SILVER WINGS, PINKS & GREENS Jon A. Maguire
~RWINGS, ~&G ENS Uniforms, Wings & Insignia of USAAF Airmen in World War ...
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SILVER WINGS, PINKS & GREENS Jon A. Maguire
~RWINGS, ~&G ENS Uniforms, Wings & Insignia of USAAF Airmen in World War II Jon A. Maguire
Schiffer Military/Aviation History Atglen, PA
Acknowledgements his book would not have been possible without significant con- Wendell Hoppers, Ralph Jenks, Mike Nordin, Burt Sheriff, Robert tributions from numerous sources. Special thanks to Ann L. Slusher, Tim Smetana, Jeff Spielberg (JS Industries), Joe W. Stevens Wagner and Stackpole Books for their help and permission to re- and Ron Willis. print portions of the 1943 and 1944 editions of "The Officer's Guide." A very special thanks goes to my wife, Rhonda, who put in This information is a significant addition to this work. long hours deciphering my handwriting and typing the manuscript. My friends John and Donna Campbell of Campbell Archives (Also for putting up with a room full of my toys.) opened their home and collection to me and provided numerous Thanks to my Dad who always has the time to answer my endcontemporary photographs. less questions about his Army Air Force experience. The following collectors and historians opened access to their Thanks to Bob Biondi for constant counsel! collections and allowed original pieces to be photographed for inSpecial thanks to Jack Ilfrey for kindly writing the foreword. clusion in this work: Martin Callahan, John Conway, John Cook, Every effort has been made to give proper credit for the World Mike Davidson, Dale Edwards, David Henderson, John Hopkins, War II photographs contained herein, but in some cases I was not Bill Linke, Rick Markel, Pat Moran, Chris Oliver, Michael J. Perry, able to locate the original photographer. My apologies if I have overMick Prodger, and Mike Whitson. looked anyone. Many additional friends, including World War II veterans, made For those who wish to contribute to future volumes, please concontributions also. They include: F. Paul Bowen, Tom Carmichael, tact me courtesy of Schiffer Publishing at the address below. Mike Conner, General George Eade, Dolph Farrand, Dave Goleman, Again, my sincere thanks to all who contributed to this work!
T
For Sean & Megan
On front dustjacket: Lt. Col. Oris Johnson of the 422nd N.ES. wearing a tailor made Ike jacket with all bullion insignia. (Stegner via Campbell) Page 1: Lt. Joe D. Maguire, C-47 pilot of the 321st Air Transport Squadron, 27th Air Transport Group, wearing winter service dress uniform, "Silver Wings, Pinks & Greens."
Book Design by Robert Biondi Copyright © 1994 by Jon A. Maguire. Library of Congress Catalog Number: 93-87477 All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or used in any forms or by any means - graphic, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying or information storage and retrieval systems - without written permission from the copyright holder. Printed in China. ISBN: 0-88740-578-9 We are interested in hearing from authors with book ideas on related topics.
Published by Schiffer Publishing Ltd. 77 Lower Valley Road Atglen, PA 19310 Please write for a free catalog. This book may be purchased from the publisher. Please include $2.95 postage. Try your bookstore first.
CONTENTS Acknowledgements Foreword by Capt. Jack Hfrey (USAAF, Ret.) Introduction
Chapter I Chapter II Chapter III
4 7 9
Uniforms & Insignia Wings & Other Qualification Badges Army Air Force Patches
11 69 119
Appendix Bibliography
169 191
FOREWORD by Capt. Jack Ilfrey, (USAAF, Ret.)
M
ost all of our generation should remember the song from WWII "He Wore A Pair of Silver Wings", which certainly distinguished us from other branches of the service. The author has done a magnificent job of collecting and identifying all of these WWII uniforms, wings, and insignia of the USAAF Airmen, and the publisher is to be congratulated for this beautiful edition. In going through the book, the many color pictures and captions brought back great nostalgic memories for me and events long forgotten, and I learned things I never knew or realized before. I feel sure others will share that same experience. One amusing event that I can recall relating to our uniforms. After we P-38 pilots of the 94th "Hat In the Ring" Fighter Squadron completed th~ Bolero Mission in July, 1942 (first mass flight of fighters across the N. Atlantic) we were stationed at the permanent base, Kirton-In-Lindsey, Lincolnshire. We were housed in the officers quarters and wined . and dined at the Officers Club. At first the staid and reserved English officers were shocked and amazed at the different combinations of uniforms we appeared in - pinks and greens, flight suits, A-2 jackets and several styles of head gear. They seemed to wear only one style, Royal blue blouse and pants. We got the impression we were being treated like Colonials. This book will be a great guide to collectors, historians, and memories for the veterans. We airmen were proud to wear our uniforms. After we have all gone on to Valhalla, Jon Maguire's book will be here, in perpetuit)T, for future generations to see the way we were. 7
Lautersteins Military Clothiers San Antonio, Texas Price list October 1941 ITEM
COST
3 Patches
$ 52.50 45.00 27.00 17.50 3.50 3.95 2.00 10.00 3.00 2.75 3.50 1.50 1.50 3.90 39.50 2.00 .75
Total
$219.85
Blouse Pinks and Greens Pinks and Greens Shirts Luxemburg Hat Green "F" Caps Poplin Shirt 2 Ties Shoes 6 Sox Insignias Wings Belt 2 Bars 2 "M" Bars Trench Coat 2 Wings
OPPOSITE: Jack Ilfrey, 94th Pursuit Squadron, 1st Pursuit Group, Long Beach, California, circa February 1942, wearing "Pinks & Greens. "
INTRODUCTION
T
he purpose of this volume is to provide a photographic reference and record of the uniforms . and related insignia worn by the men of the United States Army Air Forces from 1941 through 1945. Some women's items are covered, but the primary focus is on men's uniforms and insignia. (The W.A.5.P.' s served with distinction, but technically were not in the Army Air Force.) The book is divided into three sections: uniforms and related insignia worn on the uniforms; wings and other qualification badges; and patches. Flying clothing and equipment will be covered in a separate volume. With the kind permission of Stackpole Books, I have used sections of the 1943 and 1944 editions of "The Officer's Guide" to provide the reader access to the original uniform regulations. Several changes occUI'!ed between these years, which I have pointed out. (It should be noted that changes could likely be found between any editions of the war years, but 1943 to 1944 was significant because of the addition of numerous wing badges and revisions in outer wear regulations.) This book covers officer's and enlisted items, both regulation and non-regulation. It would be virtually impossible to write the" complete" work on U.S.A.A.F. uniforms and insignia as variations surface constantly. I hope this work will provide the reader with a broad and solid overview of the subject. It is intended as a reference for collectors and modelers, a record for historians, and a book of memories for veterans. The general format I have followed is to provide color photographs of actual items, as well as contemporary photographs of the items in use, accompanied by appropriate commentary. My inspiration for this work came from growing up with the influence of my Dad, an Army Air Force pilot. As a small boy I would get out my father's "pinks and greens" from the hall closet and dream of the day I would be big enough to wear them (now I am too big!). Dad would always (and still does) take time to tell me stories of flying in England, France, and Germany. We went back to England together several years ago, which was a time I will always cherish. Mom and Dad were part or a generation forced 8
INTRODUCTION
to grow up too fast and meet the challenge of war. I hope this book will in some way be a tribute to them and to all people of their remarkable generation.
*** The study of uniforms and insignia of an Army at war is a fascinating subject. Because of the pressures of war, regulations tend to be relaxed or ignored. Units grow and change quickly. Primary focus is on the challenge at hand. The Army Air Force is no exception! The U.S. Army Air Force of World War II grew from 1100 airplanes at the time of the attack on Pearl Harbor, December 7, 1941, to 80,000 airplanes by 1944. Approximately 2,400,000 men served in the United States Army Air Force in World War II. Clothing and equipping a Force of that size was no small task. It involved numerous industries across the U.S. and a number of allied countries. Officers were required to purchase their own uniforms. Some wore the finest money could buy, while others did what was necessary to get by. This resulted in tremendous variations in style, cloth, design of insignia, and materials used in the manufacturing of uniforms, wing badges and patches. Flyers, by nature, tend to be very individualistic even flamboyant at times. This, coupled with relaxed regulations, individual taste, supply problems, and regional variations, produced some very interesting uniforms and insignia! Garments like the "Ike" jacket and the bush jacket were created out of a desire for comfort and utility, relative to the theater of operation and the job at hand. The U.s. Army service dress uniform "pinks and greens" remains one of the sharpest uniforms ever worn by the American military. The various color combinations of coat, trousers, shirt and tie authorized for wear, allowed the officer some individual choice about what he wanted to wear and still remain in uniform. The "50 mission crusher" service cap also allowed a vehicle for expression of personality. These components of the uniform, along with the pride associated with individual unit insignia, contributed to the great esprit de corp of the United States Army Air Force!
9
CHAPTERI
UNIFORMS & INSIGNIA A
t the time of World War II, the Army Air Forces were part of the U.S. Army. The uniform regulatiol).s were therefore basically the same for Army Air Force personnel as for regular Army officers and enlisted men. One notable exception, which ultimately gave the Army Air Forces a unique identity, was the service cap. In reference to the service cap, "The Officers Guide" states, "Officers of the Army Air Forces wear a similar cap except front spring stiffening may be omitted and the grommet may be removed." This regulation created the "50 mission crush" hat so treasured by Army Air Force service men. The regulation was written because flyers had to wear headphones over their service caps. Arguably, the most popular officer's uniform in U.S. Army history was the "pinks and greens" of the World War II era. The color of the winter service coat was No. 51 (dark shade) olive drab, 141/2-26 ounce elastique, barathea or whipcord wool. The trousers to be worn with this coat were in two optional 'colors; No. 51, which matched the coat or drab No. 54 (light shade). It was drab No. 54 (light shade) which was known popularly as "pink." The color is a grayish khaki drab shade, which in certain lighting has a definite pink cast - thus the name "pinks and greens." The summer service uniform was solid khaki.
-
Complete Army Air Force officer's uniform as worn. The figure holds an officer's overcoat or "trench coat." The shirt is "pink" and the tie olive drab. This photograph provides six examples of pinks and greens in use by officers of the 422nd N.F.S. Note the officer first from left wears a dark olive drab tie, while the remaining wear the khaki tie. The officer fourth from left wears the dark olive drab shirt. All of the officers wear the Garrison or "overseas" cap. (Stegner via Campbell)
11
OPPOSITE: B-24 pilot Burt Sheriff in winter service uniform after returning from the Pacific. (Sheriff)
12
SILVER WINGS; PINKS & GREENS Portions of "The Officers Guide" 1944 edition, which describe the uniforms and insignia of the u.s. Army in detail are reprinted in the appendix. Officer's uniforms of the World War II era are especially interesting because they were made in tailor shops around the world. u.s. Army officers had to purchase their own uniforms, so quality, material and even to some extent design, varies. There were" off the rack" versions available at the PX and there were those made at the finest tailor shops on Saville Row.
Label from the fine old U.S. clothing firm of Hickey-Freeman in a winter service coat. Regulation Army officer's uniform label as found in the "off the rack" variety of uniform.
Label of Sol Frank Military Supply Co., San Antonio, Texas. (Edwards)
Raman Tailor's label, London in a U.S. Army officer's "Ike" jacket. (Edwards) Left: Label from Richards of Sidney, Australia in a U.S. Army officer's uniform. (Edwards)
UNIFORMS & INSIGNIA
13
The Winter Service Uniform -"Pinks and Greens"
The officers of this B-26 crew are wearing pinks and greens with service caps. The enlisted men wear the enlisted service uniform with Garrison caps.
Right: Seated figure wearing an 8th Air Force officer's "pinks and greens." The shirt and tie are khaki. Note the R.A.F. pilot wing on the figure's right side. (Michael]. Perry)
P-51 pilot Bert McDowell Jr. in winter service uniform. It is somewhat unusual to find photos of A.A.F. combat veterans wearing service caps with the grommet in place. (Michael]. Perry)
C-47 pilot Joe D. Maguire after graduation from the Class of 44D in winter service uniform.
WL. "Tony" Hoppers wearing winter servIce uniform with "pink" shirt and olive drab tie. Tony flew a tour in B-26 Marauders and ended the war in C-47's in Europe. (Hoppers)
14
SILVER WINGS, PINKS & GREENS
An unnamed B-25 pilot of the 491st Bomb Squadron in winter service dress uniform.
This captain of the 422nd N.F.S. in winter service uniform has a number of unusual points of interest. One, he wears a collar pin and soft collared shirt (non-regulation), two, he wears an air gunner wing, which is most often found on enlisted men, three, he is wearing eye glasses with a wing on his uniform, four, the captain is wearing a World War I Victory Ribbon with two stars indicating he was twice "mentioned in dispatch" (these stars later became the Bronze Star Medal, for which he also wears a ribbon), and five, he is not wearing World War I hash marks on his sleeve - if photos could only talk! (Stegner via Campbell)
Left: Many Americans of African descent served with distinction in the U.S.AAF. Although the most famous were the fighter pilots of the 99th Fighter Squadron, they were by no means the only ones, as this photo demonstrates. This unidentified Flight Officer, in winter service dress, served as a navigator, as indicated by his wings. The distinctive insignia worn on his epaulets are Gulf Coast AAF. Training Center.
UNIFORMS & INSIGNIA
15 Left: Front and back of U.S.AAF. winter service dress coat made by Palace Clothing Co. in Kansas City. Palace made uniforms of exceptionally high quality. This uniform coat was worn by C-47 pilot Joe D. Maguire, 321st Air Transport Squadron, 27th Air Transport Group.
Label of Palace Clothing Co.
Left: This AA.F. winter service coat was made by Brooks Brothers. Above: Bullion wing on blue background sewn to left chest of Brooks Brothers winter service coat. Right: Brooks Brothers label inside pocket of winter service coat. (Edwards)
16
SILVER WINGS, PINKS & GREENS Left: This beautifully preserved winter service dress coat was worn by Joseph, W. Stevens, who was also a C-47 pilot in the 321st Air Transport Squadron.
Right: A beautifully tailored 8th Air Force bombardier's winter service dress coat with all bullion insignia. Below: Detail of bullion collar insignia and wing on 8th Air Force bombardier's service dress coat.
Below: Bullion 8th Air Force patch on left shoulder of bombardier's winter service dress uniform.
UNIFORMS & INSIGNIA
Above: U.S.A.A.F. winter service coat made by Lauterstein's of San Antonio. This uniform coat was worn by B-26 pilot Roger H. Swan. Note the "clipped" pilot wing popular among B-26 pilots. Below: Label of Lauterstein's of San Antonio. (Edwards)
Above: A very high quality U.S.A.A.F. officer's winter uniform coat with matching trousers by Chester Barrie of Great Britain. Below: Tailor's label of Chester Barrie. (Edwards)
17
Above: Winter service coat offlight officer rank. Flight officers coats did not have the band at the cuff found on officer's coats. This coat was worn by glider pilot Charles V. Miller, 23rd Troop Carrier Squadron, 349th Troop Carrier Group. Below: Detail of Miller's service coat with glider pilot wing, flight officer rank insignia and English made 9th Troop Carrier Command shoulder patch visible.
SILVER WINGS, PINKS & GREENS
18
Front and reverse of "Pink" wool U.S. Army officer's trousers worn with the winter service coat. The dark shade olive drab trousers were the same cut.
The Officer's Summer Service Uniform The summer service uniform was not a required item. It was a solid khaki uniform made of cotton, 8.2 ounce:
rayon, plain or twill weave; cotton warp, mohair filling; tropical worsted; or gabardine. Perhaps the most elegantof these in appearance was the tropical worsted.
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Brigadier General LaVerne G. Saunders in summer tan service uniform. (U.S.A.A.F.)
This glider pilot is wearing the summer service uniform. (Conway)
UNIFORMS & INSIGNIA
19
Front and back of Summer service coat worn by C-47 pilot Joe D. Maguire. The coat was made by Palace Clothing Co. It is 100% tropical worsted wool. 1
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Close up of beautifully detailed bullion pilot wing on Joe Maguire's summer service coat.
20
SILVER WINGS, PINKS & GREENS
The Enlisted Service Dress or "Class A" Uniform The enlisted man's uniform of World War II was made of wool serge in a lighter shade of olive drab than the officer's uniform. The trousers were the same color as the coat.
Below left: The enlisted man's service dress coat. On the right chest is the "ruptured duck" indicating military service rendered. On the wearer's left chest is an air gunner wing and an expert air gunner qualification badge. The rank chevrons are Staff Sergeants. Below right: Left, front view of enlisted service dress coat with AAF. shoulder patch, Staff Sergeant's rank chevron and air crew wing. Below center: Right, front view of enlisted service dress coat. The blue triangular sleeve patch is an Air Force Specialists insignia for armature.
The 586th Bomb Squadron, 394th Bomb Group on parade. The color guard wears web belts and gloves.
UNIFORMS & INSIGNIA
John R. "Dick" Klopolsky was a B-17 crewman in the 91st Bomb Group. He is seen here in his service dress uniform. Note his aircrew wing badge and the interesting border visible around his A.A.F. patch. Klopolsky was killed in action over Schweinfurt, Germany on August 17, 1943, when his plane was shot down by an Me 109.
21
. An air gunner of the 422nd Night Fighter Squadron in service dress uniform. (Stegner Via Campbell)
22
SILVER WINGS, PINKS & GREENS
Above: This service dress coat is a very interesting piece. This style of coat is illustrated in the 1942 edition of "The Officer'S Guide" as the Army Air Force officer's service dress uniform coat. This garment is made of officer's quality wool fabric. Note that it features a waist belt which is sewn all the way around and has no brass buckle. It also features four visible buttons on the front closure. The regular Army officer'S service dress coat (which is the only style featured in later editions) has three . buttons visible at the front closure. The fourth button is covered by the brass waist belt buckle. This coat has a Philadelphia Quarter Master Depot label and is dated October 13, 1941. Obviously, this particular coat was worn by a 1st Air Force Staff Sergeant. It is possible that when the decision was made that AAF. officers would wear the same service dress coat as the rest of the Army, existing inventories of these coats were issued to enlisted men. These coats were also sometimes used by Aviation Cadets. Above center: Rear view of early style AAF. officer's service dress coat worn by a 1st Air Force Staff Sergeant. Above right: Three quarter front view of early AAF. officer's style service dress coat with Staff Sergeant's rank insignia on the sleeve. The diagonal service stripe represents three years of service. The 1st Air Force shoulder patch is embroidered on felt.
Low Quarters The shoes worn with the service dress uniform were Army russet leather low quarters.
U.S. Army russet leather low quarters.
UNIFORMS & INSIGNIA
23
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The "Ike" Jacket The name "Ike jacket" refers to almost any waist length uniform jacket worn by the U.S. Army in World War II. General Dwight D. Eisenhower popularized this style of jacket, thus the name "Ike." These jackets were likely inspired by the short battle dress jackets worn by the British. American derivatives of this garment existed in numerous designs as the first were tailor made or cut down from four pocket service dress coats. Buttons were plastic, brass, bone, fabric covered or hidden. The author has even seen examples with zippers. Ike jackets provided an opportunity for American soldiers to display individuality in an acceptable military fashion, which is probably a major reason they were very popular with flyers. Also, Ike jackets were comfortable in an airplane because there were no coat tails to get in the way. There were several official waist length jackets, but the "unofficial" variations were seen much more frequently. Left: The jacket that likely inspired the U.S. Army Ike jacket was this British Army battle dress jacket issued to some U.S. units early in the war. (Conway)
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Above: Glider pilot Robert Price of the 96th Troop Carrier Squadron wearing a British Army battle dress jacket. (Price via Conway)
Left: This group of A.A.F. officers displays an interesting combination of uniforms. The first officer on the left wears a tailor made "Ike" jacket typical of English design. The second officer wears a "cut down" style, while the remaining three men wear winter service dress uniforms; two of the officers wear "pink" trousers and one wears olive drab.
24
SILVER WINGS, PINKS & GREENS
Lt. Joe D. Maguire of the 27th Air Transport Group
wearing a cut down Ike jacket with pink trousers and "crusher" cap. This photo was taken at Grove Air Field in England 1944.
Lt. Joe Maguire in cut down Ike jacket with olive drab trousers and overseas cap, Grove, England
Lt. Bob Bailey of the 27th Air Transport Group in a cut down Ike jacket.
1944.
An unidentified U. S.A.A.F. Brig. General in a well worn, tailor made Ike jacket. The rank insignia and command pilot wings are bullion. (Stegner via Campbell)
This P-38 pilot of the 367th Fighter Group is wearing a cut down Ike jacket. (U. S.A.F. via Campbell)
UNIFORMS & INSIGNIA
A glider pilot of the 9th Troop Carrier Commanq wearing an Ike jacket cut down from a service dress coat. Interestingly he wears the shoulder rank of aflight officer with an officer's cap device. (Bowen)
A well tailored enlisted Ike jacket, cut down from awinter service dress coat. Note that pleated pockets have even been added. The combat crew patch is visible behind the air gunner wing.
25
Glider pilot F. Paul Bowen with a beautiful companion! Bowen is wearing a tailor made Ike jacket. (Bowen)
26
SILVER WINGS, PINKS & GREENS
Above left: This sergeant's Ike is a tailor made example dated 10/24/44. The cut is very similar to many English made officer's jackets with the exception of plain pockets instead of pleated. Above center: Rear view, tailor made sergeant's Ike jacket. Above right: Three quarter front view of tailor made sergeant's Ike jacket.
Close-up of beautifully detailed bullion A.A.F. patch and chevrons on tailor made sergeant's Ike jacket
Ike jackets were popular with both officers and enlisted men. This pilot and air crew member of the 394th Bomb Group are both wearing Ike jackets cut down from service dress coats as dress uniforms at a social function.
UNIFORMS & INSIGNIA
27
Two above: An 8th Air Force officer's Ike jacket cut down from a winter service dress coat. This jacket has concealed front buttons, while the pocket and epaulet buttons are fabric covered. An unusual feature of this jacket is the yolk visible at the waist on the back side.
English tailor's label inside pocket of this Ike jacket. Red linings were very popular in certain units and in some cases had special significance such as "ace" status.
This English tailor made Ike style was popular with A.A.F. officers in the E. T.O.
28
SILVER WINGS, PINKS & GREENS
Above: The U.S.A.A.F. was present all over the globe, as evidenced by this Ike jacket, tailor made in Costa Rica. Above right: Three quarter front view of Costa Rican made Ike jacket with 6th Air Force patch visible. Below: Costa Rican tailor's label of Ramirez Valida. (Davidson)
Right: Theater made Ike jacket attributed to Lt. John W Phelan (MIA December 29,1944). Phelan flew a tour on B-17s with the 8th Air Force and went down in a P-47 over Italy. The jacket is not typical of English made examples. The notch lapel, and the fact that it is not lined indicates it was likely made for the warmer climate in Italy.
UNIFORMS & INSIGNIA
29
Above left: This beautiful English made Ike jacket belonged to a man who likely served on staff at 8th Air Force Headquarters at High Wycombe, and rotated back to the States in an advisory/training capacity with the 4th Air Force. The left shoulder (active duty shoulder) bears the 4th Air Force insignia, while the right, or "combat", shoulder carries the insignia of "The Mighty Eighth." It was somewhat commonly accepted that soldiers would wear the patch of the unit in which they were currently serving on the left shoulder, while on the right, the insignia of the unit in which they had seen combat was worn. Some jealous stateside non-combat experienced commanders did not allow this practice, which ultimately was detrimental to the morale of the troops. Combat veterans often refer to these e.O.'s in terms less than endearing. Above center: Left front view of English made Ike jacket with 4th Air Force patch visible. Also note the two hash marks on the sleeve signifying one year overseas. Above right: Right front view of English made "Ike" with 8th Air Force patch visible on the shoulder. Left: Tailor's label in English made Ike jacket. Note it was made in High Wycombe, which was 8th Air Force Headquarters.
Left: This E.TO. style Ike jacket with slash pockets was tailor made on Saville Row in London. (Markel)
Right: This beautiful tan wool gabardine Ike jacket was tailor made with matching trousers. Tan and pink Ike jackets are somewhat unusual, but they were worn - especially overseas.
30
SILVER WINGS, PINKS & GREENS
Officer's Ike jackets came in every description. Perhaps one of the most outlandish was the jacket mentioned in 4th Fighter Group ace, John Godfrey's book "The Look of Eagles." Godfrey purchased a pink Ike jacket with a red lining from a bomber pilot who had it tailor made in London. When he reported stateside to the Major in charge, while wearing the jacket, the Major made it clear he was on an Army Post - not a "home for overdressed playboys of the Air Force."
One of the first official Ike style jackets used by the U.S. Army in World War II was the wool field jacket, E.T.O.. These jackets were made primarily by the British (although Australian made examples have surfaced), under contract for the United States Army. It also appears that there were at least two distinct styles; one with patch and flap chest pockets and one with slash or side entry pockets.
These airmen to the right and left are wearing examples of two styles of E. T.O. wool field jackets. The jacket on the left has slash pockets and the jacket to the . right has patch and flap pockets. (Stegner via Campbell)
A B-26 Marauder crew man wearing the wool field jacket, E.TO., with slash pockets.
This B-17 air crew member wears the E. T.O. jacket. (Campbell)
The crew man behind the jeep, with hands in pockets, is wearing the E. TO. jacket.
,.
,. This 422nd N.ES. Master Sgt. is wearing a wool field jacket, E. TO. (Stegner via Campbell)
Two distinct styles of the British made E. TO. jacket are clearly illustrated in this photo of 9th Air Force P-61 ground crew men. (Stegner via Campbell)
UNIFORMS & INSIGNIA
The British made E. T.O. wool field jacket with slash pockets. (Conway)
31
Above: This E. T.O. jacket is made of officer's quality barathea wool. Right: Detail of officer's E. T.O. jacket with slash pocket clearly visible. (Conway)
The most widely recognized official version of the Ike jacket is the M1944 wool field jacket. This garment was designed to be worn under the M1943 field jacket and was very popular with enlisted men as a replacement for the service coat. The M1944 was also worn by officers, often without insignia, as a utility garment.
This group of 9th Air Force ground personnel (with the exception of the officer, third from left, front row) are all wearing the M1944 wool field jacket. (Stegner via Campbell)
Right: This air crewman of the 9th Air Force is wearing the M1944 wool field jacket without collar discs, as a dress uniform jacket. (Stegner via Campbell)
32
SILVER WINGS, PINKS & GREENS
The M1944 wool field jacket. This example was worn by B-26 pilot, Wendell Hoppers. Hoppers finished the war flying C-47s with the 321st Air Transport Squadron in Europe.
The officer on the right, of the 422nd N.F.S., is wearing the M1944 wool field jacket without insignia. (Stegner via Campbell)
This 9th Air Force air crewman wears collar discs on his M1944 wool field jacket. (Stegner via Campbell)
UNIFORMS & INSIGNIA
33
The B-13 and B-14 jackets, technically, were flight jackets, although both were worn functionally as Ike jackets. The B-13 was made of officer's quality wool and the B-14 was the same jacket in enlisted grade wool. These jackets were standardized in March of 1944.
Front and back of officer's quality B-13 flight jacket.
Three of these 27th Air Transport Group pilots are wearing cut down Ike jackets. The officer second from left is wearing the B-13. (Jenks)
Deta il of B-13 jacket label.
34
SILVER WINGS, PINKS & GREENS
Above: The B-14 enlisted flight jacket. Right: Pocket details on the B-14. (Conway)
An interesting variation based on the Ike jacket idea is this "Ike shirt." Lt. Robert Bellman of the 75th Fighter Squadron is wearing a cotton officer's shirt, which has been cut offat the waist and had a band added at the bottom - a very practical garment for wear in the C.B.I.! Bellman was killed in a P-51 landing accident. (Bollen via Campbell)
UNIFORMS & INSIGNIA
35
U.S. Army Shirts The officer's service shirt was authorized in olive drab shade No. 51 (dark shade); drab shade No. 54 (light shade); khaki shade No.1; olive drab shade No. 50 ; and the cotton fabrics were khaki shade No.1. The shirts were made of wool or cotton in various weaves.
The officer's service shirt in wool olive drab shade No. 51 (dark shade).
Commanding officers could authorize the wearing of the service shirt without the coat. When worn without the coat, insignia of grade, and collar insignia were worn.
The officer's service shirt in wool drab shade No. 54 (light shade).
Tailor's label in a U.S.A.A.F. officer's shirt made in Brisbane, Australia. (Edwards)
The officer's service shirt in wool khaki shade No.1.
This tailor made example features reinforced elbow patches.
36
SILVER WINGS, PINKS & GREENS
Major General (then Major) John L. Locke as a P-47 pilot with the 512th Fighter Squadron, wearing the officer's shirt and tie with insignia in place. (Locke via Perry)
Above: Three AAF. officers wearing khaki shirts and trousers. Note the navigator at left wears a three inch wing, while the pilot and bombardier wear the two inch shirt wings. (Campbell)
This AAF. pilot is wearing the officer's shirt and tie in cotton khaki with full insignia. (Edwards)
These two 9th Air Force First Sergeants wear the enlisted service shirt with sleeve insignia and ribbons. (Stegner via Campbell)
UNIFORMS & INSIGNIA
37
The "Bush Jacket" The bush jacket is best described as a combination shirt and service dress coat. It was service coat length, but no shirt was worn underneath and it featured a shirt type collar. Most examples were belted.
Although not an official garment, bush jackets were widely worn in the C.B.I. and Pacific theaters. Most examples are cotton khaki. This jacket was undoubtedly inspired by the British.
Back and front of a typical example ofa U.S.A.A.F. bush jacket. Above right: Detail of hand embroidered rank insignia and shoulder pocket made from a C.B.l. patch on U.S.A.A.F. bush jacket. (Edwards)
Air Marshal Sir Guy Garrod, RAF. (left) talking with Brigadier General J.E. Upston of the 20th Air Force (right) in December of 1944. Garrod is wearing the British khaki drill bush jacket, which was likely the inspiration for the U.S.A.A.F. version worn by Upston and the other U.S.A.A.F. officer in the background. (Linke)
Brigadier General I.E. Upston of the 20th Air Force wearing his bush jacket. (Linke)
38
SILVER WINGS, PINKS & GREENS
Above left: Captain ED. Campbell, U.S.A.A.E, Early Air Warning, wearing a bush jacket in Calcutta, India. Above right: Administrative officers of Early Air Warning in Calcutta. The officer first from right and Captain Campbell, third from right, are wearing bush jackets. (Campbell)
UNIFORMS & INSIGNIA Officer's Uniform Insignia: U.S. Army officers rank insignia of World War II Rank insignia of this period, like other items. was produced by a large number of manufacturers from around the world. This resulted in a lot of varr.ation in style and materials.
* * * * * GENERAL
MAJOR GENERAL
LIEUT GENERAL
BRIG. GENERAL
COLONEl.
W'UT. COLONEL
rs=
MAJOR
'!I!
LlI
CAPTAIN
2ND LIEUTENANT
1ST LIEUTENANT
(:=J CHIEF WARRANT OFFICER
ell
0:01' WARRANT OFFlCER (JUNIOR GRADEl
-
FLIGHT OFFICEIl
This group showing the front (left) and back of 1st and 2nd Lieutenants bars illustrates some of the variations of the period.
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SILVER WINGS, PINKS & GREENS
These two Major's leaves illustrate two distinct designs.
Metal and enamel flight officers rank insignia front and back.
Uncut cloth flight officers rank insignia for use on cotton khaki shirt or coat.
Uncut bullion on olive drab wool, Second Lieutenant's bars.
This set of Captain's bars was handmade in India. Note the English style pin.
Sterling, pin back Captain's bars by Gemsco, in the original box.
UNIFORMS & INSIGNIA
41
Officer's collar flapel insignia also varied in design and material. The familiar winged propeller insignia surfaced in many different forms.
Rank insignia was made in leather for use on flight jackets. This is an example of a set of leather Captain's bars. (Edwards)
A leather Major's leaffor use on aflight jacket.
Bullion lapel insignia on an 8th Air Force bombardier's service dress coat.
Two different designs of metal A.A.F. officer's collar/lapel insignia, front and rear.
A beautifully detailed set of bullion A.A.F. officer's lapel insignia made in the C.B.!. theater. These were attributed to 491st Bomb Squadron, B-25 pilot, William Neilson.
42
SILVER WINGS, PINKS & GREENS
Hash Marks Hash marks were worn on the left cuff of the service uniform. Each bar represented six months of service overseas.
Detail of three hash marks on a service dress coat.
A 9th Air Force troop carrier pilot poses with his new bride. Clearly visible on his left sleeve are three hash marks.
Bullion hash marks on an officer's service dress coat. The inverted chevrons are for World War I service. (Edwards)
UNIFORMS & INSIGNIA
43
Enlisted Uniform Insignia Enlisted rank was indicated by chevrons worn on the upper sleeve. The chevrons were olive drab on black for winter wear and brown on khaki for summer. Rank was indicated as follows:
First Sergeant - three chevrons, points up, over three rockers with a diamond in the center Master Sergeant - three chevrons, points up, over three rockers.
Private First Class - one chevron, points up Corporal- two chevrons, points up Sergeant - three chevrons, points up Staff Sergeant - three chevrons, points up, over one rocker Tech. Sergeant 2nd Grade - three chevrons, points up, over two rockers
In the early stages of the war enlisted technical grades were authorized to allow technical specialists to be promoted with additional paX' without becoming NCOs. These grades were indicated by a 'T' beneath the chevrons.
Above: World War II corporal's chevron. Left: This World War II corporal's insignia has the "T" under the chevrons for technical specialists.
A World War II Staff Sergeant chevrons embroidered on wool.
A World War II Staff Sergeant chevrons of multi-piece wool construction.
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SILVER WINGS, PINKS & GREENS
Distinctive Sleeve Patches for Specialists Triangular sleeve patches were authorized in the categories of armament, communications, engineering, photography and weather for enlisted technical specialists.
Enlisted Technical Specialist, Armament sleeve patch.
Enlisted Technical Specialist, Communications sleeve patch.
Enlisted Technical Specialist, Engineering sleeve patch.
Enlisted Technical Specialist, Photography sleeve patch.
Enlisted Technical Specialist, Weather sleeve patch.
This photograph of the right sleeve of an enlisted service dress coat illustrates placement of the rank chevron and enlisted technical specialist patch. Chevrons were worn on both sleeves. The technical specialist patch was worn only on the right.
UNIFORMS & INSIGNIA
45
This Army Air Force Sergeant is wearing a khaki shirt with rank chevrons, Army Air Force shoulder patch, air crew wing and the enlisted technical specialist, communications patch.
458th Bomb Group Photography Technical Specialist Herman Hetzel in service dress uniform. His enlisted technical specialist patch is visible on his right sleeve. Also of interest is the English made 8th Air Force patch on his left shoulder. (Campbell)
Enlisted Collar/Lapel Brass Enlisted men wore the Army Air Force disc on the left lapel with the "U.S." disc on the right. As with officers insignia, enlisted designs varied.
Below left: A somewhat crude example of an enlisted AAF. collar/lapel insignia. The ,winged prop is pot metal, painted gold and affixed to a brass disc. Below right: A nice quality, two piece brass enlisted AAF. collar/lapel insignia.
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SILVER WINGS, PINKS & GREENS
Distinctive Insignia A discussion of A.A.F. uniform insignia would not be complete without some mention of distinctive insignia or "D.L's." More than 300 Army Air Corp and Army Air Force distinctive insignia were used over a period of years, mostly crafted from a combination of metal and enamel. They usually depicted a squadron insignia or a groups
coat of arms. Distinctive insignia were worn by officers on the shoulder loop (epaulet) of the service dress coat and by enlisted men on the lower portion of the lapel. After the outbreak of World War II distinctive insignia were seldom worn in theaters of operation, but were still in use to some degree State side.
Distinctive insignia of the First Troop Carrier Command.
This Private in service dress uniform is wearing distinctive insignia on his lapels. (Campbell)
Distinctive insignia of Headquarters, Army Air Forces. (Linke)
Distinctive insignia of the Air Service Command. (Linke)
Distinctive insignia of the 86th Bomb Group (redesignated 86th Fighter Group in 1944).
Distinctive insignia of the Air Transport Command. (Linke)
UNIFORMS & INSIGNIA
47
Outer wear - Jackets and Coats
The M1941 field jacket was very popular with officers and enlisted men alike. It was used extensively throughout World War II. The outer shell was tightly woven cotton cloth, which was water and wind resistant, and the lining was wool shirt weight flannel. (Markel)
Lt. Joe D. Maguire, C-47 pilot with the 321st Air Transport Squadron, is wearing the M1941 field jacket.
The M1943 field jacket replaced the M1941 field jacket. This jacket was extremely versatile and was issued in quantity in late 1944. (Markel)
M1941 field jacket being worn by an A.A.F. Master Sergeant. (Stegner via Campbell)
Glider pilot James w. Campbell of the 79th Troop Carrier Squadron, 9th Air Force, is wearing the M1943 field jacket. (Conway)
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SILVER WINGS, PINKS & GREENS
The Mackinaw was developed as a general purpose field utility coat for use by enlisted men. It was used in the Army Air Force primarily by mechanics and other ground personnel. (Markel)
This group of enlisted ground personnel wear a variety of outer wear garments. The first, fourth, and seventh man from the right are wearing Mackinaws. The man second from right wears the one piece, herringbone twill work suit issued to mechanics, and the remaining two men are wearing enlisted wool overcoats.
Right: An aviation cadet at Parks Air College in 1943 wearing the M1926 officer's short overcoat. Far right: Aviation cadet Joe Maguire, taken in St. Louis, 1943, wearing the M1926 officer's short overcoat.
The M1926 officer's short overcoat. (Markel)
UNIFORMS & INSIGNIA
This style of officer's short overcoat replaced the M1926 in the 1944 "Officers Guide." It was easier to wear with the omission of the button belt on the M1926.
Lt. Joe Maguire, November 1944, in Paris wearing
the officer's short overcoat.
49
C-47 pilot Charles B. Longshore, of the 321st Air Transport Squadron, wearing the officer's short overcoat. This photo was taken near LeBourget Air Field, winter of 1944-45.
Front and back of the officer's "trench" coat or long overcoat, which appears in the 1944 "Officers Guide." This garment was usually tan gabardine wool. There was considerable variation in these coats, as they were privately purchased. This example was worn by B-26 and C-47 pilot Wendell Hoppers.
50
SILVER WINGS, PINKS & GREENS
Front and back of the officer's rain coat was the same style as the overcoat, but made of lightweight, water resistant cloth. The label reads made of "Skinner's Jackie Twill", cotton and rayon. This example was also worn by Lt. Wendell Hoppers.
Lt. Rnlph Jenks, ferry pilot with the 27th Air Transport Group, in front of a P51D Mustang wearing the officer's trench coat. (Jenks)
Jeanan and Lt. Joe Maguire, prior to going overseas, in Oklahoma City, 1944. Joe is wearing the officer'S trench coat.
This group of pilots of the 321st Air Transport Squadron wear a variety of officer's outerwear and uniform coats. Note the color variations in the short overcoats, visible even in black and white. The pistol belt worn by the officer in the center (wearing Ike jacket) denotes he was Officer of the Day.
UNIFORMS & INSIGNIA
51
Uniform Caps The service cap was the item of clothing which gave unique identity to the Army Air Forces. Because of the requirements of flying, Army Air Force personnel could, by regulation, remove the spring stiffener and grommet. This ultimately created the "50 Mission Crusher" so fondly remembered by A.A.F. veterans.
The Army officer's service cap in its original unaltered form with spring stiffener and grommet in place. Although some A.A.F. officers continued to wear this type of service cap (many of whom were West Point or regular Army types), the majority preferred the crusher. (Markel)
This photograph illustrates why the Army Air Force was allowed to remove the spring stiffener and grommet. The crusher cap was created out of necessity, but it was an extremely popular item which allowed great expression of individuality. (Jenks)
Some companies began producing service caps especially for the Army Air Forces which had soft leather visors. These caps were very popular because they were easier to crush. They had names like >'Flighter by Bancroft" and "The Flight Weight."
Above left: This cap was made by Luxenberg. Luxenberg made very high quality uniforms and insignia. Above right: The "Luxenberg" script trademark. This same style script is found on wings and insignia made by this firm.
SILVER WINGS, PINKS & GREENS
52
Alf· S;'\.LT Li\Kl U1'At
'1
Above left: A beautiful example of an AAF. officer's cap marked Army Air Base, Salt Lake City, Utah, 3. Above.right: Marking inside AAF. officer's cap.
Above: "Society Brand" is the maker of this service cap worn by an 8th Air Force bombardier. (Henderson) . Above right: "Lewis" AAF. officer's service cap. (Moran)
Right: U.S.A.AF. officer's service cap. (Moran)
UNIFORMS & INSIGNIA
Above left: Without question, one of the most classic AAF. officer's service caps was the Bancroft F1ighter pictured here. Above right: Trademark "F1ighter by Bancroft" inside service cap. .
This officer's cap named to Lt. John W. Phelan was made in London by ].5. Wilson, Ltd. Phelan flew a tour in B-17s with the "Mighty Eighth", and was later listed as MIA while flying a P-47 in Italy.
Name, serial number, and English stamp found under the band of Phelan's cap.
Label inside Lt. Phelan's cap.
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SILVER WINGS, PINKS & GREENS
An A.A.F. officer wearing a nice example of a crusher cap. (Campbell Archives)
This ground officer of the 422nd N.F.S. wears the officer's service cap. Note the eagle device is cocked to one side! (Stegner via Campbell)
This navigator, working on a mission plan, wears an interesting example of a service cap. This cap appears to have a stiff visor.
A B-24 co-pilot in the cockpit wearing his service cap. (Carmichael)
Lt. Joe D. Maguire, C-47 pilot of the 321st Air
This Army Air Force Lt. wears a "classic" crusher cap. It appears to be a "Flighter by Bancroft."
Transport Squadron, wearing his service cap and B1D jacket. He bought this hat while an Aviation Cadet at College Station, Texas and wore it throughout the war. This photo was taken Christmas, 1944 in Paris.
UNIFORMS & INSIGNIA
55
The service cap was also made in khaki wool or cotton for summer wear.
"Flighter by Bancroft" in khaki worsted wool for summer wear.
This "Flighter by Bancroft" has a coarser textured band than the previous example. It also has a backstrap. (Edwards)
Above left: This khaki wool crusher is marked "The Flight Weight. " Above Right: Marking inside khaki wool service cap "The Flight Weight."
Officers of the 20th Air Force wearing summer uniform. Three men wear khaki crusher service caps. Note the man second from right wears a khaki example with an olive drab band.
SILVER WINGS, PINKS & GREENS
56
Right: This A.A.F. service cap was made in England. (Edwards)
Below: The Australian firm of "Jones Brothers Dty. Limited, Surry Hills, Sydney" manufactured u.S. Army officers caps. This photo shows their makers mark inside of a hat. These hats had interchangeable tops for summer and winter wear. Below right: Australian made olive drab, U.S. Army officer's hat by "Jones Brothers Dty. Limited" in Sydney.
AUTHORISED
U.S. ARMY OFFICER'S CAP "?stade f,y
loncs Brothers Ply. CimUkd SURRY HILLS. SYDNEY
This hat is actually a British Army officer's hat "adopted" by a U.S. Army Air Force officer. The eagle was made by J.R. Gaunt, London and the buttons are British marked.
The Jones Brother's hat with khaki summer top in place. (Edwards)
UNIFORMS & INSIGNIA
57
Officers service cap eagle devices were made in numerous patterns by many manufacturers which resulted in a large number of variations. Five versions are illustrated here.
This is a very common cap eagle pattern and is very close to the eagle worn by Army officers of today. This eagle was worn by B-25 pilot Wm. Neilson.
This oversize, straight winged eagle was very popular with A.A.F. officers.
A delicate version of the cap eagle.
Bullion cap eagles were not very common, but were worn. This bullion eagle is quite stunning! (Edwards) Above left: This finely detailed example was made by Luxenberg in England. Left: Reverse with maker mark visible.
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SILVER WINGS, PINKS & GREENS
Flight Officers wore an officer's service cap with a different cap eagle.
Detail of the flight officer's cap eagle. (Linke)
Glider pilot Paul Bowen wearing the Flight Officer's cap eagle. (Bowen)
Above right: A beautiful example of an enlisted man's service cap with spring stiffener and grommet in place. (Markel) Center right: Enlisted "crushers" were also produced. This olive drab example was worn by a Sergeant, liaison pilot of the 158th Liaison Squadron. Right: This khaki worsted wool enlisted crusher was worn by the same liaison pilot of the 158th Squadron as the olive drab example.
The enlisted service cap is the same basic style as the officer's cap. The main difference is that the band on the enlisted cap is of the same fabric as the top portion. The enlisted cap device is of the same design as the officer's, only smaller and backed by a brass disc.
UNIFORMS & INSIGNIA
This Army Air Force enlisted man is wearing what is likely, at that time, a brand new example of the enlisted service cap. (Hopkins)
A very crisp example of the enlisted service cap is worn by Corporal Arthur Lazenby Brown.
59
The service cap worn by this enlisted air crew member shows a little wear.
This enlisted airman in silk scarfand B-3 jacket wears an enlisted crusher. The cut-out device is either a theater made example or possibly a transitional U.S.A.F. device, which would date the photo around 1947. By that time the B-3 jacket was pretty much replaced by the B-15, so I tend to believe it is a World War II era theater made variation cap device. (Campbell Archives)
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SILVER WINGS, PINKS & GREENS
The Garrison cap (formerly called the field or "overseas" cap) was authorized for wear by all personnel in summer and winter fabrics. The officer's version was piped with gold and black braid, while the enlisted was piped with the A.A.F. service colors of ultra-marine and orange.
This example of the officer's Garrison cap is English made.
Captain Lee wearing the winter officer's Garrison cap. (Campbell Archives)
Officer's olive drab wool Garrison cap worn by C-47 pilot, Joe Maguire, 321st Air Transport Squadron.
Sgt. Herman Hetzel in service dress uniform with enlisted Garrison cap. (Campbell Archives)
"Pink" was not an authorized color for the Garrison cap, but they were worn on occasion.
UNIFORMS & INSIGNIA
The enlisted Garrison cap in olive drab wool for winter wear.
Summer cotton khaki enlisted man's Garrison cap.
Helmet, fiber, cloth-covered were authorized for wear by personnel in stations where "tropical conditions prevail." (Davidson)
World War I American "Ace of Aces" Eddie Rickenbacker wearing the tropical helmet while visiting his old unit, the 94th Fighter Squadron, during World War II. (Campbell Archives) Right: This flight surgeon, dressed for hot weather, is wearing the tropical helmet with an officer's cap eagle in place. (Campbell Archives)
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SILVER WINGS, PINKS & GREENS
Aviation Cadet Uniforms Aviation cadet uniforms are a subject in themselves, but some mention must be made to round out a discussion of World War II Army Air Force uniforms. The aviation cadet program was the training vehicle for all Army Air Force air crew officers, including pilots, bombardiers and navigators. The training, prior to flying training, developed leadership, initiative, discipline and high physical, moral, and mental standards. Training was divided into three departments at the San Antonio Aviation Cadet Center known as "The Hill." The three departments were Military, Academic and Physical. Much of the cadet training during World War II was carried out at universities through a number of C.T.D.'s or College Training Detachments. Early on, Flying Cadets were authorized to wear slate blue uniforms. During this period, cadets assigned special duty wore chevrons similar to those worn at West Point. These chevrons were black on slate blue. Later cadets were designated" Aviation Cadets." At that time they began wearing a uniform very similar to the officers service dress, without the waist belt or sleeve bands. Lapel insignia was the same as for officers. When wearing the shirt, cadets wore
the "U.S." device on the right collar point and the winged propeller on the left. As the program expanded, aviation cadets began wearing the enlisted grade service dress coat with officer's lapel insignia. The early style AAF Officer's Service Dress Coat with sewn down belt, no buckle, and four button front was also worn by cadets. Photographs testify to the fact that there was variation, even within the same class, as to the style of service dress coat worn. Aviation Cadets wore a winged propeller patch on the upper left shoulder, or the lower right sleeve of the service dress coat and shirt. The position of the patch seems to vary from one location to another. These patches are found with black backgrounds and with blue backgrounds. The cadet service cap was the same design as the officer's except the band was dark blue, and the device was the Winged propeller. In the early stages of training, Aviation Cadets were required to wear the grommet in their service caps. In the later phases of flight training they were, in some cases, allowed to wear the cadet device on a crusher hat.
A group ofAviation Cadets in various uniforms, off duty in San Antonio, Texas.
UNIFORMS & INSIGNIA
This Aviation Cadet pactli is decoratively sewn to the sleeve of a tan shirt.
The Aviation Cadet shoulder/sleeve patch on blue.
The Aviation Cadet shoulder/sleeve patch on black.
Left: The Aviation Cadet uniform as worn at Parks Air College, 1943, by Joe Maguire.
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SILVER WINGS, PINKS & GREENS
Air Corps Cadet sleeve insignia, AC Training Center, Randolph Field, Texas: (J. W. Cook)
The Aviation Cadet service cap with dark blue band and grommet in place.
Aviation Cadet Johnny Long at Parks Air College. The winged propeller patch is visible on his lower right sleeve.
Detail of the Aviation Cadet cap device.
UNIFORMS & INSIGNIA
65
Aviaiion cadet Joe Maguire in a newly issued, somewhat ill-fitting, aviation cadet uniform and cap.
For this photo, Cadet Maguire pulled the grommet out of his AAF. officer's service cap, which he purchased before graduating, and put his cadet device on it. This hat, of course, did not have the regulation blue band. He went on to wear this hat throughout World War II, as a pilot.
An early example of aflying cadet's Garrison cap with AAF. piping in slate blue cotton.
A slate blue cotton flying cadet's Garrison cap with no piping.
SILVER WINGS, PINKS & GREENS
66
An aviation cadet's name badge as worn at some locations.
*
Individuals in flight training who were already Army officers wore this 1.0. badge with agreen, instead of blue background. (J. W. Cook)
A I R
U
S
C
a
*
R p S
CADET
Above: Aviation Cadet 1.0. badge, AAF Western Flying Training Center. (J.w. Cook) Above right: AAF Pre-(aviation) Cadet squadron patch, San Antonio Aviation Cadet Center, TX. Note the lieutenant's bar and wing at the end of the yellow brick road. (J. W. Cook)
This Cadet at Oklahoma Air College, Cimarron Field, is wearing the slate blue uniform. Note the "Flying Cadet" patch on his shoulder. "Flying Cadet" was the forerun ner to the Aviation Cadet designation. (Linke)
UNIFORMS & INSIGNIA
Instructor pilot jacket patch, Hangar Six, Inc., Garner Field, Uvalde, TX, 305th AAF Flying Training Detachment. (J. W. Cook)
67
Instructor pilot jacket patch, Cal-Aero Flight Academy, Ontario, California. (J. W. Cook)
Instructor pilot wing, Hangar Six, Inc., Garner Field, Uvalde, TX, 30Sth AAF Flying Training Detachment. (J.w. Cook)
Instructor pilot cap badge, Cal-Aero Academy, Ontario, California. (J.W. Cook)
Shoulder insignia from Cimarron Field, outside of Oklahoma City, OK.
CHAPTER II
WINGS & OTHER QUALIFICATION BADGES
I
n some respects, wing badges represent the heart of Army Air Force memorabilia. Wings were symbolic of a specific job perform.ed by an American airman and without the aircraft and air crews there was no need for the existence of the Army Air Force. The key individual on any air crew was the pilot. He was the aircraft commander and had final say, whether a single seat fighter or a bomber with a ten man crew. On a bomber crew each man performed a specific function critical to the success of the mission and each wore a distinctive wing symbolic of that function. Pilots, bombardiers, navigators, airgunners, and other air crew members relied on each other and worked as a team. Each wing represented a highly trained professional position and symbolized many hours of work and individual sacrifice. All wing badges worn by A.A.F. flyers were held in very high regard.
Jeanan Maguire shows off the graduation wing given to her by husband Joe. Above: Balfour clutch back gold flight surgeon wing, in original box. The wing is 1/20th ten karat, rolled gold plate. Below: End of Balfour gold flight surgeon box plainly marked "clutch back."
OPPOSITE: The gold flight surgeon's wing is clearly visible on this doctor's uniform. The ribbons are for the World War I Victory Medal, and the American Defense Service Medal.
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SILVER WINGS, PINKS & GREENS
A.E. Co. had several distinctive back marks as seen on the four examples below.
Here is a simple "A.E. Co. Utica NY" in raised letters with "sterling" stamped in at a ninety degree angle.
Here the mark appears in an inverted triangle.
This air gunner's wing provides a third raised example.
A larger version of the A.E. Co. logo appears on this command pilot.
In times of war, private industries gear up to support the effort and make a profit! The military insignia and jewelry industries were no exception. Wing badges were produced by traditional insignia makers, such as N.S. Meyer. Additionally, jewelers, such as B.B.& B., Josten, and L.G. Balfour, jumped on the bandwagon and made high quality wings and insignia. There is virtually no end to the variations in patterns of U.S.A.A.F. wings manufactured and worn during World War II. Not only were American companies involved, but Mexican, British, and Australian made badges were relatively common. Hundreds of tailor shops and retail stores sold cloth and bullion wings and to further complicate matters, local craftsmen in various theaters of operation produced wings. With all of these origins and varieties, it is evident why World War II A.A.F. wing badges are highly collectible and sought after. It is also easy to see how a significant amount of conflicting, and inaccurate, information could have circulated after fifty years or so. One piece of information which is purported by some, yet totally untrue, is that World War II wing badges are all "pin back" and "clutch back" wings are post war. To dispelthis rumor I will use a very personal example - my father, Captain Joe D. Maguire. Dad graduated Class of 44D (April, 1944) at Frederick Army Air Field. His graduation wing was a finely feathered, sterling, pin back pilot's wing, which he immediately gave to my mother. (See photo on page 69) He had three additional pilot's wings, which he purchased. These three wings were the design which closely followed the official drawings, sometimes called" slick wings" or "smooth wings" by veterans. One is an unmarked clutch back, another is a sterling marked clutch back, and the third is a sterling pin back, A.E. and Co. Another example of a World War II clutch back wing is the Balfour gold flight surgeon wing in the original box, pictured on page 69. The gold 'flight surgeon badge was only authorized for wear prior to September, 1944, when the color was changed to silver. Clearly, another example of a World War II period clutch back wing. One distinction which definitely excludes a wing from the World War II era is an alphanumerical hallmark, such as "K21" or "V21." This system was put in place in the 1950s by the U.S. Army Institute of Heraldry to identify official suppliers of insignia. Another point of collecting wings, which has puzzled the author, is the overly inflated value placed by many collectors on the type of metal used to make the wing. Wing's marked" sterling" tend to be significantly more expensive compared to non-sterling wings.. To use arbitrary figures, a sterling pin back pilot's wing may by worth fifty dollars, where as the same pattern wing without the sterling mark brings twenty-five to thirty dollars. Both wings have the same historical significance. They both indicated the same qualification and were worn with equal pride by the original owner. At the time of this writing, the value of the amount of silver in a wing badge is around one dollar and eighty cents. Even when silver was at its all time high, the actual silver content of a wing was only worth sixteen to eighteen dollars. The issue here is simple, if you want to collect wings, collect and value their history. If you want to invest in precious metals, buy ingots. Another aspect to consider is that most of the fakes and restrikes have been done in sterling silver (or at least marked as such). So you have at least some assurance that a non-sterling piece is of the period. A notable exception to this rule are English made U.S. wings. Most originals were not sterling, and in recent years, non-sterling reproductions have been offered for sale to unsuspecting collectors. As for methods of manufacture, the overwhelming majority of World War II era wings are die struck. Many of the earlier fakes were done using a lost wax centrifical casting method, which looks great to the naked eye, but is fairly easy to detect under a jewelers loop. Some World War II era wings were cast, bilt these are usually obvious, even to the naked eye, as the casting process was much less sophisticated at that time. Cast wings are somewhat common in C.B.!. theater made pieces and the Australian firm of Wallace Bishop manufactured some very crude cast wings, as well as some high quality die struck wings. (Examples of both can be seen in the pilot wings photo section of this chapter.) Some World War II era dies have surfaced, or are still in the hands of the orignal makers. Some of these makers have restruck World War II pattern wings, however even these are detectable from period pieces by more knowledgeable collectors.
WINGS & OTHER QUALIFICATION BADGES As for the final word on detecting fakes and restrikes, I have chosen not to go into great detail. The main reason for this is that once it is in print, the unethical fakers correct their mistakes! My advice is to meet with advanced collectors and look at as many original pieces through a 16X loop as you possibly can. Study them, feel them, and memorize them. There is no substitute for first hand experience. Ask these individuals who the dealers are that can be trusted and do not deal with the ones who can not. In their defense, any dealer can make a mistake, but will they stand behind the product? Also be careful with" experts" - no one knows it all. In one sense the fakers have destroyed their own market by making people leery of getting into the field. Collecting and studying wing badges is one of the most fascinating aspects of A.A.F. memorabilia. Do not let the unscrupulous activities and/ or lack of knowledge of a few individuais discourage you! Thousands of wings are still in the hands of veterans and families. This is still the best source, when possible, plus you get the history of the piece from the original source. Do not be surprised when an "expert" at a trade show tells you the wing your Uncle Bob gave you (which you have a photograph of him wearing on his World War II uniform) is a reproduction. "Experts" can be a dangerous thing! Numerous manufacturers produced wing badges during World War II. Here is as complete a list as possible at the time of this writing of backmarks on World War II wings. All were not manufacturers, as some were contracted pieces: A.E. Co. (American Emblem Co., Utica, NY) Amico (American Insignia Co., New York, NY) Amcraft (American Metal Crafts Co., Attleboro, MA) Angus & Coote (Sydney, Australia) B.B.&B. (Baily, Banks, & Biddle, Philadelphia, PA) Balfour or LGB (L.G. Balfour Co., Attleboro, MA) Beverly Craft (Beverly Hills, CA) Wallace Bishop (Bishop Co., Brisbane, Australia) Blackinton or VHB (Y.H. Blackinton & Co., Attleboro, MA) CP. Co. (Charles Polk Co. New York, NY) Danecraft (Danecraft, New York, NY) Denmark (Denmark's Military Equipment Corp., New York, NY) Dodge (Dodge, Inc., Chicago, IL) Dondero (A.H. Dondero Inc., Washington, D.C) LE (Eisenstadt Co., St. Louis, MO (pre-WW II)) EBY (S.E. Eby Co., Philadelphia, PA) Firmin (Firmin & Sons, London, UK) Gaunt Gaunt Co., London, UK) GI (General Insignia Co., NYC(possibly post war only)) Gemsco (General Merchandising Co., NYC) Goodwear Fabrics (location unknown) H-H (Hilborn-Hamburyer, NYC) Josten (Princeton, IL) K Co. (The Kinney Co., Providence, RI (pre-WW II)) Krew (Krew Inc., Attleboro, MA (probably post war only)) LeVelle & Co. (LeVelle & Co., Philadelphia, PA, Washington, D.C) Ludlow (Ludlow Co., London, UK) K.G. Luke (K.G. Luke, Melbourne, Australia) Luxenberg (Luxenberg Uniform Co., NYC, London) N.5. Meyer (N.S. Meyer Inc., NYC) Moody Bros. (Moody Brothers, Los Angeles, CA) Officers (Officer's Equipment Co., Madison, NJ) Orber (Orber Mfg. Co., Providence, RI) Pasquale S.F. (Pasquale Uniform Co., San Francisco, CA) Polar Flight (location unknown) Robbins (Robbins Co., Attleboro, MA) Tiffany (Tiffany & Co., NYC) Vanguard (Vanguard Military Equipment Corp., Long Island, NY) WA-NY (Wolf-Appleton Co., NYC)
71
The Amcraft hallmark appears in the same basic style on both of the following wings (below).
Amcraft logo on a smooth back.
The pattern struck into the back of this wing is known as "snow flake. " It is generally thought to be used on wings and insignia prior to World War II.
Two distinctive Amico hallmark examples are seen, both on pin back wings (below).
a.R.
I have tried to provide you with a nice cross-section of photographs ofbackmarks to give the reader a good idea what they look like.
In this example, just the name "Amico" is in an arch above "sterling. "
This more elaborate Amico mark is surmounted by an eagle design.
72
SILVER WINGS, PINKS & GREENS Below are three different examples of Balfour hallmarks. It should be noted that reproductions are known to exist with larger engraved back marks. Also note the separately applied devices in the center of these wings and the high quality finished rivets holding them in place.
This photo shows the much sought after Australian maker mark of "Angus & Coote Stg. Silo "
"LGB Sterling" is one Balfour mark.
"Sterling by Blackinton" is a very desirable mark to find on a wing badge!
This gold flight surgeon wing is marked on the applied device, "Balfour 1/20 10KGF, " indicating gold filled. This is the cast version of the "Wallace Bishop Brisbane" hallmark. It is interesting to note that the hallmark is struck into a separate piece of metal and applied to the cast wing.
"Wallace Bishop Silver Brisbane" is the mark found on this higher quality wing made by the Australian firm.
The final Balfour example simply spells out the company name and "Sterling."
WINGS & OTHER QUALIFICATION BADGES
73
Another Luxenberg example. "Dodge Inc. Chicago" - a seldom encountered mark.
"Gemsco-NY" The familiar shield of "N.S. Meyer New York."
"Josten Sterling" is a mark of quality on a World War II wing. Most Josten wings were clutch back.
Luxenberg is felt by many to be the" Cadillac" of American made wings.
The circular mark of "Orber Mfg. Co." is visible on this bombardier's wing.
This first pattern Luxenberg exhibits the large beautiful company logo "Luxenberg Sterling New York."
The Orber dies were purchased by another company and the name was obliterated. This is visible on this pilot's wing.
74
SILVER WINGS, PINKS & GREENS
The seldom encountered mark of Charles Polk Co. "c.P. Co. NYC" is very clear on this flight engineer's wing.
Wing badges were produced in three basic sizes; the three inch wing for wear on the uniform coat, the two inch for shirt wear, and the one inch and smaller for cap and for "sweethearts." The three-inch and two inch appear to be the only official sizes.
This photo illustrates the three most common sizes of World War II wings.
All three bombardier wings were worn by RC. Slusher, who served on B-24's with the 445th Bomb Group, 8th Air Force. The top wing is the three inch coat wing, the second is the two inch shirt size, and the bottom was worn on his overseas hat in training. (Slusher)
Right: Robert C. Slusher in training as a bombardier. The wing visible on his overseas hat is the same one featured in the above photo. (Slusher)
"Robbins Co Attleboro" is clear on this pin back pilot's wing.
WINGS & OTHER QUALIFICATION BADGES
75
NAVIGATOR
MINIATURE WINGS "Kltll" 'EM FI.VINO"
Above: This miniature pilot wing was my father's. It is intended for wear on the lapel of a civilian suit coat.
STERLING BELL. TRADING CO. 403 W.
COPPER
ALBUQUERQUE. N.
M.
Left: This two inch navigator wing is stilI on the original card with the price of $1.50. (Michael]. Perry)
Aviation wings were officially categorized as badges and are referred to as such in "The Officer's Guide," which was the official handbook of the period. The instructions for wearing badges is stated in the 1944 edition as follows:
The approved aviation badges in the 1944 edition of "The Officer's Guide", 1944 edition, are as below and top of next page:
(j) Aviation badge; parachutists' com'bat Infantryman and expert Infantryman badge.
SENIOR PlLOT
Badges, How Worn. Badges are worn on the left breast; aviation, parachutists, and Combat and Expert Infantryman badges are worn above the line of medals or service ribbons, other badges below that line. Aviation badges earned by Army personnel while serving in the United States Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard are worn immediately above the upper right pocket of the service coat and immediately above the right pocket of the service shirt when worn as an outer garment. Substitutes are not authorized to be worn in lieu of badges. There is no order of precedence for badges. Wearing World War (I - ed.) Aviation Badges. Many officers of the World War period have been reappointed into the Army to perform administrative and other duties. Some of these officers were entitled to wear the aviation badge prior to separation from the service. There is no specific authority to resume the wearing of this badge. However, unless the authorization has been cancelled in an individual case it is believed to be quite proper to do so. The officer should be able to produce evidence that he was once entitled to wear the badge. Embarassment may be avoided by presenting this evidence to the local commander with a request to wear it.
SENIOR BALLOON' PILOT
SILVER WINGS, PINKS & GREENS
76
lanCII PILOT
GLIl)m PlLOT
P:uacbutlsis' Badge.
Bar, AP Armorer. Bombardier.
LIAlION PILOT
Flight Nurse.
Basic Badge. AAJi' Tcchn1clan.
AIRCR£\v ME7t1DER
Gunner.
N4VlGATOa
Plate 34. Aviation B3.dges.
n.IOST SURGEON
&lLLOOM OUDV1IIl
It is interesting to note that the 1943 Officer's Guide did not picture
or mention the badges for flying instructor, bombardier, flight nurse, gunner, or AAF technician. Many bombardiers were issued combat observer wings upon graduation from bombardier school, prior to the introduction of the bombardier wing badge. This was documented in an article "Bombardier School," which appeared in the 18 Ma~ 1942 edition of Life. The article, which chronicled training at Midland, Texas, goes on to say that bombardiers may receive a wing with a bomb on it soon, which of course happened. The designation of the" 0" wing badge changed from" combat observer" in the 1943 "Officer's Guide," to "aircraft observer" in the 1944 edition. The final A.A.F. aviation badge, which is not pictured in either the 1943 or 1944 "Officer's Guide," is the flight engineer badge. This wing, which featured a radial engine and four blade propeller in the center, did not appear until late World War II. Prior to the introduction of this wing, flight engineers wore the air crew wing. Each wing badge was produced in countless designs and patterns. To give you a feel for this, I have provided a number of pilot wing examples. In theory, each of the wing patterns found on these pilot wings could exist in some or all of the other qualifications. The first pattern illustrated is the one which most closely follows official drawings and was commonly issued at graduation. Veterans sometimes refer to this pattern as the" slick wing." Eight examples of this basic pattern are provided. At first glance they appear to be the same, however, on careful examination you will find subtle differences in these wings.
445th Bomb Group bombardier RC. Slusher wearing his "graduation combat observer wing." Bob remembered that when the bombardier wing became available, he immediately bought one. He said, "we all wanted the one with the bomb on it!" (Slusher)
WINGS & OTHER QUALIFICATION BADGES
77
#1
Front and back of Sterling clutch back pilot wing by Josten. Josten wings, although simple in design, were of high quality.
#2
Front and back of pin back pilot wing by Robbins Co. The wing is not marked sterling.
#3
Front and back of A.E. Co. sterling pin back pilot wing worn by Joe D. Maguire, 321st Air Transport Squadron, 27th Air Transport Group. Note triangle hallmark on back.
78
SILVER WINGS, PINKS & GREENS
#4
Front and back ofan interesting pin back AE. Co. pilot wing die struck from brass and silver plated. The wing likely pre-dates World War II, as brass became very scarce during war time. It is very unusual to see an AE. Co. wing in non-sterling.
#5
Front and back ofa third example ofan AE. Co. pilot wing, this time in sterling clutch back.
#6
Front and back: This pin back sterling"slick wing" is from the prestigious firm of Luxenberg. This is sometimes referred to by collectors as a "third pattern" Luxenberg.
WINGS & OTHER QUALIFICATION BADGES
79
#7
This pin back example is simply marked "sterling."
#8
Front and back: This very heavy "slick wing" is unmarked with a brass pin.
#9
Although very close to the slick pattern (and arguably stilI is in that category), this pin back sterling wing shows feathering on the shoulders. On the back, the sterling mark is only partially present. Part of the S, TE, and part of the Rare visible.
80
SILVER WINGS, PINKS & GREENS
#10
An attractive stylized pattern in sterling pin back.
#11
This badge is unique in that the shield is separately applied to the wing. This was no doubt a manufacturer's attempt at simplifying production by making one wing with different centers applied. Reverse: Another feature of this wing is that it was obviously produced in pin back and clutch back versions. In the upper left portion of the wing (outside of the catch) a circular mark is visible indicating where the post would be soldered on the clutch back version.
#12
Non-sterling pin back wing by Gemsco. Reverse: Note the open catch which is absolutely correct and quite common on pre-World War II wings.
WINGS & OTHER QUALIFICATION BADGES
#13
An uncommon pattern in sterling pin back. Reverse: The name "Yock" has been scratched into the wing.
#14
A nice issue piece in afairly uncommon pattern.
#15
Early Amcraft pin back "snowflake" in non-sterling. Reverse: The "snowflake" pattern is clearly visible in this photograph.
81
82
SILVER WINGS, PINKS & GREENS
#16
Sterling pin back pilot by Amico. This pattern is very close to the second pattern Balfour.
#17
This delicate wing pattern is generally believed to date from the 1920s. It is sometimes found with the B.B.&B. hallmark. This particular wing is simply marked sterling. The author has not seen photographic evidence of this pattern worn in World War II, but it is certainly possible.
#18
A nicely made pin back sterling pilot.
WINGS & OTHER QUALIFICATION BADGES
83
#19
Sterling pin back pilot by Amcraft.
#20 This pattern is often found with the N.S. Meyer hallmark. This particular wing worn by B-25 pilot Bill Neilson in the C.B.!. is only marked "sterling."
B-25 pilot William Neilson, 491st Bomb Squadron, wearing the above wing on his shirt.
84
SILVER WINGS, PINKS & GREENS
#21 Sterling pin back pilot by Orber.
#22 First pattern Balfour in pin back sterling.
#23 Second pattern Balfour in pin back sterling.
WINGS & OTHER QUALIFICATION BADGES
85
#24
Third pattern Balfour in pin back sterling. Most of the third pattern wings seen by the author have had the "frosted" silver finish, as on this piece.
The JlFinely Feathered" Patterns #25,26,27,28,29,30 and 31 have detailed feathering in the wings. These patterns are highly sought after by collectors because they are more uncommon and they are beautiful pieces.
#25
Pin back sterling; maker unknown.
#26
Pin back unmarked. The pattern is similar to Blackinton.
86
SILVER WINGS, PINKS & GREENS
#27
The highly prized "Sterling by Blackinton" pin back. This wing is very desirable because of its beauty and rarity. Reverse: "Sterling by Blackinton" logo is visible on the shield.
#28
Sterling clutch back; maker unknown.
#29
Among the most sought after wings by collectors is this Luxenberg "1 st pattern. " It is very high quality and extremely detailed. This pattern is only known to exist in sterling pin back. This particular wing was worn by Lt. Ralph Jenks of the 27th Air Transport Group in Europe.
WINGS & OTHER QUALIFICATION BADGES
87
#30
Pin back sterling pilot badge; maker unknown.
#31
Although not a rare pattern, the very fine feather detail and overall design makes for a very handsome wing badge in this pin back sterling example. This is the pattern issued to my dad, Joe Maguire, upon graduation from Frederick Army Air Field, Class of 44D (April 1944).
Foreign Made U.S. Wing Patterns
#32
Pin back pilot wing by J,R. Gaunt, London. This wing is often found unmarked and seldom in sterling. Reverse: The triangular spring style pin and open catch visible on this wing are typical of badges made in the U.K. (Edwards)
88
SILVER WINGS, PINKS & GREENS
#33
This stylized wing is the higher quality die struck version made by the Australian firm of Wallace Bishop, Brisbane. It is marked"silver. " The badge appears to be struck in three separate pieces and then soldered together. Reverse: This wing also has the triangular spring pin seen frequently on English made wings.
#34
Cast version of the Wallace Bishop Brisbane badge. This wing appears to be cast of brass and plated. The author has seen this badge with star attached for senior pilot. Reverse: The makers mark is struck into a separate piece of metal and then applied to the back.
#35
Another wing prized by collectors is this pin back sterling "Juarez" pattern generally believed to be made in Mexico. These badges are found unmarked, sterling marked, and marked "coin silver." All examples seen by the author have been pin back.
WINGS & OTHER QUALIFICATION BADGES
89
#36 This pattern is generally a l.R. Gaunt pattern, but this wing is unmarked. Ludlaw made a very similar pattern also. The method of attachment on this wing is unusual in that it has lugs and a cotter pin, as is common on British metal insignia.
#37 This sterling pin back wing badge was made by Angus & Coote of Australia. Reverse: Maker mark reads "Angus & Coote Stg. Sil."
#38 This die struck stylized pattern in clutch back is from an unknawn maker. The piece is unmarked.
90
SILVER WINGS, PINKS & GREENS
#39
This wing, although technically not a World War II era piece, is included as it is of speical interest, and has unusual ties to World War II. It was produced by the German firm of Assmann, which manufactured German pilots' badges during World War II. It is a clutch back wing, and is marked with the Assmann "A" and "322." It was more than likely manufactured for occupation forces.
Senior and Command Ratings Pilot wing badges were also awarded in senior and command versions. The senior pilot wing was authorized to have a star, one half inch in diameter, 1/16 of an inch above the shield. Sometimes the star is found struck as one piece with the wing and sometimes separately applied. The requirements generally accepted for senior pilot were five years of service and 1500 hours logged.
Non-sterling pin back N.S. Meyer senior pilot wing. This wing has the collar size General's star affixed. (Linke)
N.S. Meyer produced senior wings in several variations. One utilized a collar size General's rank star soldered onto the top of the shield. A second version featured a smaller star with two posts coming off of the bottom points, affixed to the shield.
This'9th Air Force Major wears an Amcraft pattern senior pilot wing. Also of interest is the theater made 9th Air Force patch on his shoulder. (Campbell Archives) Two at right: Non-sterling pin back N.S. Meyer senior pilot wing with star on posts soldered onto the shield. (JS Industries)
WINGS & OTHER QUALIFICATION BADGES
91
This seniar pilot wing is the Orber pattern in sterling. It appears to have been converted from pin back to clutch back for ease of wearing on the uniform.
The command pilot wing was the same design as the senior pilot with a wreath encircling the star. A minimum of ten years service and 2000 hours was required for this badge.
A nice early unmarked pin back command pilot wing.
Non-sterling pin back command pilot wing by Meyer. (Linke)
This command pilot wing is a sterling clutch back marked AE. Co.
92
SILVER WINGS, PINKS & GREENS
Brig. General I.E. Upston wears a command pilot wing in this photo. (Linke)
Major General Paul L. Williams, Commanding General, 9th Troop Carrier Command, wears a command pilot's wing in this photo. (U.S.A.A.F.)
This high quality command pilot's wing is a sterling, clutch back made by Jostin.
WINGS & OTHER QUALIFICATION BADGES
93
The Navigator Wing Badge Navigator wings were awarded upon completion of the A.A.F. course in aerial navigation. The device in the center of the wing is an ancient astronomical instrument called an armillary sphere. The badge was established 4, September 1942.
Sterling clutch back navigator by Balfour.
Sterling pin back navigator by Gemsco. (Linke)
This beautiful, finely feathered, sterling pin back navigator wing was worn by Howard R. Sossamon who served on B-24s with the 767th Bomb Squadron, 461st Bomb Group, 15th Air Force.
Lt. Wilmer Walstad wore this sterling clutch back navigator wing. Walstad served on B-17s with the 94th Bomb Group, 8th Air Force and was a member of the Caterpillar Club.
94
SILVER WINGS, PINKS & GREENS
The Air Crew Member Wing Badge This rating was established 4 September 1942 and was originally given to gunners, radio operators, photographers and various other air crew members.
Sterling pin back air crew wing by Balfour.
Sterling pin back air crew; maker unknown. (Linke)
Sterling pin back air crew. (Linke)
Sterling pin back air crew by N.S. Meyer. (Linke)
Unmarked clutch back air crew.
WINGS & OTHER QUALIFICATION BADGES
95
The Bombardier Wing Badge The bombardier badge was awarded to graduates of the A.A.F. bombardiers training program. The rating was established 4 September 1942 and discontinued 26 July 1949. The device in the center of the badge is a bomb falling on a target.
~~ ~ '~'"_:..~. "'d ~,": lains. It will be worn by officers of the Medical Department only when necessary for personal protection. During his tour of duty, the officer of the day will wear the pistol as prescribed by the commanding officer. Adjutants general and adjutants will wear the pistol when placing officers in arrest. Spurs. Spurs will always be worn, with or without stirrup guard, by mounted personnel when duty requires them to be mounted. The spurs will be worn with points down. Web Field Equipment. The standardized web field equipment for officers consists of the belt, pistol or revolver, M1912, the suspenders, pistol or revolver belt, M1936. and the bag, canvas, field M1936. These are worn as prescribed in PM 21-5. (Par. 61, AR 600-40). (See Table 4.) Identification Tar. Identification tags will be worn bV each member of the Army at all times. with either uniform or civilian clothing, and may be removed temporarily only as the necessities of personal hygiene require; one tag to be suspended from the
APPENDIX
U. S. A. Signal Corp. Photo.
U. S. A. Signal Corps Photo.
Plate 8. The knee length Plate 9. A rubberized shorts, convertible sports double texture sult worn shirt and fibre helmet for over the uniform In extropical wear. tremely wet cUmates.
U. S. A. Signal Corps Photo.
Plate 11. A uniform for service in extremely cold climates.
U. S. A. Signal Corps Photo.
Plate 12. uniform.
The ski troop
181
U. S. A. Signal Corps Photo.
Plate 10. The tropical field uniform.
U. S. A. Signal Corps Photo.
Plate 13. Field uniform for di.smountecl troops.
SILVER WINGS, PINKS & GREENS
182
u. S. A. Signal Corps Photo Uniform for mounted troops.
u. S. A. Signal Corps Photo Plate 15. The new "paratroopers" unIform being inspected by an Army nurse.
Plate 16. This uniform for snowshoe troops has a reversible parka that can be changed to suit camouflage requIre-
Plate 17. Armored Force uniform for winter combat.
Plate 14.
ments.
~ ~ ~
a tT:l
~
0. 8. A. 8 _ Corpa .....-
Plate 18. In defense of freedom-anywhere In the world. summer mounted uniforms.
Left &0 right; snowshoe, tropical, winter battle, armored, ski, paratrooper ....
.....
~
SILVER WINGS, PINKS & GREENS
184
THE OFFICER'S GUIDE neck underneath the clothing by a cord or tape 40 inches in length passed through a small hole in the tag, the second tag to be fastened about 2 Yz inches above the first one on the same cord or tape, both securely held in place by knots. These tags are prescribed as a part of the uniform and will be habitually worn by the owner. The tags, embossed as provided in AR 600-35, will be issued to each member of the Army as soon as practicable after entry into service. Be certain that this tag contains the data concerning inoculations against disease, and blood type, which are required to be indicated thereon.
THE DRESS UNIFORMS Kinds of Dress Uniforms. The dress uniforms of the Army are the following: Th~ full dr~ss uniform. Blu~ m~ss uniform. Th~ blu~ dr~ss uniform. W hit~ dress uniform. W hit~ m~ss uniform. Th~ full dr~ss or blu~ dr~ss, mount~d. Sp~cial ~tlening dr~ss uniform. Wearing of Dress Uniforms. The authority to wear blue dress uniforms 1ll their TABLE 3. DRESS UNIFORMS AND ACCESSORIES
'"~ or>
AR'l'IUI,EI; WHWH UONl;'l'f'l'UTE THE SEVERAl, DRESI; UNIFORMf-;.
A
(Items marked * are for wear only by otJIc.ers whose .e.rvicp or assignment entItle th"1f) to the privilege.)
.~
AI/!,ulJ1ett. * Rarl/!'e~ * ----- ----------------------------------------------
~~L ~g~~:~~~~;~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
l'oat. hlue Coat. SI,pclal evenlngo dress Coat. white _:_______________________________________ Collar, white, tnrnrlown semIsoft or stIff Collar, full rtress (wIngo) .______________________________ Collar, full rtress (wingo) or harri, turn-rtown Decorations, .1ar/!'e anrt servIPe mertals, large * Decorations, mIniature, and sen'lce medals, miniature * Fourra!(ere * Gloves, dress, white -------------------------------------rlrp.~.
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____________________________________________________:J" X X X X x Jal'ket, mess, blue x _ Jal'ket, mess, whIte __ x Knots, shoulder x x 'It Nel'ktle, dress, black x x x Necktie, evenIng riress, hlack x x x Overcoat, ollve-rirab, optIonal xx xx x x ---x _ Saher, If prescrIbed x Rlhhons, servIce' 1______ x ----- ---- x ---ShIrt, white x x ,______ x _ Shirt, full dress, plain gold studs and culT buttons ---- ------ ----- x x x In~hmla
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~~~:::. ~~I~~:::~:=:=::=::==:::=:=:::::::::::::::::::==::=,--~
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Troll Rers, clrP.R8, blue Trousers, special evening dress
x
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