Sobotta Atlas of Human Anatomy: Head, Neck, Upper Limb

Atl.asof HumanAnatomy Editedby R. PutzandR. Pabst In co[[aboration with RenatePutz T r a n s l a t i obny S . B e d o u ...

Author: Johannes Sobotta | Reinhard Putz

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Atl.asof HumanAnatomy Editedby R. PutzandR. Pabst In co[[aboration with RenatePutz T r a n s l a t i obny S . B e d o u i

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Attasof HumanAnatomy VotumeI Head,Neck,UpperLimb

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ForeignEditions: A r a b i cE d i t i o n , amascus M o d e r nT e c h n i c aCI e n t e r D B i b t i o g r a p h i ci n f o r m a t i o np u b t i s h e db y D i e D e u t s c h eB i b t i o t h e k C h i n e s eE d i t i o nI c o m p L ecxh a r a c t e r s ) D i e D e u t s c h eB i b t i o t h e tki s t st h i s p u b t i c a t i oinn t h e D e u t s c h eN a t i o n a [ g o ,T a i w a n Ho-ChB i o o kP u b t i s h i nC b i b t i o g r a f r ed;e t a i t e db i b t i o g r a p h idca t a i s a v a i [ a b [ ei n t h e I n t e r n e ta t C h i n e s eE d i t i o n{ s i m p t i f i eC dhinese dition} h t t p : / / d n bd d b d e E l s e v i e rH , e a t t hS c i e n c e sA s i a ,S i n g a p o r e C r o a t i a nE d i t i o n N a k t a d aS t a p ,J a s t r e b a r s k o D u t c hE d i t i o n B o h n S t a f t e uv a n L o g h u m ,H o u t e n Att rights reserved E n g t i s hE d i t i o n( w i t hn o m e n c l a t u rien E n g t i s h ) A t L a so f H u m a nA n a t o m y 1 4 t he d i t i o n2 0 0 6 L i p p i n c o tW t i t t i a m s& W i t k i n s O 2 0 0 6E t s e v i eG r m b H ,M u n i c h E n g t i s hE d i t i o nl w i t hn o m e n c l a t u rien L a t i n l r mbH r e r l a gi s a n i m p r i n to f E l s e v i eG U r b a n& F i s c h e V A t l a s o f H u m a nA n a t o m y E L s e v i eGr m b H ,U r b a n& F i s c h e r 0506070809 51,321 F r e n c hE d i t i o n eumaine A t t a sd ' A n a t o m iH A t Lr i g h t s ,i n c t u d i n gt r a n s t a t i o na, T er e s e r v e d N o p a r t o f t h i s p u b L i c a t i o n , aris T e c & D o c L a v o i s i e rP m a y b e r e p r o d u c e d ,s t o r e d i n a r e t r i e v a I s y s t e m , o r t r a n s m i t t e d i n G r e e kE d i t i o nl w i t hn o m e n c l a t u rien G r e e k l p h o t o c o p y i n g , a n y o t h e r f o r m o r b y a n y m e a n s ,e l e c t r o n i cm, e c h a n i c a [ , s ,t h e n s M a r i aG P a r i s s i a n oA r e c o r d i n g o, r o t h e r w i s ew i t h o u t t h e p r i o r w r i t t e n p e r m i s s i o no f t h e G r e e kE d i t i o nl w i t h n o m e n c L a t u rien L a t i n l p ubl is h e r . s ,t h e n s M a r i aG P a r i s s i a n oA Edltion Hungarian a z e m b e ra n a t 6 m i 5 j 5 n aakt l a s z a A t t i t e rK i a d 5 iB, u d a p e s t T h e 1 4 t he d i t i o no f t h e S o b o t t aA t l a s c o n s i s t so f t w o v o t u m e sa n d a l n d o n e s i aE ndition ( e n c t o s e d V o l u m e 1 l : c o n t a i n i n t g a b l e s i n booklet A t l a sA n a t o m iM a n u s i a P e n e r b i tB u k u K e d o k t e r a nE G C J, a k a r t a VoLume 1 : H e a d ,N e c k ,U p p e rL i m b I t a [ i a nE d i t i o n A t l a n t ed i A n a t o m i aU m a n a V o t u m e2 : T r u n k ,V i s c e r a L , owerLimb U T E TT , orino lanrnoco

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Contents Preface

GeneraI anatomy P a r t sa n d r e g i o n so f t h e b o d y Passivelocomotorsystem Active[ocomotorsystem Digestiveand respiratorysystem U r i n a r ya n d g e n i t a Is y s t e m S u r f a c ep r o j e c t i o no f i n t e r n a lo r g a n s. Cardiovascutar system Centraland peripheralnervoussystem E n d o c r i n eo r g a n s. S k i na n d a p p e n d a g e s

R e g i o nosf h e a da n dn e c k R , e g i o n ecsa p i t i s etcotli. B o n e so f t h es k u l t O , s s ac r a n i i

VI

C r a n i abl a s eB , a s i sc r a n i i.

.. 264-265 266-273 274-275 2 76 - 2 7 7 278-279

C r a n i anI e r v e sN , e r v ic r a n i a t e s. . . . . P a r a s y m p a t h e tai ca n g t i ao f t h e h e a d 1- 3 1 C r a n i a In e r v e st,o p o g r a p h y C r a n i a Ib a s e ,v e s s e t sa n d n e r y e s C r a n i a Id u r a m a t e r ,D u r am a t e rc r a n i a L i sa,n d c r a n i a l 6 - 10 a r a c h n o i dm a t e r ,A r a c h n o i d e m a a t e r c r a n i a [ i s. . . . . 11 - 1 3 S t r u c t u r eo f t h e b r a i na n d b r a i nd e v e t o o m e n t 1 4 T e L e n c e p h a t o n , T e t e n c e p h. .a. .t .o n 1 5 D i e n c e p h a l o nD,i e n c e p h a [ o n 16-17 M e s e n c e p h a l o M n ,e s e n c e p h a t o .n. 18-23 B r a i n s t e mT, r u n c u se n c e p h a t i 24-29 N u c t e io f t h e c r a n i a In e r v e s . 30 C e r e b e l t u mC, e r e b e L t u m 31 A s s o c i a t i oann d c o m m i s s u r atIr a c t s I n t e r n a Ic a p s u t eC , a p s u [ ai n t e r n a ,p y r a m i d atIr a c t a n d b a s a lg a n g t i a 32-117 V e n t r i c u L asry s t e ma n d s u b a r a c h n o isdp a c e V e s s e t so f t h e b r a i n 3 2 M a g n e t i cr e s o n a n c et o m o g r a p h i ci m a g e so f the brain . 33-61 Frontalsectionsthroughthe brain ... 62-69 H o r i z o n t asl e c t i o n st h r o u g ht h e b r a i n .. 70-73 S a g i t t a sLe c t i o n st h r o u g ht h e b r a i n S p i n a cl o r d ,M e d u l l as p i n a l i s . . .. 74-85

T e m p o r o m a n d i b u Lj oairn t ,A r t i c u l a t i ot e m p o r o m a n d i b u [ a r i sa,n d m a s t i c a t o r m y usc[es Faciam I usc[es V e s s e l sa n d n e r v e so f h e a da n d n e c k N o s e ,N a s u se x t e r n u sa, n d n a s a Ic a v i t y , C a v i t a s n a .s. i. 86-88 P a r a n a s asI i n u s e s S , i n u sp a r a n a s a l e s. . 8 9 - 91 0 r a I c a v i t yC , a v i t a so r i s ,a n d t e e t h ,D e n t e s 92-101 P a t a t eP , alatum 102 T o n g u eL, i n g u a . 103-104 H y o i db o n e ,0 s h y o i d e u ma, n d h y o i d a m l . u s c L e s. . . . . . 105 Suprahyoim d u s c [ e sM , u s c u l .siu p r a h y o i d eai ,n d

Eye,Organumvisus.

280-283 284 285-294 295-296 297 298-299 3 0 0 - 310 302-305 306 307-309 310-317 318-322 323-325 326-329 330-336 337-339 340-351

352-378

E y e t i d sP,a l p e b r aaen, do r b i t , O r b i t a . 352-355 L a c r i m aaIp p a r a t uA s ,p p a r a t u[ sa c r i m a [ i s . . . 356-357 E x t r a - o c u tm a ru s c [ e sM, u s c u Iei x t e r nbi u I boi c u I i. . . . 3 5 8 - 3 6 1 E y e b a LBtu, l b u so c u l i 362 Vessels of theeye 363 e x t e r n aml u s c l eos f t h et o n g u e . . . 10 6 - 10 8 lris,lris,andpupil., Pupil.l.a . 364-365 M a j o rs a t i v a rgyt a n d sG, t a n d u Lsaael i v a r i amea j o r e s. . j 0 g - 1 1 2 L e n s L, e n sa, n do c u [ afru n d u s , A r t e r i ea s n dn e r v e o s f t h eo r a lc a v i t y. . 11 3 F u n d uosc u l i. . .. 366-367 V e s s e tasn dn e r v e o s f t h et o n g u e . . . . j 1 4 - 1 j s O p t i cn e r v eN , e r v u so p t i c u s . 368-369 F r o n t asl e c t i o ntsh r o u g h t h eh e a d . . . 1 1 6 - j 1 7 Optictract,Tractusopticus . . 370-371 Muscles, vesselsandnervesof the orbit . . . . . 372-376 S e c t i o ntsh r o u g h t h eo r b i t . . . 377-378 1 1 81 5 6 M u s c l eosf t h en e c k . jj}-12j Ear,Auris .379-400 L a r y n xL,a r y n x. .... jL2-j3j T h y r o igdL a n dG, l . a n d utlh. a yroidea . . . 1 3 2 - 1 3 5 0vervrew 379 P h a r y n xP,h a r y n x . . . j 3 6 - 1 4 j A u r i c [ eA , uricu[a 380 Vessetsandnervesoftheneck . . . . . . i L Z - 1 5 3 A u r i c u [ a rm u s c t e s M , u s c u [ ai u r i c u t a r e s 381 S e c t i o ntsh r o u g h e a da n dn e c k . . . . 15 4 - 15 5 E x t e r n a aI c o u s t i cm e a t u s ,M e a t u sa c u s t i c u se x t e r n u s , a n d t y m p a n i cm e m b r a n e M , e m b r a n at y m p a n i c a. . . 382 A u d i t o r yo s s i c [ e s0, s s i c u t aa u d i t o r i a 383-384 Uppertimb.. . . . . . 1 5 7 - Z S 7Tympaniccavity,Cavitastympani 385-387 A u d i t o r yt u b e ,T u b aa u d i t i v a 388-389 jS7 S u r f a c ea n a t o m y I n t e r n a Ie a r ,A u r i s i n t e r n a 390-393 Bones,joints,tigaments .... jig-j77 A u d i t o r ya n d e q u i l . i b r i u m organ 394-396 j7g-2j3 Muscteo s f t h e u p p e rL i m b. . . A u d i t o r ya n d e q u i [ i b r i u mp a t h w a y 397 V e s s e l s a nnde r v e s otfh e u p p e r l . i m b. . ..... 2j4-ZS1 Nervesand vessetsof the ear 398-399 S e c t i o n st h r o u g ht h e a r m . . . ZS2-ZS7 C o m p u t e dt o m o g r a p h i cs e c t i o n st h r o u g ht h e e a r . . . . 400

B r a i nE, n c e p h a t .o n

...... 2Sg-3S1

Vessetsof the head . 258-261 l n d e x. C r a n i acIa v i t yC, a v i t acsr a n i ic, r a n i adI u r am a t e r , Duramatercraniatis .....262-263

..... 401-419

Preface I t w a s j u s t o v e r a h u n d r e dy e a r sa g o t h a t J o h a n n e sS o b o t t as e t o u t t o p u b L i s ht h e f i r s t e d i t i o no f h i s A t t a s o f H u m a nA n a t o m y . S i n c et h e n ,t h i s p i e c eo f w o r k h a s e v o L v esdt e p b y s t e p a s a r e , e c t u r e ras n d s u t t o f t h e c o n s t a n ti n t e r a c t i o nb e t w e e ns t u d e n t s L e d i t o r s .l t h a s n o t o n L yb e e nt h e m o s t m o d e r nb a s i sf o r t h e c o m p l e xs u b j e c to f m a c r o s c o p iac n a t o m yt h r o u g h o u m t a n yg e n e r a t i o n s o f d o c t o r s ,b u t h a s a L s od e v e t o p e di n t o a L a s t i n gw o r k o f f o r b o t hc t i n i c atIr a i n i n ga n d a d v a n c e dm e d i c a Ie d u c a reference t i o n .A L ti n a l . Li.t h a s b e c o m ea b o o kf o r a m e d i c a Id o c t o r ' s[ i f e 0 n c e a g a i n ,i n t h i s n e w e d i t i o nt h e a d d i t i o n afti g u r e sh a v eb e e n d r a w ns t r i c t l yo n t h e b a s i so f o r i g i n a ls p e c i m e n s . T h e 1 4 t he d i t i o nh a s b e e np a r t i c u [ a r t dy e s i g n e dt o m e e t t h e d e m a n d so f a r e f o r m e dm e d i c a cl u r r i c u t u m e, m p h a s i z i ntgh e i n t e g r a t i o no f c I i n i c a Im e d i c i n ei n t o t h e p r e c L i n i c ac Iu r r i c u l u m .F o r t h i s p u r p o s e t, h e n e w e d i t i o nh a s b e e ne x t e n d e dt o i n c t u d et h e f o L t o w i nfge a t u r e s : - S u r f a c e a n a t o m y i n c t u d i n g p r o j e c t i o no f i n t e r n a I o r g a n s { 4 5c o t o u rp h o t o s ) - A n a t o m i c adl i a g r a m sn e x tt o i m a g i n gf i g u r e s - I n t e g r a t i o no f i m a g i n gt e c h n i q u e st o a g r e a t e re x t e n tI u [ t r a s o u n dX , - r a yC , T ,M R I ;1 1 9f i g u r e s ) - E n d o s c o p i ci n , t r a o p e r a t i vceo L o u ri m a g e sa n d f i g u r e se x e m p t i f y i n gt e c h n i q u e so f p u n c t u r ea n d e x a m i n a t i o [n5 4f i g u r e s l - l m a g e so f p a t i e n t sp r e s e n t i n g w i t h t y p i c a tp a [ s i e s - D i a g r a m so f t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n a t r t e r i a Iv a r i a t i o n s[ 9 3f i g u r e s l - F r e q u e n vt a r i a t i o n si n t h e L o c a t i o o n f i n t e r n a Io r g a n s[ 2 4 f i g uresi - I n t e g r a t i o no f h i s t o t o g ya t l o w m a g n r f i c a t i oonf i m p o r t a n ti n , tc.) t e r n a Io r g a n sI i n t e s t i n el ,i v e r ,k i d n e y e n f t h e k n o w t e d g et,h e f o t I n o r d e r t o i m p r o v et h e p r e s e n t a t i o o l o w i n gf e a t u r e sh a v eb e e ni n t r o d u c e d : - C t e a r - c uat r r a n g e m e not f t h e c h a p t e r sa c c o r d i n g to the differe n t r e g i o n so f t h e b o d y - T h e m a t i c a [ [cyo r r e s p o n d i nf g o n d o u b t ep a g e s i g u r e sp r e s e n t e d - A c o n c i s e ,s e p a r a t eb o o k t e tI i n c [ u d e di n V o t u m e1 J c o n t a i n s t a b t e so f m u s c t e s j, o i n t s a n d n e r v e s ,e n a b t i n gt h e r e a d e rt o p t a c ei t n e x tt o a n y f i g u r ei n t h e a t t a s 0 n e p a r t i c u t a ra i m o f t h e n e w e d i t i o ni s t o f a c i t i t a t ef i n d i n go f s p e c i f i cs t r u c t u r e sT. h e S 0 B 0 T T Ad e p i c t sa n a t o m i c asLt r u c t u r e s . herep r e c i s e l yw i t h o u tt h e r e a d e rl o o s i n gt h e g r e a t e rp i c t u r e T f o r e ,s p e c iifc d i d a c t i ct o o L sh a v eb e e ni m p r o v e da n d n e w a s p e c t s i n c [ ud e d : - E a c hc h a p t e rh a s b e e na L t o c a t etdo a p a r t i c u t a cr o t o u r - A " m e n u b a r " o n e a c h d o u b t ep a g ee n s u r e sp r e c i s eo r i e n t a t i o n w i t h i na g i v e nc h a p t e r - T h e n u m b e ro f o u t l i n e sd e p i c t i n gs p a t i a L o r i e n t a t t o nh a s b e e n s i g n i ifc a n t l .iyn c r e a s e d( 2 7 0f i g ur e s ) - O v e r v i e wos f t o t a I b o d yr e g i o n se n s u r eg e n e r a Io r i e n t a t i o n - N e w d i a g r a m so f p a r t i c u L am r u s c t e sc t a r i f yt h e i r L o c a t i oann d c o u r s e[ 2 4f i g u r e s l

- C o n f u s i o ni s k e p t t o a m i n i m u mb y o n t yd e p i c t i n g[ i m b so f t h e r i g h t s i d eo f t h e b o d y - " C o m p a s sr o s e s " p o i n t t o a d j a c e n tf i g u r e s ,t h u s f a c i t i t a t i n g fotlowinga givenstructureover several.pages - C o n t i n u o u sL e a d eIri n e sf a c i l i t a t ef i n d i n go f s t r u c t u r e s - C o L o u r e d o t s a t t h e e n d o f l e a d e r [ i n e s i n t o p o g r a p h i cd i a , ndmuscles g r a m s m a r k a r t e r i e s v, e i n s ,n e r v e s a - T h e f i g u r e si n t h e b o o k l e tr e t a t ed i r e c t l yt o t h e f i g u r e si n t h e at[as - T h e L a r g e dr i m e n s i o n so f t h e b o o ki m p r o v ec L a r i t y s b o u tt h e g e n e r a Ic o n c e p to f W i t h t h e e x c e p t i o no f d i s c u s s i o n a t h e a t t a sa n d m u t u a Lc o r r e c t i o nt,h e e d i t o r sh a v ew o r k e d s e p a , i t h t h e w o r k d i v i d e da s f o t l o w s : r a t e t yo n i n d i v i d u acLh a p t e r sw R . P u t z : G e n e r a Ia n a t o m y ,u p p e r [ i m b , b r a i n ,e y e ,e a r , b a c k , L o w e r[ i m b ; I a [ t s ,t h o r a c i c , R P a b s t : H e a d .n e c k ,t h o r a c i ca n d a b d o m i n a w a b d o m i n aaI n d p e t v i cv i s c e r a . T h e i n c t u s i o no f a [ a r g e n u m b e ro f n e w f i g u r e si s t h e r e s u t to f t h e e x t r a o r d i n a rcya p a b i t i toy f t h e f o t l o w i n gm e d i c a L i t t u s t r a t o r s : U L r i k eB r u g g e r , R i j d i g e r H i m m e t h a na n d H o r s t R u B . l t i s t o t h e i r c r e d i tt h a t t h e c l a s s i c" S 0 B 0 T T As t y t e "h a s b e e nr e t a i n e d . Severao I f t h e d i a g r a m sh a v eb e e ng e n e r a t e do n t h e c o m p u t e r eu r c t i n i b y H e n r i e t t eR i n t e L e nW. e a t s og r a t e f u t l ya c k n o w l e d g o c a I c o t t e a g u e fso r m a k i n g c t i n i c a Ii L t u s t r a t i o nasv a i t a b t et o u s { s e e p i c t u r e c r e d i t s l .W e o w e a d e b t o f g r a t i t u d et o o u r c o t L e a g u efsr o m t h e i n s t i t u t e sf o r t h e i r u n d e r s t a n d i nagn d h e t p f u l . s u g g e s t i o n sD. r . N S o k o l o va n d A . B u c h h o r nh a v ep u t m e t i c u l o u s e f f o r t si n t o g e n e r a t i n gt h e s p e c i m e np r e p a r a t i o n sS . F r y k a n d G . H o p p m a n nh a v es u p p o r t e du s i n t e x t p r o c e s s i n g . r u b t i s h e r si ,n p a r t i c u T h e s t a f fo f t h e e d i t o r i a ot f f i c eo f E l s e v i e p a n d A . G a t t n a r z i kh, a s o u r s i n c e r et h a n k s . L a rD r . D . H e n n e s s e n n ft t h e w o r k i s a r e s u [ to f v e r y S o m eo f t h e c r e a t i v ed e v e L o p m e o f r u i t f u Id i s c u s s i o n sW. e w o u t da l s o t i k et o t h a n k R . H a u s d o r f o r t r e m e n d o u se f f o r t s i n t h e p r o d u c t i o no f t h e a t l a s . R . P u t z t o o r t h e p r o o rf e a d i n ga n d g e t h e rw i t h G . M e i e rw e r e r e s p o n s i b Lf e s i m p [ i f i c a t i oonf p a g ed e s i g na n d L e g e n d s . 0 usr p e c i a tLh a n k s g o t o D r . U . 0 s t e r k a m p - B a u sfto r g e n e r a t i n gt h e i n d e x ,a n d a | L [ . i t h o u r j o i n t e f f o r t s ,t h e o t h e r s i n v o t v e di n t h e c o r r e c t i o n sW S 0 B 0 T T Ah a s b e e no n c em o r e m o d e r n i z e db o t h i n c o n t e n t sa n d d e s i gn . W e h a v e i n c t u d e dm a n y o f t h e h e t p f u ts u g g e s t i o n sm a d e o v e r , d w o u [ d t h e r e f o r ea s k t h e y e a r s b y s t u d e n t sa n d c o L [ e a g u e as n a l [ r e a d e r so f t h i s e d i t i o nt o p a s so n t o u s a n y c r i t i c i s mo r s u g g e s t i o n so n t h e n e w f o r m a t o f t h i s a t t a s .

M u n i c ha n d H a n n o v e rS, e p t e m b e 2r 0 0 5 R . P u t za n d R . P a b s t

U n i v . - P r oD f .r .m e d .R e i n h a r d Putz B o r ni n I n n s b r u c k / A u s t r r a 1 9 6 2 - 1 9 6 8 S t u d i e dm e d i c i n ea t t h e L e o p o l d - F r a n z e n s - U n i v e rosfi tI yn n s b r u c k 19 6 8 R e c e i v ea d doctorate 1 9 6 8 - 1 9 8 2 U n i v e r s i t ay s s i s t a nat t t h e I n s t i t u t eo f A n a t o m ya t t h e U n i v e r s i t o yf Innsbruck 1978 L e c t u r e ri n a n a t o m y 1979 C o n s u L t a nf ot r a n a t o m y 1 9 8 2 - 1 9 8 9 C h a i ro f t h e A n a t o m i c aIIn s t i t u t ea t t h e A t b e r t - L u d w i g s - U n i v e r soi tf yF r e i b u r g s i n c e1 9 8 9 C h a i ro f t h e A n a t o m i c aIIn s t i t u t ea t t h e L u d w i g - M a x i m i I i a n s - U n i v e ros fi tM y unich 1 9 9 2 - 1 9 9 4 P r e s i d e not f t h e E u r o p e a nA s s o c i a t i o on f C l . i n i c aAl n. a t o m i s t s 1993 R e g i s t r a t i otno p r a c t i s em e d i c i n e 1 9 9 8 - 1 9 9 9 C h a i r m a no f t h e A n a t o m i c aSL o c i e t v 1999 M e m b e ro f t h e A k a d e m i ed e r N a t u r f o r s c h eur n d A r z t e{ L e o p o t d i n a ) 2002 D r .h . c .o f t h e U n i v e r s i t o y f C o n s t a n t aR, o m a n i a 2003 P r o r e c t o rI o f t h e L u d w i g - M a x i m i L i a n s - U n i v e rosf iM t yu n i c h

Researchand fietds of interest - F u n c t i o n aaI n a t o m yo f t h e p a s s i v eL o c o m o t osry s t e m - E v o l u t i oann df u n c t i o n a L a n a t o omf yt h e v e r t e b r a L c o t u m n - F o r m - f u n c t i o n - r e l a t i oonfsi o i n t s - AppLiea d n a t o m y{ a n a t o m i c abLa s i c so f o r t h o p a e d i c s ,u r g e r y r, a d i o t o g y l - Q u e s t i o na s b o u tt h e c o n t e n t sa n d o r g a n i s a t i oonf t h e m e d i c a tc u r r i c u t u m - D e v e l o p m e notf d i d a c t i ct r a i n i n gp r o g r a m m e sa t u n i v e r s i t i e s

U n i v . - P r oDf .r .m e d .R e i n h a r d Pabst B o r ni n P o s e ng,r o w nu p I n L u n e D u r g 1965-1970 S t u d i e dm e d i c i n ea t t h e H a n n o v e M r e d i c aS I c h o o ta, n d i n G l a s q o w / S c o t t a n d 1970 U n i v e r s i td y e g r e ea n d d o c t o r a t e 1 9 71 R e g i s t r a t i otno p r a c t i s em e d i c i n e 1971-76 Scientifia c s s o c i a t ei n t h e D e p a r t m e not f C t i n i c a P I h y s i o l . o gUy n, i v e r s i t o yf Utm 1 9 76 L e c t u r e rf o r C L i n i c aPLh y s i o t o g yU,n i v e r s i t oy f U t m ,a n d n e w [ e c t u r e s h i a pt t h e H a n n o v eM r e d i c aS L chool S e n i o ra s s i s t a nrt n t h e D e p a r t m e not f F u n c t r o n aaIn d A p p L i e A d natomy, H a n n o v eM r e d i c aSI c h o o L 1978 Extension o f t h e V e n i al e g e n d ti o i n c L u d a en a t o m y 1980-1992 H e a do f t h e D e p a r t m e not f T o p o g r a p h iAcn a t o m ya n d B i o m e c h a n i c s s i n c e19 9 2 H e a do f t h e D e p a r t m e not f F u n c t i o n aal .n d A p p l . i eA d n a t o m yH , a n n o v eM r e d i c aS I chool. 1986-1990 P r o r e c t o fr o r s t u d i e sa n d e d u c a t i o nH, a n n o v e M r e d i c aS I chooI 1993-1997 D e a no f t h e H a n n o v e M r e d i c aS I choo[ 1997-1998 C h a i r m a no f t h e A n a t o m i c aSI o c i e t y 1999-2003 P r o r e c t o or f R e s e a r c ho f t h e H a n n o v e M r e d i c aS I chooL 2 0 01 M e m b e ro f t h e A k a d e m i ed e r N a t u r f o r s c h eur n d A r z t eI L e o p o L d i n a ]

1976-80

Researchand fietds of interest - FunctionaLanatom o fyL y m p h a t iocr g a n s - P r o l i f e r a t i oann d m i g r a t i o no f L y m p h o c y t e s - D e v e L o p m e on ft t h e i n t e s t i n aiLm m u n es y s t e m - F u n c t i o no f t h e p u t m o n a r yi m m u n es y s t e m - Q u e s t i o no sf a cLinicatL o yr i e n t a t e da n a t o m yi n t h e m e d i c a L c u r r i c u t u m - E v a [ u a t i oonf t e a c h i n q

P i c t u r ec r e d i t s of University Prof.Ravetlit, formerlyInstituteof Anaiomy, t n n s D r u icl K - r 0/.o / J i ca d i o t o g y , P DD r .R i e g e rR, a d i o t o gIyn,s t i t u tfeo r D i a g n o s tR U n i v e r s iot yf M u n i c ht F i g .1 3 9 5 ) P r o fR . e i c hO, r o f a c i sauLr g e r yU, n i v e r s iot yf B o n nI F i g .1 1 3a , b l P r o f .A t t a r a s C , e n t r ef o r R a d i o L o gU y ,n i v e r s i t oy f G i e B e n i ca d i o t o g y , r D r .W a g n e rI ,n s t i t u tfeo r D i a g n o s tR P r o fR . e i s e& IFi9.1009,1031,1032] , 5 35, 71 ,5 72 , 5 7 3 , , 5 14 U n i v e r s iot yf Mu n i c hI F i g 4. 3 6 ,4 4 9 4 D r .B a u m e i s t e rD, e p a r t m e not f R a d i o t o g yU, n i v e r s i t oy f F r e i b u r g 576, 577, 7921 t F i s1.1 5 7 1 , i v e r s iot yf n ft 0 r t h o d o n t i cUs n P r o fR . u d z k i - J a n s oDne,p a r t m e o yf P D D r . B u r g k a r d t , 0 r t h o p a e dC i cL i n i cT, e c h n i c aUL n i v e r s i t o M u n i clhF i g . 7 2 , 7 3 l M u n i c hI F i 9 . 1 4 3 1 ) L r, e i s a c h n o s p i t aB n ft S u r g e r yR, o s m a H D r .S c h e i b eD,e p a r t m e o P r o f .B r i i c k m a n n& D r .L i n n ,N e u r o r a d i o L o gI n y ,s t i t u t ef o r y ,n i v e r s i t o y f M u n i c hl F i g . 6 6 2 , 7 2 6a , b , l F i 91 . 2 8 9a - c l D i a g n o s t iR c a d i o l . o gU P r o fS . c h e u m a nC n [, i n i cf o rA b d o m i n a tn dT r a n s p [ a n t a t i o n 7 2 7a , b l S u r g e r yH, a n n o v eMr e d i c aSt c h o o(tF i g 2. 4 3 , 2 4 4 , 2 4 5 1 P r o f .D a n i e t D , e p a r t m e not f C a r d i o t o g yU, n i v e r s i t o yf Ertangen o tf G y n a e c o [ oU g yn,i v e r s iot yf P r o fS . c h i l . t i n gD e re,p a r t m e n t F i 9 .8 9 9 ,9 0 0 ,9 0 1 ,9 7 3 1 F r e i b u r{gF i 9 1 d i g .11 3 3 ,11 3 5 ) . 1341 P r o f .D e g e n h a r d tB, i e L e f e L( F . c h t i e p h a k0er o , f a c i aSI u r g e r yG, d t t i n g e n c a d i o L - P r o fS P r o f .G a [ a n s k&i D r .K i r c h h o f, fD e p a r t m e not f D i a g n o s t iR , 97) o g y ,H a n n o v e M r e d i c aS t c h o o t( F i g .9 6 2 , 9 6 4 , 1 2 1 2 , 1 2 1 3 ) l F i g .15 2 ,1 9 6 1 g ya,n n o v eMr e d i c a t P r o fS . c h t d s s eCr ,e n t r ef o r G y n a e c o [ o H c adioLP r o f .G a [ a n s k&i D r .S c h i i f e r D , e p a r t m e not f D i a g n o s t i R S c h o oItF i g .11 3 2a , b , 114 0 ,111 r 11,1 7 8 ] r e d i c aS l chooL o g y ,H a n n o v e M l F i g .8 71a , b , 9 2 7 ,9 71 , 9 9 1 , o tf R a d i o t o g y , ge y ,p a r t m e n P r o fS . c h u m a c h eNr e , u r o r a d i o t oD 1194, 1204,1207, 12091 U n i v e r s iot yf F r e i b u rIgF i 9 . 4 6 a1 , b l P r o f .G e b e [ D , e p a r t m e not f G a s t r o e n t e r o [ o gHye, p a t o t o gayn d t su, n i c h , a d i o l o g i sM r P DD r .B a u e rR D r .S o m m e& t c h o o lI F i g .2 4 2 ,1 0 1 1 , E n d o c r i n o t o gH y ,a n n o v e M r e d i c aS I F i g6 . 62.1290-12921 1026,1027, 1038, 1039, 1074, 10921 of MunichlFig.1239,Qa1l University Prof.Stotz,Paediatrics, D r .G o e i R , a d i o L o gHye, e r t e nT, h e N e t h e r l a n d{sF i g .1 1 5 0 1, 1 5 1 ) , 53, , a d i o L o gUyn,i v e r s iot yf M u n i c hI F i g 4. 3 6 4 P DD r .V o g tR : 9891 l w i t h p e r m i s s i o nf r o m R a d i o L o g1y7 3 ;1 3 7 - 1 4 1 1 644,6451 D r .G r e e v e nS, t . - E t i z a b e t h - H o s p i tNa et ,u w i e dI F i g 1 5 0 ,1 2 3 8 ] Daetp a r t m e nMt ,i i n c h e n g L a d b a c h P r o fV . o L t r a tE ha , r-Nose-Thro P r o f .H o f f m a n n& P D D r .B e k t a s ,C L i n i cf o r A b d o m i n aaLn d TranspLantatio r e d i c aS I c h o o t{ F i g .10 2 8 , Snu r g e r y H , a n n o v eM lFig.229,230,2311 i ca d i o t o gl ly, H a n n o v eMr e d i c a L P r o fW . a g n etr, D i a g n o s tR 10 4 0 ) S c h o o{tF i g 9. 5 2 , 1 0 6 4 , 1 0 6150,6 91, 0 7 2 , 1 1 5 2 1 I chool P r o f .H o h t f e l dC , [ i n i cf o r P n e u m o t o g yH, a n n o v e M r e d i c aS University of of RadioLogy, Prof.Wenz,formertyDepartment tFis.929,930) F r e i b u rt gF i g . 7 6 8 l t c h o o LI F i g .110 2 a , b , P r o f .J o n a s ,U r o t o g yH , a n n o v eM r e d i c aS r yn, i v e r s iot yf M u n i c h o tf N e u r o s u r g e U P r o fW . i t t ,D e p a r t m e n 11 0 3 ) yf P r o f .K a m p i k& P r o f .M i j L L e 0r ,p h t h a t m o t o g yU, n i v e r s i t o t F i ga. 0 5 l . 571 y t i n i cf o rA b d o m i n a Ln dT r a n s p [ a n t a t i o n D r .W i t Li .fi h rf,o r m e r l C M u n i c h( F i g 6 Mre d i c aSLc h o oI tF i g 1. 0 5 1 ) SurgerH y ,a n n o v e D r .K i r c h h o f & f D r .W e i d e m a n nD, e p a r t m e not f D i a g n o s t i c , epartmeo n ft R a d i o L o gUyn,i v e r s iot yf P DD r .W i m m e rD R a d i o t o g yH, a n n o v e M r e d i c aS t c h o o lI.F i g .1 0 4 1, 1 0 9 3 , 1 1 0 2 , F r e i b u rt gF i g . 7 9 9 l 1196, 1198,1200,1202,120s1

T h e e d i t o r ss i n c e r e t yt h a n k a t t c l i n i c a lc o l l e a g u e tsh a t m a d e u L t r a s o u n d c, o m p u t e dt o m o g r a p h i ca n d m a g n e t i cr e s o n a n c ei m a g e s a s w e t l a s e n d o s c o p iac n d i n t r a o p e r a t i vpei c t u r e sa v a i [ a b t e :

e e n t i s t r ya n d P r o f .K r e m e r s ,D e p a r t m e nfto r R e s t o r a t i vD P e r i o d o n t o [ o gU y ,n i v e r s i t o y f M u n i c ht F i g .1 6 9 1 yf P r o f .K u n z e v, o n H a u n e r s c h eC s h i L d r e n 'Hs o s p i t a LU, n i v e r s i t o M u n i c ht F i g .3 2 7 - 3 3 0 1 D r .M e y e r ,D e p a r t m e not f G a s t r o e n t e r o [ o gHye, p a t o t o gayn d r e d i c aS L c h o o tI F i g .9 4 4 , 9 8 7a , b , E n d o c r i n o t o gH y ,a n n o v e M 992,1145,11461 P r o f .M i j t l e r - V a h N [ , e u r o L o g yH,a n n o v e M r e d i c aS I chooL t F i g .1 2 8a , b ) c adioLogy, P r o f .P f e i f e r R , a d i o l . o gIyn,s t i t u t ef o r D i a g n o s t i R U n i v e r s i to y f M u n i c hI F i g .2 9 3 ,2 94 , 3 1 0 ,3 1 2 ,4 4 9 ,4 5 1 , 7 69-772,807-810,1255,1286,1287,1317,1318) P D D r .R a u ,D e p a r t m e not f R a d i o L o gU y ,n i v e r s i t o yf Freiburg lFis.912,925,9261

A d d i t i o n ai lLt u s t r a t i o nwse r eo b t a i n efdr o m t h e f o t l o w i ntge x t books: Dn. , B e n n i n g h o f f - D r e n c k hAanhant:o m i eB,a n d1 { D r e n c k h a h , r b a n& F i s c h e rM, i . i n c h e2n0 0 3t F i g 8 . 23, H r s g . l1, 6 A u f t .U 8501 824,848,849, h i s t o t o g iU e r, b a n& F i s c h e rM, i i n c h e n W e l s c hU, . :L e h r b u cH 2 0 0 3( F i g9. 2 2 ,1 0 2 01, 0 9 71,1 2 2 ,1 1 2 3 1 W e t s c hU, .I H r s g . )S: o b o t t aA,t [ a sH i s t o l . o g6i e.A, u f L . , Urban& Fischer,Mijnchen2002lFig.1037,1085,1125a, b) m.A i eu, f t . , W i c k eL, . :A t t a sd e rR i 5 n t g e n a n a t o 3 19o8r5e U r b a n& S c h w a r z e n b eM r qi i,n c h e n - W i e n - B a L t i m l F i q . 9 4a3)

> Generat anatomy

Surface I Locomotorsystem...

1 Sagitlal plane 2 Median sagittal plane 3 Frontal plane

5 Sagittalaxis 6 I ransverseaxls axis 7 Longitudinal

Transverse plane

F i g . I a - c P [ a n e sa n d a x e s . a S a g i t t ap t t a n e ,P [ a n u ms a g i t t a [ es, a g i t t a I a n d[ o n g i t u d i n aaIx e s b Transverseptane[= horizontaIptane),Ptanumtransversate,transverseand sagittalaxes , t a n u mf r o n t a l e L, o n g i t u d i n a n t d t r a n s v e r s ea x e s c F r o n t a lp L a n e[ = c o r o n a Ip t a n e ] P

Linea mediana anterior

Lineamedianaoosterior

Linea oaravertebralis

cranialis (= superior)

Lineasternalis

Lineascapularis

Lineaparasternalis lateralis Lineaaxillaris anterior

Lineaaxillarisposteriot

Lineamedioclavicularis radialis ulnaris palmaris dorsalis msdialis proximalis caudalis (= inferior) fibularis tibialis plantaris

F i g .2 a , b O r i e n t a t i o [ni n e so f t h e h u m a nb o d ya n d t e r m s o f d i r e c t i o na n d o o s i t i o n . a VentraIview [ventralis,anterior] b D o r s a Iv i e w I d o r s a [ i sp, o s t e r i o r )

> G e n e r aaI n a t o m y

Surface I Locomotor system

Partsof the humanbody

F i g .3

S u r f a c ea n a t o m yo f t h e m a [ e .

F i g ,t , S u r f a c ea n a t o m yo f t h e f e m a [ e .

Met ab o t iscy s t e m s Partsof the humanbodv

Membrum supenus

brachium

F i g .5

S u r f a c ea n a t o m yo f t h e m a t e .

F i g .6

S u r f a c ea n a t o m yo f t h e f e m a t e .

> Generalanatomy

Surface I Locomotor system

Regions of thehumanbody

Regio cervicalisanterior

Begiosternocleidomastoidea Regiocervicalislateralis Trigonumclavipectorale

Regio deltoidea

Regiopresternalis Regiopectoralis

Regioaxillaris Regiomammaria

Regioinframammaria

Regiobrachiianterior Regioepigastrica Regiohypochondriaca

Regiocubitalisanterior, Fossacubitalis

Begioumbilicalis Regioabdominalis lateralis

Regioantebrachiiposterior

Regioinguinalis

Regioantebrachiianterior

Regiopubica[Hypogastrium] Regiourogenitalis Dorsummanus

Trigonum femoris Regiotemorisanterior

Regiogenusanterior

Dorsumpedis

Fig.7

R e g i o n so f t h e h u m a nb o d y ,R e g i o n e cs o r p o r i s .

M e t a b o t iscy s t e m s Regionsof thehumanbody

Regio parietalis

Regio occipitalis

Regiocervicalisposterior Reglo deltoidea

Regiovertebralis Regioscapularis

Begio axillaris

Regioinfrascapularis Regiobrachiiposterior Regiocubitalisposterior

Regioantebrachii anterior Regioantebrachiiposterior

Palma[Volal Regio glutealis

Begiofemorisposterior

Calx IRegiocalcanea]

Fig.8

R e g i o n so f t h e h u m a nb o d y ,R e g i o n e cs o r p o r i s .

> GeneraIanatomy

Locomotorsystem

Skeleton

Mandibula

Columnavertebralis (Parscervicalis)

Columnavertebralis (Parsthoracica)

Clavicula Scapula

Humerus

Columnavertebralis (Parslumbalis) Radius

Os sacrum

Ulna Os coccygrs

Os coxae Ossa carpi

Ossa meracarpl

Ossa digitorum lPhalangesl

Ossatarsi Ossametatarsi Ossatarsi

F i g ,9 O v e r v i e w of the skeleton, Systemasketeta[e.

F i g .1 0 O v e r v i e w of the skeLeton, Svstemaske[etate.

P a rtso f the humanbody H e a d ,C a p u t Neck,Co[[um Trunk,Truncus T h o r a xT, h o r a x A b d o m e nA,b d o m e n P e t v i sP, e L v i s U p p e r[ i m b ,M e m b r u ms u p e r i u s pectoraL S h o u t d egri r d L eC,i n g u t u m [ Ce i n g u l u m e m b r i s u p e r i o r i sAl ;r m ,P a r s[ i b e r am e m b r si u p e r i o r i s Lower[imb, Membruminferius P e L vg i ci r d L eC,i n g u L upme L v i c u[m Cingutumembri i n f e r i o r i sLl ;e g ,P a r sL i b e rm a e m b ri n f e r i o r i s

M e t a b o l i cs y s t e m s Activelocomotorsystem

ti ii

Parts of the skeleton that can be felt through the skin Distributionof haematopoietic bone marrow

F i g . 1 1 a ,b

S k e l e t o nS, y s t e m as k e L e t a [ e

(Cartilago articularis) Substantia spongiosa; lvledulla ossiumrubra (Extremitas proximalis)

proximalis Epiphysis

Linea epiphysialis

lvletaphysis (proximalis) Substantia compacta

A nutricia Canalisnutricius

Vasanutritia

Corpus Periosleum

Cavitas medullaris; l\4edullaossium flava

Epiphysis distalis Metaphysis (distalis)

Fossa olecrani

(Extremitas dislalis) Cartilago articularis

F i g . 1 2 a , b S t r u c t u r eo f t u b u t a rb o n e s ,O s s aL o n g a ; L o n g i t u d i n sa eI c t i o n s a H u m e r u sH , u m e r u so, f a n a d u [ t 0 s s i f i e de p i p h y s e s( e p i p h y s e a[ itn e s ]a r e o n [ yp o o r t yv i s i b t e . , u m e r u so, f a c h i t d b H u m e r u sH T h e e p i p h y s e cs o n s i s to f h y a t i n ec a r t i t a g e . * E p i p h y se i sp, i p h y s epatta t e

>> I

Surface I Locomotor system Passivelocomotorsystem

Bonedevelopment

7. EW 1 8 . - 1 9Y . 1 5 . - 1 8Y. 1 5 . - 1 6Y.

1 3 . - 1 5Y . 3.-4. EM

18.-20.Y

1 3 . - 1 5Y. 1 8 . - 2 1Y .

4.-5. EM 1 3 . - 1 5Y. 5.-8.M

1 0 . - 1 2Y .

5.Y 2.-3. Y 2.-4.Y 20.-25.Y

1 8 .Y 1 8 . - 1 9Y .

7.-8.Y 6.-7.EM

3.-5.Y 1 6 . - 1 8Y. 17.-20.Y 13.-15 1 0 . - 1 3Y .

1 5 . - 1 8Y.

4.-6.Y 1 9 , - 2 0 .Y

7.-8. EW

1 6 . - 2 0 .Y

E W = Embrvonicw6ek E M = Embrlonicmonth M = Monthof life Yearof life

1 3 . - 1 6Y. 8 . - 1 3 .Y 1.Y 5.-7.Y 1 4 . - 1 8Y. 1 0 . - 1 2Y.

5.Y 1 2 .Y 8 . - 1 2 .Y

16.-24.Y 9.EM

1 3 . - 1 7Y. 1 0 .E M 5 . - 6 .Y 1 7 . - 1 9Y . 12.-14.Y

1 7 . - 1 8Y.

7. EW 8. EW

7. EW

7.-8. EW

21.-25.Y 1 . - 2 .Y 1 0 . - 1 2Y.

6.M

17.-1A.Y

1 7 . - 1 8Y.

2.4.Y 9. EW

2.-4.Y 9. EW 2.-3. Y

3.-4.Y 9. EW 3 . - 4 .Y 1 . - 2 .Y 3.-5.Y

1 5 . -2 1. Y 5. EM 8. EM 9. EW

Os scaohoideum3.-6. M Os lunatum3.-6.Y Os trapezium3.-€. Y Os traDezoideum 3.-7. Y

Os Disiforme 8.-12.Y Os triouetrum 1.-4.Y Os hamatum2.-5. M Os caoitalum2.-4. M

F i g .1 3 A p p e a r a n c o e f o s s i f i c a t i ocne n t r e sa n d s y n o s s i fc a t i o na t t h e e p i p h y s e o s f t h e u p p e rL i m b I m e a n sa c c o r d i n gt o v . L A N Z1, 9 5 5 ;E X N E R1,9 9 0 ; HEUCa Kn d B A S T1, 9 9 4 J .

Talus7. EM Calcaneus 5.-6. EM Os naviculare4. Y Os cuboideum 10.EM

Os cuneiformemediale2.-3. Y Os cuneiformeintermedium3.-4. Y Os cuneiformelaterale12. M

Fig.14 Appearanceof ossificationcentresand synossification at the epiphysesof the lower [imb l m e a n sa c c o r d i n gt o v . L A N Z1, 9 5 5 ;E X N E R1,9 9 0 ; HEUCK and BAST,1994).

Met ab o I iscy s t e m s Activelocomotorsystem

F i g . 1 5 F i b r o u sj o i n t ,A r t i c u t a t i o fibrosa,exemplifiedby the sutures of the skutt.

F i g . 1 6 C a r t i [ a g i n o uj o s int, A r t i c u l a t i oc a r t i t a g i n e ae,x e m p t i fe d b y t h e p u b i cb o n es y m p h y s i s .

1 Synovialmembrane Synovialintima,Intima 1 b Subintimal layer,Subintima Fibrousmembrane 3 A-cells(macroohaqes) 4 B-cells(fibroblasts) 5 Fatcells 6 Capillaryvesselswith fenestration 7 Venules 8 Lymphatics 9 Nerves l 0 Collagenfibres

Fig.17 0sseousjoint, Articu[ato i os s e ae, x e m p I i f i e d b vt h es a c r u m .

Membranafibrosa lstratumfibrosuml

Capsula Membranasvnovialis articularis lstratumsynbviale]

Linea epiphysialis

Labrumarticulare

Recessusarticularis Membranasynovialis lstratumsynoviale] Capsula articularis Membranafibrosa lstratumfibrosum]

Vaginasynovialis

joint,Articutatio Fig.18a, b Synovial. exemplif ied synoviatis, b yt h es h o u t d ej or i n t . a S e c t i o inn t h es c a p u [ aprt a n e b S t r u c t u roef t h ej o i n tc a p s u [ e * T h e j o i n t c a v i t y ,C a v i t a sa r t i c u t a r i s i, s i t [ u s t r a t e db r o a d e rt o e n h a n c ev i s i b i t i t y .


tt "t

Joints

F i g . 1 9 a - g J o i n t s ,J u n c t u r a es y n o v i a L e s . a H i n g ej o i n t ,A r t i c u L a t ci oy I i n d r i c a b C o n o i dj o i n t ,A r t i c u t a t i oc o n o i d e a c P i v o ti o i n t .A r t i c u L a t itor o c h o i d e a

d e f g

C o n d y l ajro i n t ,A r t i c u L a t ioov o i d e a S a d d Ljeo i n t ,A r t i c u l a t i os e L t a r i s S p h e r o i d aj o I i n t ,A r t i c u t a t i os p h e r o i d e a P t a n ej o i n t ,A r t i c u L a t ipoL a n a

Planum sagittale, Axis transversalis Flexio, Anteversio

Rotatiointerna

F i g . 2 0 S p h e r o i d aj o t i n t I h i pj o i n t l , A r t i c u t a t i os p h e r o i d e a [ A r t i c u [ a t i co o x a e l .

Rotatio externa

Met ab o l iscy s t e m s I

C o n trosyste l rn s | Sltin

Activelocomotorsystem

Muscles

'1

Line of force of the muscle 2 Virtual lever arm of the muscle 3 Axis of rotation of the,oint

(Cavitassynovialis)

Mesotendineum

Epitendineum

Phalanx media

Fig.21 0rganisation p r i n c i p l eo f s k e l e t a L muscLes, exemptifieb dyt h e b r a c h i a m I u s c l e ,M . b r a c h i a t i s .

a M u s c u t u sf u s i f o r m i s

e M u s c u l uisn t e r s e c t u s

, a g i n at e n d i n i s , F i g . 2 2 S t r u c t u r eo f a t e n d o ns h e a t h V e x e m p t i fe d b y a f i n g e r .

b M u s c u L ubsi c e p s

f Musculussemipennatus

c M u s c u l u sb i v e n t e r

g M u s c u t upse n n a t u s

d M u s c u [ upst a n u s

Fig. 23 a-g Typesof musctes a S i n g L he e a d , p a r a L t emI u s c L ef i b r e s b D o u b t eh e a d , p a r a l l e Im u s c L ef i b r e s c Doubl.ebetty, p a r a L [ em I u s c L ef i b r e s d M u L t i - h e a df t,a t m u s c l e t yu s c t ew i t h e M u l . t i - b e Lm t e n d i n o u si n t e r s e c t i o n s f U n i p e n n a tm euscte g B i p e n n a t em u s c t e


Surface I Locomotorsystem

Skeletalmuscles

Mm capitis et colli

) U p p 6. t f t , 7 0 t l , 1 0 51f ,1 8 f f

lvlm thoraciset Mm abdominis

Fig.21 Overview o f t h e s k e t e t am l usctes

M e t a b o l iscy s t e m s I

C o n trosyste t ms

I St< in

Activelocomotorsystem

Skeletalmuscles

Mm nuchaeet Mm.dorsi

Fig, 25

Overviewof the sketetaImusc[es.

> GeneraIanatomy

system Surface I Locomotor Digestivesystem Respiratorysystem

Digestiveand respiratorysystem

Oesophagus

Hepar-

Pancreas

Vesica biliaris[fellea]

Intestinum crassum

Canalis analis

Anus

Fig.26

0verviewof the digestivesystem,

Sinusparanasales

Lobussuperior

L,,'o sinister Lobusinferior J

Fig.27

Overviewof the respiratorysystem.

Urinarytract

Genitatsystem 0rganprojections

Organa unnana

Ductusdeferens Vesicaurinaria

Urethramasculina

Glandula vesiculosa Ductusdeferens Prostata Glandula bulbourethralis

Organa genitalia masculinainterna

Penis Organa genitalia masculinaexterna

Epididymis Urethramasculina

Ductusdelerens Testis

Scrotum

F i g .2 8 O v e r v i e w o f t h e u r i n a r ya n d g e n i t a Is y s t e m of the mate.

Organa unnafla

Organa genitalia feminina interna

Organa genitalia temtntnaexterna

Clitoris Labiumminus pudendi Labiummajus pudendi

Fig.29 Overview o f t h e u r i n a r ya n d g e n i t a ls y s t e m of thefemate.

> Generat anatomy

Locomotorsystem Digestive system

lnternalorgans,projection

Oesophagus

Cor Diaphragma Hepar Gaster

SplenILien] Pancreas Duodenum Jejunum Ren Colon

Appendix vermiformis

Fig.30 Projection o f t h e i n t e r n a lo r g a n so n i o t h e s u r f a c eo f t h e b o d y

o f t h e i n t e r n a Io r g a n so n t o Fig.31 Projection the surfaceof the body.

Respiratory system

Metabolicsystems I Urinarytract

Controlsystems

I Skin

GenitaIsystem Organprojections

InternaI organs,p rojection

Hepar Gaster Vesica biliaris Splen [Lien]

Colon Ren Intestinum tenue

Fig.32 Projection of the internaL o r g a n so n t o t h e s u r f a c eo f t h e b o d v .

o f t h e i n t e r n a lo r g a n so n t o Fig.33 Projection the surfaceof the bodv.

G e n e r aaI n a t o m y

Surface I Locomotor systern Cardiovascutarsystem Nervoussystern

Arteries

A. carotiscommunis

A subclavia Arcusaortae Truncusbrachiocephalicus

Parsascendens aortae [Aortaascendens] Cor Parsdescendensaortae[Aortadescendens], Parsthoracicaaortae[Aortathoracica] Truncuscoeliacus A mesenterica suoerior A renalis Pars descendens aortae [Aorta descendens], Pars abdominalisaortae [Aorta abdominalis]

A. testicularis* Bifurcatioaortae A mesenterica inferior A iliacacommunis A iliaca externa A iliaca interna

A, tibialisposterior

A tibialisanterior

A fibularis

A dorsalispedis

F i g .3 4 O v e r v i e w o f t h e a r t e r i e so f t h e s y s t e m i cc i r c u L a t i o n . x In thefemate: ovarian artery,A ovarica

M e t a b o t i cs y s t e m s E n d o c r i noer o a n s

1 Parsascendens aortae 2 Bulbusaortae 3 Aa coronariae 4 Arcusaortae 5 lsthmusaortae 6 Truncusbrachiocephalicus 7 A carotiscommunis sinistra I A subclaviasinistra 9 A carotiscommunis dextra 10 A subclaviadextra 11 A. carotisinterna 12 carotisexterna '13 A thoracicaaortae '14 Pars Parsabdominalis aortae 15 A. sacralismediana 16 Bifurcatio aortae 17 A iliacacommunis 18 A iliacainterna 19 A iliacaexterna

F i g . 3 5 a - g A o r t a ,A o r t a ,a n d g r e a t e r ar t e n e s ; s c h e m ao f t h e b r a n c h i n gp a t t e r n . a Aorta,Aorta b S u b c t a v i aanr t e r y ,A s u b c t a v i a c ExternaIcarotidartery,A. carotisexterna d C o e t i a ct r u n k ,T r u n c u sc o e t i a c u s e S u p e r i o ra n d i n f e r i o rm e s e n t e r i ca r t e r y , A a . m e s e n t e r i c aseu o e r i o re t i n f e r i o r f E x t e r n a L i L i a cr t e r y ,A . i L i a c ae x t e r n a g I n t e r n a Ii L i a ca r t e r y ,A i t i a c ai n t e r n a

'1 A carotiscommunis 2 A carotisexterna 3 A. carotisinterna 4 A. thyroidea superior 5 A. pharyngea ascendens 6 A lingualis

7 A facialis 8 A occipitalis posterior 9 A auricularis 10 A. temporalis superficialis 11 A. maxillaris

Truncuscoeliacus A gastricasinistra A hepatica communis A splenica

1 A mesenterica supenor 2 A pancreaticoduodenalisinlerior 3 Aa jejunales 4 Aa ileales 5 A. ileocolica

6 7 8 9 10 11

A. iliaca communis A iliaca interna A iliaca externa A epigastricainferior A circumflexailium profunda R pubicus

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

laterales 8 Aa sacrales I A. gluteasuperior 10 A umbilicalis, Parspatens inferior 11 A. vesicalis 12 A. rectalismedia

1 2 3 4 5

A subclavia interna A thoracica Truncusthyrocervicalis Truncuscostocervicalis A vertebralis

1 2 3 4

1 2 3 4 5 6

A iliacacommunis A iliacaexterna A. iliacainterna A obturatoria A. pudendainterna A. gluteainferior A, iliolumbalis

A colica dextra A colica media A. mesentericainferior A colica sinistra Aa sigmoideae A rectalissuperior


[.-ocomotor system Cardiovascularsystem Nervoussystem

Veins

V jugularis externa V jugularis anterior V jugularis interna

V brachioceDhalicasinistra

V brachioceohalicadextra V subclavia

V cavasuperior V thoracicainterna

V axillaris V cephalica

W hepaticae V basilica Vv brachiales

V testicularis sinistra' V portaehepatis

V medianacubiti

V splenica

V testicularis dextra* V mesenterlca inferior V iliacacommunis V mesenterica superior

V iliaca interna

V cavainlerior

V iliaca externa

V saphenamagna V saphenaparva

V tibialisanterior

V tibialisposterior

F i g .3 6 O v e r v i e w o f t h e v e i n so f t h e s y s t e m i c c i rcuLation S u p e r f i c i avIe i n sa r e i t I u s t r a t e d on t h e r i g h t [ e ga n d d e e pv e i n so n t h e l e f t . * In thefema[e: ovarian vein.V.ovarica

Me t a b o t iscy s t e m s E n d o c r i noer g a n s

1 2 3 4 5

V cavasuperior V brachiocephalica dextra V brachiocephalica sinistra V jugularisinterna V subclavia

6 7 8 9

V azygos posteriores Vv. intercostales V hemiazygos accessoria V hemiazygos

F i g . 3 7 S u p e r i o rv e n ac a v a V , . c a v as u p e r i o r ; s c h e m ao f t h e t r i b u t a r i e s

(Sinus valvulae)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

V cavainferior V.sacralismediana V iliacacommunis V iliacainterna V iliacaexterna V phrenicainferior W hepaticae

8 V renalis 9 V testicularis/ovarica 10 V suprarenalis posteriores 11 intercostales .12W V lumbalis ascendens 13 W lumbales 14 V iliolumbalis

Fig, 38 Inferiorvena cava,V. cavainferior; s c h e m ao f t h e t r i b u t a r i e s .

(Sinus valvulae)

Valvulae venosae

1 R sinister

F i g . 3 9 F u n c t i o n apI r i n c i p l .oef v e n o u sv a t v e s . T h ea r r o w sp o i n t i n gu p w a r d si n d i c a t et h e f l o w of blood.The vatvesctoseuoon backftowof the b [ o o dI a r r o w sp o i n t i n gd o w n w a r d s )

2 3 4 5 6 7 8

B. dexter V portaehepatis V gastricadextra V gastroomentalis dextra V colicadextra V mesenterica superior Vv.jeiunales et ilei

9 V rectalissuperior 10 Vv sigmoideae 11 V colicasinistra 12 V colicamedia 13 V gastroomentalis sinistra 14 V mesenterica inferior 15 V splenica 16 V gastricasinistra

F i g . 4 0 H e p a t i cp o r t a Iv e i n ,V . p o r t a eh e p a t i s .


l"-*cwm"r mtmn $y,$ts$T\

Foetalcirculation

Aa pulmonales

Arcus aortae

Truncusbrachiocephalicus

V cavasuperior

Foramen ovale *

Atriumcordisdextrum Ventriculus cordissinister

Septuminterventriculare

V cava inferior

Ventriculus cordisdexter Vv hepaticae

Pars thoracica aortae [Aorta thoracica]

.'/

Truncuscoeliacus

I I I

A mesenterica superior

Vesica biliaris Aa renales V umbilicalis Aa lumbales V cava inlerior Pars abdominalisaortae [Aorta abdominalis]

V i l i a c ac o m m u n i s

A mesentericainferior V umbilicalis Aa umbrlrcales Bifurcatioaodae

A i l i a c ac o m m u n i s

A iliaca externa A iliaca interna

Aa umbrlrcales Placenta

F i g .1 1 S c h e m ao f f o e t a Ic i r c u L a t i o n T h e d i f f e r e n ct o L o u r si n d i c a t et h e o x v q e nc o n t e n ti n t h e b L o o d : red= richin oxygen, b L u e= p o o r i n o x y g e n , o u r o L e= m i x e db L o o d . A r r o w si n d i c a t et h e d i r e c t i o no f t h e b t o o df L o w * Short-circu b iet t w e etnh er i g h ta n dt h el e f ta t r i u m ** Short-circu b iet t w e etnh ep u t m o n a tr ryu n ka n dt h ea r c ho f a o r t a * * * S h o r t - c i r c bu ei tt w e etnh eu m b i [ i c a ve I i na n dt h ei n f e r i ovre n ac a v a

Vesicaurinaria

C o n v e r s i o nf r o m f o e t a Lt o o o s t n a t a I c i r c u L a t i o n : + T h ev a L v e - [ i kceo n n e c t i o bn e t w e e nt h e r i g h ta n d t h e l e f t a t r i u mv i a t h e f o r a m e no v a t ei s p a s s i v e Lc y[ o s e da t t h e o n s e to f r e s p i r a t o r y a c t i v i t yi n t h e I u n g s * * T h e d u c t u sa r t e r i o s u sI a o T A r r o ]o, n t h e o t h e rh a n d ,c t o s e so n t y d u r i n gt h e f i r s t m o n t h so f L i f ea s i t s [ u m e ng r a d u a L toyb [ i t e r a t ebs y e o i t h e t i aoLr o t i f e r a t i oann d i n c r e a s e tde n s i o no f t h e w a I L * * * T h e d u c t u sv e n o s u s{ A R A N T I UoS b JL i t e r a t easf t e rb i r t ha n d b e c o m e s theIigamentum v e n o s u mi n t h e p o r t a Ia r e ao f t h e I i v e r .

Met ab o t iscy s t e ms I

C o n trosyste l ms

I Skin

E n d o c r i noer g a n s

Lymphatic

Truncusjugularis V jugularis interna Ductuslymphaticus dexter (Angulus venosus) V subclavia

Nodi lymphoideicervicales

Truncusbronchomediastinalis Truncussubclavius Ductusthoracicus Nodi lymphoideiaxillares

Parsabdominalis chyli Cisterna Trunciintestinales Truncilumbales Nodi lymphoideipelvis parietales et viscerales

Nodi lymphoideiinguinales

Vasa lymphatica

Fig. 1,2 Overviewof the L y m p h a t iscy s t e m .

Nodi lymphoidei cervicales laterales Nodi lymphoidei axillares

Nodi lymphoidei axillares

F i g . 4 3a , b D r a i n a g ea r e a so f r e g i o n a l[y m p hn o d e s T h e d r a i n a g eo f r e g i o n a l y m p hn o d e s v a r i e sc o n s i d e r a b [bye t w e e ni n d i v i d u a [ s . T h e yo v e r l a pi n d r a i n i n gt o l y m p hn o d e s o f t h e i p s i t a t e r aaI s w e t La s o f t h e c o n t r a [ a t e r asLi d eo f t h e b o d v .

> Generat anatomy

Systemanervosum centrale

Surface I Locomotorsystem

Systemanervosum periphericum

c1 2 Truncuscerebri

J

Plexus cervicalis

4 5 6 7

Plexus brachialis

8 T1 Medulla spinalis

3 4 5 o

7

Nn intercostales

I 9 10 11 12 LI Plexus lumbalis 4 5 S1 2 3

5 Cc1

Fig, lrl Overviewof the centraIand peripheraInervoussystem.

Plexus sacralis

E n d o c r i noer g a n s

Cerebrum

Nn, craniales

Pons Cerebellum VI vil, vill XI Medulla oblongata

lvledullaspinalis

I ll lll lV V Vl Vll Vlll lX X Xl Xll

Nn. olfactorii N. opticus N. oculomotorius N trochlearis N. trigeminus N. abducens N. tacialis N. vestibulocochlearis N. glossopharyngeus N. vagus N. accessorius N. hypoglossus

F i g . 4 5 O v e r v i e wo f t h e b r a i n a n d the craniaI nerves.

N hypoglossus [Xlll

N occipitalisminor

Plexuscervicalis

N hypoglossus [Xll] N auricularis magnus N transversuscolli Ansacervicalis, Radixsuperior Ansacervicalis, Radixinferior (R trapezius)

N dorsalisscapulae N phrenicus Nn supraclaviculares Plexusbrachialis

N. suprascapularis N subscapularis N subclavius posterior Fasciculus N. axillaris N thoracodorsalis Fasciculus lateralis N thoracicus longus

Truncus supenor Truncus meorus

N radialis

Truncus inferior

Fasciculus medialis N. musculocutaneus N medianus

N .u l n a r i s N. cutaneus antebrachiimedialis N. cutaneus brachii medialis

N. intercostobrachialis N thoracicus [T2], N intercostalis

Fig.46 Overviewof the cervical , t e x u sc e r v i c a t i s andbrachiap I lexusP et brachia[is.

system Locomotor CardiovascutarsystemNervoussystem

PeripheraI nervous system

N. subcostalis R. cutaneuslateralis N iliohypogastricus

Plexuslumbalis

N ilioinguinalis

Plexus lumbosacralis

N. femoralis L5

N obturatorius Truncuslumbosacralis N gluteussuperior

S1

Plexussacralis N. gluteusinferior

N cutaneus lemorisoosterior N. pudendus inferiores Nn.analesIrectales] N coccygeus N anococcygeus

plexus, of the [umbosacral Fig,17 Overview P L e x u[ su m b o s a c r aIl P . i s[ e x u[su m b a Lei st s a c r a t i s ] , a n dt h ec o c c y g e pa lLe x u sP, L e x ucso c c y g e u s .

sensorium Ganglion nervispinalis Truncusnervi spinalis trunci Ganglion sympathici N splanchnicus maJor

Nn. spinales

R. cutaneus anterior

Nn. ceruicales Nn thoracici Nn. lumbales Nn. sacrales N coccygeus

F i g . 4 8 S c h e m ao f s p i n a ln e r v e s e x e m o t i fe d b v t w o t h o r a c i cn e r v e s .

Metabotic systems I

Controtsystems

I St Generalanatomy

systern Nervoussystem Cardiovascutar

Autonomous nervous svstem

Parsparasympathica

Parssympathica

N. oculomotorius illll N. facialis[Vll] N. glossopharyngeus flXl N vagus[X]

Truncussympathicus

Ganglion coeliacum

mesentericum Ganglion superlus

mesentericum Ganglion inferius Nn. splanchnicipelvici

F i g , 5 1 P e r i p h e r apl a r t so f t h e a u t o n o m o u s nervoussystem S y m p a t h e t ifci b r e so f t h e [ i m b st r a v e L a l o n gw i t h a r t e r i e s .

Metabolic systems I

Control. systems

I SttrLUUt t.

Surface lSketetonl Musctes

>Head

Regio orbitalis Regio inlraorbitalis Regio zygomatica

Regio oralis Regio buccalis

Trigonum iigonumsubmentale Trigonum ?igonumsubmandibulare

) I l-"-9i9-,,-

rrisonum caroticum

I

ffii:',"#"

/Trigonummusculare lomotracheale], Regio sternocleidomastoidea

minor Fossasuoraclavicularis

Trigonum omoclavrculare

F i g .5 9 R e g i o n so f t h e h e a da n d t h e n e c k , R e g i o n e cs a p i t i se t c o t l i .

Regioparietalis

Regio temporalis

Regio frontalis

Regio orbitalis

Regionasalis Regio

Regioinfraorbitalis Regiooralis Regiobuccalis Regio mentalis

/ submandibulare f Trigonum

Regio sternocleidomastoidea

...1 t"#i!i';? caroticum ""n'" ] rrisonum

I rr'nonrr musculare lomotracheale]

Regiocervicalisposterior ) Regio .. I cervrcails Trigonum omoctavrcutare J lateralis

minor Fossasuoraclavicularis Regio deltoidea

F i g . 5 0 R e g i o n so f t h e h e a da n d t h e n e c k , R e g i o n e cs a p i t i se t c o [ [ i .

Topography

Arcuszygomaticus

Aperturapiriformis

, ranium. F i g .6 1 S k u L [C

Surface lSketetonl Muscles of theskull

Os trontale, Squamalrontalis

Suturainternasalis Os nasale Maxilla, Proc frontalis

Suturafrontonasalis

Suturaf rontolacrimalis Suturafrontomaxillaris Suturasphenofrontalis Margosupraorbitalis

Foramensupraorbitale

Suturacoronalis

Os parietale

Os parietale, Angulussphenoidalis Sutura sphenoparietalis

Os sphenoidale, Ala major

Os sphenoidale, Ala major, Faciesorbitalis

Os frontale, Parsorbitalis Os frontale, Proc zygomaticus

Os temporale

Fissura

Suturafrontozygomatica

orbitalissuperior Os sphenoidale, Ala minor

Os lacrlmale


Sutura sphenozygomatica

Os zygomaticum

Fissuraorbitalisinferior

Suturanasomaxillaris

Margo infraorbitalis

Foramen infraorbitale

Suturazygomaticomaxillaris Concha nasalis media

. f Os ethmoidale seprumnasr] osseumI \ vomer

Concha nasalis inferior

Maxilla, Proc alveolaris Ramus mandibulae Spina nasalis anterior Sutura intermaxillaris

Foramenmentale

Corpusmandibulae

Os frontale

X

f,, ii

Os temporale

Vomer

Os nasale


Os ethmoidale

Maxilla

Mandibula

Os parietale

os zygomaticum

Os lacrimale

Os sphenoidale

F i g . 6 2 B o n e so f t h e s k u [ t ,0 s s a c r a n i i .

Bonesof theskull

Os parietale

Suturasquamosa Suturacoronalis

superior Lineatemporalis

inferior Lineatemooralis

Tuberparietale

Linea temporalis

Sutura sphenozygomatica

Sutura squamosa

Sutura frontozygomatica US

Sutura parietomastoidea

Sutura frontolacrimalis Os lacrimale

Sutura lambdoidea

Sutura lacflmo-

maxillaris Os nasale Sutura nasomaxillaris

Spina nasalrs anterior

Suturaoccioitomastoidea

Sutura zygomaticomaxillaris

Porusacusticusexternus Condylus occipitalis Proc styloideus

Sutura temporozygomatica

Protuberantia mentalis Foramenmentale

Os frontale Os parietale

I I

Os occipitale Os nasale

X

,, |:

Os lacrimale

Os temporale

Os zygomaticum

Maxilla

Os sphenoidale

Mandibula

Os ethmoidale

F i g . 5 3 B o n e so f t h e s k u L tO , s s ac r a n i i .

> Head

M us c tes

Bonesof theskull

Tuberfrontale

Sutura coronalis

Llnea

temporalis supenor

Lrnea temporalis interior

Tuber parietale

Suturasagittalis

Foramen parietale

Sutura lambdoidea

Os nasale

Os parietale

Os frontale

Os occipitale

F i g . 6 1 B o n e so f t h e s k u L LO, s s ac r a n i i ; s u p e n o rv r e w .

To pogr a p h y Bonesof theskull

Suturasagittalis

Foramenparietale

(Osinterparietale; Os Incae)

Sutura lambdoidea

(Suturaoccipitalis transversa,Var.)

Ossasuturalia

Sutura squamosa Sutura parietomastoidea Sutura occipitomastoidea Foramen mastoideum

Incisuramastoidea

Proc,styloideus Protuberantia externa occipitalis

Linea nuchalisinferior Linea nuchalissuDerior

I

osparietate

Os temporale

F i g .6 5 B o n e so f t h e s k u I t ,0 s s a c r a n i i ; o o s t e r i o vr i e w .

Os occipitale

> Head

t t

uatu,

Bonesof theskull

Foramenparietale

Sulciarteriosi

Suturacoronalis Os temporale, Pars squamosa

Dorsumsellae

Sella turcica

Lamina et Foraminacribrosa

Sinuslrontalis

Eminentia arcuata

Foramen caecum Crista galli

Osnasale---1p............. Os ethmoidale, Lamtna perpendicularis Sinus sphenoidalis

Squama occipitalis Protuberantia occipitalis externa Sulcussinustransversi

Canalis Inctstvus

Sulcussinussigmoidei

Proc palatinus, Crista nasalrs

Foramen mastoideum

Poruset Meatusacusticus internus Canalis nervi hypoglossi

Proc styloideus

Os palatinum Hamuluspterygoideus

Proc pterygoideus,Lamina medialis Proc pterygoideus,Lamina lateralis

Proc pterygoideus, Fossapterygoidea

Os frontale

Os sphenoidale

Os parietale

Os temporale

Os occipitale

l\ilaxilla

Os nasale

Vomer

Os ethmoidale

Os palatinum

F i g . 6 5 B o n e so f t h e s k u l t ,0 s s ac r a n i i ; mediatview.

Topogr a p h y Bonesof theskull

cristafrontalis

Sulcussinussagittalis superioris

Foveolaegranulares

Suturacoronalis

Sulcussinussagittalis supenons

Os occipitale

Suturalambdoidea

Os frontale

osparietate

I

Fig. 67 i^+^-^^l il ttct I tdt

Calvaria,CaLvaria; ^-^^^+ d>PcL(.

Os occipitale

Head

Musc[es

Bonesof theskull

Cristafrontalis Sulcussinussagittalis superioris

Foramen caecum Ala cristae galli

Tuberculum sellae

Crista galli Lamina et Foraminacribrosa

gyrorum rmpressrones

Os sphenoidale, Corpus

Dorsum sellae Proc clinoideusposterior

Canalis opticus

Fissuraorbitalissuperior Suturasphenof rontalis I

Os sphenoidale,Ala minor Fossa hypophysialis

Foramenrotundum

Proc clinoideusanterior

Sulcuscaroticus

Lingulasphenoidalis

Sutura

Foramenlacerum

spnenosquamosa

Sulcus arteriosus

Foramen ovale

Fissura petrooccipitalis

Foramen sprnosum

Spinaossis sphenoidalis Sulcusinus petrosi inferioris

Os temporale, Pars squamosa

Fissura perrosquamosa

Sulcusnervi petrosiminoris

Porus acusticus Internus

Sulcusnervi petrosimajoris

Margosuperior partis pelrosae

Margosuperior partispetrosae

Foramen lugurare

Os temporale, Pars petrosa

Sulcussinus sigmoidei

Sulcusinus petrosisuperioris

Canalis condylaris Foramen mastoideum

Sutura occipitomastoidea

Fossasubarcuata

Canalis nervi hypoglossi Foramen jugulare

Clivus Canalis nervi hypoglossi

Sulcussinustransversi

Protuberantia interna occioitalis

Foramenmagnum (Cristaoccipitalisinterna)

Sulcussinussagittalis superioris

Os frontale

Os ethmoidale

Os temporale

Os parietale

Os sphenoidale

Os occipitale

F i g . 5 8 I n t e r n a sL u r f a c eo f t h e b a s eo f t h e s k u L t , B a s i sc r a n i i n t e r n a .

To p o g r a p h y Bonesof theskull

Laminacribrosa

,)..-'.

Canalisopticus

Fissuraorbitalis supenor

Fossa cranii anterior

Foramenrotundum

Foramen ovale

Foramenlacerum; Fissura spnenoperrosa Fossacranii media Foramen sprnosum

Canaliscaroticus, Aperturainterna

Porusacusticus internus jugulare Foramen

Canalisnervi hypoglossi

Fossa cranii posterior

Foramen magnum

F i g . 6 9 I n t e r n a sI u r f a c eo f t h e b a s eo f t h e s k u [ t , B a s i sc r a n i ii n t e r n a a , n df o r a m i n a F , oramina

> Head 3w

M us c l es

Bonesof theskull

Foramenincisivum Spinanasalisposterior

Sutura palatinamediana

Vomer,Alaevomeris

Maxilla, Proc palatinus

Os palatinum, Proc pyramidalis

transversa Suturaoalatina

Maxilla, Proc zygomaticus

Os oalatinum.Lamina horizontalis

Proc pterygoideus, Lamina medialis

majus Foramenpalatinum

Hamuluspterygoideus Fissuraorbitalisinferior Proc pterygoideus, Laminalateralis

Arcuszygomalicus


Crista infratemporalis Proc pterygoideus, Laminamedialis

Os temporale, Proc zygomaticus

Foramen ovale Tuberculum pnaryngeum

Foramen lacerum Foramen sprnosum

Tuberculum articulare

Fossa mandibularis

Canalis caroticus

Spina ossis sphenoidalis

Canaliculus mastoideus

Proc slyloideus Foramen stylomastoideum

lvleatus acusticus exlernus Fossa jugularis

Proc mastoideus Inctsura mastoidea

Foramen lugurare

Canalis nervi hypoglossi

Os parietale Foramen mastoideum

Fossula petrosa Condylus occipitalis Foramenmagnum Canalis condylaris

Linea nuchalissuperior

Linea nuchalis inferior

Protuberantiaoccioitalisexterna

Maxilla Os frontale Os parietale

I

ffi

Os palatinum

Os sphenoidale

Vomer

Os temporale

Os zygomaticum

Os occipitale

F i g .7 0 E x t e r n a sLu r f a c eo f t h e b a s eo f t h e s k u [ 1 , B a s i sc r a n i ie x t e r n a

T o p o g r a p h y|

O rg a na re a s I S e cti o ns Bonesof theskull

Foramina incisiva

Palatumdurum

Foramen palatinummajus

Foramina palatina mtnora

Fissura orbitalis inferior

Arcuszygomaticus

Fossa infratemporalis

Foramen ovate

Choana Foramen sptnosum

Foramen lacerum; Fissura sphenopetrosa

Porusacusticus externus

Canalis caroticus, Apertura externa

Foramen stylomastoideum

Foramen jugulare

Canalis nerui hypoglossi

Foramen magnum

F i g . 7 1 E x t e r n a sLu r f a c eo f t h e b a s eo f t h e s k u [ 1 , B a s i sc r a n i ie x t e r n aa, n d f o r a m i n a F , oramina.

> Head

Surface lSkel.etonl Muscles

SkulL,radiography

Sutura lambdoidea

Suturasagittalis

Cellulaeethmoidales

Sinus frontales

Crista galli

lvlargo supraorbitalis

Meatusnasimedius Fissuraorbitalissuperior

Parspetrosa Os temporale, Meatus nasi superior Septum nasi

l\4eatusacusticusexternus

Concha nasalis media

Cellulaemastoideae

Sinus maxillaris Concha nasalis inferior

Proc mastoideus

Spina nasalis anterior

Ramusmandibulae

Palatum durum Axis, Dens

l\4eatus nasiinferior Densincisivus

Cavitas nasi

Corpusmandibulae

, ranium; F i g . 7 2 S k u L tC A P - t e t e r aido gr ap h . * I n n o m i n aItien e L, i n e ai n n o m i n a taap, r o j e c t i oLni n e withoutanatomicaI corre[ate

't'r:nr:qr*p:hy |

ilr13arrili'ejl", |

.*rtinns

Skull,radiography

Lamrna externa Diplod Lamina interna Proc c lin o i d e u s anterior

Sutura coronalis

Proc clinoideus posterior

Fossa hypophysialis Os frontale, Pars orbitalis Sutura lambdoidea Fossa mandibularis

Sinus frontalis Cellulae ethmoidales Os nasale

Cellulae mastoideae

Sinus sphenoidalis lvleatus acusticus externus

Sinus maxillaris

Caput mandibulae

Palatum durum

Atlas, Arcus anterior Atlas, Tuberculum posterius Axis, Dens

Proc sprnosus vertebrae ceruicalisll

mandibulae

Cartilagoepiglottica

\ \ os hyotderm, Corpus

F i g . 7 3 S k u [ 1C, r a n i u m ; [ a t e r aLt e L e r a d i or g ap h * Posterio wra [ [o f t h em a x i L t asriyn u s

Ramus mandibulae

> Head

Surface lSkeletonl

Skull,development

Fonticulus anterior

Os parietale

Suturacoronalis

(Suturafrontalis)

Os frontale,Tuberfrontale

Maxilla, Proc frontalis

Foramensupraorbitale

Os nasale

Os temporale

Ala major Os sphenoidale, Septumnasiosseum Forameninfraorbitale

Os zygomaticum

Densdeciduus

Mandibula

Foramen mentale

(Symphysis mandibulae)

F i g . 7 t , S k u [ t ,C r a n i u m o , f a neonate.

Os lacrimale

Os occipitale

Os ethmoidale

Os frontale

Maxilla,Os incisivum

Os sphenoidale

Os parietale

Os zygomaticum

Mandibula Os nasale,Os temporale,

Fonticulus anterior

Suturacoronalis

Os frontale, Tuber frontale

Tuberparietale Os parietale,

Fonticulus sphenoidalis Os sphenoidale,Ala major

posterior Fonticulus Os zygomaticum Squamaoccipitalis

Apedurapiriformis

Sutura lambdoidea

Mandibula

Fonticulus mastoideus Anulustympanicus

Parspetrosa Os temporale,

Os occioitale.Parslateralis

, f a neonate. F i g .7 5 S k u t t ,C r a n i u m o

Muscles

Suturafrontalis

Os frontale.Squamafrontalis Suturacoronalis

Fonticulus anterior

Os parietale,Tuberparietale

posterior Fonticulus Suturasagittalis

Suturalambdoidea Os occipitale,Squamaoccipitalis

F i g . 7 6 S k u [ t ,C r a n i u m o , f a neonate.

I I

Vomer

Os occipitale,Os palatinum

Maxilla, Os incisivum

Os frontale

Os temporale

Os zygomaticum

Os parietale

Mandibula

Ossphenoidale

W

Fonticulusposterior

Os occipitale,Squama occipitalis Os parietale

(Suturaoccipitalis transversa,Var.)

Fonticulus mastoideus Os temporale,Parspetrosa Os occioitale. Pars lateralis

Os temporale, Parssquamosa

Foramenmagnum Parstympanica, Anulustympanicus Os temporale,Parspetrosa Os sphenoidale, Proc.pterygoideus Vomer Os oalatinum. Laminahorizontalis

Maxilla.Proc. Dalatinus

(Osincisivum) Mandibula

F i g . 7 7 S k u [ t ,C r a n i u m o , f a neonate.

M us c tes Frontaland ethmoidalbone

Faciesexterna Souamafrontalis. Tuberfrontale

Margo parietalis

Arcussuperciliaris

lncisurafrontalis

Parsnasalis

Fig.78

Spinanasalis

FrontaLbone,Os fronta[e.

Souamafrontalis Os frontale. lncisurasuoraorbitalis Laminaet Foramina cribrosa Margosupraorbitalis Fossaglandulae lacrimalis

Labvrinthus ethmoidalis Proc zygomaticus

Margosupraorbitalis

Laminaperpendicularis Laminaet Foramina cribrosa

Os lrontale

X

osethmoidate

F i g . 7 9 F r o n t a lb o n e ,0 s f r o n t a [ ee; t h m o i d a bI o n e , 0 s e t h m o i d a t ea, n d n a s a lb o n e s ,O s s an a s a t i a .


O rg a na re a s I S e cti o ns Maxillaandpalatinebone

Proc frontalis, Cristalacrimalis anterior Margo lacrimalis

Incisura lacrimalis lvlargoinfraorbitalis Forameninfraorbitale Facies orbitalis

(Cristazygomaticoalveolaris)

Sulcus infraorbitalis

Fossacanina

Facies infratemporalis

lncisuranasalis Foramina alveolaria

Soinanasalisanterior

Proc zygomaticus Juga alveolaria Tuber maxillae

Proc alveolaris

F i g .8 0

MaxiLLM a ,a x i l . t a .

Margo lacrimalis

Cristaethmoidalis

Maxilla,Proc frontalis

Sulcuslacrimalis Cristaconchalis Maxilla, Facies nasalis Spina nasalis anletiot -.1 Crista conchalis

Spinanasalisposterior

Maxilla.Proc. oalatinus

Suturapalatinatransversa Maxilla Os palatinum

F i g .8 1 M a x i t [ aM , a x i l . t aa,n d p a t a t i n eb o n e , 0s patatinum.


Laminaet Foramina cribrosa Squamafrontalis, Faciesinterna Cristasphenoidalis

Sinus sphenoidalis

Sinus frontalis

Fossahypophysialis Dorsumsellae

Sutura frontonasalis Os nasale

Os sphenoidale,

Corpus Os ethmoidale, Laminaperpendicularis

Alavomeris Septum nastosseum Proc.pterygoideus, Laminamedialis

Maxilla, Proc frontalis

Proc.pterygoideus, Laminalateralis

Os lacrimale

Spinanasalisposterior Hamuluspterygoideus Os palatinum, Laminahorizontalis

Maxilla, Proc. palatinus

Maxilla

Os palatinum

Os frontale

Os ethmoidale

Os nasale

I

Os sphenoidale

F i g . 8 2 B o n yn a s asI e p t u m , S e o t u mn a s o i sseum.

Vomer Os lacrimale

Laminaet Foramina cribrosa

Conchanasalissuperior

Crista galli

Sinussphenoidalis Foramen sohenoDalatinum

Os nasale

Corpus Os sphenoidale,

Hiatusmaxillaris


Clivus Os occipitale

Conchanasalisinferior

Os palatinum, Laminaperpendicularis Proc.pterygoideus, Laminamedialis

Spina nasalis anterior Canalis incisivus

Hamuluspterygoideus Laminahorizontalis Os Dalatinum.


Fig. 83 Lateralwat[ of the nasaIcavity, C a v i t a sn a s i . Os parietale


Maxilla

Os sphenoidale

Os frontale

Os occipitale

Os nasale

Os palatinum

X

Os ethmoidale Os lacrimale

Sinusfrontalis Apertura * sinuslrontalis Aperturasinussphenoidalis

Concha nasalis supenor

Sinussphenoidalis Os nasale Foramen sphenopalatinum

Os lacrimale Proc.uncinatus

Os palatinum, Cristaethmoidalis

Hiatus maxillaris

Conchanasalisinferior, Proc ethmoidalis

Spina nasalis anterior

Canalis tnctstvus

Spinanasalisposterior

Fig. 84 Lateralwa[[ of the nasalcavity, C a v i t a sn a s i ; t h e m i d d t en a s a Ic o n c h ah a s b e e n removed. ' Probelocated in thepassage fromthefrontal n a s am L eatus s i n u st o t h em i d d [ e

> Head

M us c tes

Hardpalate

Sinusmaxillaris

, a t a t u md u r u m ; m a x i l t a r ys i n u s , F i g .8 5 H a r dp a [ a t e P S i n u sm a x i [ L a r i sa,n d i n f e r i o rn a s a Ic o n c h a C , oncha n a s a L i isn f e r i o r .

lvlaxilla

Os sphenoidale

Os palatinum

Concha nasalis lnlerior

Laminahorizontalis Os oalatinum.

Maxilla,Proc zygomaticus

(Suturaincisiva)

(Osincisivum) Foramenincisivum

F i g .8 6

Suturaoalatinamediana

, a t a t u md u r u m . H a r dp a [ a t e P

To p o g r a p h y fossa 0rbit andpterygopalatine

Proc orbitalis Os palatinum, Fissuraorbitalisinlerior Os sphenoidale,Ala major 1.-

Os zygomaticum

Fossa saccilacrimalis

F i 9 .8 7

B a s eo f t h e o r b i t ,0 r b i t a

oszygomaticum

I

Os temporale

Maxilla

I

Os lacrimale

Os palatinum

Os ethmoidale

Os sphenoidale

Os frontale

Arcuszygomaticus

infratemporalis Foramen zygomaticofaciale

Foramenovale Foramen spinosum Ala major, Spinaossissphenoidalis Proc pterygoideus

(Crista zygomaticoalveolaris)

Os palatinum, Laminaperpendicularis, Fossapterygopalatina Proc.pyramidalis Os palatinum,

Foraminaalveolaria

Fig. 88

Os sphenoidale, Proc pterygoideus, Hamuluspterygoideus

Pterygopatatine fossa,Fossapterygopalatina.

> Head

M us c l es

0rbit

Foraminaethmoidalia anterius et poslerius

Canalisopticus

Incisura lrontalis

Fissura orbitalis superior Os ethmoidale, Lamina orbitalis

(Sutura zygomaticofrontalis)

Suturalrontomaxillaris

Alaminor

) I l Os sphenoidale - Ala major, I Faciesorbitalis./

Os nasale Cristalacrimalis anterior

Os zygomaticum, Faciesorbitalis

posterior Cristalacrimalis

Foramen zygomaticolaciale Fissura orbitalisinlerior

Os palatinum, Proc orbitalis

Sulcusinlraorbitalis Foramen infraorbitale: Canalis inlraorbitalis

Suturazygomaticomaxillaris

Fig.89 0rbit,0rbita; orobelocatedin the infra-orbitaI c a n a tC . a n a L i sn fr a o r b i t a [ r s

I

Os nasale

m

Os frontale Os palatinum

Vomer

Os temporale

Os zygomaticum


Maxilla

Os sphenoidale

Os ethmoidale

Os lacrimale

Cellulaeethmoidales

Sinusfrontalis

Crista galli Os ethmoidale,Lamina perpendicularis

Os frontale,Parsorbitalis

Fissuraorbitalis supenor Os temporale, Parssquamosa

Ala minor

Ala malor, Faciesorbitalis Fissuraorbitalis inferior

Os zygomaticum Os palatinum Sinus maxillaris Concha nasalis media

Vomer


Maxilla.Proc alveolaris Dens molaris Maxilla,Proc palatinus

Cavitasnasi,Meatusnasiinferior

Fig.90 Faciatsketeton,Viscerocranium; f r o n t a Ls e c t i o n .


0 r g a na re a s I S e cti o n s

Os parietale

Squama lrontalis, Facies interna

Suturasphenofrontalis Parssquamosa Os temporale, Alaminor Ala major, ) FaciesorbitalisI Os sPhenoidale I - Corpus )

Foramina zygomaticoorbitalia

Sinussphenoidalis Foramenrotundum

Canalisinfraorbitalis

Canalispterygoideus Fossapterygopalatina

Sinusmaxillaris

Proc pterygoideus Hamuluspterygoideus major Canalispalatinus Alveoli dentales

F i g . 9 1 0 r b i t ,0 r b i t a ; [ateraIwaIt.

I

Os frontale

Os nasale

Maxilla

Os lacrimale

Os palatinum

Os temporale

Os sphenoidale

Os ethmoidale

I

Os zygomaticum

Os frontale Suturaethmoidolacrimalis Foramen ethmoidale anterius Laminaorbitalis Os ethmoidale, Foramenethmoidaleoosterius Canalisopticus

Os nasale

Proc.orbitalis Os oalatinum. Foramen sphenopalatinum Maxilla, Crista lacrimalisanterior

Fossapterygopalatina Corpus Os sphenoidale,

Os lacrimale, Crista lacrimalis posterior

Sulcusinfraorbitalis Laminalateralis Proc.pterygoideus,

Maxilla,Proc.zygomaticus

Hamuluspterygoideus

l\4axilla.Proc alveolaris

F i g . 9 2 O r b i t ,O r b i t a ; mediaIwatl.

Surface lSkeletonl Sphenoidalbone

Cristasphenoidalis Fissuraorbitalis supenor

Apertura sinus sphenoidalis

Ala major, Faciesorbitalis

Ala major, Faciestemporalis

Cristainfratemporalis Concha sphenoidalis

Foramenrotundum Spina ossis sphenoidalis

Proc pterygoideus, Laminalateralis

Facies maxillaris

Incisurapterygoidea

Proc pterygoideus,Lamina medialis

Hamuluspterygoideus

F i g . 9 3 S p h e n o i d abto n e 0 , s sphenoida[e; a n t e r i o rv i e w .

Sulcuscaroticus

Foramen rotundum

Dorsumsellae Proc clinoideusposterior Proc clinoideusanterior

Fissura orbitalis superior

lvlargo parietalis

Ala major, Facies cerebralis Sulcusarteriosus Lingulasphenoidalis

Sulcustubaeauditivae

Soina ossis sDhenoidalis

Canalispterygoideus Fossascaphoidea

Corpus Proc vaginalis


Roskum sphenoidale

Proc pterygoideus, Laminamedialis

F i g . 9 4 S p h e n o i d abt o n e ,0 s s p h e n o i d a [ e ; oosteriorview.

Muscles

Topogr a p h y Sphenoidal and occipitalbone

(Proc clinoideusmedius) Ala major,Margofrontalis

Proc.clinoideusposterior

Sulcusorechiasmaticus Jugumsphenoidale

Proc clinoideus anterior

Tuberculumsellae Canalis opticus

Ala major, Margoparietalis


Foramen rotundum

Fissura orbitalis superior

Sella turcica, Fossa hypophysialis

Ala major, Margosquamosus

Foramen ovale

Foramenspinosum Sulcuscaroticus Lingulasphenoidalis

Proc intrajugularis jugularis lncisura

jugulare Tuberculum

Proc.jugularis

Os occipitale,Parslateralis

Foramenmagnum

Margomastoideus

Sulcussinussigmoidei

Fossa cerebellaris

Sulcussinustransversi

(Cristaoccipitalis interna)

Margo lambdoideus

Eminentia cruciformis Protuberantia occioitalisinterna

F i g .9 5 0 c c i p i t a b t o n e ,0 s o c c i p i t a l e , a n d s p h e n o i d abI o n e ,0 s s p h e n o i d a [ e .

Temporalbone

Margoparietalis Parssquamosa, Faclestemporalis SulcusarteriaetemDoralis mediae Foveola suDrameatica

Cristasupramastoidea Margo sphenoidalis

parietalis Incisura (Spinasuprameatica) Parspetrosa Proc zygomaticus

Foramenmastoideum Margo occipitalis

Fissuratympanomastoidea

lncisura mastoidea

Proc mastoideus Parstympanica

F i g .9 6 T e m p o r a bI o n e ,0 s t e m p o r a L e .

F i g . 9 7 T e m p o r a bI o n e ,0 s t e m p o r a t eo, f a n e o n a t e .

To p o g r a p h y|

0 r g a na re a s I S e cti o ns

Margoparietalis Parssouamosa. Faciescerebralis Eminentia arcuata parietalis Incisura

Margosuperior partispetrosae

Sulcusarteriosus

Foramenmastoideum Margo occipitalis

Sulcussinussigmoidei Aperturacanaliculi vestibuli Apexpartispetrosae

Proc intrajugularis

Porusacusticus internus

Proc styloideus

F i g .9 8 T e m p o r a bI o n e ,0 s t e m p o r a t e .

Canaliscaroticus Apexpartis petrosae

Proc.zygomaticus

Canaliscaroticus


Fossulapetrosa Aoertura canaliculicochleae

Fossamandibularis

Proc intrajugularis Fissurapetrotympanica Fossajugularis Meatusacusticus externus

Vaginaprocessusstyloidei Proc styloideus Foramenstylomastoideum

Proc mastoideus Incisura mastoidea

Margo occipitalis

Foramen mastoideum

F i g .9 9 T e m p o r a bl o n e ,O s t e m p o r a [ e

> Head

M us c tes

Mandible

Proc condylaris

Proc coronoideus

Ramus mandibulae Linea obliqua Ramus mandibulae

Basis mandibulae

Tuberculum mentale

Corpusmandibulae mentalis Protuberantia

F i g .1 0 0 M a n d i b t eM, a n d i b u t a

Proc coronoideus

Incisuramandibulae

Ramusmandibulae

(Tuberositas masseterica)

Angulusmandibulae Corpusmandibulae

F i g .1 0 1 M a n d i b t eM, a n d i b u [ a . lncisuramandibulae Proc.----l coronoideus

!'

Ramusmandibulae

Fovea sublingualis

Foramenmandibulae Sulcusmylohyoideus (Tuberositas pterygoidea) Angulusmandibulae Linea mylohyoidea

F i g . 1 0 2 M a n d i b L eM, a n d i b u [ a .

Foveasubmandibularis


0 r g a na re a s I S e cti o n s

Collummandibulae

Foramenmandibulae

(Tuberositas pterygoidea) Angulusmandibulae Arcusalveolaris,:,

Linea mylohyoidea

Foveasubmandibularis

Foveasublingualis

Fossadigastrica

Spinamentalis

F i g . 1 0 3 M a n d i b l . eM, a n d i b u [ a .

Corpusmandibulae

F i g . 1 0 4 M a n d i b L eM, a n d i b u l . o a f, a n e t d e r t yi n d i v i d u a l . .

Proc.coronoideus Ramusmandibulae Proc.condylaris

Corpus mandibulae

Densdeciduus (Symphysis mandibulae) Foramenmentale

F i g . 1 0 5 M a n d i b t eM , andibuLa o ,f a n e o n a t e .

> Head


Temporomandibular joint

Proc.zygomaticus Os temporale, Capsulaarticularis

Porusacusticus externus


Articulatio temporomandibularis, Lig laterale

Proc styloideus

Proc. coronoideus

Proc condylaris Lig stylomandibulare

Angulusmandibulae; (Tuberositas masseterica)

F i g . 1 0 6 T e m p o r o m a n d i b u tjaori n t , A r t i c u t a t i ot e m o o r o m a n dbiu L a r i s .

Sinussphenoidalis

SDinaossis sohenoidalis

Cavitas nasi, Choana

Lig pterygospinale Canalis nervi hypoglossi

f Laminalateralis Proc.pterygoideus 1. \ Laminamedialis

Proc styloideus Lig sphenomandibulare

Hamuluspterygoideus

Lig stylomandibulare Ramus mandibulae L i n g u l am a n d i b u l a e

Sulcusmylohyoideus A n g u l um s andibulae; (Tuberositas pterygoidea) Linea mylohyoidea

F i g . 1 0 7 P t e r y g o s p i n o uasn d s p h e n o m a n d i b u LLairg a m e n t s , L i g g .p t e r y g o s p i n a [eet s p h e n o m a n d i b u [ a r e .

Discusarticularis Caputmandibulae Porusacusticusexternus Os zygomaticum

Collummandibulae

Proc.coronoideus

Capsulaarticularis

F i g . 1 0 8 T e m p o r o m a n d i b u tjaori n t ,A r t i c u l a t i ot e m p o r o m a n d i b u [ a r i s ; s a g i t t a sl .e c t i o n ; m o u t ha [ m o s tc l o s e d .

Fossamandibularis, Faciesarticularis

Discusarticularis Caputmandibulae Porusacusticusexternus Os zygomaticum

Collummandibulae

Proc mastoideus Proc coronoideus Proc.styloideus

Ramusmandibulae

Capsulaarticularis

F i g . 1 0 9 T e m p o r o m a n d i b u Lj oairn t ,A r t i c u l a t i ot e m p o r o m a n d i b u t a r i s ; crniiirl

Head it

Musctes

Facialnerve

R temporalis

Rr zygomatici

posterior N auricularis

Rr buccales

N facialis [Vll]

R m a r g i n a l i sm a n d i b u l a r i s

Fig. 127 FaciaInerve,N. faciatis[Vll]

F i g . 1 2 8a , b P a t s yo f t h e l e f t f a c i a Ln e r v e , N . f a c i a t i s[ V l l ] . a T h e c o n c e r n e de y ec a n n o tb e c l o s e du p o n r e qu e s t It ag o ph t h aL m us ) . b T h e t e e t ho f t h e c o n c e r n e ds i d ec a n n o tb e S n o w nu 0 0 nr e o u e s t

To p o g r a p h y|

O rg a na re a s I S e cti o ns Cutaneous innervation

N frontalis N ophthalmicus

N supraorbitalis

lv/11

N supratrochlearis

Ganglion trigeminale

Ganglion ciliare N maxillaris

lvt2l N. infraorbitalis N mandibularis

lv/31

Foramen infraorbitale

N temporalis profundus N palatinusmajor N auriculotemporalis N buccalis N alveolaris interior

N lingualis

N mentalis

N mylohyoideus

Ganglion submandibulare

Fig. 129 Trigeminalnerve, N . t r i g e m i n u s[ V J .

N ophthalmicus [V/'1]

F i g . 1 3 0 C u t a n e o u si n n e r v a t i o o nf t h e h e a d a n dt h e n e c k


> Head Vesselsandnervesof the headand the neck

M occipitofrontalis & M epicranius,

& N supraorbitalis

oculi s M, orbicularis A temporalis supedlcialis, o R parietalis

lvl temporalis* auriculotemporalis (v/3)

O A angularis

Rr temporales (vll)

Ductus parotideus

parotidea Glandula

N occipitalisminor, (Plexus cervicalis)

!, R buccalis (vil)

& M masseter V jugularis externaa M levatorscapulae* ,; R marginalis mandibularis (vil)

N auricularis magnus,,, (Plexuscervicalis) N accessorius',

txtl

Platysma

M trapezius s

't32 25r+ 1.

F i g . 1 3 1 V e s s e Lasn d n e r v e so f t h e h e a da n d t h e n e c k : s u o e r f i c i al[a t e r a Ir e o i o n s

Vessels andnervesof theheadandthe

A temporalis superficialis a (V/1) & N supraorbitalis

a A supraorbitalis auriculotemporalis ', (v/3)

* N. supratrochlearis

Nn)

N occipitalismajor I

{t N infraorbitalis

(v/2t

Plexusintraparotideus & (vil)

N occipitalis minor ,

* N mentalis

(v/3)

L4 spleniuscapitiss a A facialis

N auricularis magnus,.*

a V facialis ? R , c o l l i( V l l )

N accessorius [Xll ,,

V jugularis externaa colli 6 N transversus Nn supraclaviculares i M sternocleidomastoideus M trapezius o

colli o V transversa

133 256 Fig.132 Vessetsand nerveso f t h e h e a da n d t h e n e c k ; d e e pl a t e r a Ir e g i o n s .

131

> Head

M us c l es

Lateralregionof theface

iil

V,temporalis mediaa superficialis, R.frontalis a A temporalis lateralis s N suoraorbitalis,R

A temporalis supedicialis, a R parietalis

&,N zygomaticus, R zygomaticotemporalis

{e N supraorbitalis, B lateralis

a A supratrochlearis {,}N supraorbitalis, R medialis & N zygomaticus, R zygomaticofacialis I N supratrochlearis

* N infratrochlearis {, N ethmoidalis antenor, R nasalis EXTETNUS

a A angularis

A occipitalisa

s N infraorbitalis

N auricularis.t posterior posterior A auricularis a

* N massetericus a A facialis N occipitalisminor ,

s M buccinator

M trapezius0

a A buccalis

l\4 sternocleidomastoideus*

$ N buccalis

A occipitalisa

* M orbicularis oris

(Vll)r, R digastricus

,* N mentalis

V retromandibularis o

* N alveolarisinferior

(Vll),, R stylohyoideus A carotisinlernaa

a A alveolarisinferior

A carotis externa O A lingualisO

V retromandibularis o

a A facialis

a V submentalis a V facialis

13Il

F i g , 1 3 3 V e s s e Lasn d n e r v e so f t h e h e a d ; d e e o[ a t e r a Lr e o i o n s


O rg a na re a s I S e cti o ns Maxillaryartery

t N massetericus a A masseterica

A temporalismedia O

profunda a A temporalis Posterior; , N temporalis orofundus

A temporalis superficialis, a R parietalis

lateralis * l\4.pterygoideus

R lateralis s N suoraorbitalis, A zygomaticoa orbitalis

B medialis $ N supraorbitalis, O A supratrochlearis

A transversaa taciei

1' N supratrochlearis a A angularis

Meatusacusticus externus

& N. infratrochlearis N meatusacusticii.

a A infraorbitalis

externi N vagus [X], ' R auricularis

s N ethmoidalis B nasalis anterior, e)dernus

N auriculotemporalis.. N facialis [Vll]

s N infraorbitalis

A stylomastoideaa A auricularisposteriora

g Rr alveolares supenores posteriores

A auricularisprofundaO A tympanicaanteriora

A.alveolaris a Rr.dentates; I

. Br.peridentares lilliJlid,

A occipitalis a A maxillaris a

& N buccalis

A meningea media a

a A buccalis A carolisexlernaa o A facialis

M masseter*

f N mentalis

a R mentalis

N l i n g u a l i si

a ,, A ; N alveolarisinferior

N mylohyoideus. *M N mylohyoideus

a A submentalis

pterygoideusmedialis

a A tacialis

F i g . 1 3 1 A r t e r i e sa n d n e r v e so f t h e h e a d ; dccncr

A temporalis superficialis

lateral rcni6lg.

A meningea media

Discus articularis

M pterygoideuslateralis

Proc condylaris

Proc coronoideus

A auricularis posterior

N alveolarisinferior

A maxillaris N lingualis

A occipitalis

alveolaris inferior

A carotis

externa

a

60 %

F i g . 1 3 5a - c V a r i a t i o n o sf the middLe m e n i n g e aaI r t e r y ,A . m e n i n g e am e d i a

b

3%

c

3o/o

the T h e m i d d l . em e n i n g e aaI r t e r y ,A m e n i n g e am e d i a ,b r a n c h e so f f p r o x i m a L t o i n f e r i o ra l v e o t a a r r t e r y ,A a L v e o L a ri insf e r i o r . T h e m i d d L em e n i n g e a L a r t e rA y ,. m e n i n g e am e d i a ,b r a n c h e so f f a c r o s sf r o m t h e i n f e r i o r a t v e o [ aar r t e r y ,A . a L v e o L a ri insf e r i o r . T h e m i d d t em e n i n g e a L a r t e rA y ,. m e n i n g e am e d i a ,b r a n c h e so f f d i s t a I t ot h e i n f e r i o r atveotarartery,A. alveo[arisinferior.

> Head

Surface lSketetonl Muscles

Lateralregionof theface

"rilt

.4.N. auriculotemporalis A temporalis superficialis, O R parietalis

media a A temporalis profunda posterior a A temporalis 1 N temooralis orofundus

meatus, acustici externl

: N mandibularis[V/3]

lateralis , o N ; M pterygoideus o A maxillaris , N infraorbitalis

R auricularis (X)

a A infraorbitalis

A;N auriculariso: posterior

a A sphenopalatina ,,, N supratrochlearis

A temporalis o supedicialis

superiores , Rr.alveolares posteriores -, N, infratrochlearis

N facialis[Vll],; N auriculo-, temporalis

a A angularis

R digastricusi A occipitalisa

& N inlraorbitalis

meningea media a)

A maxillaris a i*, N massetericus

Chordatympani ,. N buccalis

A alveolaris inferioro

a A buccalis

N hypoglossus [Xll]

.i N alveolarisinferior

A l i n g u a l i sO A palatinaascendens a , N lingualis

N vagus[X] ,

Mandibula

Ansa cervicalis ,

A carotiscommunis a

Glandula sublingualis A facialiso

a A sublingualis

N hypoglossus [Xll] ;

, N hypoglossus[Xll]

G a n g l i osnu b m a n d i b u l a r e , , N mylohyoideus i

I

a A submentalis

F i g . 1 3 6 A r t e r i e sa n d n e r v e so f t h e h e a d , d e e p e s [t a t e r a Lr e g i o n s

l!

ril

131+ V 1 3 8 256

60k

3 o/o

4Yo

18%

a

b

c

d

F i g . 1 3 7a - d V a r i a t i o n isn t h e c o u r s e o f t h e m a x i t l a r ya r t e r y ,A . m a x i t t a r i s .

T h e m a x i L [ a r y a r t e r ym , Aa x i L t a r i s , p a s s e s m e d i a t l y t o t h e l a t e r a t p t e r y g o i d m u s c [ e , M . p t e r y g o i d e uLsa t e r a I i st h, e I i n g u a In e r v e ,N L i n g u a L iasn, d t h e i n f e r i o ra t v e o L a r n e r v e ,N . a L v e o L a ri insf e r i o r . T h e m a x i t L a rayr t e r y ,A . m a x i t L a r i sp,a s s e sb e t w e e nt h e L i n g u anLe r v e ,N . l i n g u a t i s , a n d t h e i n f e r i o ra t v e o [ a nr e r v e ,N . a l v e o L a r i sn f e r i o r . T h e m a x i [ L a rayr t e r y ,A . m a x i [ L a r i sp,a s s e st h r o u g ha L o o pf o r m e db y t h e i n f e r i o r a t v e o t a nr e r v e ,N . a L v e o L a ri insf e r i o r . T h e m i d d L em e n i n g e aaLr t e r y ,A . m e n i n g e am e d i a ,b r a n c h e so f f d i s t a Lt o t h e i n f e r i o ra t v e o [ aar r t e r y ,A a l v e o t a r i isn f e r i o r .

Topography |

0rganareas

I Sections

Bamusmandibulae N. massetericus;A. masseterica o a

a Plexuspterygoideus media a V temporalis

A temporalis superlicialis, a R parietalis N. auriculoa temporalis

R lateralis a N. suDraorbitalis,

V temporalisa media A. temporalisa meota

R. medialis a N. suDraorbitalis,

N auriculo-o temporalis

o N. suoratrochlearis O A. angularis

V temporalisa superficialis

a N. infratrochlearis

Meatus acusticus exlernus

o A. dorsalisnasi

R auricularis o

a A facialis

(x)

N auricularis a posterior

a N. infraorbilalis

N.facialisa tvill A temporalis a supedicialis

o N. buccalis

A auricularis a posterior

O V orofundafaciei

A. maxillaris O V maxillaris a A carotisexternaa a A. buccalis

V retromandi-O bularis spnenomanaioutLalrge

a V tacialis

N :A alveolaris inferiora a

a N. mentalis

N.linguala is A carotisinternaa o Plexusdentalisinferior

A carotis€xternaa A. lingualis a

o A. tacialis

V retromandibularis a V facialiso

a N. mylohyoideus o V submentalis

136 F i g . 1 3 8 V e s s e t sa n d n e r v e so f t h e h e a d ; d e e p e rt a t e r a Ir e g i o n s .

Surface lSkeletonl

Musctes

Mouth/0ratcavity

Skeletonof thenose

Os nasale

(Cartilago nasi lateralis)

Cartilago alarismajor, Cruslaterale

Cartilagines nasl accessonae Cartilago septi nasi

Cartilago alarismajor, Crusmediale

Cartilagoseptinasi

F i g . 1 3 9 S k e t e t o no f t h e n o s e .

Ala nasi

F i g . 1 1 0 N a s a I c a r t i [ a g e sCa , rtitag ines nast.

Suturafrontonasalis Suturafrontomaxillaris


Cartilago alarismajor, Cruslaterale

Cartilagines ataresmtnores

Cartilago alarismajor, Crusmediale

Cartilagoseptinasi

Fig.1t1

S k e t e t o no f t h e n o s e .

To p o g r a p h y S a t i v a r y g t a n d sT o p o g r a p h y

Nasalseptum

Laminaet Foramina cribrosa Sinussphenoidalis Laminaperpendicularis Os ethmoidale, Cartilagoseptinasi

Cartilago septinasi, Proc.posterior

Cartilagoalaris major, Crus mediale

Spinanasalisanterior

Fossa pterygoidea

Hamuluspterygoideus Suturapalatina transversa (Suturavomeromaxillaris)

F i g . 1 1 2 N a s a Is e p t u m ,S e p t u mn a s i

Os ethmoidale, Lamina perpendicularis

Plexuscavernosus

Cartilagoseptinasi

Meatus nasi inferior

Concha nasalis inlerior

Glandulae nasales

Maxilla, Proc palatinus, Crista nasalis

F i g . 1 1 3 I n f e r i o rn a s a Ic o n c h a C , o n c h an a s a L i isn f e r t o r .

Musctes Mouth/0raIcavity

Sinusfrontalis Nn.olfactoriiill Bulbusolfactorius

Conchanasalismedia SinussDhenoidalis Conchanasalisinferior

Limennasi Tonsillapharyngea Vestibulumnasi

Fig. 144 LateralwaLtof the nasaIcavity,Cavitasnasi.

Sinustrontalis Os frontale Conchanasalissuoerior

Conchanasalismedia Cellulae ethmoidales posteriores Os nasale

Sinus sphenoidalis

Tonsilla pharyngea

Palatummolle Conchanasalisinferior

Palatumdurumr N. nasooalatinus Openings of: 1 Sinustrontalis 2 Ductusnasolacrimalis 3 Cellulaeethmoidales anteriores 4 Sinusmaxillaris 5 CellulaeethmoidalesDosteriores 6 Sinussohenoidalis

F i g . 1 4 5 N a s a Ic a v i t yC , a v i t a sn a s i ,a n d o p e n i n g s o f t h e p a r a n a s asI i n u s e s S , i n u sp a r a n a s a l e s .

Topography Sativarygtands Topography

Paranasal sinuses

Fig.116 Projectionof the paranasaIsinuses,Sinus paranasates.

Sinusfrontalis

Sinusmaxillaris

Fig,1t7

Projection o f t h e p a r a n a s asI i n u s e s S , i n u sp a r a n a s a t e s .

,']

M us c tes Mouth/0ratcavity

Paranasalsinuses

nasisuperior lvleatus Sinusfrontalis

lvleatus nasimedius

Cellulaeethmoidales

Hiatussemilunaris

Conchanasalismedia

Sinusmaxillaris

Meatusnasiinferior Septumnasi Conchanasalisinferior

F i g , 1 4 8 P a r a n a s asI i n u s e s S , i n u sp a r a n a s a t e s .

20Y 12Y Sinusfrontalis

8. Y Y

Os ethmoidale

Septum nasi

Orbita,Pariesinferior Conchanasalismedia I

lvleatusnasiinferior Conchanasalisinferior

G

\

Sinusmaxillaris

20Y

Maxilla,Proc palatinus >60 Y

l\4axilla

F i g . 1 1 9 D e v e t o p m e notf t h e m a x i L t a rayn d f r o n t a Is i n u s e s . Y - vear of Life

S a t i v a r y g t a n d sT o p o g r a p h y

ParanasaI si nuses,radiography

Sinusfrontales

Cellulaeethmoidales anteriores

Orbita

Suturaf rontozygomatica

Os zygomaticum, Proc trontalis

Forameninfraorbitale Cavitasnasi Cellulae ethmoidales oosteriores

Sinusmaxillaris Arcuszygomaticus

Sinusmaxillaris

Proc. condylaris

Margosuperiorpartispetrosae

Proc.coronoideus Sinussphenoidalis Lrngua

F i g .1 5 0 P a r a n a s asI i n u s e s S , i n u sp a r a n a s a l e s ; PA-radiograph.

> Head

M us c tes Mouth/0ratcavitl

0ral cavity

Proc pterygoideus, Laminamedialis Hamuluspterygoideus Raphepterygomandibularis

M tensor veli palatini M levatorveli palatini

Tonsillapharyngea M pterygoideuslateralis Lig sphenomandibulare

Palatumdurum M pterygoideus medialis M orbicularis oris Ramusmandibulae

Glandulae labiales

Proc styloideus M styloglossus

M buccinator

M stylopharyngeus Lig stylohyoideum Lig stylomandibulare M stylohyoideus l\ilandibula

M longuscapitis

M digastricus

M genioglossus

Os hyoideum, Cornumajus

M mylohyoideus

Membrana thyrohyoidea

M geniohyoideus ( I Os hvoideum 1 _ l I

M, hyoglossus

corpu. /

N4thyrohyoideus

u o r n um r n u s

M sternocleidomastoideus

F i g . 1 5 1 0 r a L c a v i t yC, a v i t a so r i s

Palatum durum

Palatum molle

Arcuspalatoglossus Arcuspalatopharyngeus

Tonsillapalatina Uvula palatina

Dorsumlinguae

Labium inferius

Fig. 152 0raI cavity,Cavitasoris.

Topography S a t i v a r y g [ a n d sT o p o g r a p h y

Dentalarcade

Dentesincisivi

Denscaninus


Sutura palatina mediana

Dentespremolares

Sutura palatomaxillaris

Maxilla,Proc alveolaris

Dentesmolares

Foramenpalatinum malus

Sulcus palatinus malor

Ospalatinum, Proc pyramidalis

Foramina palatina minora Choana

Laminahorizontalis Os oalatinum.

F i g . 1 5 3 U p p e rd e n t a La r c a d e A , r c u sd e n t a t i ss u p e r i o r , , a t a t u mo s s e u m . a n d b o n yp a t a t e P

Foramen mandibulae

oral *

vestibular

Dens molaris lll [serotinus]

Tunicamucosaoris,Gingiva

DensmolarisI

Denspremolaris ll Foramen mentale

Denspremolaris I Denscaninus Densincisivus lateralis

Dens incisivusmedialis

F i g , 1 5 4 L o w e rd e n t a Ia r c a d e A , r c u sd e n t a l i si n f e r i o r + I n t h em a n d i b loer a Ii s s y n o n y m ow u si t hL i n g u aatn, di n t h e m a x i t l iat i s s y n o n y m ow u ist hp a t a t i n a t

M us c tes Mouth/0raIcavitl

vestlbular

Enamelum Corona dentis

Corona clinica Dentinum

Cervix dentis

Margo gingivalis

Cementum

Radix dentis

Radix clinica

Periodontium IDesmodontium] Canalisradicis dentis: Pulparadicularis Foramen apicis dentis

Apex radicisdentis

F i g . 1 5 5 I n c i s o rt o o t h ,D e n si n c i s i v u s .

+mesial dlstal

+mesial Cuspisdentis

Apexcuspidis \ (Facies contactus); Faciesmesialis

1Fu.i". "ont".tr"1; Faciesdistalis Cuspisdentis

Cuspisdentis Tuberculum dentis

II

' Facies lingualis

F i g .1 5 6 P e r m a n e n L t o w e cr a n i n et o o t h , D e n sc a n i n u sp e r m a n e n s .

F i g . 1 5 7 D e c i d u o u s e c o n dm o [ a rt o o t h , D e n sm o t a r i sd e c i d u u s

F i g ,1 5 8 P e r m a n e n u t p p e rf i r s t m o l a r t o o t h , D e n sm o L a r i sp r i m u s .

To p o g r a p h y Sativarygtands Topography

Dentesincisivi

Dens cantnus

Dens molarisI

Dens molarisll

Dentesincisivi

Dens cantnus

Dens molarisI

Dens molarisll

F i g . 1 5 9 D e c i d u o u tse e t h ,D e n t e sd e c i d u io, f a 3 - y e a r - o l .cdh i L d ; v e s t i b u [ avr i e w .

Maxitta r i gh t

55 54 53

6 2 6 3 6 4 6 5 , . .LEI L 72 73 74 75 MandibLe

Dens Dens incisivuslateralis caninus

Dens molarisI

Dens molarisll

Dens Dens incisivus lateralis caninus

Dens molarisI

Dens molarisll

F i g . 1 6 0 D e c i d u o u tse e t h ,D e n t e sd e c i d u i o, f a 2 - y e a r - o l dc h i t d ; top row viewedfrom vestiburar; bottom row viewedobLiquel,y from inferior.

8

7

6

54321

F i g .1 6 1 P e r m a n e n t et e t h D , e n t ep sermanentes; oratview. n f t h en u m b e r s . l I S e eo .9 7f o r i d e n t i cf a t i o o

Adutd t entition

8

7

5

4

F i g . 1 6 2 P e r m a n e n t e e t h ,D e n t e sp e r m a n e n tes; distaIview. l S e ep . 9 7 f o r i d e n t i f i c a t i oonf t h e n u m b e r s . )

321

Sativarygl.ands Topography

123

45

7

6

8

F i g . 1 6 3P e r m a n e nt et e t hD , e n t ep sermanentes; vestibular vtew.

1 2 3 4

123

5 D e n sp r e m o t a r li ls 6 D e n sm o t a r i sI 7 D e n sm o l a r i sl l I D e n sm o [ a r i sl l l nus] Iseroti

D e n si n c i s i v u sI D e n si n c i s i v u sl l D e n sc a n i n u s D e n sp r e m o t a r i sI

4

5

o

F i g . 1 6 1 P e r m a n e ntte e t h ,D e n t e sp e r m a n e n t e s ; mesiaIview.

7

8


F i g . 1 6 5 M a x i l . t aM, a x i t L aw, i t h d e c i d u o u st e e t h , D e n t e sd e c i d u ia, n d t h e f i r s t p e r m a n e n t o o t h ; L e f t : m e d i a nt i m e o f e r u p t i o ni n m o n t h sI M l ; r i g h t :o r d e ro f e r u p t i o n .

9 -13 9-12 Y

1 0 . - 1 3Y.

18-40 Y

Fig.165 MaxiLta, Maxitl.a, with permanentteeth,Dentes p e r m an e n t e s ; l e f t : m e d i a nt i m e o f e r u p t i o ni n y e a r s[ Y l ; r i g h t :o r d e ro f e r u p t i o n .


Org a na re a s I S e cti o ns

Sativarygtands Topography

Canalismandibulae

Denscaninus(deciduus) Dentesmolares(decidui)

Densmolaris(permanens) ll

Dentesmolares(decidui)

| Densmolaris(permanens) (permanentes) Dentespremolares Denscaninus(permanens)

Foramenmentale

F i g . 1 6 7 M a x i L t aM, a x i t t aa, n d m a n d i b t eM , andibuta, o f a 5 - y e a r - o [ dc h i t d ; d e c i d u o u tse e t ha n d a n t a g eo f p e r m a n e n t e e t h .

tl

Densmolarislll lserotinus]

Dentespremolares

Denscaninus

Densmolarislll [serotinus]

Densmolarisll

DentesDremolares. Radices DensmolarisI Foramenmentale

F i g . 1 6 8 M a x i [ [ aM , a x i L l aa,n d m a n d i b L eM, a n d i b u [ a , of a 20-year-otd ma[e.

> Head

Sunface lSketetmnl

Musel*s

Mouth/0ratcavity

Teeth,radiography

Arcuszygomaticus

Canalis infraorbitalis

Palatum durum


Septumnasi

lvleatus acusticus exlernus

Sinus maxillaris Proc condylaris

Palatum molle [Velum palatinum]

Densmolarisll

Canalis mandibulae

Os hyoideum

Dens caninus Foramen mentale

Dens i n c i s i v ul ls

Dens incisivus i

Dens premolaris I

Dens premolaris ll

F i g .1 6 9 M a x i t L aM, a x i I L a ,n d m a n d i b L e M, a n d i b u L a ; p a n o r a m i rca d i o g r a p h ; w i t h o u tw i s d o mt e e t h .

Dens molarisI

T opog r a p h y|

Org a na re a s I S e cti o ns

S a t i v a r y g t a n d sT o p o g r a p h y

lnnervation

N ophthalmicus[V/1]

teeth

Nn alveolares superiores

N trigeminus [V] Ganglion trigeminale

N mandibularis [V/31 N infraorbitalis

N lingualis

N alveolarisinferior

N mentalis

Plexus dentalis inferior

F i g . 1 7 0 M a x i t l a r ya n d m a n d i b u t a nr e r v e , N n . m a x i t t a r i s[ V / 2 ]e t m a n d i b u t a r i [sV / 3 ]


N trigeminus [V]

prolundus N petrosus [Radixsympathica] M tensortympani N petrosusminor N petrosus majorlRadixparasympathica] Ganglion geniculi

Radix motoria

N mandibularis [V/3] N .o p h z N.m

Rr.ganglionares IBadixsensorial

/N.

N intermedius Tubaauditiva

N, infraorbitalis R alveolaris superior anterior

Sinusmaxillaris

N facialis lvill

Cellulae mastoideae N. infraorbitalis

Cavitastympani N, tympanicus Foramen stylomastoideum N vagus[X] N glossopharyngeus lXl N caroticus internus A carotisinterna

Rr alveolares superiores anteriores, Plexusdentalissuperior

N canalis pterygoidei

pterygopalatinum Ganglion

Rr alveolares suoeriores medii Fl alveolaris suoeriormedius Br alveoleressuDeriores oosteriores

F i g .1 7 1 P t e r y g o p a l a tgi naen g L i oG na , n g t i opnt e r y g o p a L a t i n u m

Surface lSketetonl Muscles Mouth/Oratcavity

(medialis) Densincisivus

F i g . 1 7 2 H a r da n ds o f tp a L a t e , Patatum d u r u me t m o t t e ; i n f e r i ovr i e w .

Densincisivus (lateralis) Denscaninus

Papilla incisiva

Denspremolaris I

Plicae palatinae Iransversae

Denspremolaris ll DensmolarisI

Palatumdurum

Densmolarisll

Densmolarislll [serotinus]

Raphe palati

Palatummolle lvelum palatinuml Arcus palatoglossus N nasopalatinus

Arcuspalatopharyngeus Uvulapalatina

Palatum durum

Rr alveolares posteriores superiores

F i g . 1 7 3 S e n s i b l ei n n e r v a t i o o nf the patate, P a L a t u ma,n d m a x i l t a M , axitta. n r e i n d i c a t e doy O v e r l a p p i nagr e a so f i n n e r v a t i o a t r a n s i t i o no f c o l o u r s . Nn palatini

Palatum moile

Raphe palati

Glandulae palatinae

a A. palatinamajor maior a N. palatinus

Hamuluspterygoideus

M uvulaea

Foramenpalatinum majus Hamuluspterygoideus a M. constrictorpharyngissuperior, Parsglossopharyngea

Arcuspalatopharyngeus a M buccinator Arcuspalatoglossus palatina Tonsilla

Raphepterygomandibularis a M. palatoglossus e N lingualis

lsthmusfaucium pharyngis superior, a M. constrictor Parsglossopharyngea Dorsumlinguae a M. palatopharyngeus

Fig. 171 Ora[ cavity,Cavitasoris, and , m. palati. m u s c L eo sf the patateM

Topography Sativarygtands Topography

Plica glossoepiglottica mediana

Plica glossoepiglottica Iateralis

Tonsilla lingualis; Cryptaetonsillares Radix linguae

Foramen caecumlinguae

M. palatopharyngeus

Sulcusterminalis linguae

Tonsillapalatina

Fossulae tonsillares, Cryptaetonsillares

M palatoglossus (Plicatriangularis)

Dorsumlinguae, Parsposterior

Arcuspalatoglossus Papillae vallatae

Papillaefoliatae

(Papillaeconicae)

Dorsumlinguae, Parsanterior

Papillae fungiformes

Margolinguae Papillaefiliformes

Corpuslinguae Sulcusmedianus linguae Apexlinguae

F i g . 1 7 5 T o n g u eL, i n g u a .

N. glossopharyngeus lXl Bitter Sour

I I

Salty Sweel

F i g . 1 7 6 I n n e r v a t i oann dt a s t ec a t e g o r i east t h e d o r s u mo f t h et o n o u e .

Palatummolle lvelumpalatinuml

Labiumsuperius Vestibulum

Fossasupratonsillaris

ofls

Maxilla

Dorsum linguae

Tonsillapalatina

Labiuminferius

Arcus palatopharyngeus

Vestibulum ons Papillafoliata

Arcuspalaloglossus

Cavitasoris propria Papillae vallatae

Foramen caecumlinguae Tonsillalingualis

Fig.177 0raI cavity,Cavitas oris.

Mouth/Oralcavity of the

M. longitudinalis superior

linguae M transversus

Aponeurosis linguae Septumlinguae Tunicamucosalinguae

Foramen caecumlinguae

Radix linguae

Os hyoideum Mandibula Cartilago epiglotlica Aditus laryngis

M. genioglossus

laryngis Venviculus

M. mylohyoideus

M geniohyoideus Cartilagothyroidea

F i g . 1 7 8 T o n g u eL i,n g u a a, n d m u s c l e so f t h e t o n g u e ,M m . l i n g u a e ; median section.

linguae Aponeurosis linguae M. vansversus

Septum ilnguae

Plica fimbriata

Glandulalingualis Frenulum linguae

Faciesinferiorlinguae

, n d m u s c l e so f t h e t o n g u e ,M m . l i n g u a e ; F i g . 1 7 9 T o n g u eL, i n g u a a c r o s s - s e c t i otnh r o u g ht h e t i p o f t h e t o n g u e .

M verticalislinguae

M longitudinalissuperior

M transversus linguae

M longitudinalisinferior Mm.genioglossus

F i g . 1 8 0 T o n g u eL, i n g u a a , n d m u s c l e so f t h e t o n g u e ,M m . [ i n g u a e ; c r o s s - s e c t i oant t h e [ e v e [o f t h e m i d d t eo f t h e t o n o u e .

To pogr a p h y S a t i v a r y g t a n d sT o p o g r a p h y

Hyoidboneand infra- and suprahyoidmuscles

Cornuminus

F i g . 1 8 1 H y o i db o n e ,0 s h y o i d e u m .

Fig.182 Hyoidbone,0s hyoideum.

Proc.styloideus

M mylohyoideus M. digastricus,Venterposterior M geniohyoideus

M digastricus,Venteranterior Os hyoideum

M thyrohyoideus

M. omohyoideus, Ventersuperior M. sternohyoideus

M sternothyroideus M omohyoideus, Venterinterior

F i g . 1 8 3 M u s c u t a rs u s p e n s i o n o f t h e h y o i db o n e

> Head Mouth/0ratcavitl

Suprahyoid muscles

Protuberantia mentalis

Alveolusdentalis m o l a r ilsl l (Densextractus) Foramen mentale (Raphe mylohyoidea)

Tuberculum mentale venteranterior; M dioastricus { lventerposterior Lig stylohyoideum

M stylohyoideus (Ansatendinis) l\4 digastricus, Tendointermedius l\4 digastricus,

Corpus Os hyoideum, Os hyoideum, Cornumajus

duscles, F i g .1 8 4 M a n d i b t eM, a n d i b u t aa ,n d s u p r a h y o im Mm.suorahvoidei

Spinamentalis superior

M genioglossus

l\4 mylohyoideus N4geniohyoideus

Os hyoideum, Cornuminus Foramen mandibulae


Os hyoideum, Corpus

musctes, F i g . 1 8 5 M a n d i b L eM, a n d i b u L as ;u p r a h y o i d M m . s u p r a h y o i d ea in, d h y o i db o n e , 0 sh y o i d e u m

Ramus mandibulae

Topography Sativarygl.ands Topography

Dorsumlinguae Corpuslinguae

Papillae foliatae Papillavallata Radix linguae

M palatoglossus M. styloglossus M stylopharyngeus Mandibula

M longitudinalis inferior M. constrictorpharyngismedius M genioglossus M geniohyoideus M. hyoglossus


Os hyoideum, Corpus Membrana thyrohyoidea

M thyrohyoideus

F i g . 1 8 6 T o n g u eL ,i n g u aa,n dmusclesof the t o n g u eM , m .l i n g u a e .

M. hyoglossus M. palatoglossus

Tunicamucosaoris

M. styloglossus M. stylopharyngeus M. constrictorpharyngissuperior, Parsglossopharyngea Mandibula

M constrictorpharyngismedius, Parsceratopharyngea

M longitudinalisinferior

M geniohyoideus M. genioglossus M. geniohyoideus

M chondroglossus Os hyoideum, Cornuminus

F i g . 1 8 7 T o n g u eL, i n g u a a , n d m u s c t e so f t h e t o n g u eM , m .[ i n g u a e .

M. hyoglossus

> Head

M us c tes Mouth/0ratcavit'

Musclesof thetongueand thepharynx

linguae Frenulum

Apexlinguae

Facies inferiorlinguae, Plica fimbriata

Tunicamucosaoris

M genioglossus M. longitudinalis interior

Septumlinguae M. genioglossus M. palatoglossus M. hyoglossus M. styloglossus M. constrictorpharyngissuperior, Parsglossopharyngea

M. hyoglossus

M chondroglossus


pharyngis M. constrictor medius, Parschondropharyngea M hyoglossus

M sternohyoideus M. geniohyoideus

F i g . 1 8 8 M u s c l e so f t h e t o n g u e ,M m . l i n g u a e .

M styloglossus

M. palatoglossus palatina Tonsilla

Proc.styloideus

M longitudinalisinlerior Lig.stylohyoideum M. stylopharyngeus M. constrictor suoerior. oharvnqis Parsglossopharynaei pharyngis M. constrictor medius, Parschondropharyngea M. constrictorpharyngismedius, Parsceratopharyngea M. geniohyoideus

Os hyoideum, Cornuminus

Membranathyrohyoidea

Os hyoideum, Cornumajus A.; V. laryngea superior; N. laryngeus superior M. thyrohyoideus

Cartilagothyroidea

M. constrictorpharyngisinferior, Parsthyropharyngea

F i g . 1 8 9 M u s c t e so f t h e t o n g u e ,M m . [ i n g u a ea, n d musctesof the pharynx,Tunicamuscutarispharyngis.

Topogr a p h y Salivarygtands Topography

Fascia masseterica

Ductusparotideus

M buccinator parotidea Glandula accessofla buccae Corpusadiposum

M masseter

M risorius

M depressor angulioris

Fascia parotidea

Platysma l\4.sternocleidomastoideus: Fasciacervicaiis. Laminasuoerf icialis

Os hyoideum

Fascia cervicalis.Lamina suDerficialis

v;A lacialis

F i g . 1 9 0 P a r o t i dg t a n d ,G t a n d u [ ap a r o t i d e a .

Cavitas nasi

Plexuscavernosus a

Cartilagonasilateralis


M orbicularis oculia Sinusmaxillaris l\/axilla

lV temporalis a Proc coronoideus M pterygoideus lateralisa a A carotisinterna

N lingualis*

N alveolarisinferior& Proc condylaris

Proc.styloideus

temporalis superficialis a A temporalis superficialis a

a A vertebralis

Cartilago auriculae parotidea Glandula A. alveolaris inleriorO Proc mastoideus

a A occipitalis

, t a n d u t ap a r o t i d e aa, n d F i g . 1 9 1 P a r o t i dg L a n dG , m. masticatorii; m a s t i c a t o rm y usclesM h o r i z o n t asI e c t i o n ; i n f e r i o rv i e w .

> Head

M us c l es Mouth/0ratcavitr

jqt

gland Submandibular

Nodilymphoidei submandibulares

A ; V f a c i a l ios a

Glandula parotidea

* N facialis[Vll], R colli

externa o V jugularis

c M digastricus, Venterposterior

$ N hypoglossus [Xll] Platysma *

c l\/ stylohyoideus superior a V thyroidea

M digastricus, Venteranterior€

superior o A. thyroidea

Fascia cervicalis.Lamina suoerficialis

pharyngis inferiol t M constrictor M mylohyoideus t o lvl thyrohyoideus

A submentalis a

s M omohyoideus, Ventersuperior

Glandula submandibularis

t M sternohyoideus

F i g . 1 9 2 S u b m a n d i b u t agrt a n d ,G [ a n d u t as u b m a n d i b u [ a r i s .

A:Vsubmentalisaa A ; V f a c i a l ias a Platysma a

N , l i n g u a l i s,

* M pterygoideusmedialis

Ductusparotideus parotidea Glandula accessoria c M masseter; Fasciamasseterica

M, mylohyoideus6

parotidea Glandula

Glandula sublingualis l\/ digastricus,* Venteranterior

Noduslymphoideus submandibularis Fasciacervicalis, Laminasuperficialis

genioglossusO

a V retromandibularis

V s u b l i n g u a ol i s

o M digastricus, Venterposterior

A. lingualis a Ganglion * submandibulare

l\/ geniohyoideus a M, mylohyoideus o Ductussubmandibularis

Glandula submandibularis M styloglossus O


N hypoglossus [Xll] ,

Fasciaceruicalis, Laminasuperficialis M hyoglossusI

s M. stylohyoideus

Venteranterior o M. digastricus,

, l a n d u t a se a t i v a r i a e F i g . 1 9 3 M a j o rs a L i v a rgyt a n d s G majores; inferolateratview.

To p o g r a p h y Sativarygtands Topography

Submandibular andsublinaual

Ductussublinouales minores Caruncula sublingualis

M pterygoideus medialis Ductussublingualis major N lingualis M genioglossus Glandula submandibularis

M geniohyoideus

Ductussubmandibularis M. digastricus,Venteranterior Glandula sublingualis

Os hyoideum

M mylohyoideus

F i g . 1 9 4 S u b m a n d i b u t agrt a n d ,G [ a n d u t as u b m a n d i b u t a r i s , a n d s u b t i n g u agl .t a n d ,G t a n d u [ a sub[inguatis.

Caruncula sublingualis

Ductussublingualis major Ductussubmandibularis

Glandula sublingualis

M genioglossus

M mylohyoideus N. lingualis A. alveolaris inferior N alveolaris inferior

Os hyoideum, Cornumajus Radix linguae

N. hypoglossus [Xll]

F i g . 1 9 5 S u b L i n g u agL[ a n d ,G t a n d u t a subtinguatis, a n ds u b m a n d i b u t a g rt a n d G , l a n d u t sau b m a n d i b u t a r i s ; s u D e n o rv t e w .

M us c tes Mouth/0ral.cavity

Papillaductusparotidei

F i g .1 9 6 O p e n i nogf t h ee x c r e t o rdyu c t g t a n dP, a p i t l d au c t u s o f t h ep a r o t i d oarotidei.

Lingua,Faciesinferior Oensmolarislll [serotinus] Plicafimbriata Densmolarisll Frenulum linguae DensmolarisI

Plicasublingualis

Denspremolaris ll Caruncula sublingualis

I Denspremolaris Denscaninus

Gingiva

ll Densincisivus

Fig.197 0peningof the excretory duct , aruncula o f t h es u b m a n d i b u Lg a[ ar n dC s ub t i n o u a[ i s .

T o p o g r a p h y| Sativaryglands

O rg a na re a s I S e cti o n s Topography

Arteriesandnervesof the oral cavitv

Maxilla

a N lingualis

Uvulapalatina M. palatoglossus a

a M. genioglossus

l\,4styloglossusa

linguae a A. profunda

Mm pharyngis a

Mandibula

N glossopharyngeus lxl s

a M. mylohyoideus

M. hyoglossusO

a M geniohyoideus A lingualisO

I N hypoglossus [Xll]


a A sublingualis M hyoglossus a pharyngis M. constrictor medius,O Parschondropharyngea

F i g .1 9 8 A r t e r i e as n d n e r v e so f t h e t o n g u e ,L i n g u a ; mediaIview.

major * N palatinus Nn,palatiniminoresc

o A. palatinamajor O (A nasopalatina)

Canalisincisivus

Uvulapalatina

Tonsillapalatina

Dorsumlinguae, Parsanterior R tonsillaris * vallatae Papillae N. glossopharyngeusflXl a Mandibula

A palatinaascendens,O R tonsillaris

N glossopharyngeus ilXl, ,' Br linguales

Tonsillalinoualis. (Folliculiliri'guales)

F i g . 1 9 9 A r t e r i e sa n d n e r v e so f t h e p a L a t eP, a L a t u m , a n d t h e r o o t o f t h e t o n g u e ,R a d i x[ i n g u a e ; m e d i a Iv i e w .

> Head

M us c l es MouthlOratcavity

Vessels and nervesof the tongueand the larynx

G l a n d u l al i n g u a l i s

Ductussublingualis major

Plica fimbriata

C a r u n c u sl au b l i n g u a l i s Ductussublinguales minores Ductussublingualis major Plicasublingualis Ductussubmandibularis a M genioglossus Septumlinguae a M geniohyoideus

N;A;Vsublingualis*Oa G l a n d u lsau b l i n g u a l i s a M styloglossus

A l i n g u a l ias ; V comitans nervihypoglossi O

0 M hyoglossus

N lingualis * a M mylohyoideus Ganglion submandibulare & Glandula submandibularis N hypoglossus [Xll]* Venteranterior a M digastricus, a M stylohyoideus

M mylohyoideus I

Os hyoideum Glandula submandibularis

A : V laryngea superior: a o N. laryngeus superiorMembrana thyrohyoidea

Cartilagothyroidea

Ventersuperior a M omohyoideus,

a M sternohyoideus

a M thyrohyoideus

pharyngis inferior a l/. constrictor

(Lobuspyramidalis, Var.)

M cricothyroideus a

C M, sternothyroideus

Cartilagocricoidea

) 20!+,218,23r+,237

F i g . 2 0 0 V e s s e t sa n d n e r v e so f t h e t o n g u e ,L i n g u a ; m a j o rs a I i v a r yg [ a n d s G , t a n d u [ a sea t i v a r i a e majores, a n d [ a r y n x ,L a r y n x ; a n t e r i o r - i n f e r i ovri e w .


0 rg a na re a s I S e cti o ns

Sativarygtands Topography

Vessels and nervesof the

o M genioglossus

sublingualis Glandula A s u b l i n g u aal i s O O A.;V sublingualis

N. sublingualis &

linguae O A. profunda , N lingualis

N. lingualisa

linguae a V profunda M hyoglossus O

a M. styloglossus A. profundalinguaea a N hypoglossus [Xll] A sublingualis a O V lingualis A lingualis O

a M hyoglossus a A. carotisexterna superior, o N laryngeus R. internus

A thyroideasuperiorO

a Bifurcatiocarotidis

superior a A laryngea

M. geniohyoideus a

superior o A. thyroidea

Os hyoideum

o A carotiscommunis Membrana thyrohyoidea

Cartilago thyroidea

A thyroidea superior, a R. glandularis anterior

Glandula thyroidea, Lobus sinister

M cricothyroideus O

thyroideae lsthmusglandulae

F i g , 2 0 1 V e s s e t sa n d n e r v e so f t h e t o n g u e , thyroidea; Linguaa , n d t h e t h y r o i dg t a n d ,G [ a n d u [ a a n t e r i o r - i n f e r i ovri e w .

Surface lSketetonl Musctes frontalsection

Falx cerebri

Spatiumsubarachnoideum Sinussagittalis superior

8 N. supraorbitalis,R medialis

Arachnoidea matercranialis Galea aponeurotica

R lateralis o N. supraorbitalis, Sinusfrontalis a A supraorbitalis

Duramatercranialis

o N suoraorbitalis suoerior o M obliquus

M. temporalis a

superioris, o M levatorpalpebrae M. rectussuperior o A. lacrimalis

Cellulaeethmoidales

Glandula lacrimalis N opticusilll; a retinae O a V;A centralis Septumnasi

(Vll) a R. zygomaticus a M. rectuslateralis a M rectusmedialis


Corpusadiposumorbitae o M rectusinferior A transversafacieia a N infraorbitalis R. buccalis(Vll)O a M masseter Densmolarisll Sinusmaxillaris A . ; V f a c i a l ios a

Ductusparotideus

Ductussubmandibularis Glandula sublingualis

a M buccinator

V;A.; N. alveolaris inferjoro a a

Platysma a M. mylohyoideus o M. digastricus, Venteranterioro

oaA;V. lingualis a M. genioglossus a M geniohyoideus

Fig.202 Fronta[sectionthroughthe head of a 48-year-otdmate a t t h e [ e v e [o f t h e s e c o n du p p e rm o t a rt o o t h ; a n t e r i o rv i e w .

Topography |

0rganareas

I Sections

Sinussagittalis superior Galeaaooneurotica

(Suturafrontalis)

Duramatercranialis; Arachnoideamatercranialis

Falxcerebri

M. levatorpalpebraeO supenofls

a M. rectusmedialis

Glandula lacrimalis

Septumnasi

M. rectussuoerioro Suturaf rontozygomatica

Conchanasalisinferior

M. obliquussuperiorO molarisll

M. rectuslateralisa Retina

Lingua

M. rectusinferiora Corpusadiposumbuccae

Suturazygomaticomaxillaris

Ductussubmandibularis

M. massetera N. infraorbitalis o

Glandula sublingualis A. facialisa inferior a O O N.:A.:V.alveolaris A. lingualis O O Platysma M. genioglossus a

M. geniohyoideus o /

M. mylohyoideus o

a M. digastricus,Venteranterior

F i g . 2 0 3 F r o n t a sl e c t i o nt h r o u g ht h e h e a do f a n e o n a t e at the [eve[of the secondupper molar tooth; a n t e r i o rv i e w Note the absenceof the maxittarysinus and the ctoseproximity o f t h e t o o t ha n t a g et o t h e o r b i t .

> Neck

Sur facep . 32

Vot.l l | Sk eteton

Musclesof theneckandtracheotomv

M mylohyoideus

G l a n d u lsau b m a n d i b u l a r i s M digastricus, Venterposterior M masseter parotidea Glandula

Glandula parotidea

l\4 digastricus M. stylohyoideus

l\4 hyoglossus M sternocleidomastoideus M splenius cervicis M levatorscapulae

l\4 levatorscapulae M sternohyoideus M scalenusmedius lvl longuscapitis

Lig thyrohyoideum medianum

Cartilago thyroidea

A carotiscommunis; V jugularisinterna M thyrohyoideus lvl sternothyroideus M . s c a l e n um s edius M omohyoideus, Tendo

M omohyoideus medianum Lig.cricothyroideum lvl cricothyroideus Arcus cartilaginiscricoideae

Fascia cervicalis.Lamina oretrachealis

M sternohyoideus

Plexusbrachialis. Parssuoraclavicularis M. scalenusanterior

Glandula thyroidea M scalenusmedius

M omohyoideus,Venter inferior

M trapezius


Clavicula

l\4 deltoideus

M. pectoralismajor, Pars clavicularis

lvl subclavius lvl pectoralismajor, Parsclavicularis

)T8,T9,T10,T11

F i g . 2 0 1 M u s c l e so f t h e n e c k ,M m . c o L [ i .

Os hyoideum Cartilago thyroidea

Cartilago cricoidea Glandula thyroidea, Lobus sinister

V,jugularis anterior Arcusvenosus jugularis.

F i g .2 0 5 S u r g i c aaI c c e s st o t h e t r a c h e a w i t h t h e n e c kh y p e r e x t e n d e d . * Coniotomy * * U p p etrr a c h e o t o m dt a n d J l ayb o vteh ei s t h m uos f t h et h y r o i g * * * L o w etrr a c h e o t o m h ei s t h m uos f t h et h y r o i g dt a n d ) { bye L otw

Cervicalfascia

Ramusmandibulae Proc styloideus Fascia masseterica; lvl masseter

M. styloglossus

Platysma

lvl digastricus,Venterposterior

M stylohyoideus, Tendo Fascia cervicalis

Lig stylohyoideum

Mandibula

M. sternocleidomastoideus Fascia cervlcalis,Lamina superficialis

M mylohyoideus

M digastricus, Venteranterior

M. stylohyoideus Fascia cervicalis.Lamina suoerficialis

lvl omohyoideus, Ventersuperior

M. omohyoideus M, sternohyoideus Fascia cervicalis, Lamina supedicialis Fascia cervicalis.Lamina Dretrachealis

M omohyoideus, Venterinferior

Fascia cervicalis, Lamina superficialis

Clavicula

Trigonum omoclaviculare Platysma

Trigonum omoclaviculare

Trachea

V jugularis externa M sternocleidomastoideus

Fossasuoraclavicularis minor

Fig. 206

C e r v i c a If a s c i a , F a s c i a c e r v i c a L i s .

F a s c i ac e r v i c a I i s Yellow: Lamina superficialis Red:

Laminapretrachealis

Green: Lamina prevertebralis

F i g . 2 0 7a , b

S c h e m ao f t h e c e r v i c afIa s c i a

a Transversesection b M e d i a ns e c t i o n

SkeletonVo[. Musclesof the neck

M stylohyoideus Glandula parotidea

Lig stylohyoideum; M stylopharyngeus l\/ digastricus,Venterposterior M sternocleidomastoideus M semispinalis capitis

M digastricus, Venteranterior M. spleniuscapitis M mylohyoideus Os hyoideum

lvl levatorscapulae

M omohyoideus, Ventersuperior M, scalenusanterior M sternohyoideus M scalenusmedius

M thyrohyoideus

M scalenusposterior

M constrictorpharyngisinferior Glandula thyroidea, Lobussinister

M trapezius


Clavicula M deltoideus

M. omohyoideus, Venterinferior

lvl.pectoralismajor, Parssternocostalis

, 11 ) T 8 ,T 9 ,T 1 0 T

F i g .2 0 8 M u s c l e so f t h e n e c k ,M m . c o t l . i

Musclesof the neck

M longuscapitis

Os occipitale

M, rectuscapitisanterior M rectuscapitislateralis

Proc.mastoideus

M. sternocleidomastoideus M longissimus capitis M spleniuscapitis M longuscapitis

Articulatioatlantoaxiallslateralis,

Capsulaarticularis M. levatorscapulae M scalenusmedius M longuscolli M longuscapitis M scalenusmedius

M. scalenusmedius

M scalenus anterior M scalenusmedius

Tuberculum anterius

M scalenusposterior M. scalenusanterior

M scalenusmedius M longus colli

sinistra subclavia A subclaviadextra

M scalenusanterior

M scalenusposterior

V subclavia dextra

sinistra A. carotiscommunis

A carotis communis dextra V brachiocephalica sinistra

F i g .2 0 9 P r e v e r t e b r amLu s c t e sa n d s c a l e n u sm u s c l e s , Mm.scaLeni. | - V l l = F i r s tt o s e v e n t hc e r v i c avI e r t e b r a 1 - 3 = F i r s tt o t h i r d t h o r a c i cv e r t e b r a

SkeletonVot. ll Skeletonof the Iarynx

Cornusuperius

Tuberculum thyroideum supeflus

Incisurathyroidea

supenor Prominentia laryngea

Cornusuperius

Tuberculum thyroideum supenus

Lamtna dextra

Lineaobliqua

Prominentia laryngea

Lamina sinistra

Cornuinferius

Linea obliqua

Tuberculum thyroideum inferius

Laminasinistra

Tuberculum thyroideum inferius

lnclsura thyroidea inferior

F i g . 2 1 O T h y r o i dc a r t i t a g eC, a r t i t a g ot h y r o i d e a ; viewedfrom the Left.

Cornuinferius

F i g . 2 1 1 T h y r o i dc a r t i L a g eC, a r t i t a g ot h y r o i d e a ; v e n t r a Iv i e w .

Colliculus Foveatriangularis Cristaarcuata Fovea ooronga Lig vocale

Proc vocalis; Lig vocale

Proc musculans

vd,

uragu

arytenoidea; Articulatio cricoaMenoidea Arcus cartilaginiscricoideae

Fig.212 CartiLages of the [arynx, C a r t i [ a g i n e[sa r y n g i s ; v e n t r o s u p e r i ovri e w .

Lamina cartilaginis cricoideae

Fig.213 Cartilagesof the [arynx C a r t i t ag i n e sL a r y nigs ; dorsatview.


F i g . 2 1 1 C a r t i L a g eosf t h e [ a r y n x , C a r t i t a ign e s L a r y n g i s ; viewedfrom the Left.

Facies articulares arytenoideae


Faciesarticularis thyroidea

F i g . 2 1 5 E p i g L o t t icca r t i l a g e , C a r t i t a g oe p i g t o t t i c;a dorsaIview.

F i g . 2 1 6 C r i c o i dc a r t i t a g e , C a r t i t a gcor i c o i d e a ; v e n t r o s u p e r i ovri e w .


F i g .2 1 7 C r i c o i dc a r t i t a g e , C a r t i t a g oc r i c o i d e a ; d o r s a Iv i e w .

Musc[es Hyoidboneandskeleton

Os hyoideum, Cornumajus Os hyoideum.Cornu minus


Lig thyrohyoideumlaterale var

uragu

u rueca


thyroidea, Cornusuperius Cartilago Lig thyrohyoideummedianum

Cartilagothyroidea,Lamina dextra

Incisura thyroidea superior thyroidea, Cornuinferius Cartilago Lig cricothyroideum medianum Capsulaarticularis cricothyroidea Arcuscartilaginis cricoideae

Lig cricotracheale Cartilaoines tracheales

Fig.218 Larynx,Larynx, a n d h y o i db o n e ,0 s h y o i d e u m ; ventraIview.

Os hyoideum, Cornuminus Cartilago epiglottica


Lig thyrohyoideumlaterale Cartilago triticea Membranathyrohyoidea Corpus adiposum preepiglotticum

thyroidea, Cornusuperius Cartilago Petiolus epiglottidis

Cartilago thyroidea, Laminasinistra

Cartilagoarytenoidea

Lig cricoarytenoideum

CaDSUlaarticulariscricothvroidea

Lig cricotracheale

Cartilagines tracheales

Cartilagocorniculata

cricoarytenoidea Capsulaarticularis

thyroidea, Cornuinferius Cartilago

Capsulaarticularis cricothyroidea

Lig cricopharyngeum

Ligg anularia

Fig.219 Cartilageo s f the [arynxC , a r t i t a g i n elsa r y n g i s , a n d h y o i db o n e , 0 sh y o i d e u m ; dorsaIview.

Sk eteton ThyroidgLand Pharyn

andskeletonof

Os hyoideum

l\4embranathyrohyoidea



Petiolus epiglottidis

Lig cricopharyngeum

Lig thyroepiglotticum Cartilagines aMenoideae Cartilagothyroidea Lig, vocale

Proc vocalis

Conuselasticus Lig cricothyroideum medianum

Lamina cartilaginiscricoideae

Arcuscartilaginis cricoideae Faciesarticularis thyroidea Cartilaoinestracheales

Fig.220 Larynx,Larynx, a n d h y o i db o n e ,0 s h y o i d e u m ; viewedfrom the Left.

Os hyoideum

Cartilago epiglottica

Lig hyoepiglotticum Membrana thyrohyoidea

Bursa infrahyoidea

thyroidea, Cornusuperius Cartilago


Cartilagothyroidea, Lamina dextra

Corpusadiposumpreepiglotticum Lig cricopharyngeum Lig thyroepiglotticum Cartilagoarytenoidea Lig vestibulare

Lig cricoarytenoideum Lig vocale

Lig cricopharyngeum Lig cricothyroideum medianum Lamina cartilaginiscricoideae

Pharynx, Tunicamucosa

Ligg anularia Trachea, Paries membranaceus

Fig.221 Larynx,Larynx, a n d h y o i db o n e ,0 s h y o i d e u m ; m e d i a ns e c t i o n ; mediaIview.

Musctes Laryngealmuscles


Lig cricoarytenoideum

Cartilago corniculata

Cartilago thyroidea, Cornusuperius Proc.muscularis ] Articulatio cricothyroidea Proc.vocalis Conuselasticus

Arcuscartilaginis cricoideae

I )

Ca'lilagoaMenoidea

Conuselasticus

Lig. vocale

Cartilagothyroidea

Incisura thyroidea superior

F i g . 2 2 2 C a r t i t a g eo s f the [arynxC , a r t i L a g i n eLsa r y n g i s , a n d v o c a lt i g a m e n t L , i g .voca|.e: v e n t r o s u p e r i ovri e w .

a C r i c o t h y r o im d u s c t e ,M . c r i c o t h y r o i d e u s

L a t e r a Ic r i c o - a r y t e n o im duscte, M . c r i c o a r y t e n o i d e u[ ast e r a t i s

F i g .2 2 3 a - d S c h e m as h o w i n gt h e f u n c t i o n s o f t h e [ a r y n g e am I u s c l e s ,M m . [ a r y n g i s ; y e l t o wa r r o w s : t e n s i o no f t h e v o c a [[ i g a m e n t ; r e da r r o w s : m u s c t ec o n t r a c t i o n : b I u ea r r o w s : d i r e c t i o no f r o t a t i o n :

0 b t i q u ea n d t r a n s v e r s ea r y t e n o i dm u s c l e s , M m . a r y t e n o i d eoi b t i q u u se t t r a n s v e r s u s

P o s t e r i ocrr i c o - a r y t e n omi du s c [ e , M .c r i c o a r y t e n o i d p eo us t e r i o r en t h e r i g h t t h e m u s c t e so n t h e l e f t a r e r e [ a x e d ; t h o s o are contracted: s u D e n o rv t e w .

> Neck

S k e l e t o nVot.l l Thyroidgtand

Laryngealmuscles


Os hyoideum, Cornuminus

Lig thyrohyoideumlaterale

Os hyoideum, Corpus

Cartilago triticea


Cartilago thyroidea, Cornusuperius

Lig thyrohyoideum medianum Cartilagothyroidea.Lamina sinistra

Incisura thyroidea superior

Linea obliqua

Lig cricothyroideum medianum Cartilago thyroidea, Cornuinferius Capsulaarticularis cricothyroidea Arcus cartilaginiscricoideae

M. cricothvroideus. Parsrecta

Cartilaginestracheales

lM cricothyroideus, Parsobliqua

Fig.221 Cricothyroid muscte, M .c r i c o t h y r o i d e u s ; ventraL viewfromthe Left.

Epiglottis


Os hyoideum

Cartilagotriticea

Lig hyoepiglotticum Membrana thyrohyoidea

Cartilago thyroidea, Cornusuperius Tuberculum cuneiforme Cartilago corniculata

preepiglotticum Corpusadiposum lvl.thyroarytenoideus, Parsthyroepiglottica lvl arytenoideus obliquus, Parsaryepiglottica M, thyroaMenoideus

Cartilagoarytenoidea M arytenoideus obliquus M aMenoideus transversus

M cricoarytenoideus lateralis posterior M. cricoarytenoideus

Parsrecla

\

I I M cricothyroideus HarsoDilqua J

Faciesarticularis thyroidea

Cartilagotrachealis

Trachea,Pariesmembranaceus

Fig.225 LaryngeaIm u s c t e s M , m.[aryngis; d o r s a Iv i e wf r o m t h e r i gh t .

Pharyn

Laryngealmuscles

Epiglottis Os hyoideum, Cornumajus Cartilago triticea

Cartilago thyroidea, Cornusuperius cuneiformis Cartilago M thyroarytenoideus, Parsthyroepiglottica

M arytenoideus obliquus, Parsaryepiglottica

M thyroarytenoideus

corniculata Cartilago Cartilagoarytenoidea

l/ arytenoideus obliquus

transversus M, arvtenoideus

Cartilago thyroidea, Cornuinferius Capsulaarticularis cricothyroidea

M cricoaMenoideusposterior

Cartilagocricoidea,Lamina

Cartilagotrachealis

Trachea. Pariesmembranaceus

Fig.226 Laryngeal musctes, Mm laryngis; dorsaIview.

Os hyoideum, Cornuminus Os hyoideum, Cornumajus Epiglottis Cartilagotriticea

Tuberculum cuneiforme

Cadilagothyroidea, Cornusuperius Cartilago cuneiformis

Tuberculum epiglotticum

Canilago corniculata

Plicavestibularis

M aMenoideustransversus Ventriculus laryngis

Cartilagoarytenoidea

M arytenoideus obliquus

Plica vocalis M vocalis

M cricoaMenoideusoosterior

M. cricothyroideus M cricoarvtenoideus lateralis Cartilagocricoidea,Lamina

Cartilagocricoidea,Lamina Cartilagotrachealis

Fig.227 Larynx,Larynx; s e c t i o n e df r o m d o r s a Li n t h e m e d i a np L a n e a n d s e p a r a t e dw i t h h o o k s ; d o r s a Iv i e w .

Thyroidgtand

Fig.228a, b Laryngoscopy. a I n d i r e c[ ta r y n g o s c o p y b D i r e c te, n d o s c o pLi ca r y n g o s c o p y

Rima glottidis Plica vocalis

Plica vestibularis

Cartilago arytenoidea; Cartilagocorniculata

Fig. 229 Direct[aryngoscopy; r e s p i r a t o r yp o s i t i o n .

Recessus piriformis

tnctsura interarytenoidea

Epiglottis

Ventriculis laryngis Plicavocalis

Rima glottidis Plica vestibularis

Plicaaryepiglottica Cartilagoarytenoidea; Cartilago corniculata

F i g . 2 3 0 D i r e c[ta r y n g o s c o p y ; p h o n a t i opno s i t i o n .

Inctsura interarytenoidea

Rimaglottidis, Parsintermembranacea Plicavestibularis

Fig.231 DirectLaryngoscopy; w h i s p e r i npgo s i t i o n .

Pharynx

Musctes

0rgans

T o p o g ra p h y Sections

Lig.hyoepiglotticum

Badix linguae Canilago epiglottica

preepiglotticum Corpusadiposum

Os hyoideum Bursainfrahyoidea Vestibulum laryngis

Lig thyrohyoideummedianum Lig.thyroepiglotticum Cartilago thyroidea

Ventriculus laryngis

Plicavestibularis Ventriculus laryngis

Cavitasinfraglottica


Plica vocalis

Conuselasticus

Lig cricothyroideum medianum Tunicamucosa

Arcuscartilaginis cricoideae

Trachea, Pariesmembranaceus Cartilagines tracheales (Spatium oesophagotracheale) lsthmusglandulae thyroideae Trachea

Fig.232 Larynx,Larynx.

Radix linguae

Lig hyoepiglotticum

preepiglotticum Corpusadiposum

Os hyoideum

Lig.thyrohyoideum medianum

Lig thyroepiglotticum l\4 arytenoideus transversus Cartilago thyroidea Lamina cartilaginiscricoideae Arcus cartilaginiscricoideae

Cartilagines tracheales

Fig.233 Larynx,Larynx; p o s i t i oonf t h ee p i g t o t t d i su r i n gs w a t t o w i n g .

Sur facep . 32

Vot.l l | Sk eteton Pharynx

Arteriesand

Rr linguales I

Papillaevallatae

N glossopharyngeus ilXl * a N. glossopharyngeus lxl A palatinaascendens, R tonsillariso

a Rr tonsillares

palatina Tonsilla Os hyoideum, Cornumajus Epiglottis N. laryngeus superior* Valleculaepiglottica

A. laryngea superior a

Cartilago thyroidea, Cornusuperius superior, Rr interni a N laryngeus Adituslaryngis

Incisura interarytenoidea

obliquus o M. aMenoideus Cartilagothyroidea,Lamina sinistra

Cartilago thyroidea, Cornuinferius posterior a L4 cricoarytenoideus thyroidea Glandula A laryngea inferior a parathyroidea Glandula superior Rr tracheales a

0

A thyroidea interiorO

parathyroidea inferior Glandula

N laryngeus recurrens, Br oesophageales {} recurrens * N laryngeus

Fig.231 Arteries and nervesof the [arynx,Larynx. a n dt h e r o o to f t h e t o n g u e R , a d i xI i n g u a e

Musctes

0 r g an s

Topography

Sections Larynx,transversesections

Sacculus laryngis

Sacculuslaryngis Ventriculus laryngis

Glandulae laryngeales

Plica vocalis

M thyroarytenoideus {t Rima glottidis

superior, R internus , N laryngeus

l\4 vocalis &

superior a A laryngea superiores a W laryngeae

^^*ir^^^ varurd9u

thyroidea, Laminasinistra Plica vestibularis CartilagoaMenoidea

'.-fi.'n+ Recessus piriformis

*^^t'.

Cavitas pharyngis

j

lvl constrictorpharyngis{r medtus pharyngis M constrictor & interior Mm arytenoidei * transversus et obliqui

Plexusvenosuspharyngeus

F i g . 2 3 5 L a r y n x ,L a r y n x . T h ew h i t e a r r o w i n d i c a t e st h e c o n n e c t i o n between t h e [ a r y n g e avI e n t r i c L ae n d t h e [ a r y n g e asI a c c u l e .

Lig vocale a M vocalis

a l\4 thyroarytenoideus

N laryngeus superior A laryngea superiora Cartilagoarytenoidea

W laryngeae superiores o ArticulatiocricoaMenoidea

Cartilagothyroidea, Lamina sinistra

Cavitaspharyngis piriformis Recessus

Tunicamucosa

M cricoaMenoideus i posterior

o l\4 constrictorpharyngisinferior

Fig.236 Larynx,Larynx.

Sur facep . 32

Vot.l l | Sk eteton

Thyroidgtand

C o r n um i n u s

Corpus Os hyoideum,

Cornumajus thyrohyoidea Membrana Cartilago thyroidea, Cornusuperius Prominentia laryngea

Cartilagothyroidea, Lamina dextra

medianum Lig.cricothyroideum

thyroidea, Lobussinister Glandula

lsthmusglandulae thyroideae

Fig.237 Thyroidgtand,Gtandutathyroidea, and [arynx,Larynx.

Os hyoideum, Corpus Bursaeinfrahyoideae

Lig,thyrohyoideum medianum

Cartilago thyroidea, Laminadextra

Lig cricothyroideummedianum

Glandula thyroidea, Lobusdexter

Cartilagotriticea


(Lobuspyramidalis, Var) Glandula thyroidea;

M cricothyroideus

Lobussinister Glandula thyroidea,

lsthmusglandulae thyroideae

, [anduta F i g . 2 3 8 T h y r o i dg L a n dG thyroidea, a n d [ a r y n x ,L a r y n x .

Pharynx

Mus c t e s

0 r g an s

T o p o g ra p h y Sections Thyroidgland,sections

Plexusthyroideus impara

lsthmusglandulae thyroideae Fascia cervicalis.Lamina suoerficialis

Fascia cervicalis,Lamina pretrachealis

a Platysma anterior o V jugularis

Cartilagotrachealis

a M. sternohyoideus Glandula thyroidea, Lobus sinister

a lvl sternothyroideus O M sternocleidomastoideus Trachea

R cardiacus ceruicalis,: supenor

Oesophagus recurrens & N, laryngeus

Glandula parathyroidea inlerior

interna O V jugularis o A carotiscommunis

Ganglion ceruico- :t thoracicum lstellatum]

& N vagus[X]

l\/ longus colli a M scalenus anterior a

Truncusjugularis dexter

l\4 scalenus medius o

aaA;Vvertebralis

Fascia cervicalis,Lamina prevertebralis

Pariesmembranaceus Vertebra Vll cervicalis

inferior a A thyroidea

F i g . 2 3 9 T h y r o i dg L a n dG , L a n d u |t.hay r o i d e a ; h o r i z o n t asLe c t i o n .

Cartilago epiglottica

Vestibulum laryngis Os hyoideum lvlembrana thyrohyoidea

M arytenoideus obliquus, Parsaryepiglottica

I Sacculus laryngis

quadrangularis Membrana l\/ thyrohyoideus Fascla cervicalis, Lamina pretrachealis Plica vestibularis

Lig vestibulare

Plica vocalis

Rima vestibuli Ventriculuslaryngis

lvl constrictorpharyngis inferior, Parsthyropharyngea

Cartilagothyroidea

M sternothyroideus

Lig vocale

A; V thyroidea superior

M cricoarytenoideus lateralis

Bima glottidis

lvl vocalis

Cavitas infraglottica l\4 cricothyroideus Cartilagocricoidea

Conuselasticus

Lig cricotracheale

Glandula thyroidea

Cartilagotrachealis

Trachea

parathyroidea Glandula interior

F i g . 2 t 0 T h y r o i dg [ a n d ,G L a n d u It.hay r o i d e a ; f r o n t a Is e c t i o n .

Surfacep. 32

Vot.ll | Skel.eton

Thyroidgtand

* N. hypoglossus [Xll] s u b l i n g u aO lis o V lingualis A lingualis a

a M hyoglossus a A carotisexlerna

M hyoglossus a

superior, & N laryngeus R internus

A thyroidea superiora

carotidis a Bifurcatio

A carotisexternaa)

superior a A laryngea

l\il geniohyoideus a

OA thyroidea supenor

Os hyoideum

O A carotiscommunis

lvlembrana thyrohyoidea

Glandula thyroidea, Lobus dexter

A. thyroidea superior, a R glandularis anterior M cricothyroideus a

thyroidea Cartilago

Glandula thyroidea, Lobus sinister Lig cricothyroideummedianum

lsthmus glandulaethyroideae

F i g . 2 1 1 V e s s e l sa n d n e r v e so f t h e t h y r o i dg L a n d , G t a n d u Ltah y r o i d e aa, n d t h e [ a r y n x ,L a r y n x .

Cutis

Mm infrahyoidei

thyroideae lsthmusglandulae Cartilago trachealis

Fascia ceruicalis, Lamina pretrachealis

Glandulathyroidea, Lobus dexter A carotis communts

l\4 longus colli

Vertebra Vll cervicalis

F i g . 2 1 2 T h y r o i dg t a n d ,G t a n d u t a thyroidea; o b I i q u eu t t r a s o u n di m a g ei n v e n t r o d o r s adLi r e c t i o n ; i n f e r i o rv i e w I r i g h t ,2 0 0 % ) * U l t r a s o u nsdh a d o w o f t h et r a c h e a

Pharynx

Pathological enlargement of the thyroidgland

F i g . 2 1 3 T h y r o i dg L a n dG , [anduta thyroidea; e n [ a r g e m e not f t h e t h y r o i dg l a n dw i t h t h r e eo b v i o u sn o d e s ,S t r u m an o d o s a .

Mm intrahyoidei

V jugularis externa Trachea

Corpusvertebrae Costa [/ erectorspinae

Proc.spinosus

* N o d e o f t h e t h y r o i dg t a n d

Fig.21t+ Neck,Cottum; c o m p u t e dt o m o g r a p h i c( C T ls e c t i o n ; inferiorview. T h et r a c h e ai s d i s p L a c etdo w a r d st h e r i g h t b y a p a t h o l o g i c a l et yn t a r g e d n o d eo f t h e t h y r o i dg l . a n d .

Mandibula Claviculadextra

V jugularis

CostaI Manubrium sterni

Clavicula sinistra * N o d e o f t h e t h y r o i dg t a n d

Fig.245 Neck,Cotlum; 3 - d i m e n s i o n ar Ie c o n s t r u c t i ofnr o m c o m p u t e dt o m o g r a p h i c( C T )s e c t i o n s s h o w i n ga h e a v i Leyn t a r g e d[ e f t [ o b eo f t h e t h y r o i dg l a n d ; s a m e p a t i e n ta s i n F i 1 . 2 4 4 .

> Neck

Sketeton

section Nasalandpharyngealcavity,paramedian

Os nasale Sinussphenoidalis Alavomerissinistra tubaeauditivae; Ostiumpharyngeum Torustubarius

Septumnasi Plica salpingopalatina

Tonsillapharyngea

Toruslevatorius Corpus Os sphenoidale,

Vestibulum nasi

Plica salpingopharyngea

Atlas[C l] Palatum molle

Arcuspalatopharyngeus

lvl genioglossusI

Os occipitale Lig,transversum atlantis

Mandibula

palatina Tonsilla

M geniohyoideusa

Pharynx Spatiumretropharyngeum

M mylohyoideus o Os hyoideum

Tuberculum cuneiforme

Lig thyrohyoideummedianum Lig hyoepiglotticum Cartilagoepiglottica

Tuberculum corniculatum

Corpus adiposum preepiglotticum

Lig longitudinaleposterius

Lig thyroepiglotticum cricoideae Laminacartilaginis

thyroidea Cartilago Plicavestibularis; Plicavocalis

Spatiumepidurale

(A ; V thyroidea cricothyroideus superior); a o Lig cricothyroideum medianum

Duramaterspinalis

Arcus cartilaginiscricoideae

Lig longitudinale anterius

Fascia ceruicalis,Lamina superficialis Fascia cervicalis, Lamina prevertebralis

Fascia ceruicalis,Lamina pretrachealis

lsthmusglandulae thyroldeae

(Spatium retrooesophageum)

V thyroidea inferiora Oesophagus

Arcusvenosusjugulariso

(Spatiumoesophagotracheale)

M sternothyroideus I Manubrium sterni V brachiocephalicasinistra a

Trachea

a Truncusbrachiocephalicus

Nodus lymphoideuscervicalisanterior

F i g , 2 t 6 N a s a Ic a v i t yC , a v i t a sn a s i ; , harynx, o r a I c a v i t yC , a v i t a so r i s ; p h a r y n x P a n d [ a r y n x ,L a r y n x ; paramedian section.

Proc.pterygoideus, Laminalateralis M zygomaticusmajor Arcuszygomaticus M. procerus M. tensor veli Dalatini

M. levatorveli palatini Fasciapharyngobasilaris

M levator labiisuperioris alaequenasi

M. stylohyoideus

M. levator labiisuperioris

Condylus occipitalis

M. zygomaticus minor

Proc mastoideus

M levatorangulioris

M. digastricus, Venterposterior Proc.styloideus Hamuluspterygoideus Lig stylohyoideum Raphepterygomandibularis

Ductusparotideus; M. buccinator

M. orbicularis oris, Parslabialis

M. styloglossus M. stylopharyngeus

M. depressor angulioris

M. digastricus,Venterposteriot Parschondropharyngea constrictor I M. l pnaryngrs Parsceratopharyngea., medius

M mentalis Platysma

M. stylohyoideus Os hyoideum,Cornumajus

M. mylohyoideus

A.; V. laryngea superior; N. laryngeus superior

M. digastricus,Venteranterior M. hyoglossus

Membranathyrohyoidea

M. sternohyoideus M. constrictorpharyngisinferior, Parsthyropharyngea

M. omohyoideus M. thyrohyoideus

M. constrictorpharyngisinterior, Parscricopharyngea

Carlilagothyroidea, Laminasinistra Parsrecta f M. cricothyroideus .l pars obliqua

Oesophagus Cartilagotrachealis

\

'I Parspterygopharyngea I 2 Parsbuccopharyngea [ J eari myiopharyig6a I Parsglossopharyngea I

F i g , 2 4 7 P h a r y n g em a lu s c t e sM, m .p h a r y n g i s , a n df a c i am [ u s c l e sM. m .f a c i e i .

^, M' ,constrictorpharyngissuperior

> Neck Pharyngeal muscles

Synchondrosis petrooccipitalis M levator velipalatini

(Fasciculus muscularis accessorius) Li9.sphenomandibulare Proc.styloideus

M. constrictor pharyngis superior, Parspterygopharyngea M stylohyoideus M digastricus,Venterposterior M constrictorpharyngissuperior, Parsbuccopharyngea

Lig. stylohyoideum

M stylohyoideus M. pterygoideus medialis

M. stylopharyngeus M styloglossus Lig.stylomandibulare M constrictorpharyngissuperior, Parsmylopharyngea

parotidea Glandula M. digastricus,Venterposterior

M. pterygoideus medialis

M pterygoideus medialis Mandibula

M. stylohyoideus

Glandula submandibularis M. styloglossus

M. digastricus,Venterposterior

M stylohyoideus Os hyoideum, Cornumajus

M constrictorpharyngissuperior, Parsglossopharyngea M constrictorpharyngismedius, Parschondropharyngea M constrictorpharyngismedius,Parsceratopharyngea

Raphepharyngis

M. constrictorpharyngisinferior,Parsthyropharyngea M. constrictorpharyngisinferior,Parscricopharyngea

Glandula thyroidea, Lobussinister

Tunicamuscularis Oesophagus, Glandulathvroidea.Lobusdexter

Glandulaeparathyroideae superioret inlerior superioret inferior Glandulaeparathyroideae

Tunicamuscularis Oesophagus,

F i g . 2 4 8 P h a r y n g em a tu s c t e sM, m .p h a r y n g i s

Musctes lnnercontourof thepharynx


petrooccipitalis Synchondrosis

pharyngea Tonsilla

Concha nasalis inlerior

M levator veli palatini

Becessus pnaryngeus

Proc.styloideus

Torustubarius

lvl digastricus,' Venterposterior

Ostiumpharyngeum tubaeauditivae

Glandula parotidea

Plica salpingopalatina Noduli lymphoideipharyngeales

Toruslevatorius Palatum molle [Velum palatinum]

medialis M pterygoideus Lig. stylomandibulare


Plicasalpingopharyngea Uvula palatina

pharyngeales Glandulae


Septumnasi

Lingua, Papillaevallatae

palatina

Radix linguae; Papillaevallatae (Plica pharyngoepiglottica)

Os hyoideum,Cornumajus

Epiglottis

thyroidea, Cornusuperius

Plica aryepiglottica

Plicaneruilaryngeisuperioris

Tuberculumcuneiforme; Cartilago cuneiformis

interaMenoidea Incisura Tuberculumcorniculatum; Cartilago corniculata Glandulae parathyroideae inferiores

Levels of the pharynx; A N a s o p h a r y n xP, a r sn a s a t i sp h a r y n g i s B 0 r o p h a r y n xP, a r so r a t i sp h a r y n g i s C L a r y n g o p h a r y nhx y, p o p h a r y n x , P a r s[ a r y n g e ap h a r y n g i s

A; V. thyroideainferior

Pharynx. Fig.219 Pharynx,

N. maxillaris[V/2]

I

N glossopharyngeus [X] N vagus[X]

, harynx. n f t h e p h a r y n xP F i g .2 5 0 S e n s i b l ei n n e r v a t i o o

Sk eteton theparapharyngeal space

N vagus[X] , N, glossopharyngeus lXl *r Bulbussuperioro venaejugularis S i n u sa Iransversus S i n u so -

,: N accessorius [Xl],R internus pharyngis superior N M constrictor a W pharyngeae

jugulare Foramen

t

i

Os temporale

sigmoideus Ganglion supeflus

a A meningea posterior

carotisinternaa R auricularis

i, N caroticus internus

& Ganglioninferius

(tx)

Proc mastordeus N accessorius [Xl],it R externus

a A carotisinterna

Proc styloideus inferius(X) a Ganglion N hypoglossus[Xll] '

x N jugularis(Truncus sympathicus) Bamusmandibulae

M stylopharyngeuso

N, glossopharyngeus lXl *

cervicale superius & Ganglion (Truncus sympathicus)

R pharyngealis {}

o A pharyngeaascendens

M digastricus, Venterposterior t N laryngeus superiort

$ N glossopharyngeus lxl

A carotisexternaa)

O A palatinaascendens

,r B pharyngealis

o A facialis a A lingualis

A lacialis a

A lingualis a

O A carotisexterna

laryngeus superior, R, externus& N laryngeus superior, R internus,,

superior a A thyroidea

pharyngis l\4 constrictor mediusA

cervicalis superior * N cardiacus (Truncus sympathicus)


o V jugularisinterna O R, pharyngealis

Rr pharyngeales*

*] N vagus[X] a A carotiscommunis

M constrictorpharyngisinferior0

communis $ Plexuscaroticus & Truncussympathicus a Bulbusinferiorvenaejugularis

Glandula thyroidea

O B pharyngealis r&Ganglion cervicale medium A, thyroidea inferiora * Ganglion cervicothoracicum[stellatum]

R cardiacusceruicalissuDerior ' Oesophagus

., N cardiacuscervicalismedius (Truncussympathicus)

252 Fig,251 VesseLs and nervesof the pharynx,Pharynx, I a c e ,S p a t i u ml a t e r o p h a r y n g e u m . a n dt h e p a r a p h a r y n g e a sp

n* Musctes Vessels and ne

Tonsillapharyngea

Truncusneruiaccessorii, R internus

Fascia pharyngobasilaris

N vagus[X] , N glossopharyngeus Itxl Sinustransversus O

Cartilagotubae auditivae; Ostium pharyngeumtubae auditivae

s N vagus[X]

, N hypoglossus [XIl]

t N accessorius[Xl] a Bulbussuperior venaejugularis

I

S i n u ss i g m o i d e uos

a A carotisinterna , N accessorius [Xl], R externus

Ganglion inferius(X) :

a A occipitalis

N hypoglossus[Xll]

Proc mastoideus Torus tubarius

cervicale superius *. Ganglion (Truncus sympathicus)

M digastricus,S Venter posterior

g M tensorvelipalatini

M uvulae&

pharyngis 6 M constrictor supeflor t M salpingopharyngeus

Plica salpingopharyngea

0 M palatopharyngeus

Tonsillapaiatina


Sulcusterminalis Dorsumlinguae, Parsposterior

Plica aryepiglottica Cartilagothyroidea, Cornu superius

Epiglottis N laryngeus superior; s o o A ; V laryngeasuperior

Tuberculum cuneiforme Tuberculum corniculatum piriformis, Recessus Plicaneruilaryngei superioris

& N vagus[X] transversus; a M. aMenoideus M. aMenoideus obliquus posterior o M cricoarytenoideus

N vagus[X] .

E Truncussympathicus, Plexuscaroticus communis

Oesophagus, Tunicamuscularis

thyroidea Glandula

Ganglion cervicale medium.

parathyroidea inlerior Glandula A thyroidea inferiora

a Truncusthyrocervicalis

Bulbusinferioro venaejugularis

s N vagus[Xl, R cardiacus cervicalis superior o Bulbusinferiorvenaejugularis

Truncus thyroceruicalis a Ganglion cervicothoracicum

a A subclavia

[stellatum]

a V subclavia

A;Vsubclaviaaa

{r N vagus[X] V brachiocephalicasinistra a

recurrens , N laryngeus A carotiscommunisa a V brachiocephalicadextra

N laryngeus recurrensi Trachea,Pariesmembranaceus N vagus[X] ,

Parsdescendensaortaea

a Truncusbrachiocephalicus o V cavasuperior

231+ Fig.252 Vesselsand nervesof the pharynx,Pharynx, a n dt h e p a r a p h a r y n g e a I a c eS sp , p a t i u ml a t e r o p h a r y n g e u m

251

937

Sk eteton Vo[. /esse/sandnervesof the neck

a V auricularisoosterior 'J N auricularisposterior(Vll)

o A. auricularis oosterior a M epicranius, M occipitofrontalis, Venteroccipitalis

parotidea Glandula N auricularis magnus,, Rr posteriores

.A

occipitalis

V jugularis externao a V occipitalis

transversus colli,, Rr superiores * N occipitalis maJor

.' N occipitalisminor s M sternocleidomastoideus

magnus $ N auricularis Platysma f

e M levatorscapulae * N accessorius [xl] * lvl trapezius

t Nn supraclaviculares laterales

F i g .2 5 3 V e s s e t sa n d n e r v e so f t h e a n t e r i o ra n d t h e l a t e r a Ir e g i o n o f t h e n e c k ,R e g i o n e sc e r v i c a t eas n t e r i o re t L a t e r a I i s ; superficia[layer.

Muscles Vessels and

a V auricularisDosterior

& N occipitalisminor

Platysma a O A occipitalis

a V occipitalis

V tacialis O N lacialis [Vll], R colli €

a N occipitalis major

V retromandibularis O

magnus I N auricularis

R communicans s

O M. spleniuscapitis a M levatorscapulae O M. trapezius

V jugularis externaa N transversus colli6 V jugularis anteriorO

a N. accessorius[Xll Nodi lymphoidei cervicales laterales. Nodi superficiales

a Nn supraclaviculares laterales o M omohyoideus I Plexus brachialis

M sternocleidomastoideus o

a V transversacolli

Arcusvenosusjugularisa Nn supraclaviculares r, mediales

I Nn supraclaviculares intermedii

121 Fig.251 Vessetsand nervesof the lateraI regionof the neck, R e g i oc e r v i c a t i lsa t e r a t i s ; parts of the ptatysmahavebeen reftectedcraniattyand the superficiallayer of the cervicaIfasciahas been [argetyremoved

253

255

> Neck

Skel.eton

/esselsand nervesof theneck

V jugularis internaa posterior a V auricularis

V retromandibularis o N facialis [Vll], R c o l l i

V facialis o

.. N occipitalisminor

aaA:V


occioitalis

,* N occipitalis maJor

M digastricus, * Venteranterior R suprahyoideus a (A lingualis) R. infrahyoideus a (A thyroidea superior)

S M sternocleidomastoideus

A carotisexlernaO capitis * M splenius

A laryngea superiorO

, Plexuscervicalis A thyroidea superior O

*' N. accessorius [Xl]

A carotiscommunis a

Truncussuoerior *, Plexusbrachialis,

N vagus[X] ,,

colli, a A. transversa R superficialis

M omohyoideus, c Ventersuperior

i M omohyoideus, Venter inferior

l\4 sternohyoideus 6 Clavicula

Ansaceruicalis, ; Radixsuperior (Plexuscervicalis)

a A transversa colli, R profundus

lvl sternothyroideus *

l\4 scalenusanterior* V jugularis externao a M deltoideus A suprascapularis a O V cephalica A subclaviaa M pectoralismajor fl

A transversacolli a

a A thoracoacromialis, R deltoideus

., Plexus brachialis, Pars supraclavicularis

21

t{, 25t,

t

F i g . 2 5 5 V e s s e t sa n d n e r v e so f t h e a n t e r i o ra n d t h e L a t e r arIe g i o n o f t h e n e c k ,R e g i o n e sc e r v i c a L easn t e r i o re t [ a t e r a t i s ; t h e s u p e r f i c i aal n d t h e m i d d t e[ a y e ro f t h e c e r v i c a I f a s c r a h a v eb e e nr e m o v e d .

Musctes

0rgans

Topography

S ections

lvl digastricus, * Venterposterior

. V retromandibularis , N cervicalis [C2] R anterior

N hypoglossus [Xll] Glandula submandibularis

posterior a A auricularis

V.submentaliso. A

posterior (N,facialis) * N auricularis

N mylohyoideus A submentalis O

0 M sternocleidomastoideus

lvl stylohyoideus *

M digastricus, * Venteranterior minor a N occipitalis M mylohyoideusC A lingualiso V lacialis a

* N accessorius [Xl] A carotisexternaO A laryngea superiora Ansacervicalis, Badixsuperior. a N cervicalis [C3], R anterior


I N cervicalis [C4], R. anterior

R sternocleidomastoideusa V thyroidea superiora

& Ansa cervicalis,Radix inferior * Plexus brachialis,Truncus suoerior

A cervicalis ascendens O

colli,R superficialis a A transversa s M trapezius

l\4 omohyoideus e

a M omohyoideus, Venterinferior

Glandula thyroidea

oA transversacolli, R profundus

(A cervicalis a superticialis, Var)

a A subclavia

N p h r e n i c u s. externa o V jugularis M scalenusanteriore o V,subclavia Bulbusinleriora venaejugularis

C M pectoralis mrnor

carotiscommunis a) a l\il deltoideus

vagus[X] ,

a a A ; V thoracoacromialis

a V cephalica

M sternocleidomastoideus*

257 F i g . 2 5 6 V e s s e [ sa n d n e r v e so f t h e [ a t e r a Ir e g i o no f t h e n e c k , R e g i oc e r v i c a I i L sateratis; a f t e r a I m o s tc o m p L e t ree m o v a L otfh e s t e r n o c l e i d o m a s t o i d muscLe.

255

> Neck

Ske[eton

/esselsandnervesof the neck

, N hypoglossus [Xll] o V retromandibularis interna a V jugularis B sternocleidomastoideusa (A occipitalis)

A facialisa s l\4 sternocleidomastoideus

Platysma t lvl mylohyoideus*

O A occipitalis N mylohyoideus

* M spleniuscapitis

A submentalis a M digastricus, S Venteranterior

occipitalis

Glandula submandibularis A carotis externa O

ar N accessorius[Xl]

N laryngeussuperior A carotis interna a A laryngeasuperior a A thyroidea superiora

& M levatorscapulae

N vagus [X] ,,

i N ceruicalis[C5], R anterior

M omohyoideus,* Venter superior

I N ceruicalis[C6], B anterior a (A ceruicalissuperficialis,Var )

A carotiscommunis O

;, N cervicalis[C7], R anterior e l\il omohyoideus, Venter inferior

Ansacervicalis (Plexuscervicalis)

a A suprascapularis

A thyroidea inleriora A cervicalisO ascendens

o M deltoideus Glandula thyroidea

A vertebralis, a Parsprevertebralis N phrenicus, Truncus thyrocervicalis a A subclavia O A thoracica internaa ,; Plexus brachialis, Pars infraclavicularis

V jugularisinternaa

o A axillaris

V brachioceohalicasinistra a O A thoracoacromialis

V jugularis externaa

I M pectoralisminor

lvl pectoralismajor, Pars clavicularis* o V axillaris

t t 256

o V cephalica

Fig.257 Vessetsand nervesof the LateraIregionof the neck, R e g i oc e r v i c a t i [sa t e r a L i s ; oeep rayer.

l l: -lil- r:l

Musctes Vessels

N vagus [X] N mylohyoideus

N hypoglossus [Xll] . A facialisO

interna a V jugularis (Truncus sympathicus) Rr communicantes a A occipitalis

A submentalis a

o R mastoideus

A carotis externa a

N occipitalisminor

A carotisinternaa Ganglion ceruicale superius; (Truncus sympathicus)

I N occipitalis malor

M omohyoideus,Venter superior

i N accessorius

lxtl

A thyroideasuperiora lvl sternohyoideus&

a A cervicalis ascendens

R cardiacus cervicalissuperior (N vagus)

, N phrenicus

Ansa ceruicalis,Radix superior (Plexus ceruicalis) M constrictorpharyngisinferior.&

N cardiacus ceruicalis superior M sternothyroideus &

Var) superficialis, O (A ceruicalis

(Ganglion sympathicum accessonum)

anterior * M scalenus

V thyroidea superiora A thyroidea inferiora

,* N suprascapularis

Ganglion cervicale medium TruncusO thyroceruicalis

a A suDrascaDularis

Clavicula

A subclavia a A thoracica internaa , N laryngeus recurrens

a R acromialis (A thoracoacromialis)

Trachea

V thyroidea inferioro A M deltoideus

N cardiacus ceruicalis medius(Truncus sympathicus)

* M pectoralis minor,Tendo

V vertebralis, o Pars prevertebralis

a A axillaris

A carotiscommunis o O A, thoracoacromialis

V j u g u l a r i sn t e r n o a V brachio-O cephalicasinistra

a V cephalica

V jugularis externaa , Plexus brachialis, Pars infraclavicularis, Fasciculusmedialis

M pectoralismajor6 CostaI N pectoralismedialis

a V axillaris : N intercostobrachialis ,, N thoracodorsalis

M pectoralis* mtnor V cephalicao

A ; V thoracica lateralis o a

longus : N thoracicus a W thoracoepigastricae

F i g .2 5 8 V e s s e t sa n d n e r v e so f t h e l a t e r a lr e g i o no f t h e n e c k , R e g i oc e r v i c a L li a s t e r a t i sa, n d t h e a x i t l a r yr e g i o n ,R e g i oa x i t l a r i s . T h e n u m b e r sV - V l l l i n d i c a t ev e n t r a Lb r a n c h e so f t h e c o r r e s p o n d i ncge r v i c a nI e r v e s

Sk eteton of the neck

l\4 digastricus, Venteranteriore V,jugularis anteriorO

s lV mylohyoideus s M hyoglossus a V submentalis

V submentalis o

a A facialis

G l a n d u lsau b m a n d i b u l a r i s /

,z

oY.facialis

V facialis a

,, N hypoglossus [Xll] V retromandibularis o Glandula parotidea

M stylohyoideus * o V facialis

V occipitalis o a V occipitalis V facialisa

V jugularis internao

Prominentia laryngea

V thyroidea superiorO

superior O V thyroidea

V jugularis externao

f M sternocleidomastoideus Radixsuoerior &.Ansaceruicalis.

A carotiscommunis al

(Plexus cervicalis) o V, jugularis interna

l\4 sternocleidomastoideusB

lsthmusglandulae thyroideae V cervicalis suoerticialis o

externa a V jugularis anterior o V jugularis

V transversa collia lV omohyoideus,s Venter inlerior

& M omohyoideus

& M. trapezius

V cephalica a

M pectoralismajor 6

o V cephalica

a M pectoralis maJor

(A thoracica R perforans interna)a R cutaneus anteriorDectoralis , Rr perforantes(A; V thoracica interna)a a V thyroidea inferiora

a V thoracoacromialis o V axillaris * lvl sternocleidomastoideus O Arcusvenosusjugularis

F i g .2 5 9 V e i n so f t h e n e c k ,C o t l u m .

Musctes Vessels andnervesof the neckand the upperthoracicaperture

Venteranterior * N4digastricus, Os hyoideum

mylohyoideus a l\/1. Venteranterior f N lingualis ,/ a M. digastricus,

M hyoglossus rt

o A facialis

V retromandibularis a a V facialis

& N hypoglossus [Xll]

Glandula parotidea

V occipitalis o

M sternohyoideus i superior o V thyroidea M thyrohyoideusA

* M sternocleidomastoideus

M omohyoideus o A thyroidea superioro

s Ansacervicalis, Fladixsuperior (Plexuscervicalis)

Cartilago thyroidea V jugularis externaa

* N vagus[X]

Glandula thyroidea a V. thyroidea media

Plexusthyroideus impara

& N accessorius [Xl] & N phrenicus

N. vagus[X] ;,

& Plexus brachialis, Parssupraclavicularis

A transversa a colli

V transversaO colli

t M omohyoideus

V jugularis O anterior

Clavicula

a A subclavia; o V jugularis exlerna

A subclavia o

V.subclavia o

a V subclavia

a V cephalica

V brachio-a cephalica dextra

a V jugularis interna

V thyroidea a inferior

major a M. pectoralis

V thoracica internao V cavasuperiora V brachioceohalica sinistraa ParsascendensaortaeO

,* N vagus[X] i N laryngeus recurrens sinister

CostaI a A carotiscommunis; recurrens t N laryngeus sinister

o Vv thymicae

F i g . 2 6 0 V e s s e t sa n d n e r v e so f t h e n e c k ,C o l t u m ,a n d t h e u p p e rt h o r a c i ca p e r t u r eA , p e r t u r at h o r a c i ss u p e r i o r .

259

Lymphatics of

Noduslymphoideus buccinatorius Nodi lymphoideitaciales

Nodus lymphoideus JUgulodigastricus

M digastricus, a Venteranlerior Nodilymphoidei submandibulares Nodi lymphoidei submentales

Nodi lymphoidei occipitales I M sternocleidomastoideus

Nodi lymphoideicervicaleslaterales, Nodi profundisuperiores

capitis a M splenius Nodi lymphoideiceruicaleslaterales, Nodi suDerficiales

M omohyoideus, Ventersuperiora

e M levatorscapulae

Nodilymphoidei cervicales laterales, Nodiprolundiinferiores

{,}N accessorius[Xl]

Noduslymphoideus juguloomohyoideus

t M scalenusmedius A carotiscommunis a O M. trapezius V jugularis internaa C M scalenusposterior Nodus lymphoideuscervicalislateralis, Nodus orofundus inferior *' Plexus brachialis, Pars supraclavicularis M scalenus anterior C a M omohyoideus,Venter inferior

Fig.261 Superficia[lymphatics,Vasalymphatica s u p e r if c i a l i aa, n d [ y m p hn o d e s ,N o d it y m p h o i d e o i ,f t h e h e a da n d t h e n e c ko f a n B - y e a r - o t d chitd.

Musctes submandibular trianqIe

Vessels and

R marginalis mandibularis ,a Glandula parotidea

o a v;A facialis

M stylohyoideus t


& N. mylohyoideus o M mylohyoideus o M digastricus, Venteranterior

N hypoglossus [Xll] '

a M hyoglossus

N accessorius[Xl]

a N hypoglossus [Xll]

Ansacervicalis, Fladixsuperior

o A lingualis

N vagus[X]

V jugularis externaa

Tendointermedius a M digastricus, Os hyoideum

lvl sternocleidomastoideus o V jugularis internaa A carotisexternaa

a A lingualis a A thyroidea supenor

N laryngeus superior; superior o * A laryngea

F i g , 2 6 2 V e s s e t sa n d n e r v e so f t h e s u b m a n d i b u t at r i a n g t e , T r i q o n u ms u b m a n d i b u [ a r e .

1 o/o

4o/o

12o/o 30 %

35o/o

12o/o

5To

F i g . 2 6 3 L e v e lo f t h e b i fu r c a t i o no f t h e c o m m o nc a r o t i da r t e r y , A c a r o t i sc o m m u n i s i. n r e t a t i o nt o t h e c e r v i c avI e r t e b r a e .

Sur facep. 32

Vot.l l | Sk eteton

Subclavian

A vertebralis, Pars intracranialis A vertebralis, Parsatlantica

A vertebralis,Parstransversaria

A ceruicalisprofunda

A vertebralis, Pars prevertebralis

A ceruicalis ascendens

Truncuscostocervicalis

A carotiscommunis Vertebra cervicalis Vll

(A,cervicalis Var) superficialis, Truncusthyrocervicalis A thyroidea inferior

VertebrathoracicaI

A, subclavia A carotiscommunis (A scapularis descendens, Var)

A. suprascapularis

intercostalis suprema

TruncusbrachioceDhalicus Clavicula

CostaI Manubrium sterni posterior A intercostalis ll

posterior I A. intercostalis A thoracica interna

A axillaris

Fig. 264 Subctavianartery, A. subctavia.

90 0k

F i g .2 6 5 L e v eoLf t h ee n t r yo f t h e vertebraIarteA r y.,v e r t e b r a Liinst,ot h e t r a n s v e r sf e o r a m i n aF,o r a m i ntar a n s v e r s a r i a

F i g . 2 6 6a - f V a r i a t i o n si n t h e t r u n c u sf o r m e db y t h e i n f e r i o rt h y r o i da r t e r y , A . t h y r o i d e ai n f e r i o r t, h e s u p r a s c a p u t aarr t e r y ,A . s u p r a s c a p u t a r itsh, e t r a n s v e r s ec e r v i c aaLr t e r y ,A . t r a n s v e r s ac o t I i ,a n d t h e i n t e r n a L thoracic , h e n t h e v e r t e b r a aI r t e r y ,A v e r t e b r a l i s , a r t e r y ,A . t h o r a c i c ai n t e r n a w b r a n c h e so f f s e p a r a t e tfyr o m t h e c o s t o c e r v i c a t rIu n c u s ,T r u n c u s costocervicaIis.

Mu s c t e s Vessels andnervesof the neckand the upperthoracicaperture

Lig longitudinale anterius

Vertebracervicalislll

M, longuscapitisa Discusintervertebralis

M scalenusmediuso R interganglionaris.,

a A vertebralis,Parstransversaria

Truncussympathicus, Ganglion cervicale medium N p h r e n i c u s, ,

l\4 scalenusanteriora

t Truncussuperior

M scalenusoosterior a V vertebralisa Vertebra cervicalis Vll. Proc transversus A vertebralis a Truncusthyrocervicalis a prolundaa a A ; V ceruicalis

* Truncusmedius

Plexus brachialis

Truncusinferior

(Nn phrenici accessorii)

aA subclavia

e N phrenicus

Ansa subclavia

OA carotis communls o M longuscolli o Arcusaortae O TruncusbrachioceDhalicus

A I V thoracica interna a a Pleura parietalis

V cavasuperioro

a W brachiocephalicae dextra et sinistra

F i g . 2 6 7 V e s s e l sa n d n e r v e sa t t h e t r a n s i t i o n f r o m t h e n e c kt o t h e t h o r a x . T h e n u m b e r sl V - V l l li n d i c a t ev e n t r a Ib r a n c h e so f t h e c o r r e s p o n d i nsgp i n a In e r v e s

F i g .2 5 8 a - d V a r i a t i o n isn t h e o r i g i no f t h e v e r t e b r a aL r t e r y , A.vertebratis

5keleton

Platysma c Cartilagothyroidea

M sternohyoideus G

Lig vocale Cartilagocricoidea Cartilago arytenoidea

piriformis Flecessus

M thyrohyoideus a

pharyngis inferior a M, constrictor

M omohyoideus * superior o A, thyroidea

lvl sternothyroideus a

sympathicus E Truncus

A carotiscommunis a

t l\4 longuscolli

Ganglion ceruicalemedium .,

Nodilymphoidei cervicales laterales, Nodiprolundisuperiores

N vagus[X] ,,

a A vertebralis

V jugularisinternao

ascendens a A cervicalis

M sternocleidoa mastoideus

*l N. spinalis[C5] externa a V jugularis

r' N phrenicus

VertebraceruicalisV Corpus

M scalenusanteriorc M scalenusmediusa

Spatiumsubarachnoideum Spatiumepidurale; O Plexusvenosus vertebralis internus

M levator scapulae I

M spleniusceruicis et capitisC

Periosteum

l\4 semispinaliscapitis O

Duramaterspinalis

M multilidusceruicis *

t M spinalis

lvl trapeziusI Medulla spinalis

Vertebra cervicalis lV Proc spinosus

F i g . 2 6 9 N e c k ,C o t l u m ; t T a n s v e r ssee c t i o na t t h e levetof the vocaIcord.

Mus ct e s

0 r g an s

T o p o g ra p h y Sections transversesection

anterior o V jugularis M sternohyoideus a

inferior a V thyroidea

M sternothyroideus o M sternocleidomastoideus o

& N vagus[X]

lsthmus glandulaethyroideae

interna o V jugularis

V thyroidea lnferior a

externa o V jugularis

Oesophagus Noduslymphoideus cervicalis lateralis, Nodusprofundus interior

Clavicula M omohyoideus a

a A carotiscommunis

l\4.scalenus a antenor

o * A. ceruicalis ascenoens; N phrenicus

Plexusbrachialis *

& N laryngeus recurrens

M scalenusa posterior

o V vertebralis

M scalenusa medrus

c M scalenus medius

M longuscollia

aA vertebralis

N spinalis*

Costa I

Vertebra thoracical, Corpus

a M suprasprnalus

Medulla spinalis thoracica

Scapula

Vertebrathoracical. Proc soinosus

F i g . 2 l O N e c k ,C o L t u m ; t r a n s v e r s es e c t i o na t t h e L e v eoLf t h e f i r s t t h o r a c i cv e r t e b r a .

"..0r gans I To pogr aphyI Sec ti ons cavityand pharynx,

pharyngea Tonsilla Palatum molle [Velum palatinum]

Lig hyoepiglotticum

M.constrictor pharyngis superior Epiglottis Os hyoideum M constrictor pharyngis medius

orbicularis oris, Parslabialis

Lig thyrohyoideum medianum Cartilago thyroidea

M genioglossus

M aMenoideustransversus M constrictor pharyngis inferior

M geniohyoideus

medianum Lig.cricothyroideum Cartilagocricoidea Fascia cervicalis, Lamina superficialis

M, mylohyoideus

Glandula thyroidea

Canihgines tracheales

L a r t o f t h e h e a d ,C a p u t ,a n d n e c k ,C o L [ u m ; Fig.271 Faciap m e d i a ns e c t i o nt h r o u o ht h e h e a do f a n e o n a t e .

F i g . 2 7 2 S c h e m ai l l u s t r a t i n gt h e d i s t a n c eb e t w e e n t h e r o o to f t h e t o n g u e ,R a d i xI i n g u a ea, n d t h e e p i g [ o t t i s , E p i g t o t t i si n , theadutt

F i g . 2 7 3 S c h e m ai t l u s t r a t i n g t h a t t h e L a r y n xi n t h e n e o n a t ei s p o s i t i o n e d c o n s i d e r a b thyi g h e rt h a n i n t h ea d u t t .

Surface I SketetonI

> Uppertimb

Muscles...

Surfaceanatomy

Pollex[Digitusprimus]

Regio deltoidea, M. deltoideus

Index[Digitussecundusl

M. biceps brachii

Digitusmediusltertiusl

M. brachioradialis

Plicaaxillarisanterior

Antebrachium, Regioantebrachii anterior

EPlCOnOYlus meorails

Brachium, Regio brachii anterior

Regioaxillaris,Fossaaxillaris M tricepsbrachii

, embrum superius. Fig.271 UppeL r i m bM

(Radius) Proc.styloideus Dorsummanus Regio deltoidea,M. deltoideus

M. brachioradialis

Pollex[Digitusprimus] Index[Digitussecundus]

Plicaaxillarisoosterior

(Ulna) Proc.styloideus

M. latissimus dorsi M tricepsbrachii

Regio antebrachii posterior

, embrum superius. Fig.2l5 UppeL r i m bM

' Upper timb

Surface lSkeletonl Overview Shoulder

Skeletonof the upperlimb

Cingulum pectorale

Pars libera membfl supeflofls

Antebrachium

Articulatio radioulnaris distalis Articulatio radlocarpalis Articulatio mediocarpalis Articulationes carpometacarpales Articulationes metacarpophalangeae Digitimanus, Ossadigitorum: - Phalanx proximalis - Phalanxmedia - Phalanxdistalis

Articulationes interphalangeae manusproximales

Articulationes interphalangeae manusdistales

Fig.276 UppeL r i m bM , embrum superius; overview b .o n e sa n di o i n t s .

Musctes Arm

To pogr a p h y Etbow

Forearm Hand

Extremitas acromialis

F i g .2 7 7 C L a v i c LCe L, a v i c u l a ; supefl0rvrew.

Corpusclaviculae Extremitassternalis

Extremitas acromialis Faciesarticularis sternalis

Foramennutricium

Tuberculum conoideum

lmpressio ligamentl costoclavicularis

Sulcusmusculisubclavii

Fig.278 Ctavic[e,Ctavicu[a; i n f e r i o rv i e w .

Discusarticularis Lig interclaviculare

Lig costoclaviculare

Lig sternoclaviculare anterius l\4anubrium sterni

Lio sternocostale radiatum

Symphysis manubrioslernalis

Cartilagocostalis ll

F i g . 2 7 i S t e r n o c [ a v i c u tjaori n t , A r t i c u t a t i os t e r n o c L a v i c u L a r i s ; V E N I T A LV I C W .

Shoutder Arm

Scapula

Incisura scapulae Tuberculum supraglenoidale

l\4argosuperior Angulussuperior

Proc. coracoideus

Proc coracoideus

Fossa supraspinata Spina scapurae

Acromion Cavitas glenoidalis

Angulus acromrl

Tuberculum infraglenoidale

Cavitas glenoidalis

Anguluslateralis

Margo medialis

Facies costalis

Collumscapulae Margolateralis Fossainfraspinata

Margo lateralis

I

I Angulus inferiorl

Fig.280 Scaputa,Scaputa; dorsaIview.

Fig. 281 ScapuLa, ScapuLa; [ateraIview.

Proc coracoideus

Incisura scapulae

Margosuperior Fossa Articulatio subscapularis acromro-

clavicularis Facies costalis Cavitas glenoidalis

Acromion

Collum scapurae

Vertebra thoracicaI CostaI Proc coracoideus

Articulatio slernoclavicularis 60' Sternum

Planum medianum*

Fig. 282 Scaputa,Scapura; v e n t r a Iv i e w

F i g . 2 8 3 S h o u l d e rg i r d t e ,C i n g u t u mp e c t o r a t e ; s u p e f l o rv r e w . T h e a n g L e sr e f e rt o t h e a v e r a g er e L a t i o nisn t h e aduLt. * M e d i a pn t a n e * * S c a p u t aprt a n e

T opog r a p h yI Se cti o n s El.bow Forearm Hand

Caputhumeri Sulcusintertubercularis Collumanatomicum Tuberculum majus Tuberculum mtnus Collum chirurgicum

Tuberculum majus

Collum anatomrcum Collum chirurgicum

Cristatuberculi majoris

Corpushumeri Sulcusnerviradialis

l\4argolateralis Margo medialis Facies anterolateralis

Faciesposterior

Facies anteromedialis

Cristasupraepicondylaris

Fossa coronoidea

lateralis Fossa radialis

Cristasupraepicondylaris medialis

Epicondylus lateralis

Fossaolecrani

Epicondylus medialis

Capitulum humeri

Sulcusnerviulnaris

Trochleahumeri

Trochlea humeri

Condylushumeri

F i g . 2 8 4 H u m e r u sH, u m e r u s ; ventraL view.

F i g . 2 8 5 H u m e r u sH,u m e r u s ; dorsaIview.

I

Collumanatomicum Insertions of thetendonsof: 1 M supraspinatus 2 M infraspinatus 3 M teresminor Caputhumeri

Tuberculum majus

F i g . 2 8 6 H u m e r u sH, u m e r u s ; proximaIview.

Surface lSkeletonl

Musctes

Shoulder Arm

joint Shoulder

Articulatio acromioclavicularis, Lig acromioclaviculare

Clavicula, Extremitasacromialis

Acromion Li9 coracoacromiale

Lig coracoclaviculare, Lig trapezoideum

M supraspinatus

Bursasynovialis Lig coracoclaviculare, Lig conoideum

Proc coracoideus Lig, coracohumerale

Lig.transversum scapulae supenus

Tuberculum majus

Incisura scapulae Bursasubtendinea musculi subscapularis

M subscapularis, Tendo Vaginatendinisintertubercularis

- (superius) Ligg glenohumeralia: - (medium) - (interius)

M bicepsbrachii,Caputlongum Cristatuberculi majoris

Tuberculum infraglenoidale Sulcusintertubercularis (Recessus axillaris) Cristatuberculi minoris

F i g . 2 8 7 S h o u L d ej o r i n t ,A r t i c u t a t i oh u m e r i ; venlratvtew.

Lig lransversum scapulaesuperius

Proc coracoideus Lig coracohumerale

Spina scapulae

Tuberculum majus

Capsulaarticularis

F i g .2 8 8 S h o u I d ejro i n t ,A r t i c u [ a t i oh u m e r i ; t h e a c r o m i o nh a s b e e nr e m o v e d : dorsaIview.

Topography Etbow

Forearm Hand

Shoulderjoint

Ciavicula,Extremitasac.omialis

Lig. coracoacromiale

lvl supraspinatus

Spina scapulae

M infraspinatus

M teresminor

M tricepsbrachii,Caputlongum Capsulaarticularis

Humerus

F i g . 2 8 9 S h o u t d ejro i n t ,A r t i c u l a t i oh u m e r i ; dorsaLview.

M supraspinatus Bursasubacromialis

Acromion

Lig coracoacromiale

Proc coracoideus M supraspinatus* Tuberculum majus

Lig coracohumerale

M infraspinatus* M subscapularis*

M. teresminor*

Vaginatendinisintertubercularis

M bicepsbrachii,Caputlongum

M subscapularis*

F i g . 2 9 0 S h o u [ d ejro i n t ,A r t i c u l a t i oh u m e r i ; lateraIview

T o g e t h e rt,h e m u s c L et e n d o n sm a r k e dw i t h + f o r m t h e s o - c a t l e d rotator cuff.

> U p p e rt i m b

M us c tes 0verview Shoutder Arm

Shoulderjoint

Faciesarticularis clavicularis M, supraspinatus Lig coracohumerale

Bursasubacromialis

M biceps brachii,Caput longum, Tendo Labrum glenoidale

Cavitas glenoidalis

Caput humeri

Vaqinatendinisintertubercularis

M bicepsbrachii,Caputlongum,Tendo (Recessus axillaris)

F i g . 2 9 1 S h o u t d ejro i n t ,A r t i c u t a t i oh u m e r i ; s e c t i o na t t h e l e v e lo f t h e s c a p u t a : ventraIview

Lig Clavicula

Acromion Lig trapezoideum Li9. coracoctauicutare Lig conoideum

l\4 biceps brachii, Caput longum, Tendo

Cavitas glenoidalis

Labrum glenoidale*

M tricepsbrachii,Caputlongum

F i g . 2 9 2 S h o u t d ejro i n t ,A r t i c u t a t i oh u m e r i ; LateraIview. N e x tt o i t s o r i g i na t t h e s u p r a g [ e n o i d a t uLb e r c L et h , e t e n d o no f t h e b i c e p s m u s c t ei s p r e d o m i n a n t layt t a c h e dt o t h e g l e n o i d[ a b r u m . * lt formsa fibrocartitaginous coltararoundtheglenoidcavity

)

To pogr a p h y Etbow Forearm Hand

Shoulderjoi nt,radiography

Articulatio acromioclavicularis Acromion Clavicula

Proc coracoideus

Caputhumeri Cavitas glenoidalis

Tuberculum maius

Collum scapulae Tuberculum infraglenoidale

Tuberculum minus l\4argo lateralis

Sulcusintedubercularis

F i g . 2 9 3 S h o u t d ejro i n t ,A r t i c u t a t i oh u m e r i ; AP-radiograph.

M, deltoideus,Pars clavicularis

Sulcusintertubercularis ; l\,4. bicepsbrachii, Caputlongum,Tendo

Tuberculum minus

Tuberculum majus lvl deltoideus, Parsacromialis

M. coracobrachialis

Labrum glenoidale

Caputhumeri

Cavitas glenoidalis

Articulatio humeri, Cavitasarticularis

M subscapularis

M deltoideus, Parsspinalis

Scapula

l\4 infraspinatus

F i g . 2 9 1 S h o u t d ejro i n t ,A r t i c u L a t ihou m e r i ; c o m p u t e dt o m o g r a p h i cl C T lc r o s s - s e c t i o n ; t h e j o i n t c a v i t yi s f i t L e dw i t h a i r I p n e u m o - C T ) ; i n f e r i o rv i e w .

M us c tes Shoutder Arm

Proc coronoideus

Cristamusculi supinatoris

Tuberositas ulnae

Proc coronoideus

Margointerosseus Margointerosseus

Margoposterior

Facies medialis

Circumferentia articularis


F i g . 2 9 5 U t n a ,U L n a ; ventraLview.

F i g . 2 9 7 U | . n aU , Lna; radiaLview.

F i g . 2 9 6 U l n a ,U t n a ; dorsaIview.

T opog r a p h yI S e cti o n s Etbow

Forearm

Caputradii, Circumferentia articularis

Caputradii, Circumferentia articularis Collumradii

Collumradii

Tuberositasradii

Tuberositasradii Foveaarticularis

Caputradii Collumradii Faciesanterior Foramennutricium Margointerosseus

Margointerosseus Corpusradii Corpusradii

Margoanterior Margointerosseus

Faciesposterior

Faciesanterior Margoposterior

Facieslateralis Faciesposterior

Incisura ulnaris Faciesarticularis carpalis Proc.swloideus radii Proc.styloideusradii

Fig.298 Radius,Radius; ventraIview.

Fig.300 Radius,Radius; utnarview.

Tuberculum dorsale

Fig.299 Radius, Radius; dorsaIview. * G r o o v e sa n d c r e s t sf o r t h e a t t a c h m e n to f t h e e x t e n s o r t e ndo n s

Surface lSkeletonl

Muscles

Shoutder Arrn

Elbowjoint



humeri Trochlea

lncisuratrochlearis



Olecranon Lig collateraleulnare, (Pars posterioO Lio. collateraleulnare. (Pirs anterior)

Corpusradii, Faciesanterior

Tuberositas uinae

Corpusulnae, Faciesanterior

j o i n t ,A r t i c u t a t i oc u b i t i , F i g .3 0 2 E l . b o w i n 9 0 ' f l e x i o na n d 9 0 ' s u p i n a t i o n ; mediaLview.

j o i n t ,A r t i c u L a t icou b i t i ; F i 9 .3 0 1 E L b o w ventraIview.

Capsulaarticularis, Membrana fibrosa

Epicondylus medialis Epicondylus lateralis

Capsulaarticularis Lig collateraleradiale

Lig collaterale ulnare

Lig collaterale radiale

Olecranon Lig anulare radii

Lig anulare radii

Collumradii Collumradii M biceDsbrachii.Tendo

Chorda obliqua

j o i n t ,A r t i c u l a t i oc u b i t i ; F i g .3 0 3 E l . b o w ventraLview.

j o i n t ,A r t i c u l a t i oc u b i t i ; F i g .3 0 4 E l . b o w dorsaLview.

To pogr a p h y Etbow

Forearm Hand

Junctionsof the bonesof the forearm

Inctsura trochlearis

Lig anulare radii


l\4 biceps brachii, Tendo

Tuberositasradii Chorda obliqua

Membrana interossea antebrachii

Faciesarticularis carpalrs

Articulatioradioulnarisdistalis, Capsulaarticularis

Proc.styloideus

F i g .3 0 5 J u n c t i o n so f t h e b o n e so f t h e f o r e a r m ; insupination; ventralview.

F i g . 3 0 6 J u n c t i o n so f t h e b o n e so f t h e f o r e a r m ; in pronation; v e n t r a lv i e w o f t h e u l n a .d o r s a lv i e w o f t h e r a d i u s .

Membranainterosseaantebrachii Tuberositas radii Tuberositas ulnae Collumradii Proc coronoideus

Incrsura trochlearis

Olecranon

F i g .3 0 7 P r o x i m a rI a d i o - u t n ajro i n t , A r t i c u t a t i or a d i o - u t n a r i ps r o x i m a L i s ; ventrooroximaLview.

Lig.anulare radii

Articulatio radioulnaris proximalis

Facies lateralis

Radius

Ulna

lvlargoposterior

Margoposterior

Faciesposterior

posterior

F i g . 3 0 8 C r o s s - s e c t i otnh r o u g ht h e b o n e so f t h e forearm; distaIview.

M us e[es Shnulder Arrn

Elbowjoint, sectionsand radiography

M brachialis

M triceps brachii, Caput mediale

N radialis

M brachioradialis

Septum intermusculare brachiimediale

HUMETUS

l\il pronator teres,Caput numerate

M extensor carpi r a d i a l i sl o n g u s


Epicondylus medialis Trochlea humerl

Lig collaterale radiale

Sulcusnervi ulnaris

Caprtulum numefl

Ltg collaterale ulnare

Lig anulare radii

t\4m flexores, Caput commune

Caput radii M extensor carpi radialis brevis

Proc coronordeus

l\4 supinator

lvl pronatorteres, Caputulnare

Bursa bicipitoradialis

Lrg quadratum

M biceps brachii,Tendo

j o i n t ,A r t i c u L a t icou b i t i ; F i g .3 0 9 E L b o w f r o n t a Is e c t i o n .

1 Cristasupraepicondylaris 6 Tuberositas radii 7 Proc coronoideus lateralis 2 Epicondylus lateralis 8 Trochleahumeri 3 C a p i t u l uh mu m e r i 9 Olecranon 4 Caputradii 10 Epicondylus medialis 11 Cristasupraepicondylaris 5 Collumradii medialis

j o i n t ,A r t i c u t a t icou b i t i ; Fi9.310 ELbow AP-radioqraph

l\4tricepsbrachii J

Corpushumeri M brachialis l\4 biceps brachii

Fossa olecrani

l\4 triceps Tendo Bursa subcutanea olecranl

A brachialis M pronator IETES

N medianus

A radialis

Trochleahumeri

A ulnaris

'1 Humerus 2 3 4 5

F i g .3 1 1 E t b o wj o i n t ,A r t i c u [ a t i oc u b i t i ; --^;++-l -^^+i^^ JovrrroL JEL(tut t.

Fossaolecrani Olecranon lncisuratrochlearis Ulna

6 Radius 7 Collumradii 8 Caputradii 9 Proc coronoideus 10 Fossacoronoidea

j o i n t ,A r t i c u t a t i oc u b i t i ; Fig.312 ELbow [ a t e r a Lr a d i o g r a p h .

Topography Etbow

Forearm Hand

Skeleton

Os lunatum Os triquetrum

Tuberculum ossisscaohoidei

Os pisilorme Tuberculum ossistrapezii Os trapezium Os trapezoideum

Os capitatum Os hamatum

Hamulusossishamati Basisossismetacarpi

Corpusossismetacarpi

Ossasesamoidea

Caputossismetacarpi Phalanx proximalis

Phalanx distalis

Phalanxproximalis

I ll lll lV V

P o l . t eI D x i g i t ups r i m u s l I n d e xI D i g i t usse c u n d u s ] Digitum s e d i u sI D i g i t utse r t i u s ] D i g i t u as n u t a r iIsD i g i t uqsu a r t u s J D i g i t um s i n i m u[sD i g i t uqsu i n t u s l

F i g .3 1 3 B o n e so f t h eh a n dO , s s am a n u s ; p a t m avr i e w .

> U p p e rt i m b

Muscles

Skeletonof the hand

Radius

Ulna

Os lunatum

Caputulnae

Proc styloideus radii

Proc styloideus ulnae

Os scaphoideum Os capitatum Os triquetrum

Tuberculum ossistrapezii

Os pisiforme

Os trapezium

Ossacarpi

Hamulusossis Os hamatum,

Os trapezoideum Os metacarpi

Ossametacarpil-V

Ossasesamoidea Caputossismetacarpi Os sesamoideum Phalanx proximalis

Os sesamoideum Ossadigitorum

Phalanxdistalis

Caputossismetacarpi Corpusphalangis Caputphalangis Basisphalangis

F i g . 3 1 4 B o n e so f t h e h a n d ,O s s am a n u s ; p a t m a rv r e w .

Corpusphalangis Caputphalangis Phalanx distalis

phalangis Tuberositas distalis

Ulna Radius Caputulnae Proc styloideus ulnae

Proc.styloideus radii

Os lunatum

Os scaphoideum

Os triquetrum Os pisiforme

Os trapezium Os trapezoideum

Os hamatum BasisossismetacarDi

Articulatiocarpometacarpalispollicis* Os capitatum I Os metacarpi

Caputossismetacarpi Basisphalangis

Articulatiometacarpophalangea pollicis** Phalanx proximalis

Phalanx distalls

Phalanxproximalis

Phalanxmedia

F i g . 3 1 5 B o n e so f t h e h a n d ,O s s am a n u s ; d o r s a Iv i e w * A l s o s: a d d tjeo i n to f t h et h u m b + *A l s o p : r o x i m apIh a t a n g ej o a iLn to f t h et h u m b

Phalanxdistalis

phalangis Tuberositas distalis

To p o g ra p h y Etbow

Forearm Hand

Ulna Articulatio radioulnaris distalis, Capsulaarticularis



Os lunatum

Lig ulnocarpalepalmare Lig radiocarpalepalmare Os pisiforme Lig carpi radiatum Lig pisohamatum

Articulatiocarpometacarpalis pollicis, Capsulaarticularis

Lig. pisometacarpale Hamulus ossis hamati Lig carpometacarpale parmare

Os capitatum

Ligg. metacarpalia palmafla

F i g .3 1 6 J o i n t sa n d l i g a m e n t so f t h e h an d , A r t i c u t a t i o n eest L i g a m e n t am a n u s ; o a l m a rv i e w . Ligg palmaria Ligg metacarpalia transversaprofunda

Lig radiocarpale oorsale Proc styloideusradii Ligg intercarpalia dorsalia

Os scaphoideum Os triquetrum

Os hamatum Os capitatum

Lrgg metacarpalia dorsalia

Ligg intercarpaliadorsalia

Os trapezoideum

Ligg carpometacarpaliadorsalia

F i g .3 1 7 J o i n t sa n d [ i g a m e n t os f t h e h a n d , A r t i c u L a t i o n eest L i g a m e n t am a n u s ; d o r s a Iv i e w Ligg, collateralia

M us c [es

Os lunatum Caputulnae Articulatio radiocarpalis Articulatio radioulnaris distalis Os capitatum Discusarticularis Os scaphoideum

Os triquetrum Lig collateralecarpi ulnare

Lig collateralecarpi radiale

Os trapezoideum

Articulatiomediocarpalis

Os trapezium

Os hamatum

Articulatio carpometacarpalis pollicis

Lig intercarpale interosseum

Os metacarpiI

Articulationes carpometacarpales

Ligg metacarpaliainterossea

F i g .3 1 8 C a r p a jI o i n t s ,A r t i c u [ a t i o n ecsa r p i ; L o n g i t u d i n sa eL c t i o np a r a t L et Io t h e d o r s u mo f t h e h a n d .

Articulatioradioulnarisdistalis


Faciesarticularis carpails Tuberculumdorsale

Proc styloideus urnae

F i g .3 1 9 U t n aa n d r a d i u s U , l n ae t R a di u s ; distaLview

Faciesarticularis carpalis

Articulatio radioulnaris distalis

Discusarticularis Proc styloideus radii

Caputulnae ]\

Tuberculum dorsale

F i g .3 2 0 D i s t a Ir a d i o - u t n ajro i n t , A r t i c u t a t i or a d i o u L n a r d i si s t a t i s : distat-dorsaLview.


Topography Elbow

Forearm Hand

Fingerjoints

Os metacarpi

Os metacarpipollicis

Lig collaterale

M flexor pollicisbrevis

Ossasesamoidea

Lig collaterale Ligg palmaria

M flexor pollicislongus

Vaginatendinismusculi flexorispollicislongi

F i g . 3 2 1 F i n g e rj o i n t s ,A r t i c u L a t i o n edsi g i t i ; [ateraLview.

joint of Fig.322 Metacarpopha[angeaI t h e t h u m b ,A r t i c u t a t i om e t a c a r p o p h a L a n gpeoat l i c i s ; r a d i a L - p a t m av ri e w .

(Cartilago articularis) Phalanx proximalis Articulatiometacarpophalangea, Caosula articularis

Periosteum

Phalanx distalis

Caputphalangis

manusdistalis**' Articulatio interphalangea Phalanx media

proximalis**, Articulatio interphalangea manus Capsula articularis

F i g .3 2 3 F i n g e rj o i n t s ,A r t i c u t a t i o n edsi g i t i ; caniiial

certinn.

[ateraIview.

Basisphalangis

* C L i n i c at et r m ; M P [ = m e t a c a r p o p h a t a n g e j oai tn t l * * C L i n i c at eI r m ; P I P { = p r o x i m a t i n t e r p h a t a n g e j oai tn t ) ' * * C L i n i c at eI r m : D I P{ = d i s t a ti n t e r p h a L a n g ej oa itn t )

M us c tes Shoutder Arm

Wrist,radiography

Radius


Tuberculum ossisscaohoidei

Os lunatum Os pisiforme

Os trapezium Os kiquetrum Os capitatum

Os trapezoideum Basis ossis metacaroi ll

Hamulusossishamati

Ossametacarpi

Ossasesamoidea

Phalanx proximalis

Phalanx media

Phalanx distalis

F i g . 3 2 1 H a n d ,M a n u s : PA-radiograph. N o t e :T h e p i s i f o r mb o n ei s p r o j e c t e do n t o thetriquetraL bone.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

F i g . 3 2 5 U l n a ra b d u c t i o on f t h e h a n d ; s c h e m ao f a P A - r a d i o g r a p h .

Os scaphoideum Os lunatum Os triquetrum Os pisiforme Os trapezium Os trapezoideum Os capitatum Os hamatum

F i g . 3 2 6 R a d i aa L b d u c t i o no f t h e h a n d ; s c h e m ao f a P A - r a d i o o r a o h .

To p o g r a p h y Etbow

Forearm H a n d

Wrist,development

Fig.327 PA-radiographof the hand of a 41lz-year-oLd bov.

'| Ulna,Diaphysis 2 Radius,Diaphysis 3 Ulna,Epiphysis distalis

4 Radius,Epiphysis distalis 5 Os lunatum 6 Os triquetrum

'1 F i g . 3 2 9 P A - r a d i o g r a pohf t h e h a n do f a n 1- y e a r - o [ d Doy.

F i g .3 2 8 P A - r a d i o g r a pohf t h e h a n do f a 7 - y e a r - o [ d bov.

7 Os scaphoideum I Os hamatum I Os capitatum

10 Ostrapezoideum 1'1Os trapezium 12 Os pisilorme

F i g .3 3 0 P A - r a d i o g r a pohf t h e h a n do f a boy.

'13-year-old

Fasciaof the upperlimb

M trapezius

Spina scapulae

Fossainfraclavicularis

M deltoideus lvl deltoideus

V cephalica M triceps brachii, Caput laterale

M biceps brachii, Caput breve

N intercostobrachialis

M teresmajor

N cutaneus brachiimedialis

N, medianus

lvl triceps brachii, Caput longum

V basilica

N cutaneus antebrachii medialis

l\il biceps brachii

M triceps brachii, Caput mediale

M brachialis

M triceps brachii Olecranon

Septum intermusculare brachiimediale

N musculocutaneus, N cutaneusantebrachii lateralis Aponeurosis musculi bicipitis brachii

N cutaneusbrachii posterior l\/ bicepsbrachii N cutaneus posterior antebrachii

M brachioradialis Epicondyluslateralis

Bursasubcutanea olecrani


V medianacubiti

Septumintermusculare brachiilaterale

l\4.anconeus

M extensorcarpi radialislongus M extensor digitorum

l\4 flexorcarpiulnaris lvl extensorcarpiulnaris

M extensor carpiradialis brevrs

M flexor carpi radialis N radialis, R superficialis

lvl.abductor pollicislongus

M palmarislongus M brachioradialis, Tendo

N culaneus antebrachii medialis

M extensor digitiminimi M flexor carpi ulnaris

Caputulnae,Proc styloideus ulnae

Fascia antebrachii

Mm extensores carpiradialis. Tendines palmaris Aponeurosis

F i g .3 3 1 F a s c i ao f t h e f L e x oar s p e c to f t h e u p p e rL i m b .

M extensor pollicisbrevis Retinaculum musculorum eKensorum l\4 extensor pollicislongus, Tendo

F i g .3 3 2 F a s c i ao f t h e e x t e n s o a r s p e c to f t h e u p p e rL i m b

T opog r a p h yI S e cti o n s Forearm Hand

M.trapezius Acromion

M. sternocleidomastoideus

Clavicula Spina scapulae

major M. pectoralis M.trapezius M. deltoideus Fasciainfraspinata M. teres minor M. pectoralismajor,Pars abdominalis M teres major M serratusanterior

M. tricepsbrachii,Caput longum M. tricepsbrachii,Caput laterale

M. latissimusdorsi

M obliouusexternusabdominis

M. tricepsbrachii,Tendo M. bicepsbrachii M. brachialis Septumintermuscularebrachiilaterale

teres M. pronator M. tricepsbrachii,Caput mediale

lateralis Epicondylus Olecranon M. anconeus

M. brachioradialis M extensorcarpi radialislongus

M. extensordigitorum

M. extensorcarpi radialisbrevis

M flexorcarpi radialis

M flexorpollicislongus M. extensordigitorum,Tendines

M abductorpollicislongus M. extensorpollicisbrevis M. extensorpollicislongus,Tendo

Retinaculum musculorum extensorum

M. abductorpollicislongus,Tendo M. extensoroollicisbrevis.Tendo M. adductorpollicis

Mm interosseidorsales

F i g .3 3 3 M u s c l e so f t h e u p p e r[ i m b ,t h e t h o r a xa n d t h e i n f e r i o rr e g i o no f t h e n e c K .

> Uppertimb

Surface lSketetonl Muscles Arm

Musclesof theupperlimb

M pectoralismajor

M. biceps brachii

l\4 pronatorteres M flexorcarpiradialis

M palmarislongus

M. flexordigitorum supemcrails M tlexorcarpiulnaris

M flexordigltorum superficialis, Tendines Vagina tendinis

profundus, M. flexordigitorum tenotnes

F i g .3 3 4 M u s c l e so f t h e f [ e x o ra s p e c to f t h e u p p e r[ i m b .

T o p o g r a p h yI Se cti o n s Forearm Hand

Musclesof the upperlimb

M deltoideus

l\4.inlraspinatus

M teresminor

M, teresmajor

lvl latissimus dorsl

tu|.tricepsbrachii

M brachioradialis

M extensorcarpi radialisIongus

M. extensor carpi radialisbrevis

M extensordigitorum M extensorcarpi ulnafls

Mlm.interossei dorsales

F i g . 3 3 5 M u s c l e so f t h e e x t e n s o ra s p e c to f t h e u p p e r[ i m b .

'Upper timb

Surface lsketetonl

Muscles

Overview Shoulder Upperarm

Musclesof theshoulder

M pectoralis malor

lvl pectoralis 1 Acromion

l\4 scalenus posterior

m ln o r

M levator scapulae

Clavicula

M. scalenusmedius lvl scalenusanterior

M deltoideus

[/ biceps brachii, Caput longum

M. biceps brachii, Caput breve

Mm sternocleidomastoidei

M coracobrachialis

M, teresmajor

M subclavius

M subscapularis Mm.intercostales interni

M serratusanterior

Mm intercostales externi M serratusanterior M pectoralis minor M, latissimus dorsi M pectoralismajor

M reclusabdominis

F i g . 3 3 6 M u s c l e so f t h e a r m , t h e t h o r a xa n d t h e i n f e r i o rr e g i o n of the neck. l , l l , l V - V l li n d i c a t et h e c o r r e s p o n d i nrgi b s .

I Caputlongum M bicepsbrachiij I Caputbreve

Humerus Vaginatendinisintertubercularis

M coracobrachialis Clavicula

Lig coracoacromiale

Proc coracoideus

Acromion M infraspinatus Articulatio acromioclavicularis

N suprascapularis Lig transversum scapulae superius lvl subscapularis M supraspinatus

Spina scapulae

F i g . 3 3 7 S h o u l d e ra n d m u s c L e o sf the shoutder. T o g e t h e rt,h e m u s c l et e n d o n sm a r k e dw i t h * f o r m t h e s o - c a l t e dr o t a t o rc u f f .

Topography Forearm Hand


Clavicula

l\/ deltoideus

subclavius M trapezius

Proc coracoideus

Articulatio acromioclavicularis, Capsulaarticularis

Lig coracoclaviculare, Lig trapezoideum

Acromion

Lig coracoclaviculare,Lig. conoideum

Bursasubacromialis

M levatorscapulae

-

Lig coracoacromiale

Venterinferior M. omohvoideus.

(Bursamusculicoracobrachialis) M serratusanterior

lvl pectoralis minor

minor M rhomboideus

M biceps brachii,Caput breve

M supraspinatus

l\4 coracobrachialis

Lig transversumscapulae supenus

M deltoideus Vagina tendinis intertubercularis

M subscapularis

M pectoralis major

M. rhomboideus malor

M latissimus dorsi,Tendo M tricepsbrachii,Caputlaterale

lvlargomedialis

M biceps brachii, Caput longum

M. teresmajor coracobrachialis

M serratusanterior M biceps brachii, Caput breve

M triceps brachii, Caput longum

Capsulaarticularis, (Recessus axillaris)

F i g .3 3 8 S h o u l d e ra n d m u s c l e so f t h e s h o u [ d e r . x T r i a n g u [ sapr a c eS, p a t i u m a x i t l a rm e ediate * * Q u a d r a n g ust apra c eS, p a t i u m a x i l L a r[ a etera[e M omohyoideus, Venterinferior M levator scapulae

Acromion

Bursasubdeltoidea

Angulussuperior

M, deltoideus

M rhomboideus mtnor

M deltoideus

M supraspinatus

Humerus, Collumchirurgicum

M trapezius humeri, Articulatio Capsulaarticularis

Spinascapulae M rhomboideus malor M infraspinatus

M triceps brachii, Caput longum

l\4.teresminor M. triceps brachii, Caput laterale

M teresmajor Angulusinferior l\4.latissimus dorsi lvl serratusanterior

F i g .3 3 9 S h o u l d e ra n d m u s c t e so f t h e s h o u t d e r . + T r i a n g u Lsapra c eS, p a t i u m a x i l t a rm e ediate ** Quadrangutar axittare laterale space,Spatium

tt

scles Arm


Lig coracoacromiale

Lig. acromioclaviculare l\il biceps brachii,Caput longum, Tendo

Bursasubacromialis

Lig trapezoideum

Lig coracohumerale

M supraspinatus*

M, deltoideus

Fasciapectoralis

Acromion Fascia pectoralis, (Hiatus venae cephalicae)

Lig conoideum Proc coracoideus M intraspinatus*

(Bursamusculicoracobrachialis) Bursasubtendinea musculisubscapularis

Capsulaarticularis

M coracobrachialis

M teresminor*

M. bicepsbrachii,Caputbreve

Cavitas glenoidalis

Labrum glenoidale

M lricepsbrachii,Caputlongum

F i g .3 4 0 S h o u L d ej o r i n t ,A r t i c u l a t i oh u m e r i ; LateraIview. T o g e t h e rt,h e m u s c [ et e n d o n sm a r k e dw i t h * f o r m t h e s o - c a l t e dr o t a t o rc u f f .

Lig coracoacromiale

Acromion Proc coracoideus

M supraspinatus

M, infraspinatus

Tuberculum majus

M subscapularis

M. biceps brachii, Caput longum, Tendo

M teresminor Humerus, Corpus

F i g , 3 1 1 M u s c l e so f t h e s o - c a [ L erdo t a t o rc u f f ; LateraIview

To pogr a p h y Forearm Hand

Musclesof the arm

M supraspinatus M. trapezius

M deltoideus Fascia infraspinata

M. pectoralismajor M teresmajor

M latissimus dorsi

M. bicepsbrachii


M brachialis

M tricepsbrachii,Caputlaterale


M brachioradialis

M. tricepsbrachii,Caputmediale

M. tricepsbrachii,Tendo

M. extensorcarpiradialislongus


M. extensorcarpiradialisbrevis

Fig.3l,2 Musclesof the arm; s u p e r f i c i al[a y e r ; dorso[ateraIview.

> U p p e rl i m b Overview Shoulder

0riginsand insertionsof the musclesof theshoulderand thearm

M subclavius M sternocleidomastoideus M pectoralis minor M deltoideus

lvl pectoralismajor, Parsclavicularis

lvl coracobrachialis M biceps brachii, Caput breve

Lig costoclaviculare

M supraspinatus l\4 omohvoideus. Venterinferior

M subscapularis M biceps brachii, Caput longum

lvl latissimus dorsi M tricepsbrachii, Caputlongum

M subscapularis

l\4 teresmajor M pectoralismajor M deltoideus

M serratusanterior

M coracobrachialis

M brachialis

M brachioradialis

lvl pronator teres,Caputhumerale M flexorcarpi radialis

M extensor carpiradialislongus Epicondylusmedialis

M brachialis,M articulariscubiti

M palmaris longus

M llexorcarpiulnaris,Caputhumerale M extensor carpi radialisbrevis

M flexordigitorum superficialis, Caputhumeroulnare M pronator teres,Caputulnare M brachialis M biceps brachii

M flexorcarpiulnaris,Caputulnare

Fig.343 0 r i g i n sa n d i n s e r t i o n so f t h e m u s c L e as t t h e c [ a v i c t e C[ a v i c[ua ,t h e s c a p u t aS, c a p u l aa, n dt h e h u m e r u s H , umerus l a sw e t La s u t n a ro r i q i n so f m u L t i - h e amd u s c t e s J .

Arm

Topog r a p h y Forearm Hand

of the musclesof theshoulderand thearm

l\il omohyoideus,Venter inferior

M trapezius

M. sternocleidomastoideus

M subclavius

M deltoideus

M sternohyoideus lvl pectoralis major,Parsclavicularis M supraspinatus M levatorscapulae

M inlraspinatus M supraspinatus M rhomboideus minor

l\il teres minor M triceps brachii, Caput longum

M infraspinatus

M. triceps brachii, Caput laterale

M rhomboideus major

M. deltoideus

M brachialis

M teresminor

M teresmajor

Foramen nutricium

M latissimus dorsi (Origoscapularis, Var)

M tricepsbrachii,Caputlaterale

l\/ triceps brachii,Caput mediale

M brachioradialis

SeDtumintermusculare brachiimediale M triceDsbrachii:M articulariscubiti M triceps brachii Epicondylusmedialis

Mm llexores. CaDUtcommune

SeDtumintermusculare brachiilaterale

l\4 extensorcarpiradialislongus Epicondylus lateralis M extensor carDiradialisbrevis

M. extensordigitorum

lvl anconeus M extensorcarpiulnaris

F i g . 3 1 1 0 r i g i n sa n d i n s e r t i o n so f t h e m u s c t e sa t t h e c t a v i c l e , C l a v i c u t at h , e s c a p u l . aS,c a p u t aa, n d t h e h u m e r u s ,H u m e r u s ( a sw e t I a s u l n a r o r i g i n so f m u [ t i - h e a dm u s c t e s J .

> U p p e rt i m b

Musctes

Musclesof the arm

Parsclavicularis Parsacromialis

Parsspinalis

r i c e p sb r a c h i i t r i c e p sb r a c h i i .

D e t t o i dm u s c l e .M . d e l t o i d e u s .

M coracobrachialis

M brachialis

B i c e p sb r a c h i im u s c t e ,M . b i c e p sb r a c h i i

F i g . 3 4 8 B r a c h i a I a n cdo r a c o b r a c h i a I m u s c [ e s , M m . b r a c h i a [ i se t c o r a c o b r a c h i a L i s


of the

Clavicula M subclavius Lig coracoclaviculare

M supraspinatus

Proc coracoideus M pectoralis minor

M omohyoideus, Venterinferior

M. coracobrachialis

Lig.transversum scapulae superius

M. deltoideus

M biceps brachii, Caput breve, Tendo

M subscapularis

M pectoralismajor,Tendo M. teresmajor M, bicepsbrachii,Caputlongum,Tendo

M tricepsbrachii,Caputlongum M bicepsbrachii,Caputlongum

M. bicepsbrachii,Caputbreve

M triceps brachii,Caput mediale

M. brachialis

Septumintermusculare brachiimediale M. brachialis

M biceos brachii.Tendo

Epicondylus medialis M. brachioradialis

Aponeurosis musculibicipitis brachii

M extensorcarpiradialislongus M extensorcarpiradialisbrevis

Fasciaantebrachii

F i g . 3 4 9 M u s c t eosf t h ea r m ; ftexoraspect,superficia[ layer. * T r i a n g u [ a rs p a c e ,S p a t i u ma x i t l a r em e d i a [ e * * Q u a d r a n g u t asr p a c e ,S p a t i u ma x i l t a r el a t e r a [ e

'Upper timb Musclesof thearm

M. trapezius

M. subscapularis

Vaginatendinisintertubercularis

M bicepsbrachii,Caputbreve

M. bicepsbrachii,Caputlongum

M coracobrachialis


M. triceps brachii,Caput mediale

M. brachialis

Septum intermusculare brachii mediale

Epicondylus medialis M. brachialis,Tendo

Fasciaantebrachii M brachioradialis M. extensorcarpiradialislongus


M bicepsbrachii,Tendo M. biceps brachii

F i g . 3 5 0 M u s c l e so f t h e a r m ; ftexoraspect,deep layer.

To p o g r a p h y Forearm Hand

Musclesof the arm

M deltoideus

l\4 infraspinatus Bursa subdeltoidea

tricepsbrachii, Caputlongum

M teresminor Collumchirurgicum

[/ teresminor M bicepsbrachii,Caputlongum, Tendo lvl pectoralismajor,Tendo l\4 teresmajor lvl deltoideus

Sulcus nerui radialis M triceps brachii,Caput laterale

M biceps brachii l\4 triceps brachii,Caput mediale l\4 brachialis

Septum intermuscularebrachii laterale M brachioradialis

l\4 triceps brachii,Tendo

M extensor carpiradialislongus Olecranon

l\il anconeus

M extensor carpiradialisbrevis Fascia antebrachii

l\4 extensordigitorum

F i g . 3 5 1 M u s c L eosf t h e a r m ; e x t e n s o ra s p e c t d , e e pl a y e r . x T r i a n g u t sapr a c eS, p a t i u m a x i l t a rm e ediate x * Q u a d r a n g ust apra c eS, p a t i u m a x i t t a rlea t e r a l e

tt

0verview

)rigins and insertionsof the ventralmusclesof the forearm

M brachialis M brachioradialis

l\4 extensor carpiradialislongus

M articularis cubiti M extensor carpiradialisbrevis

icialis, M. f lexordigitorum superf Caputhumeroulnare M supinator M pronator teres, Caputulnare

M brachialis M biceps brachii M flexor pollicislongus

M flexor digitorumsuperficialis,Caput radiale Chorda obliqua

lvl pronatorteres

Membrana interosseaantebrachii

M flexorpollicislongus

M llexor digitorum profundus

lvl pronatorquadratus

M, brachioradialis

quadratus M pronator

F i g . 3 5 2 0 r i g i n sa n d i n s e r t i o n so f t h e m u s c l e s a t t h e r a d i u sR , a d i u st ,h e u l n a ,U L n aa, n dt h e d i s t a lp a r t o f t h e h u m e r u s ,H u m e r u s .

Shoutder Arm

Topog r a p h yI S e c ti o n s Forearm

Hand

l\4 flexorcarpiulnaris M palmaris longus l\il pronatorteres M flexorcarpiradialis

F i g .3 5 4 V e n t r a Im u s c l e so f theforearm; m i d d [ el a y e r .

F i g .3 5 3 V e n t r a Im u s c t e so f theforearm; crrnorf irirl

lrrror

M flexor digitorum prolundus M flexor pollicislongus

M supinator

M pronator quaoralus

F i g .3 5 5 V e n t r a Im u s c t e so f theforearm; deep layer.

sf F i g .3 5 6 V e n t r a lm u s c L e o theforearm; deepestlayer.

Surface lSkeletonl Muscles Shoutder Arm

Musclesof the forearm

M. biceps brachii

M tricepsbrachii, Caputmediale

Septum intermusculare brachii mediale

M brachialis


1-



M palmarislongus

M brachioradialis

lvl.flexorcarpiradialis

M flexorcarpiulnaris M extensor carDi radialis brevis

M flexordigitorum superficialis M extensorcarpiradialislongus

M. flexordigitorum superficialis

M abductor pollicislongus M brachioradialis,Tendo

'i T----

M. flexor pollicislongus

M flexorcarpiulnaris,Tendo

l

M, abductorpollicislongus,Tendo

M palmarislongus,Tendo

quadratus M pronator l\4 flexorcarpiradialis, Tendo Retinaculum musculorum extensorum

F i g . 3 5 7 M u s c l e so f t h e f o r e a r m ; f t e x o ra s p e c t s, u p e r f i c i alLa y e r .

Topogr a p h y Forearm

Hand

Muscles

M brachialis

M. tricepsbrachii, Caputmediale

M brachioradialis

M. brachialis, Tendo


M supinator Bursabicipitoradialis

M bicepsbrachii,Tendo

M. palmarislongus M. extensorcarpiradialislongus

M. flexorcarpiulnaris

M pronatorteres

M. flexorcarpiradialis M flexordigitorum superficialis, Caouthumeroulnare

M flexordigitorum superficialis, Caoutradiale

M. flexordigitorum superficialis

M abductorpollicislongus

M flexorpollicislongus Tendo M. flexorcarpiulnaris, M pronatorquadratus M. flexorcarpiradialis,Tendo M extensorpollicisbrevis, Tendo M. palmarislongus,Tendo M brachioradialis, Tendo

F i g .3 5 8 M u s c l e so f t h e f o r e a r m ; f lexoraspect,middle layer.

Shoutder Arm


M brachialis

l\4 tricepsbrachii Caputmediale Septumintermusculare brachiimediale

M brachioradialis

Epicondylus medialis l\4 supinator M. pronatorteres M bicepsbrachii, Tendo

l\4 flexor carpi radialis

M extensor carpiradialislongus

M palmaris longus

Mm flexores.CaDUtcommune

M, flexor carpi ulnaris

lvl pronatorteres M flexordigitorum superficialis


M flexorcaroiulnaris. Tendo M tlexor pollicislongus

quadratus M. pronator abductorpollicislongus,Tendo M brachioradialis, Tendo

Fig, 359 Musclesof the forearm; ftexoraspect,middtetayeraftersectionof t h e p r o n a t otre r e sm u s c [ e .

M flexor carpi radialis,Tendo l\4 palmaris longus,Tendo

To p o g r a p h y Forearm

Hand

Septumintermusculare brachiimediale M brachialis

Caputradii medialis Epicondylus brachioradialis

M pronator teres,Caputulnare


lvlmflexores, Caputcommune M supinator posterior A,; V interossea Radius, Facies anterior

profundus M flexordigitorum M extensor carpiradialislongus M flexorpollicislongus,Caputhumerale (Var) M pronatorteres M flexorcarpiulnaris

M flexorpollicislongus M flexordigitorum superficialis, Caputradiale

profundus, Tendines l\4flexordigitorum M flexor pollicislongus,Tendo

Tendo M flexorcarpiulnaris, M brachioradialis,Tendo

Tendines M flexordigitorum superficialis,

M. pronatorquadratus

Radius, Facies anterior

M. palmarislongus,Tendo M flexor carDiradialis.Tendo

F i g .3 6 0 M u s c t e os f t h e f o r e a r m ; flexoraspect,deeplayer.

t t

at"t Shou[der Arm

)rigins andinsertionsof the dorsalmusclesof theforearm

Septumintermusculare brachiimediale

M tricepsbrachii;M articularis cubiti M extensor carpi radialis longus N4 triceps brachii Epicondyluslateralis Epicondylusmedialis

l\4.extensor carpi radialisbrevis

Mm llexores. CaDUtcommune

M extensordigitorum

M anconeus M flexor carpi ulnaris

M supinator profundus flexordigitorum lvl extensorcarpiulnaris Membrana interossea antebrachii M pronatorteres M extensorpollicislongus M abductorpollicislongus

M extensor pollicisbrevis M extensor indicis

M abductor pollicislongus

M extensor digitiminimi lvl extensordigitorum

M extensorpollicisbrevis l\4 extensorpollicislongus M extensor carpiradialislongus

l\4 extensor carpiulnaris l\4 extensorcarpiradialisbrevis

F i g .3 5 1 0 r i g i n sa n di n s e r t i o nosf t h e m u s c L e s a t t h e r a d i u sR , a d i u st ,h e u L n aU, L n aa, n dt h e d i s t ap I a r to f t h e h u m e r u sh, u m e r u s .

Topography Forearm

Hand

M brachioradialis M extensorcarpi radialislongus Fasciaantebrachii

M extensor carpi radialisbrevis

lvl extensor digitorum

M extensordigiti mtntml

M extensor carpi u tn a n s

Fig.362 RadiaL muscLeo sf t h e f o r e ar m

F i g .3 6 3 D o r s a Im u s c t e so f t h e f o r e a r m ; cr rnorf iriel

lvl extensor pollicislongus

lvl abductor pollicislongus

M extensor indicis

M extensor pollicisbrevis

F i g . 3 6 / r D o r s a Im u s c t e so f t h e f o r e a r m : m i d d [ el a y e r .

lerror

M supinator

F i g , 3 5 5 D o r s a Im u s c l e so f t h e f o r e a r m ; oeep rayer.

>>l

Surface lSkeletonl Musctes S h o u t d e r Arm


M. biceps brachii

M.tricepsbrachii,Caputlaterale

M. brachialis

Septumintermusculare brachiilaterale M brachioradialis

M tricepsbrachii,Caputmediale M triceos brachii.Tendo

M extensor carpiradialislongus

Olecranon

lateralis Epicondylus

M anconeus

M flexor carpi ulnaris

M. extensor carDiradialisbrevis

M brachioradialis, Tendo M. extensor carpiradialislongus,Tendo M. extensor carpiradialisbrevis,Tendo

extensorpollicisbrevis M extensordigitorum, Tendines

M e)densordigitiminimi, Tendo

M. extensor carpiulnaris Ulna M extensorpollicislongus,Tendo


M abductor pollicis longus, Tendo M extensor pollicis brevis, Tendo

M extensorcarpiradialisbrevis,Tendo M. extensor carpiradialislongus,Tendo

Betinaculum musculorum exlensorum

Radius

F i g .3 6 6 M u s c L e os f t h e f o r e a r ma n d t h e d i s t a tp a r t o f t h e a r m ; lateraIview; intermediate o o s i t i o no f t h e f o r e a r mb e t w e e n s u p i n a t i o na n d p r o n a t i o n .

To pogr a p h y Forearm

Hand

Muscles

M tricepsbrachii, Caputlaterale

M. brachialis


M brachioradialis

M. triceps brachii,Caput mediale

M triceosbrachii.Tendo

M. extensorcarpiradialislongus

Epicondyluslateralis

Olecranon

M anconeus Fasciaantebrachii

M. extensorcaroiradialisbrevis M. flexorcarpiulnaris

digitorum M. extensor M. extensor carDiulnaris

M extensor digitiminimi

M. extensor carpiulnaris, Tendo

M. abductorpollicislongus

M. extensoroollicisbrevis

M. extensordigitorum,Tendines M. extensorcaroiradialisbrevis,Tendo M extensorcarpiradialislongus,Tendo Radius

F i g . 3 6 7 M u s c t e so f t h e f o r e a r ma n d t h e d i s t a tp a r t o f t h e a r m ; extensoa r s p e c t s, u p e r ifc i a [l a y e r ; intermediate o o s i t i o no f t h e f o r e a r mb e t w e e n s u o i n a t i o na n d o r o n a t i o n .

tt


Seotumintermusculare brachiilaterale M triceps brachii,Tendo M brachioradialis lvl triceps brachii,Caput mediale

Epicondylus lateralis Olecranon

M extensor carpiradialislongus M anconeus

Fasciaantebrachii

M flexorcarpiulnaris

lvlm.extensoresdigitorumet digiti minimi

M extensor caroi radialisbrevis M extensor carpi ulnaris

M supinator Radius

M pronatorteres,Tendo

M abductor pollicislongus

M extensor digitorum, Tendines M extensor pollicislongus

M extensor caroiulnaris. Tendo M extensor indicis M extensor pollicisbrevis

Radius

M extensor caroiradialisbrevis.Tendo M extensor carpi radialislongus,Tendo M extensor carpi ulnaris.Tendo M, extensor pollicisbrevis.Tendo M extensor digiti minimi,Tendo

l\4 extensorpollicislongus,Tendo

F i g . 3 6 8 M u s c L eos f t h e f o r e a r m ; e x t e n s o ra s p e c t ,m i d d t eL a y e r ; intermediate p o s i t i o no f t h e f o r e a r mb e t w e e n s u p i n a t i oann d p r o n a t i o n .

Forearm

Hand

Olecranon Epicondyluslateralis

Lig. collateraleradiale Lig anulare radii lvl extensor carpi radialis brevis

l\4.anconeus

M supinator lvl flexorcarpiulnaris

Corpusulnae Corpusradii teres,Tendo M, pronator pollicislongus M extensor

[/ abductorpollicislongus M extensor indicis M extensor pollicisbrevis

Membrana interossea antebrachii

Radius M abductorpollicislongus, Tendo

l\4 extensor carpiulnaris, Tendo Caputulnae Retinaculum musculorum extensorum*

extensor caroi radialis brevis,

Tendo M. extensorpollicisbrevis, Tendo

extensorum* musculorum Betinaculum carpiradialislongus, M extensor Tendo

Ligg carpometacarpaliadorsalia M extensor indicis.Tendo

M interosseus dorsalislll M interosseus dorsalislV

M extensorpollicislongus, Tendo dorsalisll M interosseus

M extensor digitorum, Tendines

dorsalisI M interosseus ll Os metacarpi

F i g . 3 6 9 M u s c t e so f t h e f o r e a r ma n d t h e h a n d ; e x t e n s o ra s p e c t d , e e pl a y e r ; p o s i t i o no f t h e f o r e a r mb e t w e e n intermediate supination andpronation * Thetendoncompartments retinacutum formedbytheextensor h a v eb e e no p e n eldo n g i t u d i n a t t y

tt

Shoutder Arm


HUmerus Humerus

M, brachioradialis M. brachioradialis lvl biceps brachii

N. medianus

M biceps brachii Aponeurosismusculi bicipitisbrachii

Lig collateraleradiale

Lig collateraleradiale

NI biceps brachii, Tendo

N radialis,R profundus

N medianus Aponeurosis musculi bicipitis brachii

N radialis, B profundus

lvl pronatorteres, Caputulnare

biceps brachii, Tendo

M supinator lvl pronatorteres, Caputhumerale

M supinator

M palmaris longus

M pronator teres M palmarislongus M llexor carpi radialis

M. flexor carpi radialis

lvlembrana interossea antebrachii Ulna pronator quadratus M pronator quadratus Articulatio radioulnaris distalis, Capsula articularis

F i g . 3 7 0 F o r e a r mi n s u p i n a t i o n ; v e n t r o p a t m avri e w A r r o w si n d i c a t et h e d i r e c t i o no f f o r c eg e n e r a t e d b y t h e m a i n s u p i n a t o rm u s c L e s .

>132,T33,T35

F i g . 3 7 1 F o r e a r mi n p r o n a t i o n ; v e n t r a Iv i e wo f t h e e t b o wr e q i o n .d o r s a Iv i e wo f t h e d o r s u mo f t h e h a n d . A r r o w si n d i c a t et h e d i r e c i i o no f f o r c eg e n e r a t e d b y t h e m a i n p r o n a t o rm u s c l e s .

)T32,T33,T35

To p o g r a p h y Forearm

Hand

andinsertionsof the musclesof the hand

M flexor pollicislongus

M tlexorcarpiradialis

2'\',€g

superficialis, 2 3 4 5 M flexordigitorum Tendines*

{{ !t

M brachioradialis

M. flexorcarpiulnaris

M abductor pollicisbrevis

M. abductor digitiminimi l\4 flexorpollicisbrevis, Caputprofundum M opponens digiti minimi

pollicis M opponens M flexor digiti minimi brevis

lvl flexor carpi radialis

f,

M. flexor carpi ulnaris

I

I

M. extensor carpiulnaris

t I

,

il M flexorpollicisbrevis, Caputprofundum

M adductor pollicis, Caput transversum

M. opponens digiti minimi

pollicisbrevis M abductor

Mm interossei dorsales M adductor pollicis, Caput obliquum

M abductor digitiminimi

l\4flexorpollicislongus

M flexor diglti minimi brevis

M flexordigitorum superficialis

profundus M flexordigitorum

palmares Mm interossei

F i g . 3 7 2 0 r i g i n sa n d i n s e r t i o n so f t h e m u s c t e so f t h e h a n d a t t h e b o n e so f t h e h a n d . * Theftexorsinsertat thesecond to fifthdiqit

> U p p e rl i m b

>>l

Surface lSkeletonl Muscles Overview Shoutder Arm

Musclesof thehand

M palmaris brevis palmaris Aponeurosis

Fasciculi transversi

Mm lumbricales

) T 3 1 ,T 3 6 - T3 8

F i g . 3 7 3 M u s c t e so f t h e p a [ m ; s u p e r f i c i al[a y e r .


Musclesof the hand

Membrana interosseaantebrachii

quadratus M pronator M brachioradialis, Tendo Ulna

M flexorpollicislongus,Tendo

Proc styloideus Tendo M flexorcarpiulnaris,

Vaginatendinismusculiflexoriscarpiradialis

profundus, Tendines M flexordigitorum

Vaginatendinummusculorum abductoris longiet extensoris pollicisbrevis

Os pisiforme

Retinaculum musculorum flexorum

lvl abductor digitiminimi


M tlexor digiti minimi brevis

M flexor pollicisbrevis, Caput superficiale

M opponens digiti minimi

M opponens pollicis

Mm lumbricales M abductor digiti minimi

M abductor pollicisbrevis M flexor pollicisbrevis, Caput profundum

metacarpophalangea Articulatio V Capsulaarticularis

l\4 llexor pollicisbrevis, Caput superficiale

Mm interossei dorsales

M adductor pollicis, Caput transversum Vagina tendinis musculi flexoris pollicislongi

M flexordigitorum Tendines superficialis, palmares Mm interossei M flexordigitorum superf icialis,Tendines

F i g . 3 7 1 M u s c L eos f t h e p a t m ; middteLayer.

> T 32, T 36-T 38

tt

Tendon sheaths of thehand

Vaginatendinismusculiflexorispollicislongi Vaginatendinummusculorum abductoris pollicisbrevis longiet extensoris

M flexorcarpiulnaris, Tendo

Vagina tendinis musculillexoris carpi radialis

pollicis M opponens

Betinaculum musculorum flexorum

M flexor pollicisbrevis

M abductor digiti minimi


Vaginatendinismusculi flexorispollicislongi

M flexor digiti minimi brevis

M opponens digiti minimi

M. adductor pollicis, Caput transversum

Vaginacommunis tendinum musculorum flexorum

M lumbricalisI

F i g . 3 7 5 T e n d o ns h e a t h sV , a g i n a et e n d i n u m , o f t h eh a n d .

b

5o/o

c

U p p e rt i m b

M us c l es Overview Shoutder Arm

Brachialplexus

* Nn spinales, Rr.ventrales + a Truncussuperior b Truncusmedius c Truncusinferior o a Fasciculus lateralis posterior b Fasciculus c Fasciculus medialis

Pars supraclavicularis

Pars infraclavicularis

(C5-C7) N musculocutaneus (C5-T1) N medianus

N cutaneus brachii medialis (Tl ) N cutaneus antebrachiimedialis (C8, T1)

(C5,C6) N. axillaris

N ulnaris(C7-Tl)

N radialis(C5-T1)

(Plexuscervicalis) 1 N. phrenicus 2 N dorsalisscapulae(C5) 3 Rr.musculares (C5,CO) 4 N suprascapularis (C5,C6) 5 N subclavius (C5-C7) lateralis 6 N, pectoralis (C5-C7) 7 N. subscapularis (C6-C8) I N thoracodorsalis medialis(C8,Tl ) 9 N pectoralis longus(C5-C7) 10 N thoracicus (T1) 1.1 N intercostalis

p t e x u sP , l e x u sb r a c h i a I i s . Fig.386 BrachiaL

Topography CubitaIfossa

Forearm Hand

Nervesof the upperlimb

Plexusbrachialis, Parssupraclavicularis

Radix lateralis

A axillaris

Badix medialis

N cutaneus brachii medialis

N medianus N axillaris N cutaneus brachiilateralis supenor

N cutaneus antebrachii medialis

N musculocutaneus N. radialis N cutaneus brachii n^ciari^r

cutaneusbrachii lateralis inferior

N ulnaris

N cutaneus antebrachii lateralis

R. superficialis R. profundus

N. interosseus antebrachii anterior

N. cutaneus antebrachii posterior R. dorsalis(N.ulnaris) R palmaris(N ulnaris) R communicans cum neryoulnarl (N ulnaris) R prolundus Nn digitales parmares communes

R. superficialis(N. ulnaris) Nn digitales palmares communes Nn digitales palmares propril

Nn digitales palmares propfll

F i g .3 8 7 N e r v e so f t h e u p p e r[ i m b ; OVETVIEW.

'Upper timb

Surface lskeletonl

Cutaneous innervation

s n e r v a t i o[ dne r m a t o m eosf]t h eu p p e rL i m b . F i g .3 8 8 S e g m e n t ca uI t a n e o ui n

n e r m a t o m eosf]t h eu p p e rL i m b . F i g . 3 8 9 S e g m e n t ca u[ t a n e o ui n s n e r v a t i o( d

Musctes

CubitaIfossa

Forearm

innervation Cutaneous

N musculocutaneus, N cutaneus antebrachiilateralls

N cutaneus N. radialis, brachiilateralisinlerior

N. cutaneusbrachii N. axillaris, lateralissuperior N medianus

N radialis, R superficialis

Nn.suoraclaviculares Rr.cutanei anteriores pectorales Nn.intercostales Rr.cutanei laterales pectorales

N ulnaris

N curaneus antebrachii 1 R anterior medialis\ R posterior

F i g . 3 9 0 C u t a n e o unse r v e o s f t h eu p p e rt i m b .

N cutaneus rs brachiiposterior oosterior N. cutaneusbrachiilateralisinlerior

.l | ru.radiatis

posterior I N. cutaneusantebrachii J R.s N. musculocutaneus, N cutaneus antebrachii lateralis

Nn. thoracici, Rr. cutanei

posteriores

N radialis. N cutaneusbrachiioosterior N. cutaneusbrachiimedialis

N cutaneusantebrachii medialis

s f t h eu p p e r[ i m b . F i g . 3 9 1 C u t a n e o unse r v e o

> U p p e rt i m b

Muscles Overview Shoulder Arm

Musculocutaneousnerve

M coracobrachialis

M biceps brachii M brachialis

Fig.393 Musculocutaneousnerve, N musculocutaneus; s e g m e n t aoI r g a n i s a t i o n .

F i g , 3 9 2 M u s c u t o c u t a n e o un se r v e , N. muscutocutaneus; -,,^^t.,;^^ ruyPryilr9

^-^^^ dr sd>.

T h e s k i n b r a n c h e sa n d t h e c u t a n e o u si n n e r v a t i o a nr e i l t u s t r a t e di n b t u e .

) 4 6 ,3 8 6 ,I 2 t , , T 2 5

Cubitalfossa

Forearm Hand

N medianus


F i g .3 9 5 M e d i a nn e r v e ,N . m e d i a n u s ; s e g m e n t aoI r g a n i s a t i o n

M pronator teres

F i g .3 9 4 M e d i a nn e r v e , N.medianus; crrnnl\/rnn

aralc

) t + 6 , 3 8 6 ,2T4 , T2 5

F i g .3 9 5 M e d i a nn e r v e ,N . m e d i a n u s ; proximap L a L s yt:y p i c a Ip o s t u r e .

'Upper limb

Muscles Overview Shoulder Arm

Ulnarnerve

N. cutaneusantebrachii medialis

VI

N. cutaneusbrachii medialis

vtl

I


F i g .3 9 8 U t n a rn e r v eN , .u t n a r i s ; s e g m e n t ao Ir g a n i s a t i o n .

M flexor carpi ulnaris

R superficialis

F i g . 3 9 7 U L n anr e r v e , N .u l n a r i s ; s u p p l y i nagr e a s .

, 2 4 , T2 5 ) 4 6 ,3 8 6 T

F i g . 3 9 9 U t n a rn e r v e ,N . u l n a r i s ; p r o x i m ap I atsy

C u b i t afIo s s a F o r e a r m H a n d

Radialnerve

N cutaneusbrachii posterior

M tricepsbrachii, Caputlaterale l\i\,triceps brachii, Caput longum

M tricepsbrachii, Caputmediale

N cutaneus antebrachii posrenor

Fig.401 Radian I e r v e ,N . r a d i a t i s ; s e g m e n t aoI r g a n i s a t i o n .

R superficialis

F i g . 4 0 0 R a d i anI e r v e , N .r a d i a t i s ; s u p p l y i nagr e a s .

) 4 6 ,3 8 6 ,| 2 t , , T2 5

nerve, Fig.t02 RadiaL N.radiaLis; proximaIpatsy.

'Upper timb Axillarynerve

N cutaneusbrachii lateralis superior

Fig. 101 AxiLLary nerve,N axiLtaris; s e g m e n t aoI r g a n i s a t i o n

F i 9 . 4 0 3 A x i t l . anr ye r v eN, .a x i L [ a r i s ; ruPPLyilr9 dtsd>.

The axiltarynerve passesto the d o r s a Is i d eo f t h e a r m t h r o u g ht h e q u a d r a n g u L asrp a c ea [ o n gw i t h t h e posteriorcircumflex humeraIartery. ) I + 6 , 3 8 6 , I 2 t + ,2T5

Fig.405 Axitlarynerve, N .a x i t t a r i s ; p a t s y :d e t t o i dm u s c [ ea t r o p h y .

CubitaIfossa

Forearm Hand

Arteriesof theupperlimb

A thoracoacromialis

A axillaris

A. brachialis

A circumflexa humerianterior A profunda brachii

A collateralismedia A brachialis

A collaleralisradialis

R anterior A radialis

B posterior

A, recurrens radialis

A recurrens ulnaris

interossea recurrens

A. ulnaris A interossea communts

A, interosseaposterior A radialis

A interossea anterior A comitans nervimediani

R carpalis palmaris

B carpalisdorsalis R palmaris superficialis Arcuspalmaris profundus Arcuspalmaris superficialis A princeps pollicis Aa digitales palmares communes A radialisindicis

Aa digitales palmares propriae

F i g .4 0 6 A r t e r i e so f t h e u p p e r[ i m b ; overytew. A r t e r i e sa d j a c e n t o t h e e l b o wj o i n t f o r m t h e cubitaIanastomosis.

' Uppertimb

M us c tes 0verview Shoulder Arm

Lymphatics of the axilla

V axillaris V thoracoepigastrica

Vasa lymphaticasuperficialia

V cephalica

Nodi lymphoidei axillares

(Plexuslymphaticus axillaris)

Papilla mammana

Vasa lymphatica superficialia

Vasa lymphatica superlicialia

V, basllica

Nodi lymphoideicubitales

V cephalica

F i g . 1 0 7 S u p e r ifc i a LL y m p h a t i c sl y, m p hn o d e sa n d v e i nt r u n k s i n t h e r e g i o n so f t h e a r m , t h e [ a t e r a It h o r a c i cw a t I a n dt h e a x i t l a .

CubitaIfossa

Forearm

Fasciaof the chest,theshoulderand theaxilla

Nn,supraclaviculares intermedii o Nn.supraclaviculares laterales r I Nn.supraclaviculares mediales

M deltoideus, Fasciao

A thoracoacromialls, R. pectoralis O

o M. pectoralismajor, Fascia

Fascia brachii

Nodilymphoidei axillares superficiales A. thoracica lateralis O

a M. obliouusabdominis externus,Fascia

V thoracoepigastrica a M. latissimus dorsi,Fasciaa Rr.cutaneilateralesoectorales& (Nn.intercostales)

Vaginamusculirecti abdominis

M serratusanterior, Fasciaa

F i g . 4 0 8 V e s s e tasn dn e r v e isn t h er e g i o nos f t h eu p p e a r r m a sw e t [a st h es h o u l d e ar ,n dt h e c l a v i p e c t o rt raiIa n g [ eT,r i g o n u m ctavipectorale.

407

M us c [es 0verview Shoutder Arm

.t Fasciculus posterior ,,i Fasciculuslateralis i, Fasciculusmedialis Clavicula O A subclavia

a V subclavia

M deltoideus,C Pars clavicularis

a M subclavius

M deltoideus,a Pars acromialis

Fasciaclavipectoralis V cephalica O

* Nn pectorales mediales

O A thoracoacromialis, Rr pectorales a M pectoralismajor, Parsclavicularis

I M pectoralismajor, Parssternocostalis

254

258

408

t rIi a n g t e , F i g .4 0 9 C t a v i p e c t o r a T r i g o n u mc l a v i p e c t o r a t e

Rete acromiale A subclavia

R deltoideus

F i g . l r 1 0 B r a n c h i n gp a t t e r no f t h e t h o r a c o - a c r o m i a Ir t e r y , A thoracoacromiatis.

T opog r a p h yI S e c ti o n s CubitaIfossa

Forearm F{and

V thoracoepigastricaO

N intercostobrachialis

V axillarisa

lateralis O o A ; V thoracica

V subscapularis a

s l\4 pectoralismajor

A ; V circumflexa humeriposterior a a W brachiales o Plexus brachialis, : Pars inlraclavicularis

', Nn thoracici, Nn intercostales, Rr mammarii laterales t.

-

/cM.serratusanterior

N intercostobrachialis N axillaris

lvl teresmajors A ; V c i r c u m f l e x aO a scapulae l\il latissimus dorsi O

A;VthoracodorsalisOo

Nn thoracici,Nn intercostales,a.: Rr cutanei lateralesoectorales W thoracoepigastricae O

F i g .t 1 1 A x i L t a rfyo s s a ,F o s s aa x i l t a r i s .

R acromialis

A suprascapularis

R clavicularis Rete acromiale

A thoracica superior

R deltoideus

A circumflexa humeri posterior A circumflexa humeri anterior

A. thoracoacromialis

A thoracica lateralis A, subscapularis

F i g . 1 1 2 A r t e r i e so f t h e s h o u t d e r e g i o n

> Uppertimb

Surface lSketetonl Musctes Shoutder Arm

Neckandaxillaryfossa

A subclavia a V axillaris o

Parssupraclavicularis & Plexusbrachialis, *u N phrenicus anterior o M scalenus

l\4,omohyoideus, a Venterinferior

a Truncusthyrocervicalis

A transversacollio

o A, vertebralis o A. carotiscommunis

A. axillaris O

I Ansa cervicalis

Plexusbrachialis, & Parsinfraclavicularis A. thoraco-i Rr.pector a acromtalslR. acromia \

a M sternothyroldeus O M sternohyoideus t N, vagus[Xl

M deltoideus a

a V brachiocephalica * M sternocleidomastoideus I lvl.pectoralis malor

V cephalica a

& Nn,thoracici, Nn,intercostales, Rr.cutanei anteriores pectorales

A. axillarisa

pectoralisa malor V axillarisO

M. pectoralis minort

N intercostobrachialis {t N. thoracodorsalis ,, A ; V, thoracicalateralisa a

A;VthoracodorsalisaO

N.thoracicus longusm

thoracicus $ [T4],N. intercostalis, R. cutaneuslateralis oectoralis lV.latissimus dorsia V thoracoepigastrica a Rr.mammarii laterales *

F i g .4 1 3 L a t e r atth o r a c iw c a t [ ;i n f r a c t a v i c uf[oasr s a , Fossa i n f r a c t a v i c u [ aar insd,a x i t l a rfyo s s aF, o s s a a x i I t rai s .

Topography I Sections Cubitatfossa

Forearm Hand

and axillaryfossa

Nodi lymphoidei cervicales anteriores, Nodi superficialeset profundi

V jugularis externaa M sternocleidomastoideus o

o M scalenusmedius Nodi lvmohoideicervicales laterales. Nodi suoerf iciales

M, omohyoideus, a Ventersuperior

aoA;Vsuprascapularis a A. subclavia

a M. trapezius

A;VtransversaaO colli, R superficialis

* Nn supraclaviculares laterales 6 N. suprascapularis

Nodilymphoidei cervicalesant, superfic et prof. a M. pectoralis mtnor

M scalenusa anterior

a V cephalica

Truncus jugularis sinister

Nodi lymphoidei subscapulares

Noduslymphoideus cervicalislateralis, Nodusprofundus inferior

o M. pectoralis maJor

Bulbusinferiora venaejugularis

a N radialis I N. musculo-

Ductus thoracicus, Parscervicalis

CUIANEUS

a A circumtlexa humeriposterior a N. medianus

Arcusa venosusjugularis

a V cephalica a V brachialis

V jugularis externao

o N. ulnaris Nodi lymphoidei axillares laterales

Truncisubclavius et bronchomediastinalissinister

e N. cutaneusbrachii medialis

M subclavius a

o V brachialis Nodi lymphoideiintercostales

M pectoralismajora

longus I N. thoracicus

Costa ll

M pectoralis minoro

V axillariso

Nodi lymphoidei deltopectorales

A thoracica suDerior a Nodi lymphoideiaxillarescentrales

Nodi lymphoidei pectorales

lateralis a aA : V thoracica t N. intercostobrachialis

258 Fig. 111 Axi[[aryfossa,F o s s aa x i t t a r i sa, n d d e e pc e r v i c a rI e g i o n ; e x e m p [ a r yi t t u s t r a t i o o n f l y m p h a t i c sa n d L y m p h nodes.

Surface lSketetonl Muscles Overview Shoutder Arm

Nn supraclaviculares laterales&

& N intercostobrachialis

V cephalica o

N. musculocutaneus, & cutaneus antebrachii lateralis

V medianacubitia

N, radialis,N cutaneus $ antebrachii posterior

* N cutaneusbrachiimedialis

& N cutaneus antebrachiimedialis O V basilica

N cutaneus antebrachiimedialis. R posterior

i N cutaneus antebrachiimedialis, R anterior

V mediana antebrachiia

a V basilica

I+17 407 I+21

F i g . 4 1 5 E p i f a s c i avIe s s e l sa n d n e r v e so f t h e s h o u t d e r , R e g i od e t t o i d e at ,h e a n t e r i o rr e g i o no f t h e a r m , R e g i ob r a c h i ia n t e r i o r a , n d t h e a n t e r i o rr e g i o n o f t h e e t b o w ,R e g i oc u b i t a L iasn t e r i o r .

Topography C u b i t afIo s s a F o r e a r m H a n d

O Rete acromiale

Nn supraclaviculareslaterales

& N axillaris, N cutaneusbrachiilateralis superior

Rr cutaneia a (A ;V circumflexa humeriposterior)

N axillaris, N cutaneusbrachiilateralis suDerior ,

a V cephalica N cutaneus brachii medialis {.

I N radialis,N cutaneus antebrachiioosterior

Olecranon


ry 119

F i g . 1 1 6 E p i f a s c i avIe s s e t sa n d n e r v e so f t h e s h o u t d e r , R e g i od e l t o i d e at ,h e p o s t e r i o r e g i o no f t h e a r m , R e g i ob r a c h i ip o s t e r i o ra, n d t h e p o s t e r i o r e g i o n o f t h e e t b o w ,R e g i oc u b i t a t i sp o s t e r i o r .

422

'Upper timb

>>l

Surface lSketetonl Musctes S h o u t d e r Arm

Vessels andnervesof the arm

o N. suprascaoularis o N. subscaDularis M. subclavius O medialis a Fasciculus M deltoideus a

posterior e Fasciculus

M pectoralis minora

a M. subscapularis

Fasciculus lateralisI

o A. circumflexa humeriposterior

A axillariso o M teresmajor M coracobrachialis o M. pectoralis majora aA subscaDularis A circumllexa humerianteriorO 8 N. thoracodorsalis N. musculocutaneus a V basilicao

Caputlongumo

3 N. cutaneus antebrachii medialis a M tricepsbrachii, Caputlongum

dorsi a M latissimus

3 N. cutaneus brachii medialis

M biceps brachii

Caputbrevea

I N. radialis

oA profundabrachii

8 N ulnaris

a M tricepsbrachii,Caputmediale

N musculocutaneus I brachiimediale Septumintermusculare A brachialisa

Aponeurosis musculia bicipitis brachii

l+15

Fig.417 Vessetsand nervesof the anterior region o f t h e a r m , R e g i ob r a c h i ia n t e r i o r .

424

CubitaIfossa

Forearm H a n d

Arteriesandnerves

a M. coracobrachialis M deltoideus o a A axillaris M bicepsbrachii,a Caputbreve a N. axillaris M. pectoralismajorO

a M. teresmajor

M coracobrachialis a a N radialis N. musculocutaneus a a N. medianus

M biceosbrachiio

a A. profundabrachii

o M. tricepsbrachii,Caputlongum

o N. ulnaris ulnarissuperior O A. collateralis M. brachialis a

N musculocutaneus, a N cutaneusantebrachiilateralis

I M tricepsbrachii,Caputmediale

a A. collateralisulnarisinferior

A. brachialis O

N. medianus i

medialis Epicondylus

M. brachioradialis a a Mm.flexoresantebrachii

F i g ,4 1 8 A r t e r i e sa n d n e r v e so f t h e a n t e r i o rr e g i o n o f t h e a r m , R e g i ob r a c h i ia n t e r i o r .

M us c tes S h o u t d e r Arm

Arteriesandnervesof thearm

o M deltoideus

M teresmajorI

N axillaris, N cutaneusbrachii& lateralis superior

A profunda brachii,R deltoideus O

M tricepsbrachii.Caputlongumt N radialis& A prolundabrachiia A brachialis a

N cutaneusbrachiiposterior * N radialis,

a M tricepsbrachii,Caputlaterale o M bicepsbrachii SeDtumintermusculare brachiilaterale a M brachialis a A collateralisradialis

c N cutaneusbrachiilateralis inferior N, cutaneusantebrachii & N radialis, Dosterior A collateralis ulnarisinferiorO

a M, tricepsbrachii,Caputmediale ' N musculocutaneus, N cutaneusantebrachii lateralis Epicondylus lateralis

{t N ulnaris

a M brachioradialis

Retearticularecubitia a M anconeus Olecranon carpiradialislongus a M extensor o M extensorcarpiradialisbrevis

120 F i g , 1 1 9 A r t e r i e sa n d n e r v e so f t h e p o s t e r i o r e g i o n o f t h e a r m , R e g i ob r a c h i ip o s t e r i o r .

Topography I Sections CubitaIfossa

Forearm

Arteriesand nervesof thearm

Lig.transversumscapulaesuperius O A suprascapularis N suprascapularis a

O Rete acromiale

Lig transversum scapulaeinferius

A. circumflexaO scapurae

a N. axillaris

o A. circumflexa humeriposterior

A brachialis o

N radialisa

A. Drolundabrachii O

a N. cutaneusbrachii posterior (N.radialis) a N. cutaneusbrachii lateralisinferior (N.radialis)

A collateralisradialis,R posteriorO

O A collateralis radialis, R anterior a N. cutaneus antebrachiiposterior (N radialis) a N. cutaneus antebrachiilateralis (N. musculocutaneus)

A collateralisulnarisinferiorO

Fig.120 Arteriesand nervesof the scaputarregion, R e g i os c a p u [ a r i sa, n d t h e p o s t e r i o r e g i o n o f t h e a r m , R e g i ob r a c h i ip o s t e r i o r .

Surface

lSkeletonl

Veinsand nervesof the forearm

N radialis, :, N cutaneus brachii posterior

a V basilica N cutaneus * brachii medialis

V cephalica a

N musculocutaneus,

N cutaneus antebrachii lateralis V medianaa cubiti

a, N cutaneus brachii medialis

N. radialis, , N, cutaneus antebrachii

., N cutaneus antebrachii medialis

h^cta/i^.

a V cephalica

, N cutaneus antebrachii medialis, R posterior Olecranon

V medianao antebrachii

,t N cutaneus antebrachii medialis, R. anterior

o (v mediana "nFPjlglli basirica) n.'otlil1iJ; o V basilica

a V mediana antebrachii

N musculocutaneus, : N cutaneus antebrachii lateralis .&N. radialis, N cutaneus antebrachii posterior

V cephalica a

N radialis,a superficialis a A radialis

,, N radialis, R. superficialis

V basilica a

a, R, palmaris (N ulnaris) * R. palmaris (N medianus)

o V cephalica

R dorsalis& (N,ulnaris)

416

439 F i g . 4 2 1 V e i n sa n d n e r v e so f t h e a n t e r i o rr e g i o n o f t h e f o r e a r m ,R e g i oa n t e b r a c h iai n t e r i o r ; e p i f a s c i al [a y e r .

Fig. lr22 Veinsand nervesof the posteriorregion o f t h e f o r e a r m ,R e g i oa n t e b r a c h ipi o s t e r i o r ; ^^;{--î-t spild>Lrdr

t^.,^Ldygt.

Muscles

Topography I Sections Cubitatfossa

Forearm

Hand

of the cubitalfossa

V cephalica

V basilica

V mediana cubiti V mediana antebrachii

V cephalica

V basilica

V mediana cubiti

V cephalica

V basilica (A. brachialis superficialis,Var )* (V, mediana cephalica) (V mediana basilica)

V mediana antebrachii

V basilica

V cephalica

F i g . 4 2 3a - c V a r i a t i o n isn t h e e p i f a s c i avIe i n so f t h e c u b i t a If o s s a .

W i t h r e g a r dt o i n t r a v e n o u si n j e c t i o n st,h i s r a r e v a r i a t i o ni s p a r t i c u t a r t y i m p o r t a n t ,a s a s u p p o s e d [ yi n t r a v e n o u si n j e c t i o nc a n m i s t a k e n [ y b e c o m ei n t r a - a r t e r i a [ .

M us c tes Arm

Arteriesandnervesof the forearm

qoîIm

intermusculare brachiimediale

Fascia brachii M biceps brachii 6 M brachialis* N medianus * A brachialisa

Aponeurosis musculibicipitis brachii M supinators A radialisa

M pronator S teres

$ M tricepsbrachii, Caputmediale i N ulnaris; a A collateralis ulnarissuperior Septum intermusculare brachiimediale

Fascia antebrachii s M biceps brachii,Tendo

M brachio-s radialis

A brachialisa N radialis ?

M brachioradialiss

Humerus, Epicondylus medialis

o A ulnaris

a A collateralis ulnaris supenor

A collateralisa radialis N. radialis,* R prolundus

M biceps* Tendo brachii,

* N ulnaris a A collateralis ulnarisinferior * l\4 brachialis

,, N medianus

o A ulnaris

A radialisO A recurrens a radialis

l\4 supinator*

M flexorcarpi s radialis @ M flexor carpi ulnaris M extensor S carpi radialis brevis

s M palmaris longus M flexor digitorums superficialis

* l\4 flexor digitorum superficialis M brachioradialis, G Tendo

M flexor S pollicislongus M abductor * pollicislongus

', N ulnaris A radialisO R dorsalis (N ulnaris)

o A. ulnaris

A radialisa

N medianus* M pronator S quavr

O A ulnaris

druJ

Fascia antebrachii

M extensor* pollicisbrevis, Tendo

R palmaris, (N medianus) A radialis, a R palmaris superficialis

r: B palmaris (N ulnaris) , R dorsalis (N ulnaris) a A ulnaris, R carpalis dorsalis

421

F i g . 1 2 1 A r t e r i e sa n d n e r v e so f t h e a n t e r i o rr e g i o n o f t h e f o r e a r m ,R e g i oa n t e b r a c h iai n t e r i o r ; subfasciaILayer.

F i g , 1 2 5 A r t e r i e sa n d n e r v e so f t h e a n t e r i o rr e g i o n o f t h e f o r e a r m ,R e g i oa n t e b r a c h iai n t e r i o r ; c o u r s eo f t h e r a d i a Ia r t e r y ,A . r a d i a t i s

CubitaIfossa

Forearm

Hand

Arteriesandnervesof the forearm

l\/l biceps t brachii N radialis : N radialis,, B profundus A ulnariso

o A collateralis ulnarissuperior A brachialisa

.., N, ulnaris o A brachialis

a A collateralis ulnarisinlerior

N radialis:,

A collateralis a & M brachialis radialis (R anterioo

: ,


, N medianus A, radialisO

A recurrensa radialis N radialis, , R superficialis M supinator *

N radialis, ; R profundus

A recurrens O radialis S M pronator teres, M biceps& Caput Tendo utnare brachii,

M llexor * pollicislongus A radialisa

s N. medianus

A interosseaa * lvl pronator communrs teres

M brachioradialis * A interosseaa communrs

a A recurrens ulnaris

O A recurrens ulnaris * M flexor carpiradialis

M pronator* teres A interosseaO posterior N interosseus * antebrachii anterior

& M flexor digitorum superficialis, Caputradiale

o A comitans nervimediani a A interossea anlenor

a A ulnaris N radialis,i R superficialis

N radialis, R superficialis

a A ulnaris

A radialisa

i.. N ulnaris

., N ulnaris

A radialisa) € l\4 flexor carpi ulnaris,Tendo R palmaris (N medianus) M flexor carpi g radialis.Tendo

A radialis, a R palmaris superticialis

t, R dorsalis (N ulnaris) a A ulnaris, R carpalis dorsalis

M pronator * quadratus M flexor 6 pollicis rongus

I M.Ilexor carpiulnaris, Tendo

lvl palmaris* longus,Tendo

!+19

12

F i g .t 2 6 A r t e r i e sa n d n e r v e so f t h e a n t e r i o rr e g i o n o f t h e f o r e a r m ,R e g i oa n t e b r a c h iai n t e r i o r ; oeep rayer.

F i g . 1 2 7 A r t e r i e sa n d n e r v e so f t h e a n t e r i o rr e g i o n o f t h e f o r e a r m ,R e g i oa n t e b r a c h iai n t e r i o r ; deep layer after partiaI removaIof the f lexor s uscte. d i g i t o r u ms u p e r f i c i a t im

Shoutder Arm

Arteriesand nervesof thecubitalfossa

N. radialisa

A. collateralisa (R.anterior) radialis, M brachioradialis a

a M. biceps brachii

a A. brachialis a N. medianus

Mm extensoresa carpiradiales

o N. radialis, R. superficialis

N radialis,a R. profundus

O A. radialis M extensor O digitorum

o A. recurrens radialis

M. supinator a o M. extensorcarpi radialisbrevis

N. radialis,a R. profundus A interosseaa recurrens

Fig.428 Arteries and nervesof the anterior region o f t h e e t b o w ,R e g i oc u b i t a L iasn t e r i o r ; a f t e rr e m o v a o I f t h e r a d i a tm u s c l e so f t h e f o r e a r m : l a t e r a [( r a d i a Uv i e w .

O A collateralis ulnaris inferior

a A. collateralis ulnarissuperior

N medianus a Septum intermusculare brachiimediale

A brachialis a M. bicepsbrachiia


M. brachialis a a N. ulnaris

Aponeurosis musculi bicipitisbrachii

Olecranon M. brachioradialis a M flexor carpiulnaris

N. radialisa Mm flexoresO antebrachii A ulnarisa A radialisO M. pronatorteresO N medianus a

a N ulnaris a M flexor profundus digitorum

Fig.129 Arteries and nervesof the anterior region o f t h e e t b o w ,R e g i oc u b i t a t i sa n t e r i o r ; after partiaIremovatof the f lexor musctesof the forearm; m e d i a [( u L n a rv] i e w .

Topography I Sections Cubitatfossa Forearm Arteriesand nervesof the forearm

A. collateralis O radialis A collateralis o ulnarisinferior

M triceosbrachiia N. ulnarisa A recurrensO ulnaris

o M. brachioradialis O M. extensorcarpi radialislongus

Olecranon Retearticularea cubiti

Epicondylus lateralis M. anconeus a

M anconeus a

o M extensor carpiradialis orevrs

A. interosseaO recurrens O M supinator

M extensorO carpiulnaris

a N. radialis, R. profundus a N radialis, R profundus

o M. extensorcarpi radialisbrevis

O A interossea posterior

a M. extensor digitorum

M. extensorO carpiulnaris, Tendo M. extensoro digitiminimi, Tendo

RetecarpaleO dorsale R. dorsalisa (N. ulnaris)

o M abductorpollicis longus a M. extensorpollicis brevis

a Rr. musculares

M extensora digitorum

R. profundus o nerviradialis, N. interosseus antebrachii posterior

a M. abductor pollicislongus

M. extensora pollicislongus

a N. radialis, R. superticialis

o N. radialis, R superficialis

M extensora carpiulnaris, Tendo

o A. interosseaanterior

Retinaculum musculorum e)densorum R. dorsalisa (N. ulnaris)

Retinaculum musculorum extensorum

Membranainterossea

O M extensor pollicisbrevis

o M. extensor pollicislongus,Tendo

31

F i g . 4 3 0 A r t e r i ea s n dn e r v e o s f t h ep o s t e r i orre g i o n o f t h ef o r e a r mR, e g i oa n t e b r a c hpioi s t e r i o r ; superficia[ layer.

Fig. 431 Arteries and nervesof the posteriorregion o f t h e f o r e a r m ,R e g i oa n t e b r a c h ipi o s t e r i o r ; deep layer.

> U p p e rt i m b

Surface lSkeletonl

Muscles

Shoutder Arm

Arteriesof the

A ulnaris

A radialis

R carpalispalmaris

R carpalis palmaris

B carpalisdorsalis R palmarisprofundus

R palmarissuperficialis

Arcuspalmarisprofundus

palmares Aa metacarpales

A princeps pollicis

Arcuspalmaris superf icialis

A radialisindicis

palmares Aa digitales communes

Aa digitalespalmares propriae Aa digitalespalmares propriae

F i g . 1 3 2 A r t e r i e so f t h e p a t m ,P a L m a ; overytew.

F i g .4 3 3 a - d V a r i a t i o n o s f t h e d e e pp a l m a ra r c h , A r c u so a L m a r i o s r o fu n d u s . 'Textbook a c a s e " ,s i m p L ec, L o s e d arch b D o u b l . i noqf t h e u L n a ro a r r

A n a s t o m o s iw s i t h t h e a n t e r i o ri n t e r o s s e o uasr t e r y , A . i n t e r o s s e a n t e r i o r[ * ] T h e r a d i a Ia r t e r y ,A r a d i a I i ss, u p p I i e sb o t h r a d i a t f i n g e r s , w h e r e a st h e u l n a ra r t e r y ,A . u t n a r i s s, u p p l i e st h e t h r e e u I n a rf i n o e r s .

Cubitatfossa

Forearm Hand

Arteriesandnervesof the hand

N medianus, R palmarisa N. musculocutaneus, I N cutaneus antebrachii lateralis

Fascia antebrachii

& N ulnaris palmaris Aponeurosis a M palmarisbrevis

a N digitalispalmarisproprius

A princepspollicisO

Rr.palmares , N medianus,

E N ulnaris,Rr.palmares proprii palmares t Nn digitales palmaris communis a A digitalis propriae palmares a Aa digitales

transversum Lig metacarpale superficiale

Fig. 13t, Arteries and nervesof the paLm,Palma; s u o e r f i c i al[a v e r .

M us c [es Arteriesand nervesof the hand

a A. ulnaris

A radialisa N medianusS

I M. flexorcarpiulnaris

l\4 flexorcarpiradialis, Tendoi , r N u l n a r i s , Rp a l m a r i s

A radialis,R palmaris superficialis a

Os pisiforme

N medianus, R palmaris&

* N ulnaris,R. profundus lvl abductorpollicisbrevisI

o A ulnaris,R caroalisdorsalis {, N ulnaris,R, superficialis a A ulnaris,R palmarisprofundus

M flexorpollicisbreviss proprius e N digitalispalmaris

cum nervoulnari *i B communicans suDerficialis O Arcuspalmaris

proprius s N digitalispalmaris

palmares communes a Aa digitales

palmares propriae Aa digitales a

Nn. digitalespalmares proprii

I+26

l t". .:,_ {

lr37 , alma; F i g .4 3 5 A r t e r i e sa n d n e r v e so f t h e p a L m P middteLaver.

43t,

37 Yo

35o/o

F i g , 4 3 6 a - c V a r i a t i o no s f t h e s u p e r f i c i apI a t m a ra r c h , A r c u so a I m a r i ss u o e r f i c i a t i s . a " T e x t b o o ck a s e " ,c t o s e oa r c n b T h e u t n a ra r t e r y ,A u t n a r i s s, u p p t i e st h e t h r e e u t n a rf i n g e r s . c A L If i n g e r sa r e s u p p t i e db y t h e u t n a ra r t e r y ,A u t n a r r s

13o/o

Cubita[fossa

Forearm Hand

Arteriesandnervesof the hand

l/ pronatorquadratusa

A radiallsa

R carpalispalmarisa

o A. ulnaris

O M flexorcarpiulnaris

M flexorcarpiradialis, Tendoo R palmaris superficialis a Retinaculum musculorum f lexorum

a A. ulnaris,R. carpalis parmafls R. palmaris c N ulnaris,

M llexorpollicislongus,Tendoa a N. ulnaris,R. superficialis

polliciso M opponens

a N. ulnaris,R profundus

M. flexorpollicisbrevis,Caputsuperficiale O profundus Arcuspalmaris O

o M abductor digitiminimi

M. adductorpolliciso

O A ulnaris, R. palmarisprofundus

A. princepspollicisO M abductoroollicisbrevisa

palmares o Mm.interossei

palmares propriaea Aa digitales o M adductorpollicis l\4.interosseus dorsalisI O O Aa. metacarpales palmares a Mm.tlexoresdigitorum, Tendines

o Mm.lumbricales

o Nn.digitales palmaresproprii . Aa. digitales O parmares propnae

427 , atma; Fig.137 Arteriesand nervesof t h ep a t m P deep layer.

435

M us c tes Arteriesandnervesof the hand

Rr superficiales & N radialis, a A radialis Retinaculum musculorum extensorum posterior radialis, N cutaneus antebrachii a

Vaginatendinismusculiflexoriscarpiradialis B palmaris superticialis a A radialis,

Rete carpale dorsale O

a A radialis A radialis,B carpalis dorsalis O

i M abductorpollicislongus,Tendo t M extensor pollicisbrevis,Tendo

M extensor carpi radialisbrevis,Tendo O lvl extensor carpi radialis longus,Tendo c

0 M. abductorpollicisbrevis

A radiatisa pollicis I M opponens M extensordigitorum, Tendines 0

* M extensor pollicislongus, Tendo

Os metacarpi ll

dorsales s Nn digitales dorsalis a A digitalis

Aa metacaroalesdorsales a

s M adductorpollicis

M interosseusdorsalis I Q

l\4.lumbricalis It

palmarisproprius* N digitalis palmarispropriaO A digitalis N. digitalisdorsalis *

l-lV Vaginae tendinummusculorum extensorum: I Vaginatendinummusculorum longi abductoris et extensoris oollicisbrevis ll Vaginatendinummusculorum carpiradialium extensorum pollicislongi lll Vaginatendinismusculiextensoris lV Vaginatendinummusculorum extensoris digitorum et extensoris indicis

F i g . 4 3 8 A r t e r i e sa n d n e r v e so f t h e h a n d .

To p o g r a p h yi Se cti o n s CubitaIfossa

Forearm

Vessels andnervesof the hand

posterior N radialis, N cutaneusantebrachii

N radialis. R suoerficialis

Retevenosumdorsalemanus

W intercapitulares

Nn digitales dorsales

F i g . 4 3 9 V e s s e t sa n d n e r v e so f t h e d o r s u mo f t h e h a n d ,D o r s u mm a n u s s u p e r f i c i al[a y e r .

'Upper timb

Surface lSketetonl Musctes Shoutder Arm

Arteriesand nervesof the hand

M. extensor carpiulnarisO

A interossea anteriora

s, N . r a d i a l i sR, . p r o f u n d u& posterior N interosseusantebrachii

Membrana interossea

a M extensorpollicisbrevis

a M abductorpollicislongus,Tendo

a Retecarpaledorsale

a A radialis

a R perlorans

A. radialis, R carDalis dorsalisa

a A princepspollicis

I M. extensorpollicislongus, Tendo

a M adductor pollicis

dorsalis o M. interosseus

Aa metacarpales dorsalesO

439

Fig.440 Arteries and nervesof the dorsum of t h e h a n d ,D o r s u mm a n u s ; deep layer.

Cubitalfossa

Forearm Hand

Topographic spacesof the hand

Canalis carpi M flexor carpi radialis,Tendo N medianus

Fasciaantebrachii A ulnaris N ulnaris

M, palmarislongus,Tendo Retinaculum musculorum f lexorum Thenar Canaliscarpi

Os pisiforme

Hypothenar Ligg metacarpaliapalmaria

Tendo M extensordigitorum, Ossa metacarpi profundus, M tlexordigitorum Tendines

palmaris Aponeurosis Tendines M flexordigitorum superficialis, Mm lumbricales (Aponeurosis dorsalis) Phalanxproximalis prolundus, lvl flexordigitorum Tendo M llexordigitorumsuperficialis, Tendines Vaginatendinum

N. digitalispalmarisproprius

F i g . 1 1 1 F a s c i a Ic o m p a r t m e n t s o f t h e h a n d . * C [ i n i c atIe r m : [ i g a m e n ot f G R A Y S O N + * C t i n i c atIe r m ; [ i g a m e n ot f c L E L A N D * * * C t i n i c atIe r m : u l n a rc a n a [ C , a n a t i su t n o c a r p a t il st o g ed e G U Y O N I

> U p p e rl i m b

M us c tes

Hand,sagittalsection

Membrana interossea a A interosseaposterior

A interossea anteriora

a M extensordigitorum

quadratus M pronator O

a M, abductorpollicislongus,Tendines a M extensorpollicislongus,Tendo

profundus, M flexordigitorum Tendines a

Radius Articulatio radiocarpalis

Retinaculum musculorum llexorum

Os lunatum l\4flexordigitorum superficialis, Tendines t o Retecarpaledorsale Rete carpale oalmare a

Os capitatum

Aooneurosis oalmaris Os metacarpi lll, Basis

palmarislll O A metacarpalis Arcuspalmaris superficialis a

palmarisll t M, interosseus

palmaris A digitalis communislll a

dorsalislll a M interosseus dorsalislll a A. metacarpalis

M l u m b r i c a l i sl l l , T e n d oa A digitalispalmaris propria O O A digitalisdorsalis

Phalanx proximalis

Vagina tendinum

Phalanx media

Phalanx distalis

F i g . 1 1 2 H a n d ,M a n u s ; s a g i t t a sI e c t i o na t t h e L e v eoI f t h e u t n a r p t a n eo f t h e m i d d t ef i n g e r . * C t i n i c at eLr m :I i g a m e notf c L E L A N D * +C [ i n i c at eLr m :[ i g a m e notf G R A Y S O N

Topography CubitaIfossa

Forearm H a n d

Cutaneous innervation

F i g . t t 3 P o i n t so f i n j e c t i o nf o r r e g i o n a I conduction a n a e s t h e s ia t t h e m i d d L ef i n q e r .

Fig. 111 Pa[m,Patma; s e g m e n t a cI u t a n e o u si n n e r v a t i o n .

F i g . 1 1 5 D o r s u mo f t h e h a n d ,D o r s u mm a n u s ; s e g m e n t acI u t a n e o u si n n e r v a t i o n .

M us c l es Shoutder Arm

Arm, transversesections

Fascia brachii

V cephalica a

a M bicepsbrachii

& N musculocutaneus

a A. brachialis

M brachialisI

O V brachialis

M coracobrachialisc

s N medianus

Humerus

o V basilica


N radialis {}

s N. ulnaris

A profunda brachii a

SeDtumintermusculare brachiimediale

M tricepsbrachii,Caputlateraleo a lvl.tricepsbrachii,Caputlongum

a M triceps brachii,Caput mediale

F i g .1 1 5 A r m , B r a c h i u m ; t r a n s v e r s es e c t i o n .

V cephalica

lvl bicepsbrachii

V brachialis M brachialis Humerus

V basilica Septumintermusculare brachiimediale

Septumintermusculare brachiilaterale M tricepsbrachii

Fig.117 Arm, Brachium, m a g n e t i cr e s o n a n c e t o m o g r a p h i ci m a g el M R l ) ; c r o s s - s e c t i oant t h e [ e v e [o f t h e m i d d t eo f t h e a r m : distaIview.

T o p o g r a p h yI S e c ti o n s C u b i t afIo s s a F o r e a r m H a n d

Arm, transversesections

s l\,4bicepsbrachii M. brachialis o

Fascia brachii

V cephalica a

o A brachialis N cutaneusantebrachii medialis

lvl brachioradialis*

a V brachialis

* N medianus N radialis , t N, cutaneus brachii medialis A profunda brachii a

a V basilica

M extensor carpi radialislongus i,

ulnarissuperior a A collateralis Cristasupraepicondylaris lateralis Seotum intermuscularebrachii mediale

HUmerus

* N ulnaris

M triceps brachii O

Fig. 118 Arm, Brachium t r a n s v e r s es e c t i o nt h r o u g ht h e l o w e rt h i r d o f t h ea r m .

M, biceps brachii

A brachialis V cephalica V basilica

M brachialis l\,4brachioradialis Humerus

Ulna

M triceps brachii

F i g .t t 9 A r m , B r a c h i u m m a g n e t r rce s o n a n cteo m o g r a p h ii cm a g eI M R l l ; c r o s s - s e c t i oant t h e [ e v e [o f t h e l o w e rt h i r d o f t h e a r m : distaIview.

Surface lSketetonl Musctes Arm

Forearm, transversesections

Fascia antebrachii o A brachialis V mediana cubiti o

r N medtanus V brachialisa

g M pronatorteres M biceps brachii.Tendo * * M flexor carpi radialis V cephalica o a V basilica

superficialis 0 l\4.flexordigitorum

t M palmarislongus M extensor carpi radialislongus $

ii N ulnaris M supinator * * M llexorcarpiulnaris lvl extensor carpi radialis brevis €!

Radius,Caputradii M brachialisS

proximalis radioulnaris Articulatio * Nl anconeus

Fig.450 Forearm,Antebrachium; t r a n s v e r s es e c t i o na t t h e L e v eoI f t h e o r o x i m a rI a d i o - u L n ai ro i n t

V basilica V mediana cubiti l\4 brachialis lvl biceps, Tendo M pronator teres V cephalica M flexor carpi radialis l\4 brachioradialis M flexor digitorumsupedicialis M extensor carpi radialislongus Ulna

l\4 extensor carpi radialisbrevis

Radius,Caputradii

M anconeus

Fig.451 Forearm,Antebrachium; m a g n e t i cr e s o n a n cteo m o g r a p h ii cm a g eI M R l ) ; c r o s s - s e c t i oant t h e l e v e Lo f t h e e t b o wi o i n t : distalview.

To pogr a p h y )ubital fossa

Forearm

Hand

Forearm, transversesections

M. palmaris longus,Tendoo a V mediana antebrachii

M flexordigitorum superficialis o M flexorcarDiradialisa

a M flexorcaroiulnaris

N. medianus a

a A ulnaris

M. flexorpollicislonguso O N. ulnaris

M. brachioradialisa

A radialiso N, radialisa M pronatorteres a M extensor carpiradialislongusa N interosseusantebrachiianteriorc O M. extensorcarpiulnaris

l\4 extensorcarpiradialisbrevisO

a M. extensorpollicislongus M extensordigitorum a M abductorpollicislongusa

digitiminimi a M extensor posterior antebrachii a N interosseus

Membranainterossea

Fig.452 Forearm, Antebrachium; t h el o w e rt h i r do f t r a n s v e r ssee c t i o tnh r o u g h t h ef o r e a r m .

M. palmarislongus,Tendo M flexorcarpi radialis

M, flexor carpiulnaris

l\/ flexordigitorum superficialis M brachioradialis

M. llexor prolundus digitorum

M llexorpollicis longus Radius

Ulna

Mm extensores

Membranainterossea antebrachii

Fig.453 Forearm,Antebrachium; m a g n e t i cr e s o n a n c teo m o g r a p h i ci m a g eI M R l ) ; cross-sectionat the Levelof the middl.eof the forearm: distaIview.

Shoutder Arm

Forearmand hand,transversesections

M palmarislongus,Tendo|| M flexordigitorum superficialis, Tendines* a

Fascia antebrachii

t M flexordigitorum superficialis*

N medianus, R palmaris *r N medianus !,

a*A;N

M flexor carpi radialis.Tendo* C

ulnaris

a M. flexorcaroiulnaris

M flexor pollicislongus.Tendo* C

profundus* a M flexordigitorum

A r a d i a t ias tlN

N musculocutaneus, ) N cutaneusantebrachii lateralis M abductorpollicislongus,Tendines* o

ulnaris,R dorsalis

O M pronatorquadratus Articulatio radioulnaris distalis, Recessus sacciformis

V,cephalica; N, radialis, R superticialis o * Fascia antebrachii

M extensor pollicisbrevis.Tendo* e

Ulna

M brachioradialis,Tendo a

a lvl extensorcaroiulnaris.Tendo*

Mm extensores caroiradialesi longuset brevis,Tendines*

Articulatio radioulnaris distalis Radius

a M extensordigitiminimi*

Fascia antebrachii

Telasubcutanea M extensor pollicis longus,Tendo* a

V basilicao

a M extensor indicis*

c lvl extensordigitorum* Retinaculum musculorum extensorum

F i g . 1 5 1 F o r e a r mA , ntebrachium; t r a n s v e r s es e c t i o na t t h e l e v e Io f t h e d i s t a Ir a d i o - u t n ajro i n t . A t t h i s l e v e [ t, h e m u s c L et e n d o n sm a r k e dw i t h + r u n w i t h i n t e n d o ns h e a t h sV, a g i n a tee n d i n u m

l\4.palmarislongus,Tendoa Retinaculum musculorum llexorum Thenar

Hypothenar

N medianus * !*

l\rlflexorpollicislongus,Tendoa

O**A;N ulnaris**

M, flexor carpi radialis,Tendo a

a Mm flexoresdigitorum, Tendines

Os trapezium l\/ abductorpollicislongus,Tendoa

Os triquetrum

l\4 extensorpollicisbrevis,Tendoa

a lvl extensor caroiulnaris. Tendo

V cephalica a

Os hamatum

A radialisa Mm extensores carpiradiales. Tendines a M extensor pollicislongus,Tendo a

Os trapezoideum

a M extensor digitiminimi,Tendo o V basilica Os capitatum digitorum, a M extensor Tendo Tendo a M extensorindicis,

F i g .4 5 5 W r i s t ,C a r p u s ; t r a n s v e r s es e c t i o na t t h e l e v e Lo f t h e h o o ko f t h e h a m a t e b o n e ,H a m u t u so s s i sh a m a t i . * C a r p at L unneI * * u t n a rc a n alIt o g ed eG U Y O N ]

To p o g r a p h yI Se c ti o n s CubitaIfossa

Forearm

Hand

Hand, transversesections

palmares communes; a Aa digitales r, N medianus Mm.lumbricales a M flexorpollicisbrevis,a Caputsuperficiale l\4 flexor pollicislongus,Tendo, O Vagina tendinis

M. abductorpollicislongusa

superficialis, a M. flexordigitorum Tendines O lV abductor digitiminimi a M opponens digitiminimi Os metacarpiV

polliciso M opponens

profundus, o M flexordigitorum Tendines

pollicis Os metacarpi [,l1extensorpollicisbrevisa

O M extensor digiti minimi

lvl extensorpollicislonqus,a Tendo,Vaginatend-inis M flexorpollicisbrevis,a Caputprofundum

palmarislll a M interosseus dorsalislV o M. interosseus

M adductor polliciso

M interosseus dorsalisI O A metacarDalis oalmarisO Os metacarpiindicis palmarisI a M. interosseus M interosseus dorsalisll O

Os metacarpilV a M. interosseus oalmarisll dorsalislll a M interosseus

F i g . 4 5 6 M e t a c a r p u sM, e t a c a r p u st ;r a n s v e r s es e c t i o na t t h e l e v e Io f t h e t h i r d m e t a c a r p abI o n e . Corpusphalangis N digitalisdorsalis c

o M extensordigitorum, Tendo* dorsalis & N digitalis

Periosteum

profundus, Tendo o l\/ flexordigitorum Mesotendineum a A digitalispalmarispropria

N digitalispalmarispropriusI Vaginatendinum digiti

M flexordigitorum superticialis, TendoO

Fig.457 Middte fi n g e rD , i g i t um s e d i u sI l l l l ; t r a n s v e r s es e c t i o nt h r o u g ht h e s h a f to f t h e p r o x i m a p l haLanx.

* S o - c a t t e d o r s a Ia p o n e u r o s iisn t ow h i c ht h e b r a n c h i n g tendon o f t h e e x t e n s o rd i g i t o r u mm u s c t e ,a s w e t l a s t h e t e n d o n so f t h e i n t e r o s s e o u sa n d [ u m b r i c a Im u s c t e sr a d i a t e

Corpusphalangis Mesotendineum

palmarisproprius* N digitalis

a A digitalispalmarispropria

Vagina tendinum digiti

profundus, M flexordigitorum Tendoa

F i g . 4 5 8 M i d d L fei n g e r D , i g i t u sm e d i u sI l l l l ; t r a n s v e r s es e c t i o nt h r o u g ht h e s h a f to f t h e m i d d t ep h a t a n x

* S o - c a t l e dd o r s a Ia p o n e u r o s t s

Brain

Bloodvessels C r a n i a bI a s e

Cr aniaIner ves M e n i n g e s Par tsof the br ai n

Arteriesof the head

A.temporalis J superficialis I

B frontalis

\ F parietalis

A. carotisinterna, Parscavernosa ( R.frontatis A. menrngea .l meoraI \ R parietalis A temporalis superficialis

A suPraorbitalis n,opntnat-f micaI \ A supratrochlearis Aa temDoralesorofundae

A basilaris

A angularis A sphenopalatina

A infraorbitalis A. vertebralis

A. palatina oescenoens A infraorbitalis A meningea media

A auricularis posterior

A labialissuperior A buccalis A transversa faciei

A occipitalis

A alveolarisinferior A maxillaris

A pharyngea ascendens A labialisinferior A facialis

A submentalis

A. vertebralis

A carotisexterna A thyroidea superior A carotiscommunis

A carotisinterna,Sinuscaroticus

F i g . 4 5 9 E x t e r n aaI r t e r i e so f t h e h e a d .

Ventrictes T o p o g ra p h y S e cti o n s S p i n act o r d

Pathways Arteriesof the head

A callosomarginalis

A cerebrimedia A carotisinterna, Parscerebralis A cerebrianterior A. communicans posterior A cerebriposterior A inferioranteriorcerebelli A ophthalmica A basilaris A. inferioroosterior cerebelli

Siphoncaroticum

A carotisinterna.ParsDetrosa A carotisinterna, Parscavernosa

A vertebralis

A carotisinterna.Parscervicalis A carotisexterna A. carotiscommunis

Fig.460 Internaa I r t e r i e so f t h e h e a d .

F i g . 4 6 1a , b I n t e r n a Ic a r o t i da r t e r y ,A . c a r o t i si n t e r n a ; r a d i o g r a p h as f t e r u n i t a t e r aiIn j e c t i o no f a c o n t r a s tm e d i u m [ an gi o gr am s ) .

T h e c o n t r a s tm e d i u ma t s od i s t r i b u t e st o t h e v e s s e t so f t h e c o n t r a t a t e r asti d ev i a t h e a r t e r i a Ic i r c t e . a A P - r a d i o g r a p hd,i g i t a ts u b t r a c t i o na n g i o g r a p hIyD S A ] b L a t e r a Ir a d i o g r a p hd, i g i t a Ls u b t r a c t i o na n g i o g r a p htyD S A )

Bl,oodvessels

Craniab I ase

Cr aniatner ves M e n i n g e s P a r t so f t h e b r a i n

V thalamostriata suoerior parietalis V emissaria inferior Sinussagittalis W superiores cerebri V interna cerebri

Foramen interventriculare

Sinussagittalis superior

(V emissaria frontalis)

V magna cerebri*

V basalis"*

Sinus sphenoparietalis

Sinusrectus

V.ophthalmica supenor

V angularis

V.emissaria occipitalis

Confluens sinuum V occipitalis V emissaria mastoidea

Sinussigmoideus Bulbussuperior venaejugularis

V facialis

V retromandibularis

V jugularisinterna

F i g ,t 6 2 I n t e r n a a I n d e x t e r n a vLe i n so f t h e h e a d . * Veinof GALEN * * R O S E N T H A L 'VSe i n *+*Vein of LABBE

Emissaryveins,Vv.emissariae- Passagesthroughthe skutt \v/ . d s rmr ii .l J. .J. oi rr

r d ^P ror ri ^r+c ^Lld; -u J

Fnremo t tns t I n olE p torti ot lsrLl o

V e m i s s a r im a a s t o i d e-aF o r a m e m n astoideum V e m i s s a r ioac c i p i t a t-i sP a s s a gien t h e r e g i o no f t h e P r o t u b e r a n toi ac c i n i t a Lei sx t e r n a V .e m i s s a r i ca o n d y t a r i-sC a n a t i cs o n d y l a r i s

P t e x u sv e n o s u sc a n a L inse r v ih y p o g t o s-s iC a n a [ i sn e r v i hypoL gossi P t e x u vs e n o s u sf o r a m i n i so v a l i s- F o r a m e no v a L e P t e x u vs e n o s u sc a r o t i c u isn t e r n u s- C a n a t i cs a r o t i c u s

Ve nt ric [ e s T o p o g ra p h y S e cti o n s S p inaIcor d

Pathways Veinsof the head

Sinussagittalis superior parietalis V emissaria

Suturasagittalis Granulationes arachnoideae

.\

Eproermrs

I

I cutis

Dermis[Corium]J

Lacunaelaterales

Galeaaponeurotica Os parietale

Laminaexterna

Vv diploicae

Diploe

""*." Laminainterna

]

Duramatercranialis Spatium

Arachnoidea mater cranialis Piamatercranialis Spatium subarachnoideum

Substantia alba

F i g . 4 6 3 C a l v a r i aC, a t v a r i am , e n i n g e sa, n d d u r a I ; e n i n g e sM v e n o u ss i n u s e s S , i n u sd u r a em a t r i s . I n t h e a d u [ t ,t h e c e r e b r o s p i n af Lt u i di s m a i n [ yr e a b s o r b e di n t o t h e v e n o u ss y s t e mt h r o u g ht h e a r a c h n o i dg r a n u t a t i o n s . A d d i t i o n a L trye,a b s o r p t i o on c c u r st h r o u g ht h e t y m p h a t i c s h e a t h so f s m a [ Lv e s s e t so f t h e c r a n i a Lp i a m a t e ra n d t h r o u g h t h e p e r i n e u r asI h e a t h so f t h e c r a n i a La n d t h e s p i n a Ln e r v e s .

Suturasagittalis

Suturacoronalis

Vv diploicae occipitales

W diploicae frontales

Vv diploicae temporales anteriores

W diploicae temporales posteflores

F i g . 1 6 1 D i p t o i cc a n a [ s C , a n a t e sd i p L o i cai ,n d d i p t o i cv e i n s , V v .d i p l o i c a eo, f t h e c a l v a r i a ;

t h e e x t e r n a tI a b t eo f c o m o a c tb o n eh a s b e e nr e m o v e df r o m the catvaria.

Bl.oodvessels

C r a n i a Ib a s e

Cr aniatner ves M e n i n g e s

Par tsof the br ai n

Duralvenousslnuses

Sinusoetrosusinferior superior Sinussagittalis inferior Sinussagittalis Sinussphenooarietalis

W superiorescerebri

A carotisinterna N opticuslll

V magnacerebri

Sinuscavernosus Hypophysis

Sinustransversus

Sinusintercavernosi

Sinussigmoideus

Plexusbasilaris

Sinusrectus Confluens sinuum Sinusoccipitalis Sinusmarginalis Foramenmagnum

Sinusoetrosus suDerior

F i g ,4 6 5 C r a n i a d t u r a m a t e r ,D u r am a t e r c r a n i a l i s a n d d u r a lv e n o u ss i n u s e s S , i n u sd u r a em a t r i s ; a f t e r o a r t i a Ir e m o v a o l f t h e t e n t o r i u mc e r e b e t l i .

Cranialduramater,Duramatercranialis T h ec r a n i a dI u r am a t e rL i n e tsh e c r a n i acI a v i t yc o m p L e t e L y a n dt i g h t t ya d h e r e st o t h e s k u Lbl .o n e T . h ec e r e b r afIa [ x p r o t r u d e isn t h e s a g i t t apl .L a n e i n a s i c k l e - L i kseh a p ea n d s t r e t c h efsr o mt h e c r i s t ag a L ttio t h e r i d g eo f t h e t e n t o r r u m c e r e b e Lw L ih, i c h ,i n t u r n ,o v e r s t r e t c h e t hse p o s t e r i ocr r a n i a l f o s s aa n d i s a t t a c h e d a [ o n qt h e t r a n s v e r ssei n u sa n dt h e

p y r a m i d ael d . g e T h em a r g i n so f t h e t e n t o r i anI o t c he n v e t o p t h e m i d b r a i an n dt a p e ro f f i n t oi h e a n t e r i oar n dp o s t e r i o r clinnid nrncpcc Thc ecrcIpaLfa[x and the tentorium

c e r e b e [d[ i v i d e t h ec r a n i a L c a viint yt ot h r e es p a c e tsh a ta r e i n c o m p t e t est ye p a r a t efdr o m o n ea n o t h e rc, o n t a i n i n g t h e t w o c e r e b r ahI e m i s p h e r easn dt h e c e r e b e t l u m .

Vent ric t e s T o p o g ra p h y S e cti o n s S p i n a Ic o n d

Pathways

V ophthaimica superior Sinussphenoparietalis

Sinusintercavernosi Sinuscavernosus V meningea media

Plexusbasilaris Plexusvenosus foraminis ovalis

Sinuspetrosus inferior

Sinusmarginalis

Sinuspetrosus supenor

Bulbussuperior venaejugularis

Sinus occipitalis

Sinussigmoideus

Sinusrectus

Confluens sinuum

Sinustransversus

Sinussagittalis superior

F i g . 1 6 6 D u r a Lv e n o u ss r n u s e sS, i n u sd u r a em a t r i s ; corrosron cast. T h e s i n u s e sc o n t a i nn o v a t v e sa n d f e a t u r er i g i dw a t l . s . + V e i no f r a g s Et o t h es u p e r f i c im a ti d d t ce e r e b r av Ie i n s

DuraIvenoussinuses, Sinusduraematris T h ed u r a vL e n o u s i n u s e as r er i g i dv e n o u cs h a n n e L s T h et w o c a v e T n o ussi n u s e sa s s u m ea c e n t r a pI o s i t i o nb y w i t h o u vt a L v edsr a i n i n gt h e v e n o u sb l o o df r o mt h e b r a i nv i a b e i n gs i t u a t e idn t h e m i d d Lcer a n i a L f o stsoat h e r i g h t s o - c a L [ ebdr i d g i nvge i n s a n dt h e l e f to f t h e s e [ a t u r c i c aT. h e yc o m m u n i c a twer t h T h em a i nd r a i n a gfer o mw i t h i nt h es k u Lol c c u r sv i at h e t h e i n t e r c a v e r n osui ns u s e as n de i t h e r e a c ho t h e rt h r o u g h sigmoid s i n u s e isn t ot h e i n t e r n a L l u g uv[ aeri n sA. d d i t i o n a L L d y ,i r e c t Loyr i n d i r e c t Lwyi t h m o s to t h e rs i n u s e sa n dw i t ht h e t h es u p e r i oor p h t h a t mvi ce i n sa n dt h eh i g h Lvya r i a b Leem i s s - v e i n so f t h eo r b i ta n dt h e i n f r a t e m o o rfaoLs s a a r yv e i n sf o r ma s e r i e so f s m a L [ e L r ,i k e w i svea l v e l e svse, n o u s c o n n e c t i o nb se t w e etnh e i n t r a -a n de x t r a c r a n iraeLq i o n s

> Brain

B l o o dv e s s e [ s

CraniaIbase Cr aniaIner ves M e n i n g e s

P a r t so f t h e b r a i n

Externalsurfaceof the cranialbase

Foramina incisiva

'.; Foramenpalatinum majus

Contentsof the foraminaof the external surfaceof the cranialbase Foraminaincisiva u sm a x i L L a[rVi s/ 2 ] l N . n a s o p a L a t i n( N Foramenpatatinummajus s a j o rI N . m a x i L t a r[i V s /2]) N p a l a t i n um ^ ^ - r ^ + i - -^^ ; ^ - lt H^ ^ - L a t i ndae s c e n d e n s ] H. PdLdLil rd r rdJUr Po

Foramina palatina minora


Foraminapatatinaminora n ii n o r e {sN .m a x i L L a [rV i s/ 2 ] l Nn paLatim e i n o r e (sA p a t a t i ndae s c e n d e n s l A a p a t a t i n am Foramen ovale

Fissuraorbitatisinferior s .m a x i t l a r i s ] A i n fr a o r b i t a L[iA V o p h t h a L m iicnaf e r i o r i s/ 2 l l N i n f r a o r b i t a l{. N i s m a x i L L a rl V N z y g o m a t i c uI sN m a x i t l a r i[sV / 2 ] ) Foramenrotundum(seeFiq ?1,?3J N m a x i L L a r[ iVs/ 2 ] Foramenovale N m a n d i b u l a r[iVs / 3 ] P L e x uvse n o s ufso r a m i n iosv a L i s

Fissura sphenopetrosa; Foramen lacerum

Foramen sprnosum

Foramenspinosum i s/ 3 ] l R . m e n i n g e uI sN m a n d i b u L a [rV A m e n i n g em a e d i a[ A m a x i L t a r i s )

Apertura exlerna canails carotici

et Foramenlacerum Fissurasphenopetrosa u sJ ) s i n o rI N g t o s s o p h a r y n g Iel X N p e t r o s um s a j o rI N .f a c i a L li V s ll]l N . p e t r o s um N p e t r o s upsr o f u n d uIsP l e x ucsa r o t i c ui sn t e r n u s J Aperturaexternacanaliscarotici+ Canaliscaroticus , a r sp e t r o s a A c a r o t i si n t e r n aP P l e x u vs e n o s ucsa r o t i c ui sn t e r n u s P L e x ucsa r o t i c ui sn t e r n u [sT r u n c ussy m p a t h i c u s , su G a n g L i oc n ervicaL eperius)

Canaliculus mastoideus Meatus acusticus externus Foramen stylomastoideum Foramen JUgUlare

Foramenstylomastoideum N f a c i a L [i V s ll] Foramenjugulare Anteriorpart:

Canalisnervi hypoglossi

Qinrrq notrncr rc inferinr

N g L o s s o p h a r y n gI e l Xuls part: Posterior r p h a r y n g eaas c e n d e n s l A m e n i n g epao s t e r i ol A jugutaris) S i n u ss i g m o i d e u( sB u l b u s u p e r i ovre n a e N v a g u s[ X l R m e n i n q e u(sN v a-q u s[ X ] ) N a c c e s i o r i u tsX l l Canalicutusmastoideus R a u r i c u t a r ni se r vvi a g i{ N v a g u sI X J )

Canaliscondylaris

Foramen magnum

Canalisnervi hypogl.ossi N h y p o g t o s s u[ X slll P l e x u sv e n o s u sc a n a t i sn e r v ih y p o g L o s s i Canatiscondylaris V .e m i s s a r i ca o n d y l a r i s Maxilla

osfrontate Osparietale

I ffi

Os palatinum

Os sphenoidale

vor",

Os temporale

Oszygomaticum

Os occipitale

F i g . 1 6 7 E x t e r n a sLu r f a c eo f t h e c r a n i a Ib a s e , B a s i sc r a n i ie x t e r n aa. n d f o r a m i n a

F o r a m e nm a g n u m M e nin g e s P [ e x uvse n o s uvse r t e b r a [iinst e r n u IsS i n u sm a r q i n a L i s ] A a v e r t e b r a L e[ As a s u b c L a v i a e J A s p i n a l ' iasn i e r i o r[ A a v e r t e b r a [ e s J M e d u t lo a b L o n g a t a / M e dsupLi ln. a L i s R a d i c esso i n a L eI N s accessoriu l Xsl ] l

Ven t ric [e s T o p o g r a p h y S e c t i o n s

S p i n a Ic o r d

Pathways lnternalsurfaceof the cranialbase

C o n t e n tso f th e fo ra mi n ao f th e inter nal surfaceof the cranialbase Laminacribrosa N n .o t f a c t o rIili] A e t h m o i d a Iai sn t e r i o(rA o p h t h a L m i c a ] Canatisopticus N o p t i c u Isl l l A o p h t h a L m i(cAa c a r o t i si n t e r n a ) M e n i n g eV s ;a g i n anee r v oi p t i c i Fissuraorbitatissuperior Mediatpart: N n a s o c i l i a r{iN s .o p h t h a L m i c[uVs/ 1 ] J N o c u l o m o t o r i Iul sl l ] N a b d u c e n[sV l ] Lateralpart: N t r o c h t e a r iIsl V ] C o m m o nt r u n ko f t h e : - N f r o n t a L Ii N s o p h t h a L m i cluVs/ 1 ] - N L a c r i m a lIiN s o p h t h a L m i cluVs/ 1 ] R o r b i t a L{i A s .m e n i n g em a edial V o p h t h a t m i cs au p e r i o Foramenrotundum N m a x i L L a rl V i s/ 2 1 Foramenovale N m a n d i b u L a r[iVs / 3 ] P L e x uvse n o s u sf o r a m i n i so v a L i s Foramenspinosum R m e n i n g e uI sN m a n d i b u L a [rV i s/ 3 ] ) A m e n i n g em a e d i a( A .m a x i L t a r i s )

Laminaet Foramina cribrosa

Canalisopticus

Fissuraorbitalis supeflor

Foramen rotundum

Foramen ovate ForamenIacerum; Fissura sphenopetrosa Foramen sprnosum

Fissurasphenopetrosa et Foramenlacerum s i n o rI N .g L o s s o p h a r y n gI e N p e t r o s um l Xu]s) s a j o r{ N f a c r a L[iV N p e t r o s um s ll]) N p e t r o s upsr o f u n d uIsP l e x ucsa r o t i c ui sn t e r n u s ] Aperturainternacanaliscarotici+ Canaliscaroticus A c a r o t i si n t e r n aP , a r sp e t r o s a P l e x u sv e n o s u sc a r o t i c uisn t e r n u s P l e x u sc a r o t i c u isn t e r n u s[ T r u n c ussy m p a t h i c u s , G a n g L i oc n e r v l c a [seu p e r i u s ) Porus+ Meatusacusticusinternus N f a c i a t i[sV l l ] N v e s t i b u L o c o c h L[eVal rl li ]s A L a b y r i n t(hAi b a s i L a r i s J Vv labyrinthi ForamenjuguLare Anteriorpart: Qinrrc noirncr

Porus acusticus internus

Foramen Jugulare

Canaliscondylaris

Canalisnervihypoglossi

rc infaninr

N g t o s s o p h a r y n g Iel u XsJ Posteriorpart: A m e n i n g epao s t e r i o[ rA p h a r y n g eaas c e n d e n s ] jugu[aris] S i n u ss i g m o i d e uI B s u t b u s u p e r i ovre n a e N . v a g u s[ X l N a c c e s s o r i u[ sX l ] R m e n i n g e u{sN .v a g u sI X J ) Canalisnervi hypogtossi N h y p o g l o s s u[ X s llJ P L e x uvse n o s u sc a n a L inse r v ih y p o g L o s s i Canatiscondylaris \/ v

Apertura tnterna canalrs carotici

Foramenmagnum

Os frontale

Os sphenoidale

Os parietale

Os temporale

Os ethmoidale

Os occipitale

^-;-^--i^ ^^^f,.,r^-isr ril5>dr ro LUIuyLdt t5

F o r a m e nm a g n u m Me n i n g e s P L e v e n o s uvse r t e b r a Li ni st e r n u {sS i n u m s arqinatis} A a . t e b r a L e[sA a .s u b c t a v i a e ] A spinatia s n t e r i o r[ A a v e r t e b r a t e s ] Medullo a b L o n g a t a / M e dsupLi L na L i s R a d i c essp i n a L el N s accessoriu [ Xs l ] J

F i g . 4 6 8 I n t e r n a sL u r f a c eo f t h e c r a n i a lb a s e , B a s i sc r a n i ii n t e r n a a . n df o r a m r n a .

> Brain

B t o o dv e s s e [ s

C r a n i ab I ase

CraniaInerves M e n i n g e s


Cranial nerves,overview

Fila olfactoriall

N, opticus!ll

N, facialis[Vll]

N vestibulocochlearis[Vlll]

N hypoglossus[Xll]

C r a n i a ln e r y e s N . n.crania[es.

Ve n t ric te s T o p o g ra p h y S e cti o n s S p inaIcor d

Pathways

N oculomotorius llll, R superior M. obliquussuperior

Radix sensoria N. nasociliaris

Fissuraorbitalis superior oculomotorius illll Tectum mesencephali

N trochlearislvl

M. rectuslateralis

N. triqeminus [Vl. GanglioitrigeminalA

Nn ciliaresbreves Ganglion ciliare

ophthalmica; N caroticus internus

N abducens[Vl] Pons

N oculomotorius ull, R inferior

Pyramismedullae oblongatae

Radix parasympathica Radlx sympathica

F i g . 4 7 0 O c u L o m o t onre r v e ,N . o c u t o m o t o r i u[sl l l l , t r o c h [ e a rn e r v e ,N . t r o c h [ e a r i sI l V ] ,a n d a b d u c e n sn e r v e ,N . a b d u c e n s[ V l ] ; v i e w e df r o m t h e r i g h t . * C o n n e c t i otnost h et r i g e m i n a g ta n g t i o n

M obliquusbulbiinferior (e N oculomotorius llll, B inferior)

M obliquusbulbisuperior (- N. trochlearis lvl)

M rectusbulbimedialis (+ N oculomotorius illll, R superior) M rectusbulbiinferior (e N oculomotorius illll, R inferior) M. rectusbulbisuDerior (e N. oculomotorius llll, B. superior)

(e N. abducens M rectusbulbilateralis [Vl]) ( e

M. levatorpalpebrae superioris N. oculomotorius llll, R. superior)

F i g . 4 7 1 I n n e r v a t i o on f t h e o c u l a rm u s c l e s ; s u p e n o rv r e w .

Btoodvessets C r a n i abI a s e CraniaInerves M e n i n g e s


N. supraorbitalis R lateralis

N ethmoidalis anterior N ethmoidalisposterior

R medialis

N. frontalis

N. supratrochlearis

N lacrimalis

R tentorius

N infratrochlearis

N, nasociliaris N ophthalmicus [V/1] Ganglion trigeminale (

N triseminus I

Radix motoria

\Radix sensoria

Pons N zygomaticus Nn. ciliares Iongi Ganglion ciliare

cumgangliociliari R. communicans Fissuraorbitalis superior

s /11; F i g . 1 7 2 0 p h t h a l . m inc e r v e ,N . o p h t h a l . m i c u[ V v i e w e df r o m t h e r i g h t

Rr orbitales

laterales et mediales suoeriores Rr.nasalesDosteriores

Rr ganglionares

N. lacrimalis

Foramenrotundum N maxillaris [V/2]

(R communicans cum nervolacrimali)

Gangliontrigeminale

N zygomaticus N infraorbitalis Canalis infraorbitalis Foramen infraorbitale R zygomaticofacialis R zygomaticotemporalis

B meningeus

Nn.alveolares superiores pterygopalatinum Ganglion Nn nasopalatini Nn palatiniminores

Fig.473 Maxitlarynerve,N. maxil.Laris [V/2]; v i e w e df r o m t h e r i o h t .

Ve nt ric t e s T o p o gra p h y S e cti o n s S p i n a Ic o r d

Pathways

Radixmotoria / N trigeminus [Vl I \ Radixsensoria..

Nn.temoorales orofundi N pterygoideus lateralis N. mandibularis [V/3]

medialis N. pterygoideus

R. meningeus

N. buccalis

Foramen spinosum Rr.ganglionares N. auriculotemporalis

Ganglion submandibulare

A meningea media

Rr.linguales

Chordatympani(N facialis)

N. mylohyoideus Plexusdentalisinferior

Fig. 17t, MandibuLarnerve,N. mandibutaris[V/3]; v i e w e df r o m t h e r i g h t .

Nn.supraorbitales

N infraorbitalis

Incisura suoraorbitalis

Forameninfraorbitale

F i g , 1 7 5 E x i tp o i n t so f t h ec u t a n e o ubsr a n c h eosf t h et r i g e m i n anIe r v e , N .t r i g e m i n u[sV i . CtinicaLty, theyarereferredto as nerveexitpoints.

Btoodvessets C r a n i a Ib a s e

Cranialnerves M e n i n g e s Par tsof the br ai n

Pedunculus cerebellaris medius

Ganglion geniculi

N facialis [Vll]

N. stapedius R communicans cumplexutympanico Chordatympani Canalisnervifacialis

N lingualis

Foramenstylomastoideum R. communicans cumnervovaoo

Rr temporales Rr.zygomatici

R communicans cumnervoglossopharyngeo

Rr buccales

Plexus intraparotideus

(R. lingualis) N auricuiarisposterior

R marginalismandibularis R. colli

Fig. 176 FaciaInerve,N. facial.is[Vll]; t h e f a c i a Lc a n a Ia n d t h e t y m p a n i cc a v i t yh a v eb e e no p e n e d ; viewedfrom the right. * CtinicaI term:cerebetlopontine angte

Gyrusprecentralis

Fibrae corticonucleares M frontalis Nucleusnervifacialis Rr.temporales

Nucleusnerviabducentis

M. orbicularis oculi M. levatorlabiisuperioris M. zygomaticusmajor M. zygomaticus minor

N. facialis [Vll]

F i g . 1 7 7a , b N e u r o n a sl t r u c t u r eo f t h e m o t o r p a r t o f t h e f a c i a In e r v e ,N . f a c i a t i s[ V l l ] . a Overview b R e p r e s e n t a t i oonf t h e f a c i a Im u s c t e si n t h e m o t o r n u c t e u s o f t h e f a c i a In e r v e T h o u g ht h e n u c t e io f t h e u p p e rf a c i a tm u s c t e sr e c e i v e

b

M orbicularis oris

innervationfrom both hemispheres,those of the lower facial m u s c l e sa r e o n l yi n n e r v a t e fdr o m t h e c o n t r a l a t e r asl i d e . Therefore,patientswith centrat patsy[*l are sti[[ able to frown the brow and to ctosethe eyetidsjust sufficiently.However,in p a t i e n t sw i t h p e r i p h e r apl .a l . s y[ * * l a [ [ f a c i a tm u s c [ e sa r e paralyzed.

Ventrictes T o p o g ra p h y S e cti o n s S p i n a Ic o r d

Pathways

l\4eatusacusticusinternus Ganglion spirale cocnleae


t

lateralis et anterior tn ampullares I Pars supenor I N. utriculoampullaris )

\ ' N vestibularis N cochlearis N vestibulocochlearis[Vlll]

N. utricularis

\

N. saccularis ) I Parsinferior posterior N. ampullaris J Ganglion vestibulare

F i g . 4 7 8 V e s t i b u t o c o c h L enaerr v e ,N . v e s t i b u t o c o c h L e a[ rVi sl l l ] ; t h e m e m b r a n o u st a b y r i n t hi s g r e a t l ye n t a r g e d ; p o s t e r i o vr i e wf r o m t h e r i g h t * C [ r n i c taeI r m :c e r e b e L [ o p o natni nge[ e

Medullaoblongata, Sulcus retroolivaris

N mandibularis [V/3] Ganglion oticum

N glossopharyngeus lXl

N petrosusminor jugulare Foramen Plexustympanicus Ganglion superius(lX) communtcans cumramo nervivagi auriculari

N tympanicus

Ganglion inlerius

R musculi stylopharyngei R sinus carotici A carotis interna,Sinus

caroticus

Rr.linguales

Glomuscaroticum carotrscommunrs

F i g . 1 7 9 G t o s s o p h a r y n g enaeI r v e ,N . g L o s s o p h a r y n g eIul Xs l ; v i e w e df r o m t h e r i q h t .

Brain

Btoodvessets Cr aniaIbase CraniaInerves M e n i n q e s Par tsof the br ai n

Cranialnerves

Sulcusretroolivaris jugulare Foramen Ganglion superius(X) Ganglioninferius(X)

R. auricularis R. meningeus R. communicans cum nervoglossopharyngeo Rr.pharyngeales

N. vagus[X]

A carotiscommunis A subclavia Truncusbrachiocephalicus Alcus aortae Plexuscardiacus

Truncusvagalisposterior Parsthoracicaaortae

N laryngeus superior

Rr. cardiaci cervlcales supenores

N. laryngeus recurrens cardiaci

cervicalesinferiores Rr cardiacithoracici N. laryngeus recurrens Rr.bronchiales Plexuspulmonalis Truncusvagalisanlerior

Hiatusoesophageus Plexusoesophageus

Rr.gastricianteriores

(Rr.splenici)

(Rr.pancreatici)

(Rr.intestinales)

F i g . 4 8 0 V a g u sn e r v eN , .v a g u s[ X J ; bothnerves; comi-crhematin'

a n t e r i o rv i e w .

Ventrictes T o p o g ra p h y S e c t i o n s

S p inaIcor d

Pathways

Rr.musculares

, .a c c e s s o r i u [ Xsl ] ; Fig.481 Accesson r ye r v eN viewed f r o mt h er i q h t .

Radixsuperior (Plexuscervicalis)

nerve,N Fig.182 HypogtossaI v i e w e df r o m t h e r i g h t .

Brain

BLoodvesse[s

Cr aniatbase CraniaInerves M e n i n g e s P a r t so f t h e b r a i n

N nasociliaris

Fissuraorbitalis superior

A. ophthalmica

N oculomotorius llll N ophthalmicus[V/1]

N trigeminus [V] pupillae M. sphincter Ganglion trigeminale

M ciliaris Nn ciliares breves

Plexuscaroticus Ganglion ciliare Radix sensoria

Ganglion cervicale supenus

Radix parasympathica

Medullacervicalis

Radix sympathica

Nuclear egion: A c c e s s o r yn u c l e u so f t h e o c u t o m o t o rn e r v e N u c L e u sa c c e s s o r i u sn e r v io c u t o m o t o r i i

F i 9 . 4 8 3 C i t i a r yg a n g L i o nG, a n g L i ocni I i a r e ; overvtew.

I I

Specificviscerat-efterent fibres(SVE)

I I

Generaland specificvisceral-afferent fibres(G/SVA)

sympatheticfibres

I

Generalsomatic-afierent f ibres(GSA)

N maxillaris [V/2] N trigeminus [V]

N. inlraorbitalis* N zygomaticus Glandula lacrimalis

Gangliontrigeminale

N facialis[Vll]

Fissuraorbitalisinferior Rr.orbitales'

Rr. nasalesposteriores superiores laterales* N pharyngeus* Foramen sphenopalatinum N. nasopalatinus* Plexus caroticus

Br. nasalesposleriores superiores mediales* Ganglion ceruicale supenus

Medulla ceruicalis

N. palatinus major, Rr. nasalesposterioresinferioresi N canalis pterygoidei

F i g . 1 8 1 P t e r y g o p a t a t i ngea n g L i o nG, a n g L i opnt e r y g o p a L a t i n u m ; overvrew. * lnnervation f t h eg t a n dos f t h en o s ea n dt h ep a L a t e

Nn palatiniminores*

N [ e a rr e q i o n : S e r i o r s J t i v a t o r yn u c [ e u s , N u c l e u ss a t i v a t o r i ussu p e r i o r

Ventrictes T o p o g r a p h y S e c t i o n s

Pathways

S p i n a Ic o r d

Gangliontrigeminale

N trigeminus [Vl

Foramenovale

N lacialis [Vll]

N glossopharyngeus flXl

N. mandibularis [V/31 Rr ganglionares Radixsensoria:

Plexustympanicus Radixparasympathica: N petrosus minor

N buccalis N. musculitensorisvelioalatini

N. musculitensoristympani oticum Ganglion Glandula oarotidea N lingualis

Chordatympani inferior N. alveolaris N auriculotemporalis Medulla ceruicalis

Radix sympathica

Ganglion cervicale superius

A. meningea media

Nuclear eqron: yucteus, In f e r i o rs a t - v a t o r n N u c [ e u ss a t i v a t o r i u si n f e r i o r

F i g .4 8 5 O t i ca a n g t i o nG , a n g t i o no t i c u m ; overvtew.

I I

General visceral-efferentf ibres (GVE) Specific visceral-efferentf ibres (SVE)

I I

fibres(G/SVA) Generaland specilicvisceral-afierent

sympatheticfibres

I

fibres(GSA) Generalsomatic-afterent

N trigeminus [Vl Ganglion trigeminale N facialis[Vll] Foramen ovale N mandibularis [V/31

N. lingualis

Radixsensoria: Rr.ganglionares

N. lingualis

Glandulae salivariae mrnores

Plexuscaroticus sublingualis Glandula Ganglion submandibulare

Ganglion cervicale superius

Medulla cervicalis

Badix sympathica

F i g . 4 8 5 S u b m a n d i b u t a r g a n g t iG oa nn , g t i osnu b m a n d i b u t a r e ; overvtew.


Nuctearegion: S u p e r i o rs a L i v a t o rnyu c t e u s , N u c L e u s a t i v a t o r i us u P e r r o r

B [ o o dv e s s e t s

C r a n i ab I ase

Cranialnerves M e n i n g e s Par tsof the br ai n

topography

Corpuscallosum, Genu

Septumpellucidum Sinussagittalis superior Laminaterminalis

Falx cerebri

Commissura anterior Fornix

A cerebrianterior

Forameninterventriculare Sinussagittalis inferior Bulbusolfactorius Infundibulum Tractusolfactorius CorDus callosum. Truncus Chiasmaopticum Plexuschoroideus ventriculi tertii

N opticuslll A ophthalmica

Adhesio interthalamica

Tractusopticus Venkiculus tertius

N oculomotorius llll (Plicapetroclinoidea anterio0 N trochlearis lvl

Substantia nigra Nucleusruber Corpuscallosum, Splenium

N abducens [Vl]

V magnacerebri

N. trigeminus [V] Tentorium cerebelli

Glandulapinealis

N facialis[Vll] vestibulocochlearis vilrl grossopnaryngeus

Pedunculus cerebri Colliculus superiorsinister

lxl

Colliculiinleriores

N vagus[X]

Sinusrectus

N accessorius [XI]

Velummedullare superius

N hypoglossus [Xll]

Pedunculi cerebellares

A basilaris

Vermis cerebelli

Velummedullare inferius

quartus Ventriculus N. accessorius[Xl], Radices spinales

Confluens sinuum Plexuschoroideus ventriculi ouadi ADertura mediana venviculiouarti gracile Tuberculum Tuberculum cuneatum Medulla spinalis

F i g . 1 8 7 C o u r s eo f t h e c r a n i a Ln e r v e s N , n .c r a n i a t e s , i n t h e s u b a r a c h n o si dp a c e ; t h e l e f t h e m i s p h e r eo f t h e c e r e b r u ma n d t h e c e r e b e t l u ma s w e t l a s t h e t e n t o r i u mc e r e b e l t i havebeen removed.

Ventric[es Topography S e cti o n s S p i naIcor d

Pathways

Capsulainterna

Ventriculuslateralis, Cornufrontale

A. carotisinterna, Parscerebralis

Ventriculus lateralis, Cornutemporale A. cerebriposterior

A cerebrianterior Cisternaambiens; Pedunculus cerebri N-opticusflll

N. trochlearis ilVl N trigeminus [V]

A. ophthalmica N. oculomotorius illll Sinuspetrosus superlor

A. carotisinterna, Parscavernosa

N. abducens[Vll N. ophthalmicus [V/11

Sinuscavernosus Ganglion trigeminale

N mandibularis [V/3]

N maxillaris[V/2]

Fig.488 Courso e f t h ec r a n i anI e r v e sN, n .c r a n i a t e s , c r a n im i edia. i n t h em i d d t ec r a n i aflo s s aF. o s s a

\a

a,z-\

A cerebrianteriordextra, Parspostcommunicalis Chiasmaopticum Infundibulum Substantia nigra N. opticusilll Pedunculus cerebri, Cruscerebri A. carotisinterna, Parscerebralis

N oculomotorius fllll N.trochlearis IV]

A ophthalmica

(Plicapetroclinoidea anterior) N. trigeminus M, Radixmotoria

N. ophthalmicus [V/1] trigeminale* Ganglion

N trigeminus [Vl, Radixsensoria

N. maxillaris[V/2]

N. abducens [Vll N.tacialis[Vll] N vestibulocochlearis [Vlll]

N mandibularis [V/31

F i g . 4 8 9 A r t e r i ea s n dn e r v e isn t h er e g i o no f t h es e [ [ at u r c i c a , , i n u sc a v e r n o s u s . S e l t at u r c i c aa,n dt h ec a v e r n o ussi n u sS * C t i n i c atIe r m : G A S S E R |gaann g l i o n

Brain

ffil.und vesse{.E C r a n i a b t ase

Craniatnerves Menin ges F a r t s o f t h e b r a i n

Vessels andnervesof the cranialbase

Nn oltactorii ill A communicans anterioro

Foramina cribrosa Hypophysis

N opticuslll : A carotisinterna,a Parscerebralis

Canalisopticus Proc clinoideus anterior

A ophthalmrcaa A cerebri media O N trochlearis[tV] :

Proc clinoideus posterior

N frontalis ; V ophthalmicasuperior a N lacrimalis.

Fissuraorbilalis supeflor

N abducens [Vl] r N nasociliaris :

Foramenrotundum

N oculomotorius[lll] i

aA cerebriposterior

A carotis interna, a Pars cavernosa N maxillaris[V/2] ,

Sulcuscaroticus

A communicans posterior O Plexus caroticus internus .,

Foramenlacerum

Plexus venosus caroticus internus a plexus venosus a foraminisovalis N mandibularis[V/3] ,

Foramen ovale Sulcusarteriae meningeae mediae Apexpartispetrosae

r_ pars a I A. cerebriJ precommunicalis pars a posteriorI I postcommunicalis

\

Foramen spinosum

R meningeus, A meningea mediao N petrosus minor

Canaliscaroticus oA superiorcerebelli

N petrosusmajor A basilaris a

Hiatuscanalis nervipetrosiminoris

N f a c i a l i[sV l l ],

Hiatuscanalis nervipetrosimajoris

N vestibulocochlearis [Vlll],, N accessorius [Xl]'.

Porusacusticus Internus aA labyrinthi

A meningea posterior a N vagus[X] I N glossopharyngeus [lX] ,

jugulare Foramen Sulcussinussigmoidei

S i n u ss i g m o i d e uas

o A inferioranterior cerebelli Canalisnervihypoglossi

N hypoglossus [Xll] a A vertebralis O A inferiorposterior

l\4edullaoblongata

cerebelli Pia mater cranialis Spatium subarachnoideum

Foramen magnum o Sinus occipitalis

Arachnoideamater cranialis

Duramatercranialis

F i g , 1 9 0 P a s s a g eo f v e s s e t sa n d n e r v e st h r o u g ht h e i n t e r n a I s u r f a c eo f c r a n i a Lb a s e ,B a s i sc r a n i ii n t e r n a a . n dt h e c e r e b r a I a r t e r i aLc i r c t e ,C i r c u t u sa r t e r i o s u sc e r e b r i[ w t r u S ]: s u p e n o rv r e w .

Ventrictes T o p o g ra p h y S e cti o n s S p i natcor d

Pathways sinusandpituitarygland Cavernous

Dorsumsellae posterior Sinusintercavernosus

Neurohypophysis

Infundibulum Diaphragmasellae

Adenohypophysis N. opticusflll Sinusintercavernosus anterior Sellaturcica,Fossahypophysialis

Sinussphenoidalis

Corpus Os sphenoidale,

F i g .1 9 1 P i t u i t a r9yl . a n dH, y p o p h y s[ iGs t a n d u p L iat u i t a r i a l .

Diaphragmasellae

Sinusintercavernosi

Chiasmaopticum N. opticusilll A. ophthalmica

Sinuscavernosus

A. carotisinterna, Parscerebralis

N oculomotorius illl A carotisinterna, Parscavernosa

Proc.clinoideusanterior lnlundibulum

N trochlearislvl N abducens[Vl] N ophthalmicus [V/1] Duramatercranialis

Sellaturcica, Fossahypophysialis

N. maxillaris [V/21

Sinussphenoidalis Septumsinuum sphenoidalium

Apexpartispetrosae Fissurasphenopetrosa (Fibrocartilago basalis)

,d , y p o p h y s[ iGs t a n d u p F i g . 4 9 2 P i t u i t a rgyt a n dH t ai t u i t a r i aal n c a v e r n o ussi n u sS , i n u sc a v e r n o s u s .

(Procclinoideus medius) N. opticusilll A carotisinterna,Parscerebralis A. ophthalmica

Sulcusorechiasmaticus Diaphragma sellae

pituitaria] Hypophysis [Glandula N. abducens[Vl]

N. oculomotorius illll Fissurasphenopetrosa N. trochlearislVl N ophthalmicus [V/11 N maxillaris[V/2]

A carotisinterna,Parscavernosa

N mandibularis [V/3]


F i g , 4 9 3 C a v e r n o u s i n u s ,S i n u sc a v e r n o s u s ; t h e p a r t o f t h e c r a n i a Id u r a m a t e rf o r m i n gt h e l a t e r a Iw a [ [ o f t h e c a v e r n o u s i n u sh a s b e e nr e m o v e d ; t h et r i g e m i n ag I a n g l i o nh a s b e e nr e fl e c t e dt o t h e s i d e .

Brain

B to o dv essets C r a n i a bI a s e

Cr aniaIner ves Menin ges Par tsof the br ai n

CraniaL duramaterandsuperiorsagittalsinus

Galea aponeurotica

Laminaexterna Sinussagittalis superior

Lamina interna

Granulationes arachnoideae

A, meningea medra, R frontalis

Lacunae laterales

Granulationes arachnoideae

Duramater cranialis

A. meningea media,

F i g .t + 9 t + C r a n i a d I u r a m a t e r ,D u r a m a t e rc r a n i a [ i s , a n d s u p e r i o sr a g i t t a t s i n u S s ,i n u ss a g i t t a Lsi su p e r i o r , w i t h s o m e l a t e r a [[ a c u n a eL. a c u n a e[ a t e r a L e s .

Ventricles T o p o g ra p h y S e cti o n s S p i nalcor d

Pathways Superficialvesselsof the brain

Duramatercranialis

Vv.superiores cerebri, W frontales

A callosomarginalis

W mediae superficiales cereon

A. sulci precentralis

V anastomotica supenor

A sulci centralis

Vv superiores cereofl, W parietales

Rr.paracentrales

A sulci postcentralis Granulationes arachnoideae

A parietalis posterior R. gyriangularis

R precunealis

W superiores cerebri, W, occipitales

R parietooccipitalis

F i g . 4 9 5 S u p e r f i c i a t a r t e r i easn d v e i n so f t h e b r a i n ; t h e c r a n i a I d u r am a t e r h a s b e e nr e m o v e da n d t h e s u p e r i o r s a g i t t a sI i n u sh a s b e e ns e c t i o n e d ; a f t e r r e m o v a I o ft h e c r a n i a L a r a c h n o m i da t e r .

B t o o dv e E s e t s C r a n i a b I ase

Gr aniatner ves Menin ges Par tsof the br ai n

CraniaI arachnoidmater

Fissuralonoitudinalis cerebri


w superiores cerebn, W parietales

Granulationesarachnoideae*

F i g . 1 9 6 B r a i n ,E n c e p h a [ o nw,i t h c r a n i a L a r a c h n o m i da t e r , Arachnoidem a a t e rc r a n i a L i s ; s u p e f l o rv r e w * A t s oP : A c c H t 0 Ngt ar ann u t a t i o n s

Vent ric le s T o p o g ra p h y S e c t i o n s

S p i naIcor d

Pathways Cranialarachnoidmater

Bulbusolfactorius Cisterna chiasmatica

Tractusolfactorius

N opticuslll

A carotisinterna

interDeduncularis Cisterna N oculomotorius l[] N abducens [Vl]

N trigeminus [V]

N facialis[Vll]

N intermedius (N facialis[Vll])

N vestibulocochlearis

[vilr] N glossopharyngeus

ilxl N vagus[X] i

r .' y'

\ N. accessorius [Xl] \ Arachnoideamater cranialis

Pia mater cranialis

lvledullaoblongata

Hemispheriumcerebelli

A vertebralis

cerebellomedullaris Cisterna

F i g . 1 9 7 B r a i n ,E n c e p h a L ow n i, t h c r a n i a Ia r a c h n o i dm a t e r , A r a c h n o i d em a a t e rc r a n i a L i s

> Brain

B to o dvessets C r a n i a bI a s e

C r a n i a In e r v e s M e n i n g e s

Partsof the brain

Hindbrain Cerebrattracts

0rganisation of the brain

Prosencephalon

Mesencephalon* Encephalon

Rhombencephalon

F i g . 4 9 8 O r g a n i s a t i oonf t h e c e n t r a In e r v o u ss y s t e m ; m e d i a ns e c t i o ns: c h e m a . P a r t sm a r k e dw i t h + t o g e t h e rf o r m t h e b r a i n s t e m , T r u n c u se n c e p h a L i .

Sulcuscentralis

N oculomotorius illll

Foramen interuentriculare

Lobusparietalis

Operculumparietale

Mesencephalon

Insula[Lobus insularisl Medullaspinalis

Fig. 199 Devetopmentof the brain; m o d e lo f t h e b r a i no f a n a p p r o x 2 . - m o n t h - o t de m b r y o ; m e d i a ns e c t i o n .

F i g .5 0 0 D e v e t o p m e notf t h e b r a i n ; b r a i no f a n a p p r o x 4 - m o n t h - o l df o e t u s( c r o w n - r u m p t e n g t h2 0 c m l ; viewedfrom the teft.

Ven t ric t e s T o p o g ra p h y S e c t i o n s S p i n a cI o r d

Pathways

suDerior Sulcusfrontalis

Gyrusfrontalis superior inferior Sulcusfrontalis

Gyrusfrontalis medius

Sulcusprecentralis

Gyrusprecentralis Sulcuscentralis

Gyrus postcentralis Sulcus postcentralis

Gyrus supramarginalis

Gyrusangularis Sulcusintraparietalis Lobulusparietalis superior

Lobulus parietalisinferior

Sulcuscinguli

Sulcusoarietooccioitalis

F i g . 5 0 1 C e r e b r u mC, e r e b r u m ; a f t e r r e m o v a L otfh e c r a n i a Ia r a c h n o i dm a t e r ; S U D E T I OVTI C W

F o r m a t i o no f t h e g y r iv a r i e sc o n s i d e r a b t y .

Brain

B L o o dv e s s e [ s

C r a n i ab I ase

CnaniaI ner ves M e n i n g e s Partsof the brain Hindbrain Cerebnattracts

of the

Inlundibuium

Polus frontalis

Fissuralongitudinalis cerebri

Sulci orbitales

Sulcusolfactorius

Gyriorbitales

Bulbusolfactorius N o p t i c u lsl l \

\

.

Tractusolfactorius

Hypophysis Polustemporalis

Chiasmaopticum

perforata Substantia anterior

Stria ollactorialateralis

Tubercinereum N maxillaris [V/2]

Gyrusparahippocampalis, UNCUS

N ophthalmicus [V/1]

Corpusmamillare Fossa interpeduncularis

Gyrusoccipitotemporalis lateralis

N, trigemlnus [V], Radixmotoria

Sulcus temporalis inferior

N. mandibularis [V/3]

Pedunculus cerebri


Gyrus parahippocampalis

N trochlearisilVl

N trigeminus [V]

Pons

N intermedius N trigeminus [V], Radixsensoria

N. facialis lvill

N abducens [Vl] N vestibulocochlearis[Vlll]

Hemispherium cerebelli

LOOUS

flocculonodularis, Flocculus Hemispherium cerebelli

Oliva

Pyramismedullae oblongatae

Piexuschoroideus quarti ventriculi

Medulla oblongata, Fissura mediana anterior

N glossopharyngeus lXl N vagus [X]

Tonsillacerebelli

N hypoglossus [Xll] Polus occipitalis

N accessorius [Xl] Fila radicularianerui ceruicalis

lcll pyramidum Decussatio

Medulla spinalis Vermis cerebelli

F i g .5 0 2 C e r e b r u m C , erebrum; b r a i n s t e mT, r u n c u se n c e p h a Lwi ,i t h c e r e b e t L u m , CerebeL[um a ,s w e [ La s c r a n i a Ln e r v e s N , n.craniaLes; i n f e r i o rv i e w

Ventrictes Topography S e cti o n s S p inaIcor d

Pathways Baseof the brain

Fissuralongitudinalis cerebri Polusfrontalis

Sulcusolfactorius Chiasmaopticum

Sulciorbitales

Polustemporalis

Tubercinereum

Fossalateraliscerebri

Gyrus parahippocampalis, Uncus

Trigonumolfactorium Sulcustemporalis inferior

Fossa interpeduncularis

Corpus mamillare

Gyrioccipitotemporales medialis el lateralis

Pedunculus cerebri

Substantia nrgra

Gyrus temporalis inlerior

Sulcus hippocampalis

Substantia perforata posterior

Sulcus collateralis

Gyrus parahippocampalis Sulcus occipitotemporalis lsthmusgyricinguli Tegmentum.. mesencepnarl Tectummesenceohali, Colliculus superior Aqueductusmesenc€phali Splenium Corpuscallosum, Polusoccipitalis

Sulcuscalcarinus

F i g . 5 0 3 G y r iG , y r ia, n dg r o o v e sS,u t c i , o f t h ec e r e b r ahLe m i s p h e r e s ; t h em i d b r a i h n a sb e e ns e c t i o n e d .

B to o dvessets C r a n i a bI a s e

C r a n i a In e r v e s M e n i n g e s Partsof the brain

Forebrain M i d b r a i n H i n d b r a i n C e r e b r attr a c t s Lobesof thetelencephalon

Polusfrontalis Sulcuscentralis Fissuralongitudinalis cereorl

Lobusfrontalis

Lobusparietalis Sulcusparietooccipitalis

Lobusfrontalis

Sulcuscentralis Polus frontalis Polus occipitalis

Lobusparietalis Lobustemporalis

LOOUS occipitalis

Fossalateralis cerebri

Sulcus parietooccipitalis

Inctsura preoccipitalis

Lobustemporalis

Polustemporalis

Sulcuslateralis

Lobusoccipitalis Polus occipitalis

F i g .5 0 4 L o b e so f t h e c e r e b r u m ,L o b ic e r e b r i ; s u 0 e n o rv t e w .

F i g .5 0 5 L o b e so f t h e c e r e b r u m ,L o b ic e r e b r i ; viewedfrom the Left.

Polusfrontalis Lobusfrontalis Corpuscallosum


Gyruscinguli Sulcuscinguli Sulcuscentralis

Polustemporalis

Lobusfrontalis

Fossalateraliscerebri

Lobuslimbicus

Lobustemporalis Sulcusparietooccipitalis

Diencephalon Polus frontalis

Lobuslimbicus, Gyrus parahippocampalis

Sulcus catcannus

Sulcuscollateralis

Polus occipitalis

Sulcushippocampalis

Fossa lateraliscerebri

preocciDitalis Incisura N4esencephalon

Lobusoccipitalis

LOOUS occipitalis

Polustemporalis Gyrusparahippocampalis, uncus Diencephalon Sulcus hippocampalis

Lobustemporalis Sulcuscollateralis

Polus occipitalis

F i g . 5 0 5 L o b e so f t h e c e r e b r u m ,L o b ic e r e b r i ; i n f e r i o rv i e w .

F i g .5 0 7 L o b e so f t h e c e r e b r u m ,L o b ic e r e b r i ; m e d i a Iv i e w .

preIncrsura occipitalis

Ve n t ric l e s T o p o gra p h y S e cti o n s S p inaIcor d

Pathways

parietale Operculum frontale; Operculum

Sulcusprecentralis Gyrusprecentralis

Gyrusfrontalis inferior, Parsopercularis

Sulcuscentralis** Gyruspostcentralis Sulcusoostcentralis

Gyrusfrontalis superior

Sulcuslateralis. R oosterior Sulcusintraoarietalis Gyrusfrontalismedius

Gyrussupramarginalis Gyrusangularis Lobulusparietalis supeflor

Polusfrontalis

Lobulusparietalis inferior

Gyrusfrontalis inferior, Parstriangularis


Gyrusfrontalisinferior, Parsorbitalis B. anterior f Sulcuslateralis*I I B ascendens

Sulcustemporalis supeflor Sulcuslunatus

Polustemporalis Gyrustemporalis superior

Polusoccipitalis

SulcustemDoralis suoeriot

inferior Gyrustemporalis

Gyrustemporalis medius

lncisuraoreocciDitalis

inferior Sulcustemooralis

F i g . 5 0 8 G y r i ,G y r i ,a n d g r o o v e sS, u [ c i , o f t h e c e r e b r ah I emispheres; viewedfrom the teft. * Sulcusof SYLVIUS *+Sutcusof RoLANDo Lobusparietalis

Sulcuscircularis insulae

Sulcuscentralis tnsulae

Gyruslongusinsulae

Lobusfrontalis

Lobusoccipitalis Limeninsulae

Gyribrevesinsulae

preoccipitalis Incisura Lobustemporalis

F i g . 5 0 9 G y r i ,G y r i ,a n d g r o o v e sS, u t c i , of thecerebrah Lemispheres; exposureof the insulaafter removalof the frontat, p a r i e t a aI n d t e m p o r a Io p e r c u [ a ; viewedfrom the Left

> Brain

B to o dvessets C r a n i abI a s e Cr aniaIner ves M e n i n g e s Partsof the brain Forebrain Midbrain Hindbrain Cerebraltracts

Gyriof the cerebralhemispheres

Margosuperior Sulcuscentralis

Sulcusintraparietalis


Sulcuset Fossalateralis cerebri

preoccipitalis Incisura

F i g . 5 1 0 G y r i ,G y r i ,o f t h e c e r e b r a h I emispheres; viewedfrom the teft.

lsthmusgyricinguli

F i g .5 1 1 G y r i ,G y r i ,o f t h e c e r e b r a h I emispheres; m e d i a Iv i e w .

Ventricles T o p o g ra p h y S e c t i o n s

S p i n a Ic o r d

Pathways

Gyrusfrontalls inferior, Parsopercularis

Gyrustemporalistransversusanterior

F i g .5 1 2 F u n c t i o n acI o r t i c a a I r e a so f t h e c e r e b r a t h e m i s p h e r eas c c o r d i n gt o F O E R S T E R ; viewedfrom the teft.

I

ffi

T h e s o m a t o t o p ioc r g a n i s a t i oins i t l u s t r a t e ds c h e m a t i c a t [ y . The primary receivingarea for auditoryimpulses(fl extends o v e rt h e u p p e re d g eo f t h e t e m p o r a ll o b eo n t o i t s i n n e rs u r f a c e .

Motorprojectionarea

Auditoryprojectionarea

Motorassociationarea

Auditoryassociationarea

Sensoryprojectionarea

,'i't'ti:;i;,,.Sensoryassociationarea

r

ffi

Visualprojection area Visualassociationarea

Sulcuscalcarinus

F i g .5 1 3 F u n c t i o n acl o r t i c a a l r e a so f t h e c e r e b r a l h e m i s p h e r e as c c o r d i n gt o F 0 E R S T E R ; mediaLview.

T h e s o m a t o t o p ioc r g a n i s a t i oins i [ [ u s t r a t e ds c h e m a t i c a t l y

B[oodvessets Cr aniaIbase Cr aniaIner ves M e n i n g e s Partsof the brain

Brain

H i n d b r a i n CerebraItracts

Gyrusrectus Bulbusolfactorius N. opticusilll Tractusolfactorius Chiasmaopticum Trigonum olfactorium Fornix,Columna

Tractusopticus

Corpus mamillare

Corpus

Uncus

amygdaloideum

Gyrus paranrppocampalis

Fornix, Corpus

Gyrus dentatus

Corpus callosum, Truncus

Fornix,Crus

Corpuscallosum, Splenium Fornix, Commissura Gyruscinguli Gyrusfasciolaris

Fig.514 FornixF , ornix; I f t h e b a s a tp a r t so f t h e b r a i n ; a f t e rr e m o v ao i n f e r i o rv i e w .

Fornix,Corpus Truncus Corouscallosum.

Sulcuscinguli

Septumpellucidum

Corpuscallosum, Splenium

Fornix,Columna(Parslibera)

Fornix,Crus

Forameninterventriculare

SulcusDarietooccioitalis

Corpuscallosum, Genu

Cuneus Sulcuscalcarinus

Rostrum Corpuscallosum, Polusfrontalis

Bulbusolfactorius Polusoccipitalis

anterior Commissura

Lobusoccipitalis

Tractusolfactorius N. opticuslll

Thalamus

Laminaterminalis

Fimbria hippocampi

Fornix,Columna(Parstecta)

Gyrusdentatus

Corpusmamillare

Fasciculus mamillothalamicus

Uncus Gyrusparahippocampalis,

F i g . 5 1 5 F o r n i x ,F o r n i x ; i n f e r o m e d i avIi e w .

Ve nt ric t e s T o p o g ra p h y S e cti o n s S p i n acI o r d

Pathways and anterior commissure

Fissuralongitudinalis cerebri Ventriculus lateralis, Cornuf rontate

(Centrum semiovale)

N. oculomotorius llll

Commissura anterior

Chiasmaopticum

N. trochlearis ilVl

Ventriculus lateralis, Cornutemporale

N.trigeminus [V]

N abducens [Vl]

N facialis[Vll]

Flocculus N vestibulocochlearis [Vllll N. glossopharyngeus ilXl

Plexuschoroideus quarti ventriculi

N vagus[X] Hemisoherium cerebelli

N. accessorius [Xll

Medulla oblongata

N hypoglossus [Xlll

F i g ,5 1 6 A n t e r i o rc o m m i s s u r eC, o m m i s s u r a n t e r i o ra, n d b r a i n s t e m , T r u n c u se n c e p h a L i : a f t e r p a r t i a Ir e m o v a I o ft h e b a s a Ip a r t so f t h e c e r e b r u m ; a n t e r i o r - i n f e r i ovri e w

Fornix,Corpus

Fornix,Commissura Corpuscallosum, Splenium Gyrusfasciolaris

Corpusamygdaloideum

Fimbria hippocampi

Corpusmamillare

Gyrusdentatus Pes hippocampi

F i g , 5 1 7 B o t hf o r n i c e s F , o r n i c e sa, n d a n t e r i o rc o m m i s s u r e , C o m m i s s u r aa n t e r i o r ; viewedfrom the Left.

Btoodvessets C r a n i a bI a s e

Cr aniatner ves M e n i n g e s Partsof the brain

Forebrain Midbrain Hindbrain Cerebrattracts

Sinussagittalis superior inferior Sinussagittalis V thalamostriata superior

Falx cerebri A callosomarginalis A pericallosa

Truncus Corpuscallosum,

W superiores cerebri, W parietales

lateralis, Parscentralis Ventriculus

Caputnuclei caudati

Fornix,Corpus Plexuschoroideus lateralis ventriculi

V internacerebri Thalamus

Capsulainterna Capsulaexterna

Putamen

Capsulaextrema Globi pallidilateralis et medialis

Aa. insulares

W mediae superficiales cereorl

A cerebrimedia, Br terminales

Insuta

Claustrum

Aa centrales anterolaterales

Ventriculus tertius Corpus amygdaloideum

V mediaprofunda cerebri


Hippocampus

Plexuschoroideus ventriculi tertii

VV inferiores cerebri V basalis Plexus basilaris A basilaris

A cerebriposterior

A cerebri media, Pars sphenoidalis

Cisterna oontocerebellaris

Pons

F i g .5 1 8 B L o osdu p p t oy f t h e b a s a Ig a n g L i a ; frnntal scctinn.

t h e a r t e r i e sa r e s h o w no n t h e r i g h t a n d t h e v e i n so n t h e l e f t ; p o s t e r i o vr i e w .

Nucleuscaudatus, Corous Ventriculus lateralis, Parscentralis

Putamen Thalamus G l o b u sp a l l i d u s

Ventriculus lateralis, Cornulrontale

lateralis, Ventriculus Cornuoccipitale

Nucleuscaudatus, Caput

Corpus amygdaloideum

Nucleuscaudatus, Cauda Ventriculus lateralis, Cornutemporale

F i q . 5 1 9 B a s a Ig a n g t i a n d t h a [ a m u sT. h a [ a m u s : viewedfrom the Left.

Ve n t ric l e s T o p o gra p h y S e cti o n s S p i n a Ic o r d

Pathways

Septumpellucidum Plexuschoroideus ventriculi tertii Corpuscallosum, Rostrum Forameninterventriculare

Fornix,Corpus Fornix,Commissura Corpuscallosum, Splenium Telachoroideaventriculitertii

Fornix,Columna Gyrusparaterminalis

Thalamus Striamedullaris thalami

Commissura anterior Areasubcallosa Laminaterminalis

Sulcushypothalamicus Commissura habenularum

Hypothalamus

Recessus suprapinealis

Recessus supraopticus Recessus infundibuli

pinealis Becessus pinealis Glandula

Chiasmaopticum Corpusmamillare sinistrum

Commissuraposterior Tectummesencephali

Cisterna chiasmatica

Tegmentum mesencephali

A cerebriposterior

Aqueductus mesencephali

Sinusintercavernosus

Cisternainterpeduncularis

Adenohypophysis

Lobuluscentralis

Neurohypophysis

Velummedullare superius

A basilaris Pons

Plexusbasilaris

F i g .5 2 0 T h i r dv e n t r i c [ eV, e n t r i c u L ut e s rtius; m e d i a ns e c t i o n

Fornix,Corpus Corpuscallosum. Rostrum Columnafornicis

Foramen interventriculare

interthalamica

Thalamus Plexuschoroideus

Commissura anterior

Striamedullaris thalami

Laminaterminalis

Nucleusdorsomedlalis

Nucleiparaventriculares

Nucleusdorsalis hypothalami

Areahypothalamica lateralis

Areahypothalamica lateralis

Nucleipreoptici

Fasciculus mamillothalamicus

Nucleusanterior hypothalami

Sulcushypothalamicus

Tractusparaventriculohypophysialis

Nucleusposterior hypothalami

Nucleus suprachiasmaticus

Fasciculus mamillotegmentalis

Becessus supraopticus

Nucleitegmentales

Chiasmaopticum Nucleussupraopticus

(Nucleicorporis mamillaris)

N opticusilll

Nucleusruber

A hypophysialis superior (A carotisinterna, Parscerebralis)

Substantiaperforata posterior

Tractushypothalamohypophysialis

Nucleusventromedialis hypothalami

Adenohypophysis Nucleituberales et arcuati

W portales hypophysiales A hypophysialis inferior(A carotisinterna,Parscavernosa)

Neurohypophysis

F i g . 5 2 1 H y p o t h a L a m uH s ,y p o t h a L a m u s ; overview;n uctei a re i ltustratedtra nstucentLy; mediaIview.

Tractussupraopticohypophysialis

> Brain


Craniab I ase Forebrain

Cr aniaIner ves M e n i n g e s Partsof the brain Midbrain H i n d b r a i n C e r e b r a t t r a c t s

Thalamicnuclei

Capsula interna

b Left cerebraIhemisphere;viewedfrom the Lefl

Nucleireticulares Nucleianteriores Nucleimediales Nucleimediani; Adhesio interthalamica Nucleiventrales: Nucleusventralis anterior; Nucleusventralis intermedius; Nucleusventralis posterolateralis; Nucleusventralis posteromedialis

; e d i a lv i e w c R i g h tc e r e b r a h [ e m i s p h e r em

Nucleusparafascicularis Nucleuscentromedianus

a H o r i z o n t asIe c t i o nt h r o u g ht h e l e f t c e r e b r ahI e m i s p h e r e F i g . 5 2 2a - c N u c t e ia n d c o r t i c a lp r o j e c t i o nos f t h e t h a t a m u s , Thatamus C o r r e s p o n d i nngu c l e ia n d c o r t i c a Ip r o j e c t i o nas r e i n d i c a t e d b v t h e s a m ec o l o u r .

F i g .5 2 3 T h a L a m i nc u c t e i ; o b L i q u vei e wf r o m p o s t e r i o r . F o r c o l o u rc o d i n gs e e F i 1 . 5 2 2 .

Fibrae corticorubrales; Fibrae corticospinales; Nucleuscaudatus. Corous

Fibrae corticoreticulares; Fibrae corticothalamicae;Fibrae thalamoparietales

Genucaosulaeinternae. Fibraeiorticonucleares Thalamus

Radiationesthalami centrales Fibrae temporopontinae

Crus anterius capsulae tnlernae

Fladiationes thalami anteriores

Radiationes thalami posteriores

Tractus frontopontinus

Fibrae parietooccipitopontinae Radiatiooptica Radiatioacustica

Tractusopticus

Pedunculus cerebri

, a d i a t i o n et hs a L a m i , F i g .5 2 1 T h a t a m i cr a d i a t i o nR a n d i n t e r n a Ic a p s u L eC, a p s u t ai n t e r n a ,h a v eb e e n d i v i d e db y a f r o n t a Is e c t i o n ; viewedf rom the [eft.

Crus posterius capsurae internae

Ven t ric t e s T o p o g ra p h y S e c t i o n s S p i naIcor d

Vermis cerebelli

Tectum,Colliculus superior

Pathways

Glandula pinealis

mesenceDhali Aoueductus grisea Substantia centralis

Hemispherium cerebelli

Fissurahorizontalis N, trigeminus [V]

Cruscerebri N oculomotorius !lll

F i g .5 2 5 M i d b r a i nM , esencepha[on; c r o s s - s e c t i oant t h e [ e v e Io f t h e s u o e r i o rc o t l i c u L i : a n t e n o rv i e w .

Chiasmaopticum

Trigonum olfactorium

Substantiaperforataanterior Corpusmamillare Tractusopticus

Substantiaperforataposterior

I

HATS

SubstantiaI reticularis nrgrat Hars I \ compacra Nucleusruber

Pulvinarthalami

griseacentralis Substantia mesencephali Aoueductus

Fig.526 Midbrain,Mesencephaton, a n d d i e n c e p h a l oD n i, e n c e p h a t o n ; a f t e r o b I i q u es e c t i o no f t h e m i d b r a i n ; i n f e r i o rv i e w

> Brain


C r a n i ab I ase

Cr aniaIner ves M e n i n g e s Partsof the brain


Midbrainand medullaoblonqata

Ventriculus tertius Recessus suprapinealis

posterior Commissura Striaterminalis

Trigonum habenulare G l a n d u l ap i n e a l i s

Taeniachoroidea

Thalamus, Pulvinar thalami

Brachium colliculi superioris

Metathalamus,

Brachium colliculiinlerioris

Corpus geniculatummediale l/etathalamus, Corpus geniculatumlaterale

Trigonumlemniscilateralis

Colliculus superior

Frenulum velimedullaris superioris

Colliculus interior N trochlearis lvl Pedunculus cerebellaris medius Pedunculus cerebellaris suoerior Fossa rhomboidea,Eminentiamedialis

Velummedullare suoerius

F i g . 5 2 7 M i d b r a i nM , e s e n c e p h a L oann,d p i n e a Ig | ' a n d , G [ a n d u t pa i n e a L i s ; p o s t e r i o r - s u p e r i ov ri e w . 527 528

Septumpellucidum Corouscallosum. Truncus

Ventriculus lateralis, Cornufrontale Fornix,Columnae


(Becessus triangularis)


Commissura anterior

Tuberculum anterius thalami Nucleuscaudatus. Corous

Ventriculus tertius

Striaterminalis

Brachium colliculi superioris

Laminaaffixa Colliculus superior

Taeniachoroidea

Corpusgeniculatum mediale

Trigonum habenulare posterior Commissura

Brachium colliculiinferioris

G l a n d u lpai n e a l i s

Corpusgeniculatum laterale Thalamus, Pulvinarthalami

Colliculus inferior Pedunculus cerebri N trochlearis lvl

Frenulum velimedullaris suoerioris Vermis cerebelli,Lingulacerebelli

Pedunculus cerebellaris medius Pedunculus cerebellaris superior Flocculus Telachoroidea ventriculiouarti Fossa rhomboidea,Sulcus medianus

Aoerturamedianaventriculi ouarti Tuberculum cuneatum Fasciculus cuneatus

Pedunculus cerebellaris inferior Pedunculusfloccculi

ADertura lateralis ventriculi ouarti Plexuschoroideus ventriculi ouarti gracile Tuberculum gracilis Fasciculus

F i g .5 2 8 B r a i n s t e mT, r u n c u se n c e p h a L i ; t h e p o n sa n d m a j o r p a r t so f t h e c e r e b e l t u mh a v eb e e nr e m o v e d ; t h e t e t ac h o r o i d e ao f t h e f o u r t hv e n t r i c t eh a s b e e ns e c t i o n e di n t h e m e d i a np l a n ea n d r e fL e c t e d to the right; posterior-superio v ire w

Ve n t ric te s T o p o gra p h y S e cti o n s S p inaIcor d

Pathways Midbrainandmedullaoblongata

Frenulum veli superioris medullaris

Brachium colliculi inferioris Colliculus inferior

Velummedullare supenus

Pedunculus cerebri

Locuscaeruleus

N trochlearislvl Eminentia medialis Colliculus facialis

Pedunculus cerebellaris superior

Foveasuperior


Sulcuslimitans Pedunculus cerebellaris inferior Aperturalateralis quarti ventriculi

Sulcusmedianus quarti Striamedullaris ventriculi Velummedullare inferius

Areavestibularis Fovea inferior

Trigonum nervihypoglossi Trigonum neruivagi Areapostrema Obex Sulcusposterolateralis posterlor Sulcusintermedius Sulcusmedianus

Tuberculum cuneatum lateralis Funiculus medullae oblongatae gracile Tuberculum Fasciculus cuneatus gracilis Fasciculus

Fig.529 Rhomboidfossa,Fossarhomboidea; view on the floor of the fourth ventricteafter s e c t i o no f t h e c e r e b e l t apr e d u n c l e s ; posterior-superiorview.

Brachium colliculi superioris Corpusgeniculatum mediale Brachium colliculiinferioris

Pulvinarthalami

Corpusgeniculatum laterale

Tractusopticus Pedunculus cerebri Pons t'^,,

Haolxmolona N trioeminus [Vl '-l I I Badixsensoria

Glandula pinealis

Colliculus superior inferior Colliculus N. trochlearis lvl Velummedullare superius superior Pedunculus cerebellaris medius Pedunculus cerebellaris

N facialis [Vll] N vestibulocochlearis[Vlll] Pyramis medullaeoblongatae

inferior Pedunculus cerebellaris Fossarhomboidea, Sulcusmedianus

N. glossopharyngeuslxl N hypoglossus[Xll] N vagus [X]

Tuberculum cuneatum I Badicescraniales N accessonusJ rx[ ' '\ | Badicesspinales I Fadixanterior N cervicalis [C1]1 \ Radixposterior

gracile Tuberculum

F i g ,5 3 0 B r a i n s t e mT, r u n c u se n c e p h a [ i ; o b t i o u ev i e wo n t h e f t o o ro f t h e f o u r t h v e n t r i c t ea f t e r s e c t i o no f t h e c e r e b e l t a r pedu nc[es; [ateraIview.

> Brain

B [ o o dv e s s e t s

C r a n i ab I ase



Nucleiof the cranialnerves

Nucleusaccessorius nervioculomotorii Nucleusnervioculomotorii

Nucleusmesencephalicus nervitrigemini

Nucleusnervitrochlearis

(Nucleus pontinusneruitrigemini*)

Nucleusmotoriusnervitrigemini

Nucleusnerviabducentis Nucleusnervifacialis Nucleussalivatorius superior

Nucleuscochlearisoosterior

Nucleussalivatorius inferior Nucleusvestibularis suoerior Nucleusvestibularis lateralis Nuclei vestibulares Nucleusvestibularis inferior Nucleusvestibularis medialis

Nucleusambiguus Nucleusdorsalisnervivaoi

Nucleusspinalisnervitrigemini

Nucleusnervihypoglossi

Nucleussolitarius

Nucleus nerviaccessorii F i g . 5 3 1 C r a n i a [n e r v e s N , n.craniates; t o p o g r a p h io c v e r v i e wo f t h e n u c t e i ; posteriorview.

I MK

O n t h e l e f t t h e m o t o r n u c t e ia n d o n t h e r i g h t t h e s e n s o r yn u c t e i areshown. * C t i n i c at eI r m :p r i n c i p a I n s o rnyu c l e uosf t h et r i g e m i n a se n Ie r v e

Generalsomatic-efierent nuclei(GSE)

,rlsffi

ffi

nuclei(G/SVA) Generaland specificvisceral-atferent

Generalvisceral-efierent nuclei(GVE)

General somatic-atferentnuclei (GSA)

Specificvisceral-efferent nuclei(SVE)

Specific somatic-atferent nuclei (SSA)

':rt':

Sulcusmedianus Sulcuslimitans

vil, tx,x Oliva

F i g . 5 3 2 C r a n i a In e r v e s N , n.crania[es; s c h e m a t i cc r o s s - s e c t i otnh r o u g ht h e r h o m b o i d f o s s ad e m o n s t r a t i n tgh e n u c t e r .

vil, tx,x v vil, rx,x, xl ilt,tv,vt,xtl

Ventricles T o p o gra p h y S e c t i o n s S p inaIcor d

Pathways Nucleiof thecranial

pinealis Glandula Nucleusruber Nucleusaccessoriusnervioculomotorii Pedunculus cerebri,Cruscerebri Nucleusnervioculomotorii

N. oculomotorius llll

N trochlearislvl Nucleusnervitrochlearis nerui Nucleusmesencephalicus trigemini N trigeminusIVI --------pontinusnervitrigemini*) (Nucleus Nucleusmotorius nervi trigemini

Nucleusnerviabducentis

pons Nucleivestibulares Nucleusnervifacialis

Nucleussalivatoriussuperior

N abducens [Vl]

Nucleicochleares

N. facialis[Vll]

Nucleussalivatorius inferior

N.vestibulocochlearis [Vllll N. glossopharyngeus lXl

Nucleusdorsalisnervivagi

N vagus[X] Nucleusnervihypoglossi N hypoglossus [Xll]

Nucleusambiguus Nucleussolitarius

N accessorius[Xl]

Nucleusspinalisnervitrigemini

Nucleusnerviaccessorii

N accessorius [Xll,Radicesspinales

I I

ceneratsomatic-efierent nuctei(csE) ceneratviscerat-etferent nuclei(cvE) Specificvisceral-efferentnuclei (SVE)

nuclei(G/SVA) Generaland specificvisceral-afierent

W

nuclei(GSA) Generalsomatic-afferent nuclei(SSA) Speciticsomatic-afferent

Fig.533 Cranian I ervesN , n.craniates; t o p o g r a p h i oc v e r v i e wo f t h e n u c t e i n t h e m e d i a np t a n e . * CtinicaI term:principaL nerve sensory nucteus of thetrigeminaI

Brain

B to o dvesse[s C r a n i a Ib a s e


Forebrain Midbrain Hindbrain CerebraItracts

Cerebellum


Ventriculus tertius Tela choroideaventriculitertii


Fornix,Columna

Corpuscallosum

Forameninterventriculare Corpuscallosum, Rostrum

pinealis Glandula

Commissura anterior

V magnacerebri

Laminaterminalis

Tectummesencephali

Hypothalamus

Culmen

Corpusmamillare


Chiasmaopticum Recessus infundibuli

Declive

Fossainterpeduncularis Hypophysis

Lobuluscentralis


Lingulacerebelli

Pons Fasciculus longitudinalis medialis

Foliumvermis Velummedullare superius

A basilaris

quartus Ventriculus

Fastigium

Decussatio oedunculorum cerebellarium suDeriorum

Tubervermis

Sulcusbulbopontinus Plexuschoroideus quarti ventriculi

Fossarhomboidea A vertebralis

Pyramisvermis

quarti Aperturamedianaventriculi Canaliscentralis Tonsillacerebelli

F i g , 5 3 4 B r a i n s t e mT, r u n c u sc e r e b r i w , ith t h e c e r e b e t l u mC, e r e b e t l u ma, n d t h e f o u r t h v e n t r i c t eV, e n t r i c u t uqs u a r t u s ; m e d i a ns e c t i o n .

Lingulacerebelli I Lobuluscentralis Lobuscerebelli I anterior Culmen )

Tectummesencephali, Laminatectalis Fissuraprima Aqueductus mesencephali Declive

quartus Ventriculus

Folium vermis Lobus cerebelli poslenor

Tubervermis Pyramisvermis Uvulavermis Medullaspinalis

Fissurasecunda Nodulus

LOOUS

flocculonodularis

F i g .5 3 5 P a r t so f t h e c e r e b e t t avr e r m i s ,V e r m i sc e r e b e t l i ; m e d i a ns e c t i o n ; overvtew

li

Ventrictes T o p o g ra p h y S e c t i o n s S p i n a Ic o r d

.:r.:ii-

Pathways Cerebellum

Lobuluscentralis

L i n g u l ac e r e b e l l i

Lobulusquadrangularis anterior, Parsanterior Fissuraprima

Lobulussimplex, Lobulusquadrangularis posterior

Lobulussemilunaris supenor

inferior Lobulussemilunaris Foliumvermis

F i g .5 3 6 C e r e b e l t u mC, e r e b e t t u m ; posterior-superio v ire w .


Vermis cerebelli Linoula cerebelli) '

Ala lobuli centralis

I Lobus Lobuluscentralis I cerebelli I antenor Culmen )

Lobulusquadrangularis anterior Fissuraprima Lobulussimplex, Lobulusquadrangularis Posterior

Declive

Lobulussemilunaris supeflor

Foliumvermis

Fissurahorizontalis

Tubervermis

Lobus cerebelli posterior

Lobulussemilunaris inferior Pyramisvermis Lobulus gracilis

Uvulavermis

Lobulusbiventer Fissurasecunda

(Fissuranodulolloccularis)

Tonsillacerebelli

Flocculus

Nodulus

F i g .5 3 7 C e r e b e t l u mC, e r e b e t t u m ; d i a g r a mo f t h e c e r e b e t [ acr o r t e xo u t s t r e t c h e d ; overvtew.

Lobus flocculonodularis

B to o dv essets C r a n i a bI a s e


Partsof the brain

Overview Forebrain M i d b r a i n H i n d b r a i n C e r e b r atIr a c t s

Cerebellum

Velummedullare superius quarti Tegmenventriculi

Lobuluscentralis Ala lobuli centralis Lingulacerebelli


Pedunculus cerebellaris suoerior


Pedunculus medius cerebellaris Flocculus

Fissurahorizontalis Recessus lateralis quarti ventriculi Fissuraoosterolateralis Hemispheriumcerebelli

Pedunculus flocculi Valleculacerebelli

Uvulavermis

Nodulus

Fig.538 CerebeILum C,e r e b e t L u m ; a f t e r s e c t i o no f t h e c e r e b e t L aore d u n c L e s : a n t e r i o rv i e w .

Lobulussemilunaris superior

Tubervermis Pyramisvermis

Fissura horizontalis

Uvulavermis Nodulus

Lobulusbiventer

Hemisoheriumcerebelli

Tonsillacerebelli

Flocculus

F i g .5 3 9 C e r e b e I L u m C,e r e b e l L u m ; p o s t e r i o r -ni f e r i o rv i e w .

Ventricles T o p o g ra p h y S e cti o n s S p l n a lc o r d

Pathways Cerebellarnuclei

Lamina tecti

suoeriot Pedunculus cerebellaris Lingula cerebelli

quartl ventriculi Plexuschoroideus quartus Ventriculus

Nucleusdentatus Corpus medullare cerebelli

Hilum nuclei dentati

Cortex cerebelli


F i g .5 4 0 C e r e b e t l u m Ce , rebeLtum; nhlinrro coetinn'

p o s t e r i o vr i e w .

Decussatio oedunculorum cerebellarium suoeriorum

quartus Ventriculus Velummedullare suoerius

Fasciculuslongitudinalismedialis

Lingula cerebelli

Pedunculus cerebellaris superior Cortex cerebelli

Stratummoleculare Stratumgranulosum

(Laminae albae)

Hilumnucleidentati Fissuraecerebelli

Corousmedullare cerebelli

F i g .5 4 1 C e r e b e L l u mC,e r e b e t l u m ; o b l i q u es e c t i o nt h r o u g ht h e u p p e rc e r e b e t l apr e d u n c t e s ; oosteriorview.

> Brain

Btoodvesse[s Cr aniaIbase Cr aniaIner ves M e n i n g e s Partsof the brain Forebrain M i d b r a i n H i n d b r a i n Cerebrat tracts

Association and commi ssuraI tracts

Fibraearcuataecerebri Cingulum Fasciculus longitudinalis supenor

Fasciculus uncinatus Fasciculus longitudinalis inferior

Fig. 5lr2 Associationtracts, Neurofi brae association is; p r o j e c t i o no n t ot h e c e r e b r a h Lemisphere; overytew; viewedfrom the Left.

Radiatio corporis callosi

F i g .5 4 3 C o m m i s s u r atIr a c t s ,N e u r o f i b r a ce o m m i s s u r a l e s ; topographicoverviewafter extensiveremovaIof the corpus c a t l o s u mi n t h e p a r a m e d i a np l a n e ; s i n g t ef i b r e so f t h e c o r p u sc a [ t o s u ma r e s h o w n ; viewedfrom the teft.

Ventrictes Topography S e cti o n s S p inaIcor d

Pathways

Corouscallosum.Truncus Gyruscinguli Sulcuscorooriscallosi Corpuscallosum, Genu

Gyrusprecentralis

Sulcusparietooccipitalis

Corpuscallosum, Splenium Caosulainterna.Crusanterius Corpusgeniculatum laterale

Capsulainterna,Genu

Sulcuscalcarinus

Pedunculuscerebellarismedius

Tractuspyramidalis,Fibraecorticospinales Pyramis

Fig.544 Projection tracts,Neurofibraeprojectionis ; t h ei n t e r n acl a p s u [aen dt h ep y r a m i d at rta c th a v eb e e ne x p o s e d ; viewedfromthe Left. Sulcuscentralis

thalaml Radiationes centrales

Tractusf rontooontinus

Fibraeparietopontinae; Fibraeoccipitopontinae

Radiatio optica

Cerebellum

Medullaoblongata Oecussatiopyramidum

lateralis Tractuscorticosoinalis Tractuscorticosoinalis anterior

Fig.545 InternaI tract, capsute, Capsula interna, andpyramidaI Tractuspyramidatis; functionaI overview; viewedfromthe Left.

* F i b r e st o t h e t e c t a Ip l a t ea n d t h e n u c l e io f t h e h i n d b r a i n + * P e r i k a r y ao f t h e p y r a m i d a It r a c t * * * P e r i k a r y ao f a r e a s6 a n d 8 ( p r e m o t o rc o r t e x )

> Brain

Btoodvessets Cr aniaIbase Cr aniaIner ves M e n i n g e s Partsof the brain Overview Forebrain M i d b r a i n H i n d b r a i n Cerebral tracts

lnternalcapsule


Radiationes thalami anteriores

Tractustrontooontinus Capsulainterna, Crusanterius

Mm. bulbi

Mm.laryngis Mm.pharyngis Mm palatiet faucium Mm.masticatorii

Capsulainterna, Genu

Mm linguae Mm faciei

Insula[Lobusinsularis]

Mm. colli

Mm.digitorum manus

Claustrum

Mm manus Putamen

Mm.antebrachii

Globuspalliduslateralis

Mm.brachii

--'.\

Globuspallidusmedialis

\'

Capsulaexterna

'i

lvlmthoracis

Capsulae)drema Capsulainterna, Crusposterius

\

Mm vesicaeurinariae;Mm. recti

Crusposterius; Fibraecorticospinales; Fibraecorticorubrales; Fibraecorticoreticulares; Fibraecorticothalamicae; Fibraethalamoparietales: Radiationes thalamicentrales

F i g . 5 4 6 I n t e r n acIa p s u t eC,a p s u tian t e r n a ; functiona o Ir g a n i s a t i o n .

Ventrictes T o p o g r a p h y

S e cti o n s S p i n a cI o r d

Pathways


Fornix,Columna Septumpellucidum


mamillothalamicus Fasciculus

Corouscallosum. Truncus

Nucleussubthalamicus

Radictiocorooriscallosi

Lobusparietalis

Ventriculuslateralis, Parscentralis

Capsulainterna


Nucleuslentiformis

Ventriculus tertius

Laminamedullaris lateralis

Globuspallidus lateralis

Capsulaexterna Claustrum

Gyriinsulae

Capsulaextrema

Sulcuslateralis

Laminamedullaris medialis

Putamen Globuspallidus medialis

Nucleuscaudatus, Cauda


Tractusopticus

Pes hippocampi

Lobustemporalis

Corporamamillaria

Substantia nigra, Parscompacta


Pedunculus cerebri, Cruscerebri

N facialis Nill

medialis Fasciculus lonoitudinalis

vestibulocochlearis [Vllll

Flocculus

N glossopharyngeus ilXl

ventriculi Plexuschoroideus ouarl

N vagus[X]

Hemisoheriumcerebelli

Nucleusolivarisinferior

FossainterDeduncularis

Hilumnucleiolivarisinferioris Decussatio ovramidum

l-lll= l= ll= ilt =

Amiculum olivare Medulla spinalis

Thalamic nuclei, Nuclei thalami: Median nuclei, Nuclei mediani Anterior nuclei, Nuclei anteriores Ventral nuclei, Nuclei ventrales

Fig.517 PyramidaL tract, Tractuspyramidatis,and , u c t e ib a s a l e s ; b a s a Ig a n g t i aN o b l . i q u e lsyt a g g e r e ds e c t i o nt h r o u g ht h e p o s t e r i o rL i m bo f t h e i n t e r n a Ic a p s u [ et,h e c e r e b r a p I e d u n c t e sa,n d t h e m e d u [ [ a obtongata.

> Brain

B [o o dvesse[s Cr aniaIbase Cr aniaIner ves M e n i n g e s Par tsof the br ai n

Ventri cles,p rojection

Sulcuscentralis Lobusparietalis Forameninterventriculare Parscentralis Cornufrontale

Ventriculus tertius Cornuoccipitale Lobus occipitalis

Aqueductus mesencephali Cerebellum Lobustemporalis Aperturamediana

Cornutemporale

Canaliscentralis Medulla oblongata

F i g .5 4 8 V e n t r i c t e o s f t h e b r a i n ,V e n t r i c u Iei n c e p h a t i .

Lobusfrontalis

Forameninterventriculare Parscentralis Ventriculus tertius

Sulcuslateralis

Aqueductus mesencephali Lobustemporalis Cornutemporale quartus Ventriculus

Aperturalateralis

Canaliscentralis

Medulla oblongata

F i g .5 4 9 V e n t r i c [ e o s f t h e b r a i n ,V e n t r i c u lei n c e p h a I i ; a n t e r i o rv i e w .

Ventrictes T o p o gra p h y S e cti o n s S p i n acI o r d

Pathways



Ventriculus tertius Parscentralis Ventriculus lateralis. Recessus suoraoinealis pinealis Becessus

Commissura anterior

Aoueductus mesenceohali Ventriculus lateralis, Cornufrontale

Ventriculus lateralis, Cornuoccipitale

Recessus supraopticus Chiasmaopticum Recessus infundibuli


Colliculus facialis

quartus Ventriculus

Striaemedullares quarti ventriculi

Fastigium quarti Recessus lateralis ventriculi

Sulcusmedianus Aoerturalateralis ventriculi ouarti

quarti Apertura medianaventriculi Canaliscentralis

F i g , 5 5 0 I n n e r[ i q u o rs p a c e sV, e n t r i c u tei n c e p h a t i ; c o r r o s i o nc a s ts p e c i m e n ; o b t i q u ev i e wf r o m t h e t e f t .

Granulationesarachnoideae

Parscentralis Cornufrontale

superior Sinussagittalis Plexuschoroideus ventriculi lateralis

Cisternaoericallosa Spatiumsubarachnoideum


* Forameninteruentriculare

occipitale

Ventriculus tertius Cornutemporale Cisterna chiasmatica V magnacerebri


Sinusrectus

** Aqueductus mesencephali

quartus Ventriculus Conlluens sinuum Cisternaoontocerebellaris

Plexuschoroideus quarti ventriculi quarti Aoerturamedianaventriculi posterior cerebellomedullaris Cisterna Aperturalater€lis

Fig.551 Ventricleo s f t h e b r a i n ,V e n t r i c u tei n c e p h a [ i , a n d s u b a r a c h n o isdp a c e ,S p a t i u ms u b a r a c h n o i d e u m ; s c h e m ao f t h e c i r c u L a t i o[na r r o w s o ] f the cerebrospinat f L u i dL, i q u o rc e r e b r o s p i n a t if sr o, m t h e i n n e rt o t h e o u t e r [ r o u o rs o a c e s . * CLinicaI term:foramenof N40NR0 ** CtinicaI term:cerebraL aoueduct of SYLVIUS

> Brain

B L o o dv e s s e [ s

C r a n i abI a s e Cr aniaIner ves M e n i n g e s Par tsof the br ai n

Brain,topography

A cerebrianterior, A pericallosa

Gyrusfrontalis medius

Strialongitudinalis I mediatis I tndusium Strialonoitudinalis I gnseum lateralis )

(Cenkum semiovale)

Polusoccipitalis

553 F i g .5 5 2 C o r p u sc a l t o s u mC , o r p u sc a l t o s u m ; after removaIof the upper parts of the c e r e b r a Ih e m i s p h e r e s ; s u p e n o rv r e w .

Ventricles

Topography S e cti o n s S p i naIcor d

Pathways

Gyruscinguli

Genu Corpuscallosum, callosum. Rostrum CorDus

Ventriculus lateralis, Cornulrontale Nucleuscaudatus. Caout Forameninterventriculare V. thalamostriata suoerior Striaterminalis


Lamina affixa

Ependymum Truncus Corpuscallosum,

Ventriculus lateralis, Parscentralis

Plexuschoroideus ventriculi lateralis

Fornix,Crus

Fimbriahippocampi Glomuschoroideum

Hippocampus Trigonum collaterale

Gyrusfasciolaris Ventriculus lateralis, Cornuoccipitale

Sulcuscalcarinus

554 F i g .5 5 3 L a t e r a Iv e n t r i c [ e sV, e n t r i c u Ll ai t e r a t e s ; a f t e rr e m o v ao I f t h e u p p e rp a r t so f t h e c e r e b r a I hemispheres; s u p e n 0 rv r e w .

> Brain

B to o dvessets Cr aniaIbase C r a n i a In e r v e s M e n i n g e s P a r t so f t h e b r a i n Brainvessets

Truncus Corouscallosum.

Ventriculus lateralis. Parscentralis

V thalamostriata supenor

Nucleuscaudatus. Corous

Capsulainterna

Fornix,Crus

InsulaILobusinsularis] Calcar avis

Ventriculus lateralis. CornutemDorale Fimbria hippocampi Eminentiacollateralis

Trigonum collaterale

556 F i g ,5 5 4 L a t e r a Iv e n t r i c L e V s ,e n t r i c u tlia t e r a t e s ; I f t h e u p p e rp a r t so f t h e c e r e b r a I a f t e rr e m o v ao hemispheres; o o s t e r i o vr i e wf r o m t h e t e f t .

553

Pes hippocampi

Hippocampus

Alveus hippocampi

Trigonumcollaterale

Sulcushippocampalis

Gyrusdentatus Gyrusparahippocampalis

Sulcus collateralis

F i g .5 5 5 L e f tt e m p o r a Lh o r n ,C o r n ut e m p o r a [ e , o f t h e l a t e r a Iv e n t r i c L eV,e n t r i c u t u [sa t e r a t i s ; f r o n t a Is e c t i o na f t e r r e m o v a I o ft h e t e m p o r a L w a t [ : posterior-superio v ire w .

Ventricles Topography S e cti o n s S p i n a Ic o r d

Pathways

Genu Corpuscallosum, Gyruscinguli

Ventriculus lateralis, Cornufrontale

Rostrum Corpuscallosum,

Cavumseptipellucidi Septumpellucidum


Fornix,Columna Forameninterventriculare

V thalamostriata superior

Capsulainterna Striaterminalis

Ventriculus lateralis, Parscentralis Fornix,Corpus

Nucleuscaudatus, Corpus

InsulaILobusinsularis] Laminaaffixa Fornix,Crus Plexuschoroideus ventriculi lateralis

Fimbriahippocampi

ventriculi tertii Telachoroidea

Hippocampus Trigonum collaterale

Glomuschoroideum Splenium Corpuscallosum,

Calcaravis

Ventriculus lateralis, Cornuoccipitale

Vermiscerebelli

558 F i g .5 5 6 L a t e r a Iv e n t r i c t e sV, e n t r i c u L[ ai t e r a t e s ; I f t h e u p p e rp a r t so f t h e c e r e b r a I a f t e rr e m o v ao h e m i s p h e r e as n d t h e c e n t r a lp a r t o f t h e c o r p u sc a t l o s u m ; s u p e n o rv t e w

55/.

Plexus choroideusventriculilateralis

Ependymum Ventriculus lateralis, Cornutemporale

Fimbria hippocampi

Sulcushippocampalis

Alveushippocampi Peshippocampi grisea Substantia Substantia alba

Gyrusparahippocampalis Sulcuscollateralis

* Gyrusoccipitotemporalls medialis

F i g ,5 5 7 T e m p o r a hI o r n ,C o r n ut e m p o r a t e , o f t h e [ a t e r a vI e n t r i c L eV,e n t r i c u t u [sa t e r a [ i s ; s c h e m a t i cf r o n t a Ls e c t i o n .

Brain

B l o o dvessets C r a n i abI a s e Cr aniaIner ves M e n i n g e s Par tsof the br ai n Brainvessets

Corouscallosum. Genu Fissura longitudinalis cerebri

Rostrum Corpuscallosum,

Ventriculus lateralis, Cornufrontale Cavumsepti pellucidi


Septumpellucidum Fornix,Columna

V thalamostriata superior

Foramen interventriculare Striaterminalis Insula ILobusinsularis] Laminaatfixa Ventriculus lateralis, Parscentralis Taeniafornicis Capsulainterna Nucleuscaudatus, Corpus Nucleuscaudatus, Cauda


Fornix,Crus ventriculi Telachoroidea tertii Hippocampus V internacerebri

Trigonum collaterale

pinealis Glandula

Calcaravis Ventriculus lateralis, Cornuoccipitale

V magnacerebri

Vermiscerebelli

560 F i g ,5 5 8 L a t e r a vI e n t r i c l e sV, e n t r i c u tLi a t e r a l e s ; a f t e rr e m o v ao I f t h e c e n t r a Lo a r t o f t h e c o r o u s c a l t o s u ma n d t h e c o l u m n so f t h e f o r n i x : s u 0 e n 0 rv r e w .

556

Fissuralonoitudinalis cerebri Ependymum Plexuschoroideus ventriculi lateralis Nucleuscaudatus. CorDUs

Lamina affixa

Thalamus

griseum Indusium Corpuscallosum Ventriculus lateralis, Parscentralis V thalamostriata superlor Fornix,Corpus

Plexuschoroideus ventriculi tertii Ventriculus tedius

Tela choroideaventriculitertii

F i g .5 5 9 C e n t r a Lp a r t s ,P a r t e sc e n t r a t e so, f t h e [ a t e r a vI e n t r i c [ e s a n d t h i r d v e n t r i c L eV,e n t r i c u L ut se r t i u s ; s c h e m a t i cf r o n t a Is e c t i o n

Ventrictes Topography S e c t i o n s

S p i n a lc o r d

Pathways

Genu Corpuscallosum,

Venkiculus lateralis, Cornufrontale Cavumseptipellucidi

Septumpellucidum Nucleuscaudatus, Caput

(Recessus triangularis) Fornix,Columna

Commissura anterior Recessus supraopticus


Recessus infundibuli

Adhesiointerthalamica*

thalamostriata superior

Thalamus Taeniathalami


Striaterminalis


Taeniachoroidea Aqueductus mesencephali Nucleuscaudatus, Cauda

posterior Commissura pinealis Recessus


habenularum Commissura G l a n d u lpai n e a l i s

Telachoroidea ventriculi tertii V magna cerebri

Recessus suprapinealis

V internacerebri

F i g .5 6 0 L a t e r a vI e n t r i c L e V s ,e n t r i c u I[ia t e r a t e sa, n d t h i r dv e n t r i c [ eV, e n t r i c u L ut se r t i u s ; p a r t so f t h e c e r e b r a h , e c e n t r a Ip a r t o f t h e L e m i s p h e r e st h c o r p u sc a t t o s u ma s w e t l a s t h e f o r n i xa n d t h e c h o r o i dp t e x u s h a v eb e e nr e m o v e dt,h e t e t a c h o r o i d e ao f t h e t h i r d v e n t r i c l e h a s b e e nr e f t e c t e d ; s u p e n o rv t e w . * T h ei n t e r t h a [ a maidch e s i ohna sb e e ns e c t i o n ei ndt h em e d i a p nlane

Fornix,Columna Forameninterventriculare Taeniathalami (Fissura telodiencephalica)

Fornix,Crus

F i g .5 6 1 T a e n i a eT, a e n i a eo, f t h e c h o r o i dp l e x u s , P t e x u sc h o r o i d e u o s f thecerebrum: s u p e n o rv r e w .

> Brain

B to o dvessets C r a n i a bI a s e Cr aniaIner ves M e n i n g e s Par tsof the br ai n

Arteriesof the baseof thebrain

A. communicans anterior

Bulbusolfactorius

Chiasmaopticum

A frontobasalismedialis

A frontobasalislateralis

Tractusolfactorius N opticuslll

A cerebrianterior, Parsprecommunicalis A'l] [Segmentum

A carotisinterna A communicans oosterior

Areasubcallosa N oculomotorius llll A, cerebrioosterior. Parspostcommunicalis P2] [Segmentum

A cerebrimedia, Parssphenoidalis M1] [Segmentum

A, superiorcerebelli

Insula[Lobus insularisl

N trigeminus [V] A labyrinthi

A. cerebrimedia, Parsinsularis M2] [Segmentum

N facialis[Vll]

Lobus temporalis

N. vestibulocochlearis

lvilrl

A choroidea anterior

Plexus choroideus quarti ventriculi

Substantia perforata posterior A cerebriposterior, Parsprecommunicalis P1l lsegmentum

N glossopharyngeus

ttxl

A. superior cerebelli

A. inlerior anteriorcerebelli

A basilaris N

abducens [Vll

N

hypoglossus [Xll]


N vagus[X] N accessorius [Xl] A inferiorposterior cerebelli Medulla spinalis

F i g . 5 6 2 A r t e r i e so f t h e b r a i n .

Ventric[es Topography S e cti o n s S p i n a Ic o r d

A cerebrianterior f

Pathways

earsOostcommunicalis

I P"r"pr""orrrnicalis:-

anterior A. communicans Aa. centralesanteromediales

A carotisinterna,Parscerebralis A. cerebrimedia

I Parssphenoidalis I \ Parsinsularis-

Aa centralesanterolaterales A choroidea anteriol

posterior A. communicans I Parspostcommunicalis A cerebriposterior l Parsprecommunicalis I

R chiasmaticus

R nervioculomotorii A thalamotuberalis R hypothalamicus Aa.tuberiscinerei A. superiorcerebelli Aa centralesoosteromediales Aa mesencephalicae Aa. pontis A labyrinthi A. inferioranteriorcerebelli

cerebelli A. inferiorDosterior

F i g .5 6 3 A r t e r i a Ic i r c t eo f t h e b r a i n , Circutusarteriosuscerebri [wtt-t-ts].

F i g .5 6 4 a - g A r t e r i a Ic i r c t eo f t h e b r a i n , C i r c u [ u sa r t e r i o s u sc e r e b r i . a - c V a r i a t i o no s f t h e a n t e r i o rp o r t i o n d-f Variationo s f t h e p o s t e r i o rp o r t i o n g V e r yf a r i n f e r i o ru n i o no f t h e v e r t e b r a aI r t e r i e s

B L o o dv e s s e l s

Cr aniaIner ves M e n i n g e s

C r a n i ab I ase


Arteriesof the brain


Corpuscallosum, Truncus

Fornix,Corpus Plexuschoroideus ventriculi tertii


Tela choroideaventriculitenii

Septumpellucidum

Sulcuscentralis Ventriculus lateralis, Cornuf rontale

G l a n d u l ap i n e a l i s

Corpuscallosum, Splenium V magnacerebri A cerebriposterior

A cerebrianterior, Parspostcommunicalis, A pericallosa Corpuscallosum, Genu

Corpuscallosum, Rostrum Commissura anterior Lamina terminalis

A communicans anterior

Sulcus calcaflnus

Hypothalamus Chiasmaopticum A carotisinterna Infundibulum Sulcushypothalamicus Hypophysis Corpusmamillare sinistrum Ventriculus tertius

Commissura posterior Aqueductus mesencephali Tectum mesencephali Vermis cerebelli

A basilaris

Thalamus

quartus Ventriculus

Pons A vertebralis

\;)

Hemispheriumcerebelli, Tonsillacerebelli Canalis centralis

oblongata

F i g . 5 6 5 M e d i a Is u r f a c eo f t h e b r a i n ,F a c i e sm e d i a t r s h e m i s p h e r ici e r e b r i ;d i e n c e p h a | . oDni,e n c e p h a t o a nn ,d b r a i n s t e mT, r u n c u se n c e p h a I i ; s t a g g e r e dm e d i a ns e c t i o n ; viewedfrom the [eft.

A cerebriposterior

F i g .5 6 5 A r t e r i a L s u p p toyf t h e b r a i n ; viewedfrom the [eft.

F i g .5 5 7 A r t e r i a ls u p p t yo f t h e b r a i n ; m e d i a Iv i e w .

Ve nt ric [ e s Topography S e cti o n s S p i n a Ic o r d

Pathways Arteriesand veinsof the brain

A. trontobasalis medialis

A cerebrianterior lateralis, Ventriculus Cornufrontale

V. anteriorsepti pellucidi

A cerebri media Lamina affixa

V thalamostriata supenor


V interna cereorl

R choroideus posterior

V magnacerebri Glomuschoroideum

inferior Sinussagittalis A. cerebriposterior

Tentorium cerebelli superior Sinussagittalis

F i g . 5 6 8 A r t e r i e sa n d v e i n so f t h e b r a i n , A r t e r i a ee t V e n a ec e r e b r i .

B[oodvessets Cr aniaIbase Cr aniaIner ves M e n i n q e s Partsof the brain Ventricteprojection

Veinsof the brain


V anterior septipellucidi V thalamostriata suoerior

Thalamus V choroideasuperior

V basalis Vv.internaecerebri

V magnacerebri

V lateralisventriculi lateralis

F i g .5 6 9 D e e pv e i n so f t h e b r a i n ,V v .p r o f u n d a ec e r e b r i . T h e i n t e r n a lc e r e b r avI e i n sr u n w i t h i nt h e t e t a c h o r o i d e ao f t h e t h i r dv e n t r i c t e .

Vv.internae cerebri Pulvinarthalami

V magnacerebri

V choroidea inferior

V basalis

N. trigeminus [Vl

F i g . 5 7 0 D e e pv e i n so f t h e b r a i n ,V v .p r o f u n d a ec e r e b r i ; p o s t e r i o vr i e wf r o m t h e r i g h t .

l"es Ventnie

Topography Sections

S p l r n , *r {: n r d

$}nthwut5rs; Brain,sections

Cellulaeethmoidales

Bulbusoculi

N o p t i c u lsl l Chiasmaopticum

lnfundibulum



Pedunculus cerebri

Hippocampus

mesencephali Tegmentum Vermis cerebelli

mesencephali Aqueductus

Sulcus calcarinus

Tectummesencephali

Fig.571 Brain,Encepha[on; m a g n e t i cr e s o n a n cteo m o g r a p h ii cm a g eI M R l l ; h o r i z o n t asLe c t i o na t t h e l e v e Io f t h e m i d b r a i na n d t h e t e m p o r a Lh o r n so f t h e L a t e r a t v e n t r i c l e s ; S U p e r o rv r e w .

572 573 571

Ventriculus lateralis, Cornufrontale Nucleuscaudatus, Caput pellucidum Septum Fornix.Columna InsulaILobusinsularis] Ventriculus tertius Thalamus Fornix,Crus Ventriculuslaterahs, Cornu occipjtale F i s s u r al o n g i t u d i n a l i s cereDrl

F i g . 5 7 2 B r a i n ,E n c e p h a t o n ; m a g n e t i cr e s o n a n cteo m o g r a p h ii cm a g eI M R l ) ; h o r i z o n t asI e c t i o na t t h e L e v eoI f t h e c e n t r a Ip a r t s o f t h e L a t e r avI e n t r i c [ e s ; s u p e n o rv r e w

Fig.573 Brain,Encephaton; m a g n e t i cr e s o n a n cteo m o g r a p h ii cm a g eI M R I J ; h o r i z o n t asI e c t i o na t t h e L e v eoLf t h e t h i r d v e n t r i c t e a n d t h e o p e n i n go f t h e t e m p o r a hI o r n so f t h e L a t e r avI e n t r i c t e s ; s u p e f l o rv r e w .

Brain

B l o o dv e s s e l s

G y r u sc i n g u l i

C r a n i ab I ase

Cr aniaIner ves M e n i n g e s


pellucidum' Septum Ventriculus tertius;Thalamus" Corpuscallosum, Splenium

Commissura anterior C o r p u cs a l l o s u mG,e n u


Corpusmamillare Tectummesencephali Chiasmaopticum Sulcuscalcarinus

Hypophysis S i n u ss p h e n o i d a l i s

Vermiscerebelli A basilaris quartus Ventriculus

pons Parsnasalispharyngis

Cisterna cerebellomedullaris Lrngua

M e d u l l as p i n a l i s

Parsoralispharyngis

Pars laryngea pnaryngrs

Densaxis

F i g . 5 7 1 B r a i n ,E n c e p h a L o n ; m a g n e t i cr e s o n a n cteo m o g r a p h ii cm a g el M R l ) ; m e d i a ns e c t i o nT h e s t r u c t u r e sm a r k e dw i t h + a o o e a r p a r t L yf a t s i ife d a s a c o n s e q u e n coef t h e " p a r t i a t - v o I u m e effect".

575

Sulcuscentralis


Ventriculus lateralis. CornutemDorale Bulbuo s culi

S i n u sm a x i l l a r i s

Cerebellum

F i g . 5 7 5 B r a i n ,E n c e p h a t o n ; m a g n e t i cr e s o n a n cteo m o g r a p h ii cm a g e{ M R l l ; s a g i t t a sI e c t i o n .

Ventric[es T o p o gra p h y Sections

S p inaIcor d

Pathways

Spatiumsubarachnoideum

Gyrusfrontalismedius

Truncus Corpuscallosum, Gyrusfrontalis inferior Ventriculus lateralis, Cornufrontale Gyriinsulae

Caputnucleicaudati

Septumpellucidum Fossalateraliscerebri Nucleuslentiformis Gyrustemporalis superior Capsulainterna

A cerebrimedia

Gyrustemporalis inferior

F i g . 5 7 6 B r a i n ,E n c e p h a L o n ; m a g n e t i cr e s o n a n c teo m o g r a p h i ci m a g e{ M R l ) ; f r o n t a Is e c t i o n

Truncus Corpuscallosum, Gyrusfrontalis medjus Ventriculus lateralis, Parscentralis

Corpusnucleicaudati

Gyrusfrontalisinferior

Fornix

Thalamus Fossa lateralis cerebri

Ventriculus tertius

Gyrustemporalis superior

lateralis, Ventriculus Cornutemporale

Hippocampus

Gyrustemporalis inferior

Pedunculus cerebri FossainterDeduncularis

F i g . 5 7 7 B r a i n ,E n c e p h a l o n ; t o m o g r a p h i ci m a g eI M R l l ; m a g n e t i cr e s o n a n c e f r o n t a Ls e c t i o n .

Brain

B[oodvessel.s C r a n i a b I ase

O n e l n i anIe r v e s M e n i n q e s

P a r t so f t h e b n a i n

l\ilargosuperior

Gyrusfrontalis superior Fissuralongitudinalis cerebri

A callosomarginalis A cerebri anterior.A oericallosa

S u l c u sc i n g u l i

Corpuscallosum, Truncus

G y r u sc i n g u l i

S e p t u mp e l l u c i d u m

Gyrusfrontalismedius


Sulcuscorporiscallosi

Badiatiocorporis callosi


Corpuscallosum, Rostrum

Gyrusf rontalisinferior

Capsulainterna V anterior septipellucidi

Capsulaexterna


Capsulaextrema V media superficialis cerebri

Putamen

A cerebrimedia

Fossalateralis cerebri

Cisternapericallosa

Gyriinsulae

Areasubcallosa Polus temporalis

A cerebrianterior, Parspostcommunicalis

Gyri orbitales

Gyrustemporalis interior Tractusolfactorius

Margoinferolateralis Gyrusrectus

l\4argoinferomedialis

Fig.578 Brain,EncephaLon; f r o n t a Ls e c t i o na t t h e L e v eoLf t h e a n t e r i o rp a r t s o f t h e f r o n t a Lh o r n so f t h e L a t e r avLe n t r i c [ e s

Gyruslrontalissuperior

l\4argosuperior A pericallosa

Fissuralongitudinalis cerebri S u l c u sc i n g u l i Gyruscinguli

Cisterna pericallosa


Gyrusfrontalismedius Radiatiocorporis callosi

Sulcuscorporis callosi

Septumpellucidum

Nucleuscaudatus. Caout Ventriculus lateralis, Cornufrontale Gyrusfrontalis inferior

Capsulainterna, Crusanterius

Putamen

Capsulaexterna Sulcus circularisinsulae

Sulcuslateralis

Corpuscallosum, Rostrum Capsulaextrema V mediasuperficialis cerebri

cereDrl

Claustrum Gyriinsulae Gyrus temporalis supenor Cisterna fossae lateralis cerebri Gyrusparaterminalis Gyrustemporalis inferior Cisterna pericallosa; Cisterna laminab terminalis

A cerebri media, Pars insularis

A communicans anterior lvlargointerolateralis A cerebrianterior, Parsprecommunicalis

Gyrusrectus Tractusollactorius

l\4argoinferomedialis

F i g . 5 7 9 B r a i n ,E n c e p h a L o n ; f r o n t a Is e c t i o na t t h e L e v eoI f t h e p o s t e r i o rp a r t s o f t h e f r o n t a Ih o r n so f t h e [ a t e r a L ventricLes.

V e n t n i a [ E s T o p *g ra p h y S e cti o n s $ p l n a Ie m r d

Fathlu'mys Brain,frontal

Gyrusfrontalis superior Gyruscinguli Gyrusfrontalismedius Fornix,Corpus

Fissura longitudinaliscerebri A pericallosa


Nucleuscaudatus, Capul


Putamen

S e p t u mp e l l u c i d u m

Globuspalliduslateralis

Capsulainterna,Genu

Gyrus frontalisinlerior

(Recessus triangularis)

Claustrum

Capsulaexterna

Cisterna fossaelateralis cerebri

Capsulaextrema

Gyrustemporalis superiol

Laminaemedullares medialis et lateralis

Gyriinsulae s edialis G l o b u sp a l h d um

Fornix,Columna, (Parslibera) F o r n i xC, o l u m n a , (Parstecta) anterior Commissura

Cisterna fossaelateralis cerebri Gyrustemporalis medius Nucleuscaudatus. Cauda Corpusamygdaloideum

Chlasma opticum

Gyrustemporalis inferior Gyri occipitotemporales

Hypophysis Gyrusparahippocampalis

Hypothalamus posterior A communicans

Becessus infundibuli

Tractusopticus Ventriculus lateralis, Cornutemporale Laminaterminalis Becessus supraopticus

Fig.580 Brain,EncephaLon; f r o n t a L s e c t i oant t h e L e v eoI f t h e i n t e r v e n t r i c u Lfaorr a m t n a


A pericallosa

Fissura longitudinaliscerebri


Gyruscinguli

Septumpellucidum

Gyrusfrontalis medius Fornix,Corpus

Parscentralis Ventriculus lateralis. Plexus choroideus ventriculilateralis


Tela choroidea ventriculitertii

Striaterminalis


Putamen

Stria medullaristhalami

Gyrus f rontalisinferior

Capsulaextrema

Gyri nsulae

Ventriculus tertius Clauslrum Capsulaexterna

Gyrustemporalis superior

Laminaemedullares medialis et lateralis Capsulainterna

Globuspalliduslateralis s edialis G l o b u sp a l l i d um Gyrustemporalis medius

Tractusopticus


Corpusmamillare

Corpusamygdaloideum

A cerebriposterior, Parsprecommunicalis

Gyrustemporalis


inferior Hippocampus

N oculomotorius llll

Gyrus occipitotemporalis

Pons lnatamus

Gyrusoccipitotemporalis medialis Gyrusparahippocampalis


(Cisterna pontis) pontocerebellaris, Cisterna Hypothalamus A basilaris

Fig.581 Brain,Encephaton; f r o n t a L s e c t i oant t h e L e v e L ot hf e m a m i t L a r by o d i e s

Btoodvesse[s Cr aniatbase Cr aniaIner ves M e n i n g e s Par tsof the br ai n

Gvrusfrontalis suoerior Fissuralongitudinalis cerebri

griseum,Striaelongitudinales Indusium medialis et lateralis Corouscallosum. Truncus

Gvrusfrontalis medius

Ventriculuslateralis,Parscentralis

Gyruscinguli

Plexuschoroideus ventriculilateralis

Cisternaoericallosa Nucleuscaudatus, Corpus V thalamostriata superior

Striaterminalis

Tela choroidea Lamina affixa

Thalamus

Fornix,Crus

Gvrusfrontalisinferior

V internacerebri Plexuschoroideus Striamedullaris thalami

Putamen Sulcuslateralis Insula[Lobusinsularis] Gyrustemporalis superior Claustrum Gyrustemporalis medius Corpusgeniculatum laterale Nucleuscaudatus, Cauda Corpusgeniculatum mediale Ventriculus lateralis, Cornutemporale Gyrustemporalisinterior Nucleusruber Gyrusoccipitotemporalis lateralis Gyrusoccipitotemporalis medialis Gyrusparahippocampalis Ventriculus tertius

Fig.582 Brain,Encepha[on; f r o n t a ts e c t i o na t t h e l e v e Io f t h e c e n t r a Io a r t o f t h e t h i r d v e n t r i c t e . R i g h ta n d l e f t t h a l a m u sa r e f r e q u e n t l yc o n n e c t e db y t h e i n t e r t h a [ a m iac d h e s i o na t t h i s [ e v e [ .

Gyrusprecentralis

Capsulaextrema Capsulaexterna Capsulainterna Sulcushypothalamicus Plexuschoroideus ventriculi lateralis Alveushippocampi Fimbriahippocampi Gyrusdentatus A. cerebriposterior Cisterna ambiens cerebellorubralis) Tractuspyramidalis Pons Medullaoblongata

griseum, Indusium Striaelonoitudinales medialis et lateralis

Gyruscinguli

Truncus Corouscallosum. lateralis,Parscentralis

Cisterna oericallosa


Gyruspostcentralis

Fornix,Crus Striaterminalis V thalamostriata superior Lamina atfixa

Gyruspostcentralis

Telachoroidea ventriculi tertii Plexuschoroideus ventriculitertii

Nucleuscaudatus, Corpus Cisternafossae lateraliscerebri

Capsulainterna

Thalamus

Capsulaenrema

Gyrustemporalissuperior


Putamen



Alveushippocampi Nucleuscaudatus, Cauda

Fimbriahippocampi Ventriculuslateralis, Cornutemporale Cisternaambiens

Gyrustemporalis inferior Gyrusoccipitotemporalis lateralis

A. cerebrioosterior

Gyrusoccipitotemporalis medialis Gyrusparahippocampalis Cerebellum

Ventriculustertius Pedunculus cerebellaris medius Aoueductus mesenceohali

F i g . 5 8 3 B r a i n ,E n c e p h a l o n ; frontaI sectionat the leveIof the oosteriorwa[[ of the third ventricte.

posterior Funiculus

Ventric[es Topography Sections

S p i naIcor d

Pathways

Gyruspostcentralis Fissuralongitudinalis cerebri A pericallosa

Lobulusoarietalisinferior Gyruscinguli

Ventriculus lateralis, Parscentralis Corpuscallosum, Splenium

Cisternaoericallosa


Gyrus

supramarginalis A. cerebrimedia Cisternafossae lateraliscerebri Nucleuscaudatus, Cauda Gyrustemporalis superor Pulvinar thalami

Fornix,Crus v thalamostriata supenor Capsulainterna Tela choroidea

Fimbriahippocampi

Gyrustemporalis medius Cisternaambiens Colliculus superior Gyrustemporalis inferior Gyrusparahippocampalis Gyrusoccipitotemporalis lateralis Gyrusoccipitotemporalis medialis Hemisoherium cerebelli Colliculus inferior Flocculus Vermiscerebelli

Fig.584 Brain,Encephalon; f r o n t a Is e c t i o na t t h e l e v e Io f t h e p i n e a tg t a n d a n d t h e f o u r t hv e n t r i c t e . Lobulusparietalis superior R precunealis

Alveushippocampi Plexuschoroideus ventriculilateralis Gyrusdentatus Ventriculuslateralis, Cornutemoorale internacerebri Glandula pinealis Pedunculus cerebellaris medius Pedunculus cerebellarissuperior Velummedullare suoerius quanus

Substantiagrisea Substantia alba

Sulcussuboarietalis Lobulusoarietalisinferior

Cisternaquadrigeminalis

Precuneus Sulcusparietooccipitalis

Corpuscallosum,Tapetum

Gyrusangularis

Ventriculuslateralis, Cornuoccipitale

Sulcustemporalis supeflor Calcaravis

A. occipitalismedialis

Gyrustemporalis medius Sulcuscalcarinus

V magnacerebri

Gyrustemporalisinferior Gyrusoccipitotemporalis lateralis Vermiscerebelli Gyrusoccipitotemporalis medialis Gyruslingualis Nucleusdentatus HemisDherium cerebelli Tonsilla cerebelli

Fig.585 Brain,Encephalon; f r o n t asI e c t i o n a t t h el e v eoI f t h eo c c i o i t ahIo r n s of the tateraIventricles.

Bl.ood vessets Cr aniaIbase Cranialnerves M e n i n g e s Par tsof the br ai n

Fissuralongitudinalis cerebri Gyrusfrontalissuperior

Arachnoidea matercranialis

Gyrusfrontalismedius A. cerebrianterior, R. frontalisDosteromedialis

Gyruscinguli Gyrusprecentralis Sulcuscentralis A cerebrianterior, A. pericallosa

Gyruspostcentralis

Gyrussupramarginalis

Sulcuslateralis, Ramusposterior

A cerebrianterior, R precunealis

A. occipitalis medialis, Rr. parietales

F i g . 5 8 6 B r a i n ,E n c e p h a l o n ; h o r i z o n t asI e c t i o nj u s t a b o v et h e c o r p u sc a l t o s u m . I n F i g . 5 7 8 - 5 9 8t,h e s u b a r a c h n o isdp a c ea p p e a r s s o m e w h a te n t a r g e dp, a r t i c u t a r tiyn t h e r e g i o no f t h e h e m i s p h e r i sc u t c i ,d u e t o t h e f a c t t h a t t h e s es p e c i m e n s w e r e t a k e nf r o m e t d e r l vi n d i v i d u a t s .

Ventrictes Topography Sections S p inaIcor d

Pathways Brain, horizontal section

Gyrusfrontalissuperior

Fissuralongitudinalis cerebri A. cerebrianterior,A. callosomarginalis A. pericallosa

Sulcuscinguli

Corpuscallosum,Truncus

Gyruscinguli Corpuscallosum,Forcepsminor


Ventriculuslateralis,Cornu lrontale Septumpellucidum, Cavumseptipellucidi

Gyrusprecentralis Caosulainterna Sulcuscentralis Ventriculuslateralis, Parscentralis

Gyruspostc€ntralis

V lhalamostriata supenor Striaterminalis Lobulusparietalis inferior

Corpuscallosum, Truncus Laminaatfixa



Gyrusangularis

Corpuscallosum, Forcepsmajor Corpuscallosum,Tapetum (Gyrioccipitales)

SulcussubDarietalis Precuneus Fissuralongitudinalis cerebri


Fig.587 Brain,Encephalon; horizontaIsectionat the leveIof the centraIoart of the lateraIventrictes.

Btoodvessets Cr aniaIbase Cr aniaIner ves M e n i n g e s Par tsof the br ai n

Fissuralongitudinalis cerebri Gyruscinguli Gyrusfrontalismedius

Aa. cerebri anteriores. Aa. oericallosae

griseum Indusium CorDus callosum. Genu

pericallosa Cisterna

Ventriculuslateralis,Cornufrontale Septumpellucidum Ventriculuslateralis, Parscentralis

Gyrusfrontalis inferior

Plexuschoroideusventriculi lateralis

Nucleuscaudatus. Caout Fornix,Columna

Striaterminalis

Gyrusprecentralis

V.thalamostriata suDerior

Sulcuscentralis

Fornix,Corpus

Gyruspostcentralis

Capsulaextrema

lnsula[Lobusinsularis]

Capsula elderna

Claustrum

Capsulainterna A. cerebrimedia, Rr.terminales

Putamen Thalamus

Tela choroidea

Cisternafossae lateralis cerebri

Fissuratransversa cerebri

Gyrustemporalis supeflor



Fornix,Crus

Corpuscallosum, Splenium Ventriculuslateralis, Bulbuscornusoccioitalis

Sulcustemporalis supenor

Corpuscallosum,Tapetum Gyruscinguli Sulcussuboarietalis (Gyrioccipitales) Precuneus Sulcuslunatus Fissuralongitudinalis cerebri

F i g . 5 8 8 B r a i n ,E n c e p h a t o n ; h o r i z o n t asI e c t i o na t t h e t e v e Io f t h e f l o o r o f the centraIoart of the lateraIventric[es.


Ventrictes Topography Sections

S p inaIcor d

Polusfrontalis Gyruscinguli Gyrusfrontalisinferior

Pathways

Fissuralongitudinalis cerebri A cerebrianterior,A. Dericallosa griseum Indusium Genu Corpuscallosum, Ventriculuslateralis,Cornufrontale

V anteriorseptipellucidi

Septumpellucidum Fornix,Columna

Nucleuscaudatus,Caput

Capsulainterna, Crusanterius Plexuschoroideus ventriculilateralis V thalamostriata suoerior

Gyrusfrontalisinferior

Caosulainterna.Genu

InsulalLobusinsularis]

Caosulae)drema

Cisternatossae lateraliscerebri

Forameninterventriculare Capsulaexterna

Claustrum

Capsulainterna, Crusposterius

Putamen Gyrustemporalis supenor Thalamus

tertius Ventriculus Recessussuprapinealis V. internacerebri

Telachoroidea ventriculitertii

Capsulainterna, Radiatiooptica


Fimbriahippocampi

Sulcustemporalis supenor

Plexuschoroideus ventriculilateralis Fornix.Commissura

Gyrustemporalismedius Ventriculuslateralis, Cornuoccioitale

Gyruscinguli

Corpuscallosum, Forcepsmajor (Gyrioccipitales)

Calcar avis

Splenium Corpuscallosum,

Sulcuslunatus Polusoccipitalis

Sulcuscalcarinus Fissuralongitudinalis cerebri

F i g . 5 8 9 B r a i n ,E n c e p h a t o n ; h o r i z o n t asl e c t i o na t t h e [ e v e [o f t h e u p p e rp a r t of the third ventricte.

> Brain

Btoodvessets Cr aniaIbase Craniatnerves Menin ges Partsof the brain

horizontalsection

Fissuralongitudinalis cerebri Polusfrontalis Gyruscinguli

A. cerebrianterior,A callosomarginalis A. cerebrianterior,A. pericallosa

Cisternapericallosa Corpuscallosum,Forcepsminor Gyrusfrontalisinferior Ventriculuslateralis.Cornufrontale

Fissuralongitudinalis cerebri Nucleuscaudatus,Caput


Cisternapericallosa

Capsulainterna,Crusanterius 'Areasubcallosa

Cisternafossaelateraliscerebri

Laminaterminalis

Commissuraanterior

Fornix.Columna


Capsulainterna,Genu Laminaemedullares medialiset lateralis Ventriculustertius

Claustrum Gyrustemporalissuperior Adhesio interthalamica

Caosulaextrema CaDsulaexterna

Putamen Sulcustemporalis superior Globipallidi medialiset lateralis

Capsulainterna, Crusposterius

Thalamus

Hypothalamus Commissura posterior


Habenula

Cisternaambiens

Capsulainterna, Radiatiooptica Fimbriahippocampi

Nucleuscaudatus, Cauda Recessus oinealis

Alveushippocampi Glandula oinealis


Gyrusparahippocampalis

Trigonumcollaterale Ventriculus lateralis, Cornuoccipitale Sulcuscollateralis

Calcaravis lsthmusgyricinguli

A cerebrioosterior Sulcuscalcarinus

V magnacerebri

Sulcuslunatus

Vermiscerebelli

Polusoccipitalis

F i g . 5 9 0 B r a i nE , ncephaton; horizonta se I c t i o tnh r o u g h t h ec e n t r eo f t h et h i r d v e n t r i c [aet t h el e v eoI f t h ei n t e r t h a [ a mai d chesion.

Ventrictes T o p o g r a p h y Sections

S p i naIcor d

Pathways

cerebri Fissuralongitudinalis Gyruscinguli

Aa. cerebrianteriores,Aa pericallosae Areasubcallosa

Cisterna oericallosa

Gyrusparaterminalis Caosulainterna,Crusanterius

Gvrusfrontalisinferior Laminaterminalis Nucleuscaudatus, Caput

Commissuraanterior

Cisternafossaelateraliscerebri

Fornix,Columna

Putamen Fasciculus mamillothalamicus

Gyrustemporalissuperior Claustrum


Sulcustemporalis superior Capsulainterna, Crusposterius

Hypothalamus


Gyrustemporalis medius Nucleusruber

Capsulainterna, Radiatiooptica

Corporageniculata lateraleet mediale

Fimbriahippocampi


Alveushippocampi Plexuschoroideus ventriculilateralis


Eminentia collateralis

Hippocampus

Ventriculuslateralis, Cornutemporale

Cisternaambiens

Gyrusdentatus


Sulcushippocampalis Sulcuscollateralis

Gyruslingualis

F i g .5 9 1 B r a i n ,E n c e p h a l o n ; horizontaIsectionthroughthe third ventric[eat the leveI o f t h e o p e n i n go f t h e c e r e b r a aI q u e d u c t .

Btoodvessets Cr aniaIbase Cr aniaIner ves M e n i n g e s Par tsof the br ai n

Gyrusrectus Gyriorbitales

A cerebrianterior

t"rna chiasmatica

I

I

A communicans anterior Laminaterminalis A cerebrianterior Becessussupraopticus Recessus intundibuli

Cisternafossaelateraliscerebri A cerebri media

Ventriculus tertius


Tractusopticus

Gyrusoccipitotemporalis

Corpusmamillare

lateralis

Corpusamygdaloideum

A. communicansoosterior

(Gyrusambiens) Pedunculus cerebri, Cruscerebri

Hypothalamus Fossainterpeduncularis

Pes hippocampi

Cisterna interpeduncularis

Hippocampus

Substantia nigra

Ventriculuslateralis, Cornutemporale

A. cerebriposterior Nucleusruber

Eminentia collateralis

Cisterna ambiens

Sulcushippocampalis


Sulcuscollateralis Hemisoherium cerebelli

Tectummesencephali, Colliculus inferior

Aqueductusmesencephali Frenulum velimedullaris suoerioris

Vermiscerebelli Gyrusllngualis

longitudinalis cerebri

F t g . 5 9 2 B r a i n ,E n c e p h a t o n ; s t a g g e r e dh o r i z o n t asI e c t i o nt h r o u g ht h e f l o o r o f t h e t h i r d v e n t r i c l ea t t h e [ e v e [o f t h e m a m i l t a r vb o d i e s .

Vent ric t e s T o p o gra p h y Sections

S p i n a Ic o r d

Pathways Brain, sagittalsections

Forameninterventriculare Gyrusfrontalis superior Sulcuscinguli Hypothalamus

Gyruscinguli Corpuscallosum, Truncus Septumpellucidum Corpuscallosum, Genu Glandula pinealis


Corpuscallosum, Splenium

Gyrusparaterminalis

V magnacerebri Sulcusoarietooccioitalis

Commissura anterior Laminaterminalis A cerebrianterior A, communicans anterior

Tectum Aqueductusmesencephali

Gyrusrectus N opticusill A carotisinterna

Sulcuscalcarinus

Hypophysis Corpusmamillare posterior A communicans

Vermiscerebelli

A basilaris Hemispherium cerebelli Pons

quartus Ventriculus


Fig.593 Brain,Encepha[on; m e d i a ns e c t i o n .

quarti Plexuschoroideus ventriculi Aoerturamedianaventriculiouarti

A vertebralis Medulla oblongata

Ventriculus lateralis. Parscentralis V thalamostriata superior Corouscallosum. Truncus

Canaliscentralis

Plexuschoroideus ventriculi lateralis Thalamus Gyruscinguli


Sulcuscentralis

Capsulainterna

Tela choroidea ventriculi tertii

Fornix,Crus Fornix,Commissura Corpuscallosum, Splenium Corpuscallosum, Genu


Commissura anterior N trochlearislvl

Corpuscallosum, Rostrum Gyrusparaterminalis Bulbusolfactorius A cerebrianterior Gyrusrectus A carotisinterna N. opticusilll N. oculomotorius llll

Sulcuscalcarinus

Cisterna ambiens

A cerebriposterior A superiorcerebelli A. basilaris Pons


N. abducens [Vl] N. hypoglossus [Xll]

Fig.594 Brain,Encephalon; s a g i t t a sI e c t i o nt h r o u g ht h e t e f t h e m i s p h e r ea t t h e L e v eo[ f t h e h e a do f t h e c a u d a t en u c l e u s .

N vestibulocochlearis[Vlll] A vertebralis

N. glossopharyngeus lXl N vagus[X]

Vermiscerebelli quartus Ventriculus Hemisoherium cerebelli quarti Plexuschoroideus ventriculi Aperturalateralisventriculiquarti N facialis[Vll]

N accessorius [Xl]

Brain

Cr aniaIbase Cr aniatner ves M e n i n g e s Par tsof the br ai n

BLoodvesse[s

Nucleuscaudatus, Corpus Caosulainterna.Crusanterius Globusoalliduslateralis

lateralis, Cornutemporale Ventriculus ventriculi Plexuschoroideus lateralis

Fornix,Crus Hippocampus

Sulcuscalcarinus Commissura anterior Globusoallidusmedialis A carotisinterna N oculomotorius llll Uncus Gyrusparahippocampalis, A cerebrimedia A. communicans oosterior Pons A cerebriposterior Gyrusparahippocampalis medius Pedunculus cerebellaris

Fig.595 Brain,Encephaton; s a g i t t a sI e c t i o nt h r o u g ht h e t e f t h e m i s p h e r e a t t h e l e v e Io f t h e b o d vo f t h e c a u d a t en u c [ e u s

Globus Dalliduslateralis

Capsulainterna

Sulcuscentralis

Globus oallidus medialis

Cauda Nucleuscaudatus, Glomuschoroideum Trigonumcollaterale Putamen

Tapetum

Ventriculuslateralis Cornuoccipitale Insula[Lobus insularisl Commissura anterior A cerebrimedia Cisternafossaelateraliscerebri Corpusamygdaloideum Plexuschoroideus ventriculi lateralis Gyrusparahippocampalis Hippocampus Fimbria hippocampi

A. cerebriposterior

F i g . 5 9 5 B r a i n ,E n c e p h a t o n ; s a g i t t a sI e c t i o nt h r o u g ht h e L e f th e m i s p h e r e body at the [eve[of the amygdal.oid


Ventric[es Topography Sections

S p i natcor d

Pathways Brain, sagittaI sections

Sulcuscentralis

ventriculi Plexuschoroideus lateralis collateralis Eminentia

Insula[Lobusinsularisl Claustrum Cisternafossaelateraliscerebri A cerebri media

Putamen Ventriculuslateralis,CornutemDorale Nucleuscaudatus, Cauda Hippocampus

Fig.597 Brain,Encephalon; sagittal.sectionthroughthe teft hemisphere a t t h e l e v e Io f t h e a p e xo f t h e t e m p o r a Ih o r n .

Sulcuscentralis

Cisternafossaelateraliscerebri Insula[Lobusinsularisl A. cerebri media

Hemisoherium cerebelli

Fig.598 Brain,Encephalon; t h et e f th e m i s p h e r e s a g i t t aste c t i o tnh r o u g h a t t h el e v eoI f t h ei n s u [ a .

Brain

B l o o dv e s s e t s

5itus

Craniab I ase


cord

Encephalon

Medulla oblongata

Ganglion sensorium nervi spinalisll Intumescentiacervicalis

Os occipitale

Nn thoracici,Radices oosteriores

Gangliasensorianeruorum spinalium cervicalium

Nn intercostales Nn thoracici

Rr posteriores M e d u l l as p i n a l i s

Rr cutaneilaterales

Conusmedullaris

Intumescentia lumbosacralis

Gangliasensorianeryorum s p i n a l i u lm umbalium Ben

Cauda equina

AIaossisilium

F i g . 5 9 9 B r a i n ,E n c e p h a [ o snp; i n a l c o r dM , e d u t t as p i n a t i s , a n d s p i n a In e r v e s N , n.spina[es; b r a i na n d s p i n a Ln e r v e si n a n e o n a t e . I n t h e n e o n a t et,h e s p i n a Ic o r de x t e n d st w o v e r t e b r a l . s e g m e n t sf u r t h e rc a u d a t l yc o m p a r e dt o t h e a d u [ t .


Ventricles T o p o g r a p h y S e c t i o n s

S p i naIcor d

Pathways Seamentalstructureof the spinalcord

Segmenta ceruicalia[C1-C8]

Segmenta thoracica ff1-T12l Radicesnervorum thoracicorum

Segmenta lumbalia [11-15]

Segmenta sacralia [S l-S5]

Radicesnervorum lumbalium

Segmenta coccygea [Co1-Co3]

Caudaequina

Radicesneruorum sacralium Radicesnervorum coccygeorum

F i g .6 0 0 S p i n a Ic o r ds e g m e n t s S , e g m e n t am e d u t l a es p i n a t i s , a n d s p i n a In e r v er o o t s ,R a d i c e sn e r v o r u ms p i n a t i u m ; s c h e m a t i cm e d i a ns e c t i o n . A s t h e s p i n a Ic o r dd o e sn o t f o t t o wt h e g r o w t ho f t h e v e r t e b r a cI o t u m n , t h e c o u r s eo f t h e s p i n a Ir o o t st o w a r d st h e i r c o r r e s p o n d i nsge g m e n t a L i n t e r v e r t e b r af ol r a m i n ab e c o m e ss t e e p e rf r o m c r a n i a lt o c a u d a LI .n t h e n e o n a t et,h e s p i n a lc o r de n d sa t t h e [ e v e [o f t h e s p i n o u sp r o c e s so f t h e , h e r e a si n t h e a d u L ti,t e x t e n d sn o r m a t l yo n [ y f o u r t h[ u m b a rv e r t e b r aw t o t h e s e c o n d[ u m b a rv e r t e b r a .

Brain

glossopharyngeus !Xl N vagus[X]

B to o dvesse[s C r a n i a bI a s e

Pons Fossarhomboidea

Medullaoblongata

Radixposterior (c 1)

N hypoglossus [Xll]

N. hypoglossus lxill

Arcusanterior atlantis

2


N accessorius[Xl] pyramidum Decussatio Fissuramediana anteflor

3 Nn cervicales

lc 1-c 8l

Sulcusanterolateralis

Gangliasensoria nervorum spinalium

5 6 7

Radixposterior (c 8)

Arcusvertebrae cervicalis Vll

8

Radlxposterior (r 1)

Arcusvertebrae thoracicaeI

1 2

Duramater spinalls

Costalll

Duramaterspinalis

Sulcus posterolateralis Nn. thoracici lT 1-T 121

Duramater spinalis

Sulcusmedianus posterior

Radix posterior (r 12)

Arcusvertebrae thoracicae Xll

Intumescentia lumbosacralis

Arcusvertebrae lumbalisI Radixposterior ( L1 )

Ganglion spinale

lumbales lL 1-L sl

Conusmedullaris Radicesposteriores (L 1-5, S 1-5) Caudaequina Filumterminale Gangliasensoria nervorum spinalium (s 1-5) Filumterminale, Parsduralis

Os sacrum Filumterminale, Parsduralis

Nn. sacrales

ls 1-s 5l

Filumterminale, Parsduralis 5

N coccygeus

Fig.602

Fig.603

Os coccygls [Vertebrae coccygeae l-lV]

F i 9 . 6 0 1 S p i n a cI o r d ,M e d u t Lsap i n a L i s , a n d s p i n a ln e r v e s N , n .s p i n a t e s ; s i t u so f t h e s p i n a Ic o r d ; dorsaIview. A s s p i n a Ic o r ds e g m e n t sa r e n u m b e r e da c c o r d i n g t o t h e s p i n a ln e r v e s a, n d t h e u p p e r m o s st p i n a Ln e r v e i s c o u n t e da s t h e f i r s t c e r v i c a nL e r v e ,t h e r ea r e a c t u a t t ye i g h tc e r v i c asLe g m e n t s .

F i g . 6 0 2 S p i n a Ic o r d ,M e d u t t as p i n a l i s , a n d s p i n a In e r v e s N , n .s p i n a [ e s ; t h e s p i n a Id u r a m a t e r h a s b e e no p e n e d ; dorsaIview. F i g .6 0 3 S p i n a lc o r d ,M e d u l t as p i n a [ i s , a n d s p i n a In e r v e s N , n.spinales; t h e s p i n a ld u r a m a t e r h a s b e e no p e n e d ; v e n t r a Lv i e w

Ventric[es T o p o g ra p h y S e cti o n s SpinaIcord

Pathways

Fissuramedianaanterior Sulcusmedianus posterior

Fissuramediana anterior

Duramater spinalis Nn lumbales

Lig denticulatum

Sulcus posterolateralis

Conusmedullaris

Radixposterior, Filaradicularia

Filumterminale Duramater spinalis

Arachnoidea mater spinalis

Duramaterspinalis

Gangliasensoria nervorum spinalium

Caudaequina

Duramaterspinalis

coccygeus

F i 9 .6 0 4 S p i n a Ic o r d ,M e d u L Lsap i n a L i s , a n d s p i n a lm e n i n g e sM , eninges pina[es; dorsaIview.

Fig.605 SpinaLcorM d ,e d u l . t a s p i n a I i s ; c a u d a pL a r tw i t h t h e c a u d ae q u i n aC , a u d ae q u i n a ; ventraIview.

Duramaterspinalis

F i g . 6 0 6 a - c S p i n a In e r v er o o t s , N n . s p i n a t e sR , adices; typicaIcoursw e i t h i nt h e s u b a r a c h n o isdp a c e . a C e r v i c asLe g m e n t S , e g m e n t u mc e r v i c a [ e b T h o r a c i cs e g m e n t S , e g m e n t u mt h o r a c i c u m c L u m b a rs e g m e n t S , e g m e n t u m[ u m b a t e

Duramater spinalis

> Brain

Btoodvessels C r a n i a Ib a s e

Cr aniaIner ves M e n i n g e s P a r t so f t h e b r a i n

Arteriesof the spinalcord

A. basilaris A vertebralis

Os occipitale ATIAS

Rr spinales A spinalisanterior A. cervicalis ascendens A vertebralis

Parsascendensaortae

R spinalis posterior intercostalis A spinalisanterior

Arcusaortae

Parsdescendensaortae

N. spinalis, Radixanterior posteriores Aa intercostales Ganglion sensorium neruispinalis Truncusnervispinalis (A radicularis magna)*

Caudaequina

F i g .6 0 7 A r t e r i e so f t h e s p i n a Ic o r d ,M e d u t t as p i n a [ i s . * CtinicaI term:arteryof ADA|,4KtEWtcZ

Aa. spinalesposteriores

A spinalisanterior

(A spinalislateralis)

F i g ,6 0 8 A r t e r i e so f t h e s p r n a cI o r d ,M e d u [ [ as p i n a I i s .

Ventric[es

T o p o g r a p h y S e c t i o n s S p i naIcor d

Pathways Spinalcord,structure

posterior Sulcusmedianus Sulcusintermedius Dosterior

Fasciculus oracilis

) posterior . I Funiculus Cunealus,/ / FaSclCuluS Radix posterior,Fila radicularia Substantiagelatinosa

Substantia oelatinosa centralis

Columnaanterior, Cornuanterius

Canaliscentralis

Fila radicularia

Funiculus anterior Commissura alba Fissuramedianaanterior Sulcusmedianus oosterior posterior Sulcusmedianus

Radixposterior

posterior Funiculus

gelatinosa Substantia

Columnaposterior, Cornuposterius

Funiculus lateralis Columna posterior, Cornu posterius

Substantia gelatinosa centralis Columnaanterior, Cornuanterius Commissura albaanterior Fiss

t medianal anterior

b


Substantiaalba

grisea Substantia Substantia oelatinosa centralis

Columnaanterior, Cornuanterius

Canalis centralis Fissura mediana anterior

F i g .6 0 9 a - d S p i n a tc o r d ,M e d u L t sap i n a t i s ; c r o s s - s e c t i o n sm; y e L i ns t a i n ;a p p r o x 5 . 00%. a C e r v i c apLa r t ,P a r sc e r v i c a t i s b T h o r a c i cp a r t ,P a r st h o r a c r c a c L u m b a rp a r t ,P a r s[ u m b a L i s d S a c r a Ip a r t ,P a r ss a c r a u s

> Brain

B to o dvessets C r a n i a Ib a s e


Functionalorganisation of thespinalcord

Nucleusmarginalis

gelatinosa Substantia


Nucleusproprius

tl ill

Nucleusthoracicus oosterior Columnaintermedia, Cornulaterale Nucleus intermediolateralis Columnaanterior, Cornuanterius Canaliscentralis (Substantia griseaintermedia centralis)

F i g . 6 1 0 S p i n a cI o r d ,M e d u t t as p i n a t i s ; [ a m i n a ro r g a n i s a t i oonf t h e g r e ym a t t e ra c c o r d i n gt o i t s c y t o a r c h i t e c t u rI e 1 ,9 5 2 )e, x e m p t i fe d a c c o r d i n tgo R E X E D b y t h e t e n t ht h o r a c i cs e g m e n tl T 1 0 l . F o r m a t i o na n d n u m b e ro f t h e [ a m i n a ev a r y i n d i f f e r e n t s p i n a Ic o r ds e g m e n t s

\

Ganglion spirale

I

r

I

I

I

I

tQ2I

I I

L

l

I

\l

\l

1 = Skin 2 = Interneurons 3 = Motoneuron of anteriorhorn 4 = Motorend-plate 5 = Musclespindle

F i g . 6 1 1 R e f t e x e as t t h e s p i n a Ic o r d ; l e f t : m o n o s y n a p t irce fl e x I b i n e u r o n a p e ,y o s t a t i ce, . g . , t ,r o p r i o c e p t i v m p a t e L [ atre n d o nr e f t e xA , c h i t l . etse n d o nr e f l e x ,e t c . l ; r i g h t :p o t y s y n a p t ri ce f l e x( p o l y n e u r o n aet ., g . ,a b d o m i n arI e f l e x , cremastericreflex,ptantarreftex,etc.J.


Ventric[es T o p o g r a p h y S e c t i o n s

SpinaIcord

Pathways Functionalorganisation of thespinalcord

Fasciculusgracilis***

Fasciculus interfascicularis+

Fasciculus cuneatus**** tl

posterior* Tractusspinocerebellaris

I

Fasciculipropriiposteriores

, , ,

r)Ar \

\\ \\ll

l,

Tractus corticospinalis (pyramldalis) lateralis Tractus rubrospinalis

Tractusspinocerebellaris anlerior**

Tractusreticulospinalis

Tractusspinothalamicuslateralis Tractusspinoolivaris Tractusreticulospinalis; Tractustectospinalis

Tractussoinothalamicus anlerior: TractussDinotectalis

Tractusvestibulosoinalis medialis Tractuscorticospinalis (pyramidalis) anterior

propriianteriores Fasciculi Fasciculuslongitudinalismedialis

F i g . 6 1 2 S p i n a Ic o r d ,M e d u l . tsap i n a t i s ; s c h e m a t i co r g a n i s a t i oonf t h e w h i t e m a t t e re x e m p t i f i e d b y a l o w e rc e r v i c asLe g m e n t A f f e r e n t( = a s c e n d i n gpl a t h w a y si n b l u e ; e f f e r e n t( = d e s c e n d i n gpl a t h w a y si n r e d . * Ctinicalterm F L: E o H S |tG r a' sc t ** CtinicaI term:GOWER's tract *** CtinicaI term:GOLL's tracr **** CtinicaI term:BURDACH's tract **x** TheactuaIexistence of thesefibreshasnotdefinitety oeen documented

T h e r e g i o n s i n d i c a t e db y + , + + , a n d + + + d e s i g n a t ed e s c e n d i n g c o t l a t e r a Lt r a c t s o f t h e p o s t e r i o r f a s c i c u t i .

+ SCHULTZ sE commatract lcervicaL partl ++ FLEOHSIG o 'vsa Ib u n d t e( t h o r a c i cp a r t ) + + + T r i a n g t eo f P H I L I P P E - G O N 4 B[ A [ uUmLbTa ra n d s a c r a tp a r t s )

Brain

B to o dvessets C r a n i a bI a s e Cr anial. ner ves M e n i n g e s Par tsof the br ai n of the

Gyruspostcentralis Gyruspostcentralis

Fibrae thalamoparietales

Fibrae thalamoparietales

Lemniscus medialis

Thalamus

N trigeminus [V]

Nuclei nervi trigemini

Decussatio lemniscorum Nucleusgracilis Fasciculusgracilis

Nucleuscuneatus -

Tractusspinothalamicus lateralis Tractusspinothalamicus anterior (Fasciculus Tractusspinoreticularis anterolateralis) Tractusspinotectalis Tractusspinoolivaris

Fasciculuscuneatus

N spinalis

Ganglion sensorium nervispinalis

Nucleuscentralis

F i g .6 1 3 P a t h w a y sf o r e p i c r i t i cI b t u e )a n d p r o t o p a t h i Icg r e e n )s e n s i b i t i t y .

Ascendingpathways Pathwayfor epicriticsensibitityltactitepathwayl d i f f e r e n t i a t i o nf p r e s s u r a e n dt o u c h ) lPrecise 1 . n e u r o nI u n c r o s s e d ] F r o mr e c e p t o rI se x t e r o c e p t oi rnst h ] es k i na n dt h e m u c o s aa, s w e LaLs t h e p e r i o s t e u m t h,ej o i n t sa n dt h e m u s c L e s p i n d l eest c , t o t h ec u n e a t ae n dg r a c i Lneu c L e ui n s t h e m e d u L Loab L o n g a t a : g r a ac n i tdec u n e a t fea s c i c u L Iupse r i k a r y a i n t h es p i n agLa n g L i ad)e: s c e n d i ncgo l L a t e r a( Ls se eF i g .6 1 2 ) 2 n e u r o n[ c r o s s e d ] F r o mt h e m e d u t l a o b [ o n g a t(ac u n e a taen dg r a c i Lneu c l e u st o l t h et h a t a m u Ism e d i a L l e m n i s cpuesr,i k a r yian t h e c u n e a t ae n dg r a c i Lneu c L e u s ] 3 n e u r o nI u n c r o s s eFdr] o mt h et h a l a m u tso t h ec e r e b r a L c o r t pe ax r, t i c u t a rtloyt h e p o s t c e n t r a L g y(rtuhsa L a m o c o r t i c a L f i b r e sp, e r i k a r yian t h et h a L a m u s l Pathwayfor protopathicsensibititylpain pathwayf IP a i n t, e mp e r a t ur e ,g e n e r apI r e s s u r se e n s a t i o n ) 1 n e u r o nI u n c r o s s e d ] F r o mr e c e p t o rIse x t e r o c e p t o o r sf ]t h e s k i na n dt h e m u c o s ae t c , ,t o t h e p o s t e r i ohr o r n ,L a m i n ale- V I p e r i k a r yian t h e spinaLgangLia) 2 n e u r o n[ c r o s s e ds,o m ef i b r e sp o s s i b Luyn c r o s s e d ] F r o mt h e p o s t e r i ohro r nt o t h et h a L a m uisn,t h e r e t i c u L a f or r m a t i oann dt o t h e m i d b r a i tne c t u mI a n t e r i oarn d[ a t e r a L spinothaLam t riacc t ss, p i n o r e t i c u t a r ar c t ,s p i n o t e c t a l t r apc et ;r i k a r yian t h e p o s t e r i ocro l u m n l 3 n e u r o nI u n c r o s s e d l F r o m t h e t h a L a m u sa m o n g o t h e r st o t h e c e r e b r a L c o r t e px a , r t i c u L a r tLoyt h e p o s t c e n t r a L g y r u[ tsh a L a m o c o r t i cf a i bI r e s , p e r i k a r y ai n t h e t h a L a m u s )

Vent ric t e s T o p o g ra p h y S e c t i o n s

Spinalcord

Pathways Pathways

Pedunculus cerebellaris suDerior

Vermis cerebelli

inferior Pedunculus cerebellaris

posterior Tractusspinocerebellaris

Nucleusthoracicus posterior Cornuanterius

Tractussoinocerebellaris anterior Tractusspinoolivaris

N spinalis

F i g . 6 1 1 P a t h w a y sf o r u n c o n s c i o udse e ps e n s i b i L i t y .

Ascendingpathways Pathwayfor unconscious deepsensibitity e r m o v e m e nct o o r d i n a t i obny t h e c e r e b e t t u m ] I U n c o n s c i o ubsu, t p r e c i s es p a t i adLi f f e r e n t i a t i oa ns a p r e r e q u i s i ft o V i at h e a n t e r i o rc e r e b e t l atr a c t '1 n e u r o nI u n c r o s s e d ] F r o mr e c e p t o r{sp r o p r i o c e p t o irns m l u s c L e st e, n d o n sa, n dt h e c o n n e c t i vtei s s u et o t h e n u c L eoi f t h e i n t e r m e d i a tzeo n e a n dt h ea n t e r i ocr o [ u m nI p e r i k a r yi n a t h es p i n agLa n g t i a ) 2 n e u r o nI c r o s s e d ] F r o mt h e a n t e r i o h r o r nw i t h i nt h e a n t e r i o sr p i n o c e r e b e [ [t a i at h e a c tt o t h e c e r e b e | ' L uvm r ar c to f t h e a n t e r o [ a t e rtar L s u p e r i ocr e r e b e L Lpaerd u n c L( pe e r i k a r yi na t h ei n t e r m e d i azt eo n ea n dt h ea n t e r i ohr o r n J . V i at h e p o s t e r i ocr e r e b e t t at r a c t 1 n e u r o nI u n c r o s s e d ] F r o me n do r g a n s{ p r o p r i o c e p t o irns m l u s c L e st e, n d o n sa, n dt h e c o n n e c t i vtei s s u et o t h e n u c t eoi f t h e p o s t e r i ocr o L u m n a n dt h et h o r a c i nc u c L e uI sp e r i k a r yi n a t h es p i n agLa n g t i a ) 2 . n e u r o nI u n c r o s s e d ] F r o mt h e p o s t e r i ohr o r na n dt h e t h o r a c i cn u c L e uws i t h i nt h e p o s t e r i osr p i n o c e r e b e t ltar ar c to f t h e [ a t e r atIr a c tt o t h ec e r e b e t l uvmi at h o i n f o r i nnr a n a h o l l ^r r^ d u n c [ (ep e r i k a r yi nat h et h o r a c i nc u c t e uas n da t t h e b a s eo f t h e p o s t e r i o r c o Lm u nl

Bl.oodvesseIs

Craniab I ase


Gyrusprecentralis

Fibrae corticospinales

Thalamus Corpus striatum

(Tractusrubrothalamicus) Thalamus

Nucleusruber (Tractus cerebellorubralis)

Substantia nigra

Nucleusdentatus Cerebellum,

Nucleipontis Fibrae oontocerebellares

Tractusbulboreticulosoinalis etc

-

Tractusrubrospinalis Tractusreticulospinalis Tractusvestibulospinalis Tractustectospinalis

Cornuanterius Radixanterior Imotoria]

N spinalis

Fig. 615 Pathwaysof the motor system. * Moton r u c t eoi f c r a n i anI e r v e s

pathways Descending T h em o t o rs y s t e mc o m p r i s eas L a r g n eu m b e o r g i o nas n dt r a c t sT. h e" m o t o rf i n a L p a t ha"r et h e m o t o n e u r o n s r f n u c L e ar e D e s p i tteh ee x t r a o r d i n acroym p t e x iot yf t h e s ec i r c u i t st h, et r a d i t i o n a L o r g a n i s a wtiiLob lne m a i n t a i n ef o d r d i d a c t irce a s o n s I S o - c a t l e dPly r a m i d at rI a c t 1 [ c e n t r a Ln]e u r o nl c r o s s e d ) F r o mt h e c e r e b r acLo r t e xt h r o u g ht h e i n t e r n acLa p s u Laen dt h e c e r e b r apI e d u n c l etso i n t e r n e u r o nwsi t h i nt h e a n t e r i o r a n dp o s t e r i ocro I u m n{ [ a t e r a L c o r t i c o s p i n a Lat n r aI c t ,p e r i k a r yian t h e p r e c e n t r a L g y r u s ) . r at ec rt ,i ocr o r t i c o s p i nt a B r a n c h i nogf fo f f i b r e st o t h e n u c l eoi f t h ec r a n i a L n e r vIecso r t i c o n u c Lfei barre sa n db u L b acro r t i c o n u c t ef iabrr e s J . 2 [ p e r i p h e r anLel u r o nI m o t o re n dp a t h w a ya,- m o t o n e u r o n s ] F r o mt h e a n t e r i o rh o r nt o t h e m o t o re n dp t a t e so f t h e s k e t e t am I u s c u t a t u rIem o t o n e u r o npse, r i k a r y ian t h e a n t e r i o r nornJ aL o t o rs y s t e m I S o - c a t l e dEJx t r a p y r a m i dm 1 c e n t r a nL e u r o n s[ c r o s s e a d n du n c r o s s e d ] F r o mt h e c e r e b r acI o r t e xp, a r t i c u L a rtlhye p r e c e n t r agLy r u sa n dt h e a d j a c e nct o r t i c aaLr e a si n c L u d i nsgy n a p s etso t h e b a s a L g a n g Itihaa, L a m ussu, b t h a [ a mni cu c t e u sr e , dn u c l e u ss,u b s t a n t inai g r ac, e r e b e [ L uemt c, .a n df e e d b a cLko o ptso t h ei n t e r n e u r o n o sf t h ea n t e r i ocr o L u m lnr u b r o s p i n a L t r amcet ,d i aaLn dL a i e r av Le s t i b u t o s p i n a L t r ae ct itc, u L o s p itnr a L ct, t e c t o s p i ntar L act). 2 . p e r i p h e r anIe u r o n{ m o t o re n dp a t h w a ya,- m o t o n e u r o n s ] F r o mt h e a n t e r i o rh o r nt o t h e m o t o re n d - p L a t eosf t h e s k e t e t am I u s c L e(sm o t o n e u r o npse; r i k a r y ian t h e a n t e r i o rh o r n ]

Vent ric t e s T o p o g r a p h y S e c t i o n s

S p inaIcor d

Pathways

F i g , 6 1 6 D y s f u n c t i o n a I c u t a n e o u s i n n e r vdaut e i oton paLsyof c e r t a i n f, r e q u e n t [ ya f f e c t e ds p i n a In e r v e s

Fig. 617 Compteteparaplegiaat the leveIof the eleventh t h o r a c i cs e g m e n t P a r a L y s iosf t h e c o m p L e t m e o t o rand sensorysystem.

F i g .5 1 8 P a r a l y s i o s f t h e t r a c t so f t h e r i g h t p o s t e r i o fr u n i c u t u s a t t h e L e v eol f t h e e l e v e n t ht h o r a c i cs e g m e n t . L o s so f f i n e t a c t i t es e n s a t i o na s w e t Ia s [ o s so f s e n s eo f p o s i t i o n a n d v i b r a t i o nI r o u g ht o u c hs e n s a t i o nr e m a i n sf u n c t i o n a t ] .

e tj o d i s r u p t i o no f F i g .6 1 9 H e m i p L e g iIaB R o W N - S E Q U AdRu D t h e h a L fo f t h e s p i n a Ic o r do n t h e r i g h t s i d ea t t h e l e v e Io f t h e e L e v e n tthh o r a c i cs e g m e n t . 0 n t h e r i g h t s i d e I i p s i L a t e r a t t [yo) s: so f m o t o rf u n c t i o nI i n i t i a l . t y f t a c c i dL , a t e rs p a s t i c l [; o s so f f i n e t a c t i t es e n s a t i o na s w e I La s [ o s so f s e n s eo f p o s i t i o na n d v i b r a t i o nI r o u g ht o u c hs e n s a t i o n r e m a i n sf u n c t i o n a U . 0 n t h e L e f ts i d eI c o n t r a L a t e r a t t[yo)s: so f p a i na n d t e m p e r a t u r e s e n s a t rno.

Lac r i m aIappar atus Eyelids

(Sulcuspalpebralis superio0 Angulusoculilateralis Supercilium

(Raphepalpebralis lateralis)

Tunica conjunctiva bulbi Angulusoculi lateralis; Commissura lateralis palpeDrarum

Caruncula lacrimalis

Rima parpeorarum

Angulusoculi medialis

Citiae Palpebra inferior (Sulcuspalpebronasalis) Angulus oculimedialis; Commissura medialis

Sulcussclerae Pupilla

Palpebra inferior Limbusposteriorpalpebrae Limbusanterior

Fig.620 Eyetids,Palpebrae.

(inferior) Papillalacrimalis

Fig.621 Eye,Ocutus, andeyel.ids, Palpebrae.

Limbusanteriorpalpebrae Sulcussclerae

Plicasemilunaris conjunctivae

Papilla lacrimalis (superior)

Tunicaconjunctiva palpebrarum

palpebrae Limbusposterior Punctum lacrimale:Paoilla lacrimalis (superior)

Caruncula lacrimalis

Tunicaconjunctiva bulbi Fornixconjunctivae inferior Tunicaconjunctiva parpeorarum Plica semilunaris conjunctivae

Limbusposterior palpebrae Limbusanterior palpebrae Plicasemilunaris coniunctivae Punctumlacrimale (inferioo Papillalacrimalis Caruncula lacrimalis

F i g . 6 2 2 E y e , O c u l u sa,n d e y e l i d sP , alpebrae.

Lacuslacrimalis

Punctumlacrimale; (inferior) Papillalacrimalis

F i g . 6 2 3 E y e , O c u [ u sa,n d e y e t i d sP, a t p e b r a e . E v e r s i o no f t h e u p p e re y e t i d( e x t r o p i o n i s a t i oi ns Jh i n d e r e d b y t h e s t i f f n e s so f t h e t a r s u s ,b u t c a n b e f a c i t i t a t e w d ith t h e a i d o f a s m a t lh o o k .

Mu s c t e os f t h e e y e

Eyebatl.

pathway CIptie

lvlargo supraorbitalis

TopnEr aphy

Foramen supraorbitale*

Incisura frontalis*

Os sphenoidale,Ala minor

Faciesorbitalis Os frontale.Parsorbitalis. Fovea trochlearis Canalis opticus

Fossaglandulae lacrimalis

Foramen ethmoidaleposterius

Os frontale,Proc zygomaticus Foramen ethmoidaleanterius

Os sphenoidale, Alamajor,Faciesorbitalis

Margo medialis Os lacrimale

Margolateralis

Sulcus Iacrimalis

Os zygomaticum, Proc frontalis Crista lacrimalisanterior

Fissuraorbitalis superior

Fossa sacci lacrimalis Crista lacrimalisposterior

Os zygomaticum, Faciesorbitalis


Foramenzygomaticofaciale Incisuralacrimalis

Fissuraorbitalis inferior

Os ethmoidale,Lamina orbitalis Os palatinum,Proc orbitalis

Sulcusinfraorbitalis ; Canalisinfraorbitalis Forameninfraorbitale

Margo infraorbitalis

Maxilla,Facies orbitalis

F i g . 6 2 1 0 r b i t ,0 r b i t a ; o b L i q u vei e wf r o m [ a t e r a t . + Thesestructures as canbepresent f o r a m i noar n o t c h e s .

Foramina ethmoidalia anterius et posterius Os ethmoidale,Lamina orbitalis

Fissuraorbitalis superior Canalisopticus Os sphenoidale, Ala minor

l/argo lateralis

Os nasale Os lacrimale


Maxilla, Proc frontalis Canalis nasolacrimalis

Fissuraorbitalis inferior

Facies ) orbitalis I

I vaxitta CorpusI

pterygopalatina

Foramen zygomaticoorbitale

':

Fissuraorbitalis superior Os zygomaticum, Faciesorbitalis Alamaior ' ) I Os sphenoidale Corpus J

maxillae /


Os sphenoidale, Proc pterygoideus

Fissurapterygomaxillaris Sinusmaxillaris

os patatin um f orutt"'"ti""' I Proc.orbitalis Fig.625 MediatwatL P ,a r i e sm e d i a t i s , nf tho

nrhi+

flrhi+r.

lateraIview.

Maxilla,Faciesorbitalis Sinusmaxillaris Canalisinfraorbitalis

Fig.626 LateraIwa[t, Paries[atera[is, o f t h e o r b i t ,0 r b i t a ; m e d i a Iv i e w

: r] r r r . , , , , , ,.i t:ri.r. t',r,ra,.,.r .rrrr.rrr,.

t Eye

a

5urface

appar atus S k e l e t o n Eyetids Lac r i m aI

Eyelids

M occioitofrontalis. Venterfrontalis

M procerus

lvl depressor supercilii

M, corrugator supercilii Os nasale

M orbicularis oculi, Parspalpebralis

Lig palpebrale mediale M orbicularis oculi, Parsorbitalis

L4 levator labiisuperioris alaequenasl

l\il levator labiisuperioris ataequenasl

M orbicularis oculi, Parsorbitalis

M. nasalis

lvl.levator labiisuperioris

M levator labiisuperioris M. zygomaticus malor

M zygomaticus mtnor

M zygomaticus mtnor M, zygomaticus maJor M levator anguli oris

M orbicularis oris,Parsmarginalis

Fig.62l

T ,1a , c ,d ,e ) 119,120

lvl deDressor seDti nasi

M levatorangulioris

Faciam I u s c l e s ,M m . f a c i e i .

M levatorpalpebrae superioris

Fornix conjunctivae supeflor

lvl obliquus superior, Tendo

Corpusadiposum orbitae Glandula lacrimaiis, Parsorbitalis

Lig palpebralemediale

Tarsussuperior Saccus lacrimalis (Raphe palpebralis lateralis);Lig palpebralelaterale

Lig palpebralemediale

Rimapalpebrarum Fornixconjunctivae inferior

Tarsusinferior lV1obliquus inferior

F i g . 6 2 8 0 r b i t a Lo p e n i n gA, d i t u so r b i t a L i sw, i t h e y e l . i d s , Patoebrae.

M u s c l e so f t h e e y e

Eyebatt

0 p ti cp a th way Topography Eyelids, structure

l/ orbicularis oculi, Parspalpebralis

Tunicaconjunctivapalpebrarum

Tarsussuperior Glandulaetarsales* + Facies anterior +

Facies posterior palpebrae

ParPEerdv

Limbusposterior palpebrae M. orbicularis oculi, Parspalpebralis Limbusanteriorpalpebrae

F i g . 6 2 9 U p p e re y e t i d P , a t p e b r as u p e r i o r ; photograph o f a m i c r o s c o p iscp e c i m e n ; a z a ns t a r n ; s a g i t t a sI e c t i o n m , agnified. * C t i n i c at eI r m :M E l B 0 M igatna n d s

Tarsussuperior

Glandulaetarsales

Angulusoculilateralis Angulusoculimedialis

medialis Commissura palpebrarum Commissura lateralis palpebrarum Rimapalpebrarum Glandulae tarsales Tarsusinferior

F i g . 6 3 0 E y e l ' i d sP, a t p e b r a e ; t r a n s t u c e nst p e c i m e ni l t u s t r a t i n g t h e e x c r e t o r yd u c t u l e s o f t h e t a r s a Ig L a n d s ; oosteriorview.

r Eye

Sketeton Eyetids Lacrimalapparatus

Surface

Lacrimalapparatus

Septumorbitale

M levator palpebrae superioris,Tendo

Tarsussuperior

Lig. palpebralemediale

Ductuliexcretorii

Maxilla,Proc frontalis Septumorbitale

Tarsusinferior

F i g .6 3 1 0 r b i t a Io p e n i n gA , d i t u so r b i t a t i sw , itheyel.ids, P a l p e b r a ea, n d [ a c r i m a tg [ a n d ,G t a n d u [ a[ a c r i m a [ i s .

N lacrimalis

A. lacrimalis

Glandula lacrimalis. Parsorbitalis

R. communicans cum nervozygomatico Suturasphenozygomatica Palpebra superior

M. rectuslateralis N. opticuslll

Palpebrainterior

R. communicans cum nervozygomatico

Foramenzygomaticoorbitale

Fig.632 Innervationof the lacrimat gLand, G t a n d u [ a[ a c r i m a t i s ; mediaIview.


E ye b a tt 0 p ti cp a th way Topogr aphy Lacrimalapparatus

Fornixconiunctivae suoerior

Papilla lacrimalis:Punctum lacrimale Plica semilunarisconiunctivae

lacrimalis Canaliculus suoerior Glandulalacrimalis, Ductuliexcretorii

M orbicularis oculi Fornix sacci lacrimalis

lacrimalis Caruncula Saccuslacrimalis lacrimalis inferior Canaliculus Papillalacrimalis; Punctumlacrimale Conchanasalismedia Ductusnasolacrimalis Fornix conjunctivaeinferior

Plicalacrimalis Meatusnasiinferior Conchanasalisinferior N. infraorbitalis

Sinusmaxillaris, Tunicamucosa

F i g .6 3 3 L a c r i m a Ia p p a r a t u sA, p p a r a t u s[ a c r i m a t i s ; t h e e y e l i d sh a v eb e e np u t l e da w a yf r o m t h e e y e b a L t ; t h e n a s o l a c r i m adI u c t h a s b e e no p e n e du p t o t h e i n f e r i o rn a s a Im e a t u s .

Canaliculus lacrimalis superior

Papilla lacrimalis; Punctum lacrimale

Caruncula lacrimalis Canaliculus lacrimalis superior

Ampulla canaliculilacrimalis

Saccus lacrimalis

lacrimalis Caruncula

Fornix saccl lacrimalis Lig. palpebrale mediale

Saccus lacrimalis Maxilla, Proc trontalis

M orbicularis oculi Papilla lacrimalis; Punctum lacrimale

Canaliculus lacrimalis inferior

Ductus nasolacrimalis

l\4 obliquusinlerior

F i g . 6 3 4 L a c r i m a Ia p p a r a t u sA, p p a r a t u s[ a c r i m a I i s .

M orbicularis oculi / Canaliculus lacrimalis inferior M obliquus interior

Sinusmaxillaris


Ductusnasolacrimalis

F i g .6 3 5 L a c r i m a Ia p p a r a t u sA, p p a r a t u sL a c r i m a t i s ; the nasoLacrima d Iu c t a n d t h e n a s o l a c r i m acIa n a I h a v eb e e no p e n e d .

Surface

appar atus Skeleton Eyel.ids l - ac r i m aI

M obliquus Trochlea superior,

M rectusmedialis M obliquusinferior M rectusinlerior l\4 rectussuperior

M obliquus superior M. levatorpalpebrae superioris

M rectuslateralis

Anulustendineus communis

F i g .6 3 6 E x t r a - o c u l m a ru s c t e sM, m .e x t e r nbi u t b i ; scnema; supeflorvrew.

M orbitalis

M levatorpalpebraesuperioris

Os frontale M obliquus superior Fissuraorbitalissuperior N opticuslll Lacertusmusculirectilateralis M rectusmedialis Os sphenoidale,Ala major

Cellulaeethmoidales

M rectuslateralis

N oculomotorius llll, R inferior

N opticuslll, Vaginaexterna M rectusinferior

Periorbita N infraorbitalis

F i g . 6 3 7 E x t r a - o c u [ am r u s c t e sM , m e x t e r n ib u l b i ; a n t e r i o rv i e w .

Musclesof the eye Extra-ocularmuscles

M rectusmedialis

M rectuslateralis M. obliquusinferior

Tunicaconjunctiva bulbi

M rectusinferior

F i g .6 3 8 E x t r a - o c u l am r usclesM , m . e x t e r n ib u [ b i .

M. rectussuperior M obliquus superior, Tendo

N opticusilll

M. rectuslateralis

M rectusmedialis M. obliquusinlerior

F i g .6 3 9 E x t r a - o c u [m a ru s c t e sM, m .e x t e r nbi u t b i ; oosterior view.

M rectussuperior M obliquus superior, Tendo

M rectuslateralis

M obliquusinferior

M. rectusinferior

N opticuslll

F i g .6 4 0 E x t r a - o c u tm a ru s c l e sM, m .e x t e r nbi u t b i ; p o s t e r i o r - s u p e rviioerw .

Sur face

Sketeton EyeLids Lac r i m atappar atus

Extra-ocular muscles

M levatorpalpebrae superioris M rectussuperior Periorbita M. rectuslateralis

N. opticusilll


M rectusinferior

M obliquusinferior

Fossainfratemooralis Fissuraorbitalisinferior Sinusmaxillaris

F i g . 6 1 1 E x t r a - o c u lm a ru s c t e sM, m .e x t e r nbi u l b i ; [ateraIview.

M rectussuoerior. Tendo Margosupraorbitalis

M levatorpalpebrae superioris

Os frontale,Proc zygomaticus

M obliquus superior, Tendo

lacrimalis, Glandula Parsorbitalis

Tendo M. rectusmedialis,

M rectuslateralis,Tendo Tunicaconjunctiva bulbi

Margo lateralis

Margomedialis

M obliquus inlerior,Tendo

M obliquusinferior

Os zygomaticum Margoinfraorbitalis Forameninfraorbitale

F i g , 6 1 1 2 E x t r a - o c u [ am r u s c L e sM, m e x t e r n ib u I b i ; o b t i o u ev i e wf r o m a n t e r i o r .

muscles Extra-ocular

M obliquussuperior, Trochlea M obliquus supenor, Tendo

Bulbusoculi M. levator palpebrae supenons

M levator parpe0rae supenofls

M obliquus supeflor, Tendo

Glandula lacrimalis, Parsorbitalis


Corpus adrposum orbitae

M rectusmedialis

M obliquus supenor M. rectuslateralis M rectus lateralis M rectus supenor

M. rectussuperior lvl obliquus superior M levatorpalpebrae superioris Chiasmaopticum

N. opticusilll

F i g ,6 4 3 E x t r a - o c u Lmaur s c t e sM, m .e x t e r nbi u L b i ; s u D e f l ovrt e w .

Lobusfrontalis, Gyriorbitales l\il.levatorpalpebraesuperioris M rectussuperior

Pariessuperior

M obliquus superior

Pariesmedialis

N opticusilll

Parieslateralis

M rectuslateralis

Cellulaeethmoidales

M rectusmedialis

Pariesinferior

M rectusinferior

Sinusmaxillaris Cavitasnasi

F i g . 6 1 1 E x t r a - o c u t am r usclesM , m . e x t e r n ib u t b i ; m a g n e t i cr e s o n a n cteo m o g r a p h ii cm a g e( M R l ) ; f r o n t a Is e c t i o nt h r o u g ht h e m i d d L eo f t h e o r b i t ; a n t e r i o rv i e w

Lens Bulbusoculi,Corpusvitreum

Pariesmedialis Cellulaeethmoidales

M rectuslateralis N opticusilll M. rectusmedialis

Parieslateralis Canalisopticus Lobustemporalis

F i g . 6 4 5 E y e b a l .Bt ,u l b u so c u L ia, n d e x t r a - o c u t am , m . e x t e r n ib u t b i . r u s c t e sM m a g n e t i cr e s o n a n cteo m o g r a p h ii cm a g eI M R l l ; h o r i z o n t asI e c t i o na t t h e l e v e Io f t h e o p t i cn e r v e : s u p e f l o rv r e w .

Lac r i m aIappar atus Eyeball,structure

Axlsexternusbulbi Vertexcorneae:Polusanteriorbulbi Polusanteriorlentis Laminalimitansanterior' ** LaminalimitansDosterior '''t, ,'rbu" "orn"u" Angulus iridocornealis Sinusvenosussclerae***

Epithelium anterius Cameraanteriorbulbi Faciesanterior

rri"I [Facies posterior\ Cornea Reticulum trabeculare

Tunicaconjunctiva

Tunicaconjunctiva bulbi

Fibraecircularesl Cameraposterior bulbi

.

ciliaris Fibrae lM meridionales ,/ Pars ciliaris retinae

Orbiculus ciliaris

Polus'Dosterior lentis

Ura serrala

Parsopticaretinae

Camerapostremalvitrea]bulbi; Corpusvitreum

Choroidea

Spatiumperichoroideum

Excavatio disci Lamina cribrosa sclerae

Macula lutea, Fovea centralis

Polusposterior bulbi Vaginaexternanervioptici Spatium intervaginalesubarachnoidale

Fig.61,6 Eyebal.t, Butbusocuti; s c h e m a t ihco r i z o n t sa eI c t i o n a t t h eL e v eolf t h e e x i to f t h eo o t i cn e r v e .

* C t i n i c a tI e r m : B O W M A Nm ' se m b r a n e * * C t i n i c atIe r m : D E S o E M E m T 'es m b r a n e * * * C t i n i c atIe r m : c a n a Io f S c H L E M M

Dimensions of the eyebatt literature) lAverageva[uesaccordingto the anatomicand ophtha[mol.ogic E x t e r n abI u t b a ra x i s , A x i se x t e r n u sb u L b i Internab I u L b aar x i s , A x i si n t e r n u sb u l b i T h i c k n e s so f t h e c o r n e a D e p t ho f t h e a n t e r i o rc h a m b e r

240mm

T h i c k n e s so f t h e t e n s D i s t a n c eb e t w e e nl e n sa n d r e t i n a T h i c k n e s so f t h e r e t i n a

3 . 6m m '1 5 6 mm 03mm

R a d i u so f c u r v a t u r eo f t h e s c t e r a R a d i u so f c u r v a t u r eo f t h e c o r n e a

13.0 mm 78mm

Powerof the entireeye vision] Idistance P o w e ro f t h e c o r n e a P o w e ro f t h e l e n s[ d i s t a n c ve i s i o n l

5 9d i o p t r e s

22.5mm 05mm 36mm

I n t e r p u p i L l adr yi s t a n c e

4 3d i o p t r e s 1 9d i o p t r e s 61-69 mm

Bloodvesselsof the eveball

Sinusvenosussclerae* Circulusarteriosus iridismajor V conjunctivalis anterior A conjunctivalis anterior

A. ciliarisanterior Circulusarteriosus iridisminor Ora serrata V. ciliaris antenor

longa A. ciliarisposterior

Vasasanguinea retinae Choroidea

V vorticosa Lamina choroidocaoillaris Lamina vasculosa **

V centralis retinae V episcleralis A episcleralis

A centralis retinae

A ciliarisposterior longa Aa ciliaresposteriores breves

F i g . 5 1 7 B t o o dv e s s e l so f t h e e y e b a t tB, u L b u so c u t , . * C [ i n i c at eI r m :c a n a t oSf c H L E M M * * C t i n i c at eI r m :u v e a

Layersof the eyebat[,Tunicaebutbi Fibrous tayer of the eyebatl, Tunica fibrosa bul.bi - C o r n e aC , o r n e aI p r o n o u n c ecdu r v a t u r et,r a n s l u c e n t ] - S c [ e r aS , c t e r aI L e s s ecru r v a t u r eo, p a q u e b ; L u i s h - w h i ti e n i n f a n c yy, e l l o w i s h - w h i ti e n senescenceJ Vascular layer of the eyeba[[, Tunica vasculosa butbi - l r i s ,l r i s ,w i t h t h e c e n t r a Ic i r c u t a ro p e n i n gt,h e p u p i l , PupiLl.a - C i t i a r yb o d y ,C o r p u sc i t i a r ew , i t h t h e c i t i a r ym u s c L e , M c i t i a r i st,h e c i t i a r yp r o c e s sP, r o c e s s u cs i L i a r i st h ,e c i [ i a r yz o n u L eZ, o n u l ac i I i a r i sw , i t h t h e z o n u t a rf i b r e s , F i b r a ez o n u L a r e a s ,n d t h e z o n u t a rs p a c e s , C^-+;^ -^^,,1--;^ JPoLro 4urruLorro

- C h o r o i dC . horoidea

lnner tayer of the eyebaU,lretinal, Tunica interna butbi (Retinal - N o n v i s u arIe t i n a ,P a r sc a e c ar e t i n a eI f r o mt h e p u p i L L a r y - i r i d i a l m a r g i n ,M a r g op u p i t L a r i sr i d i s ,t o t h e o r a s e r r a t a , 0 r as e r r a t a l l r i d i a Lp a r t o f t h e r e t i n a ,P a r si r i d i c ar e t i n a e( s i n g | . e - L a y e r e d , h e a v i t yp i g m e n t e d )C, i t i a r yp a r t o f t h e r e t i n a ,P a r sc i I i a r i s r e t i n a e{ s i n g [ e - L a y e r eu dn ,p i g m e n t e d l - 0 p t i c p a r t o f t h e r e t i n a ,P a r so p t i c ar e t i n a eI s t r a t i f i e d J 1 n e u r o n v: i s i o nc e I t sI r o dc e t t s- b r i q h t n e s s : c o n ec e l L s- c o L o u r l 2 n e u r o n :b i p o L agr a n g I i o nc e l [ sw i t h i nt h e r e t i n a { g a n g L i oonf t h e r e t i n a ,G a n g L i orne t i n a e J 3 n e u r o n :m u L t i - p o t agra n g L i ocne I t sI o p t i ca a n g I i o n , , h o s e[ o n ga x o n sf o r m t h e o p t i c G a n g L i oonp t i c u m iw n e r v ea n d c o n t i n u ei n t h e o p t i ct r a c t

\ l

L a c r i m aaI p p a r a t u s Ciliarybodyand iris

Cameraanterior -l--^---

to'n"" l

pupillae M sphincter Stromairidis

posterius Faciesposterior, Epithelium Faciesanterior. Eoithelium anterius proDria Substantia corneae Sinusvenosussclerae* Angulusiridocornealis

Beticulum trabeculare

Cameraposterior

zonulares zonularia Procc, ciliares

Corpusciliare

I zonur" .itiu,.i.--

F i g .6 4 8 E y e b a t LB,u L b u so c u t i ; s c h e m a t i ch o r i z o n t asI e c t i o na t t h e l e v e Io f thepupit. * C l i n i c at eLr m :c a n aoI f S c H L E M M * * C [ i n i c at eI r m :z o n u [ oe f Z I N N

Lens, Facies anterior

lris,Margopupillaris Beticulum trabeculare

Lens, Polus anterior M ciliaris

lris,Faciesanterior

Anulus iridismajor

Anulusiridisminor

F i g . 6 4 9 l r i s , l r i s ,a n d p u p i t ,P u p i l . l . a ; a f t e rr e m o v a o I f t h e s c t e r aa n d c o r n e a : a n t e r i o rv i e w .

Mu s c t e os f t h e e y e

Anulusiridisminor

Margopupillaris

Anulusiridismajor

Reticulum trabeculare

Margo ciliaris

Lens,Faciesanterior

Parsiridicaretinae

F i g . 6 5 0 l r i s ,l r i s ; a f t e rr e m o v aoIf t h ec o r n e a ; anteriorview.

Pars ciliarisretinae

Procc.ciliares

Fibraezonulares: Soatiazonularia Plicae ciliares

Cornea,Faciesposterior

F i g . 6 5 1 l r i s ,l r i s ; posterior view.

lris.Faciesoosterior

Parsopticaretinae

Procc ciliares Plicae ciliares

Orbiculus ciliaris

F i g .6 5 2 l r i s ,l r i s ; section o f F i g .6 5 1 ; posterior view.

L a c r i m a Ia p p a r a t u s

Faciesanterior

Polusanterior

Polusposterior

Faciesposterior

F i g . 6 5 4 L e n sL, e n s ; viewedf romthe equator.

F i g . 6 5 3 L e n sL, e n s ; a n t e r i ovr i e w .

Aequator+

F i g . 6 5 5 L e n s ,L e n s ; o b t i q u ev i e wf r o m a n t e r i o r

F i g . 6 5 6 L e n sL, e n s ; schema o f t h e[ e n sf i b r e si n a n e o n a t e : viewed f r o mt h ee q u a t o r .

M u s c t e so f t h e e y e

Eyebatt

0 p ti cp a th way Topogr aphy

retinaesuperior Venulatemporalis

Discusnervioptici**

Macula lutea *

Venulatemooralis retinaeinferior

Arteriolatemooralisretinaeinferior

F i g . 6 5 7 O c u t a rf u n d u s ,F u n d u so c u t i ; o p h t h a [ m o s c o p pi ci c t u r eo f t h e c e n t r a Ir e g i o n ; a n t e r i o rv i e w . * C[inicaI term:yetlowspot * * C t i n i c at eI r m :p a p i t [oar b I i n ds p o t

Venulamacularis superior

Arteriolatemporalisretinaesuperior Venulatemporalis retinaesuperior Venulanasalisretinaesuperior

Arteriola macularis suDerior nasalisretinaesuoeriol Arteriola Discusnervioptici Fovea centralis, Foveola

(Venulamedialis retinae)

(Arteriolamedialisretinae) Arteriolamacularisinferior Arteriolanasalisretinaeinferior

Venulamacularis inferior

Arteriola temooralis retinaeinferior

F i g ,6 5 8 B L o o dv e s s e t so f t h e r e t i n a V , a s as a n g u i n e ar e t i n a e ; s c h e m ao f t h e c o u r s eo f t h e v e s s e t s : anteriorview.

Lac r i m aIappar atus

Excavatio disci

Laminacribrosasclerae

Stratum nervosum

) _ I Ha.ls I opuca Stratum I retinae p19menrosum /

Lamina fusca sclerae

Choroidea propria Substantia screrae

Spatiumintervaginale subarachnoidale

N opticuslll

F i g . 6 5 9 0 p t i cn e r v eN, .o p t i c uIsl l 1 ; h o r i z o n t sa eI c t i o n a t i t se x i tf r o mt h ee y e b a L I

Spatium intervaginalesubarachnoidale

Vaginainternanervioptici

Vagina externa nerui optici

F i g . 6 6 0 0 p t i cn e r v eN , . o p t i c u Isl l l ; c r o s s - s e c t in oe n a rt h ee y e b a L [

M u s c l e sC I tf h e e y e

Eyebatt

pathwmy ffi6rtic

Topography

Vagina interna

Periorbita

Vagina externa

N o p t i c u lsl l ,

Pars canalis

N opticuslll, Parsintracranialis

A n u l u tse n d i n e ucso m m u n i s M levatorpalpebrae supenofls

Dura mater cranialis

M rectussuperior

Hypophysis

Chiasmaopticum

N opticuslll, Parsorbitalis

Tractusopticus A ophthalmica A ophthalmica orbitae Corpusadiposum A carotisinterna, Parscerebralis

M rectuslateralis

Sinuscavernosus

M rectusinferior

F i g . 6 5 1 0 p t i cn e r v eN, .o p t i c uIsl l J ; t h eo p t i cc a n ahI a sb e e no p e n e d ; viewed f r o mt h er i g h t .

Sinusfrontalis

M levatorpalpebrae superioris l\4 rectussuperior Corpusadiposum orbitae

Corpusciliare N opticuslll

Palpebra superior Lens

M rectusinterior

Cameraanterior Sinussphenoidalis

inferior Palpebra Bulbusoculi,Camera postrema [vitrea]

Sinusmaxillaris

F i g . 6 6 2 0 r b i t ,O r b i t a ; m a g n e t i cr e s o n a n cteo m o g r a p h i cm a g eI M R l ) ; v e r t i c a sL e c t i o na [ o n gt h e o p t i cn e r v e ; v i e w e df r o m t h e r i g h t .

Surfaqe

Sketeton E y e L i d s L a c r i r n a at p p a r a t u s

0pticpathwayand bloodvessels

Bulbuo s culi Aa ciliares

A centralisretinae

Chiasma opticum

A ophthalmica

Tubercinereum* A carotis inlerna


Tractusopticus

A cerebriposterior

Tractusopticus, Radixmedialis Tractusopticus, Radixlateralis Mesencephalon, Pedunculus cereDrl

Corpus geniculatum mediale Corpus geniculatum laterale

Tectum mesencephali, Colliculus superior

Radiatiooptica

Plexuschoroideus ventriculi lateralis V magna cerebri Brachium colliculisuperioris

Sulcuscalcarinus R calcarinus (Area striata)

F i g .6 6 3 B r a i n ,E n c e p h a L oann, d b | . o o d suppLo y f t h e p a r t so f t h e o p t i cp a t h w a y ; i n f e r i o rv i e w . T h e p i t u i t a r yg t a n dh a s b e e nr e m o v e da t i t s i n f u n d i b u t u m [ * 1 .D u e t o t h e c [ o s ep r o x i m i t yo f t h e p i t u i t a r yg L a n da n d t h e o p t i cc h i a s m , p i t u i t a r vt u m o u r sc a n c a u s ev i s u a Ld i s t u r b a n c e s

0ptic pathway 1 n e u r o nr: o dc e L Lasn dc o n ec e L Losf t h e r e t i n a 2 n e u r o nb: i p o l . agra n g [ i ocne [ L os f t h e r e t i n aI p e r i k a r yi n a t h er e t i n a L g a n g l . i o n ) n e u T Om n :u L t i - p o Lgaarn g L i ocne L Losf t h e r e t i n aI p e r i k a r y a i n t h eo p t i cg a n g t i o n ) T h ea x o n so f t h eo p t i cg a n g t i ocne L Lesx t e n dp r i m a r i ltyo 4 t h e l a t e r ag L e n i c u L abt eo d yl L a t e r ar L o o t )a, L t h o u gshe v e r a I f i b r e sa L s oe x t e n dt o t h e p r e t e c t aaLr e aa n dt h e s u p e r i o r c o L L i c u Ll m u se d i a L r o oat ls,w e [ La s t o t h e h y p o t h a L a m u s

T h e yr u n w i t h i ni h e o p t i cn e r v et o t h e o p t i cc h i a s mw , here t h ef i b r e sf r o mt h e n a s a pL a r to f t h eo c u L af ru n d u sc r o s s L ot h eo p p o s i tsei d e E a c ho p t i cL r a ccLo n t a i nfsi b r e sw, h i c h t r a n s m iitn f o r m a t i of rno mt h ec o n t r a L a t ehr a lLof f t h e visuaLfieLd n e u r o nl:t s a x o n st r a v e L p r i m a r i l yf r o mt h e l a t e r a I 'l g e n i c u L a bt eo d yt o a r e a s 7 a n d 1 8o f t h e c e r e b r acI o r t e x q ec a L c a r i n e I s t r i a ta e r e a iJn t h e r e q i o ns u r r o u n d i nt h s uL c u s

Mus c le o s f t h ee y e

Eyebatt

Opticpathway

Topogr aphy

'1 Commonvisualfield ' 1 aVisualfieldof the lett eye 1 b Visualtieldof the righteye 2a Projectionon the left retina 2b Projectionon the rightretina

1a

Bulbusoculi

Ganglion ciliare

N. opticuslll

A carotis interna,A. ophthalmica

Chiasmaopticum Ganglion cervicale supenus Tractusopticus

N oculomotorius illll Corpusgeniculatum laterale

Radiatio optica

Colliculus superior Sulcuscalcarinus

3b

3a Projection on the left calcarine cortex 3b Proiectionon the rioht calcarinecortex Coriscious visual fi6ld as a result of the integrative achievement of the brain

Fig.554 0ptic pathway; schematicoverview; s u 0 e n o rv r e w . T h e c e n t r a Iv i s i o nf i e t dh a s a fietd. d i s p r o p o r t i o n a tLLayr g ep r o j e c t i o n * Ptaneof refraction of light

Sr:rfase

SketetonHyet i dsl .- ac r i m appar aI atus

a A supraorbitalis Fl lateralis t N suoraorbitalis. superioris o [4 levatorpalpebrae N suoraorbitalis.R medialis': Glandula lacrimalis, Pars orbitalis

N supratrochlearis , Corpusadiposum orbitae

t M rectus superior

R meningeus anteriora A ethmoidalis anteriora

a A lacrimalis

l\4 obliquus superior€f , N lacrimalis

, N nasociliaris A o p h t h a l m i caa

o lvl rectus lateralis

N frontalis , N abducens [Vl]

N trochlearis lVl N o p h t h a l m i c[uVsi 1 ]

Canalisopticus

x N maxillaris[V/2]

N opticuslll ,l media O A meningea

A ophthalmica a A carotisinternaa

, N mandibularis [V/3], R meningeus N oculomotorius llll : , N mandibularis [V/3] N trochlearis lvl ,t N abducens [Vl].,

r, Gangliontrigeminale

R tentorius: ;, N trigeminus[V]

666

,-,

F i g . 6 6 5 A r t e r i e sa n d n e r v e so f t h e o r b i t , 0 r b i t a ; s u 0 e n o rv r e w .

Mu s c le o s f t h ee y e

Eyebatt

0pticpathway Topography

R. lateralis a N supraorbitalis, O M levatorpalpebraesuperioris

A supraorbitalis a

Parsorbitalis Glandulalacrimalis, N supraorbitalis, R. medialisa O M. rectussuperior N. supratrochlearis o

a A. lacrimalis

A. ophthalmica O a N. lacrimalis

M. obliquussuperiora

ciliare a Ganglion

a N. abducens[Vl] a M rectuslateralis N oculomotorius illll, R. superiora

a N nasociliaris

a N ophthalmicus [V/11 N. opticusilll a

a N maxillaris[V/21

A. ophthalmica a o N. mandibularis [V/3]

A carotisinternaa N oculomotorius llll a

trigeminale o Ganglion

N trochlearis[V] a N abducens [Vl]r

o N trigeminus [V]

F i g . 6 6 5 A r t e r i e sa n d n e r v e so f t h e o r b i t ,O r b i t a ; after removaIof the roof of the orbit: SUOeflOr VteW.

Surface

Ske[eton Eyet i dsLac r i m aI appar atus

\F

/,6\ (-)

A supraorbitalis M obliquussuperior, Tendoa

o M levatorpalpebraesuperioris a M reclussuperior

A. supratrochlearis a)

M. obliquussuDerior a A dorsalisnasia Bulbusoculi

meningeus anteriora

a N. opticuslll

M rectusmedialisa N infratrochlearis a

a N lacrimalis

A ethmoidalis anteriora

a A lacrimalis

N. ethmoidalis anteriora

a M rectuslateralis

N nasociliarisa

a Nn ciliaresbreves

posterior A ethmoidalis O posterior N. ethmoidalis 3

o Aa ciliares

N. ciliarislonguso

o N abducens[Vl]

M. obliquus superiora

a N oculomotorius rull,R.interior

N. trochlearis [V] o

ciliare a Ganglion

N. oculomotorius llll, O R superior

a Radixparasympathica (lll) loculomotorial

M. levatorpalpebrae a supenofls

a Radixsensoria(V/1)

M rectussuperiorO

a Radixsympathica (N.caroticus internus)

N opticusilll O A ophthalmica O

a N. ophthalmicus [V/1]

A carotisinternaO N. oculomotorius llll a N.trochlearis lvl a

a N. trigeminus [V],Radixsensoria , N. abducens[Vll

F i g . 6 6 7 A r t e r i e sa n d n e r v e so f t h e o r b i t ,O r b i t a ; a f t e r p a r t i a Lr e m o v a o I f t h e l e v a t o rp a l p e b r a es u p e r i o r i s , t h e r e c t u ss u p e r i o ra n d t h e o b l i q u u ss u p e r i o rm u s c t e ; s u 0 e n o rv t e w .

Mu s c t e s

superioris a M. levatorpalpebrae a M. rectussuDerior a M rectuslateralis

M obliquus superior, a Trochlea M. obliquussuperior, Tendoa

a N. opticusilll

M obliquussuperiorO R meningeus anteriora

a M obliquusinferior o M rectusinferior

N intratrochlearis e ethmoidalis anteriora N ethmoidalis anterior3

posterior A ethmoidalis o O N zygomaticus

N ethmoidalisposteriora

aA infraorbitalis

M rectusmedialisa A ophthalmica O

a N infraorbitalis

M. obliquussuperiora t N oculomotorius illl, R. inferior

M levatorpalpebraea supeflons

a M rectuslateralis M. rectussuperiora) a N abducens [Vl]

N opticusl|] a

a N maxillaris[V/2] Canalisopticus t N. ophthalmicus [V/1]

A. ophthalmicaO

I N. mandibularis [V/3]

N, oculomotorius illll a N abducens [Vl]a

, N trigeminus [V]

F i g .6 6 8 A r t e r i e sa n d n e r v e so f t h e o r b i t ,0 r b i t a ; a f t e r s e c t i o no f t h e o p t i cn e r v e ; suoeflorvtew.

667

t Eye

Surface

5 k e [ e t o n Eyeti dsL a c r i m aaI p p a n a t u s

Blood yesselsof the orbit

A supraorbitalis

A supratrochlearis

A carotis interna

A dorsalisnasi

A ophthalmica

Aa ciliaresposteriores

A lacrimalis

F i g . 6 6 9 A r t e r i e so f t h e o r b i t ,0 r b i t a ; [ateraIview.

F i g . 6 7 0a , b V a r i a t i o n o s f t h e o p h t h a t m i ca r t e r y ,A . o p h t h a t m i c a ; S U p e f l ovr t e w .

V nasofrontalis N opticustlll

V supraorbitalis

\ A carotisinterna

Sinuscavernosus

V ophthalmica superior

F i g . 6 7 1 V e i n so f t h e o r b i t ,0 r b i t a ; LateraIview.


Eyebal.l. 0 p ti cp a th way Topography

R communicans cumnervozygomatico

Ganglionciliare

N maxillaris

lvt2l

N zygomaticus

Ganglion pterygopalatinum

R communicans cum nervofaciali

F i g . 6 7 2 O r b i t ,O r b i t a ; viewedfrom the right.

M rectusmedialis

Cellulaeethmoidales

t

I {

I

F i g . 6 7 3 O r b i t ,0 r b i t a ; h o r i z o n t asI e c t i o n ; s u p e f l o rv r e w .

...Eyebatt | 0pticpathw ayI T opogr aphy

M epicranius a

Os trontale Periorbita

& N frontalis superioris t M levatorpalpebrae

Supercilia Ear

Over view |

Ou terear

Auditoryossicles

incudomallearis Articulatio Caput mallei

Corpusincudis

Crusbreve Proc lateralis

Cruslongum

Proc anterior

Articulatioincudostapedialis

Manubrium mallei

Crusposterius

Crusanterius Basisstapedis

F i g . 6 i 2 A u d i t o r yo s s i c t e sO , s s i c u Laau d i t u s ; s u o e r o m e d i avIi e w .

Recessus epitympanicus

Lig incudisposterius

Lig mallei laterale

Articulatioincudomallearis

Chordatympani

Lig mallei anterius

posterior A tympanica M tensor tympani,Tendo

Articulatio incudostapedialis l\4 stapedius,Tendo

Manubrium mallei

Membrana stapedialis Membrana tympanica

Lig anularestapediale Anulusf ibrocartilagineus

F i g ,6 9 3 J o i n t sa n d l i g a m e n t so f t h e a u d i t o r yo s s i c t e s , A r t i c u l a t i o n eest L i g a m e n t ao s s i c u [ o r u m auditus; c o v e r e dw i t h m u c o s a ; suoeromediaIview

I M i ddteear

Innerear I PathwaysI Topography

-\ Lig.malleisuperius Pariestegmentalis, Parscupularis

4a-'

Pariestegmentalis,Recessusepitympanicus Chordatympani;Plicamallearisanterior Manubrium mallei

Corpusincudis

M. tensortympani, Tendo

Lig malleilaterale

M tensortympani

Recessusmembranae tympanicaesuperior

Proc.cochlearilormis

Chordatympani Promontorium Meatusacusticusexternus Cavitastympani Stapes Umbomembranaetympanicae

Canaliscaroticus

Membranatympanica

Anulusf ibrocartilagineus

Fig.594 Tympaniccavity,Cavitastympani; f r o n t a Is e c t i o n : anteriorview.

Pariesmastoideus

Parieslabyrinthicus Pariesmembranaceus

Fig.595 WatLsof the tympaniccavity,Cavitastympani; s c h e m af o r o r i e n t a t i o n .

> Ear

0u terear

Over view |

Tympaniccavity

Antrummastoideum Cellulae mastoideae

Fenestra vestibuli Canalis nervi facialis

Proc cochleariformis lmpressio trigeminalis Ostium tympanicum tubae auditivae Canalis caroticus

vestibuli Fossulafenestrae Promontorium Sulcuspromontorii

Canalis nervi facialis

Fossulafenestraecochleae

Foramen stylomastoideum Parieslabyrinthicus

Fenestra cochleae

promontorii Subiculum

F i g .6 9 6 M e d i a L w a t P t , a r i e sL a b y r i n t h i c uosf,t h e t y m p a n i cc a v i t y , C a v i t a st y m p a n i ; a f t e rr e m o v a o I f the [ateraw L a t [a n dt h e a d j a c e np t a r t so f t h e a n t e r i o ra n d s u p e r i o rw a t L , t h e f a c i a Lc a n a Ia n d t h e c a r o t i dc a n a Ih a v eb e e no p e n e d ; anteroLateratview.

Antrummastoideum

Prominentiacanalis semicircularislateralis Eminentia pyramidalis Prominentiacanalis nervi facialis

Fenestra vestibuli Canalis nervi facialis Proc cochleariformis

Semicanalis musculi tensoristympani lmpressio trigeminalis Cellulae mastoideae

Canaliscaroticus Septumcanalis musculotubarii

Paries mastoideus

Ostiumtympanicum tubaeauditivae

Fossaincudis

Sulcuspromontorii Sinusposterior

Promontorium

Meatusacusticus

Cellulaetympanicae

exlernus

Fossulafenestrae cochleae Sinus tympani

Sulcustympanicus

promontorii Subiculum Proc mastoideus

Proc styloideus

Fig.697 MediaLwatP l . ,a r i e sL a b y r i n t h i c uosf,t h e t y m p a n i cc a v i t y , f- rrri+:c +rrmnrni.

v e r t i c a sI e c t i o na L o n gt h e [ o n g i t u d i n aaIx i so f t h e p e t r o u sp a r t o f t h e t e m p o r a bI o n e : a n t e r o L a t e rvaiIe w

I M i ddteear

l nnere a r I P a t h w a ysI T o p o g ra p h y Tympanic

Plica mallearisanterior

Proc

Recessus epitympanicus

M tensor tympani

Caputmallei Lig malleisuperius Lig incudissuperius Corpusincudis

Septumcanalis musculotubarii

Chordatympani

Tubaauditiva

Incus,Crusbreve Lig incudisposterius

Ostiumtympanicum tubaeauditivae

Fossaincudis Canaliscaroticus Incus,Cruslongum Anulusf ibrocartilagineus posterior Plicamallearis M a n u b r i u mm a l l e i

lvlembrana tympanica

N facialis [Vll] Proc lenticularis

F i g ,6 9 8 L a t e r a Iw a | . tP , a r i e sm e m b r a n a c e u so,f t h e t y m p a n i cc a v i t y C , a v i t a st y m p a n i ; m e d i a Iv i e w .

l\4alleus,Proc lateralis

Incisura tympanica

Spinatympanica minor C o l l u mm a l l e i

major Spinatympanica

Plica mallearisanterior;Chorda tympani

M tensortympani,Tendo Plica mallearisposterior; Chorda tympani

mallei Manubrium

M tensortympani pyramidalis Eminentia

Stapes

Incus,Cruslongum

Incus.Proc,lenticularis

Fossulafenestrae cochleae

M stapedius, Tendo

Promontorium Anulus{ibrocartilagineus

F i g .6 9 9 T y m p a n i c a v i t y C , a v i t a st y m p a n i ; a f t e rr e m o v ao L f t h e t y m p a n i cm e m b r a n e ; [ateraLview.

> Ear

0ver view |

0uterear

Auditorytube

Lamina Os palatinum, horizonlalis Os sphenoidale, Ala major, Facies temporalis

Laminamedialis \ I Os sphenoidale, I Proc.otervooideus Laminalateralis./ Lamina lateralis )

L Cartilago .. .. I tubae auditivae - Lamtna meorails /

Os temporale, Parspetrosa

Condylus occipitalis

F i g .7 0 0 C a r t i t a g eo f t h e a u d i t o r yt u b e ,C a r t i l a g ot u b a ea u d i t i v a e ; e x p o s e da t t h e b a s eo f t h e s k u [ L ; i n f e r i o rv i e w .

M uvulae M tensor veli palatini Aponeurosispalatina

pterygoideus Proc pterygoideus, Hamuluspterygoideus Foramenlacerum Foramen ovale

M tensor veli palatini

M tensor veli palatini,Origo Lamina lateralis\

I Cartilaoo tubae I auditivie Lamina medialis,

M levatorveli palatini

Fossamandibularis Cartilago tubae auditivae

Semicanalistubae auditivae M. levator veli palatini,Origo

Canaliscaroticus.Aoerturaexterna

F i g ,7 0 1 L e v a t o ra n d t e n s o rv e l i p a l a t i n m i usctes, M m l e v a t o re t t e n s o rv e L p i a L a t i nai ,n d t h e c a r t i l a g e o f t h e a u d i t o r yt u b e ,C a r t i t a g ot u b a ea u d i t i v a e .

I M i ddteear

In nerea r I Pa t h w a ysI T o p o g ra p h y

(Tendocentralis) Duramatercranialis

M tensortympani

M tensortympani, Fascia

Parsosseatubae auditivae

Tubaauditiva

Tunicamucosa

Cellulaepneumaticae

F i g . 7 0 2 A u d i t o r yt u b e ,T u b aa u d i t i v a ; c r o s s - s e c t i oant t h e [ e v e [o f t h e o s s e o u sp a r t : [ateraIview.

lmpressio trigeminalis Duramatercranialis Ganglion trigeminale

Duramatercranialis

A carotisinterna Cartilago tubae auditivae, Lamina lateralis

Faciesposterior partispetrosae

Plexus venosus foraminis ovalrs N. mandibularis lv/31

Os temporale, Parspetrosa Fissura spnenopetrosa

Foramen ovate Tubaauditiva M. tensor veli palatini

Plexusvenosus carottcus internus M tensor velipalatini M levatorveli palatini

F i g . 7 0 3 A u d i t o r yt u b e ,T u b aa u d i t i v a ; cross-sectionat the levetof the lateraIasoect o f t h e c a r t i [ a g i n o upsa r t ; lateraIview.

Tubaauditiva, Parscartilaginea, Laminamembranacea

pharyngeus Recessus

M levatorveli palatini

Lamina medialis

, u b aa u d i t i v a ; F i g . 7 O 4 A u d i t o rtyu b e T c r o s s - s e c t iaotnt h el e v eoLf t h em e d i aaI s p e c t o f t h ec a r t i t a g i n opuas r t ; lateraIview.

Ear

Over view |

Outerear

ear I M i ddl .e

BonyIabyrinth

Cochlea

N cochlearis

N vestibularis

Canalissemicircularis lateralis

N vestibulocochlearis[Vlll]

Canalissemicircularis posterior

Porusacusticus internus

F i g . 7 0 5 I n n e re a r ,A u r i s i n t e r n a a , n dv e s t i b u L o c o c h Ln ee ar v e , N v e s t i b u t o c o c h L e a[ rVi sl l l ] ; c a s ts p e c i m e np r o j e c t e do n t ot h e p e t r o u sp a r t o f t h e t e m p o r a Ib o n e i l t u s t r a t i n gi t s n a t u r a Lp o s i t i o n ; s u p e n o rv t e w Foramenrotundum

A carotisinterna, Parscavernosa

Foramen ovale Foramenlacerum Foramen spinosum N petrosusmajor Synchondrosis sphenopetrosa Cochlea Porusacusticus internus N facialis[Vll], geniculi Ganglion

N facialis[Vll]

Ductussemicircularis anterior I N. cochlearis N. vestibuloJ cochlearis [Vlll] I lN. vestibularis

Ductussemicircularis lateralis

jugulare Foramen

Sulcussinussigmoidei posterior Ductussemicircularis

F i g . 7 0 6 I n n e re a r ,A u r i s i n t e r n a w , i t h t h e f a c i a In e r v e ,N . f a c i a L i[sV l l ] , a n d t h e v e s t i b u L o c o c h [ enaerr v e ,N . v e s t i b u t o c o c h L e a[ rVi sl l l ] ; p r o j e c t e do n t ot h e p e t r o u sp a r t o f t h e t e m p o r a Ib o n e ; SUDCTIOV TIEW

.::

Bonylabyrinth

Cellulaetympanicae

Canalis nervi facialis

Canalis semicircularis anterior Canalis semicircularis lateralis

Foramenovale

Crus osseum commune

Apexpartispetrosae

Canalis semicircularis posterior

Meatusacusticus internus

Aqueductusvestibuli

Synchondrosis petrooccipitalis Sulcussinuspetrosi inlerioris

S u l c u ss i n u ss i g m o i d e i Foramen jugulare

Semicanalistubae auditivae

Synchondrosis sphenopetrosa

Cavitas tympani

Sulcusnervipetrosi maJofls

Cochlea

Foramenlacerum

Canalis nervi tacialis

Canaliscaroticus Canalis semicircularis lateralis

Synchondrosis spnenopetrosa

Fenestravestibuli

Apexpartispetrosae Meatusacusticus internus

Canalis semicircularis anterior

F i g . 7 0 7 a ,b B o n y[ a b y r i n t hL, a b y r i n t h u o ssseus; h o t l o w e do u t o f t h e p e t r o u sp a r t o f t h e t e m p o r a Ib o n e a P o s t e r i o r - s u p e r i vo ire w b S u p e r i o rv i e w * 0 p e n i nogf t h ep o s t e r i ocra n a L i c u L u s

Canalisspiralis modioli Scala vestibuli

Tractusspiralisforaminosus

Cupula cochleae Lamina modioli

Area nervi facialis

Areavestibularis supeflor Crista transversa

Lamtna spiralls secunoana

Modiolus cocnteae

Lamtna spiralis ossea

Canalis spiralis cochleae

Area vestibularis inferior

Scala tympani

Canalis longitudinalis modioli

Fundusmeatus acusticiinterni

Foramen srngulare

Meatus acusticus Internus

Tractusspiralis foraminosus

F i g . 7 0 8 S p i r a cI a n a Io f t h e c o c h t e aC , a n a L issp i r a t i s c o c nL e a e ; o p e n e da l o n gt h e a x i so f t h e m o d i o l u s ; s u p e f l o rv r e w

Area cochlearis

Meatusacusticus internus

Fundusmeatus acusticiinterni

F i g . 7 0 9 I n t e r n a I a c o u s t im c e a t u s ,M e a t u s a c u s t i c u si n t e r n u sa, n d f u n d u so f t h e i n t e r n a I a c o u s t i cm e a t u s ,F u n d u sm e a t u sa c u s t i c i n t e r n i ; r a[t; Lf t h e p o s t e r i ow a f t e r p a r t i a Lr e m o v a o mediaLview.

Ampullaosseaanterior Maculacribrosasuperior

Canalis semicircularisanterior

Crusosseumcommune

Cristatransversa

Crusosseumsimplex posterior Canalissemicircularis

Area cochlearis

Iateralis Canalissemicircularis

Ampullaosseaposterior Vestibulum labyrinthi

Cochlea Macula cribrosa media

Fenestra cochleae

F i g . 7 1 O B o n yL a b y r i n t hL,a b y r i n t h u o ssseus; t h e o s s e o u s[ i n i n go f t h e m e m b r a n o u s[ a b y r i n t hh a s b e e n h o l l o w e do u t o f t h e p e t r o u sp a r t o f t h e t e m p o r a lb o n e ; o b t i q u ev i e wf r o m p o s t e r i o r .

anterior Canalissemicircularis Crusosseumcommune

Ampullaosseaanterior Ampullaossealateralis

Cupulacochleae Canalissemicircularis lateralis labyrinthi Vestibulum Canalissemicircularis posterior Ampullaosseaposterior Fenestra cochleae

Basis cochleae

vestibuli Fenestra

ssseus; F i g . 7 1 1 B o n yL a b y r i n t hL,a b y r i n t h u o t h e o s s e o u sL i n i n go f t h e m e m b r a n o u s[ a b y r i n t hh a s b e e n h o l t o w e do u t o f t h e p e t r o u sp a r t o f t h e t e m p o r a Lb o n e ; [ateraLview.

Fenestravestibuli

Cristavestibuli

sphencus Lamina spiralisossea Scala vestibuli

Recessus ellipticus

Scala tympani L a m i n am o d i o l i Macula cribrosa media

Hamuluslaminae spiralis Laminaspiralisossea

Ampullaosseaposterior Lamina sDiralissecundaria

Recessus cochlearis Fossulafenestraecochleae

Crista fenestrae cochleae

F i g . 7 1 2 B o n yL a b y r i n t hL,a b y r i n t h u o s sseus; c a v i t i e sh a v eb e e nh o t l o w e do u t : antero[ateraLview.

Membranous labvrinth

Nn ampullareslateraliset anterior

Utriculus

Ductussemicircularis anterior

Ampulla membranacea anterior

N utricularis Ampulla membranacea lateralis N saccularis Crus membranaceum commune N utriculoampullaris Ductus semicircularis

D uc t u s cochlearis

Ductus endolymphaticus

Ductus semicircularis lateralis

N cochlearis

N vestibularis

Crus membranaceum srmplex

ampullaris posterior

Ampulla memoranacea Ductus cochlearis

vestibularis Sacculus

F i g . 7 1 3 V e s t i b u l o c o c h L enaerr v e ,N v e s t i b u L o c o c h L e a s embranaceus; [ Vr ilsl l ] ,a n d m e m b r a n o u sL a b y r i n t hL,a b y r i n t h u m s e m i - s c h e m a t ioc v e r v i e w . p o s t e r i o vr i e w Parspetrosa, Os temporale, partispetrosae Faciesposterior

Ductusendolymphaticus Saccus endolymphaticus Dura mater .-.................cranialis

Utriculus Crus membranaceum commune

Sacculus vestibularis Cupula cocnleae

Caecum vestibulare

Caecum cupuIare

Ductus semicircularis lateralis

Ductus cochlearis Canalis semicircularis

Scala vestibuli

Ductus reuntens

Ductus semicircularis postenor

Scala tympani Canaliculuscochleae

Fenestravestibuli

F i g . 7 1 1 M e m b r a n o u sL a b y r i n t hL,a b y r i n t h um sembranaceus; overvtew

Ampulla membranacea posterior

> Ear

Middtear

Cochlea

Laminaspiralisossea Caecumvestibulare Ductusreuniens Cupulacochleae

Cavitastympani anterioret Nn.ampullares lateralis

Scala tympani

Ductussemicircularis lateralis Canalissemicircularis lateralis Ductuscochlearis Ampullamembranacea lateralis N utricularis Amoullamembranacea antenor

N saccularis

Utriculus

posterior N ampullaris

Canalissemicircularis anterior

Sacculus vestibularis

anterior Ductussemicircularis

F i g .7 1 5 V e s t i b u t o c o c h l enaer r v e ,N . v e s t i b u l o c o c h L e a[rVi sl l l ] , a n d m e m b r a n o u s[ a b y r i n t hL, a b y r i n t h u sm e m b r a n a c e u s ; s u p e n o rv r e w .

Ductuscochlearis

Scalavestibuli

Ductuscochlearis, Pariesexternus

Ductuscochlearis, Pariesvestibularis**

Striavascularis

Membrana tectoria

Organumspirale*, Membrana reticularis

Sulcusspiralisinternus Labiumlimbivestibulare

Prominentia spiralis Sulcusspiralisexternus

Laminaspiralisossea

Cristabasilaris

(R.nervicochlearis) Ganglion spiralecochleae

Ductuscochlearis, Pariestympanicus Laminabasilaris

Limbusspiralis Labiumlimbitympanicum Scalatympani

F i g . 7 1 6 C o c h l e aC,o c h l e a w,i t ht h es p i r a I o r g a n , Organum spira[e. * C [ i n i c a tLe r m : o r g a n o f c 0 R T l + * C [ i n i c atle r m : R E | S S N E R m' es m b r a n e

Ductussemicircularis anterior N ampullaris anterior N amDullaris lateralis N utricularis

Ductussemicircularis lateralis

N. vestibularis

Ganglionvestibulare

N saccularis Ductus semicircularis posterior

Ductus cochlearis

Cupulaampullaris

N ampullaris

* Sensory ce[[s *+Supporting ceLts

Restingstate

R o t a t i o no f t h e h e a dt o t h e r i g h t s i d e

F i g . 7 1 7a - d E q u i t i b r i u m o r g a n ;L a b y r i n t h uvse s t i b u l a r i s . a A n t e r i o rv i e w b H i g h e rm a g n i ifc a t i o no f t h e a r e ai n d i c a t e di n a : t h e a n t e r i o r p a r t o f t h e p o s t e r i o rm e m b r a n o u sa m p u t l a A , mpulta p o s t e r i o rh, a s b e e no p e n e d . membranacea

S t o po f r o t a t i o n

t h ea m p u l t a rcyr e s tC c C r o s s - s e c t itohnr o u g h , r i s t aa m p u [ a r i s d F u n c t i oonf t h ec u p u l ao f t h el a t e r asI e m i c i r c u l a d ru c t , D u c t u s e m i c i r c u [ a lrai st e r a t i sd,u r i n gr o t a t i o on f t h eh e a d

Middte

.1 lo

o

:;::

'..:.ii

N cochlearis

Corpus geniculatummediale

inferior Colliculus

Nucleuslemniscilateralis

Nucleicochleares

Nuclei olivares

Nucleus corporistrapezoidei

Fig.718 Hearing. P r i m a r yn u c t e i :p u r p t e ;r e m a i n i n gn u c t e i : Drown. T h e c h a i no f t h e a u d i t o r yo s s i c t e sa m p I i if e s t h e a m p t i t u d eo f t h e s o u n dw a v e sp h y s i c a [ L y

Nuclei nervi oculomotorii Nucleus nervi trochlearis Fasciculuslongitudinalis medialis Nucleus nervi abducentis

Nucleivestibulares Nucleusgracilis Nucleuscuneatus

(Nucleus centralis posterioris) columnae (Nucleicornusanterioris musculorum colli)

F i g . 7 1 9 C o n t r o lo f e q u i t i b r i u ma n d s t a b i t i s a t i oonf t h e v i s u a If i e t d . A f f e r e n tf i b r e so r i g i n a t ei n t h e m u s c L e o sf t h e e y e ,t h e e q u i L i b r i uomr g a na n dt h e muscLeo s f t h e n e c k ;e f f e r e n ft i b r e s m o d u l a t et h e m u s c l e so f t h e e y ea n d t h e p l a y sa p r e d o m i n a n t b o d yT . h ec e r e b e L t u m r o t ei n t h i s c o o r d i n a t i o n .

Auditoryand equilibriumpathway

Auditorypathway Colliculus inferior

n e u r o nB: i p o L acre I L isn t h e s p i r a cI o c h [ e a r g a n g t i o nA. f t e re x i t i n gt h e s m a t [a p e r t u r e s o f t h e f o r a m i n o ussp i r a Lt r a c t w i t h i nt h e i n t e r n aaI c o u s t im c e a t u st,h ef i b r e sf o r mt h e c o c h l e anr e r v ea n du n i t ew i t ht h ev e s t i b u L a r n e r v ea t t h e f t o o r o f t h e i n t e r n a L acoustic m e a t u st o f o r mt h ev e s t i b u t o c o c h Lneearrv e [ V l l l ] .F i b r e sf r o m t h e b a s a Ic o c h l e a pr a r t s t r a v e r s et o t h e o o s t e r i ocr o c h t e a nr u c L e u s a n d t h o s ef r o m t h e a p i c a Lp a r t st e r m i n a t e i n t h ea n t e r i ocr o c h L e a n ru c L e u s

--'-n""'"?,oil,Yi mediale

Lemniscus lateralis

g ra n g L i ocne L Los f t h e n e u r o n :M u t t i - p o L a c o c h l e anr u c t e iT h ef i b r e sf r o mt h ea n t e r i o r c o c h t e a rn u c l e u sp a s s m a i n t yw i t h i n t h e t r a p e z o ibdo d yt o t h eo p p o s i tsei d ea n df o r m s ,h i c hp r o v i d eas c o n t h e L a t e r aLIe m n i c u w nection t o t h e i n f e r i ocr o L L i c u t A u sf e wf i b r e s j o i nt h e [ a t e r aLI e m n i s c uosf t h e s a m es i d e T h ea x o n so f t h e p o s t e r i ocro c h L e anru c t e u s c r o s ss u p e r f i c i a LtLoyt h e r h o m b o i df o s s a a n d e n t e r t h e [ a t e r a LL e m n i s c uosf t h e o p p o s i tsei d e .

N vestibulocochlearis [Vlll], N cochlearis Nucleus posterior cochlearis

Nucleuscochlearis anterior Nucleuscorporis trapezoidei

Ganglion spirale cocnteae Labyrinthus cochlearis

3 . o r 4 n e u r o n :F r o m t h e i n f e r i o rc o t [ i c u [ u s c o n n e c t i o na sr em a d ew i t ht h em e d i aqI e n i c ul a t eb o d y o r 5 n e u r o nT: h e a c o u s t i cr a d i a t i o cn o n eody to n e c t s t h e m e d i a Lg e n i c u L a t b H E S C H L ' st r a n s v e r s e q v r u s a n d w i t h W E R N I C KcEe' sn t r ei n t h e i e m o o r aLt o b e

pathwav; Auditorv 5i?;lil,, pathway Equitibrium Thalamus -=\

1 n e u r o nB: i p o L acre L t isn t h ev e s t i b u Lgaar n g L i o nT. h e i rn e u r i t e sp a s st h e i n f e r i oar n d s u p e r i ovr e s t i b u l aarr e a st o f o r mt h ev e s t i b u t a r n e r v ea t t h e f l o o r o f t h e i n t e r n a L a c o u s t i cm e a t u s ,w h i c h t o g e t h e rw i t h t h e c o c h L e anr e r v et h e n f o r m s t h e v e s t i b u L o c o c h L e anre r v e[ V l l l ]T h e s ef i b r e st e r m i n a t e a t t h e v e s t i b u t anru c L ei ni t h e l a t e r aaLn g l e Nucleus nervioculomotorii o f t h e f L o oor f t h e r h o m b o i df o s s a Nucleus 2 a n ds u b s e q u e n et u r o n sF:i b r e os r i g i n a t i n g neruitrochlearis i n t h e L a t e r avLe s t i b u L a r n u c L e ulsO f t f f n S ' n u c l e u stlr a v e r s ew i t h i nt h e [ a t e r a L v e s t i b u L o s p i n a L t rtaoct ht ea n t e r i ocro l u m no f t h e Nucleusvestibularis s p i n acI o r d . supenor F i b r e so r i g i n a t i ni ngt h es u p e r i ovre s t i b u t a r n u c l e u s{ n u c l e uosf B E C H T E R Et hWe)m, e d i a L Nucleusvestibularis 's lateralis v e s t i b u t anru c l e u sI S C H w n f s f n u c t e u sa] s w e L La s t h e i n f e r i o rv e s t i b u L anru c L e u s Nucleus vestibularis inferior { R o L L EsR n u c L e u st}r a v e r s et o t h e c e r e Nucleus betLum a n d c o n n e ctto t h e m o t o rn u c [ eoi f neruiabducentis t h e c r a n i anLe r v e sl l l , l V a n dV l , m o s t l yv i a t h e m e d i aLt o n g i t u d i nf aasLc i c u L u s Nucleus vestibularismedialis T h em e d i a L v e s t i b untuacr L e uasn dt h e i n f e r i o rv e s t i b u L n au r c l e u s e n df i b r e sa t o n gt h e Nucleus cuneatus m e d i a L v e s t i b u l o s pt ri na ac Itt o t h e a n t e r i o r c o L u monf t h es p i n acI o r d

Fig.721 Equil.ibriumpathway; OVETVIEW. + C o n n e c t i o n st o t h e c e r e b e l t u m

(Tractus vestibulothalamicus)

Fasciculus longitudinalis medialis Ganglion vestibulare

Labyrinthus vestibularis N vestibulocochlearis [Vlll], N vestibularis

Midd[e Nervesin thepetrouspart of the temporalbone

Chorda tympani

N tympanicus Plexustympanicus (Plexuscaroticus internus) N caroticotympanicus N facialis[Vll]

N petrosusmajor N petrosus minor Ganglion inferius(lX)

A carotisinterna

posterior (N facialis) N auricularis

N. glossopharyngeus flXl

(N vagus) R auricularis N facialis[Vll]

N vagus [X]

Chordatympani

Fig.722 FaciaL n e r v e ,N . f a c i a l . i[sV l l ] ; g t o s s o p h a r y n g enaeI r v e ,N . g L o s s o p h a r y n g eIul Xs l; a n d v a g u sn e r v e ,N . v a g u s[ X l ; t h e p e t r o u sp a r t o f t h e t e m p o r a lb o n eh a s b e e np a r t t ys e c t i o n e d ; t h e n e r v e sa r e i t t u s t r a t e d transLucentLv: a n t e r i o rv i e w .

Crurastapedis

M tensortympani,Tendo

N facialis[Vll], Geniculum

Proc cochleariformis

N petrosusmajor Ductus semicircularislateralis

I\4 tensortympani

Canalis semicircularis lateralis

Semicanalis musculi tensoristympani

Septum canalis musculotubarii

Membrana stapedialis

Semicanalistubae auditivae

Eminentiapyramidalis

Promontorium l\4 stapedius,Tendo N tympanicus Caputstapedis Cavitastympani N facialis[Vll] Sinustympani Canalis nervi facialis

, a v i t a st y m p a n i ; Fig.723 FaciaL n e r v e ,N . f a c i a t i s[ V l l ] ,a n d t y m p a n i cc a v i t y C v e r t i c a sL e c t i o na t o n gt h e [ o n g i t u d i n aatx i so f t h e p e t r o u sp a r t o f t h e t e m p o r a Ib o n e ; t h e f a c i a cL a n a Ih a sb e e no p e n e d : a n t e r i o rv i e w .

N maxillaris[V/21a N, petrosus majoro N ,o p h t h a l m i c[uVs/ 1 ] a Ganglion geniculi a

a N mandibularis [V/3] Chordatympani Malleus

Ganglion trigeminale a N oculomotorius llll a A carotisinternaO N. trigeminus [V] O N.tacialis[Vll]o

N abducens[Vllo N. vestibulocochlearis [Vlll]a Stapes N glossopharyngeus IXl o Proc.mastoideus

N. vagus[X] o

a R. digastricus

N. accessorius[Xl] a

o M stylohyoideus

Sinustransversusa

Canalis nervl facialis

o R stylohyoideus O M. digastricus,Venterposterior

Foramenstylomastoideum N facialis[Vll] a

Fig.72l. FaciaInerve,N. faciatis[Vll],within the petrous p a r t o f t h e t e m p o r a [b o n e ,0 s t e m p o r a t eP , a r sp e t r o s a ; t h e p e t r o u sp a r t o f t h e t e m p o r a Ib o n ea s w e [ [ a s t h e f a c i a l c a n a Ia n d t h e t y m p a n i cc a v i t yh a v eb e e np a r t i a l t yo p e n e d ; oosteriorview.

Canaliculi semicirculares

Cochlea

Sinustransversus N lacialis [VllJ

Sinussigmoideus

interna V jugularis

Fig.725 Lateral projectionof the inner ear.

> Ear Petrouspart of thetemporalbone,imaging

Cochlea

Cavitastympani;Ossicula auditus Porusacusticus externus

Cellulae mastoideae

Canalissemicircularis lateralis

Apexpartispetrosae Os occipitale, Clivus

Porusacusticus internus Canalissemicircularis Dosterior

Tubaauditiva Caputmandibulae

Os occipitale, Clivus

Cellulae mastoideae

Cavitastympani; Ossicula auditus

Apexpartispetrosae Fissura pekooccipitalis

Cochlea

Porusacusticus internus posterior Canalissemicircularis

F i g . 7 2 6a , b P e t r o u sp a r t o f t h e t e m p o r a Ib o n e , 0 s t e m p o r a [ eP , a r sp e t r o s a ; h i g h - r e s o l u t i ocno m p u t e dt o m o g r a p h i ch o r i z o n t asI e c t i o n sI H R C T ) ; inferiorview. a T h r o u g ht h e l a t e r a ls e m i c i r c u L acra n a t , C a n a [ i ss e m i c i r c u t a r iLsa t e r a t i s b I n f e r i o rt o t h e [ a t e r a Is e m i c r r c u [ acra n a t , C a n a l i ss e m i c i r c u [ a r ilsa t e r a I i s

F i g . 7 2 7a , b E a r ,A u r i s ; h i g h - r e s o t u t i ocno m p u t e dt o m o g r a p h i cf r o n t a ls e c t i o n sI H R C T J ; a n t e r i o rv i e w . a T h r o u g ht h e b a s eo f t h e c o c h l e a b T h r o u q ht h e e x t e r n a a I c o u s t i cm e a t u s

lndex

tnoex ll

T h e n u m b e r sr e f e r t o t h e p a g en u m b e r s T h e n u m b e r sw i t h , T " r e f e rt o t h e n u m b e r so f t h e t a b l e si n t h e s e p a r a t eb o o k l e te n c t o s e di n V o [ u m e1

A A b d o m e n2 , 6 A b d u c t i o[ A r t l c u [ a t i o coxael10 A - c e [ [ s9 A c h i t t e st e n d o nr e f l e x 3 4 6 o ri n t s A r t i c u A c r o m i o c l a v i c u Lj a L a t i oa c r o m i o c l a v i c u L a r i s A c r o m i o n 1 2 0 ,16 0 ,16 2 - 16 5 , 179-184,226 A D A M K I E W IA CrZt e, r yo f 3 4 4 A d d u c t i o[ A r t i c u [ a t i o coxael10 A d e n o h y p o p h y s i2s7 9 ,2 9 5 A d h e s i oi n t e r t h al a m i c a 2 76 , 295-296, 302,311, 317, 320,328, 334,337 Aditus - L a r y n g i s1 0 4 ,1 3 0 - o r b i t a L i 3s 5 4 A e q u a t o r3 6 2 , 3 6 6 Ata - c r i s t a eg a [ [ i 4 0 - [ o b u t ic e n t r a L i s3 0 3 - 3 0 4 - m a j o r 3 1 r4, 2 ,4 6 , 5 3 - 5 7 ,6 6 ,3 5 3 , 3 5 8 ,3 6 1, 3 7 7, 3 8 8 - m i n o r 3 4 ,4 0 ,5 4 - 5 7 , 3 5 3 - nasi 86 - o s s i si t i u m 3 4 0 - v o m e r i s5 0 ,1 3 6 A l v e oI u s [ -i i - d e n t a t e s5 5 ,1 0 6 - h i p p o c a m p i3 1 4 - 3 1 5 3 , 28-329, 334-335 AmicuLum oLivare 309 Ampul[a - c a n a L i c uLtai c r i m a t i3s5 7 - membranaceanterior393-395 - - l a t e r a t i s3 9 3 - 3 9 4 - - p o s t e r i o r3 9 3 , 3 9 5 - o s s e aa n t e r i o r 3 9 2 - - [ a t e r a t i s3 9 2 - - p o s t e r i o r3 9 2 A n g ut u s ( - i J - a c r o m i i1 6 0 - i n f e r i o r1 6 0 ,1 8 3 - i r r d o c o r n e a t i3 s 6 2 ,3 6 4 - L a t e r a t i s1 6 0 - m a n d i b u l a e4 5 , 6 0 - 6 2 ,6 7 - o c u L[ia t e r a L i3s 5 2 , 3 5 5 - - m e d i a t i s3 5 2 ,3 5 5 - s p h e n o i d a I i3s4 - s u p e r i o r1 6 0 ,1 8 3 - v e n o s u s2 3 Ansa - c e r v i c a t i s2 5 ,8 4 , 1 6 4 - 1 1 + 19 5, 1 , 2 2 8 , 2 7 3T , 7 ,T 9 - T 1 0 - t i n g u a L i1s 4 4 - s u b c l a v i a2 7 ,1 5 3 - t e n d i n i s{ M d i g a s t r i c u s1i 0 6 A n t e b r a c h i u m2 - 3 , 1 5 7- 1 5 8 ,16 9 , 179, 192,194-198,236,238-241 - c r o s s - s e c t i o n2 5 4 - f a s c i a1 7 8 - i n n e r v a t i o sn e, g m e n t a 2[ 1 6 - MRr254-255 - m u s c l e s1 8 0 - 1 8 11, 9 2 - 1 9 3 , 198-204,T31-T35 - t r a n s v e r s es e c t i o n 2 5 5 - 2 5 6 A n t e v e r s i o[ A r t i c u L a t icoo x a e l 1 0 A n t i h e t i x3 8 0 A n t i t r a g u s3 8 0 A n t r u m m a s t o i d e u m3 8 6

AnuLus - f i b r o c a r t i t a g i n e u3s8 2 ,3 8 4 - 3 8 5 ,

Arcuspalmaris - - s u p e r f i c i a t i2s2 3 , 2 4 2 , 2 L 4 , 387 250 - i r i d i sm a j o r 3 6 4 - 3 6 5 - s u p e r c i l i a r i s4 8 - - minor364-365 - v e n o s u jsu g u t a r i s1 1 8 ,1 3 6 ,1 4 3 , - t e n d i n e u cs o m m u n i s3 5 8 , 14 8 , 2 2 9 - v e r t e b r a e3 4 2 360-361,369,T57 - t y m p a n i c u s4 6 - 4 7 - z y g o m a t i c u s3 3 , 4 2 - 4 3 ,5 3 , 6 4 , Anus 14 7 2 - 7 3 , 8 3 , 9 1, 1 0 0 ,1 3 7 Aorta 149 Area{-ael - a b d o m i n a t si s P a r sa b d o m i n a t i s - c o c h l e a r i s3 9 1 - 3 9 2 - h y p o t h a t a m i claa t e r a t i s2 9 5 a or t ae - a s c e n d e nss P a r sa s c e n d e n s - n e r v if a c i a l i s3 9 1 - p o s t r e m a2 9 9 aortae - d e s c e n d e n s P a r sd e s c e n d e n s - p r e t e c t a t i s3 7 0 - striata 370 a or t a e - t h o r a c i c as P a r st h o r a c i c a - subcatlosa 295,318,326, aortae 334-335 - v e s t i b u t a r i s2 9 9 Apertu ra - c a n a I i c uv[ ie s t i b u I5i 9 - - i n f e r i o r3 9 1 - e x t e r n ac a n a l i c u tci o c h l e a e5 9 - - s u p e r i o r3 9 1 - - c a n a l i sc a r o t i c i4 3 , 2 6 4 , 3 8 8 A r m , m u s c t e s1 8 5 - 1 9 1T, 2 9 - T 3 0 - i n t e r n ac a n a [ i sc a r o t i c 4 i 1 ,2 6 5 A r t e r i a( - a eI - L a t e r a t i s2 9 8 - 2 9 9 3, 1 0 - 3 11 , 3 3 7 - a t v e o [ a r i isn f e r i o r 6 9 , 71 , ,8 2 - 8 4 , - m e d i a n a2 7 6 , 2 9 8 , 3 0 23 ,1 0 - 3 11 , 1 0 9, 1 1 1 ,1 1 6 - 1 1 7 ,258 - - s u p e r i o rp o s t e r i o r7 4 ,8 3 337 - p i r i f o r m i s3 3 , 4 6 , 5 2 - a n g u t a r i s74 , 8 0 ,8 2 - 8 / . ,2 5 8 - s i n u sf r o n t a L i 5s 1 - a u r i c u L a r pi so s t e r i o r1 9 ,7 4 , q1 cnhonnirl:li< 6A 82-84,142,145,258 - t h o r a c i s u p e r i o r1 4 9 - - p r o f u n d a8 3 - a x i t t a r i s1 8 ,1 1 8 ,1 4 6 - 1 4 7 1 , 52, Apex - l C o r n up o s t e r i u s3) 4 5 214, 223,226,228, 232-233 - c u s p i d i s9 4 - basiLaris258-259,276, 278, 283, - L i n g u a e1 0 3 ,1 0 7 - 1 0 8 2 94 - 2 9 5 ,3 0 2 ,3 18 - 3 2 0 ,3 2 4 ,3 2 7 , - p a r t i sp e t r o s a e5 9 , 2 7 8 - 2 7 9 , 337,3/.4 - b r a c h i a t i s1 8 ,1 7 0 ,2 2 3 ,2 2 7 3 9 1 ,4 0 0 ,T 5 7 - r a d i c i sd e n t i s9 4 232- 235, 238-240, 252-254 - - s u p e r f i c i a l i s2 3 7 Aponeurosrs - d o r s a t i s3 1 ,2 4 9 - b u c c a t i s74 , 8 2 - g L ,2 5 8 - [ i n g u a e1 0 4 - c a t t o s o m a r g i n a L2i s5 9 ,2 8 1 , 2 9 4 , - m u s c u t bi i c i p i t i bs r a c h i i1 7 8 , 326,331-334 - c a r o t i sc o m m u n i s1 8 - 1 9 , 2 7 , 18 9 - 19 0 , 1 9 4 , 2 0 4 , 2 3 2 , 2 3 82,4 0 - p a L a t i n a3 8 8 7 3 - 7L , 7 7, 8 4 , 1 1 5 ,1 1 8 ,1 2 1 , - palmaris 178,206, 243,249-250 133- 134,1L0-1 41, 144-155,228, A p p a r a t u sl a c r i m a l i s3 5 7 258-259, 271-27 2 - - e x t e r n a1 8 - 1 9 , 7 4 , 8 2 - 8 3 , 8 5 , A p p e n d i xv e r m i f o r m i s 14 , 16 - 1 7 , 51, A q u e d u c to f S Y L V T sU S 115 , 1 3 4 ,14 0 ,14 4 - 1 4 7 1 Aqueductus mesencephali 258-259 - - i n t e r n a1 8 - 1 9 , 1 , 1 , 4 3 , 6 7 , 6 9 , A qu e du c t u s - m e s e n c e p h a t2i 8 7 ,2 9 5 ,2 9 7 , 74 , 8 2 ,8 5 , 1 0 1 ,10 9 , 1 4 0 - 1 4 1 , 302,310-3 11. 317,320,323-32/\ 146- 1/,7, 258-259,262, 2 64 , 2 6 5 ,2 71- 2 72 , 2 77- 2 79 , 3 2 8 ,3 3 5 - 3 3 7 - v e s t i b u I i3 9 1 2 8 3 ,2 9 5 ,3 18 - 3 2 0 ,3 3 7 - 3 3 8 , 3 6 9- 3 74 , 3 76 - 3 7 7, 3 8 9 - 3 9 0 , A r a chn o i de a - m a t e rc r a n i a t i s1 1 6 - 1 1 7 , 2 6 1 , 3 9 8 - 3 9 9T , 57 ---angiography259 278,282-283,326,330 - - s p i n a l i s3 4 3 ---AP-radiograph259 ---DSA259 Arcus - a l v e o [ a r i(sM a n d i b u t a6j0 - 6 1 - c e n t r a L easn t e r o t a t e r a l e 2 s94, - a n t e r i o ra t t a n t i s 4 5 ,3 4 2 319 ^^+^-^-^l;-lâl O - a o r t a e 1 8 ,2 2 ,2 7 , 1 2 1 ,1 3 6 ,1 5 3 , nncrornmadi:le< ?19 272,344 - c a r t i l a g i n icsr i c o i d e a e11 8 , - centraLis retinae116,363,368, 122-126,129,136 370 - costaLi1 - cerebri anterior259,276-278, s 79 - d e n t a l i si n f e r i o r 9 3 326,330-337 312,318-321, - - media259,278,294, - - s u p e r i o r9 3 - d u c t u st h o r a c i c 2 i 3 318-321 ,325-326,329,332, - patatogLossus92, 102-103 336,338-339 - p a l a t o p h a r y n g e9 - - posterior259,277-278, u2 s ,1 0 2 - 1 0 3 , 320-321, 294-295,318, 1 3 6 ,1 3 9 ,1 4 1 - p a f m a r i sp r o f u n d u s2 2 3 , 2 4 2 , 2 4 5 327-328,334-338,370

Arteria[-ae] - c e r v i c a l i sa s c e n d e n s1 4 5 - 1 4 7 , 152,154-155,344 - - profunda 152-153 - - s u p e r f i c i a [ i s1 4 5 - 1 4 7 , 1 5 2 - c h o r o i d eaan t e r i o r3 1 8 - 3 ' 1 9 , 321,370 - c i [ i a r i s { - e s3 ] 70,374 - - anterior363 - - p o s t e r i o r ( - e s3l 7 6 ---breves363 ---tonga363 - c i r c u m f l e x ah u m e r ia n t e r i o r 223,227,232 - - - p o s t e r i o r2 2 3 , 2 2 7 , 2 2 9 , 231-232,235 - - i t i u mp r o f u n d a1 9 - - s c a p u l a e2 2 7 , 2 3 5 - c o l i c ad e x t r a 1 9 - - m e d i a1 9 - - s i n i s t r a1 9 - c o l l a t e r a t i sm e d i a 2 2 3 - - r a d i a l i s2 2 3 , 2 3 4 - 2 3 5 , 238-241 - - u t n a r i si n f e r i o r 2 2 3 , 2 3 3 - 2 3 5 , 238-241 ---superior223,233, 238-240,253 - c o m i t a n sn e r v im e d i a n i2 2 3 , 2 3 9 - c o m m u n i c a nasn t e r i o r2 7 8 , 318-320,326,336 - - p o s t e r i o r2 5 9 , 2 7 8 , 3 1 8 - 3 1 9 , 327,336-338 - c o n j u n c t i v a l iasn t e r i o r 3 6 3 - c o r o n a r i a e1 9 - d i g i t a t e sd o r s a L e s2 4 6 ,2 5 0 - - p a t m a r e sc o m m u n e s 2 2 3 , 242-244,250,257 - - - p r o p r i a e2 2 3 , 2 4 2 - 2 4 6 , 250,257 - d o r s a t i sn a s i 8 5 , 3 7 4 , 3 7 6 - - p e d i s1 8 - e p i g a s t r i ci an f e r i o r1 9 - e p i s c l e r a t i s3 6 3 - e t h m o i d a l iasn t e r i o r4 1 ,2 6 5 , 3 7 2 , 3 7 4 - 367 - - posterior 374-376 - f a c i a [ i s 1 9 , 6 8 ,74 , 8 1 - 8 5 , 1 0 9 - 11 0 ,11 6 - 11 8 ,1 4 0 ,1 4 6 - 1 4 9 , 151,258 - f e m o r a [ i s1 8 - f i b u t a r i s1 8 - f r o n t o b a s a L[i a s t e r a L i s3 ' 1 8 - - mediati3 s 18,321 - g a s t r i c as i n i s t r a 1 9 - g t u t e ai n f e r i o r1 9 - - s u p e r i o r1 9 - h e p a t i c ca o m m u n i s1 9 - h y p o p h y s i a t i sn f e r i o r 2 9 5 - - superior295 - i l e a l e s1 9 - i t e o c o t i c1 a9 - i t i a c ac o m m u n i s1 8 - 1 9 , 2 2 , 2 7 - - externa18-19,22 - - interna 18-19,22 - i t i o l u m b a t i1 s9 - i n f e r i o r a n t e r i o r c e r e b e2t 5t i9 , 278,318-319 - - p o s t e r i o r c e r e b e t t2i 5 9 . 2 7 8 , 318-319 - i n f r a o r b i t a l i s74 , 8 3 - 8 4 ,2 5 8 , 264,315,378

Index

Arteria[-ae] Arterial-ael - i n s u [ a r e s2 9 4 - r e c t a t i sm e d i a 1 9 - i n t e r c o s t a [ i s l - ep - - s u p e r i o r1 9 s lo s t e r i o r e s - T e c u T T e nr asd i a L i s2 2 3 ,2 3 8 - 2 4 0 152,344 - - s u p r e m a1 5 2 - - ulnaris 223,235,239-241 - i n t e r o s s eaan t e r i o r2 2 3 , 2 3 9 , - r e n a t i s1 8 , 2 2 , 2 7 - s a c r a L i[sa t e r a L i 1 21+1, 248,250 s9 - - c o m m u n i s1 8 , 2 2 3 , 2 3 9 - - m e d i a n a1 9 - - p o s t e r i o r1 9 7 , 2 2 3 , 2 3 9 , 2 4 1 , - s c a p u t a r i s d e s c e n d e1n5s2 - s i g m o i d e a1e9 250 - - T e c u T r e n 2s 2 3 , 2 4 0 - 2 L 1 - sphenopalatina 74 , 8 L , 2 5 8 - i n t r a m u s c u t a r i3s1 - s p i n a L iasn t e r i o r4 1 ,4 3 , - i n t r a s e p t a t i s3 1 264-265,318-319, 3LL - j e j u n a L e1 - - l a t e r a l i s3 4 4 s9 - [ a b i a I i si n f e r i o r 7 4 ,2 5 8 - - p o s t e r i o r3 4 4 - - s u p e r i o r 7 4 ,2 5 8 - spLenic1 a9 - t a b y r i n t h i4 1 ,2 6 5 ,2 7 8 ,3 18 - 3 19 - [ a c r i m a l i s1 1 6 ,3 5 6 ,3 7 2 - 3 7 / + , - s u b c l a v i a1 8 - 1 9 , 2 7 , 7 71,2 1 ,1 4 1 , 376 144-147, 149,152-153,226-229 - [ a r y n g e ai n f e r i o r 1 3 0 - s u b f a s c i a t i3s1 - - s u p e r i o r1 0 8 , 1 1 4 - 1 1 5 , - s u b t i n g u a l i s8 4 , 1 1 3 - 1 1 5 1 , 3/+ - s u b m e n t a l i s74 , 8 3 - 8 4 ,1 1 0 , 130-131,131,137,141, 144-146,151 145-1/+7,258 - [ i e n a L iss A r t e r i as p L e n i c a - s u b s c a p u [ a r i s2 2 7 ,2 3 2 - [ i n g u a [ i s1 9 ,7 4 ,8 2 , 8 4 - 8 5 1, 1 0 , - s u [ c ic e n t r a L i s2 8 1 - - p o s t c e n t r a l i s2 8 1 113-117 , 1 3 4 ,14 0 ,1 4 5 ,1 5 1, 2 5 8 - [ u m b a l e s2 2 - - p r e c e n t r a l i s2 8 1 - m a s s e t e r i c a8 3 ,8 5 - s u p e r i o cr e r e b e t t2i 7 8 ,3 1 8 - 3 1 9 , - m a x i L L a r1 i s9 , 6 9 , 7 4 , 8 3 - 8 52 ,5 8 337 - m e n i n g e am e d i a 4 1 , 4 3 , 7 4 , - s u p r a o r b i t a l i s8 1 , 116 , 2 5 8 , 8 3 - 8 4 ,2 5 8 ,2 6 4 - 2 6 5 2 , 6 9 ,2 75 , 3 7 2 - 3 74 , 3 76 , 3 7 8 - s u p r a s c a p u [ a r i s14 4 , 14 6 - 14 7 , 2 7 8 ,2 8 0 , 3 7 2 - - p o s t e r i o r4 1 , 4 3 , 1 4 0 , 1 5 2 ,2 2 7, 2 2 9 , 2 3 5 - s u p r a t r o c h l e a r i s8 2 - 8 3 ,2 5 8 , 264-265,278 - m e s e n c e p h a l i c a3 e1 9 374,376 - m e s e n t e r i c ai n f e r i o r 1 8 - 1 9 , 2 2 , - t e m p o r a t i s6 7 - - m e d i a7 4 , 8 3 - 8 5 27 - - s u p e r i o r1 8 - 1 9 , 2 2 , 2 7 - - p r o f u n d aa n t e r i o r 7 4 ,2 5 8 - m e t a c a r p a l ed - - - p o s t e r i o r7 4 , 8 3 - 8 4 , 2 5 8 s o r s a t e s2 4 6 ,2 4 8 , - - s u p e r f i c i a I i s1 9 , 6 8 ,7 3 - 74 , 250 - - p a t m a r e s2 4 2 , 2 4 5 , 2 5 0 , 2 5 7 8 0 - 8 5 ,10 9 ,2 5 8 - n a s o p a l a t i n1a1 3 - t e s t i c u L a r i1s8 - n u t r i c i a7 - t h a [ a m o t u b e r a t3i s1 9 - o b t u r a t o r i a' 1 9 - t h o r a c i c ian t e r n a1 9 ,1 4 6 - 1 4 8 , - o c c i p i t a l i s1 9 ,74 , 8 2 - 8 4 ,1 0 9 , 15 2 - 15 3 - - l a t e r a l i s1 4 7 , 2 2 5 , 2 2 7 - 2 2 9 1/,1-1 /+/+, 146- 11+7,259 - - m e d i a l i s3 2 9 - 3 3 0 - - s u p e r i o r2 2 7 , 2 2 9 - ophthaLmica - thoTacoacromiatis144-1L7, 223, L \ , 2 5 8 - 2 5 92 , 65, 2 6 7, 2 74 , 2 76 - 2 7 9 , 3 6 9 - 3 7 8 226-228 - o v a r i c a1 8 - t h o r a c o d o r s a l i s2 2 7- 2 2 8 - p a l a t i n a { - aaesJc e n d e n s7 4 , 8 4 , - t h y r o i d e ai n f e r i o r ' 1 3 01, 3 3 , 113,130,140 1 3 9 - 1 4 1, 1 4 6 - 1 4 7, 1 5 2 - - d e s c e n d e n 7s 4 ,2 5 8 - - s u p e r i o r1 9 , 7 4 , 1 1 0 , 1 1 5 , - - major 43,102,113,264 13 3 - 13 4 , 1 3 6 ,1 4 0 ,1 / . / + - 1 4, 7 - - minores 264 1 4 9 , 1 5 1 ,514 ,2 5 8 - p a n c r e a t i c o d u o d e niantfies r i o r - t i b i a t i sa n t e r i o r1 8 - - p o s t e r i o r1 8 19 - p a r i e t a t i sp o s t e r i o r2 8 1 - t r a n s v e r s ac o l l i 1 4 4 - 1 4 5 , 1 4 9 , - p e r i c a l t o s a2 9 4 ,3 1 2 ,3 2 0 , 152,228-229 - - f a c i e i7 / + , 8 3 , 1 1 6 , 2 5 8 326-327,329-330, 334-335 - p h a r y n g eaas c e n d e n s1 9 , 4 1 , - t u b e r i sc i n e r e i3 1 9 - t y m p a n i c a n t e r i o r8 3 43,140,258 - p o n t i s3 1 9 - - p o s t e r i o r3 8 4 - p o p t i t e a1 8 - u t n a r i s 1 8 ,1 7 0 ,2 1 1 ,2 2 3 , - p r i n c e p sp o t l i c i s2 2 3 ,2 4 2 - 2 4 3 , 238-210, 242-215,248- 2 49, 245,248 255-256 - p r o f u n d ab r a c h i i1 8 , 2 2 3 , 2 2 7 , - u m b i t i c a t i1s9 ,2 2 - v e r t e b r a t i s [ - e s1l 9 , 4 1 ,4 3 , 6 9 , 232-235,252-253 - - f e m o r i s1 8 10 9 , 1 3 3 ,1 4 6 ,1 5 2 - 1 5 52, 2 8 , - - linguae 113,115 258-259,264-265, 278, 283,302, - p u d e n d ai n t e r n a1 9 318-320,337,344 - p u L m o n a L2i s2 - v e s i c a t iisn f e r i o r1 9 - r a d i a L i s1 8 ,1 7 0 ,2 2 3 ,2 3 6 , - z y g o m a t i c o o r b i t a t7 i s4 ,8 2 - 8 3 238-240,242, 244-246,248, A r t e r ie s - b r a i n3 1 8 255-256 - - i n d i c i s2 2 3 , 2 4 2 - 2 4 3 - hand242,246 - r a d i c u t a r im - head 258-259 s a g n a3 4 4

Arteries - o f A D A M K I E W IsCAZr t e r i ar a d i c u l a n sm a g n a -

uPPryil19 - opercutari2 - cardiacus 27,272 s89 P a t e L L6 a - o p t i c ar e t i n a e 3 6 2 - 3 6 3 , 3 6 5 , 3 6 8 - d e v e t o p m e n8t - c a r o t i c u s2 7 4 - 2 7 5 - o r a t i sp h a r y n g i s1 4 ,1 3 9 , 3 2 / + - - c o m m u n i s1 4 0 - 1 4 1 Patel[arreflex 346 - o r b i t a L i{sG [ a n d u ttaa c r i m a t i s J - - i n t e r n u s4 1 , 2 6 4 - 2 6 5 , 2 7 8 , Pathways - afferent 347-349 3 5 4 ,3 5 5 ,3 6 0 - 3 6 13, 7 2 - 3 7 4 398 - - l G y r u sf r o n t a L i isn f e r i o r l 2 8 9 - e f f e r e n t3 4 7 . 3 5 0 - c a v e r n o s u 8s 7 . 1 0 9

il

PIexus - c e r v i c a [ i s2 4 - 2 5 ,7 9 , 1 4 4 , 14 6 - 14 9 ,2 14 , 2 7 3 ,T 8 ,T 10 - T 12 , r17,T21,r57 - - b r a n c h e sT 7 - - m u s c t ei n n e r v a t i o nT 7 -

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