THE FEMALE BODY AND THE LAW
,
T h1 a
One
THE FEMALE BODY AND THE LAW
ZILLAH R. E ISENSTE IN
UNIVERSITY OF CA LI ...
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THE FEMALE BODY AND THE LAW
,
T h1 a
One
THE FEMALE BODY AND THE LAW
ZILLAH R. E ISENSTE IN
UNIVERSITY OF CA LI FORNIA PRESS BERKELEY
Los
ANGELES
LoSOON
University of California I)re~~ Berkeley and Los Angeles, California Uni"ersity ofCalifomia Press. Ltd, London. England CI 1988 by The lIegents of the Uni"ersity of California Ubrary of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Eirenstein, Zillah R. The female body and the law I Zillah R. " isenstein. p. em. Includes bibliograpl,ical referen~s and index, ISBN on, 2 01 ~ ~ and sex difference, 82~ ~ !.!fi and sex diSCrimination , UlI..::.U..!i. ;JQ; and sex equality. Z!=.Z3. ~ ~ and social welfare, ~
Index
"9
Ladd, E'-erett Carl, !.43
W , Rex E" !S9
Language: and continuum. Zi distinct
Legal diSCOUrse: and abortion, i.8& and
from discourse, ll!..::U: and engen-
dered body, 19; and female body. fu and gender, 6. It Ci and human bnlin, ~ and interpretation, !.!!; and law, 54SSi and male body. fu and natural law theory, ~ and objectivity, ~ and politics , 7- 10, !.J, c.. ~ and power, H !Q, !..S, ~
~
;M!; and reality, l. 9. ~ ~ and science, ~ ~ and .ex differ-
ence, 6. !!s, 6B-8g; and sex equality, !!. oIli and state, 1!.9.: Set! alw Di!iCOurse i.,a(lue r, Thomas, ~ &. Law, and abortion,
ism.
5!;
~
and capital-
and democn.cy, .49..
5.!.;
and di-
voree, 1Q.=1.!; and engendered discourse. ~ 5.!=55... ~ 6:1- 64. ~ ~ 15. l1i WMl epi stemology, Z, ~ ~ l!.fu and equal protection doctrine. ~ ~ and fe min ism,
..s.
~ gender-neutral,
zs.
66- 6Q, ~ interpreta-
~ ~ 2.15 - 216 ,
tion of, 5!, z:l, !.!§, !.Z9, ~ ~ and liberali5m, H. S!.!19, Z.!. TL ~ !.95i and male Jtandard, 54- 56, fu,!!:L ~ Zl. ~ !QZ, ~ antrmamage , s!!:=5!L ~ and Marxism, i!i and mo-
rality. 4Sn11 ; and nllllmb ... theory, iSO II. oI9::.SQ; and objectivity. 47-
:m..
49. SJ, 9Z.. !.59i objectivity of, ~ and original intention, !59::i and patriarchy. .4§.. ~ s§. !& ~ and phallocratic di500urse. 5.!=.5!. 55. 6B-6Q, ~ LQQ. !.'?It !.!!!. !.5!t ~ ~ 1ll1d politics, ~ ~ 2; and pornography, !.sit and positivi$m, :is, fL ~ and power, Z. iIi and pregnancy, 64~~~~~~ .111-121 ; and privacy doctrine, I&;~ and protecl ive legjdation , .101 ~ ~ IUld radical plurali$m , ~ and rationality, ~ ~ !19; and reality, :n; and seKcla.. , S5; and sex d[fr"...,n~.",
:13- :16. :s8 - 66, !..!..!!..
!.Z;t;
and..,x diocrimination, 55- 57; and..,x equal ity, ~ ~!i-!:I. Z!, ~ ~ L!!.1. La!b. ~ ~ !.99. 205 -~, 1!.!Q. ~ ~ sex-specific, 195- :tOO, W3-~, ~ ~ ~ ~ and sexuality, ~ and social change,
~ S!i and
.tate,
~
social relations,
See ,,1M. Legal dUcourse Law, SyiYia, ~ !2S, ~ u.~
~ and
SQ..!:!fu and . ubjectivity, lI.6.
(Plalo), S:5l.
child custody, :M; and continuum hetween real and ideal, ~ and dlYorce, !l9::zQ. Z3; and erotJomic c!as$, S!; en· gendered , ~ ~ 5.!=55. ~ 6:1~!l:z.!i-!:I. 15.. 'l1i and equitable dl$trlbulion, Z3; gender-neutral , Z1=15; and individualism, ZQ::J.!i and interpreta· tion, ,tl::Hi and male standard, 5i=55; and marriage, 6g; and objectivity. 44:is, ~ and"Phallu$, ,w; and polio tiCl. ~ 6..!; and pregnancy, g8; and pri'''''Y doctrine, 188- 189; radical pluralism , £:5i and Reagan administration, ~ and sex difference, ~ 35. ~ s!... g8; and sex equality, ~ i!!; and sexUillty, ~ and social change, !!9; and social practice, 1l=H< and state, lI.Q. SU ,,/so Discourse; Engendered discourse Lesseps , Emmanuel1e de, ~ Levin , Michael, ~ LeYine, Ellen , 168- ,Gg Lewis, Anthony, l.fu Liberalism, h !S; and democracy, ~
ana
118- ll g, 133, ~ discourseof, u. !!ft. ~ !.3.1.. 1.'}8 - I39, !..4.1.. !..4S.. ~ !.M. !.9Q, :ttl; ---a;;;namily,
~ 1L
~ an d fe minism. ~ IOsnfu, ~
!l.9. !.3.1.. 138- 139- ~ !..i9. !.M. ~ ~ and iiiilMduiilism, Z!. 1L !.J,1, ~ !;lQ, :ttl; and law, ,ffi 5.!.. !i-!:I. l.J.., 1L !!Q, !..95i and patriarchy, Ui and phallocratic discourse, ~ and public oon~usnes$, !.J9, ~ ~ and sex equality, fL U, !QS, IOg !.!Q. !!Q, ~ ~ ~ and selual freedom, ~ and social welfare, !.!9, H3i and stale. 119 - llI.O, I.ft. !.:l'l. Literary criticism, ~ Loch •.erv. New York , :.I.lll.=lI.Il2 Lowe, Marian, ~ II.! Luk" . , Krl. l;n ,
,a. - ,8 ~
Lynch, Dottie, ~ Lynn. Barry. J.66 McClintock, &rbara, 33 Maccoby. Eleanor, ~ MacKinnon, Catharine. fL 5S=.5Z, ~ ~
MacKinnon, JOhll, ~ Male body: and abstract illdividuali$m, 19B; and bioiogy, !!£ and culture, !t amrratherhood, 9.!;. as 1ega1 standard ,
'30 Male body (contilltled ) f!; and liberal individualism, Tn privileging of, ~ 18- 19, :u.:E=33, of3,. ~ and ... s difference, ~ and "'urk. plaee hazards, aoS- W!!. 5" also En gendered body; Gend"" Femak body Male standard: and law, ~ fu.. §z, §g, za, ~ !..QZ, ~ and politics, ~ and pregnancy, 66- 6 7: and protective Jegis)atiOfl. 1L and sex diff'erence. ~ LIl& and sex equality, !..Q5, ~
Manion. Danie!. J.fil Marriage, Sli and engendered body, ~ and homosexuality. .4fu individual i.rn in, ~ and labor foret", ~ ll::..Z,l, ~
and law,
~
!5fu aoo legal dis-
course, !!g; and patriarchy, 1Q; and ",1 difference, ~ and sexuality. !fu, !l3; and social change. ~ Mmhal l, Thurgood. fu, ~ !QZ Manism, ~ discourse of, lIQ; and epis· temology, !..,i; and ideology, !.'l=.!A, .f!;
and law, U Meaning' ofbody. 80; discourse, of, 9.=!!.;
!.f&. ~ and femini5m, !.!Hi and gender gap, !lii and labor fOm!, Z!!t Z5:. !!5, ~ !9i, ~ and maternity leave. !..QQ., ~ 113- 216 ; and neocon_ servatism, ~ !!i9.; and New Right. !.S3. ~ ~ and patriarchy. 9.L !ffi and phallocratk discourse. 1..93..=.!.9:t; and pregnancy, ~ ~ 197!.9Q; and protecti,'e legidation, 203 ~ and Reagan administration, !.H; and set class, 222- 223; and sex differeooe. !3.. ~ surrogate. ~ Moynihan , Daniel Patrick. 121- 121, 126!.!9. !53
Mulltrv. Oregon. !l!l..ltl:t1 Multiplicity: discourse of. ~ and episle_ moI08)', lli::l; and meaning, 39; and phallocratic discourse. 1.1& and power, II , :.il!; and pornography. !.1.!.=!Z3i and pregnant body. ~ ~ and sex differenre, 9Q, !..!fu and sex equality,
Mitchell. Juliet. 86 Mohanty, Chandra. 39 Monda.le, Walter, !.l5.=!JZ, ~ Monlesquieu, 5!! Mothe ... and motherhood: and biology. ~ 9..!., 93=..9i.. 91; and child custody. ~ and cult ure, 9Z, !..Q9; and eronOmic da... an- ,n3; and engendered body, 9Q. !l3.. !..QQ., na- u3 ; and family. !.3Q.; and female body, !:!Q. 9..!., 9.L 9Z... 106 - 109, ~ !E=!lJ, ~
~ -t9- :)O 30- 3' ; z
Rcedv. Reed. ~ Ree"d, Richard, !.45 Regan , Donald, !..4Q RehnQuist. William . fu::§s.,
00.
!£.,
~~
Re\ath' i~m , ~ and natural law theo),}·. ~ Re_M~k;ng Ltroe (Ehrenreich e t al.). !.5,L
Re:;!tliC".m p.1rIy, 1 L6. !3Z, !.3lI.=!.4!.,
u2.
!.J:J..:.!..:H,
!.£i:
Republic (Plato). 5Q Reikin , Barbara, !.!3 Resnick. Stephen. !.4 Reynolds. Wilham Bradford. Lfu Rich. Adrienne. !l.'l::!:H Ril\