version, 9 9 - 1 0 0

literature, 16

defining, 27

Luke's version. 98 99.

threefold function of, 249 king, myth of good. 1 3 9 - 1 6 9 ancicnt biography and, 167-169 creating a name. 1 6 3 - 1 6 4 Davids example. 1 4 1 - 1 4 2 dedication of memorials, 157 divine involvement theme. 161-162 divine patronage theme, 158-159. 184-185 good news theme. 165 legitimation and. 1 5 7 - 1 5 8 monumental inscriptions and,152-156 Noah as example of. 150-152

disciples having secret of,

68

as end of the world, 5

version. 1 9 8 - 2 0 5

Immanuel and, 5 9 - 6 6

"new wine" metaphor,

kingdom and children saying, 7 5 - 7 7 Luke's presentation of. 28 Mark's presentation of. 37 Matthew's presentation of, 28-29. 51-53 prophet announcing, 27 recurring use of theme, 29-31 signs of. see miracle stories Kings. 2 5 9 - 2 8 4 David's impotence in. 274-275 divine judgment in. 260

overview of. 1 3 9 - 1 4 1

end of war in. 2 8 0 - 2 8 3

past suffering theme.

final sccne in, 2 7 5 - 2 7 7

160-161

golden age and. 2 7 3 - 2 8 0

peace theme. 1 6 5 - 1 6 7

good vs. bad, 2 6 0 - 2 6 1

reversal of destinies theme.

Hezekiah tale providing

162-163 sons of Qedem example, 142-150 temple building theme. 1 6 4 - 1 6 5 . 267 victory theme, 162 virtue theme. 1 5 9 - 1 6 0 king, testimonies of good. 337-345 inscriptions from Anatolia. 340-341 inscriptions from Syria,

agenda for, 2 7 7 - 2 8 0 historical context of, 259, 273-274 pardoning of Jchoicachin, 275 plundering of temples, 260, 2 7 0 - 2 7 3 regicide theme, 2 6 1 - 2 6 2 story of Solomon. 267-270, 276-277 sword over David's house, 261-267 lame motif

thematic functions, 3 3 7

David story, 8 4 - 8 8

kingdom and children saying.

Jesus stories, 8 0 - 8 1 .

75-77 kingdom of Cod children as signs of, 67

199-200.204-205 covenant of blood metaphor, 2 0 2 - 2 0 5 father's kingdom metaphor. 1 9 8 - 1 9 9 Le-ah, 63 legitimation. 1 5 7 - 1 5 8 Leviathan. 149 life's victory over death theme, see resurrection Litany of Rejoicing. 324 literature, ancicnt biblical themes from, 24-25. 28 day of judgment ftoin, 31-33 great figures in, 1 4 - 1 5 historicity of ancicnt biography. 1 6 7 - 1 6 9 human likeness to god in, 225 influence of. 2 5 - 2 6 oral stories preserved in, 21-23 origins of sayings in, 107-108 roles of king? in, 139 Liverani. Mario. 152 Lives (Plutarch), 14 living (.lod theme miracle stories of Elijah.

341-345 text paraphrases. 3 3 7 - 3 4 0

211-212 Last Supper, Matthew's

87-88 lost Torah story, 86 87 lament to Ishtar. 330

38, 3 9 - 4 0 miracle stories of Elisha. 42-43 Lot. 2 3 3 - 2 3 4

!.ud!ul M nemegi.

24

Luke, see (jospd of Luke

Mack, Burton authentic sayings and, 107-108 Jesus as cynic philosopher, 16 philosophical tradition and. 1 0 8 - 1 1 0 views of Jesus, 2 0 - 2 1 magicians. 13 Malachi, defined, 47 Manasseh, 2 7 2 manna story, 5 4 - 5 5 Manoah, 63 Marduk creating by word alune, 45 Enuma FJish story of. 179-181.186-187 holy war in. 250 literary themes in birth story of, 23 song for a poor man examples, 3 2 9 taking up new kingship, 185 wars of the messiah reiterating, 223 Mark, see Gospel of Mark Marybirth story and. 63 paired pregnancy with Elizabeth, 35 pregnancy signifying divine intervention, 62-63 songs of, 3 6 - 3 7 visit to Elizabeth, 22 Matthew, see Gospel of Matthew meat. 2 5 3 - 2 5 4 memorials, dedication of. 157 Mephibosheth, 25. 8 6 , 311 Merab. 305 Metikare, 3 2 5

Merneptah

Hebrew Bible vs. New

creation of peace and. 193-196 defeat of dragon myth,

312-313 interactive roles of. 297

149 impciial patronage in, 249-250 song for a poor man example, 3 2 6 - 3 2 7 victorj- song. 2 5 6 - 2 5 7

Jesus as. 6 - 7 Job as. 1 4 7 - 1 4 9 as princc of peace. 244 relationship of transcendent to, 297-299

Mesha chain narrative technique.

168

declaration of king's virtue, 159-160 divine involvement in kingship of. 1 6 1 - 1 6 2 Elishas stoty linked to, 41 holy war and. 2 5 0 ideal picture of kingship, 155-156 inscription text paraphrase. 343-344 patronage in. 1 5 8 - 1 5 9 . 249 suffering theme. 160 161 temple building 1 6 5 - 1 6 6 ,

268 victor)' of, 162 Mesopotamia, 114, 3 2 7 - 3 3 1 messiah. 2 8 9 - 2 9 8 ancient neat Eastern tradition of. 291 as anointed one. 2 9 5 - 2 9 6 David's birth as. 186 David s role as imitatio Christi.

Testament, 2 9 0 - 2 9 1 as holy warrior. 2 2 3 , 2 4 9 ,

316-321

David i song of lament and, 2 9 2 - 2 9 3

toots of, 108 way of ungodly vs. way of Yahweh. 3 1 8 - 3 2 1 Michal. 305 miracle stories, 3 7 - 4 3 centurion and his servant, 44.45 first function of, 65 healing of official's son, 44-45 in Mark, 6 7 - 7 1 in Matthew, 5 1 - 5 3 natural explanations for, 4 returning child to its mother. 46 reversing fortunes of oppressed, 46, 108 role of. 72 woman of Shunem. 4 3 - 4 4 monumental inscriptions, see inscriptions, monumental morning star, 1 2 3 - 1 2 4 Moses birth story of. 23. 153 covenant of blood. 200-201. 203-204 Elijah stories and. 3 9 - 4 0 Elisha stories and. 4 2 - 4 3

developing motif of. 2 9 2

Ezra compared to, 2 4 6

difficulties in defining,

golden calf and

289-290 divine mercy and. 293-295

repentance, 18.3-184 historical realities/myth of, 4

holy war references. 242 Jerusalem's future kings prophecy. 2 7 6 Jesus compared to. 5 7 - 5 9

inscription text paraphrase. 339

New Testament apocalyptic mythic language of. 28

king's virtue, 159 mother of. 1 6 7 - 1 6 8

meaning of messiah in,

quest for wife. 287 288

renaissance of. 172

sayings of, 1 4 - 1 5

suffering theme, 160

role of song in, 112

spreading his spirit, 55

temple building. 165. 267

song for a poor man

twelvefold curses and

theme of peace. 166

blessings, 111 Mot, 2 0 6 - 2 1 0

290-291

examples. 1 3 2 - 1 3 5 , 335

Naboth. 1 2 6 - 1 2 7 To Nabu, 329

theme of humility in, 89

motherhood motif. 6 2 - 6 3

Nadab. 2 9 7 - 2 9 8

motifs, coherence of Biblical.

Nag Hammadi. 9 - 1 0

Dionysus myth, 2 0 5 - 2 0 6

Nain. 45

final scene of flood story,

171-175 Mount Carmel. 3 8 - 4 0 Mount Horeb. 3 8 - 4 0

names, good king myth, 163-164

Mount of d i v e s . 263. 312

Narcissus myth. 2 2 6

Mount Sinai. 4 1 . 49

narrative techniques, see

mourning entering into kingdom through. 48 ritual of, 209 talc of Jairus' daughter, 48-49 murmuring, 2 5 3 - 2 5 4

Bible, narrative techniques

conquering holy warrior. see holy warrior myth dying and rising God. see

inscriptions,

of good in. 4 - 5 principle function of. 3 1 6

nine bows motif, 1 9 5 - 1 9 6 ,

monumental Nebuchadneyyar II creating name for, 164 destruction of Jerusalem. 177 ideal picture of kingship,

historical realities hidden

good king announcing. 165 inscriptions showing. 157

divine involvement in, 161

good king, see king, myth

news, good

Job announcing. 147

myth 4

204-205,211-212 newborn motif. 77

Near Eastern inscriptions, see

tiod. dying and rising eternal ideas and values in,

237 Last Supper, 1 9 9 - 2 0 0 ,

Nathan. 126

apocalyptic language. 18

myth

new wine metaphor

155 inscription text paraphrase, 339 plundering of temple, 2 7 2 song for a poor man example, 3 3 0 theme of peace, 166

256-257 Ninurta, Hymn to. 329 Noah covenant with Yahweh, 235-236 Esarhaddon compared to, 153 as ideal king, 231 reconciliation after flood, 234-235 story of. 1 5 0 - 1 5 2 as talc of divine judgment. 232-233 noise of rebellion, 3 1 3 nothingness

roots of messiah, 108

Nefcr-Sheshem-Rc. 3 2 3

before creation, 1 7 3 - 1 7 4

tradition of Elijah and. 59

Neferti. Prophecies of. 325

to/tu uu-bobu, 1 7 5 - 1 7 6

nephilim Nabonidus announcing good news. 165 creating name for, 163 divine involvement in, 161

mythology of. 231 232

Obadiah. 2 0 8

as rejected past generation.

obedience. 4 6 - 4 7 , 2 4 3 . see

233 story of Joshua, 254-255

also Yahweh Oedipus legend. 153 olam. 2 1 2

Old Israel. 172. 173 Omri. 159. 1 6 0 - 1 6 1

patronage, 2 4 8 - 2 5 8 binding and loosing

1 Maccabees, 2 7 3

nations under, 1 8 4 - 1 8 5

IQ Hymns. 334

Egyptian examples, 2 5 0

oral tradition

holy war's shalom,

anthmpological research and. 1 2 - 1 3

257-258 158-159, 248-249 Mesha stele example, 249.

principle of multiple attestation in. 7 4 - 8 0

250 retribution principle,

sayings in Thomas and Q. 10-12 as speech of historical

251-255 wilderness narratives and.

at closing scene of Kings. David's victory in holy war

reversal of destiny, 162

Merneptah and creation of. 1 9 3 - 1 9 6

theme of resurrection, 167

messiah as prince of. 244

victory of, 162

as purpose of war.

parables, see also Bible. miracle stones role in Hebrew Bible of. 47—48 as template for the gospels. 74 understanding/not understanding theme

280-283 Pharaoh

covenant tradition of. 203 story of lost Torah. 8 6 - 8 7

16

pregnancies, miraculous 34-35 Hannah. 36 marking divine intervention, 6 2 - 6 3 miracle stoty of Elisha, 41-42 Sargon of Akkad story, 153-154 pride Alexander the Great, 96 Jesus' disciples and. 97-100 parables of Luke, 100 priests, see high priests The Prince Who Was

role of divine warrior. 249

Threatened by Three

as universal patron. 2 5 0

hares tale. 2 8 6 - 2 8 7

Pharaoh Neco. 262 Pharisees. 5 2 - 5 3 . 8 8 - 8 9 Philistines. 3 0 9 philosopher Jesus in role of. 13. 16,

108-110

in. 68. 69. 7 3 - 7 4 Passover

Ishtar, 192 preachet. Jesus in role of, 13,

165-167 good news and. 147, 165

suffering theme. 160

narrative techniques;

Anastasi II, 3 2 5 , 326 Prayer of Lamentation to

and. 311 good king myth and.

inscription text paraphrase, 343

Ptaise of Amon-Re; Papyrus

275

kingship of, 161 divine pationage of, 158

Plutarch. 14

Elizabeth and Marv. signifying. 1 6 4 - 1 6 5

temples, 165 divine involvement in

plundering stories. 2 6 0 - 2 6 1

building of temples

Pannamuwa building and repairing of

Plato, 9

loyalty. 2 5 2 - 2 5 3 , 255 Paul. 1 7 - 1 9 peace

paired piophet figures. 3 3 - 3 7

213-214 wickedness vs., 2 1 3

250-251 Yahweh's demand for

Osiris. The Great Hymn to. 325

122 tree of life metaphor for,

Thutmosis example, 2 4 9

persons. 140 Orpheus myth, 2 3 3

Noah and, 1 5 0 - 1 5 2 song for a poor man and,

king as divinely chosen,

hemic stories developed in. 21-23

David and. 3 1 9 - 3 2 1 Job and, 1 4 4 - 1 4 5

Job in tolc of, 146 piety children and. 9 5 - 1 0 3

Princeton conseasus. 290-292 principle of multiple attestation, 7 4 - 7 5 Prophecies of Neferti, 325 prophet figures. 2 7 - 6 5 . tee alio apocalyptic prophet ancient literature presenting. 2 7 - 3 1

biblical narrative and. see

Rachel. 6 3 . 2 8 7

Bible, narrative

rain, imagery of. 2 4 6

techniques

Ramesside Hymn to the Nile.

in books of Kings. 280-283 day of judgment. 3 1 - 3 3 food of lifc. 4 3 - 4 7 Immanuel and the Kingdom. 5 9 - 6 5 miracle stories and. 3 7 - 4 3 paired, 33—37 Psalter creation and destruction motifs in. 184 motif of one's death in, 125 Yahweh strike's Davids enemies on cheek, 147-148 purification ritual, 201 purity, see also cleansing theme Job as gpod king, 143 sacrifice vs.. 2 2 9 - 2 3 0 story of lost Torah, 8 6 - 8 7 Torah debate on, 8 3 - 8 6 Q sayings authenticity of, 14 Gospel of Thomas and. 10-12 historical Jesus movement and, 2 0 - 2 1 kingdom and children saying. 7 5 - 7 6 philosophical tradition and.109-110 roles of Jesus and. 13 Qedem.145

326 Ramses IV celebration song of. 111-112 reversals of salvation in. 115-116 song for a poor man example. 327 Rcbccca, 2 8 7 Rebekah. 23 rebirth, see God, dying and rising myth

206-210 centurion and his servant. 44.45 death of Jesus. 4 7 , 49 Dionysus myth. 205 206 expressing tbalorn, 167 feeding talcs and. 4 9 - 5 0 first function of miracle stories. 65 healing of official's son, 44-45

reconciliation

Jairus' daughter, 4 8 - 4 9

anointed one linked to, 295-296 Jesus' role of, 71 stories of David. 2 6 4 - 2 6 6 , 311.312-315 with Yahweh after Hood, 234-235 regicide theme. 261 262 Rehoboam King Ahaz compared with, 271 reign of. 2 7 0 story of. 182 renewal Heb-sed festival and. 187 Hymn to the Sun God and, 1 8 8 - 1 9 0 imagery of, 190 Merneptah and, 194 Thutmosis and, 1 9 0 - 1 9 1 repentance in ancient Mesopotamia!) traditions, 211

Quest for tire Htilorical Jesus

Moses" debate on gulden

130-131

Baal's baldc with Mot.

Hoscaand, 2 ) 4

in F.numa Elish, 183

Qumran commentary,

leading to. 181 resurrection

reciprocity theme, 72

quail story. 54 (Schweitzer), 7

threat of destruction

calf. 1 8 3 - 1 8 4 Saul. 303 in tears of Hezekiah. 182

Jesus' death and, 198 kingdom and children saying and, 76 metaphors of, 2 1 1 - 2 1 9 miracle stories of Elijah, 37-41 miracle storks of Elisha. 42-43 obcdicncc leading to, 46-47 returning child to its mother, 46 reversing fortunes of oppressed. 46 woman of Shunem, 4 3 - 4 4 retribution eternal covenant illustrating. 2 9 9 3 0 0 Ezra's misunderstanding of. 2 5 1 - 2 5 2 future guilt and, 255 Hebrew Bible logic of, 116-117 Jesus cleansing temple/the unclean. 80 manna story. 5 4 - 5 5 reconciliation balanced with, 119

sword over house of David. 2 6 4 - 2 6 6 ,

as messiah-king, 2 9 9 - 3 0 0 Yahweh's rejection of

311-312 virtue of fear of God, 253-254 Yahweh as jealous God. 256 icvetsal of destiny, see

house of, 3 0 1 - 3 0 2 sapiential prophet. 1 7 - 1 9

formalism used to create. 117-118 miracle stories of Mark.

Satgon

principle of multiple

creating name for, 163 declaration of kings virtue. 159 legitimation of, 158 suffering (heme, 160 Satgon of Akkad ideal piuutc of kingship. 153-154 inscription text paraphrase. 337-338

56 role in Hebrew Bible of. 47-48 Ruth, 60

ban on blood, 2 3 6 covenant of blood. 201-205 healing a breach of covenant with. 308 purity of heart vs.. 229-230 story of Noah. 151 Sadducees. 5 2 - 5 3

David in service of. 304-305 death of. 2 9 2 - 2 9 3 . 309-310 disobedience to Yahweh, 302-303 drought punishing war crimes of, 3 1 2 efforts to kill David, 305-307 rcpcntance and tejcction of. 3 0 3 - 3 0 4 Samuel's anointing of, 301-302

Samaritans. 96

savior metaphor, 1 9 8 - 1 9 9

Samson

sayingi. authentic

being called from modicr's womb, 93 birth of. 63 Samuel being called from mother's womb. 93 birth story of, 34 choosing David. 304

26

Schweitzer, Albert Botg's aigumcnt against,

12

Jesus as mistaken

acknowledging David's

salvation

blessing and. see blessing

Q of, 9 - 1 2 use of heroic figures in,

Saul

lack of piety in, 1 5 9 - 1 6 0

210-211

person, 5, 13 similarity in Thomas and

historical Jesus and, 3

sage. Jesus as, 1 2 - 1 3 , 16 in ancient Mesopotamia,

attestation, 7 4 - 7 5 relationship to historical

Satan. 1 4 3 - 1 4 4

justice. 3 0 8 - 3 0 9 sacrifice

75-77 origins of. 1 0 7 - 1 0 8

68-71 questioning who Jesus is.

14 kingdom and children,

Sarah. 23. 41

fortune, reversals of riddles

in cariicst stage of Q.

from ancient literature. 14-15 anthropological research and. 1 2 - 1 3 apocalyptic vs. sapiential. 17-19 contesting Croxsan's concept of. 91

apocalyptic prophet, 6-7,8 Jesus as sage vs. theories of, 1 6 - 1 7 scholars today sharing view of. 27 scribes. 1 0 4 - 1 0 5 seasonal cycle myths, 197 seed myths, 197 Sckhmct, 183 Scnnachcttb plundering of temple, 272-273 renaissance of, 172 siege of Jerusalem by. 81-82 Sermon on the Mount authenticity of, 1 3 2 - 1 3 5 Matthew. 1 0 1 - 1 0 3 servant. Job. 1 4 4 - 1 4 5 Seth. 231 sexual imagery in ancient Mesopotamian traditions, 211 Dionysus myth. 2 0 6 Inanna and Dumuzi myth,

211

shalom good king announcing good news, 147 Mctncptah's song of pcacc, 195 theme of pcacc as, 165-167. 257-258 Shearyashub. 60 Sheba. queen of. 2 7 6 - 2 7 7 Shu. 1 9 3 - 1 9 6 Shu item, woman of, 41, 4 3 - 4 4 . 50 sickness metaphor, 7 2 - 7 3 Sinuhc, 3 2 4 snake, as tempter. 2 2 7 - 2 2 8 Socrates, 9 Solomon, 48 Ash urban ipal II compared to, 1 5 4 - 1 5 5 building done by, 165-166 divine wisdom of. 2 6 9 eternal covenant story. 2 9 9 fall from grace, 268, 270, 276-277 life's futility leading to humility, 125 paralleling story of Baal. 288 prayer of. 2 6 2 . 2 6 9 rise to glory. 2 6 8 - 2 6 9 words of Amenemopet said by. 15 Yahweh's promise to be father of. 2 6 6 - 2 6 7 . 2 9 8 song

traditional basis for David's. 2 8 5 2 8 6 song for a poor man, 107-138. 323-335

111-112

inscriptions. 1 1 3 - 1 1 5 107-110 323-327 examples. 3 2 7 - 3 3 1

Jerusalem. 2 4 5 - 2 4 8 role in classic literature of. 24-25 Torah's demand to love. 241-242 Strauss, David Friedrich, 4 - 5 ,

8

New Testament examples, 132-135,335 nonbiblical Dead Sea

strength metaphor coming from child's

Scroll examples, 130-132, 332-335 song for a poor man. from

mouth. 8 0 - 8 3 . 9 1 - 9 3 Dead Sea Scrolls. 132 in Isaiah's servant song,

Hebrew Bible, 1 1 5 - 1 3 0 David and his sons,

93-95 reversing helplessness with.

125-126 Dav»d's wedding to Michal. 305 examples. 331

104-105 subversive Jesus, 12 suffering divine involvement linked

humility, 127 Isaiah. 1 2 1 - 1 2 5

to past, 1 6 1 - 1 6 2 good kings and past,

Job, 1 1 8 - 1 2 0 , 143, 146-147 as mantra, 120 poor or outcast as pairs, 115 retribution and judgment, 116-117

160-161 metaphor of. 7 2 - 7 3 virtue of. 1 9 1 - 1 9 3 sun god Bibles hymn to. 1 8 8 - 1 9 0 Heb-sed festival and. 187 victorious over Apophis

rich man, poor man parables, 1 2 6 - 1 2 7 salvation/blessing vs. 115-116 structure of. 1 1 7 - 1 1 9 virtue of suffering.

36-37

suffering. 1 2 8 - 1 2 9 Ezra and cleaning of

Wesopotamian and Syrian

reversing destiny of poor

role of John and Jesus in.

exemplifying Israel's

Egyptian examples,

theology of. 120

112

stranger

ancicnt origins of sayings,

Isaiah's servant, 9 3 - 9 5 and oppressed, 105,

storm god. 281

from ancicnt near eastern

damnation/curse.

curse and blessing in,

stillborn metaphor, 8 2 - 8 3

191-193

dragon. 148 Suppiluliuma. 159, 3 4 0 - 3 4 1 sword imagery, 2 6 4 - 2 6 6 Syria good king inscriptions from. 3 4 1 - 3 4 5 song for a poor man examples. 114, 327-331

Song of the Bow. 1 2 3 - 1 2 4 sons of Qedem, 1 4 2 - 1 5 0

Talmon. S.. 2 9 0

spirit, 55

Tamar, 311

Tarnmuz, 2 1 0 - 2 1 1 teacher. Jesus as, 17 Telepinu. 1 6 8 - 1 6 9 Telepinus. Hymn to, 328 temples good king theme, 164-165.267-268 good vs. bad kings. 260-261 plundering of. 2 7 0 - 2 7 3 as transcendent realm, 2 1 2 themes cleansing, ttt deansing theme coherence of Biblical. 171-175 desert. 47 good stranger. 44

dedication of memorials, divine involvement, 161-162 158-159, 184-185 163-164 legitimation, 1 5 7 - 1 5 8 monumenral inscriptions. 152-156 past suffering. 160 161 peace at last, 1 6 5 - 1 6 7 reversal of destinies, 162-163 temple building, 1 6 4 - 1 6 5 , 267 victory, 162 theophany story. 5 7 - 5 9 Thutmosis

humility, 3 5 - 3 6 , 76

as Davids predecessor, 286

ignorance in face of

Eighteenth Dynasty hymn

Jesus as savior of the wotld, 4 4 - 4 5 John the Baptist as Elijah, 32-33, 46-47 judgment, 1 7 - 1 9 , 7 7 - 7 8 living God. 3 9 - 4 0 not believing without a sign. 45 paired birth stories. 3 4 - 3 5 pious childless couples, 34 reciprocity, 72 recurring use of, 2 9 - 3 1 victory over death, set resurrection themes, myth of good king, 156-167 announcing good news, 165 declaration of kings virtue, 159-160

trial of Job, 1 4 3 - 1 4 4 unclean spirits, let cleansing theme

establishing a name.

hospitality. 38

innocence, 76

217 overview of, 2 1 3 - 2 1 4

divine patronage.

in gospels, 48

enlightenment. 69

Israel's final destiny and.

157

of. 191 imperial patronage in, 2 4 9 Tiamat. 250

tohu wa-bohu, 175-176, 178 Torah. 8 3 - 9 3 debate over heart of,

unholy, see cleansing theinc united kingdum theme. 288 universal hymns. 1 8 8 - 1 9 1 universal justice. 104 105 Uriah adultery and murder of faithful, 311 David in role of piety. 320-321 story of J o b echoing. 145 sword over house of David and. 126, 2 6 4 - 2 6 6 values of apocalyptic prophets, 8 principle function of myth. 4. 316 vineyards. 74, 78 violence motif creation stories and, 171 creative spirit paiicd with

83-86 gathering children of

war, 1 7 5 - 1 7 9 virtue

Jerusalem, 8 9 - 9 0

of fear of God, 2 5 3 - 2 5 4

humility theme, 8 8 - 8 9

good king declaration of,

Moses' holy war references in. 2 4 2 - 2 4 4 role of Job as stranger. 24-25

159-160 of suffering, 1 9 1 - 1 9 3 war. str dbo holy war king's building of temples

Samaria vs. Jerusalem

signifying end of,

conflict, 87 sayings of Moses,

164-165 movement to pcacc from,

14-15 story of lost Torah, 86-87

147 War Scroll. 1 3 1 - 1 3 2 . 3 3 2 warrior myth, tte holy warrior

tree of life metaphor Isaiah's use of, 219

myth UMS,

187

water

Last Supper, 1 9 9 - 2 0 0 ,

as flood, see flood gentle, positive m o t i f of, 190 Weiss, Johannes, 5, 8

204-205, 211-212 Wire, Antoinette Clarke, 21-23 Wrede, William, 5 - 6

wilderness, see also desert theme Davids flight from Saul in, 3 0 5 - 3 0 6 feeding in, 5 4 - 5 5 suffering imagery in, 212-213 themes dominating, 2 5 1 wandering as lesson in humility, 2 4 3 Yahweh's anger promising retribution, 2 5 4 wine metaphor Dionysus myth, 205-206 final scene of flood story, 237

Xerxes, 2 6 7 , 3 4 0 Yahdun-Lim declaration of kings virtue, 159 divine involvement in kingship of, 161 divine patronage of, 158 inscription text paraphrase, 338

Jesus echoing compassion of, 5 5 - 5 6 as king of Israel, 2 4 9 miracle stories of Elijah and, 3 7 - 4 1 providing food for his people (Exodus), 5 4 - 5 5 Yehawmilk, 165, 3 4 2 youngest son motif, 185

Zachariah, 34, 3 6 - 3 7 Zakkur divine patronage of, 1 5 8 inscription text paraphrase, 342

temple building, 1 6 5

legitimization of, 1 5 8

theme of pcacc, 166

narrative of, 156

Yahweh as destroyer and savior, 183

temple building, 165 Zechariah, 2 0 1 - 2 0 3 Zephaniah, 158