Agricu lture in the Making of Modem India
Akhil GUpla
DUKE UNIVER$IIT PRESS
Durham/ Lond"n 19'Jo8
_
AII' ..... N...
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Agricu lture in the Making of Modem India
Akhil GUpla
DUKE UNIVER$IIT PRESS
Durham/ Lond"n 19'Jo8
_
AII' ..... N.. ml in II>< VaiIed So .... of Arnmro ... ",MI·"" M'mcs • 10Tm of idcnIily in ,h. postcolonial "",.Id. 1 argue ,hal und ..tkv.loPffi"nt is not "",.. Iy • ,lruclu",llocalioll in , Itt global com· munity m na,ions: .... ,1.«. und..-de:,·c!opmcnt Is also a form o! lde:ntlly. SIIme:,hin, thlt in!onru; pwplc:. ~ of .. If. Who pwplc: Ihlnk thc:y .R. 110...· ,My ,ot that ""y. and what IMYOIn do to Iltt' Iht!. liv~ ha"" been profoundly shapc:d by Ihe Institulions. Ideologlo. and ~'lcd. of de:vc!optntnl. In ru ....1 northun Indio. a pc:rvasive: fttling of being un· derdevelopc:d. of being behind the Wcst . aniculalc:d wilh o,M. Idc:ml· ,~of COSle: . (1':15. "'glon. ge:nd«. and SCXli:Ihly. pmdUC"5 ptnple:l .. nsc of ,hck .. I,· ... 1 ha" e IOrmod Illis complu articulation of "backward· n ...." 1M I""Iom J ha,.., "N(t.ked most closely overthelast f..... Y""". Thry an: Falu B.amnil, Ftdt:rtco 8ts5o: ... r. Tom 8o< w",k was now
done b}' {ndt, Singh. om of his adu\t5<ms . ... wntinu"! '0 ""nicil"''' aoUSt. nut '0 the , ub. _It ' RIm Singh had gone Out but murntd .oonly. along ""i, h lndc:t Sinp. Wlth the ,ape JUon\e, posi,ioned b.twttn us. ".., b.pn. widc:-rang!I\i convc .. sa'ion. r IwI In'',,,,ie ...ed Ram SIngh in u,lI.. field nips: he was an .nicul." anod ,npgi... speak. " in contrastlo h .. son, ... I>MC comments I ""m.. i~ found ham to d'dph ... W. had alnoady r,..,n talking for abou, fony-five minu,.,. when "., broaclw:d 'M topic of 'M off.." of 11>. hlgh_yt.:lding ..... riple u'ltd to PUI fi,'c kilog... m. pcr bigha. nOW Ihcy PUt ten. even ,,,,·~Ive.' reopk k.p usi ng"""" fcn lllu •." A. tl>o: s,ame timo: as 1>0: rompla inod "' !he n«d ''' ..... larger '1uanlili"" "f chemical fen il;""r, Ilo,,'.vu. Ram Singh alS r.n iHztt or II> tn. vartt.y of w ....1 grown . Hi, o",wel' lef. no dout.. : "No. fertJli2cr .ffttlS ils \.lSI •. It is not tastf. Til( mo ... fertilizer you PUI, IN: kso tasty It win be !)it""" ~haad pall dog")', uln"" . ... aadi.hl nail .. '~SlIU\QS) lhal the pIn poss"W'd. , have ~ltd f"'gmmu of a conve ..... ion wi.h 0 ... f. rmer as an enmple of In. ;ogrkultu"'l discourst found In Alipur. In .h~ course of administering a dcuilopula'N Eu_
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ropt-oo.h whe", .hc ""lonilCrs a", rtQw a majori.y (such as . he Uni.~ Stralia ) . nd WM", .My .", a ,nirtQri'y (such as Soulh Africa . nd.M lorm~r Soulh~m Rlwxksia),' Thrtt qucs.ions c"n.lnUllliy haun • •his itk ou'pu' "rdias".,ric in.dlc~ a\tcrnatl~e fonnublions 10 tNl 'em! In . n .ue mpl tO come 10 grips with lbe comcmpono.ry world shu.lion (s« csp«;ally tbe wod of Ahmad '995; BhablLa 19&4, 1994: and Spivak 19117, 1<jo11;1 ,b, 1990; n:aden on "po$lcoloniahly" indoo., Ashcroft, Griffith., and Tiffin 1995 and Williams and Chrisman 19\1l; and fOf a .ep,,:sentall.,. sompl< of the deboue on poslcolonialism. see Appiah ' 99. : Chakr:obo"~ 199~; Di,lik 19!H; Frankenberg and Mani 1993; Hail '9!l6; loornba . nd Kaul '994; McClinlock 199~, '994; Miyosh! '99); O'H.anlon and Wll:'!lhbrook 199~; Prakash .991.1: .nd Yoong 1990). "Th. poslcolonial" has been used '''ry diffrrcmly .cross dl5cipUncs and in i,s applk:>uion to dlvet$( geographic .trrito~ My .1m in delllng with .1>( ""mlo", ral'iC'd above Is not 10 auemp1' rcsolutlon of lhe deba,. II Ihe high kvel of ~neralily usually cmplo)"Cd bu. III ... k( mo ... moCCS •• • the whole process 01 cxponston, e ~ ploratlon, conquest. rld. To he "undertlc"elopcd" or "dr".loping" is 10 be Nckward. ddickm , inade· 'Iua.e. behind, The """'. impon.n' ...... y ;n which questions of lden,lty ano hinged '0 d.,'clop",.n. is .h. ough . M meIOn)'ml< association 01 .h./: hUmlllm. cycle wilh ,he growrll of til. "".Ion. If .h.", is an enduriRg 'rt)pc in de,-c!opmcn. disdoord~,-clptd" as a subj...,. and "undrnkvc1"pnuo:nt" as a fomn of identity in 'M poslco].,nial world. S f••, I ha..., spoken "f ",h~ pt>Sttivos. Bu. I>dono apla;ning 'he two str,ttegics, In
..... Ln tl!1jotct lh&I l ..,;.1110 guard a&"i_ the ~y oqu.ation oft.n made bttWftn macrolop::lJ upLan.o.ions and .... w.arrativu. The pOIS"nod. om .ridquo of "'ft«n :accompanied by p,."foond 5hiflS In Industrial and ;ogricuhu ...1 polici." in poslcolonlal ".lion_.I1,.". Al panlcuLor momcnlS. 05 In 1M pn:ssun: put by multilateral in51itullons on ind.bted gO\'emments 10 adopt nMlibtnl poIiei'" in tru, ljllos, tnnsfDfm:llions In glolial ""pilll_ Ism have wOTkcd In ~"qw~ Q) !'IPU~9 ull"'l P'I 'l~muOJ ~um""UI " ""as -"I JQ.:I .·lu,wdop .Yp. ...,....s.)0 " n!'u >\I' .ltl"'no)rud w"l' w"'J l~PU"'l. pt""'(S "'l.'" puo ~w .... lI'ud 'U'Wdnj:>Mf' jQ ~, ",u'w:)]dw! ''1' p""lu,wdop,"p )0 ' " 0!llUY ' p.,,,,, 51"""l ul l.... nlln~. P'" 1.,.lSnp'" u:»."""" 1"1l1uo) '011"'1 UI "SUOI'OOOI'u,,'li'P UI uOl' IllI ..... JO PS!1) 'ISnru'l l p:1WU)JSU ....1 '(ll"'noJl)ld Sj . lu,w·"P. >~ n >SJno»1r "".ulwnm "'Id...&.u'll' >1I!WII' l"'idOJI ~IIP"I UI uO]IOIo.,,, U».I~ "'1' )0 .~)ns.. >w""''Id IIDlSoj"U'I:»' 1)0 >t'II,unu ' OJ Il~W ''IlI1W ~"loluOJo"sod JO uOPIPul).) "III""... p"""">j>un 0, so "!q .... nl P;>I,rul "'I u. , UO!' -nloA,. u».IlI 1"" ·~wouo» POOl PlJ.,.... "'I' . ', u,wdop"p. 11'»11'1""1 SUnll»U"O"",U! ''II ,noqo AtoIS "'fdwo:> PU" '1 ' 1-" 1",,1 '1I.I ISUow~1' nl 1""luII ""'1""1" AIJ.' ''11 n, """ ~I"'Plw >lj IIllOO) "pu[ u'..,....,:IO.Id =>S:>ljl ' lu,wdQP"'Il ln S:tS.JnQ) """!P u» . ... >q l"JU" o.> puo >lI""II!IJ~III! jn '111''''0''' ''1' 'U"", I J>ld''I3
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path In 1~J1 : $000 aft ......·..d, ho ...·.ver, groups of ...·•.II·to- .lonc. no, were praclices inlclligible entirely from lhe per5pktlVf: 01 1M polltks of produellon relations. Indigo""", know~ and indige....,,,, peopk have come .o occupy • privileged place in tk",,)opmc:n1 discourse: as well as in .n1lmod~m discoUTSCS. especially In lhe las. dttadc: .,. [n ,Ite Ihin;! chapler. I question the notion of the "indigenous' and make a scrits of closely Tdaled argumc:nts ~boul i" prom~ and problems. Any crilique of ""ind igonousnt"." bas 10 confront. central dilemma. which I havtO tn ed to naviple especially corefully. My 5truggle in ,II .. book has bun to point to ' M limitations in hertnl In the notion 01 "Indigcnousnt$S: whit.: ru:osnizing lite ."alegic im ponance of lhal fOflll of idcmily and .upporting th< poI;' ;ClI mo""men" ba$Cd on d .;ms ' 0 indigenousness fOrgN by ""me: of the mOS! marginal at>pl~ in th~ Tllin;! World con b,m'T account both fOT Ih~ conditions in which claims to indigenousn< implications of Ihis pMnomenon of the unbundling of terTitory !.J. undel'!il.lNiings of postC(lionl.lily. 0.... of I~ most impon.nt con",",!ucllUS of th~ unbundling of t~rTi lorb.lly bo$cd sovfflOignty Is thol it problanalucs lheories of rtroC(Iioni.ILsm. It dot:. 50 Mau"," nolioM of IICo:n It may indeed bt an .ppmpriale marker of new forms of global "'IllYtion and conlrol in thc waning years of lhe twentlelh ""nIUI)'. Th. lllhitll ond cultu ...1 hybrldilin Ih.1 go inlO (onst!tutingsoci.lllfc In postcolonial socielid. The analysis I f""SCm In Chapi< wil~ng a mo", dtti5iv~ I~mpor:rtl m-.,ak with th~ order of nation-SlalCS Ihal underlay colonl.lIsm Ihan has been lhe Case SO far. Thus. postcokmi.lily in Ihe Strong .st.R$(. '" an .... lha'llln bcyQnd the ....orld of C(lionialism . .... y now... _ r I>< In appropriale indlcalor of global social ",lations. Whll~ 1 ha..., grtalsympolhy with 1M "'e'" lhaIIM~' in · """teo. lonllolism' Is 100 olten ",ken 10 mean 1....1 colonial forms of d"min,,,lon hav. faded InlO the dim ..c~ of tho pa~. is it possibl~ thaI 'lnnrnl' of colonialism ha..., been laken inl"::l and configured inll) a new series I)f ILobol domlnolion? In Olh., words. I '0, nunu",d 1.2
Inlroduchon
and sus!aintd colonialism . It has bee" aPP"'poil!dy nottd !ha! !he !enn "posloolonial: mOSl ohen ustd !() mark !he eTa initialed hy ("nnal detolonita!ion, soTm!lm.s urnkrapprttla!0:5 !he rul contlnui!ies be· !wun !he colonial ""riod.nd .15 im"",d,"!t If!trml!h. HO .... !1It dtcli"e of !h. <mkr of ",,!ion'su!ts mad. visiblt ' n globolcnvironmcn· !al problems and ~gula!k>ns does Indetd ap""a' !o signify. fundamenLal shift lhal mlghl justlf)' the USC of the "pos!- as a lemporal m.a"'u. Th. proc~ demy. " fun explana.ion of th