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THE COMPLETE WORKS OF
JOHN RUSKIN VOLUME XIX
—^— FORS CLAVIGERA VOLUMES V-Vl
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I
\
THE COMPLETE WORKS OF
JOHN RUSKIN VOLUME XIX
—^— FORS CLAVIGERA VOLUMES V-Vl
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V
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V'.
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FORS CLAVIGERA. LETTERS TO THE WORKMEN AND LABOURERS OF GREAT BRITAIN.
VOLUME
V.
CONTAINING LETTERS XLIX-LX.
V.\6i^^
R^
CONTENTS OF VOLUME V 1875
Page
XLIX.
From
the Prophet even unto the Priest
1
L.
Agne's Book
18
LI.
Humble Bees
33
Vale of Lune
55
LIII.
These be your Gods
73
LIV.
Plaited Thorns
LII.
LV. LVI.
LVn. LVIII.
LIX.
LX.
The Woods
of
.
Muri
07 110
Time-IIonoured Lancaster
138
Michal's Scorn
155
The
Catliolic
.
Prayer
171
School Books
190
Stars in the East
209
FORS CLAVIGERA. LETTEE XLIX. I
WONDER
year, of
if Fors will what I intend.
let
me
say any small proportion,
I wish she would, for
my
tin's
readers
have every right to' be doubtful of my plan till they see it more defined and yet to define it severely would be to falsify it, for all that is best in it depends on my adopting whatever ;
can find, in men and things, that will work to my purwhich of course means action in myriads of ways that I neither wish to define, nor attempt to anticipate, Nay, I am wrong, even in speaking of it as a plan or scheme at all. It is only a method of uniting the force of all good plans and wise schemes; it is a principle and tendency, like the law of form
good pose
I
;
in a crystal; not a plan.
If I live, as I said at
first,
I will
endeavour to show some small part of it in action but it would be a poor design indeed, for the bettering of the world, ;
which any man could see either quite round the
outside, or
quite into the inside of.
But I hope in the letters of this next year to spend less time argument or attack; what I wish the reader to know, of principle, is already enough proved, if only he take the ])ains
in
to read the preceding letters thoroughly
far as Fors will let
me, carry out
my
;
and
I shall
now,
as
purpose of choosing and
annotating passages of confirmatory classical answering, as the}' occur, the questions of
my
litei'ature
;
and
earnest corre-
spondents, as to what each of them, in their place of
life,
may
immediately do with advantage for St. George's help. If those of my readers wlio have been under the impression that I wanted them to join me in establishing some model in1
FOES CLATIGEBA.
2
page of Letter I., will gee that, so far from intending or undertaking any thing, I meant to pnt mv whole strength into my Oxford
stitntion or colony, will look to the fifth tliej sncli
teaching
and
;
and, for
my own
part, to get rid of
begging
lettei"s
live ia peace.
Of
conrse,
when
I have given fourteen thousand pounds
who wants some money thinks I Lave plenty for them. But my having given fourteen thousand pounds is jnst the reason I have/jo^ plenty for them and, moreover, have no time to attend to them, (and generally, henceforward, my friends will please to note that I have spent ray life in helping other people, and am quite tired of it ; and if tiiey can now help me in my work, or praise me for it, I away
in a year,* every bod 3-
;
shall
be
much
obliged to them
but I can't help them at
;
theirs).
But
my
this impression of
founded on page 9S of
wanting to found a colony was and page 33 of Letter VIII.
letter Y.,
Bead them over again now, If the help I plead for
altogether.
come, we
some small piece of English groujid help come,
many
such pieces of ground
put cottage dwellings, and educjtte the certain manner.
only agreeing to
tleman it
who
;
and
make
if sufficient
and on those we will
;
lal>ourers' children in a
But that is not fonnding a colony. It is work on a given system. Any English gen-
chooses to forbid the use of steam machinery
but over a few acres,
can by
indeed try to
will
beautiful
human
— and
to
labour, or wlio will
make
— be
them he secure a piece of his mounthe best of
ground from dog. gun, and excursion party, and let the wild flowers and wild birds live there in peace any English
tain
;
gentleman, I say, is
who
will so
command
doing the utmost I would ask of him
of doing so much, he
felt inclined to
itself to field, cottage rise after
sky begin to open again al)ove * Seven thousand to Maitterehip in
Drawing
—
if,
seeing the result field
may add
— here and
there the
and the rivers to run pure.
St George's Company in the
;
do more,
cottage.
ns.
—
either of these things,
Oxford schools
;
;
five,
for establishment of
two, and more, in the seriej
of drawings placed in those schools to secure their eClcicncj.
— rORS CLAVIGERA.
In a very
little
3
while, also, the general interest in education
and not mechanical drawing nor chnrcli catecliisni, are the staple of it; and then, not in my model colony only, but as best it can be managed in any unmodelled place or way girls will be taught to cook,' boys to plough, and both to behave and that with the heart, which is the first piece of all the body that has to be inwill assuredly discover that healthy habits,
—
;
—
structed.
A
village clergyman, (an excellent farmer,
and very kind January a slip out of the 'Daily Telegraph,' written across in his own hand with the words "Advantage of Education." The slip described the eloquence and dexterity in falsehood of the Parifriend of
mv
earliest college days,) sent
Communist prisoners on their trial But I would fain ask my old hostages. sian
self
whether he thinks instruction
should indeed receive from 'education' at all; and
an\'
how
in
me
last
for the
murder of the
friend to
tell
me
him-
the art of false eloquence
minister of Christ the
title
of
far display of eloquence, instead
of instruction in behaviour, has become the function, too com-
monly, of these ministers themselves.
was asked by one of n)y Oxford pupils the other day why word of what it might seem best for clergymen to do in a time of so great doubt and division. I have not, because any man's becoming a clergyman in these days must imply one of two things either that he has something to do and say for men which he honestly believes himself impelled to do and say by the Holy Ghost, and in I
I had never said any serious
—
—
that case he
or else he
is likel}"
to see his
way without being shown
except with the outward ear, "have not so
whether there both to
men
it,
one of the group of so-called Christians who,
is
any Holy Ghost," and are
he
aiid to
wicked sibly be shown. foolish or
God
;
— persons
to
in their ignorance,
much
as
heard
pi-actically lying,
whom, whether they be no honest way can pos-
The particular kinds of folly also which load youths to become clergymen, uncalled, are especially intractable. That a lud just out of
liie
teens,
and not undgr the influence of any
;
FORS CLAVIGEEA.
4
deep religious enthusiasm, should ever contemplate the possibility of his being set up in the middle of a mixed company of men and women of the world, to instruct the aged, encourage the valiant, support the weak, reprove the guilty, and set an and not feel what a ridiculous and blaspheexample to all mous business it would be, if he only pretended to do it for hire; and what a ghastly and murderous business it would be, and what a marvellous and all if he did it strenuously wrong but incredible thing the Church and its power must be, if it were possible for him, with all the good meaning in the world, that any youth, I sa}"-, should ever have got to do it rightly ;
—
;
;
—
himself into the state of recklessness, or conceit, required to
become a clergyman at all, under these existing circumstances, must put him quite out of the pale of those whom one appeals I to on any reasonable or moral question, in serious writing. went into a ritualistic church, the other day, for instance, in It was built of bad Gothic, lighted with bad the "West End. painted glass, and had its Litany intoned, and its sermon deon the subject of wheat and chaff by a young man livered
—
—
of, as far as I
could judge, very sincere religious sentiments,
but very certainly the kind of person whom one might have brayed in a mortar among the very best of the wheat with a And, pestle, without making his foolishness depart from him. in general, any man's becoming a clergyman in these days implies that, at best, his
and his
sentiment has overpowered his intellect
whatever the feebleness of the latter, the victory of impertinent piety has been probably owing to its alliance that,
with his conceit, and
its
promise to him of the gratification of
being regarded as an oracle, without the trouble of becoming wise, or the grief of being so.
men of this stamp that the principal Church of Christ. Their foolish congregations are not enough in earnest even to be misled and the increasing London or Liverpool respectable suburb is simIt
is
not,
mischief
is
however, by
done
to the
;
ply provided with its
its
baker's and butcher's shop,
itinerant organ-grinders for the week,
grinder for Sunday, himself hie monkey,
its
alehouse,
and stationary organin
obedience to the
PORS CLAVIQERA.
6
commonest condition of demand and supply, and without much more danger in their Sunday's entertainment than in their Saturday's. But the importunate and zealous ministrations of the men who have been strong enough to deceive themselves before who give the grace and glow of vital they deceive others sincerity to falsehood, and lie for God from the ground of ;
their heart,
gations as
—
produce forms of moral corruption
much more deadly
in their congre-
than the consequences of recog-
nizedly vicious conduct, as the hectic of consumption
And
deadly than the flush of temporary fever.
it
is
is
more
entirely
un perceived by the members of existing churches that the words, 'speaking lies in hypocrisy, having their conscience seared with a hot iron,' do not in the least apply to wilful and self-conscious hypocrites, but only to those
nize themselves for such.
Of
who do
not recog-
wilful assumption of the appear-
ance of piety, for promotion of their
own
interests, few,
even
of the basest men, are frankly capable; and to the average
English gentleman, deliberate hypocrisy therefore, phets,
all
and
is
impossible.
And,
the fierce invectives of Christ, and of the pro-
apostles, against hypocrisy,
heads unregarded
;
while
all
sitting in Moses' seat for ever ])lished against the
the while ;
thunder above their
Annas and Caiaphasare
and the anger of God
is
accom-
daughter of His people, "for the sins of
her prophets, aifd the iniquities of her priests, that have shed the blood of the just in the midst of her.
They have wandered
blind in the streets; they have polluted themselves with blood, so that
men
could not touch their garments.'' *
Take, for example, the conduct of the heads of the existing attributed to them in this There is certainly no Bishop now in the Churcli of England who would either dare in a full drawing-room to attribute to himself the gift of propheoy, in so many words; or to write at the head of any of his sermons, '* On such and such a day, of such and such a month, ifi sucli and such a place,
Church respecting the two powers very verse.
the "Word of the Lord came unto me, saying." * Lamentations
v. 18.
Nevertheless,
FORS CLAYIGERA.
6
claims to have received the
lie
on of hands; and to other
men
in
of the prophet
office
Holy Ghost himself by laying
be able to communicate the Holy Ghost And he knows that the the same manner. to
is
simply recognized in the enumera-
as
powers of the ancient Church, as that of the And yet he can neither point apostle, or evangelist, or doctor. out in the Church the true prophets, to whose number he dares
tion of the
not say he himself belongs, nor the false prophets,
name
ing out devils in the
Him;
—and
who are castknown by
of Christ, without being
he contentedly suffers his flock
the impression that the Christ
who
to
remain under
led captivity captive, and
received gifts for men, left the gift of prophecy out of the
group, as one needed no longer. priest,' is one which he finds is conand to give to his fellow-clergymen. himself, assume venient to knows prophecy to be a gift athe He knows, just as well as
But the second word,
'
tributed to the Christian minister, that priesthood
expressly taken
is
a function
away from the Christian minister.*
He dares
not say in the open drawing-room that he offers sacrifice for and he knows that he cannot give authority any soul there ;
—
for calling himself a priest from any canonical book of the
New
So he equivocates on the sound of the word and apologizes to his conscience and his flock by the presbyter' I mean," withdeclaring, "The priest I say, out even requiring so much poor respect for his quibble as '
Testament.
presbyter,'
—
would be implied by
insistance that a so-called priest should at
And
least he an Elder.
securing, as far as he can, the rever-
ence of his flock, while he secretly abjures the responsibility of the office he takes the title of, again he lets the i-ebuke of his
God
full
upon
Piophet imto the
and reads that " from the every one dealeth falsely," without
a deafened ear, Priest,
from other members of the Church. but the kingly function exists apart the The subject is examined at some length, and with a clearpriestly, not so. ness which I oiiinot mend, in my old pamphlet on the Construction of *
As
distinguished, that
All are priests, as
all
is
to say,
are kings
;
;
'
Sheepfolds,'
and Tide'
which
1 will prescully reprint.
See also Letter XIII., iu
'
TimQ
fORS CLaVIgERA. tlie slightest
luded
own
sensation that his
7
character
is
much
so
as al-
to.
Thus, not daring to
know
they ought to be
themselves prophets, which they
call
but daring, under the shelter of equi-
;
themselves
vocation, to call
are not, and are forbidden
priests,
be;
to
which they know they
thus admittedly, without
power of prophecy, and only in stammering pretence to priesthood, they yet claim the power to forgive and retain sins. Whereupon, it is to be strictly asked of them, whose sins tliey remit, and whose sins they retain. For truly, if they have a right to claim any authority or function whatever
Prophesy, they cannot there
is
no vision
—
;
—
sacrifice,
in their
they cannot
;
—
—
tiiis
it.
The work of the made Bishops that
hands no victim.
Evangelist was done before they could be
;
of the Apostle cannot be done on a Bishop's throne
remains to them, of
is
in their liearts
there
:
possible office of organization in the
all
—
Church, only that of the pastor, verily and intensely their own received by them in definite chai'ge when they received what they call the Holy Ghost " Be to the flock of Christ, a ;
;
—
—
feed them, devour them not." Does any man, of all the men who have received this charge in England, know what it is to be a wolf ? — recognize in him-
shepherd, not a wolf;
and the
self the wolfish instinct,
flock?
how
For
if
should he
felt like a
for the blood of God's
thii'st
he does not know what
know what
it is
is
the nature of a wolf,
to be a shepherd
wolf himself, does he
know
If
?
he never
who do?
the people
lie
does not expect them to lick their lips and bare their teeth at
him,
I
in a
pantomime?
Did he ever
in
wolf coming, and debate with himself whether he
should fight or fly? long hireling's see
do
su])pose, as they
his life see a
—or
flight,
is
not rather his whole
without so
much
as
life
one head-
turning his head to
—
what maimer of beasts tliey are that follow ? nay, are not wages paid him for flying instead of fight-
his very hireling's
ing?
Dares any one of them aiipwcr of the
Body
nitely, the
of Chri.st
Lord of
I
St.
me — here from my
college
challenge cv(!ry mitre of them Betcr's borough,
whom
I
:
«k*fi-
note as a
— tORS CLAVlGEftA.
8
pugnacious and accurately worded person, and
liear of as an answer for Lis fulfilment of outspoken one, able and ready to How many wolves does he know in the charge to Peter Peterborough how many sheep ? what battle has he done :
—
—
what
— whose has he —whose retained? —has he not the brother Bishops, of the and those of the poor? — does he know, Peterborough,
bites can
he show the scars of?
sins
re-
mitted in Peterborough
re-
mitted, like his
retained
all
sins
all
rich,
in
who
who
who murderers ? any one of them to his face that he was so if the man had over a hundred a year? " Have mercy upon all Jews, Turks, infidels, and heretics, who
are fornicators,
—and has he
thieves,
ever dared to
liars,
tell
—
and so fetch them home, blessed Lord, to Thy flock, that they may be saved among the remnant of the true Israelites."
Who
are the true Israelites,
you can
my
lord of Peterborough,
whom
announce for such, in your diocese. Or, perhaps, the Bishop of Manchester will take up the challenge, having lately spoken wisely-— in generalities concerning Fraud. Who are the true Israelites, my lord of Manchester, on your Exchange? Do they stretch their cloth, like other people? have they any underhand dealings M'ith the liable-to-be-damned false Israelites Pothschilds and the like? or are they duly solicitous about those wanderers' souls ? and how often, on the average, do your Manchester clergy preach from the delicious definitely
—
—
parable, savouriest of
eleventh century,
with golden
Publican"
title in
— and
all
when
my
how
Scripture to rogues, at least since the
I find
best
have been specially headed
to
it
Greek MS.
last
of the Pharisee and
often, on the average,
tionable First and Fifteenth Psalms
For the
'*
character
in
St.
from those objec-
?
enumeration, whicli
Paul's
which they are bound to claim, for the perfecting of the saints, and the work of the ministry, is that of the Doctor or Teacher. In which character, to what work of their own, frank and Bishops can claim, and the
faithful, can
first
they appeal in the
last fifty
years of especial dan-
ger to the Church from false teaching? challenge will be most fittingly
made
to
On
this matte?',
my own
my
Bibhop, of
Foes clavigera.
d
He inhibited, on the second Sunthe University of Oxford. day of Advent of last year, another Bishop of the English Church from preaching at Carfax. By what right? "Which of the two Bishops is
am
I, tlieir
innocent lamb, to listen to
true that the insulted Bishop was only a colonial one
Church sends her
I to understand, therefore, that the
;
It
?
— am
heretical
Bishops out as Apostles, while she keeps her ortliodox ones
home? and
at
Bishop may alAnd, touching the questions
that, accordingly', a stay-at-home
ways silence a returned Apostle ? which are at issue, is there a single statement of the Bishop of Katal's respecting the Bible text, which the Bishop of Oxford dares to contradict befoi-e Professor Max Miiller, or any other leading scholar of Europe ? Does the Bishop of Oxford himself believe every statement in the Bible ? If not, which does he disbelieve, and why ? He suffers the whole collection of books to be spoken of certainly by many clergymen in his diocese as the Word of God. If he disbelieves any portion of it, that portion he is bound at once to inhibit them from so
—
—
—
made concerning it but if he and the other ortliodox liome-Bisliops, who would very joy-
calling,
till
inquiry has been
;
—
perceive, burn the Bishop of Natal
fully, T
make Ludgate liira,
any^
—
if
at
Paul's,
and
Hill safer for the onmi])Uses with the cinders of
they verily believe
sheep, see no signs following
they can communicate the
or even, with a living faith,
all,
how
vital part of the Bible,
that we, the incredulous
is it
them
tiiat
believe;
Spirit, tliey
IIly
— that thougli
caimot excom-
municate the unholy one, and apologetically leave the liealing of sick to the physician, the taking up of serpents to the jug-
and the moving of mountains to the railway-navvy? " It was never meant that any one should do such things
gler,
lit-
erally, after St. Paul's time."
Then what vmn meant, and what
/*,
Challenge enough, for this time,
it
that just as I finish writing
it.
requii'ing attentive answer.
me
at
better time.
I
to
mine?
me
;
the ratlier
receive a challenge myself,
Fors could not have brought
The reader
Notes and Correspondence of
doctors
seems
will find
this yearj
it
and
it
the
the
first
my
answer may
in
^ORS CLAVIGEIIA.
10
many
readers who would not so and contain some definitions of principle which are necessary for our future work. My correspondent, referring to my complaint that no matron
both meet the doubts of
frankly have expressed tliem
;
nor maid of England had yet joined the St. George's Company, answers, for her own part, first, that her husband and family prevent her from doing it
already
it
secondly, that she has done
;
do
thirdly, that she will
;
it
when
I do
it
myself.
only to the third of these pleas that I at present reply. She tells me, first, that I have not joined the St. George's
It is
because I have no home.
Company
my
It
too true.
is
But
that
and mother, and nurse, are dead because the woman I hoped would have been my wife is dying; and because the place where I would fain have stayed to remember all of them, was rendered physically uninhabitable to
is
because
me
father,
by the violence of
;
my neighbours
;
— that
destroying the fields I needed to think
in,
to say, by their and the light I
is
needed to work by. Nevertheless, I have, under these condibought a piece of tions, done the best thing possible to me land on which I could live in peace; and on that land, wild when I bought it, have already made, not only one garden, but two, to match against my correspondent's; nor that witliout help from children who, though not mine, have been
—
cared for as
they were.
if
correspondent tells me that my duty is to home, instead of dating from places which are a dream of delight to her^ and wliich, therefore, she concludes, must be
my
Secondly;
stay at
a reality of delight to me.
She
will
know
year's diary
;
better after reading this extract
(worth copying,
at
interested in republican Italy).
1874.
— Tour virtually
to-day, thankfully,
night for
all
being
now
rate, for
from
is
is full
foul
;
my
last
other persons
" Florence, 20t]i September, I leave
this year.
Florence
a place of torment day and
loving, decent, or industiious pcoj)le
face one meets
every house
it
ended for
any
;
for every
and the corner of and no thoughts can be thought in it,
of hatred and cruelty
;
peacefully, in street, or cloister, or liouse, any more.
And
the
'
Pons CLAVIGERA.
my
lasc verses I read, of
11
morning's readings, are Esdras
vading one another; they princes,
power. able.'
II.,
among men, and
XV. 16, 17: 'For there shall be sedition
in-
not regard their kings nor
shall
and the course of their actions A man shall desire to go into a
shall stand in their city,
and
shall not be
"
Wliat
is
now
and
my
said liere of Florence
is
great city of France or Italy
perhaps contented with
me
:
wheii she
equally true of every
correspondent
knows
will
be
that only last
Sunday I was debating with a very dear friend whether I might now be justified in indulging my indolence and cowardice by staying at
home among my
plants and minei'als, and
My
forsaking the study of Italian art for ever. fain
have
it
so
and mj- coiiespondent
;
of
me
her opin-
—
knows and I will see that she has an oj)poi-tuknowing what work I have done in Floivnce, and
ion, after she i)ity
would
fi'iend
shall tell
—
propose to do,
Thirdly
;
if
my
I
can be brave enough.
correspondent doubts the sincerity of
of railroads because she suspects I use them.
I
my
abuse
do so con-
my dear lady few men more. I use everything that comes within reach of me. If the devil were standing at my side at this moment, I should endeavour to make some use of liim as a local black. The wisdom of life is in preventing all the evil we can and using what is inevitable, to the best purpose. I use my sicknesses, for the work I despise in stantly,
;
;
health;
my
enetnies, for study of the philosophy of benedic-
and malediction and raili'oads, for whatever I find of looking always hopefully forward to tlie day help in them when their embankments will be ploughed down again, like the camps of Rome, into our English fields. IJut I am perfectly ready everj to construct a railntati, when I think ono necessai'v and in the opening chapter of IMunera Pulveris tion
;
—
'
;
my
correspondent
macliinery St.
will
sjiecified.
George's Comj>any
railroads,
find
What is,
many proper is
uses
required of the
for
steam-
members
not that they should never
nor that they shouhl abjure machinery;
travi-l
l)Ut
of
by
tliat
they should never travel unnecessarily, or in wanton haste;
FORS CLAVIGERA.
12
and that they should never do with a machine what can be done with hands and arms, while hands and arms are idle. Lastly,
make
my
correspondent feels
it
unjust to be required to
clothes, while she is occupied in the rearing of those
who
will require them.
Admitting (though the admission say that I
am
prepared) that
married couple to have
it
is
one for which I do not
is
the patriotic duty of every
as large a family as possible, it is not
from the happy Penelopes of such households should think of asking quire that
— the labour of
when women belong
that I ask
Company
George's
to the St.
— or
I simply re-
the loom.
they should do a certain portion of useful work with their liands, if otherwise their said fair
on those terms
I find sufiicient clothing
will use factories for them,
My
its
force
that I shall never ask any
do more,
in
relation
is, it
to
seems
b\'
his
and
if
by water, not steam. to
assuring
member
;
cannot be produced, I
— only moved
answer, as thus given,
I can farther add to
to
hands would be idle
me, sufficient; and
my
correspondent
Company
of St. George's
fortune and condition, than I
done myself. Nevertheless, it will be found by any reader who will take the trouble of reference, that in recent letters I have again and again intimated the probable liave already
necessity, l)efore the
movement could be
faii-ly set
on foot, of
more energetic action and example, towai'ds which
l)oth
my
me; and, who accuse
thoughts and cii-cumstances seem gradually leading in that case, I shall trnstfnlly look to the friends
me
of cowardice in doing too
believe, too folly in
little,
for defence against
tlie,
I
probable imputations impending from others, of
doing too much.
t
NOTES AND CORRESPONDENCE.
I, I HOPE my kind correspondent will pardon my publication of the following letter, which gives account of an exemplary life, and puts questions which many desire to have answered.
—
" My dear Mr. Ruskin, I do not know if you have forgotten me, for it is a long time since I wrote to you but you wrote so kindly to me before, that I venture to bring myself before you again, more especially as you write to me (among others) every mouth, and I want to answer something in these ;
letters.
" I do answer your letters (somewhat combatively) every month in my mind, but all these months I have been waiting for an hour of sufficient strength and leisure, and have found it now for the lirst time. A family of eleven children, through a year of much illness, and the birth of auother child in May, have not left me much strength ior pleasure, such as this is. " Now a little while ago, you asked reproachfully of Englishwomen in general, why none of them had joined St. George's Company. I can only answer for myself, and I have these reasons. " First. Being situated as I am, and as doubtless many others are more or less, I cannot join it. In my actions I am subject lirst to my husband, and then to my family. Any one who is entirely free cannot ju(lge how impossible it is^ to make inelasiid and remote rules apply to all the ever- varying and incalculable changes and accidents and personalities of life. They arc a disturbing element to us visionaries, which 1 have Ix-en f