Practitioner's Guide to Symptom Base Rates in the General Population

Practitioner’s Guide to Symptom Base Rates in the General Population Practitioner’s Guide to Symptom Base Rates in th...

Author: Robert J. McCaffrey | Lyndsey Bauer | Anjali A. Palav | Sid E. O'Bryant

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Practitioner’s Guide to Symptom Base Rates in the General Population

Practitioner’s Guide to Symptom Base Rates in the General Population

Robert J. McCaffrey Lyndsey Bauer Sid E. O’Bryant Anjali A. Palav Editors

Robert J. McCaVrey Lyndsey Bauer and Anjali A. Pavlav Department of Psychology State University of New York at Albany Albany, NY 12222 USA Sid E. O’Bryant New Orleans VA Medical Center New Orleans, LA 70112-1262 USA

Library of Congress Control Number: 2005928174 ISBN-10: 0-387-26757-3 ISBN-13: 978-0387-26757-9

e-ISBN 0-387-26758-1

Printed on acid-free paper. ß 2006 Springer ScienceþBusiness Media, Inc. All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer ScienceþBusiness Media, Inc., 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identiWed as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. Printed in the United States of America. 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 springeronline.com

(SPI/EB)

To Antonio E. Puente, Ph.D., for a decade of labor and persistence on behalf of professional neuropsychology. Psychology owes you a debt that it will never be able to repay fully. RJM Thanks to Bob for providing the opportunity to work on this project. Sid, Anjali, and Matt, thank you for the time and eVort you put into this project. Thanks to Josh and my parents for encouraging me through the process. LB To my wife, Leigh, thank you for your unwavering support. I would also like to thank Lyndsey, Bob, Anjali, Matt, and everyone else who made this project possible. SEO

Contents I / A Brief Overview of Base Rates 1 Key for Using Tables

II / Control Groups

5

6

Adult Control Groups 6 College Students 6 Combat Veterans 7 Community Members 8 Family Practice 123 General Practice 124 Internal Medicine 125 Litigants 125 Medical and Dental Students Neurology 127 Nonsmokers 127 Normal 128 Occupational 143 Psychiatric 146

126

Child and Adolescent Control Groups 149 Clinic-Referred Children 149 Delinquents 150 Elementary School Children 151 High School Students 151 Psychiatric-Referred Children 152 Secondary School Students 152 Special Education Students 153 Elderly Control Groups 154 Alzheimer’s Disease Spouses Frail Elderly 154 Nursing Home 155

154

References 157 Symptom Index 175

vii

I / A Brief Overview of Base Rates The term ‘‘base rate’’ refers to the ‘‘prevalence of an event, such as a symptom, sign, or disorder, within a given population’’ (McCaVrey, Palav, O’Bryant, & Labarge, 2003, pg. 1). Meehl and Rosen (1955) Wrst demonstrated the importance of base rates in psychological testing nearly 50 years ago. Since that time there has been a wealth of literature published regarding the importance of this information during clinical decision making. One reason base rates are so important is because in clinical practice, it is rarely the case that the probability of having certain conditions (e.g., depression, schizophrenia, PTSD, Alzheimer’s dementia, malingering) when presenting with certain symptoms is equal for all of the patients seen. The likelihood that a person has a speciWc condition given certain symptoms Xuctuates with a variety of factors such as age, gender, and race. The prevalence of dementia in individuals over the age of 85 ranges from 20% to 50% (Heilman & Valenstein, 2003); stated another way, one out of every Wve to every other person within the United States over the age of 85 suVers from some form of dementia. The prevalence of dementia in individuals under the age of 85 is diVerent; notably, lower. Therefore, clinicians must use base rate information to determine the conWdence they can have in diagnosing a particular patient with a speciWc condition given the symptoms they report. That is, without appropriate base rate estimates, clinicians cannot estimate their diagnostic accuracy. As Gouvier et al (2002) pointed out, ‘‘The eVect of base rates operates to skew diagnostic accuracy in favor of predictions to the more prevalent category and to reduce accuracy to the less prevalent category’’ (pg. 377).

SYMPTOM BASE RATES, DISORDERS, AND CLINICAL DECISION MAKING The previous volume, Practitioners Guide to Symptom Base Rates in Clinical Neuropsychology, explained how symptom base rates can be translated into the prevalence of certain disorders. If one symptom or a constellation of symptoms is pathognomonic of a particular disease or disorder, then the base rate of those symptoms may be used interchangeably as the prevalence of a condition in a speciWed population. If there exists a diagnostic instrument to assess for the condition in question, and the test’s sensitivity and speciWcity can be calculated or are known, all of this information can be used to calculate its predictive value (for a comprehensive explanation of predictive values complete with calculations, refer to the previous volume). Since clinicians often utilize diagnostic instruments and base their decisions on the results, it would be extremely useful for them to be able to approximate how accurate a test is when ‘‘classifying’’ or ‘‘diagnosing’’ someone as having or not having a speciWc condition. The applicability of the previous volume’s information in this example only applies, of course, in the instances in which symptoms are pathognomonic for a particular disease or disorder, and if there is a diagnostic instrument to assess for having the condition. It is sometimes the case that patients present with more diVuse problems that could be symptoms of a host of diVerent diseases or disorders. For example, ‘‘trouble walking’’ in the previous volume was a reported symptom of

1

2

I / A Brief Overview of Base Rates

chronic fatigue syndrome, multiple sclerosis, traumatic brain injury, multiple personality disorder, panic disorder, and schizophrenia. In this example, the clinician could probably rule out some of the possible underlying causes for the symptom rather quickly based on their previous experience and judgment. However, they would not be able to calculate the predictive value of a diagnostic instrument, and certainly not for their clinical decision with this information.

BASE RATES AND DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSES The base rate information supplied in the previous and the current volume is most critical during the interview process and for considering diVerential diagnoses. As noted above, clinicians are frequently faced with general, subjective complaints of patients (e.g., headache, shortness of breath, dizziness, nausea, weight gain) for which they have presented for examination. Patients want to know if there is something wrong with them, and they rely on the expert to determine if their symptoms are out of the ordinary given their current medical condition and history. Faced with a patient’s concerns the clinician must make a ‘‘statistical decision’’ (either explicitly or implicitly) regarding the patient’s presenting symptom(s) relative to the base rate of this symptom(s) in the population from which the particular patient comes. It is at this point that the current and previous reference books provide very useful information. With the information provided in these two volumes, practitioners can determine if, in fact, a presenting symptom(s) is out of the ordinary given the patient’s characteristics, whether the presenting complaints are consistent with what is to be expected with certain syndromes, illnesses, and diseases, as well as determine what other syndromes, illnesses, and diseases should be explored given the entirety of the patients’ presenting symptom cluster. Based on this knowledge the clinician can move forward by ruling in or out various diagnoses of conditions. One example that clinicians, both physician and psychologist alike, might encounter in their practice is that of a female patient between the ages of 45 and 60 (Hartman, Kirchengast, Albrecht, Metka, & Huber, 1995) who presents complaining of hot Xushes or hot Xashes. While the Wrst thought may be to immediately attribute the symptom to menopause, this in fact may not be correct. While hot Xushes/hot Xashes are certainly common symptoms of menopause (McCaVrey et al. 2003, pg. 108-118) and menopause is deWnitely part of the diVerential diagnosis, hot Xushes/hot Xashes are also frequent symptoms of other medical conditions, and may also occur in non-clinical populations. From the previous volume, one can see that hot Xushes/ hot Xashes occur frequently in Cancer Treatments (Chemotherapy ¼ 36.4%, Radiation Therapy ¼ 64%), General Anxiety Disorder (37.3%), Panic Disorder (31.676.5%), as well as Depression (71%). The current volume indicates that among control groups, the reported occurrence of hot Xushes/hot Xashes ranges from 1% to 57%. Therefore, for this example, the clinician must consider several possible causes before coming to any conclusions as to the underlying etiology of the complaint. Given the sheer number of symptoms reported in control conditions in the current volume, and in medical conditions in the previous volume, these two compilations present clinicians with a large amount of information that will surely aid their ability to make diVerential diagnoses based on presenting symptom pictures.

SUMMARY

3

SUMMARY Meehl and Rosen (1955) Wrst demonstrated the importance of base rates in psychological assessment nearly Wve decades ago. These authors stated, ‘‘The chief reason for our ignorance of the base rates is nothing more subtle than our failure to compute them’’ (pg. 213). Researchers continue to report that base rates are still largely being ignored (Duncan & Snow, 1987; Gouvier, Hayes, & Smiroldo, 1998). It is because of this gap in the literature that the current book Practitioner’s Guide to Symptom Base Rates in the General Population and the previous book Practitioner’s Guide to Symptom Base Rates in Clinical Neuropsychology (McCaVrey et al. 2003) were created. If the diagnostic accuracy of our clinical decision-making process and our testing instruments are to be estimated, we must calculate the base rates of the symptoms, disorders, and diseases we assess for on a regular basis. It is hoped that the present book will aid neuropsychological practitioners and other health care professionals in the evaluation of the presenting complaints of their patients. Base rates are of utmost importance in the estimation of diagnostic accuracy of neuropsychological and psychological assessment, as well as any other form of testing, as well as in the interview and diVerential diagnostic process. It is hoped that these two volumes will encourage additional researchers to report base rate information as well as detailed information regarding the population from which this information was obtained. In order to estimate the accuracy of our clinical diagnoses/decisions that are made on a daily basis, we must understand the importance of base rate information and make every attempt to collect and report this data. Last, the current introduction is meant to provide a brief overview of base rates and their utility in clinical neuropsychology. If the reader wishes to gain more detailed understanding regarding base rates s/he is referred to Practitioner’s Guide to Symptom Base Rates in Clinical Neuropsychology (McCaVrey, Palav, O’Bryant, & Labarge, 2003) as well as other sources (e.g., Gordon, 1977; Gouvier 1999, 2001; Meehl & Rosen, 1955).

Key for Using Tables Gender: Males/Females Age: Mean (Standard Deviation); Range Race: Caucasian/African American/Hispanic/Asian Native American/Other Timeframe: timeframe of symptom report

SAMPLE TABLE CHARACTERISTICS Schaughency, et al. (1994) n = 943 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 483/460 Age: 15 Race: Population Setting: community Nationality: New Zealand Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: self-report Timeframe: current

5

II / Control Groups: Adult COLLEGE STUDENTS Population Setting: college undergraduates Nationality: US Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: self-report Timeframe:

Machulda, et al. (1998) n = 141 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 49/92 Age: 20.7 (18-22) Race: 268/88/66/7/0/9

Symptom anxiety concentration difference depression disordered sleep dizziness fatigue

% 87 80 71 41 19 83

Symptom headache irritability sensitive to light sensitive to sound

% 57 74 26 16

Population Setting: university undergraduates Nationality: Canada Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: self-report Timeframe:

Freeston, et al. (1996) n = 583 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 216/367 Age: 22.6 (4.6) Race: 268/88/66/7/0/9

Symptom difficulty concentrating or mind going blank because of anxiety dizziness or lightheadedness

% 16.5

dry mouth easily fatigued exaggerated startle response

6.5 36.0 12.7

feeling keyed up or on edge

23.5

flushes or chill frequent urination irritability

9.1 13.9 26.2

Symptom muscle tension, aches, or soreness nausea, diarrhea, or abdominal distress

7.0

palpitations or accelerated heart rate

9.4 17.8

restlessness shortness of breath smothering sensation

36.0 8.1

sweating, cold/clammy hands

17.5

trembling, twitchy or feeling shaky

6

% 17.3

3.9

Combat Veteran Controls trouble falling or staying asleep

7 27.1

trouble swallowing or lump in throat

5.8

Population Setting: university undergraduates Nationality: Canada Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: self-report Timeframe: 6 months

Wong, et al. (1994) n = 88 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: Age: 19.0 (2.9) Race:

Symptom are often impatient become tired very easily have difficulty concentrating while reading have lost sense of taste and/or smell

% 62.5 63.6 81.8

have trouble remembering things

46.6

lose way despite being there before

12.5

4.5

Symptom

%

often troubled by too much noise

35.2

suffer from dizziness suffer from ringing in the ears

33.0 48.9

very easily affected by alcohol

25.0

COMBAT VETERANS Litz, et al. (1992) n = 18 Diagnostic Criteria: DSM-III-R Gender: 18/0 Age: 40.0 (3.0) Race:

Population Setting: PTSD center referrals Nationality: US Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: self-report Timeframe: current

Symptom arrhythmia backache black out spells blurred vision butterflies constipation diarrhea

Symptom dizziness gas headache heart flutters

% 27.8 27.8 38.9 11.1

impotence inorgasmia muscle aches

5.6 5.6 22.2

% 5.9 38.9 5.6 5.6 27.8 11.1 11.1

8

II / Control Groups: Adult

nail biting nausea racing heart rapid breathing

5.6 0.0 0.0 0.0

ringing in ears sexual disinterest shortness of breath stomach cramps

5.6 11.8 5.6 16.7

COMMUNITY MEMBERS Population Setting: community Nationality: UK Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: telephone survey Timeframe: current

Ohayon, et al. (1997) n = 4,927 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 2,078/2,894 Age: 15-100 Race:

Symptom breathing pauses snoring

% 3.8 40.3

Population Setting: community Nationality: UK Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: telephone survey Timeframe: current

Ohayon, et al. (1997) n = 859 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: Age: 15-24 Race:


% 2.5 23.1




Symptom snoring and breathing pauses

% 2.7 38.1

% 2.5

9

Community Controls Population Setting: community Nationality: UK Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: telephone survey Timeframe: current



% 4.8 45.8




% 4.6 53.5




Ohayon, et al. (1997) n = 980 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: Age: 65+ Race:

% 5.1 49.3


10



% 3.9 37.3

Population Setting: outpatients Nationality: US Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: self-report Timeframe: current

Kaye, et al. (1983) n = 24 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 10/14 Age: 54.8 (33-85) Race: 12/12/0/0/0/0

Symptom difficulty falling asleep difficulty staying asleep

% 25 14

% 25

Population Setting: community Nationality: US Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: postal survey Timeframe: current

Honsberg, et al. (1995) n = 1476 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 663/813 Age: 46.3 Race: 1476/0/0/0/0/0

Symptom habitual snoring

Jennum, et al. (1994) n = 1670 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 1670/0 Age: 54-75 Race:

% 22

Population Setting: occupational medicine clinic outpatients Nationality: France Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: self-report Timeframe: current

Krieger, et al. (1993) n = 86 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: Age: 38.8 (1.0) Race:

Symptom nocturnal micturitions

Symptom waking up earlier than intended

% 10.7

Population Setting: community Nationality: Denmark Other Sample Characteristics: snore often or always

11

Community Controls Method of Reporting: self-report

Symptom concentration problems headache headache with nausea and vision disturbance

Timeframe: 1 year

% 6.0 56.1 5.6

concentration problems headache headache with nausea and vision disturbance

% 5.4 44.7 3.7

Linna, et al. (1991) n = 533 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 0/533 Age: 8 Race:

9.8 10.7

Symptom memory problems morning headache

% 8.2 8.2

Population Setting: community Nationality: Finland Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: parent-report Timeframe:


Symptom enuresis-frequently enuresis-occasionally frequent abdominal pain frequent soiling

memory problems morning headache

%

Population Setting: community Nationality: Denmark Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: self-report Timeframe: 1 year

Jennum, et al. (1994) n = 1653 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 1653/0 Age: 53-75 Race:

Symptom

Symptom

% 1.5 7.1 2.4 0.3

Symptom occasional distress occasional soiling recurrent headache

% 43.5 3.5 2.8


12


Symptom

%

enuresis-frequently enuresis-occasionally

1.2 9.1

% 3.1



Symptom enuresis-frequently enuresis-occasionally

Symptom recurrent headache

% 1.8 5.0

Symptom recurrent headache

% 2.5

Population Setting: community Nationality: Sweden Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: postal survey Timeframe: 3 months

Schvarcz, et al. (1996) n = 210 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 104/106 Age: 37.2(4.7) Race:

Symptom abdominal discomfort or pain at defecation

% 8.5

abdominal discomfort or pain relieved by defecation

12.1

abdominal distension alternating diarrhea and constipation

24.4 6.7

black stools blood stains in stools borborygui constipation diarrhea dysphagia early satiety eructations

3.0 3.0 20.6 10.3 13.4 1.2 6.1 10.9

Symptom feeling of incomplete defecation

% 17.0

flatus heartburn loss of appetite mucous stools nausea

14.6 23.0 3.6 4.9 9.1

nightly urge of defecation

1.2

reflux episodes retrosternal pain uncomfortable feeling of fullness after meals

10.3 12.1 8.5

vomiting weight loss

3.0 0.6

13

Community Controls Population Setting: public school children Nationality: Denmark Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: self-report Timeframe:

Thomsen (1993) n = 488 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 488/0 Age: Race:

Symptom

%

Symptom

%

a bad conscience but no one else

36.5

need to count several times

26.6

angry if someone messes desk

83.2

repeated thoughts or words

62.7

at night, put things away just so

42.6

34.4 25.4

doing things in an exact manner

61.5

repetition until correct something touched is spoiled

28.3

special number or words to avoid

17.2

favorite or special number frequently indecisive fussy about hands hate dirt and contamination

61.1 50.0 48.4

spending extra time on homework

36.1

talk or move to avoid bad luck

27.5

have to check several times have to do certain things lack of confiance (repetition)

43.0

trouble finishing schoolwork

42.2

43.4 54.1

worry about being clean enough

57.8

Population Setting: public school children Nationality: Denmark Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: self-report Timeframe:

Thomsen (1993) n = 544 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 0/544 Age: Race:

Symptom a bad conscience but no one else

% 39.0

Symptom at night, put things away just so

44.5

%

angry if someone messes desk

84.2

doing things in an exact manner

58.8

14


favorite or special number

30.9

something touched is spoiled

25.0

frequently indecisive fussy about hands hate dirt and contamination

71.0 61.0 59.6

special number or words to avoid

24.3 37.9

45.2

spending extra time on homework

have to check several times

47.1 58.8

talk or move to avoid bad luck trouble finishing schoolwork

34.2

have to do certain things lack of confiance (repetition) need to count several times

24.3

worry about being clean enough

51.8

repeated thoughts or words

65.8

repetition until correct

32.7

Population Setting: public school children Nationality: US Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: structured interview Timeframe:

Valleni-Basile, et al. (1994) n = 363 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 165/198 Age: 7th-9th grade Race: 276/87/0/0/0/0

Symptom checking obsessions collecting obsessions compulsions only counting obsessions obsessions (one or more types)

% 1.1 0.0 2.2 0.3 2.8

Symptom

%

obsessions and compulsions

0.0

obsessions only touching obsessions washing obsessions

2.8 0.3 0.3

Population Setting: community Nationality: Switzerland Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: semi-structured interview Timeframe: 12 months

Degonda, et al. (1993) n = 491 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: Age: 21 Race:

Symptom compulsion to wash

38.6

% 1.2

Symptom

%

15

Community Controls compulsions to check and control feelings of anxiety when not giving in to compulsion obsessive counting

12.1 3.1


Symptom compulsion to wash compulsions to check and control

% 0.0 5.1

feelings of anxiety when not giving in to compulsion

0.5

Symptom obsessive counting obsessive melodies obsessive thoughts other compulsions

% 1.1 0.0 1.1 2.2




3.1 2.7 0.0

1.6


Symptom compulsion to wash compulsions to check and control feelings of anxiety when not giving in to compulsion

obsessive melodies obsessive thoughts other compulsions

% 0.5 3.3 0.3

Symptom obsessive counting obsessive melodies obsessive thoughts other compulsions

% 0.6 0.0 0.8 2.0


16 Symptom compulsion to wash compulsions to check and control feelings of anxiety when not giving in to compulsion

II / Control Groups: Adult % 0.4 10.5 0.0

Isoaho, et al. (1995)

other compulsions

3.9

% 9

Population Setting: community Nationality: Finland Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: self-report Timeframe: current

Isoaho, et al. (1995) n = 183 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 183/0 Age: 71.4 (5.9, 64-86) Race:

Symptom confusion constipation crying spells decreased appetite decreased libido dissatisfaction diurnal variation emptiness fatigue hopelessness indecisiveness

% 2.0 0.0 1.2

Population Setting: community Nationality: Switzerland Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: semi-structured interview Timeframe: lifetime

Degonda, et al. (1993) n = 535 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: Age: 21-30 Race:

Symptom suicide attempts

Symptom obsessive counting obsessive melodies obsessive thoughts

% 21 14 2 43 27 25 35 40 17 27 27

Symptom irritability marital dissatisfaction personal devaluation psychomotor agitation psychomotor retardation sadness sleep disturbance suicidal rumination tachycardia weight loss

n = 63

% 6 0 39 12 26 7 27 2 10 17

17

Community Controls Nationality: Finland Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: self-report Timeframe: current

Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 0/63 Age: 72.2 (5.4, 64-86) Race: Population Setting: community

Symptom confusion constipation

% 16 19

crying spells decreased appetite

12 32

decreased libido

29

dissatisfaction diurnal variation emptiness

20 37 40

fatigue

25

hopelessness

22

breathless while wheezing current asthma medications hay fever/allergic rhinitis long-term cough morning cough

Bjornsson, et al. (1994) n = 3,147 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: Age: 20-44 Race:

% 39 3 0 35 10 19 8 34 3

tachycardia

14

weight loss

9

Population Setting: community Nationality: Sweden Other Sample Characteristics: Vasterbotten Method of Reporting: postal survey Timeframe: 12 months


Symptom asthma attack

Symptom indecisiveness irritability marital dissatisfaction personal devaluation psychomotor agitation psychomotor retardation sadness sleep disturbance suicidal rumination

% 3.3 11.2 6.2 21.1 15.9 12.2

Symptom productive cough

% 19.6

wheezing

19.8

wheezing without cold woken by attacks of breathlessness woken by attacks of cough woken by chest tightness

12.2 4.3 26.9 10.4

Population Setting: community Nationality: Sweden Other Sample Characteristics: Uppsala Method of Reporting: postal survey Timeframe: 12 months

18


Symptom asthma attack breathless while wheezing

% 3.3 10.3

current asthma medications hay fever/allergic rhinitis long-term cough morning cough

4.9 22.2 16.5 11.2

woken by attacks of breathlessness woken by attacks of cough woken by chest tightness

% 18.3 19.0 11.4 5.0 25.4 9.7

Population Setting: community Nationality: Sweden Other Sample Characteristics: Goteborg Method of Reporting: postal survey Timeframe: 12 months


Symptom

Symptom productive cough wheezing wheezing without cold

%

asthma attack breathless while wheezing current asthma medications

3.1 12.4 4.8

hay fever/allergic rhinitis long-term cough morning cough

22.2 19.6 15.9

Symptom productive cough wheezing wheezing without cold woken by attacks of breathlessness woken by attacks of cough woken by chest tightness

% 22.2 23.0 13.5 7.2 28.5 14.7

Population Setting: community Nationality: Sweden Other Sample Characteristics: lifetime nonsmokers Method of Reporting: postal survey Timeframe: 12 months


Symptom

%


3.4 8.4 5.4

hay fever/allergic rhinitis long-term cough

23.4 13.9

Symptom morning cough productive cough wheezing wheezing without cold woken by attacks of breathlessness

% 6.9 13.7 14.6 8.8 4.7

19

Community Controls woken by attacks of cough

23.1

woken by chest tightness

9.2

Population Setting: community Nationality: Sweden Other Sample Characteristics: exsmokers Method of Reporting: postal survey Timeframe: 12 months


Symptom asthma attack

% 3.2

Symptom

%

wheezing

16.5

breathless while wheezing

9.4

current asthma medications

6.2

wheezing without cold woken by attacks of breathlessness


22.5 14.4 7.0

productive cough

14.7

%


3.1 16.1 4.9


19.0 22.9 23.9

productive cough

30.6

Haraldsson, et al. (1992) n = 112 Diagnostic Criteria:

woken by attacks of cough

23.0


11.0

Population Setting: community Nationality: Sweden Other Sample Characteristics: current smokers Method of Reporting: postal survey Timeframe: 12 months


Symptom

8.1 4.7

Symptom wheezing wheezing without cold woken by attacks of breathlessness

% 30.6 19.1 6.8

woken by attacks of cough

33.5


15.0

Gender: Age: 18-24 Race:

20

II / Control Groups: Adult Method of Reporting: postal survey Timeframe: current

Population Setting: community Nationality: Sweden Other Sample Characteristics:

Symptom snoring

% 24.4

diurnal hypersomnia

9.1

breath cessations

3.8

difficulty maintaining sleep

Symptom

%

snoring, diurnal hypersomnia and sleep disturbance

2.2

27.4

Population Setting: community Nationality: Sweden Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: postal survey Timeframe: current

Haraldsson, et al. (1992) n = 607 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 292/315 Age: 30-69 Race:

Symptom snoring, diurnal hypersomnia, and sleep disturbance

% 3.1

multiple sleep apnea and diurnal hypersomnia

1.5

Symptom

%

snoring and breath cessations snoring and diurnal hypersomnia

3.0 5.1

Population Setting: community Nationality: Sweden Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: postal survey Timeframe: current


Symptom

%

Symptom

%

multiple sleep apnea and diurnal hypersomnia snoring, diurnal hypersomnia, and sleep disturbance

2.8

snoring and diurnal hypersomnia snoring and breath cessations

8.2

5.5

4.8

21

Community Controls Population Setting: community Nationality: Sweden Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: postal survey Timeframe: current


Symptom

%

multiple sleep apnea and diurnal hypersomnia snoring, diurnal hypersomnia, and sleep disturbance snoring and breath cessations

0.3 1.0

snoring and diurnal hypersomnia

2.2

Population Setting: laboratory study Nationality: US Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: self-report Timeframe: 2 days

% 2

Population Setting: community Nationality: US Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: self-report Timeframe: current

Kales, et al. (1984) n = 100 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 41/59 Age: 48.2 (1.5, 24-80) Race:

Symptom attempts at suicide depressed diarrhea headache

%

1.3

Silverman, et al. (1992) n = 62 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 18/44 Age: Race: 57/30/10/10/0/0

Symptom moderate or severe

Symptom

% 3.0 2.0 9.6 1.1

mind racing before sleep

15.0

palpitations

16.0

Symptom stomach discomfort tense/anxious before sleep tiredness weakness woke up refreshed most mornings

% 3.2 2.0 12.8 3.2 89.4

22

II / Control Groups: Adult Population Setting: community Nationality: US Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: structured interview Timeframe: 1 year

Schwab, et al. (1979) n = 1645 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 910/735 Age: 41.0 (17-92) Race: 1277/368/0/0/0/0

Symptom constipation diarrhea headaches indigestion nervous stomach

% 26.5 15.3 46.7 33.9 22.7

Symptom stomach aches too heavy too thin weight fluctuates

% 22.5 28.0 7.6 3.7

Merikangas, et al. (1993) n = 218 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 0/218 Age: 20-30 Race: 1277/368/0/0/0/0 Population Setting: community

Nationality: Switzerland Other Sample Characteristics: 1premenstrual, 2during menstruation Method of Reporting: semi-structured interview Timeframe: 1 year

Symptom acne 2 anxiety 2 better mood 1 bloating 2 depressed mood 1 depressed mood 2 dizziness 2 headache 2 increased activity 2 increased anxiety 1

% 26.1 1.0 2.3 7.8 18.8 10.6 5.0 16.5 2.3 3.2

irritability 1

30.7

Symptom irritability 2 lower back pain 2 nervousness 2 nervousness 1 nervousness 1 sweating 2 tension 1 tension 2 unspecific pain 2 vomiting 2 weight pain 2

Merikangas, et al. (1993) n = 152 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 0/152 Age: 20-30 Race: 1277/368/0/0/0/0

% 19.7 29.8 8.7 18.3 4.1 14.7 17.9 2.3 36.2 2.3 12.8

Population Setting: community Nationality: Switzerland Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: semi-structured interview Timeframe: 1 year

23

Community Controls Symptom suicide attempts

% 9.9

Population Setting: community Nationality: Canada Other Sample Characteristics: menstrual Method of Reporting: self-report Timeframe: 1 day

Ramcharan, et al. (1992) n = 383 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 0/383 Age: 34.1 (26-35) Race:

Symptom arousal autonomic reactions behavioral change control

% 5.4 7.3 8.1 6.4

% 4.9 4.2

pain

10.9

water retention

11.8

Population Setting: community Nationality: Canada Other Sample Characteristics: postmenstrual Method of Reporting: self-report Timeframe: 1 day


Symptom arousal autonomic reactions behavioral change control

Symptom impaired concentration negative affect

% 10.3 4.8 5.9 5.6

Symptom impaired concentration negative affect

% 3.7 6.8

pain water retention

6.4 2.1

Population Setting: community Nationality: Canada Other Sample Characteristics: midcycle Method of Reporting: self-report Timeframe: 1 day


Symptom

%

arousal

4.7

Symptom autonomic reactions

% 4.3

24 behavioral change control impaired concentration negative affect

II / Control Groups: Adult 7.2 3.4 4.7 4.0

arousal autonomic reactions behavioral change control

% 10.6 3.3 6.0 3.9

Symptom

%

impaired concentration negative affect pain water retention

3.3 3.4 4.2 3.6

Population Setting: community Nationality: Canada Other Sample Characteristics: premenstrual Method of Reporting: self-report Timeframe: 1 day

Ramcharan, et al. (1992) n = 341 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 0/341 Age: 34 (26-35) Race:

Symptom

%

arousal autonomic reactions behavioral change control

5.5 6.2 9.0 5.4

Symptom impaired concentration negative affect pain water retention

% 4.8 4.5 5.1 12.2

Population Setting: community Nationality: Italy Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: postal survey Timeframe:

Cirignotta, et al. (1989) n = 1170 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 1170/0 Age: 50.1 (11.7) Race:

Symptom snored always

3.1 1.8

Population Setting: community Nationality: Canada Other Sample Characteristics: early premenstrual Method of Reporting: self-report Timeframe: 1 day


Symptom

pain water retention

% 10.1

25

Community Controls Population Setting: community Nationality: Italy Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: telephone survey Timeframe:

Cirignotta, et al. (1989) n = 340 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 340/0 Age: 50.8 (11.5) Race:

Symptom every-night snoring

% 5.6

Population Setting: community Nationality: UK Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: 1self-report, 2 other-report Timeframe:

Rutter, et al. (1976) n = 96 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 96/0 Age: 14-15 Race:

Symptom ideas of reference 1 observed anxiety2 observed sadness 2 often feels miserable or depressed 1 reported misery 1 self depreciation 1

% 28.1 19.8 12.5 20.8

% 7.3 20.8

usually wakes unnecessarily in morning 1

22.9

41.7 19.8

Population Setting: community Nationality: UK Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: 1self-report, 2 other-report Timeframe:

Rutter, et al. (1976) n = 88 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 0/88 Age: 14-15 Race:

Symptom ideas of reference 1 observed anxiety2 observed sadness 2 often feels miserable or depressed 1 reported misery 1

Symptom suicidal ideas 1 usually has a great difficulty falling asleep 1

% 30.7 28.4 14.8 23.0 47.7

Symptom self depreciation 1 suicidal ideas 1 usually has a great difficulty falling asleep 1

% 23.0 7.9 17.2

26 usually wakes unnecessarily in morning 1

II / Control Groups: Adult 24.1

Population Setting: public junior high school students Nationality: US Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: self-report Timeframe:

Schoenbach, et al. (1982) n = 384 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 176/208 Age: 12-15 Race: 253/131/0/0/0/0

Symptom blues could not get going crying spells depressed did not enjoy life everything an effort feel like a failure not as good as others not happy

% 16 19 14 19 28 36 10 39 28

Suris, et al. (1996) n = 482 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 482/0 Age: 16.0 (1.3, 14-19) Race: 253/131/0/0/0/0

% 41 27 14 21 15 24 30

Population Setting: high school and vocational students Nationality: Spain Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: self-report Timeframe:

Suris, et al. (1996) n = 383 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 0/383 Age: 16.1 (1.3, 14-19) Race: 253/131/0/0/0/0

Symptom bad mood believing nothing amused them emotional problems feeling sad

Symptom not hopeful overate poor appetite restless sleep sad slept more than usual trouble concentrating

% 2.9 2.6 15.4 8.7

Symptom frequent crying lack of appetite sleeping problems suicidal thoughts

% 17.2 38.0 23.3 8.9

Population Setting: high school and vocational students Nationality: Spain Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: self-report Timeframe:

27

Community Controls Symptom bad mood believing nothing amused them emotional problems feeling sad

% 4.0 3.1 7.3 8.5

Symptom frequent crying lack of appetite sleeping problems suicidal thoughts

% 3.2 18.8 19.1 9.9

Nationality: US Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: 1structured interview, 2structured interview of spouse Timeframe:

Wiggins, et al. (1990) n = 360 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 360/0 Age: 16.0 (1.3, 14-19) Race: 0/0/360/0/0/0 Population Setting: community

Symptom during usual sleep: choke or struggle for breath 1 during usual sleep: choke or struggle for breath 2

% 3.2

Symptom fall asleep as automobile passenger 2

6.9

fall asleep at school or church 1

5.6

during usual sleep: snore loudly 1

33.8


5.0


43.0

during usual sleep: toss and turn frequently 1

23.9

fall asleep at work 1 fall asleep at work 2 fall asleep reading or watching TV 1

3.0 1.2 24.6


21.6

fall asleep reading or watching TV 2

35.0

fall asleep as automobile driver 1

3.5

fall asleep: after a meal 1

20.1


2.3


26.3

fall asleep as automobile passenger 1

8.0

Wiggins, et al. (1990) n = 360 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 0/360 Age: 16.0 (1.3, 14-19)

% 11.7

Race: 0/0/360/0/0/0 Population Setting: community Nationality: US Other Sample Characteristics:

28


Method of Reporting: 1structured interview, 2structured interview of

spouse Timeframe:

Symptom

%

Symptom

during usual sleep: choke or struggle for breath 1

3.4


% 16.2


3.2


1.5

fall asleep at work 1 fall asleep at work 2 fall asleep reading or watching TV 1

1.3 0.6 27.3

during usual sleep: choke or struggle for breath 2

2.9


18.4


17.4


25.9

fall asleep reading or watching TV 2

20.1


13.3


11.7


2.1


11.1


1.2


15.7

Population Setting: headache study volunteers Nationality: Australia Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: self-report Timeframe: 12 months

Fernandez & Sheffield (1996) n = 91 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 91/0 Age: 39.3 (12.8) Race:

Symptom

%

combined headache

16.5

migraine headache

19.8


Symptom other headache tension headache

% 41.8 22.0

Population Setting: headache study volunteers Nationality: Australia Other Sample Characteristics:

29

Community Controls Method of Reporting: self-report

Symptom

Timeframe: 12 months

%

combined headache

26.5

migraine headache

19.4


% 28.8 25.3

Population Setting: headache study volunteers Nationality: Australia Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: self-report Timeframe: 12 months


Symptom

%

combined headache

22

migraine headache

19


% 33 24

Lavie (1981) n = 1502 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 1262/240 Age: Race: Population Setting: industrial workers

Nationality: Israel Other Sample Characteristics: 1while falling asleep, 2while sleeping, 3 awakening Method of Reporting: structured interview Timeframe: 12 months

Symptom

%

Symptom

%

difficulties breathing and suffocating 3

3.0

7.5

difficulty breathing and suffocation 1

5.8

pain in different parts of the body 1 pain in different parts of the body 3

disorientation 1 disorientation 3 excessive leg movements 2

1.6 1.0 9.6

excessive movements in sleep 2 feelings of worry and tension 1 headaches 1 headaches 3 midsleep awakening 3

33.2 12.0 7.2 5.5 17

4.7

paralysis of the legs 1 paralysis of the legs 3 sleep walking 2 snoring 2 sweating and feeling hot 1

0.7 0.5 0.4 18.5 7.5

sweating and feeling hot 3

4.3

30 talking in one’s sleep 2


Symptom difficulties falling asleep difficulties falling asleep and midsleep awakenings

% 6.6 2.7

EDS and difficulties falling asleep and midsleep awakening

3.1

Symptom

%

excessive daytime somnolence midsleep awakening

5.0 10.8

Population Setting: industrial workers Nationality: Israel Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: structured interview Timeframe: 12 months

Lavie (1981) n = 240 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 0/240 Age: Race:

% 12.1 7.1 2.1

Symptom

%

excessive daytime somnolence midsleep awakenings

4.6 12.1

Population Setting: industrial workers Nationality: Israel Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: medical exam Timeframe:

Droller & Pemberton (1953) n = 476 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 1192/0, 20/284 Age: 167+, 262+ Race:

Symptom vertigo 1

1.4

Population Setting: industrial workers Nationality: Israel Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: structured interview Timeframe: 12 months

Lavie (1981) n = 1262 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 1262/0 Age: Race:

Symptom difficulties falling asleep difficulties falling asleep and midsleep awakenings EDS and difficulties falling asleep and midsleep awakenings

worries and tension 3

% 27.6

31

Community Controls vertigo 2

53.9

Population Setting: community Nationality: UK Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: interview Timeframe: 2 weeks

Hannay (1978) n = 1,344 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: Age: Race:

Symptom

%

Symptom

%

absence of periods and probably not pregnant

0.1

0.8

absence of periods and probably pregnant

0.4

ankle swelling in both ankles ankle swelling in both ankles and varicose veins attacks of breathlessness when lying down

4.6

0.5

attacks of palpitations when heart beats fast for no apparent reason, attacks of breathlessness when lying down, and sudden attacks of breathlessness when lying down at night attacks of shortness of breath with wheezing

0.1

bleeding between periods, or post menopausal

0.1

attacks of breathlessness when lying down and sudden attacks of breathlessness when lying down at night attacks of palpitations or breathlessness attacks of palpitations when heart beats fast for no apparent reason attacks of palpitations when heart beats fast for no apparent reason and attacks of breathlessness when lying down

boils or other skin trouble bunions, corns, or callosites

1.7 0.1

attacks of palpitations when heart beats fast for no apparent reason and sudden attacks of breathlessness when lying down at night

0.4

1.8

7.5 4.5

0.2

bunions, corns, or callosites bunions, corns, or callosites, and flat feet or other bunions, corns, or callosites, and ingrown toenails bunions, corns, or callosites, ingrown toenails, and flat feet or other burn change in weight change of appetite chest sounding wheezy or whistling

1.0

14.3 0.3

0.4

0.1

1.1 8.7 7.9 3.9

32 chest sounding wheezy or whistling and attacks of shortness of breath with wheezing chest sounding wheezy or whistling and coughing up blood which had not been swallowed chest sounding wheezy or whistling, attacks of shortness of breath with wheezing, and coughing up blood which had not been swallowed comes on only when walking and goes in 10 minutes or less if stands still comes on when standing still or sitting and comes on when walking and goes in 10 minutes or less if stand still comes on when standing still or walking constipation convulsions or fits cough now or during the past two weeks cough now or during the past two weeks


difficulty in eating because of mouth or gums and difficulty in swallowing because of trouble in throat (or esophagus) difficulty in hearing difficulty in hearing difficulty in hearing and ringing or buzzing in ears

0.1

difficulty in seeing

6.4

difficulty in seeing and loss of sight in one or both eyes difficulty in swallowing because of trouble in throat ( or esophagus) difficulty or discomfort in passing water

0.1

discharge and irritation in private parts

0.7 1.6 1.2

4.2 0.4 0.2

discharge in private parts discomfort such as pain or burning while passing water facial pain, loss of speech or balance feeling more irritable and jumpy than usual

1.3

15.9

feeling more thirsty than usual or cold apart from the weather fever fever and unusual flushing fever and unusual sweating

5.7

fever and unusual sweating and flushing

0.1

flat feet or other gain in weight gain of appetite or feeling hungry

4.5 5.4 2.7

generally run down having to run to toilet

1.6 0.4

0.1

0.1

1.3

0.2

1.0

cough now or during the past two weeks and usually cough first on getting up cough up blood which had not been swallowed

5.8

dandruff diarrhea difficulty in eating because of mouth or gums

4.0 1.7 1.9

0.1

0.1 8.2 0.6

0.9

2.2

2.6

2.5 0.1 0.7

33

Community Controls having to run to toilet and water leaks when straining, coughing, or laughing having to stop for breath when walking at own pace on level ground” headaches headaches headaches and spells of dizziness or vertigo

1.3

2.5

0.1 12.9 2.0

headaches, and feeling more irritable and jumpy than usual headaches, spells of dizziness or vertigo, and feeling more irritable and jumpy than usual heartburn

1.0

heartburn and indigestion heartburn or indigestion hoarseness or loss of voice

2.2 14.7 3.6

hoarseness or loss of voice and other trouble with throat or voice indigestion ingrown toenails ingrown toenails and flat feet or other

0.1

irregularity of periods irritation in private parts loss of ability to balance on feet loss of appetite loss of consciousness or blackouts

2.5 0.7 1.2

loss of feeling, tingling, or numbness in lower limbs

2.4

loss of feeling, tingling, or numbness in upper and lower limbs loss of feeling, tingling, or numbness in upper limbs

1.5

loss of hair

1.0

1.2

6.3

6.3 1.4 0.1

5.2 1.2

3.8

loss of power in lower limbs

0.7

loss of power in upper and lower limbs loss of power in upper limbs loss of power of speech loss of power of speech and loss of ability to balance on feet loss of sight in one or both eyes loss of weight

0.5

low back pain

5.4

low back pain and pain elsewhere in spine

0.2

low back pain and pain in large bones

0.3

low back pain, pain elsewhere in spine, and pain in large bones lumps in breast lumps or swollen glands (other than in breasts)

0.4

more cold apart from the weather

1.4

more thirsty than usual more thirsty than usual and more cold apart from the weather more tired than usual more tired than usual more tired than usual and generally run down morning sickness and other with pregnancy

3.6 0.7

0.8 0.4 0.1

1.2 3.3

0.1 4.2

16.1 0.2 5.0 0.1

morning sickness with pregnancy

0.1

morning sickness. pain or bleeding, and other with pregnancy morning stiffness in joints

0.1

0.7

34


nausea or feeling like vomiting

3.3

nose bleeds other other discoloration such as bruising

0.6 0.2 0.5

other minor injury or accident such as a fall with bruising other pain in calf or either leg

7.7

other pain or discomfort in chest

3.8

other serious injury or accident such as fall with broken bone other trouble with throat or voice

0.4

pain elsewhere in spine pain elsewhere in spine and pain in large bones

2.5 0.6

pain in abdomen or tummy

5.1

pain in abdomen or tummy and constipation

0.7

pain in abdomen or tummy and diarrhea

0.7

pain in abdomen or tummy and diarrhea and constipation

0.1

pain in calf of either leg pain in face for no apparent reason

8.5 0.7

pain in face for no apparent reason, loss of power of speech, and loss of ability to balance on feet pain in large bones pain in private parts pain on defecation pain on defecation and red blood on stool or paper

0.1

6.0

0.2

5.0 0.2 1.1 0.4

pain or bleeding with pregnancy

0.1

pain or bleeding with pregnancy and other

0.1

pain or discomfort in chest which may go to arm comes on walking and goes in 10 minutes or less if stop or slow down pain or swelling in private parts or front passage

1.9

pain with last period pain with last period and unusually heavy

1.5 0.3

pain, irritation, or watering of eyes

6.3

pain, irritation, or watering of eyes and difficulty in seeing pain, irritation, or watering of eyes and loss of sight in one or both eyes pain, irritation, or wax in ears pain, irritation, or wax in ears and difficulty in hearing pain, irritation, or wax in ears, and ringing and buzzing in ears pain, irritation, or wax in ears, difficulty in hearing, and ringing or buzzing in ears pain, swelling, tenderness, and redness in small joints of hands or feet and morning stiffness of joints

1.0

pain, swelling, tenderness, and redness in small joints of hands or feet, and in large joints, and morning stiffness in joints

0.9

pain, swelling, tenderness, or redness in large joints

4.7

0.4

0.2

3.8 1.0

0.4

0.5

0.3

35

Community Controls pain, swelling, tenderness, or redness in large joints, and morning stiffness in joints pain, swelling, tenderness, or redness in small joints of hands or feet pain, swelling, tenderness, or redness in small joints of hands or feet, and in large joints paler than usual skin or whites of eyes

0.3

passing water more difficult than usual

0.7

passing water more difficult than usual or discomfort such as pain or burning while passing water passing water more frequently at night

0.2

passing water more frequently during the day

1.6

passing water more frequently during the day and at night

2.2

passing water more often than usual

5.6

rash or irritation rash or irritation and boils or other skin trouble rash or irritation and sores or ulcers on skin

12.4 0.1

rash or irritations red blood on stool or paper

0.1 0.8

reddish/brown discoloration about water

0.3

retching without bringing up food

1.1

ringing or buzzing in ears

1.3

severe pain across front of chest which lasts for half an hour or more

1.3

3.6

0.7

0.9

1.8

0.1

severe pain across front of chest which lasts for half an hour or more and other pain or discomfort in chest shortness of breath shortness of breath when sore throat sore throat and hoarseness or loss of voice

0.1

19.3 0.1 6.6 0.9

sores or ulcers on skin spells of dizziness or vertigo

0.8 4.9

spells of dizziness or vertigo and feeling more irritable and jumpy than usual sputum now or during the past two weeks

0.3

sputum now or during the past two weeks

8.7

sputum now or during the past two weeks and usually first thing on getting up

4.5

strong smell about water

0.7

stuffy or runny nose or catarrh at back of nose

0.2

stuffy or runny nose, or catarrh at back of nose

26.4

0.1

stuffy or runny nose, or catarrh at back of nose and nose bleeds

0.1

sudden attacks of breathlessness when lying down at night

0.9

superfluous hair swelling in private parts swellings such as a rupture trouble with teeth trouble with teeth and difficulty in eating because of mouth or gums

0.0 0.1 0.4 7.8 0.4

36


trouble with water coming too quickly

2.4

varicose veins varicose veins vomiting up blood which had not been swallowed

0.2 9.3 0.1

unusual color or smell about water

1.3

unusual flushing

1.6

vomiting up food or drink water leaks when straining, coughing, or laughing

4.4 0.7

unusual sweating

2.2

unusual sweating and flushing unusually heavy last period

0.5

12.4

0.1

when hurrying on level ground or walking up slight hill when sitting quietly when walking with people of own age on level ground when washing or dressing

usually cough first thing on getting up

0.2

usually cough first upon getting up

6.3

usually sputum first thing on getting up usually sputum first thing on getting up

yellower than usual skin or whites of eyes

0.2

6.5

0.7

1.7 1.3

1.5

Enright, et al. (1994) n = 1643 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 0/1643 Age: 65+ Race: Population Setting: community

Nationality: US Other Sample Characteristics: nonsmokers Method of Reporting: structured interview Timeframe:

Symptom cough > 3 months cough day and night frequent cough frequent phlegm grade 3 dyspnea

Symptom phlegm > 3 months phlegm day and night wheeze and dyspnea wheeze day and night

% 7.4 9.1 8.2 8.0 10.0


% 7.9 7.4 6.9 4.1

Nationality: US Other Sample Characteristics: nonsmokers Method of Reporting: structured interview Timeframe:

37

Community Controls Symptom cough > 3 months cough day and night dyspnea grade 3 frequent cough frequent phlegm

% 5.7 5.7 6.4 6.1 12.5


% 11.5 11.4 6.0 3.2


Nationality: US Other Sample Characteristics: former smokers Method of Reporting: structured interview Timeframe:

Symptom cough > 3 months cough day and night dyspnea grade 3 frequent cough frequent phlegm

Symptom phlegm > 3 months phlegm day and night wheeze and dyspnea

% 9.9 8.6 9.8

wheeze day and night

4.5

% 7.5 8.6 12.5 8.6 10.3


Nationality: US Other Sample Characteristics: former smokers Method of Reporting: structured interview Timeframe:



Enright, et al. (1994) n = 382 Diagnostic Criteria:

% 7.6 8.1 9.6 7.6 15.4

Gender: 0/382 Age: 65+ Race:

% 16.0 14.5 7.2 5.7

38


Population Setting: community Nationality: US Other Sample Characteristics: current smokers

Method of Reporting: structured interview Timeframe:



% 22.8 24.3 11.5 25.1 27.7

% 23.8 25.1 10.2 10.7


Nationality: US Other Sample Characteristics: current smokers Method of Reporting: structured interview Timeframe:



% 9.2 10.5 10.1 10 13.8

% 13.1 12.4 7.7 5.6

Population Setting: community Nationality: UK Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: semi-structured interview Timeframe:

Katona, et al. (1997) n = 700 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 253/447 Age: 65+ Race:

Symptom

%

Symptom

%

difficulty falling asleep difficulty with light housework

21 14

embarrassed by memory problems

13

does not get out as often as needs to

21

faintness on rapid rising feeling dizzy feeling weak

11 21 12

39

Community Controls forgets where put things health getting worse health limiting mobility health limiting other activities

26 9 24 17

health limiting socializing health problems interfering with desired activity

7 50

Symptom blind areas before headache

% 2

changes in mood before headache

14

headache

87

not eating well subjective memory difficulty

7 34

Symptom sickness before headache watery eyes before headache zigzag flashes before headache

% 7 6 1

0

Population Setting: community Nationality: UK Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: postal survey Timeframe: 1 year

Newland, et al. (1978) n = 233 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 233/0 Age: 21-34 Race:

Symptom blind areas before headache changes in mood before headache headache pins and needles before headache

33 14



pins and needles before headache

interrupted sleep making effort to remember things

% 8 47 88 7

Symptom

%

sickness before headache

36

watery eyes before headache

38

zigzag flashes before headache

10

40

II / Control Groups: Adult Population Setting: community Nationality: UK Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: postal survey Timeframe: 1 year



% 21.0

changes in mood before headache headache pins and needles before headache

% 64.0 45.0

53.0

Symptom sickness before headache watery eyes before headache zigzag flashes before headache

21.0

80.3 8.0




% 16


Newland, et al. (1978) n = 55 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 55/0 Age: 75+ Race:

Symptom

%


20

35


32


15

56 8


41

Community Controls Symptom

%

Symptom

%

blind areas before headache changes in mood before headache

2.0

3.0 8.0

headache pins and needles before headache

45.5 1.0

sickness before headache watery eyes before headache zigzag flashes before headache

3.0

1.0




% 2.0

Symptom sickness before headache

11.0

changes in mood before headache

17


14.0

headache pins and needles before headache

93.7 0.0

blind areas before headache changes in mood before headache headache pins and needles before headache

3.0



Symptom


%

% 13.0 86.0 96.7 14.0

Symptom sickness before headache watery eyes before headache

% 87.0 84.0


23.0

42

II / Control Groups: Adult Population Setting: community Nationality: UK Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: postal survey Timeframe: 1 year



% 24.0


93.0 91.1 13.0

Symptom

%


96.0


56.0


24.0




% 15

Symptom sickness before headache

% 63

63


58



38

Newland, et al. (1978) n = 110 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 0/110 Age: 75+ Race:

68 24


43

Community Controls

Symptom changes in mood before headache

% Symptom 6.0 sickness before headache watery eyes before 52.7 headache 2.0 zigzag flashes before headache 6.0

headache pins and needles before headache blind areas before headache

Schaughency, et al. (1994) n = 483 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 483/0 Age: 15 Race:

9.0 18.0 7.0

Population Setting: community Nationality: New Zealand Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: self-report Timeframe: current

Schaughency, et al. (1994) n = 943 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 483/460 Age: 15 Race: Symptom hard time to finish something enjoy hard to sit still hard to sit through something has hard time doing schoolwork with noises/ other things going on has trouble paying attention when people are talking often start on schoolwork and not finish run around a lot inside home or school when not supposed to

%

% 7.9 7.3 9.7 19.8

3.1

15.3

Symptom rush into doing things without thinking what may happen

% 17.3

teacher has to remind what to do again and again teacher says not keeping mind on work

3.3

trouble organizing schoolwork

7.7

trouble waiting turn or push ahead in line

3.6

7.5

5.3


44


Symptom

%

Symptom

hard time to finish something enjoy hard to sit still

7.3

hard to sit through something has hard time doing schoolwork with noises/ other things going on has trouble paying attention when people are talking often start on schoolwork and not finish run around a lot inside home or school when not supposed to

8.9

rush into doing things without thinking what may happen teacher has to remind what to do again and again

7.0

21.3

2.7

13.7

% 19.5

2.5

teacher says not keeping mind on work

6.0


7.9


3.9

6.0



Symptom

%

hard time to finish something enjoy hard to sit still hard to sit through something

8.5 7.6 10.4

has hard time doing schoolwork with noises/other things going on has trouble paying attention when people are talking often start on schoolwork and not finish

18.3

run around a lot inside home or school when not supposed to

4.6

3.7

17.2

Symptom rush into doing things without thinking what may happen teacher has to remind what to do again and again

% 15.0

4.1

teacher says not keeping mind on work

9.1


7.6


3.3

45

Community Controls Population Setting: community Nationality: New Zealand Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: other-report Timeframe: current


Symptom impairment impulsivity

% 7.2 45.7

% 4.3 41.6

Symptom inattention

% 33.3

Population Setting: public school Nationality: Japan Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: teacher report Timeframe: current

Kanbayashi, et al. (1994) n = 1,022 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 492/509 Age: 4-12 Race:

Symptom

% 36.9

Population Setting: community Nationality: New Zealand Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: other-report Timeframe: current


Symptom impairment impulsivity

Symptom inattention

%

Symptom

%

blurts out answers before the question is completed

20.3

fidgets with hand or feet or squirms in seat

14.9

difficulty following through on instructions from others difficulty playing quietly difficulty sustaining attention in tasks or play

6.5

has difficulty awaiting turn has difficulty remaining seated

5.8

does not seem to listen to what is being said

12.2 17.9 27.2

14.5

interrupts or intrudes on others

11.0

is easily distracted

35.7

46


often engages in dangerous activities without considering the consequences

17.1

often loses things necessary for tests or activities

25.8

often talks excessively

29.6

shifts from one uncompleted activity to another

33.6


Kanbayashi, et al. (1994) n = 198 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 198/0 Age: 4-6 Race:

Symptom blurts out answers before the question is completed difficulty following through on instructions from others difficulty playing quietly difficulty sustaining attention in tasks or play

% 23.2

Symptom interrupts or intrudes on others

% 17.7

9.1

43.4 33.8


29.8


18.2

has difficulty awaiting turn

10.6

is easily distracted often engages in dangerous activities without considering the consequences often loses things necessary for tasks or activities often talks excessively shifts from one uncompleted activity to another

has difficulty remaining seated

26.3


19.7 21.2

22.7

31.3 35.9


47

Community Controls Symptom blurts out answers before the question is completed difficulty following through on instructions from others

% 26.5 4.7

difficulty playing quietly

11.1

difficulty sustaining attention in tasks or play

18.6


24.2


14.4


7.0

%

interrupts or intrudes on others is easily distracted often engages in dangerous activities without considering the consequences

16.6


23.7

often talks excessively shifts from one uncompleted activity to another

39.5 44.7

44.2 21.4

14.4



Symptom

Symptom

%

Symptom

%

blurts out answers before the question is completed

25.5


21.6


11.8


11.1

18.3 26.8

47.7 19.6


37.3

is easily distracted often engages in dangerous activities without considering the consequences

41.2


26.8

often loses things necessary for tests or activities often talks excessively

has difficulty awaiting turn

8.5

32.7

48 shifts from one uncompleted activity to another




Symptom

%

blurts out answers before the question is completed blurts out answers before the question is completed

12.4

difficulty playing quietly difficulty sustaining attention in tasks or play

8.3 14.1


24


7.4


1.7

4.1

9.1

%

interrupts or intrudes on others is easily distracted often engages in dangerous activities without considering the consequences often loses things necessary for tests or activities often talks excessively

3.3

shifts from one uncompleted activity to another

28.1 9.9

24.8

31.4 31.4



Symptom blurts out answers before question is completed difficulty following through on instructions from others difficulty playing quietly

Symptom

% 24.1 6.4

10.6

Symptom

%

difficulty sustaining attention in tasks or play

19.2


34.0

49

Community Controls fidgets with hand or feet or squirms in seat has difficulty awaiting turn

15.6


10.6


7.1

is easily distracted

4.3

34.0

often engages in dangerous activities without considering the consequences

8.5


34.8

often talks excessively shifts from one uncompleted activity to another

23.4 36.2



Symptom blurts out answers before question is completed

% 9.8

Symptom interrupts or intrudes on others

% 6.4


3.5

is easily distracted often engages in dangerous activities without considering the consequences

16.8 4.6

15.0


19.1

fidgets with hand or feet or squirms in seat has difficulty awaiting turn

7.5

often loses things necessary for tests or activities often talks excessively shifts from one uncompleted activity to another

19.1


3.5


5.2 9.3

1.2

20.2

Population Setting: public school Nationality: Japan Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: teacher rating Timeframe: current

50


Symptom

%

inattentiveness hyperactive-ness impulsiveness

5.7 2.0 1.3

% 0 42

Population Setting: hospital workers Nationality: Netherlands Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: postal survey Timeframe: 1 week

Hinds, et al. (1990) n = 78 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 17/61 Age: 42.0 (22-64) Race:

Symptom constipation depression dysphagia fecal incontinence

Carlson & Kashani. (1988) n = 150 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 75/75 Age: 14-16 Race: Population Setting: community

% 0.8 0.1

Population Setting: community Nationality: Netherlands Other Sample Characteristics: postprandial Method of Reporting: self-report Timeframe: 1 week

Jebbink, et al. (1994) n = 12 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 7/5 Age: 46.3 (3.7) Race:

Symptom fullness, early satiety, and bloating post pradially nausea and vomiting

Symptom disobedience school refusal

% 9 3 13 4

Symptom heartburn hemorrhoids peptic ulcer urinary dysfunction

% 33 19 9 5

Nationality: US Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: interview of parent and adolescent, DICAP/DICA) Timeframe: lifetime

51


%

during that “high” period, did you feel your thoughts were coming too fast during that high period, did you do things you wished you hadn’t during that high period, did you have a hard time paying attention during that high period, did you sleep a lot less w/out feeling tired during that high period, did you talk faster or a lot more than usual during that high period, did you think you had a special disability

8.0

6.6

9.3

8.7

10.0

Symptom during that high period, were you much more active than usual have you ever gone through a period when you become unusually excited

% 4.7

have you ever gone through a period when you couldn’t sleep at night because of so much energy have you ever gone through a time when your mood went up and down quickly

8.0

4.0

10.0

6.6

Sloane, Blazer, George (1989) n = 1,620 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: Age: ¹60-64; ²65-69; ³70-74; 475-79; 5 80-84; 685+ Race: Population Setting: community

Nationality: US Other Sample Characteristics: severity criteria: resulting in a physician visit, in taking a medication more than once, or interfering with activities “a lot” Method of Reporting: self-report Timeframe: 1 year

Symptom dizziness¹ dizziness² dizziness³

Symptom dizziness4 dizziness5 dizziness6

% 17.8 15.6 18.7

Population Setting: community Nationality: UK Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: self-report Timeframe: current

Bowling (1990) n = 662 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 126/536 Age: 85+ Race:

Symptom abdominal pain

% 20.1 23.8 21.3

% 29

Symptom

%

aches/pains/stiff

84

52


muscles/joints alternate constipation/loose chest pain/heart trouble constipation depressed/suicidal thoughts feelings of anxiety forgetfulness

11 34 39 15 29 44

giddiness headache loss of appetite nerves/stress depression piles poor perceived health and feelings of poor self worth sleeplessness urinary incontinence

50 28 30 62 18 49 61 40

Judd, Rapaport, Paulus, et al. (1994) n = 9,160 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 4,195/4,965 Age: 18+ Race: 5111/2125/1392/238/82/211

Population Setting: community Nationality: US Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: structured interview Timeframe: 1 month

Symptom a lot more trouble concentrating increased appetite; gained as much as two pounds per week less interest in sex than usual sleeping too much

% 9

Symptom tired out all the time

% 22.8

9.5

trouble falling asleep, staying asleep, waking up early

33.7

9.5 8.7

Garrison, Schluchter, Schoenbach, et al. (1989) n = 677 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: Age: 11-17 Race: 542/135/0/0/0/0

Population Setting: public junior high school students Nationality: US Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: self report Timeframe: 1 week

Symptom bothered by things could not get going could not shake blues doesn’t feel like eating enjoyed life everything was an effort felt depressed felt fearful

Symptom felt lonely felt people disliked me felt sad had crying spells hopeful about the future just as good as others life had been a failure people were unfriendly

% 59 61 45 41 58 81 56 34

% 47 51 53 22 71 65 29 48

53

Community Controls sleep was restless talked less than usual trouble keeping mind on

47 58 78

things was happy

64

Kivela, Nissinen, Tuomilehto, et al. (1986) n = 321 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 321/0 Age: 65-84 Race:

Population Setting: community Nationality: Finland Other Sample Characteristics: ¹East Residence; ²South West Residence Method of Reporting: self report Timeframe: 2 weeks

Symptom apathy and feebleness¹ apathy and feebleness² chest pain¹ chest pain² constipation¹ constipation² diarrhea¹ diarrhea² dizziness¹ dizziness² dry mouth¹ dry mouth² dypsnea on exertion¹ dypsnea on exertion² dyspnea at rest¹ dyspnea at rest² falling¹ falling² fatigue and weakness¹ fatigue and weakness² frequent sweating¹ frequent sweating² frequent thirst¹ frequent thirst² headache¹ headache² hearing disturbances¹ hearing disturbances² itching skin¹ itching skin² joint pain¹

Symptom joint pain² loss of appetite¹ loss of appetite² memory difficulties¹ memory difficulties² muscle pain¹ muscle pain² nausea¹ nausea² neck pain¹ neck pain² pain on urinating¹ pain on urinating² palpitations¹ palpitations² restlessness¹ restlessness² sight disturbances¹ sight disturbances² stomach pain¹ stomach pain² tremor¹ tremor² urinary frequency¹ urinary frequency² urinary incontinence¹ urinary incontinence² vomiting¹ vomiting²

% 54 46 52 41 35 30 20 20 53 51 42 38 70 58 33 24 10 7 65 54 27 28 18 19 50 0 51 45 34 26 60

% 47 24 18 70 65 62 41 36 24 68 55 46 10 47 43 35 26 33 20 45 28 30 30 46 50 17 18 11 8

54

II / Control Groups: Adult Population Setting: community Nationality: Finland Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: physician’s assessment Timeframe: current

Kivela & Pahkela (1988) n = 330 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: ¹138/²192 Age: ¹69.7 (7.0); ²71.1 (7.3) Race:

Symptom anorexia¹ anorexia² auditory hallucinations¹ auditory hallucinations² concentration loss¹ concentration loss² constipation¹ constipation² crying spells¹ crying spells² crying spells¹ crying spells² decreased life satisfaction¹ decreased life satisfaction² delusions of unforgivable behavior¹ delusions of unforgivable behavior² delusions of uselessness¹ delusions of uselessness² depressed mood¹ depressed mood² emptiness¹ emptiness² fatigability¹ fatigability² fears¹ fears² helplessness¹ helplessness² hopelessness¹ hopelessness² irritability¹ irritability² loss if interest¹ loss if interest² loss of activity¹

% 1 6 0 0 4 6 5 11 2 1 1 1 1 0 1 2 0 0 8 0 0 0 15 14 4 5 2 1 0 0 7 5 1 3 4

Symptom loss of activity² loss of libido¹ loss of libido² loss of motivation¹ loss of motivation² loss of weight¹ loss of weight² low self esteem¹ low self esteem² negative feelings toward self ¹ negative feelings toward self ² nihilistic delusions¹ nihilistic delusions² other delusions¹ other delusions² other hallucinations¹ other hallucinations² pains¹ pains² pessimism¹ pessimism² poor memory¹ poor memory² psychomotor agitation¹ psychomotor agitation² restlessness¹ restlessness² restlessness¹ restlessness² retardation¹ retardation² rumination of problems¹ rumination of problems² sad expression¹ sad expression²

% 5 36 46 2 3 1 1 2 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 19 22 1 3 5 6 6 5 4 4 1 2 4 4 7 5 1 3

55

Community Controls scarcity of gestures¹ scarcity of gestures² self blame and criticism¹ self blame and criticism² sense of failure¹ sense of failure² sleep disturbances¹ sleep disturbances² sleep disturbances¹ sleep disturbances² slow movements¹ slow movements² slow speech¹ slow speech² somatic delusions¹ somatic delusions²

1 3 0 0 0 1 36 43 0 0 7 4 5 4 0 0

% 1 0 7 6 1 5 0

Symptom scarcity of gestures² slow movement¹ slow movements² stooping posture¹ stooping posture² weight loss¹

% 1 4 2 1 0 0

Population Setting: community Nationality: Finland Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: physician’s assessment Timeframe: current

Kivela & Pahkela (1988) n = 330 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: ¹138/²192 Age: 70+ Race:

Symptom crying¹ crying² psychomotor agitation¹

1 1 1 4 1 0 2 2 0 0 0 1 2 3

Population Setting: community Nationality: Finland Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: physician’s assessment Timeframe: current

Kivela & Pahkela (1988) n = 330 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: ¹138/²192 Age: 60-69 Race:

Symptom crying¹ crying² psychomotor agitation¹ psychomotor agitation² sad expression¹ sad expression² scarcity of gestures¹

stooping posture¹ stooping posture² suicidal ideas¹ suicidal ideas² suicidal impulses¹ suicidal impulses² uselessness¹ uselessness² visual hallucinations¹ visual hallucinations² weight loss¹ weight loss² worry¹ worry²

% 0 2 4

Symptom psychomotor agitation² sad expression¹ sad expression²

% 4 0 1

56 scarcity of gestures¹ scarcity of gestures² slow movements¹ slow movements²

II / Control Groups: Adult 3 4 9 5

slow speech¹ stooping posture¹ stooping posture² weight loss¹

9 0 1 0

Nyhlin, Ford, Eastwood, et al. (1993) n = 113 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 46/67 Age: 45 (15) Race:

Population Setting: general practice patients Nationality: UK Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: self-report Timeframe: 6 months

Symptom dizziness dysmenorrhoea dyspareunia heart pounding paraesthesiae

Symptom poor sleep tiredness tummy butterflies urinary frequency

% 2 33 6 8 10

% 27 48 6 25

O’Keefe, Talley, Zinsmeister, et al. (1995) n = 530 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: ¹270/²260 Age: 65+ Race: ¹270/0/0/0/0; ²260/0/0/0/0

Population Setting: community Nationality: US Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: self-report Timeframe: 1 year

Symptoms chronic constipation¹ chronic constipation² chronic diarrhea¹ chronic diarrhea²

Symptoms fecal incontinence¹ fecal incontinence² frequent abdominal pain¹ frequent abdominal pain²

% 22.7 32.6 18.7 19.7

Sloane, Blazer, & George (1989) n = 1620 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: Age: ¹60-64; ²65-69; ³70-74; 475-79; 5 80-84; 685+ Race: Population Setting: community

% 8.1 7.9 21.1 31.0

Nationality: Other Sample Characteristics: severity criteria: resulting in a physician visit, in taking a medication more than once, or interfering with activities “a lot” Method of Reporting: self-report Timeframe: 1 year

57

Community Controls

Symptom dizziness¹ dizziness² dizziness³

% 17.8 15.6 18.7

% 20.1 23.8 21.3

Population Setting: community Nationality: UK Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: self-report Timeframe: current

Bowling (1990) n = 662 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 126/536 Age: 85+ Race:

Symptom abdominal pain aches/pains/stiff muscles/joints alternate constipation/loose chest pain/heart trouble constipation depressed/suicidal thoughts feelings of anxiety

Symptom dizziness4 dizziness5 dizziness6

% 29 84 11 34 39 15 29

Symptom forgetfulness giddiness headache loss of appetite nerves/stress depression piles poor perceived health and feelings of poor self worth sleeplessness urinary incontinence

% 44 50 28 30 62 18 49 61 40

Judd, Rapaport, Paulus, et al. (1994) n = 9160 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 4195/4965 Age: 18+ Race: 5111/2125/1392

Population Setting: community Nationality: US Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: structured interview Timeframe: 1 month

Symptoms

%

a lot more trouble concentrating increased appetite; gained as much as two pounds per week less interest in sex than usual

9.0

Symptom sleeping too much tired out all the time trouble falling asleep, staying asleep, waking up early

9.5

9.5

Porter, Penny, Russell, et al. (1996) n = 6096 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 0/6096

Age: 45-54 Race: Population Setting: community Nationality: UK

% 8.7 22.8 33.7

58

II / Control Groups: Adult Timeframe: 6 months

Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: postal questionnaire

Symptom aching/painful joints anxiety concentration/memory problems depression depression dizziness dry/sore vagina feeling unable to cope

% 67 58 60 51 51 37 34 43

Symptom headaches hot flushes irritability night sweats nocturia palpitations sleep problems sore breasts

% 60 57 72 55 48 37 66 51

Ninomiya, Ohmori, Hashimoto, et al. (1995) n = 142 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: Age: 20-89 Race:

Population Setting: community Nationality: Japan Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: neurological exam Timeframe: current

Symptom ataxia dysarthia hypoesthesia

Symptom impairment of hearing visual change

% 6 2 20


McKinlay & Jeffreys (1974) n = 638 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 0/638 Age: 45-54 Race:

Symptom depression dizzy spells headaches hot flushes night sweats

% 13 1

% 50.1 3.05 40.8 49.8 40.8

Symptom no symptoms palpitations sleeplessness weight increase

% 8.6 35.0 36.0 47.5

59

Community Controls Pham, Grisco, Freeman (1997) n = 68 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 0/68 Age: ¹45.6-46.7; ²46.5-47.5 Race: ¹0/33/0/0/0/0; ²35/0/0/0/0/0

Symptom menstrual irregularity¹ menstrual irregularity²

Population Setting: community Nationality: Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: Timeframe: 2 months

% 50.0 33.3

Kuh, Wadsworth, & Hardy (1997) n = 1498 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 0/1498 Age: 47 Race:

Population Setting: community Nationality: UK Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: postal survey Timeframe: 12 months

Symptom aches and pains anxiety and depression breast tenderness cold/night sweats difficulties with intercourse dizziness feelings of panic forgetfulness hair loss hot flushes

Symptom irritability palpitations pins and needles severe headaches skin crawling sensations skin wrinkling tearfulness trouble sleeping urinary frequency vaginal dryness

% 59.7 52.0 43.5 26.2 13.0 27.8 24.4 44.3 8.0 31.4

Population Setting: community Nationality: US Other Sample Characteristics: experienced traumatic event Method of Reporting: structured interview Timeframe: following trauma

Cottler, Compton, Mager, et al. (1992) n = 215 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: Age: Race:

Symptom ashamed avoidance guardedness

% 54.8 28.7 25.6 31.8 14.4 18.5 41.8 49.4 26.5 19.9

% 5 24 26

Symptom jumpiness loss of interest nightmares

% 44 16 41

60 sleep problems social impairment

II / Control Groups: Adult 38 13

trouble concentrating

26

Hollander, Greenwald, Neville, et al. (1996/97) n = 13899 Diagnostic Criteria: DSM III Gender: 5361/8538 Age: 18+ Race: 9294/3113/1016

Population Setting: community Nationality: US Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: structured interview Timeframe: ¹lifetime; ²current

Symptom cognitive impairment¹ mild cognitive impairment¹

Symptom suicide attempts¹

% 3.9 3.4

% 0.9

Kinjo, Higashi, Nakano, et al. (1993) n = 1144 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 586/558 Age: ¹40+; ²40-49; ³50-59; 460-69; 5 70-79; 680+ Race:

Population Setting: community Nationality: Japan Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: self-report Timeframe: current

Symptom constriction of visual field¹ constriction of visual field² constriction of visual field³ constriction of visual field4 constriction of visual field5 constriction of visual field6 cramp¹ cramp² cramp³ cramp4 cramp5 cramp6 difficulty buttoning¹

Symptom difficulty buttoning² difficulty buttoning³ difficulty buttoning4 difficulty buttoning5 difficulty buttoning6 difficulty hearing¹ difficulty hearing² difficulty hearing³ difficulty hearing4 difficulty hearing5 difficulty hearing6 difficulty speaking¹ difficulty speaking² difficulty speaking³ difficulty speaking4 difficulty speaking5 difficulty speaking6 dizziness¹ dizziness²

% 5.2 0.9 3.8 4.2 7.1 8.8 13.5 8.1 8.6 10.5 20.8 16.3 11.7

% 1.8 4.5 6.3 15.5 32.5 15.9 5.4 6.0 8.8 23.6 36.9 5.9 3.6 3.8 2.8 7.5 13.1 7.5 3.6

61

Community Controls dizziness³ dizziness4 dizziness5 dizziness6 dysesthesia of limbs¹ dysesthesia of limbs² dysesthesia of limbs³ dysesthesia of limbs4 dysesthesia of limbs5 dysesthesia of limbs6 fatigability¹ fatigability² fatigability³ fatigability4 fatigability5 fatigability6 forgetfulness¹ forgetfulness² forgetfulness³ forgetfulness4 forgetfulness5 forgetfulness6 hypoesthesia of limbs¹ hypoesthesia of limbs² hypoesthesia of limbs³ hypoesthesia of limbs4 hypoesthesia of limbs5 hypoesthesia of limbs6 hypoesthesia of mouth¹ hypoesthesia of mouth² hypoesthesia of mouth³ hypoesthesia of mouth4 hypoesthesia of mouth5 hypoesthesia of mouth6 incontinence¹ incontinence² incontinence³ incontinence4 incontinence5 incontinence6

Mittenberg, DiGiulio, & Perrin (1989) n = 223 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 586/558

7.1 6.7 8.1 11.3 28.9 18.9 27.1 29.5 29.8 36.3 36.3 25.2 27.8 28.1 41.9 50.0 34.4 19.8 25.2 31.9 23.6 49.4 28.9 3.6 13.5 10.5 15.5 23.8 13.6 0.0 1.9 2.1 3.1 3.1 6.1 0.0 0.8 2.1 7.5 23.8

low back pain¹ low back pain² low back pain³ low back pain4 low back pain5 low back pain6 ptyalism¹ ptyalism² ptyalism³ ptyalism4 ptyalism5 ptyalism6 stumbling¹ stumbling² stumbling³ stumbling4 stumbling5 stumbling6 tinnitus¹ tinnitus² tinnitus³ tinnitus4 tinnitus5 tinnitus6 tremor¹ tremor² tremor³ tremor4 tremor5 tremor6 weakness¹ weakness² weakness³ weakness4 weakness5 weakness6

Age: 30.2 (9.9) Race: Population Setting: community Nationality: US Other Sample Characteristics:

66.2 59.5 65.8 66.7 70.2 64.4 3.8 0.9 0.8 2.8 5.9 8.8 20.5 0.9 9.4 13.7 28.9 47.5 18.8 14.3 9.0 12.4 11.6 18.0 6.2 0.9 1.9 3.5 8.7 16.9 16.9 7.2 6.4 11.2 23.0 38.3

62


Method of Reporting: self-report

Symptom anxiety blurry or double vision concentration difficulty depression dizziness fatigue forgets appointment dates forgets content of daily conversations forgets directions forgets faces of new acquaintances forgets groceries forgets names of new acquaintances forgets recent telephone conversations forgets store locations in shopping centers

Timeframe: current

% 24.2 8.1 13.5 19.7 7.2 12.6 20.2 16.6 24.2 16 28.3 10.1 8.5 20

Symptom forgets television news stories forgets where car was parked forgets where they went today forgets who telephoned recently forgets who they saw yesterday forgets why they entered room forgets yesterday’s breakfast forgets yesterday’s newspaper articles gets lost when driving headache irritability loses car keys loses items around the house loses pocketbook or wallet sensitivity to bright light trouble thinking

% 12.1 32 4.9 5.8 12.1 26.5 26.9 17 9 12.5 15.7 31 17 16.6 13.9 6.3

Demallie, Cottler, & Compton (1995) n = 170 Diagnostic Criteria: DSM-III Gender: 82/88 Age: 38.02 Race: 103/0/0/0/0/67 Population Setting: community

Nationality: US Other Sample Characteristics: used illicit drugs more than 5 times Method of Reporting: structured interview Timeframe: lifetime

Symptom arrests blackouts couldn’t do work well without drinking establishes rules to control drinking family objected fights

Symptom friends or doctor said drinking too much job or school troubles trouble driving wanted to stop drinking but couldn’t withdrawal shakes

% 14.9 34.1 4.8 10.1 20.6 23.2

Bowler, Huel, Mergler, et al. (1996) n = 230 Diagnostic Criteria:

% 15.5 8.3 11.9 11.8 5.92

Gender: ¹5/57; ²35/55; ³30/48 Age: ¹43.9(10.86); ²44.4(13.00); ³43.7(14.49)

63

Community Controls Race: ¹0/0/62/0/0/0; ²90/0/0/0/0/0; ³0/78/0/0/0/0 Population Setting: community Nationality:

Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: self-report Timeframe: 1 month

Symptom blurred vision¹ blurred vision² blurred vision³ change in personality¹ change in personality² change in personality³ confusion/lost¹ confusion/lost² confusion/lost³ dark vision¹ dark vision² dark vision³ diarrhea¹ diarrhea² diarrhea³ difficulty concentrating¹ difficulty concentrating² difficulty concentrating³ difficulty driving¹ difficulty driving² difficulty driving³ difficulty sleeping¹ difficulty sleeping² difficulty sleeping³ fainting¹ fainting² fainting³ feel anxious¹ feel anxious² feel anxious³ feel depressed¹ feel depressed² feel depressed³ feel irritable¹ feel irritable² feel irritable³ headaches minimum 1 day per week¹ headaches minimum 1 day per week²

Symptom headaches minimum 1 day per week³ heart palpitations¹ heart palpitations² heart palpitations³ incoordination¹ incoordination² incoordination³ joint pain or swelling¹ joint pain or swelling² joint pain or swelling³ lightheaded¹ lightheaded² lightheaded³ loss of smell¹ loss of smell² loss of smell³ loss of strength in arms/hand¹ loss of strength in arms/hand² loss of strength in arms/hand³ loss strength in legs/feet¹ loss strength in legs/feet² loss strength in legs/feet³ lower alcohol tolerance¹ lower alcohol tolerance² lower alcohol tolerance³ muscle twitching¹ muscle twitching² muscle twitching³ nausea, not food¹ nausea, not food² nausea, not food³ numbness/tingling fingers minimum 1 per day¹ numbness/tingling fingers minimum 1 per day² numbness/tingling fingers

% 21.0 16.9 32.1 12.9 11.2 37.2 4.8 12.6 44.9 4.8 0.0 11.5 9.7 14.9 13.0 29.0 23.6 46.2 3.2 4.0 11.7 25.8 34.8 41.0 4.8 2.3 2.3 22.6 38.2 50.6 29.0 36.4 60.3 24.2 46.1 51.5 22.6 30.3

% 34.6 8.1 17.0 19.5 6.5 13.5 21.8 8.1 17.0 26.0 9.7 19.1 42.3 8.1 6.7 10.3 19.7 15.7 23.4 19.4 11.4 25.6 6.7 11.2 15.4 11.3 30.3 37.2 1.6 9.1 17.9 12.9 11.6 24.4

64 minimum 1 per day³ perspiring, no reason¹ perspiring, no reason² perspiring, no reason³ skin rashes¹ skin rashes² skin rashes³ sleeping more¹ sleeping more² sleeping more³ stomach cramps or pain¹ stomach cramps or pain² stomach cramps or pain³ tightness in chest¹ tightness in chest² tightness in chest³


8.1 7.9 21.8 18.0 3.4 11.0 11.3 20.0 33.3 9.7 16.6 25.6 9.7 10.3 17.9

4.5 16.7

% 12.5 15.2 0.0

Race: Population Setting: community Nationality: UK Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: self-report Timeframe: since onset

Wessely, Chalder, Hirsch, et al. (1996) n = 193 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: Age: 18-34

Symptom back pain chest pain constipation daytime drowsiness diarrhea difficulty in urinating dizziness

35.5 46.7 67.0 19.7 5.7 20.8 37.1 37.1 47.4 8.2

Race: Population Setting: outpatient clinic Nationality: New Zealand Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: BDI Timeframe:

Blakely, Howard, Sosich, et al. (1991) n = 104 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 32/72 Age: 39.7 (16-60)

Symptom mild depression moderate depression severe depression

tired more easily¹ tired more easily² tired more easily³ tremors¹ tremors² tremors³ trouble remembering¹ trouble remembering² trouble remembering³ weight loss, excluding dieting¹ weight loss, excluding dieting² weight loss, excluding dieting³

% 36 8 14 41 14 3 12

Symptom double vision dry mouth eyestrain faster breathing than normal fever/chills headaches

% 4 20 23 5 14 47

65

Community Controls inability to breathe deeply enough increased sensitivity to light increased sensitivity to noise joint pain light-headedness muscle weakness myalgia nausea neuropsychological disturbance pain in eyes

9 11 13 19 13 14 23 21 23 13

pain on urinating palpitations post exertion malaise ringing in ears shortness of breath at rest sleep disturbance sore glands sore throat stiffness stomach pain tingling in fingers or arms tingling in legs or feet tremor urinating more often

3 15 22 7 4 31 7 21 22 25 13 8 6 12

Little, Snell, Rosenfeld, et al. (1990) n = 80 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: Age: infants Race:

Population Setting: community Nationality: Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: physical exam Timeframe: at birth

Symptom eyelid ptosis facies flattened nasal bridges

Symptom low-set ears short noses short-neck

% 0 0 0

% 0 0 0

Raja, Feehan, Stanton, et al. (1992) n = 384 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 0/384 Age: 15 Race:

Population Setting: community Nationality: New Zealand Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: self-report Timeframe: ¹before menstruation; ²during menstruation

Symptom argue more often¹ argue more often² avoiding people¹ avoiding people² backache¹ backache² constipation¹ constipation² crave special food¹

Symptom crave special food² diarrhea¹ diarrhea² eat more than usual¹ eat more than usual² fainting or blackouts¹ fainting or blackouts² feel like crying¹ feel like crying²

% 10.7 10.4 1.3 2.6 7.0 7.6 1.0 1.3 4.7

% 3.9 0.3 0.5 5.7 5.7 0.5 0.8 3.4 2.6

66 feel relaxed¹ feel relaxed² feel sad & blue¹ feel sad & blue² feel tired¹ feel tired² feeling irritable¹ feeling irritable² forgetful¹ forgetful² have small accidents¹ have small accidents² headache¹ headache² more happy and contented¹ more happy and contented² nausea & vomiting¹ nausea & vomiting² pain elsewhere in chest¹

II / Control Groups: Adult 3.6 3.4 5.5 6.0 11.5 13.5 14.3 12.2 1.6 1.6 0.8 0.5 4.7 6.0 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.6 1.0

Yu, Hsu, Gladen, et al. (1991) n = 118 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: Age: few months-just under 7 years Race:

Symptom developmental or psychomotor delay speech problem

1.3 2.9 2.9 3.6 4.2 3.1 4.2 1.0 0.8 15.4 17.7 3.1 2.3 4.2 3.4 3.1 3.4

Population Setting: community Nationality: Taiwan Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: neurological exam Timeframe: current

% 2 3

Population Setting: community Nationality: UK Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: structured interview Timeframe: 1 week

Koegel & Burnham (1988) n = 10108 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: Age: 16-64 Race:

Symptom fatigue irritability

pain elsewhere in chest² pains in limbs¹ pains in limbs² pallor¹ pallor² poor concentration¹ poor concentration² poor coordination¹ poor coordination² stomach cramps¹ stomach cramps² tender breasts¹ tender breasts² use time efficiently¹ use time efficiently² want to be alone¹ want to be alone²

% 27 22

Symptom sleep problems worry

% 25 20

67

Community Controls Population Setting: community Nationality: Sweden Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: psychiatric interview Timeframe: 12 months

Koegel & Burnham (1988) n = 2283 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: Age: 18-65 Race:

Symptom

%

“consolation eating”, weight increase compulsions depression dizziness in form of unsteadiness and insecurity general feeling of tension hallucinations

4.2

mental, psychosomatic symptoms, total migraine obsessions

1.6 17.6 6.7

12.2 0.5 66.7 5.1 1.8

Symptom phobias “psychosomatic back-joint symptoms” “psychosomatic breathing difficulties” “psychosomatic cardiac irregularities” “psychosomatic gastrointestinal symptoms” restlessness, anxiety attacks sleep problems stammering tension headache

% 8.7 24.0 3.2 17.5 23.6

15 17.1 0.9 17.0

Yuk, Jugdutt, Cumming, et al. (1990) n = 133 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 0/133 Age: 33.6 (0.8); 19-52 Race: Population Setting: community

Nationality: Canada Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: self report questionnaire Timeframe: During premenstrual period

Symptom autonomic physical fatigue general physical discomfort

Symptom impaired social function impulsive increased wellbeing water retention

% 16.5 25.6 61.7

Frost Steketee Krause, et al. (1995) n = 45 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 0/45 Age: 18-22 Race:

% 39.1 27.8 12.8 53.4

Population Setting: college undergraduate Nationality: US Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: self-report checklist

68


Timeframe:

Symptom being bother by sticky substances compulsions checking concerns about harming others concerns with arranging, ordering, symmetry

% 22.2 28.9 15.6

Symptom fear of forgetting hoarding compulsion list making need to tell ask, confess

% 22.2 20.0 17.7 24.4

17.7

Bulpitt, Dollery, & Carne (1974) n = 945 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: ¹0/249; ²0/226; ³0/430; 40/40 Age: ¹32-69; ³55.7; 448.5 Race:

Population Setting: community Nationality: UK Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: postal survey Timeframe:

Symptom blurring of vision¹ blurring of vision² blurring of vision³ blurring of vision4 change of therapy¹ change of therapy² depression¹ depression² depression³ depression4 diarrhea¹ diarrhea² diarrhea³ diarrhea4 dry mouth¹ dry mouth² dry mouth³ dry mouth4 failure of ejaculation³ failure of ejaculation4 headache¹ headache² headache³ headache4

Symptom impotence³ impotence4 nocturia¹ nocturia² nocturia³ nocturia4 postural hypertension¹ postural hypertension² postural hypertension³ postural hypertension4 sleepiness¹ sleepiness² sleepiness³ sleepiness4 slow walking pace¹ slow walking pace² slow walking pace³ slow walking pace4 weak limbs¹ weak limbs² weak limbs³ weak limbs4

% 22.7 18.4 20.2 22.9 26.0 14.4 35.8 22.4 28.3 28.3 30.2 30.6 28.7 28.7 41.9 38.4 41.9 41.9 26.4 26.4 21.1 9.5 13.8 31.7

% 42.8 42.8 1.19 1.09 0.0 0.0 34.4 32.6 33.4 36.1 52.5 50.0 50.1 62.5 35.6 38.1 36.6 37.5 26.9 25.9 24.3 46.2

69

Community Controls Population Setting: college undergraduates Nationality: US Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: self-report checklist Timeframe:

Frost, Krause, & Steketee (1996) n = 45 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 0/45 Age: 18-22 Race:

Symptom hoarding compulsions hoarding obsessions

% 33 30

Nationality: US Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: structured interview Timeframe: ¹last menstrual period; ²last premenstrual period

Woods, Most, Dery, et al. (1982) n = 179 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 0/179 Age: 18-35 Race: 120/59/0/0/0/0 Population Setting: community

Symptom mild/moderate anxiety¹ mild/moderate anxiety² mild/moderate backache¹ mild/moderate backache² mild/moderate cramps¹ mild/moderate cramps² mild/moderate crying¹ mild/moderate crying² mild/moderate depression¹ mild/moderate depression² mild/moderate fatigue¹ mild/moderate fatigue² mild/moderate headaches¹ mild/moderate headaches² mild/moderate irritability¹ mild/moderate irritability² mild/moderate lower work and school performance¹ mild/moderate lower work and school performance² mild/moderate mood swings¹ mild/moderate mood swings²

% 20.2 27.0 25.1 16.8 36.3 24.6 15.6 19.6 29.7 29.7 40.2 28.5 27.4 27.4 37.8 44.2 14.5 11.7 43.0 46.5

Symptom

%

mild/moderate painful breasts¹. mild/moderate painful breasts². mild/moderate skin disorder¹ mild/moderate skin disorder² mild/moderate swelling¹ mild/moderate swelling² mild/moderate taking of naps¹ mild/moderate taking of naps² mild/moderate tension¹

25.1

mild/moderate tension² mild/moderate weight gain¹ mild/moderate weight gain² severe/disabling anxiety¹ severe/disabling anxiety² severe/disabling

34.3 30.9

27.9 30.2 32.4 34.3 39.5 22.9 17.3 37.8

40.2 3.9 3.4 6.1

70 backache¹ severe/disabling backache² severe/disabling cramps¹ severe/disabling cramps² severe/disabling crying¹ severe/disabling crying² severe/disabling depression¹ severe/disabling depression² severe/disabling fatigue¹ severe/disabling fatigue² severe/disabling headaches¹ severe/disabling headaches² severe/disabling irritability¹ severe/disabling irritability² severe/disabling lower work and school performance¹ severe/disabling lower work and school


5.0 16.8 6.1 2.8 4.5 5.2 7.0 7.3 3.9 7.3 7.3 11.0 12.2 3.9

3.4

3.5 4.7 4.7 7.6 3.4 6.7 4.7 5.2 3.4 1.1 5.8 7.6 2.2 5.6

Population Setting: university students Nationality: Colombia Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: questionnaire Timeframe:

Ardila & Bateman (1995) n = 1,816 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 913/903 Age: Race:

Symptom confusional spells environmental distortion impending doom mental decline paranoia

performance² severe/disabling mood swings¹ severe/disabling mood swings² severe/disabling painful breasts¹. severe/disabling painful breasts². severe/disabling skin disorder¹ severe/disabling skin disorder² severe/disabling swelling¹ severe/disabling swelling² severe/disabling taking of knaps¹ severe/disabling taking of naps² severe/disabling tension¹ severe/disabling tension² severe/disabling weight gain¹ severe/disabling weight gain²

% 1.5 1.3 2.9 2.4 2.0

Toole, Lefkowitz, Chambless, et al. (1996) n = 12,205 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 5435/6770

Symptom religiousness somnambulism suicidal ideation suicide attempts

% 6.0 11.8 1.9 5.6

Age: 45-64 Race: Population Setting: longitudinal atherosclerosis study participants Nationality: US

71

Community Controls Other Sample Characteristics: sudden onset of symptoms

Method of Reporting: self report questionnaire Timeframe: lifetime

Symptom dizziness Imbalance double vision numbness

Symptom speech dysfunction visual impairment weakness paralysis

% 35.9 4.5 16.0

% 2.6 6.0 2.3

Vetter, Jones, & Victor (1981) n = 1,280 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: Age: ¹70-74; ²75-79; ³80-84; ³¹85+ Race:

Population Setting: community Nationality: UK Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: questionnaire Timeframe: current

Symptom daily incontinence¹ daily incontinence² daily incontinence³ daily Incontinence³¹ less than daily incontinence¹

Symptom less than daily incontinence² less than daily incontinence³ less than daily incontinence³¹

% 5.9 12.3 21.0 85.8 12.9

% 21.3 53.2 75.2

Hill, Standen, & Tattersfield (1989) n = 3805 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: Age: 5-11 Race:

Population Setting: public school students Nationality: UK Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: parental questionnaire Timeframe: ¹lifetime; ²1 year

Symptom bronchitis¹ night cough²

Symptom wheezing cough² wheezing¹

Warner & Bancroft (1990) n = 5457 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 0/5457 Age: Race:

% 5.1 11.5

Population Setting: women’s magazine readers Nationality: UK Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: women’s magazine survey

% 9.6 17.5

72


Timeframe: ¹during one week of prior to last menstrual period; ²during last

menstrual period; ³during last week menstrual period

Symptom acne¹ acne² acne³ backache¹ backache² backache³ change in bowel habits¹ change in bowel habits² change in bowel habits³ clumsiness¹ clumsiness² clumsiness³ craving for sweet foods¹ craving for sweet foods² craving for sweet foods³ difficulty in sleeping¹ difficulty in sleeping² difficulty in sleeping³ easily upset¹ easily upset² easily upset³ feel bad about myself ¹ feel bad about myself ² feel bad about myself ³ feel bloated in the abdomen¹ feel bloated in the abdomen² feel bloated in the abdomen³ feel depressed¹ feel depressed² feel depressed³ feeling tense¹ feeling tense² feeling tense³ general aches and pains¹ general aches and pains²

Symptom general aches and pains³ get angry for no good reason¹ get angry for no good reason² get angry for no good reason³ headaches¹ headaches² headaches³ hot flashes cold sweats¹ hot flashes cold sweats² hot flashes cold sweats³ irritable¹ irritable² irritable³ mood swings¹ mood swings² mood swings³ nausea sickness¹ nausea sickness² nausea sickness³ passing water frequently¹ passing water frequently² passing water frequently³ period type pains¹ period type pains² period type pains³ poor concentration¹ poor concentration² poor concentration³ tender breasts¹ tender breasts² tender breasts³ violent feelings¹ violent feelings² violent feelings³

Rubin, Morris, & Berg (1987) n = 58 Diagnostic Criteria:

% 10 1 2 9 8 1 9 6 1 20 2 1 25 2 2 11 2 2 41 3 3 28 3 4 33 5 1 39 3 3 35 3 3 10 4

Gender: 28/30 Age: 71.7 (4.9); 64-83 Race:

% 1 47 2 3 15 5 3 8 3 1 43 3 3 34 2 4 6 4 1 13 7 3 9 23 1 22 3 2 29 1 1 24 1 2

73

Community Controls , Population Setting: women s magazine readers Nationality: UK Other Sample Characteristics:

Symptom agitated passive passive/agitated passive/agitated/self centered

Method of Reporting: self & care giver report Timeframe: current

% 5 0 0 0

Symptom passive/self centered self centered

% 0 3

Hale, Perkins, May, et al. (1986) n = 3067 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 1140/1927 Age: ¹65-69; ²70-74; ³75-79; 480-84; 5 84+ Race:

Population Setting: community members participating in a health screening program Nationality: US Other Sample Characteristics: all women Method of Reporting: questionnaire Timeframe: current

Symptom

Symptom

blacking out¹ blacking out² blacking out³ blacking out4 blacking out5 blood in stool¹ blood in stool² blood in stool³ blood in stool4 blood in stool5 brief speech loss¹ brief speech loss² brief speech loss³ brief speech loss4 brief speech loss5 brief vision loss¹ brief vision loss² brief vision loss³ brief vision loss4 brief vision loss5 burning on urination¹ burning on urination² burning on urination³

% 3.0 3.7 6.5 5.8 13.6 4.3 2.4 1.6 3.5 3.5 1.8 1.3 2.1 2.3 3.3 5.2 5.7 5.2 7.2 11.2 6.1 4.9 5.5

burning on urination4 burning on urination5 change of voice¹ change of voice² change of voice³ change of voice4 change of voice5 chest discomfort with exercise¹ chest discomfort with exercise² chest discomfort with exercise³ chest discomfort with exercise4 chest discomfort with exercise5 chest discomfort with tension/anxiety¹ chest discomfort with tension/anxiety² chest discomfort with tension/anxiety³

% 8.1 10.3 1.8 2.7 5.0 10.4 7.0 14.2 11.8 16.1 16.5 12.9 21.7 15.9 16.4

74 chest discomfort with tension/anxiety4 chest discomfort with tension/anxiety5 coughed up blood in last year¹ coughed up blood in last year² coughed up blood in last year³ coughed up blood in last year4 coughed up blood in last year5 dizziness¹ dizziness² dizziness³ dizziness4 dizziness5 feet/ legs become cold with exposure to cold¹ feet/ legs become cold with exposure to cold² feet/ legs become cold with exposure to cold³ feet/ legs become cold with exposure to cold4 feet/ legs become cold with exposure to cold5 frequent headaches¹ frequent headaches² frequent Headaches³ frequent headaches4 frequent headaches5 irregular heart beat¹ irregular heart beat² irregular heart beat³ irregular heart beat4 irregular heart beat5 pain in calves/legs on walking¹ pain in calves/legs on walking² pain in calves/legs on walking³ pain in calves/legs on walking4 pain in calves/legs on

II / Control Groups: Adult 16.0 12.1 0.3 0.6 0.4 0.8 0.0 8.8 11.8 13.8 16.0 18.3 26.6 23.8 29.6 34.0 46.3 14.9 14.8 14.0 13.0 8.3 24.2 21.4 23.3 23.1 31.0 11.0 11.7 11.9 17.7 12.7

walking5 pain in hands/feet/legs with exposure to cold¹ pain in hands/feet/legs with exposure to cold² pain in hands/feet/legs with exposure to cold³ pain in hands/feet/legs with exposure to cold4 pain in hands/feet/legs with exposure to cold5 parosxymal¹ parosxymal² parosxymal³ parosxymal4 parosxymal5 problems swallowing¹ problems swallowing² problems swallowing³ problems swallowing4 problems swallowing5 recurrent constipation¹ recurrent constipation² recurrent constipation³ recurrent constipation4 recurrent constipation5 recurrent cough¹ recurrent cough² recurrent cough³ recurrent cough4 recurrent cough5 recurrent pain in abdomen¹ recurrent pain in abdomen² recurrent pain in abdomen³ recurrent pain in abdomen4 recurrent pain in abdomen5 ringing ears¹ ringing ears² ringing ears³ ringing ears4 ringing ears5 sensation of fainting or floating¹

12.0 10.4 12.7 13.8 19.1 4.6 5.3 5.0 3.8 5.9 3.3 4.9 5.0 9.2 13.5 23.7 20.8 30.2 32.4 34.5 11.3 13.4 12.1 22.7 16.8 14.6 11.7 12.8 14.6 10.2 22.2 22.4 21.3 24.8 20.8 7.1

75

Community Controls sensation of fainting or floating² sensation of fainting or floating³ sensation of fainting or floating4 sensation of fainting or floating5 shortness of breath with less than normal exercise¹ shortness in breath with less than normal exercise² shortness in breath with less than normal exercise³ shortness in breath with less than normal exercise4 shortness in breath with less than normal exercise5

5.5 6.5 10.0 12.6 18.7 16.3 17.4 19.8

swollen feet or ankles¹ swollen feet or ankles² swollen feet or ankles³ swollen feet or ankles4 swollen feet or ankles5 transient numbness in arms/legs¹ transient numbness in arms/legs² transient numbness in arms/legs³ transient numbness in arms/legs4 transient numbness in arms/legs5

29.2 26.0 31.3 36.5 43.1 13.7 11.1 14.0 13.4 16.5

26.1

Hale, Perkins, May, et al. (1986) n = 3067 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 1140/1927 Age: ¹65-69; ²70-74; ³75-79; 480-84; 5 84+ Race:

Population Setting: community members participating in a health screening program Nationality: US Other Sample Characteristics: all men Method of Reporting: questionnaire Timeframe: current

Symptom

Symptom

blacking out¹ blacking out² blacking out³ blacking out4 blacking out5 blood in stool¹ blood in stool² blood in stool³ blood in stool4 blood in stool5 brief speech loss¹ brief speech loss² brief speech loss³ brief speech loss4 brief speech loss5 brief vision loss¹ brief vision loss² brief vision loss³

% 0.8 2.2 4.1 7.3 13.4 1.6 3.0 3.0 2.6 3.0 2.4 1.0 1.2 2.6 9.1 4.8 3.5 4.4

% 4

brief vision loss brief vision loss5 burning on urination¹ burning on urination² burning on urination³ burning on urination4 burning on urination5 change of voice¹ change of voice² change of voice³ change of voice4 change of voice5 chest discomfort with exercise¹ chest discomfort with exercise² chest discomfort with exercise³

5.3 11.3 5.7 3.5 3.2 2.6 6.1 0.8 2.7 6.2 4.6 6.2 11.8 13.8 16.1

76 chest discomfort with exercise4 chest discomfort with exercise5 chest discomfort with tension/anxiety¹ chest discomfort with tension/anxiety² chest discomfort with tension/anxiety³ chest discomfort with tension/anxiety4 chest discomfort with tension/anxiety5 coughed up blood in last year¹ coughed up blood in last year² coughed up blood in last year³ coughed up blood in last year4 coughed up blood in last year5 dizziness¹ dizziness² dizziness³ dizziness4 dizziness5 feet/ legs become cold with exposure to cold¹ feet/ legs become cold with exposure to cold² feet/ legs become cold with exposure to cold³ feet/ legs become cold with exposure to cold4 feet/ legs become cold with exposure to cold5 frequent headaches¹ frequent headaches² frequent headaches³ frequent headaches4 frequent headaches5 irregular heart beat¹ irregular heart beat² irregular heart beat³ irregular heart beat4

II / Control Groups: Adult 20.0 10.7 10.5 12.3 13.5 19.4 16.2 0.0 1.7 0.3 0.0 0.0 4.1 5.2 10.3 13.5 19.7 20.7 20.6 23.3 27.8 35.9 10.5 5.4 7.5 5.7 3.0 18.2 21.8 26.8 28.4

irregular heart beat5 pain in calves/legs on walking¹ pain in calves/legs on walking² pain in calves/legs on walking³ pain in calves/legs on walking4 pain in calves/legs on walking5 pain in hands/feet/legs with exposure to cold¹ pain in hands/feet/legs with exposure to cold² pain in hands/feet/legs with exposure to cold³ pain in hands/feet/legs with exposure to cold4 pain in hands/feet/legs with exposure to cold5 parosxymal¹ parosxymal² parosxymal³ parosxymal4 parosxymal5 problems swallowing¹ problems swallowing² problems swallowing³ problems swallowing4 problems swallowing5 recurrent constipation¹ recurrent constipation² recurrent constipation³ recurrent constipation4 recurrent constipation5 recurrent cough¹ recurrent cough² recurrent cough³ recurrent cough4 recurrent cough5 recurrent pain in abdomen¹ recurrent pain in abdomen² recurrent pain in abdomen³ recurrent pain in

33.9 7.3 11.9 17.3 21.2 20.3 6.7 9.0 7.3 9.2 19.1 2.4 5.4 4.1 4.7 4.6 2.4 3.2 3.8 6.7 10.6 8.9 8.8 13.2 26.1 22.7 8.1 12.4 11.0 18.1 19.4 4.9 4.2 7.3 5.7

77

Community Controls abdomen4 recurrent pain in abdomen5 ringing ears¹ ringing ears² ringing ears³ ringing ears4 ringing ears5 sensation of fainting or floating¹ sensation of fainting or floating² sensation of fainting or floating³ sensation of fainting or floating4 sensation of fainting or floating5 shortness of breath with less than normal exercise¹ shortness in breath with less than normal exercise²

10.6 26.0 23.3 21.9 20.6 30.3 2.4 2.5 5.0 10.4 12.2 10.8 13.2

shortness in breath with less than normal exercise³ shortness in breath with less than normal exercise4 shortness in breath with less than normal exercise5 swollen feet or ankles¹ swollen feet or ankles² swollen feet or ankles³ swollen feet or ankles4 swollen feet or ankles5 transient numbness in arms/legs¹ transient numbness in arms/legs² transient numbness in arms/legs³ transient numbness in arms/legs4 transient numbness in arms/legs5

17.1 20.9 24.6 1.7 8.1 10.7 12.0 26.6 6.7 9.7 9.5 12.8 13.8

Breslau, Davis, & Andreski (1991) n = 1,007 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: ¹386/²621 Age: 21-30 Race:

Population Setting: HMO members Nationality: US Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: structured interview Timeframe: 1 year

Symptom migraine with aura¹ migraine with aura²

Symptom migraine without aura¹ migraine without aura²

% 1.3 6.0

% 2.1 6.9

Breslau, Davis, & Andreski (1991) n = 1,007 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: ¹386/²621 Age: 21-30 Race:

Population Setting: HMO members Nationality: US Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: structured interview Timeframe: lifetime



% 3.4 7.4

% 3.6 8.9

78


Breslau, Davis, & Andreski (1991) n = 1,007 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: Age: 21-30 Race: ¹813/0/0/0/0/0; ²0/194/0/0/0/0




% 6.0 5.2

Population Setting: general medicine practice outpatients Nationality: UK Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: postal survey Timeframe:

Jolleys (1988) n = 833 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 0/833 Age: Race:

Symptom incontinence on climbing stairs incontinence on coughing incontinence on exercise incontinence on laughing

% 6 24 12 16

Friedman, Asnis, Boeck, et al. (1987) n = 380 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 200/180 Age: 16.04 (1.2) Race: 190/50/37/81/0/22

Symptom suicidal attempts suicidal ideation

% 6.9 6.7

Symptom incontinence on lifting incontinence on sneezing incontinence with full bladder

Population Setting: public school students Nationality: US Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: self-report questionnaire Timeframe:

% 8.7 52.9

Price, North, Wessely, et al. (1992) n = 13,538 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 5,556/7,982

Age: Race: 8118/3881/1366/0/0/0 Population Setting: community Nationality: US

% 8 11 20

79

Community Controls Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: structured interview

Timeframe: lifetime

Symptom 50% reduction in activity fatigue general muscle weakness generalized headache muscle dyscontrol neuropsychological complaints

Symptom pain in joints prolonged fatigue (>24 hours) sleep disturbances weight loss

% 13.3 23.7 8.7 20.5 18.0 81.2

% 29.2 23.6 25.6 14.4

Pfeffer, Lipkins, Plutchik, et al. (1984) n = 75 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 52/23 Age: 12.1(.25) Race: 54/0/0/0/0/21 Population Setting: school children

Nationality: US Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: ¹semistructured interview of child; ²semistructured interview of mother; ³semistructured interview of father Timeframe: 6 months

Symptom suicidal ideation¹ suicidal ideation² suicidal ideation³ suicidal threats¹ suicidal threats²

Symptom suicidal threats³ suicide attempts¹ suicide attempts² suicide attempts³

% 17.9 10.7 4.0 1.5 2.7

% 0.0 0.0 1.3 1.3

Matthew, Weinman, & Mirabi (1981) n = 51 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: Age: 29.6 (8.5); 18-65 Race:

Population Setting: community Nationality: US Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: self-report questionnaire Timeframe:

Symptom agitation amenorrhea blurred vision chest pain constipation daytime drowsiness delayed ejaculation

Symptom difficulty in urination dizziness dry mouth dry skin excessive libido excessive perspiration excessive salivation

% 37.3 2.9 7.9 5.9 17.6 51.0 6.2

% 4.0 11.8 19.6 39.2 0.0 13.7 2.0

80 flushing headaches impaired concentration impotency lack of orgasm loss of libido polymenorrhea

II / Control Groups: Adult 9.8 39.2 29.4 0.0 11.4 6.0 2.9

% 2.3 0.0 0.0

Symptom sputum wheezing

% 2.3 0.0

Population Setting: school children Nationality: Finland Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: self-report questionnaire Timeframe: 1 year

Sillanpaa (1983) n = 3,784 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: ¹1,911/0; ²0/1,873; ³1,911/1,873 Age: 21-50 Race:

Symptom classic migraine¹ classic migraine² common migraine¹ common migraine² headache¹

0.0 3.9 4.0 11.8 11.8 23.5

Race: Population Setting: VA patients Nationality: US Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: Timeframe:

Tashkin, Khalsa, Gorelick, et al. (1992) n = 43 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: Age: 21-50

Symptom acute brohchitic episodes cough shortness of breath

premature ejaculation rapid breathing slurred speech tinnitus weakness weight gain

% 1.9 6.5 6.2 8.0 80.0

Talley, Zinsmeister, Schleck, et al. (1992) n = 835 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: Age:

Symptom headache² nausea/vomiting³ unilateral pain³ visual aura³

% 84.0 14.1 21.5 10.1

Race: 835/0/0/0/0/0 Population Setting: community Nationality: US Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: postal survey Timeframe: 1 year

81


%

acid regurgitation once a month at least

11.3

acid regurgitation once a week at least

6.5

acid regurgitation several times a week or daily anorexia heartburn once a month at least heartburn once a week at least heartburn several times a week or daily

3.6 4.0 24.4 13.2 6.8

Symptom

%

nausea once a month at least nausea once a week at least nausea several times a week or daily upper abdominal pain more than six times upper abdominal pain once a week or more upper abdominal pains vomiting once a month at least

7.4 3.4 1.8 15.7 8.2 25.8 2.3

Talley, O'Keefe, Zinsmeister, et al. (1992) n = 328 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: Age: 65+

Race: 328/0/0/0/0/0 Population Setting: community Nationality: US Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: postal survey Timeframe: 1 year

Symptom abdominal distension often abdominal pain abdominal pain more than six times difficulty swallowing enemas used fecal incontinence more than once a week feeling of an anal blockage often feeling of incomplete evacuation often heartburn once a week or more

% 19.7 41.2 24.3

Symptom pain for greater than 10 years pain relieved by defecation often pain severity (moderate or worse)

% 11.5

11.8 2.5

increased stools when pain begins often looser stools when pain begins often

13.6

painful defecation often passes greater than 3 times per day passes less than or equal to 1 stool per week stools loose and watery stools often hard strain to pass stools often takes 3-10 laxatives per week urgency often uses fingers to facilitate defecation often vomiting once a month or more

mucus per rectum nausea once a month or more

11.2 6.4 3.7 15.2 25.5 22.4

17.0 6.4 5.8

25.1 27.8

2.1 12.9 29.7 30.8 6.8 23.3 23.7 2.8

82 wears a pad for fecal incontinence


Molander, Milson, Ekelund, et al. (1990) n = 4206 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 0/4206 Age: elderly

Race: Population Setting: community Nationality: Sweden Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: postal survey Timeframe: 1current; 2lifetime

Symptom gynecological burning1

% 17.9

gynecological itching1

16.7

pain of a gynecological nature1

6.7

Symptom urinary incontinence1 urinary incontinence2 vaginal discharge1

% 16.9 22.7 12.9

Matthews, Wing, Kuller, et al. (1994) n = 152 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 0/152 Age: 47 Race:

Population Setting: community Nationality: US Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: self-report Timeframe: 2 weeks

Symptom aches in neck and/or skull body worry cold sweats constipation crying spells depressed dizzy spells excitable

Symptom forgetful headache heart pounding pain rashes trouble sleeping

% 8 9 1 7 14 21 3 14

Roberts, Lewinsohn, & Seeley (1995) n = 1,664 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 1801/2863 Age: seniors in high school Race:

Population Setting: community Nationality: US Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: self-report Timeframe: current

% 6 22 6 7 5 13

83

Community Controls Symptom agitation1 agitation2 anhedonia1 anhedonia2 concentration1 concentration2 decreased appetite1 decreased appetite2 depressed mood1 depressed mood2 excessive guilt1 excessive guilt2 hyperinsomnia1 hyperinsomnia2 increased appetite1 increased appetite2 indecision1 indecision2 initial insomnia1 initial insomnia2 loss of energy1 loss of energy2 middle insomnia1 middle insomnia2 motor disturbance1 motor disturbance2 retardation1 retardation2 sleep disturbance1

% 1.5 3.0 2.6 4.8 5.8 9.6 3.1 7.4 6.0 13.9 1.6 3.5 3.1 5.8 1.9 3.0 2.2 5.3 4.6 8.6 6.2 10.9 1.4 4.2 3.2 6.5 2.0 3.3 8.2

Symptom sleep disturbance2 suicidal ideation1 suicidal ideation2 suicide attempt1 suicide attempt2 suicide plan1 suicide plan2 terminal insomnia1 terminal insomnia2 thinking difficulties1 thinking difficulties2 thoughts of death/ suicide1 thoughts of death/ suicide2 thoughts of death1 thoughts of death2 weight gain1 weight gain2 weight loss1 weight loss2 weight/ appetite disturbance1 weight/ appetite disturbance2

% 15.3 0.7 1.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.1 1.1 2.3 7.1 12.1 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.4 0.9 2.2 1.0 4.5 5.3 11.7

worthlessness/ guilt1 worthlessness/ guilt2 worthlessness1 worthlessness2

3.0 8.2 2.6 6.0

Neugarte & Kraines (1965) n = 410 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 0/410 Age: 113-18; 220-29; 330-44; 455-64 Race:

Population Setting: community Nationality: US Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: symptom checklist Timeframe:

Symptom

%

Symptom

%

aches in back of neck and skull1

27

aches in back of neck and skull2

26

84 aches in back of neck and skull3 aches in back of neck and skull4 blind spots before the eyes1 blind spots before the eyes2 blind spots before the eyes3 blind spots before the eyes4 breast pains1 breast pains2 breast pains3 breast pains4 , can t concentrate1 , can t concentrate2 , can t concentrate3 , can t concentrate4 cold hands and feet1 cold hands and feet2 cold hands and feet3 cold hands and feet4 cold sweats1 cold sweats2 cold sweats3 cold sweats4 constipation1 constipation2 constipation3 constipation4 crying spells1 crying spells2 crying spells3 crying spells4 diarrhea1 diarrhea2 diarrhea3 diarrhea4 dizzy spells1 dizzy spells2 dizzy spells3

II / Control Groups: Adult 36 40 12 2 9 5 20 28 31 6 65 52 56 15 53 40 36 17 19 6 13 4 28 50 36 31 58 50 36 6 29 46 25 31 39 30 36

dizzy spells4 excitable1 excitable2 excitable3 excitable4 feel blue and depressed1 feel blue and depressed2 feel blue and depressed3 feel blue and depressed4 feeling of fright or panic1 feeling of fright or panic2 feeling of fright or panic3 feeling of fright or panic4 feeling of suffocation1 feeling of suffocation2 feeling of suffocation3 feeling of suffocation4 flooding1 flooding2 flooding3 flooding4 forgetfulness1 forgetfulness2 forgetfulness3 forgetfulness4 headaches1 headaches2 headaches3 headaches4 hot flushes1 hot flushes2 hot flushes3 hot flushes4 irritable and nervous1 irritable and nervous2 irritable and nervous3 irritable and nervous4 numbness and tingling1 numbness and tingling2 numbness and tingling3 numbness and tingling4 pounding of the heart1

26 68 64 51 20 79 88 62 46 45 20 18 9 9 0 13 0 23 22 40 0 49 52 51 51 77 80 76 45 29 6 24 40 90 76 82 48 18 14 27 17 29

85

Community Controls pounding of the heart2 pounding of the heart3 pounding of the heart4 rheumatic pains1 rheumatic pains2 rheumatic pains3 rheumatic pains4 skin crawls1 skin crawls2 skin crawls3 skin crawls4 tired feelings1 tired feelings2 tired feelings3 tired feelings4 trouble sleeping1 trouble sleeping2 trouble sleeping3

22 31 32 7 6 33 54 11 6 5 6 82 96 84 65 49 44 45

aches in back of neck and skull2 aches in back of neck and skull1 aches in back of neck and skull2 blind spots before the eyes1 blind spots before the eyes 2 breast pains1 breast pains2 can’t concentrate1 can’t concentrate2

58 47 30 40 38 35 20 19 9 10 6 11 5

Nationality: US Other Sample Characteristics: 1 pre/post menopausal; 2menopausal; Method of Reporting: symptom checklist Timeframe:

Neugarte & Kraines (1965) n = 410 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 0/410 Age: 45-54 Race: Population Setting: community

Symptom

trouble sleeping4 weight gain1 weight gain2 weight gain3 weight gain4 worry about body1 worry about body2 worry about body3 worry about body4 worry about nervous breakdown1 worry about nervous breakdown2 worry about nervous breakdown3 worry about nervous breakdown4

% 46 34 40 14 22 10 37 46 49

Symptom

% 2

cold hands and feet cold hands and feet1 cold sweats1 cold sweats2 constipation1 constipation2 crying spells1 crying spells2 diarrhea1 diarrhea2 dizzy spells1 dizzy spells2 excitable1

42 31 16 32 24 37 38 42 20 24 36 40 47

86


excitable2 feel blue and depressed1 feel blue and depressed2 feeling of fright or panic1 feeling of fright or panic2

59 56 78 22 22

feeling of suffocation1

2

2

29 24 51 60 64 47 71 28 68 71 92 37

feeling of suffocation flooding1 flooding2 forgetfulness1 forgetfulness2 headaches1 headaches2 hot flushes1 hot flushes2 irritable and nervous1 irritable and nervous2 numbness and tingling1

McLean, Dikmen, Temkin, et al. (1984) n = 102 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 65/37 Age: 24.52 Race: 99/0/0/0/0/3

37 36 44 46 49 3 15 71 88 40 51 41 61 24 24 7 5

Population Setting: community Nationality: US Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: telephone interview Timeframe: 12 months

Sternbach (1986) n = 1,254 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 629/625 Age: 18 and over Race: 1065/108/81/0/0/0

Symptom backaches dental pains headaches joint pains

numbness and tingling2 pounding of the heart1 pounding of the heart2 rheumatic pains1 rheumatic pains2 skin crawls1 skin crawls2 tired feelings1 tired feelings2 trouble sleeping1 trouble sleeping2 weight gain1 weight gain2 worry about body1 worry about body2 worry about nervous breakdown1 worry about nervous breakdown2

% 56 27 73 51

Symptom muscle pains premenstrual/menstrual stomach pains

% 53 40 46

Population Setting: friends of headinjured patients Nationality: US Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: symptom checklist Timeframe: current

87

Community Controls Symptom anxiety blurred vision concentration difficulties with memory dizziness fatigue headaches

% 32 3 8 6 13 31 28

Symptom chest pains choking difficulty breathing

% 46.7 38.6 54.8

dizziness fainting feelings of unreality

68.8 62.5 54.7

Heaton, O’Donnell, Braddon, et al. (1992) n = 1,058 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: ¹0/1058 Age: ¹25-29; 230-39; ³40-49; 450-59; 5 60-69 Race:

abdominal bloating¹ abdominal bloating2 abdominal bloating³ abdominal bloating4 abdominal bloating5 incomplete evacuation¹

% 18 34 22 13 20

Population Setting: university extension course students Nationality: Canada Other Sample Characteristics: experienced one or more panic attacks in last year Method of Reporting: questionnaire Timeframe: during panic

Norton, Harrison, Hauch, et al. (1985) n = 64 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 14/50 Age: 30.4(8.8); 18-60 Race:

Symptom

Symptom insomnia irritability sensitivity to light sensitivity to noise temper

% 14.8 9.8 17.6 20.4 16.7 10.2

Symptom flushing going crazy heart pounding sweating tingling trembling

% 69.8 60.8 93.8 90.6 40.9 90.5

Population Setting: community Nationality: UK Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: structured questionnaire Timeframe: 1 year

Symptom incomplete evacuation2 incomplete evacuation³ incomplete evacuation4 incomplete evacuation5 passage of mucus¹ passage of mucus2

% 12.5 17.1 14.8 16.7 14.1 17.7

88


passage of mucus³ passage of mucus4 passage of mucus5 RAP associated with looser stools¹ RAP associated with looser stools2 RAP associated with looser stools³ RAP associated with looser stools4 RAP associated with looser stools5 RAP associated with more frequent defecation¹ RAP associated with more frequent defecation2 RAP associated with more frequent defecation³ RAP associated with more frequent defecation4 RAP associated with more frequent defecation5 RAP relieved by defecation¹ RAP relieved by defecation2 RAP relieved by defecation³ RAP relieved by defecation4

16.6 16.2 7.1 6.2

RAP relieved by defecation5

13.1

4.9 8.5 4.9 7.1 4.9 4.0 6.0 5.6 9.5 11.8 8.2 12.1 8.5

Heaton, O’Donnell, Braddon, et al. (1992) n = 838 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 838/0 Age: ¹40-49; 250-59; ³60-69 Race:

recurrent abdominal pain (RAP)¹

25.9

recurrent abdominal pain (RAP) 2 recurrent abdominal pain (RAP) ³ recurrent abdominal pain (RAP) 4 recurrent abdominal pain (RAP) 5 straining to finish defecation¹ straining to finish defecation2 straining to finish defecation³ straining to finish defecation4 straining to finish defecation5 urgency¹ urgency2 urgency³ urgency4 urgency5 watery stools¹ watery stools2 watery stools³ watery stools4 watery stools5

24.7 25.1 22.5 25.0 2.3 5.5 6.0 7.0 7.1 9.9 12.9 15.4 16.1 22.7 3.4 1.5 3.0 2.7 1.5

Population Setting: community Nationality: UK Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: structured questionnaire Timeframe: 1 year

89

Community Controls Symptom abdominal bloating¹ abdominal bloating2 abdominal bloating³ incomplete evacuation¹ incomplete evacuation2 incomplete evacuation³ passage of mucus¹ passage of mucus2 passage of mucus³ RAP associated with looser stools¹ RAP associated with looser stools2 RAP associated with looser stools³ RAP associated with more frequent defecation¹ RAP associated with more frequent defecation2 RAP associated with more frequent defecation³ RAP relieved by defecation¹

% 6.3 3.5 8.2 6.5 4.0 3.9 5.6 6.2 2.2 4.0 1.8 2.8 2.8 1.3 2.2 7.0

%

RAP relieved by defecation2 RAP relieved by defecation³ recurrent abdominal pain (RAP)¹ recurrent abdominal pain (RAP) 2 recurrent abdominal pain (RAP) ³ straining to finish defecation¹ straining to finish defecation2 straining to finish defecation³ urgency¹ urgency2 urgency³ watery stools¹ watery stools2 watery stools³

4.0 5.0 15.4 17.7 15.4 2.1 1.8 1.6 6.1 7.6 14.0 3.8 1.6 4.0

Population Setting: registered nurses Nationality: US Other Sample Characteristics: during perimenstrual period Method of Reporting: postal survey Timeframe:

Lee & Rittenhouse (1991) n = 594 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 0/594 Age: 33.4(7.24); 21-50 Race: 508/9/15/54/0/6

Symptom anxious, tense, irritable backache constipation cramps depression, crying diarrhea fatigue

Symptom

% 62.5 44.8 22.1 55.6 35.8 22.0 54.6

Symptom food cravings headache mood swings painful breasts skin disorders weight gain, swelling

% 50.3 34.9 52.8 53.8 24.3 66.3

90


Lee & Rittenhouse (1991) n = 760 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 0/760 Age: ¹21-25; ²26-30; ³31-35; 436-40; 5 41-45; 646-50 Race:

Population Setting: registered nurses Nationality: US Other Sample Characteristics: during perimenstrual phase Method of Reporting: postal survey Timeframe:

Symptom anxious, tense, irritable¹ anxious, tense, irritable² anxious, tense, irritable³ anxious, tense, irritable4 anxious, tense, irritable5 anxious, tense, irritable6 backache¹ backache² backache³ backache4 backache5 backache6 constipation¹ constipation² constipation³ constipation4 constipation5 constipation6 cramps¹ cramps² cramps³ cramps4 cramps5 cramps6 depression, crying¹ depression, crying² depression, crying³ depression, crying4 depression, crying5 depression, crying6 diarrhea¹

Symptom diarrhea² diarrhea³ diarrhea4 diarrhea5 diarrhea6 fatigue¹ fatigue² fatigue³ fatigue4 fatigue5 fatigue6 food cravings¹ food cravings² food cravings³ food cravings4 food cravings5 food cravings6 headache¹ headache² headache³ headache4 headache5 headache6 mood swings¹ mood swings² mood swings³ mood swings4 mood swings5 mood swings6 painful breasts¹ painful breasts²

% 71.8 51.3 65.8 57.9 60.3 50.0 53.6 43.4 45.8 37.7 43.9 50 24.5 23.5 24.5 18.8 18.3 26.3 61.9 69.6 51.6 50.2 45.2 50 47.3 37.8 37.2 52.4 24.7 15.8 22.1

% 27.4 24.7 23.8 15.5 7.9 65.5 54.7 57.2 49.2 46.6 52.6 61.8 51 49 49.2 41.6 44.7 35.4 35.9 35.3 28.7 46.6 34.2 60 60.3 52.3 52.4 43.8 37.8 60.9 53.8

91

Community Controls painful breasts³ painful breasts4 painful breasts5 painful breasts6 skin disorders¹ skin disorders² skin disorders³ skin disorders4

52.3 51.6 54.8 52.6 36.4 31.1 26.8 16.4

skin disorders5 skin disorders6 weight gain, swelling¹ weight gain, swelling² weight gain, swelling³ weight gain, swelling4 weight gain, swelling5 weight gain, swelling6

12.3 10.5 70 69.8 67.3 60.4 67.1 65.8

Cuijpers, Wesseling, Swaen, et al. (1994) n = 482 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 226/256 Age: 6-12 Race:

Population Setting: primary school Nationality: Netherlands Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: postal survey; parent report Timeframe: ¹lifetime; ²1 year

Symptom attacks of shortness of breath with wheeze¹ attacks of shortness of breath with wheeze² chronic cough¹ exercise-induced shortness of breath¹

Symptom exercise-induced shortness of breath² wheeze¹ wheeze²

% 19 10

29 15

13 15

Cuijpers, Wesseling, Swaen, et al. (1994) n = 482 Diagnostic Criteria: doctor-diagnosed Gender: ¹226/²256 Age: Race:

Symptom chronic cough¹ chronic cough²

% 12

Population Setting: primary school Nationality: Netherlands Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: postal survey; parent report Timeframe: lifetime

% 15.0 11.3

Cuijpers, Wesseling, Swaen, et al. (1994)

n = 482 Diagnostic Criteria: doctor-diagnosed

92


Gender: ¹226/²256 Age: Race: Population Setting: primary school Nationality: Netherlands

Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: postal survey; parent report Timeframe: 1 year

Symptom attacks, shortness of breath, & wheeze previous year¹ attacks, shortness of breath, & wheeze previous year² shortness of breath previous year¹

Symptom

%

shortness of breath previous year² wheeze previous year¹ wheeze previous year²

9.0

% 12.4

7.0

15.9

Cuijpers, Wesseling, Swaen, et al. (1994) n = 482 Diagnostic Criteria: doctor-diagnosed Gender: Age: ¹6-9; ²10-12 Race:

Symptom chronic cough¹ chronic cough²

15.5 14.5

Population Setting: primary school Nationality: Netherlands Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: postal survey; parent report Timeframe: lifetime

% 14.9 10.2

Cuijpers, Wesseling, Swaen, et al. (1994) n = 482 Diagnostic Criteria: doctor-diagnosed Gender: Age: ¹6-9; ²10-12 Race:

Population Setting: primary school Nationality: Netherlands Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: postal survey; parent report Timeframe: 1 year

Symptom

Symptom

%

attacks, shortness of breath, & wheeze previous year²

8.6

attacks, shortness of breath, & wheeze previous year¹

% 10.2

93

Community Controls shortness of breath previous year¹

11.9

shortness of breath previous year²

12.8

wheeze previous year¹ wheeze previous year²

14.2 16

Larsson, Lundback, & Jonsson (1997) n = 529 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 342/187 Age: Race:

Population Setting: community Nationality: Sweden Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: postal survey Timeframe:

Symptom apnoeas apnoeas, not rested, & nodding off attacks of breathlessness long-standing cough nodding off not rested recurrent wheeze snoring

Symptom snoring, apnoeas, & nodding off snoring, not rested, & nodding off snoring,apnoeas, & not rested snoring,apnoeas,not rested, & nodding off sputum production

% 8.3 0.8 8.1 13.4 7.0 27.6 9.8 11.7

% 1.3 1.3 2.5 0.8 17.8

Larsson, Lundback, & Jonsson (1997) n = 529 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: ¹342/²187 Age: Race:


Symptom apnoeas¹ apnoeas² attacks of breathlessness¹ attacks of breathlessness² long-standing cough¹ long-standing cough² nodding off ¹ nodding off ²

Symptom not rested¹ not rested² recurrent wheeze¹ recurrent wheeze² snoring¹ snoring² sputum production¹ sputum production²

% 10.8 3.7 8.2 8.0 10.5 18.7 8.5 4.3

% 27.5 27.8 10.8 8.0 13.7 8.0 19.3 15.0

94


Larsson, Lundback, & Jonsson (1997) n = 119 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: ¹75/²44 Age: 41-42 Race:

Symptom apnoeas¹ apnoeas² nodding off ¹ nodding off ²

% 9.3 6.8 5.3 4.5



% 14.9 3.5 11.4 3.5



% 8.5 2.3 7.8 4.7

Svensson, Anderson, Hagstad, et al. (1989) n = 1,218


Symptom not rested¹ not rested² snoring¹

% 32.0 25.0 10.7


Symptom not rested¹ not rested² snoring¹ snoring²

% 33.3 35.1 23.7 3.5


Symptom not rested¹ not rested² snoring¹ snoring²

Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 0/1,218 Age: 38-64

% 20.9 24.4 7.8 10.5

95

Community Controls Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: postal survey Timeframe: lifetime

Race: Population Setting: community Nationality: Sweden

Symptom low-back pain

% 15.8

Svensson, Anderson, Hagstad, et al. (1989) n = 1,218 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 0/1,218 Age: ¹38-49; ²50-64

Symptom low-back pain¹ low-back pain²

% 66.7 65.6

Svensson, Anderson, Hagstad, et al. (1989) n = 1,218 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 0/1,218 Age: ¹38-49; ²50-64

Symptom low-back pain¹ low-back pain²

Race: Population Setting: community Nationality: Sweden Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: postal survey Timeframe: 1 month

% 33.2 36.9

Population Setting: community Nationality: Denmark Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: structured interview Timeframe: lifetime

Rasmussen & Olessen (1992) n = 740 Diagnostic Criteria: operational diagnostic criteria of the HIS Gender: 387/353 Age: Race:

Symptom benign cough headache

Race: Population Setting: community Nationality: Sweden Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: postal survey Timeframe: ¹lifetime

% 1

Symptom benign exertional

% 1

96


headache chronic tension-type headache cold stimulus headache episodic tension-type headache external compression headache

3 15 66 4

63 72 1 2 6 9

Population Setting: community Nationality: Denmark Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: structured interview Timeframe: lifetime

Rasmussen & Olessen (1992) n = 740 Diagnostic Criteria: operational diagnostic criteria of the HIS Gender: ¹387/²353 Age: Race:

Symptom cold stimulus hangover¹ cold stimulus hangover² external compression headache¹ external compression headache² fever headache¹

fever headache hangover headache associated with sexual activity idiopathic stabbing headache migraine with aura migraine without aura

% 12 17 2 6 57

Symptom fever headache² hangover¹ hangover² idiopathic stabbing headache¹ idiopathic stabbing headache²

Sternfeld, Stang, & Sidney (1995) n = 74,962 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: Age: ¹44.1 (14.7); ²44.0 (13.7); 339.9 (13.1); 440.1 (13.4) Race: ¹17381/4084/0/951/0/789; ²15955/3241/0/920/0/795;

3

Symptom chest pain¹ chest pain²

Symptom chest pain³ chest pain4

% 13.4 12.5

% 69 75 67 2 3

10996/3403/0/835/0/819; 10591/2663/0/799/0/754 Population Setting: HMO enrollees Nationality: US Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: structured interview Timeframe: 1 year

4

% 13.1 14.6

97

Community Controls Rasmussen, Jenson, Schroll, et al. (1992) n = 740 Diagnostic Criteria: structured diagnostic headache interview Gender: 387/353 Age: 25-64

Race: Population Setting: community Nationality: Denmark Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: structured interview and examination Timeframe: 1 year

Symptom

Symptom

chronic tension-type coexisting migraine and tension-type episodic tension-type migraine with aura migraine with aura and tension-type migraine without aura

% 3 9 63 4 3 6

migraine without aura and tension-type migraine, total migrainous disorder and tension-type migrainous disorders tension-type, total tension-type-like

Rasmussen, Jenson, Schroll, et al. (1992) n = 740 Diagnostic Criteria: structured diagnostic headache interview Gender: ¹387/²353 Age: 25-64

Race: Population Setting: community Nationality: Denmark Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: structured interview and examination Timeframe: 1 year

Symptom chronic tension-type¹ chronic tension-type² coexisting migraine and tension-type¹ coexisting migraine and tension-type² episodic tension-type¹ episodic tension-type² migraine with aura and tension type¹ migraine with aura and tension type² migraine with aura¹ migraine with aura²

Symptom migraine without aura and tension-type¹ migraine without aura and tension-type² migraine without aura¹ migraine without aura² migraine, total¹ migraine, total² migrainous disorder and tension-type¹ migrainous disorder and tension-type² migrainous disorder¹s migrainous disorder²s

% 2 5 4 4 56 71 2 4 3 5

% 5 10 1 1 74 8

% 2 9 2 11 6 15 1 1 2 1

98 tension-type total² tension-type, total¹

II / Control Groups: Adult 86 63

tension-type-like¹ tension-type-like²

5 11

Saykin, Janssen, & Sprehn (1991) n = 21 Diagnostic Criteria: structured diagnostic headache interview Gender: 21/0 Age: 31.45 (5.53) Race:

Population Setting: community Nationality: US Other Sample Characteristics: ¹baseline; ²18 months Method of Reporting: neurological examination Timeframe: current

Symptom concentration¹ concentration² depression¹ depression² headache¹ headache² irritability¹ irritability²

Symptom memory¹ memory² paresthesia¹ paresthesia² speech¹ speech² weakness¹ weakness²

% 0 0 5 10 0 5 0 5

Population Setting: community Nationality: US Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: structured interview Timeframe: lifetime

Kroenke & Price (1993) n = 13,538 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 6,498/7,040 Age: 18+ Race: 10736/0/0/0/0/0

Symptom abdominal pain abdominal pain arm or leg pain back pain chest pain constipation diarrhea dizziness dyspnea dysuria fainting

% 10 5 0 0 14 5 0 0

% 24.0 58.3 25.1 31.1 25.2 16.7 12.2 24.3 15.0 18.3 11.4

Symptom fatigue gas or bloating headache heavy menses insomnia irregular menses joint pain loss of feeling missed menses nausea painful menses

% 21.8 20.6 25.9 13.1 19.6 14.7 38.3 8.2 6.4 15.0 17.7

99

Community Controls palpitations trouble walking vision blurred

18.1 20.2 17.3

% 58.3 55.4 55.9 54.5 50.8 77.9 58.3 63.9 58.3 68.0 68.1

weakness

11.8

Symptoms fatigue gas or bloating headache insomnia joint pain loss of feeling nausea palpitations vomiting walking trouble weakness

% 65.8 62.3 67.7 60.7 53.3 55.2 69.1 63.4 64.2 50.9 57.5


Kroenke & Price (1993) n = 10,737 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: Age: 18+ Race: 10,737/0/0/0/0/0

Symptom abdominal pain arm or leg pain back pain blurred vision chest pain constipation diarrhea

6.7


Kroenke & Price (1993) n = 7094 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 0/7094 Age: 18+ Race:

Symptom abdominal pain arm or leg pain back pain blurred vision chest pain constipation diarrhea dizziness dyspnea dysuria fainting

vomiting

% 81.1 80.1 82.6 80.9 79.7 79.6 83.9

Symptom dizziness dyspnea dysuria fainting fatigue gas or bloating headache

% 80.2 79.2 84.4 84.4 84.0 78.4 78.2

100 heavy menses insomnia irregular menses joint pain loss of feeling missed menses

II / Control Groups: Adult 82.3 81.2 80.8 80.0 83.9 83.8

nausea painful menses palpitations vomiting walking trouble weakness

77.6 80.4 84.5 79.4 81.0 81.0

Breslau, Roth, & Rosenthal (1996) n = 1,007 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 386/621 Age: 26; 21-30 Race: 813/194/0/0/0/0


Symptom hypersomnia alone insomnia alone

Symptom insomnia and hypersomnia

% 8.2 16.6

% 8.0

Breslau, Roth, & Rosenthal (1996) n = 1,007 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: ¹388/ ²619 Age: Race: Population Setting: HMO members

Nationality: US Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: structured interview Timeframe: lifetime

Symptom hypersomnia alone¹ hypersomnia alone² insomnia alone¹

Symptom insomnia alone² insomnia and hypersomnia¹ insomnia and hypersomnia²

% 9.3 7.6 16.0

Breslau, Roth, & Rosenthal (1996) n = 1,007 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: Age: Race: ¹0/194/0/0/0/0; ²813/0/0/0/0/0

% 17.0 5.4 9.7


101

Community Controls Symptom hypersomnia alone¹ hypersomnia alone² insomnia alone¹ insomnia alone²

% 7.7 8.4 13.9 17.2

% 17 3 6 11

8.6

Symptoms jerks and twitches at night at night morning headaches restless legs snoring at night

% 8 22 14 64

Population Setting: parochial school students Nationality: US Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: self-report Timeframe: current

Albert & Beck (1975) n = 63 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 36/27 Age: 11-15 Race: 62/0/0/1/0/0

Symptom suicidal ideation

% 5.7

Population Setting: family of Parkinson’s patients Nationality: US Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: self-report Timeframe:

Menza & Rosen (1995) n = 47 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 25/22 Age: 61 (15.3) Race:

Symptom anxiety bed-wetting depression difficulty breathing at night

Symptom insomnia and hypersomnia¹ insomnia and hypersomnia²

% 35

Lavie (1981) n = 1,502 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 1,262/240 Age: Race: Population Setting: industrial workers

Nationality: Israel Other Sample Characteristics: ¹while falling asleep; ²while sleeping; ³awakening Method of Reporting: structured interview Timeframe:

Symptom difficulties breathing and suffocating³

Symptom difficulty breathing and suffocation¹

% 3.0

% 5.8

102 disorientation¹ disorientation³ excessive leg movements² excessive movements in sleep² feelings of worry and tension¹ headaches¹ headaches³ midsleep awakening³ pain in different parts of

II / Control Groups: Adult 1.6 1.0 9.6 33.2 12.0 7.2 5.5 17.0 7.5

% 6.6 10.8 5.0 2.7 3.1

0.7 0.5 0.4 18.5 7.5 4.3 3.6 1.4

Symptom

%

difficulties falling asleep²

12.1

midsleep awakenings² excessive daytime somnolence² difficulties falling asleep and midsleep awakenings² EDS and difficulties falling asleep and midsleep awakenings²

12.1 4.6 7.1 2.1

Population Setting: community Nationality: UK Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: medical exam Timeframe:

Droller & Pemberton (1953) n = 476 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: ¹192/²284 Age: ¹67+; ²62+ Race:

Symptom vertigo¹

4.7

Population Setting: industrial workers Nationality: Israel Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: structured interview Timeframe:

Lavie (1981) n = 1,502 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: ¹1262/²240 Age: Race:

Symptom difficulties falling asleep¹ midsleep awakening¹ excessive daytime somnolence (EDS)¹ difficulties falling asleep and midsleep awakenings¹ EDS and difficulties falling asleep and midsleep awakening¹

the body¹ pain in different parts of the body³ paralysis of the legs¹ paralysis of the legs³ sleep walking² snoring² sweating and feeling hot¹ sweating and feeling hot³ talking in one’s sleep² worries and tension³

% 27.6

103

Community Controls vertigo²

53.9

Enright, Kronmal, Higgins, et al. (1994) n = 2,359 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: ¹716/²1,643 Age: 65+ Race:

Population Setting: community Nationality: US Other Sample Characteristics: nonsmokers Method of Reporting: structured interview Timeframe:

Symptom cough > 3 months¹ cough > 3 months² cough day and night¹ cough day and night² frequent cough¹ frequent cough² frequent phlegm¹ frequent phlegm² grade 3 dyspnea¹

Symptom grade 3 dyspnea² phlegm > 3 months¹ phlegm > 3 months² phlegm day and night¹ phlegm day and night² wheeze and dyspnea¹ wheeze and dyspnea² wheeze day and night¹ wheeze day and night²

% 5.7 7.4 5.7 9.1 6.1 8.2 12.5 8.0 10.0

% 6.4 11.5 7.9 11.4 7.4 6.0 6.9 3.2 4.1

Enright, Kronmal, Higgins, et al. (1994) n = 2,147 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: ¹1,272/²875 Age: 65+ Race:

Population Setting: community Nationality: US Other Sample Characteristics: former smokers Method of Reporting: structured interview Timeframe:

Symptom cough > 3 months¹ cough > 3 months² cough day and night¹ cough day and night² dyspnea grade 3¹ dyspnea grade 3² frequent cough¹ frequent cough² frequent phlegm¹

Symptom frequent phlegm² phlegm > 3 months¹ phlegm > 3 months² phlegm day and night¹ phlegm day and night² wheeze and dyspnea¹ wheeze and dyspnea² wheeze day and night¹ wheeze day and night²

% 7.6 7.5 8.1 8.6 9.6 12.5 7.6 8.6 15.4

% 10.3 16.0 9.9 14.5 8.6 7.2 9.8 5.7 4.5

104


Enright, Kronmal, Higgins, et al. (1994) n = 613 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: ¹231/²382 Age: 65+ Race:

Population Setting: community Nationality: US Other Sample Characteristics: current smokers Method of Reporting: structured interview Timeframe:

Symptom cough > 3 months¹ cough > 3 months² cough day and night¹ cough day and night² dyspnea grade 3¹ dyspnea grade 3² frequent cough¹ frequent cough² frequent phlegm¹

Symptom frequent phlegm² phlegm > 3 months¹ phlegm > 3 months² phlegm day and night¹ phlegm day and night² wheeze and dyspnea¹ wheeze and dyspnea² wheeze day and night¹ wheeze day and night²

% 9.2 22.8 10.5 24.3 10.1 11.5 10.0 25.1 13.8

% 27.7 13.1 23.8 12.4 25.1 7.7 10.2 5.6 10.7

Katona, Livingston, Manela, et al. (1997) n = 700 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 253/447 Age: 65+ Race:

Population Setting: community Nationality: UK Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: semi-structured interview Timeframe:

Symptom difficulty falling asleep difficulty with light housework does not get out as often as needs to embarrassed by memory problems faintness on rapid rising feeling dizzy feeling weak forgets where put things health getting worse

Symptom health limiting mobility health limiting other activities health limiting socializing health problems interfering with desired activity interrupted sleep making effort to remember things not eating well

% 21 14 21 13 11 21 12 26 9

% 24 17 7 50

33 14 7

105

Community Controls subjective memory difficulty

34

Newland, Illis, Robinson, et al. (1978) n = 938 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: ¹46/0; ²233/0; ³320/0; 4284/0; 5 55/0 Age: ¹18-20; ²21-34; ³35-54; 455-74; 5 75+

Race: Population Setting: community Nationality: UK Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: postal survey Timeframe: 1 year

Symptom blind areas before headache¹ blind areas before headache² blind areas before headache³ blind areas before headache4 blind areas before headache5 changes in mood before headache¹ changes in mood before headache² changes in mood before headache³ changes in mood before headache4 changes in mood before headache5 headache¹ headache² headache³ headache4 headache5 pins and needles before headache¹ pins and needles before headache²

Symptom pins and needles before headache³

% 2 8 21 16 2 14 47 53 35 3 87 80 56 88 46 0 7

pins and needles before headache4 pins and needles before headache5 sickness before headache¹ sickness before headache² sickness before headache³ sickness before headache4 sickness before headache5 watery eyes before headache¹ watery eyes before headache² watery eyes before headache³ watery eyes before headache4 watery eyes before headache5 zigzag flashes before headache¹ zigzag flashes before headache² zigzag flashes before headache³ zigzag flashes before headache4

% 8 8 1 7 36 64 20 3 6 38 45 32 8 1 10 21 15

106 zigzag flashes before headache5

II / Control Groups: Adult 1

Newland, Illis, Robinson, et al. (1978) n = 938 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: ¹0/63; ²0/276; ³0/314; 40/363; 5 0/110 Age: ¹18-20; ²21-34; ³35-54; 455-74; 5 75+

Race: Population Setting: community Nationality: UK Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: postal survey Timeframe: 1 year

Symptom blind areas before headache¹ blind areas before headache² blind areas before headache³ blind areas before headache4 blind areas before headache5 changes in mood before headache¹ changes in mood before headache² changes in mood before headache³ changes in mood before headache4 changes in mood before headache5

Symptom

headache¹ headache² headache³ headache4 headache5 pins and needles before headache¹ pins and needles before headache²

% 2.0 13.0 24.0 15.0 6.0 17.0 86.0 93.0 63.0 6.0 93.7 96.7 91.1 68.0 52.7 0.0 14.0

%

pins and needles before headache³

13.0

pins and needles before headache4 pins and needles before headache5 sickness before headache¹ sickness before headache² sickness before headache³ sickness before headache4 sickness before headache5 watery eyes before headache¹ watery eyes before headache² watery eyes before headache³ watery eyes before headache4 watery eyes before headache5 zigzag flashes before headache¹ zigzag flashes before headache² zigzag flashes before headache³ zigzag flashes before headache4

24.0 2.0 11.0 87.0 96.0 63.0 9.0 14.0 84.0 56.0 58.0 18.0 3.0 23.0 24.0 38.0

107

Community Controls zigzag flashes before headache5

7.0

Clifford, Radford, Howell, et al. (1989) n = 628 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 0/628 Age: 7 Race: Population Setting: school children

Nationality: UK Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: parental questionnaire Timeframe: ¹lifetime; ²past 12 months; ³12 months

Symptom chest discomfort³ chesty at night³ cough-current³ morning cough³ morning shortness of breath² morning wheeze² nocturnal cough³

Symptom nocturnal shortness of breath² nocturnal wheeze² shortness of breath¹ shortness of breath² wheeze¹ wheeze²

% 7.9 18.2 27.9 18.5 1.6 3.5 17.3

% 1.9 6.3 7.2 4.8 15.9 9.5



Symptom chest discomfort³ chesty at night³ cough-current³ morning cough³ morning shortness of breath² morning wheeze² nocturnal cough³

Symptom

%

nocturnal shortness of breath² nocturnal wheeze² shortness of breath¹ shortness of breath² wheeze¹ wheeze²

5.2

% 13.0 20.3 33.7 22.6 4.3 8.9 18.2

7.9 12.3 9.0 22.7 14.3

108




Symptom wheeze¹ wheeze² nocturnal wheeze² morning wheeze² shortness of breath¹ shortness of breath²

% 16.7 10.9 6.6 7.3 13.4 10.3

nocturnal shortness of breath²

10.3

Symptom morning shortness of breath² cough- current³ nocturnal cough³ morning cough³ chest discomfort³ chesty at night³



Symptom wheeze¹ wheeze² nocturnal wheeze² morning wheeze² shortness of breath¹ shortness of breath² nocturnal shortness of breath²

Symptom morning shortness of breath² cough- current³ nocturnal cough³ morning cough³ chest discomfort³

% 19.9 13.7 9.1 8.0 13.6 10.0 4.9

Grant, Atkinson, Hesselink, et al. (1987)

n = 11 Diagnostic Criteria:

% 2.5 19.3 8.7 13.0 14.2 12.4

% 4.1 22.2 12.4 13.8 15.1

109

Community Controls Other Sample Characteristics: homosexual men Method of Reporting: neuropsychological testing Timeframe: current

Gender: Age: 39.3 (11.0) Race: Population Setting: community Nationality: US

Symptom neuropsychological abnormality

% 9

Grant, Atkinson, Hesselink, et al. (1987) n = 620 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: Age: 17-26 Race:

Population Setting: college undergraduates Nationality: US Other Sample Characteristics: survey 1 Method of Reporting: self-report Timeframe: current

Symptom angry sleep automatic driving confusional spells deja vu discontinuous viewing dysphoric spells environmental distortion episodic numbness episodic tinnitus gustatory illusions haptic illusions illusion of movement irresistible sleepiness jamais vu loss of consciousness

Symptom memory gaps mental decline olfactory illusions panic spells severe headaches speaking jargon speech problems staring spells suicidal ideation temper outbursts unrecalled anger unrecalled behaviors visual fixation visual illusions word-finding lapses

% 1.3 6.7 10.0 31.6 3.9 18.4 10.7 9.4 31.4 8.9 16.1 22.2 18.0 11.0 2.3

Grant, Atkinson, Hesselink, et al. (1987) n = 620 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: Age: 17-27

% 9.7 14.5 11.5 10.3 6.9 23.5 16.8 23.2 3.1 10.3 1.3 9.4 20.7 12.0 26.5

Race: Population Setting: college undergraduates Nationality: US Other Sample Characteristics: survey 2

110


Method of Reporting: self-report

Timeframe: current

Symptom angry sleep automatic driving cephalic pain confusional spells deja vu discontinuous tv viewing dysphoric spells environmental distortion episodic numbness episodic tinnitus gustatory illusions haptic illusions illusion of movement irresistible sleepiness jamais vu loss of consciousness memory gaps mental decline

Symptom mice running nightmares nocturnal sweating olfactory illusions panic spells severe headaches speaking jargon speech problems staring spells suicidal ideation telephone ringing temper outbursts unrecalled anger unrecalled behaviors urinary urgency visual fixation visual illusions word-finding lapses

% 0.3 6.7 10.5 10.9 44.2 7.0 15.3 13.9 10.5 31.1 21.0 28.9 35.5 17.1 8.8 1.8 11.4 5.3

Fitzpatrick, Martin, Fossey, et al. (1993) n = 1,478 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: Age: 45 (18)

Symptom snored at least four nights per week snoring occasionally

Aldrich & Chauncey (1990) n = 130 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: Age: Race:

% 4.7 3.5 4.7 12.6 11.3 3.9 28.9 17.0 25.4 1.8 1.3 9.0 0.3 7.5 8.7 23.6 12.7 30.7

Race: Population Setting: community Nationality: UK Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: postal survey Timeframe: current

% 0.1 0.4


111

Community Controls Symptom morning headaches

% 6


Aldrich & Chauncey (1990) n = 130 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: ¹30/²35 Age: Race:

Symptom morning headaches¹ morning headaches²

% 7 6

Population Setting: community Nationality: Israel Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: self-report Timeframe:

Lavie (1983) n = 1,491 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: Age: 41.9(11.5) Race:

Symptom ear and throat findings excessive motility in sleep frequent headaches

% 26.8 40.3 25.4

Symptom heavy snoring hypertension

% 40.3 7.4

Forero. Bauman, Young, et al. (1996) n = 3,751 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: Age: 41.9(11.5) Race:

Population Setting: school Nationality: Australia Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: self-report Timeframe: current

Symptom

Symptom

backaches weekly or more often feeling dizzy weekly or more often

% 18.0 20.2

feeling irritable (bad temper) weekly or more often feeling low/ depressed

%

30.4

112 feeling nervous weekly or more often headaches weekly or more often


Population Setting: community Nationality: UK Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: parent report Timeframe: 1 year

% 10.7 15.1

Symptom throat and/or ear infections vomiting or bilious attacks

% 10.4 4.3

Race: Population Setting: community Nationality: UK Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: self- report Timeframe: 1 week

House, Dennis, Mogridge, et al. (1991) n = 111 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 45/66 Age: 69.6(11.4); 30-86

Symptom body image crying fatigability guilt indecisiveness irritability lack of satisfaction loss of appetite loss of libido pessimism sadness

34.0

39.4

Peckham & Butler (1978) n = 11,845 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 5,953/5,892 Age: 11 Race:

Symptom abdominal pain headaches or migraine

sleeping difficulties weekly or more often

% 20 27 67 9 25 38 38 16 35 12 17

Roberts, Ingram, Lamar, et al. (1996) n = 11 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender:

Symptom self-accusation self-hate sense of failure sense of punishment sleep disturbance social withdrawal somatic preoccupation suicidal ideas weight loss work inhibition

Age: 70.8(8.8) Race: Population Setting: community Nationality: US

% 27 19 12 7 50 16 17 2 8 53

113

Community Controls Timeframe: current

Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: cognitive testing

Symptom impaired comprehension of prosody impaired elicitation of prosody

% 18

% 2

18

Population Setting: community Nationality: Sweden Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: self-report Timeframe: current

Hallman (1986) n = 1,541 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 0/1541 Age: 18-47 Race:

Symptom abdomen swelling anxiety breast swelling

Symptom impaired repetition of prosody

% 62.2 23.0 51.3

Symptom depression finger/leg swelling irritability

% 30.9 19.7 62.7

Kashani, Rosenberg, & Reid (1989) n = 70 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: Age: 8 Race:

Population Setting: public schools Nationality: US Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: ¹structured interview; ²self-report Timeframe:

Symptom agitation or hyperactivity when sad¹ feeling very bored² having horrible dreams² having stomachaches² irritable a lot¹ more tired than before¹ not having lots of energy² not liking to go out and play²

Symptom not looking forward to things as much as used to² not sticking up for self ² thinking I won’t get more of the good things out of life than others² thinking there is no use trying to get what I want because I won’t get it² thinking tomorrow is unclear and confusing²

% 14.3 70.0 54.3 81.4 18.6 22.9 37.1 17.1

% 54.3 45.7 62.9

18.6

15.7

114




Symptom

Symptom

agitation or hyperactivity when sad¹ doesn’t care whether hurts self ¹ feeling very bored² having horrible dreams² having stomacheaches² irritable a lot¹ more tired than before¹ not having lots of energy² not liking to go out and play²

% 21.4 15.7 92.9 27.1 55.7 21.4 15.7 41.4 24.3

not looking forward to things as much as used to² not sticking up for self ² thinking I won’t get more of the good things out of life than others² thinking there is no use trying to get what I want because I won’t get it² thinking tomorrow is unclear and confusing²

% 47.1 20 54.3

10.0

12.9



Symptom

Symptom

%

agitation or hyperactivity when sad¹ doesn’t care whether hurts self ¹

34.3

feeling very bored² having horrible dreams² having stomachaches² irritable a lot¹ more tired than before¹

84.3 24.3 41.4 42.9 34.3

37.1

%

not having lots of energy² not liking to go out and play²

67.1 48.6

not looking forward to things as much as used to² not sticking up for self ² thinking I won’t get more of the good things out of life than others² thinking there is no use

31.4 25.7 34.3

2.9

115

Community Controls trying to get what I want because I won’t get it²

thinking tomorrow is unclear and confusing²

Becker, Boller, Lopez, et al. (1994) n = 101 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 44/57 Age: 63.8(8.3); 46.2-81.9 Race: Population Setting: behavioral neurology research clinic

Nationality: Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: ¹neurological exam; ²semi structured psychiatric interview Timeframe: current

Symptom abnormal extraocular movements¹ aggressiveness² agitation² agraphesthesia¹ anxiety² appetite decrease² appetite increase² auditory hallucinations² bizarre behavior² buccolingual praxis impaired¹ cerebellar functions impaired¹ cogwheeling¹ decreased strength¹ deep tendon reflexes abnormal¹ delusions² depressed mood² dressing apraxia¹ falling¹ gait impaired¹ gegenhalten¹ general anxiety² glabellar response¹ grasp reflex¹

Symptom hypersomnia² hyposomnia² impaired olfaction¹ incontinence¹ irritability² lack of energy² lead pipe rigidity¹ limb praxis impaired¹ loss of interest² loss of motivation² motor impersistence¹ myoclonus¹ other cranial nerve abnormalities¹ palmomental reflex¹ panic attacks² plantar response¹ poor self-esteem² rooting reflex¹ sadness² self-neglect² situational anxiety² snout reflex¹ social withdrawal² somatization² stereoagnosis abnormal¹

% 0 0 14 3 26 15 7 0 0 3 0 0 0 2 0 11 0 0 2 3 0 0 0

34.3

% 2 41 2 0 0 29 0 7 10 6 0 0 0 7 0 0 2 0 18 0 2 4 1 0 0

116 suicide² sundowning² suspiciousness² syndromal major depression² tremor¹

II / Control Groups: Adult 1 0 0 0 1

unawareness of memory deficit¹ visual and auditory hallucinations² visual hallucinations² wandering²

1 0 0 0

Hart, Bax, & Jenkins (1983) n = 870 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: Age: ¹1 year; ²18 months; ³2 years; 43 years; 54 1/2 years

Race: Population Setting: community Nationality: UK Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: parent report Timeframe: 3 months

Symptom night waking¹ night waking² night waking³ night waking4 night waking5 poor appetite³

Symptom poor appetite4 poor appetite5 temper tantrums³ temper tantrums4 temper tantrums5

% 21 17 15 12 10 11

Population Setting: community Nationality: Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: structured interview Timeframe: lifetime

Breslau (1992) n = 788 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: Age: 21-30 Race:

Symptom

%

suicide attempt thought a lot about death

2.2 26.2

thought about committing suicide

12.8

Escobar, Burnam, Karno, et al. (1987) n = 2,551 Diagnostic Criteria:

% 16 9 19 18 11

Symptom

%

wanted to die

3.8

Gender: Age: Race: 1309/0/1,242/0/0/0 Population Setting: community

117

Community Controls Nationality: US Other Sample Characteristics:

Symptom abdominal pain chest pain dizziness excessive gas

Method of Reporting: structured interview Timeframe: lifetime

% 5.1 4.7 3.8 5.1

Symptom fainting painful periods palpitations

% 4.5 10.3 5.9

Talley, Fett, Zinsmeister, et al. (1994) n = 859 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 405/454 Age: 30-49 Race: 859/0/0/0/0/0


Symptom dyspepsia-Rome criteria early satiety frequent upper abdominal pain of moderate severity or more frequent upper abdominal pain-any gastric fullness postprandially often heartburn once a week or more

Symptom

%

nausea once a month or more retching once a month or more upper abdominal bloating often without visible detention upper abdominal discomfort often vomiting once a month or more

9.3

% 23.4 0.4 12.0

16.3 1.7 11.6

0.4 0.6

4.1 0.6

Talley, Fett, Zinsmeister, et al. (1994) n = 859 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: ¹405/²454 Age: 30-49 Race: 8594/0/0/0/0/0


Symptom dyspepsia-Rome criteria² dyspepsia-Rome criteria¹

Symptom early satiety often¹ early satiety often²

% 26.1 20.8

% 0.5 0.3

118 frequent upper abdominal pain of moderate severity or more¹ frequent upper abdominal pain of moderate severity or more² frequent upper abdominal pain-any¹ frequent upper abdominal pain-any² gastric fullness postprandially often¹ gastric fullness postprandially often² heartburn once a week or more¹ heartburn once a week or more² nausea once a month or more¹


11.8

17.1 15.6 1.8 1.7 13.0 10.3 8.9

% 7.6 30.5

vomiting once a month or more²

0.5

0.5 0.3 0.5

0.6

4.0 4.1 0.7

Symptom lack of energy² lack of energy²

% 23.2 35.1

Population Setting: general practice patients Nationality: France Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: presenting complaint Timeframe: current

Fuhrer & Wessely (1995) n = 3,784 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: ¹1460/²2324 Age: 18-64 Race:

Symptom

9.8

Population Setting: general practice patients Nationality: France Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: ¹presenting complaint; ²self-report Timeframe: ¹current; ²1 week

Fuhrer & Wessely (1995) n = 3,784 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 1,460/2,324 Age: 18-64 Race:

Symptom fatigue¹ lack of energy²

nausea once a month or more² retching once a month or more¹ retching once a month or more² upper abdominal bloating often without visible detention¹ upper abdominal bloating often without visible detention² upper abdominal discomfort often¹ upper abdominal discomfort- often² vomiting once a month or more¹

%

119

Community Controls fatigue¹ fatigue²

6.8 8.1

Population Setting: community Nationality: Canada Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: self-report Timeframe: lifetime

Dick, Bland, & Newman (1994) n = 3,211 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: Age: 18+ Race:

Symptom choking or smothering dizzy or lightheaded fear of dying, acting crazy feeling faint feelings of unreality fingers or feet tingling

% 1.6 1.8 2.7 1.7 2.2 0.9

Symptom heart pounding hot or cold flushes short of breath sweating tightness or pain in chest trembling and shaking

% 4.7 2.4 2.5 4.0 2.0 3.7

Huerta-Franco & Malacaro (1993) n = 502 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: Age: 23.9 Race:

Population Setting: community Nationality: Mexico Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: self-report Timeframe: current

Symptom abdominal bloating anxiety backache breast tenderness constipation crying easily depression desire to be alone desire to stay at home dizziness fatigue headache

Symptom inability to concentrate increased appetite insecurity irritability leg cramps low abdominal pain polydipsia restlessness sadness tension weakness

% 30.9 15.5 28.3 11.6 24.5 16.1 21.9 13.0 21.3 12.7 35.8 27.9

% 17.7 19.7 11.2 15.9 14.1 20.1 16.3 10.6 26.5 13.4 11.2

120


Waite, Broe, Creasey, et al. (1997) n = 537 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: ¹282/²255 Age: 75-97 Race:

Population Setting: community Nationality: Australia Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: physical exam Timeframe: current

Symptom cognitive impairment¹ cognitive impairment² gait ataxia¹ gait ataxia²

Symptom gait slowing¹ gait slowing² visual impairment¹ visual impairment²

% 36 39 42 57

% 18 20 45 40

Wicki, Angst, & Merikangas (1992) n = 457 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: Age: 28 Race:


Symptom anxiety appetite problems back pain cardiac complaints circulatory complaints depression headache hypochondriasis hypomania insomnia

Symptom intestinal complaints menstruation complaints neurasthenia obsessive-compulsive symptoms panic phobia respiratory complaints stomach complaints suicide ideation or attempts

Klink, Dodge, & Quan (1994) n = 1,358 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: Age: 18+ Race: 1,358/0/0/0/0/0

% 28 34 54 23 23 50 59 21 26 47

Population Setting: community Nationality: US Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: telephone survey Timeframe: current

% 33 20 25 8 7 34 13 37 15

121

Community Controls Symptom difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep excessive daytime sleepiness

% 28.0 9.4


Hochstrasser & Angst (1996) n = 91 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: ¹33/²58 Age: 20-21 Race:

Symptom abdominal cramps¹ abdominal cramps² abdominal pain¹ abdominal pain² belching¹ belching² bloating¹ bloating² diarrhea¹ diarrhea² feeling of fullness¹ feeling of fullness² feelings of pressure/fullness¹

% 72.7 52.9 63.6 58.8 72.7 81.0 63.6 50.0 36.4 64.7 81.8 72.4 63.6

% 50.0 66.7 48.3 54.6 29.4 57.6 70.7 30.3 36.2 66.7 63.8 84.8 81.0


Hochstrasser & Angst (1996) n = 67 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: ¹17/²50 Age: 29-30 Race:

Symptom abdominal pain¹ abdominal pain²

Symptom feelings of pressure/fullness² nausea¹ nausea² obstipation¹ obstipation² stomach burning¹ stomach burning² stomach pain¹ stomach pain² stomach pressure¹ stomach pressure² vomiting¹ vomiting²

% 45.5 48.9

Symptom belching¹ belching²

% 35.6 38.0

122 bloating¹ bloating² diarrhea¹ diarrhea² feelings of pressure/fullness¹ feelings of pressure/fullness² nausea¹ nausea²

II / Control Groups: Adult 63.6 63.8 54.6 44.7 54.6 68.1 41.2 64.0

obstipation¹ obstipation² stomach burning¹ stomach burning² stomach pain¹ stomach pain² stomach pressure¹ stomach pressure² vomiting¹ vomiting²

45.5 63.8 52.9 48.0 47.1 58.0 41.2 46.0 23.5 24.0

Schoenbach, Kaplan, Wagner, et al. (1983) n = 504 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: ¹153/0; ²104/0; 30/155; 40/92 Age: 12-16 Race: 0/92/0/0/0/0

Population Setting: public junior high school students Nationality: US Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: self-report Timeframe: 1 week

Symptom bothered by things¹ bothered by things² bothered by things3 bothered by things4 could not get going¹ could not get going² could not get going3 could not get going4 could not shake blues² could not shake blues3 could not shake blues4 could. not shake blues¹ did not enjoy life¹ did not enjoy life² did not enjoy life3 did not enjoy life4 everything was an effort¹ everything was an effort² everything was an effort3

Symptom everything was an effort4 felt depressed¹ felt depressed² felt depressed3 felt depressed4 felt fearful¹ felt fearful² felt fearful3 felt fearful4 felt lonely¹ felt lonely² felt lonely3 felt lonely4 felt people disliked me¹ felt people disliked me² felt people disliked me3 felt people disliked me4 felt sad¹ felt sad²

% 44 61 63 69 45 59 56 49 56 56 56 36 53 75 58 64 76 80 72

% 72 45 58 59 63 34 52 44 64 38 66 47 46 39 55 52 43 39 59

Family Practice Controls felt sad3 felt sad4 had crying spells¹ had crying spells² had crying spells3 had crying spells4 life had been a failure¹ life had been a failure² life had been a failure3 life had been a failure4 not feel like eating¹ not feel like eating² not feel like eating3 not feel like eating4 not happy¹ not happy² not happy3 not happy4 not hopeful about future4 not hopeful about the future¹ not hopeful about the future² not hopeful about the future3

123 51 42 18 41 37 35 19 51 34 46 30 55 46 51 60 79 57 73 74 68 85 76

not just as good as others¹ not just as good as others² not just as good as others3 not just as good as others4 people were unfriendly¹ people were unfriendly² people were unfriendly3 people were unfriendly4 sleep was restless¹ sleep was restless² sleep was restless3 sleep was restless4 talked less than usual¹ talked less than usual² talked less than usual3 talked less than usual4 trouble keeping mind on things¹ trouble keeping mind on things² trouble keeping mind on things3 trouble keeping mind on things4

68 71 75 68 49 51 48 46 37 52 46 63 50 78 57 69 62 71 78 64

FAMILY PRACTICE Race: Population Setting: HMO patients Nationality: US Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: self-report Timeframe: 2 years

Fox, Lees-Haley, Earnest, et al. (1995) n = 124 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 44/80 Age: 48

Symptom concentration concentration dizziness ear ringing

% 40 40 27 20

Symptom fatigue fatigue headache impatience

% 59 59 50 35

124


impatience irritability irritability memory

35 44 44 33

noise sensitivity noise sensitivity visual visual

15 15 26 26

Amodei, Elkin, Burge, et al. (1994) n = 60 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 30/30 Age: 40.5 (13.0) Race: 3/3/54/0/0

Population Setting: family practice clinic Nationality: US Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: structured clinical interview Timeframe: 130 days, 2lifetime

Symptom anxiety 1 anxiety 2 depression 1 depression 2 hallucinations 1 hallucinations 2 prescribed medications 1 prescribed medications 2

Symptom suicidal thoughts 1 suicidal thoughts 2 suicide attempts 1 suicide attempts 2 trouble concentrating 1 trouble concentrating 2 violent behavior 1 violent behavior 2

% 16.7 28.3 13.3 30.0 0.0 5.0 5.0 21.7

% 3.3 13.3 0.0 8.3 11.7 16.7 3.3 10.0

GENERAL PRACTICE Race: Population Setting: general medical patients Nationality: UK Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: parent report Timeframe: 12 months

Doull, Williams, Freezer, et al. (1996) n = 4,830 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 2,508/2,293 Age: 8.04 (.86)

Symptom chronic cough chronic cough and wheeze

%

Symptom

%

10 7.6

wheezing

5.5

125

Internal Medicine Controls Tse, Cooper, Bridges-Webb, et al. (1993) n = 1,933 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: Age: 8.04 Race:

Population Setting: general medicine outpatients Nationality: Australia Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: self report Timeframe: ¹1 year, ²lifetime

Symptom wheeze¹

Symptom wheeze²

% 19

% 23

INTERNAL MEDICINE Fox, Lees-Haley, Earnest, et al. (1995) n = 190 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 57/133 Age: 49.4

Race: 268/88/66/7/0/9 Population Setting: HMO patients Nationality: US Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: self-report Timeframe: 2 years

Symptoms concentration dizziness ear ringing fatigue

% 17 24 21 33

headache

38

Symptoms impatience irritability memory noise sensitivity visual

% 26 27 23 13 27

LITIGANTS Nationality: US Other Sample Characteristics: emotional distress or industrial stress claims, non-neurological injuries, litigants Method of Reporting: self-report Timeframe: since injury

Lees-Haley & Brown (1993) n = 170 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 90/80 Age: 39 (11.1) Race: Population Setting: litigation claimants

Symptoms

%

anxiety or nervousness

93

Symptoms back pain

% 80

126 bleeding broken bone or bones bumping into things concentration problems confusion constipation depression diarrhea dizziness elbow pain fatigue (mental or physical) feeling disorganized foot pain headaches hearing problems impatience impotence irritability loss of efficiency in carrying out everyday tasks

II / Control Groups: Adult 11 2 21 78 59 29 89 2 44 21 79 61 24 88 29 65 15 77 56

loss of interest memory problems nausea neck pain numbness restlessness seizures sexual problems shoulder pain sleeping problems speech problems trembling or tremors trouble reading visual problems, blurring, or seeing double word finding problems, not finding the word you want, using the wrong word worried about health

60 53 38 74 39 62 4 41 55 92 18 30 24 32 34

77

MEDICAL AND DENTAL STUDENTS

Population Setting: medical and dental school Nationality: US Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: self-report Timeframe: lifetime

Blau (1990) n = 327 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 198/129 Age: 18-32 Race:

Symptom has headaches headache due to alcohol headache due to excessive cold headache due to excessive heat

% 97.9 38.5 2.1 36.7

Symptoms headache due to excessive light headache due to excessive noise headache due to excessive sleep

% 27.2 29.2 23.5

127

Neurology Controls headache due to exercise headache due to hunger headache due to icecream headache due to insufficient sleep headache due to menstruation headache due to mental stress

8.3 14.1 10.7 38.8 19.4

headache due to other causes headache due to reading headache due to shopping headache due to travel headache due to watching a movie

19.0 31.5 12.8 19.6 5.2

38.8

NEUROLOGY Race: Population Setting: HMO patients Nationality: US Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: self-report Timeframe: 2 years

Fox, Lees-Haley, Earnest, et al. (1995) n = 104 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 60/44 Age: 50.4

Symptom concentration dizziness ear ringing fatigue headache

% 34 30 22 52 49


% 38 41 36 16 29

NONSMOKERS

Tashkin, Coulson, Clark, et al. (1987) n = 97 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: ¹59/²38 Age: ¹31.9; ²32 Race:

Population Setting: community Nationality: US Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: structured telephone interview Timeframe: 1 year

Symptom

Symptom

%

acute bronchitic episode lasting > 3 weeks²

2.9

acute bronchitic episode lasting > 3 weeks¹

% 18.0

128


cough present on most days¹ cough present on most days² shortness of breath¹ shortness of breath²

0.0 2.9 0.0 5.7

sputum present on most days¹ sputum present on most days² wheeze present >21 days¹ wheeze present >21 days²

0.0 14.3 3.6 14.3

NORMAL Population Setting: health service workers Nationality: Australia Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: interviewer rating Timeframe: 1lifetime; 2during tics

Chee & Sachder (1997) n = 45 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 22/23 Age: 20.7 (5.3) Race:

Symptom 1

eye tics face/head tics1 itch/tickle/insect crawling sensations2 lower limb tics1 neck tics1

% 0.0 2.2 2.2

Symptom sensory tics1 tightness/tension2 tingling/crinking/ electrical sensations2

% 8.9 0.0 0.0

4.4 0.0

torso tics1 upper limb tics1

0.0 2.2

Merello, Sabe, Teson, et al. (1994) n = 20 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 7/13 Age: 70.9 (8.1) Race:

Population Setting: community Nationality: Argentina Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: neurological exam Timeframe: current

Symptom

%

abnormal gait abnormal posture abnormal speech action tremor altering movements body bradykinesia finger tapping

10 25 0 5 5 5 10

Symptom hand movements leg agility masked face postural instability resting tremor rigidity rising from a chair

% 5 5 25 5 0 40 5

129

Normal Controls Population Setting: community Nationality: UK Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: Timeframe:

Moorey & Soni (1994) n = 30 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 14/16 Age: 41; 18-62 Race:

Symptom anxiety

% 7

Weiss, Hechtman, Milroy, et al. (1985) n = 42 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 38/4 Age: 25.1; 21-32

Race: Population Setting: community Nationality: Canada Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: Timeframe: 3 years

Symptom interpersonal problems neurotic problems psychotic problems sexual problems

Symptom suicidal attempts suicidal thoughts symptoms related to

% 75.0 79.0 8.2 20.0

DeSmet, Ruberg, Sedaru,et al. (1982) n = 41 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: Age: 60.7 (1.3) Race: Population Setting: neurology and neuropsychology clinic inpatients

Symptom confusional state

% 0.0 26.8 68.2

Nationality: France Other Sample Characteristics: taking anticholinergic drugs Method of Reporting: neurological exam Timeframe: current

% 9.8

Ackerman, Dykman, & Peters (1977) n = 31 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: Age: 14

Race: Population Setting: Nationality: US Other Sample Characteristics: followup

130


Method of Reporting: rater report

Timeframe: current

Symptom excessively fidgety extremely slow moving intermittently fidgety

Symptom overtalkative sullen

% 6.5 0.0 0.0

Mavrikakis, Sfikakis, Kontoyannis, et al. (1991) n = 350 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 141/209 Age: 65.7; 34-87

Symptom calcific shoulder periarthritis

Race: Population Setting: inpatients Nationality: Greece Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: X-ray Timeframe: current

% 10

Population Setting: community Nationality: Germany Other Sample Characteristics: 1“day 2”; 2“day 30” Method of Reporting: self-report Timeframe: current

Muller, Montoya, Shandry, et al. (1994) n = 45 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 20/25 Age: 44.7 (15.4); 24-81 Race:

Symptom chest tightness1 chest tightness2 clammy hands/feet1 clammy hands/feet2 cold hands/feet1 cold hands/feet2 dizziness1 dizziness2 headache1 headache2 nausea1 nausea2 pounding heart1

% 3.2 6.5

% 20 10 5 5 25 10 15 15 25 20 10 5 35

Symptom pounding heart2 restlessness1 restlessness2 shortness of breath1 shortness of breath2 sleep disturbance1 sleep disturbance2 throbbing temples1 throbbing temples2 tiredness1 tiredness2 warmth1 warmth2

% 15 30 30 15 15 20 20 15 10 60 50 10 15

131

Normal Controls Hendren, Hodde-Vargas, Yeo, et al. (1995) n = 13 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 7/6 Age: 29.7(19.4) Race:

Population Setting: public school students or pediatric outpatients Nationality: Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: neuropsychological tests Timeframe:

Symptom impaired frontal ability

Symptom impaired verbal ability impaired verbal memory

% 40

impaired nonverbal ability

0

% 0 10

Noyes, Cook, & Garvey (1990) n = 30 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 12/18 Age: Race:

Population Setting: drug study subjects Nationality: US Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: self-report Timeframe: 1 week

Symptom belching bloating constipation diarrhea dry mouth heartburn lower abdominal pain lump in throat

Symptom nausea passing of gas poor appetite trouble eating trouble swallowing upper abdominal pain vomiting

% 40.0 3.3 6.7 6.7 6.7 10.0 6.7 6.7

% 6.7 46.7 0.0 0.0 3.3 3.3 0.0

Lydiard, Greenwald, Weissman, et al. (1994) n = 8973 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: Age: 18+ Race:


Symptom abdominal pain

Symptom constipation

% 4.7

% 7.5

132 diarrhea frequent vomiting nausea without vomiting

II / Control Groups: Adult 2.9 1.5 3.2

2.4 6.6 0.7

Race: Population Setting: HMO patients Nationality: US Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: self-report Timeframe: 2 years


Symptom concentration dizziness ear ringing fatigue headache

sickness from certain foods stomach bloating symptoms of IBS

% 19 24 18 34 43

Symptom impatience irritability memory noise sensitivity visual

% 24 33 18 11 24

Glosser, Wolfe, Kliner-Krenzel, et al. (1994) n = 31 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 17/14 Age: 71.2 (10.0) Race:

Population Setting: neurology clinic outpatients Nationality: US Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: structured interview Timeframe: current

Symptoms anxiety cooperation depression

Symptoms motor slowing psychosis

% 0 0 0

Johnson, DeLuca & Natelson (1996) n = 33 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 2/31 Age: 34.5(1.7) Race:


% 0 0

133

Normal Controls Symptom 6 months of pain abdominal pain back pain blurred vision chest pain constipation crying spells diarrhea dizziness double vision excess gas excessive menstruation extremity pain fainting food intolerance headaches hopelessness

% 0 3 0 0 0 3 18 0 3 9 6 3 5 9 3 16 9

Symptom irregular menstruation joint pain loss of feeling lump in throat menstrual pain missed menstruation muscle weakness nausea painful intercourse sexual difficulties sexual indifference shortness of breath sickliness throughout life sudden weight change tachycardia time off due to illness trouble walking

Krupp, Jandorf, Coyle, et al. (1993) n = 40 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 12/28 Age: 32(10) Race:

Population Setting: community Nationality: Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: self-report Timeframe: previous night

Symptom bothered by early morning waking slept badly

Symptom slept lightly still felt drowsy upon awakening

Flament, Koby, Rapoport, et al. (1990) n = 40 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 12/28 Age: 18.5(2.1); 14-22 Race:

% 0 5


% 9 3 0 3 6 6 0 0 0 3 34 0 0 0 25 0 0

% 10 35

134 Symptom suicide attempts

II / Control Groups: Adult % 4

Watkins, Williamson, & Falkowski (1989) n = 30 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 0/30 Age: 33.5; 25-42 Race:

Population Setting: college undergraduates Nationality: US Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: self-report Timeframe: 2 months

Symptom appetite autonomic reactions behavior change concentration

Symptom negative affect pain water retention

% 0.0 0.0 6.7 0.0

Population Setting: Nationality: Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: experiment Timeframe: current

Gerbaldo & Thaker (1991) n = 17 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 9/8 Age: 34(10) Race:

Symptom photophilic behavior

% 6.7 0.0 36.7

% 0

Weissman, Klerman, Markowitz, et al. (1988) n = 12,233 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 4844/7389 Age: 18+ Race: 8245/263/0/0/0/1246

Population Setting: community Nationality: US Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: structured interview Timeframe:

Symptom felt like you want to die suicide attempts

Symptom thought about suicide

% 3 1

Heaton, Ghosh, & Braddon (1991)

n = 27

% 4

135

Normal Controls Nationality: UK Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: self-report diary Timeframe: 1 month

Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 0/27 Age: 29; 21-38 Race: Population Setting: community

Symptom abdominal pain bloating defecation urgent excessively frequent defecation incomplete evacuation of bowel movement

% 81 93 11 7

% 19 0 11 63

15

Nationality: US Other Sample Characteristics: subjects experienced at least one headache in the 5 year period before the interview Method of Reporting: interview Timeframe: 4 weeks

Linet, Stewart, Celentano, et al. (1989) n = 3158 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: ¹1523/21635 Age: 12-17 Race: Population Setting: community

Symptom migraine¹ migraine²

Symptom infrequent defecation irregularity straining to finish straining to start

% 3.8 6.6

Nationality: US Other Sample Characteristics: subjects experienced at least one headache in the 5 year period before the interview Method of Reporting: interview Timeframe: 4 weeks

Linet, Stewart, Celentano, et al. (1989) n = 3210 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: ¹1480/²1730 Age: 18-23 Race: Population Setting: community

Symptom migraine¹

% 3.0

migraine²

6.7

136

II / Control Groups: Adult Nationality: US Other Sample Characteristics: subjects experienced at least one headache in the 5 year period before the interview Method of Reporting: interview Timeframe: 4 weeks

Linet, Stewart, Celentano, et al. (1989) n = 3081 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: ¹1391/²1690 Age: 24-29 Race: Population Setting: community

Symptom migraine¹ migraine²

% 2.2 8.8

Race: Population Setting: community Nationality: US Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: interview Timeframe: 4 weeks

Linet, Stewart, Celentano, et al. (1989) n = 2054 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 1851/21203 Age: 12-17

Symptom

%

Symptom

awakened from sleep by headache1 awakened from sleep by headache2 feeling of a tight band around the head during headache1

5.4

nausea/ vomiting during headache2

5.5

numbness/ tingling/ peculiar feeling in one arm/ leg during headache¹ numbness/ tingling/ peculiar feeling in one arm/ leg during headache2 pain in back of head, neck or shoulders during headache¹ pain in back of head, neck or shoulders during headache2 partial loss of vision before headache¹ partial loss of vision before headache2 spots/ lines/ heat waves before headache¹

17.1

feeling of a tight band around the head during headache2 headache occurred after sleeping longer than usual¹ headache occurred after sleeping longer than usual2

14.1

nausea/ vomiting during headache¹

8.2

8.8

8.4

% 10.5 3.1

2.1

15.2

17.4

2.4 2.4 8.3

137

Normal Controls

spots/ lines/ heat waves before headache2 unilateral pain during headache¹ unilateral pain during headache2 unilateral soreness of

10.3 8.2

scalp during headache¹ unilateral soreness of scalp during headache2

3.9

30.1 2.6

Race: Population Setting: community Nationality: US Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: interview Timeframe: 4 weeks

Linet, Stewart, Celentano, et al. (1989) n = 2195 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: ¹840/²1355 Age: 18-23

Symptom

%

Symptom

awakened from sleep by headache¹ awakened from sleep by headache² feeling of a tight band around the head during headache¹ feeling of a tight band around the head during headache² headache occurred after sleeping longer than usual¹ headache occurred after sleeping longer than usual²

3.9

pain in back of head, neck or shoulders during headache¹ pain in back of head, neck or shoulders during headache² partial loss of vision before headache¹ partial loss of vision before headache² spots/ lines/ heat waves before headache¹ spots/ lines/ heat waves before headache²

18.6

unilateral pain during headache¹ unilateral pain during headache² unilateral soreness of scalp during headache¹ unilateral soreness of scalp during headache²

23.5

nausea/ vomiting during headache¹ nausea/ vomiting during headache² numbness/ tingling/ peculiar feeling in one arm/ leg during headache¹ numbness/ tingling/ peculiar feeling in one arm/ leg during headache²

4.5 15.3

14.1

9.1

10.4

6.1 13.5 2.4

2.4

%

23.5

2.8 2.4 6.2 7.5

26.2 2.2 3.6

138

II / Control Groups: Adult Race: Population Setting: community Nationality: US Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: interview Timeframe: 4 weeks

Linet, Stewart, Celentano, et al. (1989) n = 2126 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: ¹819/²1307 Age: 24-29

Symptom

%

Symptom

awakened from sleep by headache¹ awakened from sleep by headache² feeling of a tight band around the head during headache¹ feeling of a tight band around the head during headache² headache occurred after sleeping longer than usual¹ headache occurred after sleeping longer than usual² nausea/ vomiting during headache¹ nausea/ vomiting during headache² numbness/ tingling/ peculiar feeling in one arm/ leg during headache¹ numbness/ tingling/ peculiar feeling in one arm/ leg during headache²

2.1

pain in back of head, neck or shoulders during headache¹ pain in back of head, neck or shoulders during headache² partial loss of vision before headache¹ partial loss of vision before headache² spots/ lines/ heat waves before headache¹ spots/ lines/ heat waves before headache² unilateral pain during headache¹ unilateral pain during headache²

7.7 12.3

16.0

9.1

9.3

6.1

% 23.0

27.0

1.9 1.5 4.7 8.6 23.4 27.0

18.0 2.3

unilateral soreness of scalp during headache¹

3.0

unilateral soreness of scalp during headache²

6.7

3.8

Steinhausen,Nestler, & Spohr (1982) n = 28 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 16/12 Age: 39-133 months Race:

Population Setting: pediatric clinics, foster homes, private pediatric practices Nationality: West Germany Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: developmental history Timeframe: lifetime

Normal Controls Symptom behavior disorders during preschool period failure to thrive problems of suck retarded motor development

139 % 30 5 10 18

Symptom retarded speech development retarded toilet training

% 22 36

Mannuzza,Gittleman,Bonagura, et al (1988) n = 52 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: Age: 18.4 (1.5); 16-23 Race: Population Setting: medical center outpatients

Nationality: US Other Sample Characteristics: diagnosed as hyperactive between 612 yrs. of age Method of Reporting: structured interview Timeframe: ¹during high school; ²between ages 16-18; ³after age 18

Symptom

%

“on the go” driven by a motor² acts on things immediately² actually hit someone when angry² arrested¹ arrested¹ attentional difficulties³ breaking & entering¹ chronic lateness¹ destroyed property¹ difficulty keeping mind on interesting materials² difficulty sitting or with quiet activities² driving problems (ex. accident) ¹ easily distracted at work/school² expelled from school¹

21

Symptom fighting¹ fired¹ frequent arguing at home¹ hyperactivity³ illegal income³ impulsivity³ job or school problems¹ job problems¹ makes decisions too quickly² many decisions regretted² mind frequently somewhere else² moderate to extreme attentional difficulties³ no alcohol related problems¹ no conduct problems¹ no conduct problems¹ no regular home for more than 1 month³

17 27 25 2 20 12 12 12 12 15 2 17 2

% 2 0 12 13 0 17 2 19 23 15 23 20 96 58 73 0

140 often called impatient by others² often got into arguments² others complain of his not paying attention² others said he had a violent temper² over $100¹ overall severity² persistent lying³ physical fighting³ pranks¹ smashed or threw things² sued for bad debts³ suspended or expelled¹ temper caused trouble w/police or at school²

II / Control Groups: Adult 21 46 13 25 6 52 0 3 12 23 0 21 19

theft (excluding minor) ¹ threatened to hurt someone² threw objects at cars/people¹ trouble concentrating or paying attention² trouble finishing things² trouble for fighting¹ truancy¹ use of alias³ use of weapon³ vagrancy³ vandalism¹ verbal abuse to teachers¹ very restless & fidgety² violation of rules¹

21 19 8 21 12 4 25 0 0 0 2 13 19 19

Mannuzza,Gittleman,Bonagura, et al (1988) n = 80 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: Age: 19 (1.6); 16-23 Race:

Population Setting: medical center outpatients Nationality: US Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: structured interview Timeframe: ¹during high school; ²between ages 16-18; ³after age 18

Symptom acts on things immediately² actually hit someone when angry² arrested¹ arrested2 attentional difficulties³ breaking & entering¹ chronic lateness¹ destroyed property¹ difficulty keeping his mind on interesting materials²

Symptom difficulty sitting, or with quiet activities² driving problems (ex. accident) ¹ easily distracted at work/school² expelled from school¹ fighting¹ fired¹ frequent arguing at home¹ hyperactivity³ illegal income³ impulsivity³

% 19 33 23 3 5 10 18 16 4

% 6 6 6 3 6 0 24 5 9 12

Normal Controls

141

job or school problems¹ job problems¹ makes decisions too quickly² many decisions regretted² mind frequently somewhere else² moderate to extreme attentional difficulty³ no alcohol related problems¹ no conduct problems¹ no conduct problems¹ no regular home for more than 1 month³ often called impatient by others² often got into arguments² others complain of his not paying attention² others said he had a violent temper² “On the go” driven by a motor² over $100¹ overall severity²

4 8 18 19 8 5 89 63 68 0 13 60 5 33 9 3 63

persistent lying³ physical fighting³ pranks¹ smashed or threw things² sued for bad debts³ suspended or expelled¹ temper caused trouble with police or at school² theft (excluding minor) ¹ threatened to hurt someone² threw objects at cars/people¹ trouble concentrating or paying attention² trouble finishing things² trouble for fighting¹ truancy¹ use of a weapon³ use of alias³ vagrancy³ vandalism¹ verbal abuse to teachers¹ very restless & fidgety² violation of rules¹

3 9 5 24 0 18 13 21 26 10 8 5 8 31 0 0 0 1 9 10 11

Wheatley, Balter, Levine, et al. (1975) n = 174 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 98/76 Age: Race:

Population Setting: general medical outpatients Nationality: UK Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: self-report Timeframe: 12 months

Symptom anger-hostility anxiety

Symptom depression

% 21.5 58.0

Krupp, Alvarez, LaRocca, et al. (1988)

n = 32 Diagnostic Criteria:

% 33.5

142

II / Control Groups: Adult Nationality: US Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: self-report Timeframe: current

Gender: 11/21 Age: 39 (11) Race: Population Setting: MS patient relatives and hospital workers

Symptom bothered by fatigue

% 51

Fava, Rosenbaum, McCarthy, et al. (1991) n = 29 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 11/18 Age: 18-35 Race:

Symptom anger attacks

Population Setting: health workers and students Nationality: US Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: self-report Timeframe:

% 21

McCormick, Kukull, vanBelle, et al. (1994) n = 129 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 48/81 Age: 77(6) Race: 124/0/0/0/0/5

Population Setting: HMO patients Nationality: Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: medical records Timeframe: 1st symptom

Symptom agitation confusion cough depression forgetfulness gastrointestinal symptoms genitourinary symptoms hard of hearing

Symptom hypersomnia joint pain memory problems rash thinking problems vision problems weight loss

% 1.6 0.8 28.0 11.0 1.6 44.0 19.0 16.0

% 0.0 57.0 0.8 24.0 1.6 24.0 2.0

143

Occupational Controls OCCUPATIONAL

Population Setting: non-solvent exposed paint factory workers Nationality: Singapore Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: structured interview Timeframe

Ng, Lim, & Win (1992) n = 15 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 15/0 Age: 34.2 (5.36) 26-41 Race: 0/0/0/15/0/0

Symptoms abnormally tired depressed difficulty buttoning difficulty in concentration difficulty walking in dark dry skin feel afraid w/out real danger feel sleepy during the day get high at work hard to get meaning from reading headache at least once a week insomnia irritable numbness of lower limbs numbness of upper limbs

% 6.7 13.3 6.7 6.7 6.7 6.7 6.7 20.0 0.0 6.7 0.0 6.7 13.3 6.7 6.7

Symptoms often have to go back and check things often have to make notes to remember painful tingling in extremities palpitations w/out exertion perspire w/out particular reason poor appetite short memory skin rash told to have short memory vertigo wake up at night weakness of lower limbs weakness of upper limbs

% 6.7 13.3 13.3 0.0 13.3 0.0 13.3 0.0 6.7 0.0 6.7 0.0 0.0

Orbaek, Risberg, Rosen, et al. (1985) n = 50 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: Age: Race:

Population Setting: sugar refinery workers Nationality: Sweden Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: ¹neurological exam; ²self-report Timeframe: current

Symptom alcohol incontinence² cardiac palpitations² chest oppression²

Symptoms clinical signs of slight neuropathy¹ concentration difficulties²

% 8 4 4

% 4 6

144 creeping paresthesia² depressive feelings² dyspepsia² excessive sweating² fatigue² headache² irritability² mental exhaustion during workday² mood lability² numbness²

II / Control Groups: Adult 2 0 26 4 2 8 4 28

physical exhaustion² recent memory failure² restless legs² sexual dysfunction² sleep disturbances² tingling paresthesia² tremor² vertigo²

10 10 0 0 6 4 6 0

2 0

Lundberg, Michelsen, Nise, et al. (1995) n = 71 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: Age: Race:

Population Setting: carpenters Nationality: Sweden Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: ¹self-report, ²MRI, EEG³ Timeframe: ¹during work; ²current

Symptom

Symptoms

%

abdominal pain¹ abnormal EEG (current)³ abnormal finger-nose¹ abnormal knee-heel¹ abnormal left vibration sensitivity (toe)¹

7.0 11.0 35.2 56.3 1.4

abnormal line walking¹ abnormal right vibration sensitivity (toe)¹ abnormal romberg¹ abnormal tremor¹ acid eructation¹ anger, hostility¹ anxiety nervousness¹ awake long before falling asleep on weekends¹ awake long before falling asleep on weeknights¹

41.0 2.8 51.0 7.0 9.0 24.0 14.1 65.0 55.0

can’t stand smell of solvents¹ confusion¹ decreased speed¹ depression-dejection¹ disturbed, uneasy sleep¹ easily tired¹ emotional lability¹ expansion of areas filled w/cerebrospinal fluid² fatigue¹ feeling tired when waking up¹ focal morphological changes² frequent headache¹ heavy snoring¹ impaired balance in darkness¹

% 21.1 28.2 17.0 24.0 115.0 46.5 15.5 40.0 24.0 92.0 6.7 14.1 48.0 5.6

145

Occupational Controls impaired balance in daylight¹ impaired concentration¹ impaired intellect¹ impaired memory¹ impaired sense of smell¹ impaired sense of taste¹ involuntary dozing during leisure time¹ involuntary dozing during work¹ irritability¹ lightheadedness¹ lightheadedness¹ loss of initiative¹ lower alcohol tolerance¹ mood change¹ recovery¹

10.0 10.0 0.0 31.0 23.0 7.0 61.0 43.7 15.5 1.0 1.0 6.0 27.0 7.0 61.0

Broadwell, Darcey, Hudnell, et al (1995) n = 32 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 15/17 Age: 47.6 (9.0) Race: 11/3/17/1/0/0

Symptom color discrimination deficit

reduced vigor¹ rotational vertigo¹ sexual problems¹ sleep apnea¹ sleep quality¹ sleeping problems¹ tension¹ tired sleepy during work or leisure time¹ trouble falling asleep¹ trouble waking up¹ unsteadiness, vertigo¹ vegetative symptoms¹ wakes up often, trouble falling asleep again¹ waking up to early¹

24.0 15.5 18.3 51.0 57.7 8.5 26.8 74.6 54.0 70.4 11.3 14.1 118.0 59.2

Population Setting: micro-electronic factory workers Nationality: US Other Sample Characteristics: exposed to multiple solvents >1 year Method of Reporting: eye exam Timeframe: current

% 36

Juntunen, Metikainen, Antii-Poika, et al. (1985) n = 31 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 31/0 Age: 41.5 (8.0) Race:

Population Setting: offset printers Nationality: Finland Other Sample Characteristics: tolulene exposure 22 years (7.4 years) Method of Reporting: ¹interview; ²neurological exam Timeframe: current

Symptoms

Symptoms

%

%

146 abnormal findings in neuropsychological examinations² cerebellar disturbances¹ cerebellar signs² cognitive disturbances¹ disturbances in gait and posture² dizziness¹ headache¹ insomnia¹ memory disturbance¹

II / Control Groups: Adult 7

6 13 13 9 3 13 6 19

numbness¹ pains of the extremities¹ peripheral nervous system symptoms¹ peripheral neuropathy² psychic disturbances¹ slightly abnormal EEG findings² tremor²

22 9 25 19 13 19 13

PSYCHIATRIC Race: Population Setting: HMO patients Nationality: US Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: self report Timeframe: 2 years


Symptoms concentration dizziness ear ringing fatigue headache

% 45 30 22 55 52

% 53 55 31 18 21

Population Setting: psychiatric hospital inpatients and outpatients Nationality: UK Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: self report Timeframe:

Philips & Hunter (1982) n = 300 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 1125/2175 Age: 16-60 Race:

Symptoms classical migraine1 classical migraine2


% 1.7 4.0

Symptoms common migraine1 common migraine2

% 5.7 7.7

147

Psychiatric Controls mixed headache1 mixed headache2

1.3 7.3

% 0.0 0.0 16.7 16.7 0.0 8.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0

Symptom refusal to maintain normal weight rigidity & fear of change rumination on food & calories sadistic toward own body scrupulousness & selfrighteousness self-induced vomiting weight loss of at least 25% of original body weight

% 8.3 58.3 8.3 50.0 33.3 8.3 8.3

25.0

Population Setting: university hospital psychiatric clinic inpatients and outpatients Nationality: US Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: rater report Timeframe: current

Newmark, Raft, Toomey, et al. (1975) n = 160 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: Age: Race:

Symptoms agitation ambivalence amnesia anxiety

26.0 31.7

Population Setting: psychiatric inpatients Nationality: Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: observation Timeframe: current

Rothenberg (1986) n = 12 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 6/6 Age: 16-60 Race:

Symptom amenorrhea binge-eating disturbance of body image eating & food rituals excessive cleanliness excessive orderliness intense fear of becoming obese laxative & diuretic abuse miserliness no known physical illness accounting for weight loss perfectionism

tension headache1 tension headache2

% 18 47 4 70

Symptoms archaic or magical thinking autism blocking

% 2 7 7

148 circumstantial concrete thinking confabulation delusions depersonalization depression disorientation to person disorientation to place disorientation to time echolalia echopraxia flat affect hallucinations inappropriate affect incoherent labile loose association loss of ego boundaries

II / Control Groups: Adult 6 6 2 11 3 78 3 12 9 0 0 34 7 21 9 19 8 5

mutism negativism neologisms oneiric state overinclusion paleologic thinking paralogia perseveration regression retardation of speech sensitivity social withdrawal stereotyped behavior stilted language symbolism tangential variability verbigeration

1 4 0 0 7 1 5 7 9 6 31 32 6 1 2 11 17 0

Control Groups: Child and Adolescent CLINIC-REFERRED CHILDREN

Landau & Milichiwidiger (1991) n = 76 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 76/0 Age: 11.9 (1.7) Race: Population Setting: outpatient child psychiatry clinic

Nationality: US Other Sample Characteristics: clinic referred for academic, behavioral, psychiatric disorder Method of Reporting: self-report Timeframe: current

Symptom can’t attend to fun activities

% 28

Symptom

can’t sit still

47

change activities without finishing

22

doesn’t finish schoolwork doesn’t listen in school doesn’t pay attention leaves games unfinished

25 24 30 16

leaves meals/TV before finished

7

lose books and papers parents must repeat commands parents yell-don’t know why

20 37

push ahead in line/ can’t wait turn

36

% 9

rush about without thinking

28

rush through school assignments

28

talk at school when shouldn’t

28

teacher complains out of seat

16

teacher must repeat instructions

28

trouble attending school trouble finding things

30 18

Nationality: US Other Sample Characteristics: clinic referred for behavioral problems Method of Reporting: parent or teacher-report Timeframe: current

Frick, et al. (1994) n = 440 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 336/104 Age: 9.5 (4-17) Race: 268/88/66/7/0/9 Population Setting: mental health clinic

149

150 Symptom angry animal annoy argue blame break bully con cruel dark defy fights fires

II / Control Groups: Child and Adolescent % 32 12 38 55 38 12 18 19 5 8 50 27 3

Symptoms lie mug rape ridicule run spiteful steal taunts temper touchy truant vandal weapon

% 31 10 5 47 8 22 34 13 48 34 6 17 11

DELINQUENTS Population Setting: adolescent correctional facility Nationality: US Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: structured interview Timeframe:

Chiles, Miller, & Cox (1980) n = 92 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 74/18 Age: 13.9 Race: 24/0/0/0/0/4

Symptom arson difficulty concentrating diminished interest in activities discouraged dysphoric mood eat less eat more encopresis enuresis excessive guilt feeling like a failure fighting frequently frequent lying frequently breaks rules gained weight

% 14.1 19.5 29.3 21.1 31.9 30 25.3 4.3 27.5 24.4 18.7 14.3 48.4 50.5 40.2

Symptoms hypersomnia indecision insomnia less energy, fatigue lost weight psychomotor agitation psychomotor retardation runaway self-reproach short attention span stealing suicide attempt suicide ideation tease children-animals unable to sit still

% 12.1 12 34.1 27.2 33.7 21.7 12 61.5 35.1 34.8 34.5 10 23 15.2 42

151

Elementary School Children used a weapon (gun, knife, club)

28.6

vandalism wanting punishment

53.8 18.9

wants to be alone wants to be with people

18.7 32.6

ELEMENTARY SCHOOL CHILDREN

Population Setting: public and parochial elementary schools Nationality: Canada Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: teacher report Timeframe: current

Waldman & Lilienfeld (1991) n = 105 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 105/0 Age: 8-12

Symptom actively defies angry/resents annoys blames others blurts answers bullies difficulty playing quietly difficulty remaining seated difficulty sustaining difficulty waiting turn doesn’t listen easily distracted fails to finish chores

% 19 22 28 28 23 19 32 26 43 22 39 49 43

Symptom fidgets interrupts loses temper loses things messy/sloppy often argues often talks physically dangerous shifts activities spiteful swears touchy

% 36 25 21 35 37 17 34 16 38 15 13 25

HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS

Population: rural high school students Nationality: US Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: self-report Timeframe: current

Carter & Duncan (1984) n = 421 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 0/421 Age: Race:

Symptom self-induced vomiting

% 9

152

II / Control Groups: Child and Adolescent

PSYCHIATRIC-REFERRED CHILDREN Milich, Widiger, & Landau (1987) n = 76 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 76/0 Age: 11.9 (1.7) Race:

Population Setting: child-psychiatry outpatient clinic Nationality: US Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: parent interview Timeframe:

Symptom acts w/out thinking breaking in can’t concentrate can’t sit still cruelty to animals destroys property doesn’t listen doesn’t take turns easily distracted fails to finish games unfinished hooky hurt someone interrupts a lot

Symptom lies needs supervision on the go restless sleeper runaway runs around runs, climbs sets fires shifts activities steals suspended unorganized used knife or gun

% 61 11 70 25 1 13 66 51 80 63 28 7 3 58

% 25 58 51 17 3 26 32 12 51 14 14 58 11

SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS

Choquet, Menke, & Ledoux (1989) n = 327 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: ¹173/²154 Age: Race:

Population Setting: state and private secondary schools Nationality: France Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: self-report Timeframe: lifetime

Symptom doesn’t drink¹ doesn’t drink²

Symptoms drinks infrequently¹ drinks infrequently²

% 12.7 35.7

% 20.2 27.9

153

Special Education Students drinks regularly¹ drinks regularly²

48.6 11.0

drinks weekly¹ drinks weekly²

16.8 24.7

SPECIAL EDUCATION STUDENTS

Population Setting: special education classroom students Nationality: US Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: teacher report Timeframe: current

Pelham, Evans, & Gnagy (1992) n = 364 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 364/0 Age: 5-19 Race:

Symptom actively defies or refuses adult requests/rules angry or resentful argues w/adults blames other for own mistakes blurts out answers before questions completed deliberately does things that annoy others difficulty following through on instructions from others difficulty playing quietly difficulty sustaining attention in tasks or play does not seem to listen fidgets w/hands or feet or squirms in seat has difficulty awaiting turn

% 30 26 28 34 37 27 52

27 50 53 50 29

Symptom has difficulty remaining seated interrupts or intrudes on others is easily distracted often engages in dangerous activities w/out considering consequences often loses temper often loses things necessary for tasks or activities often talks excessively shifts from one uncompleted activity to another spiteful or vindictive swears or uses obscene language touch or easily annoyed by others

% 34 31 63 21

23 43

43 43

14 14 31

Control Groups: Elderly ALZEIMER’ S DISEASE SPOUSES Population Setting: community Nationality: US Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: interviewer rating Timeframe: 1 week

Patterson, et al. (1990) n = 21 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: Age: 70.0 (5.64, 59-79) Race:

Symptom agitation anxiety appetite loss behavioral disturbance cyclic functions difficulty falling asleep diurnal variation early-morning awakenings ideational disturbance irritability lack of energy lack of reactivity loss of interest

% 5 35 0 14 43 19 5 19 19 48 10 10 0

Symptom mood-congruent delusions mood-related signs multiple awakenings multiple physical complaints pessimism physical signs poor self-esteem retardation sadness suicide weight loss

% 0 86 25 10 14 14 19 5 67 5 10

FRAIL ELDERLY

Population Setting: National long term care channeling demonstration subjects Nationality: US Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: self-report Timeframe: 1 week

Mui (1993) n = 1272 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 373/899 Age: 65+ Race: 0/1272/0/0/0/0

Symptom concentration problems constantly tired crying spells

% 35.3 51 28.7

Symptoms feeling depressed feeling lonely poor appetite

154

% 43.9 53.4 22.1

155

Nursing Home Controls shortness of breath sleep problems

30.2 42.9

Population Setting: National long term care channelling demostration subjects Nationality: US Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: self-report Timeframe: 1 week

Mui (1993) n = 211 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 65/146 Age: 65+ Race: 0/0/211/0/0/0

Symptom concentration problems constantly tired crying spells feeling depressed

% 45.7 61.2 40.7 61.0

Symptom feeling lonely poor appetite shortness of breath sleep problems

% 71.3 41.2 44.5 50.4

NURSING HOME

Population Setting: nursing home residents Nationality: US Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: chart review Timeframe: during nursing home stay

Chandler & Chandler (1988) n = 65 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 15/50 Age: 80.2 (28-103) Race:

Symptom aggressive outbursts (mild) aggressive outbursts (severe) agitation (mild)

Zimmer, Watson, Treat (1984) n = 1139 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: Age: Race:

% 12 3

Symptom agitation (severe) anxiety/depression confabulation

% 17 12 3

15

Population Setting: nursing home patients Nationality: US Other Sample Characteristics: Method of Reporting: medical records Timeframe:

156 Symptoms dangerous ambulation hoarding inappropriate ambulation inappropriate urination/ defecation indirectly endangering others physical self-abuse physically aggressive physically disruptive

II / Control Groups: Older Adults % 5.4 0.6 3.8 1.0 0.4

Symptoms physically resistive to care reclusive sexually disturbing taking others’ belongings and food verbally disruptive

% 11.4 5.0 0.4 1.1 12.6

4.3 8.3 2.5

Cohen-Mansfield (1986) n = 66 Diagnostic Criteria: Gender: 15/51 Age: 83.9 (59-96) Race: Population Setting: nursing home residents

Nationality: US Other Sample Characteristics: Symptoms occurring at least once a day Method of Reporting: rater report Timeframe: current

Symptom

Symptom

biting complaining/negativism constant unwaranted request for attention or help cursing or verbal aggression general restlessness hitting/kicking hurting self or other with cigarette inappropriate dressing or disrobing making strange noises/screaming pacing, aimless wandering

% 3.0 32.5 53.0

36.8 47.5 21.2 0.0 19.7 10.8 37.8

spitting throwing things try to get to different place

% 12.1 3.0 5.0

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Symptom Index Abdomen swelling Abdominal bloating Abdominal cramps Abdominal discomfort or pain at defecation Abdominal discomfort or pain relieved by defecation Abdominal distension Abdominal distension often Abdominal pain

Abdominal pain, abnormal, more than six times Abdominal pain, frequent Abdominal pain, frequent upper, any Abdominal pain, frequent upper, of moderate severity or more Abdominal pain, low Abdominal pain, lower Abdominal pain, recurrent (RAP) Accidents, have small Aches and pains Aches in back of neck and skull Aches in neck and/or skull Aches/pains/stiff muscles/joints Aching/painful joints Acid eructation Acid regurgitation once a month at least Acid regurgitation once a week at least Acid regurgitation several times a week or daily Acne Action tremor Activity, increased Acts on things immediately Acts without thinking

Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls

community controls community controls community controls community controls

113 87, 89, 119 121 12

Adult controls

community controls

12

Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls

community controls community controls community controls

Adult controls

normal controls occupational controls community controls

12 81 51, 57, 81, 98-99, 112, 117, 121 131, 133, 135 144 81

Adult controls Adult controls

community controls community controls

11, 56 117-118

Adult controls

community controls

117-118


community controls normal controls community controls

119 131 88-89



66 59, 72 83-85



82 51, 57


community controls occupational controls community controls

58 144 81

Adult controls

community controls

81

Adult controls

community controls

81

Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Child and Adolescent Controls

community controls normal controls community controls normal controls psychiatric referred children

22, 72 128 22 139-140 152

175

176

Symptom Index

Affect, flat Affect, inappropriate Affect, negative


Afraid, feelings, without real danger Aggressive outbursts, mild

Adult controls Older Adults

Aggressive outbursts, severe

Older Adults

Aggressiveness Agitation


Older Adults Adult controls

Agitation or hyperactivity when sad Agitation, mild

Older Adults

Agitation, severe

Older Adults

Agraphesthesia Alcohol incontinence Alcohol related problems, no Alcohol tolerance, lower


Altering movements Ambivalence Ambulation, dangerous

Adult controls Adult controls Older Adults

Ambulation, inappropriate

Older Adults

Amenorrhea

Adult controls

Amnesia Anal blockage often, feeling of an Anger attacks Anger, hostility Anger-hostility Angry


Angry for no good reason Angry if someone messes desk Angry or resentful

Angry/resents

Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Child and Adolescent Controls Adult controls Adult controls Child and Adolescent Controls Child and

psychiatric controls psychiatric controls community controls normal controls occupational controls

148 148 23-24 134 143

nursing home controls nursing home controls community controls community controls normal controls psychiatric controls AD spouse controls community controls

155

nursing home controls nursing home controls community controls occupational controls normal controls community controls occupational controls normal controls psychiatric controls nursing home controls nursing home controls community controls psychiatric controls psychiatric controls community controls

155 115 73, 79, 83, 115 142 147 154 113-114 155 155 115 143 139, 141 63 145 128 147 156 156 79 147 147 81

normal controls occupational controls normal controls clinic-referred children

142 144 141 150


72 13

special ed students

153

elementary school

151

Symptom Index

Anhedonia Animal

Ankle swelling in both ankles Ankle swelling in both ankles and varicose veins Annoy

Annoy others, deliberately does things that Anorexia Anxiety

Anxiety and depression Anxiety nervousness Anxiety or nervousness Anxiety, increased Anxiety, mild/moderate Anxiety, observed Anxiety, severe/disabling Anxiety, when not giving in to compulsion Anxiety/depression Anxious Anxious, tense, irritable Apathy and feebleness Apnoeas Apnoeas, not rested, and nodding off Appetite Appetite decrease Appetite increase Appetite loss Appetite problems Appetite, change in

177 Adolescent Controls Adult controls Child and Adolescent Controls Adult controls

community controls clinic-referred children

83 150

community controls

31

Adult controls

community controls

31

Child and Adolescent Controls Child and Adolescent Controls Adult controls Adult controls

clinic-referred children

150, 151

special ed students

153

community controls college students community controls

54, 81 6 22, 52, 57-58, 62, 87, 101, 113, 115, 119-120 124

Older Adults Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Older Adults

children

family practice controls normal controls psychiatric controls AD spouse controls community controls occupational controls litigation controls community controls community controls community controls community controls community controls

129, 132, 141 147 154 59 144 125 22 69 25 70 15-16

Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls

nursing home controls community controls community controls community controls community controls community controls

155 63 89-90 53 93-94 93

Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Older Adults Adult controls Adult controls

normal controls community controls community controls AD spouse controls community controls community controls

134 16-17, 83, 115 83, 115, 119 154 120 31

178 Appetite, gain in, or feeling hungry Appetite, increased; gained as much as two pounds per week Appetite, lack of Appetite, loss Appetite, poor

Apraxia, dressing Archaic or magical thinking Argue

Argue more often Argues with adults

Argues, often

Arguing at home, frequent Arguments, often got into Arousal Arrests Arrhythmia Arson

Ashamed Asthma attack Asthma medications, current Ataxia Ataxia, gait Attend to fun activities, can’t

Attending school, trouble

Attention span, short

Attention, difficulty sustaining Attention, doesn’t pay

Symptom Index Adult controls

community controls

32

Adult controls

community controls

52, 57



Adult controls

community controls normal controls occupational controls frail elderly controls community controls psychiatric controls clinic-referred children

26-27 12, 33, 52-53, 57, 112 26, 116 131 143 154-155 115 147 150

Older Adults Adult controls Adult controls Child and Adolescent Controls Adult controls Child and Adolescent Controls Child and Adolescent Controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Child and Adolescent Controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Child and Adolescent Controls Child and Adolescent Controls Child and Adolescent Controls Child and Adolescent Controls Child and

community controls special ed students

65 153

elementary school children

151

normal controls normal controls community controls community controls normal controls combat veterans delinquent controls

139-140 140-141 23-24 62 139-140 7 150

community controls community controls community controls community controls community controls clinic-referred children

59 17-19 17-19 58 120 149


149

delinquent controls

150


151

clinic-referred

149

Symptom Index

Attentional difficulties Attentional difficulties, moderate to extreme Autism Autonomic physical Autonomic reactions Avoidance Avoiding people Awaiting turn, has difficulty

Awake long before falling asleep on weekends Awake long before falling asleep on weeknights Awakenings, early morning Awakenings, multiple Back pain

179 Adolescent Controls Adult controls Adult controls

children normal controls normal controls

139-140 139, 141


psychiatric controls community controls community controls normal controls community controls community controls community controls special ed students

147 67 23-24 134 59 65 45-49 153

occupational controls

144

Adult controls


144

Older Adults Older Adults Adult controls

AD spouse controls AD spouse controls community controls litigation controls normal controls combat veterans community controls

Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Child and Adolescent Controls Adult controls

Backache

Adult controls

Backache, mild/moderate Backache, severe/disabling Backaches weekly or more often Bad conscience but no one else Balance in darkness, impaired Balance in daylight, impaired Bed-wetting Behavior disorders during preschool period Behavior, bizarre Behavioral change



154 154 64, 98-99, 120 125 133 7 65, 72, 86, 8990, 119 69 70 111

Adult controls

community controls

13

Adult controls


144


occupational controls community controls normal controls

145 101 139


Behavioral disturbance Belching


Believing nothing amused them Biting

Adult controls

community controls community controls normal controls AD spouse controls community controls normal controls community controls

115 23-24 134 154 121 131 26-27

nursing home controls

156

Older Adults

180

Symptom Index

Blacking out

Adult controls

Blame

Child and Adolescent Controls Child and Adolescent Controls Child and Adolescent Controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls

Blames other for own mistakes Blames others

Bleeding Bloated in the abdomen Bloating Blocking Blue and depressed, feel Blues Blues, could not shake Blurts answers

Blurts out answers before question is completed

Body image Body image, disturbance Body worry Boils or other skin trouble Borborygui Bored, feeling very Bothered by sticky substances Bothered by things Bowel habits, change in Bradykinesia, body Break

Breaking and entering Breaking in

Breaks rules, frequently

Breast pains Breast swelling

Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Child and Adolescent Controls Adult controls Child and Adolescent Controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Child and Adolescent Controls Adult controls Child and Adolescent Controls Child and Adolescent Controls Adult controls Adult controls

combat veterans community controls clinic-referred children

7 62, 73, 75 150

special ed students

153


151

litigation controls community controls community controls normal controls psychiatric controls community controls community controls community controls elementary school children

126 72 22, 121-122 131, 135 147 84, 86 26 51, 120 151

community controls

45-49

special ed students

153

community controls psychiatric controls community controls community controls community controls community controls community controls

112 147 82 31 12 113-114 68

community controls community controls normal controls clinic-referred children

51, 120 72 128 150

normal controls psychiatric referred children

139-140 152

delinquent controls

150


84-85 113

Symptom Index Breast tenderness Breath Breath cessations Breathe deeply enough, inability to Breathing and suffocating, difficulties Breathing at night, difficulties Breathing faster than normal Breathing pauses Breathing, difficulties Breathless while wheezing Breathlessness when lying down and sudden attacks of breathlessness when lying down at night Breathlessness when lying down, attacks of Breathlessness, attacks of Breathlessness, sudden attacks of, when lying down at night Broken bone or bones Bronchitic episode lasting > 3 weeks, acute Bronchitis Bronhchitic episodes, acute Buccolingual praxis impaired Bullies

Bully

Bumping into things Bunions, corns, or callosites Bunions, corns, or callosites, and flat feet or other Bunions, corns, or callosites, and ingrown toenails Bunions, corns, or callosites, ingrown toenails, and flat feet or other Burn Burning on urination Burning, gynecological Butterflies Buttoning, difficulties

181 Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls


59, 119 108 20 65

Adult controls

community controls

29, 101

Adult controls

community controls

101


community controls community controls community controls community controls community controls

64 10 87 17-19 31

Adult controls

community controls

31



93 35


litigation controls non-smokers

126 127

Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Child and Adolescent Controls Child and Adolescent Controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls

community controls community controls community controls elementary school children

71 80 115 151


150

litigation controls community controls community controls

126 31 31

Adult controls

community controls

31

Adult controls

community controls

31


community controls community controls community controls combat veterans community controls occupational controls

31 73, 75 82 7 60 143

182 Calcific shoulder periarthritis Cardiac complaints Cardiac palpitations Cerebellar disturbances Cerebellar functions impaired Cerebellar signs Change activities without finishing Check several times, have to Check things, often have to go back and Chest discomfort Chest discomfort with exercise Chest discomfort with tension/anxiety Chest oppression Chest pain

Chest pain/heart trouble Chest sounding wheezy or whistling Chest sounding wheezy or whistling and attacks of shortness of breath with wheezing Chest sounding wheezy or whistling and coughing up blood which had not been swallowed Chest sounding wheezy or whistling, attacks of shortness of breath with wheezing, and coughing up blood which had not been swallowed Chest tightness Chesty at night Choke or struggle for breath, during usual sleep Choking Choking or smothering Circulatory complaints Circumstantial Clammy hands/feet Cleanliness, excessive Clumsiness

Symptom Index Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls

normal controls community controls occupational controls occupational controls community controls

130 120 143 146 115

Adult controls Child and Adolescent Controls Adult controls Adult controls

occupational controls clinic-referred children

146 149

community controls occupational controls

13-14 143



107-108 73, 75-76

Adult controls

community controls

73-74, 76


occupational controls community controls


normal controls community controls community controls

143 53, 64, 79, 87, 96, 98-99, 117 133 52, 57 31

Adult controls

community controls

32

Adult controls

community controls

32

Adult controls

community controls

32



130 107-108 27-28

Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls

community controls community controls community controls psychiatric controls normal controls psychiatric controls community controls

87 119 120 148 130 147 72

Symptom Index

183

Cognitive disturbances Cognitive impairment Cognitive impairment, mild Cogwheeling Cold hands and feet


Cold stimulus hangover Cold stimulus headache Cold sweats Cold, more, apart from the weather Cold/night sweats Color discrimination deficit Complaining/negativism


Comprehension of prosody, impaired Compulsion to wash Compulsions Compulsions checking Compulsions only Compulsions to check and control Compulsions, other Con

Concentrate, can't

Concentrating or mind going blank because of anxiety, difficulty Concentrating or paying attention, trouble Concentrating while reading, have difficulty Concentrating, trouble

occupational controls community controls community controls community controls community controls normal controls community controls community controls community controls community controls

146 60, 120 60 115 84-85 130 96 96 82, 84-85 33 59 145 156

Adult controls

community controls occupational controls nursing home controls community controls



14-16 67 68 14 15-16

Adult controls Child and Adolescent Controls Adult controls


15-16 150

community controls community controls psychiatric referred children

84-85 119 152

college students

6

Adult controls

normal controls

140-141

Adult controls

college students

7

Adult controls

community controls family practice controls community controls family practice controls internal medicine controls neurology controls normal controls psychiatric controls

26, 52, 57, 60 124

Adult controls Adult controls Older Adults

Child and Adolescent Controls Adult controls

Adult controls

113

83, 87, 98 123 125 127 132, 134 146

184

Symptom Index

Concentration difference Concentration loss Concentration problems


Concentration, difficulty


Concentration, impaired


college students community controls community controls litigation controls frail elderly controls community controls occupational controls delinquent controls

6 54 11 126 154-155 62-63 143 150

23-24, 80 145 66, 72 58

Concentration, poor Concentration/memory problems Concerns about harming others Concerns with arranging, ordering, symmetry Concrete thinking Conduct problems, no Confabulation


community controls occupational controls community controls community controls

Adult controls

community controls

68

Adult controls

community controls

68

Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Older Adults

148 139, 141 148 155

Confiance, repetition, lack of Confusion


Confusion/lost Confusional spells Confusional state Consciousness, loss of Consciousness, loss of, or blackouts Constant unwaranted request for attention or help Constipation


psychiatric controls normal controls psychiatric controls nursing home controls community controls community controls litigation controls normal controls occupational controls community controls community controls normal controls community controls community controls

Constipation, chronic Constipation, recurrent



nursing home controls combat veterans community controls

litigation controls normal controls community controls community controls

13-14 16-17 126 142 144 63 70, 109-110 129 109-110 33 156 7 12, 16-17, 22, 32, 50, 52-54, 57, 64-65, 79, 82, 84-85, 89-90, 98-99, 119 126 131, 133 56 74, 76

Symptom Index

185

Constipation/loose, alternate Control Convulsions or fits Cooperation Coordination, poor Cope, feeling unable to Cough


Cough > 3 months Cough and wheeze, chronic


Cough day and night Cough headache, benign Cough now or during the past two weeks Cough now or during the past two weeks and usually cough first on getting up Cough present on most days Cough up blood which had not been swallowed Cough, chronic

Cough, current Cough, frequent Cough, long-standing Cough, morning Cough, productive Cough, recurrent Cough, usually, first thing on getting up Coughed up blood in last year Could not get going Count, needs to, several times Cramp Cramps, mild/moderate Cramps, severe/disabling Cranial nerve abnormalities, other Craving for sweet foods Cravings, food Crazy, going Cruel

Cruelty to animals

52, 57 23-24 32 132 66 58 80 142 36-38, 103-104 124


community controls community controls community controls normal controls community controls community controls community controls normal controls community controls general practice patients community controls community controls community controls

Adult controls

community controls

32


non-smokers community controls

128 32

Adult controls

91-92 124


community controls general practice patients community controls community controls community controls community controls community controls community controls community controls

Adult controls

community controls

74, 76



26, 51, 120 13-14



60, 89-90 69 70 115

Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Child and Adolescent Controls Child and

community controls community controls community controls clinic-referred children

72 65, 89-90 87 150

psychiatric referred

152

36-38, 103-104 95 32

107-108 36-38, 103-104 17-19, 93 17-19, 107-108 17-19 74, 76 36

186

Crying Crying easily Crying spells

Crying, feel like Crying, frequent Crying, mild/moderate Crying, severe/disabling Cursing or verbal aggression Cyclic functions Dandruff Dark

Deep tendon reflexes abnormal Defacation, nightly urge of Defecation urgent Defecation, excessively frequent Defecation, feeling of incomplete Defecation, infrequent Defies or refuses adult requests/rules, actively Defies, actively

Defy

Deja vu Delusions

Symptom Index Adolescent Controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls

Older Adults Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Older Adults Older Adults Adult controls Child and Adolescent Controls Adult controls

children community controls community controls community controls normal controls frail elderly controls community controls community controls community controls community controls nursing home controls AD spouse controls community controls clinic-referred children

55, 112 119 16-17, 26, 52, 54, 82, 84-85, 123 133 154-155 66 26-27 69 70 156 154 32 150

community controls

115


community controls normal controls normal controls

12 135 135

Adult controls

community controls

12

Adult controls Child and Adolescent Controls Child and Adolescent Controls Child and Adolescent Controls Adult controls Adult controls

normal controls special ed students

135 153


151


150

community controls community controls psychiatric controls community controls

109-110 115 148 54

community controls community controls community controls psychiatric controls community controls occupational controls community controls

54 54 86 148 21, 26, 82 143 22, 54, 83, 115

Delusions of unforgivable behavior Delusions of uselessness Delusions, other Dental pains Depersonalization Depressed

Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls

Depressed mood

Adult controls

Symptom Index

187

Depressed, feel

Adult controls

community controls

52, 63, 72, 111, 122

Depressed/suicidal thoughts Depression

Older Adults Adult controls Adult controls

frail elderly controls community controls college students community controls

154-155 52, 57 6 50, 58, 62, 67- 68, 98, 101, 113, 119-120 124

Depression, crying Depression, mild Depression, mild/moderate Depression, moderate Depression, severe Depression, severe/disabling Depression-dejection Depressive feelings Desire to be alone Desire to stay at home Destroy property

Developmental or psychomotor delay Diarrhea

Diarrhea and constipation, alternating Diarrhea, chronic Did not enjoy life Did you do things you wished you hadn't, during that high period Did you feel your thoughts were coming too fast, during that high period

Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Child and Adolescent Controls Adult controls

family practice controls litigation controls normal controls psychiatric controls community controls community controls community controls community controls community controls community controls occupational controls occupational controls community controls community controls normal controls psychiatric referred children

126 132, 141-142 148 89-90 64 69 64 64 70 144 144 119 119 139-140 152

community controls

66

combat veterans community controls

Adult controls

litigation controls normal controls community controls

7 12, 21-22, 32, 53, 63-65, 68, 84- 85, 89-90, 98-99, 121-122 126 131-133 12



56 26, 122 51

Adult controls

community controls

51

Adult controls

188 Did you have a hard time paying attention, during that high period Did you sleep a lot less without feeling tired, during that high period Did you talk faster or a lot more than usual, during that high period Did you think you had a special disability, during that high period Discharge and irritation in private parts Discharge in private parts Discoloration such as bruising, other Discontinuous tv viewing Discouraged

Disobedience Disorganized, feeling Disorientation Disorientation to person Disorientation to place Disorientation to time Dissatisfaction Distracted at work/school, easily Distracted easily

Distress, occasional Diurnal hypersomnia Diurnal variation Dizziness


community controls

51

Adult controls

community controls

51

Adult controls

community controls

51

Adult controls

community controls

51

Adult controls

community controls

32



32 34

Adult controls Child and Adolescent Controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls

community controls delinquent controls

109-110 150

community controls litigation controls community controls psychiatric controls psychiatric controls psychiatric controls community controls normal controls

50 126 29, 102 148 148 148 16-17 139-140

Adult controls Child and Adolescent Controls

community controls elementary school children

45-49 151

psychiatric referred children special ed students community controls community controls community controls AD spouse controls college students combat veterans community controls

152

Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Older Adults Adult controls

family practice controls internal medicine

153 11 20 16-17 154 6, 7 7 22, 51, 53, 56- 62, 64, 74, 76, 79, 87, 98-99,117, 119 123 125

Symptom Index

189 controls litigation controls neurology controls normal controls occupational controls psychiatric controls community controls

126 127 130, 132-133 146 146 67 6 119 35

Dizziness in form of unsteadiness and insecurity Dizziness or lightheadedness

Adult controls

Dizziness or vertigo, spells of Dizziness or vertigo, spells of, and feeling more irritable and jumpy than usual Dizziness/imbalance Dizzy spells Dizzy, feeling Dizzy, feeling, weekly or more often Doesn't care whether hurts self Doesn't listen

Adult controls

college students community controls community controls

Adult controls

community controls

35



71 58, 82, 84-85 38, 104 111

Adult controls

community controls

114

Child and Adolescent Controls


151

152

Adult controls

psychiatric referred children community controls

43-44

Adult controls

community controls

13


community controls normal controls occupational controls

64, 71 133 145

Adult controls


145


community controls nursing home controls secondary school students

113-114 156

community controls

62

Adult controls

community controls

62

Adult controls

community controls

62

Adult controls

community controls

62

Doing schoolwork, has hard time, with noises/ other things going on Doing things in an exact manner Double vision Dozing, involuntarily, during leisure time Dozing, involuntarly, during work Dreams, having horrible Dressing or disrobing, inappropriate Drink, doesn’t

Drinking too much, friends or doctors said Drinking, couldn't do work well enough without Drinking, establishes rules to control Drinking, wanted to stop, but couldn’t

Adult controls


152

190 Drinks infrequently

Drinks regularly

Drinks weekly

Driving problems (ex. accident) Driving, automatic Driving, difficulty Driving, gets lost while Driving, trouble Drowsiness, daytime Drowsy upon awakening Dypsnea on exertion Dysarthia Dysesthesia of limbs Dysmenorrhoea Dyspareunia Dyspepsia Dyspepsia- Rome criteria Dysphagia Dyspnea Dyspnea at rest Dyspnea grade 3 Dysuria Ear and throat findings Ear ringing

Early morning waking, bothered by Eat less

Eat more

Eat more than usual Eating and food rituals Eating well, not

Symptom Index Child and Adolescent Controls Child and Adolescent Controls Child and Adolescent Controls Adult controls

secondary school students

152


153


153

normal controls

139-140

Adult controls Adult controls Older Adults Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls

community controls community controls AD spouse controls community controls community controls community controls normal controls community controls community controls community controls community controls community controls occupational controls community controls community controls community controls community controls community controls community controls community controls family practice controls internal medicine controls neurology controls normal controls psychiatric controls normal controls

109-110 63 154 62 62 64, 79 133 53 58 61 56 56 144 117 12, 50 98-99 53 36-38, 101-102 98-99 111 123

delinquent controls

150

delinquent controls

150

community controls psychiatric controls community controls

65 147 39, 104

Adult controls Child and Adolescent Controls Child and Adolescent Controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls

125 127 132 146 133

Symptom Index Eating, binge Eating, consolation, weight increase Eating, difficulty in, because of mouth or gums Eating, difficulty in, because of mouth or gums and difficulty in swallowing because of trouble in throat or esophagus Eating, doesn’t feel like Eating, trouble Echolalia Echopraxia EDS and difficulties falling asleep and midsleep awakening EEG, abnormal, current Ejaculation, delayed Ejaculation, failure of Ejaculation, premature Emotional lability Emotional problems Emptiness Encopresis

Endangering others indirectly Enemas used Energy, lack of Energy, less, fatigue

Energy, loss of Energy, loss sleep because of Engages, often, in dangerous activities without considering consequences Engages, often, in dangerous activities without considering the consequences Enjoyed life Enuresis

Enuresis-frequently Enuresis-occasionally Environmental distortion

191 Adult controls Adult controls

psychiatric controls community controls

147 67

Adult controls

community controls

32

Adult controls

community controls

32


community controls normal controls psychiatric controls psychiatric controls community controls

51 131 148 148 30, 102

Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Child and Adolescent Controls Older Adults

occupational controls community controls community controls community controls occupational controls community controls community controls delinquent controls

144 79 68 80 144 26-27 16-17, 54 150

nursing home controls community controls community controls AD spouse controls delinquent controls

156 81 113-115, 118 154 150

community controls community controls special ed students

83 51 153

community controls

45-49


51 150


12-Nov 12-Nov 70, 109-110

Adult controls Adult controls Older Adults Child and Adolescent Controls Adult controls Adult controls Child and Adolescent Controls Adult controls

Adult controls Child and Adolescent Controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls

192 Eructations Evacuation of bowel movement, incomplete Evacuation, feeling of incomplete often Everything an effort Excitable Excited, gone through a period when you are unusually Exertional headache, benign Expansion of areas filled with cerebrospinal fluid Expelled from school Extraocular movements, abnormal Eye tics Eyelid ptosis Eyes, blind spots before the Eyestrain Face/head tics Facial pain, loss of speech or balance Facies Fails to finish

Fails to finish chores

Failure to thrive Failure, feel like a

Faint, feeling Fainting Fainting or blackouts Faintness on rapid rising Fall asleep as automobile driver Fall asleep as automobile passenger Fall asleep at school or church Fall asleep at work Fall asleep reading or watching TV



12 87, 89

Adult controls

normal controls community controls

135 81



26, 52, 122 82, 84-86 51



95 144



139-140 115


normal controls community controls community controls community controls normal controls community controls

128 65 84, 85 64 128 32

Adult controls Child and Adolescent Controls Child and Adolescent Controls Adult controls Adult controls Child and Adolescent Controls Adult controls Adult controls

community controls psychiatric referred children

65 152


151

normal controls community controls delinquent controls

139 26 150


community controls community controls normal controls community controls community controls community controls

119 63, 87, 98-99,117 133 65 38, 104 27-28

Adult controls

community controls

27-28

Adult controls

community controls

27-28



27-28 27-28

Symptom Index

193

Fall asleep, after a meal Falling Falling asleep and midsleep awakenings, difficulties Falling asleep, difficulties



27-28 53, 115 30, 102

Adult controls

Falling asleep, staying asleep, waking up early, trouble

Adult controls

community controls occupational controls community controls

10, 30, 38, 102, 104 145 52, 57

Falling asleep, usually has a great difficulty Falling or staying asleep, trouble Family objected Fatigability Fatigue Fatigue

Adult controls

community controls

25

Adult controls

college students

7


community controls community controls college students community controls

62 54, 61, 112 6 16-17, 62, 66-67, 79, 87, 89-90, 98- 99, 118-119 123

Fatigue (mental or physical) Fatigue and weakness Fatigue, bothered by Fatigue, mild/moderate Fatigue, prolonged (>24 hours) Fatigue, severe/disabling Fatigued, easily Favorite or special number Fear of dying, acting crazy Fear of forgetting Fear, intense, of becoming obese Fearful, felt Fears Feel bad about myself Feet/legs become cold with exposure to cold Felt like you want to die


family practice controls internal medicine controls neurology controls normal controls occupational controls psychiatric controls litigation controls community controls normal controls community controls community controls


community controls college students community controls community controls community controls psychiatric controls

70 6 13-14 119 68 147



52, 122 54 72 74, 76

Adult controls

normal controls

134

125 127 132 144 146 126 53 142 69 79

194 Fever Fever and unusual flushing Fever and unusual sweating Fever and unusual sweating and flushing Fever headache Fever/chills Fidgets

Fidgets with hand or feet or squirms in seat

Fidgety intermittently Fidgety, excessively Fight

Symptom Index Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls


32 32 32 32

Adult controls Adult controls Child and Adolescent Controls Adult controls

community controls community controls elementary school children

96 65 151

community controls

45-49

Child and Adolescent Controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls

special ed students

153

normal controls normal controls community controls normal controls clinic-referred children

130 130 62 139-140 150

delinquent controls normal controls clinic-referred children

150 140-141 149

normal controls community controls occupational controls community controls

128 113 144 13-14

normal controls normal controls clinic-referred children

140-141 139-140 150

community controls community controls community controls community controls college students community controls community controls occupational controls community controls

32 65 12 84, 86 6 80, 87 36 144 45-49

special ed students

153

Fighting frequently


Fighting, in trouble for Finding things, trouble

Adult controls Child and Adolescent Controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls

Finger tapping Finger/leg swelling Finger-nose, abnormal Finishing schoolwork, trouble Finishing things, trouble Fired Fires

Flat feet or other Flattened nasal bridges Flatus Flooding Flushes or chill Flushing Flushing, unusual Focal morphological changes Following through on instructions from others, difficulty

Adult controls Adult controls Child and Adolescent Controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls


Symptom Index

195

Food intolerance Foot pain Forgetfulness


normal controls litigation controls community controls

Forgets appointment dates Forgets content of daily conversations Forgets directions Forgets faces of new acquaintances Forgets groceries Forgets names of new acquaintances Forgets recent telephone conversations Forgets store locations in shopping centers Forgets television news stories Forgets where car was parked Forgets where put things Forgets where they went today Forgets who telephoned recently Forgets who they saw yesterday Forgets why they entered room Forgets yesterday's breakfast Forgets yesterday's newspaper articles Fright or panic, feeling of Frontal ability, impaired Fullness, early satiety, and bloating post pradially Fullness, feeling of Gait and posture, disturbance Gait impaired Gait slowing Gait, abnormal Games unfinished



133 126 52, 57, 59, 61, 66, 82, 84, 86 142 62 62



62 62



62 62

Adult controls

community controls

62

Adult controls

community controls

62

Adult controls

community controls

62

Adult controls

community controls

62



39, 104 62

Adult controls

community controls

62

Adult controls

community controls

62

Adult controls

community controls

62



62 62



84, 86 131 50

Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Child and Adolescent Controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls

community controls occupational controls community controls community controls normal controls psychiatric referred children

121 146 115 120 128 152

combat veterans community controls community controls

7 98-99 117

Gas Gas or bloating Gas, excessive

196

Symptom Index

Adult controls


133 117-118


normal controls community controls normal controls community controls

142 115 142 38, 104

community controls community controls community controls community controls community controls community controls delinquent controls

52, 57 115 115 59 112 83 150

Gustatory illusions Hair loss

Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Child and Adolescent Controls Adult controls Adult controls

Hallucinations

Adult controls

109-110 59 33 67 124

Hallucinations, auditory Hallucinations, other Hallucinations, visual Hand movements Hands, fussy about Hangover Happy, more, and contented Happy, not Happy, was Haptic illusions Hard time to finish something enjoy Hard to get meaning from reading Hard to sit still Hard to sit through something Hate dirt and contamination Have to do certain things Hay fever/allergic rhinitis Headache

Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls

community controls community controls community controls community controls family practice controls psychiatric controls community controls community controls community controls normal controls community controls community controls community controls community controls community controls community controls community controls

148 54, 115 54 54, 113 128 13-14 96 66 26, 123 53 109-110 43-44

Adult controls


143



43-44 43-44


community controls community controls community controls college students combat veterans

13-14 13-14 17-19 6 7

Gastric fullness postprandially often Gastrointestinal symptoms Gegenhalten Genitourinary symptoms Get out as often as needs to, does not Giddiness Glabellar response Grasp reflex Guardedness Guilt Guilt, excessive

Symptom Index

197 community controls

community controls

11, 21-22, 3943, 52-53, 57, 62, 66, 68, 80, 82, 89-90, 98-99, 105-106, 119-120 22, 29, 33, 58, 65, 72, 80, 84, 86-87, 102 123

Headache associated with sexual activity Headache at least once a week Headache due to alcohol

Adult controls

family practice controls internal medicine controls litigation controls medical and dental students neurology controls normal controls normal controls occupational controls psychiatric controls community controls

Adult controls


143

Adult controls

126

Headache due to excessive cold Headache due to excessive heat Headache due to excessive light Headache due to excessive noise Headache due to excessive sleep Headache due to exercise

Adult controls

Headache due to hunger

Adult controls

Headache due to ice-cream

Adult controls

Headache due to insufficient sleep Headache due to menstruation Headache due to mental stress Headache due to other causes

Adult controls

Headache due to reading

Adult controls

medical and dental students medical and dental students medical and dental students medical and dental students medical and dental students medical and dental students medical and dental students medical and dental students medical and dental students medical and dental students medical and dental students medical and dental students medical and dental students medical and dental students



125 126 126 127 130, 132, 136 133 144, 146 146 96

126 126 126 126 126 127 127 127 127 127 127 127 127

198

Symptom Index

Headache due to shopping

Adult controls

127

Adult controls

medical and dental students medical and dental students medical and dental students normal controls

Headache due to travel

Adult controls

Headache due to watching a movie Headache occurred after sleeping longer than usual Headache with nausea and vision disturbance Headache, awakened from sleep by Headache, blind areas before Headache, changes in mood before Headache, combined Headache, external compression Headache, feeling of a tight band around the head during

Adult controls

Adult controls

community controls

11

Adult controls

normal controls

136-138



38-42 38-42



28-29 96

Adult controls

normal controls

136-138

Headache, frequent

Adult controls

Headache, generalized Headache, mixed Headache, moderate to severe Headache, morning Headache, other Headache, partial loss of vision before Headaches and spells of dizziness or vertigo Headaches minimum 1 day per week Headaches or migraine Headaches weekly or more often Headaches, and feeling more irritable and jumpy than usual Headaches, mild/moderate Headaches, morning Headaches, severe Headaches, severe/disabling Headaches, spells of dizziness or vertigo, and feeling more irritable and jumpy than usual Health getting worse Health limiting mobility


community controls occupational controls community controls psychiatric controls community controls

74, 76, 111 144 79 147 21


community controls community controls normal controls

11 28-29 136-138

Adult controls

community controls

33

Adult controls

community controls

63



112 112

Adult controls

community controls

33



69 101, 111 59, 109-110 70 33



39, 104 39, 104

127 127 136-138

Symptom Index Health limiting other activities Health limiting socializing Health problems interfering with desired activity Hearing disturbances Hearing problems Hearing, difficulty Hearing, difficulty in, and ringing or buzzing in ears Hearing, hard of Hearing, impaired Heart beat, irregular Heart flutters Heart palpitations Heart pounding Heartburn Heartburn Heartburn and indigestion Heartburn once a month at least Heartburn once a week at least Heartburn once a week or more Heartburn or indigestion Heartburn several times a week or daily Heavy, too Helplessness Hemorrhoids High at work, get Hit someone when angry Hitting/kicking

199 Adult controls

community controls

39, 104



39, 104 39, 104


community controls litigation controls community controls community controls community controls

53 126 60 32 32


normal controls community controls community controls combat veterans community controls community controls community controls normal controls community controls community controls

142 58 74, 76 7 63 56, 82, 87, 119 12, 33, 50 131 33 81

Adult controls

community controls

81

Adult controls

community controls

81, 117-118



33 81

Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Older Adults

community controls community controls community controls occupational controls normal controls nursing home controls nursing home controls community controls community controls community controls community controls

22 54 50 143 139-140 156

Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls

Hoarding

Older Adults

Hoarding compulsion Hoarding obsessions Hoarseness or loss of voice Hoarseness or loss of voice and other trouble with throat or voice Hooky


Hopeful about the future Hopeful, not

Child and Adolescent Controls Adult controls Adult controls

156 68, 69 69 33 33

psychiatric referred children

152


52 26

200

Symptom Index

Hopeful, not, about future Hopelessness


Hot flashes cold sweats Hot flushes Hot or cold flushes Hurt someone

Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Child and Adolescent Controls Older Adults

Hurting self or other with cigarette Hyperactivity Hyperinsomnia Hypersomnia

Hypersomnia alone Hypertension Hypochondriasis Hypoesthesia Hypoesthesia of limbs Hypoesthesia of mouth Hypomania Hyposomnia Ideas of reference Ideational disturbance Idiopathic stabbing headache Illegal income Illusion of movement Impairment Impatience

Impatient, often called, by others Impending doom Impotence


Child and Adolescent Controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Older Adults Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls


community controls community controls normal controls community controls community controls community controls psychiatric referred children

123 16-17, 54 133 72 58-59, 84, 86 119 152

nursing home controls community controls normal controls community controls community controls normal controls delinquent controls

156 50 139-140 83 115 142 150

community controls community controls community controls community controls community controls community controls community controls community controls community controls AD spouse controls community controls normal controls community controls community controls college students family practice controls internal medicine controls litigation controls neurology controls normal controls psychiatric controls normal controls

100-101 111 120 58 61 61 120 115 25 154 96 139-140 109-110 45 7 123-124

community controls combat veterans community controls

70 7 68, 80

125 126 127 132 146 140-141

Symptom Index

201


litigation controls community controls normal controls community controls psychiatric controls community controls community controls

126 45, 50, 67 139-140 45, 50 148 61, 115 81

Adult controls

community controls

78


community controls community controls community controls community controls community controls community controls

78 78 78 78 78 78

Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Child and Adolescent Controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls

community controls community controls community controls community controls community controls community controls delinquent controls

71 50, 56 71 63 67 83 150


13-14 16-17, 112 22, 33 33 33


combat veterans community controls community controls occupational controls delinquent controls

7 119 87, 98-100, 120 143, 146 150

community controls community controls community controls community controls occupational controls community controls delinquent controls

100-101 100-101 83 83 145 59 150

Impulsive

Adult controls

Inattention Incoherent Incontinence Incontinence more than once a week, fecal Incontinence on climbing stairs Incontinence on coughing Incontinence on exercise Incontinence on laughing Incontinence on lifting Incontinence on sneezing Incontinence with full bladder Incontinence, daily Incontinence, fecal Incontinence, less than daily Incoordination Increased wellbeing Indecision

Indecisive, frequently Indecisiveness Indigestion Ingrown toenails Ingrown toenails and flat feet or other Inorgasmia Insecurity Insomnia

Insomnia alone Insomnia and hypersomnia Insomnia, initial Insomnia, middle Intellect, impaired Intercourse, difficulties Interest, diminished, in activities

Child and Adolescent Controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Child and Adolescent Controls

202 Interpersonal problems Interrupts

Interrupts a lot

Interrupts or intrudes on others Interrupts or intrudes on others Intestinal complaints Irregularity Irritability

Irritability, mild/moderate Irritability, severe/disabling Irritable Irritable a lot Irritable and jumpy than usual, feeling more Irritable and nervous Irritable, bad temper, weekly or more often Irritable, feel Irritation in private parts Itch/tickle/insect crawling sensations Itching skin Itching, gynecological Jamais vu Jerks and twitches at night at night Job or school problems

Symptom Index Adult controls Child and Adolescent Controls Child and Adolescent Controls Adult controls Child and Adolescent Controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls

normal controls elementary school children

129 151


152

community controls

45-49

special ed students

153

community controls normal controls college students community controls

120 135 6 16-17, 22, 54, 58-59, 62, 66, 87, 98, 112-113, 115, 119 124


family practice controls internal medicine controls litigation controls neurology controls normal controls occupational controls psychiatric controls AD spouse controls community controls community controls community controls occupational controls community controls community controls

126 127 132 144-145 146 154 69 70 72 143 113-114 32



84, 86 111



63, 66 33 128



53 82 109-110 101

Adult controls

community controls

62

Older Adults Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls

125

Symptom Index

Job problems Joint pain

Joint pain or swelling Jumpiness Just as good as others Keeping mind on interesting materials, difficulty in Keeping mind on things, trouble Keyed up or on edge, feeling Knee-heel, abnormal Labile Lateness, chronic Laxative and diuretic abuse Lead pipe rigidity Leaves games unfinished

Leaves meals/TV before finished Leg agility Leg cramps Leg movements, excessive Libido, decreased Libido, excessive Libido, loss of Lie

Lies

Life had been a failure Life satisfaction, decreased Light housework, difficulty with Lightheaded Limb praxis impaired Line walking, abnormal List making Listen in school, doesn't

Listen, does not seem to

203


normal controls normal controls community controls

139, 141 139, 141 53, 65, 86, 98-100


normal controls community controls community controls community controls normal controls

133, 142 63 59 52 139-140

Adult controls

community controls

53, 123

Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Child and Adolescent Controls Child and Adolescent Controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Child and Adolescent Controls Child and Adolescent Controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls

college students occupational controls psychiatric controls normal controls psychiatric controls community controls clinic-referred children

6 144 148 139-140 147 115 149


149

normal controls community controls community controls community controls community controls community controls clinic-referred children

128 119 29, 102 16-17 79 54, 80, 112 150


152


52, 123 54 38, 104

community controls occupational controls community controls occupational controls community controls clinic-referred children

63, 65 145 115 144 68 149

special ed students

153

Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Child and Adolescent Controls Child and Adolescent Controls

204 Listen, does not seem to, to what is being said Lonely, feel Loose association Lose books and papers

Lose way despite being there before Loses car keys Loses items around the house Loses pocketbook or wallet Loses temper

Loses temper, often

Loses things

Loses things necessary for tasks or activities, often Loses things necessary for tasks or activities, often Loses things, often, necessary for tests or activities Loss of ability to balance on feet Loss of activity Loss of efficiency in carrying out everyday tasks Loss of ego boundaries Loss of feeling Loss of feeling, tingling, or numbness in lower limbs Loss of feeling, tingling, or numbness in upper and lower limbs Loss of feeling, tingling, or numbness in upper limbs Loss of initiative Loss of interest


community controls

45-49

Adult controls Older Adults Adult controls Child and Adolescent Controls Adult controls

community controls frail elderly controls psychiatric controls clinic-referred children

52, 122 154-155 148 149

college students

7

Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Child and Adolescent Controls Child and Adolescent Controls Child and Adolescent Controls Adult controls

community controls community controls community controls elementary school children

62 62 62 151

special ed students

153


151

community controls

46


special ed students

153

community controls

46-49

Adult controls

community controls

33


community controls litigation controls

54 126


psychiatric controls community controls normal controls community controls

148 98-100 133 33

Adult controls

community controls

33

Adult controls

community controls

33


occupational controls community controls community controls litigation controls AD spouse controls

145 54 59, 115 126 154

Older Adults

Symptom Index Loss of motivation Loss of power in lower limbs Loss of power in upper and lower limbs Loss of power in upper limbs Loss of power of speech Loss of power of speech and loss of ability to balance on feet Low back pain Low back pain and pain elsewhere in spine Low back pain and pain in large bones Low back pain, pain elsewhere in spine, and pain in large bones Lower limb tics Lower work and school performance, mild/moderate Lower work and school performance, severe/disabling Low-set ears Lump in throat Lumps in breast Lumps or swollen glands, other than in breasts Lying, frequent

Lying, persistent Make notes to remember, often have to Makes decisions too quickly Making effort to remember things Making strange noises/screaming Many decisions regretted Marital dissatisfaction Masked face Memory

205 Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls


54, 115 33 33



33 33 33



22, 33, 61, 95 33

Adult controls

community controls

33

Adult controls

community controls

33



128 69

Adult controls

community controls

70


community controls normal controls community controls community controls

65 131, 133 33 33


delinquent controls

150

normal controls occupational controls

140-141 143



139, 141 39, 104

Older Adults

nursing home controls normal controls community controls normal controls community controls family practice controls internal medicine controls neurology controls normal controls psychiatric controls community controls

156


139, 141 16-17 128 98 124 125 127 132 146 98

206

Symptom Index

Memory difficulty, subjective Memory disturbance Memory gaps Memory problems

Adult controls

community controls

39, 105


Memory problems, embarrassed by Memory, difficulties Memory, impaired Memory, poor Memory, short Memory, told to have short Menses irregular

Adult controls

occupational controls community controls community controls litigation controls normal controls community controls

146 109-110 11 126 142 38, 104


community controls occupational controls community controls occupational controls occupational controls community controls normal controls community controls community controls community controls normal controls community controls normal controls community controls occupational controls

53, 87 145 54 143 143 98, 100 133 98, 100 98, 100, 133 59 133 120 133 70, 109-110 144

Adult controls

community controls

67

Child and Adolescent Controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls


151

Adult controls

community controls community controls community controls normal controls community controls

110 29-30, 102 28-29, 67 135-136 97



77-78, 96-97 97



77-78, 96-97 97

Adult controls

community controls psychiatric controls community controls psychiatric controls community controls community controls

80 146 80 146 97 97

Menses, heavy Menses, missed Menstrual irregularity Menstrual pain Menstruation complaints Menstruation, excessive Mental decline Mental exhaustion during workday Mental, psychosomatic symptoms, total Messy/sloppy

Mice running Midsleep awakening Migraine Migraine and tension-type, coexisting Migraine with aura Migraine with aura and tension type Migraine without aura Migraine without aura and tension-type Migraine, classic


Migraine, common

Adult controls

Migraine, total Migrainous disorder and tension-type


Symptom Index Migrainous disorders Mind frequently somewhere else Mind racing before sleep Minor injury or accident such as a fall with bruising, other Miserable or depressed, often feels Miserliness Misery, reported Mood change Mood lability Mood swings Mood swings, mild/moderate Mood swings, severe/disabling Mood, bad Mood, better Mood, dysphoric

Mood, went up and down quickly Mood-congruent delusions Mood-related signs Morning sickness and other with pregnancy Morning sickness with pregnancy Morning sickness. pain or bleeding, and other with pregnancy Motor disturbance Motor impersistence Motor slowing Mouth, dry

Movements in sleep, excessive Moving, excessively slow Mucous stools Mucus per rectum Mug

Muscle aches Muscle dyscontrol


community controls normal controls

97 139, 141



21 34

Adult controls

community controls

25


psychiatric controls community controls occupational controls occupational controls community controls community controls community controls

147 25 145 144 72, 89-90 69 70


community controls community controls delinquent controls

26-27 22 150

community controls

51

Older Adults Older Adults Adult controls

AD spouse controls AD spouse controls community controls

154 154 33

Adult controls

community controls

33

Adult controls

community controls

33


community controls community controls normal controls college students community controls normal controls community controls

83 115 132 6 53, 64, 68, 79 131 29, 102, 111

normal controls community controls community controls clinic-referred children

130 12 81 150


7 79

Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Child and Adolescent Controls Adult controls Adult controls

208

Symptom Index

Muscle pain Muscle tension, aches, or soreness Muscle twitching Muscle weakness


community controls college students

53, 86 6


Mutism Myalgia Myoclonus Nail biting Nap taking, mild/moderate Nausea


community controls community controls normal controls psychiatric controls community controls community controls combat veterans community controls combat veterans community controls


litigation controls normal controls community controls community controls community controls

63 65, 79 133 148 65 115 8 69 8 12, 53, 65, 98100, 121-122 126 130-131, 133 50, 66, 80 81 81, 117-118



81 34

Adult controls

community controls

81


community controls normal controls college students

72 132 6

Adult controls

community controls

63

Adult controls

normal controls

136-138

Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Child and Adolescent Controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls

community controls litigation controls normal controls community controls psychiatric referred children

53 126 128 68 152

community controls psychiatric controls psychiatric controls community controls community controls community controls

54 148 148 52, 57 22 112

Adult controls

community controls

22

Nausea and vomiting Nausea once a month at least Nausea once a month or more Nausea once a week at least Nausea or feeling like vomiting Nausea several times a week or daily Nausea sickness Nausea without vomiting Nausea, diarrhea, or abdominal distress Nausea, not food Nausea/vomiting during headache Neck pain Neck tics Need to tell ask, confess Needs supervision

Negative feelings toward self Negativism Neologisms Nerves/stress depression Nervous stomach Nervous, feeling, weekly or more often Nervousness

Symptom Index Neurasthenia Neuropathy, clinical signs of slight Neuropsychological abnormality Neuropsychological complaints Neuropsychological disturbance Neuropsychological examinations, abnormal findings in Neurotic problems Night cough Night sweats Night waking Nightmares Nihilistic delusions No known physical illness accounting for weight loss No regular home for more than 1 month No symptoms Nocturia Nocturnal cough Nocturnal micturitions Nocturnal shortness of Nocturnal shortness of breath Nocturnal sweating Nocturnal wheeze Nodding off Noise sensitivity

Nonverbal ability, impaired Nose bleeds Noses, short Not as good as others Not just as good as others Not liking to go out and play Not looking forward to things as much as used to Not sticking up for self Numbness



120 143

Adult controls

community controls

109

Adult controls

community controls

79

Adult controls

community controls

65

Adult controls


146


normal controls community controls community controls community controls community controls community controls psychiatric controls

129 71 58 116 59, 110 54 147

Adult controls

normal controls

139, 141

Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls

58 58, 68 107-108 10 108 107-108 110 107-108 93-94 124


community controls community controls community controls community controls community controls community controls community controls community controls community controls family practice controls internal medicine controls neurology controls normal controls psychiatric controls normal controls community controls community controls community controls community controls community controls community controls



113-114 71

125 127 132 146 131 34 65 26 123 113-114 113-114

210

Numbness and tingling Numbness of lower limbs Numbness of upper limbs Numbness, episodic Numbness/tingling/peculiar feeling in one arm/leg during headache Numbness/tingling fingers minimum 1 per day Obsessions Obsessions and compulsions Obsessions only Obsessions, checking Obsessions, collecting Obsessions, counting Obsessions, one or more types Obsessions, touching Obsessions, washing Obsessive melodies Obsessive thoughts Obsessive-compulsive symptoms Obstipation Olfaction, impaired Olfactory illusions On the go

On the go driven by a motor Oneiric state Orderliness, excessive Organizing schoolwork, trouble Orgasm, lack of Other Others complain of his not paying attention Others said he had a violent temper Over $100 Overall severity Overate Overinclusion Overtalkative Pacing, aimless wandering

Symptom Index


litigation controls occupational controls community controls occupational controls occupational controls community controls normal controls

126 144, 146 84, 86 143 143 109-110 136-138

Adult controls

community controls

63-64


community controls community controls community controls community controls community controls community controls community controls

67 14 14 14 14 14-16 14



14 14 15-16 15-16 120

Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Child and Adolescent Controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls

community controls community controls community controls psychiatric referred children

121-122 115 109-110 152

normal controls psychiatric controls psychiatric controls community controls

139, 141 148 147 43-44



80 34 140-141

Adult controls

normal controls

140-141

Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Older Adults

normal controls normal controls community controls psychiatric controls normal controls nursing home controls

140-141 140-141 26 148 130 156

Symptom Index

211

Pain


community controls normal controls community controls community controls community controls

23-24, 82 134 66 34 34

Pain elsewhere in chest Pain elsewhere in spine Pain elsewhere in spine and pain in large bones Pain for 6 months Pain for greater than 10 years Pain in abdomen or tummy Pain in abdomen or tummy and constipation Pain in abdomen or tummy and diarrhea Pain in abdomen or tummy and diarrhea and constipation


normal controls community controls community controls community controls

133 81 34 34

Adult controls

community controls

34

Adult controls

community controls

34

Pain in abdomen, recurrent Pain in back of head, neck or shoulders during headache



74, 76-77 136-138

Pain in calf of either leg Pain in calf or either leg, other Pain in calves/legs on walking Pain in different parts of the body Pain in eyes Pain in face for no apparent reason Pain in face for no apparent reason, loss of power of speech, and loss of ability to balance on feet Pain in hands/feet/legs with exposure to cold Pain in joints Pain in large bones Pain in private parts Pain of a gynecological nature Pain on defecation Pain on defecation and red blood on stool or paper Pain on urinating Pain or bleeding with pregnancy Pain or bleeding with pregnancy and other



34 34

Adult controls

community controls

74, 76

Adult controls

community controls

29, 102



65 34

Adult controls

community controls

34

Adult controls

community controls

74, 76



79 34 34 82



34 34



53, 65 34

Adult controls

community controls

34

212 Pain or discomfort in chest which may go to arm comes on walking and goes in 10 minutes or less if stop or slow down Pain or discomfort in chest, other Pain or swelling in private parts or front passage Pain relieved by defecation often Pain severity (moderate or worse) Pain with last period Pain with last period and unusually heavy Pain, arm or leg Pain, Cephalic Pain, elbow Pain, extremity Pain, irritation, or watering of eyes Pain, irritation, or watering of eyes and difficulty in seeing Pain, irritation, or watering of eyes and loss of sight in one or both eyes Pain, irritation, or wax in ears Pain, irritation, or wax in ears and difficulty in hearing Pain, irritation, or wax in ears, and ringing and buzzing in ears Pain, irritation, or wax in ears, difficulty in hearing, and ringing or buzzing in ears Pain, severe, across front of chest which lasts for half an hour or more Pain, severe, across front of chest which lasts for half an hour or more and other pain or discomfort in chest Pain, swelling, tenderness, and redness in small joints of hands or feet and morning stiffness of joints Pain, swelling, tenderness, and redness in small joints of hands or feet, and in large joints, and morning stiffness in joints


community controls

34

Adult controls

community controls

34

Adult controls

community controls

34

Adult controls

community controls

81

Adult controls

community controls

81



34 34


community controls community controls litigation controls normal controls community controls

98-99 110 126 133 34

Adult controls

community controls

34

Adult controls

community controls

34

Adult controls

community controls

34

Adult controls

community controls

34

Adult controls

community controls

34

Adult controls

community controls

34

Adult controls

community controls

35

Adult controls

community controls

35

Adult controls

community controls

34

Adult controls

community controls

34

Symptom Index Pain, swelling, tenderness, or redness in large joints Pain, swelling, tenderness, or redness in large joints, and morning stiffness in joints Pain, swelling, tenderness, or redness in small joints of hands or feet Pain, swelling, tenderness, or redness in small joints of hands or feet, and in large joints Pain, unilateral Pain, unilateral, during headache Pain, upper abdominal Pain, upper abdominal more than six times Pain, upper abdominal once a week or more Painful breasts Painful breasts, mild/moderate Painful breasts, severe/disabling Painful defecation often, postal survey Painful intercourse Painful menses Painful periods Painful tingling in extremities Pains Pains in limbs Pains of the extremities Paleologic thinking Paler than usual skin or whites of eyes Pallor Palmomental reflex Palpitations Palpitations or accelerated heart rate Palpitations or breathlessness, attacks of

213 Adult controls

community controls

34

Adult controls

community controls

35

Adult controls

community controls

35

Adult controls

community controls

35



80 137-138



81 131 81

Adult controls

community controls

81



89-91 69

Adult controls

community controls

70

Adult controls

community controls

81


normal controls community controls community controls occupational controls

133 98, 100 117 143


community controls community controls occupational controls psychiatric controls community controls

54 66 146 148 35



Adult controls

college students

66 115 21, 53, 58-59, 65, 99-100, 117 6

Adult controls

community controls

31

214 Palpitations when heart beats fast for no apparent reason and attacks of breathlessness when lying down Palpitations when heart beats fast for no apparent reason and sudden attacks of breathlessness when lying down at night Palpitations when heart beats fast for no apparent reason, attacks of Palpitations when heart beats fast for no apparent reason, attacks of breathlessness when lying down, and sudden attacks of breathlessness when lying down at night Palpitations without exertion Panic Panic attacks Panic spells Panic, comes on only when walking and goes in 10 minutes or less if stands still Panic, comes on when standing still or sitting and comes on when walking and goes in 10 minutes or less if stand still Panic, comes on when standing still or walking Panic, feelings of Paralogia Paralysis of the legs Paranoia Parents must repeat commands Parents yell-don’t know why

Paresthesia Paresthesia, creeping Paresthesia, tingling Parosxymal Passage of mucus Passes greater than 3 times per day Passes less than or equal to 1 stool per week


community controls

31

Adult controls

community controls

31

Adult controls

community controls

31

Adult controls

community controls

31


occupational controls community controls community controls community controls community controls

143 120 115 109-110 32

Adult controls

community controls

32

Adult controls

community controls

32

Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Child and Adolescent Controls Child and Adolescent Controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls

community controls psychiatric controls community controls community controls clinic-referred children

59 148 29, 102 70 149


149

community controls occupational controls occupational controls community controls community controls community controls

56, 98 144 144 74, 76 87-89 81

Adult controls

community controls

81

Symptom Index Passing of gas Passing water frequently Passing water more difficult than usual Passing water more difficult than usual or discomfort such as pain or burning while passing water Passing water more frequently at night Passing water more frequently during the day Passing water more frequently during the day and at night Passing water more often than usual Passing water, difficulty or discomfort in Passing water, discomfort such as pain or burning while Passive Passive/agitated Passive/agitated/self centered Passive/self centered Paying attention, has trouble, when people are talking People disliked me, felt People were unfriendly Peptic ulcer Perfectionism Period type pains Periods and probably not pregnant, absence of Periods and probably pregnant, absence of Periods, bleeding between or post menopausal Periods, irregularity of Peripheral nervous system symptoms Peripheral neuropathy Perseveration Personal devaluation Personality, change in Perspiration, excessive Perspiring, no reason Pessimism

215 Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls


131 72 35

Adult controls

community controls

35

Adult controls

community controls

35

Adult controls

community controls

35

Adult controls

community controls

35

Adult controls

community controls

35

Adult controls

community controls

32

Adult controls

community controls

32



73 73 73 73 43-44


community controls community controls community controls psychiatric controls community controls community controls

52, 122 52, 123 50 147 72 31

Adult controls

community controls

31

Adult controls

community controls

31



33 146


occupational controls psychiatric controls community controls community controls community controls community controls occupational controls community controls

146 148 16-17 63 80 64 143 54, 112

Adult controls

216

Symptom Index

Phlegm > 3 months Phlegm day and night Phlegm, frequent Phobia Photophilic behavior Physical complaints, multiple Physical discomfort, general Physical exhaustion Physical fighting Physical self-abuse

Older Adults Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Older Adults Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Older Adults

Physical signs Physically aggressive

Older Adults Older Adults

Physically dangerous

Physically disruptive

Child and Adolescent Controls Older Adults

Physically resistive to care

Older Adults

Piles Pins and needles Pins and needles before headache Plantar response Playing quietly, difficulty

Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Child and Adolescent Controls

Polydipsia Polymenorrhea Poor perceived health and feelings of poor self worth Post exertion malaise Postural hypertension Postural instability Posture, abnormal Pounding heart Pounding of the heart Pranks Premenstrual/menstrual pains Prescribed medications

Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls

Pressure/fullness, feelings of Problems of suck


AD spouse controls community controls community controls community controls community controls normal controls AD spouse controls community controls occupational controls normal controls nursing home controls AD spouse controls nursing home controls elementary school children

154 36-38, 101-102 36-38, 101-102 36-38, 101-102 67, 120 134 154 67 144 140-141 156

nursing home controls nursing home controls community controls community controls community controls

156

154 156 151

156 52, 57 59 38-42

community controls community controls elementary school children

115 45-49 151

special ed students community controls community controls community controls

153 119 80 52, 57

community controls community controls normal controls normal controls normal controls community controls normal controls community controls family practice controls community controls normal controls

65 68 128 128 130 84-86 140-141 86 124 121-122 139

Symptom Index Problems swallowing Prosody, impaired elicitation of Prosody, impaired repetition of Psychic disturbances Psychomotor agitation



74, 76 113

Adult controls

community controls

113

Adult controls Adult controls Child and Adolescent Controls Adult controls Child and Adolescent Controls Adult controls Adult controls

occupational controls community controls delinquent controls

146 16-17, 54-55 150


16-17 150


132 67

Adult controls

community controls

67

Adult controls

community controls

67

Adult controls

community controls

67


normal controls community controls clinic-referred children

129 61 149

community controls

13



8 88-89

Adult controls

community controls

88-89


88-89 150

Rapid breathing


Rash

Adult controls

Rash or irritation Rash or irritation and boils or other skin trouble Rash or irritation and sores or ulcers on skin Rash or irritations Reactivity, lack of Reading, trouble


combat veterans community controls community controls normal controls community controls community controls

8 80 82 142 35 35

Adult controls

community controls

35

Adult controls Older Adults Adult controls

community controls AD spouse controls litigation controls

35 154 126

Psychomotor retardation

Psychosis Psychosomatic back-joint symptoms Psychosomatic breathing difficulties Psychosomatic cardiac irregularities Psychosomatic gastrointestinal symptoms Psychotic problems Ptyalism Push ahead in line/can't wait turn Put things away just so, at night Racing heart RAP associated with looser stools RAP associated with more frequent defecation RAP relieved by defecation Rape

218

Symptom Index

Recent memory failure Reclusive

Adult controls Older Adults Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls

occupational controls nursing home controls occupational controls community controls community controls

Recovery Red blood on stool or paper Reddish/brown discoloration about water Reduced vigor Reduction in activity by 50% Reflux episodes Refusal to maintain normal weight Regression Relaxed, feel Religiousness Remaining seated, has difficulty

145 35 35


occupational controls community controls community controls psychiatric controls

145 79 12 147


psychiatric controls community controls community controls community controls

148 66 70 45-49



151

special ed students college students

153 7

community controls community controls community controls community controls community controls normal controls normal controls community controls occupational controls community controls psychiatric referred children

64 13-14 13-14 120 93-94 128 140-141 101 144 26 152

college students community controls litigation controls normal controls nursing home controls community controls community controls AD spouse controls psychiatric controls normal controls normal controls

6 53-54, 119 126 130 156

Remembering things, have trouble

Adult controls

Repeated thoughts or words Repetition until correct Respiratory complaints Rested, not Resting tremor Restless and fidgety, very Restless legs


Restless sleep Restless sleeper


Restlessness

Older Adults Restlessness, anxiety attacks Retardation Retardation of speech Retarded motor development Retarded speech development

Adult controls Adult controls Older Adults Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls

144 156

67 54, 83 154 148 139 139

Symptom Index Retarded toilet training Retching once a month or more Retching without bringing up food Retrosternal pain Rheumatic pains Ridicule

Rigidity Rigidity and fear of change Ringing in ears

Ringing or buzzing in ears Rising from a chair Romberg, abnormal Rooting reflex Rotational vertigo Rumination of problems Rumination on food and calories Run

Run around a lot inside home or school when not supposed to Run down, generally Run to toilet, having to Run to toilet, having to, and water leaks when straining, coughing, or laughing Runaway

Runs around

Runs, climbs

Rush about without thinking

Rush into doing things without thinking what may happen



139 117-118

Adult controls

community controls

35

Adult controls Adult controls Child and Adolescent Controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls

community controls community controls clinic-referred children

12 85-86 150

normal controls psychiatric controls college students combat veterans community controls community controls normal controls occupational controls community controls occupational controls community controls psychiatric controls

128 147 7 8 65, 74-75, 77 35 128 144 115 145 54 147

Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Child and Adolescent Controls Adult controls


150

community controls

43-44



32 32 33


delinquent controls

150

psychiatric referred children psychiatric referred children

152


152


149

community controls

43-44

Child and Adolescent Controls Child and Adolescent Controls Child and Adolescent Controls Adult controls

152

220 Rush through school assignments Sad Sad and blue, feel Sad expression Sad, feeling Sadistic toward own body Sadness

Sadness, observed Salivation, excessive Satiety often, early Satiety, early Satisfaction, lack of Scarcity of gestures School refusal Schoolwork, doesn't finish

Scrupulousness and selfrighteousness Seeing, difficulty in Seeing, difficulty in, and loss of sight in one or both eyes Seizures Self blame and criticism Self-accusation Self-centered Self-depreciation Self-esteem, low Self-esteem, poor Self-esteem, poor Self-hate Self-induced vomiting

Self-neglect Self-reproach, blameworthy

Sensation of fainting or floating

Symptom Index Child and Adolescent Controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls


149

community controls community controls community controls community controls psychiatric controls community controls

26 66 54-55 26-27, 52, 122-123 147 16-17, 112, 115, 119

Older Adults Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Child and Adolescent Controls Adult controls

AD spouse controls community controls community controls community controls community controls community controls community controls community controls clinic-referred children

154 25 80 117 12, 117 112 55-56 50 149

psychiatric controls

147



32 32

Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Older Adults Adult controls Adult controls Child and Adolescent Controls Adult controls Child and Adolescent Controls Adult controls

litigation controls community controls community controls community controls community controls community controls community controls AD spouse controls community controls psychiatric controls high school students

126 55 112 73 25 54 115 154 112 147 151


115 150

community controls

75, 77

Symptom Index

221

Sense of failure Sense of punishment Sensitive to sound Sensitivity Sensitivity to bright light Sensitivity to light


Sensitivity to light, increased Sensitivity to noise Sensitivity to noise, increased Sensory tics Serious injury or accident such as fall with broken bone, other Sets fires

Sex, less interest in, than usual Sexual difficulties Sexual disinterest Sexual dysfunction Sexual indifference Sexual problems


community controls community controls college students psychiatric controls community controls college students community controls community controls community controls community controls

55, 112 112 6 148 62 6 87 65 87 65



128 34



152

community controls

52, 57

normal controls combat veterans occupational controls normal controls litigation controls normal controls occupational controls nursing home controls elementary school children

133 8 144 133 126 129 145 156

psychiatric referred children community controls

152 46-49

special ed students

153


119 65 75, 77

combat veterans community controls non-smokers normal controls frail elderly controls community controls

8 35, 80, 107-108 128 130, 133 155 65


Sexually disturbing

Older Adults

Shifts activities


Shifts from one uncompleted activity to another

Short of breath Short-neck Shortness in breath with less than normal exercise Shortness of breath

Shortness of breath at rest

Adult controls Child and Adolescent Controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls


151

222 Shortness of breath previous year Shortness of breath smothering sensation Shortness of breath when hurrying on level ground or walking up slight hill Shortness of breath with wheeze, attacks of Shortness of breath, and wheeze previous year, attacks of Shortness of breath, exerciseinduced Shortness of breath, morning Shoulder pain Sickliness throughout life Sickness before headache Sickness from certain foods Sight disturbances Sight, loss of, in one or both eyes Sit still, can't


community controls

92-93

Adult controls

college students

6

Adult controls

community controls

35

Adult controls

community controls

31, 91

Adult controls

community controls

92

Adult controls

community controls

91


community controls litigation controls normal controls community controls normal controls community controls community controls

107-108 126 133 38-42 132 53 33



149

152

Adult controls

psychiatric referred children normal controls

Sitting or with quiet activities, difficulty Situational anxiety Skin crawling sensations Skin disorder, mild/moderate Skin disorder, severe/disabling Skin disorders Skin rash



115 59, 85-86 69 70


Skin wrinkling Skin, dry


Skull Sleep apnea Sleep apnea, multiple, and diurnal hypersomnia Sleep disturbances


community controls community controls occupational controls community controls community controls occupational controls community controls occupational controls community controls

89, 91 64 143 59 79 143 85 145 20-21

Adult controls

community controls

16-17, 65, 83, 112

Adult controls

community controls normal controls occupational controls community controls

55, 79 130 144 58, 60, 66-67

Sleep problems

139-140

Symptom Index

Sleep quality Sleep walking Sleep was restless Sleep, angry Sleep, difficulty initiating or maintaining Sleep, difficulty maintaining Sleep, disordered Sleep, disturbed, uneasy Sleep, interrupted Sleep, poor Sleepiness Sleepiness, excessive daytime Sleepiness, irresistable Sleeping difficulties weekly or more often Sleeping more Sleeping problems

223 Older Adults Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls

frail elderly controls occupational controls community controls community controls community controls community controls

155 145 29, 102 53, 123 109-110 121


community controls college students occupational controls community controls community controls community controls community controls

20 6 144 39, 104 56 68 121



109-110 112


Sleeping too much Sleeping, difficulty


community controls community controls litigation controls occupational controls community controls community controls

Sleeplessness Sleepy during the day, feel Slept badly Slept lightly Slept more than usual Slightly abnormal EEG findings Slow movement Slow walking pace Smashed or threw things Smell of solvents, can’t stand Smell, impaired sense of Smell, loss of Snore loudly, during usual sleep Snored always Snored at least four nights per week Snoring


community controls occupational controls normal controls normal controls community controls occupational controls

64 26-27 126 145 52, 57 59, 63, 72, 82, 85-86 52, 57-58 143 133 133 26 146


community controls community controls normal controls occupational controls occupational controls community controls community controls

55 68 140-141 144 145 63 27-28



24 110

Adult controls

community controls

8-10, 20, 29, 93- 94, 102

Snoring and breath cessations

Adult controls

community controls

20-21

224 Snoring and breathing pauses Snoring and diurnal hypersomnia Snoring at night Snoring occasionally Snoring, apnoeas, and nodding off Snoring, diurnal hypersomnia, and sleep disturbance Snoring, every night Snoring, habitual Snoring, heavy Snoring, not rested, and nodding off Snoring,apnoeas, and not rested Snoring,apnoeas, not rested, and nodding off Snout reflex Social function, impaired Social impairment Social withdrawal Soiling, frequent Soiling, occasional Somatic delusions Somatic preoccupation Somatization Something touched is spoiled Somnambulism Somnolence, excessive daytime Sore breasts Sore glands Sore throat Sore throat and hoarseness or loss of voice Sores or ulcers on skin Speaking jargon Speaking, difficulty Special number or words to avoid Speech Speech dysfunction Speech loss, brief Speech problem

Symptom Index Adult controls Adult controls


8 20-21



101 110 93

Adult controls

community controls

20-21


community controls community controls community controls occupational controls community controls

25 10 111 144 93

Adult controls

community controls

93

Adult controls

community controls

93

Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls

community controls community controls community controls community controls psychiatric controls community controls community controls community controls community controls community controls community controls community controls community controls

115 67 60 112, 115 148 11 11 55 112 115 13-14 70 30, 102



58 65 35, 65 35



35 109-110 60 13-14



98 71 73, 75 66, 109-110

Symptom Index

Speech, abnormal Speech, slow Speech, slurred Speed, decreased Spells, dysphoric Spending extra time on homework Spiteful

Spiteful or vindictive

Spitting Spots/ lines/ heat waves before headache Sputum Sputum now or during the past two weeks Sputum now or during the past two weeks and usually first thing on getting up Sputum present on most days Sputum, usually, first thing on getting up Stammering Staring spells Start on schoolwork and not finish, often Startle response, excessive Staying asleep, difficulty Steal

Stereoagnosis abnormal Stereotyped behavior Stiffness Stiffness in joints, morning Stilted language Stomach aches Stomach bloating

225 litigation controls normal controls community controls community controls occupational controls community controls community controls

126 128 55-56 80 144 109-110 13-14


150

elementary school children special ed students

151

156

Adult controls

nursing home controls normal controls



80, 93 35

Adult controls

community controls

35


non-smokers community controls

128 36



67 109-110 43-44

Adult controls Adult controls Child and Adolescent Controls Child and Adolescent Controls Child and Adolescent Controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls

college students community controls clinic-referred children

6 10 150

delinquent controls

150


152

community controls psychiatric controls community controls community controls psychiatric controls community controls normal controls

115 148 65 33 148 22 132

Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Child and Adolescent Controls

Child and Adolescent Controls Older Adults

153

136-138

226

Symptom Index

Stomach burning Stomach complaints Stomach cramps

Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls

community controls community controls combat veterans community controls community controls community controls community controls community controls community controls community controls community controls community controls community controls community controls

121-122 120 8 66 64 21 53, 65, 86, 121-122 121-122 113-114 12, 73, 75 81 81 12 81

Stomach cramps or pain Stomach discomfort Stomach pain Stomach pressure Stomachaches, having Stool, blood in Stools loose and watery often Stools often hard Stools, black Stools, increased, when pain begins often Stools, looser, when pain begins often Stooping posture Stop for breath, having to, when walking at own pace on level ground Strain to pass stools often Straining to finish Straining to finish defecation Straining to start Strength loss in legs/feet Strength, decreased Strength, loss of, in arms/hand Strong smell about water Stuffy or runny nose or catarrh at back of nose stuffy or runny nose, or catarrh at back of nose and nose bleeds Stumbling Sued for bad debts Suffocation, feeling of Suicidal attempts

Adult controls

community controls

81



55-56 33


community controls normal controls community controls normal controls community controls community controls community controls

81 135 88-89 135 63 115 63



35 35

Adult controls

community controls

35


community controls normal controls community controls community controls normal controls community controls community controls



61 140-141 84, 86 78 129 25, 55, 112 70, 78-79, 83, 101,109-110 55 16-17 26-27, 116

Suicidal ideas Suicidal ideation Suicidal impulses Suicidal rumination Suicidal thoughts

Symptom Index

Suicidal threats Suicide

Suicide attempts

Suicide ideation

Suicide ideation or attempts Suicide plan Sullen Sundowning Superfluous hair Suspended

Suspended or expelled Suspiciousness Sustaining attention in tasks or play, difficulty

Swallowing often, difficulty Swallowing or lump in throat, trouble Swallowing, difficulty in, because of trouble in throat or esophagus Swallowing, trouble Swears

Swears or uses obscene language Sweating Sweating and feeling hot Sweating and flushing, unusual Sweating, cold/clammy hands

227

Adult controls Adult controls Older Adults Child and Adolescent Controls Adult controls

Child and Adolescent Controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Child and Adolescent Controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls

family practice controls normal controls community controls community controls AD spouse controls delinquent controls

community controls family practice controls normal controls delinquent controls

124 129, 134 79 116 154 150

16, 21, 23, 60, 70, 79, 83, 116 124 134 150

community controls community controls normal controls community controls community controls psychiatric referred children

120 83 130 116 35 152


140-141 116 45-49


special ed students

153

community controls college students

81 7

Adult controls

community controls

32

Adult controls Child and Adolescent Controls Child and Adolescent Controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls

normal controls elementary school children

131 151

special ed students

153


22, 87, 119 29, 102 36

Adult controls

college students

6

228

Symptom Index

Sweating, excessive Sweating, frequent Sweating, unusual Swelling in private parts Swelling, mild/moderate Swelling, severe/disabling Swellings such as a rupture Swollen feet or ankles Symbolism Symptoms of IBS Symptoms related to autonomy, self-esteem, and direction Syndromal major depression Tachycardia

Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls

occupational controls community controls community controls community controls community controls community controls community controls community controls psychiatric controls normal controls normal controls

144 53 36 35 69 70 35 75, 77 148 132 129


Take turns, doesn’t


community controls community controls normal controls psychiatric referred children

116 16-17 133 152

community controls

81

Adult controls

community controls

70

Older Adults

nursing home controls clinic-referred children

156

community controls

13-14

Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Child and Adolescent Controls Child and Adolescent Controls Adult controls Adult controls

community controls community controls community controls special ed students

53, 123 29, 102 46-49 153


151

psychiatric controls college students

148 7

Adult controls Child and Adolescent Controls Child and Adolescent Controls Adult controls

occupational controls clinic-referred children

145 150


149

community controls

43-44

Takes 3-10 laxatives per week Taking of naps, severe/disabling Taking others’ belongings and food Talk at school when shouldn't Talk or move to avoid bad luck Talked less than usual Talking in one’s sleep Talks excessively, often

Talks, often

Tangential Taste and/or smell, have lost sense of Taste, impaired sense of Taunts

Teacher complains out of seat Teacher has to remind what to do again and again


149

Symptom Index Teacher must repeat instructions

229 Child and Adolescent Controls Adult controls


149

community controls

43-44

Adult controls Child and Adolescent Controls Adult controls Adult controls


59 150


35 35

community controls community controls clinic-referred children

110 86 150

Temper caused trouble with police or at school Temper outbursts Temper tantrums Tender breasts Tense, feeling Tense/anxious before sleep Tension


normal controls

140, 141


Tension headache

Adult controls

Tension, mild/moderate Tension, severe/disabling Tension-type headache, chronic Tension-type headache, episodic Tension-type, total Tension-type-like Terminal insomnia Theft (excluding minor) Therapy, change of Thin, too Thinking difficulties Thinking I won’t get more of the good things out of life than others Thinking problems Thinking there is no use trying to get what I want because I won’t get it


community controls community controls community controls community controls community controls community controls occupational controls community controls psychiatric controls community controls community controls community controls

109-110 116 65, 71 71 21 22, 67, 119 145 28-29, 67 147 69 70 95-96

Adult controls

community controls

95-96


community controls community controls community controls normal controls community controls community controls community controls community controls

96-97 96-97 83 140-141 68 22 83 113-114



142 113-115

Teacher says not keeping mind on work Tearfulness Tease children-animals

Teeth, trouble with Teeth, trouble with, and difficulty in eating because of mouth or gums Telephone ringing Temper

230 Thinking tomorrow is unclear and confusing Thinking, trouble Thirst, frequent Thirsty, feeling more, than usual or cold apart from the weather Thirsty, more, than usual Thought about death Threatened to hurt someone Threw objects at cars/people Throat and/or ear infections Throat or voice, trouble with, other Throbbing temples Throwing things


community controls

113-115



62 53 32-33


community controls community controls normal controls normal controls community controls community controls

33 83, 116 140-141 140-141 112 34


130 156 128 64 119 128 133 87 65 65 119 128

Tics, torso Tightness in chest Tightness or pain in chest Tightness/tension Time off due to illness Tingling Tingling in fingers or arms Tingling in legs or feet Tingling, in fingers or feet Tingling/crinking/ electrical sensations Tinnitus Tinnitus, episodic Tired, feel Tired more easily Tired out all the time Tired very easily, become Tired when waking up, feeling Tired, abnormally Tired, constantly Tired, easily Tired, more than before Tired, more than usual Tired, more than usual and generally run down Tired, sleepy during work or leisure time Tiredness

Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls

normal controls nursing home controls normal controls community controls community controls normal controls normal controls community controls community controls community controls community controls normal controls


community controls community controls community controls community controls community controls college students occupational controls

61, 80 109-110 66, 85-86 64 52, 57 7 144

Adult controls Older Adults Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls

occupational controls frail elderly controls occupational controls community controls community controls community controls

143 154-155 144 113-114 33 33

Adult controls


145

Adult controls

Toe, left vibration sensitivity, abnormal

Adult controls

community controls normal controls occupational controls

21, 56 130 144

Symptom Index Toe, right vibration sensitivity, abnormal Toss and turn frequently, during usual sleep Touch or easily annoyed by others Touchy

Transient numbness in arms/legs Trembling Trembling and shaking Trembling or tremors Trembling, twitchy or feeling shaky Tremor Tremor, abnormal Troubled by too much noise, often Truant

Try to get to different place Tummy butterflies Unable to sit still

Unawareness of memory deficit Uncomfortable feeling of fullness after meals Unilateral soreness of scalp during headache Unorganized

Unreality, feelings of Unrecalled anger Unrecalled behaviors Unspecific pain Unsteadiness, vertigo Unusual color or smell about water

231 Adult controls


144

Adult controls

community controls

27-28

Child and Adolescent Controls Child and Adolescent Controls

special ed students

153


150

151

Adult controls

elementary school children community controls


community controls community controls litigation controls college students

87 119 126 6

Adult controls

community controls occupational controls occupational controls college students

53, 61, 64-65, 116 144, 146 144 7

normal controls clinic-referred children

140-141 150

156


nursing home controls community controls delinquent controls

56 150

community controls

116

Adult controls

community controls

12

Adult controls

normal controls

137-138

Child and Adolescent Controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls


152

community controls community controls community controls community controls occupational controls community controls

87, 119 109-110 109-110 22 145 36

Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Child and Adolescent Controls Older Adults

75, 77

232 Unusually heavy last period Upper abdominal bloating often without visible detention Upper abdominal discomfort often Upper limb tics Upset, easily Urgency Urgency often Urinary dysfunction Urinary frequency Urinary incontinence Urinary urgency Urinating more often Urinating, difficulty in Urination, frequent Urination/ defecation, inappropriate Use of a weapon Use of alias Use of weapon Use time efficiently Used a weapon: gun, knife, club Used knife or gun

Uselessness Uses fingers to facilitate defecation often Vagina, dry/sore Vaginal discharge Vaginal dryness Vagrancy Vandal

Vandalism

Variability Varicose veins Vegetative symptoms Verbal ability, impaired Verbal abuse to teachers Verbal memory, impaired



36 117-118

Adult controls

community controls

117-118

Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Older Adults

normal controls community controls community controls community controls community controls community controls community controls community controls community controls community controls college students nursing home controls normal controls normal controls normal controls community controls delinquent controls

128 72 88-89 81 50 53, 56, 59 52-53, 57, 82 110 65 64, 79 6 156


152


55 81

community controls community controls community controls normal controls clinic-referred children

58 82 59 140-141 150

normal controls delinquent controls

140-141 151

psychiatric controls community controls occupational controls normal controls normal controls normal controls

148 36 145 131 140-141 131

Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Child and Adolescent Controls Child and Adolescent Controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Child and Adolescent Controls Adult controls Child and Adolescent Controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls

141 140-141 140 66 151

Symptom Index

233

Verbally disruptive

Older Adults

Verbigeration Vertigo


Very easily affected by alcohol Violation of rules Violent behavior


Violent feelings Vision loss, brief Vision problems Vision, blurred


Vision, blurry or double Vision, dark Visual


Visual and auditory hallucinations Visual aura Visual change Visual field, constriction of Visual fixation Visual illusions Visual impairment Visual problems, blurring, or seeing double Voice, change of Vomiting

Vomiting once a month at least Vomiting once a month or more Vomiting or bilious attacks Vomiting up blood which had not been swallowed Vomiting up food or drink

nursing home controls psychiatric controls community controls occupational controls college students normal controls family practice controls community controls community controls normal controls combat veterans community controls

156 148 30, 102-103 143-144 7 140-141 124 72 73, 75 142 7 63, 68, 79, 87, 99 133 62 63 124

Adult controls

normal controls community controls community controls family practice controls internal medicine controls neurology controls normal controls psychiatric controls community controls


community controls community controls community controls community controls community controls community controls litigation controls

80 58 60 109-110 109-110 71, 120 126



Adult controls


73, 75 12, 22, 53, 99-100 , 121-122 131 81

Adult controls

community controls

81, 117-118



112 36

Adult controls

community controls

36

125 127 132 146 116

234 Vomiting, frequent Waiting turn or push ahead in line, trouble Waiting turn, difficulty

Wake up at night Wakes up often, trouble falling asleep again Wakes, usually, unnecessarily in morning Waking up earlier than intended Waking up to early Waking up, trouble Walking in dark, difficulty Walking, trouble Wandering Want to be alone Wanted to die Wanting punishment

Wants to be alone

Wants to be with people



132 43-44



151

occupational controls occupational controls

143 145

Adult controls

community controls

25-26

Adult controls

community controls

10

Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Child and Adolescent Controls Child and Adolescent Controls Child and Adolescent Controls Adult controls Adult controls

occupational controls occupational controls occupational controls community controls normal controls community controls community controls community controls delinquent controls

143 143 143 99-100 133 116 66 116 151

delinquent controls

151

delinquent controls

151


128 36

Warmth Water coming too quickly, trouble with Water leaks when straining, coughing, or laughing Water retention

Adult controls

community controls

36

Adult controls

Watery eyes before headache Watery stools Weak limbs Weakness


community controls normal controls community controls community controls community controls community controls

Weakness of lower limbs Weakness of upper limbs Weakness paralysis Weapon

Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Child and Adolescent Controls Adult controls

23-24, 67 134 38-42 88-89 68 21, 38, 61, 80, 98-100,104, 119 143 143 71 150

Wears a pad for fecal incontinence

occupational controls occupational controls community controls clinic-referred children community controls

82

Symptom Index Weight change, sudden Weight fluctuates Weight gain

Weight gain, mild/moderate Weight gain, severe/disabling Weight gain, swelling Weight increase Weight loss

Weight loss of at least 25% of original body weight Weight loss, excluding dieting Weight pain Weight, change in Weight, gain Weight, loss of

Weight/ appetite disturbance Were you much more active than usual, during that high period Wheeze

Wheeze and dyspnea Wheeze day and night Wheeze present >21 days Wheeze previous year Wheeze, morning Wheeze, recurrent Wheezing cough Wheezing without cold When hurrying on level ground or walking up slight hill When sitting quietly When walking with people of own age on level ground

235 Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Child and Adolescent Controls Adult controls Adult controls

normal controls community controls community controls delinquent controls

133 22 80, 83, 85-86 150


69 70




normal controls AD spouse controls psychiatric controls

89, 91 58 12, 16-17, 55- 56,, 79 83, 112 142 154 147

Adult controls

community controls

64

Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Child and Adolescent Controls Adult controls Adult controls

community controls community controls community controls community controls delinquent controls

22 31 32 33, 54 150


83 51

Adult controls

community controls

Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls

general practice patients community controls community controls non-smokers community controls community controls community controls community controls community controls community controls

17-19, 71, 80, 91,107-108 124-125 36-38 36-38 128 92-93 107-108 93 71 17-19 36



36 36

236 When washing or dressing Withdrawal shakes Woke up refreshed most mornings Woken by attacks of breathlessness Woken by attacks of cough Woken by chest tightness Word finding problems, not finding the word you want, using the wrong word Word-finding lapses Work inhibition Worried about health Worries and tension Worry Worry about being clean enough Worry about body Worry about nervous breakdown Worry and tension, feelings of Worthlessness Worthlessness/ guilt Yellower than usual skin or whites of eyes Zigzag flashes before headache

Symptom Index Adult controls Adult controls Adult controls


36 62 21

Adult controls

community controls

17-19


community controls community controls litigation controls

17-19 17-19 126


community controls community controls litigation controls community controls community controls community controls

109-110 110 126 29, 102 55, 66 13-14



85-86 85-86

Adult controls

community controls

29, 102



82 82 36

Adult controls

community controls

39-43, 105-107

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