- Author / Uploaded
- Sarah Smyth
- Elena V. Crosbie
RUS': A Comprehensive Course in Russian
This comprehensive foundation textbook is expressly designed for students embarking on a Russian language programme. Ac
1,260 430 34MB
Pages 718 Page size 576 x 720 pts Year 2010
Recommend Papers
File loading please wait...
Citation preview
RUS': a Comprehensive Course in Russian This comprehensive foundation textbook is expressly designed for students embarking on a Russian language programme. Accompanied by cassettes, it develops the four key language skills ± reading, writing, speaking and listening ± and provides all the material required to reach intermediate level either at high school or during the ®rst year of university. Highly interactive and activity-based, the course puts students ®rmly at the centre of the learning process, developing their autonomy as learners. . . . . . . . .
Thorough grounding in the grammar and structures of contemporary Russian Wide-ranging tasks and exercises for both classroom use and self study Informative texts selected to foster cultural awareness Topics including family life, education, history, geography, work and leisure Clear, attractive layout with lively illustrations to reinforce learning Extensive reference features including section on basic concepts of grammar Teachers' guidelines to enhance practical application in the classroom On-line answerkey at http://uk.cambridge.org/resources/0521645557
s a r a h s m yt h is a lecturer in Russian at Trinity College, Dublin. She is co-author of two Russian language textbooks, Basic Russian, A Grammar and Workbook (1999) and Intermediate Russian, A Grammar and Workbook (2001). e l e n a c r os b i e is lecturer in Russian at Heriot-Watt University. She is an experienced interpreter and is on the editorial board of the Russian journal Rusistica. Her publications include papers on language teaching.
RUS'
a Comprehensive Course in Russian
S A R A H SM Y T H Trinity College, Dublin
ELENA V. CROSBIE Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh
published by the press syndicate of the university of cambridge The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom cambridge university press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 2RU,UK 40 West 20th Street, New York, NY 10011±4211,USA 477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, VIC 3207, Australia Ruiz de AlarcoÂn 13, 28014 Madrid, Spain Dock House, The Waterfront, Cape Town 8001, South Africa http://www.cambridge.org # Sarah Smyth and Elena Crosbie, 2002 This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2002 Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge Typeface Times 10/13pt System 3b2 [c e ] A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress cataloguing in publication data Smyth, Sarah. RUS': a comprehensive course in Russian / Sarah Smyth, Elena V. Crosbie. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0 521 64206 X (hardback) ISBN 0 521 64555 7 (paperback) ISBN 0 521 01074 8 (cassette set) 1. Russian language ± Textbooks for foreign speakers ± English. I. Crosbie, Elena V. II. Title. PG2129.E5 S65 2001 491.782'421 ± dc21 ISBN 0 521 64206 X hardback ISBN 0 521 64555 7 paperback ISBN 0 521 01074 8 cassette set ISBN 0 521 52955 7 audio CD set Illustrations: Vitaly Palkus
Contents
Preface: to the students Acknowledgements
vii x
Outline of the course
xii
Key to symbols used in the course
Part I
xvii
Course materials Introductory unit Unit 1
28
Unit 2
48
Unit 3
72
Unit 4
103
Unit 5
127
Unit 6
153
Unit 7
176
Unit 8
205
Unit 9
227
Unit 10
251
Unit 11
275
Unit 12
301
Unit 13
332
Unit 14
360
Unit 15
389
Unit 16
413
Unit 17
437
Unit 18
458
1
v
Contents
Part II
Unit 19
487
Unit 20
510
Teachers' guidelines General introduction
534
1.0
The course-type
535
2.0
The syllabus-type
3.0
The intended learners
4.0
The teacher
5.0
The structure of the course
6.0
The units
7.0
Reference tools
8.0
Study aids
537
539
543
544 545
9.0
What to do with the classroom materials
10.0
Developing knowledge
11.0
How to develop speaking skills
12.0
How to develop reading skills
13.0
How to develop productive skills on the basis of texts
14.0
Use of the key
15.0
Concluding remarks
558
Glossary of linguistic terms
559
Bibliography
558
Reference tools and study aids Grammar summary Summary of functions Vocabulary checklist Index of texts
563 613 674 684
689
Index of grammatical concepts
545
546
560
Language awareness
vi
540
540
Methodological pointers
Part III
539
694
552 553 556
Preface: to the students
The course The authors hope that you will enjoy studying Russian and using this textbook. It is the result of many years' work and has been piloted in three educational centres over the last ten years. It has thus passed through many students' hands, many of whom have gone on to become professional Russianists. The course is primarily intended for use in a classroom situation. Indeed, one of its main aspirations is to provide learners with the motive and opportunity to explore and use Russian as a tool for communication. This is not to suggest that classroom work alone will make you pro®cient; experience has shown that the students who make the best progress normally spend an hour in private study for every contact hour with a teacher. Classroom tasks and activities provide you with the opportunity to interact with other learners and your teacher in and about the language; private study, be it reading, organising your notes, organising your vocabulary, doing exercises to reinforce grammatical concepts or working with the tapes, allows you to consolidate what you have learnt in class, to take stock of your progress and to monitor your learning. Remember that learning a language is not easy. Textbooks that suggest you can do so in three months are only misleading the gullible public. A language re¯ects a culture, its history and its way of viewing the world. Avail of any opportunity that arises to practise your Russian and to acquaint yourself with Russian life, past and present. You will ®nd the experience broadens your horizons, develops your curiosity and makes you look at the world and how we talk about it with a more open mind. Language awareness The `Language awareness' section is intended to help you situate your growing knowledge and understanding of Russian in the context of knowledge you already have about the functioning of other languages (and English in particular). The language awareness component of the course is intended as an optional extra for those who feel they need it and ®nd it helpful. If you are used to learning languages in a formal classroom context, you may not need it at all. If, on the other hand, you ®nd increasingly that the jargon used to refer to language is a useful short-hand and that you would like to become more familiar with it, then you will probably ®nd it useful. The main thing is not to be daunted byit. The sequencing of concepts in this section closely parallels the sequencing of language exponents in the units. In this way discussion of the key concepts may be integrated into classroom interaction if you so wish. In this section reference is made to other languages (Latin, French, German and vii
Preface: to the students
Spanish) with which you may be familiar. The aim of including these languages is to enable you to draw on knowledge you already have, not to teach you about other languages and how they function. The exercises focus principally on English (and in later units, Russian). Where exercises address other languages, you should restrict yourselves to those you know. Grammar summary The `Grammar summary' is intended as a reference tool. Beware of becoming dependent on it. It provides tables and texts outlining the grammatical patterns of Russian. It is not intended as a descriptive grammar and is not a substitute for classroom discussion and hypothesising about how Russian functions. If you have questions or come across problem areas, the best person to ask is your teacher. The main use of the grammar section is to check something. Its purpose is not to teach, but to remind. Summary of functions This is a table which lists the language functions introduced in the course. A function, in the linguistic sense of the word, refers to the use to which we put language in social interaction. The functions are listed in the order in which they are introduced in the course. We recommend that you keep a record of what you can do in Russian by ticking the relevant box as and when you feel you are comfortable with a given function. Vocabulary checklist The book also includes pages which list the main topics covered in the course. It is an important part of learning to keep monitoring what you do and do not know. These pages are intended as a tool to help you monitor your learning of vocabulary. Though everyone has his or her own system for recording and learning vocabulary, one suggestion is to keep a vocabulary ®le with a page dedicated to each of the topics and sub-topics listed. The chart will help you assess how many words you have recorded and feel you have learnt. In your vocabulary notes it is advisable to differentiate between key and peripheral words on a given topic. Possibly key words could be stored on one side of the page and peripheral words on the other. How you decide which words are key, and which peripheral, will in part depend on your interests, in part on your reasons for learning Russian and in part on common sense. It is also important to take note of common constructions used with particular words. One way of doing this is to illustrate each entry with examples of a word's use: a phrase or sentence from a dictionary or from the text where you came across a word. With regard to verbs, make sure you note what case they govern. Furthermore, Russian tends to use adjectives more than we do in English, so make note of common adjective and noun combinations. Since Russian is a word-building language, it is also helpful to group together words which are derived from the same root. Many of these words will refer to the same topic: for instance the word set exbnm, exbnmcz, extybr, exbntkm, extdysq, which are all viii
Preface: to the students
derived from the root ex-, all relate to studying/teaching. Using a highlighter, common roots can easily be identi®ed. Recognising word-building patterns considerably reduces the load on your memory. This might seem like an awful lot of work. It is. But it pays off in the long run. If you are systematic about recording and learning vocabulary right from the start, you will ®nd it becomes part of your routine. Determine to work on a small number of words every day. You will be pleasantly surprised at how much easier it gets with time. This section also lists tasks relating to each of the vocabulary topics which you should be able to do. Indeed, it is not simply enough to know a word: it is important to be able to use it in speech and writing. Again there are boxes for you to tick off as a way of monitoring your progress. Most importantly enjoy your work and do not get downhearted. Work steadily and regularly, do not be afraid to play with the language. When you crack your ®rst joke in Russian, it will all have been worthwhile.
ix
Acknowledgements
We would like to express our gratitude to all the people who have encouraged us, advised us and supported us in the production of this course. First and foremost we would like to thank our families: a special debt of recognition is due to David and Stanford without whose forbearance and practical help this course could never have seen the light of day. Thanks in particular to David for his technical advice and assistance. We acknowledge our gratitude to the University departments which fostered the production of the course and allowed us to pilot it extensively during the last ten years: Edinburgh University, where the course was originally conceived, Trinity College and Heriot-Watt Universities to where the authors subsequently moved. We would like to thank all the students and colleagues whose feedback has been essential in the shaping and reshaping of the course. In particular we would like to thank members of staff in all the Russian departments which have been directly involved in the production of the course: Mary Kate Halpin, John Murray, Una Nã Dhubhghaill and Connie Dowling in TCD, Jim Halliday in Heriot-Watt and Elena Cook, formerly of Edinburgh University, who contributed many ideas for activities and exercises at various stages of the development of the course. We are grateful to all the specialists in teaching Russian as a foreign language who have given us the bene®t of their experience, especially Elena Mikhailovna Maksimenko, Liudmila Borisovna Seregina, Irina Abdalyan, Dmitri Tsiskarashvili, Nikolai and Anna Kochurov. We would like to thank Olga Manakova for contributing to the key to the exercises. Thanks are due to colleagues from the German, French and Spanish departments for providing invaluable assistance with the `Language awareness' section, in particular Sheila Watts, Claire Laudet and Susana BayoÂ. We owe a debt of gratitude to Sean Devitt, Eimear Farren and Dee McGarry for their comments on the `Teachers' guidelines'. Many thanks are also due to all those who supplied the photographs for this textbook: Vladimir Kallistov, Connie Dowling, John Murray, Vladimir Shugurov, Emily Finer, Anatoliy Tchikine, Aleksandr Olegovich Sholokhovskiy and Aleksandr Asta®ev. A particular thanks to Vitaly Palkus for his lively and imaginative line-drawings. Thanks to Elena Baburina, Manushak Hovsepyan, Dmitri Tsiskarashvili and Vladimir Shugurov for their reading of the recorded material and to John Murray for producing the recording sessions. Thanks also to John Grimes, the sound engineer in the CEL Studios, Radio Centre, RTE for his contribution to the production of the tapes. Thank you to Natalya Uvarova for her careful copyediting. Thanks are also due to all the Russian publishers whose texts are included in this course: every possible attempt was made to contact them and seek permission to reproduce extracts. Many have ceased to exist, others failed to respond. We have assumed that silence is consent. And last but not least many thanks to Rate Brett, Pauline Graham, Camilla Erskine, Jacqueline French, Jenny Landor and Caroline Murray of Cambridge University Press, for their support, perseverance and commitment to the project. x
Acknowledgements
We accept sole responsibility for the mistakes, infelicities of style and imperfections that no doubt remain in spite of the best efforts of all colleagues and advisors involved in this project. Sarah Smyth Lecturer in Russian Trinity College Dublin
Elena Crosbie Lecturer in Russian Heriot-Watt University Edinburgh
xi
Part I: Course materials
INTRODUCTORY UNIT
In this unit you will learn about:
. . . .
You will also learn how to:
. . . . .
Aa n´ Bb T¹ Dg Ee E fd gc Uu U u Kv Aq Ma Hu Oo
!" #$ %& '( )* +, -. /0 12 34 5 6 7 89 :; , -. ( ; , -. 6 , -. 9 , -. 0 1 5 / + * /
+ 0: 1 2 * + 8 0 1 01 0; 1 &+'+
; + + 8 2 / - . 0 % 1? - . / -. -.+
@
C Notes on individual letters ) * + A /
#/
2 +
/ / / / / % & : 7 2 (+ . 8 ; -. 01+ . -.? -. * 01+ . -. 01 ? -. 0 1? -. 0 1+ . 0 1 / &/ / ; ( 4' + 0: 1 2 4 + &: #( +'
/ / ! "/ # $/ ' (/ + , : 7 2 4 @+ . : :
-
. - .+ . : 0 1 ; 01/ : 0>1+ . % &/ / / ' / 9 0 B1+ . -. + . / / / 0 1 + &: #( +' . = - .+ &: #4 +'
/ / / >/ / / / / / ) * : 7 2 C D+ . -. 01 / + . -. 0 1 + 9 - .+ + . # > 0 1 + 0: 1 2 + &: #( +' . 01 0 1/ 01/ 01/ + / / ! 2 / " &6 '/ 7; " &E 6 '/ + . 8 ; -.+ C
. = / / / + &: #4 +' !
/ - ./ / 0/ 1 2/ 3 4/ 8 9/ : ;/ < = 7 2 F G+ ! . 8 0>1 0>1? -.+ &: #4 +' . " -$. . , -. . # , -. . $ -$.
+ 0 1+ &: #( +'
. -. + 9 ? %+ . -. 01 01 + 9 -.+ . -. 0 1 + 9 -.+ H -./ 0 1/ 0 1/ + # 0 1 / + 6 0: 1 2 @ + &: #( +'
6/ 7/ 5 : 7 2 I J & 2 '+ . /
+ . / 2 / ?
* + * /
+ . & 0 1' + 9 / 0 1 / / / / + 6
2 2 I J 0: 1 2 ; C +
D
. & 0 1' + 9 + 6
+ 2 * +
D Recognising spoken words. Listening
&
%
! " # $ ; 2 ( / / / / / & &? & & A& A& ? & & && & &A & & ?&
; ( 2 4 @ / / / / / ? ?&($ $$A& B$ $ ?$& " " "A$&" "A& "A& $ $ $&"& & ?&" &A$& & ""B" ,? $ , " *(&B , A
; 4 2 C D / / / / / / / / !/ & &>" @ $ B A& &?"
"A& " ? @ "? & " $&"B @& $ "& $&( A & &("@ * &?
F
; @ 2 F G / "/ / #/ $/ / / ?.= 9" B"&
?.= (" ? (" @$& A= &0 2@ & .@ " ?.= . &" ." 0 B 9? E" 9&?
; C 2 I J / / &' (&C (7 B ?$ $&7
@ $6 & "7D " 7 7D& " "(7 ."7 0$C
! "
%&%' ( #
$ F2 "@$ = @ & A7= @ $ 7. /B$ B 7 ! $$@=
)"? .= &?= 1 $ @" /A, A" & B72 #&? B +"(4> $& A$
F $? 8 F" % $&B "? = 1 &? = # @.6 7;B" "A "0>
! "
) #
*
#
G
=K?"7 * K?7 "K
K"A7 K DK7
DK7 ?K($& K &G"7
K&G"7 GK"7
?K7
#! $ + , ( # # # # +
å
& K & K & K K K K
å
K K K K " K " K "
& K & K &A & K & K A& K & K A&
?& K & K A ? K B& K & &"?& " K " K "A& "
" K $ K # K 0 1 K K A
? K @& " K $&( A & K @& K (A ? K &B K $& K A K > ? K $ "& K $ "&K >&" *&K *B" K *@ K )> "
þ ß
K ( K ; & K &( K &; K (K ;K = K K = $
#?" K $ K $ $ ,? $ K , " K ,
è# å ¸
K K K K
K K K K K K K K > K K K > * K * K * K *>
$ K $ K $ , K , K ,
$ K ( K ;"B && K &(" K &D K ( ? K D K G= B&6 K @ K G =
ü % & '( &
0 1 / / / + 9 ! "& & ' H "&7 & ' $ &' H $7 & '
&' H 7 & ' &' H 7 & ' $& &' H $&7 &L'
& & ' H &7 & ' & ' H 7 & ' B & ' H B7 & ' $& & ' H $&7 & ' F & ' H F 7 & ' 2 $& & ' H 2 $&7 &2' I
E Recognising printed words - # #
. ( / / + ; A" B *" "@ ? F "@ %B 2 &B "@
A 8 F"
A F& A "0> & ""? 7 +($$A @ & %E&0 " 7. #&? A +"(4>
0 0 1 2
+ #+ F2 + + % $&B
+ + B 7 + + /A,
+ :+ A" & )+ + $& A$
/ / 3 4+ 4 %5 3// %% 6 + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+ G+ I+ J+ + (+ 4+ @+ C+
J
= = > # ; M M 7 7 H H
4+( 7
$ + =
+ N + 9 + : A + N + " F+ *@ G+ "0 I+ ,@ J+ (" @$& + 2B7 (+ * &B"*
4
*
'
+ & , # - - - $ - - 0 # 8 )# + " "!
H (" @$&+ B F&K H B F& ? + H > F& "@ + & ?K H ? *@+
B F& ? + (" @$&+
> F& "@ + ? *@+
B F& @& "+ &("@$&+
> F& A"+ ? + + +
B F& + + + "0+
> F& + + + ? 2 *>"+
B F& ,@+ 2,&@$&+
> F& ; @+ ? ,@+
B F& ?+ 2B7 +
> F& + + + ? +
B F& &B + + + +
> F& @ + ? + + +
4(
B F& ? + (" @$&+
> F& "@ + ? + + +
B F& + + + &("@$&+
> F& A"+ ? @$&+
B F& )> "+ "0+
> F& 7+ ? 2 *>"+
B F& + + + 2,&@$&+
> F& + + + ? ,@+
B F& ?+ + + +
> F& + ? +
B F& &B + *(& @$&+
> F& @ + ? * &B"*+
1
C Identifying objects
. %
!
(
H /& E& K H 8& +
H /& E& K H 8& 2B+
H /& E& K H 8& @ +
H /& E& K H 8& " $& "? +
. & & &" - - - , &"'() - - - , H "F$$ O H +
* 8
* + + + O $ " * 8
* ) 0 ! " * 8
* 8 " " * ) !
H @$ " ?2K H A + 44
*+ 6
8 " !
H "F$$ O H !? +
7(G& " ? " & @ "
* & "?&
$A& & *B
2@ "@ & "
L
$
? 7D& "
>
, H /& E& O H 8& B+
H 8& B B O H 8& B+
H 8& BO H / E& B+ L &/ E& B/ B + $ + !
# * )
D Locating objects /
. , - - - , 2
* ) * +
4@
1
A ! ! " " ## $
$ #%& # ' '$ # +
/
0& #1 & $ -- H & *B & ?&K H $7+ & +
p
:
1 H " $& "? K H & + H B0& K H & ?+ H *AK H & B+ H " &A K H & @+
p
; ! 0; 1 &(+ 4++'+ E >+ / ($) ? / > ($ ? / > #$ + 4C
/
p
0& , $' , H AK H & +
H ; @ K H & ?+
H ? K H & +
H ? ? K H & @+
E + : 0; 1 &(++4'+ 3 # ; 8
/$
/ .'
0 & #
1 + H #@& / $7 @ 6 @ O H & + H # $@ + (+ H #@& / $&( A 0 $ 4 @& O H & B+ H # $@ + 4+ H #@& / $7 $B$ ( "$&A&O H & + H # $@ +
4D
1
@+ H #@& / ?($&/ (@0 = &A K H & ?+ H # $@ + C+ H #@& / ?($&/ "?$ = B4 7K H & ?+ H # $@ +
# "
E Directions
2
A
"G !
"?
!
p
/ & /&+ 3 ' 3 &!
!
2
. 0 1(3 &1+'2) 3 - - - , + H #@& / ?($&/ &"BK H &"B "G + (+ H #@& / ?($&/ ( "$&A&O H @& + + + "G "? A 4+ H #@& / ?($&/ *A I B 7 $JK H & $7! "? & ?&" I! $$ =J/ A I B 7 $J+ H # $@ +
2
/ .'
0
& *
1 + H #@& / $7 &"BK H &"B A + H # $@ + H ?($&+ (+ H #@& / ?($&/ $7 ( "$&A&$ 4 @& K H ' "$&A&$ 4 @& O "G + H # $@ +
4F
4+ H #@& / ?($&/ $7 K H @& "G "? + &+ H # $@ + H ?($&+ @+ H #@& / ?($&/ A $7 @ K H @ O % + + + @& "? / &B A "G + @ &+ H 72B $ $@ + H ?($&+ C+ H #@& / ?($&/ $7 & *B & ?&K H %+ + + @& "G A + % B0&/ & & *B & ?&+ H 72B $ $@ + H ?($&+ 2
* % 0 1 ! 72 / $& "0 $/ ( $&0 $=/ "$ =/ & "&(" 6/ $ $/ (67 =/ (67 6/ (0 =/ ! $$$=/ $&( 0 $/ ( "$& &$ + E ! & / $&&(&/ $&"( &/ (/ 4 & / "&=/ 4 7/ " "/ & &"/ ( "$& &# *(7& &/ ) ".=+
@
(! ++ % #& / ($&/ $7 + + + O + + 9 O (+ 2 / O 4+
O
(! ,+ + ! +
!
*" %("$&0 $= "2 &! I"*&("J H + % ! &&= &("6 (+ &! 2 "($ H 4+ "7! & = &FKJ ' "(& 9& 6 "2 6, $ = , "($$ : = H $ ! (CKFIKC4 *"+ %
@(
$J 1 I &
0 6 2 $,"/ & / 7 " &" 9$$ . + CJ $$ %% - F "(+ $&&(& . 7 6 $ 6$2 " ! $ .7 $& " & H * $6 & H H ( & .= H ;"$ "( $ & 0 = + J (J MN * "=
"& + $ ./ $/ 6, + *" .($ #& $&7
0$ CJ 0 $ "( + & * ! && 6 4F@ KCFK @J
1
'-
V
C+
0 4& 4 & Ktrcbxtrbt eghf;ytybz !
0 %'&" B" "&@0 $ ( " A
B "
) # +
< ( # # # # ? 8 + 0> L @ " ?"K 0> L @ 0&? A& K
0> L @ $ &"A *7K 0> L 6? & " ?0 K
G Reading and grammar
6 4 8 - 9
>&"/ ? =/ ?/ ?&= #B = H $&( A &6+ "B2 F @ C $A "?& @ 4 @&+ &?2 H (0@& 7 .+ ? & ? "B& $A ? $&@ . + CC
. /& @ A A0 " O . ( ? @ , @O
. @ CK . /& @ & AK
&?2! ? 6 7 = , @ @ / ( ? , / B *"F&6+ A0 " = F $&@ . $ &"A & @ "+ ? = A ( "$&A& $ A $7 A0 " &A / = 0&? (" ?6+ #B = ?&=! 6 @ 4 @&+ > 6 $&" 0?$7 *A+ % 6 @ B* " ?"+ A0 " 6 ? $ &"A & @ " $&@ . / ? &?2+ ? = >&"! 6 0?$& $&" 0?$7 " $& "? B4 F2 / @ @ / A ?(" "6+ &B 6 $ &"A B & ?&" I! $$@=J+ ? 6 "? 2?,&6 F +
CD
7
?! 3C0 = $ A $7 A0 " B $F2 "? + ? A0 " = , @ .A"& @ & ?&"+ + , - , # "*+
p
@$O
*
=L&6L
+++
0&?
0&?
0&?
0&?
+ + + +
( ? "? "B& $F2
( + + + "+ + + "B&+ + + $F2+ + +
( + + + "+ + + "B&+ + + $F2+ + +
( + + + "+ + + "B&+ + + $F2+ + +
& ' +++ +++ +++ +++ +++
, @ $ $ A $ &"A
, @ +++ $ + + + $ &"+ + +
, @ +++ A $ + + + $ &"+ + +
, @ @ +++ A $ + + + $ &"+ + +
$&" 0?
$&" 0?
$&" 0?
$&" 0?
+ + + +
+ + + +
=L&6L ?
6L6L @
= + 2 4
!"# $ %&$ '
* ) O & ' Q O & '
Q O & 5 ' = O & '
3 !"# $ %&$ '
,
# "*+ & K
/& O /& ?
A O /& @ AO
+ + + + + + + +
$F2 "? $ &"A B +++ " ?" + + + , + + + 2?,&6 + + + & @ " + + + ?(" "6
+ + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + +
O
+++ +++ &A +++ @ +++ +++ +++ CF
/ !0 1 + = + * + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+
' 8*
H ? $&( A &6 C "?& $AO H "B2 F+
C $&( A &6 "?& O @ @O ? (0@& 7 . O > F&O ( ? ? , @ ? 6 7O /& ? & ( ? O /& ? A &A O
G+ I+ J+ + (+ 4+ @+
$&" 0?$7 ?&= #B =K /& @ & AO @ $ &"A & @ " A0 " K /& C0 A B ?K /& ? = >&" @ A " $& "? K @ $ &"A BK @ ? "? 2?,&6K
" 02 (1 8 " 8 ) @ : + # ) @ " $6 + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+ G+ I+ J+ +
)*
'
CG
K K & G F& & G *@=K K K &6K &6 (0@$7 "B2 K K K FK K K &6 & ?K ( ? &6 , @ K K O /& &6 ( ? K K K O %6 0?$& F " $& K K K K O $ $&( A &6 $&" 0?$7 ? K K K A0 "K / K K 6 & @ 0 K K 6 " ?"K ( ? 6 , @ A K K K $" $A 7 K C & "A$ &7 " K K K O
: " ( + 3 +
+ G F& @ #@ $ + < $&( A &+ "B2 F = ? "@ / = + + + ( "$&A& + < + + + 4 @& .A &" B" + > = + + + A. $ ?"6 ( "$&A&/ @ + + + &A + &B = + + + @ + + + , / B/ B* / B *"F&6+ < C0 F 4 @&/ ? + + + *A @ " $& "? +
&7 "@ C B0 7 & "A$ B ? 6 A0 " $ $&( A &6 + + + *A @ ?" + % 6 C0 + + + B @ B* / + + + @& / B/ F6 / $ B"& + $" $A 7 6 A$& + + + & ?&"/ B @ .A"&6+ A0 " 6 + + + ?"&6 @ 2?,&6+ @ $&( A & + + + &?" + ? 6 + + + & @ "/ 0?$& +
7
6 4 & 3 8& $A+ B *@= B+ $&( A &K*B + B $ .?7 $&7 K @$ =6 & "&F"+ 8& B ?+ ? (" @$&/ > F& @ ? + 8& B ? + A"/ B F& "@$ ? 0+ 8& B $ $&"? 7+ ? &B $&( A &+ ? , "B2= $ "&$A + B "& A K 2B7 *(& @$&+ ?(2 "@= )> " A (2 ? 7@0 K $ A"6+
$
V
24 & :&1 " 20 3 6 + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+ G+ I+
*@= *B $ .?7 $&7 A" "& $ $&"? 2B7 ?(2 A (2 $ A" , "B2= $ "&$A
+ + + + + + + > + +
7
#
B7& $7? B7& $7! E& $A/ E& *@=? B *@= B? > *@= #& *B ? $&( A &*B ? $&( A &*B @$? @$ =C? @$ =C & "&F" "F$$? "F$$ =C? "F$$ =C & "&F" $ "&$A ? $ "&$A ? B $ $&"? $ "&$A ? B $ $&"? , "B2= $ "&$A 2B7 ? B "& 2B7 ? B "& 2B7 *(& @$& ?(2? ?(2 A (2? ?/ ? / ?(2 A (2 $ A"6? @ $ A"6? ?(2 A (2 $ A"6
H Cultural awareness :
07; +
: (
@
4 @
&" 0 &C" CI
C =&7 D 2 $&7 F $ 7 G B$ 7
P A=&7 J A$=&7 MM @ .&7 MQ ? .&7
,
0 % %<
:
!& # & + 2 &;5 ' +
$
J+JJ ? "
*@
+JJ A&"= (+JJ "?*=
! $
- "
*##
"F$$ =C $&B"=
& "&F"
"F$$ =C
,@=
9 B
@$ =C
,@=
*" .F$= & "&F"
B=
&"( ?= "?&
@$= & "&F"
*@
@$ =C
B=
*" .F$ =C
&?
"?*= )"? .
72?= " A (+JJ
&A0 $& = *(7&F" $&B"=
&"( ?= "?&
4+JJ
$&B"= )"? .
B $& & "&F"
:
*(7&F"
? "
24 & :&1 " = 6 # # 0 # # 4# / $+ 8
" 1 8 *
= +
+
A 8 + + # + 8 : + 7 8 + + * $B*= H $ . B= H ", B= H & B= H & &" A H $&" A H @$&/ +
I nowing/not knowing
'
,+ " 2 1 + *
A " 8 F" # *@= "B & "@
?
'
H %6 ? 27/ @"O H ?;+ @" @ & + "2? # A "@ A "? $? 2 &B
1 &? = ? $ ? = = A" )"? .= ?"=
! $$@= B72 &?= /A,= 1 .?"= = $&"?=
, " ! ##< = / + * R %6 ? 27/ $K R ?;+ & + R &/ ?;+ &6 ? 27K #&( & *
! ",? 7$ & " F" $?
"?
"F&$ (
#&( & *
!
$&B $ # &S & "F"
? F" $ # )&*
D
=
D(
7
T
D4
Q p
-
8 07 1 &(+'+ 8 L " & H ' 07 1 &(+('+ 8 & ' 07 1 &(+4'+
+ 4 & -3 " (! )+ 8 + + = +
>2 $= ; $&= # ">
= &= &= 2 = % =
"= = = 2 &= ) =
= = &2 #2
(! *+ 3 > + /& O 0
" : 0 *
&0 $& +
- " * *7/ &/ ( / (" / $ "7/ & " $ * 6 / ( "$& &$ 4 & / . &"7 6 & &"/ *" .($ " $& " / 72 & &"/ (0 = & (! ++ V + O 8
+ ! " 7 + A * + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+ G+
D@
H O H $& +
& O &"($$ " $& " ' O &/>" T " ' " 7O &"$ = T 4 7' $ " $ &O &# & & "("' $&( &O & & "$ = T .=' "*O & $ $ "' $&( &6O &$&( 0 $ 4 & ' O & $ T " $ &'
7
(! ,+ + 6 6K :
+ H 6 6 &< =' + + + O H &/ = 6 &< =' + + + / = 6 &)" .=' + + + (+ " 6 & 0& ' + + + & ' + + + 4+ < 0$& ( , & ' + + + &. &"7 = 4 7' + + + @+ #&( &6 $ &( "$& &$= & ' + + + 0&+ C+ $ &" & " &$&( 0 $ 4 & ' + + + D+ 6 6 H & .=' + + + &$ "' + + + O F+ H 6 $ & " ' + + + O H &/ 6 & "' + + + G+ & 0& (" && ($' + + + I+ " * $$ " 6 $7 7 && "&(" 6 $&&(&' + + + (! -+ V + O 0>O O 8
+ 0
7 + A+ + 0> L 6 .=O & (2 L "($$= " L $$0 $= (6 L ' (+ 0> 6 " " " O & 72 & &" L $ "& L 7 ! $$' 4+ 0> 6 " "O &$$0 $ & L .= L "($$= $& "=' @+ 6 " & " 2 (O &(67 = 2 L $ L T 0& L T ' C+ 6 ( O &" $& " L $& . L * ' D+ 6 " 2,&6O & L ( "$& &$ 4 & L $ "& 6 (' F+ 6 6 0 " O & " L . "& 6 L . &"7 6 T$& ' G+ 6 (0$7 " 2 (O &(67 = 2 L & "&(" 6 $&&(& L $ $ ( "$& &' (! .+ A + " IJ/ I J I J+ ! + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+ G+ I+ J+
"= $(2 .; + + + ( & "+ #2 2 " + + + *(& + + + $& + #&( &6 " " + + + " " + + + &0 + "= & . + + + $ & + 6 (0$7 + + + " 2 (K + + + 0> 6 .=K # = $ + + + & 0& ( + + + " ;. + + + ! $$+ + + + 6 "K &= "$ " + + + 2,&6 + + + 4 &+ 0 " 0 " 6 6 + + + . "& +
DC
(! 4+ N + /& 6 O /
N ! $&" 0&7$=/ &7/ "&7/ " &&7/ " "&7/ $ &7/ $(2&7/ & . &7/ $ &" &7/ ( &7/ (0&7$=/ 0&&7 + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+ G+ I+ J+
+ + + & "&(" $&&(& / + + + $&( 0 $ 4 &+ 0 " 0 " + + + & + 6 + + + 4 &/ 6 (* &+ 60 0 " 6 + + + (* & / + + + / + + + & , / / * + + + + 4 & 6 72 & "/ 6 6 0 " + + + $&+ 0 " 6 + + + 2,&6 ( + ! ; 6 + + + & &"+ 6 0$& + + + " $ " $ & + % 6 + + + / 2 $ / + + + (6 / / & "&(" / $ "& + (. 6 , / " 6 & , " 2 + "($$ $&( & + + + &" / 6 "($$ $ + " 6 $ + + + & 7 "($$B Djghjcs
+ + / + + + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+ G+ I+ J+ + (+
FJ
K K K K 2 & $ $&( &6 6 # & & "(" K K K (0$7K K K K , (&" K K K K K $7 & K K K 60 ( K /K K ( K K K 0$& $ &" $&K K K K $&( &6 , " ;K K K 0$& $&" 0$7K / K K & K 0 K K " "K K K " &" K
7
(! ,+ :+ "* &+ # (! -+ + " &+
6 + B . 7 % 5 + ) * / + + +
F
UNIT
4
.
In this unit you will learn how to:
. . . .
/ /
/
A Cultural awareness
5 F& + < $&( A & ? + G F& + < &B $&( A & &B 2 &? .+ 0 7 "G& + G F& @ &"B / B "B$& @ + ?($&/ ?($& B++
&/ ? +' 3A B "A&B G F& A+ 6 H K < ?;! ? B0 7 , "B2 *(& @$&6B / B B7& $7! E& 7+ 7 0 7 "G& + "& ? & &B7 *(&BB++ ?(2 ?($&/ $& F! "F$$ 0/ $ ?"+++ ? & $?," B+ B O++ B/ ?($&+ B B K 7 &/ ?($&/ B + & & "&/ *A&6/ 2 ? + # $@ 72B + # $@ / & "& B0 7 , "B2/ *A&6 &B + ? ?($& B =
H 1 &
H 2& * +
5 * (7 "' 6
F@
$? " # "A 0 F2 FIIKG4F
&' + = 2# 3 ? # / # /
/ +
? 0 % $&B G(GKIJ
&(' : / + = 6
)> " ,? 0 $& A$ G(KGG &B ? 0 /A, GDJKIJ@
&4' : + * +
>&" 7@0 /B$ G@JKGI4
&C'
;
4'? - - + , - ./ < ;D + + + L < ;D $ * 0&? $ &"A & @ " @ +" / 0./ 2 * / # E / # 8 * , (1
p
p
6 & #1 & % > 2 + 8 2 / / ! ! &* L $ * &9 &O' &' L '+ N 2 /
! +
>+ : 0; 1 &@+('+
$ "& 72B & ?&"
$F & "&F" (; A&(
"? $ B "?$ B
@$ 0
"F$$(; $&B"; E; "?$ (; B4 7
/>" B"
(6?7 6 $ &?7
$&( A 0 $ 4 @&
0 0 1
+ . , H @3 '?45- - - - , < ;DL ;D $ H 6 D27 B (L @ L ? K H / ;D+ L &/ ;D+ H %6 B72 D27 " F6(O H < B72 ;D +
FD
H %6 D27 K H / B0 7+ L &/ B0 7+
7
V
N + E 2 8!0 3 2 + % @ + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+ G+ I+ J+
?
& "@$' $&" 0? ( *A+ & @"' $ ? $F2 ? (+ ?2( 0 "? @ & $? "'+ 6 B0 7 D &# "A'+ & ?' ? & D+ ; D& & @&"'+ ? $F2 &? '+ %6 @ & $& &@ 'O < B &,@'+ < ?; &"B"'+
+ + + $&" 0? ( *A+ + + + $ ? $F2 ? (+ ?2( 0 "? @ + + + 6 B0 7 D + + + + + + ? & D+ ; D& + + + ? $F2 + + + %6 @ + + + O < B + + + < ?; + + +
) $ '>4(' - - 8 8 6 8
; &" 4 $ & ! 0 " 7 / 6, $&>"&6 "&6 "/ ;/ 0(& &/ ; 0= $ $ $& "+ + + + = 6 + U ,& / IJ'
C The past tense
V
+ , 7 '' 7 @, B " A$=&7 "2> . A" $ " $! & 0& A A0 " K 0
1 : :
+ $**
GJ
"?&7 "F2 $F2&7 F6(L"? + + +
"?&7 &?" L @ $ &"A&7 & @ "L*(&B + + +
7
("?&7 "&@"( &B&7 A LF + + + &7 0LB ( + + +
0&?&7 A&(L @(+ + +
A&7 ("B + "&@" B " + + + ? ? 0 + + + (+ "&@" B " + + + ?2 + + + 4+ "&@" B " + + + A& + + + @+ "&@" B " + + + ? + + + C+ "&@" B " + + + $&( A &6 + + + D+ "&@" B " + + + ? + + +
G
+ & , % 3 '' ! 6 : * (0@&7/ & "G&7/ $?&7/ 0&?&7/ $F2&7/ A&7/ & 0?&7 + + + + +
+ + + + +
+ "F$$ *@& + & $& + $ 0 A + B6 $ ? + &"B7 (; "B&(
+ + + + +
+ + + + +
+ $&,@ F2 + $$A&( + (0@& 7 .( + " B
+ &? &
+ + + + +
+ + + + +
+ "B$6 + "?&( + I& "&F" (; A&(J + "$$? /A, + "&@0 $ ( " A =
D Reading and grammar /
6 4 9- 3
@SC &7 $6 + CF/- - / $6 0 B A+ ;@ "B&&7+ ? 6 &7 0 - / $6 $ A B/ $ &"A & / ? ? ("@+ A0 " / ? &7 "2? B/ $6 $?! H < , 0F $&7+ &7 " &B 1/ $6 $5 -, & & &#* ! H < , 0F $&7 2 1/ & F 0& ? F$ =+ &7 0 B $?+ > - - &#* ! H # B = &6 B "B&&7+ 3 - , + A0 " / ? @ "2@ B/ &7 " &B 1+ #6 C$&" $5 $ &#* ! H ?= $ B = F$ = "CB
/
$ " $! & I/& 6 $ = / &OJ & I< 6 $( (BJ H $ 2+ & I = > 6&"J/ H $ &=+ & I & = $ " ($ 0 + + + J H $ + GG
7
$
*+ 8 ! # *
@H @ 6 @
@ 6 @ / 0&? @( (@ 2@ (+ &' #B =H 72B & ?&"
&(' $&( A &6H0?$&
&4' ? 6 7HT $ &A
GI
H Numerals :
B 07; - - - B 0 % %' 8
C
/
"
:
@ B 07; @ - - - B @ .&7 ( ? .&7 4 &" ? .&7
:
@ 0 &C" .&7 C =& ? .&7 D 2 $& ? .&7
Fhbav2nbrf
10+
=
10+
=
10+
=
10+ 10+
= =
10+ 10+ 10+ 10+ IJ
F $ 2 ? .&7 G $ ? .&7 I =& ? .&7
= = = =
7
:$
@ B 07; @ - - - B (J ? .&7 ( ? .&7 @
(( ? .&7 (4 ? .&7 &"/ +
2 ! * # L 8 # 0 # ! # #%!%+ @& ? B @$ I2 "> 2? ? JK 567
"? +J I &6 6 0 "?OJ K $ " $@ & ?"4+ &+ , $,/ $B "@&; "A0 = $&"? 6, $&( A & / (DKG' ) E *2 + = / + 8 0; 1 &I+C+('+ *
V
$&?&7L$&&7 "@&7L$?&7 $6 ?&7L$ F&7 @&7$=L 07 0 ?&7L 0?&7
? 6&7L ?&7 " ?&7L " G&7 $ "?2&7L$ " $@&7 0&?&7L 0&?&7 & B ' 0&?&7 L " 0&?&7 &B 0&7 0&?&7'
0 ! E
@&7$=L 07 $ &7 " ?&7L " G&7 (2 " ?&7L " G&7 ?"$&
JG
A&7L$ A&7 ("B &B&7L " &B&7 F L A
&B&7L " &B&7 A.;L("B
7 $
24 & :&1 " 3 L # L L
+ & K
/& K
?K
K
( ?K
$ $ &+ 0 FK
V
0 F "@$ 0?$& ? 6 "B&(K 0 F $ F &B7 @ 0$? (&"?K 0 F & ?"4 ? F ?"$& K 0 F "? > $ &7K 0 F C$&" $ FK !
$&?&7 , " 2B
$
p
& F 0&
" $ F&7$= A
"? F&"
&; + , (3 '' - & ! / ) # O 9 2 * # * + 2 +
p p
- ! / ) # O 9 2 *
+ 9 / O )O 6 )
D Humour /
24 & :&1 " 2 !8 = .-&'
+ (+
4+ 2 @+ &2 ('
C+ D+
!
JI
/
6 4 @' " 4 + ? 6 6 2 B+ "( G ? (@ F. & *B & ?&+ (+ ? 2? & *B (; F (/ $ =? &"F( 0? "@&7+ 4+ < $ &"A 0$C+ " 2B (A A$=&7 F&+ ? " ? "@&7 & *B (+ @+ " 2B (A ? .&7 F&/ ? .&7 =&7/ &"@ .&7/ &"@ .&7 A=&7B ? " ? "@&7+ C+ % ? = B = F ( 2> B+ ? $> " ? "@&7 & *B (+ & 1&/ A A / " ? "@&7 & *B (+
0&
+ "( G ? (@ & *B + (+ ? 2? & *B (; F (/ $ =? &"F( 0? "@&7+ J
7 $
4+ < $ &"A 0$C+ " 2B (A A$=&7 F&+ @+ " 2B ? .&7 F&/ ? .&7 =&7 + + + &"@ .&7 A=&7B C+ % ? = B = F ( 2> B+ 0 (
E Reading and comprehension 2
p 2
6 4 '( @5 &@ % " 2B K A"= A 4 $ ?&+ &@ % " 2B " ?$7 "A + > &A. 6 &"& "@$&+ > &7 "B& *?" B" &0 $ ?& :" ?" &A B$ $ &ID +'/ &@ 0? (0@&7$= 2B $ ?& + /A" B &@ % " 2B/ A"= A 4 $ ?&/ &A B$ $+ &B ? C2 ?(+ > (/ "G ? / &B $ ?&+ & A"7 > *@= ? % " 2B+ > 07 F& > (2+ E & ' + # & ' +
24 & :&1 " !
-, $ & ->?> = *0>+ + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+ G+ I+ J+
# + Q + 3 + : + : > + : * " ID+ :
+ : + Q 6 + N
" +
V
+ (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+ G+ I+ J+
&@ % " 2B " ?$7 &0 $ ?&+ ( &@ 6 K &"& "@$&+ B *@= "G +
E
0 1 ! " @&7$= "B " @& " B
$ "& $ "&$A $ "&$A
( (0@ C& ?( ?(
&"?& " &"& "@$&
&A&7L &A&7 >&0
B$ $ $ ?&
F Biographies 5
+ , ( H %6 ? 27/ & &BL& &?= + + + O H / ?;+ L ? + + + H "?7 + H %6 ? 27/ & &BL& &?= + + + O H / ?;+ L ? + + + H "?7 + B (/ + + + / + ++ H %6 ? 27/ & &BL& &?= + + + O H &/ ?;+
(
? A 4 @&7$= ?&
7 $
6 + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+ G+ I+ J+ + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+ G+ I+ (J+ (+ ((+ (4+
/B$ A % " 2B "F $= % $&B "0> ("@ %"B. ?" !A ,?& A 8 2&A ! $&" B0 7. ? #&? $&$@= 0A$ "( 2&A" # 7> " G "$ "& (+ + = = + (+ = $5 = 2> 2 (+
7 $
(! 5+ = + # & + 4
* (2/ # & / $ &$&&7L$&&7' ++++ (&" 9& ( 0$& & 6&7L &7' ++(++ =&=+ "0 & &7L &7' ++4++ "$& & "&7L$&7' ++@++! I6 6 & " &7L " =&7' ++C++ 6 0 "J+ 0 " # & & " &7L " =&7' ++D++ "$& & &7$=L 07' ++F++ $ &7+ '&" / # & & " $6 &7$=L " $ (&7$=' ++G++/ & &7L( &7' ++I++/ 0& 4> " + & ", &7L "&' ++J++ =&=/ &$&" 0&7L $&" &&7' ++++ "(( &"$$6&7L"$$&7' ++(++ / 0& 0 " & " &7L " =&7' ++4++ 0 7 , " 2 "$& 9& ( & 6&7L &7' ++@++ $ = =&=+ I .BJK & & 0&7L & &&7' ++C++ "(/ K I &6 6 0 " OJ (! 6+ = + 6 ( 0 O ! L + (+ 4+ @+ C+
&= 0 0&&7 & &+ '0& 7 . 0 5=$ =&7 (" + 0 "&7 & * (+ #6 0 $&7 "6(+ "& 0 $ &" &7 *(& +
D+ F+ G+ I+
& 0 &"&7+ #&( & 0 &7 (+ +( 0 "$ &7 "&" &+ < 0 $&7 $7 +
(! )7+ + 5= =! " ;+ ,4 ( I
'+ 0 " $ & &$ 6 "
( 6, 4 % + 4GFGF @CD4 J @4 + % + " ; * ( -(JGJ % " I! & $ 3 / "/ $ " " L#
$ / 3 " 0 = ( IX&0 &$ & " 6'+ & *
$ / & 0 6$& + CF4(@4 & & " " 4 '+ J+ % $
% + 4JF@4J " (JFJ/ $ &0 & * 6 I ? ! & &&7/ $&7/ & . &7/ " &&7/ $ " $&7/ &"&7/ (0&7$= 7 ! " &/ " $/ $& 7/ (0& 7/ & &/ & . 4/ &"
7 $
+(
+4
) + " * $$+ !
&
$
0
9
$
&
7
2
0
"
&
0
,
>
;
7
>
0
.
0
6
$
&
$
"
.
2
,
&
0
=
&
,
(
$
*
&
&
$
"
"
4
&
(
.
$
=
6
&
.
*
&
=
"
*
&
>
"
6
;
4
2
9
4
=
,
(
"
"
0
,
&
"
$
*
4
"
$
$
>
"
0
2
&
"
*
.
&
6
(
&
(
$
&
*
"
) + # & $& I "$J+ = 0 ( " $ " & & &
$7 7
(
+@
6
/
) ' 6 & 3
R R R & R R R R R R " R R R R R R 7 R R R R & R 6
R " R R & R $ R R R R R & R R R R $ R R R R
R R R R & R R = &
&7 R " R R , R R R R =&= R R R R R R $
A *2 + 6 & $& I "$J I% * = ( J+ 6
0 1 + $&&7 (+ "&7 4+ &7 @+ $6 &7 C+ 0&7&$=' D+ &7$= F+ 0 &7&$=' G+ 6&7 I+ & 0&7 J+
&7
+
" &7
(+
" $6 &7$=
4+ $ &7 @+ $ "2&7
((
* R R $ R R R R R R , R R R R R R R
+ 027 " 1 -6
R R ( R R &7 ( "$& & R R R &7 (* & R R $ R R 7 $ 0 R ( R R & R . R R R R &7 ( "$& & +C
R RR R R $ R R " RR"RR R R 2 R R $ R R
& " =&7 & $ (&7 & $ =&7 & &7 & "&7 & $&&7 & &7 & 0&7&$=' & $&7 & & &&7 & =&7 & 0&7&$=' & $ " $&7 & " $ (&7$= & 07
7 $
+D
+ 6" " 6, & 2 + 2 +
+F
(+ " + N !
(4
+G
4+ V "6+ ;
7
H @ ! ( 8@
"$ & % " 2 "& "*
(! )+ 7 + $+
6
+
! &' &' &' &' & ' & ' &>' &'
+(
$ & & $&&(& $(2&7 , 0$& $&7
.&7 ( ( "$& & &"&7 & & $ $&7
>&0 "& (" & , ( ( &7 2 $& 60 ;&7
$ "&$ " "
" = &7
& " " " &&7
!
&' &' &' &' & '
(@
&"& "$& & . " 2 $&7 (0& 7 0&&7
(2/ "&/ $ $&"/ 07/ $ 7=/ (/ " * $$=/ &"& "$&/ "0/ $ &/ (0& 7/ $ $&"/ &>" *(& / , / $ & / & $/ $ "&/ / 7* "6/ , / / * / / *"(&6/ $& / / (2/ 7/ " &7/ $/ $&(
7 $
& ' 7 / $" / & " / $( &/ 0 & "/ =& ./ 7 &>' " =/ " =/ =/ 1 & =/ )" .=/ $&" / "(= &' & ($/ &" ($/ &" $ "&/ / 9 &"0/ &" / &$ (! *+ % + "$+
/ # # # "$ + + + ; 0&&7+ 6 0 " + + + $7 $ &7 (&" $& + + + E& ( + + + 6 .+ + + + 0 " "$ " & ( ( + + + + " = (2+ 0$ 0 0&&7 & " $ 6 " ;+ " 0& " / 6 + + + 0$ 0+ $ &7/ + + + $ (&7+ $ ( "$ + + + @ 0$ (&"+ $& + + + I 0$ + + + + =&7 .+ I + + + 6&7BJ $ " * $$ "+ > & "4 $! I & "$& + %6 " &7 + + + J 0 " "$ ( + + + 0&+ + + + " = "$& + + + $ (+ "( 7 "$ $& 0 7 + + + + + + 0$ (&"+ + + + 0$ &"/ " + + + 0$ 6 ( "$& & + + + + "2 > & "4/ "$ $! I + + + = "2 + + + BJ I .BJ $ & "4+ I &6 6 + + +OJ & 36
+ 60 $& "$ K
U(&" '
(+ $ 7 60 ", ( "$& &K 4+ & " 0$( 0 0&&7 " K
U 0 " '
@+ # 7 6 " / " 0& " O
& 0'
C+ "$ $ ( O
&(&" '
D+ $ 7 $& (&" O
&(&" '
F+ & " 0$( " = "$& K G+ $ 7 $& "( 7K
U(&" '
(C
I+ & " 0$( &" K J+ "2 ( "$& &K
(! ++ + # .& $ " + (! ,+ = + "* &+ 0
! 0 &6" > $ 7! .&7 (! -+ 7 + # 7 " O , ( & & "( + + + O ? : - 4 # +
+ (+ 4+ @+ C+
/& >& G 0$ O >& . "&O /& >& ( 0$O >& *(& O 6 ";&O
D+ F+ G+ I+ J+
/& >& ( 0$ @C (&K & " & 7$6 / $ K /& >& 0 $ "& & K >& " " $ K " ;& " 6K
(! 4+ : + 7+ 8 + / + + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+
(D
& " 0$( 6 0 " $ &7K 6 $ = $&K /& 6 (&" K 6 &"K 6 "2 .K & " 0$( $ = (" "($$ =6 K & " 0$( $ = $ =& ( "$& & K
UNIT
C
.
In this unit you will learn how to:
. . . . .
/
2
A Professions and occupations
) '( ) 6 % / & " / % " & 7/ & & / $ 5 ;4 (2 &" 0 6 6 " & + & $? " # "A 0 F2 '
(F
+ , ( / '
A=& 7 ! * "?. A" *? $ ,( B / (0 @ !F $ B7$ $&" B @$ *B$ * &7G $ ,( B / $F7 & "/ (6? &/ E&/ " &?& 7
A=& 7 ! * "?. 1 .?" *" .F$ *B$ *". @$& @$ 6$@& 7( @$&/ $ B (& @0 $ $ .@ &7G $ $F7 & "/ ,( B ",&A& " $ ? $ $?& 7( @$&/ ?& " " ? I ,B&J
8 *
p
H %6 ? 27/ & &B + + + O H / ?;+ + + + H ?;/ B (/ + + + H "?7 B H "?7 B
+ , ( 4G' - !
$&( A & T& ?"4 $A (0@& &"?
$&( A & T $&@ . ?& & &"? 7; A.
B B" 4 @&
0 2 T 0
1 / ,= ( %" $$@"2
$ " &?"2 *@ (*A&0. A"S " "@$&
" ?& 7 & " ?" >&0 &A"7 *".A& "0 ,@ &"& "@$& ,( B
(I
B Cultural awareness
6 & 0 4 +" %@.! & F0&$=
J (
G$
- & &
4 @ C D F G I J ( 4 @ C D
A&$ $
0?7 = 2B
& &
B = $"A == 2B 4$. * &A0 6 ,@0 $
F G
I (J (
%% #%% #! !
#! # -T ! -
9! % .@ $ "?, "$
B = $"A == 2B
) '
#! # -T !
@0 $ ( "$&A& ,( B $& 6 $&&F& $ "&B"= & " ?" = A=
(( (4 (@
*
$ " &F"
%#< #% T 4J
7 '
24 & :&1 "
&'
& ' Y
&' ) 5 * O
) "& & .5 '- 4 +
. / 7 / A
2 / 2 + + 3
+ 9 IGG F
CG : . / / F ) D " +
4
DI : / G 6 4 8B " / @J / D( 6 C " + A / + = : / / 3//
+ = > / / 5 * + 9 IGG/ (G ((J / H::+ & : / 3 / HA/ II@! @F(K4'
$
'
+ , 27(' " 0 8 )#
*
+ H ? $& "0B+ (0@$=K + H B 0 .@ $ $&&F& $& "0B+
@A ? !@$ #B = ?$= "@$ A # "A "@ ? "@ # "A @ $@ A"
( & : & 'O +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ $"A ;; 2 (
@ * 1 "0 +++ "?, " +++ $&;" A$$ +++ & " ?" +++ *".A& +++
">" +++ 9$("$ B
+++ $$@"2
=
/& L ? B 0& '! & " ?" = A= L $"A == 2B L $ "&B"= L .@ $ $&&F& L F"$6 $&;" A$$ L F"$6 9$("$ B L .@ $ (0@4 L "?, "$ (0@4 4(
7 '
@A ? !@$ #B = ?$= "@$ A # "A "@ ? "@ # "A @ $@ A"
( & : 1 +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ $"A ;; 2B( +++ +++ +++ +++ +++
@ * 1 +++ " ?& 7 @$ =6? +++ 2 *>" +++ ,( B +++ ,@ +++ (*A&0. +++ &A"7 +++ A" " "@$& +++
/& L ? B 0& '! ,( B $& 6 $&&F& L & , @0 $ $&&F& L ,@0 $ $&&F& L * @0 $ *(7&A& ' L F"$6 2 *>" L &A0 6 &A, ( L $"A == 2B
'
+ , + # & , , 27(' ", ' 3 )I# *
(
on
-
(0@$= .@ $ $&&F& $& "0B+
8 && " &+ &6 F027$=K &6 ,B0 27 $&&7K
< (0F$7 L $ A + < , 0F $&&7 $ 9 +
8 > *! . $ 0; : 1 I+(+@+ I+(+D+
C Interests and hobbies
p
## % " > -L +> -L2 ' +> - + 9 & "A$! G& ! ( 0A !
& " $ ?&7$=! ?&7$=! ( ?&7$=!
= & " $F;$7 = ?;$7 = ( ?;$7
U
$
44
p
8 > ; : I+(+4+(+ 4 & $ F0+
. A"/ $ "? & B+ $ "?2 $ , B B " A$=&7/ & 0& A 0 "?+ & (@ 2 *>" &$@K ? (@ 2 *>" &$@K 9 + / +
7 '
2
8 07+' & (' 6( 7 * &' # "? & B! "@$ &"B0!
2
# "? & B! "@$ &"B0! # "? & B! "@$ &"B0!
" @ B/ 0& 6 A 0 "?K '&" = $ A B/ 0&? A&( $F2 B $& "? + B$ A = , @ @ + A0 " = , @ & ?&"+ B @ 6 , @K @ F. B"7 + F; 7A$( 6 $ &"A & ?&" K I%" $ $&"CJ+
&(' # "? & B! "@$ &"B0! # "? & B! "@$ &"B0! # "? & B! "@$ &"B0! # "? & B! "@$ &"B0!
&B" 0$F 6 2@ @ K < C2 B 0$?+ &B" 0$F 2@ BK 0 &C" 0$?+ ? 6 2@ & ?&"K $ 7+ ? 6 "2@ BK A$=&7+
&4' # "? & B! "@$ &"B0! # "? & B! "@$ &"B0! # "? & B! "@$ &"B0! # "? & B! "@$ &"B0!
B 6 $&"A&/ ? 2 @ K ;+ /& ? A K ? 2 &A(+ B 6 $&"A&/ ? 2 & ?&" K ? + /& AK $& G $& B &B($+ 6 2@ B A$& +
8 $'- 2 ; / L &B $ "? & B $ " $@ 7RRRR &B RRR ( .BRRRR + &' # "? & B! 7 &B !
# "? & B! 7 &B !
/& 6 + + + 0 "?K '&" = + + + ( "$&A& A.+ &B "B& "&B"RRRR+ B$ A = + + + &A(+ A0 " = + + + & ?&"+ F; 7A$RRRRR 6 + + + & ?&" K I%" $ $&"CJ+
&(' # "? & B! 7 &B !
&B" 0$F 6 + + + &A(K 0 &C" 0$RRRR + 4F
2$
# "? & B! 7 &B ! # "? & B! 7 &B ! # "? & B! 7 &B !
&B" 0$F 6 + + + BK 2 $&7 0$RRRR + ? 6 + + + & ?&"K B$ 7 0$RRRR + ? 6 + + + BK @ .&7+
&4' # "? & B! 7 &B ! # "? & B! 7 &B ! # "? & B! 7 &B ! # "? & B! 7 &B ! # "? & B! 7 &B ! # "? & B! 7 &B !
B 6 $&"A&/ ? 2 ( "$&A&K ? + B 6 $&"A&/ ? + + + &A(K "@$ &"B0 A (+ 0& A "@$ &"B0K + + + RRRRR + 0& A A ? K + + + &A(+ 6 2@ A$& + B 6 $&"A&/ ? + + + & ?&" K A (+ 0& ? + + + O ? $& G $& B &"?=+
8 $ * + #' 0 & & 2 # : 3$ &
( + )
# , ( *# ' ; *# '
@3 " $6
F&"
( ? , @K
( "$&A&
6O /& & AK
$F2 A.
&B" 0$F 2>O &B" 0$F "2> BO B $&"A&K
4G
&B
B$ A
*A IB$ $J A ( 0$?
B $ A B 0&? (" ? $ &"A *7 I!E J F 0$B @ 0$?
; & ? 2 A.'
A ( & ? 2 *A'
A0 "
J 0$B
+ "B B H A ( & ? 2 B' (+ B$ B H "@$ & 2>
B'
7 '
A 1 " $6
F&"
( ? , O
&B *A IB$ $J
6?K
B /& & A K $ ? &B" 0$F 2?O &B" 0$F D 0$ (&"? "2? BK B $&"A& O
? B* ( 0$?
B$ A
A0 "
&A(
B
?$7
$ &"A *7 I!E J B F 0$B B$ B H "B&( J 0$B
@ 0$?
? & ; & ? 2 ? & 2> 2> *AW &A(W B'
!
F Folk tale 5
V
) " 4 & / 3 ' + 0
K $ A&7 $&F
?&7
" ?&
$& G&7
F.
4I
' K $ @&7$= $ $&7
@&7$= 07
$&(
;
%' K " ?&7
$&?&7 $&&7
;
$ $&A
;
$ $&F
V
B $ $&F OJ A . $ &"A $"A $&( $? & "B ! I& $ A > $&F OJ @2 (@ ? 7 $&( "0?! I& $ A > $&F $ ? OJ &B A 2@ "(F; B &(+ I& ? A " ?&OJ H "B $? 72B A 7+ I& ? A " ?&OJ H & "B $? A .+ @2 $ &"A ? 7(; " ?&7 (@ A 0(+ I & ?B ==B & ?BJ H "0? + A 0 (@ A / "C ( B ( ? $ $B" 2?
"B( B+ &+ + 0A/ ++ )"B &$ $&+'/ !F$$ $?/ I!F$$ =CJ/ A . " $& "? %B + %? &6 &"( ;@6/ ("A+ & "? :+ # A0/ I# F& J# IGC! C+'
V
24 & :&1 " 6 @$K + A . " $& "? (+ ? 9$ @. 4+ @&6 @+ "?& " C+ &"B$K " B 0 D+ ("A F+ (& 2A$& G+ &? &6 I+ (0?$& 9$ @. J+ (0A A + 9 ? (+ 9& B"* 4+ D
"F$$K 2 2 2
3 !8'# @=L*@=
. ?7 $&7L $&" ?
B"$&
" *A$$=
"(@ ? 6
" 7 9$ @.
+ + + +
+++
D4
+++
(+ 4+ @+ C+ D+
"? +++ )! +++ +++
+++ +++ +++ +++ +++
+++ +++ +++ +++ +++
+++
RRRRRR
$ &"F
.?& " ? 9$ @. +++ +++ +++ +++ A . " $& "? %B "0
+++ $7 " +++ ""$ " +++
F+ + + +
@4
8 F &*/- :*& D& -F0 !8,' $ - $ + *
:" # A0 6 "0B 9$ @. I%@"$J+
6 + @
+ (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+ G+ I+ J+ + (+
) 6 : 1 > ' 07 1 &C+4'
+ 4 & -3 " (! )+ + "&+
/ + ! #
: ,= ( + & $ 0& O $ & ' $( &( = 6 & &" $ &"&' + + + &' 0 " = ( $ & "$' + + + &' < " & * ( $ && "4' + + + &' 70 , ( $ &(0& 7' + + + & ' 0 " 6 $& $ & & .' + + +
& ' < , 0( "&7 $ &&=' + + + &' & . , ." $ &" ' + + + &' " " $ & " * $$ "' + + + &' &7 (= " $ &$6 ' + + +
(! 5+ A + " I$J/ IJ/ IJ/ I J I J+ ! + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+ G+ I+ J+
&7 + + + $6 (= + + + " + * + + + + 6 $ + + + $& " " + + + ( "$& & + & + + + 0 + + + (2 + #&( &6 $ + + + (* & (& "" 6 + + + $6" + $ &" *7 + + + $ + + + & " $ + + + + " " 2> + + + *(& + 0 " " * $$ " $&" &$= + + + " ("$ + "& + + + $ $&" (0&$= + + + 2 + " 0 " ( + + + $ ">+
@F
(! 6+ = + %" =+ $
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
3 + 3 ,?( * + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+
6 & O
, N
( K
6 0 "+ K
0 " 0 " 6 $ $ $&" $ &" & " + " 2 ( )" .; + #&( & $7 7 $ & $= "($$ =6 + 0$& " & $+ #& . ! $$ 6 &$= $+ " * $$ " $&" 0$= $ & ( & "+
(! ))+ : + ! + 4
+ 6 9 "0 6 B 8& 2 $ = $B I!'## #%! J "2 & " &( " $& " $ % "$ (. 6 " $& " "& + 2 " $& " 6 &"6&6 ;0= $" $ 7 $ J+JJ 0$ (&" J+JJ 0$ 0 "+ 8& 0&/ 0& " & I!'## #%! J 60 0 &$= G+JJ 0$ (&"/ 0 &$= +JJ (+JJ 0$ 0+ 0 / " & * $"*(! F 0$ 7+ $ 6 & $&" 6 =6/ $ 6 , && " &&7 (7&(" "=& & $* " / $ 6 ;& " &&7 & $ & / & " & I!'## #%! J H 9& 2 $ = $B 2 " $! J4JCJ $/ (+ = " =/ @D+ ! $& " I!'## #%! J & ($&/ 2& "& ! "> " &(' @G
7 '
+ + + + &( &! + + + (J
" =
! J # #% )" I!'# = + + + + + + + 6 ! & " "$ 7 6 +++++ % * + + + )++ + + + + + + + + & & " $ $ & & & ! ( $7 + + + & # ( & & L(0& + + (& $ 0$ " #%! J! + + + + # & # ' I! 6
" $& " =6 + + + + 2 & " #%! J! + + + (J $7! + + + # 7 # # ' I! &7 " & ( 0&7
(! )*+ ; + ! $$;+ ) # 0
;7 7
I+JJK(+JJ G+JJ
* $ = T . "&! 72 & &" $ "$
& "
(&" 0 "
" $ / 2/ # =
! & $ &7 I%" $ $&"6J
$"
(+JJKC+JJ D+JJ
6 $ &= "(6! .= &
0 & "
(&" G+JJ
$ $ "$ ( $ (2 "$
I+JJK+JJ G+JJ
$$ # & & "("
$( &
F+JJ
> 0 "
# & & "(" !($$ ( ." $
$" $ 7
(&" +JJ $ I+JJ
8"& " $& " I# J 9$("$= " ( $(
=& .
@I
V
0 4& 4 & Ktrcbxtcrbt eghf;ytybz
4+
: + & " $6/ ( 0 =+ * / *
4+(
: + ( 6 , O /& 6 & O
/ * - & $+ >&0
(& 2A$&
&B
"B&
A .
" &?& 7
" @&7 $?&7
(& 2A$& &7 C$&7
" &?&7
?$$
&A
&A"7 (*A&0. $$@"2
(*A&
2B7
6
& 0 &$=O Q + ) O - & $+ $&B"= *(&B
F6 & "&F" ,@= & ?&
*@
& "&(" A
* $B*=
$F$$&
,@ (6? & *B$ *
$($$& A
2?,&6
2,&@$&
& ?& $&B" *(& @$&
*@
CJ
&A&7
) + & ( , & 6 7O 6
> 0 1 - & $+ 2B
4+C
"B&&7
" ?& 7
" B 0 4+@
" ?&7
6$@& 7
$?& 7
&7
A&7
7 '
4+D
) + "& 7 6 + 3 " 2
'-5
'
(7
(7
''
&
3
;
4
4
+'
2
5
+ R R R (+ R R 4+ &"( R R R ;6 @+ & '( R R R 6 C+ * R R R 0 $ D+ (0 R R 6 4+F
F+ * R R R $ G+ , R R R $ I+ R R R $ J+ R R R 6 + R R R (+ R R 7
4+ $ R R R @+ R R R $ C+ R R R 6 D+ R R R 6 F+ $ R R R R 6
= + O ( O &( O 6
? ! + $&&7 (+ 6, &7 4+ &7 @+ &7$= C+ $ &7$= D+ & F+ &7 G+ $ &7 I+ &7$= J+ $&( &7 + $&" 0&7$= 8 ! " &? ! $$;? & ? ? $&( ? " &7? $ " &? $&(? * ? ( "$& &?
4+G
: + '0 6 =+ /
+ (R R R 9$("$ (+ ,R R R 0 R R R $&&(& 4+ R R R & R R R 6 & , ( @+ $&&(& R R R & " R R R C+ $ R R R R R R = D+ R R R 6 2 *>" F+ R & R R R 2 G+ R
I+ " R R R , " R R R R (04 J+ R R R & R R R R + R R " R R R = = (+ R R R $ R R $&&(& 4+ R R R R 0 $ R R R ( "$& & @+ ,( R R R & R R R = = C+ R R R R 0 R R R R R ( "$& & D+ R R R (04
7
H C ! = 84 ;
>&" %" = I%"$J
(! )+ + & ( $ , $" $ 7 O # %5&" &2
$ $ % $ $ " $ 7 $ $ "$
( , "6 & &" ( & ( ( $ & (
0& & & . 0& / &6 (" 6 $ &" $ &7 I%" $ $&"6J ($&" $ &" & " $ &" 6$&( "($$ "*
3 * & $ ( , $" $ 7 / 0& & + !
$" $ 7 + + + $ + + + , + + +/ + + +
(! *+ + 6 , & $&&7 &$& O 6 " & & $ 0$O 0
+ * &' L O'E
1 &' O' (! ++ : + 0 ( 6 &( $&( O 8 + # * + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+ G+
C(
0 ( 6 $&( 9 0 $ *(7& &O &9 $&' & ( 0& = , 0( $&&7 9 $& +
0 ( 6 $&( " 6 *(7& &O & "' 0 ( 6 $&( ,0 $ *(7& &O &,' 0 ( 6 $&( 0 $ *(7& &O & ' 0 ( 6 $&( & 0 6 *(7& &O & & "7' 0 ( 6 $&( . $ *(7& &O &"0' 0 ( 6 $&( 0 $ *(7& &O &(0& 7' 0 ( 6 $&( *(7& & (" $&O &(" $&' E ! < $&( &' * 0 $ *(7& &/ & ( 0& + + +
UNIT
D
.
In this unit you will learn how to:
. . . .
2 2
A Possession
p
: 8 = 8 : 4! - - - - ,
2 + = ( G
p
&6 ( & G
( B
2 * H ' & G $&7 $ ?"7K H ' $ $&7 & &"? 7K
? ( >
6 ( $
6 ( $
@ ( ,
& O ( BO
H / $&7+ H &/ A&(+ H / $&7+ H &/ A&(+
: L # ?# ;
# # : +
!
p
H ' & G $&7 "? K H ' $ $&7 2@ K
H / $&7+ H &/ A&(+
+ , : 7 -
> 2 +
C4
p
on
p
( ? 2 $ $&"C ( E& $&( A &T ( ?& ( "@
' ? $&7 & .@/ ( ?& $&7 "F0/ ( &?2 $&7 + + +
/ 8 # , : 4! - 4 H ' & G $&7 "&O H / $&7+ ' G $&7 "&+
H ' $ $&7 $ $&"?O H / $&7+ ' G $&7 $ $&"?+
H ' & G $&7 "&O H &/ A&(+ ' G & "?&+
H ' $ $&7 $ $&"?O H &/ A&(+ ' G & $ $&"C
2 +
& "?& & & .@ & (0@& = & 0?=
& $ $&"C & B2 & & &"? & A.
& ? & B"= & 4 @&=
3 8%# 0
* * - L * L * L * + !
$
( $&?"2 "?& ( E& $&( A & ( 2B7 (0@& = ( $A=
$
'
T
+ & )' . & ! %+ E
H @ + : 0; 1 &+('+
!
' G & 7D& "/ 2@ 6/ & &"? + + + ( @ & $ ?/ $ "G/ " 2? + + +
8 - - - : ! 43' - - ) 2 /
$ #) & '+ 8 2 2 L 2 0; 1 &I+4+@+('+ 8 2 0 1 0; 1 &I+4+@+'+
C@
7 (
2 / & *B
"?
7D& " , @7 & @ "
2@ $ A
* &
"?&
2
* + ' G B & $&7 + + + (+ ' $ 4 @& $&7 + + +
4+ ' $ *(7&A& $&7 + + + @+ ' $ "&@" $&7 + + +
B Present reference
5 0 )3 5 "
V
A (2
G =
/
?(2
?
" @&
&A.
&>&=
&7 =
"& G
p
W
$ $&"?
W
A&
$6
07
(
F0
B F&K B A (2(
G ; & B &.?T ? 2 "?& $&?"2 $C ?2 G F
'% + + +
G .
> F&K D ?(2( &>&; & D &7 ? 2(; $ $&"F $&?"2(; 07 ?2( G .( F0(
'% + + +
CC
TE / / " & ' *2 " + 8 ! 0; 1 &(+C+'+ 8 > 0; 1 &F+ F+(+'+ 2 0
'
p p
8 L 2 :
6 8 & . - - - 3 - - - 3 7G - - @ L"&
B L"?& &" B L"?& 0 &C" B L"?&
? F& L$ $&"?
F&6 L$ $&"C &" F&6 L$ $&"C 0 &C" F&6 L$ $&"C
B
? &" ? 0 &C" ?
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
CD
7 (
C+ ? .&7 & ? 6 @$7+ % A"7 6 > 0A$& " / = "B&; ( "$&A& + $ B "A= = ?;$7 7D& " 6, F"$,+ & ( !B "& * & "?*+ (0@& 7/ " >& & ?&( 2B + B 0&? & ( ? &$= ? + "? & $$ *B $ B "A=+ D+ ' G "?&+ #&?"2 "& $A " @$= $A C+ $&?"2 G $ 7 &+ >& #"?& / "B& & @.+ ?&+
? $A= "B& & $$@"2 $&" B + > F& )@ + ' , @ $6 K G @2/ $&( A & & "B F"$ #"?& $ @0 $ $&&F&+ F+ & ? 2 "& # "A $ $ 7>+ B G A$=&7 &+ " @$= "? / B >& $A+ " *A$$ *@+ B ? ?= K @$&/ "B& & $ "&B"/ . ?7 $& ? "(@ + ' , ? 7= B0/ G G .+ > F& ?&=+ ? (0 @. & "B ?$$ @$ 2B6+ ?&= ( ?&$= F6 $ B"& +
p
) & / !I " 4 #
" * *
= &6 L ? 6 6 @
"B&+ + + "B& 27 "B&+ + + "B&+ + + "B& & "B&+ + +
* *
= &6 L ? 6 6 @
+ + + >27 + + + + + + >& + + +
= &6 L ? 6 6 @
?+ ?+ ?+ ?+ ?+ ?+
+ + + + + +
+ + + + + +
& " $F+ & " $F+ & " $F+ & " $F+ & " $F+ & " $F+
"?+ "?+ "?+ "?+ "?+ "?+ " " " " " "
+ + + + + +
+ + + + + +
+ + + + + +
+ + + + + +
+ + + + + +
( ?+ ( ?+ ( ?+ ( ?+ ( ?+ ( ?+
+ + + + + +
+ + + + + +
+ + + + + +
+ + + + + +
8 0; 1 &I+('+
CF
p
8
" # / # 7
p
-
+ + +
"A= + + +
B$ + + +
)
?&"+ + +
$ &?+ + + "A= ?&"+ + + "A= $ &?+ + + B$ ?&"+ + + B$ $ &?+ + +
$
A.+ + +
0>&+ + +
"B&+ + +
"A= A.+ + + "A= 0>&+ + + "A= "B&+ + + B$ A.+ + +
B$ 0>&+ + +
B$ "B&+ + +
6 . # +13) 4 4 &+ :
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
CG
7 (
'
9 $
p &F
"B "B
"B ? "B
(
on
Z
?2 &7K 2 &A.K > ( L B ?K & G ?(2 & & "@ $ @ 'O & A (2 & &.B$ @ 'O
#
Z
$ ? ! $$@ "? 1 &? &?
Z
? '"?
Z
"@ 8 F" B F !@ #"?&
6 . # 1( 4 + , .& -$* , - L *=>+ + , -$* / $ $ * &/, + $ F&K 6 " @$7O 6 @ A&$& O 6 >& $ 0?$K F& L ? ?2( ?(2( L ?2 A (2( & "@ $ L &.B$ @ O F& ?2, " @& K #B7 ( $ "?&7 $ $&>"O , F&O @ $&?"2 @ B $O @ ?&6 L ?( O ' , $&7 A&O , F&K ? 6 2@ 2B(O #B7 & 6 (0@$7 2B O @ " A&6 6 ;@L ;@ 2B K /& 6 A B$ 2B6O B $&&F& 6 $&( @ B$ 2B6O B *(7&A& 6 $&( @O #B7 & 6 (0@$7O 6 $&?K 6 ?( L ?&6O F& ?2 F L ?2( FO L ? "B& &O ' $ $&7 A&O , F&K , : !%< "/ # / : / : / / 0$ = $ / / ?& = $ / @ = $ / * ? / = ! / # / + 2
* / * / / / #$/ -/ $ / / / "/ #+ B =6A @ "G&O #
$ ? .6 "G& + + + )" .F6 "G& + + + 0? "G& + + + &7G .6 "G& + + + )@ 6 "G& + + + A.6 "G& + + + ? .6 "G& + + + !F$$ "G& + + + G "G& + + + "A "G& + + +
D(
? $ B7$ *@ $ $ ? $ "F$$ "A0 $ *" .F$ &7G $ A. @$
7 (
2
6 4 '2 I/ &+>J - &"?7 A" $&7 (B$&" :&? + & E& ? ? ?"&( @"+ 2 $& ? .& A $ ? $ "@ $? "@$ B" B(; ?&(; $&" F+ %" "G C2 $ ? $ B"& ? $ A& CD &&C$=0 =&7$B& 2 $& ? .& ' B + "G, C J &$& A$=&7' $ ? $, $ ?&+ "A @/ A./ (@ A;+ # ?&6 $ 2@ $ "G A" 2@ 72F; A$(; "A ;+ &? "$@ $? $&?" A. "?7+ H 6? &$= E& $&" ?O H $ " $@ &? $ ? $+ H :&? B &I ?;BJ' H &A& $&"@ A$+ &? F/ 0& :&? H ? E& $&" C/ $? B ?"& + % E& & (B$&" 6? &$= $, "+ &A #+ A+ &+'/ HH & &B &*#$#
/ IDI! F4K @'
2
24 & :&1 " 6 + $ &@ &@ "&@ (&@ 6&@ " &@
p p
8
*2 0; 1 &I+F+@'+ 3&( K %" "G C2 # ?&6 $ 2@
2$
-. -$.
$ ? $ B"& ? $+ "G+
+ 3 3 , , ,3 2+3 , +, 7 6 #
+ * 1 # * # 1 1
D4
2'
!& 8 02 + 0 #
& "A @/ A./ (@ A;+ & - &"?7 A" $&7 (B$&" :&? + & 2 $& ? .& A $ ? $ "@ $? "@$ B" B(; ?&(; $&" F+
& & E& ? ? ?"&( @"+ & &? F/ 0& :&? H ? E& $&" C/ $? B ?"& +
& H :&? B &I ?;BJ' H &A& $&"@ A$+ & &? "$@ $? $&?" A. "?7+ & "G, C J &$& A$=&7' $ ? $, $ ?&+ & # ?&6 $ 2@ $ "G A" 2@ 72F; A$(; "A ;+ & % E& & (B$&" 6? &$= $, "+ & %" "G C2 $ ? $ B"& ? $ A& CD B + & H 6? &$= E& $&" ?O H $ " $@ &? $ ? $+ 2(
! &+ (6 + ( A$
# + A (0?
& 6 & / 5 $&" / " " + ! =& .&7 & (/ $" (/ "( " (+ / ; $; ( $ ( $ ;!
6 & 6 7 , $&" ;$=/ " $& 70( + ! =& .&7 "$ / $= / "( (6 (&7$= $ + "0 / ,( / & ( "( $ $ !
" ! I & / & / (6 & $7/ 7 (6 H 9& * "=/ & / & / &= & $7/ % 7 $ 6 "=;&$= "=BJ
D@
7 (
F Cultural awareness 5
6 4 !" ) 5 ' $ A& F& 2B( $ D &2 $&@W &/ & @ F0&$= 0?7 2B @ B / $ B F0&$= 2B &+ $ @ 0 ?;& (0@&7$= $ F &$ @W &/ & B$ 4, &&">,' & 0?7 2B " ,B =& $"?( C & G&6' $$+ 0?7 2B H $ & A" ' 4 &&"A&' @ &0 &>"&6' $$ H A& (0?;& " B =C & ?&(/ ?;&$= &"( B/ *(7&F" / D& "$F;&+ B $"A 2B H $ & A" ' I & G&6' $$ H 2B7 (0?;& "F$$ =C/ & "&F"( $&B";/ ? "( A&";/ "?*; B;/ *@( ,@;/ 0 "0A $&"? 6 =6@+ B $"A 2B H $ & A" ' & @ .&6' $$ H $&"2 ?$$ (0?;& 4> 4 $& A / $&" B;/ &? *(7&&@ 6 " A&6+ $&7 ?2 $&" A $ .2B6/ .A ?+ &@, 2B, B72 5> / 0 C0 6, 2B,/ (0?;& @ @ A$ 7 " A& ! & ?&(/ *@(/ ,@;/ B; @ $&"? 6 =6@+ $&7 $ .?7 6 2B6 " A ,( B $&/ " $ "&B"/ " 72B & ?&" "(@ + " "?( . ?7 6, 2 "B C0 6, " A& ,B & 4> (0A " B =6? & "&F"6/ "?* $&B" ? . ?7 "B +
DC
5
24 & :&1 " !
" $ # #A " . "F$$ =C B= & "&F" A& & ?& $&" B= $&B"= $&"? 6 =C 4 $& A ,@= "" A "$ ? "?*= F6 *@ *(7&F" 0 " . 1
5
% & 0 "" 5 '
: 5, 6+ / = / IGC
/ ?+ @C + > K
K + = & '
?!+ $/ 2 / ?!!!+ = * ?!!/
"
+ 7 2 K / K / 2 DJ + ! + / !M & ' : K
5 K + = + + & # '+
/ DJ *
* &' / 2 + IGC
& '/ / / / / / / + = M / > ! / / / M!/ + & : / 3 / HA/ II@! @F@'
DD
7 (
Q p
-
8 & ' 07 1 &D+'+ 8
07 1 &D+('+ 8 & ' 07 1 &D+4'+
+ 4 & -3 " (! )+ + "&+
/ + ! #
: ,= ( 1(
+
* + ' & = $&7 $ "7K (+ 9& " 6 & &"K 4+ &( K @+ # 7 ( & = $ $&>"K C+ /& &6 ( K
/ $&7+ &/ 9& " 6 & &"+ " ! $$+ ' = $ $&"6+ < ( (&6( +
(! ,+ : * > + 6 6+ : "
: = / G - $ ? $ 1 0&&7
&7 (0&7
(=&7 $&&7 "$ &7
& ,&7 &7
&7 &7 $&7
(! -+ E + / &+ / 6 + $
@& ->? - / $ 0 = A + (+ 4+ @+ DG
' = $&7 "&+ ' $&7 + " $&7 & &"+ ' & = $&7 $6 +
C+ D+ F+ G+
0 " 6 .=+ &$& ( 6 "(+ $" $ 7 6 9$("$=+ ' $ " 6 ."+
7 (
(! .+ E + # 7 ,K : + 4&: - / + 7 * &/ "&/ 7/ / $7 / "/ "(7/ $ $&"/ $& / $&( &/ $&( &/ $&( + 2 & 0 &6" + + + / + + + + + + (+ ' = + + + &" + + + 4+ ( + + + + @+ 6 ( 6 $ + + + C+ 8& $& & .&7 + + + D+ < 0& E&( ( 0 &6" + + + F+ # = "( (0 + + + G+ 2 "( + + + &" + + + (! 4+ 6 + / / &+ 4
+ 4 &+ + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+ G+ I+ J+
< (0$= $&&(& =&7 + + + 0 $&&(& + + + + 2 $ 7= $ $=&7 + + + / & " , & "("+ "( " & & "(" &" + + + & . " & 2 .&7 + + + < 0 2 ( 0 " + + + $&( $&&(&+ 2 2 ( $ 7 + + + + + + = )" .;+ $= &" .&7 0 &6" + + + 2 (0&$= .&7 + + +
(! 5+ V + $ 7 + 6 +
@ ->? $ - -B- ? $ + + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+
' = $&7 $ $&" "&+ "& (& "+ " & 2 + 0 $&&(& + " & 2 &" + > (& +
F+ G+ I+ J+ + (+
/ ( + 62 ( $ 7 & + / $&7+ ' > $6 + , (& & "+ $&( &6+ &$& 6 '" +
(! 6+ ; + # 6 7 + :
+ :& $ -B- ? $ $ $ = + + ' $ 72= "( = $ 7=+ & 2 $ 6 7 + (+ 8& =+ + + + + + + &2+ > + + + "$ + = + + + &" + " 2 ( = + + + ( "$& &+ 4+ 8& + + + + + + ( $&"6 + " &;&/ ( + + + (&
/ + + + '" + DI
@+ 8& + + + + + + + + + + "$ &" 0+ " * $$ "+ " & & + + + 72 + C+ 8& =+ + + + > + + + "= + $ 0$ " & & + + + + "0+ + + + . $ $&&(& $ + D+ 9& = $&"2= $ $&"/ > + + + > + + + + + + $ # &+ = + + + $ 0$ " & &+ >& " > + > + + + >&0+ > + + + 2 7 + ( $ ( + + + (! )7+ E * + #&" 6 $& .6+ 6
+ - F 0 + /1 " $ "
! "(& % "2 $
$&"= " = )" .= = =
72 ! $$= &= / ,= < =
(! ))+ E * + / 9& "&" &O :
+ 4&: - / / $ $ =# $ &&B+ + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+ G+ I+ J+ +
& " $ $ &' (" "&" & + + + & 6 "(' < $ " $ + + + &$&"2 "&' 6 $ & + + + & "7' < $&" & $ $&"( + + + &(0& 7' (2 & & " $ + + + &&"' $7 $& + + + O &" ' (2 " 0& $7 + + + &&2 ' ( + + + H "+ &"=' ' $&7 "&" & + + + & 2= $ $&" ' 8& + + + &&>&=' "& + + +
(! )*+ A + " IJ/ I(J/ I$J/ I $ J I " =J+ ! + $ ? - + + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+ G+ I+ J+ FJ
& . + + + #"+ + + + = & " + (2 $& + + + $&(+ + + + " 0 $ 7+ 6 $ 0$& $&" 0$7 + + + " &6+ + + + 0 = ( "$& & $& " 0 + + + + 6 &" $6 + *" & + + + 6+ " + + + + + + + $ & & "+
7 (
(! )++ = + # 7 $& & 7O ! + :& $$ / $-+ $- &+ 6 E& ! "& >" $ &2> L 2>' ++++ " ( " + & L ( ' ++(++ / 0& T &6 0 & L( ' ++4++ " (+ T 6 0 & "6 L "6 (' ++@++ " ( &$ $L $ $' ++C++ & + &6 0 & L ' ++D++ ( ( &(+ ; / & "6 & L( ' ++F++ 9& / $! I , 0 J+ , & &" $&7 L " $&7' ++G++ & "& " (+ ! "& >" $ $! H B &6 0 (02 $ , &/ $ 7 $& & 7+ & &# A A / ( / " T H 9& / 0 &>"&6,/ 2 $ " &$= >&T/ & ( 0& 2 6 &$= &B + $* 0&7 , / "( ,
; . ,
7 , &=& , >& , "
7 ,
" , *
(! *+ % + "$ = 1 0+ 2 4 &+
6 0+ ++++ "$ = 1 0+ $ ++(++/ > ++4++ $(+ (; ++@++ "$ = 1 0 , $& (2 + $( ++C++ + $ 0 7 ++D++ $&7+ 6/ "$ = 1 0 ++F++ (2 / ++G++ $( + , & ++I++ "$ (; 1 0(/ $ 0 ++J++ >! H ( &6 ++++/ "$ = 1 0 K H < ++(++ $& (2 / H $ "$ = 1 0+ % (! IBBB (02 ++4++ (2(/ "$ (; 1 0(BJ (2 ++@++ >+ ++C++ "$ = 1 0 "2 (2 / ++D++ (2 " &/ ++F++ $" &( ++G++ H "$&(/ (2 B H $ "$ = 1 0+ H "$&(/ = ++I++B H $ + H 0 ( ( & = & 72 O H $ " $ "$ = 1 0+ F@
7 (
H /& 6 (02 ++(J++ & =/ H & & + H 0 ( ( & = & ++(++ (2K H /& 6 (02 ++((++ & =+ H 0 ( ++(4++ & 72 (6K H /& 6 ++(@++ & =BBB ++(C++ "$ (; 1 0(+ 9& ++(D++ 2> $ + ( + ++(F++ (2 "$ = 1 0+ " 2 &+ "$ = 1 0 62 ++(G++ $ / $0$& B C
% !
7 Q O
; @ @@ % '('-3 J (J 4J @J CJ
A$=&7
? .&7 &"@ .&7 $B" =&7 $G&
DJ FJ GJ IJ JJ
2 $&7 $G& $A7 $=& B$ 7 $=&
= B$& $&
&B 0 %' %''
p
FD
6 8 & .+'-3) & 1
2 + =
&6 & A
F
?
6
6
@
0& K 0 FK
& O FO
7 *
p
24 H #B7 & AL &O H + + + H #B7 F &K H F+ + +
H #B7 &O H + + +
C/ @/ 4/ (/ C(/ @(/ 4(/ ((/ ( C4/ @4/ 44/ (4/ 4 C@/ @@/ 4@/ (@/ @ CC/ @C/ 4C/ (C/ C CD/ @D/ 4D/ (D/ D CF/ @F/ 4F/ (F/ F CG/ @G/ 4G/ (G/ G CI/ @I/ 4I/ (I/ I DJ/ @J/ 4J/ (J/ J / (/ 4/ + + + I
p
U
B
U
&
2 +
p
$&?"2 ( "?&( E& ( $&( A &( 2B7 ( (0@& ; $A;
$&?"2 $ $&"A E& $&( A & ?& "@
#B7 FL &K F "?&( ? ( "A; ?; $ $&"A #B "@$ "@
U
QM
QZ B
(C &
FF
$
24 0 '- L) ' $B7 & & ?' $&?"2 L B & GK 2 8 1 d
º
f
u
l
FG
7 *
'
'
& - -H :
+ BL > F&K #B7 FL &K
L ? >&K L ? "B& &LF0&$=K =
+++ A$$ +++ "B& & *A
"@ +++ (C & "B& &K
+++ $ I & F0&$= '
? +++ D & F0&$=O
"@$ +++ @D & "B& &K
+++ # & & "F" +++ "B& & @
+++ +++ F0&$=K
+++ $? +++ F0&$= 2B
B Suggesting a course of action
p
"
"
"
= &6 6 6 @
= &6 6 6 @
= &6 6 6 @
H(LH; H 27 H & H H & H(&LH;&
HFLHD H>27 H>& H> H>& HF&LHD&
H(LH; H27 H& H H& H&LH=&
8 > 0; 1 &I+(+@C'+ $ "
! "
p
! & " $ ?&7$= $&?&7 &@ &7 (0@&7$= ;@&7 A &7
$ & " $F+ + + $&+ + + + + + + + + (0+ + + ;+ + +L;+ + + + + +L + + +
E + N & ! %
( 4 & 0; 1 &+(''+ (+ 9 * > * ! $ &* ) $ $ ? #B ) B# B# : 0; 1 &I+(+C'+ 4+ > . $ 2 * > + : 0; 1 &I+(+D'+ 3 # +
* &' &(' &4' 1 + @
GJ
7 *
( ? &6 R R R $ B = A0 " K &6 R R RO &6 F0 R R R R RO / &6 & " $F R R R R RO /& &6 D R R R A&7K &6 ,B0 R R R $&&7K $B7 &6 $& R R RO ( ? &6 A R R R A& K
< R + + + < R + + + < (0 R R R + + + < & " $F R R R + + + < ; R + + + < , 0 R $&&7 + + + < $& R + + + A& = A R + + +
F& # &? ? "A "+ ? " ?$7 ? / (0@$7 "B $ ( "$&A& + 4J &+ ? >& 8 F" / F. ! #&"&/ B XD+ ? 2 &? / "F$$=+ ? "B& & 8 F"$ ( "$&A& / " >& ?* " "F$$ =6?+ %" B ? C2 ?( "? .+ ' > $&7 ? 7= B0/ &B"(; F& "@ + ? 6 ? $ B0 A & ! $$@; & 6,?&7 @ &7$= $ "?& / # "A ? 0 ?2 + > " @& F " B+ ? 6 "/ ? ? $ "? &$= A,&7 ! $$@;/ ? G & A&(/ 0&B6 (0@&7 @(+ < % )@= . ?7 $&7 = A$& " A = &0 $& A$& @& 7$& A07= *@= " ? !
A$& "B&6 L " *A$$= B"$& " $
'
: 8 L
+ * & G *@=O & > @=LB&0 $& K &6 F027$=K #B7 & A &K &6 >27K & &6 . ?7 $&K G
&6 " @$=L" ?$7K B ( & G " ? ! B $"A L B $"A L C$2 K 0
D Expressing likes and dislikes /
p
24 . + - " & A F
& ' "?&$= " F6 & ' "?&$= E& & "$$? & ' "?&$= E& 7A$ & ' "?&$= BB & ' "?&$= E& & " ? & ' "?=&$= E& $&,@ & ' "?=&$= ?(" "6
:
# # L # ) # ) # # # - # '" *. # $" # '* # #
8 # *
/
?2 L B ( "?&$=L=&$= + + + L F "?&$=L=&$= + + +
+ . , % L 4 + " : 2 -
# # 0 # L + * # #
E Structuring an argument 2
0 - + ;> " ?= " ?.=B # 0?$ B "G& @2(& B& 6, + "B2 B " ?2 (" ? 0&?& $?/ 0& ? & 6,?&7 &@ + /& ?0& I&@ JO ?0&/ ? A&7 "C&7 B$ "B&6K B (/ E& "?7 + ? 0 A ",B & $ "B&6/ ($&?/ F F B+ & 0 B ,B & / 0& D $7 A0 " 0&?;& A&6/ (" ?6 @ @+ @ $B&"=& & @ "/ "(@ $ G& ? / $F2;& F6(+
G(
7 *
8& A + A"6,/ & F/ 0& 0 A B & $ B $ A&7 @ ?&7+ & "C,/ & F/ 0& ( >& B B & "A$ + A$ 0 A $7 A0 " "? & *(&B A &/ ($&>&+ < F;/ 0& E& ? "A H = "B7=/ = "B&6+ 4A/ ? D & 6,?;&/ @ A;& & / 0& D=&! @ "?&$= $ "&/ "(@ ,B =& &? .6/ &"A&7 $ 4?;& & ?&"6 B/ 0 &>"&6 " 0&?;& & @ "+ ? ( H $ >B # "A& / @ &"B B/ $ A"
2
p
# # ->? $ / * C L . ># > -. L -.# *$ L *$ # # L $ -# $C $ B L $C$1B# . : + -+
F Leisure 5
V
on G@
6 2 2 # ->? $* $ / &/# &&* - -
A& " & F &'
7 & >&' $B . &$A&&' "B &$& @&' $ & >&' B & ! ?' ,B
& B "?
A&" LA&" 6 7LA&" = B
@ L @6 7L @= B $B 0 L$B 0 6 7L$B 0 = B "B L "B 6 7 $ A 6 &>+' B0 LB0 6 7 ,B L, B 6L, ?&7 & BL&> 6L& A&7 ?" L?"
+ , -$* - $ 9,+ 9&/, - $+ +&/,# && $ - $ G $ : .1
7 *
5
0 + > &2 % '> # $* $ / $ ,0# *$ - / #0.+ 3 L L # *
$ B A& B$ 7; B
?K 4 #
$B . A& " $
7 "
$@7 6 "B6 B ? &F0 &(? @$&7=
F; B (K &-* /, #
/& A;&K G- &*> 1/B+
&@ &?=&7 $& G&7 $ &@&7 ?&7
(&7 & A&7 , ?&7 $ "?&7$= ($?&7$= &A&7
&?&7$= $? , &?&7$= 7?, "?&7 G ( ?&7$= B" / " A/ B "
A&7 $ A (; ?( $ "?&7 A"6 . &C "&7 $ $ B B & " ?&7 "C , @&7 2B( "6?&7 B @&7 "C( ?&7 4 $ ?&7 ?0( "?&7 $ @ , @&7 ,B 6 &?&7$= ?" $ "?&7 "C G 6 $F ($&"?&7 @ A &7 ?0(
0 # 1 #@& / 0& A & D "&@ 2+ f
º
GC
d u
l
G Reading and comprehension
6 4 6 «3J
+ '0@ = F ? 7(; A 0( 0&?&7 $?&7+ A 0( ? "@ (2/ C 0 &C" B =&7 A$=. + /A" A$=&7 ? (A ? 0&?&7 I?J/ I ? J/ I#?2J/ I?2J+ $&?$7 ( > &B7 F I=J+ 27O %6 F B+ $ 2 BO < &B / A0 / $ G$=+ &B = $?! H < F/ "@ (2/ = F/ &6 FB ? $?! H < F BO % E& F I=JK & "$$?( + & A / !9.& #1& # / '/ X / IF4! D4C' : 8
+ + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+ G+ I+ J+
p
)
9 O Q O Q 01 01O ) O ) * O ) 9 O )
O )
2 O )
O % 9 *
O
& 8 .+'-3) & 1 9 > ? F( = $? & A! E& F I=J 5=$ @&7 0&? 0& S F 7
GF
p
L
'
UC W
$ 2 B $&C
3 # . + , - -. $ * H : + 1 H :+ + + + = $F0 + "@$( ?" + #?2 ,B + #&( A &( $&C + "A; $ 2 B+ "@ A$ + '0@& 7 . C "G& + 7 "F$& +
% "&F" B (, @J "? ($ & ?+ &B$= &"B7 + ' > $ B = 0 "@ + & > (2> (+
$F0 + "@$( ?" + #?2 ,B + #&( A &( $&C + "A; $ 2 B+ "@ A$ + '0@& 7 . C "G& + 7 "F$& +
A.= & "A$ =+ #& G& $@7 6 "B6+ $B&"& A ; & @ "(+ '0 @ "@ . &C+
< # ,''3 / % 9 9
* 0&?&7
A&7
$?&7 &@
&7 $ G&7$=
H Cultural awareness :
) " 4 & C (7 2&1 " +
GG
?&7
7 *
(+ 3 + $
* $7B A"6 0 &>"&6
& "B G&6 2 $&B
G&6 $ 7B
$G&6 &"A&
4+ /
=
(*A& (G&7 ? A &7 (0 @
$ ?
7 @(6 B$ 7 (0A 6
$&@ ("B ?&7$= $ B"& A& "B0= A= (0@& 7
&B&7 ("B G& F& ("B 2B7 = $& B=
@+ 6
2 ; # + '0A 6 0 ? &$= (+ '0A 6 A&$= 4+ !B0= A= @&$= @+ '"B " ? &$= C+ B$ ? ("B
:
& $B" =&7 F&+ & ($&"? &$= " A + & 0A& "&+ & A" $ &="G+ & =&7 +
!& K '- 4 + D & " @& & D& " > 2B(+ '0A 6 $ , 2B, ?2 $&" C 0 ? &$= & A" ' $ &="G+ '0A 6 2B A&$= 0A& "&! A"= @&$= $ & A" ' $ &="G @ &0 &>"& ' ="G/ & "?= H $ J & $G& ' ="G (I & ? .&7 G& '
"G/ &"A&7= H $ & @ .& ' = "G (4 & ? .&7 &"A&7 ' ?"&/ 0 &>"&= H $ & A" ' "A= .? ?=+ B$ ? 0A& "& $&( ?;& @(6! $A / @ / $A / A& + !B0= A= 2B7 @&$= C + '"B 2B " ? &$= @C &$B" =&7' F&+ B$ ? ("B ($&"? &$= " A & " "C' J & A$=&7' F&/ $ " @ = H 72?= " A H 4J &&"@ .&7' F&+ E& "A= (0 @ B(& ?&"&7 2B7 $& B @ (*A& + ? 2, ?$$, 6? & C0 4K@ ("B 7/ $&?"2, H CKD+ B$ ("B A & "6 (0 @ $&D&$= 2B / "F " > =/ & F 0& , " @& ? =&6
> "B& + % A& A ;&/ & 6,?;&/ (G;&/ ?;&$= $ B"& &B=& ("B+ B ?$$ C0 F0&$= B 4J &&" .&@W (0 B+ # 0?7 2B &$ A" 0 &>"&6 $$' G&= C0 >& @ (0@& 7+ $&?"2, ?$$, &$ G& @ .&6' ? 6 " A& >& (0@& 7 $ .@$&+ GI
? = (0?4,$= .A ;&$= =&?7 $$&A + '0?4 $= B(& (0@&7 $A (;4 .A L &A&+ C @ 4 (
:
& =&>" ' &0 &>" ' &&"B ' & B ' & @. '
H &@0 H , " 2B H ( & "@& 7 H ( & "@& 7 & B, W H B0 7 B,
24 & :&1 " 2 + = (+ !
(0 @ $&
IJ
? =& 0?&7
"B&&7 2B
7 *
4+ 3 #
&' & ' &' &' &' & '
* : + 5 + L C + = @C +
4 +
@+ ! &' & ' &' &' &' & '
! @& & D& " > + + + 2B( + + + D &+ '0A 6 + + + 2B A&$= + + + 0A& "&+ A"= 0A& "&7 @&$= + + + & A" ' $ &="G + + + @ &0 &>"& ' ="G+ + + + ? 0A& "& $&( ?;& @(6+ + + + ? ("B ($&"? &$= " "C + + + J F&+ + + + ? 2, ?$$, 6? & C0 4K@ ("B + + + 7+
E 2 > / 2/ ! * * C * ) $ "
C '" * ) # +
:$
/ & &+ )
/ 0 + = 1
/ /
+ : .
2 5 &ID DF IGG'+ / / 5 + . * / &
'+ 6 / + = /
+ % / /
2 5 + 2 ! IGCLGD 4F & 4( / @@ '/ IGGLGI * (F & (( /
4@ '+ = J+C / / + I
+ A 5 -+ + +. / + : IGGLGI/ ( = 4I + IFJ IGJ+ 8 / * + 3 * / & (JJ IIJ/ @J
'+ & : / 3 / HA/ II@! @FC' ' = + &+ )
+ @ 2B7 / " $@ " A $ / ? F& 4 @&=,K (+ A & 72 $&B " $@, " A $, 2B7 K 4+ @ 2B7 $ 4?;& "F ( " > =O / @ & ?;&$=K @+ #B7 " A $, " $@, &A $ 4? "? 72 $ 4? & & A"7 "F ( " > =K C+ F0&$= 2B7 / 07 $ A 6 $& G& 7$& G;& &7
B K D+ 0 F A & "6 2B6 "B&;& $A 6K F+ 0 F $A = $$&A $ ? =G &$= &?7 6 "? & K
on
8 ! " + 6 ( ? & $&"(&F" 2B7 " ? = ! $$@ & 0?7 = 2B/ B = $"A == B = $"A == 2B '+ !$$@& $&"(&F" 2B6 ?2 $&" A+ (+ ?2 $&" A ? &@&7 (0A 2B O F &@&7 (0A / @ 2B >& , $ ?& K 4+ ! $$@ A& $&( ?;& 2B( D &+ ( $K @+ #B7 & ? (0@&7$= 2B ?2 $&" AK C+ ?70 A 0 F0&$= A$& / @ $&7 ($@ A $ 2B6K D+ ? $$&A .A ?2 2B K F+ !$$@& B " @ 2B7 =+ & ? 0 ?;&$= G&= 2B O #B7 "A " ? &$= @ ("BO #B7 "A " ? &$= 72?= " A / ? (0 @ A ;&O @ A ;&!
B 2B O ? 0?;&$= G&=O' G+ #B7 " ? $ ?&7 9? 6 2B K I+ #B7 " (0A F ? 6?;& 2B7 6 @(6O #B7 "A @ " ?;&$=K
I(
7 *
:'
) @(A '- " (A) . - - 8 8 6 %, 7>&$= &, /
>&6 $=. , & + , & 2 " 7+ & >&6 $=. & 7+ 8& 4 7 / 8& 4 / ( / $6 &;"7 / & $7 + &I4I'
p
-
Q 8 & > K ' 07 1 &F+'+
+ 4 & -3 " (! )+ + "&+
/ + ! #
: ,= ( (. / ( 72(; $ (+ $&6 L$ 2 + & ' "&$= " (6+ " " & * (+ " * $$ " ( $&( &(+ # 7 & &O 4I &+ < ( "&(+
(! ,+ H + "$&+ 0 +&/# & & + + (+ &= 4+ @+ (2 C+ (2 D+
(D @( CG I( GF C4
F+ G+ I+ J+ +
& . # "> % = "$ 0 ; "$
D( (C @ 4I @C
(! -+ N + ( 6 >& O 8 + . A $ $ # # $ $ $ & &+ ( 6 >& O
6 / "(= &/ T(" / * = "& "=/ $&"6 "(/ (2/ 2= $ $&"/ " / # ">/ T6$&/ $&( 0 $ 4 & / 72 & &"/ !($$ ( / T*"/ (0 = & / " $= 7 ./ T" &/ / &>&=
(! .+ : > + 6 6+ 0
"
: ,= ( G - $ ? $ 1 "&7 &&7 (0&7$=
$ &" &7 ;&7
$& =&7 & &7
, &7 $ &7 IC
(! 4+ + " $! 0& ( U W "&$=O 3 # @ 8 # @ /
! I! (7&&6 " $ / 0& $ "=&$= $&, (2 + + + + J+ && # $- +
"&7 *(& , &7 & .6 &7$= 2
&$= (, = $ " = (6 . $$0 $ & " 6 ; $&, (2
&" 0
&=
"
= = =
"$ 0
3 3 7
3 3 7
7 7 3
3 3 3
7 7 7
7 3 3 7 7 3
7 3 7 3 7 3
7 7 3 3 3 3
7 3 3 3 3 3
7 7 7 7 7 3
(! 5+ + /& (O : 4 0# -$ -B- ? $+ & O (2
0& &K 0& & 2(& 5=$ = &
" $6;
>27 ( & " >&
0& K $(
(K ((
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
/ IDI! 4(K4' (! )*+ + " $ 7 + : & $ / + $ $ 7 " &$= &" $=.+ $ " "& 4> & $ / ( & &+ " == &$= "= &"/ ( > 6 $&7= " 7=,/ "6 . &6+ $( ;& &.6+ ; 7 ;7 H $6 "=& 6 & $=.6+ ;=& "&7 & ($ & + 9& " = , & 6,&7 " / $ , " 2 $ 7 ! 0 & 6,+ + " 2 ( &7$= " / (=&7 $(/ $ "&7 "6 = 6+ & $ 7 &> / " + (& / &> 6 " ;&$= + IF
, "6 $ $=. H $ &="7+ $ &=" 4> , / &" ( & &/ $&7= " 7=, >&6 / "$ 6 / "0 6 + !($$ "=&! I# &="7 H &= $ 7J+ &="7 ( , 6 $=.+ (& / $& & , = $6"=/ ( & & "+ $ 7; , " 2 & 6,&7 ; / />" " / 9& " = $ , " 2 + ' " / & "&(" (,/ " &> =+ !($$ 0 7 ;=& (+ "(& & ($ + "7/ = "7 * "7 H , 6 $=.6+ $& =& $7 6 " 6/ 0$& =" $ && $ . + "$ 6 $ B $ &&7$= 6, 7, $ ,B ' " = & $&(+ ! #
IG
&' : +
: + = + ) + = + = +
& ' 6 + + + $ ( "$&(& "$6 + + + $" $ 7 " &&7/ + + + "6 $ $=. H + + + * " 0 7 , / $& & $7 6 + + +
II
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
V '
(JJ
4J @[
( (@[
( [
0 4& 4 & C 7 2&1"
C+
+ /& & U W "&$=O : $ $?# & $ $ L $ * 1 1
C+(
+ /& & U W "&$= &7O " " : $ $ - # & $ $ @ $ * 1 1
7 *
C+4
=>
+ # $ 0 & =! "& 7 6 $(4 $&& 7 6 + 6
" 8" * + 2 7 =/ (+ 7=/ 4+ 2 / @+ 72=/ C+ &" =/ D+ (0 6/ F+ (;/ G+ 2 7 6/ I+ & / J+ "($$ 7 * / $& =/ / 7/ ;/ =6/ $$6/ " / 0/ (6
C+@
: + & 6+ /
& ->? $ + & ,
C+C
0&7$= " &
: + /& 4 +
0 9 - $ :& + + (6/ / " $/ " (+ " / "$$/ $/ $&, 4+ , / *(& / & $/
C+D
. "7
@+ $ &="7/ = "7/ "&/ "7 C+ & " / $" / 0 & "/ $( & D+ &"/ " =7/ &" / * &
+ $& =4 " =+ + %6 + + + + (+ 4+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+ G+ I+ J+ + (+ 4+
&7 (0&7$= & & " $ &7$= &7 $&7 "&7 ($&&7 $ =&7$= $ &7 , & &7 &7 ;&7 $&&7
(J
7
H F ! ( ; QC
# & " " ( I&6J %, 7>&$= &, + + +
(! )+ % + 1(&+
#
4 &+
6
Hfpuj^jh
0 + + + + + + / "( + + + I + + + OJ I &BJ I + + +OJ I &BJ I + + + "&6OJ I &BJ I/& / ( + + + & $&&
1J I + + + / & 7 + + + J I OJ I< 0$& + + + " (+J 6
Yfi ghtgjlf^fntkm
H 2 " & 7 * + + + $ $ $ + 2K H 2 & + 9& + + + + + + / 0& 6 + + + + 6
Vfvf b ljxrf
7= 0 $ & + + + (+ > + + + ! H 0> &6 + + + O H + + + "&! H &6 + + + O %6 + + + 0 7 " + 07 + + + ! H / = + + + " / = + + + "( 7 &7 &/ 0& 7= 0 $ & + + + H /& &6 + + + / 0 7 O H + + + &7+ H < + + + $7 + H &6 4> + + + $&7+ H ( 0& B = "( = + + + 0&&7+
(J(
7 *
(! *+ 7 + 6 (0 +
& $ :& 3 # - /+ "7
+ % = #" H " & 7 .+ (+ & % (& + 4+ % = >& " + @+ % = (0&$= ( "$& & " ("$ + C+ % = &$= $ =6 + D+ % "=&$= 7;& "6+ F+ $ " = % = ;& 0&&7 " 6 $&,+ G+ % = 0 7 , " 2 >&+ I+ ! $=. >& $&( 0 $ , " + J+ # = ( % & =&+ + % = $ & $ " + (+ % = 2 & $7 $6 (+ 4+ % = & 0 & $7 $ $&"6+ @+ & 6 (0 $& & "= $ + C+ 6 (0 0& & > $7 +
"7
& & & & & & &
& & & & & & &
& & & & & & & &
& & & & & & & &
(! + + 8 ("+
0 4 0+ /& " $7 8 (" K 8 (" ! ' . . . (' #&"6 6 + + + 4' + + + + + + @' " . "(
$ " =! ' + + + (' + + + + + + 4' + + + + + + @' + + + & .6 8 (" $ # & & "("
;&
"&$=
"&$=
(J4
4+(
: + / &/ - # $$ ->? $ + H /& "&$= % O H /& "&$=K H /& ;& &7 $ " =K (! ,+ V + /& U W "&$=O 8 + $ $ +
(J@
UNIT
G
.
In this unit you will learn how to:
. * . In this unit you will revise how to:
. 1 /
A Talking about people
V
) ) 6 / 27OJ+ A $ " $@ G/ ( ? = F+
p
A $ " $@ "F! I( ? >& ? OJ+ A $ " $@ "F/ ( ? >& ? +
5 9 / < $ " $@ "F! I%6 @ E& & *7OJ+ < $ " $@ "F/ @ E& & *7+ < $ " $@ "F! I? @ E& & *7OJ+ < $ " $@ "F/ @ ? E& & *7+
/
8 * -? 6+ %
IDC * 1 + 4
2 # 8 # + + $ 3 L6 .'"
+ (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+ G+ I+ J+ +
! @$= $A I(C &&C$=0 =&7$B& ? .&7 G& ' F+ &A. / " E7/ 6 $?& + $? @ " ? $ A/ 7A$6 = "A$ & ?&"+ ' " $ $A C & &( "(>+ $?&7 = ?0 "? / A"6 $ E&@0 $ " B $ A & (+ &B 0?$7 ?/ I@( F (2> *" &/ ?/ 6 "? + B$ ?. (0@$=/ B 0 $B$ $&&F&/ "B& " ?& 2B + / "B& "?$7/ , &G (0@& = 6/ ? &$=/ $&G4+ @, &@0 $, .A ( G A 6 + < 6 $?& + + &A/ 0&B6 A "? $(4 $& ? & "&F" $ B =/ "A& 6, & " A+ & "? " @.(/ & F 0& & & A & $7 0?&&7 9& C B +
$ 3 6 .'"
(+ ? " $& ? &.?/ C @ &/ 2B 4> (0@$=+ 4+ % / 0& $(0@ $7/ A 6 = G @ $&7;/ = / 0& &A. 0?& &$= " @. + @+ @ $&7; C "(B ! B$ B "A$& 2 ", @ B6 B6 D " ? $ D B 47+ &!%& $& $'/ $ &="G/ IGG'
(J
7 ?
E Cultural awareness 2
6 " 8 & $427 A
8 + 3(0A F2 >&= ( &A &( , (0A 6 '+ A / "B $" $ / A" @ = &( A &6 4?;& G&= H A. ? 6+ A./ ?/ 0&?;&= F F (/ ? 6/ &B" 6 B&6 A& 6 (@ G&= B =&= F & A (J 0A ? '+ ? = A.= @ ? @&= C0 & "? &/C' 0? &E '/ A ( @ (& ?;&= =& F& 6 C6+ @ B / I B0 7J &( A & ?&= I & =&@W @ &0 &C" .&' 0$B+ 4A G& = ? &( A & =?&7 &E ('+ E! &' 3 @ ( ?&= @C F&/ G& &&F& &( &A&' &@& (2 ( B+ 8& ( 6?;&= I J+ ? 6 7 ( &( A & (K4 ? 6 G&+ &(' ? 6 *(7&A& A & ; ?(/ &B"(; &( A &6 C (B&7+ ' &( A & & B 6 C ?6+
+ (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+ G+
Q O ) O )
O Q O Q O Q L O 9 O = O
(0A = F2 H & 0 &6">, 2 $&@ & &C0 =&7 &'+ '0A 6
@&= &= G D 7 A&= A$& &E '+ B$ ? A$& &( ?& ? 9? H 9 .B = A$$= &E ('+ ? (; A$$; &( A &6 D& B72 =&@ 9? 2&@ 0>&+ 72 &B 9? ! $$@ F& 6+ '& 6 9? ?;& &" ?&=+ &( A &6 F& @ A& ?42 &A+ A& @$ 6 6/ &B"6 &( A &6 C &A&&7+ ? A& &7 & ?&/ 2A ?0+ &( A & ?& / B& =&7 (B A&/ E& F0 &A& &A& F & @ + ' ? &( A & &7 0>& = @/ &B"(; ?&7 @$6& A& .A (/ &B"(; &( A & (0@ &A&+ E! &' '0A 6 " $$@$, F2 0 ?&= A A" &= G A&=
A$& + A"6 A$& 0 ?&= &= A ?&= @ A$=./ .?
G+ B$ @ A$$ 0 ?;&= &( A 0 @ @(6+ FKJ * G 0 ?&= & A$& + 3 @&= &B @ A$=. ? 0&= .A ?=+ D ?(& A& @(6+ &(' /& &B $A$$=O 4 A = A A$=. D &( A &6 D& 0>&6 9? 6+ E& A= ( 2 & G&+ (K@ = &( A &6 &B=&= 9? (/ &B D& B+ (
8&& B 6?&= I@ ==LA& == 0>& 9 .B = $A$$=J @ ?& H IA$$=J+
+ (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+ G+ I+ J+
Q
O Q O ) O Q 2O Q 2L O Q O = 2 O ) 5 2O ) 2 5 O ) 1 O
&A .A = 9? 0&6 >2?7 =! &@0 &C'/ 2 2B U\W/ ( & @&7 &4'/ ( & @&7 &(' = 0>&! I0>&J/ I 0>&J+ &( A &/ (A2 A" ? &7 0>& @ 9? B( F 7 A&(/ A & ? 4> ?&7 B &( A$$;+ & F ( >&= &7 E&& E? / &0G&= (0A A =+ + (+ 4+ @+
Q 2O Q O ) 2 O ) 2 O
&( A &6/ &B"6 ( A2 G;&= (0 ?/ (0?;& ( ? & (; & A ;+ ' &( A &&@0 & A = C2 = & (C[ C2 C0 '+ + ) O (+ ) (C O '0> F 0?&= ?0 ( ? & 62 9? / 4@& B B&6+ + ) * 2 O
2
! 8 - 2
? 6 &&F& &( &A&' A;& &@ 6 ?6/ & 4? / & B 6+ ? &( A & 2B =& =?&7 6 G&= B"&+ " &B/ ?;4 &( A &6 B(& ?&7= @0 62 &@ 62 A.=2/ (0?&&7 ? =2+ &&F&6 A;& @0 6 &( A 0 &?& 6/ A$& 6/ 2 / & .?7 6 (@+ > E& 6?&= I2( B& = A=&7 &7J+ '0?& 2( B& A=&7 & 6&( ?;& &( A 02 0 ?2/ &A2/ &( A 02 F2+ &( A &6 A;& *D/ &B"6 A$& ?&7 *D B&&= 7 & 62 &( A &+
((
7 ?
! .
2
: & 3
0 + / + 9 IGGLGI 3//
GIG / / DI + /
(JJ / / + / / 2 + 9 IGG +I IGI (+/ / + = IGI / FJ / (( D $3+ *
C@
& '/ 4C
& '+ > + = / > / + / 2 ,
( /
H:: 2+ & : / 3 / HA/ II@! @FDKF'
(4
' = + 3
+ ? 6 & A .= B " *B"6 C$2 " ? = =G$7 ?0 $& / & $*?.= 9** &@ @" K (+ ! *B" " ? &' ( 0A @ $ "4A @0 $& F $&( ?;4,/ &(' "$2"A @ " 0A $ .?7 $& O & $@$7 " *B" $G= A ( " ? &"A $&= " C2 $&K 4+ #B7 C F IGGLI FO #B7 , ? C$2 " * $$ ?7 " ? $B7 C ( "$&A& K @+ @, F, &B (0& AK C+ #B7 6? & $&( ?;4, ? A$& F,K D+ @, $"A , (0A 6, A =, (0@$7 $&( ?;4 K F+ C0 F& $&( A &6K G+ @ $"A $& F& $&( A &6K I+ $B7 & "$$0@& " "? F,K J+ .A ;&$= ? = $&( A & K
2$
) +2
6 & "($ &( "= ( B++ /& 4 & $&" > O /& ( "; " O++ ";& 6 H & " $4 &/ 0& >&$= $" &+ + + '6B $0$&= 4 & & $0$&= &B $&"(= $ & ("/ (0 $ . & + + + / =& 6/ " $& ("/ ( & ("=, $&7 B &%B H$: $# %H9 6 .=O " * "& 6 2& K @+ & &$ "0' , 0 & $&&7 2 "(O ' 6 $ = &=O ( , O ( 6 O 6 6 & * (O & & "$& O &( "2 (0 K C+ &(02= "( ' ( ( & O "$$6 O # 6 >& & &"O ( &6 >27 $" $ 7 O 6 6$& O & " , K (! *+ V + " $6 & &6+ 8
+ $ $ # # =# $ &&B+ + / 6 & $7 $ " =O &"($$= & "&("/ "($ 6 $ "&' (+ / &6 & " $( 27$=O & (=" = (6/ $= $7/ & &"7 $($$& ' 4+ / & " $( &$= 9& & $&( &O &9 / $' @+ / 6 ( & $7O &$$0 $ &/ $ " = " ' (! ++ A + " + 8
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
: $ / =$ + ! * =&7/ & &&7/ $ &" &7/ 6(0&7/ &7/ $&7/ $ &7/ " & &7/ $&7 + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+ G+
< 6 + + + & "( &.(+ %6 6 + + + $ $&" & * (K 6 + + + (" + 6 + + + $& & "(+ 6 6 ( + + + / 0& $&" &&7$= $ + 6 6 + + + $7 "( K 6 + + + 6 $ + >& 7/ = 6 + + + &+
(! -+ N + 6+ : "
/ : @& = > - $ ? $ O "&7 (=&7 $&7 &7 &7$= &7 $(2&7 $& =&7
&7
&7 &7 &7 ;&7 ( &7 $ &" &7 & . &7
"&7
"&7 &7 0&7 6&7 "$ &7 $ & &7 (0&7$=
& &7
&7 &7 &7 $& $ &7 $ &7 , &7
(! .+ 9
+ " $6 & &6+ 0 +
+$ $ + $ $ + 0 (K & K K (D
K /& K K
K 0>K / K
( K K # 7 K
7 ?
(! 4+ ; + & 0& / $ O ! + @ / +& & $ $ / - & &/- - />O * =& .( K $ L + (+ 4+ @+ C+
= & K
$ 0& K
K
$ &" 0& K
*7 0& K
( + 0>K L
! ; = , + 6 $=. " & ( " $& " / " (6+ 6 . "& K 0> 6 0&K &= "2 / ( $ &7+
(! 5+ V + $ + 8
+ $ $ C&+ $ (&O 2 *=O (& 2( &7L2 &. O (& 2 " & O " & & 2 L2 & .O 6 (0$7 2 O # 7 & 6 & (0$7O " &6 "$7L "$7 2 O 6 $&( ( "$& &O =6 6 (0 & O # 7 " ; 6 & $7 "($$ =6 O " &6 "=&$=L "=&$= " ("$ O " & ( $ 9 6L0>&6 " O 6 $ 0$ >& O "&$= &7 4 &L$ &7 &(O 0 (O /& 6 ;& &7 $ " =O 6 , && $&&7 $ 0 = ( "$& & K (! 6+ V + /& 6 , && &7 "(,O $ +
@ ->? $ - -B- 0 $ + &' < 0 ( "$& & + &(' < , ( & &" (; ;+ &4' / = 62 ( $ 7 & + &@' 0 " 0 " 6 $ &" & "+ &C' $( &( 6 " + &D' < ( 9&( ( $ $&" + &F' 0 " = (0 $7 & "&+ &G' < + (! )7+ + & " 0+ $ $ $ # && $ /> = + ' &=' ++++ $= 60 = "*=+ & . " $ '" 6+ ! & 7 & $& ' ++(++ & . 0 & " " 6 $&&(&/ &7 H "+ & &7$=' ++4++ & ' ++@++ & & . (0$= (04 + &'&' ++C++ *" &+ $ & ' ++D++ " & " , &'" ' ++F++ + % & . " & "& "&+ " "6 &$ " &"7' ++G++ " "&/ ($ " " &&7 $ & $=.' ++I++ &"+ ( 6 $ " =&7 & ' ++J++/ ( "+ ' = $&7 $&"2 "&/ & "6 &" &7$=' ++++ 0 " $=. $ 0 (F
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u 8 ! 4 & ' ++++ + 0 $&&(&+ ! &; &(0& 7' ++(++/ & " &7 9' ++4++ ,; $" 2 $$ + & " $(;$7 &* & "*=' (G
7 ?
++@++/ 0$& &* & "*" &7 9' ++C++ "" ( " + . "(; 6 &"6&+ $ " = &;&7 99' ++D++ 0&&7 ;$&"" 6 (" 6 &$($$& ' ++F++ + + 0( " $6&7$= $ &(0& 7 . ' ++G++ &)" .=' ++I++ u ! &? + ? * + 0&7/ (+ & &7$=/ 4+ "&7/ @+ &7$=/ C+ (0&7/ D+ $&&7/ F+ (0$& &7/ G+ "&7/ I+ $&7/ J+ &7$=/ + $ 4&7/ (+ &7/ 4+ $ &7/ @+ 6$&( &7 7 * (67 $&"( & / " " & / *(7& & "/ / =&=/ 0$/ $ $&"/ $. / 9 (/ &/ . (/ " / $ " =,/ 0>&
@+I
+ O =O O O 6 " - -B- ? & ->? $ + 8" * + (0 =/ (+ $( "$& 6 / 4+ $& 7 =/ @+ $=& (& 6 / C+ (0 / D+ =/ F+ " 0/ G+ & "&(" / I+ (67 6/ J+ 0 " / + $ "& 6/ (+ $&( 0 $ 7 * / " &/ " "/ & / 7/ " / " "66/ $&"( &/ "/ (/ / 9 6
7
H G ! ( @
(0 (,
7 $&( & "($ &+ :+ " & '
(! )+ % + &" +
% ,$ &6 CJJ =&$B&6 DJJ 2 $&$B&6 FJJ $ $B&6 GJJ $7$B&6 IJJ =&$B&6
8 ; &G+(+(+'
) . K '-3 & 3 0 # 8 )
" 8 * ' ! ) 1 4 " B0 0 1 3 3 O " A&6 "F$$ =C & "&F" & ?&
=
?$$6 ! ( 4
@
C
D
F
G
I
J
+O+ W D
D +O+ @
D ( D
@ ( D
4 ( D
4 4 D
@ @ C
@ 4 C
J W D
G W +O+
( @ D ((F
" A&6 $&B"= 4 $& A "" A "?*= *@ B= $&" B= $&"? 6 =C ,@= "@& 7 $F$$& F6 *(7&F" & , @0 $ &"(
0 "0A *(7&&@ 6 G&=
" A&6 "F$$ =C & "&F" & ?& $&B"= 4 $& A "" A "?*= *@ B= $&" B= $&"? 6 =C ,@= "@& 7 $F$$& F6 *(7&F" & , @0 $ &"(
0 "0A *(7&&@ 6 G&= ((G
?$$6 ! ( 4
@
C
D
F
G
I
J
W W W W W W W W W
W W +O+ W W W W W W
W W ( W W W W W W
( W ( W W W W W W
+O+ W W ( W ( W ( W
( W W +O+ ( ( W ( W
( W W ( ( +O+ W (
4 +O+ W ( 4 ( W (
@ ( W ( +O+ W 4
4 ( W ( ( ( +O+ 4
( ( W W ( ( (
( +O+ W
( ( W
( ( W
+O+ ( ( W
+O+ ( W
( ( W
W W ( (
W W ( ( +O+
W W ( W
W W ( W W
W W ( W W
W
W
W
W
(
4
@
@
C
D
?$$6 ! ( 4
@
C
D
F
G
I
J
( W +O+ ( W W W W W W W W
J W D W W ( W W W W W W
G W D W W +O+ W W W W W W
D W @ ( W ( W W W W W W
@ ( D ( W W ( W ( W ( W
+O+ ( D ( W W 4 ( ( W ( W
4 ( D ( W W ( ( ( W +O+
4 4 D 4 W W ( 4 ( W +O+ (
@ @ C @ ( W ( @ +O+ W 4
@ +O+ C 4 ( W ( ( ( 4
( @ D ( ( W W ( ( (
( ( W
+O+ ( W
+O+ ( ( W
( ( W
+O+ ( ( W
( ( W
W W ( (
W W ( (
W W ( W
W W ( W W
W W ( W W
W
W
W
W
(
4
@
@
C
D
7 B
B
p
on
p
, "; 9 + + + & ' , $ + B A$=. K "A E& A$=. * H ? &6 A $FO H "A + H ? 6?;& 9? 6 ( "$&A& K H + + + + + + B A$=. 0 ? &$= (0A 6 2B ( $ $&" AK B A$=. 0 ? &$= (0A 6 ?2 ( "$&A& K B A$=. 0? &$= A"6 $ A$&" L & "B $ A$&"K B A$=. 6?;& $A L @ L $A L A& 2B7 6 @(6K B A$=. $ D& 9? 6 L &B" 6 9? 6 F,K B A$=. 6 " @$7K B A$=. " ?$7 ?2 ? L " @$= 2 ? K B A$=. "? (;& ! $&B L 7 ?& " L 7 $=&B &@ K B A$=. " ,B & &A $ 6 &(" @" ' B K B A$=. " ,B & & &"?7 6 * $&?7 8 F" K B A$=. "? .6 "? (;& 7 "A =K
> 9 + + + & ' , $ + B FK
on
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
on
p
B F 6 B 0 2B(K B F 6 $&( @ ( "$&A&K B F 6 A & (0@&7$= ! $$@;K +&/,# $ && -. 2 * - , . + +& & 1 / &-* . 1 " A = $A"& $? " # "A 0 F2 FII G4F ,@ :"7 0 A" & G@ G@ ? $@7 0 B 7 GJI GC( ? # "A 0 %("A GG GG4 )> " ,? 0 $& A$ G( GG ? 0 % $&B G(G IJ &B ? 0 /A, GDJ IJ@ "A ,?& GGI IDD
> + + + & ' , $ B A K
*
"B2 A .?& A + + + A B A " @$= F2 K
$ ? .& +
B A @ " ? C &@0 $ .A &" ! $$@K XKX999 +! X999KXN999 +! $ XN999KXX +! # & & "(" XX +! $
p
on
(4J
+++ +++ +++ +++
B"
+++ +++ +++ +++
& > "; 9 + + + $ $ , $ $ + P I@! D I@ &&C$=0 =&7$B& $B" A" ' B & ! A$& $= $F+ ?$, H $?6 ? 6 "? "F$$ " $? .A" H 6? & $ B/ ?"& @ "A + X G &B=& F$ 6 (@0 ?$,(/ A& "?$=& G.+ B 07 .A" >& $,?7 = $F/ &B"(; " D& "? & @ "(+ ?$,( C0 "? (;&
B+
V
AB :&1 " 5 * "? B6
+++ ?$,
V
p
> +++ +++ " A$& $ +++
+ ! ! , # ( ! $&B B6
B6
?$,(
& 0?;& +++ +++ +++
:
L
! $&B & 0?;& $ 7B = "G+ ?$,( "? (;& $ B+ "? " D& F6(+ ( ("2?;& "F2+ = &A " F;& F&" +
L ; ! $&B & 0? & $ 7B = "G+ ?$, "? ( & $ B+ "? " >& F6+ ("2? & "F2+ = &A " F;& F&" + (44
$ #33M
8 && " &+ &
7 > "&F"
# $A !
on
on
+ G 0 "@ !
@& / 0& = 2? ?2 ( "? (+ < &B7 , 0F $?&7/ 0& $ 0?$ (A C 0$B (&"? C = "G + + + B B H 6 &B ? & O++
! $&B B6 ! $$@+ + , -$* * . . . . . .
0 F "F$$ ! $&B "? (;& F = "GK /& ?0& I$&?"6J B6 K /& "@ =& "@&7 B6 L ! $&BK "@ =& "G&7 $ "? K /& ! $$@ &B=& ! $&B L B6 K "? (;& ! $&B L B6 ( , $ 7AK
! $&B ( $ B+ 9&/, -$* >* "? (;& ! $&B L B6 ( $ $ 7A+ ?= ( $ 6? > E& F+ & > ("2?+ & 0& &B " A$& $ A + /& "@ ! $&B "B+ F 0& 6 "@ ! $&B L B6 + -, # $=&B &@ B
7 B
/
1'+"
?; && AL' $
'
: :5 *
,
$0?$&7=B "B7=B ($ A, "B& L (0> + + + B
"G; & G $ + + + B
?; & A + + + B
' ('-3 G
+
: 3 : 8 ; &(+C+@'+ $ * + " &"B0 #@ " H A (2/ GJ &/ >& "A C+ ? &"B0 1&? H 0?7 "&B" $@"$ *#-&*
7 " A = 7 $7B ?"& ! $&B X"$&B
0? ( "$&A& B6
7
* "@& 7 = &"6&
(4F
E Cultural awareness 2
' V
) 4 & C (7 2&1 " 3
# * @$ + + + O
" ? &A0 $& = $&B (&0
V
A
H H H H
"$ ?
" ? $= B&& 7 "@& 7$&
& '
&"'()
" ? &A0 $& = $&B (&0
p
=
&"'() >
"$ ?
" ? $= B&& 7 "@& 7$&
H H H H
B & B $ ! $ IJC B $ ! IJF B
$ $$! IJF & '
& 1)) * " 000 0 # 8 ) 4
* + 1 = * % A"6 >& 0 A B$ $ "@ I$&B=J " "A "0> $& "?7 6 $ " &"> ## "0> $& " A & ###! "@ ?$ $& " $&"B 7. $& " A & ! $$@ (&0 $A !$ ? ###!
D3 1 0 +++ IG + +++
?"7 I(( + +++ I(@KIC4 +++ I@C + +++ ICDKD( + +++ ID@KG( + +++ "& IGI + +++ D 7 IIJ + +++
?"7 II +
A 72 @$&$ " D. ! $$@ $? $&? $& @. # A&$ ! $$@ " ? $= ? " ? ###! # "&7 A #&? H "?7 6 $ " &?"7 ## 0?$7 @= &A0 $& = ? 0? & "B " B C # "&7 #&? "@ IB&& J " X"(4> A"6 >& 0 A B$ $ "@ I$&B=J " "A "0> $& "?7 6 $ " &"> ## "0> $& " A & ###! "@ ?$ $& " $&"B 7. $& " A & ! $$@ (&0 $A !$ ? ###!
F Biographies
: .
!
B 9A(' ('- 7 C
"
& @ & $ B 47; $ $A A "? & / (0@$= 0&?&7 & F@ F B$ " F$= "B ( $ ? $B$
$?&7+
( "$&A& A; F+
(4I
& 0?& 7 6 "F$$ (0> 6 ,@ $@7 0 B$ / &B"
0?$& 6?;& I"F$$ ?" @ 0J/ " @$= "6?. "A B & ",? 7$ " F A B"= F F+
& B F4J B =& .&A& B$ ",? 7$ $F+
"2> 2B
& &>" " 2@ (0@&7$= ?72 + & # F4 B ?0 (0@&7$= $B$ #G "A &@ $ A+
& # 0?$ B @= B$& $B$ $( ?"$& 6 ( "$&A&+ & ' " + + B$ FDC F+ & '0@$= $&G4 $ " A&+ & /A" B $? "? ; = (0A = ,@ &("@+
!
B *'-(7 %) )
+ & 3 & 2
+ (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+ G+ I+ J+ + (+
0> "? &7 @& " K /& ? A K ? / $ ?0 (0@&7$= "?&7 * "& 7G K /7; F6( $B ;@K B B"$& /B$ $&( @ (0@4 " A =K (0?$& & &"?7 @ & "F" K #B7 & C /B$ (/ ? B 0 (0@4 K $& 0? (0@4 " A =K ( ? $&( @ (0@&7$= (( B K F; ?7 (0@ 0? $ "&B"K ? " A, & "F" $FK "B& $AK
7 4> " > >&" 7@0 /B$ B0 7 ;@ $F2&7 "B 6 B ! &7 @& " 0?$& "? " G A (G" 6 & "A= A$ " ? $6+ "? A&$& 0@$7 B A"6 ("B "C * "& 7G + % ? ?0 B&7$= $ " A = &7G $, A., @& " + $B "=0B ;@ B @ F6( B "6 I (? J B."&+ B"$& $=&@ & /B$ $&( @ & "F"$ (0@4 " A =+ & "F" "C B$= $ @" & ?&"/ $ B " A& / $ $* @0 $ $F$$& + " A $ (0> (0@4 ?$= F6 / (0?$& ,B" / " ("B "C * "& 7G ( (@J
7 B
A$& 6, @$& + B$ 0? = (0@4 =& .&A& B"$& /B$ $&( @ $F( 0 B + ? .&7 B $&( @ &B7 0& &"C&(; & "F" A"(; " $$@$(; $ "&B";+ .&7 =&7 & /B$ B 0 $ "&B"; $ $ "A"= ?7; ?$$( @.+ /A"
@& " " A, $F/ $& " ?& / A "A& " $B$ $ "&B"+ /B$ F " GI4 F+ "?& "@ ;. - -$ & *- + @*/- & *- -. $ - $ $ & & !%B, , $: $' ! ,: (& $&' $ , $* :* $#. #- 2 $ - & *-+ , $ & *-# & 1 *$ $ $ $ - & *- + B 0$? + + + O + + + O B + + + O
!
B F + + + O ( ? + + + O # + + + O
& + + + O + + + O #B7 + + + O
/& + + + O / + + + O
*++ 4 &
% 8% K - - , (@ ,7( + ! + #
!
0 /7-# ';# +-# & 6 6 6 8 ) 6 07/ (./ * "7/ & / $$6$ 6 &($6 $ &+
4> , &7 0 & "&7 H $> ( & &+ $, &+
'">27 H 0 >27 =&7 $ 0/ & "&$= $>/ $&"7! 07/ = = "=7 / & / (./ * "7+ & &- &-$: ) &# %G%&" 9 ! >&" 9 $& ."> $ # & & "("/ $& .6 ! $$ & " 99/ "&". & 0 $& = $ $$& "$& # &$ 4 # & & "(" + " $&7= $= " * " $ " 99 '$& $ " 99 & "" "$& ! ;.= IJC 0$7 "= " = ) "7$= " ;.=! " "& 7$& &="7$= " ;.= '$& ."= = 99! . $& ! 6,
7 B
$ $ .&+ &' " $7 " "($$ $( "$& O 6 $7O &(' ! $$= " = ,"$& $& O &4' " =7 " ,O &@' 0 $7 L 0 $7 &&"$ O &C' ( " / $, O &D' 6 $ $ O &F' $ $& &0 $ . &" ! $$O &G' " ."7 " 6O &I' 0 $7 ."$& $& ! 6,O &J' >&" "6 $& .">O &' 6 $ # & & "("O &(' " "&". & " & "=O &4' 6 & 0 $& = $ O &@' 6 $$& "$& O &C' & ( ."= $ " & " O &D' # 7 " $&= ! 6,O &F' ! $$ 6 &" " ;.K <
+ &' 0$7 "= " = O &(' # 7 & " $7 " $= O &4' # 7 " ;. 6 ! $$ IF (O &@' ( 6 " ###!O &C' ( " O &D' ( " #& O &F' ! $$ 6;& & "(; " (; (O &G' & 6 "7 6 $ " &"> ## " = & " " 6O &I' & 6 "7 6 $ " &"> ## " = >& " $ $O &J' " 6 "
I$& =JO &' # 7 & $(4 $& # &$ # ;O &(' & 6 $ " & ###!O &4' & $& " & ! $$ $ "$ ###!K 3 ./ / 0
(! ,+ + + + 1 $& 0+ : 4&: $+ &" &" 0 1 $& 0 " ++++ & "(" $ &=++(++ IJD++4++ ++@+++ ( 6++C++ 4 &/ $&++D++ $ "& "++F++ &" " / ++G++ (67 & " "&++I++ ( $& &++J++ ( + # ; "(; $* ; ++++/ ( 6 $ $ ++(++ &+ I4@++4++ ++@++ $ ++C++ I& " J+ 0 $++D++ $ ; &(; $ 7(; $* ; &I " $(;J' " = ++F++ " / ++G++ > ( $ / ( 9(" " ++I++ 6 " + IF++(J++ ++(++ $ $ ; $ ;;/ =& .&(; $* ++((++ + $6 $ H $& 6 ++(4++ ">"+ (! -+ ; + + + 1 $& 0+ 0
/ # + &/ => + + 6&$:/ $$ $ + % : IJD A ? 1 2 : A (@4
= 2 99+ : / : A II+ Q / * I(4/ I(C+ 8 : / / H:: + % I(J : - .
7/ ; 1 / I@C + I@D + ; "& 7$& )" ./ " =2 $&&(.; / &>"& ! $ (+ & &6 I $ 7$= " J' $ $ C&+ &' (& L 9& 0 O &(' " $=O &4' ( "O &@' 6 I4D +O &C' "$ $= " 6 *" &O &D' 6 " $& O &F' ( 6 & " I@4 +O &G' 6 $ > O &I' $& I@D +O (! 4+ + 1 ( , 0 27 + + + O $ $ $ # && $ /> = + $ < ;&/ 0& G &"&' ++++/ H ( " 6 $ 7+ & $ = .6 & 0;& I($ " J @ &* "7' ++(+++ *.7 H 9& 7 &$=& & ' ++4++/ & "6 , $&" , & " &7' ++@++ I 7 ;> 6,J/ 6 ; & "&7' ++C++
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
"6, 0($&,/ ++++ & "6 = $&" 0 "($$ ; " = ++(++ 2( $&" (+ (@C
;$7/ 0& ++4++ $ (;4 " ( $&$= &7$= ++@++ & 0 + H $= "$ , " 2 (0$7+
; & ($ , ++C++ (0> / ++D++ $($$& ++F++ B $" / "" & %9&0 "J+ & (" I# $ J/ " 7 IIJ +' (! 6+ + $ " $ " 0 +
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
V 4 J+
(@D
B B C 7 2&1" ) + " &7 $(4 $&& 7 K 6 > - & $+
7 B
0
(0
"
$ &7
$ "&7 " 0 $ $ 47 $&" 0 ("2 "
. " >&
" &7$= &7 "=&7
&7 07
(0&7 "&7
. &7 $&" 0&7
" &7
J+(
("2&7
& $ 6 & " $
& $ "6
& &7 ( " &7
" ;. 6
$,7 6
$, "
7 6
(0> $&" $( "$&
=
2 7 6 (0 6
" " ;.=
" 0 6
" 6
2 &0 6
&7
&0
) + /& 4 K
0 9 - $ :& + & "&("/ & &/ "*= ! $& / $,/ 6
% $& / %(" /
J+@
0&7
) + " &7 "& 7 K 6 > - & $+ $&" 6 "6. $( "$& 6
J+4
"&7
"
)" .=/ $&"=/ $ $/ !/ " / $/ 1 $& 0/ !,
: + & 9& 0& 9& K 4
0 1 $ ? &$ + ( ? DB $A K ,K K " * $$ K K K K (K K "*$&K K $7K
K $ K K & K K &,K K K K $&K K &"6&K
(@F
K K K & "&("K K K K $&K K " K K "$& K K K J+C
K ,& K K $&" K K K K 60 K K " K K , (K K &K
/ # $ 0 & =+ 6 - -B- ? $: & ->? ?$ + 7 * + 6/ (+ (2/ 4+ >&/ @+ & " $/ C+ "/ D+ " "6 7 * & &"(/ "7 " / * "& 7= / " / $ $/ & " $
J+D
/ # $ 0 & =! "& 7 6 $(4 $&& 7 6 + 6 " + - -B- ? & ->? $ + 8" * + $&( & 7 6 / (+ " $=/ 4+ " 0 6/ @+ "6.=/ C+ $&" 6/ D+ &="7$=/ F+ " 6 / G+ & , 0 $/ I+ 6/ J+ $=& / + " $ =/ (+ $ " "= =/ 4+ " 7 * . " 7/ &$& / 7/ / 9 6/ =6/ & / " =/ " " $$/ 7/ / $ / " ;.=
7
H I ! 8 8( 8@
, $7 0 $ >&" 70 / $ 07/ (./ * "7/ &
(! )+ 2 + 6" " 6, & 2 + / 6
+ $ + $ ? $+ $ -+ - ! 7 & " $" 0 & " 0& . $( & $" $ 7 (@G
@- 1
7 + + + + ++ + ++ + ++ + ++ + ++
7 B
% 0 ! = "7 * "7 "& " 7 ; 7 ;7 ($& $ &="7 &="7 ="7
"7 -! $ & $ 7
@-*1
+ + + + + + + + + + + +
++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++
@- 1
$ +++ +++ +++
(! *+ % + " "($$ " +
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
# # 4 & JKJL - // ?$ - $ = /- - ? $ +
(CJ
UNIT
J
.
In this unit you will learn how to:
.
. / N
A Numerals
p
/ & 0 ' 7 '('-3A
+
@ @ B B F @ & ' B
? F F B B B & ' B
B B H B F @ & ' B
(,
(,
(
(G & ' (,
(,
(,
(
(G & ' (,
H
(,
(
(G & ' (,
(C
(!+ :
7
p
&" &" &">, &">, &"> &" G & ' &">,
0 &C" 0 &C" 0 &6">, 0 &6">, 0 &6"> 0 &6"7G &' 0 &6">,
=&7 =&7 =&7 =&@ =&@ =&7D &' =&@
2 $&7 +++ +++ +++ 2 $&7D &' 2 $&@
$ 7 $ 7 +++ $ @ +++ U W
B$ 7 +++ $7@ +++ $77D U W + + +
A=&7
A=&7
=&@
=&@
=&7D &' =&@
A$=&7 +++
$=&@ +++ +++ U W + + +
? .&7 +++ +++ +++ +++ &' + + +
) * O E @J/ IJ JJ
+ E CJ/ DJ/ FJ/ GJ +
&" .&7 +++ +++ +++ +++ &' + + +
$B" +++ $ " ? $ " ? $ " ? &' + + +
=&7 $G& +++ =&@ $=& +++ +++ &' + + +
8 0; 1 &G+'+
(C(
7 @
on
9 0 - - - - - &"6? &$=K "6? &$=K
"B& &K # + + + $
+ + + $
0$ 0$? &" 0$? 0 &C" 0$? =&7 0$B 2 $&7 0$B $ 7 0$B B$ 7 0$B A=&7 0$B A$=&7 0$B
$ 0?$ , $ 0?$( $ (, 0$B $ &">, 0$B $ 0 &6">, 0$B $ =&@ 0$B $ 2 $&@ 0$B $ $ @ 0$B $ $7@ 0$B $ =&@ 0$B $ $=&@ 0$B
0?$ , 0?$(
(, 0$B
&">, 0$B
0 &6">, 0$B
=&@ 0$B
2 $&@ 0$B
$ @ 0$B
$7@ 0$B
=&@ 0$B
$=&@ 0$B
8
@-* # @
#,@=*= 1 'a &"C& $ J 0+ F 0+ ?$$ "B& & D 0+ B- -* % ! ! #% ! &"C& $ +JJ (@+JJ 0+ , $ &@& (4+JJ 0+ ) % !)< "B& & $ I G 0$B * * = H $ # %5 .O
@ "B& & + $ G+JJ I+JJ 0 &+ $ J+JJ (+JJ 0 #"+ $ I+JJ (J+JJ 0 /&+ $ I+JJ (J+JJ 0 &+ $ I+JJ (J+JJ 0 #+ $ I+JJ 4+JJ 0 $+ $ J+JJ G+JJ 0 - 1$ %9'' - %I'' :
B Telling the time
+ , 0 '- &' !
0$ (L4L@ 0$?/ C/ D/ F/ + + + ( 0$B & ' ! =&@ 0$ $=&@ 0A& "& L =& ? .& =&7 &' !
A$=&7 F& & "B 0A& "&7 L =& ? .&7 F& G& @ 2 $&B
(+CC +CJ @+@C +J @+C C+4J (C4
on
(C@
/
7 @
*+ &B"6 0$K %
?&7$=
" & A
?&"
?&7 (G&7
A
G&= $
"?&7 F
& 6,?&7 0&A
3 # $ ( :* $ B -, /, - $& *& + 5> & &"C&7 *B"& 0(' (A& &("?&7 $&A7/ (C&7$=/ 0@$&&7 F6/ A&7$=' ?&" "B 2B( F&" == " F A" 2B G&= 2B 72?= " A ! ?&" 2B "B B " F B$ 2B6 A
$ A 6 $ / B& 6,/ 0&A # "&@ 6 G&= B (, A 6 &"( / B 47 ? B( B " & A ("B 0A" == " F/ @"6 B (, ' /&A / $&B7 6 @"6/ % " & A $ ( # ,# && 1: B - $ - F :* O
(CG
F+JJ F+JJKF+4J F+4JKF+CJ F+CJKG+(J G+4JK(+4J +JJK+C (+4JK4+JJ 4+JJK4+(J 4+(JK@+(J @+(CKC+4J C+4CKD+JJ D+JJKD+C D+CKF+@J F+@CKG+CJ I+JJKI+(J I+(JK(J+@C (J+@CK(+JJ (+JJKF+JJ
7 @
/
p
8 % 7 & ' - - - ( 7 - - ) /
* $ $
$ $ ! $ ! *
p
/A" A; B$ A " F$= "B&(+ 6 "2@ & ?&" 0A" =&7 F& B$ 0? $ &?=+
) /
* , $
$ $ $ !
on /$
0A" 0$ B$ A / B$ ("B + + + 0A" B$ $? 76/ B$ C + + +
*
0$ A / 7 $? 76 + + + F&( ?/ C + + +
6 "2@ & ?&" =&7 F& 0? $ &?=+
0 $ ( # !$
) 4 ' 31 "A 3A 5 ) (!+ /
" $ + + + F $ + + + A" $ + + + $+ ++
$ + + + $$+++ $ $ + + + $ + + + $ + + + $ + + + 0A" $ + + + B$ $ + + + 0A" $ + + + B$ $ + + +
" &"A 9 & A" ' $& @. ! $$@ $& & "F"+ "(7G $ "@$7 $& B F B B + ? @ A" 9? + $" $A 7=/ 6 C0 ,B & ?&"+ C ? ? A " + @ F& $A $ $ &="G+ "B& & $ (&"? A0 "+ 6 "2@ & ?&" 0$ $ &?=+ B $ 0?$ &+ F & 0A" 0$?+ B$ $ &?= 6 $ 2@ "+ B$& (2@ 0A" 0$ B$ A +
E Short story 2
6 4 8' 43' 42('-
6 ( @7 + ' B C ($C/ 2G $A" . / &B" "B $&(0? + &2 A B ( @7 $F2 $&( $ B $A" . 0&? $0?$&7 + ( @7 " 2@ @&7$=+ " 2@ @&7$=/ ? F & =& ? .& A=&7+ !B B$ 7 $ A " A (&C $ B + (CI
(&C $ B &(& $ $@$7/ 0A& "&7 G& > ( $@ ? (; C ?( " B 6 "
+ A C $ A / (&C
" F$7 $&B ( @7 ( (A F ? + C ? .&7 F& G& + "A $&? $7 ? + ( @7 & ? $ A " A 0?
+
0@ C $&?"6 "?& 6, @ ?( ? (2+ 0@ F =&7 F& $ $@$7/ E& & A & , G&7 C ?( ? (2+ C (A ? .&7 =&7 F& G& + % ? ( @7 C$&" $ A " A @
+
@ $"?( $ $@$7/ ( @7 $& &7/ ? F & =& ? .& A=&7+ #A" . B $@7 @ $7/ F , &A $7 "B &7+ &(& B G "C F2
/ & F 0& C $" $A 7 /
&B B , &A $&?&7+ & "B =& ? .& A=&7 ( @7 @ = $ G @$= F2 + &; @ &"(2A$=/ #? = "B$6,/ !H'# X I/ IIJ! DF'
V
V
B 3
>
( @&7 & O' $&(0?&7 ? $ " @&7 C&LC &7 ?(
( @7 $&( " B
(
" B 6 F ==
+ (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+
(DJ
" 2G $A" . ( @7 F2 F2 ($C
& & & & & & &
' ' ' '
' ' '
7 @
F Cultural awareness 5
9 / 3 3A
+ 2
B B" @ F& $ B = " ? K #C2 @I " .A & "B2 6, $ @ $ B &7/ ? @ $A " C$ $7+ (0@ 6 "@/ 0& $ B ?" & ,&? &+ ",B &$= "?&6&7+ A 4 6 "@/ 0& ?, $& G 0 B& &! & B ( &;0?;&/ & + & ",B &$= $&"?&7 &B&7 @ "? F&" / @ (A ? 07+ . ) * O . ) * O (G&7 0$? 7 B(& $ A B&7 D4 " .A & "B2 6,+ "0> C0 @ E& A;& "B "B&(+ . 8 D4 O . % O "B$6 B& 6, C ( B, & 0?2, " "A + @I/( " .A & " $ A & " 0&?;& "B&( $ @, "B , ?0,+ 4F/G H "6?0&/ $ "?;& "C G 6+ # B"& ?;&$= 2 $&7 $&+ 0&@ @
? "G ( (&"? A &+ . ) 5
O . ) &'
/ & ' / &' 2 O . Q 4F+G O
(D
# $$@ 6 B& 6, "B4 ! CC " .A & $B&"=& & @ "/ $&B7 0&?;& ,( B $& (; & "&F"(/ /C H $F2;& "? / F/I H "?;& 2?,&6+ A$& 4A = 0A = A &! , &7 &"? / , &7 $F / , &7 $ $A $ F, + (J " .A & " ? / "B&/ B$& ,B =& $ $&A "2?;&+ I " >27 $ "B&6 H B ,B0 &$= @ &7/ $C2&7J/ H & @0 6 &A&+ . 7
0 1 O . Q O ( @& 7 / 0& CC " .A & "B2 6, 0F$&(;& $ G ? / (J H B, + ? "0? " E& "4? &$= 27 @ 0 A $=&@+ . Q " 1 O &!&'/ X (J/ IIC'
5
H $ 7 + 1( ! 2
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
5
0 $3A
3
+ #
+ E /
* + = ;+ 9+ 6 / / 0
(D(
7 @
/
.. / 1+ = 5 / 0 * / / / / 1+
/ > / * "B& + + B ?$$ C0 F0&$= B (J & .&@W (0 B+ (+ # 0?7 2B &$ @ $$' G&= C0 >& @ (0@& 7+ 4+ I!B0 7J &( A & ?&= I & =&@W @ &0 &C" .&' 0$B+ @+ G& &&F& &( &A&' &@& &">, ("B + C+ (0A = F2 H & 0 &6">, 2 $&@ & &C0 =&7 &'+ D+ B$ ? A$& &( ?& ? 9? H 9 .B = $A$$=+ F+ 72 &B 9? ! $$@ @$7 6 + G+ &A .A = 9? &">,?7 =! 2 2B &@'/ ( & @&7 &4'/ ( & @&7 &('+ I+ ' &( A &&@0 & A = C2 = & (C[ C2 C0 '+
(D@
7 @
Q p
-
8 > & > / > ' 07 1 &J'+
+ 4 & -3 " (! )+
+ & "6 0$O 0
->? $ / $ $ + + (+ 4+ @+ C+
C+@C ++ G+4C ++ 4+@J ++ +CJ ++ D+J ++
D+ F+ G+ I+
+CC ++ C+(J ++ +JC ++ I+J ++
J+ + (+ 4+
(+J ++ (+4J ++ @+@J ++ I+@C ++
(! *+
+ 2 "& :"+ 4
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
p
(! ++ A + " + /
$ ? - + $- ->? - / & # &+ 8 0; 1 &J+4'+ (DC
$ ! / " =/ / / / " / $ / $/ 0 " + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+ G+ I+ J+ + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+ G+ I+ (J+ (+ ((+ (4+ (@+ (C+
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
$=&7 (& $ (" / 0 " &" $=. + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+ (DD
9 1
+ )
* + =
+ *
+ + + H 9 / 9
: +
7 @
G+ 7 + + I+ & &7$=' 2 + J+ # 2 + (! -+ + + + % $&
= 4
/ - # $ & &/- #0+ - $ $ / $ B + 0 % $& " $= I $ &="= G(G " &/ $ $&" &.+ G@ ( $ 7= % $&6, & " &7L " ,&7' ++C++ 7/ "( &>& + % $& & $&( &7L $&( &7' ++D++ ( "$& &/ &(0&7$=L (0&7$=' ++F++ $ G@@ G@F / & $ & "4&7$=L " (&7$=' ++G++ 7 I ( ( 9" (JO = ( &7 $6, 6, & "& / (DG
7 @
"" $ &6 I& "&(" &6J " " $ &( $" 2 7 $6+ X &= 9& & " $7 ( =& .& & / $ " ( 0&& ;/ " =& / ( & & " $ ( &7 ;6, " 0, $ &$, 2 7 , =,+ &/ " "/ 0& & & " $6 &6 .& & == = ) / (0 . $ $, 2 + " $ "6! % " $ &"; 0$& / $ (6+ 6"; & 7 & / 0& & " $ &7+ &0 & " & "&/ ( ; " = (&! ;; "= &"&&7 " = ($&6 $(0 6 " 0+ $ =& $ &"=& $> "= H , , " 2 / $ (&" 0 "/
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
! + 5& "&(" = &J+
F+(
3
(DI
F+4
V
(FJ
! # 9 +
9 + 9 + 9 + 9 +
+
+ + + +
$ = 7+ + + + H & &" " (&" ( "$& & + + + + H &/ &" + + + ( $ "= .= + + + + @+ H =/ ( + + + / &6 4> & + %6 27 + + + B H &B ' & = 0$6 $ 2&! $ 0$ & 7 + + + / & $ + + + ,&7 $ + + + + ($=/ = $> ($ ;+ C+ H 6 & / + + + $ $ $ K H + + + + H 0 &$=K H $ $ $ 0 &$=+ + + + C 6 ! " #
+ 0$6 &$&;& (+ " 4+ &7 @+ 0 &7$= C+
"6
(! *+ + 2 7+ &/# & : - $ && : $ + (! ++ V + & " 0$(O =O O =
+ + $ $ C&+
(F4
(! ,+ 7 + (@ 0$ " $$= +
4 0+ I 6 " 0 "2 7OJ H & " $ $ . $&&(& 4 $& 6, ( ( &6$=0 & ! $$+ & 0& "=& 6 " $! $ " 2 + + + 0 ,!
$& "
[ $" $&"
D 0 (&"
D+4J (&"
F (&" 0$& (6 " (2 , 6 0& &6 0& (" 6 0& $(2 " $ &" & " 6 " & 7 $7 7;& " $7 ; 7; , . " 7 $ > $ $ (+JJ 0
"(
$ =!
[
" 0 ! " $&7= ! $ "6! $0! >7 $&( &6! 2 7 !
4 6! (0 6!
$&( &6 (04 $=! " 0 ! & & " &6 I $&=J (F =/ IIC +'
(! -+ : + $ ! = " >L " 0 "2 7+
%'&%< 9&/ - M : N# && $ $ $: -+
(F@
UNIT
.
In this unit you will learn how to:
. 1 / 1 . >/
A Astrology
:& .+3 1 " &' 3 ?& " A =
? A&
8 A &
$ C 0 "&C ,"?& "
( ?"& H (J "A=
%
B 7
$> $&7/ & "? & $&7/ $ $& G& 7 $&7
( "A= H (J ?=
% A.
G
& " @ $&7/ $$@ $&7/ ;B7 *B"&(
( ?= H (J D =
. %&.
B (,
B$& $&7/ & A&/ 7/ $$@
( D = H ( D=
! *
?
"B $&7/ $? $&7/ ;B7 (0>
(( D= H (( ?($&
+ 0
B 7
$@/ F $& / " 2@& 7 $&7/ ;B7 ?$&
(4 ?($& H ( $ &="G
A %&.
G
"&@0 $&7/
@& $&7/ $ $B $&7 ?( (FC
V
(( $ &="G H (( &="G
$C
B (,
" 2@& 7 $&7/ 0&?& 7 $&7/ 0F$& D "
(4 &="G H ( ="G
# " B %
?
;B7 ""B / "$0>& $&7/ 9 @/ &@ $&7
(( ="G H (J "G
#&" A. H ,
B 7
9 "@0 $&7/ "&$&@0 $= &F"/ ? B07 "(@
( "G H (J = "G
"B +.
G
$ @ $&7/ &@/ ;B7 7?
( = "G H I * "G
A H , *
B (,
" &?/ 0A$& $&7 ;B7 &"( F/ 0F$& B
(J * "G H (J ?"&
!C6 +.
?
7&"(@/ 4A " $&7/ ? (0@&7 "(@,/ "&$&@0 $ &? &
&@ 6 +++ 9 $&@0 6 +++
2
* 4 "
*
*+ ' ?& / & E& B @*/- - , $G B&,& & M# - N+ # ,& & -. $ * &+ -, - $ * # ,& # * & :* $ B# & :# # , + 1 - /1 -*# & 2
B Lonely Hearts
p
) &8 & 7+ "
+
0&?;4 , &B"6 0&? & F4 , &B"6 >& D4 , &B"6 >& "$F;4 , &B"6 "$F & &B=4 , &B"6 &B& $ G4 , &B"6 $ @& ?4 , &B"6 @& (0?4$= , &B"6 F0&$=
0&?;4= , &B"= 0&? & F4= , &B"= >& D4= , &B"= >& "$F;4= , &B"= "$F & &B=4= , &B"= &B& $ G4= , &B"= $ @& ?4= , &B"= @& (0?4=$= , &B"= F0&$=
0&?;4 , &B"6 0&?;& F4 , &B"6 F& D4 , &B"6 D& "$F;4 , &B"6 "$F;& &B=4 , &B"6 &B=& $ G4 , &B"6 $ G& ?4 , &B"6 ?& (0?4 $= , &B"6 F0&$=
4 ) ,= ( 99
) & $4Q" ' " )
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
C Professions
/ & ' 34+ " $&@ " *A$$ ? &$= 9* A" 6+ / /
1 $& $G&6 B 6
A0 / A" $ + + + ? = *+ + + + 8&B @ / &B @ "2@ /
"(+ + + $ .@$&6! & + + + / ,@+ (FG
7
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
0 + + + GJ6,/ 0A" + + + & B$ A"6, "B$ / *@ + + + "?", " *A$$ .A & "B $G&+ &B 2 *++ &"A&7 $G& ? $ 7B $ + + + U2 7 + + + . @ B $&7 IA6,J ?" & '/ " A. + + + $ @$ " $&@$= &F; $ " @ (/ A$& $ + + + / *.? & "& C+ "B0 " $&7 + + + " * + + + ?$7 $? F "@ 6+ A& $ @$7 " ?& 7 $&7 A" 6, " *A$$+ . " 3 3
" (7&?& " + + + II@ B / @ " =G &$= ;"@$&+ /(&7 @ ;"@$& H ? $ "B& / $A / " + + + / 2 & "B6 " + + + + 4> @ / "A" & & B"/ H " "@$&/ " + + + (,?& "/ (" + + + / $ + + + ",&A& "+ A" .?& $ + + + " ?& 7 $&7 "G " *A$$/ & + + + =@$7 ", A$=&7 & + + + / ( ?! 2 *>" "& B (A $@, ("@" &7 $ " *A$$=/ & + + + ;& 7 + + + @ 6 2? $6+ F H "A ( "B0 " *A$$! &B"7/ &0+ % &"&+ + + + ? " $&7G $= " * + + + $ " + + + $ @$ H *A" "+ & $& & $/ !&'/ IIC'
24 & :&1 " 2 2
!
@ # (FI
on
&B $ 0 A ;+ -, $1 = #&/ , B6 &$"A A 'O H "?&7=/ $>$&"6/ B6 / "(7G &?2 $ " A 'O 6 $? , &A $&&7 A&$& O 0 FK 6 $&?O 0 FK & B " 2@&7/ $&&7K
(GJ
7
(+ $ ,: $ -$* + ' $ + + + , : %"6 "@ 6 &A" &>"2
@& "6
">"6 (" @$&6 $$@"2 " $$>"6 >&0 ="C 2 @$& 2 @$&6 (6? &6 *.? & 0&7B 6 " [email protected] " * $$ "? $& ="? $&" @& $&;" A$$6 2 *>"6
"0@ H D / &B"6 A0& ; A @ + E ? @&7 6 ?&7
?&7
A&7
"@" &7 "?&7 $ G&7 "?$&7 &?&7 0?&&7 $?&7 ?&7 (0?&7 " ?&7 " $@&7 " "G&7 " ?&7 "B&&7 $ ?&7 $&"B&7 & . ?&7 0&?&7
E ? EO 2 ? A&6
A 7
(A &6
? ? $&"(A &6 *@76 @ A. 2@ 6 A 7 B $& "A$&" @$7 ? "B $ >&6 $&&7@ $&A 6 & "?6 & ?"6
? ? = &A
A = "BT ?$$ "&@" $&F =T & ?&" .A"& 6 @ $& "$?= "? T " ?.= " $& "? $&"BT $.A T & ?&" & @ T ( "$&A& (0" A
= -+ 7 + 8
0; 1 &(+C+4'+
(G
D Reading and grammar /
) " 4 & C (7 2&1 " /
=
?"= 72B "?& (? C$&" "B$6 @ &7 ( F0 ? B"
"A =
/
A 0
A&
A&$&
07
"(7G ? A$& 6 A& @ B & B
A 07 B &A. *.A" $?& 7 $7B $?&7 @$7 6 $& "$$? "B "(?
$
$ &B $ 7G $B . $ &7 $&"@ $&?"6 $6 & B &@, F&" ,B
6 4 ' ) + & + 2 - 2
.
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
B A$& $ / ?;& B/ B 0&?;&+ @/ A" / ?;&/ & / 0& A &+ 8& , "B2 D / C / 7 ( , $ $A "(?=/ 0 6? ( B+ A >& @$7 ( $& F/ $ @&$=+ & $ @&/ @2 &/
(G(
7
$ 0? A / &B $> 6$&"A + B @2 &/ @2 & $; 07+ "(B $> &@, + $&( @ F&" + # &B+ #A&& $B . + #&?"6 $?& 7 $> $&>&/ (A @2 &+ $ &+ (? & A"7 (A 0@$&= A=/ "? 72 + B6/ $A B "$$? @& &B6 @$7 $& A+ B &( ,B & ? 7= A 0+ 8& =/ &B"= >& & B + "(A ( > $7B+ H "?$&(& / A (2/ H A$ "@& ?+ H 8& + $&"@ & 0? &+ H A (2/ H & "G & ?/ H $7B+ $&"@ $> & 0? &+ H A (2/ 6 "B6O H B0 7 &@, $ "?2 & =+
/
p
6 3 3 :
+ % 8& $&?"6 0 A+ 8& =+ 8& +
% > 8& & 0 A >& @ + 8& A 0 >& & B + 8& $7B "2B F&" + 8& D ?;& B+
8 > 0; 1 &F+(+('+
/$
p
,(7 2&1 " => + :
8 0; 1 &J++@'+ >
&> 6
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
A$& 6
+++
+++
+++
+++
0@$&
+++
A=
+++
B
+++
+++
&"C&6
+++
"B$6
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
B"
$0$&@6
+++
+++
+++
+++
>=
+++
+++
+++
+++
? 7
?
B
+++
+++
+++ (G4
>
p
+++
+++
A 6
+++
+++
+++
+++
C$&"=
+++
+++
+++
+++
&@,
+++
+++
+++
+++
$ &B
+++
$>=
+++
+++
"(B
+++
+++
@$7 6
+++
N + :
*
4
4
$ &7
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
$ @&
+++
+++
?;
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
$B&"=&
?&7
+++
+++
/'
2F
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
, &G&
+++
+++
B &
+++
+++
$&D
+++
+++
$& G&7
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
@ &
+++
+++
0F$&(;
+++
+++
&7
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
F&
+++
+++
, F
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
& "G;&
! + $ 2 /
/(
6 #
(G@
7
E Cultural awareness
+ )
",@ "?&6&7 A 4 @& "?&6&7 &"B
2
$& ?&7 ?" & = ?& & ?&7 .A "B& (0>
7 @. ?& 7$& " B &@" &7 $ &?" 0 &>"
(" @$& $&B" A$& B & C$&7 $& A = $A$$=
! # &1(- 2 2 4 $& (A "C & F/ 0& $&( A &6 ( $ $&" A A;& " 2?
(2B/ "B @ " $& A / &B"(; 6 ?0;& $ $ ?+ *.?7 ? ? " G&7$= ?7 ?" & ?& ;$ (C[/ A$ F027$= &"B / ;$ 4> (C[ H A$ 0 &>" + #&( A &6 0?$& $&F;&/ & F;&/ &@"(;& 4A ? 2F =G;&/ 0& ? C$&7 $& A ; 6 ?0&7 > $ $ ?+ , &B $F2 &+ /& $&>&$= A&7 A ( $&( A &(O 6?&7+ B5 27(- " 9,:C
' $ $& A A0 + ="A > $"A G&7 B C$ CJ "(A+ A0 / "A" $& A @$& & .A 9 .B (; $A$$;+ 4 @& ' $" @& 7 " B + *.?7 A$=. H @/C "(A+ *.?7 + + + A$ &B& ,B0 & &7 @ / & B
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
2
24 & :&1 " !
) '
:
+ + (+ 2 4+ @+ C+ > D+
: (C[ + (+ 02
1 4+ 01 02
1 @+
2 C+ 5 2 @ '
Q +
(+
4+ )
+ (+ 4+ @+ C+
2
'
: + + *
& / / +' (+ 4+ @+ C+
(GD
7 & ' ; & '
+ (+ 4+ @+ C+
5 2
CJ[ 0 1 CJ[ 0 1
+
>"&6 F2 99F2 ?7 = ?" & = ?&
2
, $&C " 2? (2B
! 0&
9 IGJ +
. + " / 1 + 8 2 GJ DJ + 9 " IIJLI+
2$
2 4
3
+ # A >
2 + 3 : 8 /
+ + 9 * * K + 8
/ IGJ/ 2 *
?
+ : * DKCI DKC@ + 9 IGI CC
/ 2 + G
/ JJ/JJJ 4JJ/JJJ + 4I
+ : (J
IGD+ C B (
? + = @ @+C
/ + 8
/ 4
. ? (GF
IGG+ = / 2
+ & : / 3 / HA/ II@! @4' 4
+ & 0? &$= ! $$@ " $& "B0 $@6O $ / & 0@& 7 6 @ (A" 6K (+ @, "B , # C2 # A&$ # D & 0? &$= " $& $ A =K 4+ !B& & 72 $&B A 4 B K @+ " @ =& $ .@$&6 "?.; " A 7 " ? ?2 ( F4 K C+ B " .A & ; A $B B"$& " ? & "B&&7K D+ B B"$& D (0?;& A $;K F+ #B7 "B& & ; A $B B"$& K G+ #B7 "B& & $ A" / $&"? . $ "2 A& ,K I+ #B7 0 A "B& & $( ?"$& $A& " / $B7 0?$& 6, A7 6, (0?$&, $B7 "&@,K J+ @ $A& "6 0@& 7 " $@ $A B 6K
2$
. 8 0A " &
6
#33M
F ! + + + %6 > " ? = $ 0($&= & $& + 7 &6 $ > " ! & 7 &6 ( H + &; 7/ GG'
#33M
G $ / &= $& 6, " ( $( 7, " 6 H &6
" "/ / (0 $ 6 "($$ =6B ( 7 & = H $&7 &0= " $ / 0& $ "2 &$= O 7= "&7/ 0& 6 & =6 6 ( " (B &; 7/ GG(' &+ #+ %(" / #&, & " = " / + :/ & $=&6/ IX( $& = & "&("J/ ID(/ CD/ @C'
p
Q 0; 1 &@+/ @+( C+('+ 8 * &>/ / >/
' 07 1 &'+
(GG
7
-
+ 4 & -3 " (! )+ A + # $ 0 & = $& 0$ + 4&: ->? - / / $ $: $ /$ : + 3
p
+ $: * $&" 6 &("$&/ 7 / 7 &> / 2 7 6 (0& 7/ &6 ,"("/ $ 9 / ,= & &/ $ & " > / $& 6 " * $$ "+ 8
0; 1 &(+C+4'+ + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+ G+ I+
$ ( $ "$7 + + + #&" ($&/ > "6 + + + #&( &6 $ + + + . 0& + + + 2 ( " ;&$= + + + # " & = (0 $ + + + 0$& " ;& + + + ' 2 2 " $7 + + + 2 7 (0 + + +
(! *+ %* + & 0& &O E C& ->? =# # ># )+ = + * ,"(" " = . (0& 7
"0 H 0 / & "6 0& ; + $&"(& " ",& & " $ " &"72 $&
" * $$ " $&" & 7 9$("$
$&( & $& 7
(! ++ + # ; $ I & "6J+ $ ># ) $ / = + ! + + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+ G+ I+ J+ +
< ( & / + + + ";& " + < ; 0 / + + + >& $7+ (/ + + + & (+ ' = $&7 &>&=/ + + + >& " + 0& & $7 / + + + $& + 6 *7/ + + + 2> 0 " ( $ ( K < ; " & =/ + + + " & '+ $( " , $&( &6/ + + + (0;& "($$ =6+ < & 6, &(" / + + + , &$= + & . 0 " / + + + 6 $( &( *(7& & + 6 & $&( &(/ + + + " , &K (GI
(! ,+ + " & 0 6 " = $ $ ; I & "6J+ 4 : -: - / ># )+ + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+
(2/ $& =4= & ($ $& / (0&$= 2 "( + = $= $ " / " &;4 $ + < 0$& 2( "(/ (4 $&"+ & $ 0 / "=4 $ .& =6,+ < $ (2/ " &;4 " + < ; (0 (/ (0;4 ( "($$ =6+ #&( &/ $ =4 ./ 0 7 $(0 +
(! -+ + # ; $ I & "6J+ $ ># ) $ / = + $ + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+
< ; $&( &/ + + + (0&$= $ $ ( "$& & + "& (0&$= 2 / + + + , &$= 2 (. + 6 $7 / + + + 0& =4 K < $ 2( $ &7/ + + + 0 &$= $ 7 0$ + "&$& $ / + + + = " 72 $62+ 6 2 $$ &6/ + + + 6 , & ( &7K
(! .+ % + '& 7 $& + $ &# C # C C C $ / = + ! + + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+ G+ I+ J+ + (+
+ + + $&( &6 , " 2 "=& "($$+ < ( " 0& + + + (" 6+ + + + $&( & " 72 & "(" + + + + ( " + + + + (2 ( (0 & "($$ =6+ ( + + + $ " + < $ + + + $ 0 + & "4 ( + + + *7+ 6 ( 6(0 + + + $ + + + + 4 & $&" + $(2&7 + + + $(0 6 .+ + + + $& " 72 $& = $7/ + + + $& = $& / + + + $&(7= $& = &+
* + /& + + + O
H + + + 6 "&* 7+ H < ( + + + "&* 7 +
(+ & + + + O
H + + + $&( &+ H + + + $&( & (0 & ,;+
4+ 7& $7! + + + 2 6 $&( &6+ + + + 2 &" / + + + :" + + + + $&( &6 " , " + (IJ
7
(! 4+ A + 0 ( >7 6" & &( (; " * $$;O $ $$>? - + ! " * $$ $ (=" 6O 8& " $ & " $(;&$= (0& =/ " & / $ . / $, + & " $ $" &7/ = &$= & 2 > ++++ " 6 " * $$=+ ++(++ (J6 6/ "6 6 $ &$ $&/ " $, 2 7 " $ & &&7 ++4++ " $! , &=& $&&71 H 72 $& 70 & & ! $ / (0& / " + 6 "( " * $$! "& / $& ="/ ( ./ " 0+ = &" &7= 0 ++@++ & 6 , & $&&7 (0& 7 . "& , + , &=& $&&7 $ 7$ 2 7 $ =O 6 0 &>"&6 70 H 2 *>" / 6 =&6 H >&0 + & (&! 6/ "=/ "/ & , / / " & , / "0/ $&" & 7/ " / &"& "$&+ #"
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
= 6 7/ = (2 0$& &"$$6L"$$ ' ++++ " 6 $+ 6 &"$$6L"$$ ' ++(++ &(; $(+
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
"((+ 2 6 &=>6 / (2 ( , 6 + &#+A+ A &+'/ HH &&B &#$#
/ IDI! (@KC'
V
(ID
0 4& 4 & C 7 2&1"
4+
: + 4 6 6;& + + + : $ / B $ 0 B : /?+
4+(
: + (0 6 6;& + + + : $ / B $ 0 B : /:+ +
7
4+4
: + =O : $ = ->? & * / / $+
4+@
: + & 6+ & ->? $ + /
72 &"6&7 $&"6 , " 2 &
4+C
( &"6&6 & " 2& 7 6 "($& 6
" , &, $$ 6
" ,
$6
: + " * $$+ $ ? &$ + /
0 1 + W &> W/ (+ W " W/ 4+ W W/ @+ W " W/ C+ W ( W/ D+ W *. W/ F+ W 07 W/ G+ W & = W/ I+ W "& W/ J+ W 0 W/ + W 0& W (+ W $$"2 W/ 4+ W "& " W/ @+ W *. & W/ C+ W $$> W
4+D
+ "0$&=+ = + & "6 ;&? (+ & "6 &? 4+ & "6 & " $( &$=? @+ & "6 7>&? C+ & "6 "&? D+ & "6 $& &? F+ & "6 >&? G+ & "6 (0 &? I+ & "6 $ &
(IF
4+F
: / "&6 ,"& "+ # E $ $ )< - $ :& + 8 . )<
* / / / / / / / / +
4+G
: + / "&6 ,"& "+ &/# && $ $B- $ :&> + 0 1 6 0 $& 6 $6 6 " 2& 7 6 $$ 6
" 6 " 6 $ "7> 6 $ 6 $ 6 &,
& 6 "($& 6 " 2& 7 6 $ $& =& 7 6 $7 6 9 "0 6
"6 &6 ;=4 "$0>&6 $ &0 6 & " 6
( $& 6 " 6 (6 $6 9 $&0 6 &"($6
7
H ! %( C
$ "$$ #&, & " = "
(! )+ % + &$ " $ + & # &+
+ $! & & +' ,
"7 &+' ,
&0 & + + + / &$ $&" " =;& ,"& " + + + # .( (/ ( ( ( .(+ 8& & . " &$= ( + + + / 6 &$ " $& & + & 0& "$$6 & + + + &$ " $ $& 0 = + 6 (
+ + + $ $& + + + + + + $ , & 6,+ "2 & 7 ( $& + (
+ + + , " $&7 " ( "; + + + ( 6 W & "= / " "2 ( + + + + " "2 (
"6$/ W 6/ & "2> %"/ %" W 2/ & "2 " =/ W 2 7/ >/ 7= &(,+ $ "2 # # 7=+ # & , " $& 0 + + + 6 $& & & / & " ( (
" 9& & + & + " $$/ - $B/ IGJ'
(IG
7 $0 $ ( " =6 :
&
IGD IGF IGG IGI IIJ II II(
2
> 7=
&
II4 II@ IIC IID IIF IIG III
&(,
6
# * *
IIF W 6
(! *+ 7 + $ $ " $ 2 + / $ $ +
+ + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+ G+ I+ J+
(& "" $ &/ & " & &K 6 &$= 2 K # 7 (0 9& 2 K , $&" K " &;& , " & K # 7 0$ 7 " ;&$= (" / $ 7 ; ;&$= &K =6 (&$= (" K /& (0;& &/ " $ 6,/ =& 7 6, " & K # 7 $& & (0 9& 2 K & 60 && (0 K
(! ++ %* + " * $$+ - #&: ->? - / O 4 &# && = - :+
/ + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+ G+ I+
/ / & "6 $&" & + + + , + + + / / + + + + + + 2 7 , + + + + + + / & "6 + + + "& 6 , + + + / / + + + & + + + + + + + + + , + + + ; / + + + (0&$= + + + , + + +
4 / & "= 6 >& + + + + + + , + + + + + + / & "= + + + & , + + + + + + / + + + 0& 7 6, , + + + + + + / & "6 + + + " + + + + + + , + + + (II
J+ + (+ 4+
+ + + / + + + ""( & + + + , + + + (2/ + + + 0& & + + + ( &6 , + + + + + + / + + + + + + $( , + + + + + + / + + + + + + " + + + , + + +
(! ,+ + 6 , & $&&7 6 $&O - $ 0+
*
E E " (! -+ : + '$& $ 0 + 9&/# & $ B $ -$ & $ B &: $+ 3 # = , & L, & $&&7 &$& = , 0( $&&7 $ 0 = ( "$& &+ + = 6 7L6 7=/ = , & L, & $&&7 + + + (+ = (0$=L(0$7 2 / = , & L, & $&&7 + + + 4+ = 0L 0 2 (/ = " 2L" 2 $&&7 + + + @+ # 0$ = (0($7 + + + + + + C+ $ 0 = ( "$& & = , 0( $&&7 + + +
4JJ
UNIT
(
.
In this unit you will learn how to:
. 1 . . >
A Dress
/ $ 1
V
"D
@ $6 D
F
?&7
"(?2 $@& "
"A
4J
)(&B
?$&(
0@
$&D /& >K > @ $6+
/& K ?&7 +
+ , ! * ' L 3? E ? E ?
4J(
7
4J4
V
/ & $ 1 ; 0>" 6, "D,
"B F
> ?&7
$@ , @ $,
"?$ "(?2
"@0 D
$A" $@& "
A "A
"?$ *(&B
"B ?$&(
&> 6, 0,
0>" $&D / A 0>" 6, "D, "B& & ? +
4J@
A 4 A "A &B& F F, +
7
:
+ : 2 > + + + ?$&(+ + + & .F & $ &A + (0@ A+ + + "(?2+ + + "B& & ?2 *@" +
A 4 $@ + + + D+ + + $B&"& & @ "+
A 4 "?$ + + + ?&7+ + + " "G & A&6+ ?70 $A"+ + + *(&B+ + + "? & *(&B+ A 0 "@0 + + + "A + + + ? & ? + A(2 "?$ + + + F+ + + "? & &?" >&+ #&"@ > + + + "D+ + + "B& & B( ." + #&( A & $@ + + + @ $+ + + A & $& B + #&"F2 &> + + + 0+ + + " ,B & "B(+
$
*+ ' 1? +- :- - . $ B - # -$+ 1 $ $ *> # , $> / &A./ $> &.F ?+ ? 6 "B "B . 2@ A$& $ (G&7+ "( $&"A0( A & ?&6 ?" &"B + > 6? B= , ?= 2? 2F/ ?, &> 6 $ @/ "(?, &> 6 "(@.6+ #6 " 2@ ?&7 &.F $ D $@(+ "C ( ?" ( 2F( $& B "B&7+ ?" $"?( >"/ , &G 2F ( B 6? B0 7 &> =/ " B A,+ "B . " F$= &.F "@& F A$ ! I@ 27/ B = $@7 6BJ &A. F & 0? &! I(/ $6 B/ "B&7 ?& H E& &"F + & @ 27/ >& "B A 6 (@/ "(?, ( B & B" H ?0&/ $
" ?T $ "?$=+ $ &6 $(A 27 E& (? "B&7/ ?0&/ &6 "? ( $@7 6J+ I(/ E& "( ?B H $? "B .+ H (A& $&?"= F"& 2? / $ @ ( B "? 6 BJ "C ( (F $ @+ B ( (? >"/ 2> 6$&"A / &B B ?/ F $&? & B+ "B . ( ? "? $ ?
"B(+ % ? "C ( (F F"&(+ F"& 6? $&?"= , B =+ (@ $ = F"&(/ = & B" ?0 "(@&7 " ?+ F $&? ?" / $ = 2? ( "(@.6+ ? (@ "B&/ "B . " F "(F; 2F&(! $ "G&$= "(@.6 $& & &7+ !(@.6 $&? , B 6 &>" 6 / > + (@ B 0 "(@&7 " ?/ A F"&( 2? (/ $& ?&7 "(@.6 H $B&"&/ & "B . $ @&+ % ? (@ = & B" $& & "B "(@. &7+ "B . $ (?$=T 0(&7 B " ? &.F+ &#+ A+ A &+'/ HH &&B &#$#
/ IDI! (CKD'
V
+ $* T " "4?&7L " "&@&7! 0& O 0& O , T " ? & +' , * T $ (?&7$= , /
4JI
p
24 & :&1 " 2 0 ! 1 H 4 + * " "4?&7 "$ ?&7 ?&7 ?&7 $ "?&7$= ( ?$&7 &7
p
"6?&7 B ( "$F &.F &.F $ $ ? & "B
A; 0& K
$ A 0 K
>
B , $> $ D $@( " ? "B( "(@.
(! 1 0 ' 2 +' &' 2 +' 1+ ' 1- 2 (;A 2 (;3 +' A'3 ' +- 2 (;3 ' & & 2 (; 4-
$
!& & 2 2
& & @ 27/ >&
"B A 6 (@/ "(?, ( B & B" H ?0&/ $ " ? $ "?$=+
& "B . ( ? "? $ ? "B(+ & &A. F & 0? &! I(/ $6 B/ "B&7 ?& H E& &"F + & ?" $"?( >"/ , &G 2F ( B 6? B0 7 &> =/ " B A,+ & 6 ( B $6 / B $>6+ & "( $&"A0( A & ?&6 ?" &"B + & F $&? ?" / $ = 2? ( "(@.6+ & $ &6 $(A 27 E& (? "B&7/ ?0&/ &6 "? ( $@7 6J+ & 6 $A " "B "?$ 6 $+ & ? B "B .+ & F"& 6? $&?"= , B =+ 4J
7
& A& & 6,?/ B ( B C B0 7 B "B&6!
"6? A; $ A / " "4? B ( > / "$ ? "$F B ,/ $&G ; A $@&7 &> (; A (! 2F(/ 2? (/ 2"*/ $ @ "(@.6+
& "B . " F$= &.F "@& F A$ ! I@ 27/ B = $@7 6BJ & "B . $ (?$= 0(&7 B " ? &.F+ & (@ B 0 "(@&7 " ?/ A F"&( 2? (/ $& ?&7 "(@.6 H $B&"&/ & "B . $ @&+
& (@ $ = F"&(/ = & B" ?0 "(@&7 " ?+ & > 6? B= , ?= 2? 2F/ ?, &> 6 $ @/ "(?, &> 6 "(@.6+
& B ( (? >"/ $&? & B+
2> 6$&"A / &B B ?/ F
& ? 6 "B "B . 2@ A$& $ (G&7+ & 6 B0 7 ,B &.?/ A $>/ &A./ $> &.F ?+ & ? (@ "B&/ "B . " F "(F; 2F&(! $ "G&$= "(@.6 $& & &7+
& "C ( ?" ( 2F( $& B "B&7+ & "C ( (F $ @+ & !(@.6 $&? , B 6 &>" 6 / > + & #6 " 2@ ?&7 &.F $ D $@(+ & % ? "C ( (F F"&(+ & % ? (@ = & B" $& & "B "(@. &7+ & I(/ E& "( ?B H $? "B .+ H (A& $&?"= F"& 2? / $ @ ( B "? 6 BJ
D Health /
V
) # %+ ' %A ! * + !(? (+ ? 4+ # ?
@+ ? C+ ?7.6 D+ A
4
V
.B! * + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+
L? " & $ F6 2A= $ F2
G+ F, LF2 I+ F6 J+ 4> + B $6 (+ "B
% +
4(
7
/
on
p
& &) 2 7+ $, 0 B $ $:*+
Z
" & "&F" ?2 7 ?$ "
/& $ L K
' BL > + + +
/& ( BL > @&K
' BL > @& + + +
Z
/& ( BL > $ BL"(BK
' BL > T$B + + +
Z "(?
( F, ? ?
T8 0; 1 &I++(+('+
44
on
:,# & - :# # ->? =*# + (0@
A 4
?70
A 0
" >
p /
$ "?$ 6 B$ $ " > $ A& $ ($? $ $F 0 A 2G 0?, 7&B $@& " $&D A ?$&( F"&
"G $ K
A" K K
B BK $A & BK $ "? & BK
8
0; 1 &D'+
: & A
3
+ # :
+4
&DD ' 4+C
&
' IIJ+ # D $?& + &9 :+ "+ ?70 ,B0 & &@ $ @ "F2/ $ B/ 0 &>"&6 "/ ? &+ ? "@&! H ? $ "A ?&7 B& "+ A" / 2 ?70 A+ A" / 0 "? *A& 5A$=+ ? B& "+ ",B & B& " 0?, $ &"F + B& " "@& A& ! H 8& 0& B $&B 0 F &6 ? 27K A&= "@&! H ?; 0 F/ B ? ;+ B& " "@& ? ! H ( " A 7& E& " > / = B $ 0?$ $ &"D+ ? " A A&;/ B& " $& B $F2&7+ B& " $F2 B 0A" &"F( "@&!
4D
7
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
"(B 7 A&= $ A $ @ 2& @2/ @, F 6, $&B" $ B72 " 2B+ & 4 / I9.& #1& # / J/ 4/ IFD! 4GKI'
2
V
24 & :&1 " 2 3 / / B 0 " ?& $&A7
"F0 2& @2 B
4F
V
+ / ! @
# * @&7
V
; 7
$0&?&7! BO &' 0 OL O & ' $&?&7
?&7
5A$&7$=
" 4?&7$=
7
# # # # :
*
F Cultural awareness 5
6 4 / A( &(7 )H
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
4G
7
5
24 & :&1 " !
+ (+ 4+ @+
9 + (+ 4+ @+
/ 8
5
6 4 . - I9/J
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
B & A &@0 $&( A 0 $ " B @" &"( ?
;" @0 $= A= "B $&( A &6 $& A = 4 @& 6 ($ @
4I
5$
! " 0 0>" 6 0 0>" 6 / 0 (0 / 0 $&"$& 6 " "$ 6 B ;; = $/ ;$7 = $/ &7/ ( $ = "6 0$+
0 , ? (0 , $&"$& 6 , ? " "$ 6 ,
=&7$= , "6 ,
#& "&7 = & / $ ($"6 $ =& " ( 6 $ +
$& "&7 , ? &7 ,
($" , ? " ( 6 ,
27 $ &/ 7>& 2 $ 0& & I &7J .6 $ + 0&&7 , ? &7 .6 $ , &.6 , ; ' 60;/ " S"($$ (/ 60; , 60;/ & "("$ (/
&7 6 2 $ & "/ .6 $ + & " , &
' . ( =/ & = & =/ & $& 6 "$. ( $=+ > (& =&7 + + + 0 > =&7+
. &7 , &7 , ? =&7 ,
0 0>" 6 / 0 (0 / 0 $&"$& 6 " "$ 6 B ;; = $/ ;$7 = $/ &7/ "6 0$ ; = $+
Q p
-
0; 1 &C+D'+ 8 * & / ' 07 1 &('+
+ 4 & -3 " (! )+ + " 6 + ->? $ $ - / -/ -$ : # $# - # + $
# # # & "&(" ( 7
4(J
&7 0 $& .=
= #"7
; 7 4 & " =
7
(! *+ + " 6 + $ $ # && $ = - / -/+ $ + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+ G+ I+ J+ + (+ 4+
&= $& = &"$ = 4 7' + + + & 72 ' + + + " * $$ " " &"($$= 9=' + + + &' + + + $&( $ / &$ &="7' + + + H $ 7+ &; $&7' + + + $ $&,+ & " 26 ' + + + &;7' + + + 6 )" .;+ & " 2= =' + + + &&, " ' + + + 6 $ 7 + &" &$& ' + + + &( = $&" $&7' + + + ; $+ # = 6 &0>" &7 ' + + + / &$ $&;' + + + &( (4= =' + + + 6 ( + $= &"($$=' + + + " & ' + + + 6 "+ # & & "(" $&" " & >&" ' + + +
(! ++ + " + $ ? - + ! + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+
&7 " & + + + 0& / & . + + + "&(+ + + + ( "$& & " & "(+ " + + + &> 6, "=,/ ; , =& + + + > + + + + " $& " + + + * & + + + + & " 6 " ;.=+ + + + &=, 7= "&7 + + + $ "&+ >&" >& + + + / + + + "6(+
(! ,+ + $& 0$ + ->? - / $$ $# $ - &$ # $ = /$ : +
#
+ (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+ G+
# 0$ (0 $ =& & + ! 0 " &;& =& #$-+ 6 ( # &&+ #&( &6 6 + & . $ "2 & + 6 0& 9& #+ #&( &6 (& ?/+ 6 6 D&& #+
4(
(! -+ + # ; $ I & "6J+ $ ># !& ' $ / = + $ + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+ G+ I+ J+
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
& 9=' ++(@++/ 0& & 07' ++(C++ $&,/ $ 0( / $ "( "( " / (= &(&" ' ++(D++ (. "/ & ' ++(F++ + &"( ' ++(G++ $7 $ & 9&' ++(I++ ( "=. 6+ / " &" & 7' ++4J++ $7+ & ' ++4++ 6 $ .&7 & ' ++4(++/ & ' ++44++ H .&7 & ' ++4@++? (0$7/ " & & *" ' ++4C++ + &7 " 2 & 7= & ' ++4D++ & =&6 9&' ++4F++/ & "(; $ ( / $ &$$ " ' ++4G++ $ & & .' ++4I++ + $> 9& " $, &&" .&7 2 $& ' ++@J++ + / " & ' ++@++ " $& + & " ( & " "$ / @ ;$/ HA/ IDF! (K@' 8
+ 6 &' Q M MO &(' )
0M 1O &4'+ ) O &@' ) O &; +' &C' ) O Q O &D' ) O &F' = O &G' Q
& 'O &I' ) O &J' Q
O &' ) N O &(' )
O (! 6+ A + 2, ,+ $ ? - + $ / ++++ "(, " $$$, " , ++(++ $( "$& $ & " $&7
& + "6,/ H " (& 6 6 $&" 6/ ; ( ;& , / / =$ / 4/ *"(&6 "( " (&6+ & "6,/ 6 " & " 6 H ++4++ $ I " 62 6 & "6J/ H ( &7 (/ (7/ $( (/ " "&("(/ 7 "( 4+ " $( "$& 6,/ & "7 $&7 & 0$& 6 "& 6 6 $/ ++@++ & "6, " ;&$= " (&6/ & " & "6/ $ "& 6 7 " + " (& 6 6 $&" 6 " &;& ++C++ $7 &0$ ' (&" ++D++ $7 &0$ ' 0 " "6;&$= ++F++ 6 " "6 ++G++ 0$( ++I++ (,+ & "6 $&" 6 ++J++ . &"7 6, (., &"6&6 ++++ $=& &0$ '+ 72 $&" / , ++(++ " $ I$( "" &J/ ( & $ 6";& " (&6 ++4++ " 6, & ,/ & &=& ++@++ $ ( ++C++ $$( ++D++ 6, / 6 &$= I( "$J H ++F++ $ I( "$7 6 $ $( =J+ " & " 6 6 ++G++ $" $ 7 " &;&/ ++I++ "( &"6&6 ++(J++ $=& &0$ ' ++(++ $ &0$ ' ++((++ " "6 ++(4++ ++(@++
(, &0$ ' ++(C++ &">, &0$ '+ 72 " & " 6 / "$ 6 ++(D++ $ 7, 9&,/ 6 &$= I( "J+ ' " &"6;&$= " 72 / "6;&$= / 0 60 6 6/ " &;& D ++(F++ ; ++(G++ " "6 ++(I++ + 4(@
7
#6 $& 6 $ $ ( " H ' H , &$= ++4J++ . &" $& .6/ ++4++ "$ 4 / " & " =+ ++4(++ " $6 $&7 & "6 / ( * " "6 " =& $ 4 *"(&6/ & =$ 6 0 6 " (&6+
0 3 (! )7+ + + + / , + +$ & $ B $ /# + (B$+
: : . = & 0 /2 $= GDJ ( / ; !$$+ ' /2 6 0&6 & $$& + $& ($= &( (>/ GII (/ $&( 0/ $$= ? $ + 6 " 8" * + =/ (+ 2 7 6 / 4+ (" "& 6/ @+ & =/ C+ 6 / D+ ; "$&0 $ / F+ &> =/ G+ 7 6/ I+ 6/ J+ " 6 7 * (" / " 6/ / &;"7/ $ / 7 $/ 6/ " / "$$6/ ( 4(F
+C
: + + : 8%&89 : $ - -/- # & -/ &$ ## # + :
8%&89
* (# # H
+D
: + & 6+ - + 6
" 6 &7 &7$=
+F
&> 6
+ /$& & + - &+ 0 &
4(G
& &7
$ =&7 , 6
" &7$= , &7 7
7
7
H ( ! ( (
" ;=& "&7 (0 6 4 6O & $ 0 $ & & # : $ /: /? $ -B & && &/# & &- $ D * $ -$ &-$:&/ :&'? $ > &-$ &/ > '? $# & /: / /? '+ - -/ & $ B - / B+
! .
+ *
&$& 0 + + + / 70 + + + ; $& (2 + + + / ; 2 + + +
4 6 ;=& + + + / (0 6 + + +
(! *+ % + " $ =6+ &#+ 4 & $ $ C &+
+ ' & + + + / + + + / + + + / + + + / + + + + + + & + H #/ (2/ H + + + &=/ H 0 ( 9& + + + $ / =6 + + + / $ + + + K H & (/ = + + + / H + + + (2/ H 0& 6 &6 72 + + + / 72 + + + / 72 + + + "(/ 72 + + + / 0& 6 &6 72 + + + $ $ ( $ + &/ 6 &$=/ + + + =6 $ + + + 6 & & 7 + + + 8
+ * + (+ 4+ @+
% + ) O ) O ) 2 O
(! ++ % + $&(.+ - + - -B- ? - & ->? 0 + $ ? $ $ -+
+0+ + " ("$ =&$= " 0 =&+ + '0& 7 . $ "2 & (0 $$ + + #&( &/ & "6 " ($& .;/ "4 &$= " & ;+ + 0 =&$= "( $ "( 0 " + 4(I
.' 6
02;" 6 6 6
H + + + / &6 7O + + + (&K H + + + (& + + + H & = + + + O H #" / + + + #" + H (/ + + + / $ $7+ .' 6
02;" 6 6 6
H ( 7& "6/ = + + + & + + + "6 (K H 8& =+ + + + $+ H " $&& / = + + + 2 + + + H &0 $&+ H = + + + ; + H ; / + + + *= &" / $&( & + + + ("$+ < + + + " ($& 2(+ + + + 7= (0&7 + + + $(7&.;K H ($&/ + + + $ =&+ .' 6
02;" 6 6 6
H + + + / "$&7 $ & . &7O 6 $ + + + + !" 2& " $&&7$=! "62 + H " $&& / + + + / $7 0 7 2( + /& 6 $K H < H = "62 / + + + &/ & .( K H ( 0& / & + & " $ B (/ 0& 6 + + + O H &/ + + + $& " $$ / $ 0 =; + + + / + + + + & 6K H = H " ; / 6 " & " + + + I/$& = 7J+ / $&&/ $ 0$ 0 7 ( + + + " + H " O & / " / (/ 6 0 7 , " 2 + + + B .' 6
02;" 6 6 6
H + + + / 6 & ( & (0&7$= " + + + O H / = & 7 0& + + + + + + & + H = & B ( 6! + + + + H + + + ! # " " + (! ,+ 7 * + " 6+ #$ - + - - + $ $ C &+
0 . 8 + & 3)
6 6 6 " 6 6 6
&' Q O & ' % O &' ) 2 O
44J
7 )
6 6 6 " 6 6 6
&' ) 2 O & ' ) 2 O &' 9 2 (@ O )
6 6 6 " 6 6 6
U ' O & ' ) +
U A" W B6 ? U A" W B6 "&@" U A" W B6 4 @&=
p
7 @ ('-3) & 1; 2&4' 4 / !
8
+
F = 4>& " ?2 & B"
44(
"@&
? "F0
&A .
B .6
B
7
/ G& $( K / $&"F& B $6K / "F=& " ?K / 7G $?&7 9? K / 0@$&=& F6K
/ "A(& , O / "A;&$=O / @2(& @$7 K / B;& "FO / 6&"?;&$=O
0 * * B H " A&/ &B"6 G& $( / ?2( &+ +
p
4 / !
8
+
&"(
$ ?"7
( B7$&
B 47 7D& " (A
72?= $B" $&7
72B
$&( A &6 $F2 A.;K ? > *AK &A $ >&K ? 0;& *.?7 $7BK 6 " @ $&&7DK "@& "F$$K "?;& "& >" ;"B B$&K
p
& 0?O # 0 6 7>& B* K 444
# 6? ? G( B K # 6 @ $7 0AK # 6 " @$6 & $7K # 6 B$7O
p
# 0 6 " 0&? & (& ""B 6K # 0 E& " @K # 0 7D& O
4 ! / / 8
+ $&A"$& " = &("@$&$ A $&$ $B$ ( "$&A& " F &$= * "A .=K &B&$= B6 " A&K ($&"? &$= 0 "@ K
A$& 6 ",&A& "6 $&( A 0 $ $ A& ?2 " ?& @"( &$= 2B7 = " "? K " "G;&$= $ 0 A =K " B =&$= 9$F"$ B" (K
8 0; 1 &I+D+ I+G'+
B Festivals
6 4 6 " & "? ? =+ &D' &("@$&6 =&$= $ "$& $&= 8 F"/ =& & @=2/ &($2 @ ?, $&?"6 2 &? $ " ?/ $?&";& ".C ?/ ?=& / $&C/ $&"@ 6 ."+ & " &/ % , " ( " 0(( 6/ % , (06, 0 " "0 6 $("/ $ ( 6/ = & 2(/ 0&; 6/ =$ 6 $ =4 " 6 ($&6 6, (./ $ & "& $= / / ($= &7( 0 (; &6 $/ "= $ &7 "((; # 2&/ 0 0$ + + + & &"6 96 $ " # " 0 (2 / I 6 $ J/ G44'
44F
C Cultural awareness
p
+ , 2 +-3 73 + 1 & 8/
! !
! ; . *@2 $ 4?;&/ @ $ &? F& & ?&",+ *@2 $ 4?;&/ ? B & ?&" >& $ &?7+ " "&(?" & ?&" $ 4?;& &? $ .?7 6 A7 6 ? =+ & / 0& >& A$& 6, & ?&",/ @2(& A&, " D& "? + A&6 " D& & &"?7 6, ?$$,+ A& >& * "?.; & /
A,&7 & ?&"+ A& C0 (? ? "A= 0? $ &?=+
*@2, $ 4? &$=/ @ $ &? F& & ?&",+ *@2, + + +/ ? B & ?&" >& $ &?7+ " "&(?" & ?&" + + + &? $ .?7 6, ? =,+ & / 0& >& & ?&",/ + + + A&, + + + "? + A&6 + + + & &"?7 6, ?$$,+ A& + + + * "?.= & /
A,&7 & ?&"+ A& C0 + + + ? "A= 0? $ &?=+
8 * -? 0 +
1 : + + + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+
6
( @&7 &6 & ?&"K ( ?&7/ 0& / ? $ &"&7K /& ;& "@& "= &"?&O C "? = "@& 7 ?O ?= * "?.= >&$= &&"?7 & K ? $$& $F = "@& K
& + 6 6 6 >
&A&! F.2 $&7 &&"?7 6 *@2/ &"6 $4?;&/ $ &?7/ ? &&" >&+ ' 2 ? 6 &&" $@& " "&(?" =
$?/ * "@"(;4= & / 0& >& &&" $ =/ ?&" ?2(; ? (+ 3 & / 0& >& $& 6, &&"2/ $4? &$= $ , $&" @., &/ E& " D& "? + 3 " "&(?" &&" $4?;& &? $ .?7 6 7 6 ? = I*@2J/ I&"?7 6 & "F"J "(@ + 44G
7 6
& + 6 6 6 >
&A&! &6 " D&$= ?$$,/ &"6 2 =&$= ? =, &&" / &? & &"?7 6, ?$$, F.,/ &"/ ? 72@, @ ,/ $&@ .,/ $&&F&,/ ( "$&&,/ ,/ *?", ?2+ 6
& + 6 6 6 >
&A&! & " 0&?&7 ? &&"/ " $/ "= 0? $ &?=/ ? / . ( &+ A& (? 6 &? "= " "$ "&A" B + "?& $& " A& >&$= * "?.= & / 2&7 &&"/ &? A & "6, "?, = &&"+
6
& + 6 6 6 >
&A&! ' 2 &&" &6 " "G;& &>"6+ 3 @ " D& " "?6/ 7 I*@2J/ I&"?7 6 & "("J "+ ? &&" $&7 " "+ " " $ D& ", ;; (/ 2G 6/ &6/ (0?;& "@+ $7 =&7 7+ ?&=& 7 C0 @ $ $ &?=+ #F4 &&" ?;& "@& = &@ $ @ $&? "@& 7 ?+ $6
& + 6 6 6 >
&A&! $ &"&7 ? , @&7 "@& 7 6 H "&" *&&" H 6, @&7 "@& 7 ? "" 2? &$=+ G&7$= + "@& 7 ? "= $ &?= " ?";&+ 56
& + 6 6 6 >
&A&! "= &"?& "@& (& & 62&7/ $&?=$7 "@& 7 ? @ * &&"/ (& &@ (*&+ F"=& &&" &B7 &/ $&7 $ .?7 = &@0 I$& = (" =J+ &I!($$ =6 "( J/ IFG/ @/ @KD'
44I
% ; # 91- /'- !-
: ! O &@K B &$' $ " $@&7K
; ! + ?($&+ / 0 +
) ! F02 ? + + + 30 7 7/ + + + " $&@& L @& / + + + &/ 7G+
8 ! 7G+ B + 6 C + + + B $F0 B
8
+
+ (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+ G+ I+ J+ + (+
$
V
/& B ( ?&7 & &"?7 *@2O 4> B " 0&?&7L($C2&7 " "&(?" & ?&" K F; * "?.; B " 0&?&7 A& K B ( @&7 A&6 & ?&"K /& B A&7 "A= &"?& O B ("@&7 "A= &"?& O B =&7 B7O ? F &@&7 B7O ( ? F $ ?&7 7&B B &O ( ? 7G , @&7 &F 6, @&7 B$ &"A&7 ?K ? 7G " ?"&7K 7G ("@&7 & ?&" K
& / - $ & #$ .& -$F # && #F# :# &-F - / $ *B F -+ - & , & & : /
4@
D Meeting famous people /
'
5 8 ' ('-3 4' 3 3 + # @ - # D + *
. . . .
F & 0 "O /& ?0& -O & & )@7 $ "O ? $ $& @&$= 0 "K H B $&F K H ( ? " $(O &F. X ' H &( ? "2&7K . $ (& "&@ 0 "O
4@(
. & "2? & 0 "K . # ($&"?&$= $&"0O . /& " "? A0 " K H 7K H 0$?O H &" 0$FK . # 0 7G , @&7 K
7 D +
. . . .
? $ $& @&$= 0 "O & (0?$&( & 0 "O & & O ? $ $& @&$= 0 "K H 7K H 0$?O H &B" 0$FK
. /& ?0& - =O . & & @& " " *K . /& " "? 0 "O H ? L ? K H B( ? " $(O &F. X '
4@4
E Verbs of motion 2
p
4@@
6 / 3 7 " '' + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+
>& $&" B+ '0@& 7 >&B $7B < B ! $$@; >& C + /$C F& , " 2B+ "A= >& C$&" + 7 >& $ (&"?+ /& >& B $ B =K
7
:* - / #-* $ & &*/- # B+ . A
+ & ?&" I B J >& B6 *" .F$ *7+ (+ 72B & ?&" ?&" A0 " >& I @ = ?J+ 4+ ? 6 7 & @ "( F& IC7 6 B "6J+ .
+ F. ,B / >& 7L$ + .
+ / @ 0$C F& "?7 + < " "G , "? + (+ $7B $F >& A;+ 4+ 'A B 07! C$&" >& "A=B $-, - / -. $ $ + . # #
+ H B0 7 >& "B 6 . &+ B . & >& K (+ H B (/ @( >& E& 2G + 6 F & K .
+ H 6, @& B 8& & &"? >& "+ H ? >& $A (;4 &"?K (+ H ( "$&A&( F& &" A($6 X^ J+ H @ &( ? F& &B($6K 4+ H ? B F& ? 6 0$+ H 0?$& F& ? ? K . ?"' '
+ H ( &B" XMQ >& 9? & ?& + H >& 9? $&B"K (+ H E& $&" A >& ?+ H #B7 A$=. >& ?K 4+ H ' $ ? F& B, + ( $K @+ H # 0?$ E& ( "B$( F& " B"6+ H F& " B"6K
2
6 & ,''3 ( ( ! / * >& $&" B + + + F + >& $&" B $>& F + 8 * $?/ C $/ $>&/ $>&/ $>&/ $?/ $?/ $F&/ >$/ & >$/ " >$/ " $@/ " >$ + 2> $&" B + + + F + (+ "2> $&" B + + + F + 4+ A 0 >& &*B" + + + " @+ 4@C
@+ A 0 2 &*B" + + + " @+ C+ F. F& 2B7 + + + @+ D+ # " &?"2 2 "A& "( + + + F (?+ F+ ( >& E& A 4 $ "@ . &BO + + + , "C + G+ & >& ?= A 4 + + + + " > + I+ ("B $&( A &6 + + + (0A + J+ 0&7B + + + $A A&6+ + ? + + + . &6 B &6+ (+ ? + + + . &6 B &(+ 4+ ?2 @O < + + + , &A(+ ! 1 0
1
2
6 # . ,'' ( ! / * F. >& A 4 + + + " > 2B(+ F. >& A 4 >& " > 2B(+ 8 * >&/ >&/ ?/ ?/ ?/ >/ " ?/ " @/ " >/ " @ + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+
F. 2 A 4 + + + " > 2B(+ ? " 2 ? + + + A(; $ ?(+ A >& F. + + + + ?&; "+ 8$("$ B + + + &("@$& C$&(+
A 4 2 A / & F 0& ? + + + ? "(( $ D ? 7(; 07+ A + + + ? 2 "?& ( B( "0F+ < = " > ? "(( + + + B 0A" F.(+
! ' '+ & (3 & (
G+ B + + + "(F; "B&(+ I+ #&( A & &@0 + + + E& & & $& $ "F$$ @$+ J+ @ + + + $" $A 7 ( "(A "A +
F Cultural awareness 5
5 8 +'
2 * # # # "A A& 0 ? &$= $ B * $&? + &"6? & $ B $?6 @&6 * $&?7 *" .F$ B" "A7
4@D
7
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
Q p
-
0; 1 &@+C+ C+C'+ 8 07 1 &4'+
+ 4 & -3 " (! )+ + % "& 7 6 + $ $ # && $ $ -/ -$ : + $ + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+
4@G
>& $ & 7= 07'+ " " & $ &"($$ $&( &'+ # = $&" &$7 $ &$&"6 6'+ 2 $ &$ "=& '+ #&( &6 $&" &$7 $ & $& 6 $& 7'+ $ " &( $ &$ "7> 6 2'+
7
(! *+ + % "& 7 6 + $ ->? $ $ $ -/ -$ /$ : + =
+ $&" = (+ "( 4+ $ == $&7 @+ 2= 07
C+ & == 07 D+ $&"2 "& F+ 7 " >
(! ++ + $& 0$ + ->? - / / $$ $/ $ - &$ $ = /$ : +
+ (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+
( ( "$& & 6 $&" 0 $ $& + " * $$ " " " & $ $&( & + 6 $&" &$7 0 " " $ $ $&" + 6 0 " & &" $ "( + ( 6 $7 $ (" $& + < , 6$&( $ "( +
(! ,+ + / $ 0 O $ $ # && $ /> = + $ + + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+ G+ I+
" $= & '+ , $ &('+ 6 , $ & " $ '+ "& &" $'+ 8& 0 $ &" $'+ < $ &&"( ' / 0& "&+ $ $ 0 $ & 47' (0& =+ & 7 , $ & 72= $ " $&7'+ 6 $( & '/ =$ & ' &'+
(! -+ + # $ 0 & = $ $(4 $&& 7 6 & "& 7 $ " IJ I J+ $ $ # && $ $ -/+ $ + &0' + + + $ 0+ (+ &7 , & & ( ' + + + 4+ $ >&$= &, = ' + + +
@+ 7 & 7' + + + $& $7 & + C+ $ &"& & &' + + + D+ 7 ( & 0 ' + + +
(! .+ A + " I$J I J+ $ ? - + ! + (+ 4+ @+
, + + + 72 $ " $&7;+ != + + + 6 72 "+ 0 " $= $ 7= $ "$7 + + + $& + (= + + + >+ 4@I
C+ + + + &= $ 6 "(+ D+ (& $ $ / + + + ( + F+ ! ; 6 , + + + ( + (! 4+ + # ; $ I & "6J+ $ ># !& ' $ / = + ! + (+ 4+ @+
" & & (2/ $ + + + &6 $=K < 0$& 2( $7 "(7=/ $ + + + = $= " 2 (+ $ &" " / + + + & 6 &.6+ (& / "= $ + + + 6 72 "+
(! 5+ + " , 6 " , 6 6+ $ $ $ & & $ / = + :
# + &' 8& " + + + $ = "6+ & ' & + + + " 7 "$O &' 3" $&" + + + ( "&;"(+
$ =&7&$=' $ &7&$='
(+ &' "&$& + + + $ ; ";/ " $7 $ &6+ & ' #& / + + + . "&K &' # &7 + + + I 0$ / 6 " ($7 J+
0&7&$='
4+ &' " = &"& 6 + + + $ "(7=+ & ' < + + + > $ = (.+ &' 6 + + + $6 +
$&" 0&7&$=' $&" &&7&$='
@+ &' 6 & &&" + + + &6 $$(+ & ' 0 " 6 + + + &&" + &' ( " $ + + + "& +
"4&7&$=' " (&7 &$='
C+ &' + + + 9& & O & ' / + + + "7 2> + &' 3 6&$= + + + "7/ & + + +
&"6&7&$=' &"6&7 &$='
D+ &' " $/ 0& 9& & + + + $2 $& .=2+ $& &7&$=' & ' < + + + / & ( 0& / ( &+ &' 1 *>" + + + 2 (/ & ( 0& / ( 2&7+ F+ &' + + + 6 7 I 0$ + & ' "(7= 2(&/ 0& (0 $7/ = + + + & + G+ &' ! " + + + ( 0$+ & ' 0 " 6 + + + 2 " "+ I+ &' = "$$ & > " / 0 7 + + + & ' 0 " + + + $ $ " + 4CJ
0&7&$='
$& &7&$=' & "=&7&$=' & "&7&$=' " &7&$=' " &7&$=' ( =&7&$=' ( &7&$='
7
(! 6+ + 6 $& =4 " + $ $ /> = ? $ + $
+ (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+
&" 2" 2 + 8&( 7 $( "& 0&+ 9& &&" 2 I= " J+ "& " + $2 $$, " &6 9&( 7 $(+ 360 = " & &&"+ "( " , &" =+
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
"= I "7 6 J
"( $ & 2 =! & &7L &7' ++G++ " = & &" =' ++I++ & * (/ "2 / " $& " H & &&7L &&7' ++(J++ 60 + & ' ++(++ , & 7 & / &$ "&7$=L $ "&7$=' ++((++ 72= =+ "( 6 $& " $& $= / &:" ' ++(4++ 0 (& 6 $&"2 + =$= > & & .' ++(@++/ $&" 72 / 62 &/ & "7 $&" 0 -+ :" $ " $&&7 $ , " & H & . 0 " " / &7 &. " 7' ++(C++ H "= $ &$ 7=' ++(D++ 6+ :" " 2/ 0& (02 &7+ # 0 ( & $&( &7L $&( &7' ++(F++ ;" 0 $ $&&(&! 0& $&&7 & &' ++(G++ + " $
$&&7 / 0&7 &"&6&7L" &&7' ++(I++ 7+
&7 & "( 2 6 , + & " ( + !6 / & "&/ / IGF! (GK4J' = + &' Q 6 : O &(' ) / I ($ ;4J ++(++ G4( + #&"2 ( =$7/ $ "$= ++4++ $ 6 " &6 / ++@++
, $ / ( . ( $7 (0&7 " &( ++C++ 0 $& " 0 " . & ++D++ (" , I J I% $ J+ G4@ + I J 0& & "(; "&0 $(; $&&7; $ I& "&(" 6 0& =J ++F++ 9& & $& $&7 $ & "&(" "& 0 & "$&+ G4I + $ " & ++G++ & "(" 0 & " &&7 ++I++ (" I & 0 $& 6 $J+ >& "&0 $ & 9& (" 2 $& &/ >6 & $ 72 & "&(" =/ (" ( " (; (=" $&7/ " & & & / 0& "6 & $ " 7 + G@F + "(7= $ ";& 7 ++(J++ ( $ ++(++ " .( = 0 =/ 9& & ( 27 ++((++ 0 7 " & $" + $ ( " ++(4++ &( "(> (D = G@G + &P A / 4 $ $ # ! # A Q
9 / 7 / ID4! @CKD' 8
+ &' 8 # O &(' ; + &4' ) O &@' 8 2
O )O &C' )
O = O &D' ) G4IO &F' ) O &G' ) O &I' ) O &J' Q O (! )++ A + $7 " ("$ + $ ? - $ + .
# 4C4
8
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
4C@
7
++@G++ & " ( & & & ++@I++ > $7 + " $! ! ##< + # & H & "("/ 6& $= " =
@/ & (F/ 34 & # ' $ "( $ ( ++CJ++ "( $ " & / % 6 6 #2 $
V $ @+ %(
0 4& 4 & C 7 2&1" : + 6 $ "=&=+ $ ? $ /> = + ! '35- '25-
+ (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ %4(
- 2 -3 - & -
+ (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ @+(
0 " 6 + + + "( I #($ J+ 6 + + + $&7O ' 6 " $7 0B (&" = + + + " + & 7 + + + " * $$ "+ "&7 " 0 H 2 + + + < 0 + + + 9& 0 ;+
6 ( + + + " & =K < ($62 2( + + + / (. 6+ 3 $& 0/ & $ &$& 2 + + + 0 " 6 + + + & " $ (; " 0( & "(+ $( &( 6 > + + + 6 *7 ( + &6 ( + + + 9& & *7K
: + & &" + $ ? &$ + /
& ' RRR#RRRRRRRR 3 RRR RRRRRRR RRRRRR RRRRR% %RRRRRR -RR RRR T[[[
4CC
& ' A R R % R R R R R R )RR RRRRRR RRR% !RRRR @+4
+ # $ 0 & =! "& 7 6 $(4 $&& 7 6 + - -B- ? & ->? $ + 6 " 8" * % ( " 6/ (+ ", ==/ 4+ 7 6 / @+ "& 7 6/ C+ 72 / D+ $&" =/ F+ & &"7 6 / G+ & &"7 =/ I+ 0$& = 7 ! *2/ $$/ 2 / =/ / . " 7/ / * $&7/ & &"
@+@
: + /& 4 O 9 - $ :& + =
&"& &
$ "& 7 6 " "6 & $
@+C
"&$& $&" 7 "& 7 & 7 " $$>"
( & "= $& . (" . "& 6 0 $(2& 7
*2
0 "& $ & &0
7
0&& 7 " & &"
: + " * $$+ - $$>? #$ = & ->? :& + 4
" : "
+ " $&"/ . "& 6 / & (+
2(4= 2 / & * / *$
4+ &"(/ "$& / 7 . @+ 2 == " &/ 2 / $
& "0 & ">" & $ " &"2 & (0& 7
7 "&$& $& 7 .
4CD
$&" & 7 (" $& 9$("$
2 *>" " 0
" $$>" ", "
7
@+D
+ & &" + A
7
H 4 ! # ) $&7 (6 "6 #4 ) $&7 $($$& I 6 0J #C ;; & =/ &" & " 7 (! )+ % + ) $&7 $$0 $ (6 "6(+ $ &/ # &+
"6$ + + + " "$ = = H " "&&7 + + + (" "&6 . &"6 $($$&/ (6/ (7&("6+ $> & + + + " , " , =& & &"7 6 $&" / . "&6/ (67 6 ("$6+ "6$= $$ ..= $ $&= 4CF
(7&(" & &$= + + + ("$( " (6 ,0$" + / , $= $$ ..= + + + " & & &"7 6 * $&7 "6 (6 &6 $ $ , . 62 # ;/ $& 0 " 6+ & 0 (, 7 "&$&0 $ &6 $&" " $ + + + (" "&+ & " $ + + + "$&>& $ 6 + + + + " & " / " $ ">"6 $* 0 $ " $&"6 ( 6$ 6$&( &7 + + + I",& $ J/ $& 6 & &"7 6 " $$>"6 "(;& + + + $ $& + + + (+ & & "( I .=J/ IIC' (! *+ 7 + 2 & 6, " $&&$&! " $ $0 + $ &/ # 0+
# $ 6 " $!
[ " 2 6, L
H ;& 0( $ 6 (0$& $ H " =& & ($ $ 0 H " =& & ($ ( " $& 6, ! $$ # H " 0&;& " &7 & ($ H =& (" "&6/ $ & "/ & 6, H =& &("$&0 $ ! $$ H & & 6,;&/ $&";&$= " &&7 H "(;& " $& & ($ "( H "(;& " $& & ($ $& $ $ 7> ( " & H &"( $7 & &&7 U & " (" I >J/ IIC' (! ++ 7 + & "7; $ " & " * $&= I 6 0J+ $ $>/ - -B- ? $ & $ + - #
+ ,0 7 ( 4 0 $ ! ( " 6 * $&7 I 6 0J " , & # & & "(" ; $=. / " = 6, 0 + 4CG
7
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
4CI
UNIT
@
.
In this unit you will learn how to:
. . . . .
0 1 2
A Future reference
p
6 6 2I " LM $ 1 0 #) = &6 6 6 @
F ( F 27 F & F F & F (&
p
4DJ
H 6 F & F&" K H '&" 6 F 9$F"$+
H &6 F 27 >K H > = F ( &A +
H ? F & 9$F"$=K H 8$F"$= F & F&" +
H ? 6 F & & ?&" K H 6 F & ?&" A0 " +
H ? F (& 9? 6K H 8? 6 F (& D +
H &6 F 27K H < F ( " B 0 +
8 2 / 0; 1 &I+@++'+
7 $
6 62 I " - ! / > ? ! = F ( &6 F 27 F & 6 F 6 F & @ F (& *
U
$ *
9 & ' = &6 6 6
F ( F 27 F & F F & F (&
0&?&7 0&?&7 0&?&7 0&?&7 0&?&7 0&?&7
$?&7 $?&7 $?&7 $?&7 $?&7 $?&7
"B&&7 "B&&7 "B&&7 "B&&7 "B&&7 "B&&7
*+; I0&' J & & "F
6' F &O ? $ O /& @ F (& & A&7 O
+- :- , & * -. :&# $ $> & -G ->? - + . & O . /& F (& A&7O
. O . O
. # O . K
@-* - / #& :# ->? - :* ! >' $ B+
$
p
p
6 6 2I " - ! / > ? ! = &6 6 6
" 0&?; " 0&? 27 " 0&? & " 0&? " 0&? & "0&?;&
2F @2 27 @2 & @2 @2 & @2(&
27
$&
@
@&
F&
8 0; 1 &I+@'+
4D
'
& (3 ''
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
(
) ' 42'+ $ ( 6 I$> >J/H $? ?& ? I$> >J/H $? (?&+ I$> ( DJ/H $? ?& ? I$> 7FJ/H $? (?&+ & &- +$: &# %H $ $=@ $ 4JKA& (" ? I# F& J/ " ?.= " ? & $ ?;4 " G&7 (0?$& B ("$ I4* $ 9,>1J+ A $=/ 0& & ?&7$=' + + + $@2 $B 6+ '$B= " A =! + B ("$ I4* $ 9,>1J B(& " G&7 (0?$& &B7 "(A 6 0&?& &"B "? $( ?"$& # ?&'+ & " @&7$=' + + + &" &F"+ "B$6 & ( ?&7$=' + + + = ?"$ / * "?7$ ?"& $ "?, (" ? + (+ &A&6 & .A &7$=' + + + =&?7 $$&A " $&@& 7 6 ;"@+ =&7 @& 7 6, ? & (0@&7' + + + (0?$& B ("$/ &B"6 $ &A& &"A&7 &F" & "$?&7' + + + $7B" ?.; I $ 6 = 6 ? 6 " ?& " 0# F& 1 + + +J+ 4+ @& ? &F" B ("$ & (0@&7' + + + "+ & "6 B & "A$ 6, 9$$A " ?. & (0@&7' + + + $ .?7 6 $( @"6+ @+ $ D& 6 @& B ("$ &$&&7' + + + (0?$& $ , &">, &F" / &B"6 "? $F $? 72B @0 $& ? + $F0 , "? $& ( (, B 0 A @& = & " @&7' + + + "A+ C+ # @$ $ , @& &6&7' + + + (B (" + &+ &/ $ &="7/ IID +'
4D4
B Plans for the future
'
: 2+ & 3A+- ' ( 2'3,
5 + + , - -. :-+ H ( ? A & #B =L "7 A& @(6O H L ? F & & 6,?&7K H #B7 "A L ? & F &K H /& L ? F & & A&7K
H ? L ? &( ? A &K H 0> + + + O H # + + + O H L ? F & &7K =
#B = ( ? A &O F & & 6,?&7O ?K $ O 0> A &O $B7 "A & F &O F & &7K 0& F & A&7O
T/>" B" ?($& T$ >& ?&
#B = ( ? A &O F & & 6,?&7K ?O $ K 0> A &O $B7 "A & F &K F & &7O 0& F & A&7K
4D@
"7
#B0
"(7G $&&F& &" A ( ?&7$= B" / "?&7 G / , @&7 B"6/ "$ ?&7 ?
:" " @& TA$=. &?&7$= G,& / "?&7 &A $/ $?&"&7
$& " 0?& 7 $&
"7 "?& D7 T B
T ?0
7 $
p
8 && && +' , @&7 H A &7 8 0; 1 &I+F++ I+F+('+ 8 @ @& :*1
&6 ,B 27
? 6 7 " A; 0?$& L"A C0 ? $ ?L ? & ' $(B& @& :*1
BL & ?&" B$& &A( 0 "@ A. "B&( "0F &6 A 27
&-*1
? A& " A$=. "A L0?$& C0 ? $ ?L ? & '
on
)"? .; $F " @.( ? "
B & "(B B" ' " @& =
&A&7& "B$6+ . #B7 " A;
on
"B0 ,B =& 2B7 ,B =& $&( A &6 ,B =& . ( ? " $@ @& A =& A& K L B& ($K
"B&(K 2B(K G&=K
+ , -$* # # - -.+ /?$& 6 A & &&6 A 27' = ?2 "(7GLAL B6O /?$& 6 ,B & &&6 ,B 27'
B "A= B A =&
on
&-*1
? " O L ?0(O L "BK &&"O L BK L .A"&6OL C$&O L &A(O L $ "&?K $$A O L B$&K "?O L G K
2 7 B 3 @ &K . 6 @LF & &7O . #B7 "A 6 & CLF & K . /& 6 & ALF & A&7K + , -$* # : @* .- - # &-* $ - + . . . . .
A & L ? B& ($O $ / & ( ? L $B7 A7K ? ( > 0 >&$= "B& K F ? F & "$$?6&7 @ ( $K /& ? "$$? &K ? ? $ B "A & K
$ $ -$* # : $ * - .-? - L : # -$ - L &:* $ + . . . . . . . . . .
4DD
? 6 " >& $7 ( "$&A& G&=K @ ( $ F (& B6 " A&6 & "B F"$ K 6 F & &7K F & 6 "B&&7 0 "?O L $(B& $" $A 7=K ( ? 6 A & &"A&7 F"$ K $B7 "A 6 &( ? A & K / 6 & F & ?&7$=K 0> 6 F & $?&7 B (; "B&(K ? ( $ F (& 6 ($ C L $( ?"$& 6 9? 6K 6 F & / 6 F & "B&&7 L 6 F & &7 + + + &+ +/ ? B 0& ( "$&A&K
7 $
on
%& 9 ) ( -. * B &. .& # &* $ %&$.+ $* * $> - >+ 9&/, C.&# : $ .- - A7 D=
IK+4J! G&= L $&&F&? A L $&( A 0 $= $& B=? &B! 9$F"$= L " 7? F+4J! .A"& L $ "&B"=
&B" ( D=
F&" ! ?2 ? , ( " A = $ 0 A && "&F" '?
>! *@7 I"EJ? J 0+ A0 "! $ &A
$" ? 4 D=
F+4J (&"?! ?&"? G+JJ! &B($ L /B$ ? A ! " $& "? I A 7J? F+JJ! "4A L $?? (J+JJ! F &$ $ " ?& '
0 &A" @ D=
F&" ! A.= " *A$$ " +
>! ' L ?" &"&/ $ $&" '? @/ $ ?"7/ &$ '? (+4J! % L & $ &?7 I/?J
G& . C D=
F&" ! &B 0>&(? (+JJ! $&&F& L 0>&? A / &B " F L "? G+4J! $&"A0 &$ " G& '? & ?&" I B J L *7 I [email protected]
$(B& D D=
F&" ! $$A L $ "&F? D+CJ! 9" B"& L $ >& " $ =) (4 L & "F"? F+(J A0 "! $&@ . I# F& J L F
$" $A 7 F D=
F&" ! $& " 0?& 7 $&?
>! !($ (A/ 8"&?? J+@C A0 "! &5A L 0 B B
& "F" ? $? L "C& D+4J (&"?
4-** , - %9&%5 - / 2 -$&.+
4DF
$
0 - (') $ " @ ?2 A&B 6 $ &.B $ A& $7 / A./ B$ B, $ B" " 2@/ 0& ? &C&' + + + A $;/ 6 & " ?&7' + + + $ $A & " A,&7' + + + &7 $&"?;+ % 6 &( @&7' + + + *A"( &&7' + + + &"B&&7' + + + "A / ""B + 6 , &@ &7 B & B"=/ & F 0& 6 B/ 6 ? & / ( ? $= B 6 $ B"& + ' $ F & ?"($ = B / 6 &&?&7$=' + + + ? 6 A0 " A"
,B $B .+ > &( ?&7$=' + + + / & ?&7' + + + / & "?&7' + + + (G&7 A" ( B"=+ / A0 / $> E& / $ A ;/ ? &B7 0&C+ #? B(/ A $ &.F 4> B &"/ E& "A= B @ B & @&7$=+ F02 ? 6&7 "> B (/ ? $>+ 2@& B "A . F $ B, ?2( ;@(; F0(+ ?2 ? $ ? +
'
# ' - - - L + - - $ $ $ .-? $ + + /& 6 F & A&7/ ? B 0&$= E& & (0A 6 O /& 6 F & A&7/ A$ F & , "B2= B $" $A 7 K (+ /& 6 F & / A$ C" & A 7 & "A;O /& 6 F & / ? F &
7 " A = ?2 "F K 4+ /& 6 7>& $ $ B/ ? A & $FO /& 6 7>& $ $ B/ A$ >& 7K @+ /& 6 $? & / ? ( ?2 "F F & 7 " A =O /& 6 $? & / A$ ? F & 2 7 " A =K C+ /& 6 F & A&7/ ? B 0& ( "$&A&/ A$ ( $ F & "B& O /& 6 F & A&7/ ? B 0& ( "$&A&/ $ ( $ F & "B&6K
C Studying abroad
8 # ' 27(- "3 C
!
4DG
7 $
# ' 27(- "# '- CV :7(- " ' "# 7# & (1# 6 6 6 7- V @ & # 7 ( 3 (;" 4 1( ) 6 1 - '" 4 & A'(7 4- 6 %43 &7- +52 4 2 ' 75 &!- '># 3 &'++ C#@/*# : 0P DW & WT ?'" & ) 7+ ) 5 ' J67 J ! C & 27 4F& +'-) &+# 4) () J'-4J &;+'- '" A )# & 2&+>IA 7+ 3 '() 5 '36 4 " 1 4(- " &I-> 1 2 && +'> + 4 !6 4 !) " 5 '- &'+ " ' +'-F& +'-" &+6 $( " (7 + 2 ( C# " " '()
' ' 4 4)F +2 # & ! 6+ ) '+6 0 - 7K ?@@ Y+ 4' 7K (@@ .&'('-2> +;> 1 &'27- & ' 26 @' 3 (3 J'-4J+
9 HESTU DTZFZ[FT\] C HEWERU R\R TT WW &= ' 0 ( # # 1 4DI
D Reading and grammar /
6 4 62( 0 2
" $B ?& "! ? = 6 ? 7 H B0 7/ B0 7 B/ H = 0&? F @(! ? 6?$7 I B / @ , A = " G F6J & " G = F &7G $ H ("&@ '+ < 0?$& "$$?6 @ & ?"4/ A 0 ?70/ ?& 7 6 ";0A = ("&@ + & @ & "G$7/ & = "$$?6 ? 6 " "? (/ 6 F6 &@ , A =/ @, @ $ $A A 6 + % A"7/ 0A" B B &/ = " B B $&?" "F ("&@ F "$$?&7 / A 0 ?70/ 60? (; $&B"; " E& " G 0 A+ & $ % $& ' A 2 + =
?(
"A7= &B $? @4 "$&@ (0@&7$= . &
A&7L ?&7
A 7 & @$& &7 $ B , $& 2B
A 6 $ F&7 (? A& A$ $ &7 ," ?&7
G ( @&7 =F (&7 B $ 2@&7 ," B
+ * + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+ G+
) # O ) O ) O ) O ) # 7 8 O ) # 1 * O ) O ) O
* ("&@ $ 2@ B+ ? A$ A$ (/ &B"(; $ $ 0 @! I =&7 &C,/ =&7 &C,B F = , + + +J &B $& F&7/ 0& F & =&7 &C, A&/ &B"6 "A
"? (A+ I( D ? ?" B(; F"&(/ $ A H "$@(; ?(( $ "&@ + F 2B(/ F ( , " 2B (0@&7$= F ( $ ? $F2&7$= ? ( ?" + B & 6&7/ & ? = $&? ( $& G4 ?70 BJ "( "B B $& @ B @4, H $ B & @ ," ?= $? @$+ H "?$&(/ B" 7 ("&@ / H $? $?+ H ( ? &6 & $ 2@27K H 0& ( & G (AO H $ " $@ &+ 4FJ
7 $
4F
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
7 $
&/ = & A $F+ #F2 G ?& 7 ! ? &6 ? 27 A&6 A;/ $? 27 2A $B I" $K* $K $BJ/ &B $G 27 "D 2A B= F 27 &7 (&"?+ &B7 $ &"@/ $ + $ $ >27 , &G 6 F&(/ A" C"$& &B + + + & $? + + % $&B / 4 @ G:& , & >: ),/ I A&$= & "&F"J/ IF4! (IK4/ C('
/
p
24 & :&1 " 2 /
* # / ( D/ F/ F ( $F2&7$=/ $ 2@27/ &"C/ $ "? 27$=/ F (
A&7/ ,B0 27/ >/ 5=$ D/ "$&F&/ " >27/ ? 27/ $? 27/ F (& $A&7/ ">27/ A";/ F 27 &7/ $ >27 " F& 2@& A. $&B" $ =&7D &C+
E Suggesting a course of action 2
p
! & & . +) - - ?L ?& $ &* ' *
H ?&& ' > ?&" C$&(+ H ?BL ?& +L ? >+L ?& >+ H ?&& ' $B&" A0 " B6 *7+ H $ A ;/ F! = B0 7 ? =&+ L < 6 $ ( B7$& / ? "B&&7+
'
H ?&& ' $&"A&$= ( & ?&" A" 0? $ &?=+ H + " 2B+L ?&& '+ A H ! & ?" / 8 @ / ) / ) @ / 8 + =
2
+ F F @( $F$$&(+
+ %6 ? 27/ 0& " $,B & $ 0?$ ! $$@O
(+ > "&@ (; "A; $B&" C$&(+
Q+ $ &"@/ = ( @ $&@ ( " F6 @ I B =J+
4+ + + + C 7 2 ? $ +
4+ B$& "2@ / A" / " F&/ = B0 7 , 0F $&7+ 4F4
@+ F02 "? B(; "F I B=J+
\+ # B = @ D=+
C+ " &B ("@ $ "4+
C+ ' $ ?&" 0>& "?& / = F &B+
D+ #* & "*@"( ?=& "?$ B4 +
Y+ 4 @& ,B / $& A ,&? &/ @ , 0 B & $>
B" + /& A&7O
2
+ @ ?2 "(7G "@ +
M+ ' G $&?$= &B7 @ " * & "?& +
(+ #5 @ " @+
(+ "G&/ 0& ( $ B" &"C$7 & "A$ = C$&+
4+ $B&" $A A$&= $C+
Z+ ?&" ( ? 7 " A =+ /& F "@&7O
@+ @2 $7B $&( A 0 $(; A&(+
\+ < $ ? $ 9? 6 &@0 B
C+ $F2 B(; A$ ; "F 6 I? ? J+
N+ $F0 + B &/ $6"? ?"&6O
D+ ? $= "F$$ =6B+
Y+ /A" A; F & A0 " ?* " "F$$ =6?+
#
F Cultural awareness 5
6 4 9 + 4 2I
= !
@ B6 (0" A = @ B6 "B0 $&? =G;&$= $AO 8& "A $ B (0" A =/ $G 6 $ & "B / $&@ 0 6 $A"$ / 4A$& 6 &? &" $& "? 6/ *A/ ?"6/ $& B6 / F$ 0 6 / (*A&6 &+ +'/ ( "A C ($F &"@0 6 $(7&.B 6 *@"6/ ;" @0 $ $F &+ +'/ $&? / $F " B & &A, & "A"/ 0$B & "? 0 6, $&? . & $A"$ 6, $& "$@, $A C" $ A$ 7 "'/ * ? $ 6 ($F &? / $&", C ? &+ +'+ %@ B" / "$ &@ $> B72= 0$&7 $0A F & ? =& " B $& $*A" + E& & D 7 0? &/ 0& B" $0A & $ " $ "B&
4F@
7 $
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
B + $ B7(& E& B $&B & @ & $&* # -# $ / $?/ 8 "B$/ IIF! (IK4J'
5
6 4 92 G B?*
4FC
/ ' # " ,+ H & I 2 DSR\ +
4FD
7 $
%@. H $ 4A (A IGF F ! $ F
/$B (A
$ 4A (A & JJJ @& '
" ? "A = "F$$= "F= ,$&? "@= ?&= &? ?= !#)#! % $&? %("A = ' $&? '"@ 8$&B =
( D IG ( GD I FI @G F JD( (J (J C( IG FC
CJ 0 + FCG CF DD DD (@G GG (4 CCI FD4 (@ J 4(D D@C I@
@ 6 % 2 +- ;( 3 ) 4'(;3
6
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
4FF
5
p
-
!& 4 & 02 3 + * 0 F & ' + + + O 0> "G& .@*"6 + + + O /& B $?&7 + + + O
: * + + + / &B $&7 &&+ +' + + + + + + / @ + + + + + + / @ & 0 A + + +
/+ * A & "6 $0&?;&/ 0& + + + A & "6 F;&L ?;&/ 0& + + + B F;&L$0&?;&L ?;&/ 0& + + + A"6,L & "C,L&"A&7,/ + + +
3 * "?* @ / 0& + + + &@.6 @ LG$ / 0& + + + &@. @ LG$ / 0& + + +
@ + + + / "(@ + + + / &"A&7 + + +
? 6 &@.6 B $?&7/ 0& + + + ?6 &$=/ &0& ' + + +
/ * B & F/ 0& + + + ? &$=/ 0& + + + %"F $?&7 &B0 + + + B & 6&7/ + + + / B & 6&7/ + + +
* B (/ F + + + ? &$=/ 0& F + + + A" / F + + + " G& / F02 + + +
/
* &B7 + + + / + + + + + + / & + + + B & 6&7/ + + + / B & 6&7/ + + + # B $& " C/ + + + / $ "(B $& " C + + +
: * A0 / #A & 7 / + + + &$ B' $? $A ( &/ 0& + + + E& B $ A&7 C / 0& + + +
Q 8 &2 ' 07 1 &@'+
+ 4 & -3 " (! )+ + ( (4 " = $ "2 + $ ->? $ / = -? $ $ $-+ $
+
$&" &&7 < + + + &" "(( 9" "&(+ 6 + + + &. 0 " + + + + % ; (&" * + %6 + + + "( $& K " & & D 0$ (&"+ 6 > + + + O
4FG
7 $
(+
& &&7 < + + + $7 &"+ + + + / (0& $7 K %6 + + + / (027 & "(K + + + / $ , $ " $=&+
4+
"$&7 $" $ 7 ( $ 0 " + 6 + + + $ , "( + "$ &6 + + + O < + + + $& &2( +
@+
$ " $&7 $ " & 7 + + + =/ = $&";$7 & &&7+ $ = ( / = + + + (0& =+ &6 + + + " & =/ $ &6 >27K + + + . "/ " & +
C+
( &7 < ( (.( + + + &(+ $ 6 + + + &(/ $ &"& " "( & =+ 0 " 6 + + + &6 > +
D+
07 0 / = + + + %6 + + + (2 &"6&7 "7K 0 / + + + "((+ $ ( & &"( / "( $&( &6 + + +
F+
07 6 $ &" & " + + + $ &7+ 6 & + + + $ &7K &/ = 0&;/ & + + + & (=;&/ ( ;& + + + $ &7+
G+
=&7 %6 + + + 9&( ( & K &/ = + + + >/ & ( 0& = ( 0& > " 72 + < (;/ 0& + + + >/ , 0 & > " 0&&7+ (" 6 6 + + + O 6 + + + (" 6 I: $&7J I( 7J+ 0& + + + 2 "(7=K < ;/ 0& + + + 4FI
I+
=&7 $ &6 + + + 6 $ / &6 $ &"27 , $ " K 0 / $ + + + / & $ &"; , $ " + < (;/ 0& 6 + + + 9& & "$$! &"( 6+ 6 ( & / & + + + O $ 6 + + + 9& & & $&/ 6 " 0& 4> "+
J+
$&7 & (/ & + + + / $&7 ( , 9& + $ = ( 6$&(/ = =& 7 + + + & 9& + 8& $ " &/ $ / 0& &6 ( 9& + + +
+
"$$&7 < + + + & 9&( $& "; &"+ $&( &6 " (&$= $6/ + + + / & +
(+
&7 < "$(; "&("(/ & + + + > & + "$( &6 > + + + O < (;/ 0& & + + + & $ "$( +
4+
&"6&7 &" (&" = + + + $ ; $&(+ + + + ( ( & 0&&7+ %6 + + + 2* 7>27 $&;+ + + + $ "7 (& $ +
@+
"6&7 < + + + / & 7 &6 " $27+ $ ( & , / 6 + + + + %6 >27 ( $ + + + $ "7+ # 0$ 6 + + + "7+ + + + ( & ";/ 0&$= .=+
C+
$&&7 < + + + &" " + 6 + + + &" + + + + (& (=&7+ %6 + + + 0 >27 &7$=+ 6 + + + ( & &"&7+
4GJ
7 $
D+
($&&7 $ = + + + / = ( & 6,&7 "+ 6 0& " &&7/ + + + O 0 / 6 + + + / 6 0 " &&7+
F+
0&7 < $ " + + + (0&7 "($$ =6+ # $ &="= 6 + + + (0&7 $ =6+ (! *+ = + 6 ( (4 " =+ $ # && $ = -? $ / $-+ ! + (+ 4+ @+ C+
$ = 9& & *7/ = =& 7 + + + + &$ &" &7L $ &" &7' $ &" ( & , " 2= / 6 + + + " + & ,&7L ,&7' ( & 0($& &7 $ = (02 / $ + + + $ "& + & &7$=L =&7$=' $ &6 27 $( &(/ 6 + + + 6$&(+ & &L &' & "/ $ , " 2 + + + 9 6+ &$ &7L$ &7'
(! ++ = + # 0 " $$ + :& $$ / $-+ $ = &6&7' ++++ 72 / = &$&&7' ++(++ " + < &$&" &7' ++4++ / $&6 " + < &, &7' ++@++ " &( 6 7/ / & ", &7' ++C++ / (&" &0&&7' ++D++ &( &" "&7' ++F++ $ / $ &6&7' ++G++ / + < & $&" &7' ++I++ 72 "$6 $& " & 2 6+ (0& 7 . &$&7' ++J++! H "$6 72 $&B & $&" K = & & &&7' ++++! H 8& =/ &= / $&" + (0& 7 . & $&&7' ++(++ =&>"( $ 0 + $ " =&
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
6 & &7' + + + $& & = &7' + + + & " ='+ + + + $ 0$ 7 ( = $(0 =+ & O &I' ) O &J' ) O &' ) O &(' ) O &4' Q O (! .+ = + -"7 "(2+ :& $$ $ / = / $-+ $- &+ $ # # ."7 &= $! I ( ."$& = & & &7L & &7' ++++ & (/ & = & 0&7L6 0&7' ++(++J+ % $ "$7 ( " .6 $& & (&7L 4G4
(&7' ++4++/ 6 0&7 ."=+ & + % 7 ( " . $! I< ;/ 6 0&7 ."=+ & $0$& 0 / $ =&7 $ "(2( &7 > ."=+ % 2 ."7 6 " &J+ -"7 & "6&7L "&7' ++@++ & $0$& 0 + -"$ $6
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
8
( &7 $(2&7 &7
,&7L( ,&7 & " (&7$=
$ &" &7 &"&7 ( &7
" ,&7 (=&7 " & &7L( & &7
) * I & 6,& 9 &0 $, $&" , %, BBB 6 " && =& .( 0 " + + + " " & 6, =& .
#( &
$" $ 7
4G@
(J+JJ (J+4J ((+JJ (4+4J (&"
4+JJ @+4J 0 " ((+4J (&" I+JJ
"6& 9" "& $&" " $& .( I $& J ( ! " $& " $& .6 $ 4 0 ( I#&" &J &"? %,( = ! " $& .6 I%,(J " ( "6 $ 9$("$ "4 / (
$ & ! " "( I $J &" 9$("$= $&" I J/ $ &"
$& " 0& 7 $& ! / " / . " 7
.A" 7 B"6 $ " ? B " ?
+
(+4J
9" B"& 7* = ? $A"* ?"($ 6 $ "&
+ %+'
4+4J C+JJ
" B "6?.= "A = $&@ . & $&"? A = "B A$& = "B
+
7 $
"4 (/
"6.(; " ;! ( $( " / (6/ " 6 & .6/ ( 9" "&/ $ >&L" $ ) (4L $&
4GC
V
?
0 4& 4 & C 7 2&1"
G+
: + /& 6 ( & &7 $ = 0 " O : $ $ $- $ -? $ +
G+(
: + /& 6 ( & &7 9& O : $ $ $- $ -? $ +
G+4
: + /& 6 ( & &7 & O : $ $ $- $ -? $ +
G+@
: + /& 6 $ & $=&7 &O : $ $ $- $ -? $ +
(
G+C
+ ( (4 " =+ $ ? &$ + /
? $ + 6 ";0 0>&
$&7
& "4
"
"(
"
6
$&"6 " = $ 0 &7 G+G
$ 2&7
7
, = 9
4
6$& 0 6
"(7=
(&7
&7
+ # " + - $ $+ N
"
( * $&7
= 9&
$&"
& &"
7
H @ ! D %
& (& ("& #&" ("
(! )+ 7 + % * 6 " "6+ = #$ $ $ .&* & &O (O ( " ;& &O # O &/ . &# : &# $ $+ 2 (! *+ % + $& 0+ & # &+ &/ &## $$ $ &+ 4
+ + + $* $ K $6! $& 0 K $& 0! /
" &7L " &7! / "$ &7L "$ &7!
("&7L( " &7! " $&7L" $&7! $ =&7$=L$ =&7$=! &7L &7!
&7 + + + $6 + + + &7 , &= $ + + + + #6 $& + + + + = + + + $ 0 7 + + + , " &7+ & + + + 6 / + + + ( $( + + + >+ 4GF
" + + + &7 ( / 0& &" ,& & + + + $6 + $ 9& + + + + + + + & . "&! I &/ + + + & ( 7 $ + + + $(OJ $ & &! I &J+ = + + + / & $! I &/ = J+ % & . $! I $ & ( 7 $ + + + $( $ &" / 9& / 0 / , " 2 + = ;$7/ 0& 6 + + + $&7 $6+ + + + $&7 $& 0+ $ & ( 7 + + + $& 0(/ & + + + 7 + + +J+ = $! I &/ = $& 0( " $ + + + BJ % $ + + + / = + + + + 3 + @ ( (! ++ = + # 7 $& & 2 "&" &O & # + &/ & C &+
3 # + & # 0 &* L L +
(+
4+
@+
+ + + + (+ + + + 4+ (, , @+ + + + + + + + (+ + + + 4+ + + + + + + + (+ + + + 4+ + + + @+ + + + + 2 (" , (+ + + + 4+ + + +
+ + + +
+ + + + (+ + + +
(+ &/ -/ & C &+ 0 #
4GG
UNIT
C
.
In this unit you will learn how to:
. . . .
*2 / 2
A Prefixed verbs of motion
) 4 8 # ,''3 1 " & +
4GI
p
8
*2 ; : I+F+@+ < >&" " 2@ &@ $ "F ?"
>&" C2
B J 0$B (&"?
2>
+ + + 2>
F.
"F /
F2 /
+ + + " 2@ @ ?=& ?" (/
@ 2@ ?"+
4IJ
+ + + @ " 2@
B4 7/
2@ ?"+
2@ "F A& $ &@"+ %@"6 $ ?+ "(7= $&? $F0 + + +
@ 2@ ?$$ ( @ A&6+
+ + + @ (2@ ?" 2@ "?&7 *(&B+
7 '
p
1 ? &"B0 " 2@ + + + A,&7 ?0( $ $ " &?"2 +
? &"B0 + + + 2>
B $ 2@ 0
+ + + , B I (&"?+
+ + + A, $ " &?"2 +
@ + + + A, @ $&A"$&/
+ + + 5A, "F ?=& + + +
+ + + A, 2 $$A+
+ + + A, F. =/
+ + + A, B4 =B$ /
@ + + + A, $&? 0A" $FS" F/
4I
+ + + A, 0A" $& + + +
&B @ $A 2@ ( + + + A,
?0 =&@ 0$?
0A" 0$? + + + 5A, "A ; B2
+ + + 5A, "B&
?0/ B $ " &?"2 C2 2@ 6 &"C "B&+
@ + + + A, 0A"
"A ; $& @ 2@ (/ 0&B6 "G&7$=+
&" 0 + + + 5A, " $?! I A.S& + + + A,+\
24 & :&1 " ! &F = 2F
&?2 $7+ ? & 7 0& + + + 2?+ ? B+ &?2 &+ ? + + + 2?+ > & B+ & & + + + >$ . &C+ & @+ @" F&" + + + B& 07 2B( 2@ / A0 " + + + B&+
F H "( = 3F
"7 $&(0?+ H + + + @& B H $? "@$+ B &( + + + 2> ? + H "?$&(/ "@$/ H $? ? + H ? / ?($&/ $ ?"7+ H &/ 7@+ ? = $ ?"7 + + + 2 B &6+ 4I(
7 ' &F H&FU = F H FU
H ? / "B& / ?($&/ B/ H $? (0@& 7+ ? $&/ + + + 2> F/ "C B/ + + + 2> & ? $ $ > A$& + FL& FL&F
H #@& / ?($&/ + + +A,&7 ( "? I $?JK H 0A A,&7O 8& B+ 6 B & + + +& ( "? 2B+ + + + @& A $ " $ A& "(F; $&B" (/ + + + @& @ *A "B / @ @ I "?7 6 B 6J/ 0A" =&7 F& 6 F & B I $CJ+ " ,B & $ A+ + + +2> F.(/ + + +2> @ *A =&7 F& + + +2> ( "?+
. 8 & &)( & A- 6
+ (+ 4+ @+
@& "G + ? >& .A"/ " @& "? + ? A,&7 $ & *B" " A,&7 " $ A& @"+ ? " A,&7 F.6/ ( &"A&7 $ " F&7 "? + ? A & .? F.6/ " @& "? + 4I4
C+ ? 6 C & B4 7/ 5A & ?=& F2 (/ " @& A " $ A&( @"+ D+ ' "5A ? A,&7 A +
$
V p
) " 4 & C (7 2&1 " ?$&! F $&!
$ @! B!
"A&! ?" !
/
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
/ IDI! G(K4' 7
3
+
4I@
7 '
4IC
'
% 8 # 61+-3 &'3-3 (3 (3 (
5 / *2 *2+
5 . + ?&7
6&7
$&@
$&@
&@
4
# / ? * " >/ " &@/ " A,&7 F " $&7G ( F C + + + B "(B A" " @ + + + &( ? B/ F F$&(+ B ( B 6? ? 7=/ C A$& &B7 = $ B (?+ $ , A$& + + + ? 7 B C B + 4ID
7 '
$&?&7 B $ B & / "(B " F 7G! > &(& $5 $&+ 7G C $&?&7 F $ F$& + B $ 0? + + + F/ &B > 7G $&?&7 "(B " F $ B / $ F$& + #& (@
F&7+ " F + + + / ?2 (/ F 6 " $&7G + + + B B/ F F$&(K - % %! &' " > F/ " F$= F$& ? &(' " > F$&(/ F > "?& ? &4' $&? F/ " > B F$& ? &@' $ B " F$= B " > > $A . . 7 4G+ % " & "
? ! $@/ ?/ ?/ " 2>/ 2 A 0 + + + B + + + "C A$+ @ C C " , @&7 0A" A (; "B(+ @ F/ 0& B 4> B/ 2@ 0A" "A7$6+ "( ?$= B + #&?"2= A 0 + + + ? / ? 2= (" @ "C $&? $ "?&7 ,+ B 6 (A $ $A @ + #&?"2= A 0 "0?! I" $7 "C_ @_J ? 7= A 0 $C2 " ? $ "?&7 ,+ 2 @$& $& @&7 B / A, A 0(+ #&?"2= A 0 "0? ?+ $$@"6 $ &"A B B + ? B + + + / & $ (@ / 0& A 0 @& A ( "A7$ .B 2 A&$=+ /A" A & " "A= A 0 =? B (/ $ 0@ ? / $ "? "C + + + $ $&"A+ &#& "?* + + % $&B / @ 99/ 99/ 4K@'
(
) 9"7 6 $>6 =0/ %6 ( 0$= $07K
< % = 7; + + %6 $ % +
>&6/ "$ 6/ ( / ( &7$= & B
%6 =& .&7 ! "=
"6 ( +
& %6 &$=
" &$=+ &$= " / &$= " &/ &$= " &/ " &+ % 4IF
$ + (/ + ( H & $>B &#(@ & $+ I(/ H F & $ ?/ H E& & &"($+ + + + 0 A $?&7J+
4IG
7 '
+ + + $ ? & A =+ A ?/ A/ $7 $ + + + / H $> & 0 A+ + + + ? A. F2( A$ $A & , F&7+ 0 A " $
" ? $ "?$=+ %(& F2 $&"A& B $ ?+ + + + ? 0 A( "@&! H / A/ 0 A/ ? A$& &7 $&? B / A $?! H/& / + + + $ + + + + 0 A $ ?( $ A + & $&( @ A0 "+ / A $ F+ B 07 ?$7 $ ? &A 2B" ,/ ?= ?+ 0 A $&>&+ "B0 ?= $ ?+ " $ F$= 0 A "0?! H 8/ $ ?0 GB $ &6 ?/ & A27/ $ &7 2?+ %(& $ ? 0?/ A $ &7 ?+ # & , " ? ( 0 A $&?$7+ & A"7 >&+ &# / !+ &''
V
24 & :&1 " !
:
8 * &@/ ?=&7/ & A&7/ 0 "A&7/ $&( @&7/ "0?&7/ " @&7/ 0?&7/ &7
C Expressing purpose
p
) - - - 3 - - - 3 '" - - . $ > / 5 + "2> + + + $ A& B 47;+ =? ? &.?/ "4?=$7 F + + +
A" + . $ 02 1 / / + A 7 + + + "B(+ '0@&7$= + + + A"+
"C& + + + " &+ @&7 + + + 7&B+ &"?&& A 7 + + + ($&=@+
. $ > L + ? + + + (?
p
A& + + + 0&A =
A$& + + + ("A =
!# & 743 L (
> ! #) $ * 2 + *
6 A $F/ 0&B6 (0?&7 "F$$ =C+ 4II
A" C " @.(+
+ # " ! #) L "A $ B = C " @.( F " ?$ "&+ = (0A = " ?$ "& F A&7 B 6 A&6 0 &C" * & "?*+ 8& (A &6 ? " $&@ ! A$&( @& 7$&+ B ( 0A" A$=. 6 C (0@&7 ?$ "&+ (0@ ?$ "&/ B 0?&7 * "G&7
(A &6 C + = E& F &@ $B7$& & $&" / &B"(; 6 $ "? & $7 A,&7 =&7 & ? @ 6, A&+ ? ? " @&7 ?$ "& (; * & "?*; .@ $(; $&",B(+ A& F/ 0& $ ?0( (A & $B7$& ? ",B &$= &"?&&7 A$ 7 A$=. + A & "6 $B7$&/ &@ / "A"/ "&? / $&"?/ "? / &"A(;& &? *.?7 "2A & "B $& @ A+ A& D & @$6;&$= ?$ "& @( " @& + $ 6 $ "? & $7 $&" F D (2?"= & &@ / B/ "@=/ @" &+ +'/ , @ "@ & , A"6+ $A "@( B $ A&7 @ X4+ ? @ &B/ B &@ &("A &$& A&+ A0 / B A,&7 " @.( $ A 2@ / = E& ( C ( "B 6 @& 7$ "?+ & !@ &0 '/ ; 7 II@' 0A F + + + O 0
A&7 @ * & "?* G&7 A&( A&7 "2A &@ $B7$&
A&7 "@( & , A"6 &@ @ ( A&7 " ?$ "& A&7 ( "B 6 @& 7$ "? =&7 @ (; A&( @$6&7 &A ?$ "& @( " @& &@ &("A &$&
D Cultural awareness /
6 4 . (;)
/ %C$=0 &A ( ?;& (0@&7$= " @.(+ #" @ , ? &A "F 6, 0 B + /& E& H 7 B @ A" $ D $&" F/ > $$&A( " ? =/ F (4 ! $$@K #&B $&7 (0>6 0?$& 6, 2B, ( "$&A&, / 1 .?" @ #1 B & " C$&7 J &6$+ B" + E& ( G$ / 0& &F; "B$ 27 B(& $ A B&7 &B7 $ A0 6 D ! @"6/ *&= C I " @J/ B 6 &>"6+ + + + / ?6 &$=/ " @. F0 F& F0&$=
A& " $$@$, 0 B + + + 0 F & &" &@0 6 ?2 @&/ & "G= $ @, &A (0A " @.(O 6&7 B &/ ( $ B, F0&O $@& + 0?7 (0A ! $$@ ? $ B =/ "A= "@$ $$&A6 " ? =/ 0&@ " =?
@JJ
7 '
F02 ;B $&"? + C2 F" 7 ? ( ?2, 2B7 B$& &B0 6, F+ & &B7 $ ( &?" 6 " A& =6? 6 6$ &A+ C$2 2B & ?0 $?&7 7G+ '/ ?( $ ( "$&A&/ )%/ $ "&B"= B "(@ F6 ($&( ?;& ? 6+ $> A (& A (& A& 6$ $&? 6, @& (0@&7$= ? + &I)J/ 4F/ IIC' ) ' + ! 5E "6
+ * + # # # + # #
#
B + 5=$ @& ."F$$# 6 ? & $A (;4 $ ? 6"A =6
"F 6 0 B 0?$& = 2B $ A0 6 D *&= C I " @J 0?7 (0A &B0 6 F ( &?" 6 " A&6
/
ED *+F ( 2
8
6
!B& B& 6,6 =
* #
* ).
&B&7 F "?&7 2?,&6 $F2&7 "? , @&7 B$& $ "?&7 "@6 G 6 "B&&7 "B ?0 6
, @&7 @ (G&7 $&"?&7 0&?&7 & "&F"( A &7 ("B"&6
" *A$$6
*
"B& " C2 $& "B& &"? $ "& (7&F" 6 A=& 6
?&7$= $ B"& 4?&7$= $ "(7= $ &"A&7 & @ " 0&?&7 A&6 "6?0&7
"B& $&" @& 7$& B
$&? "B&66
*
(0" A =/ $G 6 ! $ & "B $ * ? $ 6 ($F
$ 4A$& 6 &? $ (7&F"
$ C ($F $ " B $&
@J
6
& 6+ =
A 6
A& "B$6 @. " $B B"$& *.@" 6 "B0 $ A"6 " $@ @& $6
;? $A7$ @& 6 ($ @ .? $ C$2 " ? ?&6 $ "G (0?4 $=
%("@6 /
? ! &7? * "G&7? A,&7? " @&7? " B &$=? " D&$=? $4?&7? $5?;&$=? $?&"&7? 2 @&7 + + + + +
p
-
+ + + + +
+ ( "B 6 *$&?7 + @ F + " $@ $& "0?&7 $& + (A &6 C
+ " @.(
+ + + &("@$&6 + + + C$& (A + + + $&@ ., + + + ?$ "& (; * & "?*; A&6 + + + ?$$2
Q 8 & *2 ' 07 1 &C'+
+ 4 & -3 " (! )+ N + 6 = $ & &$&(;4 " + $ ? - $- &+ ! + (+ 4+ @+ C+
, & + + + &(+ 6, & + + + $& .6+ , & + + + (+ %6 ", 27 + + + (" + 6 , + + + & "4(+
D+ F+ G+ I+ J+
, =& + + + + 6 " , & + + + (.(+ < " , ( + + + $& + 6 (, + + + &6+ &, & + + + +
(! *+ N + 6 = I, &7J I &J $ "$&+ $ -$/ -B- ? $& $ - # ? P-? $ + / , (
= # + (+ 4+ @+ @J(
6 6$&" + + + 0 " 4 7+ + + + + 7 + + + ( &7 $" &6+ 0 ( &6 + + + "&"6 & O
C+ D+ F+ G+
6 + + + " =+ % = + + + . (.6+ " * $$ " + + + "> 6+ 2 , 6 + + + 0 " % "$(; (.(+
7 '
(! ++ A *2 + = I &J $ "$&+ $ ? $&+ ! 0 " $ "7 " 2 ++++& (=&7+ ++(++2 & "$= (&7+ (& ++4++2> & "4(/ # " ;/ $& ++@++2 $+ ++C++, $& ./ ( & "$ ++D++& $ + "(7= ++F++2 $ (= 0$+ , $(/ ++G++2> 70 $ " $ ,/ & "6 0$+ & 70 ++I++2> & ,/
"(7= " " ((+ ./ ++J++2 " & $ & , (&7+ / " 0$ ++++2 " ( $&( & "$7 "& 6 (&7+ $& . "(7= ++(++2$7+ "7 ++4++2> / 6 6 + (! + A *2 + 6 = I $&J/ I $&J I &J+ :& $$ - # - B $+ !
* + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+ G+
"& " , & " >$L ">' + + + &&( & " $ 6 * & "*+ #&( & "2> & & " >$L ">' + + + (0 + 6 > & ( & $>L >' + + + + # $&" & $>&L >&' + + + $ 7 "& $ + & . & $>&L >&' + + + $ 7 $6 "(,+ &7 & $>&L >&' + + + $6 "(( " ((+ "2> "& & ">L ">' + + + $ "(+ 6 & "(" & $>L >' + + + $ $ +
(! -+ + #(0 " + 4&: $+ : .
# "7!
T( 6 H T(& (&7 H
T$ $& 7 = H T& 7 H
"( & " = ; & 6,&7 " R R &'+ & " 0 7 , " 2 / = ,( + 6 $" $ 7 6 " (&"R R &(' , " + 6 " "$ R R &4'+ $ 0 0&&7 R &F'+ 6 0 7 & " $ R R &G'/ = 6 $ $ & + = $ &" 0$6/ 6R &I' ( 0$+ H & "B H " ( =/ & &R &J' 6 + < $& $ &" "(+ & " 6 + H T(& (B H ( = 0 "0&7 &7 47+ & T$ $& 7 R R &' + & "$7 $&7 & "+ < & " $$= (/ 6"=/ 0& 6 & $ "(R &('+ < ($& " 2 " (&7$= " + 9& & & & = =$7 & "+ @J4
H /& &6 $7 27O H "0 =+ H ; $&7 0 R &4'/ & "6 (& (/ H & & & "+ < / $ " &7$= " &7$=+ H 7 9& & = 4(&+ < (/ 0& &6 (& (/ H $ = & "R &@'+ 6 6 " R &C'/ & " "$$ ! I< " 6 0 " " R &D' "(R R &F' " / > & & , (&7 T& ($ (+ = " $ ($=/ 6 ( (, 0$ + < ($62 "/ 0& " & & (& (+ & = 6 $ $&7J+ &#+A+ A &+'/ HH &&B &#$#
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
7 '
&= = ( &. &(/ $ > "& " + H (/ = ++D++ B 4> $ $ $ = &7+ " 4& B &=/ " $& 6/ ++F++ (.(+ & =+ + / , (/ !$$6/ I+( $& = & "&("J/ $/ IFJ/ (4K(C' 6 " #
+ (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+
) $& + & 6&7/ 6 > $0$&7 + % $&"2 $! H < ( $ $ & + & &/ " $ 9& & 7' ++(++ & 6&7/ 6 "7 & =&7' ++4++ $ " $ H > 6 $/ " >& 07/ 6 ( &" ' ++@++ >
" ( & ' ++C++ $ > " (/ 6 " 6> >O & 6&7/ 6$&"=O $ 6 $,& & H 6 & & 6,' ++D++ "(+ H $ ! $0$&7 6 > 9& & ' ++F++ & 6&7/ $ & & $0$&7 >&/ 6 $ , &+ 2 "& $! H (/ &+ $> $ "7 + $ 6 >/ & ( 7
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
) ! & - & D&$$ ->?B $+ !
G+4 @JD
/
& - & D&$$ $ $ $ & &+ -# &&
7 '
& $ - $$$ $ $ $ & &+ 4
/
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
"(J/ H ( $ " + H I ,= " &! "=&/ $(0&$= "=& $&7/ $ 0>" 6 & & " , &7L " &' ++G++ " (BJ $ " 6 & ! & ($ & , &7L &' ++I++ 6/ ; & > "> / 6 2( (2 + $ $$"6 & &&7L &&7' ++(J++
7 $$(& & &"&7L=&7' ++(++ &6+ $ " & , & &"&7L=&7' ++((++ &/ & 7 &(& =/ 0& &6&7L6&7' ++(4++ 2 > $ 07; + I0 J/ H ( / H I 9& & " = & ,&7L ,&7' ++(@++ $ & / & $ (;4 " & &&7L &&7' ++(C++ $=&7 $& =&J+ ($ 9& (&7/ &$62&7L($62&7' ++(D++ " $ @JF
&" >"! I" / " 2( &7 2 &6BJ $ " 6 0 7 + "$ &, $ & "&7L $&7' ++(F++/ 0& & ( > &/ & ( 0& & 0+ I% & &&7L &&7' ++(G++ 2&"* H &" "(=BJ H " &" &" >"+ & ($ "( $& &, / $ &$ &" &7L $ &" &7' ++(I++ ( $ " (+ &(& & &7L( &7' ++4J++ & ($ "= &" 0+ != $ / " $& (6=$7/ $ & = 7= (2 $ 72 ( & . & + % "7 $ " & 0 &/ 0& 0>" 6 & H "(B =
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
7 '
(! ))+ + "$, 6 ", &$= $ "4&7O : # + # - >+ / && B- $ &? $ D -+
0 %5&%H
0
& & " &6 I $ $ $&J'
V (+
0 4& 4 & C 7 2&1" : + & >&O $ - // :$/ & - /$+ /
: 0
$ * $ 7= , = $ * &;"7 $ 7$& &
(+(
."7 &.
;0> 6 $
& 6,;4 $&( &
"&"
& 6, $& .
&("
$&6"7
4 &
" . $ & "
)
+ # $ 0 & = $ $(4 $&& 7 6 " $ + - -B- ? $: & ->? ?$ + 6 7 * + 6 / (+ . / 4+ "($$ =6/ @+ ( &6/ C+ "2 / D+ " / F+ $ "/ G+ $& / I+ " 7 * 6 / & , "6/ " 7 / & " $& / = $ / " .(/ & / 9 . (; $ $$;/ $& ; @JI
7
H C ! =D =0 (! )+ % + & >&O &// - /$ / : B-/&+
! #
@J
7 '
(! *+ + " " , (.6+ $ &/ $$ ? $+ $ $ C &+
8 + + + + / &" $ "& " = + + + (.6 0 7 2" =/ 2 , 6 + + + , " 2 &7 " (0 = " " , + " $ / $ ( & + + + / 0& ( $ " $& " + " , &7 (.( "" 2 &$= & 7 " ">$&, $ + + + " / ( $ & * "/ $&7 $ & & = 2 , / $ .7 & > 6, + + + / 0 6, I " , J+ " 0 " , &7 + + + (.6/ $ 0 $ &" &7 + $ 6 + + + / 0& &" $ "& $& &/ + + + " , &7 $ " 6 (.6+ 6 + + + $ " 6 (.6/ ( + + + $ &" &7 " & 7 & + + + " , + $ + + + $&7 $ & & = 2 , / & " , &7 & 7 & / " &$= + + + $7 I % BJ+ $ "& + + + & I#% % BJ/ ( + + + &" &(" / + + + &" $ "&+ $ & "(" + + + $&7 6 " , 6+ $7 2 , 6 (& $ " , &7 + + + & ("7>/ R; -$/ S & 3
+ (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+
) * O )
O &' + + + & ' + + + &' + + + ) O ) O ) * O ) & ("; + + + "&! I 7 = @
(/ ("7J+ ("7 & 0 &! I =+ + + + , 0( &7$=/ ( (02 &7/ & 2 &+ &6 , 27 H ( 7 $ ( & =
6+ + + + + + + & = (BJ - = & $&6 + + + &( "& +
("7 + + + $ + + + ! I"= = + + + $ = . ;+ (& &7 $(0 + + + + =&7 / + + + > = + + + +J + + + . "&! I( / "( & =+ = (J+ I &/ H "& . =+ H & "7 ( = + + + + + + + + + & = (+ $ + + + J+ ("7 "$$ " $= "&! I( $&$= $; 7 $&"6, ,BJ + + + ("7 6, , &( "& + - = =&7 ($7! I "( " ( & = ( + + + + + + OJ + + + $ (">! I ("(2B (/ + + + & = (J+ ("7 ! I%6 + + + / = + + + + + + BJ % + + + . = ("7 "( "(( &( $, "B
@(
UNIT
D
.
In this unit you will learn how to:
. > . > . / /
A Degrees of comparison
p
) " 4 & ,(7 2&1 " $0$&@6
$0?$& 6
$0$&@ B $0$&@6 A $0$&@6 $0?$& B $0?$& 6 A $0?$& 6
$?6 $0$&@6
$?6 $0?$& 6
8 0; &F+@'+ 8 0; &F+C'+
,'& & # &
( $&&F& E "? $& " &@ 6B 8& A$& = $> @" "? $= " ?.= (0A ; 4A$& A = H $ *? B, $&"? , @" H ? " ? 4> B $ . @0 $ $$A ( ? *.?7 6 I@ $ $0?$&7=J @" + B $&? G$ / 0& $?6 $0$&@6 D A H "? .6/ D / & $A " $&" C+ @J[ @& 7$& " &A& " "B$ / 0& @ IB0 7 $0?$&6J+ $&7 C @& "&? $, $&" B 0&@ & B0 $0?$&6/ A6 "$@$&6 H C2 , G :!+ # ?$ "B$(/ 2A 6/ &0? ? .6/ , &G & $0?$&6/ "? .6 @ = B .6/ &B $0$&@ "? $& / 0 $ ? .6/ *" .F6 7@.6+ /@.6 0 " B @& :!/ A$ ? $?6 $0$&@6 D $A& / $> "? $0$&@ A. @4
&7G . / &B"6, $0?$& B 4[ $ A =+ #?6 I $0?$& 6J $0&?;& $ G *@ 6 + + + & & "? A7 I. # '/ IGI'
V p
24 & +" 2
, ( 4 4 , ( 0 1 3 "
4
L # # , (# ,
(# , (# , (# , (# ! p B $&? G$ / 0& $?6 $0$&@6 D A H "? .6/ D / & $A " $&" C+ p $&&F& E "? $& " &@ 6B p @J[ @& 7$& " &A& " "B$ / 0& @ IB0 7 $0?$&6J+ p $&7 C @& "&? $, $&" B 0&@ & B0 $0?$&6/ A6 "$@$&6 H C2 , G :!+ p #?6 I $0?$& 6J $0&?;& $ G *@ 6 + + + p # ?$ "B$(/ 2A 6/ &0? ? .6/ , &G & $0?$&6/ "? .6 @ = B .6/ &B $0$&@ "? $& / 0 $ ? .6/ *" .F6 7@.6+ p /@.6 0 " B @& :!/ A$ ? $?6 $0$&@6 D $A& / $> "? $0$&@ A. &7G . / &B"6, $0?$& B 4[ $ A =+ p 8& A$& = $> @" "? $= " ?.= (0A ; 4A$& A = H $ *? B, $&"? , @" H ? " ? 4> B $ . @0 $ $$A ( ? *.?7 6 I@ $ $0?$&7=J @" + :
: , ( # =
! C , B0 7 $0?$&& ' @ , $0?$&& ' 4 , B0 7 $0?$&& ' ( , $0?$&& ' , B0 7 $0?$&& ' !> * 0
@@
7 (
-* !
) ! / ! = II ;
4J + # / 4I[
/ @[ E 9 0 1/ C[ P 4[ ; +
B Job vacancies
4 *2( A &$& I &("@$&J & & "F"$ & A ' "2? & "B&( $ " &"G2 @$&(/ A;4(; @$ *" .F$ =6B &" B =C H "F$$'/ $ $&? "B&6 A =&@ &+ B 6 A "B& ;/ )"? .; ? (+ E $ $ # I: .' > ! < 2 I : + + @ &"B
7 B
B"$&
(I
@@
$& "B&6
D
(I
UMW $ B "@& &(' ? & B, "@&
UMW 0&? & $ $ "> UQW B "@&
$B7 & (0? $&"? 6 =6@! H @$ H *" .F$
@$ *" .F$! 2B D & $&&F& C &
@$ *" .F$! D & 2B ( B 0A" , F"$,
A$& "B&6 $& G4 "A=
" ?& 7 @$ =6? $&&F&
$ " &?"7K2 @$& B "F6
$B" $&7 0?& = 2@ ! & ' "F$$ &' @$ &' *" .F$
&' @J $ F&( U' 4J $ F&( &' (J $ F&(
&' DJ $ F&( U' DJ $ F&( &' DJ $ F&(
? =6?! &' @$ &(' *" .F$
@C
*> -1B D * B &$,:&O 1B " B & 0 " B B" F"$6
= (0A = $ .?7 $&! # ! %!TK###% % " ? ! . " $&@ (; $ " A (; $ .?7 $&7 . $ ?& (0A . " &@" &"( ($&"B$&
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
@F
V
V
24 & +" 2 # " ? + ! = !
( ?&7$=! L
( ?7 6! L
B B& 6,
A$=&7 ?&7$=
2B " 0?&7 @ "C
$7 &A $ B" "?7
# $ 0 &? =+ /
* + + + B& ($ + + + &A $ + + + "B7
B72 ?&= "? $&7
+ + + $G& " + + + B" + + + $& " 0?& 7 $&
+ + + G& (2A + + + 9$F"$;
8 && " &+ -. .+ + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+ G+
I+ J+
+
@G
6? &$= E& $&" ?K "$ B L ,B &$= E& $&" ?K B .A& > *K 2@& "*@0 $ $B $& E& $&" C! B"6/ "A/ "G/ >"/ , C/ "A / " ? + + + 6? &$= $& @. $&" CK @ $& @. $& " 0?& 7 $&K @ $&" A $&7 ("B"&6K ,B =&$= E& ("B"&6K H "?,O H $FK H B" O H B " K H " AO H B" K H "A O H+++ ? & 0 ? &$=L 0? &$= ("B"& 6 $ B K /& & $&7 = & 6,?;4,K H GO H F6K H # "&@ 6 4? / B"&6K H $&@ .6K H+++ / & B(& ?&7$= & 6,?;4 O H ( ?&7$= H "?&7 H ?&7$= &0 O'
7 (
H "?&7 & 0& O' H , @&7LA &7 &( ?O' H+++ , & * > G 2 & B+
on
("B"&6 ( $ ( $+ + , -$* + D=& & 6,?&7 "F$$ H BLA& L $ BLB$ 7;K / A$& 6 E& ("B"&6K @ & $&7 ( B$& = &("@$& ! $&@ .6/ ? B& 6,/ $ &B"/ &+ +O @ & $&7 $& " 0?& 7 $&/ (7&F" 6 L$ "&@ 6 " 0A =/ &+ +O & B " @&7 "A=K ( ? 6 $? C0 A & B& ($K /& &B ?0 K 9&/, -$* >+ & 6,?;& ?2 $ &A0 $& BLA& L $ BLB$ 7;K / A$& 6 E& ("B"&6K @ & $&7 ( B$& = &("@$& K @ & $&7 $& " 0?& 7 $&/ $ "&@ 6 4? / &+ +O & B " @&7 "A=K ( ? 6 $? C0 A & B& ($K /& &B 0
1O
$
6 4 % 1 - & +'-) )
! /
8 * A&? ? ? $&"A0? A &,? .@ $ ? "A"? &? ? ?&? E &("? " $& "? ? $&B $&7? &("@$&$ ? ($F,+ C0 $& ?"& 6 + + + ( $/ $> @" / ;0? &$= " 4A / + + + / 9$F"$/ + + + "B 6 9" "&F @ "B + + + / ($F @ " B 0+ /?$& / $ ?/ .A ( &F" ;0? &$= $&B $&7 ( "B ? @ "B + + + + $ " ? 5=A E& & $0>& & (? / "B$ $&B& (& 0 @&7+ = .A F" = " B . C "A $ B $A ( & C=$ &7 "B $& $&@ . &? H (, B ? 6, + + + $&B $& &F"+ " $&?&7 " ?7 6 $$ $&@ .6 B & @& 7 = * "?.=/ + + + / "F ( B$&, B "/ @0 ?" / + + + / $$A /
"(@, + + + " $&G 6, ? $&@ . + @2 F & * "?.= "(@, ($F,/ "A"/ ,B & (? (; " ? .A ( + + + @6/ + + + $&",B/ , ?= + + + (A "(@ + + + 5A&6+ &I#$ J/ ?"&/ IIC' @I
D Tourism and travel /
p
6 4 C+) H 4
2
" "( A2= ! $$@ . A" = ? = I' # J $(4 $&F & $ B @ + E& & 6 (A ($ A " $?&7$=! 9(@" " $$@$,
?& @"/ " @ $? ( &?" (; B 47 "@0 6 I "G0 &B0J A&6+ ' # " ?;&! H '% 1 #% H 2"B C " "A$ $ ! $$@/ # @ ( "(A7;/ &? ( "B 6 "A =+ . $ >&, ?2 ? 6 B & A,&7 &("$&@0 $ A / & (G" 6 $ 0?$ 2 &F"6+ . ! (G" 6 0?"& " 6 "A$6 $&?=& $ &@ " ?/ *@ 6/ (?/ @"/ #&F "(@ + H 6 # 13 : " H A &$& I&F"J ?&7 $ A B " $&@ . C$2 ?$$ ;B B" + H :% &6 B .A&( H @ "?2 6 &> $@ "?$ 6 . & $ ? $7; "&F &C F! I' # J @(J
7 (
% *B ? ! &JIC' @4@ IF F % *B &("A &$& I&F"J! &JIC' @4G DI J & & "? !% @ &0 '/ D 7 II@'
/
6 4 '5 2& 2
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
' + + + $ , 9$("$B 6, A + + + + 9" "&F ? " &A2, $&" 0? & A$& 6 " $&@& 7 *@"6 " ? & , + + + &A7 I1 "&B J+ ; ?& 7 6 " ?;&$= 9$F"$= + + + C2 ?
?&$ "? & + + + $ 4A "( A2 ?&$ "&@ "A/ " F + + + ?&$ @" / B$& + + + " $ & &" / A + + + @(
@ ;; " A .; " A$ $ 7@ $B&" (A= ? $ +"$&? "$ + $B A$& ? & $ 4A ? " G "$&? 9N/ + + + &B" / + + + A / " ? & & 7 &.? ? &+ $ " A 6 + + + ? ( &B7 + + + 0>" 6, (@ , + + + I "$ ?7 6J 2 *>" + &= '
E Postcards 2
p
/ & 3 & *+3 7 (' 8 0; 1 &(+C+@'+
- (
I 2 D + + & + ++' >& $A+ (+ ' & + ++' $&7 $6 B=+ 4+ & + ++' 0?$& ",B & "F &?2+ @+ " $@& & *B ( & + ++'+ C+ &?2 $ & + ++' $& G& B0 " + D+ " & + ++' E& F02 "@&7+ 2 ! * I+2+D+ * " ) I+2+D+ 0 - N :%# : 2%# 2 2 $A/ @[ $0A A;& ?0(/ $ B6 (0?$& $B+ "A" &" &7 "B2 6, II@ F $ "?$7 " $&@ A& B& ($ ?0 + 8& "A $ B $? &$= ; A $"A B"$&/ $ $"A " ? / $F4,/ *.@" 6, "B0, & A .+ 4> (D[ " $ A & " ?$7 " $&@ B& 6,
B/ ( ? ( ?=+ 8& $ B C D / $ A"6+ #" @ "(@, * " " A = B& ($ ([ " 0&?;& 0 " B"$ &@$ ("B"&6/ ? B& 6, D[ H &("$&@0 $ A ! $$@? 4[ @"(;& $ B7 &7 * "?7 6 ?6 = " A = B& ($ H ( "B $& B6, ! $$@ #+ $&7 C F[ 4> " 2@/ F (& & 6,?&7+ "( B @"(;& " $&@ B& ($ 4[ $0A/ "0> E& & ?& 7 =&7 " C2 = " " ?& ; A/ ? =&6, A"0 $, $&"(&F",+ & "A$ / ? / &A&&7 0& $A 6 &? $&" G&$= $@" &7 A& / "A= B& ($ $&?& 4A = "B0 / I[ , @" & 6,?&7 " $B2 6, ("B"&,/ ( " C, B6, ! $$@+
4A $&7 A& B& 6, > " " ?& ?0 $& &0? &$= & ?$$ A B& ($+ $ B72 @ 6 $ , "B2 6, ( ?;& ?0( @ 4A $&D&$= B/ & B72 &"A& " " ?& C, ; A " 0&?;& (A,&7 ?72 & $C H "6/ " @.(/ (& 2A$& ! $$@ @ $ ?&+ # "(B $& " C/ >7 0?4 / 0 D $&?"2, "$&B/ A& & 6,? &/ $&"? &$= "B&&7 &([ $ , "B2 6, B"$& (@ & D[ $&( A & ? &@ &A&6'+ = 44[ ; A $"A $&?"2 B"$& ?0 (0?$& =G;&$= &B7 " ?7 B 47; &"F & "?7 $&(?./ $ @"(;& "A" $&7 &@ .A $&=/ "?& $&7/ F0 $ 7@+ ?0 H $@ $ A & "?./ B4, & "A$ + & & "? (" ? I&J/ (@/ D 7/ IIC' @(4
, -* # & $ ->?> ,0 $ 0 B / + >7 (@ &
$&( A &6
" " ?&
& 6,?;& ?72 & $C & 6,?;&/ "B&;& & 6,?;& ?0 & 6,?;& " @. & 6,?;& ( " C, B6,
Q
-
+ 4 & -3 " (! )+ + #" & 7 = $& 7+ 4&: - / # $ $ =# $ &&B+ * &$ $&" ' 6 $&"2 + + + + (+ 4+ @+ C+
@(@
6 $&"2 $ $&"6+
& & .' #6 62 + + + &=' + + + &&7' & . $&"2 + + + &&6' &= & "($$ =6 (02 + + + & 7' $ 7; 07 + + +
D $"A $&?"2 B"$&
7 (
(! *+ + #" & 7 = $& 7! " & 7 + 4 - / $ !: ' -B- ? D&$$ # D $+ * + (+ 4+ @+ C+
$&"2 / 0 "&+
$&"2 +
( & " / 0 + "& "($$ (02 / 0 + !$$ & " $ / 0 *7+ "& &$= $ &7 " 72 / 0 =+ 2 $ "7 " / 0 +
(! ++ : + " $, = $& 7+ $ $ # && $ /> = + + (+ 4+ @+ C+
(& &$6 72 ' + + + < , 0( $&" &&7 &2 2= $ $&" ' + + + 6 2 &$= (02= "& ' + + + ( + 1 *>" 5 , &$ 6$ ' + + + " & "7 " & &$= $7 = > = *(& 7 = ' + + + $&" 6+ D+ & " "$$ &$&( &6 0 " ' + + + &$= 7= " =' + + + *" +
(! ,+ + #" & 7 = $& 7+ 4&: - / # $ ? $ $ + + (+ 4+ @+
8& , / & + + + C+ < "2> / 4> + + + 6$ =/ 4> + + + D+ &/ 4> + + + =$ >2 / "6 4> + + + F+ < ( / 4> + + + " ( / 4> + + +
(! -+ + "& 7 6 * " $" & 7 $& + 4&: - / # $$ $ :& $ $ + 8" * &> 6/ 6/ " &/ ( / &"( 6/ & " $ 6 + (+ 4+ @+ C+
07 $& $7 $> + + + "$7 $ + $& $7 + + + / 0 + + + 2 = $& + + + 0 $7 + + + / 0 6 (+ 6 $ &" / " &"6$7 "& 6
"( + + +
@(C
(! .+ + "& 7 6 " 0 * " $" & 7 $& + :& $ : $ $ + + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+
2 6 & " ' + + + $&" + /& & ' + + + ( 27 & ' + + + &7 9& " & ' + + + "& / 0 6 &" ' + + + , & ' + + + & " / 0 + 2 &6$ =' + + + $ , $$ + " " & ' + + + / 0 6 " + H & & =' + + + H &6 $ $&" K H < &$&"=' + + + $ $&"6+ G+ "=& *" .($ &, " 2 ' + + + / 0 "($$+ I+ 8& & " 4> & , ' + + + " +
(! 4+ % + & 7 6 + $ ?$ # && $ - -/+ ,= ( II 5I + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+ G+ I+
'0 && &(0&7'+ =& &"'+ 3&. & &=' 7+ = $ &$$&"' & = ='+ &7 ( &=$' 7&+ '0&7 " >& &&=' $&";+ 3&. 5=$ =& &= "' 2;+ "& &&7' & (2'+ 6 &0"'+
J+ + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+
3 2 &"'+ & 07' 2> 7+ '0 2> &(0&7'+ 8 &&&'+ 3& ($ & 7'+ 3 $= &;7'+ 3 "& &&* '+ 3 >& &&7' & '+
(! 5+ % + & 7 6 $& 0$ + $ $ $ - &$ $ - -/ /$ : + + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+ G+ I+ J+
@(D
"*$$" 0&& .; -+ < 2( $7 # = = -$&+ '0&7 & :&+ ( - "+ < - & * (+ 8$("$ & " $& . + %("$& " =& #> & ($ + 9: & ($ ;+ 9& " &7$= $ &7+
7 (
(! 6+ % + & 7 6 ! $ 6 5 &+ $ $ # # $ $ / $ &&B+ + (+ 4+ @+ C+
( 6 " $((O &= $&"2= $$&"' ( 6 & (0&7 "($$ =6O & 6 $&( &' ( 6 4 &7 9&( (O & "( ' ( 6 $&(& $&"&7 9&& *7O & "=& ' ( 6 $4 9&( $&7O & "(7='
(! )7+ % + # ; $ I & "6J+ $ ># !& ' $ / = + $- - / & # &+ + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+
&/ + + + 6 " "(2/ 6 0 7 " 6+ './ + + + 6 >&/ 6&$= % "$=+ (& 0/ + + + 6 & &&"K < ; *; $&( &/ + + + = $ $ "7+ 70/ + + + = "$$ 2(&(/ $ =$=+ (2/ + + + $ " / $ $$7+
(! ))+ % + (O $ $ # && $ /> = + + < 0$& ( &$ = $&"=' + + + &>&+ 4+ 3 & " &' + + + (+ 3 >& &$ $&"6' + + + &.(+ @+ & = "7' + + + 2> 0&7 + (! )*+ A + " IJ I J+ !
$ ? - + + (+ 4+ @+ C+
6 (= + + + "(+ 7 0 7 $(0 + + + " + #&( &6 "2 $(7&.; + + + " & ;+ %("$&6 2 + + + " 62/ ./ + + + ";+ #&( &6 6 , " 2 & &7$= + + + 9 +
(! )++ A + %,= 7 6+ : > $$ ? - + I6 & & 6,&7 ++++ 62(; : $;O H $ "2 "(7=+ H " 7 BJ " 6 0(&7 $& 6 " $ " / ( &6 ++(++ ;" &(" " $7 $ / ++4++ & ( & " + (" / ;4, & &7 ++@++ & ($ ++C++ ( 6/ " / 6 + + "&= $7 $ 0 / ++D++ $ $ (7&*7/ $&" ! ++F++ 6$ "/ > 6 $/ 0 6 &> 6 "&0 $ " / & =" $ / 0& ++G++ " $& 7 = &7B 2 (" "& 6 " / ( / , ++I++ " 0 (; &"6&(+ . 6 ++J++ $> / 0 6 ! 9$("$= ++++ 0 $ $&" " / " "/ $& & ++(++ &" .& " + @(F
++4++ & ""$ ++@++ , ++C++ 2( $& .( I& "=J . " 6/ ++D++ $& , H 0$& 2 " 6 $& "& 0 ++F++ . &+ ++G++ ($& ++I++ (" "& 6 & &("$& $& = &= "/ 0& ++(J++ $ , $& ., " $& " , 6 ($& + ++(++ , $ ++((++ ( H $ , $& 6, " . 6, & H $&" 0 $ , = I& "J
+ I "? BJ H $ 0& "($$ , ( ++(4++ $ + + "&$ =6 ++(@++ "($$ (! "($$ , "&6 (& 5=$ =&7$= "( ++(C++ "( ++(D++ $ "=+ ++(F++ 6 "$ : $ 6$= I$ " , "&$J+ & / ++(G++ "($&7; = = ++(I++ ($&(; & ""$(/ 0 "( $ $ "2 (; ++4J++ &$&/ 7. $ 7, " $& " $& . *"(! I 7 = 0& 7 = 7 ++4++ $ 6 ++4(++ ( $&,BJ & & " I% @ &0J/ II@' (! ),+ + & "("$ " $ ;" 9$("$+ $ $ # && $ /> = + @&'A3 X 2
+ % , = 9$("$= I &" ' + + + & 6' + + + & "("J - " & 7 $&7 H /C 0$. " ( &$= & $ " $ &' + + + $ (J 0+ &6 " ;&$= $$, ( "0 ! 0 $&/ " ) & + % , 6 & "=;&$= 0$ + (+ % , 6 9$("$ I " & ' + + +J -( 0$. I " $&" ,J/ " = & " &("$&6 $ 4;& - -- &"7 6 " (7&("6 & 6,. " " . - " & 7 $&7 H (/C 0$. H & & "=&7$=' + + + & & "0' + + + I8"&J+ $7 " ;&$= &6 6 & , 6 9$("$ " -$ & & ' + + + & , .+ 4+ # "0 &$7 $ $&" ' + + + " (=" & "=;&$= & , 6 & " */ " (/ " 2& &+ % , 6 &, =& & 0 & $7 7' + + + 6 ( 0$+ &6 9& 9$("$ $ ( & " " &&7 " (KF
+ " & " &$= & 7 &$$6' + + + ;" 9$("$! & ". = 4 7' + + + / & $ $ ' + + + $ $ 4 ( $& .6 I$& "=J+ 5A3 X 2
+ &6 2 , 6 9$("$ $ &9$("$ ' + + + I " 6 6/ ) & J " " $& $ ;" & ($ 6, 9$("$ $ $ 4 / ( &$ ' + + + - =& &"( " (.+ (+ " (;&$= 2 , 6 9$("$ $ 9$("$ & & $ ' + + + & " .' + + + &" " + &6 " ;&$= $ ( =& &"6 ' + + + & $ (+ $7 ( &7 &6 & 2 , = 9$("$=' + + + I $7 $& "= , $ J+ 4+ " $ " $ "6 " (=" " (;&$= 2 , 6 @(G
7 (
9$("$ I && "&(" 6 =& ' + + + " =J+ 8$("$ " =&$= / " 0 & "/ $ D 0$ + &6 " ;&$= $$, ( &, ' + + + 4 + 42 3 &5A3 X 2
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
, "($$ =60 6, / & "6, $ "& R R 0 &" .&7/ 72 + ' # & R & I ( 0J &I# #J'/ & "6 (0;& $ 6 6$2 *. $ (, 0 6, ("$ $& 0 7 &"( 6, 9 + I 0 J & 7 " &"R R R 6$ (; &( &@JKCJ *( & 0$'/ >& " &7 9$("$ & $R R " $& R R $& " 0& 7 $&R R / &/ $& $& "$ &$& / " &/ " $ " . &+ + # & I 0J (0 & CK(J *( & 0$/ , &= " & & 9$("$ R R ( 0 &>"&6 ? & $ > "2;& &$&/ $ ."(;4 $= 2R R &("$&,+ # = ( # & 6 " R R R "( " H $ .&7 0 + , $&" &&7 $7R R R 9" "&( &/ $&&7 & 7 / "&7 &"R R / " $& 9$("$R R . &"R
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
+ + (+ 4+ @+ C+ @4J
) : 1 > O Q 7 O % > + ) 0# #1O % 1 E +
7 (
D+ F+ G+ I+ J+ + (+ 4+ @+ C+
V *
; : + % 3 + ) 3 5 : 1 O ) 7 O ) O E + ) 3 O Q 3 + ) O Q : O
0 4& 4 & C 7 2&1"
F+
: + %(" & 6,+ : - / & 0> $ - B /# $ B# $ $ -# -:+
F+(
)
+ # $ 0 & = $ " $ + - -B- ? $: & ->? + ? * + "2&7/ (+ $5 &7/ 4+ " &7/ @+ 0&&7/ C+ &7/ D+ " $&/ F+ &7/ G+ $&&7$=/ I+ ( 0&7$=/ J+ (0&7/ + "&7/ (+ ( &7/ 4+ ( =&7 7 * + + + "/ & & ($/ $ =6 / 0(/ & ($/ / " &(/ / (/ 0(/ 9$("$;/ 2 / & 6,;4,
F+4
)
+ # $ 0 & =! "& 7 6 $(4 $&& 7 6 + - -B- ? & ->? $ + 8" * + 4 $& / (+ =/ 4+ 6 / @+ &$&0 $=/ C+ & $ 6 / D+ " $=/ F+ "=0=/ G+ & / I+ 2 / J+ " =/ + &("$&0 $=/ (+ 2 $& $=&&">,&6$=0 / 4+ / @+ 0>" 6/ C+ 0"& " 6/ D+ 6$ / F+ $(;4 7 * $&" / & ($/ / / $ / "$ / 0 $& / " $/ ( / 4 / "&6/ ; / / & 0/ / (& 2 $& / (6
F+@
: + = + $ ? &$ + $ -/ $ & ! $ #-&' &%('+ R%RRR R!RRRR RRRR RRR R RR # R R < R R R R R < R RRR R R 1 RRRRR
RRRRRRRR+R%R
@4
F+C
: + # 6+ - -B- ? & ->? $ + ) 3A>I)
2'3 &" 3A
F+D
V
@4(
&
4 &2' ') & I 4'-;
; -
3) 2" ) &' ' ' " &2 2 3)
X 2 "
+ #" & 7 = $& 7+ + 2>6/ (+ &6/ 4+ ="/ @+ (/ C+ " / D+ / F+ &> 6/ G+ / I+ " / J+ 7/ J+ / + , " 2/ (+ 72 / 4+ " &/ @+ 2" / C+ " / D+ 6$ / F+ >
7 (
7
H D !
:"
(! )+ + #" & 7 = $& 7+ & # & -$ - / # $ & B $$> - # $ $ &/- - + #- &# & - && $/ / + -+ * &' & & &" $& & C "( &(' & $& & ( "( + * &' & & &" 4 "(= " / 0 & + &(' & 4 "(= 2 / 0 & & &"+
6
*'+ 3) ')
&' &2 + + + & + + + / 0 + + + &(' "7 + + + & + + + / 0 + + + 6
' + "1'3) ' )
&' !; + + + + + + / 0 + + + &(' / + + + + + + / 0 + + + 6
0 + ) 5 3)
&' + + + "( + + + / 0 + + + &(' + + + "( + + + / 0 + + + 6
) + ' H 6$&"
&' $7 $6 < ; >& + + + + + + / 0 + + + &(' $7 < $( >& + + + + + + / 0 + + + $6
, + ' 4'
&' & $6 & "(" + + + + + + / 0 + + + &(' & $6 6 $ & $& 6, $&" " 0>" (; (/ " $&"$&7T =/ &6 $2 6, $ &( "&7 , 0 27 0& ( 7/ " =+
T / 25 T
"$$( = & " &" 0 $ $ / " $&" 6 76/ " , 6$6, &"T+ + + T %6 0 27O $(2B > " /
6$ 6 " & "*+ &%G'H'
@4D
UNIT
F
.
In this unit you will learn how to:
. . . .
> 5 * /
A Genitive plural
.(' B @ +"$ 6 A$& ? "A A&$ $?& 7+ " > $ @$ B $& &" .B 6, A&$, $&2B/ &B"6, $ @&6$7 B A = @$, &A/ &B"6 B C B6 ?2 " G&+ + +"$ 6 &? ?$& " "B& "$$? = "B$6,+ B0 7 ;@ I $$C$.(J 8 " @" "(@, $& "B I B $ $J+ B "$$?, "A "$F&$&( & 0& & I$&"?& J H &" B "". ?7 +
6 4 * 4 + I,'24+" +- ^ @J
@ "C 0 A/ ( &B" A 6 (2A+ ' B A 6 &? B$/ & 0& "C B 6? ($B + "@&7 / & ( B A 6 "&+ B$ &B ( B A 6 + ' B A 6 ? "( / A 6 ?7. + &? ( B A 6 / $ C A 6 / &A/ C ( B &B A 6 + 0 B A 6 B % 0& G& / >& " 07+ ' F02 6 > F B72 "@&7B -I4F +. &%< # $*> & 0, # ?72 + ( A & A 7 H A ' F + "G&/ 0& A$ F&" @& ?/ ? C &7 &B ( H B '+ *L
+ + $7 B "B (+ & ' (+ + &@& 0?;O & + &@& 0FO ' E ' / ! / #! / +
5 + 4+ + G " @ 7=F+ @+ T B (/ ? ?&7 $?,"(+ C+ T($B0 $C"(+ &T / ' 0 1 /
C Approximation
p
8 ' #B7 F &K $B7 &6 "A 27K #B7 ( & G A K ? " >& & , &A&K
F & $B" + /$B 2 $&7+ !(A =&7$B&+ 0A" A$=&7+
$ " ? &+ 2 $&@ 0$B+ =&$B& "(A+ "A" 0A" A$=&7 +
! " 6';F& ' " : .A &" $C "" $ A &6 A &$& I " $$J " @ F0 6 . "B$ &A(! I/& $ @ $7 E& B07;OJ+ C "B2 (II " ,B, B I B 7 $J F2 $ B4 + . 4 " .A & "B2 6, B & $ @, $ + . @& " .A & "B2 6, 4A ? 0 B $ @&$=+ . =&7 $ @ " .A & F0$7 $$B . / G " .A & H 2?" & B , "G&/ 0& ( , E& 0B$7 $ " $&"B'+ . D/IC " .A & @ $ A 7/ C/IF " .A & H F+ . %B7 (/II " .A & @ $ $ $ $ ;@6 0 A + & & "? I@ & *$- J/ ?"7/ II4'
@4I
24 & :&1 8
& + + (+ 4+ @+ C+
2 ( "$&A& ,B &$= & "A" ' $=&@ A&", & .A &" B" + 3C0 G&= 0 ?;&$= & "A" ' I 0$B (&"?+ !$$& G & $C & "F" & "A" ' DCJ A&" + (&C B 0? GJ6, $&B & "A" ' @ "(G+ A0 " C & "A" ' (C 0 A+
D Collectives and quantifiers /
&8 04+'-3 2I ('-3 7 L
$> $ A "@ = (0?$& " * "A ( + !? 72 >7 & " $ ?$7 @& + B F ?2 $ 7G " A, $FK "B ?$=/ 0& .A 6 " F&6 @(&$=+
/ #33M
&8 M 6'-5 L-5 7 L
% F & 72 $&BL 72 $&B+ 72 $&B (0@ "?&6 & A 7+ 72 $&B A 4 ,B0 & "?&6&7 A 7+ 72 $&B "B2 6, &A& L&A&/ 0& + + + &' "B2 6, $0&? &L$0&?;&/ 0& + + +
/
p
! 6'-5 &53A @ + + + "(@ + + + B A & "6
U
"B2 6,
72 $&B 72 $&B
U
&' "B2 6,
[ & " .A &' ([/ 4[/ @[ & " .A & ' C[K(J[ & " .A & '
U
$ A = , "B2 6, ,
8
0; 1 &G+4'+ @@J
7 *
/$
p
p p
E 93 +'3 '- - - B ? A$ 7 $B7 $&B7
U
$
0 B 2F / B "B (+ "? $F " ? & B &("@$& + ' G B "(A+ B & $@2 B A + A. " *A$$ " 6 ( ? B B & "A$ + 3 $ C ? / , B + 0 7 ? C, ; A ? &$= $ B"& + ' B C ? "(A+ 1 B0 " $& G A$ 7 0 A+ A$ 7 "B0, $ "@$7 $&"?.;+
E The woman's question 2
V
6 4 +& 4 '3A &7+ A &? A
$ B 67
# !$$?&"; A&$ "$F &A( I G $ 7GJ+ ? "$B ( &C/ ?70 " ?$$ / ?& " "$F / (0A / ? $B&"& & @ "+ "@&$=/ ? ( $ >+ & B! A 0$>$&"6 &?;& / ( B "(A A / ( "(B $ B/ ? 6&"? & 67+ C $ 7@ "$F 4A &+ & " $F;$7 ( A 0 ! I OJ+ I ? "(B B & / H 5=$ G;&
A 0/ H & 6,? & B$ "B&6J+ %@ "&@ / "$B 6 &7@ "B$7 $,B / B7 & @0 6/ &A&6 62A "B$! H & 0?4 $ B $ & B "? &K H ?+ H & & A 0&? & A" $ K H ?+ @@
# "B$ 4>/ & &B&/ $&"? &/ ("? &/ ? &/ $ @& $ 7 C " > / $> ( ? &/ ? & A&7 ("B + + + ?/ ?/ ? + + + & & "? A&6 I *$-J/ IGG'
2
6 4 / 21 ' ) (J H:=/ @J[
+ + [
[ [ [ [
@F (C (( C4
(D 4@ 4( @( D
G (D (I 4( D
C F I F G
D G G I F
! + T -. + + + C, "? . $ ?$ / 0& A&7 " > ? , &G& B $( "F+ $? 0? / $"?( B$ " A = " > ?/ ? $0?$&6 ? + &B $&(?.= B G &$=/ (,B " > $> - . + + + - . + + + @&$= A 4 (+ @ "B$/ -. + + + "? $, (A ? G;& > &+ + + [' - . + + + , ? ?;& > "@&7 " > 0? &+ + + ['/ ( ?&7 " > ? &+ + + ['+ ? / -. + + + , $> ? (? 6;& &A $ &7 &+ + + ['/ - . + + + $ ? ( ?;& " > ? &+ + + [' @ $&D& 0? "@&7 " > &+ + + [ '+ & A7 I =*& J/ CJ/ ?"7! IGI'
@@(
7 *
2
6 4 ( &+772> $ * # # # # 8& ? 6 G&6 B @ $ .B + & ?2 ? ?&$= $ B A $ A0+ $ , $A7=,+ A / "4?=$7 $ "B&6/ ?2 A 4 6 6 $&( ?;& &" 0$? ? .&7 F& I ?2 $A 6J+ "0> "F& $ G $?(; &"( >(; I &B"0 $(;J 0$&7 &"( ?+ (0@ "?&$= ( ?&7 " F&6/ ?0&7 $0 &? "&@"(/ & *B + A & "6, $A7=, E& ?;&$= $;0@& 7 (0@ 6+ $"A "$,B "A ?2 ? "$ " G &$= $ " A $ 7A "A" &! A; &B&! ( ? & " F&6! $&"? & ? &! ("? & "&@"(
A 4 JK( 0$B DKD/C 0$? C/CKD 0$B @/C 0$?
(0@ /C 0$? 4K@ 0$? J/C 0$? 0$
(0? &$=/ 0& " 07 >& 27 B 4 A 4 , G$&(/ 7 6 "@ ". ?7 "$ " A G $& $ 7AB ,B $$A = " @$7 &?= A" $&7! $A7=,/ $&7 ? / A&/ ? $?6 ? 7 / A;& " > 6 G $& B( & $&@ B & / @&7 . &C/ ( @&7 , / & $&@ 0@ ( $ @ ? 6 &F* &+ +'+ "B&/ ?70 H "B$& H B 0 A/ T " A L"$ " A &"( ? , @@4
F4 B $&@ . / 6"$&? & (0@ (/ &B"6 $ > $B$& B F & ?&7 @.; I A .JT & ?2 , B&+ &4+ ( $B$ A &$& IN2 A J $" @ C, ; A "? 6, . ?7 $& / ? $7/ 0& $?6 ? 6 > $0&?;&$=! . . .
A ; "F$ H "F$$ A 4 6 A ; &62A H "(@ A ; "(@ H "G +
$&7 C " 0&?;& A 4 $ A . ?7 $&! "F$$ , &G& @&7$= &B7 "F$$ / ("@ .6 H ("@ / 9$&B .6 H 9$&B + & 0& &A& " @& "@0 6, " $ F, C2 # A&$ # D "B$! I# $@$7 6 6/ 0&B6 ?2 07 C2 ?( "F$$ OJ "&@ & " .A &,' C= & &! %. % ! #
4C[ (([ @[
&3$&7 C " .A & "B2 6, &"( @$7 &A&&7'
@ & "B &@.6/ B72 $ , , &A 6 " @&7$= $ "F$$ $A7 '"@ "F$$/ A 72 $ , H "F! %@. ( & " .A &,' "G "F$6 "(@ 6 &62@ &B.6 '"@ .6 8$&B .6 @@@
4@ D4 Q] ( CI G
% 44 @ FJ ZP D @ @(
# ! 44 (4 (I \M (F 4F @J
& ? 6 A&6 ]+ -&J/ IGI'
7 *
2'
6 M 8 ) & 3 3 + #
% : / 0 5 1 0 1+ # IFJ/ :
0 1 5 2/ 0 1 5 + = : /
> + 9 + 0 1 0 1 * / + 2 * + 3 / + % # / + H ; =
H ) / 0& @ F;& B ( " *B"6 " ? =+ = , " *B" 0? &! $ "4A @0 $& (0?4,$= (J @@F
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
5'
+ 6
+ G "@&/ "6 &@&/ @&/ " @&+ (+ >& ? ; 0>" / 6,B & "?$ + < "?;$7 4+ "F "( A/ # F $ ( A/ = F = ( A/ = ( B "B4/ "B4 @ A" A;&+ @+ 27 H B = @&/ B >27 H $ = @&+
F+ "(?2/ $2@&/ ($&/ $ $&B0/ 0 A/ "@&+
(+ < / $ / 0 $&@ ( $ ,/ " (?+
G+ /& >& B" B" / @=$7 $ A$& K I+ ' $ "C, "?&7 B $ $&"@. / #B7 , $ ,K
4+ ' "F$$, " B/ ( &7G . H " ?+ @+ ' @, $ B / ( "(@, $ $A &+
(J+ (/ A ( H #A ( A&(/ !A(/ "A( H "B A&(+
C+ & ,B & K 8 *
& ? & @ & $?," & & B" & B$ 7 & ? & & " & 0 A B2 & 0$C & $B . / &F0/ " ?/ $A" .
& B A & A & A 7 & "? & E,
& & A& " & "B & "C
Q p
0; 1 &@+4+ C+4'+
-
+ 4 & -3 " (! )+ + ! & 7 6 + $ $ # && $ - -/ -$ : + + $ &(0& 7' (+ &$& & " ' 4+ $ & = ='
@+ (0 &$ . ' C+ $ " & 07'
D+ " &" ' F+ 0 &6" & 7'
@@I
(! *+ + ! & 7 6 + $ $ # && $ / = + + (+ 4+ @+ C+
#& / $ 7 &" =' + + + O 0 " 6 & & "' + + + & $&7' + + + &# " ' + + + & + ' > 6 &&7' + + + / & & .' + + +
D+ F+ G+ I+
; &=' + + + "& ( & = =' + + + &= 62 & & .' + + + F & ' + + +
(! ++ + ! & 7 6 + 4&: - / / $$$ $ # && $ / = + + (+ 4+ @+ C+
' & "7' + + + $& = (0 &6$ " $&' + + + % = ; &2 ( & & == 07' + + + 6 H & " ' + + + &= "7' + + + . "& ( & &=' + + + &/ $' + + + #&" & & 07' + + +
(! ,+ ; ! + ! & 7 6 $& 0$ + $ $ # && $ = - -/ /$ : + + (+ 4+ @+ C+
$& &6$=0 &"(7' + + + =&7 & .' + + + = &(. ' + + + & 4 7' + + +
.&7 &0$' + + + $ 7 &0 ' + + +
D+ F+ G+ I+
& "(' + + +
$=&7 &"(0 ' + + + &" 2' + + + $ 7 & $&7' + + + ,& & & 7' + + +
(! -+ ; ! + ! & 7 6 + $ $ # && $ /> = + + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+ G+ I+ J+ +
@CJ
", & 6 & & " ' + + + & =' + + + & & & "("' & $ ' >& D &0$' + + + " & $ &(&" ' + + + & 0 "' + + + & "$& & &2 7' + + + & 7' + + + 6, &$ 7 =' + + + " & & " .' + + + 6 "+ # 0$ &0 & "&7' + + + 0$+ & &">, & ' + + + & 0 ' + + + & =&=' + + + $& $7 =&7 & ' + + + " &6' + + + & 6 + (6 &6 $ = (6( & .' + + + &XN999 ' + + +
7 *
(! .+ A + " I J/ IJ/ I" J/ I $ J/ I$J I &J+ $ ? - + + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+ G+ I+ J+
( , + + + $6+ (2 + + + $& .+ 6 $ &" " + + + + + + + " " & " + ( + + + + 9& + + + 6,+ " + + + =& $&" 6, =6 + " 7= $& =& 6 / + + + $&7 + + + + 9 (0 ( , + + + + & " & 9& +
(! 4+ = 2 + "& 7 + # - / / # -$ # : B - $ / ! # ' M N # -& $ MN - + + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+
, 7 $& $7 C (&6 + "" & %9&0 " " &+ < ;$7 "($$ =6 D $=. + "2 0$ + 0 $& $7 &" $" &6+ $ $&" D &+ 9 $& $7 C 7+
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
/ T " . , T $ , *
T " & , / T & , / T "$, 6 , 2
(! )7+ A + #&"6 (+ $ ? - + $& 0 7 $&"+ ( , / / (2 $62 ( 6 + #6 ++++ " $& $&7 ++(++ $& (
& 7 ++4++ ((+ 6 $6 ( $( ++@++ = 02 + #&" > (" "+ $6 $& "(&7 $&" $/ 0& & "7 ( & &7 ( $( ++C++ " = 02 + 6 ( ++D++ $ ( / 0& , 7 $6 $ & ++F++ ( 0& & & ++G++ " + & . $ " $! H /& &6 27K $6 & &! H < " = (; 02( ;+ 6 ++I++ & "7; ( & $&"6/ = $ ++J++ 9& 02 ( ( "&7+ (( ++++ $& $&6 / ++(++ & , " $;& ++4++ $& (,;& ++@++ + &+ + % $& + "$/ + . &$ $&+'/ )# &#& &# M+ + 8 N/ 8 7 A Q/ ? + ? * + &7/ (+ &7/ 4+ &"&&7/ @+ 0&7/ C+ & $&/ D+ " $& 7 * " $/ " > / 0 (/ $0>&/ $ / " =
4+(
) + # " + - & $+ 9 - $ & + $ 2 $ &7$= " $ &6&7$= "& 7 (0$& $$ . " $ (&7$=
4+4
&7$= $ $ =& 7 6 6"$& (0$& . &7 $ & " &7$=
( &7 (& 2 $& &7
$ 4&7 & &7
&7 ("&7
: + 2 + $ ? &$ + ( ? DB $:1 'RRR RR RR ("&7 R R R R
R R R R R & $ &7 R R R R R R " (&6 R R R " > R R " > 1 R R $& R R R R R R R R $& / R R R R R (7 R R R R >
RR RRR R #RRR @C@
$ $ $&7$= & $ " " 6 $ && 7
: + / 7(;&$=O : $?/ & 0> $ ->? $- - + $&"&7 &7$= & 6,&7
4+@
$ " 6 = $&7 " = (0$& &7 . " $6 "
R R R 7> R R R & R R R R R . &6 R R (
7 *
4+C
: + /& 4 O 9 - $ :& + ( (0 4 $& $&( " "( $ ;
$6 07 )" .= ! $$= *(& , $ &(* = $ 7
, $ =" $ 7 6 &7= H < 0&; $&, " / + + + < ;; H " ($&6 H ($&6 =! " & 7>&/ "6." "& / "6."7! /& > 6 $ &"& >&+ ("( = $& / " &"($ "0 / ( 7 4 '& (2 ($& ;4 +
4 7! ;4!
/& & $ &"6&6 " & $& &$/ "" 6 "/ "! &( / " / 6&"7 " ! ? 6&"7! & ' ( . " (&! I$&BJ ( .! U+ %(>W
@CF
G
UNIT
.
In this unit you will learn how to:
. . In this unit you will revise:
. 2 .
A House and home
p
& & % A "
+ !
@CG
"
7 ?
$ &
$ " &
&
$ "( &
(
p
;( &
+ + + &", &
( &
"= $
$& ( &
&
8 0; 1 &J+('+
@CI
% (='1(= ( 3 #
& B
$& ?
B &6 4A =! $& B= 0 " ? A& F, =
"7
B
$ ?7 = $&@ = ? =
"C2 "A == ? &(A&
7 # # & # + A 7 &+ +! @ 6 2* @$7 6 $& >"LB" ?
@DJ
$& L$&B
? $&(L$&F7= & ' A" F, = &?
2*L2?*0 B $&B7 = ? "? ( &?
"A$ " ?&7 &(A& 6 $&B $&"?7 = 2@
7 ?
/ " (
+ " ; "&@"( .A &" / @, + &@C('/ F, =/ ? =/ &(A&/ G 9&+/ *&? B / . &"+ & A / " B / & *B / $ ( B$&+ % ! 4@CDFGI $(+ $"+ & '
2
on
$ $ + B 9&A E& "&@" K ?= ( > B4 7K @ $&7 ( B$& "&@" L B K
#B7 B & @ K @ B &6 6,B =& B K B $&7 *&K
@D
7 ;
$
6 4 9) ! &
?2 B0& 0?$& $&" 0?;&$= @$7 $ "B$7 B07 + + + $&"B&7 + 6 $&@& 7 B B + " A / E& $ A & "&@ I# B J+ A$& / ? $&" @& 7$& 0 ? &$= $ " A&+ $ &"@& "$F + "?&$=O % ? 6 B & (0@&7 " ?7 6 " A& (?7 (,9&? " @0 B B B4 B4 7; (DJ(+ /& F & ?2 B O 72?= $&@ = $ @ / $&@& 7 = F, = $& B=/ $ (?/ $ ?7 H C $ ?/ " A& (0@&6 & & "A$6 $&?"2 ? 2 A ?2 $ 7@+ %" " $&B" 6, ,B/ &> 6 "?/ $?( $ $$A / "? / $& "$@, &" C, ?7 4A / & ""?$/ @ $ / B $&7 ($&"B$& 0 " A
@& 7 6, B & H $> E& =G &$= C2 *B"& $&7; = $ B =2 =/ F & $ " ?&7$= $&A$& "C0 ?2
&7@ F XX9 A + #A& = $&B $&7 B H (CK4J &6$+ "(A & @$ $& & "? & '+ & & "? (" ? I9 0J/ IGI'
@D(
7 ?
'
on
8 && " &+ &
7 > , -$* &#* L &$,L-*:+ H B "B B" L ? >&K H #B7 0 A >& ( , "&@" L B K H #B7 ( , B & @ K H ?= ? B & A 7K H ?= ( >L( B $?= ;@= B & 0 FO &+ +
+ ,# &&, $*> & $ - :& ?/,+ H ?= , A 7K H #B7 0 A >& B B & O &+ + 9&/, $* & $ ?/,L &$,L $* - + * #-*+ , - $ & L&$,L $ - + / ,# $ && & # : - >+ * $& B A ;&+
@D4
(
'
+ , , ( I, = $
* / $&? / "F0/ &? 0/ 0? / 2G / B &/ "0?&+ 2 8 #&( A & B & &@! 0?2(/ =0/ $&@ (/ 0@/ A&(/ "? / $"A&6/ $F(+
$
* 0?2/ =0/ $&@ / 0@/ A&/ "? / $"A&6/ $F+ 2 8 #&( A & B & &@! @(/ $&? / "F0(/ &? 0/ 0? / 2G (/ B &/ "0?&+
@D@
7 ?
B Imperative
M -43 6 . + L . / + < , 0F &7+ (+ , @7 0 B &+ 4+ < ?;+ @+ B & F2 + C+ " B" B0 7 2F + D+ ' G & " 2?+ F+ < ?;/ B " G&7 ?"$& + G+ ' $& A+ I+ ' & G & $ "GO J+ %6 B $? ?(2 + + & A ?&=&+ (+ 8& "A/ B6 B6+
p
& 7@ $ ?"7+ & ?& / ?($&/ " ?2+ & "B& / ?($&/ "7+ & 2@ + & &"B& / ?($&/ B+ & &@& ?$$(+ & & "@& / ?($&+ & @ "0F+ & B7& $7/ ?($&+ & " $@& / ?($&/ C+ & #, @& / ?($&/ @ + & #G 7& / ?($&/ $& +
5 8 '('- ' 4 # 8 0; 1 &I+I+('+
6 4 . 1 J. (7 " ("J
II+ "(7GB $ 6 7. H $F& &! "B$ $ ," A # D "0>( &A&7& I %J+ "B$ $ "B "? " A & ! $$@ H I J+ "B$ "=C, C ", E" $C H I J+ $ 6 "0>/ $ A& $> "B&+ & A ! &,:& 9, '/ $ ? II +'
$
3 3 $ 0& F 7 $(0@ $7 &B ?&/ , @ &( ?/ ?0 ?&6 F 27 &6+
# "G07$= F 7 $& "B / &B @ B+ " & / 0& @ E& F "@+ &" " $& "/ - $ / +/ II(/ 4' @DC
'
7 #& + ' &'- " '
6 .
A' " ''
+ (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+
L
F+ G+ I+ J+ +
2
+ (+ 4+ @+ C+
A & B" $&" C " "C 6 $ ? 0?& 7 6 "$0>&
D+ F+ G+ I+
"?& " &B $ A ( 0A "B $&
2
'$C2 " "C 6 $ ?/ "@& B "+ '$C2 &A& A &/ @& ?2(+ , " &A& A & B 0 " B"/ A$7& &"F(+ , B$ " B"
@DD
7 ?
@DF
(
24 & :&1 "
/
@DG
7 ?
C Reading and grammar
6 4 '5 4 ' (
! /
@DI
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
7 ?
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
24 & :&1 " 2 0 # $&"@ + + + @ " B "$ ? + + + $A $ + + + $&"? &6 $$B"$= + + + & K + + + > B "?$ "& + + + B A & &?&7$= "?$ ? + + + ? + + + F.(
$ A + + + $A + + + $A 2> ?70 + + + & B 0& & $(0@ $7K = ( F + + + ( ( ?&7 + + + E& ? $ $&"? $ A + + + $& B F + + + 2A $B + + + $ F B A 6
4
@F
L
L L L
5
9
9 9 9 9 9
?2 ? + 3
* " ?/ $A/ ?&7/ $$B"&7$=/ "?$/ &?&7$=/ B / 2A 6+
D Reading /
6 4 L $ /
"A, $ "B&6 B? G&6 9&? G$=/ $ A A" 2> "? $=+ + " 2B 6&7 ?&6B & $ 0?$ D+ ? "7 &"B &+ @ &/ . F &/ B & " A&7$= A B"&+ B$ A "G( = ? & , F&7/ ? G A "B & A&( $(, 0&? &+ D + + + 0 B+ 4> " D+ G&7 0 B+ < (6?&7$= " $&?! 0 A .A6 7 "B&/ ($&?/ " ?$=/ &(& 4> "7 $ & &"6&7' ++++B
@F(
7 ?
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
/
24 & :&1 " =
&"C&7 "A07 $&&7
G&7 & , F&7 (@ &7
. ?&7 "C&7 =&7
B07 &@
$ $ + F& "B= "$$? K @ $ B C0 " B =& A0 "K 0 F @&/ &"6? & "7 ;0BK /& 4? A A" $? 7 K /& $&? F ? A K @F4
?= B & "$ B "G $ F, K $& @& &?K #B7 &"A $&? ? 0 FK ( ? ? (2? 0 FK /& " 2@ $ A&7 ( .A "$$? K
E Furniture and household objects 2
p
%8 = #1 & + - 4'-
>! @&7 $&?&7 A$&7 =&7
2
0& K 0& K 0& K 0& K
( ?K ( ?K ( ?K &F O
%8 = #1 & + - 4'- 2
" = (! 7&B 0? (" ?6 . & ? &A . $ ?"7 ?&6 &@ A" $&"?7 = 2@ $&B7 = ? "? ? & @ "
! A2 $&( &$&(7G' " ?&7 & @ " (" ?7 6 $&B &"A= @$7 6 $& @ 6 2* $& 2* "A$
? &(A& 6 $&B F, = &? B
" B" F, = $&@ = $ ?7 = $& B= ? = &(A& "A == A& "? , 0 " ? ?
F May the sun ever shine 5
9 &2 - L - - *
&
5 ' @F@
($&7 F & &/ 6 , &@& + ($&7 & ' ? &$=/ ? F 2?&7+ ($&7 A& & '$ G&/ 4> "? + ($? &?' A &/ 0& ,B0 &/ $> " B+
7 ?
A$ = Y]S, B #B 0 6 "(/ A "F+ 8& "$F 70@2+ "$ ? $&A $? ( A!
5
$* ($&7 $ ? F & $B . B ($&7 $ ? F & A B ($&7 $ ? F & ? B ($&7 $ ? F ( =B
2 - ' - - 8
0 # *
# A + + + ($&7 L ? $ A & + + +
&@ & *B (
" $&@ 0?2( 0?=
( @&7 " F&6 "C&7 B @FC
&"C&7 "7
C&7 $F (
G Cultural awareness
6 4 2+'
= 2 ; # &S & "F" ( ?, " ?;& + CID &6$+ 0 A+ ( ?7 (; "&@"( @& " B $&"A&&7 ?, "B2 A H $ 0 &6">, &"B6 & ? "? " 6 ( &?/ $&? $, @&,/ B0 6, "B, H B *B"& 0 + B & ?&7$= =& ? .&7 B &/ / $ ? H ? F, =/ @ &(A& =?& 7 ? =+ ? = B & A & $B$& 6 $0>&0 B4 H = F, "(@, $& B4 B7 =+ !$0>& $ & " B &$= A ? = $0>&0 0$B $ , &?& "&@"6/ ;0?= " > 6,+ &B ?&=& $ 0 A/ & *B H $ ? "&" $5>4+ 'B" "&@"6 H A 0A $ 7@+ ;C A = "&@" " 2?;&$= B4 $ ? + 8& $? &$= &B7 "B$ / " $&@ F, ; "G0(; B ( @ G&7 "? (/ $(F @0 6,! $&@ B2( @ $ ?(/ $ @&7 $ A "B $& / @ $ &7 B &( >+ $ $ $A "B& H ?&7 B2/ "B $& + $ 4 @&=, 5 G & , &G 6 B4= $*A" A=& 7 $&/ & ( ? $ $A / "B (/ 6"?;&+ B4 "C2 B(& ?&7$= &B$& 6 "G "B0 / $ A"6 $&( A &6/ & "? F " > 6/ @ 6 B/ D "? " B " $ ? = $ $(?7 " &?.+ & $ A$& + & @ $F0 " ?7 " 2A = @4 " A6+ 7.C "&@"6 .A &" B" I$@ ($7J " B &/ &B $ ? > 7> $&"? .+ C"(0 6 A 7 $ G & A7 "&@" B6, "B ,+ = &B " "G&=/ @ (/ ( C B"6 & 2A = $ $ $A =+ & & "? A&6 I =& J/ IIC/ (D/ D'
@FD
7 ?
: 8'-
3
+ # ? IGI / C
; / 1 + : DF ; F + = II @+C
+ / / + * 0 1
" +
C 5 + 9 / II * @J
. ; + ) ! IFD 2 IGF? 9 ID+ " 3//
! / / 5 B+ -+ + +. : 5 + = @
. ; / (J * .
. ; + -+ + +. & : / 3 / HA/ II@! @K@(' M ; 8'-
+ B " .A & " $B $ A = >& ( ?7 6, "&@",/ 4 @&=, @ $ ? & B &(K (+ #B7 $ A >& $ @, "&@", @ (?7 6, ?,K 4+ #B7 $ A $& G B0 " B4 7 II FK @+ >& E& $&&@$& &B0 " $&A & / $B7 $ A ( ? $7 B4 K C+ # ?$ E& $&&7A/ $B7 $ A @ B, "B$6, ( ?;&$= & A7 6, "&@",K D+ #B7 & (& "&@"( @ $ "F&$ K F+ @ &@0 $ $ C&= G ( 0A @0 $& ; A B4 / "A"/ $ ?&/ A . / B K G+ ?& @ "A" " =A = $ " @ $& "$ " A B4 +
) 8 ! 8& $&, & "A @$ "A= C/ ? ?& "/ A$& 6 $ A&$ E&/ 6 *"B & / B B ? ?= "$@= ? H &"@$ &@ # "B+ @FF
+ #+
=/ = " ($7+
=/ = " ($7+ % 7 0 7 + "
/ =& "($&7 % / & & ($&7/
>&6 / /& 6&7 "+ + +
/ $ &(&/ ($&7 "=& $6 &7
/ "/ & / 0& & =/
/ "(, (&/ ($&7 "(7= ($& (& &7/ 6 0 "+ #= (& ( =/
/ 7 , $& 6 7;& "7 $ " >&/ (2+ + +
/ ( $&
+ $ $ / & $& >&+ 6 &7 $ 2+
=/ = " ($7 $ $ "&= + & =/ & & ($&7 # &! I J+ =&7 2 / $" = $ %6 $ $ =+ = 6/ ( &7 % 7 6 $ & " $& &6 ( &7/ & "( + %GI% & $& & # / +B F F 9&# / / I+( $& = & "&("J/ I@I! CIKDJ'
Q p
8 / 07 1 &G'+
-
+ 4 & -3 " (! )+ 7 + "$ 6 " O E # - / ->? - > & %&$+ *
& " (" "$ ; $& ( & $6+
+ # & & "(" (+ ( 4+ $$
@FG
@+ $ C+ D+ ", 7$
F+ 7 G+ + /& $& &/ & $&! :& $$ - # ->?B $ $ / = * # & + 8& = &+ ' ++++ $7 6 $& + > ++(++ / (" 6/ (+ $& ++4++ $& 7 = + # " & $& ++@++ + ++C++ "& + != $ ++D++ " $ 7 $& = &+ > ++F++ &6 (" 6+ # & $& ++G++ 6 2*+ (! ++ V + /& , &$=O @ ->? $ - -B- ? $ + + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+
H 2 , &$= . &" " + H 2 "&" & " 9& + H $& & $ 72 & + H & $& & $7 6 $& / / 6 2* " $ + H $& =& 2*(+ H 2 &" 9&+ H & "&" &" &6+
(! ,+ = + $& =& 7$& $&+ $ $ + A + + $&( &6K
4 & T 0& T " "= "
'" T .= (+ & K & T$& T 4+ $& & $&K & T (, = @+ $& " O &( & "&" T$&
T;
" = T =& T $& "6
$
T9$("$= T(. $ #"7 & '
2* T T0 " T $& = $
2* $ 7 = (
T T" &7 ( & "= "& "= & " " == =
(! -+ = + $& =& 7$& " $&+ $ $ # && $ /> = + " 2 & ' ++++ & 6, & 0 ' ++(++ &"6' ++4++ + 7 & ' ++@++ & " ' ++C++ "=+ > (= & $' ++D++ & "' ++F++/ ( $7 & " ' ++G++/ " & =' ++I++/ $ " *"(&6 &$ ' ++J++ +
@FI
(! .+ 2 & '+ $& =& 7$& $&! / ( &( O $ -B- ? - U $ $ # && $ /> = #>$&"6 UU & 72 ' ++++ UU && " 9&' ++(++ + UU & "6 9&' ++4++ UU &9& & ' ++@++ $&"6 ,( + +( 0$& 6 UU & $&' ++C++ ( $ $&>"+ 2= $ $&" / "0 $/ 0& 7= 6, &7 UU & ' ++D++ UU &(. ' ++F++/ 7= $&&7 RR &" &7' ++G++ + - 6 = 7 = UU & $& 7' ++I++ $ &" UU & ' ++J++ +
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
/ IDI! (' @GJ
7 ?
(! 6+ A + # ">+ $ ? - +
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
@GC
6
@" C2 # : '# " ' ;+
& 6&7/ = $ " / & " ;;+ 0 / $ &";/ 6;& 0& & 0 7 & " $ / " 0&; &, " 2= ' + + + + 7 H 9& $ / & >& & 7 $ =2 & 7' + + + + ;; " ! (/ " & " $ " " / 0 %+ &2 7 = & ' + + + ;$7 & = =' + + + / , &= ( = & 0 7 + $6
'A# 8 '# 47) 2" 7 +
'0($7 & 0 " & ' + + + & , 0 $ $&&(&/ > " &;+ & / "( " $& ,& & &" ='+ + + + /&; $>/ 0& ( ( H &" &&"' + + + / " & & '+ + + + & & ! ' + + + = & &L, &7' + + + " / & &7$= &9 6'+ + + + & "( 6"; & 7 $ ! & $&7! ' + + + / * ". 6 " "6+ ;& $&7 ( &7 $>/ 0& " $, & "( &6' + + + C 6 % $
+ &' 2 / ? (+ ? 4+ N ? @+
? C+ ? D+ 9
? F+ N 1 ? G+ ? I+ 9 9 9 ? J+ ) '
: # +
@GD
UNIT
I
.
In this unit you will learn how to:
. . . .
2 5 > &(' >
A Expressing wishes
p
6 #1 &8 $ A73 743 - - 2 / / 5 ,B0 &/ 0&B6 $ ? E& + ? " $@ G/ 0&B6 = "2? "? + 8 > 0; 1 &I+I+4'+
E
,1( @@" 3 J!/ ! #) + + + L / #) . $L. $/ ! #) + + + # + 5D $ J+ F B B I& "&F" = A&J "&@$7 $ @ 0&?& = H C & "G &.? H $ $A (;4 A& ! @ 6 6 , &A @ &7 $ B " > (JJ FK *
B L ? F & ,BL ,B H &.? @ &7K < , 0F/ 0&B6 L ? 6L6? ,BL ,B &7+ < 6 , &AL, &A/ 0&B6 L ? 6L6? ,BL ,B &7+
@ ( BL > F (& ?/ B $6/ " $&/ *F" K & F & BL > $ @&6&7 H 6 $ F @ ?(2 K F & L ? , @&7 A&$ $ K B 2B L ? F & (0@&7$=K L ? F & (0@&7$=K / L ? F & & " $ ?&7$=/ ( ?&7$=K B ( BL > F & ,"?& "K @GF
$&F & L ? ( "$&A& B$ 2B6 @ >& "B&&7K L ? $&? & " *A$$K L ? F & "B&&7K @ ( BL > F (& & 2A = $ " @& =/ &+ + $ ?K ? A &$=L ? C & ?(K #B7 ( BL > F & &AK & F & G 0&7 BL > &AK
'
/ & 0;+'-F& A'(7 " ' 14
0 + ( =
+ 9) +'
+ B"$&
& + + + + + + &+
(+ . ?7 $&7
+++
4+ ! $&
p #"A
p 6$B
@+ " ?
p #"A p C$2
p '0> = $&A 7
C+ !B& & B p $F$$& / (7&F"+ $A (;4, &"$A! p " C2 $&7+ p % "B= L #A& " ($F+ p &@0 $= A=& 7 $&7+ p " ? + D+ # A $ $& G
p "? $ $& GL$ $& G+ p ! > L" ?+ p A.L ?+ p ?( L ?&+
F+ @4 6 ($B=
p #(A = B4 7+ p B4 A &+
G+ & 2A ("A ; p F"& $& G + I+ & 2A $ "& C @& J+ " A $F
+ & "A$6
@GG
p F &A, + p #A7$ , G$& + p " ," A + p %"? $ "&+
p B &+ p & A7 = "&@"+
p F"& @" +
p F"&+
p 7>&+ p B & C &7 "? 0 6 $& B+ p " 0&? & C &7 "(F "(A+ p D& " @&7 $F B/ $ 7A+ p D& " F B0 $& + p D& $ A&7 B+ p D& " @&7 $F $ "(7G+
p $ 4A B/ & ?&" / .A"& + p $ 4A " $& "? / , A B$&+ p "? 2?,&6/ 2"? 6/ $&B7 6 @"6+ p !C = B=/ ,B&/ ? " 6 " F+ p # "&+ p $$@ 6 B& 6, ( & @ "+ p . @" + &% ! +0* . B ,:& ./ #& $/ 8/ +/ '
7 B
0 < , &AL, &A 6/ 0&B6 ?7 6 $ F& @ + + + < , 0F/ 0&B6 L ? + + + < , 0F/ 0&B6 ( BL > + + +
$
p
% 4 / 1 = +3 743 - -
2
> 2 + ! > B &7/ $ G $&@+ F / 0&B6 " > / $ G $&@+ " $? $ >& $ $$@"6 C $&?&7$= $ @, $&?,+ " $? =?& 7 / 0&B6 $ $$@"6 $&?$7 $ @, $&?,+
'
V
6 4 $( ; 3 ('" " A 2 +
(0$&@$7 A = &A "A = , ?= "7 &"6?&7 "7 . B0
$&?&7$= F B7 &7$= B . B0 C&7 @.;
=
* # " ? ?& 7 @.= 7G " @&
, ?= "7 B ? , @ $ $A
B B ?& 7 F & *B
A& A$& . B6 0 A " > . B0
/
? * C&7/ $&?&7$=/ & 0?&7/ &"6?&7/ B7 &7$=/ " "G&7/ ($& @&7 $* + + + B + + + B + + + "7 . B0 + + + @.; & *B ( + + + & *B 6 @ + + + F B + + + / $> "G
:
L L ! #) $A "A= (0$&@$7 $F0 A = &A $B$, "&@",+ $ 2 " > 0?$& $&>&$= @ B/ , @ "A $ B/ 0&B6 , ?= "7 6? "A / 0&B6 C A (, B . B0+
?& 7 &? / 0&B6 "@ 6 ($& B B+ F / 0&B6 2 " > , " 2B / B7 &7$= B . B0 + 5=$ @& " > (/ 0& B $F0 7G &"6?&7 "7/ ? . B0 / @GI
A$ B "C& $ "(B $& " C/ @ A$ A$& . $& @& B6 0 A/ @ 4A B &+ ? / 0&B6 " > / C&7 @.; & *B ( J(+ ', G B/ " @& C B &7 " > (/ ? & 0?&7 B "7/ & *B 6 @ $&@ $ G $ B6 ; 7@+ 4A ?& 7 / 0&B6 A& , @$7 B( @ "&@" + A$ ( ( " @& "(B C, &/ B " $@&7 $ $A / 0&B6 @ "A= & "A " "G/ $> "G + & I =*& J# %GG5'
B The conditional mood
p
p
6 & # ' 43 $ $
$ 6 $
$ F & , "B2= B / 6 > 9$F"$;+
$ 6 6? , "B2= B / 6 2@ 6 9$F"$;+
$ 07 F & &> / 6 F 0 ?&7 &"C&6 A +
$ 6 07 6? &> / 6 6 0 ? &"C&6 A +
< 7F E&( @(/ A$ ? & A B72 ( ?+
< =L=? 6 E&( @(/ A$ 6 ? & A B72 6? ( ?+
< F & A A0 " / A$ ($ A;+
< 2>L2? 6 & A A0 " / A$ 6 ($ AL($ A+
$ F & $ "? / = " F$7 B B +
$ 6 C $ "? / = " F$= 6
B B +
$ ( $ F (& A&6/ 6 > & ?&"+
$ 6 ( $ C A&6/ 6 2@ 6 & ?&"+
$ 6 C B" =/ 6 ? B +
$ 6 6 C2 B" =/ 6 ? 6 B +
8 0; 1 &I+I+@'+
24 & :&1 " :
$ = $&? ( "? / + + + $ 6 = $&?L$&? "? / + + +
$ $ $& $ 9? 6/ + + + $ 6 $ $ 9? 6/ + + +
$ 6 F (0@&7$= $A/ + + + $ = C"; & "A ( A&(/ + + + $ 6 6 (0@$7 $A/ + + + $ 6 = C"LC" & "A ( A&(/ + + + @IJ
7 B
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
=
$
!8 05 '+ & (' - - /
8 # .A (0A B "B$ $ .B I+ &A $7 6 & A (A,&7 &7 " @.(OJ B $&"2 ?$$ / F6=$7/ ? @& 7 6 &A&+ " E& D 2 $&"B 6 B " 2@& 7 / 0 A(2! 27 @ 0 &6">, ?70 ? =&@ A(2 &A& "B$ &".?& 7 + & "A$ / 0& $?6 &" &@0 6 ?$7 A& A $ A0 6, $ A H "*A I> B, / ? A ,&? &J H @ $ $&G;& 72 $&B & ,/ & ( ?&7 $ "? &$=+ #" @ MNSA& , ? $7 B72 ?;4, 9"@" &7/ 0 $" @ MYS FA& ,+ ? ".B 6, $&" A $" @ $&"2 ?$$ ? $A (;4(; "&@ (! D/C [ (J [ ( [ (4/C [ G [
F6=$7/ (A, 6 &7 " @.( , &G& ( ?&7 " @.( ? " 2@/ I$ "A H / 0 H &J ? " 2/ I$ "A H &/ 0 H J &"( @$7 &A&&7 & & "? A&6 I@ & *$-J# II@' @I
C Reading and grammar
6 4 63 (
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
@I(
7 B
24 & :&1 " ! + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+ G+ I+ J+ + (+ 4+ @+
0&B6 A& C + + + $ , ?, ? 6 "B$6 C 6 C , + + + $> $F2&7$= ? $ A 6 + + + A %6 0 F E& ? B ( + + + ,A $&7K %6 = @ + + + $ G + + + A" B + + + B &6 ,B K "$?0$= + + + $&F B 2> 6 ? + + + "B&6 B & 9& &B "? + + + $; 7+ &(& 6 = " 2>$= + + + B & + + + A $ @& $7 + + + ("B/ = + + + B FB 6 + + + & BB 0 "? , @ + + + 7 " A = & &"@ .&7 A + + + "B / $>B
$ + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+ G+
< &, @&7L &@W + + + B & ? ? / , &A+ "( &, @&7L &@W + + + ? + < F "0?/ 0&B6 &, @&7L &@W + + + 6&7 "F+ & "A=/ 6 A / & ", @&7L "&@W + + + ?(2+ B$ A $G (& A&7 ("B/ = & &@L &@W + + + B+ ? ? $?/ 0& @ &B , &G& &, @&7L &@L &@W + + + B+ % " @& 0 "? &, @&7L &@W + + + 7 " A =/ = , = B+ $" $A 7 = , & @&7L $&@W + + + ."+
) 0 + ; 0'+3 G 43 ! , & + ) ; F' 4
$ ( 6 %" .6 "= 0 " +
"=$&7 , & '
I $ = 6 ."./ H "& ./ H % $7 " 4> 6 " " & = "J+
" , 5/
I $ = 6 ."./ H "& > $ $&"./ H % $7 6 " & 6 & J+
&&7 , & ' @I4
I $ = 6 ."./ H %" &7= ./ H < = &;2 ."= ! &6"=J+ % 7 6 &7 ($ / "7 &, 7 $" / $ &.( , & ."7/ #& " 6 & $( "7+
$ &. , &
I "$&(/ "$ = ./ H "& / H ( 7 .". " &6"= 0( $ &="=J+
& =+ :+ A '
D Indirect speech /
p
24 M =& 9- +'3 743 - - 6 " $@ " ?& =! I & "@& / ?($&J+ 6 " $@ " ?& = & "@&7+ &7 $? $C (! I' "@ B &(BJ &7 $?/ 0&B6 $6 ("? B &(+ ! &7 A $C ( ("?&7 B &(+
p
" *A$$ " "@&! I =?& 7 " 0&?& E&( $&&7D+J " *A$$ " "@&/ 0&B6 $ =?& 7 " 0&? E&( $&&7D+ ! " *A$$ " $ A&( & $ =?& 7 " 0&?&7 E&( $&&7D+
* 5L + . " $@&7L " $@&7 H 5L + + + . $ A& &7L $ A& &7 H L . "?6&7L "?&7 H L . A&7 &
L ' $?&7
/
& & %=743 4 , - / :> - / & $ :>+ + A0 " @ $?! I' G @& ?+ ?"$& & B B+J (+ @2 $? &.F! I "2@ / ?($&/ A J+ 4+ $$@"2 &A&! I &@& A&6 " , @& J+ @+ I @& "G " @& A J/ H 5=$ @ . A"+ C+ ? B6 0 A " $@! I @& / ?($&/ &@ $ "? 0 ;"BJ+ D+ I =?& 7 $ &"@ E& & *7J/ H $ A& "&+ F+ I 2(@& $7BJ H &"A $ $&"?+
@I@
7 B
G+ I ("@& B72 (G& J/ H A 7 B( "0+ I+ -"7 "? $ ?&(! I @ &( ?/ ?; ( ?/ " $@ & / ?; 0& + + +J 4 , - / & $ :> - / :>+ + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+ G+ I+ J+
/
V
%"A " $?/ 0& $ "&$A 6 " F& D 0$?+ %"A " $?/ 0&B6 $ "&$A 6 "2@ D 0$?+ &A $?/ 0& $&( A & " >$ @( 0 "?+ &A $?/ 0&B6 $&( A & " >$ @( ?&"+ $7A &7 $?/ 0& A 9$F"$;+ $7A &7 $?/ 0&B6 A 9$F"$;+ &7 $?/ 0& A& A + &7 $?/ 0&B6 A& A + # 4@& / 0& @ "A,+ # 4@& / 0&B6 @ "A,+
6 4 )( 2+3 +> 2+3 & ( 3 +> 7 - - A 2 +
* # 8 # ,( , ( &7 (@
@&7 $ $&@&7 ?&7 $ @ $ =@ "$$ " @&7$= $ $@&7$= F. ."7?&;2
A 7 @&7$= A0 &7 ?&7 F&0 $(@&7 $ ?& "A ( "A&7 0A"&
@&7 " ? ?&7 ?0( "$?. ( " ?&7 "A& "?&7 $ , $ ?&$= ? F .
6 G&7 $ A& "$?. > ( $ B (@&7 " 4?&7$= $ A& & & $ & ."7
C ."7+ -?"$& J &/ 6 (A B / $> 4> ?&+ #F0 F C C &7+ >& ."7 ? 6 A0 " F. / $C2& ?, $ ,/ G 6 & B H ? B ( $ B $& B $ G&+ " , @ @ B $ ?& "A=+ = F F B & &@ B &! ;@$= ."7 $ ?&$(; F/ "$?.( > (/ $ A" G B ? ."7 $ B B $ A& "@&! H %6 0 A + " F/ $ ?& "A= (@&7+ + 0F B A @&7$=B $ " F 27 (&"F/ D & G @&7+ 2> $ A& B/ & B &7 >& H 4> A B H $& G4= A 7+ @ & &7/ 0& $6 "2> A$ / $ "?2 &! @IC
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
7 B
$A"& 0A"& " ? @&7 F (&+ $ A& 2 ($&7 $? &/ ( ? 6 , @/ ($&7 ? & $ @ $ =@ "$$? &/ B & $A& 0A"& (@ @+ -"7 $ &"A $ A& A" $ ?&(+ A&7 A0 / & ($&@ "A= B+ B( $ A& ( $?! H D & A = 0A "62A + $ 0A" = " F 27 A" $ B$ (@&7 $ ?&/ D & G @&7 + + + & + + 0A/ + + )"B &$ $&+'/ 9.& &*#&/ I!F$$ =CJ/ / IGF! FCKG@'
/$
24 & :&1 " 2
+ " F/ $ ?& = "A= (@&7 (+ @ ."D $@ F! ($&7 2>& $ ?& & & $ & $&@&7 $&?" ."G?&;2( 4+ $, @S &6 ?&" & & $ & @+ $&@ B ?&;2( C+ ( ?/ & >& D+ "A& & G " ? F+ "($&@ G+ @$7 F02 $ &7 I+ @ ."D J+ " $@ $ A F&0 B $ A& + 7@ $ $ B > A0 (+ " $7 A" $ B A0 4+ 9/ 0A"&B & ($&@& ."G?&;2( @+ 6 B F&0 7@& C+ $ A& 2 ($&7 $? &/ ( ? 6 , @ D+ ($&7 ? & $ @ $ =@ F+ ($&7 "$$? &/ B & $A& 0A"& (@ @ -. # : ? # $ & $ $ 0G - # : , -* - +
/'
p
! 1 &8 + &'+'-3 4
" %(+ # # 8 > 0; 1 &F+4'+
@IF
E Cultural awareness 2
6 4 G1- (' &2 & -,
+ + + 72@ A 7 + + + A 7 + + + + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + +
+ + + C$2 " ? + + + & A & = "B& $ .?7 $& & "A$ = " *A$$= + + + "7A" C0 = 7 $ @ ; 7@ + + + $ " ?.= 0A" " ? $ B + + + $B$& A , "B2= " *A$$= + + + , "B2 " ? , "B2 A 7
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` +'
@IG
7 B
Q
-
+ 4 & -3 " (! )+ + $L $ 6+ 4&: ->? - / + + (+ 4+ @+
6 & &"/ $ + + + 2& & "(/ $ + + + %6 27/ $ + + + ( 6&7 "0/ $ + + +
C+ < ; & * (/ $ + + + D+ $ &6 27 & (/ + + + F+ $ &/ + + +
+ 6 , 6 " / C+ $ 6 &6 , & / + + + $ 6 + + + D+ $ 6 ( $ 6 $ (+ < $&$= 6 $7/ $ 6 + + + " =/ + + + 4+ < " >$ 6 & (/ $ 6 + + + F+ $ 6 6 @+ "& 6 6 " / ,&7/ + + + $ 6 + + + (! *+ 8 + /& 0& 6O $ / >#+ + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+ G+ I+ J+ + (+ 4+ @+ C+
< (;/ + + + ( ,&7 9$("$;+ &.( , & $7/ + + + $6 $& &>" + & "6 = =/ + + + & $&" 0&7+ 70 " $/ + + + ( ( (+ " * $$ " $/ + + + " & & "& "+ &7 $ (/ + + + " 0& 9& & "$$+ $ & "/ + + + ( " 0& 9& & "$$+ '0& 7 $/ + + + $ & "2 9$("$;+ '0& 7 $/ + + + 9$("$= 6 & " $ =+ & . $ 0 "/ + + + (0 > $7 6 " (+ & . $ 0 "/ + + + $ " & & ( $7 + ( $ / + + + >& $& . I $J+ ( $ / + + + $6 ( $7 $& .( I $J+ $ & / + + + ( &6 + $ & / + + + $ " $7/ $ , 0 & & $ +
(! 4+ + + # - ?$ # #&: ->? - / $ $ /$ : $ - # - B- +
6
2 -" &2
&' < (0; $7 + + + & ' < $&7 $7 + + +
&' < + + + &' $( &( " (& + + +
@II
6
;3 2
&' 2 " + + + & ' < ;; , &7 + + + 6
&' $&"6' ( + + + "+ @+ & 6' " $&7 2 $&7 + + + C+ &"& ' & 0 7 ;=& $ + + + D+ & ' 8& & $& 7 $ + + + F+ &$ $ ' # $&" 2 $& + + + G+ &6/ 7 $ ' & &;&$= + + +/ + + + + + + I+ & &6' 0> 2(& $ = + + +O J+ &(0& =' ' "$& & & & + + + + &$&" 6' 9& "( &("$&6 $ + + + (+ &$& . &" ' # 7 $ + + +O 4+ &0>&6 9 6' 6 & $= + + + @+ &" >" ' + + + , =+ C+ & " " ' 6 " , $ 7 + + + (! -+ + "& 7 6 + &/ = /& - - -$ : = /$ : ->?B B / " + $&"6 &" & ,0 $ $ 6 &, " $
" 0 "
$ "=0 $0$&6 " 6 " &6
0( (
>
6 , " 2 72
" $& =4 & " $ 6
"6 " 6$ "$ 6
(! .+ + "& 7 6 $& =+ :& $$ / &:+ &' 6 (0$7 $&&(& + ++++ $&( &6 0& & " $ ++(++ " & /
>++4++ " ,/ (& 2 $&=,/ = 0& $& + CJJ
7 B
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
& ' & = $&"2= $ $&" ' + & O (+ 6 >& O 4+ # 6 $ " & "&(" K @+ ( 6 & K C+ /7= 9& * & "*=K D+ 6 "$$6 & K
(! 5+ + # ; $ I & "6J+ :& $$ / &:+ + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+
# = " >& & "4/ & " + + + = + < ( " 0& (/ & " + + + &6 "+ 6 62 $ ( " (/ & " + + + , $7 " =+ $ = 0 / & " + + + " & $=.+ < $&" & 0 / . & " + + + $7 6+ / & " + + + & $& + % "4 "$$ . "& / & " + + + 6 0 "+ CJ
G+ < , 0( ($ &7 / & " + + + &, & F 0$ + I+ < (0 $7 & "&/ & " + + + $ 4 $ > $&( $&&(&+ J+ 6 2 & &"(/ " , & " + + + 6 " (+ (! 6+ + # ; $ I & "6J+ +$ # &# B - / / - /# # ># !& '+ + 2 "(
(0&$= $&( &+
" , + ' > "( + < $= $ $ + (+ ' = $&7 & "4+ (& =+ (0&$= $&&(& + < ; ( (0&7 $ =6+ 4+ # = (" 6 0& "$$+ !$$ 0 7 "$=+ 6 $ " 9& "$$ + (! J+ : >+ "& 7 6 "& * " + - $ / = + + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+ G+ I+ J+ + (+ 4+ @+ C+
8& ( & 7=L ' + + + " 6 & =L ' + + + " + $ "& = "&= H & "=L " ' + + + "&=+ = $ ( &/ 0& & "=L " ' + + + # > 0 & $ = " & + & 7 L ' + + + 4 + + + & 7 =L 7 '+ 7= . " 2 6+ & 7 62 2 6 $! I# (/ 4> & L' + + + BJ $ (;&/ 0& = 0 7 & L' + + + " > + & ( 6L ( ' + + + &+ 2 H 9& 0 7 & ( =L ( ' + + + 47+ 0 7 &2" =L2" ' + + + 7 & 0 7 &2" =L2" ' + + + " + 7 "& H 0 7 &( 6L(> ' + + + 70+ ' > 0 7 &"$6 L"$6' + + + + 07; > 6 0 7 &"$6 L"$6' + + +
(! ))+ : >+ "& 7 6 "& * " "& $&" & 7 "0$& + $ ? $# $ $ $ # - / &+ 8 * &/ / & 6/ =&/ =&/ 6/ &"6& + &"6 &$= G 0$ (&" "6 &$= D 0$ 0 "+ + + + $ G D+ (+ 8& &(* @ " "+ " " D + 8& &(* + + + 4+ H 9& $& & $ &K H &/ 9& & $& + + + CJ(
7 B
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
(0&7$=' ++D++ $&7+ $ $ & "7; " ( "=+ 70 &"L =' ++F++ (; ( "2> " "=+ 6$&" & $L $' ++G++ $ $ / 0 " (&( "$= &$6L$6 ' ++I++ + =&7 & $L $' ++(J++/ =&7 &$6L$6 ' ++(++ + % (0$= $&7 ( " 2+ & " , L " 2 ' ++((++ &+ : #( &$& $=L$&' ++(4++ (0> 6+ $, " ; $ ;&/ (0$= 7 : #(+ &A #+ A+ &+'/ HH &&B &#$#
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
4 , & 6&7 ( 6 $2 6+ &A #+ A+ &+'/ HH &&B &#$#
/ IDI! DIKFJ' (! )-+ + "6 2 7 6 7+ : &# $ $ + < 2> 2 ( " 72 / 0 9& 6 "$&(/ .&7 / 0 9& 6 ";+ % = $& (0&7$= 2 $ (, 7 6 / , 4 / ( ($ 6, "( (0 / = / 0& 66 ( , & "4 (6/ & &" 6 $ , $$+ %/ " "/ = / 0& " "&7 $$ 4 7=/ $ ( "&7/ & $&"&7$= CJ@
7 B
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
) * O Q O Q O ) O E + ) O Q O ) O ) O ) O ) O ) >O
(! ).+ ; + : E $ $ $ / #& $ M%,$ & &6$=0 $ + $7 H ;B 6 & & H $&7 $0$&7=B 2 *" " &"( & $ ," &7 $ 2 0 6 $ " &6 & + " ( 0 6, " " &$= $ " 6 & $ 47; 7;& " $ .7 "" & $, 0 $ " " / " &"(= " 9& (; * .7 $&7B = & 0& 6 2 $& " 2 "=& & $* " / " $&" &&7$= $ 2 6 "& >" 2 " $& . / "$ $(/ " ( $6" + CJC
$ FC "( 6 " $& 6 " =& & / $ .7 " 6, $;0& 7 & 7 = $B $ 6 >& $ ( (4 "( "(( / *" I#J " & &"& $ 4> H & 7 &6+ " 0&& 7 0&& 7 .B $ 6 / $ , 0 &$= ;/ $ ( " 6 "( H 2& " $(! #/ 6 0&&/ & 6 =4 X 4/ *"K &$& I#J
; $0$&7= B (! )4+ + 0 $& 0 $& O # =& & : & ) - =& $ : $ # $> - /> = 0> # > > C& # : $ $- # $- $- - B+ UW "& $ & 6 $ & " (=" " =& " $6 & "& + - 7 " $ H 6=$ &7/ $ 7 (=" 6 , " 0 $" " 6, "$& 6, "( + ! (7&&6 " $ ;& " &7 0 $& 0 $& ( (4, & " 0/ $ & 7 / ; &6 & 2 ( (4 + &/ " "/ 0& / $ $" &7 " $6 & "& / " > 6 IG( II( ,!
&W " $ / "* / 0& &II(' + + + ( $6 ; 6 & "& H & &@' + + + &C' + + + & H " =& ( & " . 6 0$ 72 / 0 &J' + + + & + 0 (O & 6&7/ & ( 0& " 0 = & $& (02 / 0 " 72 O / & 6&7/ ( " & " $& & " &7$=
&7/ $&=;& & , ( & " K CJD
7 B
& " $ $" &7 6 "* $ $&"2 "( & "& + $ "6 72 $ &"=& & " H 0& 0$ 72 / 0 0 &GJ,' + + + + 0> "0 O & / 0& (& & "7 & (; 7 O / / 0 $& " 0 = "& $&"2 &CC' + + + & $& ,( + , $ $& 7 6/ 0& ,& & ( (/ " ( & " O 7 7 9& 6 $& 4> " B
V
? G+
0 4& 4 & C 7 2&1" : + " * $$+ : -$ = $ &/- # ->?B &+ + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+
G+(
% , " 62 $&7 # 7$ , =$& ( # .7 $ 0 % " =/ 4 $& &
F+ G+ I+ J+ + (+
#&" & 7$& %" $ "& " ," $($$& / (7&(" " &0 $= =& 7 $&7
: + & 0 7( &$=O - $$>? #$ = & ->? - + 2 " 0 *. & $ $& & $
"0 , , & "(7> (0& 7
$$ 0 $&" & 7
$$"2 .6 ", " &"& "
7
H I ! 4
# ." #&
(! )+ % + / &6" =+ 4 & - -&$& &/ &# C &+ 6 + + + + 0$&6 6 $ / & "6 $ " $ . + " 6 0 7 "$ + 6 7 &= + + + $ ,/ 6, 7,+ 6 "2> 0 " $ (.6 $! H , " 2 B + 0(/ 0& 6 $ 6 B & . 2> $ & + + + $ $ + + + + & $ (; ( $! H + + + $ > $ (; (+ "2 $ + " 7=, + + + $&7=/ $> "( + &= + + + $ "6 $ $! CJF
H "$ $ $(B < , 0(/ 0& 6 $ 6 $ B & . $! H + + + $ (; (/ & "(; = & / + + + > 9& + + + + " & + &= 0 / + + + / "/ , $ &. "6(+ &= $! H $ & B < 0 7 20(/ 0& 6 & + + + B & . $/ 0& 6 &= + + + 9& $ (; (+ $ 7; &= $ &. , (2 " ;+ &= + + + (2 $
(2 $ "&7 = $ (+ (2 + + + = 0 " 7 &/ ($ 6 = 0 6 " + &= 0 7 ; $ + $ $& " $> "! H $ 7; (02 $ B + 0(/ 0& 6 $ 7 + + + $ 0 + % & . + + + $ (; ( + + + & / 0& " & $ $ 0 / & $ / & & & "7 $ + (! *+ 5+ " $76+ 4 :> &$ :> 4 & $ + * & ' "( " $! I =& 7 $ J -=. & ' "( " $/ 0& 6 = =& 7 $ + + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+
# " $/ 0& 6 + + + - "(. # > 0 , 0 &/ 0& 6 + + + -" . "= " $/ 0& 6 + + + -. ". = , 0 &/ 0& 6 + + + - " & 7. "/ 0& 6 + + + - 07. & . / 0& 6 + + + - &.
(! ++ + + &# $ $ & &/ &## # $ :> &$ :>+ ! + &( "2> # "> K (+ 0 ( ( 6 , $&" K 4+ /& (/ ( / 0& "&" & K @+ /& ( $& K C+ ( ( , " & 0 (K D+ ( $& (K F+ & 7K G+ /& $& $ .7 = # ">K I+ " 0$& $ ( &6/ & "6 $ $ ! H "7 + + + H ;0 . 0 + + + H & * 6 + + + H " =& 0 + + + CJG
7 B
H * "& 0 + + + H . 6 4 "&" + + + J+ /& # "> 2> , 7 K + *7 $= $$ & K (+ # "> "$ $ &" &7 K (! ,+ + /& 0&;& *" .(6O && $ $ &/ : # / B $ & =&$ $- &+ + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+ G+ I+ J+ + (+ 4+ @+
) O Q
1 O ) O E + Q
O 8 1 O ) 8 O ) 8 O ) 8 O ) O ) 8 O ) O Q O ) / * 5 O C+ E 8
1 + (! -+ 7 + $ $ $=&$$ " + & # $ # $ $ - & &/ /# & &$ $ $ & + ! $&= $ " & &7 (" 0 "K " 2;&$= " 6 *&6 2 $ 7 K 6 60 "$7 2 6 H 2 / & ($ / 2 K # 7 " $7 72= " 2 / 0& 6 ($ $ &7 9& " =K 6 & 0 (" , H , & 6 ( (0& =K 6 6 " " & 2 2 O " &6 6 0 6"K /$& ( $ 6 &" 7 6 " &6/ 0>&6 9 6K 6 " & $ " =L 0 "L $( & $" $ 7=K 6 & 6, " $7 $( & $" $ 7=K ' / 2 (/ 7 0 H ( "($$,/ " $, 2 7 ( $ $&" K & 2 =/ 2 (/ 6 6&7 ( (0& =/ " & = $&"2 $$ K CJI
UNIT
(J
.
In this unit you will learn how to:
. * . .
A To be able
p
6 # # 2 -7-2 &
* $ / ! * $ + (A&7 $
07 $ L
+ &G F &B7 &" < (A F 0&?&7 A&6 B / (A (A & "($ $ "G+ 0&?&7+ & & F 0& B & & F 0& B (0@ ?;$7 "F$$ =6B' ?(2 '
CJ
($ A&7 $ < ($ A; " 0&?&7 E&( A&( ?&"+ & & F 0& ( G & "A / = ? =&'
< (A; "@&7 &?$+ & & F 0& (0? &?$ =C'
< F $?&7/ >&+ & & F 0& ?; B ? " $ '
" & ? $ ? " $ & *B (/ ($ A $?&7/ F A,&7+ & & F 0& & ?& B 0$7 A&6'
' $ =&A$=0 6 " > / &B"6 (A (A & , @&7+
"G &$= B$ "?. (A B & , @&7+ ? 6 C & "F" / 6 @ B7 &7$= (@0 &A +
&5A = ($ A &@ "F( " 4?&7$=+ ($ A $, @&7 &A( " F&7 @ B" =+
7 @
+ & , 2 +*$ ,0+ @ : - 1 &?&7$= 7?, "?&7 2?,&6 ?&7
"@&7 $ ? $ 0?&&7 2@ F$ &B&7
@&7 2@ ( "?&7 &?"
+ 8 , 2 & +*$ ,0+ ( $ $* - # - >1 $ A&7 F ? &7 $F2&7 F6( ?&7$= &A 0&?&7 ;@6, ?& " $&"A&&7$= $ "(7G $, @&7 $ &A( " &B&7 ?2 ? =
$
$&"?&7 ("?&7 B &( $ &"A&7 & @ " ?&7$= *B "&B" 0&?&7 A&6 $ A&7 ?" $, @&7 B$& "(7G
+ & - - - , 76
'
& ' 07
& F 0&
< F 0&?&7/ < F &7/ < F "A,&7/ < F &"C&7 "7/ < F & . ?&7/ < F $&?&7 "? F&" / < F (0?$& &7 $ ?" /
& F 0& &B$7 F+ & F 0& 2@ " B & + & F 0& $ ? B(+ & F 0& @& B" + & F 0& C ;0+ & F 0& & "G 0@+ & F 0& B F$7+
8 # ' 2 & > - - 6 < $ $ 0 A B" =/ ? $?/ 0& " >&$= B 07/ 6 B 0 "B&( A;/ < =?& 7 "A ( $ " @&7/ ?&" $&( A & " >& @( &A(/
A$ ($ A$ ($ A$ ($ A$ ($ A$ ($
A & > " 0&?&7+ A " @" &7 ? 6 + A; B $?&7+ A & $A &B($+ A; ? &,B B +
C
B Indefinite pronouns and adverbs
p
p
8 # - - - "@$ ?& & 0 F& & & T 0& & T B& T
6 "B7 ?& + < & E& $C2+ "&@" 0 F& ?$ $ &+ & & & A @/ $?/ 0& " ?&7+ ? =?& 7 0& & "@&7+ ", @ B& (0@ $ "?2 & G+
8 # - - - "/*6:.O ? ( 7 ( 7 & ( 7T 0& F 7T B ( 7 K F 7
? ( 7 &6 $ B $> ( ? 27+ 6 F 7 6? " @. O $ & F 7 " >&/ ($&7 >& G+ ' B ( 7 $&7 " ?2K 07/ 6 0& F 7 " F + ' $ $&7 B ( 7 , "B2 & &@K 6 $ (0@$7 B( 0 F ( 7 F 7+ &
T ! > #+ ) #O 8 * 0; 1 &4+F'+ (!+ 2 #* + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+ G+ I+ J+
G & 0>& L 0> ( 7' $ "?2K ? = &0&B& L0&B F 7' &A& F 2> & + % &A. &0A& L0 F 7' $ 0?$ ? =&K ? $ 0?$ F0& &B& LB ( 7' *"? $ =C+ #@/ &6 & ?& L ? ( 7' 6 ;> K ?& $ > &0& & L0& F 7' $> + 7 $ ? &( ?& L( ? ( 7' $ 2@&+ $ && & L& F 7' "$$? & ?2( &? (/ & 6 B 7>+ % G $ "?2 &?=& L?= ( 7' $ &@0 = A(2+ ? $ ? " "? &$=/ $ ? &0A& L0 F 7' B7 +
C Negation
p
C(
> 8 8 # /( H ? A ( ? &F ?
< ? E& F. + < A $ &@+ < ( ? (, @+ < (A B &F (0? @$ + < ? F E& B&7+
7 @
p
> 8 / H &B B F B $
0&B 0 B 0 F 0 B 0A 0>
&B ", @+ 0 B B ? ( ?+ E& F "@& B
8 0; 1 &J++'+ /
+ (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+
&B ", @ @+ "&@" C & B/ B A 6 B+ $ "@ E& + 0&B > "? + 0 B B 6 ( ?+ ?($&/ E& F "@& B 6 & & B 0 B $ @ ( ?&7+
' " A + $ $ 0* + + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+ G+ I+ J+
& ", @K # &6 6? 0 "?K 6 "@K B &6 D27K /& &6 $?K 0> $ " $@K / &6 ? 27$=K %6 (A "$$? E& F F 7K B F 7 "$@ 7 " A =K 6 $ A F 7 " ?"K
6 4 0+
/ #" &? & %("A (' ' " ( ?& &A./ ( "? &7+ #&? ?&= "F $" &B+ A ( C ?&; @&7 "@&7/ A C &7+ B ( ?& A 6 / "B G $ &>& / @ C D A 6 / $? @ "B 7+ G = A A 0( "@& A! H A0 A&7/ 7> ?&; $ A+ C4
? & 0? &! H $ @, &A ?&7 A( + 7> A 0( H $A == A > ( >&/ A 0& F & $B ( @&7/ A0 F & 4 $ @&7+ G = F "@&! H (/ F 4 $B $&7+ #&? &>& 7 A 0(/ G @ ?&; $ A+ &; ) 1 = / A (/ 3 #/ 7 / ID! 4@' !
A $&7 ? $&7 B&0 $&
$
p
$ "&7 "@. &A&
A&$ & "@ $
B
D 6
> 8 8 # F F
*2 $ L < ? $(0?;+ A "B& &+ @ 0 B A+ ? 0> F &+ 6 B @+ ? $ , @ B+
$ L A $(0?&7+ F A "B&&7+ A0 A&7+ A 0 F&7+ A C @&7+ A $ C &@ B+
' " A + 4 &+ + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+ G+
C@
?K K ( ?K 0& K & K 0& K ( ?K & K
H 7 $ ? $ 2@/ C $ ? + + + + H ' $ *(7&A& + + + $ A&7 @&7 B* + H &7 "A $F0 / + + + &@ A0 " + H 6 , &A &@ B/ & ?&", + + + $ &"A&7+ H + + + C E& $ A& &7$=+ H + + + "@&7 "( $ "F + H "&@" B0 7 ? 7=/ + + + $&?&7 " G7+ H $F0 / "F$& / + + + "F( ?&7+ &A" & '
7 @
D One another /
p
9 .2 *
+
"( ( "F
"( "F(
"( "F
"( "F
"( $ "F
"( "F
"( "F
!? 72 6 0?$& 6? "( ( "F+ 6 0?$& @ "( "F(+ @ , " 2B ?;& "( "F+ A(2 $ G$7 ? $ &"A "( "F+ @ B B6 "( $ "F + " , @& F/ "( "F B @ 6?;& "( "F +
/ * 6 @ "( "F (A B &+ @ B &? ;@ "( "F+ 6 B " @$6 $=/ ? @ $7 "( $ "F + D C ?&7 "( "F(+ $ 6 , " 2B ? & "( "F+ 6 B B6 "( $ "F K @ $ $ $A = @ "F / 0?$& , @ "( "F( B$&+ #&"@ A B&$7 "( "F + @ $$B"$7 & A"7 "( $ "F ? "B;&$=+ # 2B7 6, & @ "@ "( "F( "? (+ !? 72 6 0?$& 6? "( ( "F+ " $&"A0 @ ( ? "( "F+ A&/ , " 2B $ @$6&7 "( ( "FB @ $ ? ?;& "( "F(+ D B0 $& G B0 " "( "F +
/
,' ' :+); ( :* & , $ . + / "B&&
&B O !@$ O & B D&L D&O & $ >&O
@& O ; @ O
& 0& , A$& + "0 D& &B + ; @ $&( A & 0?$& ,B =& B$& "( "F(+ #&( A & D& !@$(+ "0 &B F& "G "( $ "F + $$@"2 @& D=& "( "F+ !@$ A" F& "( $ "F + &B A" @ =& "( "F+ "0 @& F& B "( & "F+ A" ; @ 0?$& @2(& "( "F(+ #&( A & @& "B;&$= "( $
"F + CC
/
+ , 2+ & (- " + < $ $ B * -+ &*/- : , $ >,
# + :* & - &,&+ ,# & - 1: -, # + /
$ 7A B6, ? 6 ? & $ > A$& $& B+ + (+ 4+ @+ C+
on
A (2 $ ? $ @& ( ?+ ? $ ? $ @& "B& ?(2/ @ A"+ A&= ?2 ? $ G& "G "( $ "F + "B& ?2 C0 $ @& ? / "G $ $ @& A&=+ ? ?(2 ? $ G& "G "( $ "F @ "B& "(
"F+
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
2
24 & :&1" 2
6
/ '6 > 1
(
?
$( 7G
> 1 ( H ? CG
$( 7G H ?
? H (
$( 7G H (
7 @
> 1 ( H ? ( H $( 7G 6
$( 7G H ? $( 7G H (
A 6 0 1 8
(
& K +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++
2$
? H ( ? H $( 7G
/& A &K ( G &$= "? ( &$= (4? &$= (6? &$= ?0 &
K $ ( A "? $& &$ "? $&7;' $ (4A $ (C $ &0?=
) @3 3
6
($& 6 $ " 0 6 &6 / =$7/ / $ $0$&6 0&6 (2 ; ( + " (0 $& ;/ # $& 0 $ & $6? "; ! 6 6B 6$;! & = ;;B &+ #+ (2 / G(G'
F Reading and lexis 5
6 4 62 3
. (0@& 7$ B & A $ ? $ A A$ 7 (0& A+ #&?"6 (0@& 7 & ?& $?! H "A $? 0 G F&+ ? $&" 0? 0 A $ &@ @ B&0 $& + ? " A 2=$= 2B( (0@& 7 . $&B"/ &B $@7 ?=/ "@! H (/ E& ( @& 7 + &0 $& ?2 H ( $/ "F$$,/ B7 "A + & $&"? $&7! @=/ B&0 $& ( G $?6 6 A 6 H &?7= $? " / H = &B $, " B ? $ &@ @ B&0 $& + #&?"6 & ?& 0&?& 7 $?! CI
H &/ = F &?7; $? " (+ 8& 6? G A"= ;B7+ &?2 0A + '0@& 7 . $ ( A $?! H " $&@& / = $ ? $&" 0?/ G A07= *@= H 0A + & ?& " " @& 7 = A >+ H &/ E& C 6+ B & 6&7/ "B $& . ?2+ @$&/ 0( A$ = A(2 $ "F$ $B $@ ?+ H 8& @ C K H + H ? %">,$=&@& 7$ F. K H / B H % E& 6? =+ "@$&7 $ &"A >/ / $ 7 $@7 &A2 $& B/ $ 7 &> "4@ $& .B $ &(,?;4 ? " $&( @ .B "A $ ? &?2 0A + H / + + + 7 A" + + + 8& / ?0&/ 6 $&7B+ + + H $>&+ + + < $ ?+ H (/ *@;& C &7+ < ? 6 7 "$6? (A&( " / ( G $ F 0( A$ 6 "B6 " $@+ #?6 $" ? F02 + H (A&6 " $@ @$& @" B 0 "+ H ( B & G+ H E& "@+ H OB H #&"@ ( ?" $ G B (+ H & $ B .?/ ?0&K H + H & A.B &+ + " $? + + "?$/ + + ? / : .& # &. - - $C*0$# I!F$$ =CJ/ 6 "G "( $ "F &(7G > 6 "B& "( "F &? 6 $ $ @&$=/ ( ? ,B0 & &, G G+ & 0 ? & $&7 A"6O &, G &B$& &, G K I+ & &B&L " B$& FO &, G K &B$&K &, G J+ & ( ? &L " B$& BO &, G &B$& + /& 7;&
CK [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ "A= CK [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ B$ CK [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[
(+ ? "@ =& (, @&7O
C((
& F 0 & B$ F 0 &F&"
7 @
on
!& &(" 2 7+- ) &/,# && B - $:,& $ - + $&" 0?;& $&AO
&. F;&$= & "B;&$= ? "((
/& " E& "G& B$& , G O 0> "@ =& L "@ =& "@&7 $? 0? A0 "/ ? $ "?;&$= B$&O & " 2? &/ ? $ @&7$= $& "$$?&7$= $& BO "2?;& $&A $& O 0> "@ =& L "@ =& "@&7 $& BO "G& , G( F O /& "G& .A F / ? 6,B =& $& ?O " 4?;&$= $ $&GL, G K %B$&6! & " B$& &B$&6O 0& L B 7;&K
ED *+ FF ( "?7 @ "?7 K $ "$@ B$& " @& ?2 "F/ C $0@+ + 6 @& $ "?2 & /
(+ 6 " 2@ " $&@
&& 4> F & 0 "@ + &0& F & F + &0& " $&@ $ $ B+ &(&C( ?+ &. &C+ & *A&6+
4+ 6 " 2@ A&7 0A" ?&7 L $&D ?$&(+ @+ $&G, 6
C+ B$ A0 " 6 . F &
D+ $A (;4 7 6 "@& , G
&$ ? & B(7 ? & &? 0+ & "B$& "" 2A = $ ?&7 B(7+ &$? 6"? & $ A A$& $& B+ & " B$& A"6 & $& , G(+ &, G(+ &, G + &"F( , G+ & " 4? & $7 $ , G ? "((+ & B0& + & & *B (+
0 +
*
! $$@ "@ =& . ?&7 , G / ( $ + + +
C(4
Q
-
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
7 + + + "
G+
+ + + " .( "7 + + + $ ( "7 + + + " & + + + & I+ " 0 + + + & "( (0 + + + $& " 9 + + + & "&(" $ .$& + + + ",& &(" " " + + + & * ( J+ & + + + , + + + & &" "2 + + + & &" + + + &;
(! ++ + # *7= &" + $ $ # && $ /> = + $ &$ "&7' ++++ ( # *7= &" $&( ("$6 2 $+ 6 " " " $& & " * $$=' ++(++! 7 = & 7 0& & " , &7L " &' ++4++ & $=&6 $$' ++@++ 4> $ " 0 >& "&6&7 7+ 0 &2 ' ++C++/ ( & &$ &7L$ &7' ++D++ $&( & 7 6 C(@
7 @
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
5 & '+ &' ) : A O &(' Q O &4' % * O &@' ) O &C' ) > 5 O &D' % > O &F' ) * O &G' ) O (! ,+ = + 72 7+ :& $$ / $-+ 8& 6 72 7+ % ;2 ( + % 6 "$6, "(2 / 0 $ &" & 7 =+ H 0/ = 0 7 &, & &7' ++++ 9& =+ H $ 0$/ % ;2+ # 0$ = & 07' ++(++ & ( &7L( &7' ++4++ + % ;2 6 2 $&7 &+ & . > &("&7L( " &7' ++@++ &" + 6
7 % ;2 &$&" 0&7L$&" &&7' ++C++ &7 & &7L 07' ++D++ $& $(( $ " (&+ $ &" = & ", &7L "&' ++F++ + % ;2 & &7$=L 07' ++G++ $ &7 >+ & $" $ 7 & , &7L &' ++I++ " & % ;2 $! H $&/ 0+ & &L &' ++J++ ( &7 =+ 0 6 0 7 " + &6&7' ++++ / % ;2 , & & 7 =/ & " " 72 + & % ;2 & &7L &7' ++(++ "+ , & &7 = $ "(7=+ 7 & "&7$=L "&7$=' ++4++ $ + "( % & &7L &7' ++@++ = 0+ H ( & = "$6 7B H &"0&7L"0&7' ++C++ 0+ H & &7L &7' ++D++ / = , 0( "&7 $ + C(C
% ;2 , & & &7 =+ % 0 $! H %6 =B % ;2 &, & & 0&7L & &&7' ++F++! H &/ = =+ &"&7L=&7' ++G++ =/ & 7 &" " $+ 0 ( $ / % ;2 2 &, + &$&" 0&7L$&" &&7' ++I++ > $ " $! H 7K H < & &7L &7' ++(J++ 0 + < =+ H %6 27 9&( 0(O H $ " $ &7+ H ;/ = > "6 " / H & & % ;2+ H $/ 0& &" & " $&7L " $&' ++(++ = "& + &. &7L . &7' ++((++ > $! H 8& , " 2 / 0& &6 =+ / 6&7 6+ 0 / 0 " $>& = "& + $ (;4 7 0 & " $&7L " $&' ++(4++ =+ " $ 0 " 7+ % ;2 & 07L$ 07' ++(@++ "&7/ 0& > (+ 6 &7 " $ % ;2 =+ 8& 6 & 7/ & 7 $
"( & + H & &7' ++(C++/ 0/ 0 & "4&7L " (&7' ++(D++ & =/ H $ + H 8& / " / , " 2= 0+ $"( & &7L =&7' ++(F++/ 0& ; 72 & &' ++(G++ "(= &+ H < (/ 0& 0 72 ( & ", &7L "&' ++(I++/ H $ % ;2+ H &6 & (&7O H & & &7+ H ( "&7 ; =+ $ &6 ( 27 "&7 ; =/ & = & 6&7L (&7' ++4J++ + & "$$( + &/ A A / ( / " * $ 6 $&( = & ( " &(" $ $& . + + + " " + $ = " & 9& & &(" + + + " # $&"= H + + + " / #1 H + + + + # 0$ #1 &(" $& + + + 0 $ & " 9 + , $&" ,/ + + + / & + + + "/ &(" ( " 6, & " $& / &$=/ 0& + + + ( " & $
"( 6 9 0 $ =& 7 $&+ ! $$= / $ / >& I$ (&>J+ 2 &(" &$& =&7 ( ($& 2 $+ " 2 ( 7 + + + " $$$, &("$& / & 6,2, + + + / " 2 "= " 6 $&" 6, *"/ (= 2 " $$$ &("$&$ + $&" 6 &("$&$ *"6/ ( " 0/ 7 6$&" + + + / 0& ! $$= H 9& / " 0 6 $& 0 & &("$& / + + + $ " 6& " $$$ &("$&0 $ "6 + # 0$ $ $ ! $$ $(4 $&( & 0& + + + "( 6, &(" &$&+ ! . ( + + + 2 I " 4 6J &(" &$& $ $& & & / 0& $&" 6 ( + + + ;& , " 2 "&6 $= $ ( "(+ C(F
(& " &7 &("$&( 2" 6 " + + + $& ./ &" $ "& 9" "& + + + / & 7 $ + + + ? (& " " &7 0"& " 6 + + + " $6+ " 9& + + + &(" ( , $> " = ;&+ % 0& + + + " =/ " =& / " $$$ &("$&0 $ = (" & + + + (" .= $ $& " 6 "( 6, *"+ & & " I .=J/ ; 7 II@' : + * + ) * O (+ 9 2+ 4+ ) 0* 1 0 1 O @+ 9 O C+ Q
O D+ Q * O F+ ) O G+ ) * O &E ' I+ ) O J+ ) M O (! *+ + 8$ "& $&+ & $ $ C &+ &/ & C &+ : + * + Q 0 1
/ '+ 8 2 & " $&&7$= + + + L + + + L $&7 + + + $& '+ 2+ 9
/ 2 * / / 2 / & " $& ? " & 7 $&7? " & , "",= , C@F
E '
" ' + 3 * / 1
2 + / 2 + : / 2 1 + / / 5 2 ! +
5 8 / 2+ 9 2 H ! & '/ & ' & ! " '+ : / > + / + 8
/ 2
2+
C / & ! 9
2 H + 8 H I/ &' 2 * / + 2?
* 1 / / + + * 1 & / / / '+ +
2 / & ' + = 2
/ /
* + 9 / / 2 + 2 2 + : 2 2 +
2 + )
C@G
E '
/ / / / / "/ /
2 +
+ 3 H H (
/ A L L L > &0 # 1! / / / ? 0:& 1! '+ CC@
E '
/ /
+
+ * + 9
! *2 /
+ / 9+ =
2/ 1
/
&
'! / O 2 + 3 + 2
& ' 2+ 9 * 1 0 1+ 9 / /
/ + 9 / 2 + 1 + 9 * 2 / 2 2
2+ 9 2 01/
L + 9 1 2 / * 2 L
/ 5 / / +
5
" /
9 2 2 2 / / + 9 / 2+ 9
2! / 2 2/ 1 2 + %
C / ! & = 2/
+ 9 ! &' CCC
E '
! 1 / * /
2 &(' 1 0 1
*
0 1 / 0 1 / * 2 & / '/ 2 /
+ 2 / 5 & K
/ > / '+ 1 +
1 &' / & ' 2 / &'
2 2 *
&' * * +
C / / & !
6
' B
2!
& / '
& '+ 9 H 4/ /
I 6 &7 $6 J +
+ 2
! .
2 . * !
5 . & ' . 8 / 2 . >
! 5
1 + :
+
5 " !
5
CCD
E '
+ = > /
0 1 0* 1/
+
& L ' 1
+ 6
' ' B
Q +
/ 1 / 2 2+ =
/ + =
+ + > +
/ + + = L
2+ : + : 2+
5 1 / / / > / + &
2
+ 2 2 2 +' $F+ = 2 & ' 5 2+ + 8
+ &" 70 / $ " $7 " .; $7 & " & $7 " ("$ 8 (" " = = 7& $7B &( / ; ( / + + + ( $&" I ;J
G+( I+8 G+=@ J+ I+C (+( @+8 I+C C+=D D+8 4+( F+( F+( (+I (+8 J+8 I+8@ + I+( (+J J+D (+ G+ +#( D+D I+C I+4 C+F I+4 4+#G (J+C (+8@ F+ D+D C+( C+= I+8( G+ F+ @+#@ 4+4 F+4 I+4 +( I+%4 D+( DI
B & B
6 $ "$$ $ &(& / 0& &7 0 ( >7 6" & &( (; " * $$;O 0 ( "$$ " $7O " " , (.6 " "($$ " "2 &(" ( " $ =6 " 6 6 " $76 (&7 ; &"( ! $&7 ! 6 ! $$$ ! $$= " $&&$& #2 # = # & # 6 7 # "> #" & #$& " = # ." #& / $6 + + + # 7 $& & 2 "&" &O # 7 $& & 7O # 7 " O #(0 " # &6 & / & , 0 & ,( &7 # *7= &" # .7 = (,& "= # .7 $, 0 $= $( $& # 0 *(& # 0 " $$ #&" $&"(, #&"2 $$ $ " $ + + ++ #&"6 ( #&, & " = " #&( & " #( & " % 6 "! & O % & % * 6 " "6 % * = ( I%"$J %,= 7 6 DI(
(+;4 +%(
G+@ "47(.4 MM;^
F+ C+( I+( D+%( (+( (+@ I+( I+D C+D D+4 (J+ G+J 4+4 @+G D+I G+I (J+4 C+# I+4 @+4 D+4 @+C C+C G+4 (J+4 F+ I+=4 4+;( @+4 G+G I+#@ F+J +@ (+;( +G G+C J+F @+ @+%( C+; D+4
B & B
%, 7>&$= &, + + + %, 6 % $& %" = %6 6 ' "= ' $&" 0 6 $6 '$& " $=&7 ' = " .= ' " 6 : #( ) $&7 $$0 $ (6 "6( ) $&7 $($$& I 6 0J )$&7 (6 "6 + & $ " $6&7$= - = ("7 -"7 "(2 />" 6 & "( / &6" = /& 6 &6 $ / $ 6 6 2 O /& 6 & $" O /& 6 0& & O /& &O /& (;& (0 6 4 6 $ 7 O /& >& & "(O 9/& ( $O: /& 0&;& *" .(6O /7 > 6 (7= (02 1 7 " 1 ( , 0 27 + + +O 1 $& 0 1(& ; "$& 1(& 8$ "& $& 8$ " $$ H " $ : 97 : " $ :" < 6
F+QC D+#( J+C C+8( (J+@ 4+J (+F C+ G+4 I+4 4+ 4+#4 4+# G+( C+4 @+D C+I I+ I+#4 D+@ F+4 4+;4 F+( @+D D+ I+@ F+ @ F+Q( I+F I+@ D+C F+ (J+( F+( G+%( G+% D+ F+@
DI4
4 & & &
4/ / H 4 ? ; @+( C+(? 7 4+4 % >/ H 4# = & '/ H 48? ; J+( 4 = / / ; F? 7 + &
'/ ; F+@+4 F+@+@ / H D=? ; F+@ % / H KF? ; F+ Q > / ; F+ A >/ ; F+(+ : / H I8? ; F+4 : / H D=? ; F+C 4 / / ; J+? 7 I++ I+( " =/ $ / / H D#? ; J+4+
/ H (
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
A *2 / H @%/ D/ C=? ; I+F+@ A & '/ H D F? ; I+( / H I 4=? ; I+G H *2 / H C 4? ; I+F+K4 + / H 4 + / H 4=? 7 4 A/ H 4=? ; I+G + 8 L / ; (+(++(/ (+(+4+( (+@+@ 5 / 7 I+( / 7 4+@+
/ 7 @+4
DIF
6 &
+J + +( +4 +@ (+J (+ (+( (+4 4+J 4+ @+J C+J D+J D+ D+( D+4 D+@ F+J F+ F+( G+J G+ G+(
> !
/ 5 / 5 2
2 1 Q 7 7 ; : : N
B I+J I+ J+J J+ J+( J+4 J+@ J+C J+D
) 1 % Q ) Q ) Q ) C44
E '
J+F J+G J+I J+J J+ J+( +J + +( (+J (+ (+( (+4 (+@ (+C (+D 4+J @+J C+J
Q 2 72 * %
) 2 72 2 Q
! / / / +
- ! &' 1 ! ? & ' / > ! 5
/ / ? C4C
E '
&'
? &'
& / / '? &' >
? & ' /
? &' 5
+
-
/ !
&' ? & ' / ? &' ? &'
? &' 1 * * +
- / = / ! ! = 2 &' 2 !
/ 5 / / & / / L '? & '
/ / 5 2 ! 0N 1?
? ? ? &' / " /
!
? / / * / / / / " ? ? L
?
2? &'
? &' 2 2 ! / / ?
2 ? & ' ! / + &' +
C4D
E '
9 / 5
+
- ! ! / 2 ? * / 2 2? / + + / 2 5 1 +
- "*" " 0 L / / / 1+ ! 0 1?
0 2 1+ 5 + : * + # 2
* + 5
+ 2 + +
- 7 9 !
5 2 + /
! + ! 2 0 1 2 /
/ +
- 7 9 !
2 5
. ! &' ! / / /
/ / / / & ' ! / / / / / / / / / &' ! / / C4F
E '
5 2+ 2 . 5
+ + / / + 9 1
/ 2 &+ (/FJJ'/ &+ FJJ'+ " 1 2/
/
2
+ 9
21 / /
* 1 + 2 + 9 2 / / & + + + L $&( &7 + + + L 0&7/ 0&7 L 0&7 2 (+ + + 0 1 0 1! (0&7$=/ (0&7/ &7$=? (0&7/ " &7/ + : 2 *2 *2+ 8 / ? 2 *+ & / ' + 2! &' & " , 6 ' ! 2 &++/ 1 2 H J'? &(' 2! 2
&6 &7 (! H J 0( 7 1 6& ( &7$= 2'? &4' 2! 2
2 &&7/ (0&7$=/ " &&7? " &7$=/ $&( &7/ &' & ' 0&7/ " ,&7/ 6& (/ &7$=/ $&&7/ ( " &7 2 H I J'+
- ! *" =
2 / * / + 9 * / / + E 2
/ + + % 2
C4G
E '
+ Q / / 2 + 9 1 0 1
1 2 & ' 2 & 2 /
' & / / '+ =
2/ 0 1/ 2 / 2 + 9 1 1 * 5 +
2
+
& / ' 2 2 2 + : 2
2 / 2 2 +
- 2 + / / +
- $ 0 1+ ! + * 2 + 2 + # O =
/
2/ + + : 5
/
+
- + 3 / 2 + % C4I
E '
+ / 1/ 5 +
- ! ! 9 & / '+ 2 &H DKG' 2 ! ? H G + 9 / H / 2 2 2+ 9 1 5 5 + 9
+
1 5
2 /
* &' / & '
&' / / 2+ ! * */ 1 2 2
+
+ 2 * &' 2 +
+ C@(
E '
: ! + =
/ * + 2 & ' 2 5 + %
C & * 2 + + 2 2 + : 2
+ : !
/ + 3 5 2+ 9
5 / + = 2 2 2 + 2 2 1 2 &' . &$ 7=! &7/ & ./ $6 / 07/ "&/ $ $&"/ +'? &(' &" / " &7$=/ " / " / " & 7/ " '? &4' > & 9&/ $& 6 $& 7/ " 26 / 9& =/ & " 9&'
&$ &7 "&"(/ "&7 & ($/ &7$= "($$ =6 / , &7 2 ' &@' +
%
1 + 2 !/ + 9 2
2 + =
+ 2 ! 2 / / / & '
5 +
D
!
D
07 1 2 + / 5 2 + 9 C@4
E '
5 / 5 5 * + 2 * + : + 2 2 + 2 5 + 5
5 2 + 9 + 9 9 &7 / 8 / ; : ' +
/ + 2
& ' " + ) 2 / + D
"
: 0; 1 / + 9 " + 9 ! " "+ 0; 1 07 1 + A
1 "
A
1
" ! !
0: !1 2
+ !
5 + : + > ! / / O O O A
+" & 0N 1
+ # 2 + 9
+ 2
/ / 5 +
C@@
E '
. "
"
"
1? / &++ '/ *2 . / .? 2 2/ + & / IGC/ IGKI' 2 + 2 ! / 5 / / + &E / IGG/ CG' 1 + &:/ IFF/ 4' / / / + # */ IGJ/ C! #
+ / / *
+1 " 2 * + K / / / / + 3
&# / IIJ/ ' = + 9 / " / + & / IGC/ 4JJ'
6" # /
&IIJ' : / * 8 $ 8 / . 3 32 ! #
+ # */ + &IGJ' 08 * ! * +1 9 '/ $ / &( > '/ &2 > '+ . > ! !# H !# ? $ H $ ? ! H ! + 2 ?
! / !# / # / P + +(+4
:
4! / / / / / #/ $ "
+ . ! /
$+ . ( >
! / / + +(+@
:
@! / / #/ $ "
+ .
! " / + .
! + .
E3 ! / $/ "/ "+ .
! # / " / " + . " !
"/ "/ "+ . / >
/ / & ' & ' ! + + +
72 72 ( & ' 72
72 72 & ' 72
. / >
/ / & ' & ' ! + , " 2 , " 2 + , " 2 ( , " 2 + &' , " 2 & ' , " 2 D@
E > / /
/ / / + + 8 2 ! "($$ "($$=
64
/
(+
;
(++
"($$ / "($$ (/ "($$ "($$ / "($$ / "($$
$&",
7 = = & ' =,
. . . .= .= & ' .=,
& &" & &" & &" & &" = & &" = &' & &" =,
(+4+4+
(+@ (+@+
:
:
/ / / / / # $ / / / ! / ! #+ &: +(++' : ( 7+ & ( 7 $ & ( 7 &/ $/ 0& = $ " " (+
4+F+4
9 * 0&' 1+ H / +
64
) & & ""
@+
2
! . > ! . > ! . > * >! . > * ! . >L ! . > ! . !
@+(
& . 0& &+ & . ($&+ "$=+ H (0& 7+ & . (&L" L" $& + ' > " $= $6 + )7 $ "$=+ ' $ $&7 $6 +
2
! . > ! . !
D(D
0& 0 0 & & 0 ' 0 ( & 0 (' 0 & $ 0 ' 0>
;&7 (6(/ 0&&7 ( 6 ? $; 07? . 6 7
@+4
2
! . * !
! ! >! . > 5 * !
! . > >! . !
@+@
2
! . > > ! . > ! . > 2 ! . > ! . > ! . * !
@+C
&. " $& 0& " ? =&7 (&? ($ $6" 02 0=? (&6 6 & ? & " @ = II(
9& " 0 "&$= $(0 G & ( 9& " & $&7 $7 &.(
&7 $ &6 "&( ( &7 " $ $&"
2
! . L ! . !
. ! . !
$&7 " 2 " &7 ) 6L( & 3 " &L" & & " + $&L$& & 0& 7 $6 & " $ / / & / $ 7;/ (&" / 0 " / >/ 07;
@+D
+
$64
& ""
C+
+ : 07 1 &(+('+
D(F
& C+(
2
2
,&7 " ? " $( =&7 0$ ? 0 & "&7 & " ? $" (? " 2(; =& .( " 72 "&7 2,&6
&= ' 5 > I"&7J
&= ' &= ' &' &(' &= " &' 1 L2 I6& (J
L
? >
& .;? " ;? $ &" &7 "6 " $& $ =6 "( 7? ! $& " ,&7 ;? 6 ( (4 & & " $ $ " &7$= $ $&"( , &.
7 &? &7 & (& ' 0
&= '
6
&7 &"( ( $ 7 $=&
"
6&7 " , ? $ "
("
/ & '
" 0 " ? " , 0 " 4 7L(.( 0 " 0$? 0 " 7 $ "
0 "
&= $'
D(G
,&7 " .(? $ . 2 &(0( 0$L (&( ( &" .&7 $ $ 47 $&6 , ? " $&7 "& "7 " " 2&7 $6 &&7 ( ( 62 (
C+4
2
2
&= '
(0 2 ? $ $(0
=
& = $& $& = (" =
&= &' 2 / &= ' 2 /
" ( " ? & $ &7 ? " &&7 $ (&" 0
&=' ! /
&>&= $6? & " 2 $ (, ; ? "&" =& & .&& ? ( &7 &
&= '
$$ "&7$= $& S $& ? " , S " .6
&
&= '
& & &
& $6 $7 & C = "=
&
&= ' &' &(' I$ &7J
$7 & & " " & & "( "6 & =? " $&7 & $&" 0 . $& & 0 $&
! &, " &' / "
. " 7 6 " & 2 6 6 " & 9& " =
$
&= ' &= ' L
$ '" $ (&"? $ " =? $ " 2 " $ "($$
(
( "= ( $ $&7 2 ? ( " ? ( $&( & $ " (6 ( $ $ , ? ( $ ! $$? $( &( ( $ 6 0 " =&7 ( "& ( " $&7 ( &. 4L
" &
5
D(I
& C+@
2
2
& "0( = (? " ( ";? . &"( "4 " (? "4&7$= "0 & &7$= 9 ( $&"2? ; 7 "" & 2 (0> L" &
&= &' & ' &= &' & ' >
5 & ' *
C+C
2
2
$ &7 $& ? &7 " ? " & ? $, &7 L ? $&7 "0 ? 0 " 7 , (
&= ' I( J
(
$
( >? ( " " $$ " ( ( & 2 = ( ! $$ &
&= ' > >
$ &7 $& " &&7 " & 2(&&7 $ $
"
&= '
&= '
$ ? (=&7 > "( $&
&= '
* $ ? 0 $ ? (& "" $ $6" 6 $ "& ? &7 $ " & = $ $ $ & " ? $ "&7 $ &. "= $ 6 B
& ' L I "=&7J D4J
& " ? (. ? " " ( "= "&7 & * (? " 0 & "( $" $ 7= 9 & "&(" ? $ $ (
" H " >
C+D
+ 9 2 ! + (+ 4+ @+
7 & / !' & / !' % & ' / / / * / + & '
2
2
&= '
$(? ( "$& & ($& ? " 2 (/ &$& $&" $&; L 0,
&= $' /
I &7$=J
" ( ? "& ? (" ? 9 ? . "& ,&7 & ($ . =6 ? "&7 $&" 6, =6, $= "
*7 $ ? "&7 ,
! >
" 6 $ ? " &"6&
&$ $
" &" 9? " "0> " " & =,? " &=,
L
"
& ' C+F
:
+
+
2
+
2 2
2 2
2
2
S
2
2
(
+
2
=
+
2 2
2
D4
&
+
+
+
2
" &
+ 2
2
2
2
&
2
"
2
2
2
2 2
"
2
"
2
" &
2
"= $
2
$
2
(
2
0 "
564
2
2
0 +
+
; 7 (6 & " $ $($$&( & 9 ( " & (O' " (
;&7 (6( & " $ &7$= $($$& & &7$= 9 ( "&7 &0& O (O' " (
+
0 $ $," 4 $ " > " $ "
&7 0 $ $," $ &7 & ' $ " > "&7 $ "
+
D4(
+
" $ $
" &7L " $& $ $
+
0 $," " & " "6
&7 0 $," " &&7 " "6
+
"$$ ; " "
"$$6&7 ; " "&7
+
$( 4 $& " 6, & &"
"&7 $( 4 $ &7 $& " 6, &7L6& & &"
+
& , & &" "2 " $& " )" .;
( &7 & , &7L & & &" "$&7 & O' " $& " ,&7 )" .;
+
"$& & 2= $7 & $ $&"6
+
"2 0 " " "6
& & $7 7 $& ;
7 " " "($$ =6
"$&7 & O' 0 " $ &7 " "6
& &&7 $7 &7 $& ; &"&&7 7 " " &7L " $& "($$ =6
+
& & "7 " " .(
&&7 & " &7$= " ,&7 " .(
+
7 " .
&7 " .
! +
" 0 & "( " " & * ( (0 $& " $ 0 & "&(" 9 & & $ .$& * & & 6 "(
" &7 & "( " "&7 & * ( 0&&7 (0 $& " $&7 $ 0 & "&(" $ &7L$ &7 9 & & 6&7 $ .$& * & 6"&7L6"&7 & (
" =&7 "$& & 2= (0&7 $7 & $ $&"6
:64
*.
F+
> Q >! /
0 1 01 >+ 0Q 1 > / 01 > + / /
+ > > + E > +
F++
Q >
0 1 > / / / / / ! +
D44
&
+ + + + + +
6 6 & ' & ' ( 6
= (;
( 6
6 6 & ' 6, & ' 6, 6 6 6,
= (; &'
( 6 &'
6 6 L6, 6, 6 6 &' 6,
8 2 ! + + + + + +
6 6L ( 6 &'
0 1 > / / / / # / +
+ + + + + +
& ' & ' ( 6
= (;
( 6
6 6 & ' 6, & ' 6, 6 6 6,
7 = 7 (; 7 7 7 &' 7
7 7 7 7 ( 7 6 &' 7
7 6 7 6 L6, 7 6, 7 6 7 6 &' 7 6,
8 2 ! + + + + + + F++(
D4@
7 7 L 7 7 ( 7 6 &' 7
: > : > + / / / / / / / ! / / + 3 01 >
5 ! / / / + 8 G+(+(+
01 >+
+ + + + + +
& ' & ' (
== ;;
(
& ' , & ' , ,
& == & ;; & & & &' &
& & & & ( & &' &
& & L, & , & & &' & ,
8 2 ! + + + + + + F++4
& & L & & ( & &' &
:
= / >
+ > / / / / / #/ $+ >
021+ =
? > / #/ $
@+
! &' => / / / / / / / / / # +
+ &(' => / / / / / #/ $ / / / / / ! / / / # +
+ &4' => / / #/ $ / # / / # / # / $ / # / # $ +
@+
+ &' : ! / / + + + + + +
"($$ "($$L"($$ "($$ "($$ ( "($$ &' "($$
"($$= "($$(; "($$ "($$ "($$ &' "($$
"($$ "($$ "($$ "($$ ( "($$ &' "($$
"($$ "($$ L"($$, "($$, "($$ "($$ &' "($$,
D4C
& &(' : ! / / / / / #/ $ + + + + + +
72 72 L 72 72 72 ( 72 &' 72
72= 72(; 72 72 72 &' 72
72 72 72 72 ( 72 &' 72
72 72 L 72, 72, 72 72 &' 72,
, " 2= , " 2(; , " 2 , " 2 , " 2 &' , " 2
, " 2 , " 2 , " 2 , " 2 ( , " 2 &' , " 2
, " 2 , " 2 L, " 2, , " 2, , " 2 , " 2 &' , " 2,
&4' : ! / / #/ $ + + + + + + F++@+
F+( F+(+
, " 2 , " 2L, " 2 , " 2 , " 2 ( , " 2 &' , " 2
=> > + : ! / & '/ ! / / + >+ >! / / # #
+ + + + + +
L > L > ( &' >
= ; ; &'
2L 2 2L 2 2 2 2 ( 2 &' 2
2 2( 2( 2 2 2 &' 2
E! + > LL LL 2 LL+ (+ > #LL* 2 #LL* + 4+ 4 ! &/ '/ & / '/ & '
+ >+ @+ ) > > / "2 > +
D4D
F+(+(
>
+ + + + + +
F+(+4
9& & 9& &L9& 9& 9& ( 9& & ' 9&
9& 9&( 9& 9& 9& & ' 9&
9& 9& 9& 9& ( 9& & ' 9&
9& 9&L9&, 9&, 9& 9& & ' 9&,
$7 $7L$ $ $ ( $ & ' $>
$= $; $ $ $ & ' $
$> $> $ $ ( $ & ' $>
$ $ L$ , $ , $ $ & ' $ ,
> >
> / ++/ 0 1 5 & '+ : > / + : > & ' 5 + : > * * 2 5 + 9 * > * 2+ 3 0 1 0 1 ! / > / / + $&"6+ $&"+
F+4+
* >
+ + + + + + F+4
& 0 1'+ & '+
8 > > / / L + N > + = ** / * * ** ! 2 / > + > 2! 5 + $&"6 & " $ 6 , 6 "
$&"/ $&"?/ $&"B/ $&?"6 B / ?/ B / B 6 &A" $ / & "A$ / $& "A$ / $& "A$ 6 ,B / , ?/ ,B / ,B 6 , C "B / " ?/ "B / "B D4F
& F+4++
> / 7 / 7 / 7 6
0 K
"
" / " / " / " 6
+++
"$=/ & "7 " +
/ / /
(K
8& 7& " > ( +
/ / / 6
(K
8& & ( 6+
$ / $ / $ / $ 6
+++
6 $ 6 &" 0 " O
=&/ =&/ =& / =&6
+++
&/ $ ;/ = =&+
" / " / " / " 6
(K 0& K
< " "(( 47+ 6 " 6 " &(+
& / & / & / & 6
$ * 0 (K
< & $ "&7 $ 9& + #&( &6 & 6 9 +
/ 7 /
7 / 7 6
0 O K 0& $
'0& 7 ($ , & + &7 7 / 0& $6 $&( $&&(&+
/ / / 6
+++
2 (/ $&$= +
/ / / 6
(K $ K $ 0 K
8& $&&7= ( + 6 6 $ + < $ 9& " & +
( / ( / ( / ( 6
(K
7 ( ( +
K
, &.+
" / " / " 6
0 (K (K $ * 0& $
6 $ " 6 9& (+ < 0 7 " + ! $ &7+ & . " / 0& $6 & ($ ,+
$0$&/ $0$&/ $0$& / $0$&6
$
7 6 $0$&/ 2 (; " &(+
, / , / , / ,
D4G
+
F+4+(
F+4+(+
F+4+(+(
F+4+4 F+4+4+
: : + +
! $ $ / $ $ / $ $ / $ $ 6
$ K $ 0 K
6 $ $ $ 6K < $ $ $ +
( " / ( " / ( " / ( " 6
0> O & & '/ 0&
< 9& ( " + ( " / 0& $6 , " 2 $ $& 9 6+
$ / $ $ / $ 6
+++
' $ + 8& & " 2 $ +
"6&/ "6&/ "6& / "6&6
K 0& K
& "6& $" $ 7 + "6& " &+
&"6&/ &"6&/ &"6& / &"6&6
K
( &"6& $ J G 0$ +
&/ &/ & / &6
K
! > & &+
=&/ =&/ =& / =&6
/
K 0 K +++
" * $$ " $ 0$ 0 7 =&+ '0> 6 =&6 6 + 8& $& =& +
H > 2 E ) 0 1/ 2 > / / / 0 1+ > >/ > + #&( &( ( (0 +
F+4+4+(
#&( &( ( 6 $ "+
3 2 + 3 > / / + 01+ " &&7+
F+@
#&( &( ( +
" &&7+
6 " &&7+
> & ' > >+ 9 > L 5 + ! & ' & '+ D4I
& >
+ :
> &++ '?
> & '+ + 9 > 5 */ >+ L + F+@+
F+@+(
& ' >+ Q / / & '+ >+
$7 6
$7
$ &6
$ &
&> 6
&
& " $ 6
& " $
"$6
"$
/
) >/ * 2 + ) / > 2 + &' 9 2 > + &(' 9 2 > + ) > + :
F+@+4
$7 6 $7 6 $ &6 $ &6 &> 6 &> 6 & " $ 6 & " $ 6 "$6 "$6
$& $ & " $ / 0 % $& + & ' $& $ & " $ % $& + & ' $& $ H & " $ 6 $& 7/ 0 % $& +
= *2 / *2 ! ? !
$ ? 2! & ? 0!
? ! F+@+@
( 6$ " & "
H , " 2 H (02 H , H ,( H 72 H 72
H 7 H 72 H $&"6 H $&"2
>+ E
!
? 72 , " 2 ? (02
F+C
L L
L L L
L
9
! H > H 72 H 2>6 H 2
H H 72 H " H " 72 H 2" H 2" H H 2 L
F+@+C
( 62 " 0 "
? 72 ? 72
" ? " 72 ? 72
> > 2 > 5 + / + >+ # +
/ ! (02 $ ,+ " & (02 $ ,+ $& 72 $ ,+
&>' & ' &5 * '
+ 9 * L + 9 *2 # L # ? >+ / 2
$6 & " $ 6 $& 7 & " $ 2 $& 7 $&&7= $ & " $ $& L & " $ 2 $&
E > &
'! . , " 2
+ (02 (+ $6 (02 4+ $6 , " 2 D@
& .
,
. 72 . 7 . $&"6 . . 6$ . . . >
F+D
+ ,( 2 (+ $6 ,( 2 4+ $6 , + $6 72 (+ 72 &* ' + $6 7 (+ 72 &* ' + $6 $&"6 (+ $6 $&"2 &" > $ 7 ' + $6 (+ $6 2 &" > $ 7 ' + $6 6$ (+ 6$2 , &* ' + $6 (+ 2 , &* ' + $6 (+ 2 , 2/ & 2 ' + $6 > (+ 7 2 ,
/ & + + +'
9
>
>! / / /
> / / / + ' 01 >
+ E 01 >
+ # 5 + ' >+ E + ( " $=K /7= 9& 2 K
D@(
IDF (+ 8& 2 &.+
G+J
E
G+
/
/ + * +
+ ( + ! / ? ( ! + (
+ + + + + +
L ( & '
(L ( & '
( & '
L (,
(,
(
(= & ' (,
L (,
(,
(
(= & ' (,
+ + + + + +
&" &"L&">, &">, &"> &" = & ' &">,
0 &6" 0 &6" L&">, 0 &6">, 0 &6"> 0 &6"7= & ' 0 &6">,
E ! + + + + + +
=&7 =&7L =& =& =& =&7; & ' =&
+ + + + + +
=&7
=&7
=&
=&
=&7; &' =&
2 $&7 2 $&7L2 $& 2 $& 2 $& 2 $&7; & ' 2 $&
$=&7
$=&7
$=&
$=&
$=&7; &' $=&
$ 7 $ 7L$ $ $ $ 7; & ' $
.&7 .&7 .& .& .&7; &' .&
$ 7 $ 7L $7 $7 $7 $77; & ' $7
.&7
.&7
.&
.&
.&7; &' .&
.&7
.&7
.&
.&
.&7; &' .&
E CJ/ DJ/ FJ/ GJ &++/ * *' ! + + + + + +
&" .&7 &" .&7 &" .& &" .& &" .&7; &' &" .&
+ + + + + +
$ 7 $=& $ 7 $=& $ $=& $ $=& $ 7; $=&7; &' $ $=&
$ " $ " $ " $ " $ " &' $ "
$ 7 $=& $ 7 $=& $7 $=& $7 $=& $77; $=&7; &' $7 $=&
=&7 $=& =&7 $=& =& $=& =& $=& =&7; $=&7; &' =& $=&
= $&
= $&
= $&
= $&
= $& &' = $&
2 $&7 $=& 2 $&7 $=& 2 $& $=& 2 $& $=& 2 $&7; $=&7; &' 2 $& $=&
$& $& $& $& $& &' $&
D@4
& G++ G+++
H 2 ! &' ! ( =&7 & &(' ! =& $ 7
G+++(
9 " 5 &' / / / ! O ! + &(' 2 2 ! A +
G++( G++(+
E / / &" / " / + + +'
+ 0$
(&
.&7 "(7
L/ &" / " / + + +/ " / " / + + +/ " / " / + + + '
+
0$
(&6
.&7 "(=
! &" !/ " !/ ! + + +/ " # / " # / # + + +/ " / " / + + + '
+ =&7 0$
=&7 (&
.&7 =&7 "(
"
+
.&7 0$ G++(+(
.&7 (&
.&7 "(
+ 8 2 ! < ( < ( < ( < (
" 2+ + =&7 " 2 + =&7 +
2 ! O ! +
D@@
G++(+4
3 5 9
+ # 5 + + 8 2 ! < " ( =& 0$+ " & & $ (, &0$ ' =& &0$ '+
G+(
3 3 >+ >! / 5 +
KI/ JKIJ JJKIJJ + "6 ( & " 4 &" & @ 0 &>"&6 C =&6 D 2 $& F $ 7 G $7 I =&6
G+(+
JJ $ &6 (JJ (,$ &6 4JJ &" ,$ &6 @JJ 0 &6">,$ &6 CJJ =&$ &6 DJJ 2 $&$ &6 FJJ $ $ &6 GJJ $7$ &6 IJJ =&$ &6
2 >+ E
0 1 0 1 + ( 4 @ C D F G I J
G+(+(
J $=&6 (J .&6 4J &" .&6 @J $ " CJ =& $=&6 DJ 2 $& $=&6 FJ $ $=&6 GJ $7 $=&6 IJ = $&6
6 "6 & " &" & 0 &>"&6 =&6 2 $& $ 7 $7
=&6
$=&6 .&6
4 "= & "= &" &7= 0 &>"&= =&= 2 $&= $ 7= $7=
=&=
$=&= .&=
7 " & " &" &7 0 &>"& =& 2 $& $ 7 $7
=&
$=& .&
3 >+
! &' ! / / ! / / / + ? &(' / # / / / + ? &4' +
+ E 5
2 +
D@C
&
+ + + + + + G+(+4 G+(+4+
&" & ! &" &7 ! &" & &" &7 &" &7 ( &" &7 &" &7
&" &7 &" &7
&" &7= &" &7;
&" &7 &" &7 ( &" &7 &" &7
&" &7 &" &7 &" &7 &" &7
&" &7 ! &" &7, ! &" &7 &" &7, &" &7 &" &7 &" &7,
H 2 3 5
2 ! &' ! 2 / B * + &(' ! 2
/ * ? 2
/ * EAD* ? 2 / ! &(!J'+ &4' ! 2
/ EAD*
/ " + 6 ( 4 @6 C6 D F G I6 J6 6
G+(+4+(
" & " &" &7 0 &>"& =& 2 $& $ 7 $7
=&
$=& .&
" & " &" &7 0 &>"& =& 2 $& $ 7 $7
=&
$=& .&
&' " & ' & " &' &" &7 &' 0 &>"& &' =& &' 2 $& &' $ 7 &' $7 &' =& &' $=& &' .&
3 3 2 &' " L ! 8 ! + &
* " +'? &(' ! ! + &=
/ +'? &4' ! 8 +
G+4
/ / + ! &' ! ? & ' ! / ? &' 2 L L L ! / +
D@D
864
G
I+
8 * N + ) * & I++@'+ / /
+ * ? > ? +
* +
I++
9 * *
* + * & / / / !'+ * &/ / / ' & / ! '+ * ! > > @ O + 9 ! &' 2 1 5 ! < ;; 0&&7+ < , 0( 0&&7+ < $ ";$7 0&&7+ < ( "& &"+ < ( ; &7+ & ' / / / / " &7 "$& 6 7+ 7= ("&7+ &K &'
/ ! / / / ! / ! + &9 * +' &' ! &' > ! ! + + + & ' 5 ! E O
I++(
A + A >/ > 5 + + ! + 9
+ = / 2 + 6 / /
+
I++(+
A A > $ &$/ $/ $'+
! B / $ ! & / H + , B / ! & / H + /
$ &, '+
I++(+(
A & ' 5 + 9
+ 9 + 6
+ ! &"6& & ' =& & '
"6& & ' $ & '
$ & ' & & ' D@F
& I++4
; / 5 + &++ : 5 / '+ ! &' & ' + + 9 / > / * + 9 / ? 01/ 0 1/ 0 1/ 0= L: / P +1 A * ? 0 1/ 0 1/ + 0) LQ / +1
I++@
8 8 + 9 & / ! I+(KI+@ 07 1/ D++('? &/ ! I+G 07 1/ 4+'? & / / > ! I+I'? &/ ( 4 ! 07 1/ (++ D++' & '+
I+(
: / / + 9 ! &' &/ ( 4 ' > & ' & ' * +
I+(+
0 1 0 1 + : >2 ! B / + ) / H / > + > / &H! ' + A 0 1 &+ 7 '+ 9 2 ! ( O / + ( O 2 / 2 +
I+(+(
( 4
(
4
D@G
9 & ' L & '
= &6 L 6 6
(L; + + +27 + + +& + + + + + +& + + +&
! . . . * >
I+(+4
8 >
I+(+4+
* $&&7! $& = $&; &6 $&>27 L $&>& 6 $&> 6 $&>& $&;&
,&7! = ( &6 27 L & 6 6 & (&
&! = ( &6 >27 L >& 6 > 6 >& (&
* ! / !/ * 0&&7 &"&7 " &7
(&7
I+(+4+(
* 0&&7! 0& = 0&; &6 0& 27 L 0& & 6 0& 6 0& & 0&;&
= 0&; &"; " ;
(;
&6 0& 27 &" 27 " 27
( 27
L 0& & &" & " &
( &
6 0& &" "
(
6 0& & &" & " &
( &
/
0&;& &";& " ;&
(;&
"2 ! / / / "2 + * &7$= ( &7$= &7$= 0 &7$=
= ;$7 ( ;$7 ;$7 W
&6 27$= ( 27$= 27$= W
L &$= ( &$= &$= 0 &$=
6 $= ( $= $= W
6 & $7 ( & $7 & $7 W
;&$= ( ;&$= ;&$= 0 ;&$=
D@I
& I+(+4+4
* ! / ! / !/ ! * &7 $&7 &7 &7
I+(+4+@
(& 2(& 7;& ;&
= ( $( "$&( (
&6 >27 $>27 "$&>27 >27
L >& $>& "$&>& >&
6 > $> "$&> >
6 >& $>& "$&>& >&
(& $(& "$&(& (&
= (
&6 27
L &
6
6 &
(&
= $&;
;
&6 $&>27
>27
L $&>&
>&
6 $&>
>
6 $&>&
>&
$&;&
;&
= "$(; & .(;
&6 "$( 27 & .( 27
L "$( & & .( &
6 "$( & .(
6 "$( & & .( &
"$(;& & .(;&
= =
> > +
! ? ?0 $?2 $ ? 4
DCJ
6 >& 2 & 7>& >&
* / > *2 / *2 / + 8 2 ! * "$ &7 & &7
I+(+4+G
6 > 2 7> >
* > *2 * *2 + 8 2 ! * $&&7
&7
I+(+4+F
L >& 2 & 7>& >&
* * 07
I+(+4+D
&6 >27 2 27 7>27 >27
* ! / / / * & $& "$& $&
I+(+4+C
= ( 2( 7; ;
&=' (! &&6' 27 &7! = 0(/ &6 0 27 $&7! = 2(/ &6 2 27 $&7! = 4(/ &6 4 27
I+(+@
> ( 4
(
4
I+(+@+
0 2
(L; 27 & & &L=&
= ( = "( = (0($7 = $ 2(
& "& (0&$= $ 2&
= > + H * > / * +
! ? ? ?
?
? &?0 $?2 $& ? 4 I+(+D
= &6 L 6 6
:
4
( 4! / / #/ $ !
I+(+C
9 & ' L & '
;&7! = ;;/ &6 ;27 & &7! = & ;/ &6 & 27 $ &7! = $ ;/ &6 $ 27 $ &7! = $(/ &6 $ 27 , &7! = , (/ &6 , 27 &7! = (/ &6 27 &7! = (/ &6 27 &7! = (/ &6 27 &&7! = 0(/ &6 &27 $&7! = 2(/ &6 $27 " $&&7! = "4(/ &6 " $&27
/ /
/
& '
0 ! /
021 > / / * > + 0 1 01+ = &6 6 6
, 0( , 0 27 , 0 & , & , && , &=&
27 $& & =&
DC
& I+4
/ *
!
) * / + 9 ! &' & ' & / ' > &' & ' > I+4+ I+4++
I+4++(
I+4++4
I+4++@
DC(
ff faf/ff/ff ff
& ' *
=L&6L
=L&6L
6L6L
6&7
6
6
6
6
* ! / / / *
=L&6L
=L&6L
6L6L
0&&7 &7 $ &7 $& =&7
0& $ $& =
0& $ $& =
0& $ $& =
"2 ! / / "2 K + *
=L&6L
=L&6L
6L6L
&7$= (0&7$= & " $ &7$=
$= (0$= & " $ $=
$7 (0$7 & " $ $7
$7 (0$7 & " $ $7
* ! / ! / / *
=L&6L
=L&6L
6L6L
$&7 ( $&7 $&7 $ $&7
( $
( $
( $
I+4++C
I+4++D
I+4+(
* ! / / / *
=L&6L
=L&6L
6L6L
& $& "$& $&
2> >$ " $ >
2 $ " $
2 $ " $
* ! / ! *
=L&6L
=L&6L
6L6L
07 07
A
%
&' + 8 2 ! & 0& 9& & (" O
& , K
&' + 8 2 ! /& 6 $& K I+4+4
/& 6 K
= ! + +
+ =
+ &: 07 1/ C+(+ D+(+' &' 9 & '+
2+ 7 Q! Q 0+ "$ = 1 0+ " / > (2 $(+ &(' 9 + 7 Q! (; ; "$ = 1 0 $& (2 + $( + $ 0 7 $&7+ &4' 9 / /
+ ! & ' H /& &6 0 " O & ' H ( &6 , 0 " K H 0 " = $ 0& " + H < , + &@' 9 2 + &C' A 5
+ &D' A / 5 / +
DC4
& I+4+@ I+4+@+
A / / / A = ! ' = $ "7+ ' (0& = + ' &. + ' $ $&7 K
I+4+@+(
7 E ! $& & $6"+ ' (0& = & + ' = & $ "=+ ' $ & " 2 K
I+4+@+4
$& 6 $6"+ ' (0& = 6 + ' = 6 $ "=+ ' $ 6 " 2 K
E : 0 1 2 > & / / '/
& / / ' + ( &+ ( 9& +
I+4+@+@
' = 6 $ "7+ ' (0& = 6 + ' &. 6 + ' $ 6 K
( 6 &+ ( 6 9& +
3 2 9 & / / ' & / / / ' + 9 >+ 9 & ' + " &&7+ &= " &&7+ 6 " &&7+ &7$=+ $7 ("&7+ % 7= ("&7+
I+@ I+@+
= &6 6 6
DC@
6 " &&7+ &= 6 " &&7+ 6 6 " &&7+ 6 &7$=+ $7 6 ("&7+ % 7= 6 ("&7+
( ( ( 27 ( & ( ( & ( (&
I+@++
A / / / 9 2 / / + / 2 ? > ! >? ' = + ' + ' (0& = +
' = ( & + ' ( (& + ' (0& = ( & +
>? 7 7 "7 "7 7 ( + #&( & ( 6 + #6 " &&7+ & 6,&7+ =&7 $ "7K I+@++(
( ( & + #&( & ( 6 ( (& + #6 ( & " &&7+ ( & & 6,&7+ ( & =&7 $ "7K
7 / 2 2 2 / &
'+ ' & "(0+ $ = & +
I+@+(
' ( & "(0+ &" ( & +
8 & ' & 2 / 07 1 @' * + = &6 6 6
( ( ( 27 ( & ( ( & ( (&
)
*
/ + 9
! 0
L
?
L
? L 1+ / / + 2 ! O + I+@+4
8 & ' ! = &6 6 6
" 0&&7 " 0&; " 0& 27 " 0& & " 0& " 0& & " 0&;&
$&7 2( 2 27 2 & 2 2 & 2(& DCC
& E! + > & ' / + (+ N * *2 L! ? L ? L! ? L! / + > + I+@+@
= ?
? ?
$&7! $( $ 27 &7! ( 27 I+@+C
DCD
$?2 ,?2 ?
?0 &?0
$ &&7! $ 4( $ &27
$ " $&7! $ " 2( $ " $27
$&" &&7! $&" 0( $&" &27
"$&7! "2( "$27
& &&7! & 0( & &27
( &7! ( ; ( 27
? ?
$&7! 2; 2>27
= &6 27 $&
I+@+D
&?4 $& ? 4 $ ? 4 ? $ ? 2
6 6 & (&
:*2 E
> + !. ** $&&7 $&&7 ($&&7 0&7 & , (&7 "6 (&7 &7&$='
$& (/ $& 27 $& (/ $& 27 ($& (/ ($& 27 0 (/ 0 >27 & , (/ & , >27 "6 (/ "6 27 (&$7'/ 27&$='
!. ** =&7 =&7 $ =&7 =&7
7(/ 7>27 (/ >27 $ (/ $ 27 (/ 27
!. ** $ $&7 " $& & &
$= (/ $= 27 " (/ " >27 (/ >27 (/ >27
I+C I+C+
!. **(** 07 $ 07 07
=(/ = 27 $ (/ $ 27 (/ 27
* * "6&7 &"6&7 6&7&$='
" ;/ " 27 &" ;/ &" 27 ;&$7'/ 27&$='
8 5 9 ! & ' &7 &7 =&7$= "&7 &7 &7 $&&7 & &7
&7 &7 $&7 ,&7 &7 &7 &7 & $&7 &7$= $&7 & &7 &7$= 07
=&7$= $& $&7 &7 $&7 &7 &7
(/ 27/ + + + (& 7;/ 7>27/ + + + 7;& ;$7/ 27$=/ + + + =&$= "(/ ">27/ + + + "(& (/ 27/ + + + =& (/ 27/ + + + =& $&;/ $&>27/ + + + $&;& & ;/ & 27/ + + + & =&
;/ >27/ + + + ;& (/ 27/ + + + =& / 27/ $&/ / & / =& & ! / ' (/ 27/ + + + (& (/ >27/ + + + (& (/ >27/ + + + (& (/ >27/ + + + (& (/ >27/ + + + (& 4(/ 4 27/ + + + 4(& ($7/ 27$=/ + + + (&$= (/ >27/ (& & ! / ' 0(/ &27/ + + + &=& ($7/ 27$=/ + + + &$= & ! >/ ' (/ 27/ &/ / & / (& & ! / ' ;$7/ 27$=/ + + + ;&$= $(/ $>27/ + + + $(& & ! >$/ $ ' 2(/ $27/ + + + $=& ;/ >27/ + + + ;& 2(/ 2 27/ + + + 2(& 7;/ 7>27/ + + + 7;& 0(/ 0 27/ + + + 0(&
/
& ' / & ' & '
/ & '
/ & ' "
/ /
& ' /
DCF
& &&7 6&7 " $&7 "$& $ &7$= $ &7 $62&7 $ &7 $&&7 $& &7$= ( &7 , &7 , & &7 I+C+(
I+C+(+
I+C+(+4
& ' / & '
A * *2 / *2 + 27/ + + + 6(& " 2(/ " $27/ + + + " $=& "$&(/ "$&>27/ + + + "$&(& & ! " $/ " $ ' $($7/ $ 27$=/ + + + $ =&$= $(/ $ 27/ + + + $ =& $62(/ $6227/ + + + $62& $ ;/ $ 27/ + + + $ =& $&;/ $&27/ + + + $&=& $& ;$7/ $& 27$=/ + + + $& =&$= ( ;/ ( 27/ + + + ( ;& , (/ , 27/ + + + , =& , 0(/ , 0 27/ , 0 &/ , &/ , && / , &=&
"&7 $&7
"&7 =&7
&7 6&7
( &7 ( &7 " $&&7 " $&&7 "$$&7 "$$6&7
I+C+(+@
I+C+4
*
*
*
*
"&7 &' "4&7$= &' $&&7 &' $&" 0&7 &' "&7 &('
&7 &' 6&7 &' "6&7 &' &7$= &' $6 &7 &' &7 &' 0&7 &' &7$= &(' 6&7 &' , &7 &(' 0 &7 &' &7 &' $&&7$= &' $& &7$= &' & 0&7 &'
=&7 &' " (&7$= &' $&&7 &' $&" &&7 &(' $&7 &'
&7 &2 >+' 6&7 &' "6&7 &' =&7$= &' $ (&7 &' &7 &2 >+' 0&7 &(' 07 &' &7 &' & &' 0&7 &' &7 &' $&&7$= &' $& &7$= &(' & &&7 &('
&7 &' " $&&7 &' ( &7 &' &7 &' &7 &' &"6&7 &' $&( &7 &' $6&7 &' " &7 &' " &7 &' " &7 &' " $6 &7$= &' $ &7$= &(' $ &7 &' $ &7 &' $ $&7 &' $& &7$= &(' (&7 &' ( &7 &' ("&7 &'
( $&7 &' " $&&7 &' ( &7 &(' 07 &' =&7 &' &"6&7 &' $&( &7 &(' $&7 &' " &7 &(' " =&7 &' " &7 &2 >+' " $ (&7$= &' $ $&7 &' $ &7 &2 >+' $ =&7 &' $ $& &' $&&7 &' (&7 &' ( &7 &' ( " &7 &'
& ' *
& '
=&7 &'
7(/ 7>27/ + + + 7(& & ! =/ = ' $& (/ $& 27/ + + + $& (& $&" 0(/ $&" &27/ + + + $&" &=&
/ 27/ $&/ / & / (& ( (/ ( 27/ + + + ( (& " ;/ " 27/ + + + " ;& (/ >27/ + + + (& ( ;/ ( 27/ + + + ( =& =(/ = 27/ + + + =(& & ! >/ ' (/ >27/ + + + (& 0 (/ 0 >27/ + + + 0 (& (/ 27/ + + + (& $& ($7/ $& 27$=/ + + + $& (&$= & 0(/ & &27/ + + + & &=& &" ;/ &" 27/ + + + &" ;& (/ 27/ + + + (& & ! / ' (/ >27/ + + + (& 2;/ 2>27/ + + + 2;&
$&&7 &' $&" &&7 &('
&7 &2 >+' 6&7 &' "6&7 &' =&7 &' ( &7 &(' 07 &' &7 &' 0&7 &' &7 &' $&&7$= &' & &&7 &(' &"6&7 &' 07 &' =&7 &' $&7 &'
/
/ DCI
& " =&7 &' $ $&7 &' $&7 &' $ $& &' $&&7 &' (&7 &' ( " &7 &' ( $&7 &' I+D
I+D+
"(/ " 27/ + + + "(& $= (/ $= 27/ + + + $= (& $(/ $ 27/ + + + $(& $ $(/ $ $>27/ + + + $ $(& & ! $ $/ $ $ ' $& (/ $& 27/ + + + $& (& & ! $&/ $& ' (7;/ (7>27/ + + + (7;& ("(/ (">27/ + + + ("(& & ! ( "/ ( " ' ( (/ ( >27/ + + + ( (& & ! ( / ( '
/ /
"2 "2 + "2 > L + 8 2 ! &7 $7+ & . 6$=+
+ +
E "2 & > ' + I+D+(
+ 8 2 ! &7 & . $&" 0$7+
I+D+4
3 :
"2 "2 + 8 2 ! " $6 &7$= $ =&7$=
I+F
I+F+
DDJ
( "$& &O &, " ( "$& &' H ( &( L $&" & &; L ( 6$& +
&!
I+F+4
H $ 7 L & " 0$( &6 2> ( "$& &K H I 0$ + H &6 "2> .K H J 0$ + . 0$7 ( 0$+ H & ( &6 2>K H & (+ H &6 2> K H < 0 0&&7 C 0$ 2> +
H *2 ! & ' =
#
, &7! / , (/ , 27/ , &/ , / , & / , =& . < 0$& , ( & &"+
&! / (/ >27/ >&/ >/ >& / (& & ! 2>/ 2/ 2' . # = 0 " = ( & &"+ DD
&
I+F+@
DD(
=
#
$&7!
2(/ $27/ $&/ $/ $& / $=& . 0&7 $& $7 +
$&!
$(/ $>27/ $>&/ $>/ $>& / $(& & ! >$/ $/ $' . # &"/ >& 0&7 $>& $7 +
&7! (/ 27/ &/ / & / =& . 6 7 &7 & " >
&$ $ +
$&! (/ >27/ >&/ >/ >& / (& & ! >/ / ' . # = &7 7 / 9& ( & . >& " > &$ $ +
&7! ;/ 27/ &/ / & / ;& . " = " "6 & ;& 2 7 ( "(+
&7! (/ 27/ &/ / & / (& . 2 ( &. & (+
&7! / (/ 27/ &/ / & / =& . < 0$& ( )" .;+
,&7! / (/ 27/ &/ / & / (& . 9& ( = ( $ ;+
&7! (/ 27/ &/ / & / =& . 60 0&( =& $ >& +
&! (/ >27/ >&/ >/ >& / (& & ! >/ / ' . $ = $& / 0&( (& +
&&7! " &;/ & 27/ & &/ & / & & / &;& . < 0$& &; I9" * & J+
& &7! " 0(/ &27/ &&/ &/ && / &=& . 9& & " = 0( $ >& "( +
N *2 3 *2/ + +
*2+ "
/ /
(
&/ / $
/
& . / ( "2>+ < " ( (+ " $ $ "7+ "& (2> 4> (&" + 6 ( >& $ O 6 (2 $ *(7& & &" 0$+ 6 (2 & = =&7+ " = ( ( "(7=+ #&( &6 2 ( & ";+
6
&
&/ / $
& / /& (O'
"
0 "
"
K & K
( / / /
$ " I+G
$
&K 6 62 + 7 62 & "0+ &/ 62 + 62 $& + 6 & 2 & + &> = $& " (+ & $ &( $ $ (B ( & $& 0$6 $& "$(;+ &, & (J+(C+ 6 2 ( 2 " + ./ 6 2 + < , $ $=&7 (&+ ,&7 " K '.( " , =& $7+ " & 0 " (.(+ 70 " 0 " " $ + 6 " 2 "( + " , & 9$ & 9$ &(+ ( & " , &7 $/ ( & &(+ " &;& $ >&6+ < " ( ( $& + " & + < 0&$= " , $ ; $& (+ '&" = ( & ( ( & + / B , B # . 2 &(0(+ 6 2 + 6 2 $ 6 ( =+ < 2> $ , 6,+ "0 2> $ , 7 6,+ &. $ & $ &+ .= 0$7/ $ " 2$7 + $7 ( " $ + < " $ #2 / 6 " 2$7+
) 2 ! + (+
! E + ! 3
+ # + 9 +
+ !
(+ !
&' 4
& ' "2 &' &' & ' "2 &' DD4
& +&' H 4 & ' # 0 = " "=;&L " "=+ & ' L + # 0 = " "+ & ' + +& ' H "2 # 0 = " "=;&$=L " "=$7+ & ' L + +&' H # 0 = &( ' " " 6+ & ' L &
' + (+&' / ++/ > # 0 = - 60 / $ . " "=;& " & + & ' -
/
/ + + +. + # 0 = " " " & + & ' + (+& ' H "2 # 0 = " "=;&$=L " "=$7 " & =+ & ' L + (+&' : 0 1 + # 0 = " " 6 " & =+ & ' L L + I+G+
2 + + ) &' ! "2 0 1 4
$7 " ;&$= &6+
) E +
, $7 " ;& &6+ 6 ;&$= $ I I+
) # I+JJ I+JJ+
, 6 ;& $ I I+ 6$& "6 &$= &"+
) 2
+
, 6$&( "6;& &"+ $& " / " "6;&$=B -$ 0$. " 4 &= "6;&$= 07+ , " 4 &= "6;& 07+ - 60 .
DD@
A B + ) +
+ ! 0 1 4 )
$ &6 " +
+
, $ &6 " 6+ &( ("+
) +
, & (" + &. " $& +
) ! 62 ((/ 0& 6 $ &" &7 " + & ' ! > ! 6 > ((/ 0& 6 $ &" " +
I+I+4+(
3 2 ! < 0& 6 4> + %6 6 &.( " + % 7 6 ( ,&7B
I+I+4+4
9 2 / / N / / / / / + 5 > ! , & / 0& 6 = > $ $ + "L " $L( "/ 0& 6 (, +
I+I+@
I+I+@+
= > / + 9 * + 9
+ Q &' $ 6 + + +/ + + + 6 + + + ! $ 6 "2>/ 6 6 , " 2 + DDF
& & ' / L/ ! 6 6 (/ & = 6 $= 6 $ + &' ! ( 7 & $ "/ = $(2 6 + ( 7 =/ 6 ( "+ I+I+@+(
464 J+
J++
Q ! < 6 , $ $ ( 7$& + 91 +
* ; = >/ + 9 > 2 ! 8 L ! + O ! + 9
2 / / & 07 1/ I+'+ E
*2 + + ( &(
< 9& (. + < $ &+ ( (, + < ( &( (0 $ +
3 ! , & 2 (K +
? ! 0 "&+ J++( J++(+
9 * 9 * / / + & &
J++(+(
9 * . 5 / / / > + ( 7 ( 7
DDG
& $7 $& 6 9&+ 6 & $ ( $&" 0$7+
6 ( 7 & I9" * & JK < ( " / 0& 6 ( 7 4> $&" &$=+
J++4
9
9
/ / ! O O & ' O & ' O O &' O & ' O
J++@
9 / >+ > /
+ : & . . / . .'+ " , " 2 , " &> 6 , 6 6$&"6 6
J+(
K K ( K &( K 0 (K 0 K K
, " 2 , " & , 6$&"
= + &' = 2 + 9 5 O 2 +
! " &&7 $ &7 &7 $& =&7
$&( " & 0 "
& 6,&7 $ &7
)" . $&
& ' = 2 + 9 5 O 2 +
! , &7 $ $&7 07 $&&7
$&( " &7 0 " 7
&7 $&7 &7 $&&7
)" .; $& ( $&(
&' = 2 + 9 5 O
DDI
& J+(+
: K $& & ( + (K " ( ( + &( K 6 S (+
K & $& + (K ( $& + &( K = ( $ $& +
K $ & $& + (K $ $& + &( K $& S $& +
K #&( &6 ;&$= & + (K #&( & 2> & (+ &( K #&( & 62 & +
K & 6, & " .>+ (K , " .(+ &( K " ($= S " .6+
K " & & + (K 2> + &( K 62 $ +
K '0& 7 $& & " $ + (K '0& 7 2> $ + &( K '0& 7 & 2> & $+
K >& ( " & + (K 2> " & =+ &( K " ($= & " & + K / $& + (K $& 0 $& + &( K $& 0 S $& +
J+(+(
E
J+4
K # >& && " +
(
&
$& . 0&
*" $&
2 $$
( "$& & ( & "
(" &0
. $ "
& &" (
."
$ &
. "&
$&" #"
" $
4 (.
$ " ; $&
= + &' = 2 + 9 5 O & ' = 2 + 9 5 L O &' = 2 + 9 5 O
DFJ
J+4+ J+4++
: ! O O $ 7 O & " 0$(K &' !
0$ (L4L@ 0$ CLDLF + + + ( 0$ & ' ! =&7 (& " .&7 =&7 (& &" &7 0 & "&7 =& 2 $& & ( ' &' ! =& 0$ & ' $=& .& =& &" 0 & "& =&7
J+4++(
(+CC +CJ (+4C @+@C
O 7O 7 0 & " $" $ 7
J+4++4
(+JC (+(C @+C C+4J
& " =& .(
$" ( $( &(
* " ($& ="
"& ; $ &=" "
O $=. O = " " ; &="
. 0 / $ " / . + + +
0 = "= . = "= $ " = "= J+4++@
O 0$ K = "= @ " = F ;= J &="= .
" = & " ; = &" &7 ;= J+4++C
" = "= & " = "= " 0 & "& = "=
( * "= C = G ($& ="=
4 "& D ; = I $ &="= ( "=
. / =& $ &="= &6$=0 =&7$ & =&7 $=& =& 2 $& &="= &6$=0 $ 7$ & 2 $&7 $=& $ 7 $7 ="= &6$=0 2 $&7$ & &" .&7 0 &>"&
O (K &6$=0 =&7$ & =&7 $=& =& ( &6$=0 =&7$ & $ " 2 $& (
J+4++D
K .&
=& .& DF
& J+4++F
: 5 ! O
J+4++G
DF(
+ + + + + +
+ !
$( &( $( &
L & '
+
= "
L & '
L & '
+
IGC (
IGC
+
" $= "& ID4 +
+
" $= $" ( "& ID4
L
2 $& $=&6 6 2 $& $=&6, ,
+
(&" / >/ 0 "
+
/ $ / & / $ 7;
+
&$& / $&/ ; $&/ $&" $&
" = "=
/ / 2! / ! # / $ L
$ & ' / + + +
+
9& &L & & 7/ 0 "/ 9&(L&( 07? 9& L& (&"
2 / + + +
+
"( L $ (;4
7/ 0 "/ "( (&"
/ /
+
0 " 0 " / >/ (&"
L
=,
L L 2
+
9& / " 2 / ( (4 L$ (;4
+
9& / " 2 / ( (4 L$ (;4 $=.
+
9& / " 2 / ( (4 (
J+4++I
! / + + + + + +
J+4+( J+4+(+
J+4+4+
0$
=&7 0$ =&7 &
- 6 $7 $7 0$L 7L $=.L
$; ;
: ! O : 0$&
J+4+4+(
+ + + ! + + + + + + + +
A
. 6 0$L 7L $=.L
. (; ; J+4+4
. + + + + + +
: ! / O
0$
J+4+(+(
- . + !
! +
60
"
6 6 7 6 & " (; $" ( 6 0 & " (; =& .( (; $( &( $" $ 7
e e e e e e e
7 & " $" 0 & " =& . $( & $" $ 7=
6 0$L 0 "L 7L $=.L
(; ; (&" e (&"
DF4
! &
+ = / /
+ ! + ! * * + 9 2+ ) 2 + = "($$+ + +O * $+ + +O
= #& / ($&/ ( "$& &O
& "= L " L +
&
= L 1
$ (&K & = (&K (&K > (&K
= (&+ + +
&
/& 9& O 8& O
&
8& O
8& + / 9& + &/ 9& / + 8& +
" $& " K 0& O O O O O O $7 K $7 & K $7 &" O
& + & + & + & + & + & + & + &(&L&+ & &(&L&+ &" &(&L&+
&
$7 K $7 "K $7 * K
" + "= + +
&
DF@
&
= L
= L L
(&+ + + > (&+ + +
) & &
= L
& 9& O 8& O 8& O
8& + / 9& + &/ 9& / + 8& +
&
& & &
2
# $ +
;
" &BL "$&(&& 'B
9
7& $7! 9& #2/ 9& 2+
$ =B
# $ B
(
=
6 0$& , K 5
(
=
L L *
.= 6 $& "+ 0> 6 .=K 0> 6 " "K 6 " " & + 0> 6 (" K
(" 6 (6 + 6 *7K )7 6 #& +
&
(
=
L
/& &6 K /& &6 K /& 6 K /& 6 0&K
< $(2 " + < $ + 6 , & &"+ < 0& (" +
&
(
=
&6 6K 6 6K &6 6 K
< 6 (" + < 6 + < 6 +
&
(
=
( &6 , K L ( &6 , K ( 6 , K
< , + < , + 6 , + = , . "&+
&
(
2 %6 27/ + + +O
/ ;+ &/ ;+
&
4
=
L L
* + 0(+ * , 0(+
&
%6 , 0 27+ + +O 6 , && + + +O
/ 0$& + L &/ 0$& + 6 , + + + + + + 6 7 + + + 6 0 " + + + + + + 60
& & &
DFC
&
< L " &&7+
4
=
< $ $7 $ = (&" L 0 " +
&
4
= < > $ &7 ( 0$ + $ &7K
&
@
=
$ 7 L L & " 0$( 0$7 .=O
.= 0$7 0$+
&
@
=
0 ( &6 $& $ = (&" O
& ( 0& = 0& 0 " 0 " +
&
@
9
& & + + +O & &=+ + +O
9&+ &"$+
&
) & &
# &6 " & * (K # 6 6 0 " ( K
< " & * ( $
"( + # "( +
&
(+ + +
&
C
L
C
,
C
5
&6 , 0 27 $&&7+ + +O < , 0( $&&7+ + +
&
C
:
"7 B "7 B
&
C
L &'
/ &$=K / & " $( &$=K / ( &$= O
& &$=' & "&(" + & & " $( &$=' $& " ! $$+ )(& +
&
C
L & '
/ $= 2 "&K $= (6 + / &6 & " $ $=K < & " $ $= & "&(" + / 6 ( $7 < ( $= *(& +
&$& K
&
C
6 " &K 6 / , K $& 2 $ $&" K
< " & " + 6 $& + "0 +
&
C
( &6 , 0 " 0 " K ( & K ( $" $ 7 K
& &"+
&
! $$;+ $&+
D
=
L
' & = $&7 $ "7K
/ $&7+ &/ &(+
&
D
1 &' @
" &K $& K
3 " & (0& + $& " " "$& + " & & + " & & (0& +
&
1 & '
" $7K
" $7 " + " $= $ +
&
D
" & &K " & &O
" $=K
DFF
&
D
1 &' @
&$& K
&$& $ + $&" $&K $&" $&
" + >& $ + L >&K (& " + (&K
&
D
1 & '
/ & " $(;&$=K
& " $(;&$= & &" + 3 & " $( &$= (6 + ( &$= "$ +
&
1 &'
2> 2 (K $&&(& $&( $ 2 6K *(7& & $&( K (0$=K $&&(& (0$7K *(7& & (0$=K
2> 2 ( F &+ . $+
&
D
/ & " $( &$=K / ( &$=K
# 7 & (0$=K D
6 &6K 1 & ' 6 ( K
$7 K $7 2 " & K D
DFG
5 2 L
%6 , 0 27 "&7 "&6K
* 0 $+ (0$= '+ (0$7 & 0 $&&(& + (0$= $& "0 $ *(7& & + (0$= (L4L@ + + + CLDLF+ + + &+ / = &+ ' = $&7 + ; ( (& + < $= J & + / = ( + ' = $&7 (+ ( (& + < 62 ( J & + J & +
&
(J & + / , 0(+ &/ , 0(+ < , 0( "&7 "&6+ < , 0( & +
&
) & &
( + (( + (C &+
&
F
2 5
# 7 & &K # 7 &K
F
2 5
% "&$= 9& & / "&$=+ " K % "&$= 9& K % "=&$= 9& K / "=&$=+
&
F
2
L & ( & 6, ( $ $&7 ( L ( 6 " * "6 ( 6 $ .$&6 L L (
&
F
= 2
/& 0& I+ + +JO 5=$ & / ($&/+ + +
&
F
:
F
2
F
2
$&6 $2
&
F
2 L
"7 "7
&
F
: > $&
$ & (+
/ O
&
F
2
$ ;/+ + +
I
=
$ = 0$ K J = "=+ 0$ 6 0 " K I = "=+ 0$ ( & = "=+ &" O
I
=
7 &6 , 27 $$ K ( & .= $& "O
"6,/ & ( 0& + + +/ & "6,/ & ( 0& + + + + + +/ "( + + +/ &" &7+ + +/ 0 &>"&6 + + + ( ( ;
$" (+
&
&
& &
&
=& .(+
DFI
&
I
; +
$=. (& 9 6O 9& ( $, K
I
=
( " % $& K IJ (+ ( 6 II( (+ $&( ( "$& &K
&
I
=
0$7 K 6 "K
I@C + ($& IIJ +
&
I
=
L
( & = 7 " =O 0$ " & "&O 0 ;&$= $ (6O
F $ &="=+
&
=
L /
" $= (2 K
D ;= FII +
"6 0 & $ $K 6 (&0 $ O
( " = ID + I ($& II +
2
"=; &$' $ 6 L ! $& L $ > " = L $ $ >B
; &' $0$&7= L " 7= L ($ , B
&
%6 , 0 27 & $ L + + +O
/ $ ( 7$& + &+ $ ;/ (+
&
% 1
,"& "( L + + + 0 +
&
2
"0 H 0 / & "6 0& 7 6,+
&
I
I
J 9
" +
(@ "=+ C "&+
( 1
/& $ & K /& ( & = &K /& ( & = $ K
&
&
( % 1 & 0& &O & &O /& >O
DGJ
&
=
' = " + ' = & (+ ' = $ +
&
) & &
4 : / K
+ ($&+ / 0 + (02 + 0 7 7/ + + + &/ 7=+
&
@ 2
< ( ( $ &" &7 & "+ < $ ";$7 $&" &&7$= $ "( + < ( ( & 6,&7+ < ( +
&
< $ ";$7 & ($+ < $ ";$7 ,&7 & ($+
&
+
&
B L & + >+ $ ;/ (! = 0 7 =&+ < 6 $ ( 7$& / " &&7+ + " 2 + && '+
&
& "= + ,&7 + + + " & " +
&
/& 6 ( & &7 0 " K /& 6 $ " & $7
&7 &&" 'O /& &6 ( 27 &7/ $ 27 9 6K
@ 2 ( 6 $ " & $7K @ 2
6 $ " & $7 ,&7 $(K
@ : H && ' > &" 6$&(+ H && ' $ &" 0 " 6 *7+
H && ' $&" &$= ( & &" " 0 $ &=+ C = & L ,&7
+ + +O
F :5
"6,+ + + & "6,+ + + &" &7,+ + + # $& " 6+ + +/ $ "( $& " 6+ + + + + +/ "( + + +/ &" &7+ + + &$0&;&/ 0& + + +' & "6 $0&;&/ 0& + + +/ "( (;&/ 0& + + +
&
F 2
& $7' ( $&7/ 0& + + + ( & &&7/ 0& + + + < , 0( L , & 6 $&7 $ (;4 !+ + +
&
F 2
(+ + + ( ;+ + + < $0&;/ 0& + + + &$=/ 0& + + + < , 0( &, & 6' $&7/ 0& + + +
&
DG
&
F 5 1
& (+ + +O 2 (+ + +O &6 ( 27+ + +O 6 ( & + + +O
&
F = 2 L
6 $ $ 6K 6 $ $ 6 $ 9&K 6 $ $ 6 $ O
&
F =
/ "7 + 6 "6+ (/ 6 "6+ (/ 6 "6+ < $ $ L $ $ $ L $ 9&+
&
F %
&/ "7 + 6 "6+ / &+ /& 6B $ " &!+ + + < $ $ L $ $ $ L $ 9&+
&
F ,
( $&7 & 0 + + + %"( $&7+ + + 8& L $> $& &+ + + < 4> " 2/ 0& + + + L + + + L + + +
&
F
;0 $&7/ 0& + + + &/ 6 & "7/ 0& + + + &$ ' $ 62 $ ( &/ 0& + + +
&
G = L "& " 0 B 2 L & "& / ($&/ 0& 6 $+ * ( 7& "6/ & "& 4> "+
&
" $&& L & ($&/ = "$$62& '/ 0& 6 $+ 5=$ & / ($&/ 4> "/ 6 =+
DG(
G " & / ($&/ 7 &+
&
G
("& $7B ( "& 9& + 07/ 0+ &/ 2(& / 2& &.( " &&7B
&
G =
& (02 &$+ =& 7 $ &" 9& & *7+
&
) & &
G 9
" , & B # & $7B ! & $7B ( 7& B
&
G 5 /
"( " + $ &"& " L + " & =&(; &* "(+ & (&(B " $& / ($&/ $0>&+
&
G ;
& " ($+ 2& $ 0 + & &7& " $6+
&
DG4
Outline of the course
Unit
Functions
General notions
Topics
0
Language awareness
Reading and writing the Cyrillic script. Articulating sounds in isolate word forms. Articulating stress patterns within words. Reading and writing the Cyrillic script. Articulating sounds in connected speech. Recognising international loanwords.
Words, phrases, clauses and sentences. The noun. Derivational morphology. In¯ectional morphology ± gender.
Location. Russian names. Past reference. Everyday and Theme/topic. leisure activities. Temporal reference. Occupations. Numerals 1±12. School subjects. Geography.
Conducting a classroom poll. Scanning to locate speci®c words. Grouping words in semantic ®elds.
Personal pronouns: person and gender. The noun: case. The nominative case.
Accusative case (direct object). Motion. Numerals 10±29. Reference to time.
Illustrating a narrative. The noun ± animate Scanning a text. and inanimate Decoding strategies: reference. recognising semantic The noun: countable/ and syntactic non-countable/ relations; using collective nouns. contextual clues to The accusative case. deduce the meaning Word order: of unknown words; statements. recognising Word order: de®nite/ international loaninde®nite reference. words. Naming and greeting. Constructing a summary using guiding questions.
1
Greeting and Location. Negation. leave-taking. Identifying people Gender. and objects. Locating people and objects. Giving directions.
2
Locating people and objects. Talking about the past. Expressing and enquiring about knowledge of information.
3
Talking about likes and dislikes. Asking and telling about desire/want/ wish. Introducing oneself and others and responding.
xii
Skills
Russian names. Professions/ occupations. Places in a town. Technology.
Russian names. Famous people. Work and leisure. Places in a town. Classroom activities.
Outline of the course Unit
Functions
General notions
Topics
Skills
Language awareness
4
Asking and telling when something happened. Asking and telling why something happened. Structuring extended discourse (narrative). Identifying people precisely.
Plural of nouns and adjectives. Numerals and nouns. Aspects.
Work and leisure. Daily routine. Biographiesin brief.
Recoding monologue into dialogue. Scanning a text. Classifying hyponyms. Recognising root morphemes.
The noun: number. Prepositions. Word order in questions.
5
Expressing your opinion. Enquiring about and expressing a wish/desire. Stating whether somethingis correct or not. Talking about interests/ occupations/ professions.
Instrumental case (complement of copula). Instrumental case with prepositions. Verbs of motion ([jlbnm, blnb, gjqnb).
Professions and occupations. Education, study, training. Interests and hobbies. Biographies. Geography.
Retelling/summarising. Expanding information contained in tabular form into a continuous text. Expressing information from continuous text in tabular form.
Verbs. Aspects. Direct object and complement.
6
Asking and telling about possession. Talking about people's lives and families. Enquiring about and expressing a wish/desire.
Genitive case. Present reference (1st conjugation verbs).
Family relations. Biographies. Education and schooling.
Matching nouns and appropriate nominal modi®ers.
The verb. Aspects in narrative. Nominal attributes.
7
Asking for an explanation. Structuring discourse. Expressing an opinion. Expressing emotions. Expressing agreement/ disagreement. Suggesting a course of action. Expressing regret.
Education, work Dative case. and leisure. Impersonal Weather. expressions. Present reference (2nd conjugation verbs). Numerals 10±100.
Recoding information Direct and indirect in continuous text to objects. complete a form. Responding to a letter. Identifying and replicating syntactic patterns. Using guiding questions to structure continuous discourse. Matching nouns and appropriate adjectives.
xiii
Outline of the course Unit
Functions
General notions
Topics
Skills
Language awareness
8
De®ning words.
Indirect speech. Case system (revision). Present reference (revision). Prepositions and nouns (revision). Interrogatives (revision).
Professions and occupations. Biographies. Education.
Paraphrasing: matching words and de®nitions; de®ning words. Parsing. Identifying root morphemes, pre®xes and suf®xes. Using Russianlanguage source materials.
Interrogative pronouns.
Holidays and specials occasions. History. Biographies. School subjects.
Distinguishingthe main idea from supporting details. Transcoding information from tabular form into continuous discourse.
Adverbs and adverbials. Word order and adverbials.
Conjunctions. Prepositions and conjunctions.
9
Time expressions: Enquiring and dates. telling when Ordinal numerals. something happened. Expressing greetings and good wishes on special occasions.
10
Enquiring and telling when something happened. Inviting. Accepting and declining invitations.
Time expressions: telling the time. Temporal relations (revision).
Daily routine. Television viewing. Leisure. Biographies.
Using the answers to a survey to identify questions posed. Identifying the plan of a text. Compounding words from derivational morphemes.
11
Describing a person's character. Explaining what people do.
Plural reference (nominative case): regular and irregular. Adjectives. Adverbs. Voice. Relative clauses.
Character. Professions. Student life. Biographies.
Nominal modi®ers: Deriving adjectives adjectives, from nouns. determiners, relative Understanding pronouns. relations between parts of a text through the lexical cohesion devices of synonymy and hyponymy. Recoding information from and into tabular or graphic form. Planning and organising information in expository language by describing a state and changes of state. Identifying key words in a text. Distinguishing the main idea from supporting details.
xiv
Outline of the course Unit
Functions
General notions
Topics
Skills
12
Describing a person's appearance. Talking about one's health.
The prepositional case (of nouns, adjectives and pronouns). Irregular locatives in -y.
Parts of the body. Health. Clothes. Colours. Student life.
Nominal modi®ers: Identifying and prepositional describing verbal phrases. governance. Composing a narrative based on a visual stimulus. Selective extraction of relevant points from a text, involving the charting of information.
13
Seeking, granting and withholding permission.
The instrumental Festivals. Theatre. case (of nouns, Cinema. adjectives and pronouns). Modals. Quanti®ers. Adverbials of means and manner. Verbs of motion. Transitive and intransitive verbs.
14
Expressing what you intend todo. Expressing where you intend togo. Expressing when you intend to do something. Suggesting a course of action.
Future reference. Aspects and the future tense. `If ' clauses.
Residential language courses. Travel and tourism. Moscow. Museums.
15
Asking for and giving directions.
Pre®xed verbs of motion. Adverbials of purpose.
Travel, transport, tourism. Russians abroad.
Scanning to locate speci®cally required information on a number of points. Report writing.
The dative case (of nouns, adjectives and pronouns). The comparative and superlative degreeof adjectives. The declension of surnames.
Workand holidays. Traveland tourism. Holidays.
Analysing the structures of extended discourse: understanding relations between parts of a text through grammatical cohesion devices (comparison and logical connectors).
16
Language awareness
Enquiring about an Voice. unseen document and reconstructing it on the basis of information obtained.
Verbs: auxiliaries.
Verbal pre®xation.
xv
Outline of the course Unit
Functions
General notions
Topics
Skills
17
Structuring extended discourse. Expressing your opinion. Enquiring about someone's opinion. Agreeing/ disagreeing. Epressing uncertainty.
The genitive case (of nouns, adjectives and pronouns). Quantitative notions.
The family. Men and women. Gender roles. Student life.
Identifying discourse markers in expository prose. Structuring extended prose. Deciphering riddles.
18
19
20
xvi
Asking for Adverbials of place House and home. repetition/ (revision). Housework. explanation/ The imperative clari®cation. mood. Fsking someone to do, or not to do, something. Advising. Inviting. Requesting, ordering. Giving instructions. Expressing wishes and requests.
The conditional and subjunctive moods. Indirect speech. Short adjectives.
People: desires, wishes, aspirations, dreams. Student life.
`To be able'. Inde®nite pronouns. Negative adverbs and pronouns. Lheu lheuf.
Social gatherings.
Extracting salient points to summarise the underlying idea of a paragraph.
Understanding word formation (roots, af®xation, derivation, compounding).
Language awareness
Aspects and functions.
Key to symbols used in the course
p
Grammar note
Reading material
Writing exercise
Drawing exercise
on
Conversation
Group work
' V
Pair work
Vocabulary development
Game
Song
Cultural awareness
-
Homework
Listening comprehension xvii
0
9 / + 2 2 1 2 + )
H ) + ) 2 7 / 8 / ; / :
2 + : 2 +
+ 9
+ ! B"!
& '? * + 8 2 ! K K K K
K
K K $
= 2 / / +
" + : & '+
+ 1" ! / / + : 2 2 + 1 ! 2 + : &++ ' L 2 &++ ! */ '+ 3 "! 2 + = 2
L + CD4
&
1/ +
9 2! / /
++
) = 2 + 9 / / >/ / + )
+ = 2 + 9 *
+
++(
A = * ! -7 . - 9. - . - . - : 8 .+ -3 . - . - . - .+
++4
= / / * + Z-9. -. - .U Z-. - . - .U
++@
: = & '+ ! &'
> > 0 / / / 1 &J+'
? &' &, ' +
+ L9 L 9
$
L +L 9
L9 L &" A
A A
b 8
& &"
&'
2 &'+ >
Q P + 9 + 9 + 9 +
9 : ! > & ' + >
P + + P + 6 +
9 8 ; ! > & L '/ > & / 1L '/ & L'+ > 9 P + > P 1 + 9 + P
+ > P + > P + 9 + (+(
; L " &('! 7 2 >
+ 9 / 8 : 2 + ! + 71 +
+
+ 7 1+
+
P + P Y + P >
P + P Y + P > +
P
+ P + P > +
P
+ P Y + P > +
9 ; / & 7 ' 2 + " + ! 7 2 + & +' CFJ
$& $& $& $& ( $& $&
''
9 ; +
+
9
! B "+ 4+(+@
2 ! 3
/ * K K K /
+ (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+ G+ I+ J+
4+4
K / K
9 P + : 8 P + ) > 1 + + 9 + Q + % 2 ! P
+ . = > + . : &T L
/ 8 ; '+
L " + 2 $& $& + 7
b + % 7 S + +
$& $=+ 7 1
b+ % S + L +
L " 9 + < = + P +
9 + < + P + CF4
&
9 c = + ` +
9 + `+
: 5 >+ 9 + 4+4+
9 +
2 ! 3 " ! ! $ " + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+ G+ I+ J+ + (+ 4+
4+@
9 +
) * + * + = + 9 + + Q 1 O +
+
+ 6 * 1 + )
2 O ) < Q
"O 6 +
) ! =
! K + 9 5 + ) O +
0 / A + C +
/ 2 ! + + 9 " + ) O
9 8
09 A 1 5 5 + 9 > / + * + ? > + 9 >+ 9 / ! ; F ! N
! ; F + CF@
''
2 > ! 0 +1 & (+('+ 4+@+
) & ' . > ) 1 ! , > ++/
, ++/ /& O " &+
) 1 ! , ++/
, > ++/ & "2>K "2> +
. > ) 1 $ > ! , > ++ , $ > /& K 0& (+ ) 1 > ! , > $
, > /& 0& O 0& (+ ) 1 $ >! , > $
, > & $ 9&( (K 8&( ( $ % $& +
4+@+(
%* * 9 &/ / ' & % +(' / &! * ' * &/ ! * '+
* / 2! 0 +1 9
+ / / * ! 03 +1 0 +1 9 + * L * 2 ! $& + $& +
+ 3 + + CFC
&
4+@
4+C
4+C+
2 ! 0 + # # 1 &' & " ,K & ' /& "&K
" , "&+
& ' & & 6,K & ' /& & .K
& . & 6,+
&' & " & * (K & ' /& &7K
" &7+
& ' /& &K & ' & "K
& "+
& ' & " &K & ' /& $ K
$ " &+
: ! 9 ! 2 + % / 5 + 9 2 + + 9 + 2 :
# 8
O
/ O
* &< / < / /
+ 8 2 ! /& K 0> " $&( &6K " $= / + 8 2 ! /& 0 " K ( &6 , 0 " K 6 6 & K 6 K /& &6 0& & K
@+4+4
2 6 / " # ? 2 - " 0
* Q > > / + 0 1
0 1+ 8 2 ! L L L L +
L + + LL L +
C++4
2 ! / + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+ G+ I+ J+
C+( CG(
91
+ Q + 6 + ) "+ Q :
/ + % 1 + Q + : > + ) O
% / + : + : + + 9 1 / 91 + / B 9 + Q + 9 +
= ! 9 !
''
+
! C+(+
&'+ 5 & '+ &' 6 0& 9&( (K 9& O & ' 6 & &7 9&( (K
/ = 0& >+ / = 0& >+ / = " 0& >+
U ' % 5 5 + & ' 5
K * + 5 1 +
2 ! &' ' $&( & 6 &" 7 = " & O /& $&( &6 =&O & '/ $ &" 7 (; " &(+ & ' #&( &6 0 $&7 &" 7 (; " &(K #&( &6 $ $7O & '/ $ &" 7 (;+ C+(+(
2 !
+ ! /& &("$&6 O - . ("$&6 (& ,&7 72 O - . ' 9& "( 6 &("$& 6 9$("$= " (O - . ("$&6 $&" " O - . $ ! + & +' $&" " + (+ & +' $ &" " + 0 +
1 6 * ! ) O - . 9 O - . 9 O - . ! + %6 & K (+ %6 " & K
CG4
&
C+(+4
&'+ L & '+ &' 6 $ &" *7 IXJK & ' 6 $ &" *7 IXJK
/ $ &" + &/ $ &" + / $ &" + &/ $ &" +
& ' 5 * + & ' *
L + &' & ( &6O ( = & &7 7K & ' 6 ( &6 I " JK & ' + $ & ! '+ & ' K + > K & ! '+ C+(+@
2 !
+ (+ 4+ @+ C+
C+(+C
< ; 9& & *7! = ( &$ &" H $ &" ' + < &$ &" H $ &" ' 9& & *7/ , &= $ "$=+ 8& 0 7 , " 2 ! = & H 6 ' 6+ 7 & H 6 ' "$& 6 7+ & H 6 ' "$& / ( $& 0 +
/ / &'+ * & '+ &' &"6 , &"6 $ "6 , "6& & ' &"6 , &"6&
C+(+D
2 3 + < 0& 9&( (/ ( = > $ 0$ &! = &" L=' > ( "(+ (+ "0 $/ 0& & ( &7+ 0 ( &6 & ( O 0 ( &6 &$&L$&'O 4+ 0 ( &6 & L ' 6 $&;O ! $ = " K @+ 0&7 & " $L " >$' $7 + $ 6 + C+ ! > & " $6 $=L " $ ($='/ $ 0$ =&7 $ &+
CG@
''
C+4
: ! > :
! + (+ 4+ @+
9 + 9 + 9 + 9 +
9 + 9 + 9 + 9 +
9 2 &' 0 1 + . 9 * 0 1 9 + 9 0 1 9 + . 9 * 9 > >+ 9 > + >/ 5 >+ &= >! 9 + , 9 L +' . 9 * * 9 + 9 9 + . 9 > 2 + 9 2 + > + 9 >+ 9 > ! > + 8 2 ! 9
%3
+
9 8 ;
! P Y M + P M 9 + 3/ 8 : / 2 ! 9 Y 5 M + P 5 + C+4+
2 !
: " 2- + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+ G+
+ * + 3 + 7
+ ) + 9 + :
+ 9 + CGC
&
I+ J+ + (+
= + + : + +
!
" / # : " 2- + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+ G+ I+ J+
$& (0& 7 . + ' = &7 6 $ $&" + $ 6 $ & $ $ ( "$& &+ " & & " + "& $0& &$= &. . 6+ " ($= $ *" & *. " + I4@ ( $& $& . '##!+ 6" $ " &"> & &+ $= $ $ " > + > 6 "$. +
1/ 5 D+
D++
/ 0 1 / / >+ 9 > 0 1 + A &/ ( / 4 ' =
+ . & ' ! ++/ 9 & '/ & '+ . ( ! ++/ + 9 / 8 / ; : (
!
CGD
6 H+ :
&6
6 H+ :
6
''
. 4 & L ' + D++(
N / / ++/ / / ! P ! 09 +1 P ! 09 +1 P ! 06
+1 P ! 0P Y+1 P ! 0P Y +1 P ! 0N +1 P ! 09 S +1 P ! 09 +1 P ! 0# ; +1 P ! 0 +1 P ! 0 5` +1 P ! 0 &93' 5 ! O O ( (O
=E:)! + =E:)! (2 +
> 2 L
>! 9 + 9 + : P +
9 + 9 + : P+
) > 2 / >+ >
? * + > + 8 2 ! Q +
Q +
9 / > 5 >
> + 9 8 : > ! P Y P L 7 P + = > 5 ! P + L 7 + 9 ; > 2 / > 2 +
* ?
+ CI
&
$ 3 $
$7 +
&.(+ +
&.( +
$7 + +
) & ! > K K > '? / 2 1 + :
N
%3
93
9 > + ) > / + 8 2 ! $&7 "(( &7 $ $&" & 0&7 "( F++4
$7 "(( 47 $ $&" & & "(
2 ! "
* + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+
Q P
+ Q + : + + 6 1 + 6 +
/
&' > & $ ' & ' > & ! ! L ' 0&&7 "$$6&7 $6&7 ( &7 5=$ =&7
"&7 $ & &7
&7
L 2
$(2&7 4&7 &7 ;&7 &7 &7 $&7
L
L
: 0
: CI(
''
1/ 7 G+
: !
5 + 8 2 ! 5 O = & +@'/ / + ! >
/
. /
9 8 / + /
!
> >
5 5 5
9 : !
gV O gVO
9 ; +
>
Q /
+ &/ / +' 9 / +
+
& ( &'
. 0& 0& 0 0 ( 0 &' 0>
N
/ / ! &
'+
! E O
! ' O CI4
&
G+(
2 $ @
+ (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+ G+ I+ J+ + (+
&/& ' && ' && ' # $ &0& ' &/& ' && ' &/& ' # $ && ' $ &0& ' $ &0& ' $ && ' " $ &0&
++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++
+ &7O + &O + $ = &O + 0&7O + 6 & " 6O + &6 O + ( 07O + $ & &7$=O + $ 0$ " & &K + &6 ( 27O + 6 "O + &(& =O
1/ 8 I+
I++
= = & '/ & ' & '+ ! %Q Q 1 + " & $7 $&( &6+ 4+ $ 0$7 .=+ " & $&( &6 $7+ .= 0$7 $ + #&( &6 $7 " & + (+ ($& " & " ($7+ ($& " ($7 " & + ! & " ($7 ($& +
@+ 0 " "&+ 0 " "& + "& 0 " +
8
+ * &6 " > & K &6 (027$=K , &$= * " "($$ =6 K & " >& "($$ =6 9& ( "$& & K 0 $7 9& =& K /& &6 0 " 0 " K 8 +
* '" 2 0 ;&$= I+JJ+ " * $$ " & & " $6 . .+ . $ ( " * $$ "+ #&( &6 4 &+ #&( &6 $ 9 6 = " + . = " , "&+ $ =&= = * + =&7 & = " & 2 + " " &+
1/ 4 J+
: ! > > 2 / +
J+(
> ! / / / / > > L L 5
+ P
CIG
$
> ! 8" + > ! 8" / + N @/ + J+4
: > ! / / / / / / + = > + # + + + ) + + + ) + + + H 9 + + + 9 + + + + + + 9 2 / / + # / + ) /
: 8 + ) / 9
+ H 9 / + 9 / 1
+ 9 + E 01 ! &' + 9 &' +
J+@
A > K 2 9 > ! / / / / + ; : / 8 + 9 / / + $ L = = Y > E & +
: " L = / = Y /
+
+ CII
&
E / % ` $ & 6 $& &>&;/
+ + 6 2 +
$ L : %
: %
# 0 6
/ / > / / / ? / / / 4+ / /
/ / ? / / / / ? / / / / / ? / / / 9 / &' + 9 / 8 : &' ! 0 1/ 0 1 0 `1+ 9 8 : / &' &' + 8 2 ! + 7
+
+ 7 +
9 ! &' (+ > / / / ? / / / ? #/ #/ #/ #? #/ #/ #/ #? / +
DJ4
&
+@
A > 9 4 4 >+ / *2
! ( + 8 + ' + Q / > *2! O + +
+@
2 ! # = ( + + + 7 " =+ & L ' ' + + + "& 7 " = " + & L ' # $&" $/ 0& ( + + + "( " + & >L >' "&" ( + + + $ 6 &, + & >L >' #&( & $/ 0& $" ( ( + + + ( & 9 + &,L ,' ' $&( & ( + + + " & 6 , " 2 $&" + &,L ,'
+C
! &' / &
' + &' > ! ++/ 5 * + ) 0P 2 + P
1 0P 1 01 > + 8 2 ! P / 2 /
+ P 2
+ 0P 1 01 + 9 / &L' + L + ! > / L 5 + + E + >
. / / / /
!
9
2 + & >' + & '
9 DJ@
''
9 9 !
+ & ' 2 + & > - .' L hJJ+ & >' 9 + & ' + + & ' + & - .'
9 8 / 2+ L / + 3 / + > >
5 5 5
. 5 5
5 / 5
/ 5 / 5
9 : + Q / 9 9 + 9 / 7 ; / +
1/ (+
E * ! : !
(+(
$ &' > L >! &7 2 "$& $& 4 $(7 &(" " " "(2 "
DJC
&
*
>! 2 "$&= &7 " " = $(7 &("
" = 6 "(2
&(' L ! & $&( & ' (+4
$ > ! = . "& = $" 7 = (,
(+@
+
6 $ " L $ $= " "
3 # !
DJI
&
C+(+
2 / &' A *2! / / " + + + +0& 9& 5= & + (+ < + + +0& $ 2 & + 4+ " $ = + + +0&+ @+ # 0$ = 0(/ $& $7 + + +0&&7 $ 7 $&" .+ &' A *2! " / "/ 6/ $ + 9& & + + + ;& & 7 0&& = 9& " + (+ + + + " & 0 " $ $&"(+ 4+ + + + >& .( $ "7> 6" + @+ + + + &7 ($&6 (&6 + &' A *2! (/ 6/ $ + $7 7 + + +" $; "&"(+ (+ 6 + + + " & $7 $&&7 (0& K 4+ + + + " & "+ @+ 6 + + + " & ( $ 0 =K
C+4
A *2 3 *2 + / 2 / *2 ! ! &' ! & ' ! +
C+4
2 /
&N ! &7/ 0&&7/ &7/ $ &7/ $ $&7/ &/ " &&7/ $&" &7/ (&7+' + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+ G+ I+ J+ +
DJ
( 7= ( ,&7! " + + + 9 + 6 & " + + + " & = $(K #&( & 6 " + + + $ " &+ 8& & " = " + + + 0 "+ #& & / = " + + + (+ % "7 " + + + "( + 8& " 2 " + + + = 7 .6+ /& 6 (02 $62&7/ = " + + + $ $=& "= "6+ $=. " + + + (; " &(+ " + + + 9& ( " / > 2 + ' & = 0 " 6 "( 9& ( " $(/ &6 " + + +O
''
1/ 7 G+
= = / 5/ / / / / / / +
G+(
5/ / / ! & ' &'+ & ' &' & ' &'+ & ' A & ' 9 " 0&& "$$+ 0 $&7 ( " =O % "7 0&& "$$+ &' % $ &" &7 9& & *7+ " &7$= $ &7+ &' # &(; $ &" &7 9& & *7+ &/ & $7 $ &7B &' $ &" 9& & *7+ % ! ! 7& $7/ $= 7& + + +
Q ! " , & &(+ &' # & $7/ & 6,& + &'
9 5/ / + / + A K
8&( ( $& & ( &7+ (&+ < $ &(; ( &7 9&( (+ 6 6 & + G+(
9 K ("& + ("&7+ 7= ("&7+ 8&( ( $& & ( &7+ (, & B (, &7B < $ &(; ( &7 9&( (+ 6 & , &7 +
2 3
#
&7L &7? "&7L=&7? 6;0&7L6;0&7? " , &7L " &? "6&7L "6&7? 2( &7L 2( &7? ( &7L( &7? &L &? " &&7L " &&7 + (+ 4+ @+ C+ D+ F+ G+ I+
& $(2;& " / 9& 2 & &7$=+ ' $ & "(0/ ( 2 "( + ' $ 0$7 $" &6/ 2 "( >& + 2 "(7= "2 $&+ 6 5=$ = & "((/ ,&7 & . &" " + 6 , && ( &7 & & &"+ /& 6 "& $$ & &" K 2 2 "& 2(&/ 6 & $7+ 2 $ $&" ">& 2 + 2 "( , 0 & =&7 ( $ $ "7+ D
&
J+ & 0 7 , / &"6& + + 6 $62/ 0& 2 "( $ " &$= & & 6,&7/ " &&7+ G+4
% / / H 6 ( & &" &7 $ $&" K H / = , 0( &$ ";$7/ / " 2/ " ' &7 + = 2 / * L , & &7/ $ "&7$=/ / " 2&7/ " +
G+4+
2 8
+ + (+ 4+ @+
%6 ( 27 $ &" &7 &0 & "(K 6 ( & &7 * K %6 ( 27 0&&7 9& & " K %6 ( 27 ( &7 9& ( 7& K ) ! 6 " 2 " $& & ($ ; + 6 " 2 " &7 & ($ ; +
8
+ * ? + + (+ 4+ @+
D(
/& 6 " 2O & $&&7$=L $&&7$= $7 4> &" =' 0> 6 "$7O &6&7L&7 &6 9& & *7' /& 6 ( & &7 & O & " &7L " 2&7 ; 0(' /& 6 $ & "&(O & " &7L " =&7 "$& '