Cults of Apollo at Sparta: The Hyakinthia, the Gymnopaidai and the Karneia (Skrifter Utgivna AV Svenska Institutet I Athen 8°, 12)

SKRIFfER UTGIVNA A V SVENSKA INSTITUTET I ATHEN, 8°, XII ACTA INSTITUTI ATHENIENSIS REGNI SUECIAE, SERIES IN 8°, XII

Cults of Apollo at Sparta The Hyakinthia, the Gymnopaidiai and the Kameia by ,

Michael pettersson

STOCKHOLM 1992

SKRIFTER UTGIVNA AV SVENSKA INSTITUTET I ATHEN ACTA INSTITUTI ATHENIENSIS REGNI SUECIAE 8°, XII

Michael Pettersson

CULTS OF APOLLO AT SPARTA The Hyakinthia, the Gymnopaidiai and the Kameia

SKRIFTER UTGIVNA AV SVENSKA INSTITUTET I ATHEN, 8°, XII ACTA INSTITUTI ATHENIENSIS REGNI SUECIAE, SERIES IN 8°, XII

Cults of Apollo at Sparta The Hyakinthia, the Gymnopaidiai and the Karneia

by

Michael Pettersson

STOCKHOLM 1992 Distributor Paul Astroms forlag Vastra Hamngatan 3, S- 411 17 Goteborg, Sweden

Editorial Committee: Prof. Tullia Linders, Uppsala, Chairman; Prof. Paul Astrom, Goteborg, Vice-chairman; Mrs. Inez Hagbarth, Stockholm, Treasurer; Dr. Charlotte Scheffer, Secretary; Prof. BirgerBergh, Lund; Prof. Birgitta Bergquist, Stockholm; Prof. Jerker Blomqvist, Lund; Miss Gunnel Ekroth, Stockholm; Prof. Par Goran Gierow, Lund; Prof. Robin Hagg, Athens; Prof. Carl Nylander, Rome. Secratary's address: Department of Ancient Culture and Society, Stockholm University, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden. Editor: Dr. Brita Alroth, Uppsala. Distributor. Paul Astroms Forlag, Vastra Hamngatan 3, S-411 17 Goteborg, Sweden. The English text was revised by Mr. Jon van Leuven, Goteborg. Recommended abbreviation for this series: ActaAth-8o. Published with the aid of a grant from the Faculty of Humanities of the University of Goteborg Abstract Pettersson, Michael, Cults of Apollo at Sparta. The Hyakinthia, the Gymnopaidiai and the Karneia. Skrifter utgivna av Svenska Institutet i Athen, 8°, 12. Stockholm 1992, 170 pp. ISBN 91-7916-027-1. In this study, the three cults of Apollo are regarded as a rite of passage. In the first three chapters, the evidence concerning each cult is reviewed and discussed. The two-part structure of the Hyakinthia is investigated as an expression of the cult as a rite of passage. The identity of Hyakinthos is analyzed, starting with Pausanias' description of the altar at the Amyklaion from the sixth century BC. It is argued that the bearded Hyakinthos, depicted on one relief, indicated a mature man and not the youth who was loved by Apollo, while the scene with Hyakinthos and Polyboia was associated with female initiation. Hyakinthos is interpreted as an ancestral figure, whose death was commemorated as part of a rite of initiation. The Gymnopaidiai was chiefly connected with the performances of choruses. The role of choreia in Spartan culture and religion is examined. The nakedness of the participants in this cult is viewed as a symbolic expression of the liminal stage which the initiands went through. The Karneia is regarded as the post-liminal phase of the rite of passage. Order and structure are emphasized, for example through the use of nine tents with representatives of the phylai. The enigmatic race of the staphylodromoi is interpreted as a restorative ritual, recreating the bonds between men and gods, with the pursued man impersonating a seer. In the fourth chapter, the symbolism of the three cults as a rite of passage is further investigated. The age class system of Spartan society and its relation to the cults are dealt with. The fifth chapter places the cults within a historical framework. The origin of the Hyakinthia is connected with the collapse of the Mycenaean palace civilization. This cult is regarded as one of the dead Hyakinthos, its function being to create group cohesion in a turbulent period. It is suggested that the three cults came to function as a ritual cycle during the emergence of the Spartan polis towards the middle of the eighth century BC. The annually celebrated rituals established a common identity for the Spartan citizens. The Dorian character of the Spartan polis is considered as an ideological rather than ethnic identity, expressing the hegemony of the polis and its citizens over the subdued population of Lakonia. Key words: Greek religion, Sparta, Amyklaion, Apollo, Artemis Orthia, Hyakinthos, rite of passage, liminality, age class system, peer polity interaction, big-man society, polis formation, Dorian identity. Michael Pettersson, Department of Classical Archaeology and Ancient History, Goteborg University, Vastra Hamngatan 3, S-411 17 Goteborg, Sweden.

ISBN 91-7916-027-1 ISSN 0081-9921 © 1992 Svenska Institutet i Athen Printed in Sweden by Textgruppen i Uppsala AB, 1992

Contents

Introduction

7

1. The Hyakinthia 1.1 The Cult Introduction and literary testimonia Previous research Elements of the cult Food Wreaths The paean The sacrificial practice The structure of the cult Summary 1.2 The hero and the heroine: Hyakinthos and Polyboia Introduction The young Hyakinthos The mature Hyakinthos Hyakinthos and Polyboia Summary

9 9 9 12 14 14 17 19 21 25 29 29 29 30 35 38 41

2. The Gymnopaidiai The literary testimonia Previous research Elements of the cult Choreia as tests of endurance Choreia as education Choreia as a religious experience Summary

42 42 44 45 45 48 51 55

3. The Karneia The literary testimonia Previous research Elements of the cult Distribution of the cult Representations of Apollo Karneios The military aspect The Karneia and the Aigeidai The race of the staphylodromoi Summary

57 57 59 60 60 61 62 66 68 71

4. The cults as a ritual cycle and the age class system Introduction

73 73

The cults as a ritual cycle The age class system Introduction Age classes between 0 to 6 years Age classes between 7 to 20 years: the agoge Age classes between 20 to 60 years The ritual cycle and the age class system

75 78 78 79 80 85 87

5. The cults and the development of the Spartan polis 91 Introduction 91 The pre-polis period 92 The Amyklaion in the Late Bronze Age 92 The transition from the Bronze Age to the Iron Age. The Protogeometric pottery .... 97 Society in Early Iron Age Lakonia 101 The Dorian question 106 The creation of the Spartan polis 109 The political development during the eighth century 109 The Great Rhetra 112 Religion and the polis 117 Conclusions

124

Testimonia

127

List of illustrations

138

Abbreviations

139

Bibliography

140

Index of sources

160

Epigraphical index

164

Index

165

Introduction

This study is an attempt to understand Spartan religion as it was expressed in three of its most important cults, the Hyakinthia, the Gymnopaidiai and the Karneia. Several testimonia concern the celebration of these cults either during or in expectation of wars. Thus it was due to participation in the Karneia that Leonidas came with an insufficient contingent to Thermopylai. These examples show how imperative the veneration of Apollo was for the Spartans. The Spartan attitude towards religion has often been treated as a curious expression of awkward irrationality, and efforts have been made to find logical explanations for such a mentality. The anthropologist Clifford Geertz has given a famous definition of religion as 'a system of symbols which acts to establish powerful, pervasive, and long-lasting moods and motivations in men by formulating conceptions of a general order of existence and clothing these conceptions with such an aura of factuality that the moods and motivations seem uniquely realistic.'1 By this definition religious ritual, as symbolic action, becomes a medium for creating and maintaining the world view of a culture, and much of what seems peculiar to Spartan religious behaviour can be understood as ways of creating meaning. Thucydides (1.10.2), saying that if one were to judge Sparta from her buildings one would never have grasped her greatness, indicated the importance of immaterial elements in Spartan culture.

The identity of the city was expressed through religious ritual. This work is intended to proceed from the study of each cult to a demonstration that the three cults constituted a unitary ritual cycle. The three first chapters examine each cult in the light of the literary and archaeological material, and in comparison with previous interpretations of the cults. Among other things, every study of cult has to ask what the religious experience was like for the participants. In the chapter on the Gymnopaidiai, emphasis has been laid on the meaning of choreia, the art of song and dance. I will argue that choreia was a medium for the actual experience of the divinity, perhaps as a flashing light. In Chapter Four, I will try to show how the three cults formed a ritual cycle through the structuring of symbols and symbolic acts. Walter Burkert's Homo Necans has been my foremost inspiration for discovering how several cults could constitute a unity. A structuralistic perspective has been a guiding principle in this search for the architecture behind the ritual cycle. Adapting the scheme proposed by A. van Gennep, the cults have been regarded as rites of separation, marginality and aggregation.2 Victor Turner's studies of ritual, focusing on the period of liminality in rites of passage,

1 2

Geertz 1969, 4. van Gennep 1960.

Introduction when the participants seem to be 'betwixt and between' the order of ordinary life, have also been a source of concepts for analyzing the symbolism acted out in the three cults. Many references will be made to the cults as initiation rituals, and in this respect my study leans to a high degree on the work of Jeanmaire and Brelich. Initiation rituals concern the most vital interest of a society: how to integrate the young generations into the structures of an ordered society. In contrast to these scholars, however, I have tried to understand initiation not as a primitive survival from earlier stages of Greek history, but as an instrument in the emergence of the Spartan polis in the eighth century, closely related to the age class system which came to characterize Sparta. 'Alle Rekonstruktion von Geschichte und Zustanden der spartanischen Friihzeit muB hypothetisch bleiben.' Thus Victor Ehrenberg.3 In spite of the scarcity of evidence, attempts made by British scholars in adapting new theories of state formation to the study of the Early Iron Age of Greece, such as peer polity interaction and big-man society, have encouraged me to try to place the three cults within a historical framework.4 Most scholars prefer to regard the emergence of the Spartan polis and its social system as the result of a prolonged development. The astonishing political changes in Europe today might suggest, however, that behind the idea of gradual development lies a human wish to live in a controlled world, rather than a correct description of historical events. In the second part of the fifth chapter I will indeed consider the

Spartan polis as an outcome of sudden changes, including the Lykourgan reforms, the establishment of the organization described in the Rhetra, and the age class system. This system, functioning from c. 700 BC, should be viewed as an invention rather than a primitive survival, and as an instrument in the creation of the class of homoioi which made up the body of Spartan citizens. It was through the performance of religious rituals that the 'powerful, pervasive, and longlasting moods and motivations' were created in the Spartans, generation by generation from the rise of the polis in the eighth century BC down to Roman times, an impressively long period. Travelling in the second century AD, Pausanias could report that the Gymnopaidiai was still a cult which the Spartans celebrated most seriously. Several centuries earlier, at the battle at Plataia, the will of the gods constrained the Spartan contingent of the Greek army beyond the instincts of self-preservation. Prevented from taking action, the Spartans fell to the arrows of the Persians, many being slain or wounded, because the signs from the gods were not favourable.5 In this scene we feel the force of an earlier remark by Herodotos: for the Spartans, 'the will of the gods weighed more than the will of men'.6

3

Ehrenberg 1965, 161. Renfrew 1986; Morgan 1990; Whitley 1991a; 1991b. 5 Hdt. 9.61. 6 Hdt. 5.63. Translation A.D. Godley (Loeb Classical Library). 4

Chapter one

The Hyakinthia

1.1 The cult Introduction and literary testimonia At first sight the evidence concerning the Hyakinthia may seem abundant compared to that of other Greek cults. In addition to the literary and epigraphical testimonia, there is rich archaeological material from the excavations of the Amyklaion sanctuary at the hill of Ayia Kyriaki.7 However, the literary testimonia mainly consist of short notices dating from the Archaic age down to the late Roman period. As the aim of this study is to give an overall interpretation of the cult and, consequently, every piece of information has to be taken into consideration, the chronologically varied literary testimonia pose a methodological problem. Was the Hyakinthia mentioned by Herodotos and Thucydides in the fifth century BC organized in a different way from the cult described by Polykrates c. 300 years later? Are the details concerning the cult mentioned by lexicographers in late Roman and Byzantine times valid for the cult of the Geometric, Protogeometric or even Mycenaean period? Were there any alterations in the organization of the cult over the centuries? Well aware of this methodological problem, I will still maintain that the basic structure of the cult, with two diametrically opposed parts, remained unaltered from the eighth century to late Roman times.8 A dual structure was probably developed even earlier and, as I will argue in Chapter Five, the polarity between the two parts of the cult be-

7 Tsountas 1892, 1-26; Fiechter 1918, 107-245; Buschor & von Massow 1927, 1-85. Results from the first excavation at the Amyklaion under the direction of C. Tsountas, were published in 1892, 1-26. Inscriptions on sherds with the expression 'knahXoNoc, ev 'AUUKtaxtoi confirmed the location of the sanctuary (Tsountas 1892, 3). Tsountas interpreted the remnants of a semicircular structure as the foundation of the sanctuary. In 1904 the site became the subject of a new excavation, under the direction of the German archaeologist A. Furtwangler. Part of his report was published in 1918, as a section in Fiechter's article on the Amyklaion (Fiechter 1918, 114-117). Furtwangler noticed architectural fragments of friezes with palmette and lotus ornaments built into the wall of the church, and assumed that they originated from the major reconstruction of the sanctuary taking place in the sixth century BC, and attributed to Bathykles from Magnesia. According to Furtwangler, the semicircular foundation, which Tsountas had interpreted as the base of the sanctuary, was the remnant of an altar, since Tsountas had found a layer of ashes with animal bones and bronze votives close to it (Fiechter 1918, 117). Furtwangler also came to the conclusion that the sanctuary must have been situated where the church was located. In 1907 he had planned to carry out a second expedition, but he died and the direction was taken over by E. Fiechter. The Greek government had given permission to dismantle the church, and this work led to discoveries of architectural elements such as friezes, balks, fragments of columns and console capitals. These elements were dated by Fiechter to the end of the sixth century BC. The third expedition to the Amyklaion was carried out in 1925 under the direction of E. Buschor. The oldest evidence of human presence on the hill was found in the shape of Early and Middle Helladic pottery: grey and black Minyan ware (Buschor 1927, 5-10). The most important event was the excavation of a layered deposit outside and below the terrace-wall which enclosed the sanctuary. This layer provided a stratigraphy consisting of layers with objects datable from the Late Mycenaean to the Byzantine period (Buschor & von Massow 1927, 28, 32f.). 8 Calame 1977,313.

10

Chapter one: The Hyakinthia

came further emphasized with the creation of the Spartan polis during the eighth century. Though the Hyakinthia was also celebrated in Gythion, Byzantion, Kalymna, Kos, Knidos, Rhodes and Thera, as well as at Lato and Malia in Crete, the literary testimonia are solely concerned with the Spartan cult, which was celebrated at the sanctuary of Apollo at Amyklai, the Amyklaion, c. five kilometres southeast of Sparta.9 The two most important testimonia are found in Athenaios (4.139 d-f) and Pausanias (3.19.1-5). In the Deipnosophistai by Athenaios there is a survey of customs associated with Lakonian symposia. The survey contains a quotation from Didymos, who quotes a historian called Polykrates.10 According to Polykrates, the Lakonians celebrated the Hyakinthia for three days.11 Because of the mourning of Hyakinthos, certain prohibitions were imposed on the participants concerning the wearing of wreaths, the eating of bread and cakes and singing the paean. A sacrifice of a chthonic character, kvayw^oc,, was made to Hyakinthos within the altar of the sanctuary. In the middle of the celebration of the cult, its gloomy character changed and the cult developed into a great spectacle with the participation of adolescents of both sexes. Choirs of boys, nal5e QECOUEVOU 5E TOU

AEUTUXI'SH?,

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NOW while the festival of the Naked Men was celebrating,

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watching

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Leutychides, having by this time been made king in his place, sent his servant to ask Demaratus by way of mere mockery and insult how he liked his

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office after being a king. Thucydides 5.82.2-3

Thucydides 5.82.2-3

Kai 'ApyEi'cjv 6 5fjpoc KOT' OXI'YCW £uvioTd-

And now the popular party at Argos, gradually

UEV6C TE Kai awaBapaqaaq

consolidating

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its strength

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Gymnopaediae by the Lacedaemonians and attacked the oligarchs. A battle occurred in the city and the popular party got the better of it,

EK

slaying some of their enemies and expelling

6E xaq yuuvc-

others. The Lacedaemonians, although their

naiSi'aq EPOHGOUV. Kai EV TEYEO nuQ6pEvoi

friends kept sending for them, did not come for

[jETEnEpnovTo

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ol

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Ktaxiot>', ArchEph 1892, 1-26.

Thiersch 1906 H. Thiersch, 'Terrakotten', in Aegina. Das

Turnbull 1990 C. Turnbull, 'Liminality: a synthesis of subjec-

Bibliography tive and objective experience', in By means of performance: intercultural studies of theatre and ritual, eds. R. Schechner & W. Appel, Cambridge & New York 1990, 50-81. Turner 1967 V. Turner, The forest of symbols. Aspects of Ndembu ritual, Ithaca, N.Y., 1967. Turner 1969 V. Turner, The ritual process. Structure and anti-structure, Ithaca, N.Y., 1969.

157

tional, Lausanne 8-11 fevrier 1984 (Cahiers d'archeologie romande, 36), eds. C. Berard, C. Bron & A. Pomari, Lausanne 1987, 187-199. Vernant 1988 J.-P. Vernant, Myth and society in ancient Greece, New York 1988. Vernant 1989 J.-P. Vernant, 'At man's table: Hesiod's foundation myth of sacrifice', in M. Detienne & J.P. Vernant, The cuisine of sacrifice among the Greeks, Chicago 1989,21-86.

Turner 1974 V. Turner, Dramas, fields, and metaphors. Vernant 1991 Symbolic action in human society, Ithaca, N.Y. J.-P. Vernant, Mortals and immortals: col& London 1974. lected essays, ed. F.I. Zeitlin, Princeton, N.J. 1991. Turner 1977 V. Turner, 'Variations on a theme of liminal- Verpoorten 1962 ity', in Secular ritual, eds. S.F. Moore & B.G. J.-M. Verpoorten, 'La "stibas" ou l'image de la Myerhoff, Amsterdam 1977, 36-52. brousse dans la societe grecque', Revue de V histoire des religions 162, 1962, 147-160. Turner 1978 V. Turner, 'Comments and conclusions' in The Versnel 1985-1986 reversible world. Symbolic inversion in art and H.S. Versnel, 'Apollo and Mars one hundred society, ed. B.A. Babcock, Ithaca, N.Y. & Lon- years after Roscher', in Approaches to iconoldon 1978, 276-296. ogy (= Visible religion. Annual for religious iconography, 4-5), Leiden 1985-1986, 134Turner 1985 172. V. Turner, On the edge of the bush. Anthropology as experience, ed. E.L.B. Turner, Tucson, Vian 1963 Arizona 1985. F. Vian, Les origines de Thebes. Cadmos et les Spartes (Etudes et commentaires, 48), Paris Turner 1987 1963. V. Turner, 'Rites of passage: a few definitions', Vidal-Naquet 1986 EOR 12, 1987, 386f. P. Vidal-Naquet, The black hunter. Forms of thought and forms of society in the Greek Unger 1877 G.F. Unger, 'Der Isthmientag und die Hyakin- world, Baltimore & London 1986. thien', Philologus 37, 1877, 1-42. Villard&Villardl991 L. & F. Villard, 'Hyakinthos', LIMC 5 (1991), Usener 1898 H. Usener, 'Gottliche Synonyme', RhM 53, 546-550. 1898,329-379. Villemonteix 1986 J. Villemonteix, 'Puissances de mort et de feVerbanck-Pierard 1987 A. Verbanck-Pierard, 'Images et croyances en condite. A propos de la genealogie des Moires Grece ancienne: representations de l'apotheose et des Heures', in Mort et fecondite dans les d'Heracles au Vle siecle', in Images et societe mythologies. Actes du colloque de Poitiers 13en Grece ancienne. L'iconographie comme 14 mai 1983, publies par F. Jouan, Paris 1986, methode d'analyse. Actes du colloque interna- 83-91.

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159

Index of sources

Aelianus VH 3.10 Aeneas Tacticus 10.4 Aischylos fr. 341 (Nauck) Alkaios fr. 2 (Bergk) Antiochos FGrHist 555 F 13 Apollodoros Bibl. 3.15.1 3.15.5 3.15.8 Aristophanes Lys. 1305-1311 Aristotle Eth.Nicl.WA5a. fr. 532 (Rose) fr.541 (Rose) fr. 542 (Rose) Pol. 1.1253a 2.1271b 3.1285b 4.1294b 5.1306a 5.1306b 5.1313a Athenaios 4.138b-4.143a 4.138b-d 4.138e 4.138f 4.139a-b 4.139c-f

81 69 19 30, 54 110

35 35 35 53 118 12,66, 88, 109f. 116 85 118 Ill 114 115 115 110 112 14 14 15 15 16,80 15

4.139d 4.139d-f 4.139e 4.140a 4.140b 4.141e-f 4.173f 14.630d 14.630e 14.631b 14.632f 14.633b 14.635e-f 15.678b-c 15.678c Cicero Div. 1.43.95 Tusc. 2.16.37 Clemens Alexandrinus Protr. 3.45.1 (Mondesert) Demosthenes 60.27 Diodoros 13.98.1 17.15.2 Ephoros FGrHist 10 F 216 Etymologicum Magnum s.v. ru(j.vo7tai8(a Euripides AIL 445-451 446-454 Hel. 1465-1475 1469-1475

17,36 10,38 50, 87 16 16 57,62,88, 104 10 43 43 43,47 50 50 58 43,51 50,53 69 21 35 35 69 35 110 43 53,57 81 12,30,38 35

Index of sources Ion 281-282 35 909-910 20 IT 1462-1465 40 Eusebios Chron. 1.176 60 11.56 60 Harpokration s.v. 'Y<mv0i8ec; 35 Herodotos 1.56 107 1.65 62, 106, 109 1.66 112 1.82 51 2.44 23 4.145-149 110 4.146-148 66 4.147 66 4.147-148 66 4.148 110 4.149 66f., 109f. 5.63 8 5.70 67 5.82 36 6.52 66 6.56 23,63,114 6.56-57 114 6.57 122 6.58 76,115 6.60 114,116 6.67 42 6.69 109 7.134 114 7.206 58 9.7 11 9.8 10 9.11 lOf. 9.26 107 9.33-35 69 9.36 69 9.53 116 9.57 116 9.61 8 9.82 14 Hellanikos FGrHist 4 F 85-86 58,63 Hesiod fr. 307 (Merkelbach & West) 20 Hesychios s.v. ayfiTTn; 57, 63f. s.v. Pofia 80

s.v. pcruayop s.v. rt)(xvo7iai5ia s.v. 8encr|A.voxai s.v. 5IKT|X.OV

s.v. eipfjvTi s.v. Kapveaxai s.v. Kdpvoc; s.v. fyir\kr\ s.v. noXuPom s.v. GTO«p-ota>8p6|j.oi s.v. axEWiomaiov Hieronymus Adv. lovinian. 1.308 (Migne) Himerios Or. 48.10-11 Homer //. 1.14 1.39 1.43-52 1.68-72 1.373 1.384-386 1.472-474 2.584 13.636-637 13.730-731 18.494 18.567-572 18.590-606 20.232-235 22.391-392 24.49 Od. 8.43-45 8.73 8.479-481 8.487-489 15.252-253 17.518-519 22.347-349 Hyginus Fab. 238 Hymn. Horn. Ap. 202-203 396 440-442 500 514-519 Hymn. Horn. Dem. 424 Hymn. Horn. Dion. 34-45

161 80 43 68 68

85 57, 68 62 83 38 57, 68 67 38, 100 54 70 20 71 69 70 69 20,52,54 110 52 52 52 52 52 32 54 120 55 55 55 55 69 55 55 35 54 19 54 20 20,54 39 18

162 Kallimachos Ap. 1-8 47-52 71-79 73 85-87 Kastor FGrHist 250 F 2 Konon FGrHist 26 F 1.26 Lucian Salt. 10-12 12 Anach. 38 Macrobius Sat. 1.18.2 Molpis FGrHist 590 F 1 Pausanias 1.5.2-3 1.26.5 1.43.4 2.10.1 2.10.2 2.11.2 3.1.3 3.2.2-3 3.2.5 3.2.6 3.3.2-3 3.7.2 3.7.5 3.9.10 3.10.8 3.11.2 3.11.5 3.11.9 3.12.8 3.12.11 3.13.3 3.13.3-4 3.13.4 3.13.7 3.13.9 3.14.2 3.14.5 3.14.6 3.14.6-7 3.15.11 3.16.1-3

Index of sources

54 81 58 60 63 60 58,64 50 50 , 46 12, 17 16 35 36 39 23 60 60 35 51 110 110 112 51 51 112 118 87 69 43,48 69, 109 120 59 58 58 119 39, 120 109 120 46, 64, 85f., 121 60 40 40

3.16.2 3.16.6 3.16.9 3.16.9-11 3.17.1 3.17.1-2 3.17.2 3.17.3 3.18.10 3.18.11 3.18.12 3.18.16 3.19.1-5 3.19.2 3.19.3 3.19.3-5 3.19.4-5 3.19.6 3.21.8 3.24.3-4 3.24.8 3.25.4-5 3.25.10 3.26.5 3.26.7 4.3.8 4.7.8 4.16.9 4.24.5-6 4.31.1 4.32.4 4.33.4 7.25.3 9.13.4 10.4.10 10.9.7 Philostratos. iun. lmag. 14 Photios s.v. nap0EVoi Pindar fr. 148 (Snell) fr. 199 (Snell) lsthm.l.U Nem. 11.34 01. 14.11-12 Paean 1 Pyth. 1.2 1.5-12 1.61-65 1.65

11 46, 109 109 82 121 109 120 34 34 34 34 81 10 11 21, 35f. 38 29 119 60 39, 120 60 119 60 60 60 108 66,110 100 119 60 120 60 119 70 22 69 30f. 35 54 53f. 110 110 54 120 54 52 115 110

Index of sources 5.69-74 5.74-81 8.96 11.32 Plato Leg. 1.633b 1.633b-c 1.633c 2.653e-654a 2.654a 2.655d-656a 2.672e 4.719c Menon 99d Phd. 84e-85b Resp. 3.411e-412a Plutarch Ages. 6.5 29.2-3 Agis 8-11 11.3 Arist. 17.8 Kim. 10.5 Lyk. 6.1 6.4 7.1 8 8.4 14.1 15.1 15.3-4 16.1-2 16.4 16.5 16.6 16.7 17.1 17.2 17.3-4 18.1 21.1 21.2 21.3-4 22.1 22.2-3 22.3 25.1

108 58,60,66,110 54 110 82 45 42,46 49, 52 49 49 49 55 55 30 49 69 42 115 114 46 42 112 114 112 Ill 117 81 42,86 39 79,116 79f. 80 80f. 80 80f. 80,83,85 81 46,81 50,80 50 50 84 63 21 85f.

28.1-3 28.4 Mor. 237b 238a-b 238e 239d 1134b-c 1146b-d Nik. 28 Quaest. Conv. 717d Thes. 21-22 22.2-3 Polybios 5.19.3 6.10.9 6.45.3-4 8.28.2 Polykrates FGrHist 588 F 1 Sappho fr. 147 (Bergk) Schol. Ar. Ach. 509 Ar. Pint. 636 Eur.Phoin. 1102 Kallim.A/7.71 Pind. Isthm. 7.18b Find. Pyth. 5.104b PI. Leg. 1.633a PL Leg. 1.633b Theok. Id. 5.83b Thuc. 1.50.5 Sophokles OT 5 33-34 Sosibios FGrHist 595 F 5 Strabo 6.3.2 6.3.3 9.3.10 10.4.18 Suda s.v. r\)|iV07iai5ia s.v. fyyr\kr\v s.v. napeevoi s.v. Tupxatoq s.v. 'YaKiv9i8eq

163 45 45, 108 47 43,50 90 46 43,45 20 57 60 27 18 10 115 Ill 35 10 30 119 63 20 58 12,66 58, 104 42 42, 45f., 86 58,63 63 20 119 43,50 11, 110 110 21 21 43 83 35 63 35

164 Theokritos Id. 5.83 Theophrastos Hist. PL 1.3.6 8.11.8 Theopompos FGr//«f 115F357 Thucydides 1.10.2 1.18.1 1.126 1.128 5.23.4-5 5.41 5.54 5.54.2 5.55.3 5.64.3 5.75.2-3 5.82.1-3 5.116 Tyrtaios fr. 1 (Diehl) fr. 2 (Diehl) fr. 3a (Diehl) fr. 12 (Diehl) Xenophon Ages. 1.27 1.31 2.17 8.7 Anab. 4.7.16 Cyr. 1.6.2 Hell. 3.4.23 4.2.20 4.5.11 6.4.16 Lak. Pol. 1.6 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.6-9 2.9 2.10 2.11 2.12-14 3.1 3.3

Index of sources 3.4 5.5-6 11.3 12.2-3 13.2 13.2-5 13.7 13.8 15 15.2 Mem. 1.2.61

58, 60 16 16 58 7, 109,113 106,109 67 119 11 51 58 70 70 85 58 42 70 62, 115 107 112 63 118 85 11,19,21 15 83 69 85 64, 118 11,19,21 42 86 80 80 47,81 81 46,82 80 80 81 80 90

81 80 85 118 63 69,119 69 118 114 114 42

Epigraphical Index IG I2, 580 II2, 1035, line 52 II2, 1146 II2, 3538 II2,5058 V I , 222 V I , 497 V 1,554 V I , 586 V I , 587 V 1,589 V 1,608 V 1,650 V 1,651 V I , 652 V I , 653 V I , 653b V 1,654 V 1,674-688 V I , 1390, lines 34, 69 V I , 1390, line 97 XII 1,697 XII 1,705 XII 1,845 XII 3, 259 XII 3, 325 XII 3, 512 XII 3, 514 XII 3, 519 XII 3, 868 XII 3, 869

35 35 36 35 36 61 116 46,82 12,38 12,38 57, 116 57,116 68 68 46,82 46,82 46,82 46,82 85 60 60 60 60 60 54 10 60 60 60 60 60

Index

Admetos 81 Adonis 34 Aegina Aphaia sanctuary 39 Agamemnon 120,124 agamoi 86, 88 age class definition 78 age class system 78-90, 122,125 definition 78 age grade formal, definition 78 informal, definition 78 age grades in Sparta akmazontes 86f, 89 eiren 44, 82-85, 88f. gerontes 43, 87-89 hatropampais 83-85 hebontes 80, 86f., 89 melleiren 82-85, 87, 89 mikichizomenos 83 mikizomenos 82-85, 87, 89 neaniskoi 10, 88 neoteroi 85 pais 82-85, 87-89 pratopampais 83-85 prokomizomenos 82-85, 89 propais 82-85, 87, 89 robidas 77, 82-85, 89 sphaireis 46f, 85-87, 89,116 agele 47, 80 Agesilaos 11, 19 agetes 57, 64, 66, 114 Agetoria 63f. AgiadailO6,114, 109f., 114 Agisll5

agoge 45,47,62,71,76,79-85,89f., 117,121, 125 agos 22-24, 29,78,125 Aigeidai 58f, 66-68,105,109f., 122 Aigeusl8,27,66 aiklon 15-17 Akragas 60 Alkestis57, 81 Alkmaionidai 67 Alkman 53 altar at the Amyklaion 9, 1 If, 21, 43, 119, 121, 124 Amphitrite 38,119 Amyklai 10,12,26, 110f, 116, 122 Amyklaion, sanctuary 9f, 52, 91-99, 103f, 106,110,122,124-126 attempts at reconstruction 11 bronze lyre 52,55 bronze statuette 51 excavations 9,97f. female figurines 38 reliefs on altar 30, 34 Anaphe 54 anastrophic process 97 ancestor cult 29, 97 Andania 60 andreia 45f., 82 apellai91,114,117 Aphrodite 28,38f., 119-121 Hera 39,120 Morpho 39 Olympia 120 Apollo Aigletes 54 Alexikakos 13 Apotropaios 13

166

Index

Karneios 53, 57-72, 116, 120-122 Mousagetes 54 Pythaeus 44, 48, 118 Apollo images of 11,60-62, 126 origin of 97f. archagetai 70, 114 Archelaos 110 Ares 63 Argeia 66 Argos28,51,63, 108,118, 122 Ariadne 52 Aristodemos 66 Aristomenos 100 Ariston 109 arktoi 40 Arrephoria 28 Artemis 26,38f., 43,48,64,71,118-120,125f. Agrotera 64, 70, 118 at Brauron 40 Hegemone 60, 64, 66, 121 at Karyai 100 Korythalia 15f., 89, 121 Orthia 46, 52, 78, 81-83, 89, 98, 103, 109, 111-113, 121, 125 Asine 99f. Asklepios 60 Athena 38f., 64, 66, 70f., 87, 118-121, 126 Alea 100 Chalkioikos 34,38,98,103,109,113,119f. Poliouchos 120 Promachos 120 Syllania 114 Athens 34-36, 124 Acropolis 28, 35 Erechtheion 35 Atlas, daughters, Taygete and Alkyone 34 Attis 34 auletai 69, 114, 116 Autesion 66 Ayia Triadha sarcophagus 94 Ayia Kyriaki, Lakonia 9, 93f., 97f. Ayios Stephanos, Lakonia 92 ball-playing 42,46f., 86f., 89 bathron 11 Bathykles of Magnesia 9, 11, 29, 36, 124 big-man society 102-104 definition 102 Bins 38

bomonikes 46, 82 Boreas 32 Brasiai 39 bronze sphyrelaton 11 Byzantion 10 calendar Spartan 10, 57f. Charillos 1 lOf. Charites 52, 60 chiton 80f., 87 for Apollo 11,40,124 Chiton, sanctuary 40 choreia 19,45-56,76, 80, 122,125 Chryses 20, 70f. coins of Commodus 11 of Gallienus 11 stater from Metaponto 61 colonization ofTaras67, 109f. ofThera 66-68,109f. Corinth 27 courtship scenes 32 Crete 18,21,47,97,110 Amyklaion 110 GortynllO Knossos 20f., 52,60 Lato 10 Malla 10 Cyprus 97, 110 Amyklai 110 dance 10,44-56, 63 anapale 43 emmeleia 43 gymnopaidike 42f., 47 hormos 50 hyporchematike 43 pyrrhiche 43 Delphi 19-21, 54, 64,105, 113, 117, 119 Delphinion 26 Demaratos 42 Demeterl8,34,89, 121,126 Chthonia 120f. Demeter, Kore and Plouton 38^tl, 119, 124 diabaterialQ, 118, 121 diamastigosis 46-48, 76 diarchy 106, 109, 114 dikelon 68 Diktynna 19

Index Dionysia 11 Dionysodotos 53f. Dionysos 18f., 38f., 43, 119-121, 126 Psilax 119 Dios kodion 64 Dioskouroi 34, 40 dithyramb 19 divination 69-71 Dorian identity 66, 77, 115f., 122f., 126 migration 63f., 105, 107 phylai: Dymanes, Hylleis, Pamphyloi 62, 107f., 114-116, 123 Dorians 58-60, 91, 97, 106-109 Douris 32 drepanon 83, 85 Early Iron Age economic conditions 101-103 in Lakonia 101-106 Eileithyia 19, 60, 121 enagismos 10, 21-25, 28f., 75, 78, 94, 119f., 125 Eos 32, 34 epaiklon 16f. ephorate 112, 114f. Epidauros 60 Epidauros Limera 60, 92 erastes 31, 36,41, 77, 81, 83, 124 Erechtheidai 35 Erechtheus 28, 35f. Erinyes 66, 110 eromenos 30f., 36, 41, 81, 83, 124 Eros 3 If. Euryleon 66 Eurypontidai 106, 109f., 114 Exekias 18 Ganymedes 31-35 Gela 60 Gerousia 69, 87, 112-115, 117 gift exchange 105 Glanitsa61 Great Rhetra 109, 111-117, 119, 122, 125 Gythion 10, 60f. Hades 38f., 119, 121 hairstyle 80f. Helen 28, 34, 112 Helios priest of at Athens 66 Hera 28, 121

167

Heraia 28 Herakleidai 77, 107f. Herakles 38, 108, 119-121, 124 Hermes 38, 60, 119 himation 47, 80f., 87 Hippodameia 34 Hippotes 58, 64 Horaill,38,119f. Hyakinthides 35 Hyakinthis hodos lOf. Hyakinthos 10-14, 21, 25, 2 8 ^ 1 , 31-32, 3436,94,108,119-121,124-126 as a Divine Child 13 as a Dorian god 14 as a mature man 30, 35f., 38, 124 as a vegetation-god 12, 30, 35 as a youth 30-34, 38,124f. in Attic iconography 30-32, 34, 36 Hyakinthos pagos 35 He 80 initiation 14, 25-29, 36, 40, 44-48, 55, 60, 71f., 74-76, 119, 121, 124f. female 14, 38 homosexual 77 marriage 38,40f., 76,78, 124 types of 74 initiation symbolism of death and rebirth 25,41 Ino38f., 119-121 Iphigeneia 40,120, 124 Isthmian games 27 ivy 18f. Kabeirion 18 Kabeiros 18 Kadmos 27 Kalapodi 99 Kalliste 66 Kalymna 10,60 kannathron 10,15, 38,76 Kardamyle 60f. Karnasian grove 60 karneatai 57, 86, 88 Karneios Dromaios 57, 61 Oiketas 57, 59,61 karneonikai 58 karnos 62 Karnos the seer 58,60, 64,71, 77, 125 karteresis 42, 45, 88

168 Kephalos 32, 34 kerykes 114, 116 kleros 102, 111, 117f. Knakadion 60f. Knidos 10 /fcopw 15-17, 21, 75f., 80 Kore38^H, 119-121, 124 Kos 10, 60 Kreon71 Krios59 krypteia 4 5 ^ 8 , 76, 83f. Kynosoura 82, 106,109 Kynouria 51 Kyrene 58, 60, 63, 66, 77 Laios 66, 110 land distribution 111 Las 60-62 laurel 19 Lefkandi Heroonl03, 113 Leonidas 7,65 Leos 35 Leto 43,48 Leukippos daughters of, Hilaeira and Phoebe 34,40 Leukothea 27, 120 Leuktra (Lakonia) 60f. libation 22f., 96 blood libation 94 Limnai 82, 106,109 Linear B 19f., 93, 107 lochos 116 Lupercalia 82 Lykourgos 62, 82, 86, 11 If. mageiroi 114, 116 mantis 55, 69-71 mastigophoroi 80, 82 Megara 39 Melikertes-Palaimon 27 Melos 110 Menelaion 92f., 96f. Menelaos28, 112 Mesoa 82, 106, 109 miara hemera 25f. miasma 21,24, 67, 115 Minyai 66-68, 110 Moirai 11,38, 119f. months Apellaios 117 Bakinthos 10

Index Bysios 54 Hekatombaion 28 Hyakinthios 10, 108 Karneios 57f., 60 Metageitnion 57 Mounichion 26 Pyanopsion 27 Skirophorion 28 Wakinthios 10 Mycenaean palace civilization 93, 96f., 126 Mycenaean settlement at the Menelaion hill 92f. at the Aetos hill 92f. mysteries Andaman 60 New Year rituals 73 Nichoria, Messenia 98,113 Unit IV-1 103 Nikias 29f. Nisyros 60 ofta 44, 47, 86, 114-116 Oedipus 66, 71, 110 Oiolychos 66 Oitylos 60f. Olympia 105 Oschophoria 18,27 Osiris 34 paean 12, 19-21, 25f., 29, 43, 52-55, 63, 75, 125 Paian 19f. Paiawon 20f., 97 paidikoi agones 83-85, 87, 89 paidonomos 82 Panathenaia 28 Panhellenic games 18,27 pankration 43,47 panspermia 13 Partheniai 67,110,112 parthenos 10, 26, 38-41, 76, 88, 119f., 124 pederasty 3If., 77, 81,89 peer polity interaction 91, 113 definition 104 Peirithoos 34 Pelops 29, 34 penthos, 24,78 Perati 96 Persephone 39,64,120 Pharai 60 Phlomochori 61

Index Phormion 40 phratriai 57, 62, 66, 125 phyle 62, 66, 68, 79, 88, 101, 110, 114-116, 125

Pitana 82, 106, 109 polis formation 109-123 Polyboia29f., 34, 38^1,78, 119-121, 124 Polydoros 66, 11 If. Polyneikes 66 Poseidon 27f., 35f., 38, 66, 87,119-121, 126 Gaiochos 119 pottery 'Barbarian' 93 Early Helladic 9, 94 Late Geometric 52, 99f. Middle Helladic 9,94 Mycenaean 92-96, 98 Protogeometric 97-100, 103f., 106, 113, 126 procession 122 during the Hyakinthia 10f., 26,88,122,125 Prometheus 36f. Pyanopsia 27 Pylos 95,108 pyrphoroslQ, 118 Pythian games 20f. ram's head 6If., 64 Resep Mikal 97 Rhodes 10, 60 Kameiros 60 Lindos 60 rites of aggregation 47,73-77, 125 of liminality 47f., 73-77, 125 of marriage 40, 81,87 of passage 19-21, 25,73-77, 125 of separation 47,73-77, 125 sacrifice 21-25,94f. burnt-animal 94f., 113 Samos 11 Semele38f., 119f. Sikyon 60 skias 57, 62 Skira 66 'smiting' god 97 sphagia 22 sphairomachia 47 staphylodromoi 57, 59, 68-71, 77, 125 stealing 8If.

stemmata 68, 70 stibas 15 swan 30-32,41 bird of Aphrodite 30f. bird of Apollo 30f. Sybaris-Thurioi 60 symbolic inversion 76 Syracuse 60 syssition 16f., 62, 71, 76, 111, 114, 117 Tanagra sarcophagus 95 Taras67f., 109f., 112 Tauromenion 60 Tegea42,100 Teiresias 70f. Terpander 50, 58 terracotta animal figurines 94, 103 human figures 94-96 Psi-figurines 94 wheel-made bovine figures 94, 106 Thebes 66,104 Theopompos 66,109, 112 Theoxenia21 Thera 10, 58, 60, 66-68,104, 109f., 112 Theras 66f., Theseus 18,27,34 Thesmophoria 15 Thornax 118 Thyrea battles at 43f., 51,55, 118, 122, 125 thyreatikoi 43, 51,88 thysia 10,19,21f., 25,75 Timomachos 110,122 cuirass of 28,66f., 88,108 Tiryns 95f. Tithenidia 15f., 89,121 tribalism 101 Triptolemos 34 Tyndareos 40 Tyrtaios 62f. wanax ideology 93,95f. world view 111 wreath 17-19,21, 25f., 29,43,75, 125 xenia 105, 122 xyele 83, 85 Zephyros30,32-34,41, 171

169

170 Zeus 13, 32, 34-38,64, 70f., 118-121,126 Agetor 63, 69f., 118 Lakedaimon 114,119 at Olympia 29 Ouranios 114, 119 Syllanios 114

Index-

SKRIFTER UTGIVNA AV SVENSKA INSTITUTET I ATHEN ACTA INSTITUTI ATHENIENSIS REGNI SUECIAE

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