THE ASTRONOMY OF THE BIBLE
THE ASTRONOMY OF THE BIBLE AN ELEMENTARY COMMENTARY ON THE ASTRONOMICAL
REFERENCES
OF HOL...
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THE ASTRONOMY OF THE BIBLE
THE ASTRONOMY OF THE BIBLE AN ELEMENTARY COMMENTARY ON THE ASTRONOMICAL
REFERENCES
OF HOLY SCRIPTURE
BY
E.
WALTER
MAUNDER, AUTHOR OF
F.R.A.S.
WITH THIRTY-FOUR ILLUSTRATIONS
NEW YORK
MITCHELL KENNERLEY
FEB 23 38
To
MY WIFE My helper in this Book and in all things.
PREFACE WHY should an astronomer write a commentary on the Bible ? Because commentators as a rule are not astronomers, and therefore either pass over the astronomical allusions of Scripture in silence, or else annotate them in a way which, from a scientific point of view, leaves much to. be desired. Astronomical allusions in the Bible, direct and indirect, are not few in number, and, in order to bring out their full significance, need to be treated astronomically. Astronomy further gives us the power of placing ourselves to some degree in the position of the patriarchs and prophets of old. We know that the same sun and moon, stars and planets, shine upon us as shone upon Abraham and Moses, David and Isaiah. We can, if we will, see the unchanging heavens with their eyes, and understand their attitude towards them. It is worth while for us so to do, For the immense advances in science, made since the Canon of Holy Scripture was closed, and especially during the last three hundred years, may enable us to realize the significance of a most remarkable fact. Even in those early ages, vii
...
PREFACE
Vlll
when to all the nations surrounding Israel the heavenly bodies were objects for divination or idolatry, the attitude of the sacred ‘writers toward them was perfect in its sanity and truth. Astronomy has a yet further part to play in Biblical study. The dating of the several books of the Bible, and the relation of certain heathen mythologies to the Scripture narratives of the world’s earliest ages, have received much ‘attention of late years. Literary analysis has thrown much light on these subjects, but hitherto any evidence that astronomy could give has been almost wholly neglected ; although, from the nature of the case, such evidence, so far as it is available, must be most decisive and exact. -1 have endeavoured, in the present book, to make an astronomical commentary on the Bible, in a manner that shall be both clear and interesting to the general reader, dispensing as far as possible with astronomical technicalities, since the principles concerned are, for the most part, quite simple. I trust, also, that I have taken the first step in a new inquiry which promises to give results of no small importance, E. WALTER MAUNDER. J’ookds, London, 8. E. JanzcaTy 1908.
CONTENTS BOOK I THE
HEAVENLY
BODIES
CHAPTER
I. T HE HEBREW BND A STRONOMY Modern Astronomy--Astronomy in the Classical Age-The Canon of Holy Scripture closed before the Classical Age-Character of the Scriptural References to the Heavenly Bodies-Tradition of Solomon’s Eminence in Science-Attitude towards Nature of the Sacred Writers -Plan of the Book . . . . . II. THE CREATION Indian Eclipse of 1898-Contrast between the Heathen and Scientific Attitudes-The Law of Causality--Inconsistent with Polytheism-Faith in One God the Source to the Hebrews of Intellectual Freedom-The First Words of Genesis the Charter of the Physical Sciences-The Limitations of Science-“Explanations ” of the First Chapter of Genesis-Its Real Pnrposes-The Sabbath .
3
CHAPTER
III. T H E D E E P Babylonian Creation Myth-Tiamat, the Dragon of ChaosOvercome by Merodach-Similarity to the Scandinavian Myth-No Resemblance to the Narrative in GenesisMeanings of the Hebrew Word tehom-Date of the Babylonian Creation Story . . . .
12
C HAPTER
25
C H A P T E R I V . TH E FIRNAMENT
Twofold Application of the Hebrew Word raqia,‘---Its Etymological Meaning-The Idea of Solidity introduced by the “ Seventy “-Not the Hebrew Idea-The “ Foundations ” of Heaven and Earth-The ‘( Canopy” of Heaven-The “ Stories ” of Heaven-Clouds and Rain-The Atmospheric Circulation-Hebrew Appreciation even of the Terrible in Natnre-The “ Balancings” and “ Spreadings ” of the Clouds-The u Windows of Heaven”-Not Literal Sluice-gates-The Fonr Winds-The Four Quarters-The Circle of the Earth-The Waters under the Earth-The “Depths” . . . . ix
35
CONTENTS CHAPTER V. T HE ORDINASCES OF THE HE;PVENB The Order of the Heavenly Movements-Daily Movement of the Sun-Nightly Movements of the Stars-The “Host of Heaven”-Symbolic of t,he Angelic HostMorning Stars-The Scripture View of the Heavenly Order . . . . . . ,
55
CHAPTER VI. THE S UN The Double Purpose of the Two Great Heavenly BodiesSymbolic Use of the Sun as Light-giver-No Deification of the Sun or of Light-Solar Idolatry in Israel#hemesh, and qeres-Sun-spots-Lightbefore the Sun‘ >l
xxxvii 9 xxxvii. 10 xxxi. 28-28 (R.V iv. 12, 15, 10, 19 viii 21 iii. iS xxiii. 13 xiv. 5 xxxi. 1 0 xxiii. 13
60 163
xxx.26 xix. G-8
Cbep.
& j;i 97 3 99 i, ,I
l& 113 110 I, I> Ii)? ,t lY9 122
123 >l ii4 ,l I, J> 1z5 ,I 1, ii9 1% lY2 >I 1, IF3 123 144 ,l
184 16G ,v I% , 147 109
:&. ‘salm saiah Cur. ‘IWJ. rob r&t ‘S&II l0el ien. &b. 1. Chron. rude Acts RW.
Is&h Rev.
Jude rob i, >> rer. Wisdom AlllOS ihll. 3en.
Joel A& RW. AlIl0.s Micah Isaiah Jer. EZ&. MZLL Ees I&b
and Verse
vii. 18 xliv. 17, 18 xxx. 2G
lx. 20 rxxi. 6 civ. 19-24 (R.V.) xv. 5
c&ii. 4 xl. 22 xv.41 XXY. 3
xi. 7, 8 xxii. 12
xxxi. 37
ciii 11 12 ii. 30 ’ iii. 24 i. 7 xxi. 1G % 35 (R.V.) vi. 13 xxxiv. 4 viii 10 13 . iii. 9 (margin) xii. 18 xxxvii. 22 (R.V.) x. 2
v i i . 18 i. 1 xiv. 5 i. 14 ii. 10 ii. 30, 31 iii, 1;“; 20 viii. 9 iii. G xiii. 10 xv. 9 xxxii. 7, 8 iv. 2 i. 17 (R.V.) xiv. 5 xlvi. 1 xiv. 12 i. 19 In. 11 ; “,; (&V.) vii. 43 viii. 19 xxi. 21 (R.V.) xlvii. 12, 13 x. 2 xv: 24-28
ix. i3 iii. 15 iii. 24 i. 5 F2;(R.V.) vi. 29, 32 z,“,. 1
TABLE-OF SCRIPTURAL REFERENCES 403 BOOk. 173 1;4 18F 169 GO ,, 151 I, ,, G3 I> I,
ien.
.5
I:.;. kit. kn. I, ium. I, ,l I, 3xod. 4cts
?xod.
1;4 I, ,> l&a 203 I> >, id4 205 1)
P&l Isaiah Job [s&h
P&m I. Kings Isaiah Psalm Job
ii3 I, 2?4 225
81 I, I, 0 ii4 235 233 230
:x. 3 :x. 4, 5
:iv. 2[, cwii. 1 xvi. 12, 13 <xx. 7 (R.V.) i. 9, 10 (R.V.) xxxix. 9, 10 uxxii. 2 (R.V.) xx. 2
2i'O 211
250
xiii. i, 24 (R.V.) .xiv. 9 (R.V.) xiv. 8 (R.V.) :xiv. 7 (R.V.) xxii 1 Tii . 41 I 42
L.8, 9 (R.V.)
R6.
2% 218
xfiii. 17 (R.V.) g. 2 y.)
I. 5
227 208 209
215 >>
xxxvii. 9 lix. 9
v. 15 :vi. 20 Tii. 42 :ii. 28
2% ,I ,,
2%
Chav. itlld Verse. L---.---Yi. 19 ,l ,i 3, ii2 2;3 2;7 2% 2x9 260 262 271 2Y3 2?5 >, I, ,> ,J I> 2% >> >l I, 3, li ,I >I 2% I, I, >I ,, 2% 279 280 ,i >l 2x1 ,l >, ,J I> >I I, ,, 2z2 II
-
Book. -
imos lob
I> .saiah lob :If’Kings Dent.
fob ,, E&d. I. Kings [I. Kings Job L;;ke Job ,I &ah Job Gl?Il. Dent. EXCKl. 1x3". Psnlul Job cant. G‘Xl.
Josh. Judges II. Sam. GCll. Exod. I. Sam. II. Sam. I. Kings ;;;ws JW. Pr0v. Exod. ,, L&it. NUllI. D&t. Exod. I. Cor. PSal111 L&l. Judges Exod. I. Sam. Matt. Mark Dan. I, ⅈ Acts iwlatt.
-
:han. and Verse.
--1. 8
xxviii. 36 :xvi. 13 :lv. 7 :xxviii. 32 xxviii. 32 xiii. 5 v. 19 x. 9 xxviii 31 32 rxxvii.‘9 ’ cxxii. COl. 9, NUllI. ,I I. Chron. ,I II. Chron. >l ,> J> >, id5 11
>f
259 >l ,I
u&t. I. Kings ,I
id0 ,I >> >> I> ,> ,l ,I >, ,l
Egther II 1,
3% 3% 3ij4 $8 309 3, 3Yo 3, 3% 1, 3i)z ,> ,> 3Y3 >, 351 322 3&l
E& Neh. Z;&h. Deut. II. Kings G+Xl. NIlEI. PSalm GIXL Ed&. PStillll Exod. I. Chron. JW. EEM Neh. ,> E&l. IfChron. II. Ham. I. Chron. I. Kings II. Chron. Exod. II Gkh. I> I,
3%
Pd& Exod.
2%
LG.
-
Chap. and Verse.
Book.
-__xi. 9, 10 xx. 11 rxviii. 24 iv. 23 i. 13, 14 Ixvi. 23 viii 5 ii iS x&ii. xxiii ii. ’
327 ,3
XlV. iii.
3%
x. xxix. 1
xxix. 7 xxix. 12 xvi. 1 vi. 1, 37 vi. 38 viii. 2 ii. 16 iii 7, 13 viii. 9, 12 ix. 1, 17, 19, 21 vi. 15 i. 1 ii. 1 vii. 1 xxi. 13 (?/emcit) xv. 13 xxix. 14 (&desh) xi. 18-20, 31 ,, Ixxviii. 27 vii. 11 viii. 3 4 xliii. 4, 7 2;;” xii. 15 xx&i. 22, 23 x. 9 i. 1. 2 ii i viii. 14 xxiii. 16 xxxiv. 22 xxiv. 23 xi. 1 xx. 1 xx. 26 xxxvi. 10 xii. 2 xxiii. 16 xxxiv. 22 i. 5 vii. 11 viii. 13, 14 viii. 22 lxy i-11 (R.V.) xxiii. 10. 11 XXY. 2oi2
3;8 ,I >, 3i)o 3:io ,> 3Y3 ,l 3’38 ,, 340 1, ,l 321 ,t I> >I 328 353 355 >l ,3 >, 3ii;6 3182 369 :Gi 374 375 376 378 382 384 385 366 387 389 390 9, ,, 3& 392 3;3 396 399 400
LW. Dkt.
J&. LtW. II. Chron. Neh. LEW. NUllI. Isaiah Ezek. LE!V. ,, >I ,I $8 D& >1 I> R;tV. II >a D& ,I J:;h. >, ,I I, >l ,, E, ,> >, I> ,I IIf’Kings Isaiah II. Chron. Isainh II. Kings I. Kings I. Chum. IIIhings Isaiah MBt. L;tke John
1Chap. and Verse.
1g$ 23-“3’5 Iz& 11 xxvi. ‘32-35 xxxvi. 21 x. 31 xxv. S-10 xxxvi. 4 lxi. 2 xlvi. 17 xxv. 8, 10 XX”. 11, 12 xxv. 22 xxv. 3 XX”. 10 xxv. 42 i. 1, 3, 4, G, 17-20 viii . 13>14 xii. 7 vii. 25 xii. 14 xiii. 5 xi. 2, 3 xii. 6 xi. 13 (margin) iv. 16 iii. 16-18 x. 12 iv. 19 Y. 10 vii 2-5 vii: 1 321 YU1. viii 30-35 xix: 1 , 11 x. 13 ii. 44 x. 8 X. 10 x. 12 x. 11 / : . “,‘, (R.V.) x. 13 x. 1 3 , 1 4 xx. 5-11 xxxviii. 8 xxxii 31 / *xxviii. 8 xx. 9 (R.V.) x. 5 xxvi. 1G z&l; (R.V.) x&viii. 10, 1 1 xxxviii. 19, 20 ii. 2, 5-10 ii. 10 ii. 11 xvii. 3
INDEX ABEN EZRA , Rabbi. Abib (month of green ear’s) Acronical rising . Adar,.month . . :’ 1 Aerohtes Ahaz, Dial of ’ : :
.*
.’
.’
: :
.’
.
: :
.
: :
: :
260, 278, 305 299 223, 246, 2631 85, 300, 304 111, 112, 113
.’ :
:
:
: : : 1 : 1 -, Aratus . 149, 150, 152, 154, 162, 163, 186, 208, 218, 222, % Arcturus (see “Ash) : . . . . . . . . 258-266 Aristotle . . 76, 105 ‘Ash 214; 215,‘216,‘243, 251, 258, i59, 260, 261, 264-266 Asherah i ( ( groves “) . . . . . . . . 67. 88 Ashtoreth . . . . . . . 67, 88, 89, 90;‘131 Astrology . . i, 77, 78, 130-145, 248 Astruc, Jean ’ 1 1 : : . . . . . 171, 172 Atmospheric circulation . . . . . . . 41-45 Aurora Borealis . . . . . . . . . . 117 ‘Ayish, see ‘Ash Baal, or Be1 : Bear, the (see Arc&us) : Benetna’sh Bethlehem, Star of’ : : Bosanquet, J. W. . . . R. H. M. . . “Bo;ddar$-stones ” . . Bow-star. the . . . Bradley, third Astronomer Royal Bul, month . . . . Burton, Lady . . . “Canterbury Cardinal Carrington, Causality, ” Chaldean
2.5
: : . . . . . . .
Tales” . , . points . . . . R. Lav of 1 : * 1 Account of Genesis ” ‘405
. . . . .
67, 8 9 , 131, 176, 178;210, 253
. . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . .
. .
.
.
.
.
.
.
. . 277 . . ‘50, 5 1 . 220 . IFi, 16, ‘18. 7 8 * e . 27
. .
. . . . .
. .
.
. .
152
388 315 i53, 154, 198, 3i8, 320 . . . . 240 . . . . . . i5,2:: . . . . 379 . . . .
.
. .
INDEX Chernbim . . . . Cheyne, Dr. . . . . Chisleu, month . . . Chiun . . . . . Clouds . , the b&an&so’f the ’ 9, the spreesdings of . Cdiures’, the . . . . Comets . , Don&% : : : 3, Halley’s . . . Col;her ‘Co1 C. R. Consteilatiohs, list of 1 1 , origin of . Copedks Co&l, P. H: : : : Creation . . . . , story of, Babylonian 9, I, 9 >, ,, , Hebrew . Scandinavian Cy&s, bstko’%al, of Daniel Cylinder seal . . . Damascins Daniel, Cycle; of : 1 Damson, Dr. W. Bell . Day and its divisions . Days, different kinds of . I‘ Dayspring” . . Decans . De Cheseaux : : : Deep (tehdln) . ,, , fountains of : 1 Delitzsch, Prof. Br. . Deluge . Denning, W. k. : : Dial of Ahaz . Diana of the Ephesians : Dieulafoy, Marcel . . Disraeli . . . Drach . . . Draconic’period Dragon’s Head and’Tai1’ Driver, Dr. . . . Earth (e&z) . . . 9, 3 corners of . . >> f foundations of . , pillars of Es% (kedem. front)’ : (mizrach, rising) . ,,
.
.
: . .
:
. . . : .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
I
*
.
.
*
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
85, 238, 300, 304, 310 4 . 133. 134. 144 . 42, 43, k4, 46, 54 * . . . 46 . . . . . . . 12 li)3-108 . . . . . . 105, 107 . . . 103, 104 . . . 238 . . . lk-152 149-161 . . . . . . . . 76 . . . . 303
‘26, i70, i76, 240, 2i2, 24:,2,:; . . . . . . 25
. . . . . . .
1
:
.
.
.
1 . .
:
.
.
1
1 .
2’38, 240, 166, 254, 169,188, 255, 256 190
.
.
. * . . .
49, 53; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . .
. . .
. .
. .
. . .
.
.
. .
.
.
. .
25--34.‘53, . . 31, 83, i61, 165, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. .
29
337-348 71, 217
.
. . .
1.42, a&, . 157, 168, . . . . I . . . .
26, 27 337-348 343 2i9-282 271, 272 71, 281 2;14, 245, 248 . 343 2i0, 211, 234 52-54 170, 171, 285 170-185, 254 . 220 . 385-392 . . 112 * . 372 . . 278 . . 221 . 1;8, 122 . 199 . 172, 209
.. .. *. *. .. .. . 2 . . .. .. .. .. ., . .
. ,
.
.
., .
. .
. .
$9. 58 39; 40 . . i:
INDEX Eclipses . I . . Edda, prose . . . Ellicott, Andrew . . Epicureaus . . . Epping, Dr. . . . Equuleus . . . Eratoxthenes . . . Ethanim, month . . Eudoxus . . . Euripides . . . Eusebius Evenings, be&en ‘the two ‘( Eyelids of the Morning ” “ False Dawn ” F i r m a m e n t (raqin’~
(stemoma)
:
Fla&eed, first Astronol$er Flood, see Deluge
. . . . . .
. . *
* . .
(shawzayi?n) , “ bisection of” ’ , foundations of . , host of . . , pillars of . . , stories of . . windows of . Hefi’acai rising . . Herschel, Sir W. . . Hershon, P. I. Hesiod . . : 1 Ii&perns . . Hipparchus . . . HGfiler, Dr. . . , Hb;mmel, Dr. . . Homer . . . . Horace . Hour (sha’ai~)’ ’ ’ double- (kc&~) ‘. H&&oldt . . . Hyades . . .
. . .
. . .
*
. . .
. . . .
118-129 . 29 . 114 . 71 . 274 . 1.52 218
i, 6, 37, 152:8’5 299345 . . . 218 . . 277-279 88 . . .
K’oyal :
Gad . . . a . Galileo . Gamaliel, Radbon : : : Genesis and the Constellations Gesenius Gilgamesh, Epic of’ : Gosse, P. H. . Groves, SE@ Asheral; ’ Guinness, Dr. H. Grattan Heaven ,, >Y ,I ,, 3,
407
. .
1i7, 209, 210 * . . .
. .
. .
.
. . .
‘35-38 117 . .
37 96
132, 217 3, 4, 7s 297 162-169
lG7, li0, 17’7, E . . . 209 .
.
.
. . .
. .
. 343
. 35, 36, 38 . 55, 362 . . 56;57, i”5 . .
. .
:i
‘59, 3i2;$2!“i:: . . 74, 76 . . 311 136, 152, 154, 216, 218, 237, 284 . . . . 137, 232, 2 5 8 . . . . 5, 96, 250, 345 . . 266 . . . . . . 240 . . . . 136, 1$3, 1 5 4 . . . . . 287, 288 . . . 281 zss, 3i0, 345, 3 8 1 114 . . 13’3, 2 1 7
408
INDEX PAcm
Ibrahim ben Ahmed Iliad . . . Istar . . .
.
Jehuda, Rabbi . Jensen . . . Josophus . Joshua’s Long Day’ Jubilee, the . .
.
e
.
.
.
.
.
.
. . . *
. . . .
. . .
. Karaite Jews Kepler . K&l * Ketu . IGmah . King, Dr. Kouyunjil;
. .
*
.
. . *
.
.
.
*
.
. .
:
: , . .
.
:
:
. . .
:
. . .
, new . . . , phases of . . M&r, Otfried . . :
.
. . .
. . .
. . .
:
:
:
.
.
. 261
.
i37, 2.41, 2i3, 251, 281, ii; . . . 240, 241, 303 . . , . 27, 33 . . . .
.
. . . .
. .
. .
:
.
. . 240 114, 116 196-212 233, 236 : . . 132
.
. . .
i30, i14, i43-257, zio, . . 132, 131, i78, il0, i34-242, 247, llliO6, 335, 336, 339, . . . . . . 297, 311 . . . . 293-i:: . . . . . . . . . 342 n . . . * *795:: . . . . . . s7, 2;3, 3i3, 392: * . . . . * . 81 . . 1 . iO,% , * . . . . . . . 262
:
300, ;04,3io, 3i1,3i5,32:
.
. , .
.
278 * 4 9.6 396 i37-243, 251, i61; 262
214:216,‘231-i32,
,,
month’
.
.
.
Midler . . . . . Maestlin ~~karoth (w’Mazz+alothj : . . Mercury’ : : Merodach . . i8, 29, 33,‘137 , ‘167, . . . Meteors Metonio Cycle . . . Milton . . . . . Mishna, the . . . . . . Mithraic cult . . . . . Month . . . . . . anomalistio . . . . Mi;lths: Hebrew names for : Moon . * . . . .
Newton Nisan,
‘90,
.
io4,1’31,132, 137, 239276-33iE . . . . 243: 247 . . . . . 288
: 214:216,‘223,‘231-i32, L. k. . . . . mound . . . .
Lance-star Eeouid meteok Leviathan . Longfello~T . Lucifer . .
.
.
‘68, i87, 2i2, 2i9, 28.8, iii . . . . 351-384
. .
114 80 lb, 253, 3i3, 324
.
INDEX Node North ), Onias Orion Ovid
(W&&L) (tsaphon) .
.
. .
.
:
.
. .
.
: . . .
.
.
.
.
.
: .
. .
* .
. .
. .
121, 122 ,262, 263 . 51
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . *
68 231-242 . 288
. .
. .
.
.
.
9
Palestine Exploration Fund, map Panyasis . . . Parallax . . . Persius . . . . g;;%tta . . . Phospho;,us : : Pinches, T. G. . Pleiades . Precession 1 Pritchard, Prof. C.’ proctor, R. A. . Procyon Ptolemy, Claudius : P t o l e m y Philometer Pythagoras . .
: . .
Rahab (the proud one) Bahu . . * Rain “ Records of dhe Past ” Ilernphan . . Ring with wings . Ruskin . . .
. .
: . . . .
’ . . .
409 PAGE
360, 362 152 . ‘73, S’S, 265 . . . . 288 . . . . 25’9, 261 . . . . 13’2 % i?, 28, 30,’ 31, 60, 176: 235 133, 152, 213-230 . . , 158 . . . . 397 . . 167, lb, 13’5, 141
. .
.
. .
* . .
.
.
.
5; 76, j6, %-?t: . . 68 . . 13’7, 345 9
.
.
.
.
.
.
. * .
. . *
. .
.
.
.
204-206, 211 . 201 . 42’45, 49 . 26, 28 133, 134 SS, 126, 129 . . 46
Sabbath . . * . . 22-24, 283-292 Sabbatic Year and the Jibilee . . . * 326-336 Samaritans . . . . * . . . . 278 Samas (sun-god), see Suu Sanchoniathou . . . . . 88 Sanhedrim . : : : . . . 296 Saros, the . . . . . . . li2, .li3, 346 Saturn and Astrology . . . . . . 130-145 Sayce, A. H. . SchiapaTelli, G. V. ’ i, 41; 43, 139, i45, 198, 253, 254, 281-24:;:: 279, 285, 286, 290 Septuagint Version . . 37, 133, 134, 161, 215, 231, 241, 258, 259 Sin (moon-god), set Moou Sirius Sivan, iouth’ : : : : : : : : : 3% Eo” Smith, George 2”;, 30 South (darowz, brigilt) : : : : : : : : . 51 desert) , . . . . . . . . 51 >, (negeb,
INDEX Star of Bethlehem . Stars . . . . ,, >morning . . >, 9royal >> , shooting Triad of : St)a)tils stern, Prof. : : Strassmaier . . Sun 19 -god ‘(Sam& : ,, -stroke . .
.
. . . . . *
.
.
Talmud , . . Tammuz . Tagum, the Jkru&m . TavthB, see Tiamat Tehdm, see Deep ‘rennyson . . . Thales . Thiele, Prof. : : : Tiamat, or Tiamtn Tibnllus . . : Tides . . . , Tribes of Isr,lel and Tycho Blah& . . Venus . . Virgil . . Vulgate. .
.
.
.
. .
. .
.
. .
.
.
.
.
. .
.
. .
.
.
. .
.
.
.
. .
.
.
.
.
. . . . .
.
. . .
.
. . .
.
’
Xenophanes Year
.’
.
. . (s7mah)
Yihoshua,
the
Rabbi
.
.
.
.
. .
. .
. . .
160 113 : 25’3, 320 . 222 . 201, 262 . 274, 285
. .
1
.
. . .
.
.
.
. .
222, 279, 297, 311 . . . 66 . . . 190
. . . . 36, 79, 80 345 .’ * : ’ ’ . 15 16 27-29, 3i 34, 201, il0, i34-235, 240-)242 . . : . . . . 288 . . . . . . 41;53, 92 the Zodiac . . . . . . 186-195 . . . . . . . . . 96
.
.
.
.
. .
1 .
1 .
.
~
.
.
‘.
. ,5:1Ei . 59-61
:
‘. star
.
. .
‘67, 1’31, lj4, 253, 55, 323, 63-78 324 . . . * * 72
.
. .
. .
Week and the Sabbath , West (v&b hasshemesh, going’ down of t6e sun) ,dpey~$;;; r’ . * * ’ . Winds :’ Wormwood,
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Zeuchros . . . Zif, month Zodiac, consteilatiohs of’ II 3 sections of (miwnta) signs of . . Zd&ac’al Light . ,
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90, 131, 132, 136, 137 . . . 160 . . 258, 259
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9 .
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283-292 . . :: ;0,"E
. 116
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71
305-325 . 305 . 297
142, 85, 141, 151, 243, 141, 245, . .
249 299 152 251 %;