THE LOEB CLASSICAL LIBRARY EDITED BY K.
CAPPS, PH.D., LL.D.
T. E.
PAGE,
LITT.D.
W. H. D. HOUSE, Lirr.D.
MARCUS AU...
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THE LOEB CLASSICAL LIBRARY EDITED BY K.
CAPPS, PH.D., LL.D.
T. E.
PAGE,
LITT.D.
W. H. D. HOUSE, Lirr.D.
MARCUS AURELIUS ANTONINUS
RECEIVING GERMAN PRISONERS
IN THE FIELD.
PANEL FROM TRIUMPHAL ARCH
THE COMMUNINGS WITH HIMSELF OF
MARCUS AURELIUS ANTONINUS EMPEROR OF ROME rOti
ETHER WITH HIS SPEECHES AND SAYINGS
INTO ENGLISH BY Arch oj This is(one yf ticf^v^jpt^t firom^fhe^ Triumphal Marcus, erected on the Capitol in 176 in honour of the double It represent* two fonquetst of Germans and Sarmatians. They are captives brought in by a praetorian guard. begging the Emperor* mercy, which the protective gesture of The face of Marcus V his hind shews is being granted. s avuiQfV e^iav -rb irapdKal irpbs ^Kfivrji bpiav r^v wo\ereiav. ABISTIDES, Paneg.
$fiyfj.a
in Cyz.
427 (Jebb).
1 This epigram is found at the end of the Vatican MS. and also in the Antholoyia Palatina, ii. p. 603 (Jacobs). Possibly by Arethas (see P. Maas in Hermes xlviii. p. 295 ff. ).
PREFACE THE Greek
text of this book
is
often difficult and
many places corrupt beyond cure, but no trouble has been spared to make the translation as accurate in
and idiomatic
as possible.
I
have preferred to
err,
be, on the side of over-faithfulness, because the physiognomy of the book owes so much if
error
to the
it
method and
style in
which
it
is
written.
Its
homeliness, abruptness, and want of literary finish
(though
it
does not lack rhetoric) are part of the we alter this character
character of the work, and
by
rewriting
it
the
into
terse,
staccato style so
much
Another reason
for literalness
in
epigrammatic,
vogue at the present day. is
that
it
makes a
comparison with the Greek, printed beside it, easier for the unlearned. When a work has been translated so often as this one,
it is
difficult to
be
original without deviating further from the text, but I have not borrowed a phrase, scarcely a word, from any of my predecessors. If unconscious
coincidences appear,
it
remains only to say Pereant vii
PREFACE nos nostra dixerint
qui ante
(such
as
have
proved
!
Numerous
invaluable
so
for
references
the due
understanding of the Bible) and good indices have always been greatly wanted in the translations of this work, and I have taken pains to supply the want. For a better understanding of the character of
Marcus
I
have added to the Thoughts translations of and Sayings, with a Note on his attitude
his Speeches
towards the Christians
(in
which
I
am
glad to find
myself in complete agreement with M. Lemercier). A companion volume on the Correspondence with Fronto will contain all his extant Letters. In con clusion
my
best thanks are due to Messrs. Teubner
for permission
to use their text as the basis of the
revised one here printed, to Professors Leopold and
Schenkl
for
advice
and help on
and, last but not least, to translation of this
"
Golden
my
various
Book."
C. R.
GODALMING,
1915.
points,
predecessors in the
HAINES.
CONTENTS PAGE
PREFACE INTRODUCTION
Vii
....
xi
xxi
STOICISM
BOOK
I
BOOK
II
26
BOOK
III
44
BOOK IV
66
2
BOOK V
98
BOOK VI
1.30
BOOK
VII
164
BOOK
VIII
198
BOOK IX
230
BOOK X
260
BOOK xi BOOK XII
292
SPEECHES
346
320
359
SAYINGS
NOTE ON CHRISTIANS INDEX OF MATTERS INDEX OF PROPER NAMES GLOSSARY OF GREEK TERMS
.
.
,
381 3^33
402 .
409
INTRODUCTION not
known how
private
devotional
IT of
is
this small
but priceless book l came to be
memoranda
But the writer that in it preserved for posterity. puts away all desire for after-fame has by means of it attained to imperishable remembrance. As Renan has said, tous, tant que nous sommes, nous portons au coeur le deuil de Marc Aurele comme Internal evidence proves s il etait mort d hier." that the author was Marcus Antoninus, emperor of Rome 7 March 161 to 17 March 180, and notes "
added in one MS between Books I and II and II and III shew that the second Book was composed when the writer was among the Quadi on the Gran, and the third at Carnuntum (Haimburg). The headquarters of Marcus in the war against the barbarians were at Carnuntum 171-173, and we
know
that the so-called
"
"miraculous
victory against But Professor Schenkl has the Quadi was in 174. given good reasons for thinking that the first book was really written last and prefixed as a sort of introduction to the rest of the work. 3 It was 2
probably written as a whole, while the other books The style consist mostly of disconnected jottings. 1
Marcxis
work
as
may be
referring in Bk. III. 14 to this his
own
virofivrj/ndTta. Dio, 71. 8.
2
See
3
For a discussion
Journal of Philology,
of the chronology of the No. 66, 1914.
vol. xxiii.,
work, see
INTRODUCTION throughout is abrupt and concise, and words have occasionally to be supplied to complete the sense. There is here no reasoned treatise on Ethics, no exposition of Stoic Philosophy, such as the sectarum ardua ac perocculta 1 or the ordo praeceptionum, 2 on which Marcus is said to have discoursed before he set out the last time for the war in 178, but we have a man and a ruler taking counsel with himself, noting his own shortcomings, excusing those of others, and whatsoever things are true, whatsoever things are honourable, whatsoever things are lovely, whatsoever things are pure," exhorting his soul to think on "
these
things.
Never
were
words written more
single-hearted and sincere. They were not merely written, they were lived. Those who accuse Marcus of pharisaism wilfully mistake his character and betray their own. Very noticeable the delicacy of the author s mind and the is restrained energy of his style. He eschews all the windflowers of speech, but the simplicity, straight forwardness, and dignity of his thoughts lend an There imperial nobility to his expression of them. is a certain choiceness and even poetry in his words "which amply condone an occasional roughness and Striking images are not technicality of phrase. infrequent, and such a passage as Book II, 2 is unique in ancient literature. This is not a book of
transparently
confessions, and comparatively few allusions to personal incidents are to be found except in the first book, while an air of complete aloofness and
detachment pervades the whole. pressly disclaims 1
2
xii
all
Spi/ximys
or
The author ex originality
Victor de Caes. xvi. 9. Vulc. Gallicanus Vit. Av. Cass.
iii.
7.
and
INTRODUCTION acuteuess of intellect, and there is a good deal of repetition unavoidable in the nature of the work, for
"
line
upon
are required in
and precept upon moral teaching. "
line"
all
precept"
Of his two great Stoic predecessors Marcus has no affinity with Seneca. He certainly knew all about him and they have many thoughts l in common, but Seneca s rhetorical flamboyance, his bewildering contradictions, the glaring divergence between his profession and his practice have no counterpart in Marcus. Epictetus the Phrygian slave was his true spiritual fathei-, but we do not find in the
Emperor the somewhat
rigid didacticism
and spiritual dogmatism of his predecessor. Marcus is humbler and not so confident. The hardness and arrogance of Stoicism are softened in him by an infusion of Platonism and other philosophies. 2 With the Peripatetics he admits the inequality of faults. His humanity will not cast out compassion as an emotion of the heart. 3 His is no cut and dried Call creed, for he often wavers and is inconsistent. not his teaching ineffectual. He is not trying to teach anyone. He is reasoning with his own soul and championing its cause against the persuasions and impulses of the flesh. How far did he succeed ? nature a good man," says Dio, "his education "By and the moral training he imposed upon himself Marcus never quotes him by name, and though there are plenty of similarities between the two writers in thought, and even in expression, it is not certain that there is a single case of borrowing. Most of the resemblances are based on commonplaces see, however, Sen. Ep. 77 = vi. 2 Ep. 65 = xi. 10 de Prov. 4 = iv. 1 Ep. 36 = v. 18 de Ben. vii. 31 = xi. 18, 9 Ep. 74 = v. 8, 3 Ep. 28 = v. 16. 8 Even Epicurus is mentioned with approval, as he is also * Man. 16, etc. by Seneca. rp. Epict. iii. 24, 43 1
;
;
;
;
;
;
;
;
INTRODUCTION made him a one who had
As was natural to beautified his soul with every virtuous
far better one. 1
"
"
2 The quality he was innocent of all wrong-doing." wonderful revelation here given of the aa-K-qvis of the spiritual athlete in the contests of life is full of inspiration still even for the modern world. It has been and is a source of solace and strength to thousands, and has helped to mould the characters of more than one leader of men, such as Frederick the Great/ Maximilian of Bavaria, Captain John saviour of Virginia, and that noble Smith, the Christian soldier, General Gordon. It was but the other day, on the fiftieth anniversary of Italian Unity, that the King of Italy, speaking 4 on the Capitol,
as the sacred and propitiatory referred to Marcus image of that cult of moral and civil law which our Fatherland wishes to follow," a reference received "
with particular applause by those who heard it. Whoever rescued the MS of the "Thoughts" on the death of their author in 180, whether it was that noble Roman, Pompeianus, the son-in-law of Marcus, or the high-minded Victorinus, his lifelong friend, we seem to hear an echo of its teaching in the dying words of Cornificia, his possibly last surviving daughter, when put to death by Caracalla in 215 O wretched little soul of mine, imprisoned "
:
an unworthy body, go
in
known
forth,
be
free!"
5
It
was
Chryseros the freedman and nomenclator of Marcus who wrote a history of Rome to the death of his patron, 6 and to the Emperor
doubtless
1
Dio
s
Who, however,
71. 35,
to
2
6.
Aristides
ad Reg.
in the field of morality its lessons.
have profited by 4 March, 19ll. 8 Theoph. ad Autol.
B iii.
106 (Jebb).
cannot be said to
See Dio, Fragm. Dindorf
27.
v. 214.
INTRODUCTION for the latter in his youth, soon after the death, wrote an epic poem on Pius and He also married Fabia Orestilla, the Marcus. latter s granddaughter through Fadilla (probably) and Claudius Severus. As their eldest son Gordian II. had sixty children, the blood of Marcus was soon
Gordian
I.,
Emperor
s
widely diffused.
The
first direct mention of the work is about 350 the Orations of the pagan philosopher Themistius, who speaks of the TrapayyeAyAara (precepts) of Marcus. Then for 550 years we lose sight of the book entirely, until, about 900, the compiler of the dictionary, which goes by the name of Suidas, reveals the existence of a MS of it by making some thirty quotations, taken from books I, III, IV, V, IX, and XI. 1 He calls the book (crvyypafffia,
vii.
Ep. 19 7
6
irj/eujuara.
;
iv.
ii.
3,
xi. 1.
40;
7
;
of iicr6pwrti
Justin, Apol.
cp. St. x. 1.
Matt.
was Herai.
20
xix. 28.
;
ii. 7.
STOICISM Other physical theories were borrowed from Heraand Marcus constantly alludes to these, such as the downward and upward round of the elements l as they emanate from the primary Fire, air passing into fire, fire into earth, earth into water and so back 2 again, and the famous doctrine that all things are in clitus,
"
"
flux. 3
Man
consists of Body, Soul, Intelligence, or Flesh,
But the two ways, as an exhalation from blood, 5 and as 77 voepd,
4 Pneuma, and the Ruling Reason. in can looked be upon (soul)
TTi/ev/mnov, f/
Xoymr]
latter, a
i/ "
Reason. It is the from the Divine, which Marcus often speaks of
the ruling
i-e-
vx??,
morsel"
i/o>x*/
or
"
efflux"
constitutes the real man. rational nature 7 of a
this
e
man
as his
daemon, or
8 genius enthroned within him, and makes the whole
problem of
As
itself.
life
depend upon how
that
all
is
rational
is
Reason treats are formed
this
we
akin,
for fellowship with others and, the universe being one, what affects a part of it affects the whole. Reason is as a Law to all rational creatures, and so we are all In this cosmopolitanism citizens of a World-state. 9
Stoics approached the Christian view, ethics being divorced from national politics and made of universal application. It was no cloistered virtue the Stoics preached, showing how a man can save his own soul, but a practical positive goodness 10 though denied that the claims of avrap/ceta it cannot be
the
;
1 &v