È Ij[\Wd?^Z[ 0RINCIPLESÈOFÈ"/)
9b_d_YWb"IY_[dj_\_Y"WdZFhWYj_YWb=k_Z[b_d[i je*#::[djWb?cfbWdjebe]o
¬È
È
...
83 downloads
655 Views
10MB Size
Report
This content was uploaded by our users and we assume good faith they have the permission to share this book. If you own the copyright to this book and it is wrongfully on our website, we offer a simple DMCA procedure to remove your content from our site. Start by pressing the button below!
Report copyright / DMCA form
È Ij[\Wd?^Z[ 0RINCIPLESÈOFÈ"/)
9b_d_YWb"IY_[dj_\_Y"WdZFhWYj_YWb=k_Z[b_d[i je*#::[djWb?cfbWdjebe]o
¬È
È
¬È
Ij[\Wd?^Z[
0RINCIPLESÈOFÈ"/) 9b_d_YWb"IY_[dj_\_Y"WdZFhWYj_YWb=k_Z[b_d[i je*#::[djWb?cfbWdjebe]o
M_j^:L: M_j^)..#.-)-=ecc_imWbZ
?I8D)#+*(',,+#& Ifh_d][h8[hb_d>[_Z[bX[h]D[mOeha B_XhWhoe\9ed]h[ii9edjhebDkcX[h0(&&*'&+.+. J^_i meha _i ikX`[Yj je Yefoh_]^j$ 7bb h_]^ji Wh[ h[i[hl[Z" m^[j^[h j^[ m^eb[ eh fWhj e\ j^[ cWj[h_Wb _i YedY[hd[Z" if[Y_ÒYWbbo j^[ h_]^ji e\ jhWdibWj_ed" h[fh_dj_d]" h[ki[ e\ _bbkijhWj_edi" h[Y_jWj_ed" XheWZYWij_d]" h[fheZkYj_ededc_YheÒbcieh_dWdoej^[hmWo"WdZijehW][_dZWjWXWdai$:kfb_YWj_ede\j^_ifkXb_YWj_edeh fWhjij^[h[e\_if[hc_jj[ZedbokdZ[hj^[fhel_i_edie\j^[=[hcWd9efoh_]^jBWme\I[fj[cX[h/"'/,+"_d_ji Ykhh[djl[hi_ed"WdZf[hc_ii_ed\ehki[ckijWbmWoiX[eXjW_d[Z\hecIfh_d][h#L[hbW]$L_ebWj_ediWh[b_WXb[ \ehfhei[Ykj_edkdZ[hj^[=[hcWd9efoh_]^jBWm$ Ifh_d][h_iWfWhje\Ifh_d][hIY_[dY[!8ki_d[iiC[Z_W ifh_d][hedb_d[$Yec Ifh_d][h#L[hbW]8[hb_d>[_Z[bX[h](&&+ Fh_dj[Z_d=[hcWdo J^[ki[e\][d[hWbZ[iYh_fj_l[dWc[i"h[]_ij[h[ZdWc[i"jhWZ[cWhai"[jY$_dj^_ifkXb_YWj_edZe[idej_cfbo" [l[d_dj^[WXi[dY[e\Wif[Y_ÒYijWj[c[dj"j^WjikY^dWc[iWh[[n[cfj\hecj^[h[b[lWdjfhej[Yj_l[bWmiWdZ h[]kbWj_ediWdZj^[h[\eh[\h[[\eh][d[hWbki[$ FheZkYj b_WX_b_jo0 J^[ fkXb_i^[hi YWddej ]kWhWdj[[ j^[ WYYkhWYo e\ Wdo _d\ehcWj_ed WXekj ZeiW][ WdZ Wffb_YWj_ed YedjW_d[Z _d j^_i Xeea$ ?d [l[ho _dZ_l_ZkWb YWi[ j^[ ki[h ckij Y^[Ya ikY^ _d\ehcWj_ed Xo Yedikbj_d]j^[h[b[lWdjb_j[hWjkh[$ :_iYbW_c[h0M^_b[j^[WZl_Y[WdZ_d\ehcWj_ed_dj^_iXeeaWh[X[b_[l[ZjeX[jhk[WdZWYYkhWj[Wjj^[j_c[ e\ikXc_ii_ed\ehfkXb_YWj_ed"d[_j^[hj^[Wkj^ehidehj^[fkXb_i^[hYWdWYY[fjWdob[]Wbh[ifedi_X_b_jo\eh Wdo[hhehiehec_ii_edicWZ[_dWdofWhje\j^_iXeea$J^[cWj[h_Wbfh[i[dj[Z_dj^_iXeea_idej_dj[dZ[Z jeh[fh[i[djj^[edboc[j^eZehWffb_YWj_edWffhefh_Wj[\ehj^[c[Z_YWbi_jkWj_ediZ_iYkii[ZXkjhWj^[h_i _dj[dZ[Zjefh[i[djWdWffheWY^"l_[mfe_dj"ijWj[c[djehef_d_ede\j^[Wkj^ehi"m^_Y^cWoX[^[bf\kbje ej^[him^e[dYekdj[hi_c_bWhYb_d_YWbi_jkWj_edi$ J^[ef_d_edi[nfh[ii[Z"ik]][ij_edicWZ[WdZWZl_Y[]_l[d_dj^_iXeeaWh[j^ei[e\j^[h[if[Yj_l[Wkj^ehi WdZdejd[Y[iiWh_boj^ei[e\ehj^[fkXb_i^[h$J^[fkXb_i^[hWdZj^[Wkj^ehicWa[demWhhWdjo"[nfh[iieh _cfb_[Z"m_j^h[if[YjjeWdocWj[h_WbYedjW_d[Zj^[h[_d$ ;Z_jeh0=WXh_[b[IY^hZ[h">[_Z[bX[h] :[ia;Z_jeh0CWhj_dW>_cX[h][h">[_Z[bX[h] FheZkYj_ed0Fhe;Z_j=cX>">[_Z[bX[h] 9el[hZ[i_d]0_ijehoe\j^[?cfbWdjI_j[$$$ -) :_W]dei_ie\If[[Y^ WdZ>[Wh_d]emÆ7bbJ^_d]i7h[_d_ijebe]_YWbIf[Y_c[di$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ )&- ()$'$) >_ijebe]_YWbH[ikbji \eh8E??cfbWdji$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ )&/ (+$' (+$( ()$'$* >_ijebe]_YWbH[ikbji \eh9h[ijWb?cfbWdji $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$)'& ()$'$+ :_iYkii_edWdZ9b_d_YWb7ffb_YWj_ed$$$$$)'& ()$'$, 9edYbki_edi $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$)'* (+$) ()$( >WhZ#J_iik[>[Wb_d] WdZ?cc[Z_Wj[BeWZ_d]$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$)'. (+$* ()$($' ?djheZkYj_ed$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$)'. ()$($( ?cc[Z_Wj[BeWZ_d]L[hiki ?cc[Z_Wj[?cfbWdjWj_ed $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$)'/ È ()$($) ?cc[Z_Wj[BeWZ_d]L[hiki :[bWo[ZBeWZ_d] $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ )(& (,$' ()$($* IjhWj[]_[ije7Y^_[l[?dj[]hWj_ed _dLWh_ekiBeYWj_edi$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$)(' (,$'$' (,$'$( ()$($+ ?cc[Z_Wj[BeWZ_d]WdZj^[D[[Z \eh9edj_dkekiFheij^[j_Y7Z`kijc[dji $ )(( (,$'$) (,$'$* ()$($, EdboBeWZ[Z8E??cfbWdji 9WdIj_ckbWj[j^[8ed[ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$)() ()$($- IkccWho $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$)() (,$'$+ ()$) Ceh[>_ijebe]_YWb[Wbj^?dikh[hi$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$)+. -AINTENANCE ÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈ H[YWbb$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$),' ?djheZkYj_ed$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$),' ?cfbWdjH[YWbb9^[Yab_ij $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$),' ?dZ_YWj_ed\ehHWZ_e]hWf^i$$$$$$$$$$$$ ),( IW\[]kWhZ?d\ehcWj_edWdZJ^[hWf[kj_Y ?d\ehcWj_ed:kh_d]H[YWbb$$$$$$$$$$$$ ),( EYYbkiWb7Z`kijc[dji WdZ9ecf[diWj_ede\9^Wd][i _dj^[8ed[Cehf^ebe]o $$$$$$$$$$$$$$ ),) If[Y_Wb9edi_Z[hWj_ediM^[d?di[hj_d] WI[YedZHekdZe\?cfbWdji$$$$$$$$$$$ ),+ J^[CeX_b_joe\;:?cfbWdji 7]W_dij7Xkjc[dji$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ ),, 9edYbki_ed$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ ),JhekXb[i^eej_d]$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ ),J^[h[7h[Ceh[Iebkj_edi J^WdFheXb[ci$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ ),[hh[dWYa[hijhWii[(.".-)&KpdWY^"Im_jp[hbWdZ [#cW_b0dp[Y_h_6_cfbWdj$Yec
$RÈ:ORANÈ!LEKSIC
-ICHAELÈ:ACH
8[b]hWZ[IY^eebe\:[dj_ijho"F[h_e:fj$ :hIkXej_Yijh* ''&&&8[b]hWZ["I[hX_WWdZCedj[d[]he [#cW_b0ZhWb[ai_Y6fjj$ok
7jjehd[oWjBWm ;_Ya[d[hIjh$.)"*'&,'CY^[d]bWZXWY^"=[hcWdo [#cW_b0_d\e6h[Y^jiWdmWbj#pWY^$Z[
0ROFESSORÈ$RÈ6ITOMIRÈ3È+ONSTANTINOVIC
%NGLISHÈTRANSLATION
9^_[\e\:[fWhjc[dj CWn_bbe\WY_WbIkh][hoe\IjecWjebe]_YWb<WYkbjo e\8[b]hWZ[Kd_l[hi_jo" ''&&&8[b]hWZ["I[hX_WWdZCedj[d[]he [#cW_b0lial_jW6[kd[j$ok
0ERÈ.È$ÚHLER
Jh_WYec"8Wh[dZeh\%Bd[Xkh]"=[hcWdo -AGÈ7ILFRIEDÈ0REINFALK
C[ZmehZ"L_[ddW"7kijh_W $RÈ&LORIANÈ+RASS
H_]_Xb_Yaijh$''-",)+)M[]]_i"Im_jp[hbWdZ [#cW_b0ie\jYWh[6]cn$d[j 0ROFÈ$RÈ6OJISLAVÈ,EKOVIC
8[b]hWZ[IY^eebe\:[dj_ijho"F[h_e:fj$ :hIkXej_Yijh* ''&&&8[b]hWZ["I[hX_WWdZCedj[d[]he [#cW_b0le`Wb[a6[kd[j$ok
#(!04%2È
¬
3TRUGGLESÈANDÈ3UCCESSES *NQMBOUPMPHZJT MJLFDIFTT HPWFSOFECZUIFMBXTPG /BUVSF8FDBOOPUTFFPVSPQQPOFOU CVUXFLOPXUIBU TIFJTGBJS IPOFTUBOEQBUJFOU"EBQUFEGSPN8BSSJPS PGUIF-JHIU"NBOVBMCZ1BVMP$PFMIP
È 3TRUGGLES M^[d jee cWdo f[efb[ W]h[[ ed j^[ iWc[ ikX`[Yj" _j _i ^_]^ j_c[ je YWbb _j _dje gk[ij_ed$ [h["Æ[\\[Yj_l[d[iiÇ c[Wdi j^[ WX_b_jo je h[ijeh[ W XWbWdY[Z cWij_YWjeho \kdYj_ed$ J^[ gk[ij_edm^[j^[hj^_ieX`[Yj_l[YWdX[WY^_[l[ZWdZ cW_djW_d[Z Yedij_jkj[i j^[ edbo XWi_i \eh l[h_\o_d] j^[Z[i_h[ZÆ[\\[YjÇ$J^[]eWbckijX[jec_d_c_p[j^[ dkcX[he\ikh]_YWbfheY[Zkh[iWdZje[dikh[W]eeZ cWij_YWjeho \kdYj_ed XWi[Z ed \_n[Z h[ijehWj_edi Wj Wbbj_c[i"[l[dZkh_d]Z_\\_Ykbjjh[Wjc[djf^Wi[i$ 7 ieb_Z kdZ[hijWdZ_d] e\ j^[ 8E? j[Y^d_gk[ h[gk_h[i W \_hc ]hekdZ_d] _d X_ec[Y^Wd_Yi" Xed[ \kdYj_ed WdZ cWij_YWj_ed$ M_j^ j^_i _d c_dZ" j^[ h[WZ[hcWomWdjjeh[WZ9^Wfj[hi/"'&WdZ()\_hij$
*
9^Wfj[h'È 3TRUGGLESÈANDÈ3UCCESSES
È 4HEÈ2OCKYÈ2OADÈTOÈ3UCCESS JeZWo" _cfbWdjebe]_YWb jh[Wjc[dj ]eWbi YWd X[ WY^_[l[Z ceh[ h[b_WXbo" ceh[ [Wi_bo WdZ b[ii [nf[di_l[boj^Wd[l[h$M[bb#l[hi[ZfhWYj_j_ed[hi^Wl[ j^[ efj_ed e\ ki_d] 8E? _cfbWdji" m^_Y^ Wh[ j^[ ijWj[#e\#j^[#Whj Z[iY[dZWdji e\ j^[ \_hij#][d[hWj_ed J):i"' j^[ i[YedZ#][d[hWj_ed Z_ia _cfbWdji$ M_j^ 8E?_cfbWdji"\_n[Zh[ijehWj_ediYWdX[fbWY[Z[l[d_d i[l[h[boYecfhec_i[ZWbl[ebWhh_Z][i$ ,.- ,-( 7+0 J^[ j^h[[#Z_c[di_edWb ijhkYjkh[ _d ,/& *', 7+ mWi ikXc_jj[Z Wi W YehebbWhoje;F//(+&(./$.$ Ceh[ h[Y[djbo" \khj^[h _cfhel[c[dji ^Wl[ X[[d WZZ[Zjej^[cWYhe#WdZc_Yhe#Z[i_]de\j^[beWZ# jhWdic_jj_d]Wh[WiWdZjej^[jhWdi_j_edped[ijemWhZi j^[ded#beWZ#jhWdic_jj_d]\hWc[mehaWh[Wi$
Yecfb[n$M^_b[j^[bWjj[hjmeZ[l[befc[djiX[Whde Z_h[Yj h[bWj_edi^_f je XWiWb eii[e_dj[]hWj_ed" j^[o Ze _bbkijhWj[ W if[Y_\_Y c_dZi[j j^Wj mWi fh[lWb[dj _d W if[Y_\_Y [hW$ J^[o _bbkijhWj[ ^em W ]hekf e\ iY_[dj_\_YWbbo Yecc_jj[Z Z[dj_iji jh_[Z je meha ekj iebkj_edi _d m^_Y^ jh[Wjc[dj fbWdd_d] mekbZ dej X[ ]k_Z[Z Xo j^[ hkb[i e\ X_ebe]o WdZ \kdYj_ed Xkj #ONCLUSIONJ^[_Z[We\XWiWb"m_Z[#Wh[Wikffehj\eh mekbZ[nf[Yj^kcWdX_ebe]ojeo_[bZje_jiemdi[j _cfbWdjimWijWa[dkfXocWdoZ[l[bef[hiWjiec[ fe_dj$?dcWdoe\j^[fWj[djiWdZfWj[djWffb_YWj_edi e\hkb[i$
'.
9^Wfj[h(È (ISTORYÈASÈ$OCUMENTEDÈBYÈ0ATENTSÈANDÈ0ATENTÈ!PPLICATIONS
gkej[Z ^[h[" j^[ h[iebkj_ed e\ i_jkWj_edi _d m^_Y^ _dik\\_Y_[dj l[hj_YWb Xed[ lebkc[ mWi WlW_bWXb[ mWi m^Wj]Wl[h_i[jej^[lWh_eki_Z[Wi$Ej^[hZ[l[bef[hi m[h[ceh[_dj[h[ij[Z_dkj_b_p_d]j^[^WhZ[hYehj_YWb
Xed[ j_iik[ Wbie \eh _cc[Z_Wj[ beWZ_d] fheY[Zkh[i$ Edbo @kbb_[j '/-(" IYehj[YY_ '/.+ WdZ ?^Z[ \hec '//. [l[h jkhd[Z j^[_h _Z[Wi _dje ikYY[ii\kbbo cWha[jWXb[WdZYb_d_YWbbofhWYj_YWbfheZkYji$
&IGÈ ?cfbWdjZ[i_]d\[Wjkh_d]Wd _dj[hdWbboj^h[WZ[ZYob_dZ[h"Wif_a[Z XWiWbfbWj[WdZWc[cXhWd[_dj[dZ[Z jeij_ckbWj[Xed[]hemj^
&IGÈ Cbb[hÉiZekXb[#kd_j_cfbWdjmWiWdY^eh[Z_di_Z[j^[cWn_bbWho i_dkiWdZ\[Wjkh[Zi[l[hWb_di[hj_edfe_dji\ehj^[j^h[WZ[Zf_d$J^[ ceh[h[Y[dj:_iajhWYaioij[cmWiceZ[bb[ZW\j[hj^_iZ[i_]d$J^[h[m[h[ deb[]WbeXijWYb[ijej^_iZ[l[befc[djX[YWki[Cbb[h^WZd[l[h\ebbem[Z kfed^_ifWj[djWffb_YWj_ed
È
(ISTORYÈASÈ$OCUMENTEDÈBYÈ0ATENTSÈANDÈ0ATENTÈ!PPLICATIONSÈ
'/
&IGÈ J^[j^h[WZ[Zf_dYecfh_i[ii[l[hWbÆijeh[oiÇjem^_Y^beWZ# jhWdic_jj_d]fbWj[ie\Z_\\[h[dji^Wf[iYWdX[WjjWY^[Z$?dYedjhWijje j^[bWj[hZ[l[befc[dje\Z_ijhWYjeh_cfbWdji"IfW^dÉiZ[i_]d^WZWbmWoi h[b_[Zedfh[#Ykj_di[hj_edfWj^mWoicWjY^_d]j^[Z_ia#je#Z_iaZ_ijWdY[$ :_ijhWYjeh_cfbWdjiWh[_di[hj[ZXoi[fWhWj_d]Xed[YecfWhjc[dji\eh h[WhhWd][c[djWjWbWj[hj_c["m^_Y^_idejj^[YWi[m_j^IfW^dÉiZ[i_]d
&IGÈ ?^Z[WdZIfW^d"_dWYebbWXehWj_l[[\\ehj"Z[l[bef[Z_cfbWdjij^Wj X[^Wl[Z[bWij_YWbbo_di_Z[j^[Xed["Wbbem_d]h[i_b_[dY[e\j^[j^h[WZ[Z f_d$?dj^_imWo"j^[Ze]cWj^WjWbb[deiiWb_cfbWdji[]c[djid[[Z[Z jeX[Æeii[e_dj[]hWj[ZÇ_dWijWj_YmWomWiXhea[d$J^[YedijhkYj_ede\ j^[i[_cfbWdji[dWXb[Zj^[jhWdic_ii_ede\kd[gkWbfWhjie\j^[beWZ jeXej^XWiWbfbWj[i$J^[XWiWbfbWj[mWiZ[i_]d[ZjeX[ceh[h_]_Z j^Wdj^[Yh[ijWbfbWj[$>[dY[WbWh][hWcekdje\j^[Y^[m_d]\ehY[mWi jhWdic_jj[Zj^hek]^j^[bem[hfbWj[m^_b[j^[Yh[ijWbfbWj[fhel_Z[i_d_j_Wb ijWX_b_pWj_ed$?j_id[Y[iiWhojeh[c[cX[hj^Wj_j_i_dlWh_WXboj^[XWiWb fehj_ede\j^[_cfbWdjXeZoj^Wjm_bbjhWdic_j\ehY[_dWbb_cfbWdji_d j^[bed]j[hc$?\Z[dj_ijiWh[i^emd[" jee" h[Ye]d_p[Z j^Wj edbo ]eeZ Yehj_YWb ikffehj e\\[hi ik\\_Y_[dj fh_cWho ijWX_b_jo$ I_dY[ j^[ j[hcÆikXf[h_eij[Wb _cfbWdjÇ ^Wi ib_]^jbo ZkX_eki el[hjed[i _d j^[ =[hcWd#if[Wa_d] Yekdjh_[i" ;d][ba[ Z[i_]dWj[Z ^_i _cfbWdjWiÆikX]_d]_lWbÇ$Ded[j^[b[ii"j^[bWj[hWbj[hc_dWjehi j^Wj YWd X[ WZWfj[Z je j^[ `WmXed[ Wh[ _d \WYj ikXf[h_eij[Wb Wif[Yjie\j^[_cfbWdj$I_c_bWhjeX[dj8E?_cfbWdjZ_iai"j^[o cWoX[WZWfj[Zjej^[i^Wf[e\j^[`WmXed[eh[l[diYh[m[Z Zemd$?\ik\\_Y_[dj[bWij_YcWj[h_Wb_iki[Z"_dj[]hWj_ede\j^_i _cfbWdj _i YedY[_lWXb[$ Ed[ mekbZ ^Wl[ je dej[" ^em[l[h" j^Wj bWh][ _cfbWdji e\ j^_i jof[ mekbZ h[gk_h[ c[Y^Wd_YWb iodY^hed_pWj_ede\l[hoZ_\\[h[djh[]_edie\j^[`Wm
#(!04%2È
¬
-ORPHOLOGYÈOFÈ"/)È)MPLANTSÈÈ ANDÈ2ELATEDÈ$ESIGNS
9^Wfj[h(fhel_Z[ZWdel[hl_[me\j^[Z_\\[h[djjof[i e\bWj[hWb_cfbWdjiZ[l_i[Z"_djheZkY[ZWdZ[cfbeo[Z el[h j^[ fWij )&o[Whi$ J^[ fh[i[dj Y^Wfj[h m_bb fhel_Z[ j^[ h[WZ[h m_j^ j^[ d[Y[iiWho XWYa]hekdZ je kdZ[hijWdZ j^[ Z_\\[h[dY[i WdZ YeccedWb_j_[i e\ j^[i[ Z[i_]di" Wi m[bb Wi j^[_h Wffb_YWj_edi _d Yb_d_YWb fhWYj_Y[$ JeZWo _j _i Wbceij _cfeii_Xb[ je ZhWm W Yb[Wh b_d[ X[jm[[d ¼Z_ia½ _cfbWdji WdZ 8E? _cfbWdji$ El[h j^[ bWij \[m o[Whi _d fWhj_YkbWh" j^[ i_c_bWh_j_[iX[jm[[dj^ei[Z[i_]di^Wl[_dYh[Wi[Z_d lWh_ekimWoi$J^[iWc[Z[l[befc[dj^WiWbiejWa[d fbWY[_dYh[ijWb_cfbWdjebe]o$M^_b[_cfbWdjie\j^[ :_ia_cfbWdjjof[Wh[XWiWb_cfbWdjiWdZm^_b[j^[o jWa[ _dje WYYekdj j^[ YedY[fj e\ X_Yehj_YWb ikffehj" j^[i[ h_]_Z :_ia_cfbWdji Ze dej _cfb[c[dj j^[ YedY[fj e\ _ie[bWij_Y_jo m_j^ j^[ Xed[ je j^[ iWc[ [nj[dje\WYjkWb8E?_cfbWdjim_j^Wia[b[jWbZ[i_]d$
È -ORPHOLOGYÈOFÈTHEÈ4HREADEDÈ0IN J^[j[hc¼j^h[WZ[Zf_d½Z[dej[ij^[_cfbWdji[]c[dj Yedd[Yj_d] j^[ Z_iai je j^[ [b[c[dj h[jW_d_d] j^[ fheij^[j_Y ikf[hijhkYjkh[$ ?j mWi _djheZkY[Z Z[b_X[hWj[bojeZ[iYh_X[j^[\kdYj_ede\j^_il[hj_YWb Yecfed[dj" m^_Y^ _cfb_[i j^Wj ej^[h jWiai" ikY^ Wi Z_h[Yj [deiiWb beWZ jhWdic_ii_ed" Wh[ dej fWhj e\ _ji \kdYj_ed$ ?j _i j^[h[\eh[ _hh[b[lWdj m^[j^[h j^[ j^h[WZ[Z f_d X[Yec[i \kbbo ¼eii[e_dj[]hWj[Z½" m^[j^[h_jX[Yec[iedbo¼eii[eWZWfj[Z½ehm^[j^[h _jX[Yec[i[cX[ZZ[Z_dYedd[Yj_l[j_iik[$J^[[nWYj cWd_\[ijWj_edi e\ ikYY[ii\kb _dj[]hWj_ed cWo lWho m_Z[bo"Wij^[h[WZ[hm_bbb[WhdbWj[h_dj^_iXeeai[[ 9^Wfj[h()$ IYehj[YY_[gk_ff[Zj^[;:_cfbWdji[h_[im_j^h_X# ijob[ Z[fj^ cWha[hi Wbed] j^[ i^W\j" m^_Y^ e\\[h[Z ki[\kb ]k_ZWdY[ [if[Y_Wbbo \eh X[]_dd[hi" i_dY[ j^[ jWia e\ WZlWdY_d] j^[ _cfbWdj je j^[ WdWjec_YWbbo Yehh[YjZ[fj^e\j^[XWiWbh_Z][cWoX[gk_j[Z_\\_Ykbj _dj^[^WdZie\_d[nf[h_[dY[Zikh][edi$Edj^[ej^[h ^WdZ"Z[fj^cWha[himekbZWYjkWbboX[ceh[ki[\kb edj^[Ykjj[hhWj^[hj^Wdedj^[_cfbWdjX[YWki["de cWjj[h ^em m[bb j^[o Wh[ Z[i_]d[Z" j^[o _dlWh_WXbo WZZ je j^[ h_ia e\ fbWgk[ h[j[dj_ed WdZ _d\[Yj_ed$ ;l[djkWbbo"j^_iYWdiec[j_c[ih[ikbj_dYhWj[h#ijob[
Xed[ YebbWfi[$ J^_i [l[djkWb_jo _i m[bb ademd je X[ WiieY_Wj[Z m_j^ l[hj_YWb beWZ jhWdic_ii_ed ikh\WY[i$ J^[h[\eh[" m^Wj cWo X[ Wd WZlWdjW][ _d j^[ [Whbo f^Wi[e\jh[Wjc[djcWojkhdekjjeX[WZ_iWZlWdjW][ _d j^[ bed][h j[hc$ J^[i[ Yedi_Z[hWj_edi ^Wl[ fhecfj[ZkijeWXWdZedj^[ki[e\j^[i[cWha[hi$ J^[ Z_ijWdY[i e\ '$+cc X[jm[[d j^[ h_Xi ed j^[ _cfbWdj m[h[ eh_]_dWbbo _dj[dZ[Z je Wbbem j^[ ef[hWjehWdWii[iic[dje\j^[b[d]j^e\j^[_cfbWdj h[gk_h[Z$ 7bj^ek]^ 8E? _cfbWdji WdZ _dj[hdWb Z_ia _cfbWdjiYec[m_j^Yecfb[j[boiceej^i^W\jikh\WY[i jeZWo"j^[b[d]j^e\j^[j^h[WZ[Zf_d_iij_bbc[Wikh[Z _d¼=½kd_ji0'=3'$+cc$M_j^Wd_cfbWdje\b[d]j^ =+" j^[ Z_ijWdY[ X[jm[[d j^[ Yh[ijWb Z_ia WdZ j^[ X[]_dd_d]e\j^[[nj[hdWbj^h[WZ_ij^ki-$+cc$ 9edi_Z[h_d]j^Wjd_Y^[eh]Wd_iciikY^WiXWYj[h_W eh eij[eXbWiji WdZ eij[eYoj[i m_bb fh[\[hWXbo Yebed_p[ ikh\WY[i j^Wj \[Wjkh[ cWYhec[Y^Wd_YWb ifWY[i" _j Z[\_d_j[bo cWa[i i[di[ je ki[ j^h[WZ[Z f_di m_j^ W Yecfb[j[bo iceej^ ikh\WY[$ Hek]^[d[Z ikh\WY[i_dj^[ckYeiWbf[d[jhWj_edWh[WcWo_dj^[ i^ehjj[hc[d^WdY[eii[e_dj[]hWj_ed$JWa_d]j^[bed] f[hif[Yj_l[ ed _cfbWdj b_\[j_c[" j^_i \[Wjkh[ e\ j^[ _cfbWdjm_bb_dl_j[XWYj[h_WbWjjWYa$;deiiWb_cfbWdj ikh\WY[iWh[`kijWib_a[bojeX[Yec[WZm[bb_d]]hekdZ \eh c_Yheeh]Wd_ici Wi heej YWdWb_Ykb_ YWf_bbWh_[i$ Dej[ j^Wj Wdoj^_d] j^Wj X[d[\_ji eii[e_dj[]hWj_ed m_bbWbieX[d[\_jc_Yheeh]Wd_ici"i_dY[ikh\WY[iWh[ Yecf[j_j_l[boeYYkf_[ZXoeij[eYoj[iehXoXWYj[h_W$ :[[f _di_Z[ ij[h_b[ Xed[ ijhkYjkh[i" j^[ eij[eYoj[i m_bbkikWbbofh[lW_b$?dj^[_cc[Z_Wj[l_Y_d_jojej^[ [l[h#_d\[Yj[Z ehWb YWl_jo j^[ XWYj[h_W ^Wl[ W X[jj[h Y^WdY[ e\ ikhl_lWb X[YWki[ j^[o Wh[ ]hem_d] ckY^ \Wij[h"WZWfjX[jj[hje^_]^bof[h\ki[ZWdZeno][d_p[Z ie\j j_iik[ kdZ j^ki X[^Wl[ ceh[ W]]h[ii_l[bo WdZ ikYY[ii\kb$ EdY[ j^[ _d\[Yj_ed ^Wi h[WY^[Z j^[ _cfbWdj ikh\WY["Yebed_pWj_edm_bbh[b[djb[iibojWa[_jiYekhi[$ ?j _i l_hjkWbbo _cfeii_Xb[ je Yedjheb f[h_#_cfbWdj_j_i edhek]^ikh\WY[i$ ?d WZZ_j_ed" i_d]b[#ij[f fheY[Zkh[i _d m^_Y^ [njhWYj_edWdZ_cfbWdjfbWY[c[djWh[f[h\ehc[Z_d j^[iWc[i[ii_ed\WlekhikY^Yebed_pWj_edZk[jej^[ _dYed]hk[djikh\WY[i_dlebl[Z"_$[$j^[]WfWh[WiWh[ fh[\[hh[Zi_j[ie\hWf_ZYebed_pWj_ed$
(,
9^Wfj[h)È -ORPHOLOGYÈOFÈ"/)È)MPLANTSÈANDÈ2ELATEDÈ$ESIGNS
&IGÈ J^_i ;: '& =, _cfbWdj bWYai Xed[ Wffei_j_ed Zemd je X[bem j^[ j^h[WZ[Z f_d$ 7j j^[ j_c[ j^[ f_Yjkh[ mWi jWa[d" j^[ _cfbWdj ^WZ X[[d _d i_jk \eh +o[Whi$ J^[ beWZ# jhWdic_jj_d] i[]c[dji Wh[ _d \kbb \kdYj_ed$ J^[ _cfbWdj _i beYWj[Z _d jee ^_]^ W fei_j_ed bem = lWbk[$ FWhj_YkbWhbo Wj j^[ Wdj[h_eh Wif[Yj" _j Wbceij \Wbbi i^ehj e\ j^[ m^_j[ b_d[ e\ cWn_ckc beWZ jhWdic_ii_ed" _dZ_YWj_d] j^Wj j^[ _cfbWdj _i kdb_a[bo je ikhl_l[ _d j^[ bed][h j[hc$ J^_i [nWcfb[ Yb[Whbo Z[cedijhWj[ij^[_dj[hWYj_edX[jm[[dXWYj[h_WbWjjWYaiWdZj^[ \kdYj_edWbj[dZ[dYojefh[i[hl[f[h_#_cfbWdjc_d[hWb_pWj_ed$ ?dj^_iif[Y_\_YfWj_[dj"j^[YedZ_j_edi\ehXWYj[h_WbWjjWYam[h[ fWhj_YkbWhbo\WlekhWXb["Zk[jel[hofeehehWb^o]_[d["hek]^ l[hj_YWb_cfbWdjikh\WY[i"[bWij_Y_joe\j^[_cfbWdj#h[ijehWj_ed Yecfb[n"WdZ^[Wloicea_d]
&IGÈ J^[jhWdi_j_ed\hecÆZ_ia_cfbWdjiÇje8E?_cfbWdji mWi cWha[Z Xo W f[h_eZ _d m^_Y^ _cfbWdji m_j^ ZkWb beWZ jhWdic_ii_ed m[h[ j^[ ijWj[ e\ j^[ Whj$ ?d j^_i Z[i_]d" beWZ jhWdic_ii_ed mWi ikffei[Z je jWa[ fbWY[ Xej^ _d j^[ l[hj_YWb WdZ _d j^[ XWiWb _cfbWdj fWhj$ J^[i[ _cfbWdji Wh[ f[h\[Yjbo i[hl_Y[WXb[ _\ j^[ X[^Wl_ekh e\ Xej^ j^[ l[hj_YWb WdZ j^[ ^eh_pedjWb Xed[ ijhkYjkh[i ki[Z \eh WdY^ehW][ Wh[ c[Y^Wd_YWbbo iodY^hed_p[Z m_j^ j^[ _cfbWdj ikh\WY[$ J^_i _i cW_dboj^[YWi[_dj^[Wdj[h_ehi[]c[dje\j^[cWdZ_Xb[$J^[ h_XiWh['$+ccWfWhjWdZh[fh[i[djj^[=]hWZkWj_ed
7jj[cfji je WY^_[l[ efj_cWb _dj[]hWj_ed e\ j^[ l[hj_YWb_cfbWdji[]c[djXoYecX_d_d]cWYheiYef_Y
ij[fi WdZ c_YheiYef_Y ikh\WY[ [dbWh][c[dj Xo iWdZXbWij_d]^Wl[b[ZjeX[jj[hYb_d_YWbh[ikbji_dj[hci e\ _d_j_Wb ^[Wb_d]$ F[hcWd[dj eii[e_dj[]hWj_ed YWd [l[dX[eXjW_d[ZWbed]j^[l[hj_YWb_cfbWdji[]c[dj" fhel_Z[Zj^Wjj^[dkcX[he\_cfbWdjifbWY[Z_d[WY^ WhY^ _i WZ[gkWj[ WdZ j^Wj j^[ Z[i_]d e\ j^[ Xed[# _cfbWdj#h[ijehWj_ed Yecfb[n _i ik\\_Y_[djbo h_]_Z$ 9ekdj[hWYj_d] \ehY[i _dYbkZ[ [bWij_YWbbo _djhkZ_d] eYYbkiWb\ehY[i"\kdYj_edWbi^[Wh_d]beWZi"kdXWbWdY[Z [njhki_ed\ehY[i"WdZ\b[n_ede\j^[`WmWjbWh][$J^[ bWjj[h cWo Wcekdj je i[l[hWb c_bb_c[jh[i WdZ YWd X[ h[WZ_bo c[Wikh[Z" [if[Y_Wbbo _d j^[ cWdZ_Xb[$ J^[i[ Yekdj[hWYj_d] \ehY[i b[WZ je ceX_b_jo Wj j^[ _cfbWdj#Xed[ _dj[h\WY[" j^[h[Xo `[efWhZ_p_d] j^[ Ybei[eii[e_dj[]hWj_ede\bed]j^h[WZ[Zf_di$?dj^[ fh[i[dY[ e\ ikh\WY[#[dbWh][Z j^h[WZ[Z f_di [bWij_Y c_Yhe#cel[c[dj 7i^cWd WdZ lWd 8ki^a_ha '/.- cWo_hh_jWj[j^[Yedd[Yj_l[j_iik[ijhkYjkh[iWdZ"Wj j^[ iWc[ j_c[" ikffehj _deYkbWj_ed e\ j^[ XWYj[h_W h[i_Z_d] ed j^[ hek]^[d[Z ikh\WY[i$ 7do _d\[Yj_edi _d j^[ mWa[ e\ Xed[ Wlkbi_ed j^Wj Wh[ YWfWXb[ e\ WZlWdY_d] je j^[ Z[[f[h Xed[ i[]c[dji m_bb h[ikbj _d YhWj[h#ijob[ eij[eboi_i$ M^_b[ YebbWfi[i e\ j^_i jof[ Ze dej d[Y[iiWh_bo _cfW_h j^[ \kdYj_ed e\ j^[ _cfbWdj _]^=lWbk[i e\\[hX[jj[hWZWfjWj_ede\j^[_cfbWdj#h[ijehWj_ed ioij[cje`Wm\b[n_ed$ v = lWbk[i _d j^[ hWd][ e\ =*Ä=. WffWh[djbo e\\[h j^[ ]h[Wj[ij iW\[jo _d j^[ cWdZ_Xb[ m_j^ =- WdZ =+ Z[i_]di o_[bZ_d] ib_]^jbo X[jj[h WdZ feeh[h h[ikbji"h[if[Yj_l[bo$ v½ J^[fh[i[dj[ZZWjWh[\b[Yjdejedbo_cfbWdjibeij je_d\[Yj_edehel[hbeWZeij[eboi_iXkjWbie_cfbWdj \hWYjkh[i$;l[djih[bWj[ZjeceX_b[ikf[hijhkYjkh[i m[h[Wbie_dYbkZ[Z_dj^[WdWboi_i$?dej^[hmehZi" Wdo_cfbWdjbeii[ieYYkhh_d]W\j[hikf[hijhkYjkh[i &IGÈ ?cfbWdji beij _d j^[ cWn_bbW WYYehZ_d] je = lWbk[i$ X[YWc[ Z_ibeZ][Z \hec dWjkhWb jeej^ WXkjc[dji J^[ X[ij h[ikbji m[h[ eXjW_d[Z m_j^ =*Ä=. Z[i_]di$ J^[ Wh[ Wbie h[\b[Yj[Z _d j^[ jWXb[" [l[d j^ek]^ j^[o _bbkijhWj[Z ZWjW h[\[h je [nj[hdWb#j^h[WZ _cfbWdji ;:" ;:I" ;:7I"[jY$ m[h[ dej YWki[Z Xo j^[ _cfbWdj ioij[c Wi ikY^$ ;nYbkZ_d] j^[i[ YWi[i mekbZ Xh_d] j^[ hWj[ e\ _cfbWdjbeiiZemdXoWdej^[h*&$ v El[hbo bem = lWbk[i YWhho Wd _dYh[Wi[Z h_ia e\ _d\[Yj_edi WZlWdY_d] jemWhZi j^[ XWiWb fbWj[$ El[hbo^_]^=lWbk[i"XoYedjhWij"m_bb_dYh[Wi[j^[ b[l[h \ehY[i$7bb beii[i W\\[Yj_d] =/ Z[i_]di m[h[ Zk[ je _cfbWdj \hWYjkh[ Wj ijhWj[]_Y fei_j_edi _d j^[cWn_bbW$7\j[hceZ_\o_d]j^[XWiWbi[]c[dje\ j^[i[Z[i_]di"m[^Wl[d[l[hW]W_deXi[hl[Zj^_i jof[e\fheXb[c$
&IGÈ ?cfbWdjibeij_dj^[cWdZ_Xb[WYYehZ_d]je=lWbk[i$
J^[ Y^Whj b[Wl[i de ZekXj j^Wj j^[ ^_]^[h = lWbk[i Wh[ WiieY_Wj[Z m_j^ W ^_]^ fheXWX_b_jo e\ _cfbWdj ikhl_lWb$ J^_i _iZk[jej^[\b[nkhWbYecf[diWj_ede\\[h[ZXobed]j^h[WZ[Z f_di$Kd\ehjkdWj[bo"j^_ib[d]j^YWddejX[i[b[Yj[ZWhX_jhWh_bo Xkj_ie\j[db_c_j[ZXoWh[ZkY[Zl[hj_YWbZ_c[di_ed
7Xkjc[dji cWZ[ \hec :[bh_d :7*" +" // ^[bf je Yef[ m_j^ j^[ \b[n_ed e\ j^[ cWdZ_Xb[$ >[dY[ _j _i WZlWdjW][eki je [gk_f Wj b[Wij ed[ e\ j^[ Z_ijWb _cfbWdji _d W \kbb Xh_Z][ m_j^ j^ei[ WXkjc[dji$ ?\ ceh[ j^Wd jme 8E? Wh[ fbWY[Z _d W hem _d ed[ `Wm" W ^ofeceY^b_ed cWo Z[l[bef$ :7#WXkjc[dji ^[bf je [Wi[ j^[ \ehY[i ed j^[ 8E? _cfbWdj _d j^[ c_ZZb[$ J^[ iWc[ fheXb[c _i ademd \hec j[[j^0 8h_Z][i \hec j^[ )hZ el[h j^[ +j^ je j^[ -j^ jeej^ i^em j[dZ je ^Whc j^[ jeej^ _d j^[ c_ZZb[ Wbh[WZo W\j[h iec[ o[Whi$ Iec[ 8E?#_cfbWdjebe]_iji Ze dej ki[ Wd WXkjc[dji ed _dj[hc[Z_Wj[ [nj[hdWb 8E?$ ?dij[WZj^[oki[c[j^WYhobWj[jeYedd[Yjj^[Xh_Z][ jej^[_cfbWdj$D[_j^[h:[bh_ddehc[j^WYhobWj[Wh[" ^em[l[h"l_i_Xb[_dN#hWoi$ J^[\ebbem_d]YedYbki_ediYWdX[ZhWmd0 v½ J^[hWj[e\_cfbWdjbeii_i^_]^[h_dj^[cWdZ_Xb[$ M^_Y^ijhkYjkhWbZ[i_]die\\[hj^[X[ijh[ikbji_d j^[cWdZ_Xb[h[cW_dijeX[_dl[ij_]Wj[Z$
Iec[Yb_d_YWbi_jkWj_edih[gk_h[if[Y_\_YWffheWY^[i0 v 8E? _cfbWdji Wh[ WbmWoi fei_j_ed[Z m^[h[ j^[ Xed[ lebkc[ _i efj_cWb$ J^_i Ze[i dej WbmWoi Ye_dY_Z[ m_j^ j^[ fei_j_ed j^Wj mekbZ X[ ceij Z[i_hWXb[\hecWfkh[bofheij^[j_YijWdZfe_dj$J^[ j^h[WZ[Z f_d ^Wi je X[ fWhWbb[b_p[Z Xo X[dZ_d] W\j[h _di[hj_ed" eh _dZ[[Z fh_eh je _di[hj_ed _\ j^[Xed[ijhkYjkh[_il[hom[Wa$7jWdohWj["j^_i ij[f i^ekbZ X[ f[h\ehc[Z X[\eh[ j^[ Z[\_d_j_l[ ikjkh_d]"Wij^[h[_iWbmWoiWY^WdY[j^Wjj^[Z_iai m_bbX[ib_]^jboZ_ibeYWj[ZXocWd_fkbWj_d]j^[f_d$ ?dj^WjYWi["j^[_cfbWdjYWdij_bbX[cel[ZXWYa je _ji Yehh[Yj fei_j_ed X[\eh[ j^[ \bWf _i Ybei[Z$ J^[ WXkjc[dj YWd X[ kdiYh[m[Z je e\\[h X[jj[h WYY[ii \eh j^[ X[dZ_d] fheY[Zkh[$ 7bj[hdWj_l[bo" j^[ kdiYh[m[Z J7F : jeeb YWd X[ ki[Z m_j^ eh m_j^ekj j^[ ^[bf e\ W H7J( hWjY^[j mh[dY^$ ?\ _Z[Wb fWhWbb[b_ic YWddej X[ [ijWXb_i^[Z" Wdo ib_]^j Z[l_Wj_edi YWd X[ [Wi_bo el[hYec[ _d j^[ \WXh_YWj_edWdZ_di[hj_edfheY[ii$ v ?djhWehWbX[dZ_d]_idejWdefj_edm_j^_dj[hdWb# j^h[WZ8E?Z[i_]di_$[$?:EWdZ?:$ v ?\ j^[ Xed[ lebkc[ WXel[ j^[ _d\[h_eh Wbl[ebWh d[hl[ _d j^[ Z_ijWb cWdZ_Xb[ _i dej ik\\_Y_[dj" j^[ beWZ#jhWdic_jj_d] Z_ia YWd Wbie X[ fbWY[Z kdZ[h j^[ d[hl[$ J^_i _i WY^_[l[Z Xo [nfei_d] j^[d[hl[Wjj^[fbWdd[Z_cfbWdji_j[WdZfbWY_d] j^[ j^h[WZ[Z f_d bWj[hWbbo _d W iW\[ fei_j_ed$ J^_iijhWj[]oi^ekbZedboX[ki[ZXom[bb#l[hi[Z
+.
v
v
v½
v
9^Wfj[h+È %QUIPMENTÈANDÈ3URGICALÈ4ECHNIQUES
ikh][edi m_j^ W ij[WZo ^WdZ WdZ ij[WZo d[hl[i W icWbb Wcekdj e\ j^[ \bk_Z" W fkhkb[dj ic[bb m^e Wh[ jhW_d[Z _d j^h[[#Z_c[di_edWb j^_da_d] i^ekbZ[cWdWj[j^hek]^j^[^_Wjki$?\j^Wj_idej i[[L_Z[e'-$ j^[ YWi[" j^[ dWjkhWb ZhW_dW][ fWj^mWo cWo X[ ?cfbWdji Wbed] j^[ cWn_bbWho Wh[ [_j^[h _di[hj[Z XbeYa[Z$?dej^[hmehZi"_\j^[c[Z_YWj_ed#_dZkY[Z W\j[hj^[Xed[^WiX[[dWk]c[dj[ZXoi_dki\beeh el[hfh[iikh[ YWddej X[ Z_iY^Wh][Z j^hek]^ j^[ [b[lWj_ed Wi Z[iYh_X[Z X[bem" eh j^[o Wh[ fbWY[Z dWjkhWb fWiiW][" h_di_d] m_bb dej X[ ikYY[ii\kb" _di_Z[ j^[ i_dki \ebbem_d] fWhj_Wb h[celWb e\ j^[ WdZj^[h[_iWh_iaj^Wjj^[el[hfh[iikh[cWojWa[ IY^d[_Z[h_Wdc[cXhWd[$M^_Y^WffheWY^_ijWa[d WZ_\\[h[djhekj["j^kiifh[WZ_d]j^[fkijeWh[Wi Ze[idejZ[f[dZedj^[h[i_ZkWbXed[lebkc[e\ m^[h[_jZe[idejX[bed]$?\h_di_d]_iikYY[ii\kb" j^[ Wbl[ebWh Yh[ij Xkj Xo j^[ h[gk_h[c[dj j^Wj W Wbbfkim_bbX[[b_c_dWj[Z\hecj^[cWn_bbWhoi_dki ik\\_Y_[djbom_Z[XWiWbfbWj[YWdX[ki[Zjei[Ykh[ _d W cWjj[h e\ c_dkj[i$ J^[ ^[WZ e\ j^[ fWj_[dj X_Yehj_YWbWdY^ehW][$?\j^[l[hj_YWbZ_c[di_ede\ i^ekbZX[Xhek]^j_djeWfei_j_edm^[h[j^[\bk_Z j^[ h[i_ZkWb Xed[ ijhkYjkh[ _i icWbb" _j _i kikWbbo hkdi je][j^[h X[\eh[ j^[ ^_Wjki$ J^[ fWj_[dj m_bb fh[\[hWXb[ je jWa[ j^[ _djhW#i_dki WffheWY^ \eh mWdj je if_j ekj j^[ h[b[Wi[Z \bk_Z i[l[hWb j_c[i$ _ji X[jj[h ZhW_dW][ YedZ_j_edi _d j^[ [l[dj e\ ?jm_bbX[d[Y[iiWhojel[dj_bWj[j^[ef[hWjehom[bb _d\[Yj_edi$J^[h[WZ[h_ih[\[hh[Zje9^Wfj[h'.\eh W\j[hj^_ijof[e\jh[Wjc[dj$ v FheX_d]Wbed]j^[j^h[WZ[Zf_de\W8E?_cfbWdj WZ[jW_b[ZZ_iYkii_ede\j^[i[WffheWY^[i$ J^[ _djhW#i_dki _di[hj_ed j[Y^d_gk[ cWo iec[# eh _dje j^[ \_ijkbWj[Z Wh[Wi jemWhZi j^[ _cfbWdj j_c[i b[WZ je _d\[Yj_edi e\ j^[ i_dki$ I_dY[ _i ijh_Yjbo YedjhW_dZ_YWj[Z" j^ki Wcekdj_d] je j^[i[ _d\[Yj_edi ckij X[ W]]h[ii_l[bo jh[Wj[Z" cWbfhWYj_Y[$ IkY^ fheX_d] ^Wi de Z_W]deij_Y eh fh[YWkj_edickijX[jWa[d\ehj^_i[l[djkWb_joXo j^[hWf[kj_Yi_]d_\_YWdY[m^Wjie[l[hWdZ_ijejWbbo [dikh_d] j^Wj Wffhefh_Wj[ ZhW_dW][ fWj^mWoi Wh[ kdd[Y[iiWho$ Ed j^[ YedjhWho" j^[i[ c[Wikh[i fh[i[dj$7doYecfb_YWj_ediWh_i_d]\hec_d\[Yj_edi hekj_d[boWZZWm^ebbod[mfWj^e][d_Yif[Yjhkc e\j^[cWn_bbWhoi_dkiWh[_dlWh_WXboZk[jefeeh je fh[l_ekibo kdW\\[Yj[Z Wh[Wi Xo mWo e\ Yheii# ZhW_dW][ YedZ_j_edi$ :[Yed][ijWdj dei[ Zhefi YedjWc_dWj_ed$ Kd\ehjkdWj[bo" iec[ Yh[ijWb WdZ h_di_d] m_j^ iWb_d[ i^ekbZ X[ Wffb_[Z Wi j^[ _cfbWdjebe]_ijiYedj_dk[je[cfbeoj^[i[fheX_d] jh[Wjc[dj e\ Y^e_Y[$ ?d i_jkWj_edi ikY^ Wi j^[i[" j[Y^d_gk[i$ J^[ h[WZ[h _i h[\[hh[Z je 9^Wfj[h(- j^[ Z[dj_ij i^ekbZ fh[\[hWXb[ YebbWXehWj[ m_j^ W \ehWZ[jW_b[ZZ_iYkii_ed$ m[bb#l[hi[Zeje#h^_debWhod]ebe]_ijm^e_iWbieWd v I_d]b[#Z_ia _cfbWdji ckij X[ fbWY[Z ikY^ j^Wj Z_iaiWh[ik\\_Y_[djbo\WhWfWhj_\j^[l[hj_YWbXed[ [nf[h_[dY[Zikh][ed$Jho_d]jeiebl[j^[fheXb[c ijhkYjkh[_ih[ZkY[Z$Ej^[hm_i[j^[feijef[hWj_l[ m_j^Wdj_X_ej_Yi_iYedjhW#_dZ_YWj[Z$J^_iijhWj[]o Yh[ijWbXed[Yel[hcWojkhdekjjeX[_dWZ[gkWj[" YWd edbo e\\[h fWbb_Wj_l[ h[b_[\ Xkj XWi_YWbbo j^[h[Xofhecej_d]_d\[Yj_ediWdZd[Yhei_i$J^[h[ f[hf[jkWj[i j^[ fheXb[c$ JejWb XbeYaW][ e\ j^[ _i Wbie W ZWd][h j^Wj j^[ h[i_ZkWb Xed[ ijhkYjkh[ i[c_bkdWh ^_Wjki cWo ]_l[ h_i[ je ikffkhWj_ed Yel[h_d]Xej^Z_iaicWoY^_fe\\ehj^Wj_d\[Yj_edi j^hek]^ eheWdjhWb \_ijkbW[" m^_Y^ cWo \ehc Wj cWoifh[WZ\heced[_cfbWdjjej^[ej^[h"m^_Y^ h[cej[beYWj_edi\hecj^[_cfbWdji_j[$M^_b[j^[i[ m_bb ieed[h eh bWj[h ]_l[ h_i[ je ceX_b_jo e\ j^[ \_ijkbW[ cWo Wbie \ehc Wbed] j^[ j^h[WZ[Z f_di" ikf[hijhkYjkh[_ji[b\$;l[dmehi["j^_ifheY[iicWo j^[o Wh[ ceh[ Yeccedbo eXi[hl[Z _d feij[h_eh [l[djkWbboh[ikbj_dfWhj_Wb^ehi[i^e[Zemd\hWYjkh[ beYWj_edi m_j^ de _cfbWdji _d j^[_h _cc[Z_Wj[ Y^WhWYj[h_p[ZXo_iebWj[ZceX_b[Xed[Wh[WiWbed] l_Y_d_jo$ J^[o Wh[ W dWjkhWb Yedi[gk[dY[ e\ j^[cWn_bbWhoh_Z][$ el[hfh[iikh[ _d j^[ i_dki" m^_Y^ m_bb kikWbbo h[iebl[ W\j[h Yecf[j[dj ;DJ jh[Wjc[dj [dWXb_d] v J^[ Z[dj_ij i^ekbZ WbmWoi ijh_l[ je i[Ykh[ W fei_j_edm^[h[Wjb[WijWicWbbfWhje\j^[_di[hj[Z j^[ \bk_Zi je ZhW_d e\\ Wi j^[o i^ekbZ$ ?\ ikY^ _cfbWdj fhe`[Yji bWj[hWbbo \hec j^[ `Wm$ J^_i _d\[Yj_edi Wh[ dej W]]h[ii_l[bo jh[Wj[Z" j^[h[ _i Yed\_]khWj_ed^Wii[l[hWbWZlWdjW][i$?Lehb_l[hZ_i[Wi[el[hWbbj^[i[o[Whi$ 8E?_cfbWdji^Wl[Wbieo_[bZ[Z[nY[bb[djh[ikbji_d icea[hi$M[^Wl[Wbiejh[Wj[ZcWdofWj_[djim^e gk_j icea_d] \eh ]eeZ je fhej[Yj j^[_h _cfbWdj# ikffehj[ZXh_Z][i$ v 7bj^ek]^j^_ieXi[hlWj_edh[cW_dijeX[l[h_\_[Z _d\ehcWbijkZ_[i"j^[fhe]dei_ie\8E?_cfbWdji Ze[i dej i[[c je Z_\\[h _d Wdo mWo X[jm[[d icea[hiWdZded#icea[hiedY[ie\j#j_iik[^[Wb_d] ^WiX[[dYecfb[j[Z$ v FWj_[dji m_j^ m[bb#Yedjhebb[Z Z_WX[j[i c[bb_jki j[dZjeX[]eeZYWdZ_ZWj[i\eh_cfbWdjjh[Wjc[dj X[YWki[e\j^[_h]h[Wj[h^[Wbj^WmWh[d[ii$ v J^[ h_ia e\ Yecfb_YWj_edi j[dZi je X[ ^_]^[h _d fWj_[djim_j^Wh[bWj_l[bokdYh_j_YWbWdZd[]b_][dj Wjj_jkZ[ jemWhZi b_\[ X[YWki[ j^[o Wh[ b[ii b_a[bo je Yecfbo m_j^ j^[ jh[Wjc[dj h[gk_h[c[dji j^Wd Wh[ fWj_[dji m_j^ YedYec_jWdj Z_i[Wi[i i[[ 9^Wfj[h(,"i[Yj_ed*$ v 7do h_ia \WYjehi ^Wl[ je X[ Z_iYkii[Z m_j^ Wbb \hWdad[ii$7\j[hWbb"j^[kbj_cWj[Z[Y_i_edm^[j^[h ehdej_cfbWdjj^[hWfoi^ekbZX[f[h\ehc[Zckij X[jWa[ddejXoj^[Z[dj_ijXkjXoj^[fWj_[dj$ v M[ ^Wl[ Z[l[bef[Z W Yh_j_YWb Wjj_jkZ[ jemWhZi fWj_[djim_j^WikXijWdj_WbZh_da_d]^WX_j"Wbj^ek]^ j^[ ki[ e\ WbYe^eb _i [njh[c[bo m_Z[ifh[WZ j^[i[ ZWoi$ J^[ iWc[ h[i[hlWj_edi Wffbo je icea[hi" e\ Yekhi[" i_dY[ Wdo e\ j^[i[ ^WX_ji Wh[ ][d[hWbbo _dZ_YWj_l[e\i[b\#d[]b_][djX[^Wl_ekh$
È $IAGNOSISÈOFÈ3PEECHÈANDÈ(EARINGÈ&UNCTIONÈ
-)
Iec[ YedYec_jWdj Z_i[Wi[i m_bb W\\[Yj dej ie ckY^ j^[ h[ijehWj_l[ WdZ cW_dj[dWdY[ f^Wi[i e\ 8E? j^[hWfoWij^[_cfbWdjWj_edfheY[Zkh[_ji[b\$7Xiebkj[ YedjhW_dZ_YWj_edi mekbZ _dYbkZ[ Y^[cej^[hWfo" _cckdeikffh[ii_l[ j^[hWfo" b[kYefe[d_W" WdZ cWb_]dWdj ^W[cWjefe_[j_Y Z_i[Wi[i$ De YbW_c je Yecfb[j[d[ii _i X[_d] cWZ[ ^[h[$ ?d fWj_[dji m^e ^Wl[ ikhl_l[Z Wdo e\ j^[i[ h[bWj[Z Z_i[Wi[i" j^[ efj_ed e\ _di[hj_d] 8E? _cfbWdji W\j[h Wbb d[[Zi je X[ Z_iYkii[Z m_j^ j^[ jh[Wj_d] f^oi_Y_Wdi m_j^ h[]WhZjej^[_dZ_l_ZkWbÉiY_hYkcijWdY[i"fheXWX_b_jo e\ h[Ykhh[dj Z_i[Wi[ WdZ b_\[ [nf[YjWdYo$ ?\ _cfbWdj j^[hWfo_iYedi_Z[h[ZWffhefh_Wj[_dfWj_[djim_j^W b_c_j[Z b_\[ [nf[YjWdYo" 8E?#XWi[Z WffheWY^[i m_j^ _cc[Z_Wj[ beWZ_d] Wh[ Y[hjW_dbo ceh[ Wffhefh_Wj[ j^Wd Wdo Yh[ijWb _cfbWdjebe]_YWb fhejeYebi" m^_Y^ m_bbdehcWbbo_dlebl[fhebed][Z^[Wb_d]f[h_eZi$ 7dej^[h _iik[ j^Wj d[[Zi je X[ Yedi_Z[h[Z l[ho YWh[\kbbo _i m^[j^[h j^[ _cfbWdj fheY[Zkh[ i^ekbZ X[ f[h\ehc[Z kdZ[h ][d[hWb WdW[ij^[i_W" i[ZWj_ed" d_jheki en_Z[ WdWb][i_W eh beYWb WdW[ij^[i_W$ 9edj_dkeki Wffb_YWj_ed e\ eno][d [$]$ )b%c_d j^hek]^WdWiWbfheX[_iijhed]boh[Yecc[dZ[Z_d fWj_[djim_j^_cfW_h[Zh[if_hWjeho\kdYj_ed$
È 3TRUCTURALÈ(ISTORYÈOFÈTHEÈ)MPLANTÈ3ITE J^[ beYWb ^_ijeho e\ j^[ _cfbWdj i_j[" _dYbkZ_d] j^[ i[b\#jhWX[YkbWj_d]Xed[fhef[hj_[i"ckijX[YWh[\kbbo [nfbeh[Zi[[9^Wfj[h/"i[Yj_ed'$,$J^[jhW`[Yjeh_Wb eh_[djWj_ede\j^[Yehj_YWbXed[ijhkYjkh[im_bbh[cW_d kdW\\[Yj[Z Xo Wdo j[[j^ [njhWYj[Z eh Wdo Yh[ijWb _cfbWdjibeiji^ehjboX[\eh[j^[8E?fheY[Zkh[$?\Wdo 8E?_cfbWdjim[h[beij"^em[l[h"j^[h[_iWY^WdY[e\ Wh[Wi^Wl_d]\ehc[Zj^WjWh[dej]e_d]jeX[ijWXb[ WdY^ehW][ fe_dji \eh _cc[Z_Wj[bo beWZ[Z _cfbWdji i[[ WWiWdZIfW^dh[b_[i ed edbo \ekh _cfbWdji f[h `Wm" _di[hj[Z Wj ijhWj[]_Y fei_j_edi$ J^_i WffheWY^ Ze[i dej _cf[Z[ \b[n_ed e\j^[Xed[ijhkYjkh[iX[jm[[dj^[_cfbWdji$?dj^_i mWo"WXed[#_cfbWdjh[ijehWj_edm_j^WZWfj[Z\b[n_ed _iYh[Wj[Z$ J^[ ej^[h jh[Wjc[dj f^_beief^o" WZleYWj[Z Xo IYehj[YY_" >[kYacWdd WdZ CW_[h" W_ci je Yh[Wj[ W h_]_Z _cfbWdj#h[ijehWj_ed ioij[c Xo _di[hj_d] W cWn_ckcdkcX[he\_cfbWdji$7ij^[i[ioij[ciWh[ ceh[h_]_Zj^Wdj^[Xed[_ji[b\"j^[\ehY[#jhWdic_jj_d] ikh\WY[i YWddej X[Yec[ i[Wcb[iibo _dj[]hWj[Z _d j^[_h[dj_h[joWjW^_]^Z[]h[[e\c_d[hWb_pWj_ed$
]eeZ_Z[W$J^[kd_bWj[hWbjeej^beiicWo"\eh_dijWdY[" ^Wl[X[[dYWki[ZXo[nY[ii_l[beWZ_d]h[bWj[ZjeWd kdXWbWdY[Z \kdYj_edWb fWjj[hd$ >em[l[h" kd_bWj[hWb Y^[m_d] m_bb dej h[iebl[ ifedjWd[ekibo _\ ceij e\ j^[ ej^[h cWij_YWjeho ikh\WY[i _d j^[ cWdZ_Xb[ Wh[ cWbfei_j_ed[Z eh _\ Wd kdiocc[jh_YWb7[hpe]WdZ B_dZeh\ '//,$ J^[ _djhWeii[eki XbeeZ ikffbo _i fh[ikcWXbo]h[Wjboh[ZkY[Z"m^_Y^cWo[l[dfhecej[ j^[ Z[l[befc[dj e\ iWhYecWi Zemd j^[ heWZ$ Iec[ e\j^[feijkbWj[ie\Yh[ijWb_cfbWdjebe]oWh[_dZ[[Z gk[ij_edWXb[$ 7i W YWi[ _d fe_dj" j^[ fhe]dei_i e\ _cfbWdji Yel[h[Z m_j^ W feheki YeWj_d] Wbbem_d] f[h\ki_edkdj_bZ[[fkdZ[hj^[ikh\WY[Eii[efeh[ X[Yec[i feeh[h m_j^ _dYh[Wi_d] _cfbWdj b[d]j^i X[YWki[j^[f[h\ki_edioij[cbei[i_ji\kdYj_edWb_jo _dbed][hZ[i_]di$ Bed][h _cfbWdji fbWY[Z _d Wh[Wi e\ \b[n_ed Wh[ XekdZjejhWdil[hi[lWh_eki[deiiWbbWo[hij^Wjm_bb Y^Wd][j^[_hh[bWj_l[fei_j_ediZkh_d]dehcWbY^[m_d] \kdYj_ed$J^[i[cel[c[djiWh[ceh[WffWh[dj_dj^[ cWdZ_Xb[" Xkj j^[o Wh[ i_]d_\_YWdj _d j^[ cWn_bbW Wi m[bb$?dYedjhWijjej^[if[Y_Wbbofh[fWh[Zia[b[j_p[Z iakbbiki[Z\ehWdWjec_YWbijkZ_[i"b_l[YhWd_WbXed[i Wh[ Y^WhWYj[h_p[Z Xo h[bWj_l[ ceX_b_jo WdZ ^_]^ ^oZheijWj_Y fh[iikh[i$ ?d WZZ_j_ed" j^[o Wh[ W\\[Yj[Z Xo j^[ h^oj^c_YWb cel[c[dji e\ j^[ YhWd_eiWYhWb" h[if_hWjeho WdZ cWij_YWjeho ioij[ci$ DejWXbo Xo
È
È 'ENERALÈ"IOMECHANICALÈ#ONSIDERATIONSÈINÈ4REATMENTÈ0LANNINGÈ
j^[ WYj_l[ cel[c[dji e\ cWij_YWj_ed WdZ \WY_Wb [nfh[ii_ed" j^[ Xed[i Wh[ YedijWdjbo a[fj _d W ijWj[ e\ ckjkWb \bkn WdZ _djhWXedo jehi_ed$ Dej[ j^Wj j^[ _djhWeij[edWb\beme\dkjh_[dji_i[d^WdY[ZXoXed[ jehi_ed$ J^[ ikYY[ii\kb ekjYec[i e\ ib_]^jbo Yed_YWb ded#j^h[WZ[Z _cfbWdji m_j^ W if^[h_YWb ikh\WY[ Eii[efeh[ Z[cedijhWj[ j^Wj j^[ iWc[ Z[]h[[ e\ WdY^ehW][ YWd Wbie X[ eXjW_d[Z m_j^ l[ho i^ehj Z[i_]di$ J^[i[ _cfbWdji ij_ckbWj[ c_d[hWb_pWj_ed _d W hWZ_e]hWf^_YWbbo Z[cedijhWXb[ cWdd[h WdZ Wh[ YWfWXb[" WYYehZ_d] je j^[_h ki[hi" e\ ikffehj_d] fheij^[j_Y h[ijehWj_edi m^_b[ _dlebl_d] hWj^[h Z_ijehj[Z Yhemd#_cfbWdj hWj_ei$ EXl_ekibo" j^[i[ _cfbWdji YWddej X[ ifb_dj[Z i_dY[ j^[ j[di_edi Z[l[bef_d] j^hek]^ j^[ fheij^[j_Y ijhkYjkh[ mekbZ [l[djkWbbo h[ikbj _d Xed[ Wlkbi_ed W\j[h Wbb$ J^[ \_hij fe_dj je Yedi_Z[h m_j^ j^[i[ _cfbWdji _i j^Wj j^[o i^ekbZ X[ _di[hj[Z el[h j^[_h [dj_h[ b[d]j^ _djeWXed[bWo[he\kd_\ehcX[^Wl_ekh$7iWh[ikbj" j^[ b[l[b e\ \kdYj_edWb cel[c[dji _di_Z[ j^[ Xedo _cfbWdj X[Z m_bb X[ h[bWj_l[bo bem$ ?d ej^[h mehZi" j^[i[ _cfbWdji m_bb h[cW_d kdW\\[Yj[Z Xo Wdo beYWb eh Yecfh[^[di_l[ cel[c[dji e\ j^[ YhWd_Wb Xed[i Ä fhel_Z[Z" e\ Yekhi[" j^Wj j^[o Wh[ dej ki[Z je ikffehj bWh][#ifWd Xh_Z][i$ J^[ i[YedZ fe_dj je Yedi_Z[h _i j^[ _d][d_eki ikh\WY[ ijhkYjkh[ e\ j^[i[ _cfbWdji" m^_Y^ _d_j_Wbbo fh[l[dji j^[ Xed[ \hec ]hem_d] jee Z[[fbo kdZ[h j^[ ikh\WY[$ J^[ [cfjo ifWY[ `kij X[bem j^[ ikh\WY[ h[fh[i[dji W Yed\bk[dj ioij[ce\YWdWbij^Wj[dWXb[idkjh_[djijeX[ikffb_[Z Xo mWo e\ c_YheY_hYkbWj_ed l[ho ckY^ Wi j^[o Wh[ ikffb_[Z dWjkhWbbo j^hek]^ eij[edi$ ?d ej^[h mehZi" j^[ikh\WY[edm^_Y^j^[Xed[bWo[hm_bbX[\ehc_d] X[Whi ]h[Wj[h h[i[cXbWdY[ je W j^h[[#Z_c[di_edWb c_Yhej_jh[ fbWj[ j^Wd je W Z[WZ _cfbWdj ikh\WY[$ J^_i [nWcfb[ edY[ W]W_d Z[cedijhWj[i j^Wj [l[d c_dkj[YedjWYjikh\WY[im_bbkbj_cWj[boX[ik\\_Y_[dj jeWZ[gkWj[bo]k_Z[cWij_YWjehobeWZi_djej^[Xed[$ 7iWfh[h[gk_i_j["^em[l[h"j^[ikh\WY[YedjWYjckij X[ beYWj[Z _d Wd Wh[W j^Wj _i m[bb ikffb_[Z m_j^ dkjh_[dji$ M_j^ Yehj_YWbbo WdY^eh[Z 8E? _cfbWdji" j^[i[dkjh_[djicWoX[Z[h_l[Z\hecj^[f[h_eij[kc eh \hec j^[ _dj[h_eh e\ j^[ `Wm Xed[$ M_j^ Yh[ijWb _cfbWdji"_j_iiec[j_c[ifeii_Xb[jeWY^_[l[j^_i]eWb j^hek]^_d][d_ekiboijhkYjkh[Zikh\WY[iWdZYWh[\kbbo i[b[Yj[Z_cfbWdji_j[i$Wl_d] iW_Z j^Wj" _cfbWdjbeii[iWh[[njh[c[bohWh[fh[Y_i[bom_j^-=. ;:"-=+;::eh-=-;:::Z[i_]di"Zk[jej^[\WYj j^Wjj^[oWh[kikWbbo_di[hj[Z_d^_]^boc_d[hWb_p[Z Xed[ Wh[Wi m^[h[ [bWij_Y_jo _i dej W jef fh_eh_jo Yedi_Z[hWj_ed$ IYehj[YY_ Z[cedijhWj[Z _d ^_i Xeea j^Wj h_]_Z _cfbWdj#h[ijehWj_ed Yecfb[n[i YekbZ X[ [ijWXb_i^[Z l[ho ikYY[ii\kbbo Xo _di[hj_d] W bWh][ dkcX[he\h_]_ZboZ[i_]d[Z_cfbWdji_dYecX_dWj_ed m_j^iYh[m_cfbWdji$
.*
9^Wfj[h-È 4REATMENTÈ0LANNING
JeZWoÉi :_iaei#jof[ _cfbWdji e\\[h W XWbWdY[Z YecX_dWj_ed e\ i^Wf[" j^_Yad[ii WdZ i_p[$ J^[_h Z[l[befc[djmWiXWi[Zedj^[_dfkje\[nf[h_[dY[Z ki[hi" ]_l_d] h_i[ je W Z[i_]d j^Wj _i efj_c_p[Z \eh j^[ [nf[Yj[Z \kdYj_edWb beWZi WdZ j^[ ceX_b_jo e\ j^[ ^kcWd iakbb m^_b[ [dikh_d] j^Wj WZ[gkWj[ eii[e_dj[]hWj_ede\j^[XWiWbfbWj[i_iWY^_[l[ZWjWbb j_c[i$
È #EMENTINGÈ6ERSUSÈ3CREWING J^[h[ _i de i_cfb[ Wdim[h je j^[ gk[ij_ed m^[j^[h ikf[hijhkYjkh[i i^ekbZ X[ Y[c[dj[Z eh iYh[m[Z je _cfbWdji$ 7 fh[\[hh[Z WffheWY^ e\ Yh[ijWb _cfbWdjebe]o fWhj_YkbWhbo _d j^[ cWn_bbW _i je iYh[m W XWh WjjWY^c[dj je j^[ _cfbWdji WdZ ki[ W Yel[hZ[djkh[ Wi fheij^[j_Y ikf[hijhkYjkh[$ J^[i[ ioij[ci" _j _i Wh]k[Z" Wh[ X[jj[h WYY[ii_Xb[ \eh i[b\# f[h\ehc[ZehWb^o]_[d[$J^[[nf[h_[dY[e\j^ekiWdZi e\fWj_[djijh[Wj[Zm_j^8E?_cfbWdjii^emij^Wjj^_i YbW_c_ikd\ekdZ[Z$J^[jhkj^_ij^Wj\_n[Zfheij^[j_Y iebkj_edi j^Wj Wh[ Xej^ W[ij^[j_Y WdZ WYY[ii_Xb[ YWd X[ fhel_Z[Z [l[d _d j^[ ceij kd\WlekhWXb[ e\ i_jkWj_edi$ ?d ekh l_[m" j^[ fh[Z_b[Yj_ed e\ Yh[ijWb _cfbWdjebe]_iji \eh iYh[m[Z XWh WjjWY^c[dji h[Wbbo ^Wi je Ze m_j^ j^[ ^_]^ hWj[ e\ _cfbWdj beii m_j^ j^[i[ Z[i_]di$ J^[ jhk[ h[Wied _i j^Wj j^[i[ beii[i YWd X[ ÆWZc_d_ijhWj[ZÇ X[jj[h kdZ[h iYh[m[Z XWh WjjWY^c[dj j^Wd kdZ[h Y[c[dj[Z Xh_Z][i" j^[h[Xo Wle_Z_d]j^[\_dWdY_Wbh_ia_$[$j^[bWXehWjehoYeiji e\^Wl_d]jeh[fbWY[j^[ikf[hijhkYjkh[[l[hoj_c[Wd _cfbWdj_ibeij$IYh[mYedd[Yj_edie\\[h_d]Wfh[Y_i[ \_jWh[ckY^ceh[Z_\\_Ykbjjeh[Wb_p[j^WdY[c[dj[Z Yedd[Yj_edi" fWhj_YkbWhbo _d i_jkWj_edi m^[h[ j^[ Xed[ cehf^ebe]o ^Wi Y^Wd][Z el[h j^[ Yekhi[ e\ jh[Wjc[dj WdZ _\ YedZ_j_edi _d j^[ jho#_d f^Wi[ Wh[ de bed][h j^[ iWc[ Wi _d j^[ f^Wi[ e\ _cfh[ii_ed# jWa_d]$ Iec[ ki[hi fh[\[h je h[cel[ j^[ fheij^[j_Y ikf[hijhkYjkh[ Wj h[]kbWh _dj[hlWbi$ J^_i dWjkhWbbo h[gk_h[i j^[ ki[ e\ W iYh[m Yedd[Yj_ed$ 9[c[dj[Z Xh_Z][iWh[dejWdefj_ed_dj^WjYWi[$ Ed[ e\ j^[ h[Wiedi m^o iYh[m Yedd[Yj_edi Wh[ ceh[Yedl[d_[djjeki[edh_]_Z_cfbWdjijof[i?:E" ?:EJeh?:_iX[YWki[iYh[m#h[jW_d[ZXh_Z][iYWddej Z[l[bef fh[#beWZi Wbed] j^[_h XWiWb Yecfed[dji$ Ed j^[ ej^[h ^WdZ" _dj[hdWb#j^h[WZ ioij[ci Wh[ WiieY_Wj[Zm_j^bWh][_cfbWdj^[WZie\WZ[gkWj[mWbb j^_Yad[ii" m^_Y^ [djW_bi bWh][h ckYeiWb f[d[jhWj_ed fe_dji"j^[h[Xo_dYh[Wi_d]j^[h_iae\_d\[Yj_edi$ Ej^[hki[hiZedejm_i^jeh[cel[j^[Xh_Z][i[l[h W]W_d$ J^[h[\eh[" j^[o ^Wl[ de eYYWi_ed je [cXWha edj^[j[Y^d_YWbboZ[cWdZ_d]jWiae\[ijWXb_i^_d]W iYh[mYedd[Yj_ed$7\j[hWbb"j^[j_c[WdZced[o]e_d] _djej^[\WXh_YWj_ede\WiYh[m#h[jW_d[ZXh_Z][mekbZ
ik\\_Y[je\WXh_YWj[jmei_cfb[Xh_Z][i\heciYhWjY^$ 7domWo"Wd[mXh_Z][[l[dWi_cfb[8heiWcb[#jof[ Xh_Z][ _i e\j[d j^[ X[jj[h iebkj_ed _d j^[ [l[dj e\ Yecfb_YWj_edi$ M[ j^[h[\eh[ ki[ Y[c[dj[Z Xh_Z][i _dij[WZe\iYh[m#h[jW_d[ZXh_Z][im^[d[l[hfeii_Xb[ WdZWZl_i[ekhfWj_[djijeif[dZb[iiced[oeded[ if[Y_\_Y h[ijehWj_ed Xkj je ^Wl[ d[m h[ijehWj_edi \WXh_YWj[Z\hecj_c[jej_c[_dij[WZ$7iWcWjj[he\ \WYj"d[mh[ijehWj_edim_bbX[d[[Z[ZWkjecWj_YWbboWi j^[ebZed[iWh[h[ZkY[Zel[hj_c[Xoj^[d[Y[iiWho eYYbkiWbWZ`kijc[dji$ ?d ekh fhWYj_Y[" ;:#jof[ _cfbWdji ^Wl[ o_[bZ[Z j^[X[ijh[ikbji$J^_ifh[ikcWXbo^WijeZem_j^j^[_h ^_]^h[i_ijWdY[je_d\[Yj_edi"m^_Y^m[Wjjh_Xkj[jej^[ j^_dfeb_i^[Zikh\WY[iWjj^[b[l[bm^[h[j^[_cfbWdj f[d[jhWj[i j^[ ckYeiW$ J^[ iYh[m Yedd[Yj_ed YWd l_hjkWbboWbmWoiX[[ijWXb_i^[Zekji_Z[e\j^[ckYeiW$ ?d j^_i mWo" j^[ Yedd[Yj_edi Wh[ m[bb WYY[ii_Xb[ WdZ i[b\#ZhW_d_d]$ Je ikccWh_p[" [l[ho WffheWY^ ^Wi if[Y_\_Y WZlWdjW][i WdZ Z_iWZlWdjW][i$ 7 fWdWY[W Ze[i dej [n_ij$H[]WhZ_d]j^[gk[ij_edkdZ[hZ_iYkii_ed^[h[" j^[kd_l[hi_j_[ih[f[Wj[Zboim_jY^[Zi_Z[i[l[ho\[m o[Whi$ ?j _i iW\[ je Wiikc[ j^Wj j^[i[ Y^Wd][i e\ ^[Whj m[h[ fhecfj[Z dej ie ckY^ Xo \_hij#^WdZ Z[b_X[hWj_edi WdZ [nf[h_[dY[ Wi Xo Z[f[dZ[dY[ ed j^_hZ#fWhjo\kdZ_d]Wjj^[^WdZie\if[Y_\_Y_cfbWdj cWdk\WYjkh[hi$
È 2EDUCINGÈ&UNCTIONALÈANDÈ0ARAFUNCTIONALÈ ,OADSÈBYÈ0ROSTHETICÈ4REATMENT 7Z`kij_d] j^[ fei_j_ed e\ j^[ cWij_YWjeho ikh\WY[i YWd Yh[Wj[ W i_jkWj_ed j^Wj ^[bfi je h[ZkY[ j^[ cWij_YWjeho\ehY[iXobeWZ_d]j^[JC@ijhkYjkh[i$ J^[Yedi[gk[dY[ie\]h[WjcWij_YWjeho\ehY[iWh[ WbieWffWh[dj_dfWj_[djim[Wh_d]Z[djkh[i$C[hY_[h WdZBW\edjWdj'/-/eXi[hl[Zceh[WZlWdY[ZYWi[i e\ h_Z][ h[iehfj_ed _d fWj_[dji Y^WhWYj[h_p[Z Xo icWbb bem[h \WY[i WdZ ^eh_pedjWb eh_[djWj_ed e\ j^[ cWdZ_Xb[ _$[$ icWbb ]ed_ed Wd]b[$ J^[o Wbie c[dj_ed[Zj^Wjj^[WjjWY^c[djie\j^[`Wm#[b[lWj_d] ckiYb[i m[h[ beYWj[Z ceh[ Wdj[h_ehbo _d j^ei[ fWj_[dji$ ?d j^[ fWj_[dji m^e i^em[Z W h[bWj_l[bo ef[d X_j[" j^[ bWij \kdYj_edWb cebWhi m[h[ beYWj[Z iec[m^Wj ceh[ Wdj[h_ehbo je j^[ \hedj cWh]_d e\ j^[ Y^[m_d] ckiYb[i fWhj_Y_fWj_d] _d Ybei_d] cel[c[dji$Fh[ikcWXbo"j^[ehX_YkbWh_ieh_ickiYb[ _iceh[ijhed]bo_dlebl[Z_dY^[m_d]#h[bWj[ZYbei_d] cel[c[dji_dj^ei[fWj_[dji$ JWa_d]WZlWdjW][e\j^[]eeZ_dj[]hWj_l[YWfWY_jo e\ j^[ Z_ijWb cWdZ_Xb[" m[ _dlWh_WXbo fbWY[ 8E? _cfbWdji_d_jij[hc_dWbi[]c[djehkdZ[hj^[b_d[W eXb_gkW m^_j[ b_d[ _d j^[ EF=$ J^[ [dZfe_dj e\ fheij^[j_Y \kdYj_ed _i Wj j^[ fei_j_ed e\ j^[ \_hij
È
È 2EDUCINGÈ&UNCTIONALÈ,OADSÈBYÈ$RUGÈ4REATMENTÈ
.+
È 2EDUCINGÈ&UNCTIONALÈ,OADSÈÈ BYÈ$RUGÈ4REATMENT
A
B
&IGÈA B J^[ fei_j_edWb h[bWj_edi^_fi X[jm[[d j^[ Z[djWb
WhY^[i WdZ ckiYb[i cWo lWho$ J^[ i_jkWj_ed ed j^[ h_]^j _i Y^WhWYj[h_p[Z Xo W icWbb ]ed_ed Wd]b[ WdZ W Z_ijWb fei_j_ed e\ j^[ cWij_YWjeho ikh\WY[i$ J^[ JC@ _i fhej[Yj[Z \hec ^_]^ Y^[m_d]beWZi[n[hj[ZXoj^[Z[djWbWhY^[i"m^_Y^_im^oj^[h[ _ided[]Wj_l[\[[ZXWYaed[nY[ii_l[\ehY[i$J^_i_dYh[Wi[ij^[ h_iae\fWhW\kdYj_ed$Edj^[b[\ji_Z["XoYedjhWij"j^[l[hj_YWb ckiYb[ \ehY[i Wh[ dej XbeYa[Z Xo j^[ Z[dj_j_ed WdZ \kbbo _cfWYj j^[ `e_dj Wh[W$ J^[ cWii[j[h ckiYb[ ^Wi Wd Wdj[h_eh WdZWfeij[h_ehfWhj"WdZWdom[Wad[iie\ed[e\j^[i[fWhji cWob[WZjeZ_\\[h[dY[i_dbeWZfhefW]Wj_edjej^[`e_djZkh_d] cWij_YWj_ed WdZ fWhW\kdYj_edWb WYj_l_j_[i ceZ_\_[Z \hec C[hY_[hWdZBW\edjWdj'/-/
&IGÈ M^_b[ j^[ Z_ijWb fei_j_edi m[h[ i[b[Yj[Z \eh j^[
8E? _cfbWdji X[YWki[ e\ j^[_h X_ec[Y^Wd_YWb ijWX_b_jo" de cWij_YWjeho ikh\WY[i Wh[ h[gk_h[Z Z_ijWbbo je j^[ \_hij cebWh$ J^[ fedj_Yi Wh[ Z[i_]d[Z m_j^ W ckYeiWb Yb[WhWdY[" ie j^Wj j^[oYWddej_dj[h\[h[m_j^j^[Yh[ijWb]hemj^e\j^[cWdZ_Xb[
cebWh$?dj^_imWo"m[Whj_\_Y_WbboYh[Wj[Wi_jkWj_edb_a[ j^[ed[_bbkijhWj[Zedj^[b[\ji_Z[e\_ijebe]_YWb ijkZ_[i Wh[ Wd _cfehjWdj [b[c[dj e\ _cfbWdjebe]_YWbh[i[WhY^$7dej^[hdejWXb[_cfb_YWj_ed e\ Wjjd[hWdZ fkhfei[e\j^_iZ_iYkii_ed$ Y^Wd][i" WdZ_cckdebe]_YWbYecf[j[dY[_iZ[Yh[Wi[Z$ <eh j^[ h[Wiedi ijWj[Z WXel[" m[ h[]WhZ _j Wi Wd ef[d gk[ij_ed m^[j^[h XWYj[h_W Wh[ h[Wbbo YWki# Wbbo _dlebl[Z _d j^[ fhe]h[ii_ed e\ f[h_eZedj_j_i _d j^[ mWo m[ Wh[ jWk]^j je j^_da$ N_c[d[p [j Wb$ (&&& i^em[Z j^Wj j^[ XWYj[h_Wb Yecfei_j_ed eXi[hl[Z _d f[h_eZedjWb feYa[ji _i Wbie fh[i[dj _d j^[ ikfhW]_d]_lWb fbWgk[ e\ fWj_[dji m_j^ ^[Wbj^o f[h_eZedj_kc$ 7\j[h Wbb" _j mekbZ X[ YedY[_lWXb[ j^Wj j^ei[ effehjkd_ij_Y c_Yheeh]Wd_ici cWo X[ WjjhWYj[Z Xo j^[ Z[]hWZWj_ed fheZkYji e\ j^[ _dYh[Wi_d]bokdZ[hdekh_i^[Zf[h_eZedjWbfeYa[jWdZ cWo WZlWdY[ Z[[f[h \eh Z_\\[h[dj h[Wiedi Wj W bWj[h j_c[$ ?d ej^[h mehZi" j^[ ijWi_i j^Wj m_bb [l[djkWbbo ]_l[ h_i[ je Xed[ h[iehfj_ed cWo X[ YWki[Z Xo W ]_d]_l_j_i#h[bWj[Zfh[iikh[h[l[hiWb_dj^[f[h_f^[hWb f[h_eZedjWbl[ii[bi$8omWoe\WdWbe]o"deeXi[hl[h mekbZWiikc[j^Wjj^[lkbjkh[ii_jj_d]edWZ[WZ]dk _dj^[7\h_YWdiWlWddW^^Wl[WYjkWbboa_bb[Zj^[]dk$ 9khh[dj f[h_eZedjebe]_YWb j^_da_d] Ze[i" ^em[l[h" Wiikc[ j^Wj j^[ Xed[ _i WYjkWbbo WjjWYa[Z eh Xo j^[ XWYj[h_W$ Dem" m^_b[ j^[h[ _i de ZekXj j^Wj XWYj[h_W m_bb\WY_b_jWj[j^[fhe]h[ii_ede\f[h_eZedjWbZ_i[Wi[" j^[h[Wh[dkc[heki_dZ_YWj_ediWh]k_d]W]W_dijj^[_h YWkiWbheb[_dXed[h[iehfj_ed$ ?j_im[bbademdj^Wjj^[WdY^ehW][e\\kdYj_edWb j[[j^ _d j^[_h Xedo X[Z _i _dYh[Wi_d]bo beij Wi f[h_eZedjWb Z_i[Wi[ fhe]h[ii[i$ 7i W Yedi[gk[dY[" c_YheY_hYkbWj_ed_ih[ZkY[Z$Be]_delWWdZAh[Y^_dW '//. i^em[Z j^Wj c_YheY_hYkbWj_ed \ebbem_d] j^[ edi[j e\ cWij_YWjeho \kdYj_ed Wi Wii[ii[Z m_j^ Y^[m_d] ]kc _dYh[Wi[Z Xo -& _d j^[ WXi[dY[ e\ f[h_eZedjWbZ_i[Wi[$?dceZ[hWj[Z_i[Wi["j^[_dYh[Wi[
''&
9^Wfj[h/È &OUR $IMENSIONALÈ#ONSIDERATIONSÈOFÈ"ONEÈ-ORPHOLOGYÈANDÈ-ECHANICS
mWi '/Ä)'$ ?d YWi[i e\ i[l[h[ Z[[f f[h_eZedj_j_i" ^em[l[h" j^[ i_jkWj_ed mWi h[l[hi[Z" _$[$ Y_hYkbWj_ed mekbZ[l[dZ[Yh[Wi[Xo,Be]_delWWdZAh[Y^_dW '//.$J^[Wkj^ehiWjjh_Xkj[Zj^_i\_dZ_d]jeY^Wd][i _d lWiYkbWh c_Yhe#WhY^_j[Yjkh[ _dlebl_d]" Wced] ej^[h j^_d]i" W h[l[hi[Z fh[iikh[ h[bWj_edi^_f _d j^[f[h_eZedjWbl[ii[bi$?dj^_ii_jkWj_ed"j^[Yh[ijWb i[]c[djie\j^[f[h_eZedj_kcWh[ikffb_[Z\hecj^[ f[h_eij[kc WdZ ckYeiW" m^_b[ j^[ XWiWb i[]c[dji Yedj_dk[ je X[ ikffb_[Z \hec j^[ [deiiWb ifWY[$ KdZ[hdehcWbfh[iikh[YedZ_j_edi"j^[[deiiWbXbeeZ ikffbo mekbZ ZhW_d je j^[ f[h_eij[kc WdZ ckYeiW" Xkj _d j^[ if[Y_\_Y i_jkWj_ed e\ WYkj[ _d\[Yj_ed" ZhW_dW][ _i eXijhkYj[Z Xo j^[ _dj[hdWb fh[iikh[ _dYh[Wi[ _d j^[ Yh[ijWb f[h_eZedj_kc$ J^[h[\eh[" f[h_eZedj_j_i _i [ii[dj_Wbbo W Z_i[Wi[ _d m^_Y^ j^[ Xed[ _i Z[fb[j[Z e\ dkjh_[dji Wi j^[ XbeeZ \bem _i kdZ[hc_d[Z Xo XbeYa_d] j^[ ZhW_dW][$ J^[ lebkc[ e\ j^[ kdZ[hdekh_i^[Z Xed[ ijhkYjkh[i _i h[ZkY[Z WdZ _j m_bb X[ h[fbWY[Z Xo ie\j#j_iik[ ijhkYjkh[i$ J^[i[j_iik[iWh[ikiY[fj_Xb[je_d\bWccWj_edYWki[Z Xoj^[dkc[hekiZ[]hWZWj_edfheZkYjie\j^[Xed[ _d][d[hWb[dpoc[i"[jY$WdZj^[eij[eboi_i#h[bWj[Z ^_]^ _ed b[l[bi _d fWhj_YkbWh$ J^[ d[mbo \ehc[Z f[h_eZedjWbj_iik[ijhkYjkh[iWjj^[Z[fb[j[ZWbl[ebWh Yh[ijWh["_dj^[_hjkhd"dejfWhj_YkbWhbom[bbik_j[Zje h[iehX j^[i[ cWii_l[ _ed YedY[djhWj_edi WdZ Xed[ Z[]hWZWj_ed fheZkYji$ ?d ehZ[h je [dikh[ ZhW_dW][ e\j^[i[fheZkYji"j^[XbeeZY_hYkbWj_edj^hek]^j^[ Yh[ijWb f[h_eZedj_kc d[[Zi je X[ _dYh[Wi[Z" m^_Y^ X[Yec[iYb_d_YWbbocWd_\[ijWiW^[_]^j[d[ZXb[[Z_d] j[dZ[dYo$ Iec[ _dZ_YWj_edi je j^_i [\\[Yj Wh[ ademd je Wbb Z[dj_iji$ M^[d[l[h j[[j^ ikhhekdZ[Z Xo bWh][ ]hWdkbecWjeki h[]_edi Wh[ [njhWYj[Z" j^[ ]hWdkbecWjekij_iik[m_bbXb[[Z^[Wl_bo$J^[Xb[[Z_d] m_bbijefgk_YaboedY[j^[]hWdkbecWj_iik[^WiX[[d h[cel[Z$ J^ki j^[ Xb[[Z_d] eh_]_dWj[i dej _d j^[ Xed[Xkj_dj^[ie\jj_iik[$J^[Xed[\h[gk[djboi^emi bWh][ Yh_Xh_\ehc ef[d_d]i _d j^[ YedjWYj Wh[W m_j^ j^[]hWdkbecWm_j^ekjXb[[Z_d]\hecj^[i[ef[d_d]i m^[dj^_ij_iik[_ih[cel[Z$J^[iWc[[\\[YjYWdX[ eXi[hl[ZWjY^_bZX_hj^m^[h[kj[h_d[^W[cehh^W][_i ijeff[Zgk_YaboW\j[hj^[fbWY[djW^WiX[[dZ_ibeZ][Z1 _\j^[i[fWhWj_ed"^em[l[h"\W_bieh_i_dYecfb[j["j^[ ^W[cehh^W][ cWo f[hi_ij je j^[ fe_dj e\ X[Yec_d] b_\[#j^h[Wj[d_d]$ 8b[[Z_d] \hec j^[ fbWY[djW _ji[b\ _i d[]b_]_Xb[ X[YWki[ j^[ bkc[d e\ j^[ XbeeZijh[Wc \hec j^[ d[mXehd eh]Wd_ic _i jee icWbb" m^_Y^ _i i_c_bWhjej^[XbeeZikffboi_jkWj_ed_dj^[`WmXed[1 j^[ fh[iikh[ _i j^ki jee bem WdZ" ceh[ _cfehjWdjbo" YWddej X[ h[]kbWj[Z kfmWhZ$ ?d fbWY[djW" i[fWhWj[ XbeeZijh[Wci Wh[ [nY^Wd][Z Wj j^[ _dj[h\WY[$ @Wm ]hWdkbecWi"XoYecfWh_ied"XWi_YWbboij[c\heced[ i_d]b[XbeeZijh[Wc"Xkjj^[fh[iikh[h[bWj_edi^_fi_d j^[ Wh[W e\ j^[ j[hc_dWb XhWdY^[i Wh[ ikY^ j^Wj j^[ fh[iikh[Yec_d]\hecj^[ie\jj_iik[fh[lW_bi$J^_i_i
j^[YWki[e\j^[fhe]h[ii_l[Z[l[befc[djkd\ebZ_d] jemWhZij^[Xed["Xkjeh_]_dWj_d]Wjj^[ie\jj_iik[i$ J^[WdY_[djm_iZece\Xed[ikh][edi"¼=eZfhej[Yj ki \hec j^[ ie\j j_iik[i½" [nfh[ii[i j^[ h[Ye]d_j_ed j^Wj j^[ Xed[ _ji[b\ _i W h[b_WXb[ fWhjd[h e\ ekh _cfbWdjebe]_YWbmeha"Xkjj^Wjj^[Z[l[befc[djWdZ j^[^[Wb_d]fheY[iie\j^[ie\jj_iik[iWh[e\j[dYWki[ \eh YedY[hd$ J^_i _i [gkWbbo jhk[ _d f[h_eZedjebe]o" m^[h[ j^[ Z_ifbWY[c[dj e\ j^[ ^WhZ j_iik[i Xo j^[ fheb_\[hWj_d] ie\j j_iik[i _i j^[ l[ho [ii[dY[ e\ j^[ Z_i[Wi[$8ed["WiWhkb["jeb[hWj[ib[iidkjh_j_edWdZW bWYae\eno][dX[jj[hj^WdjeeckY^e\Xej^$ J^[ Xed[ _i dehcWbbo kdWXb[" \eh WdWjec_YWb h[Wiedi" je Y^Wd][ _ji _dj[hdWb XbeeZ ikffbo$ M[ ZekXjj^WjXed[j^Wj_iWim[bb#f[h\ki[ZWiie\jj_iik[ YekbZ h[cW_d ^_]^bo c_d[hWb_p[Z WdZ j^Wj _j mekbZ h[cW_d W ikXijWdY[ m^_Y^ mekbZ X[ h[Ye]d_p[Z Wi ¼Xed[½WjWbb$?ji[[cib_a[boj^Wjel[hbeWZeij[eboi_i WjZ_iafbWj[ieYYkhiZk[je^_]^f[h\ki_ed_d_j_Wj[Z Xo j^[ ^[Wb_d] fheY[ii W\j[h dkc[heki YhWYai ^Wl[ eYYkhh[Z _d j^[ iWc[ h[]_ed e\ j^[ Yehj_YWb Xed[$ 7d WYYkckbWj_ed e\ fehei_j_[i Zk[ je fhedekdY[Z h[ceZ[bb_d]cWoWbieYedjh_Xkj[jej^[Z[l[befc[dj e\Yehj_YWbZ[\[Yjie\j^_ijof[$ Gk_j[ W \[m gk[ij_edi h[cW_d ef[d WXekj j^[ dWjkh[e\Xed[Wjj^[dWdeiYWb[$?j_iYb[Whj^Wjj^[ ceb[YkbWh ijhkYjkh[ e\ Xed[ _i h[ifedi_Xb[ \eh j^[ ijh[d]j^e\j^[\_dWbfheZkYjBWdZ_i'//+1>kW`_Wd[j Wb$(&&)$J^_icWo_cfbo"^em[l[h"j^Wjj^[m_Z[boki[Z [d]_d[[h_d] YedY[fj e\ ijh[ii YedY[djhWj_ed Wj \bWm beYWj_edicWodejX[Wffb_YWXb[Wjj^[b[l[be\j^ei[ dWdefWhj_Yb[ie\m^_Y^Xed[Yedi_iji$J^[h[ikbjie\ j^[_dl[ij_]Wj_ediWdZ_Z[Wie\p1j^[ceij _cfehjWdj Wif[Yj" ^em[l[h" _i c[Y^Wd_YWb beWZ_d] '&&c_YheijW_d Wj '>p$ 9Wf_bbWho \ehY[i fbWo W heb[ Wi m[bb MWd] [j Wb$ '///$ F[hc[WX_b_jo WYheii Y[c[dj b_d[i _i" ^em[l[h" _hh[b[lWdj$ 7d _dYh[Wi[ e\ ijh[ii YoYb[i f[h j_c[ kd_j m_bb" ^em[l[h" h[ikbj _d W ceh[ fhedekdY[Z \bk_Z fh[iikh[ ]hWZ_[dj d[Wh j^[ eij[edWbYWdWbi$ È 4HEÈnÈ0ROPERTYÈANDÈTHEÈ3ELF 4RABECULATIONÈ -ODELÈnÈ-ICROMODELLING 8ed[ _i W cWj[h_Wb j^Wj _i YWfWXb[ e\ Z[l[bef_d] W jhWX[YkbWhijhkYjkh[Xo_ji[b\$8ed[_iWbieYWfWXb[e\ Y^Wd]_d] j^[ Z_ijh_Xkj_ed e\ j^[ beWZ jhWdic_ii_ed jWia X[jm[[d Z_\\[h[dj Wh[Wi _di_Z[ j^[ Xed[ eh m_j^_d j^[ Yehj_YWb Xed[ Ckbb[dZ[h [j Wb$ '//*$ 7 ^ofej^[j_YWb f[h\[Yjbo ^ece][d[eki _iejhef_Y Xed[ XbeYa mekbZ X[Yec[ _dYh[Wi_d]bo Wd_iejhef_Y ed X[_d]ikX`[Yj[Zje\kdYj_edWbbeWZ_d]$?dj^_ifheY[ii" _jmekbZZ[l[befXej^Wh[Wie\^[_]^j[d[ZWdZWh[Wi e\h[ZkY[Zc_d[hWb_pWj_ed$J^_iX[^Wl_ekh_iademd Wi j^[ ¼&Ä' fhef[hjo½$ J^_i X[^Wl_ekh _i WYjkWbbo gk_j[WcWp_d]"Wij^[YedjWYjWh[Wie\j^[jhWX[YkbW[" _\\ehfkh[bocWj^[cWj_YWbYedi_Z[hWj_edi"Wh[WbmWoi b_a[bojeX[WiieY_Wj[Zm_j^f[Waijh[ii[iWdZ^[dY[ m_j^ eij[eboj_Y j[dZ[dY_[i$ J^_i [\\[Yj" m^_Y^ _i ademd Wi ¼Y^[Ya[hXeWhZ_d]½" Yb[Whbo _dZ_YWj[i j^Wj m[Wh[kdWXb[jeYWfjkh[j^[jhk[Yhkne\j^[cWjj[h
È 0ROPERTIESÈOFÈ"ONEÈ4ISSUEÈINÈTHEÈORALÈ%NVIRONMENTÈ
'''
m_j^ ekh c[Y^Wd_ij_Y j^_da_d] WdZ cWj^[cWj_YWb ioij[ci ikY^ Wi em[l[h" jh[Wjc[dj m_j^ 8E? _cfbWdji e\\[hi ]h[Wj[h WZlWdjW][i YecfWh[Z je ]hW\j_d] X[YWki[ j^[i[ _cfbWdji Wh[ _di[hj[Z _dje dWj_l[ l_jWb Xed[ j^Wj m_bb h[Yel[h _ji cWYhejhW`[Yjeh_Wb fhef[hj_[i\Wij[h$ v J^[Wd_iejhef_Yfhef[hj_[ie\Xed[Wh[cWii_l[bo Y^Wd][Zehd[kjhWb_p[ZXo_di[hj_d]8E?_cfbWdji _d bWh][ dkcX[hi" ie j^Wj j^[ Xed[ X[Yec[i l_hjkWbbo_iejhef_Y$M^[dj^[Wd_iejhef_Yfhef[hj_[i Wh[ bWj[h h[Yel[h[Z" iec[ fehj_edi e\ j^[ 8E? Z_iai eh [l[d j^[ _cfbWdji j^[ci[bl[i Yec[ je X[ beYWj[Z _d '#Wh[Wi" m^_b[ ej^[h fWhji m_bb X[ beYWj[Z _d Wh[Wi$ J^_i m_bb" e\ Yekhi[" _d\bk[dY[ j^[ Yb_d_YWb ceX_b_jo e\ _dZ_l_ZkWb _cfbWdji$ 7i \kdYj_edWb Wbj[hWj_edi Yedl[hj_d] '#Wh[Wi je Wh[Wi WdZ l_Y[ l[hiW Wh[ WbmWoi feii_Xb[ el[h j^[ o[Whi" _cfbWdj ceX_b_jo Ze[i dej Y^Wd][ j^[ fheXWX_b_joe\_cfbWdjikhl_lWb_dWdoi_]d_\_YWdj cWdd[h$ J^[h[\eh[" _j jWa[i W bej e\ [nf[h_[dY[ je Wffh[Y_Wj[ m^[j^[h W 8E? _cfbWdj i^ekbZ X[ h[cel[Z$
''(
9^Wfj[h/È &OUR $IMENSIONALÈ#ONSIDERATIONSÈOFÈ"ONEÈ-ORPHOLOGYÈANDÈ-ECHANICS
v 7iWZZ_j_edWb_cfbWdjiWh[fbWY[Zd[njjeib_]^jbo v ?\ 8E? _cfbWdji Wh[ _di[hj[Z _cc[Z_Wj[bo W\j[h ceX_b[ W_b_d] 8E? _cfbWdji" j^[ d[mbo \ehc_d] [njhWYj_ed" Y^WdY[i Wh[ j^Wj j^[ [dj_h[ Xed[ Wh[W cWYhejhW`[Yjeh_[iWh[Z[ijheo[ZedY[W]W_d"m^_Y^ m_bb X[ h[ceZ[bb[Z Yecfb[j[bo WYYehZ_d] je d[m m_bb dehcWbbo h[ikbj _d Xej^ XWiWb Z_iai X[_d] cWYhejhW`[Yjeh_WbYh_j[h_W"iej^WjZ_h[Yj_dj[h\WY[ _dj[]hWj[Z$7do ]hWdkbWj_ed j_iik[ j^Wj cWo ^Wl[ YedjWYj m_bb fh[lW_b _d j^[ [Whbo feijef[hWj_l[ \ehc[Z dWjkhWbbo ^Wi je X[ h[cel[Z \hec j^[ f^Wi[$ J^_i m_bb fhecej[ _cfbWdj ^[Wb_d]$ ?j ceX_b[ Z_ia$ 8ed[ ]hW\j_d] cWj[h_Wb YWd Wbie _i _cfehjWdj" ^em[l[h" je h[ZkY[ fhejhkZ_d] X[ WZZ[Z" fhel_Z[Z j^Wj j^[ ibej Wh[W Ze[i dej Wbl[ebWhmWbbi\hecl[ij_XkbWhZ_h[Yj_edi_dY[j^[ Yecckd_YWj[ m_j^ j^[ ehWb YWl_jo$ J^[ bed][h ieYa[jim_bbdejX[h[\_bb[Zm_j^Xed[jej^[iWc[ h[ceZ[bb_d] f^Wi[ e\ j^[ Xed[ ]hW\j_d] cWj[h_Wb m_Zj^ j^Wd m^[d j^[ jeej^ mWi ij_bb fh[i[dj$ ?\ cWo" Wj b[Wij _d j^[eho" YWki[ j^[ Wh[W je X[ edY[ h[ZkYj_ed _i dej h[gk_h[Z \eh W[ij^[j_YWb h[Wiedi" W]W_djhW`[Yjeh_WbboZ[cWhYWj[ZWiWWh[W$ c[cXhWd[i cWo X[ Yedi_Z[h[Z Wi WZZ_j_edWb v J^[ &Ä' YedY[fj _i Wbie h[\b[Yj[Z _d _cfbWdj jh[Wjc[dj efj_ed$ I[YedZWho Wk]c[djWj_ed _i Z[i_]di$ 9b_d_YWb h[ikbji ^WZ i^emd j^Wj ZekXb[# Wbie W ]eeZ jh[Wjc[dj Wbj[hdWj_l[$ J^[ j^h[WZ[Z Z_ia 8E? _cfbWdji m_j^ W Z_ia#je#Z_ia Z_ijWdY[ f_di ^Wl[ je X[ WZlWdY[Z \Wh _dje j^[ fWbWjWb e\ )cc j[dZ[Z je ]_l[ h_i[ je Xed[ beii ed j^[ dWj_l[ Xed[" jWa_d] j^[ Wiocc[jh_YWb i^Wf[ e\ Yh[ijWb fbWj[ _d '&Ä(+ e\ Wbb YWi[i$ J^_i [\\[Yj j^[ Wbl[ebWh Xed[ _dje Yedi_Z[hWj_ed$ 7 d[]Wj_l[ cWo^Wl[X[[dZk[jej^[\WYjj^Wjj^[jmefbWj[i [\\[Yj ed j^[ fh[i[hlWj_ed e\ [gkWb cWij_YWj_ed _dj[h\[h[Z m_j^ Xed[ ^[Wb_d] Wi j^[o Z[\_d[Z j^[ YWdX[[nf[Yj[Z\heckd_bWj[hWb[njhWYj_edi"Wij^[ Z_h[Yj_ed e\ j^[ jhW`[Yjeh_[i$ <eh [nWcfb[" Xej^ cWij_YWjeho \ehY[i WdZ d[m Z_ijh_Xkj_ed e\ fbWj[i cWo ^Wl[ ][d[hWj[Z el[hbo WZ`WY[dj '# WdZ '#Wh[Wi m_bb iec[j_c[i _djhkZ[ ed j^[ Wh[Wi$ J^[i[ fheXb[ci m[h[ de bed][h eXi[hl[Z _cfbWdj[Z i_Z[" Xkj ijWo_d] Yb[Wh e\ j^[ b[l[b m^[d j^[ Z_ia#je#Z_ia Z_ijWdY[ mWi _dYh[Wi[Z e\ j^[ YedjhWbWj[hWb i_Z[$ J^[h[\eh[" j^[i[ YWi[i \hec)ccje+ccehm^[djmeZ_iaie\Z_\\[h[dj ckijX[WZ[gkWj[boWdZf[h_eZ_YWbbo\ebbem[Zkf$ h[i_b_[dY[m[h[ki[Zj^[Yh[ijWbZ_ia^Wi\[Wjkh[Z Jh[Wjc[dj YedY[fji XWi[Z ed ckbj_fb[ _cfbWdji edboed[m[XXWh[l[hi_dY[$ d[[ZjeX[Yedi_Z[h[ZWim[bb$
A
B
C
D
&IGÈAnD J^[i[Z_W]hWcii^emWijh_Yjbo^eh_pedjWbjhW`[Yjeh_WbXed[i[]c[dj_djem^_Y^W8E?_cfbWdj_i_di[hj[ZA$M_j^_d j^[\hWc[mehae\Xed[Z[\[Yj^[Wb_d]"j^[eh_[djWj_ede\j^WjfWhje\j^[Xed[Y^Wd][iB$J^_ic[Wdij^Wjj^[8E?_cfbWdjcWo j[cfehWh_bo\_dZ_ji[b\_dWh[ceZ[bb_d]Wh[WWh[WWdZX[Yec[ceX_b[AnC$>em[l[h"Wibed]Wij^[8E?_cfbWdjmWi_di[hj[Z _djeWh[]_ede\j^[Xed[j^Wjm_bbh[cW_dijWXb[_dj^[bed]j[hc"j^[Xed[Wh[WibeYWj[ZWhekdZj^[XWiWbfbWj[m_bbh[c_d[hWb_p[ WdZkd_j[je\ehcWd[mcWYhejhW`[Yjeho"WdZj^[_cfbWdjm_bbijWX_b_p[D$J^[Xh_Z][ckija[[fWbb[nj[hdWb\ehY[iYedijWdj WdZm_j^_dWYY[fjWXb[Z_c[di_edi$?dj[hdWbijhkYjkhWbY^Wd][i_dj^[`WmXed[m_bbdejWbmWoih[ikbj_dY^Wd][i_di^Wf[j^WjWh[ [Wi_boZ_iY[hd_Xb[\hecekji_Z[
È
ÈÈ &ORMÈ&OLLOWSÈ&UNCTIONÈ
v½ ?\ceX_b[Z_iaWh[WiWh[eXi[hl[Zfh_cWh_bo_dj^[ l[ij_XkbWhWif[Yje\j^[Z_ijWbcWn_bbW"WZZ_j_edWb l[ij_XkbWh beWZ jhWdic_ii_ed Wh[Wi YWd X[ WZZ[Z m_j^j^[^[bfe\Yb_fii[[em[l[h"j^[fh[ef[hWj_l[ Z_ijh_Xkj_ed e\ j^[i[ Wh[Wi m_bb X[ Y^Wd][Z Xo j^[ eij[ejeco e\ j^[ _cfbWdjWj_ed fheY[ii" m_j^ j^[ c[jWXeb_Y i_jkWj_ed e\ j^[ Xed[ Y^Wd]_d] Wi m[bb ikffkhWj_ed%ZhW_dW]["i[[9^Wfj[h.$ ?\ j^[ cWij_YWjeho \kdYj_ed _i [gk_b_XhWj[Z ieed W\j[h_cfbWdjWj_ed"\eh[nWcfb[Xo_cc[Z_Wj[beWZ_d]"
A
B
'')
j^[Xed[^[Wb_d]fheY[iiWdZj^[h[Z_ijh_Xkj_ede\j^[ Wh[Wi WdZ '#Wh[Wi YWd X[ ij[[h[Z _d j^[ Z_h[Yj_ed e\ W dehcWb Z_ijh_Xkj_ed$ 8_bWj[hWbbo _cXWbWdY[Z cWij_YWj_ed" Xo YedjhWij" m_bb h[ikbj _d Wd Wjof_YWb Z_ijh_Xkj_ede\c_d[hWb_pWj_edped[i$
È &ORMÈ&OLLOWSÈ&UNCTION 8JMM;VSJDITUPQBUUIJTUSBJO "MCFSU&JOTUFJO
J^_i Y^Wfj[h m_bb Y[hjW_dbo X[ j^[ ceij _dj[h[ij_d] fWhj e\ j^[ Xeea \eh j^[ ademb[Z][WXb[ h[WZ[h" Wi j^[ Z[djWb b_j[hWjkh[ Ze[i dej YedjW_d W ]h[Wj cWdo iodefj_Y Z_iYkii_edi e\ j^[ \WYji ^[h[_d Z[iYh_X[Z$ J^[ YedYbki_edi ZhWmd \hec j^[i[ eXi[hlWj_edi" _\ Wffb_[Z _d W Yedi_ij[dj cWdd[h" mekbZ _cfWYj kfed j^[ [dj_h[ \_[bZ e\ Z[dj_ijho WdZ mekbZ YWbb _dje gk[ij_ed cWdo Wif[Yji e\ m^Wj m[ ^Wl[ Yec[ je h[]WhZ Wi X[ij fhWYj_Y[ _d ekh [l[hoZWo Yb_d_YWb meha _dje gk[ij_ed$ J^[ Yecf_bWj_ed e\ _dZ_l_ZkWb \WYjehi_dj^[c_ZZb[e\j^[Y^Wfj[hm_bbfhel_Z[j^[ h[WZ[h m_j^ ceh[ \eeZ \eh j^ek]^j Xkj m_bb jWa[ W ]h[WjWcekdje\Yb_d_YWbf[hY[fj_l[d[iiWdZj[Y^d_YWb Z[nj[h_jo je X[ _cfb[c[dj[Z$ J^[ gkejWj_ed WXel[ Y^WhWYj[h_p[i j^[ j^[eho e\ h[bWj_l_jo$ M_j^ h[]WhZ je j^[ cehf^ebe]_YWb Y^Wd][i YWki[Z Xo Z[djWb _cfbWdjebe]oWdZikXi[gk[djfheij^[j_Yi"m[c_]^j mWdj je ki[ W Z_\\[h[dj mehZ_d]0 M^[h[ _i j^[ h[Wb h[\[h[dY[fe_djm_j^_dj^[`WmXed[i5 CWo j^[ gkejWj_ed WXel[ i^Whf[d j^[ h[WZ[hÈi WmWh[d[iie\j^[Yedi[gk[dY[ie\WXiebkj[h[bWj_l_jo WdZ e\ j^[ Wbb#[cXhWY_d] _dj[hZ[f[dZ[dY[ e\ Wbb
C
&IGÈAnC 7dej^[h Wif[Yj e\ j^[ i[b\#jhWX[YkbWj_ed ceZ[b e\ j^[ Xed[ _i eXi[hl[Z _\ cWij_YWjeho beWZi Wh[ Wffb_[Z l_W Wiocc[jh_YWb8E?_cfbWdji1Wi^emij^[i_jkWj_edm_j^WXWbWdY[ZbeWZ0j^[j^_Yad[iie\j^[Yehj_YWbj_iik[ih[cW_dikdY^Wd][Z _dj^[bed]j[hcXej^edj^[b[\jWdZh_]^ji_Z[i$7iocc[jh_YWb8E?_cfbWdji_dYh[Wi[j^[beWZedj^[i_Z[edm^_Y^j^[Z_ia_i i^ehj[h"Yh[Wj_d]ceh[Xed["[l[dWbbem_d]j^[i_Z[j^Wj_ib[ii^[Wl_bobeWZ[Z^[h[0h_]^ji_Z[jeZ[l[bef_djeWdWh[W$J^_i i_jkWj_ed_ie\j[d\ekdZ_dj^[cWn_bbW_dj^[h[]_edie\j^[i[YedZfh[cebWhehj^[\_hijcebWh
''*
9^Wfj[h/È &OUR $IMENSIONALÈ#ONSIDERATIONSÈOFÈ"ONEÈ-ORPHOLOGYÈANDÈ-ECHANICS
Y^Wd][i_d`Wmim_j^_djWYjZ[dj_j_ediWdZ_d`WmXed[i m_j^ _cfbWdj#ikffehj[Z h[ijehWj_edi$ :k[ je j^[ ]hWZkWb Z[l[befc[dj e\ cehf^ebe]_YWb Y^Wd][i" Z[dj_iji WdZ fWj_[dji Wh[ e\j[d dej WmWh[ e\ j^[_h [nj[di_l[_cfb_YWj_edi$7iWh[ikbj"j^[i[Y^Wd][iWh[ dej\ebbem[Zkffhef[hbo"WdZj^[oWh[kj_b_p[ZckY^ jeehWh[bo\ehj^[hWf[kj_Yfkhfei[i$ EkhZW_bomeham_j^8E?^WijWk]^jkije\eYkiekh Wjj[dj_ed fh_cWh_bo ed cWij_YWjeho \kdYj_ed" i_dY[ j^[heb[e\cWij_YWj_ed_ickY^ceh[_cfehjWdjj^Wd j^[ YedY[fj e\ ijWj_Y eYYbki_ed$ J^[ Z_\\[h[dY[i e\ 8E?YecfWh[ZjeYedl[dj_edWbfheij^[j_YWffheWY^[i h[bo_d] ed dWjkhWb j[[j^ WdZ Yh[ijWb _cfbWdji Wh[ ikXijWdj_Wb$<eh[nWcfb["j^[ki[\kbd[iie\h[ZkY_d] j^[m_Zj^e\_cfbWdj#ikffehj[Zj[[j^^Wid[l[hX[[d Z[cedijhWj[Z" Wbj^ek]^ j^[ Z[cWdZ ^Wi \h[gk[djbo X[[dhW_i[ZC[h_Yia[#Ij[hd(&&&$ ?di_jkWj_edim^[h[m[bb#WdY^eh[Zj[[j^m_j^bed] heejiehbed]Yh[ijWb_cfbWdjiWh[WlW_bWXb[_dWZ[gkWj[ dkcX[hi"j^[fe_djiZ_iYkii[Z_dj^_iY^Wfj[hc_]^j i[[c dej Wbb j^Wj _cfehjWdj$ 7\j[h Wbb" bed]#bWij_d] ijhkYjkh[i _$[$ ijhkYjkh[i bWij_d] ekj j^[ mWhhWdjo f[h_eZ YWd X[ Xk_bj ed \ekdZWj_edi b_a[ j^_i [l[d m^[dWdocWij_YWjehoYedi_Z[hWj_ediWh[Yecfb[j[bo _]deh[Z$D[l[hj^[b[ii"WdoiYh[m\hWYjkh[i"fehY[bW_d Y^_ff_d]"f[h_eZedjWbjeej^ceX_b_joWdZ%eh_cfbWdji beijm_bb_dZ_YWj[j^Wj\ehY[iWh[fh[i[djj^WjWh[dej jeb[hWj[Z m[bb eh j^Wj X_ec[Y^Wd_YWb Z[l[befc[dji Zedeji[[cjekd\ebZWYYehZ_d]jefbWd$ 7domWo" j^[ 8E? _cfbWdjebe]_ij hWh[bo ][ji je mehakdZ[hikY^\WlekhWXb[YedZ_j_ediXkj_ikikWbbo \WY[ZXoWZlWdY[Zl[hj_YWbh_Z][h[iehfj_edWbbem_d] edbo [njh[c[bo icWbb \ehY[#jhWdic_jj_d] Wh[Wi je X[ _di[hj[Z _dje j^[ Xed[$ J^[h[\eh[" Wdo [nY[ii_l[ fheij^[j_YbeWZ_d]d[[ZijeX[Wle_Z[Zeh[b_c_dWj[Z$ Ed j^[ ej^[h ^WdZ" 8E? _cfbWdji m_bb Wbbem iec[ \h[[Zecm_j^h[]WhZjej^[b[d]j^WdZdWjkh[e\j^[ Y^[m_d]ikh\WY[i$ ?dWZZ_j_ed"j^[[\\[Yjie\j^[cWij_YWjeho\kdYj_ed edXed[cehf^ebe]od[[ZjeX[Yedi_Z[h[ZWim[bb$ J^[\ebbem_d]b_ijfhel_Z[iiec[\eeZ\ehj^ek]^j0 v @Wm Wh[Wi j^Wj Wh[ dej f[h i[ ij_ckbWj[Z Xo j^[ beWZ#jhWdic_jj_d]Z_iaiWh[d[l[hj^[b[iiikX`[Yj[Z je \kdYj_edWb beWZ_d]$ ?d j^[ fh[i[dY[ e\ [gkWb ckiYb[ \kdYj_ed ed Xej^ i_Z[i e\ j^[ `Wm" Wdo cehf^ebe]_YWbZ_\\[h[dY[iWh[ibembo[l[d[Zekj$ 7i W fh[h[gk_i_j[" j^[ fheij^[j_Y h[ijehWj_ed ^Wi je[dikh[WX_bWj[hWbbokd_\ehc\kdYj_edY^[m_d] \kdYj_ed"dkcX[he\Y^[m_d]ikh\WY[i"b[d]j^WdZ fei_j_ed e\ Y^[m_d] ikh\WY[i" ckiYb[ \kdYj_ed WdZ" Xo _cfb_YWj_ed" ckiYb[ ijh[d]j^$ ?d ehZ[h je cW_djW_d j^_i XWbWdY[Z \kdYj_ed" eYYbkiWb WZ`kijc[dji ^Wl[ je X[ f[h\ehc[Z ed W h[]kbWh XWi_i$ v J^[ h_]_Z Xh_Z][ m_bb X[Yec[ fWhj e\ j^[ ioij[c _ji[b\ WdZ WYj_l[bo Y^Wd][ _ji cehf^ebe]_YWb ikhhekdZ_d]$?\"\eh[nWcfb["Yecfb[j[Xh_Z][iWh[
_di[hj[Z_dje`Wmij^WjWh[l[hoZ_ii_c_bWh_di^Wf[" WfheY[iie\cehf^ebe]_YWbWii_c_bWj_edm_bbjWa[ fbWY[$ :kh_d] j^_i fheY[ii" j^[ eii[e_dj[]hWj[Z _cfbWdji Wh[ ikX`[Yj[Z je Yedi_Z[hWXb[ ijh[ii$ FWj_[dji j^[ci[bl[i c_]^j dej dej_Y[ j^_i ijh[ii Wi"[$]$ikXWYkj[×fW_dÆ$Iec[fWj_[djim_bbdej_Y[ j^[ j[di_ed Wi ieed Wi j^[ Xh_Z][ _i j[cfehWh_bo h[cel[Z$ v Fh_cWhoh[ij_jkj_ed_dj^[^[Wb_d]f^Wi[\ebbem_d] _cfbWdj fbWY[c[dj" dejWXbo _d j^[ cWdZ_Xb[" _i WY^_[l[ZXoZ[fei_j_ede\f[h_eij[WbXed[edj^[ ed[ ^WdZ" WdZ Xo \ehcWj_ed e\ mel[d Xed[ _d j^[ eij[ejeco ibeji ed j^[ ej^[h$ IkXi[gk[djbo" j^[ eij[edWb X[bj _i h[Xk_bj Xo 8CK jkdd[bb_d] WYheiij^[`Wm"m^_Y^demkdZ[h]e[iWfheY[iie\ j^ehek]^h[ceZ[bb_d]$?dYh[Wi_d]Y^[m_d]\ehY[i WdZ Y^Wd]_d] cWij_YWjeho fWjj[hdi m_bb Wbie fhecfj j^[ `Wm je Y^Wd][ _ji cehf^ebe]o$ J^[ fWj_[djih[fehji_c_bWhijh[ii[iWifWj_[djim[Wh_d] \h[i^boh[WZ`kij[Z\_n[Zehj^eZedj_YWffb_WdY[i$ v 7h[Wi j^Wj ^WZ X[[d h[ZkY[Z _d h[ifedi[ je j^[ _di[hj_ed e\ Z[djkh[i Wh[ WXb[ je Z[l[bef _d Wbb Z_h[Yj_ediZ[\_d[ZXoj^[ceZ_\_[Z\kdYj_ed$J^ki j^[oYWdWbieZ[l[befjemWhZij^[eYYbkiWbWif[Yj i[[ 9^Wfj[h/$) \eh W ceh[ Z[jW_b[Z Z_iYkii_ed" fhel_Z[Z j^Wj j^[ ij_ckbki _i dej fh[#[cfj[Z Xo ijhed][h ij_ckb_ Yec_d] \hec j^[ fheij^[j_Y ikf[hijhkYjkh[ eh _cfbWdji$ 7i W YWi[ _d fe_dj" [nfWdi_ed Wffei_j_ed%ceZ[bbWj_ed e\ j^[ Xed[ _dYh[ijWbZ_h[Yj_ed"m^_Y^mekbZX[feii_Xb[\hec W \kdYj_edWb ijWdZfe_dj" _i j^mWhj[Z Xo Y^hed_Y f[h_#_cfbWdj_j_i_dj^[fh[i[dY[e\bWh][#Z_Wc[j[h Yh[ijWb _cfbWdji" Xkj Wbie Xo j^[ el[hbo Z[[f WdZ Y^hed_YWbbo_d\[Yj[ZjhWdi_j_edped[iX[jm[[dj^[ WXkjc[djiWdZj^ei[_cfbWdji$J^_i_idejj^[YWi[ m_j^8E?_cfbWdji"Wim[i^Wbbb[Whd_dj^[i[Yj_ed ed^_ijebe]o$ v FWhj_YkbWh Wjj[dj_ed ckij j^[h[\eh[ X[ Z[lej[Z je YWi[i _d m^_Y^ j^[ beWZ#jhWdic_jj_d] ikh\WY[i e\ 8E? _cfbWdji Yec[ je X[ beYWj[Z _d Xed[
&IGÈ Fh[ef[hWj_l[ Yb_d_YWb i_jkWj_ed$ J^[ cWn_bbWho _i
h[ijeh[Z m_j^ W Yecfb[j[ Z[djkh[1 W Yheii#X_j[ ^Wi X[[d WZ`kij[Zedj^[h_]^j$DWjkhWbZ[dj_j_ed_dj^[h_]^jcWdZ_Xb[" fWhj_WbZ[djkh[_dj^[b[\jcWdZ_Xb[ikffehj[ZXoWYbWifed j^[c[i_WbWdZXof[h_eZedj_kcedj^[Z_ijWb[dZ
È
È &ORMÈ&OLLOWSÈ&UNCTIONÈ
A
''+
B
C &IGÈÈA J^[feijef[hWj_l[i_jkWj_ed_iY^WhWYj[h_p[ZXoYedi_Z[hWXb[l[hj_YWbZ_\\[h[dY[im_j^_dj^[cWdZ_Xb[$?\j^[h[i_ZkWb
dWjkhWbjeej^_ifh[i[hl[Z"_jm_bbX[_cfeii_Xb[jeXWbWdY[j^[lebkc[Xoh[ZkY_d]j^[h_]^ji_Z["Wij^_imekbZYWki[j^[jeej^ je_djhkZ[$7YYehZ_d]bo"j^[lebkc[e\j^[b[\jhWcki^WijeX[_dYh[Wi[Z$ B 7jj^[fWj_[djÉih[gk[ij"jeej^*)mWib[\j_dfbWY[ \ehj^[fh_cWho\_n[Zh[ijehWj_ed$J^[Xh_Z][_dYbkZ[iWYWij\hWc[mehaWdZ_iYel[h[Zm_j^fehY[bW_d$Dej[j^[c_Zb_d[i^_\j" m^_Y^_iWbh[WZoh[\b[Yj[Z_dj^[Xed[ijhkYjkh[$<eh\kdYj_edWbh[Wiedi"j^[Wh[W**Ä*,^WZkdZ[h]ed[ikXijWdj_Wbh[iehfj_ed m_j^_d W i^ehj j_c[" ]_l_d] j^[ Xedo ikhhekdZ_d]i e\ j^[ heeji e\ jeej^ *) W fhec_d[dj Wff[WhWdY[$ J^[ jeej^ ^Wi W l[ho [nfei[Zfei_j_ed$ C J^[Yehj_YWbXed[edj^[l[ij_XkbWhWif[Yje\jeej^*)_i[njh[c[boj^_dd[ZekjWdZfWhj_Wbbo\[d[ijhWj[Z$ D[l[hj^[b[ii"j^_ijeej^mWia[fjkdj_bj^[d[m[gk_b_Xh_kc_dj^[cWij_YWj_edmWi\ekdZ
&IGÈ Jeej^*)mWi[l[djkWbboh[fbWY[Zm_j^Wdej^[h8E?
_cfbWdj fh_eh je _di[hj_d] j^[ i[YedZ Xh_Z][ X[YWki[ _j mWi b_a[bo je ikYYkcX je h[iehfj_ed ieed[h eh bWj[h Z[if_j[ j^[ Yedi_Z[hWXb[ij_ckbkiYec_d]\hecj^[f[h_eZedjWbb_]Wc[dj$ Dej[ j^Wj j^[ Z_ijWb fedj_Yi ckij X[ beYWj[Z m[bb WXel[ j^[ ckYeiW" i_dY[ j^[ cWdZ_Xb[ _i ]e_d] je ]hem _d W Yh[ijWb Z_h[Yj_ed"m^_Y^cWoh[ikbj_dfh[iikh[ifejiehb[l[h\ehY[i
&IGÈ 8Wi[b_d[ EF=$ ;njh[c[ h[iehfj_ed ed j^[ b[\j1 j^[
h_]^jhWcki_i"_\Wdoj^_d]"^of[hjhef^_Y
Wh[Wi j^Wj m_bb kdZ[h]e h[bWj_l[ c_]hWj_ed _d j^[ e\\[h_d]l[hj_YWbYecf[diWj_edYec[_djefbWoWi feijef[hWj_l[Yekhi[$:k[jej^[_heii[e_dj[]hWj_ed" m[bb"ikY^Wi[bed]Wj_ede\j^[cWdZ_XkbWhhWcki j^[ _cfbWdji j^[ci[bl[i m_bb cel[ Wbed] m_j^ ehh[beYWj_ede\j^[WiieY_Wj[ZJC@$ j^[ Xed[$ M_j^ h[]WhZ je j^[ h[bWj_l[ l[hj_YWb v 8ed[ cehf^ebe]o Y^Wd][i Wi cWij_YWjeho \ehY[i Wh[ X[_d] h[ijeh[Z je j^[_h \kbb fej[dj_Wb$ J^[i[ _dYh[Wi[ehc_]hWj_ede\j^[Yh[ijWbYehj_YWbXed[ Y^Wd][i m_bb Z[f[dZ ed j^[ fWj_[djÈi W][ WdZ _d j^[ Z_ijWb cWdZ_Xb[" j^_i c[Wdi j^Wj [nY[ii_l[ c[jWXeb_ic$ 7do Y^Wd][i _d Xed[ i^Wf[ WdZ fheij^[j_Y beWZ_d] cWo eYYkh _d j^_i Wh[W$ 7\j[h \kdYj_ed" eh _d Xed[ \kdYj_ed Wbed[" _i \ebbem[Z Wbb"fh[cWjkh[YedjWYjiWh[b_a[boje[c[h][Wij^[ Xo if[Y_\_Y Z[\_d[Z Y^Wd][i _d _dj[hdWb Xed[ _cfbWdji c_]hWj[ kfmWhZi kdb[ii ej^[h \WYjehi
'',
9^Wfj[h/È &OUR $IMENSIONALÈ#ONSIDERATIONSÈOFÈ"ONEÈ-ORPHOLOGYÈANDÈ-ECHANICS
&IGÈ EF= eXjW_d[Z W\j[h _di[hj_ed e\ j^[ i[YedZ cWdZ_XkbWh Xh_Z][ WdZ h[ijehWj_ed e\ j^[ cWn_bbW$ J^[ fheY[ii e\ ckjkWb `Wm lebkc[ Yecf[diWj_ed YWd dem X[ WYYkhWj[boced_jeh[ZWdZd[[ZijeX[\WY_b_jWj[ZXof[h_eZ_Y eYYbkiWb WZ`kijc[dji m_j^ WXhWi_l[ _dijhkc[dji [$]$ _d j^[ j^_hZ gkWZhWdj$ J^[ \_n[Z h[\[h[dY[ fe_dj e\ j^[i[ _cfbWdj# h[ijehWj_ed ioij[ci _i j^[ eYYbkiWb fbWd[$ IfedjWd[eki h[YedijhkYj_ed e\ j^[ l[hj_YWb Xed[ lebkc[ cWo jWa[ fbWY[ [_j^[h WXel[ j^[ Z_iai" eh j^[ _cfbWdj ^Wi je cel[ kfmWhZi je][j^[h m_j^ j^[ ikhhekdZ_d] Xed[" m^_Y^ _i edbo feii_Xb[ _\ Wd WZ[gkWj[ eYYbkiWb Yb[WhWdY[ _i [ijWXb_i^[Z Xo WXhWi_l[ _dijhkc[dji$ J^[ _cfbWdj Wj )) YWddej eii[e_dj[]hWj[ _d W Z[\_d_j_l[ cWdd[h kdZ[h j^[i[ YedZ_j_edi$ ?j _i Yedj_dkekibo kdZ[hijh[ii"m^_Y^_idej_Y[ZXoj^[fWj_[dj
&IGÈ 9hWd_WbF7YWbYkbWj[Zedj^[XWi_ie\j^[9JW\j[h
jh[Wjc[dj$ Dej[ j^Wj edbo c_d_cWb h[i_ZkWb Xed[ _i fh[i[dj _d j^[ cWn_bbW$ J^ei[ Xed[ Wh[Wi Wh[ h[i_ijWdj je \khj^[h h[iehfj_ed X[YWki[ W cWYhe#jhW`[Yjeh_Wb Z[cWdZ \eh beWZ jhWdic_ii_edfh[l[djij^[_hh[iehfj_ed
&IGÈ J^[fedj_Yid[[ZjeX[f[h_eZ_YWbboh[ZkY[Z\hecW
XWiWbZ_h[Yj_ed
&IGÈ BWj[hWb j[b[hWZ_e]hWf^ W\j[h jh[Wjc[dj$ FWhj e\ j^[
Z[dj_j_ed _i dej WhhWd][Z WXel[ j^[ eii[e_dj[]hWj[Z ikffehj Wh[Wi"m^_Y^h[gk_h[iYWh[\kbXWbWdY_d]
&IGÈ 9J el[hl_[m el[h j^[ jhWdi#i_dki 8E? _cfbWdji _d
j^[feij[h_ehcWn_bbW
WhY^_j[Yjkh[ WdZ Xo [gkWbbo Z[\_d[Z i[YedZWho Y^Wd][i_d[nj[hdWbi^Wf[$7bbe\j^_i_i]el[hd[Z Xo cWj^[cWj_YWb bWmi Meb\\ './($ M^_b[ j^[h[ _ideZekXjj^Wjj^_iijWj[c[dj_ijhk["_jh[cW_di Yed\_d[Zjej^[Y^Wd][i]e_d]ed_di_Z[j^[Xed[$ J^[ h[ijehWj_l[ Z[dj_ij _i \WY[Z m_j^ W bed][h Y^W_d e\ Yedi[gk[dY[i$ J^[ Y^Wd][Z Xed[ i^Wf[ _ib_a[bojeX[\ebbem[ZXoY^Wd][i_dj^[i^Wf[e\
È
È &ORMÈ&OLLOWSÈ&UNCTIONÈ
''-
B A
C
D
&IGÈAnD 9ecfWh[Zjej^[XWi[b_d[f_Yjkh[eXjW_d[Z,o[Whifh[l_ekiboem[l[h" _j cWo l[ho m[bb dej ikhl_l[ W Y^Wd][ e\ beWZ h[ikbj_d] \hec W d[m" i[YedZ ikf[hijhkYjkh[$ J^[ ikf[hijhkYjkh[ ki[Z cWo h[cW_d ijWXb[ W\j[h jhWkcWj_pWj_edWYY_Z[dji"f^oi_YWb\_]^jiZkh_d]j^[ [Whboc_d[hWb_pWj_edf^Wi[$?\j^[Xh_Z][_iY^Wd][ZWj WbWj[hfe_dj"j^ek]^"j^[ÆYehh_ZehÇ\ehYecf[diWj_ed j^Wj j^[ Xed[ YWd e\\[h m_bb e\j[d X[ b[\j" WdZ j^[ f[h_#_cfbWdj Xed[ ikXijWdY[ m_bb hWf_Zbo [n^_X_j l_eb[djeij[eboi_i$J^_i_ied[e\j^[h[Wiedim^oj^[ _d_j_Wbi[hl_Y[fhel_Z[hi^ekbZX[j^[ed[jeZ[Y_Z[ ed j^[ \kjkh[ jh[Wjc[dj Yekhi[ _d fheXb[c YWi[i$ 7do ikXi[gk[dj jh[Wjc[dj fhel_Z[h cWo dej adem j^[ Y_hYkcijWdY[i fh[lW_b_d] _d j^[ \_hij jh[Wjc[dj YWi[ WdZ cWo dej ^Wl[ j^[ X[ij ]h_f ed feii_Xb[ \khj^[hhekj[ie\jh[Wjc[dj$?\_cfbWdjim^ei[cWjh_n \ehcWj_edmWifh[l_ekiboYecfhec_i[ZWh[_dYbkZ[Z _d ikXi[gk[dj ikf[hijhkYjkh[i" j^[ [dik_d] beii e\ j^[_h beWZ#jhWdic_jj_d] \kdYj_ed cWo m[bb h[dZ[h j^[ [dj_h[ d[m h[ijehWj_ed kdkiWXb[$ Edbo ^[%i^[ ademij^[\kbb^_ijehoe\j^[_cfbWdjWdZj^[i_j[$I[[ 9^Wfj[h(-\ehceh[Yecc[dji$ ?dj^[Z[djWbb_j[hWjkh["_j^WiX[[dfeijkbWj[Zj^Wj j^[Wdj[h_ehi[]c[dje\j^[cWdZ_Xb[_iieh[i_ijWdj X[YWki[_jYedjW_diiecWdockiYb[WjjWY^c[dji$Ed Ybei[h_dif[Yj_ed"j^[dkcX[he\ckiYb[iWjjWY^c[dji _i dej ie ]h[Wj W\j[h Wbb$ J^[h[\eh[" j^[h[ ckij X[ ej^[hh[Wiedi\ehj^_iijWX_b_jo$ ?d ^_i [Whbo ijkZo e\ Xed[ jhWdi\ehcWj_ed" Meb\\ Wbh[WZo fhel_Z[Z _cfh[ii_l[ _bbkijhWj_edi e\ hWY^_j_Y bed] jkXkbWh Xed[i" m^_Y^ Z[iYh_X[i j^[ [ii[dj_Wb dWjkh[ e\ j^[ cWdZ_Xb[$ J^[ YkhlWjkh[ e\ j^[ cWdZ_Xb[ _i W \kdYj_edWb Y^WhWYj[h_ij_Y$ J^[ Z_\\[h[dY[ijeÆjhWZ_j_edWbÇh_Ya[jiWh[Zk[jej^[\WYj j^Wj j^[ cWdZ_Xb[ _i Z[\ehc[Z Xo j^[ ]hemj^ WdZ fhejhkZ_d]\ehY[e\j^[jed]k[edj^[ed[^WdZ"WdZ Xojeej^]hemj^edj^[ej^[h$EdY[j^[ej^[hckiYb[# h[bWj[Z\ehY[i_dj^[ehWbYWl_joWh[\WYjeh[Z_dWim[bb"
È &ORMÈ&OLLOWSÈ&UNCTIONÈ
''/
&IGÈ :ekXb[8E?_cfbWdj_dWZe]ÉicWdZ_Xb["*cedj^i
W\j[h _cfbWdj fbWY[c[dj$ J[jhWYoYb_d[ bWX[bb_d] h[l[Wbi j^Wj j^[ \ehcWj_ed e\ 8CKi Wj j^[ XWiWb fbWj[ _i ijhed][h j^Wd WhekdZj^[Yh[ijWbXWiWbfbWj[$El[hbeWZ_dbeWZ#jhWdic_jj_d] Wh[Wie\j^[Z_iam_bb_dl[hjj^[\bemX[YWki[j^[Z[cWdZ\eh dkjh_[dji_i]h[Wj[hj^Wdm^Wjj^[Xed[_ji[b\YWde\\[h$?dj^[ [l[dj j^Wj j^[ el[hbeWZ _i dej WZZh[ii[Z fheij^eZedj_YWbbo" j^[ [nY[ii XbeeZ ikffbo h[bWj_l[ je m^Wj _i d[[Z[Z \eh Xed[ lebkc[fh[i[hlWj_edm_bbf[hi_ij"WdZj^[^_]^Z[]h[[e\Xed[ c_d[hWb_pWj_ed_ih[ZkY[ZX[YWki[_jYWddejX[a[fjkfkdZ[h ^_]^#\bem YedZ_j_edi$ J^_i m_bb ikXi[gk[djbo Z[ijWX_b_p[ j^[ _cfbWdj
j^[i[fheY[ii[iWh[XekdZjeh[ikbj_dWdj[h_ehXed[ WcWiic[dj$?dej^[hmehZi"j^[Xed[YedY[djhWj_ed _idejYWki[ZXoj^[ckiYb[WjjWY^c[dji_dj^WjWh[W Xkj Xo j^[ i^[[h cehf^ebe]o e\ j^[ jkXkbWh Xed[" m^_Y^ _i [nfei[Z je \b[nkhWb ijh[ii[i Xo j^[ bWj[hWb fj[ho]e_ZckiYb[iZkh_d]cekj^ef[d_d]$ J^[fei_j_edc_]hWj_ede\j^[[n_jfe_dje\j^[ c[djWb d[hl[ YWd kbj_cWj[bo Wbie X[ [nfbW_d[Z _d j^[i[j[hci$?dcWdofWj_[dji"j^_ife_djcel[iWmWo \hec j^[ Wdj[h_eh Yehj_YWb Xed[ Wh[W jemWhZi j^[ Z_ijWb Wif[Yj j^hek]^ j^[ fh[cebWhi Wi j^[ l[hj_YWb Z_c[di_ed _dYh[Wi[i" [l[djkWbbo h[ikbj_d] _d j^[ Y^WhWYj[h_ij_YÆbeefÇ_dj^[hWZ_e]hWf^$ 8[\eh[ j^[ im_jY^ je j^[ f[hcWd[dj Z[dj_j_ed _i Yecfb[j[Z" j^[ cWdZ_XkbWh d[hl[ YWdWb _i beYWj[Z hWj^[h Z[[f Wj j^[ bem[h XehZ[h e\ j^[ cWdZ_Xb[$ J^[ beef _i dej l_i_Xb[ _d Y^_bZh[d$ Edbo m^[d j^[ f[hcWd[dj j[[j^ [hkfj m_bb j^[ YWdWb ]hem el[h lWho_d]Z_ijWdY[i_dYh[ijWbZ_h[Yj_ed$J^[beefm_bb \ehc _\ Z_ijWb c_]hWj_ed e\ Wdj[h_eh j[[j^ WdZ Xed[ lebkc[i jWa[i fbWY[ Zk[ je \kdYj_edWb _dY[dj_l[i Zkh_d] l[hj_YWb ]hemj^ e\ j^[ cWdZ_Xb[$ J^_i cWo ^Wff[d" \eh [nWcfb[" _d YbWii#??%( fWj_[dji m_j^ [bed]Wj[Z \hedji eh _d fWj_[dji m_j^ Yecf[diWj[Z YbWii ??? h[bWj_edi^_fi$ J^[ hWZ_e]hWf^_Y i^Wf[ e\ j^[ cWdZ_XkbWh d[hl[ j^[h[\eh[ e\\[hi _d\ehcWj_ed ed[WY^_dZ_l_ZkWbÉiZ[l[befc[dj"_dZ_YWj_d]]hemj^ f[WaiWdZWbbem_d]YedYbki_edijeX[ZhWmdWijej^[ YWki[WdZZ[l[befc[dje\Wiocc[jh_[i$ ;l[d j[Y^d_YWbbo ÆYehh[YjÇ WXki[i Xo c[Wdi e\ fWhj_WbZ[djkh[iYWdi_]d_\_YWdjboWbj[hj^[cWij_YWjeho fWjj[hd WdZ cehf^ebe]o e\ j^[ `Wm$ CWdZ_XkbWh \ehcWdZ\kdYj_edkbj_cWj[bo^Wl[jeX[_da[[f_d]
'(&
9^Wfj[h/È &OUR $IMENSIONALÈ#ONSIDERATIONSÈOFÈ"ONEÈ-ORPHOLOGYÈANDÈ-ECHANICS
&IGÈ JhWdi\ehcWj_ede\hWY^_j_Ybed]jkXkbWhXed[i\hec
Meb\\'./( &IGÈ JhWdi\ehcWj_ede\hWY^_j_Ybed]jkXkbWhXed[i\hec
Meb\\'./(
m_j^ j^[ 8E? ioij[c$ ?\ j^[h[ Wh[ ]h[Wj \kdYj_edWb J^[i[Wh[j^[Z_\\[h[dY[i_dZ[jW_b0 Z_\\[h[dY[iX[jm[[dj^[fh[ef[hWj_l[i_jkWj_edm_j^ v ?d j^[ XWi[b_d[ i_jkWj_ed obWdZ[h '/-/$ ?j mWi Wjjh_Xkj[Z je j^[ \WYj j^Wj Yecfh[ii_l[ \ehY[i Z[l[bef[Z ed j^[ ded#meha_d] i_Z[ e\ j^[ bem[h cWdZ_XkbWh cWh]_d Zkh_d] cWij_YWj_ed m^[h[Wi j[di_b[\ehY[im[h[fh[Zec_dWdj_dj^[kff[hfehj_ed e\j^[Wbl[ebWhh_Z][$J^[h[ikbjij^Wj>obWdZ[h^WZ eXjW_d[Z_dceda[oim[h[bWj[hYed\_hc[Z_d]h[Wj[h Z[jW_b _d ijkZ_[i ed ^kcWdi f[h\ehc[Z Xo Aeh_ej^ WdZ >WddWc '//* WdZ :[Y^em WdZ >obWdZ[h (&&&$ Je Yecf[diWj[ \eh ]h[Wj[h Y^[m_d] \ehY[i" j^[ `Wm cWo ]hem dej edbo l[hj_YWbbo Xkj Wbie bWj[hWbbo eh c[Z_Wbbo$M^_b[ j^[i[ Z_c[di_edWb Y^Wd][i m[h[ ekji_Z[ j^[ iYef[ e\ j^_i if[Y_\_Y ijkZo" j^[o d[[Z jeX[jWa[d_djeYedi_Z[hWj_edXoi[b[Yj_d]_cfbWdji e\ WZ[gkWj[ m_Zj^$ J^[ j[Y^d_gk[ e\ b[Wl_d] fWhji e\ j^[ XWi[ fbWj[ ekji_Z[ Xed[ _i b_c_j[Z je Wh[Wi m^[h[j^[XkYYWbie\j#j_iik[ijhkYjkh[iWh[dejel[hbo j^_dehYedi_ije\j^_dWjjWY^[Z]_d]_lW"i_dY[j^ei[ j_iik[ jof[i cWo YWki[ ckYeiWb f[d[jhWj_ed e\ j^[ fhe`[Yj_d] _cfbWdj$ J^_i WffheWY^ _i Wbie ki[\kb \eh [WhboZ[j[Yj_ede\el[hbeWZeij[eboi_iÄ_$[$edY[j^[ _cfbWdj_iib_]^jboceX_b_p[Z"j^[fWj_[djm_bbdej_Y[ c_bZfW_dZkh_d]eYYbki_edWdZ"m^_Y^m_bb]_l[j^[c Wdeffehjkd_jojeYedjWYjj^[_cfbWdjebe]_ij_dZk[
'(-
Yekhi[$J^_ijof[e\ded#XWYj[h_WbceX_b_jo_ikikWbbo h[l[hi_Xb[" fWhj_YkbWhbo _d Wh[Wi e\ X_ec[Y^Wd_YWb ijh[ii WdZ _\ jh[Wj[Z _d W Yecf[j[dj WdZ j_c[bo cWdd[h$ B_a[m_i["Xed[_iYWfWXb[e\WZWfj_d]je\kdYj_edWb Wbj[hWj_ediXoY^Wd]_d]_jiZ[]h[[e\c_d[hWb_pWj_ed$ H[i[WhY^ _d Yh[ijWb _cfbWdjebe]o _i ieb[bo \eYki[Z ed WY^_[l_d]Æeii[e_dj[]hWj_edÇ" m^_b[ _]deh_d] j^[ \WYj j^Wj cW`eh ieb_Z XeZ_[i ikY^ Wi bed] _cfbWdji eh[nj[di_l[_cfbWdj#h[ijehWj_edioij[ci_dj[]hWj[Z _djeXed[i[]c[djij^WjWh[ikX`[YjjedWjkhWb\b[n_ed WdZm^ei[\b[nkhWbX[^Wl_ekh_iZ_\\[h[dj\hecj^Wj e\Xed[m_bb[_j^[hdejX[eii[e_dj[]hWj[Zel[hj^[_h [dj_h[ ikh\WY[ eh m_bb _dlebl[ Z_\\[h[dj Z[]h[[i e\ Xed[c_d[hWb_pWj_edWbed]j^[_dj[h\WY[$ I_dY[ j^[ ^kcWd XeZo bWYai jhk[ h[\[h[dY[ fe_dji" eh_[djWj_ed _d bed]_jkZ_dWb c[Wikh[c[dji _i Z_\\_Ykbj$ ;deiiWbbo WdY^eh[Z eii[e_dj[]hWj[Z 8E? _cfbWdji YWd Y^Wd][ j^[_h fei_j_ed h[bWj_l[ je j^[ hWZ_e]hWf^_YWbbo l_i_Xb[ XekdZWh_[i e\ j^[ `Wm Wi j^[ Xed[ cehf^ebe]o Y^Wd][i Zk[ je \kdYj_edWb _d\bk[dY[i$ 8WiWb fbWj[i _di[hj[Z _d j^[ Z_ijWbcWdZ_Xb[j[dZjec_]hWj[kfmWhZi_dWYhWd_Wb Z_h[Yj_edh[bWj_l[jej^[bem[h[Z][e\j^[cWdZ_Xb[$ J^_i kfmWhZ c_]hWj_ed _i j^[eh[j_YWbbo effei[Z je j^[ Y^[m_d] \ehY[" m^ei[ j[dZ[dYo _i je fki^ j^[ Z_ia jemWhZi j^[ YWkZWb Wif[Yj$ ?j Wff[Whi j^Wj j^[ ij[WZo \ehY[ e\ jhW`[Yjeh_Wb h[ceZ[bb_d] _i ijhed][h j^Wdj^[f[h_eZ_Y_d\bk[dY[e\cWij_YWj_ed$?dijWbb_d] \ehY[#jhWdic_jj_d]ikh\WY[i_dj^[[deiiWbifWY[WdZ _cceX_b_p_d]j^[ch[bWj_l[je[WY^ej^[hXofheij^[j_Y c[Wdim_bbYh[Wj[h[bWj_l[h[\[h[dY[fe_dji" Ed j^[ ed[ ^WdZ" j^[ cWij_YWj_ed ikh\WY[i ]k_Z[ j^[ckiYb[i1edj^[ej^[h^WdZ"j^[ckiYb[\kdYj_ed j^ki ceZ_\_[Z ^Wi Wd [\\[Yj ed j^[ jhW`[Yjeh_Wb WhY^_j[Yjkh[e\j^[Xed[ijhkYjkh[WdZ_cfbWdjX[Z$ J^[Xed[ckijj^[h[\eh[X[]_l[dWdeffehjkd_jo jeY^Wd][_jicehf^ebe]o_dehZ[hjeWZWfjWdZjeh[# eh_[dj_jijhW`[Yjeho$J^[]hemj^j[dZ[dY_[i_dYh[ijWb Z_h[Yj_ed ckij dej X[ j^mWhj[Z Xo j^[ fh[i[dY[ e\ fedj_Yi$ ?d ekh [nf[h_[dY[" YedjWYj X[jm[[d fedj_YiWdZckYeiWcWo]hWZkWbbo]_l[h_i[jefW_d \h[gk[djbo Wj W ikXYediY_eki b[l[b WdZ Wle_ZWdY[ fWjj[hdi$ J^_i cWo fh[l[dj kd_\ehc cWij_YWj_ed" j^ki`[efWhZ_p_d]j^[_dj[]hWj_ede\_cfbWdji"eh]_l[ h_i[je[nY[ii_l[beWZ_d]$ ?dWZZ_j_ed"YedjWYjX[jm[[dfedj_YiWdZckYeiW m_bb a[[f j^[ Xedo ijhkYjkh[ e\ j^[ `Wmi \hec Z[l[bef_d] j^[_h ceij \WlekhWXb[ X_ec[Y^Wd_YWb i^Wf[$J^_i"jee"cWoYWki[fheXb[ci_dj^[_cfbWdj X[Z$ <eh [nWcfb[" ]hemj^ cWo eYYkh _d Z_h[Yj_edi ej^[h j^Wd j^[ X_ec[Y^Wd_YWbbo \WlekhWXb[ Yh[ijWb Z_h[Yj_ed[$]$_dm_Zj^$?dj^[mehij#YWi[iY[dWh_e" j^[beWZ#jhWdic_jj_d]ikh\WY[icWobei[j^[_hYehj_YWb YedjWYj$ I_dY[ cehf^ebe]_YWb Y^Wd][i e\ j^_i jof[ YWd d[l[h X[ [nYbkZ[Z m_j^ Y[hjW_djo" 8E? _cfbWdji i^ekbZ WbmWoi X[ _di[hj[Z ikY^ j^Wj j^[o j[dZ je
'(.
9^Wfj[h/È &OUR $IMENSIONALÈ#ONSIDERATIONSÈOFÈ"ONEÈ-ORPHOLOGYÈANDÈ-ECHANICS
fhe`[Yj \hec j^[ Yehj_YWb Xed[ hWj^[h j^Wd X[_d] beYWj[Z_dWZ[[f[hfei_j_ed$ ?dWZlWdY[ZZ_ijWbh_Z][h[iehfj_ed"m^[h[[dek]^ Xed[ lebkc[ _i fh[i[dj _d j^[ Wdj[h_eh i[]c[dji je WdY^eh W \_n[Z h[ijehWj_ed" _j cWo X[ WZl_iWXb[ dej je _di[hj j^[ Z[\_d_j_l[ h[ijehWj_ed h_]^j WmWo Xkj je WZefj W mW_j#WdZ#i[[ ijhWj[]o \ebbem_d] Z_ijWb _cfbWdjfbWY[c[djkdj_bj^[kfmWhZc_]hWj_ede\j^[ _cfbWdjWiieY_Wj[Zm_j^l[hj_YWbXed[\ehcWj_ed^Wi X[[d Yecfb[j[Z$ 8ed[ Wffei_j_ed c_]^j X[ ]h[Wj[h _\ de cWij_YWjeho \ehY[i Wh[ fh[i[dj je Yekdj[hWYj _j$ ehem_jp WdZ I^Wf_he '/++$ DWdZW [j Wb$ '/,. _dl[ij_]Wj[Z j^[ [\\[Yj e\ h[beYWj_d] j^[ Z_ijWb WjjWY^c[dje\j^[cWii[j[hckiYb[_d'$+#cedj^#ebZ j[hh_[hied`Wmcehf^ebe]oW\j[hWdej^[h-$+cedj^i$ J^[ cehf^ebe]_YWb Z_\\[h[dY[i h[bWj_l[ je j^[ YedjhWbWj[hWbdehcWbi_Z[jkhd[ZekjjeX[l[hoicWbb$ J^_i\_dZ_d]cWoX[Zk[jelWh_eki\WYjehi$<ehed[ j^_d]" j^[ h[beYWj[Z Y^[m_d] ckiYb[i ^WZ X[Yec[ Yedi_Z[hWXbo icWbb[h WdZ j^ki m[Wa[h$ ?d if_j[ e\ j^Wj"c_Zb_d[i^_\jijemWhZij^[jh[Wj[Zi_Z[m[h[i[[d j^Wjeh_]_dWj[ZWhekdZj^[fh[cebWhi$J^[i[h[ikbji YWddejX[Z_h[YjbojhWdibWj[Zje^kcWdi"WiZe]i^Wl[ W ijh_Yjbo l[hj_YWb Y^[m_d] fWjj[hd$ J^[_h YedZob[ \kdYj_ed_iYed\_d[Zjefkh[^_d][Wn_icel[c[dji1 _d\WYj"j^[_hl[hojeej^cehf^ebe]o_iZ[i_]d[Z\eh l[hj_YWbY^eff_d]cel[c[djiedbo$D[l[hj^[b[ii"j^[ bem[hcWh]_de\j^[cWdZ_Xb[\[Wjkh[iWdWdj[]ed_Wb dejY^" ikY^ Wi j^[ ed[ j^Wj _i iec[j_c[i Yb[Whbo l_i_Xb[ _d EF=i e\ ^kcWd cWdZ_Xb[i Wi m[bb$ ?j
È -ACROSCOPICÈ&UNCTIONALÈ!NATOMYÈ
')-
Wff[Whi j^Wj j^[ Wdj[h_eh cWh]_d e\ j^[ cWii[j[h ckiYb[ _i ceh[ WYj_l[ _d j^[i[ _dZ_l_ZkWbi j^Wd j^[ Z_ijWb ckiYb[ fehj_ed$ 7\j[h Wbb" Xej^ ckiYb[ i[]c[dji Wh[ i[fWhWj[ WdWjec_YWb WdZ \kdYj_edWb [dj_j_[i ;iY^b[h '/+($ =[d[hWbbo if[Wa_d]" Xed[ ]hemj^_ib_a[bojeZ[Y[b[hWj[W\j[hckiYb[i^Wl[X[[d i[fWhWj[Z7l_i'/,'$ È !GE 2ELATEDÈ#HANGESÈINÈ*AWÈ-ORPHOLOGY EdY[]hemj^^WiX[[dYecfb[j[ZWdZj^[cWdZ_Xb[ ^Wi h[WY^[Z _ji cWn_ckc i_p[" kikWbbo W fheY[ii e\ h[iehfj_ed WdZ h[ceZ[bb_d] _i ]hWZkWbbo _d_j_Wj[Z$ :kh_d] j^_i f^Wi[" j^[ fehei_j_[i _di_Z[ j^[ Xed[ WYgk_h[ Wd kd[l[d Z_ijh_Xkj_ed" WdZ Xed[ cehf^ebe]o Z[l[befi jemWhZi j^[ i^Wf[ m[ YWd i[[ _d ebZ [Z[djkbeki fWj_[dji$ J^_i W][_d] fheY[ii kd\ebZi _d j^[ iWc[ cWdd[h h[]WhZb[ii e\ m^[j^[h j[[j^ Wh[ fh[i[dj eh WXi[dj" Wi j^[ Z_ijh_Xkj_ed e\ fehei_j_[i _i [gkWb _d Xej^ YWi[i 7ja_died WdZ MeeZ^[WZ'/,.$8ed[h[iehfj_ed_iWbmWoiijhed][h XkYYWbbo j^Wd c[Z_Wbbo$ Kf je WhekdZ )+o[Whi e\ W]["j^[fehei_joe\j^[cWdZ_Xb[h[cW_diYedijWdj$ 7\j[h j^Wj" _j a[[fi Z[Yh[Wi_d] \eh WhekdZ '&o[Whi WdZ j^[d _dYh[Wi[i W]W_d bWj[h _d b_\[ CWdied WdZ BkYWi '/,($ J^[ ^_]^[h Xed[ Z[di_jo X[jm[[d j^[ W][i )& WdZ *& c_]^j Wbie ^Wl[ je Ze m_j^ j^[ ^_]^[h fh[lWb[dY[ e\ f[h_eZedj_j_i _d j^_i W][ ]hekf$ I_dY[ b[ii fehei_jo _i WiieY_Wj[Z m_j^ b[ii f[h\ki_ed WdZ ^_]^[h c_d[hWb_pWj_ed" j^[ ijhkYjkhWb Z[\[dY[ ijWjki e\ j^[ `Wm c_]^j X[ Wbj[h[Z$ M^_b[ ZWjW e\ j^_i jof[ Wh[ dej WlW_bWXb[ \eh j^[ cWn_bbW" j^[j[cfehWbh[bWj_edi^_fi_dj^[cWdZ_Xb[Wh[ceh[ eh b[ii _d a[[f_d] m_j^ j^[ hWj[ e\ 8CK \ehcWj_ed [_i[dX[h]Éi kdY[hjW_djo fh_dY_fb[ Xo _dZkY_d] Y^Wd][i _d j^[ ij_\\d[ii WdZ Wd_iejhef_Y fhef[hj_[i e\ j^[ W\\[Yj[Z Xed[ edY[ j^[o ^Wl[ X[[d jh_]][h[Z$ ?d j^_i mWo" j^[ eXi[hl[Z 8CKcWo[_j^[h_dZkY[\khj^[h8CKWYj_lWj_edi"eh _jcWo_dZkY[_jiemdj[hc_dWj_ed$M^_Y^[l[djm_bb eYYkhZ[f[dZi"Wced]ej^[hj^_d]i"edj^[ij_\\d[ii _dj^[W\\[Yj[ZXed[i[]c[dj"edj^[\kdYj_edWbbeWZ fh[i[djZkh_d]8CK\ehcWj_ed"WdZedj^[^ehcedWb i_jkWj_ede\j^[Xed[WjbWh][$ 8omWoe\WdWbe]o"j^[h[WZ[hcWomWdjjeYedi_Z[h ekh l_ikWb _cW][ e\ \WhWmWo ijWhi$ M^[d j^[ b_]^j \hec j^[i[ ijWhi [l[djkWbbo Whh_l[i ed ;Whj^" m^Wj m[f[hY[_l[m_j^ekh[o[iWYjkWbboh[\b[Yjij^[h[Wb_jo e\WZ_ijWdjfWij$Kbj_cWj[bo"m[YWdedbo[l[hYWjY^ W ]b_cfi[ e\ j^[ fWij$ J^[ iWc[ _i jhk[ m^[d m[ beea Wj W Xed[$7\j[h Wbb" m^Wj m[ ][j je i[[ _i edbo j^[ cehf^ebe]_YWb Yedi[gk[dY[i e\ j^[ ][d[j_YWbbo _dZkY[Z" ^ehcedWbbo c[Z_Wj[Z WdZ \kdYj_edWbbo Z_h[Yj[Z]hemj^e\WXed[ijhkYjkh["\ebbem[ZXoj^[ f^Wi[e\\kdYj_edWbki[m_j^Wbb_ji[nj[hdWb_d\bk[dY[i" Zemdjej^[f^Wi[e\Z_iki[Wjhef^o$FWhj_YkbWhbo_d j^[ `Wm Wh[W" _j _i \h[gk[djbo feii_Xb[ je h[WZ j^[ Wffhen_cWj[ j[cfehWb i[gk[dY[ e\ j^[ \kdYj_edWb Y^Wd][i WdZ Z_ijkhXWdY[ _d j^[ cWij_YWj_ed ioij[c edfWdehWc_YhWZ_e]hWf^ie\fWhj_WbboehYecfb[j[bo [Z[djkbeki fWj_[dji$ J^[ h[WZ[h _i h[\[hh[Z je 9^Wfj[h'&\ehWZ[jW_b[ZZ_iYkii_ed$
È -ICROSCOPICÈ!NATOMYÈANDÈ.UTRIENTÈ3UPPLYÈ
')/
È -ICROSCOPICÈ!NATOMYÈANDÈ.UTRIENTÈ3UPPLY È 7HYÈANDÈ(OWÈi!LLÈ4HINGSÈ!REÈINÈ&LUXw J^[`WmiWh[ikffb_[Zm_j^dkjh_[djiWdZXbeeZ\hec Z_\\[h[djiekhY[i$J^[XWiWbfehj_ede\j^[cWdZ_Xb[ _iX[b_[l[ZjeX[f[h\ki[Z\hecj^[f[h_eij[kc"m^_b[ j^[ Wbl[ebWh fehj_ed WdZ j^[ j[[j^" m^_Y^ h[gk_h[ Yedi_Z[hWXbo ceh[ XbeeZ" Wh[ ikffb_[Z Z_h[Yjbo Xo j^[cWdZ_XkbWhWhj[ho$J^_iWhj[ho_iWdedje][d[j_Y d[Y[ii_jo$ ?d _ji WXi[dY[" j^[ j[[j^ WdZ f[h_eZedjWb ijhkYjkh[iYekbZdejX[WZ[gkWj[bodekh_i^[Z"i_dY[ j^[ Xed[ lebkc[ _i jee cWii_l[ _d h[bWj_ed je j^[ \[[Z_d] fhef[hj_[i e\ XbeeZ Z_\\ki_ed edbo IWaW [j Wb$(&&($ ?j_idejYecfb[j[bokdZ[hijeeZ^emj^[eij[edWb ijhkYjkh[i Wh[ ikffb_[Z m_j^ dkjh_[dji WdZ m^Wj YedZ_j_edi Wh[ fh[i[dj _di_Z[ j^[ eij[edi$ J^[ \ebbem_d] fWhW]hWf^i fhel_Z[ W Xh_[\ h[l_[m e\ j^[ b_j[hWjkh[edj^_i_iik[$ F[jhel [j Wb$ '/./ _dl[ij_]Wj[Z _djhW#eij[edWb fej[dj_WbiWdZfhefei[ZW[h[" W jh[dZ jemWhZl[hj_YWbXed[beiiZk[jecWYhejhW`[Yjeh_Wb Xed[ h[ceZ[bb_d] WdZ ijWX_b_pWj_ed e\ j^[ XWiWb Xed[fh[Zec_dWj[i_dj^[Wbl[ebWhh[]_ed$ v El[hWbb"j^[&Ä'ijhkYjkh[_iceh[lWh_WXb[_dj^[ cWn_bbWj^Wd_dj^[cWdZ_Xb[$ v ?d YWi[ j^Wj edbo ed[ i_Z[ e\ j^[ cWn_bbW _i [gk_ff[Z m_j^ 8E? _cfbWdji" j^[ Y^Wd][i _d Xed[cehf^ebe]om_bbZ_\\[hX[jm[[dXej^i_Z[i" Yh[Wj_d]el[hbeWZkikWbboedj^[i_Z[m_j^dWjkhWb j[[j^$ &IGÈ ?\j^[ceijZ_ijWb8E?_cfbWdj_ifbWY[ZWdj[h_ehje
j^[cWn_bbWhoi_dki"j^[[nfWdi_ede\j^[i_dkiYWdX[[nf[Yj[Z je Yedj_dk[$ J^_i m_bb b[WZ je Z[iY[dj e\ j^[ Xh_Z][meha WdZ [Whbo YedjWYji _d j^[ Wh[W e\ j^[ bWij fedj_Yi$ J^_i Z[l[befc[dj ^Wi je X[ ced_jeh[Z WdZ \h[gk[dj WZ`kijc[dji cWoX[d[Y[iiWhoi[[L_Z[ei(+"(-
&IGÈ B[\jZ_ijWbcWn_bbW$J^[ZekXb[#Z_ia8E?_cfbWdj^Wi
cedefeb_p[Z j^[ jWia e\ beWZ jhWdic_ii_ed _d j^_i Wh[W WdZ _ibeYWj[Z_dW\kdYj_edWb'#Wh[W$J^[Xed[WhekdZj^[Z_iae\ j^[i_d]b[#Z_ia8E?_cfbWdj_ikdZ[hc_d[hWb_p[Z$J^_i_cfbWdj _idembeYWj[Z_dWWh[W"[l[dj^ek]^j^[_cfbWdjfei_j_ed mekbZ f[hc_j cWjkhWj_ed je W '#Wh[W$ J^[ h[c_d[hWb_pWj_ed jh[dZ e\ j^[ Z_ijWb _cfbWdj _i l[ho bem" m^_Y^ _i m^o Wj b[Wij j^[ j^h[WZ[Z f_d ek]^j je X[ h[cel[Z Wi ieed Wi Wdo _d\bWccWjeho h[WYj_edi Wi h[ikbj e\ j^[ Z[c_d[hWb_pWj_ed e\ Xed[Wh[i[[d_dj^_iWh[W
v Ej^[h \WYjehi Wbie fbWo W heb[ _d Z[j[hc_d_d] m^[j^[h Xed[ j_iik[ _i WYjkWbbo beij eh Yh[Wj[Z0 ?d j^[ Yh[ijWb Wif[Yj e\ j^[ Z_ijWb cWdZ_Xb[" j^[ Xed[ \ehcWj_ed fheY[ii cWo X[ ie ijhed] j^Wj l[hj_YWb Xed[ ]hemj^ m_bb fki^ Xh_Z][i e\\ j^[_h _cfbWdj WXkjc[dji eh i_cfbo Xh[Wa j^[ 8E? _cfbWdji$7i_c_bWhZ[l[befc[dj_ideji[[dl[ho
Fh[iikh[ ed j^[ Xed[ _d j^[ Wh[W e\ j^[ fedj_Y YWd j^ki h[ikbj _d Wd _dYh[Wi[ _d Xed[ lebkc[" m^_b[ h^oj^c_YWb fh[iikh[ ed j^[ ckYeiW m_bb h[ikbj _d Wd _dYh[Wi[ _d j^[ XbeeZ ikffbo WdZ j^[h[\eh[ _d W beii e\ Xed[ lebkc[$ 8ej^ fheY[ii[i YWd eYYkh YedYkhh[djbo$ J^_i _i ed[ e\ j^[ h[Wiedi m^o _j _i W ]eeZ _Z[W \eh 8E? _cfbWdjebe]_iji je fbWY[ \ehY[# jhWdic_jj_d]Wh[Wi_dXWiWbXed[h[]_edi"WmWo\hec j^[ h[ijehWj_ed$ J^[i[ XWiWb Xed[ h[]_edi Wh[ ceh[ h[i_ijWdjjeh[iehfj_edWdZfhej[Yj[Z\hecj^[Z_h[Yj [\\[Yji e\ fh[iikh[ \hec j^[ fedj_Yi$ ?\ j^_i jof[ e\ fbWY[c[dj _i dej feii_Xb[" \h[gk[dj h[YWbbi WdZ Yehh[Yj_edi Wh[ h[gk_h[Z kdj_b ijWXb[ YedZ_j_edi Wh[ h[WY^[Z$ Ed[efj_ed\ehjh[Wj_d]kdijWXb[_cfbWdj#fheij^[j_Y ioij[ci _i je WZZ 8E? _cfbWdji WdZ je b[Wl[ j^[ kdijWXb[_cfbWdji_dfbWY[$J^[hWj_edWb[X[^_dZj^_i fheY[Zkh[_ij^Wj'#Wh[WiYWdX[[nf[Yj[Zje\ehc_d j^[ l_Y_d_jo e\ _dijWXb[ _cfbWdji j^[ Xed[ d[Wh j^[ XWiWbfbWj[ih[fh[i[dj_d]Wh[Wi"Wij^[i[Wh[Wia[[f Z[l[bef_d]Zk[je\kdYj_edWbh[gk_h[c[dji$7\j[hj^[ _di[hj_ede\j^[WZZ_j_edWb8E?_cfbWdj"j^['#Wh[W_d m^_Y^_jmWi_di[hj[Zm_bbbei[_jibeWZ#jhWdic_jj_d] \kdYj_edi"m^_Y^j[dZije_cfhel[j^[Y^WdY[e\j^[ Xed[ Wh[W d[Wh j^[ XWiWb fbWj[ e\ j^[ kdijWXb[ 8E? _cfbWdjcWjkh_d]WdZjkhd_d]_djeW'#Wh[WW]W_d$7i Wbed]#j[hch[ikbj"Xej^_cfbWdjim_bbX[_dj[]hWj[Z Wj W Yedi_Z[hWXb[ Z[]h[[ e\ c_d[hWb_pWj_ed WdZ m_bb i^Wh[j^[jWiae\[dZeii[eki#beWZjhWdic_ii_ed$J^_i jh[Wjc[dj efj_ed [n_iji Wi bed] Wi j^[ Xed[#cWjh_n Wh[Wi_dgk[ij_edWh[dej[nf[Yj[Zjei^emWbj[hWj_edi WiWh[ikbje\_d\[Yj_ed$'#Wh[WiWh[kikWbbo[nf[Yj[Z eh i[[d ed j^[ fWdjece]hWf^ je h[i_Z[ ceh[ Z[[fbom_j^_dj^[XWiWbXed[Wh[Wi1j^[XWiWbfbWj[i e\ j^[ ebZ _cfbWdj WdZ j^[ d[m _cfbWdj i^ekbZ X[ gk_j[Ybei[je[WY^ej^[h$?\j^[Z_ijWdY[X[jm[[dj^[ XWiWbfbWj[i_ijeebWh]["j^_ijh[Wjc[djWffheWY^cWo dejX[ikYY[ii\kbX[YWki[de_dj[hWYj_edX[jm[[dj^[ Xed[Wh[WicWoeYYkh$
#(!04%2È
¬
&UNCTIONALÈ#ONSIDERATIONSÈÈ ASÈTHEÈ'UIDINGÈ4REATMENTÈ0RINCIPLE
È ,ONG 4ERMÈ&UNCTIONÈ2EQUIRESÈÈ 0ERSISTENTÈ"ALANCE M^_b[ _j _i [Wi_bo feii_Xb[ \eh jh[[i je WZWfj je j^[ ^Whi^ h[Wb_j_[i e\ b_\[" \eh [nWcfb[ Xo ]hem_d] Z_W]edWbbo" \ebbem_d] j^[ fh[lW_b_d] m_dZi" j^[ ^kcWd XeZo _i WXb[ je WY^_[l[ i_c_bWh \[Wji edbo Wj jh[c[dZekiYeij_dj[hcie\[d[h]o$8oYedjhWijm_j^ j^[Yedj_dkekiia[b[jede\jh[[i"j^[Xedoia[b[jede\ j^[ ^kcWd XeZo Yedi_iji e\ i[fWhWj[ i[]c[dji j^Wj Wh[ ifh[WZ m_Z[ ef[d Xo WdZ X[jm[[d j^[ ckiYb[i$
A
7ibWdj[Zfeijkh[ehWiocc[jh_YWb\kdYj_edh[gk_h[i Wd[njhWWcekdje\[d[h]o"i_dY[j^[Y[djh[e\]hWl_jo e\j^[XeZo[Wi_boj^h[Wj[dijemWdZ[he\\j^[^kcWd XeZoÉi h[bWj_l[bo icWbb XWi[ Wh[W$ Je Wle_Z j^_i WdZ je XWbWdY[ j^[ XeZo" XeZo cWii ckij X[ h[beYWj[Z" h[ikbj_d]_dbeYWbel[hbeWZ$ J^[h[]_ede\j^[iakbbWdZj^[d[YaYWdX[ki[Z WiYekdj[hXWbWdY_d]cWiiWdZcel[ZWmWo\hecj^[ Y[djh[e\]hWl_jo$>em[l[h"j^[oYWdWbieX[j^[l[ho YWki[ e\ feijkhWb _cXWbWdY[i WdZ e\ Yecf[diWjeho [\\[Yjiedj^[[njh[c_j_[iehj^[jehie$ 9ekdj[hWYj_d] feijkhWb _cXWbWdY[i eh Zoi\kdY# j_edi _d ed[ h[]_ed eh ed[ ckiYb[ kikWbbo h[gk_h[i
B
&IGÈÈ A em[l[h" i_dY[ j^[o YWd d[_j^[h Z[iYh_X[ deh Z[cedijhWj[ j^[ fheXb[c" j^[o j[dZ je Z[\[h je j^[ Z[dj_ijÉi `kZ][c[dj$ J^[ \WYj j^Wj j^[ j^ek]^ji e\ jeZWoÉi Z[dj_iji Wh[ _dehZ_dWj[bo Y[djh[Z ed j[Y^d_YWb j[hci Ze[i dej ^[bf je Xh_Z][ j^_i Yecckd_YWj_ed ]Wf [_j^[h$ F[efb[ m^e mWba m_j^ W b_cf YWd Yecckd_YWj[ j^[_h fheXb[c X[jj[h Xej^ X[YWki[ j^[o YWd eXi[hl[ j^[ci[bl[i X[jj[h WdZ X[YWki[ j^[ fheXb[c _i Wbie l_i_Xb[ je ej^[hi$ Kd_bWj[hWb Y^[m_d] fWjj[hdi Wh[ dej kikWbbo l_i_Xb[ jeekji_Z[hi"WdZj^[oYWddejX[Yehh[Yj[ZWibed]Wi j^[fWj^mWoi\ehX_bWj[hWbboXWbWdY[Zcel[c[djiWh[ XbeYa[Z Xo ckiYb[i WdZ%eh ^WhZ#j_iik[ ijhkYjkh[i$
Iec[j_c[i ed[ YWddej ^[bf ][jj_d] j^[ _cfh[ii_ed j^Wj Wbb XWi_Y ademb[Z][ j^Wj W ijkZ[dj dWjkhWbbo feii[ii[i ed [dj[h_d] W Z[djWb iY^eeb _i [\\[Yj_l[bo Xkh_[ZkdZ[hW\beeZe\ademb[Z][Xoj^[j_c[^[eh i^[ [l[djkWbbo ]hWZkWj[i$ ?d W i[di[" del_Y[i ^Wl[ W X[jj[h_djk_j_l[ademb[Z][e\^emÆY^[m_d]Çmehai$ ?dj^[fh[i[djY^Wfj[h"m[YWdedbo[nfbW_dj^[a[o \[Wjkh[i e\ j^[ j^[hWf[kj_Y ijhWj[]o WdZ Z_iYkii j^[ XWi_YYedi_Z[hWj_edi_dlebl[Z$FhWYj_Y[WdZ[nf[h_[dY[ Wi m[bb Wi Wd kdYecfhec_i_d] jh[Wjc[dj ijhWj[]o Wh[ j^[ gk_dj[ii[dj_Wb h[gk_h[c[dji \eh ikYY[ii\kb ekjYec[i$M[ki[ZjeWffboj^[c_d_cWbj^[hWf[kj_Y iebkj_edijWk]^jWjj^[kd_l[hi_j_[iWdZ_cfei[ZXo ^[Wbj^_dikhWdY[fhel_Z[hiekhi[bl[i\ehcWdoo[Whi$ M[ j^[h[\eh[ ^WZ Wcfb[ effehjkd_jo je i[[ m^Wj Z_iWZlWdjW][ij^[o_dlebl[_dj^[c[Z_kcWdZbed] j[hc$ JeZWo m[ Z[Yb_d[ Wdo jh[Wjc[dj h[gk[iji j^Wj Wh[dejW_c[ZWj[ijWXb_i^_d]WXWbWdY[ZcWij_YWjeho \kdYj_ed$ Ikhfh_i_d]bo" j^[ Yedl[dj_edWb ijhWj[]o e\ e\\[h_d]h[ijehWj_l[jh[Wjc[dj_dWf_[Y[c[WbcWdd[h m_j^ekj Wd el[hWbb YedY[fj \eh j^[ cWij_YWjeho WffWhWjkiWjbWh][^WiX[[dki[Zj^hek]^ekj^_ijeho$ 8Wi[Z ed j^_i ijhWj[]o" j^[ fWj_[dj _i b[\j m_j^ekj W XWbWdY[Z cWij_YWjeho \kdYj_ed kdj_b ^[ eh i^[ ^Wi \_dWbbo h[WY^[Z j^[ fe_dj m^[h[ W Yecfb[j[ Z[djkh[ _i _di[hj[Z$ J^_i _i j^[ \_hij j_c[ m^[d W XWbWdY[Z cWij_YWjeho \kdYj_ed _i WYjkWbbo [ijWXb_i^[Z" _\ edbo je [dikh[ j^Wj j^[ Z[djkh[ _i WYY[fjWXbo h[jW_d[Z$ M_j^j^[^[bfe\8E?_cfbWdji"m[Wh[jeZWoWXb[je _cfb[c[dj\_n[Z[deiiWbikffehj_dWj_c[bo"h[b_WXb[ WdZ Yecfh[^[di_l[ cWdd[h$ J^[o [dWXb[ ki je _dj[hl[d[_dWdof^Wi[e\j^[]hWZkWbbofhe]h[ii_d] YebbWfi[ e\ cWij_YWjeho \kdYj_ed m_j^ekj h[]WhZ je j^[Wcekdje\l[hj_YWbXed[WlW_bWXb[$ CWij_YWj_ed j^[hWfo _i j^[ edbo h[b_WXb[ mWo je fh[i[hl[Xed[XoWZ[gkWj[\kdYj_ed$ 8E? _cfbWdji e\\[h WXiebkj[ \h[[Zec _d j^[ ifWj_Wbfei_j_ed_d]e\ikf[hijhkYjkh[i"j^[h[Xo ]_l_d]kiWdeffehjkd_jojeZ[\_d[j^[fei_j_ed WdZ eh_[djWj_ed e\ cWij_YWjeho ikh\WY[i ieb[bo Xo \kdYj_edWb Yedi_Z[hWj_edi$ J^[ jh[Wjc[dj eX`[Yj_l[ _i je Yh[Wj[ W bWj[hWbbo eh_[dj[Z cWij_YWjeho\kdYj_edj^Wj_iXWbWdY[ZedXej^ i_Z[ie\j^[`Wm$
È $ECOMPENSATIONÈÈ OFÈTHEÈ-ASTICATORYÈ!PPARATUS ?j _i WbmWoi d[Y[iiWho je WdWboi[ j^[ W[j_ebe]o e\ Z_i[Wi[i eh Zoi\kdYj_edi X[\eh[ Wdo Yedi_Z[hWj_edi h[bWj[Zjej^[jh[Wjc[djWiikY^YWdX[cWZ[$7m_Z[
È
lWh_[jo e\ fWhWc[j[hi Ä _dYbkZ_d] j^[ i_p[ e\ j[[j^" j^[ i_p[ WdZ fei_j_ed Wi m[bb Wi j^[ \ekdZWj_edi WdZ ikif[di_edi e\ j^[ XWiWb `Wm i[]c[dji" j^[ eYYbkiWbfbWd["j^[gkWb_joWdZb[d]j^e\j^[Y^[m_d] ckiYb[i" XeZo feijkh[ WdZ c_c_Y ckiYb[i Ä Wh[ _dj[hjm_d[Z_dWX_ef^oi_YWbYedj_dkkcj^Wjh[cW_di je X[ _dl[ij_]Wj[Z _d Z[jW_b$ J^[i[ fWhWc[j[hi Yec[ _d Yekdjb[ii Yed\_]khWj_edi$ ?d j^_i mWo" j^[ \kdYj_edWb if[Yjhkc e\ ^kcWd Z[l[befc[dj ^Wi je X[ [njh[c[bo XheWZ je WbbemÆi[h_Wb fheZkYj_edÇ e\ \kdYj_edWb _dZ_l_ZkWbi [l[d kdZ[h j^[ ceij WZl[hi[e\YedZ_j_ediWdZj^[ceij_dWffhefh_Wj[e\ Yed\_]khWj_edi$?d[d]_d[[h_d]j[hci"ed[YekbZiWo j^Wjj^[fheZkYj_ed#h[bWj[ZWdZijhkYjkhWbjeb[hWdY[ b_c_ji Wh[ ki[Z je j^[ \kbb[ij [nj[dj feii_Xb[$ J^[i[ fheY[ii[i Wh[ Zh_l[d Xo ]hemj^ WdZ \kdYj_ed$ EdY[ j^[ [dZfe_dj e\ ]hemj^ ^Wi X[[d h[WY^[Z" j^[ edbo \ehY[ j^Wj Yedj_dk[i je _d\bk[dY[ cehf^ebe]o _d YedijhkYj_l[ cWdd[h _i j^[ \ehY[ e\ \kdYj_ed$ ?d WZZ_j_ed"Z[][d[hWj_l[WdZ^ehcedWb_d\bk[dY[iWh[ ]hWZkWbboYec_d]jej^[\eh[Wim[bb$ EdY[ j^[ [dZfe_dj e\ ]hemj^ ^Wi X[[d h[WY^[Z" \kdYj_edWbbo l_WXb[ h[ikbji m_bb X[ fh[i[dj [l[d j^ek]^ j^[ Z[fWhjkh[ fe_dji cWo ^Wl[ X[[d [njh[c[bo Z_\\[h[dj eh kd\WlekhWXb[$ >em[l[h" dej Wbbe\j^[i[h[ikbjiWh[ijWXb[$Iec[e\j^[cWh[Æ`kij WXekjÇ XWbWdY[Z hWj^[h j^Wd Æm[bbÇ XWbWdY[Z$ J^[ Y^WdY[i j^Wj j^[i[ h[ikbji YWd h[cW_d ijWXb[ \eh W b_\[j_c[Wh[ib_c$J^[f^Wi[e\]hemj^_i\ebbem[ZXo Wf^Wi[e\Z[Yecf[diWj_edj^Wjm_bbbWij\ehj^[h[ij e\j^[fWj_[djÉib_\[WdZ_ijh_]][h[ZXoWiocc[jh_YWb \kdYj_edÄj^Wj_ijeiWo"Xoj^[\WYjj^Wj[b[c[djie\ j^[ ia[b[jWb ioij[c Wh[ kj_b_p[Z _d W ded#XWbWdY[Z cWdd[h$ J^[ cW_d \WYjehi h[ifedi_Xb[ \eh j^[ fhe]h[ii_l[ Z[Yecf[diWj_ed e\ j^[ cWij_YWjeho ioij[c Wh[ _bbkijhWj[Z _d j^[ \ebbem_d] ikXi[Yj_edi$ J^[ _cfehjWdjfWhj\ehj^[ZW_boh[gk_h[c[djie\Z_W]dei_i WdZ jh[Wjc[dj _d j^[ Z[djWb e\\_Y[ _i je _Z[dj_\o j^[ j[cfehWb i[gk[dY[ WdZ h[bWj_l[ _cfehjWdY[ e\ j^[i[ lWh_eki \WYjehi _d [WY^ fWj_[djÉi ]hWZkWb Z[Yecf[diWj_ed e\ j^[ cWij_YWjeho \kdYj_ed$ M[ Wh[ jWba_d] WXekj j^[ _cfWYj e\ `e_dji" ckiYb[i WdZ cWij_YWjeho ikh\WY[i" Xkj m[ Wh[ Wbie jWba_d] WXekj j^[ Æibej^ \WYjehÇ Wi W XWi_Y fh_dY_fb[ e\ Wbb ^kcWd [n_ij[dY[$M_j^ h[]WhZ je ekh jef_Y Wj ^WdZ" j^_i c[Wdi j^Wj Wd _dZ_l_ZkWb m_bb WbmWoi fh[\[h j^[Æ[Wi_[hÇ Y^[m_d] i_Z[" [l[d j^ek]^ W lebkdjWho [\\ehjjeki[j^[i_Z[m^[h[Y^[m_d]_i^WhZ[hmekbZ WYjkWbboX[j^[][djb[ijjh[Wjc[dj_cW]_dWXb[$
È $ECOMPENSATIONÈOFÈTHEÈ-ASTICATORYÈ!PPARATUSÈ
'+'
h[]kbWj[ZXoj^[\ebbem_d]\WYjehi0 '$ CkiYb[#h[bWj[Z\WYjehi 7$CkiYb[if_dZb[c[Y^Wd_ici_dckiYb[iWjjWY^[Z jej^[cWdZ_Xb[ 8$ Ij_ckb_Yec_d]\hec=eb]_ÉiYehfkiYb[i_dj^[ ckiYb[iWjjWY^[Zjej^[cWdZ_Xb[ 9$ 7\\[h[dj ij_ckb_ Yec_d] \hec j^[ d[Ya ckiYb[i :$FW_d_dj^[ckiYb[iWjjWY^[Zjej^[cWdZ_Xb[ ($ JC@#h[bWj[Z\WYjehi 7$Ij_ckb_Yec_d]\hecc[Y^Wdeh[Y[fjehi_dj^[ Whj_YkbWhYWfikb[ 8$ 7\\[h[dj ij_ckb_ Yec_d] \hec WYY[iieho b_]Wc[dji 9$ FW_deh_]_dWj_d]\hec`e_djijhkYjkh[i )$ EhWb" \WY_Wb WdZ f[h_ehWb ie\j#j_iik[ i[diWj_edi fW_d"ij_\\d[ii"c[Y^Wd_YWbi[diWj_ediWdZj^[hcWb ij_ckb_ *$ Jeej^#h[bWj[Z\WYjehi 7$Jeej^WY^[iWdZf[h_eZedjWbfW_d 8$ Ij_ckb_Yec_d]\hecj^[f[h_eZedjWbb_]Wc[dj +$ F^Whodn#h[bWj[Z \WYjehi0 FW_d" ^ofeceX_b_jo" _d`kh_[i"j^[hcWbij_ckb_ Fh[cWjkh[ YedjWYji WiieY_Wj[Z m_j^ j_bj[Z WdZ%eh [bed]Wj[Zj[[j^cWo]hWZkWbbo]_l[h_i[jeZ[l_Wj_edi j^WjY^Wd][j^[fei_j_ede\j^[cWdZ_Xb[h[bWj_l[je j^[j[[j^_dj^[cWn_bbW"YWki_d]j^[Y^[m_d]WYj_l_jo Wi m[bb Wi j^[ WYj_l_jo e\ Y^[m_d] ckiYb[i je i^_\j jemWhZi ej^[h `Wm h[]_edi m_j^ekj YWki_d] WYkj[ fW_d$ Ceij Z[djkh[#h[bWj[Z fh[iikh[ ieh[i" Xkj Wbie f[h_eZedjWbbo _dZkY[Z jeej^ ceX_b_jo WdZ Z[ijhkYj_ed" m_bb cWii_l[bo h[]kbWj[ j^[ cWij_YWjeho \ehY[ ZemdmWhZ" iec[j^_d] j^Wj _i kbj_cWj[bo Wbie jWdjWcekdjjefW_dWle_ZWdY[$ È 5NILATERALÈ#HEWINGÈANDÈ3IDEÈ3WITCHING
7do[Z[djkbekiifWY[i"j_bj[Zj[[j^WdZ%ehfh[cWjkh[ YedjWYji m_bb h[ZkY[ j^[ [\\_Y_[dYo e\ Y^[m_d]" W ]h[Wj[h [\\ehj _i h[gk_h[Z je WY^_[l[ j^[ iWc[ Y^[m_d]h[ikbjiedj^[W\\[Yj[Zi_Z[Wiedj^[_djWYj i_Z[$ J^[ XhW_d m_bb gk_Yabo h[]_ij[h j^_i _cXWbWdY[ WdZim_jY^j^[Y^[m_d]beWZjej^[_djWYji_Z[$J^[ j[[j^ e\ j^[ ikffehj ped[ ed j^[ meha_d] i_Z[ Wh[ hWj^[hfhed[je_djhki_ed"m^[h[Wij^[YedjhWbWj[hWb j[[j^ Wh[ ceh[ b_a[bo je ^of[h[hkfj el[h j_c[ Zk[ je j^[ icWbb[h _djhki_l[ [\\[Yj e\ j^[ Y^[m_d] ckiYb[i ed j^[ ded#meha_d] i_Z[$ 7j j^[ iWc[ j_c[" j^[ j[[j^ ed j^[ meha_d] i_Z[ e\ j^[ cWn_bbW È m_bb c_]hWj[ iec[m^Wj _d W Y[djh_\k]Wb Z_h[Yj_ed" !VOIDANCEÈ0ATTERNS m^_b[ j^[ YedjhWbWj[hWb j[[j^ Wh[ ceh[ b_a[bo je H[\b[n_l[ Wle_ZWdY[ e\ fW_d ^Wi j^[ ]h[Wj[ij [\\[Yj kdZ[h]ec[Z_Wb_pWj_ed$J^_ifheY[ii_iYb_d_YWbboWdZ ed\kdYj_edWdZ"Xo_cfb_YWj_ed"ed\ehc$7YYehZ_d] hWZ_e]hWf^_YWbbo [l_Z[dj Wi W c_Zb_d[ i^_\j jemWhZi je AWmWckhW '/-*" cWij_YWjeho cel[c[dji Wh[ j^[meha_d]i_Z[$7ij^[\kdYj_edWbcWij_YWjehoWd]b[
'+(
9^Wfj[h'&È &UNCTIONALÈ#ONSIDERATIONSÈASÈTHEÈ'UIDINGÈ4REATMENTÈ0RINCIPLE
A D
B
E
C &IGÈÈA 8Wi[b_d[i_jkWj_edm_j^Wb_]d[Zc_Zb_d[iWdZiocc[jh_YWb7Wl_d] iW_Z j^Wj" j^[ Y^[m_d]ckiYb[iWh[\h[gk[djbokdWXb[jeh[bWn_dW cWjj[he\^ekhiW\j[h^Wl_d]X[[d]h[Wjbo^of[hjed_Y \eh cWdo o[Whi" Xkj j^_i fheY[ii cWo jWa[ i[l[hWb m[[aieh_dZ[[Zcedj^i$J^[_djhWehWbjh[Wjc[dj_i gk_Yabo Yecfb[j[Z$ J^[ Wdj[h_eh `_] m_bb [\\[Yj_l[bo h[ijeh[ W ceh[ Y[djhWb fei_j_ed$ IkXi[gk[djbo" W Z_ijWb Xk_bZ#kf m_j^ i_b_Yed[ eh WYhob_Y h[i_d YWd X[ f[h\ehc[Z je WZ`kij j^[ X_ec[Y^Wd_YWb Y[djh[ WdZ Xh_d] j^[ ckiYb[i _dje \eYki$ J^_i WffheWY^ m_bb dehcWbbo h[ijeh[ W ijhW_]^j fWj^ e\ cekj^ ef[d_d]$ Ed j^[ Zemdi_Z[" j^_iÆgk_Ya \_nÇ m_bb ^WhZbo Wbbem j^[ cWij_YWjeho fbWd[ je X[ Yehh[Yj[Z Wj j^[ iWc[ j_c[$ CWn_bbWho fh[cebWhi WdZ cebWhi j^Wj Wh[ hejWj[Z WdZ%eh [bed]Wj[Z cWo Wbie Yedij_jkj[ kd_bWj[hWb eXijWYb[i je \kdYj_ed WdZ ^Wl[ je X[ eYYbkiWbbo ikffehj[Zeh[njhWYj[Zm^[d_dZekXjebj '/,/ _dl[ij_]Wj[Z j^[ Z_ijh_Xkj_ed e\ eYYbkiWb WdZ \kdYj_edWb fWjj[hdi _d W jejWb e\ '(&& WZkbj fWj_[dji$ E\ j^[i[ fWj_[dji" /*& -.$) fh[i[dj[Z m_j^7d]b[ 9bWii ?" ()& '/ m_j^7d]b[ 9bWii??"WdZ)&($+m_j^7d]b[9bWii???h[bWj_edi$ 9Wd_d[]k_ZWdY[mWiX_bWj[hWbbo_djWYj_d,*&fWj_[dji +-WdZkd_bWj[hWbbo_djWYj_d'.*fWj_[dji',$)$ Fkh[ fhejhki_ed mWi WiieY_Wj[Z m_j^ de YWd_d[ ]k_ZWdY[ _d //$* e\ fWj_[dji$ J^[ YWd_d[i e\ /' e\fWj_[dji[n^_X_j[ZY[djh_YYedjWYji$?j_id[Y[iiWho je a[[f _d c_dZ j^Wj j^[i[ \_]kh[i cWo lWho m_Z[bo Z[f[dZ_d] ed j^[ fefkbWj_ed _dl[ij_]Wj[Z X[YWki[ 9bWii???h[bWj_ediWh[ademdje_dlebl[^_]^[dZ[c_Y fh[lWb[dY[i$ 8hea[d Zemd Xo 7d]b[ YbWii[i" YWd_d[ ]k_ZWdY[ mWifh[i[djX_bWj[hWbbo_d+-WdZkd_bWj[hWbbo_d', e\ 7d]b[ 9bWii ? fWj_[dji$ M^_b[ j^[i[ f[hY[djW][i m[h[ [l[d ^_]^[h Wced] j^[ 9bWii ?? fWj_[dji ,- X_bWj[hWb" '- kd_bWj[hWb" j^[o m[h[ Yedi_Z[hWXbo bem[h Wced] j^[ 9bWii ??? fWj_[dji ') X_bWj[hWb" (& kd_bWj[hWb$ 7][ ]hekfi m[h[ dej Z_iYkii[Z _d
È /CCLUSIONÈ6ERSUSÈ-ASTICATIONÈ
'+/
j^WjijkZo$ Kd_bWj[hWbehX_bWj[hWbYWd_d[]k_ZWdY[_ifh[i[dj _d-&e\fWj_[djiWjW][(+Xkjedbo_d*&WjW][*+$ J^_iZ_\\[h[dY[h[ikbji\hecWXhWi_ede\j^[YWd_d[i WdZ [bed]Wj_ed e\ j^[ fh[cebWhi WdZ cebWhi$ J^[ ebZ[h j^[ fWj_[dj ]hekf eXi[hl[Z" j^[ ^_]^[h j^[ fh[lWb[dY[e\]hekf\kdYj_edWdZWXhWi_ed$ Dkc[heki h[YedijhkYj_l[ YedY[fji Ze dej jWa[ j^_i _dje WYYekdj$ ?j _i ij_bb Yecced fhWYj_Y[ Wj Z[djWb iY^eebi je mWn kf j^h[[#fe_dj YedjWYji" WdZ jhW_d[[ie\Z[djWbj[Y^debe]oWh[ij_bbjWk]^jjemeha jemWhZifhedekdY[Zoekj^\kbYkifi$J^[FebpÉiYkifi _djheZkY[Z_dj^['/.&im[h[XWi[Zedj^[h[Wb_pWj_ed j^Wj j^_i jof[ e\ eYYbki_ed _i kdik_jWXb[ \eh ebZ[h fWj_[dji$J^[i[Z[i_]dicWZ[_jfeii_Xb[jeYecX_d[ \h[[Zec _d Y[djh_Y m_j^ Ykifi j^Wj m[h[ W[ij^[j_Y \hec j^[ Z[dj_ijÉi f[hif[Yj_l[$ FebpÉi Ykifi Wh[ dej h[Wbbo Ykifi$ ?d [\\[Yj" j^[o Wh[ hWj^[h b[l[b eYYbkiWb ikh\WY[i m_j^ Wd W[ij^[j_YWbbo Z[i_]d[Z ikh\WY[ fWjj[hd$[ZiH[Yed# ijhkYj_l[ fh[fheij^[j_Y ehWb WdZ cWn_bbe\WY_Wb ikh][ho$ IWkdZ[hi"F^_bWZ[bf^_W"F7 8[^h[di ; [j Wb (&&' Aecfb_aWj_ed[d X[_ kdZ dWY^ AdeY^[d[djdW^c[WkiZ[c8[Ya[daWcc$:jiY^PW^dhpjb P+,0,,Ä,. 8[bi[hK9">WddWc7='/.+J^[_d\bk[dY[e\Wbj[h[Zmeha_d] i_Z[eYYbkiWb]k_ZWdY[edcWij_YWjehockiYb[iWdZh[bWj[Z `Wmcel[c[dj$@Fheij^[j:[dj+)0*&,Ä*') 8[dZ[h ? '//& <WYjehi _d\bk[dY_d] j^[ hWZ_e]hWf^_Y Wff[WhWdY[e\Xedob[i_edi$@;dZeZ'0))Ä*& 8[iY^ A@ '/// Aedi[diki pk 8E?$ IY^m[_p CedWjiiY^h PW^dc'&/0/-'Ä/-( 8[ohed>'/,/Efj_cWbeYYbki_ed$:[djWb9b_d_YiDehj^7c ')0+)-Ä++* 8^WjjWY^WjooW D '/// 8_bWj[hWb Y^hed_Y cWn_bbWho i_dki_j_i W\j[hj^[i_dki#b_\jfheY[Zkh[$7c@EjebWhod]eb(&0'))Ä')+ 8_[hcWdd 8" IY^[jjb[h : '/-* ;h][Xd_ii[ Z[h Fhe][d_[# ef[hWj_ed[d _d Z[h M[ijZ[kjiY^[d A_[\[hab_d_a$ <ehjiY^h A_[\[h#=[i_Y^jiY^_h'.0'+/Ä',( 8_dZ[hcWdd?"7ZkjC"Pe^WhH"8W^Wh>"<W_X_i^:"OW\\W7 (&&'7bl[ebWh Xed[ h[iehfj_ed \ebbem_d] YehedWb l[hiki Wf_YWbWffheWY^_dWckYef[h_eij[Wb\bWfikh][hofheY[Zkh[ _dj^[cWdZ_Xb[$@F[h_eZedjeb-(0')*.Ä'.+) 8_d][h J '/./ Eij[eco[b_j_i kdZ fWj^ebe]_iY^[ > '//, ;_d\^hkd] _d Z_[ ?cfbWdjebe]_[$ KhXWd kdZIY^mWhp[dX[h]"CdY^[d 8hd[cWhaF?"Il[diied8"lWdIj[[dX[h]^[:'//+J[d#o[Wh ikhl_lWb hWj[i e\ \_n[Z fheij^[i[i ed \ekh eh i_n _cfbWdji WZ ceZkc 8hd[cWha _d \kbb [Z[djkb_ic$ 9b_d EhWb ?cfb H[i,0((-Ä()' 8h[c[ @" 8_[^b L" IY^kbj[ M [j Wb '//) :[l[befc[dj WdZ \kdYj_edWb_jo e\ _ie[bWij_Y Z[djWb _cfbWdji e\ j_jWd_kc Wbbeoi$8_ecWj[h_Wbi'*0..-Ä./( 8h_]^j_d9J">[ff[dijWbbH8'/-'Eno][dj[di_ed_dped[ie\ j^[[f_f^oi[WbfbWj["j^[c[jWf^oi_YWdZZ_Wf^oi_i$@8ed[ @e_djIkh]+)70-'/Ä-(. 8eea A [j Wb '//( _ijebe]_YWdZ c[Y^Wd_YWbijkZo_dhWXX_ji$?cfbWdj:[dj_ijho'(0'.(Ä'.+ 9WbZ[hWb[ FC" Heii[jje C" F[ppeb_ C '/., 8_ec[Y^Wd_YWb WdWboi_i e\ Yekfb_d] X[jm[[d cWdZ_Xb[ WdZ h[celWXb[ fWhj_Wb Z[djkh[i$ ?d0 8_ec[Y^Wd_Yi0 8Wi_Y WdZ Wffb_[Z h[i[WhY^$ I[b[Yj[Z fheY[[Z_d]i e\ j^[ \_\j^ c[[j_d] e\ j^[ ;khef[Wd IeY_[jo e\ 8_ec[Y^Wd_Yi" I[fj '/.," 8[hb_d$ CWhj_dkiD_`^e\\":ehZh[Y^j 9Whbiied=;'/--8[jj^`ZeYYbki_ed[dil[hj_aWbWZ_c[di_ed$ JWdZbaWhj_Zd_d][d",/0*,*Ä*-' 9Whbiied =;" CW]dkiied J (&&& 8[^WdZbkd] j[cfe# hecWdZ_Xkbh[hobWdZ[h MB (&&& ;bWij_Y fhef[hj_[i WdZ cWij_YWjeho Xed[ ijh[ii _d j^[ cWYWgk[ cWdZ_Xb[$ 7c @ F^oi7dj^hefeb''(0++)Ä+-* :[[c BF" 8Wii_ekdo C7" :[[c J; (&&( J^[ i[gk[dj_Wb \W_bkh[ e\ eii[e_dj[]hWj[Z ikXc[h][Z _cfbWdji$ ?cfb :[dj_ijho''0(*)Ä(*. Z[bF_bWhH_ei9WbleC"Ckbb[h;"=Wh]7A(&&&?cc[Z_Wj[ beWZ_d] e\ j_jWd_kc ^[n[Z iYh[m#jof[ _cfbWdji _d j^[ [Z[djkbeki fWj_[dj0 9Wi[ h[fehj$ ?cfbWdj :[dj_ijho /0)+'Ä )++ :[kjiY^;'/.):_[>W\jkd]Z[iPW^dWhpj[iX[_pW^dhpjb_Y^[h 8[^WdZbkd]$L[hiH'/.)0//)Ä//:=PCA" :=? (&&' B[X[di[hmWhjkd] led ?cfbWdjWj[d kdZ ?cfbWdjWjbW][hd$8:?Paedah[j"'0(, :_[jp =" 8Whj^ebc[i F '//. 9WbY_kc^oZhen_Z kdZ AdeY^[dh[][d[hWj_ed$8oXbei"CdY^[d :e^Wd :" :edi_ced_ @C" DWlWhhe =" =Wkbj_[h ='//,?cfbWdjWj[dWY^7k\bW][hkd]ifbWij_a Z[h^eY^Wjhef^_iY^[dCWn_bbW$:jiY^PW^dhpjbP+'0,*Ä,, ;m[hiH'//.7k]c[djWj_l[C[j^eZ[d_dWcXkbWdj[hFhWn_i$ Fh[i[djWj_edWj7I?E"Ph_Y^
È ;m[hiH(&&&B[Yjkh[Wj+$?dj[hdWj_edWb[iM_dj[hjh[\\[d"Ij$ @WaeX"7kijh_W"CWhY^(&&& <WbbiY^ii[b A> '/.+ :_[ Ij[bbkd] Z[h adijb_Y^[d PW^d# [_df\bWdpkd] _c Wbb][c[_d[d 7hpjh[Y^j$ C[ZH '/.+0'*-Ä '+' [Wbj^%IeY_Wb I[Ykh_jo m_j^ fWhj_Y_fWj_ed e\ j^[ =[hcWd :[djWb7iieY_Wj_ed"WiWc[dZ[ZEYjeX[h(&&) =_WlWh[i_ =" [cfh_Y^7"H_Y^j[h@">[hhcWddJ"H[cc[hXWY^J '///=[hcWdfWj[dj:;'//&-*(&7' =h_cc="8h[_jb_Y^;'/,'Ah_j_iY^[8[m[hjkd]Z[hEf[hW# j_edi[h][Xd_ii[ led '/' Fhe][d_[\bb[d kdj[h X[iedZ[h[h 8[hYai_Y^j_]kd]Z[iL[h\W^h[diledEXm[][i[h%:WbFedj$ :jiY^PW^dCkdZA_[\[h^[_ba,'0(/+Ä)') =heii C:"7hX[b =" >[hi^ael_jp ? (&&' J^h[[#Z_c[di_edWb \_d_j[[b[c[djWdWboi_ie\j^[\WY_Wbia[b[jededi_ckbWj[Z eYYbkiWbbeWZ_d]$@EhWbH[^WX_b(.0,.*Ä,/* =ch E" AeYWa > '//, 7Ykj[ cWn_bbWho i_dki_j_i \hec Z[djWb_cfbWdj$@CWhcWhWKd_l:[djWb<WY(0++'Ä++) =odj^[h=M"CWhX'//.:[djWb_cfbWdj_dijWbbWj_edm_j^ekj Wdj_X_ej_Y fhef^obWn_i$ EhWb Ikh] EhWb C[Z EhWb FWj^eb EhWbHWZ_eb;dZe.+0+&/Ä+'' >WdWk HB '/(. :_[ 7hj_akbWj_edi#Gk_dj$ PW^dhpjb_Y^[ HkdZiY^Wk).0'+,.Ä'+-( >WhWbZiedJ"9Whbiied=;'/--8_j[\ehY[WdZehWb\kdYj_ed _d fWj_[dji m_j^ eii[e_dj[]hWj[Z ehWb _cfbWdji$ IYWdZ @ :[djH[i.+0(&&Ä(&. >WhZjcWdd =" FhiY^[b F" Ejj HM '/./ AWkah\j[ kdZ cWn_cWb[ A_[\[hiY^b_[ah\j[ led JejWbfhej^[i[djh][hd lehkdZdWY^8_ii^[Xkd]$:jiY^PW^dhpjbP**0(,Ä(/ >WhjcWdd >@ (&&& Fhe kdZ AedjhW pkh ie\ehj X[bWij[j[d ;_dp[bpW^d_cfbWdjWj_ed$PW^dWhpjM_hjiY^W\jFhWn_i'0/*Ä /+ >Wii[b JC" =[hcWdd C7" IWn[h KF '/-) F[h_eZedjWb fheX_d]0?dj[h#_dl[ij_]Wj_edZ_iYh[fWdY_[iWdZYehh[bWj_edi X[jm[[d fheX_d] \ehY[ WdZ h[YehZ[Z Z[fj^$ >[bl EZedj 7YjW'-0).Ä*( >Wjjd[hH"C'/,)C[Wdia[b[jWbW][0_jiYWbYkbWj_ed" WdZj^[eh[j_YWb[\\[Yjiedia[b[jWbjhWY[hf^oi_ebe]oWdZed j^[f^oi_YWbY^WhWYj[h_ij_Yie\Xed[$>[dho<ehZ>eifC[Z 8kbb''0(&'Ä(', >[cf\_d] M '//+ 7k\abhkd]if\b_Y^j kdZ 7hpj^W\jkd]$ ;Yec[ZBWdZiX[h]'//+0,-Ä,. >[hX[h^ebZ 9 '/.( F^oi_ebe]_[ kdZ FWj^ef^oi_ebe]_[ Z[h DWi[dd[X[d^^b[d$7hY^Ejeh^_debWhod]eb()+0'Ä*& >[jp = (&&' :_[ _ZZ_d] @" BWpWh >'/++CeZ_\_YWj_ede\iakbbWdZ`Wm WhY^_j[Yjkh[ \ebbem_d] h[celWb e\ j^[ cWii[j[h ckiYb[ _d j^[hWj$7c@F^oi7dj^hef')0)&'Ä)&. >ejpM'//':_[ikXWdjhWb[7k]c[djWj_edc_j^ecebe][c AdeY^[d pkh IY^W\\kd] [_d[i ijWX_b[d [deiiWb[d ?cfbWdjWjbW][hi$PCA,0, >kW`_Wd =" 8We^kW @" @][h ?" 7hpj ; [j Wb (&&) CWj[h_Wbi X[Yec[ _di[di_j_l[ je \bWmi Wj dWdeiYWb[0 B[iiedi \hec dWjkh[$FD7I'&&0++/-Ä+,&& >kc[h_djW A" HW^aWce 7" >WWl_aae A '//- 9ecfWh_ied X[jm[[dY[f^Wbec[jh_YYbWii_\_YWj_edc[j^eZi\ehiW]_jjWb `Wmh[bWj_edi^_fi$;kh@EhWbIY_'&+0(('Ä((>kd[a[ J" =[_i HM" :_d[[d @H [j Wb '/,) >_ije][d[i_ie\ijh[ii\hWYjkh[i$@8ed[@e_djIkh]*+70'+*(Ä '+*, @eei K"Lebbc[h :" Ab[_d^[_dp @ (&&& ;_d\bkii Z[h ?cfbWd# jWj][ec[jh_[ Wk\ Z_[ IjhW_dl[hj[_bkd] _c f[h__cfbWdjh[d AdeY^[d$CkdZA_[\[h=[i_Y^jiY^_h*0'*)Ä'*@eeiK"WddWc7='//*:[\ehcWj_ede\j^[^kcWd cWdZ_Xb[ Zkh_d] i_ckbWj[Z jeej^ Yb[dY^_d]$ @ :[dj H[i -)0+,Ä,, AhW\j;'/,({X[hZ_[8[Z[kjkd]Z[hAWkahW\j\hZWiAWk# ][iY^[^[d$PW^dhpjbFhWn_i')0'(/Ä')& Akda[b C" H[_Y^[hj J; (&&) I_dki_j_i cWn_bbWh_i dWY^ _dj[hd[cI_dkib_\j$PC/)0+(Ä+) Akhj_i7@'/..Kd_j[ZIjWj[iFWj[dj*"-,."/+, BWdZ_i M@ '//+ J^[ ijh[d]j^ e\ W YWbY_\_[Z j_iik[ Z[f[dZi _dfWhjedj^[ceb[YkbWhijhkYjkh[WdZeh]Wd_pWj_ede\_ji Yedij_jk[djc_d[hWbYhoijWbi_dj^[_heh]Wd_YcWjh_n$8ed[ ',0+))Ä+** BWd]DF"8hW]][hK'//'F[h_eZedjWbZ_W]dei_i_dj^['//&i$ @9b_dF[h_eZedjeb'.0)-&Ä)-/ BWd]DF">_bbMH'/--HWZ_e]hWf^i_df[h_eZedj_Yi$@9b_d F[h_eZedjeb*0',Ä(. BWd]D"M[jp[b7"Ij_Y^>'//*>_ijebe]_YfheX[f[d[jhWj_ed _d ^[Wbj^o WdZ _d\bWc[Z f[h_#_cfbWdj#j_iik[i$ 9b_d EhWb ?cfbWdjH[i+0'/'Ä(&' BWk\i7"K^b[dXhkYaM(&&(>WdZXkY^Z[i7hpjh[Y^ji$9> 8[YaL[hbW]"CdY^[d BWpWhWjY^[h:"OWcW]kY^_J"AeXWoWi^_ >" I^_XWiWa_ O (&&' 9ehj_YWb Xed[ c_d[hWb Z[di_jo _d Wiocc[jh_YWbcWdZ_Xb[i0Wj^h[[#Z_c[di_edWbgkWdj_jWj_l[ Yecfkj[Z jece]hWf^o ijkZo$ ;kh @ Ehj^eZedj_Yi ()0('-Ä ()( CWdied @:" BkYWi H8 '/,( 7 c_YhehWZ_e]hWf^_Y ijkZo e\ j^[ W][ Y^Wd][i _d j^[ ^kcWd cWdZ_Xb[$ 7hY^ EhWb 8_eb -0-,'Ä-,/ CWhYWYY_d_7C"DelW[i78@h[jWb(&&)?cc[Z_Wj[fbWY[c[dj e\_cfbWdji_djef[h_eZedjWbbo_d\[Yj[Zi_j[i_dZe]i$FWhj (0 \bkeh[iY[dY[ c_YheiYefo ijkZo$ ?dj @ EhWb CWn_bbe\WY ?cfbWdji'.0.'(Ä/ CWh]edWh H" IWaWakhW 9;" [j Wb (&&) J^[ _d\bk[dY[ e\ Z_WX[j[i c[bb_jki WdZ _dikb_d j^[hWfo ed X_ec[Y^Wd_YWb h[j[dj_ed WhekdZ Z[djWb _cfbWdji0 W ijkZo ed hWXX_ji$ ?cfbWdj:[dj_ijho*0)))Ä))/ CWhamWhZj C '/.) L[h]b[_Y^[dZ[ Kdj[hikY^kd][d Z[h H[Y^jifh[Y^kd] Z[i 8=> kdZ Z[h 8[hk\i][h_Y^j[ pkh IjhW\XWha[_j kdZ 7^dZkd] Z[i hpjb_Y^[d 8[^WdZbkd]i# \[^b[hi$@kh$:_ii$"CdY^[d CWhj_dH8"8khh:8'/.(7^ofej^[j_YWbc[Y^Wd_ic\ehj^[ ij_ckbWj_ed e\ eij[edWb h[ceZ[bb_d] Xo \Wj_]k[ ZWcW][$ @ 8_ec[Y^Wd_Yi'+0')-Ä')/ CWhj_d H8" 8khh :8 '/./ J^[ ijhkYjkh[" \kdYj_ed" WdZ WZWfjWj_ede\YecfWYjXed[$HWl[dFh[ii"D[mOeha CWhj_d H8" 8khh :8" I^Wha[o D7 '//. Ia[b[jWb j_iik[ c[Y^Wd_Yi$Ifh_d][h"D[mOeha CWhn H;" =Wh] 7A '//. 8ed[ ijhkYjkh[" c[jWXeb_ic" WdZ f^oi_ebe]o0 _ji _cfWYj ed Z[djWb _cfbWdjebe]o$ ?cfbWdj :[dj-0(,-Ä(-, CWikhH(&&'7kY^iY^m_[h_][WdWjec_iY^['///=[hcWdFWj[dj:;'//&(.,'7' Cbb[h#>[hpe] H" B_dZeh\ >> '//, :Wi +#cc#8hd[cWha# ?cfbWdjWj _c EX[ha_[\[h#I[_j[dpW^dX[h[_Y^$ :jiY^ PW^d# hpjbP(0'&,Ä''& DW[hj?"=_pWd_I"Lkobij[a[C[jWb'//.+#o[WhhWdZec_p[Z Yb_d_YWb jh_Wb ed j^[ _d\bk[dY[ e\ ifb_dj[Z WdZ kdifb_dj[Z ehWb_cfbWdji_dj^[cWdZ_XkbWhel[hZ[djkh[j^[hWfo"fWhj ?0F[h_#_cfbWdj#ekjYec[$9b_dEhWb?cfbWdjiH[i/0'-&Ä'-D^h_JE";jj_d][hHB"BWc;M'/.-HWZ_e]hWf^_Y\_dZ_d]i" h_Z][ h[iehfj_ed WdZ ikX`[Yj_l[ YecfbW_dji e\ Yecfb[j[ Z[djkh[fWj_[dji$?dj@Fheij^eZedj_Yi'&0'.)Ä'./ DWdZW AI" C[hem MM" IWiiekd_ L '/,. H[fei_j_ed_d] e\ j^[ cWii[j[h ckiYb[ WdZ _ji [\\[Yj ed ia[b[jWb \ehc WdZ ijhkYjkh[$ IY^eeb e\ :[dj_ijho FkXb_YWj_edi"M[ijL_h]_d_W Kd_l[hi_jo"Ceh]Wdjemd")-0)&*Ä)&. DWkcWdd C" BWd][ AF (&&) 7di_Y^j[d kdZ J[Y^d_a pkh H[aedijhkaj_ed [dZeZedj_iY^ X[^WdZ[bj[h P^d[$ :jiY^ PW^dhpjbP+0(.&Ä(.+ D[k\[bZ @E '/+. 9^Wd][i _d j^[ jhWX[YkbWh fWjj[hd e\ j^[ cWdZ_Xb[ \ebbem_d] j^[ beii e\ j[[j^$ @ Fheij^[j :[dj .0,.+Ä,/D[kaWc <M '//, Ab_d_iY^[ ;h\W^hkd][d pkh L[hieh]kd] Z[i Wjhef^_iY^[d EX[ha_[\[hi _d AecX_dWj_ed c_j AdeY^[djhWdifbWdjWj[d kdZ ?cfbWdjWj[d$ :[kjiY^ PW^dhpjbP+'0'&Ä', DeY_j_"Ij[\Wd_9C"CWY^WZeC7D[jWb(&&&>_ijec[jh_Y [lWbkWj_ed e\ Xed[ h[][d[hWj_ed WhekdZ _cc[Z_Wj[ _cfbWdji fWhj_Wbbo _d YedjWYj m_j^ Xed[0 W f_bej ijkZo _d Ze]i$?cfbWdj:[dj_ijho/0)('Ä)(-
Dej^Zkh\j > '/,' IWhaec[hp[k]kd] X[_ HWjj[d ZkhY^ _cfbWdj_[hj["Abd E[ncWdd 8" =[eh] 7 '/./ :_[ p_l_bh[Y^jb_Y^[ >W\jkd] Z[i PW^dWhpj[i$M[hd[h":ii[bZeh\"cWh]_ddej[*&. EB=>WcXkh]"i[[=HKHH#HH(&&)"'&+H[Wied_d]7 Eh[dij[_d?>"JWhdem:F"Cehh_i>A Fhe\\_jMH"M^_j[ HF '//' Ikh]_YWb#ehj^eZedj_Y jh[Wjc[dj$ CeiXoO[Wh8eea"Ij$Bek_i"8Wbj_ceh[ Fhbii @" CWhj_d 7 '//.L[hi_Y^[hkd]il[hjhW]i][i[jp" Cd# Y^[d"'C8AA"dej[(8W Gk_hod[d C" LWd Ij[[dX[h]^[ :" @WYeXi H [j Wb '//' J^[ h[b_WX_b_jo e\ feYa[j fheX_d] WhekdZ iYh[m#jof[ _cfbWdji$ 9b_dEhWb?cfbH[i(0'.,Ä'/( HW]^e[XWh =C" 8Wj[dXkh] H>A" J_cc[d]W DC" L_ii_da 7" H[_dij[cW > '/// CehX_Z_jo WdZ Yecfb_YWj_edi e\ Xed[ ]hW\j_d] e\ j^[ \beeh e\ j^[ cWn_bbWho i_dki \eh j^[ fbWY[c[dj e\ [dZeii[eki _cfbWdji$ CkdZ A_[\[h =[i_Y^ji 9^_hIkffb)0,+Ä,/ HWc[i J;" B_da 99 '/.) C_YheX_ebe]o e\ \W_b_d] Z[djWb _cfbWdji_d^kcWdi0;b[Yjhedc_YheiYef_YeXi[hlWj_edi$@ EhWb?cfbWdjeb''0/)Ä'&&
È HWc[iJ;"HeX[hjiJM"JWjkc>@h[jWb'/.*J^[ikX]_d]_lWb c_Yhe\behW WiieY_Wj[Z m_j^ ^kcWd Z[djWb _cfbWdji$ @ Fheij^[j:[dj+'0+(/Ä+)* HWjW`YpWa J (&&& :[h FWj_[dj _d Z[h ?cfbWdjebe]_[$ ?d0 M[_iiXkY^?cfbWdjebe]_[$8:?P"8edd"ff'&-Ä',+ H[][l ;" Ic_j^ H7" F[hhejj :>" Fe]h[b C7 '//+ CWn_bbWho i_dki Yecfb_YWj_edi h[bWj[Z je [dZeii[eki _cfbWdji$ ?dj @ EhWbCWn_bbe\WY?cfbWdji'&0*+'Ä*,' H_Y^j[h ;@ '/., ;_d 8[_jhW] pkh ;hbkj[hkd] Z[i 8[]h_\\i ÆIjeiiZcf\kd]Ç _d Z[h ?cfbWdjebe]_[$ P PW^dhpjb ?cfbWdjeb(0(-&Ä(-) H_[i >" IY^d[_Z[h A>" =heXbj_d] H (&&( PW^dWhpjh[Y^j$ Ifh_d][hL[hbW]"8[hb_d HeX[hj M;" Ic_j^ HA" P_bX[hcWd O" CepiWho F=" Ic_j^ HI '/.* Eii[eki WZWfjWj_ed je Yedj_dkeki beWZ_d] e\ h_]_Z [dZeii[eki_cfbWdji$7c@Ehj^eZedj.,0/+Ä''' HecWdei="Je^9"I_Wh9"ImWc_dWj^Wd:"Ed]7":edWj^A" OWWYeX >" D[djm_] = (&&' F[h_#_cfbWdj Xed[ h[WYj_edi je _cc[Z_Wj[ beWZ[Z _cfbWdji$ 7d [nf[h_c[djWb ijkZo _d ceda[oi$@F[h_eZedjeb-(0+&,Ä+'' Hej^[ I (&&) :Wi ?Z[dj_\_p_[h[d [_d[i ?cfbWdjWj[i$ :[h ?cfbWdjWj#Ij[YaXh_[\"J[_b'$PW^dFhWn-0*.(Ä*./ HkX_d9J"BWdoedB;'/.*H[]kbWj_ede\Xed[\ehcWj_edXo Wffb_[ZZodWc_YbeWZi$@$8ed[@e_djIkh]7c,,0)/-Ä*&( IW_b[h >@"7^b[hi CE '/// 9hWd_e#cWdZ_Xkbh[ :oi\kdaj_ed[dÄ[_d[7k\]WX[\hZ[dF^oi_ej^[hWf[kj[d$ AhWda[d]ocdWij_a+'0(&)+Ä(&*' IWdZ[hC[jWb'/./AhWda[d]ocdWij_iY^[8[^WdZbkd]led FWj_[dj[d c_j aWkckiakbh[d '//) Pkh >W\jkd] Z[i 7dij^[i_ij[d Wki `kh_ij_iY^[hI_Y^j$C[ZH'//)0'.,Ä'.IY^c_Z@">cc[hb[9"BWd]DF"Ikjj[h,.-,-(7+
È 2EFERENCESÈ
*&+
IY^c_Z C@ '/.' C[Z_p_d_iY^ dejm[dZ_][ >[_bX[^WdZbkd] kdZfh_lWj[AhWda[dl[hi_Y^[hkd]$D@M)*0(+&*Ä(+&+ IY^d_jcWdd F7"Me^hb[ FI" HkX[dij[_d =; [j Wb '//- J[d# o[Wh h[ikbji \eh 8hd[cWha _cfbWdji _cc[Z_Wj[bo beWZ[Z m_j^ \_n[Z fheij^[i[i Wj _cfbWdj fbWY[c[dj$ ?dj @ EhWb CWn_bbe\WY?cfb'(0*/+Ä+&) IY^jjb H '//- :[h ^[_b[dZ[ Fkbi$ :_[ d[kheckiakbh[ J^[hWf_[c_jJ;DI$?99CE8h_[\* IY^h[ci >J '/-+ {X[h c_jX[ij_cc[dZ[ <Wajeh[d \h ZWi 8[^WdZbkd]ih[ikbjWj$:jPW^dhpjbP[_jiY^h)&0*)'Ä*)+ IY^kcWa[h =>" :eabWZWb C '/,. {X[h kdj[hiY^_[Zb_Y^[ I[akdZhl[hdZ[hkd][d Wc IY^Z[b Wbi <eb][ led AWkckia[bZ_ii[aj_ed[d$7YjW7dWj,/0)-.Ä)/( IY^fXWY^ F" >hp[b[h C" =hkdZ[h K '//* ?cfbWdj#j_iik[ _dj[h\WY[i \ebbem_d] jh[Wjc[dj e\ f[h_#_cfbWdj_j_i ki_d] ]k_Z[Zj_iik[h[][d[hWj_ed$9b_dEhWb?cfbH[i+0++Ä,+ IY^iib[h8'/.,:_[?d#L_jhe#[_bcWdW^c[$L[hiH'/.,0)((Ä)(* IY^mWhp ; '//. '/-+9^Wd][i_deYYbkiWb\WY[^[_]^jm_j^h[celWXb[ fWhj_WbZ[djkh[i$@Fheij^[j:[dj)*0(-.Ä(.+ Ic_j^be\\ C" [jWb'///8beeZikffboje j^[ cWn_bbWho i_dki h[b[lWdj je i_dki \beeh [b[lWj_ed fhe# Y[Zkh[i$9b_dEhWb?cfbH[i'&0)*Ä** Iebj[ipK"I_[][b[:'/.*;_d\bkiiZ[hIj[_\_]a[_jZ[i?cfbWd# jWjcWj[h_Wbi Wk\ Z_[ _c AdeY^[d [hp[k]j[d IfWddkd][d$ :[kjiY^PW^dhpjbP)/0'.)Ä'., Iecc[h8"IWjjb[h=(&&'8ejkb_dkcjen_d_dZ[hij^[j_iY^[d C[Z_p_d$8bWYam[bb"8[hb_d IfW^debe]hWf^_iY^[ ?dj[h\[hec[jh_[ pkh p[hijhkd]i\h[_[d {X[hfh\kd] jh_Z_c[di_edWb[h ?cfbWd# jWj[$EhWb?cfb'&0+'.Ä+(+ IfW^d '//, 8ed[h[ifedi[je[WhbobeWZ_d]0j^[[\\[Yje\ikh\WY[ijWj[$ ?d0:Wl_Zel_jY^P"DehjedB7[Z8_ebe]_YWbc[Y^Wd_ici e\ jeej^ cel[c[dj WdZ YhWd_e\WY_Wb WZWfjWj_ed$ >WhlWhZ IeY_[joe\Ehj^eZedj_Yi"8eijed"ff,''Ä,'. IpckYab[h#CedYb[hI"F_Wjj[bb_7"<Wl[he=7":kXh_bb[@>(&&& 9edi_Z[hWj_edifh[b_c_dWhojej^[Wffb_YWj_ede\[WhboWdZ _cc[Z_Wj[ beWZ_d] fhejeYebi _d Z[djWb _cfbWdjebe]o$ 9b_d EhWb?cfbH[i''0'(Ä(+
JWbb]h[d7 '/+- 9^Wd][i _d WZkbj \WY[ ^[_]^j Zk[ je W]_d]" m[Wh WdZ beii e\ j[[j^ WdZ fheij^[j_Y jh[Wjc[dj$ 7YjW EZedjebIYWdZIkffb(*0'+ JWbb]h[d 7" JhoZ[ = '/., 9^Wd][i _d `Wm h[bWj_edi WdZ WYj_l_joe\cWij_YWjehockiYb[i_dfWj_[djim_j^_cc[Z_Wj[ Yecfb[j[kff[hZ[djkh[i$@EhWbH[^WX')0)''Ä)(* JWbb]h[d 7" C_pkjWd_ >" JhoZ[ = '/./ 7 jme#o[Wh a_d[i_e# ]hWf^_YijkZoe\cWdZ_XkbWhcel[c[djfWjj[hdi_dZ[djkh[ m[Wh[hi$@Fheij^[j:[dj,(0+/*Ä,&& JWc_7;" DWii[h F"L[hXe]j E" IY^W\\b[h C8 Adej^[ JWj[ CB (&&(J^[heb[e\_dj[hij_j_Wb\bk_Z\bem_dj^[h[ceZ[bb_d] h[ifedi[je\Wj_]k[beWZ_d]$@8ed[C_dH[i''0(&)&Ä(&)JWjkc > '/., CWn_bbWho WdZ i_dki _cfbWdj h[YedijhkYj_ed$ :[dj9b_dDehj^7c)&0(&-Ä((/ JWl[i :H (&&( Efj_ckc _deh]Wd_Y _ed YedY[djhWj_edi \eh ^[cWjefe_[i_iYkbjkh[i$C[Z>ofej^[i[i+.0((+Ä((. JWobeh 7" 9WcfX[bb C '/-( H[WjjWY^c[dj e\ j^[ ]_d]_lWb [f_j^[b_kcjej^[jeej^$@F[h_eZedjeb*)0(.'Ä(/) J^[ 7c[h_YWd 7YWZ[co e\ F[h_eZedjebe]o (&&' =beiiWho e\ f[h_eZedjWb j[hci$ J^[ 7c[h_YWd 7YWZ[co e\ F[h_eZedjebe]o"9^_YW]e J^[_bWZ[@'/,&7d[lWbkWj_ede\j^[h[b_WX_b_joe\hWZ_e]hWf^i _dj^[c[Wikh[c[dje\Xed[beii_df[h_eZedjWbZ_i[Wi[$@ F[h_eZedjeb)'0'*)Ä'+) J^_[bcWdd A '/). 8_ec[Y^Wd_a Z[h FWhWZ[djei[" _diX[iedZ[h[ 7hj_akbWj_ediWki]b[_Y^ ZkhY^ ;_diY^b[_\[d" leb$).$>[hcWddC[kii[h"B[_fp_] J_Zm[bb @A" 8b_`Zehf F7" Ije[b_d]W F@" 8hekdi @8" >_dZ[hai _ijebe]_YWb[lWbkWj_ede\8_e#Eii_dW(#ijW][ i_dki\beeh[b[lWj_edWdZ_cfbWdjWj_edfheY[Zkh[$9b_dEhWb ?cfbH[i/0+/Ä,* LWb[dj_d_ F" 7X[dikh :" M[dp 8" F[[jp C" IY^[da H (&&& I_dki ]hW\j_d] m_j^ feheki Xed[ c_d[hWb X_e#eii \eh _cfbWdj fbWY[c[dj0 7 +#o[Wh ijkZo ed '+ fWj_[dji$ ?dj @ F[h_eZedj_YiH[ijehWj_l[:[dj(&0(*+Ä(+) lWd B_dZ[hd @@ (&&& 8ejkb_dkcjen_d _d Z[h CkdZ#A_[\[h# =[i_Y^jiY^_hkh]_[$>e\\cWdd"CW_dp led BZ_d]^Wki[d C" FecWheb_ 7 '/., 7dWjec_[ Z[h AdeY^[dijhkajkh[d \h [deiiWb[ kdZ ikXf[h_eijWb[ ?cfbWdjWj[Z[hA_[\[h$:[hPW^dWhpj'0*,Ä+( ledMem[hdD"Ijebjp[A'/-.I[nWdZW][Z_\\[h[dY[i_dXed[ cehf^ebe]oe\cWdZ_Xb[i$IYWdZ@:[djH[i.,0*-.Ä*.+ led P_[]d[h 9 (&&' 7hpj^W\jkd]0 H[Y^jb_Y^[ FheXb[c[ X[_ Z[hpW^dhpjb_Y^#fhej^[j_iY^[dL[hieh]kd]$C:H++0'&..Ä '&/*
È Lei[=F"AkXWbW7B'/+/8ed[ijh[d]j^Ä_jih[bWj_edi^_fje n#hWoZ[j[hc_d[ZWi^Yedj[dj$>kc8_eb)' MW]d[h M '//+ BWd]p[_j[h][Xd_ii[ l[hiY^_[Z[d[h ?cfbWd# jWjioij[c[$ Fh[i[djWj_ed Wj j^[ ?J? 9ed]h[ii" Abd" '+%', I[fj[cX[h MWd] B" _ijecehf^ec[jho_dXed[Wffei_j_edWhekdZj^h[[jof[i e\[dZeii[ekiZ[djWb_cfbWdji$?dj@EhWbCWn_bbe\WY?cfb '0*/'Ä*/, M[bbaWcf B (&&& 7kim[_jkd] Z[h 7k\abhkd]if\b_Y^j[d _d Z[hpW^dhpjb_Y^[d?cfbWdjebe]_[$P7kH'/0'()Ä'(+ M_bj\Wd] @" C[hj[d >7" 8[Ya[h >@ '//, Ab_d_iY^[" hdj# ][debe]_iY^[ kdZ i_dkiaef_iY^[ DWY^aedjhebb[d dWY^ I_dkiXeZ[d[b[lWj_ed$PPW^dhpj?cfbWdjeb'(0.&Ä.*
È 2EFERENCESÈ
*&-
M_dj[hC""J_diY^[hj@"CWhnH'//-CW]d[jl[hWda[hj[ fhej^[j_iY^[ L[hieh]kd] dWY^ EdbWo#Eij[efbWij_a$ P PW^dhpjb_Y^[?cfbWdjeb')0,.Ä-( M_jj ; '/,) A_[\[hm_da[b kdZ AWkckiakbWjkh$ <ehjiY^h_jj[ Z[hA_[\[hehj^efZ_[(*0(/+Ä(// Meb\\ @ './( :Wi =[i[jp Z[h JhWdi\ehcWj_ed Z[h AdeY^[d$ L[hbW]7k]$L>_hiY^mWbZ"8[hb_d MeeZ HC" Ceeh[ :B '/.. =hW\j_d] e\ j^[ cWn_bbWho i_dki m_j^ _djhWehWbbo ^Whl[ij[Z Wkje][deki Xed[ fh_eh je _cfbWdjfbWY[c[dj$?dj@EhWbCWn_bbe\WY?cfb)0(&/ N_c[d[p#