Pictorial Dictionary of Ancient Athens

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IJ:'N~nlrTIlMIOr. A8HN BIOI\IOOHK

PXAIO:.Or.

::Yf :iTOVAAJ:nt

•ApIO. HIp)". mcray.

XpovOAoy.!

BY

JOHN

YLOS

HACKER ART BOOKS New York

1980

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First PublJshed 1971, New York. ReIssued 1980 by Hacker An Books, New York ubrary of Congress Caralogue Card Number 79-91823 Inrernarional Srandard Book Number 0-87817-267-X

Pnnted In the United States ofAmenca.

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FO RI \\ 0 R() . . . • • • \'11 • • • J~TRODI ( n()~ . • • • • • • IX • \BHRI YJ \ rIO,:- . ..l • • • • PJCTORI \1 S )1 RCi' . • • · . . . X lJl \(;OR \ . . . . . . . . . • • • 1 \ ,OR \ OF C \I S.\R _\~D AL'CI S1TS . . . 28 \ ;OR \~O\lJO~ . • • • • • 37 • • • • • '" II h.lIl ! • • • '" ROPOLH I A.-ROPOLlJ: ~IYCI::S.-\E -\); SPRJ):G HOeSE A. \[Y=,EIO); . . . . . . . . . . _WHRODITE HEGDI0~E •-\='D :\PHRODITE OCRA~L-\ :\POLLO DELPHINIOS . . • .WOLLO HYPOAKRAlO • • .WOllO PATROOS •-\POlLO PYTHIOS . . • • • • • _-\RES . . . . . . . . . . • .-\RTE\1I .-\GROTER.-\. . • • .-\RTDll ARI TOBOliLE . • .-\RTE\!I BRAliRO='IA • .\ KLEPIEIO=' . . . . . . • • • .-\ KLEPIEIO): PRI=,G HOC E . .\THE='.-\, .-\RCHAIOS );AOS .

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14 • • • .-\THE='A :-':IKE • 15 • • • .-\THE=' . . . . • • • • • 1 0 • BALA.YEIA • • • • 191 • • • BOCLECTERI00: • • 196 CHALKOTHEQUE . . . . • • • • 198 • ElEC L'IO:-': . . . • • • 204 E):='EAKROUl'\OS·KALLIRRHOE . . . . 210 EPO. 'Y"IOC HEROES. . . 213 • • ERECHTHEI00: . . . . . . • • 228 EROS AND APHRODITE . . . . • • 233 - GY.\INA JU~l OF PTOlEi\IY . . . . . . . 242 HADRJAN, AQUEDUCT OF • • 244 • HADRJAi':, LIBRARY OF • • • • • • 253 fIADRIAi':', ARCH . • • • 258 HEKATO.\IPLDO, . • • • • • 261 HLPHAJ TOS . . . . • • • HERAKLE AI.EXIKAKOS . 274 278 • HLRAKlLS PANKRATES " • • • 281 HOROLOGION OF A DRONIKOS • • • 289 lLISSO ARLA . • • • •

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KLEPSYDRA

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323 KODRO~, l\.LLL SAD BASILe. . . . 332 KRONO A 0 RliEA • • • • ••••• 335 •

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KYNOSARGl:. . . . . • • • . • • 340 • LATRlt E . . " .... 34{ • • • • • • LYKEIO " . . • • • L Y IKRATES ;\'IONU.\IEl\:T . • • ~IETROON IN THE AGORA . " ... 352 NIKIAS 110N ;\[ENT . . .. .. ( 35:: ) Y;\IPHE . . . . . 361 ODEION OF AGRIPPA " .. . . 365 • ODEION OF HERODES ATTlCUS r8 • • ODEIO OF PERIKLES . 387 • • OIKIA . . . . 392 • • • • • • OLY;\IPIEION. . . . 402 PALLADION . 412 • • • · . . . . . 41PAN . . . . . • • • • • 422 .. ... P NATHENAIC \VIAY . . . · . . . 429 P Al'\HELLENION . . • • 432 PA~TAINOS, LIBRARY OF • · 439 PA~THEON . . . . . . . .. • • PARTHE):ON . . . . . . , . · 444 · . 45 PERIBOLOS OF THE T\,\'El\'E GODS 462 • • • PHILOPAPPO ~IO~C~IEp.:T . 466 • P_ '\'X . . . . . . . 4-• • PO~IPEIO. ' . · . 4 2 • • PROPYLAIA .., 494 • • • • RO~L\ :\. '0 ACGeSTlJS 49 • • • • TADIC~1 . . . .. .... 505 • • • STO:\ OF ATTALOS . , ., STO:\ OF ATT:\LOS, 520 • E:\RLIER BeILDI~G . · . 523 • STO:\ OF EU~IENES. . · 5T STOA OF ZEU ELEUTHERIOS . , . · 534 • • • STOA \,\'ITH DINI lG·ROO~IS. THEATRE OF DIONYSOS . . , .., THOLOS . . . . . . . . . . . , ., 553 THRASYLLOS ;\101 L'~IENT. .., 56_ TRIPODS, TREET OF .., 566 ZEUS HYPSlSTOS. . . , 569 . . 5~ 3 . . . . . ZEUS PHRATRIOS. ..,

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S PPLE~I E T . .' . . JNDEX. . . . . . . . ., . .., .. ..... JNSCR IPTIO~S . . . . . ,

. . .' . ' . . . . in As th. hook IS puhltshcd simultancously In t....o )an!\ua!\cs .t was nccCSS,lr} ~lIjn!\ to secure the alphabetical order. These titles appear In it,llks.

~(lmc in~t.\nc{s

to include Ch.lpt {h adin

577 5 1 5

in Gircd,

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Th'ik,ll)fflll1t)\\ingLlpthL'I)!'IOIU\I \)ICIIO

\ltYOF '\N('\I;, rR')\II;1 , "\ '\1'u,tlnV(lunJtS I I , , ) I:.rntSI ,IS1WIl, nn IhL' ,gr "It cities of the allcit'lll \\ orld Ius Iwen \Vel ollle'\ III ,,'Itl"s '( II, t \le '/..elll 1'.1 II' , 011 " " ,'llltl '.11111 'lVL't)\ t Irt' k' llOll of th' (; 'mUll \rcluenlogicll InstilLl!l', ,\n L1nderl'lkin ¥ \ \ hich \1'10,. '\11'''110, ' ' . ' , . .'I'" I'L'0, tlwmt: SCIITt I \ llett I0, justilicltioll, for \thells sLlIlds in the foremost rank with her m:ln) spkndid huildings and monuments, \\ Ilnt:sse of imp rishable glon. The mod 'rn clpiLtI cit \, continuousl) growing upward and out w:ll'(l, impall" 10 som" of th . ,In ient Il1nnuments perpetually ch,lnging criteria and new fram's of ret'tn;nce, whil ' others m;linlain their pride of pLtce e\'l'n in their present surroLlndings and form well ni,'h unalterable focal points. Fortun'lteh it has prO\ed possible to win John '1'1':1\ los over \~Cll;'.l

\'lllE, ",

to

the project of the PIC'roIlT\!. \)ICI10NAltY 01'

an advantage which cannOI he ovelTSlimated, hcc;luse Mr. 'J'rav!os has :In incompar;,bk

kno\\'kdge of the ancient remains, both those which still stand abm ,

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ground and those which h:lvL' Ix'cn un '

e;lrthed; and it is eXCiI\-ated remains in particular, thal must bc represent 'd in:1 pictori;11 dictionar), one aim or \\ htcb is

to

documellt the topography of

thens. This monumental work by John 'l'ravlos, shaped b) conditions

"asth difTcring from those obtaining in Rome, sen-es, I think, the caLIse of scholarly research as well as melling the demand

made upon a standard reference work. \~armesl thanks gO to 1\11'. 'l'r:lvlos for accomplishing a

great and difficult task. \Ve also gratefulh ;\ckno\Vkdge support from the SOCieL)

0

Friends of the Cnm'ln

.\rchaeological [nstitute (Theodor- \Viegand Ce, ellschaft) \\ hich has made puhl i ation of this t!ocumental'\ work possible.

Berlin, June 21 st 1970

I'IILT 1\lllt

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TRODUCTION

\"ith the establishmcnt of thc independcnt m() d ern G reek state and rani I I .h h .\ rc Iue logicll Socicl\' in I H3~ hrge scal .' ' " . cu ar y Wit t e foundation of the • . , ' . .• e eXC:1yatlons began in Athens . had be '11 1 uric I for ccnturies, not ani)' on th \ I' , t o uncover anCient monuments that _ . e 1 croJ 0 IS, blll also In the 1 0 ' 'rh . , w '1" put hsh':I trom time to time in variOl I I' ,. wer town. e results of thiS work IS arc laeo oglcal periodicals and I ' bl b gLlphs doling \\ ith both the topor'lphy and th a so In nota e oaks and monob' .' e monuments of Athens Among th d' W I book. hrst publish'd in 1905 and re-published' 1931 . I ".. ese stu les ather Judeich's . In Wit 1 additions and co ' , I d . know[ 'd.~~c t f the ancient cin·. This book is a I . d 'II . rrectlons, IS a an mark In our . . , c asslc an WI always remall1 a v I bi 'd th' 'I eurac\' of its obs n'ations and the rich bib!' h': a ua e al to study because of , IOgrap y It contall1s Recent large scale ex r' h whos b ginning coincides exacth' with the appearanc f] d . I' . '. . cava IOns, owever, _ " e0 u ell' 1 s second edition have mad d' I . . SlOn ot the whole work necessan'. ' e a ra lea revlL

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Th most important ofth se" excavations for our knowledge of the t opograp h yo f t h e city ' was that of the Agora. _ . ' " . \1 so Import.1I1t \\ ere the eXCayatlOns at the keramelkos,ine th regIOn " 0 f t h e P nyx, along the whole north and . ' . outh, slopes of the AcropolIs, In the regIOn of the Olnnpieion a,n d near r:T • . , " "-0 Ionos H"IpplOS C lor the dIscovery of Plato s Academy. . t h e R oman A gora and .. . _ . Interestll1g . , smaller excavations took place on the Acro po ].IS, In In the Llbran' to these regular.' planned excavations we must al so no t e t h e tiC 'h arc h ' , ' .of Hadnan. In addltlon . . ' aeoI oglcal dlsco~'enes made by chan.ce .In the course of bUlldll1g operations, particularly during the last ten years. Thanks to thIS unprecedented bUlldll1g boom, new information has been gathered which allows us to understand the la\'-out of almost the whole of the ancient cit\,. In 1960 I published a general study on the deYelopment of the city-plan of Athens in which the lay-out of the city was given in various key periods of its history, from the establishment of the first settlers down to our own times. I haye always had in mind, ho\\'ever, the preparation of a special study referring principally to the area and the monuments of the ancient city from an architectural point of view and based on the results of the latest excavations and my own observations o\-er the last forty years. In the present book, Pictorial Dictiol/ary of AI/cimt Athms, I present all the new disco\'eries and the yarious theories that have been expressed about them as well as my own conclusions. I should like to thank most warmly the President of the German .\rchaeological Institute, Professor Kurt Bittel, and also my friend, Professor Emil Kunze, formerly Director of the German Archaeological Institute in Athens, for the honor which they did me in asking me to write this book as one of the series of Institute publications. The publication has been undertaken by the well known publishing house Ernst \\'7a smuth, Tubingen, and its director, :-fr. Gi.inther \'i'asmuth, a friend of arts and letters, has taken the greatest pains over the appearance of the book. I began collecting photographs, preparing plans and writing the text in 1965, but the time at my disposal wa limited because of other obligations. I was able to bring the work to completion, howeYer, through the strong support of my friend Professor Homer A. Thompson who obtained lea\'e of absence for me from my work at the American School of Classical Studies in Athens and at the same time an jl1\-itation to the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton for the academic year 1967-1968 where I finally finished the job. I should like to offer my warmest thanks to Professor Thompson and also to Professor Carl Kaysen, Director of the Institute at Princeton, for their support. .' . ~fy Greek text in its final form was handed over to an American archaeologist fot translatIOn Into Enghsh. On her personal request she wants to remain anonymous. The architecht]\[r. \\'. Hoepfner, took care of th German version. To both lowe many thanks for their trulj' accurate rendering of my Their success is not onh' to their knowledge of Greek but mainly to their knowledge of the topograph) and monuments ot .\thens .lI1d

te~r.

~ue

the related problems. ieaL ~ly thanks are also due to the present Director of the German l\rchaeolog Institute in ,,\th'.ns, Profe. o~ U. Jantzen, and most especially to the Editor of the .. lfbel/iscbe .I/illfilflllgm, !lLr. ). hmldt, tor hiS r ad} assistance. I am also obliged to the former members of the Institutc, 1111'. \'\'. Fuchs and ;\lr.G.l 'cumann.

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But if low thanks to the German Institute for reali/ing the puhlication of this work, lowe a more special d bt of gratitude- to th G re k \rchacological ~erdce .lOd to the \rchaeological Society of Athens which n rou h prm id d not onh the permission but also the means for conducting excavations and imestigatiom t "ariou arch.1 ologic.ll sites in \thcn.. Ther also allowed me to usc in m\ stud) the results of excavations conduct d b\' ,.uious colleagu s as ,\ ell a, the right to republish photographs of archaeological discoveries. :\mong th se colkagu', .lr' included successi\'e Directors of the .\cropolis, Messrs. 1. ~Iiliadis, .t". Platon and G. Dontas, th Dir ctor of the '\;ational \rchaeological i\1u eum, Mr. B. Kallipolitis, the Director of the Epigra. phicll "Ius urn, \lrs. K. Pepp.l·Delmousou, and the Ephors of the Third "\rchaeological District of Athens, "lr.Ph.:tanopoullos and the .:\llsses B.Philippaki, .\.Andriomenou, and O.Alexandri. To all of these I give mv mo t especial thanks. For providing photograph for publication I am further grateful to the Trustees of the Briti h .:\Iuseum, to the Berlin .:\Iu. urn, to the .\merican School of Classical Studies, to the former Director of the Agora Excavations, "fr. H,"\. Thompson and to :\1iss •\lison hantz. In the List of Illustrations the source of each photograph is noted, and the names of the archaeologists and photographers who were so kind a to giYC me prints from their personal files arc recorded. A great man) of the photograph come from the im aluable collection of the German Archaeological Institute, and a certain number have been prodded by the Director of the Kc.rameikos Excavations, \Ir. F. Willemsen, and his colleagues the architects :\Iessrs. G. Gruben and W·. Hoepfn r, \\hom I would speciall) thank. The text of the Dictional:.> consists of eighty chapten in which are included monuments, temples, sanctuaries and yarious other buildings of anciem Athens that haye been disco\ ered and can be certainh'. identified, or which I think can be identified. Other topic, of which there is a large number, are simply memioned or noticed briefly with bibliographical references in the chapters dealing \\ ith the topography of.\thens in general..-\ a result the reader will ha\'e to look up these topics in the general index at the end of the volume which is the work of :\fis E. Brandt and ~1iss A. Kokkou. In each chapter and for each special topic bibliographical references arc gi\·en. These refer mainl) to recem studies, but an exception has been made for certain old books that comain Yaluable information as well as for those that hare extensi\'e earlier bibliographies.•-\s a basic principle we haye tried to include those pll blications which describe and identify the monument immediately after their disco\·ery. In the difficult task of compiling the bibliograph) I haye receiyed im aluable assistance from :\[iss .-\. Kokkou. he has also willingly assi ted me in the whole process of publication of the pres or book. ~

Athens, April 1970

J. TR \\ LQ,

J\BIIREVI/\TIO .\A \gor., Guide

\ rch~H') It)g ischl't' \ n;rl'i~tl'r

The \ t helll.t n \ g:or;t, .t\ G II ide to I he 1 "C.l\.\1 ion ,\ltd \Iuseum, .Athens 1962

\llInic.lll .Iourn"l of \rchaeology \ llIertc.1l1 .I ou rn.d of Ph iInlogy :\tilleilungen des Deulschen ,\rchaologischen InSlituls .\thenische Ableilung ' \PZ)\OYLXC(" \ 'V:X),S:X7{X e:; '" , \ V::(),OX7"X :X!.O '_\01jVW\) \nnali dell']nslitulo di Corrispon\nn.,11 d ,ll'lnSlltUIO denza \rcbeologica \nnuario della cuoia i\ rcheologica di \nnu.ulo \lene ,\nrike Denkmaler, berausgegeben \nrD nk. yom Kaiserlieh Demseben Arehaologischen Institut, Berl in 1891-1931 Anzeiger der Akademie der \\issenAnz\\ i n schaften, \\ien, Phil.-hist. Klasse Atti del settimo congresso inrernazioAtti nalc di Archeologia Classiea, I 1ll, Roma 1961 Arehaologisehe Zeitung .\Z Bulletin of the Archaeological InstiB '\I.\ tute of America BAC"EISTLR, Denkmaler A. BAI"'EISTER, Denkmaler des Klassischen l\ltertums, I-III, l\IunehenLeipzig 1885-1888 Bulletin de Correspondance llelleBCH OIque Bu!letino de!l'lnstitutO di CorrisponBdI denza Areheologica ]. D. BEAZLEY, Attic Black-Figure BEAZLEY, AB\' Vase-Painters, Oxford 1956 E. BEULE, L'Acropole d'i\thenes, BECLE, Acropole I-II , Paris 1853 -1854 R. BOil"', Die Propylaen der AkropoBOilS, Propylaen lis zu Athen, Berlin-Stuttgart 1882 C. BOTTlCIIER, Bericht ubet die CnBOTTICIIER, Cntertetsuchungen auf der Akropolis ,'on suchungen Athen im Fnihjahre 1862, Berlin 1863 A. BRccK"'ER, Der Friedhof am BRCCKSER, Friedhof Eridanos bci der J lagia Triada zu Athen,Berlin 1909 Annual of the British School at Athens BSA Papers of the British School at Rome BSR Bulletin de la Societe Royale des LetBull. Lund tres de Lund E. BUSCIIOR, Die Tondacber der BUSCIIOR, Tondiicher Akropolis, I IT, Berlin Leipzig 1929 bis 1933 S. CASSO'"', Catalogue of tbe AcropoCASSO,"" Acropolis lis Museum , II , Cambridge 1921 ,'vfuseum . CAVVAD'A')-KAWI RAl')

Akropolis

P. CAVVADJA~

-

G.

hAWI RAU,

Die

Ausgrabung der Akropolis yom Jahre 1885 bis zum Jahre 1890, Athen 1906 rC:\ll.z·~ rjUVeJ.Eu('n\rcheologie JIAN • • umlsl11atlque Journal of the Royal Institute of BriJournal RIBA tish \rchitects The Journal of Roman StudIes JRS JUDEICH, Topographie \\ . J L'OEICII, Topographie von ,-\-then, J\lunchen 1931" LEAKE, Topography \\ . 1\1. LEAKE, The Topography of Athens, London 1841 ;\Lo\RTI"', L'agora R. 1\IARTIK, Recherches sur l'agora grecque grecque, Paris 1951 \'f. A. ::\lcDoNALD, The Political ::\IcDo".uo, Meeting Places leeting Places of the Greeks, Baltimore 1943 :\ldI 1\litteilungen des Deutschen Archaologischen Instituts :\lemIstVen. l\femorie. Istituto Veneto di scienze, lettere ed arti ;\lusB Le Musee BeIge :\1YLo"As,l\lycenae G. MYLONAS, Mycenae and the Mycenaean Age, Princeton 1966 OIKO. 'O'UOES, The A.N. OIKO"O~fIDES, The Two AgoTwo Agoras ras in Ancient Athens, Chicago 1964 OJh. Jahreshefte des Osterreichischen Archaologischen Instituts in \X'ien Op:\rch. Shifter utgivna av Svenska Institutet j Rom. Opuscula Archaeologica PB Excavations of the Athenian >\gora. Picture Books. Princeton IIA[JAnA:-;';oIIOY1\O~,A. IIAIIAl'IANNOnOY1\Ol:'E;-;lyp~,,,?,,,l IIAAAlO~, , ApzaLechor, Tondacher, 11, PI. 1 Buschor, Tondacher II, p. 34

74 75

76 77

78 79 80

J

Buschor, Tondacher, 11, PI. 2 Buschor, Tondacher, 11, PI. 3 Buschor, Tondacher, II, p. 37 Buschor, Tondacher, 11, PI. 4 Photo Alison Frantz f\T -133 Photo 5. Meletzis Photo ~1. Vcrnardos

J

].

Travlos Archive

J. Travlos

81

Photo ~1. Vcrnardos.

82 83

PhD£. 1\1. Vernardos, ]. Travlos Archive Photo ~LVcrnardos,

J. Travlos

Archive Archive

Photo S. lelctzis 85 Photo S. ~felctzls 86 Photo . Meletzis 87 Photo S. ~Ielctzis 88 Hesperia 5, 1936, p. 49~ 89 Photo Ch. j\[ammcliS 90 Photo Alison Frantz AT 71 91 Drawing by J. Travlos 9? Ilespena 8, 1939, p. 339

84

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PhO[, :M. Vcrnardos, J. Travlos Archive Phot. !\.t. Vcrnardos, J. Travlos Archive Photo M. Vcrnardos, ].Travlos Archive

Photo Alison Frantz AT-129 DAI, Ath. Ihu. 597 DAI, Ath. Bau. 591 Drawing hI' ].Travlos

Drawing by J.Travlos Photo M. VClnardos, J.l'ravlos Archive 50 Photo M. Vcrnardos, J.1 ravlos Archive 51 Phoc. M. VcrnarJos. J.Travlos Archive 52 Ph. ~{avr(Jpoullos Collection 53 M. Barbie du Bocagc. Rccucil de c:lrtcs gcographiqucs c.lc l'ancicnnc (,fecc, 17')0 54

P. Ari~tophron Collection

S5 56

P. Arisrophron Collection Third Archaeological District uf Athens

93

ASCS, AK 1092

94 ASCS, AK 1266 ASC5, AK 1271 Drawing by J.Travlos 97 Agora Excavations ~b 311 9M Drawing by ].Travlos 99 OA1, Ath. Bau. 99 100 DA1, Alh. Var. 47 101 OAI, Alh. Var. 45 . 102 Drawing by ].Travlos Phot. M. Vcrnardos, J.Trnvlo s i\rchlvc 103 Phot. f\l. Vcrnanlos. J.Travlo s Archive 95 96

104 105 106 107 108 10') I 10 III

Agora Exc:tvations 8 174

J. 'J'r;:lVlo~ Archive Drawing by J.Travlos . Phot. ]\1. VcrnarJos, J.'J'ravlos Archl\c Pho£. 1. Vcrnllrdos. J. Tr,lVIQs Archive Phot. f\I. Vcrnardo~. J. Tr.tvIO~ Archive Photo L. Benak IS

112 113 114 115

Phot. I.. Bcn:tkill DraWing hy J. Travlo'i DraWing by J. Travl()~ Agura I.. xcavalions LXXIX 32 116 DraWing by J Travlos 117 Agora Excavations XXXVII 62 118 Photo 1. Vcrnardos. J. Travlos Archive 119 PhOto M. Vcrnardos. J. Travlf)S Archive 120 Fplgraphical Museum 121 1:.pigraphlcal.Museum 122 Epigraphical Museum 123 Agora Excavations 83 167 124 Agora Excavations LVII 82 125 Agora Excavations 4-269 126 Dtawlng by ].Travlos 127 Drawing by J. Travlos 128 Agora Excavations 5-151 129 Agora Excavations 4 268 130 Drawing by]. Travlos 131 Third ArchaeologIcal DIstrict of Athens 132 Photo Alison Frantz AT-272 a 133 Phor. J\lison Frantz AT-272b 134 Epigraphical Museum 135 OM, Atb. Bau. 651 136 Photo .M. Vernardos, J. Travlos Archive 137 Pbot. j\L Vemardos, J. Travlos Archive 138 Agora Excavations XLVII-26 139 Agora Excavations XLVIlI-64 140 Redtawing from Hesperia 28, 1959, p. 57 141 Redra" ing from Hesperia 28, 1959, p. 61

142 143

144 145 146

147 148 149 150

151 152 153

154 155 156 157 158 159

Agora Excavations LIII-51 Agora Excavarions LlII-48 Agora Excavations L-93 Agora Excavations LIX-47 i\gora E..'Xcavadons XLVnI-63 Agora Excavations I-51 Agora Excavations I-52 Agora Excavations 83-87 Agora Excav~ltions 83-343 Agora Excavations 82-622 Agora Exca\cadons 82-599 Agora Excavations 82 600 Drawing by]. Travlos Photo f\l. Vcrnardos, J.Travlos Archi\'c Drawing by ]. Travlos J. Travlos Archive J. Travlos Archive Stuart-Revert, T, Chapt. II, PI. I Phot. l\r. Vcrnardos, ]. Tra\'los ,\n.:hivc

160 161 Sr~latliche Musccn Berlin 162 ~(;l,ltliche Musccn I3crlin 163 ~tuart-Rc\'cu, I, Ch,'pt. 11, PI. 111 164

16S 16(.

167 16M 169

Dra\\ iug by J, Tr~n 10$ J. ThrcpsiaJcs Coli ctlon I. ThrcpsiJdcs COIICCrillO I. 'I hrcp:-i.lJC'" Collectiun Il2, p. 1% lIespen., I, 1932, p. 198 ,\gor.. EA~" .nions "'\ r ·t3 lIesperia 7, 19 B, p. 616

721 722

Draw I11g \" J Tr,n 10' Dra" 109 by 1, Tr." los

716

717 718 719

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•

1 Butldins- of the west side of the .-\gora in the 2nd cemury after Christ. Restored drawing. •~GORA: . The

part of .-\thens where the whole life of the city was concentrated, the focus of political, commerCIal, SOCIal and administrati\-e activity, was called the Agora. 1Iuch written information about the Agora has c~me down to us, both in the ",-orks of ancient authors and in inscriptions; the verr best description is that ot Pau anias, written around the middle of the 2nd century after Christ, which furnishes a guide for recognizing and identifying the buildings which have been brought to light. The location of the .-\gora north of the Acropolis and the Areopagus was established in the last century b J various small-scale exca\-ations undertaken by the Greek Archaeological Society (1859-1912) and by the German .-\rchaeological Institute (1896-189-). Chance finds also contributed information and the most important of these came from a trench opened up for the Athens-Piraeus railroad in 1891. The American School of Classical rudies has uncovered the whole _Agora, carrying our systematic excavations from 1931 until the present with an interruption of six !-ears during the war, at first under the direction of Theodore Leslie Shear (1931-1940), later directed by Homer A. Thompson (1946-1967), and by Theodore Leslie Shear, Jr. since 196 . Although the excavated buildings are in a most ruinous state, it has been possible not only' to reconstruct t·he plans and to identify them with certainty but also to establish the history and the topography of the whole area. Recent excavation have produced e,'idence to show that the Ite was chosen for the Agora at the beginning of the 6th century B.C. in the time of Solon and that it continued to exist in the same spot for about eight hundred and fifty years until the Herulian destruction in 26 7 after Christ. The earlier Agora, founded by Theseus after the S)'nolktsIJlOS, was a much simpler affair without a definite plan and was probably located below the Acropolis and the Peripatos on the northwest ide of the hill. This is the Old .\gora about which .\pollodoros (Harpokration, ITriVO'1/10; ',!rFQOOITTj) states: "The Athenians called the Aphrodite established in the neighbourhood of the Old c\gora Pandemos, because there in olden times the whole people (the Demos) met ior their assemblies which they called agorai." According to Pausanias (1, 22, 3) the shrine of \phrodite Pand mos wa founded by Theseus and, in my opinion, it was located in front of the entrance to the .\cropolis, fig. 5..\ - for the Prytaneion, which according to tradition was founded by Theseus (Thucydidc s II, 15, 1 3; Plutarch, Tbmlls 24), Pausanias fixes its site with sufficient precision, referring to it twice in his rour through \then:. first he sa\'s that it is near to the shrine of Aglauros and to the "\nakeion (1, 18, 1 3); sccondh he s;l\ ~ that it is at the b~ginnjng of the Street of Tripods (r, 20,1). This means that the Old l\gora_e:-.tmdcd fro~l th shtine oL\ph~o­ dite Pandemos as far as the I::.leusinion (p. 198) on the lower north slope ot the \cropohs and the street which has been dic,covered there; this street branching ofT from the Panathcnaic \\ a\ rna) be identified, in m! opinion. with the Street of the Tripods .

•

AGORA

Th • gora of Th sem, where building ",ent on continuously until the end of the 7th century B.C., comprised th follo\\ ing shrino and public buildings. To the west of the\cropolis, between the Lnneapylon and the r opagus: the shrine of .\phrodlte Pandemos and its precinct where the Assembly of the People met, the hrin . of Bl.lllt , of Den1Lter Chloe, of Ge Kourotrophos, the Kyloneion and probably the Bouzygion; the f mous court of the _\r opagus was on the hill of the same name. To the north of the Acropolis and in the area around the Elcusinion, belo,I' the age-old revered shrines of Apollo, of Zeus, of Aglauros and the Anakeion, w r th mor important ci, ic buildings such as the Prytaneion where the perpetual fire was kept and where ambassadors and those rendering the state great services dined at public expense. 'X'e learn from Aristotle (A/h. Pol. 3, 5) and Suidas (iiex('il') that the buildings in which the nine archons were housed were close to the Prnaneion. Thus the Archon Basileus had his headquarters in the so-called Boukoleion which was near , the Prytandon; the Archon was in the Prytaneion, the Polemarch in the Epilykeion, and the remaining six archons, the The mothetae, in the Thesmotheteion which was also used as a state dining-hall. In the Panathenaic procession the Panathenaic Ship followed a route which shows, in my opinion, that there were important public buildings n ar the Elcusinion; the entire procession went right around the Elcusinion, according to ancient tradition, in order to pass in front of the most important public buildings of the Old Agora, fig. 540. W'ith the continuous deyclopment of the city, especially after the union with Eleusis around the end of the 7th century B.C., the power of the Athenian tate was definitely established. The needs of the capital city multiplied and its boundaries were expanding continuously. Because of this increase in the power of the city and because of the new needs of the administrative bodies the Agora ,,'as moved or, to put it more precisely, was extended to the north by alan; later on Peisistratos and his successors contributed to it, constructing new buildings. The most important administrative buildings were put up in the time of Kleisthenes to\vard the end of the 6th century B.C. The new Agora occupied the spacious level area east of the Kolonos Agoraios, between the Areopagus and the Eridanos river, that is to say the area where the oldest cemeteries of the city lay, those of ~Ircenaean, Submycenaean and Geometric times, figs. 5-17. From prehistoric times on this ,,'as the place where the _\thenians came together to celebrate fe tivals and to hold contest in honour of their heroes and ancestors . .\t the beginning of the 6th century B.C. the Athenians in talled their official ci\"ic centre in this area which \\'as free of other buildings. Here for centuries the Athenians continued to hold athletic, dramatic, musical and equestrian contests in honour of the dead and of the gods. By far the most important festival celebrated in the Agora ,,-as the Panathenaia, probably founded in the time of Theseus in honour of the patron goddess of the city, Athena Polias. Pherecydes reports (Marcellinus, T'da Thucydidis 3 in Jacoby, F. G. H. I, pp. 59-60) that Hippokleides, who served as archon in 566 565 B.C., founded the Panathenaia. He is referring, doubtless, to the Greater Panathenaia which Peisistratos and his sons made • famous, elevating it into one of the greatest religious festi,'als; on this account one tradition attributed the founding of the Greater Panathenaia to Peisistratos himself (Schol. Aristeides, PallalbenaiCIIs, \"01. III, p. 323). During the celebration of that great festival the procession crossed through the Agora by its principal thoroughfare which started at the Dipylon and ended up in front of the Propy laia. The section of the road inside the Agora ser\"ed as the dromos where various races and equestrian events were held, and for this reason the Panath l1aic \'Vay is often simply referred to under the name of Dramos. Himerios refers to the Dromos (Oralio, III. 12) and I believe that three inscriptions found on the Acropolis refer to the construction and repair of th' Dromoo (Raubitschek, Dedications, pp. 350-358, nos. 326-328). The first inscription, fig. 18, is dated to 566 565 B.C., i.e. in the archonship of Hippokleides when the Greater Panathenaia were celebrated for the fir~t tim' .1I1d th athletic contest was introduced (Emebius, J herol!)lllli CbrOlll(OIl, cd. Ilelm, p. 102; S, ncellm, ld. Dindorf, p. 454, line 8). The prizes for the victors in the Panathlnaic conte~ts were Panathenaic amphorae fill d"l\ ith ad. and the earliest Panathcnaic amphorae have beln indepenckntlr dated to the decade 570 560 B.C., fi~. _3 (Be.lll I. Il'r, p. 89, no. 1). The Dromos of the Agora mu~t have begun a little to the north of the Peril olo~ oi the '1'"1\ ch Gods, fi~. 5, in front of the J Ierms and it ended Jlear the Eleusinion. The~e, at an, ratc, arc the limits ~h 'n In Xenophon (Illp/Jarc!JlClIJ III, 2) in describing the anthippasia held in the .\gOL1. Various mOJlUIll nt~ comm '-

3 •

•

!l10rallng \Ietolle Jlllilt hOI l e\lllt ,tlll :tJlIhippa ia and tit apllb:ttt «Jnle I t'J'Jd at dthlr end (Jf the Dro!l10 , fl· .24 27. '1 hl ()Jthl tra, '" hilll ",a appr"ximalth ill tllt rniddll of tLl \WJr:t '",a' u'ed f'Jr dramatic and mu ietlllJntc t ; ",,,,,dlll 'rand talld Wtre ' l l Ill' arl,und il ('Jr tl e pu l:t ',r . 'J f l (Jrehe tra '~'a~ conIdend to h on 01 the mo t COli picu(JU ~pot~ and the fir t tatue trl ad'irn tLe AWJra "'ue , up ncar it III 510 13.< ,the talUl III llarrnodlo and \ri \(Jgeiton wh(J were h(IO(Jund a the liblrattJr ,,(tid: dn. 'I h pnnup I buJldlllg lJ1 the 1 l. ~ \ 'ora until the time (Jf the h:r Ian de'lructi(Jn 'here a f'J II 'J ' ': 'In the no th Ide, thl: 'tar o! the Twch e (Jod5 and an(Jther <mailer altar prcJbahl~ dedie:ttcd to l\iakrJ ,In tha rCi!:i'Jn lal the 1 cokorion which ma}, puh:tp', be identi lCd ",nh thl. rcJund building, 18 m. in dlametcr, f'Jund ,,'h~n a tnnlll lor II \tnCll Piraeu railroad wa (Jpened up. On the we~t ide:, in 'Jrder fr(Jm n'Jftf. \(J (JU h, wcre th hrlne 01 /..( l.!euthello, the: tempIL of Apollo Patroo~, the temple (Jf the. IrJthcr (Jf the ()(J( ,tf,e B(Jli .eutUJOll...I ( f c Pry tan ikon on the site later occupied hy the Tholos. 1 inally, (10 the '(Juth ~idc 'here the hrine 01 '1 hl. eu and thl. famous l.nncakrouno'. The boundaries (J( the AgcJra S'luare were marked bl' in'cribed marble tllal dattd cIrca 500 13'}'!";, fig'. 20 22, were found in situ in the area in front (Jf the Th(JI(JS and arc the be t e\ idence for the location (A the Agora at that period, if not earlier. \tter he withdrawal of he PersIans the destroyed buildings of the Agora were repaired and in the time (J I Imon ~tatcly new buildings '.\ ere constructed according lCJ a well thought out plan, the first stage of which '~ a omplued around the end of the 5th century B.C., fig. 29. In the second half of the 4th century B.C., par ICJlarl~ a the time whtn L} k(Jurgos the orauJr was in charge of the state finances (338-326 B.C.) architectural acti·. it~ CCJn inue:d and ne\\- buildings and temples went up, fig. 30. The transfer of the .\sse:mbly of the Pcople lIJ the Pn:_ x and, in Pcrikles' time, the construction of the The:atre and the Odeion on the south side of he \cwp(Jli for the dramatic and mu,ical contests bear ';"Jtness to the: fact that as early as the end of the 6th clntur~ H.C. lack of space had begun to be a probkm in the l\gcJra due to the cOntJl1UOUS growth of the city and the corre: ponding increa'e in admini tra ive departments. The process of freeing the Agora frelm conge tion continued in he time (Jf L~ kourgos ;"hen the athlctic conte's were transferred to the ncw)y b- ilt Panathenaic tadium erected f(Jr the purpo'e. PossibJ~ at the 'arne timc the e'luestrian contests were transferred (J pc old Hippodrome which was I(JCated, accordmg teJ ancient authors, in the district called Halipedon in - hat i nrJw called. cw PhalcrcJn, In lIc1kni tic time' arcJund the middle (Jf the 2nd ccntJr B.C., tpe Athenian l\gora assumed is final form Hh the con~truction of new building and great stoa . 'I he plan (A' the. \gora became much more c1ead:. dellned, fig. 31. The various buildings were arranged awund a grta open pace forming an irregular 'luare. t thi p'Jint it should be noted that the north side of the .\gora, including the LOa of the Herms and the LOa P(Jlkile, ha n(Jt ct been excavated, J f(JVle\'er, it is certain that the neJnh ide lies just ro the nonh of the railroad line bel" he p~e ent-da} h,JU e ; it< p(lsition can be fixed b~ the line of an extrcmcly ancient wad which. runs ea -we tin fremt of the stoas' a cctiCJn CJf this road ha oeen found on the north side of the 'luare Perl t~1 (I" ::;20) In R'Jman times the ~Ian of the l\gCJra remained e entiall, unch:tnged. The damage done by u!~ in 8iJ B C. did lI(J seriou~l~ af ect the Agora and the building :tnd temples put up h: the Roman cmperor were placed in th" tree 'pace m the J\gora cluare. In Roman times the J\gora lor all it 5plc~did appearance, hg. 3~, had IIJ t It (lfiginal character:t the cit, ic centre. \\ ith its magnificent huilding , heaulltul garden and a multllude (Jt ta ue , the .\gcJla om tituted a ru" mu cum (Jf the ancient glor CJ! the cit). In 2(J7 \./) the J Icrulian imader l.t fire (CJ the Agora and de twyed the monumcnt ; a hule later th th nian u cd th" architectural b!'JCk of the destr(J\e:d building as building material for a ne ..... utI wall, tht' Late Roman I (JltillcatICm \\ all r'J the: north IJf rhe: \c;(Jpolis (p. J(,)). The area la} de olatc or about a hundr d lear and ,rc,und4()(J .J) the(J,mna ium(J! If' (,Iant wasoui!lInthcmiddlcofth gora 'luare,ft .3-.lnm diae\-al lime rhe ultlre area ·a covere:d b~ pri arc h(Ju e: . I,irc w III on Hhl/UIIO rrul tlOn 10 rhllt part {) the city and betore (he beginning of the cxca\ation in J~3J rhe arc ",a oecupl d b mor than thre hundred and It

t h(Ju c which had betn built in the cClllld half of the J~th ,

C IllUr\.

\GOR \

THEOI D

(,ORo\.

To gra hi . pp. 62 63,2 - 2 6,296 299; . BR 'HR, H. ria. uppl. " 1949, pp.53 54; '-:-"r ")")''f- ' __ ")?'. , '-. HE LJ::\, T" . nmoma. pp. __ J, T, I \1.\(1-, 11 ~j)a" p . 24. 2 '-29, 34; l\RH.·, L'agora :recqu, . 256-261; Or 0 0 l!Dh, The T,\ 0 .\goI I ,p . \'II-XIX, 1-'0; H. ,\. THO IP~O.·, ,\rchaeo· log\' I', 196", p. 30"-'06; R. E. \\ YCHERLEY, :\rchaia .\~or.l, Pho nix 2 , 1966, pp. 2 --293. JVDEl H,

\PHRODITL P.-\.. DL\IO.

\\". DORPFELD, \. I 20, 1 9:l, P 511; \. KEP,\ ntlT.

\O~~

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IT!!O.I"I.UIU .

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1~'.!0-:70/.E'(':, . I£.I.T. ' I ....") ..

1929 . -3--L. T.-\LCOIT. POt- and Pan. of Clas.ical Athens (19'1 ; 2. H. A. THO. tP>O.',

The toa of .-\ttalo II in .-\thens 19-9); 3. D.Bl'RR THO.IP';ox. . Iiniature ~culpture from the .-\thenian .-\gora 19'9: +. :\1. L.-\.'G, The Athenian Citizen (1960; 5. E.B.H.-\RRbOX, _:\ncient Portraits from the :\.theruan .:\gora (1960' ; 6. \'. R. GR,-I.CE, .:\mphoras and the .-\ncient \'\ine Trade fl961 j ; - • •\.FR. 'TZ. The :\Iiddle Ages in the .\th nian .\;ora (1961 : '-'. R. E. GRISWOLD-D. Bl'RR THO.IP,OX, Gard n Lor of Ancient .-\thens ~ 196 ~ ; 9. J. PERLZ \ EI(,. Lamps from the .-\thenian .:\gora (196+ ; 10. B. D. :\IERIIT. In>cri ' tion from the .-\thenian .-\gora ~ 1966); II. :\L L -\XG. \\'aterwork in the .:\thenian .:\gora (196 ~ ,

-

Hupma 1, 1932 - 3" 1969. Hfspma .5'l/ppl. 1. 19T - 11, 196-. PRLHI TORle GR.-\.\

rs

T.L. HEAR, Heperia 4,19'-. pp. 'lu 320::. 1l)3l'. pp.21-23; 9,1940, pp.r-1-2()1; fL\.THO.IN"-. Hespena 1-, 19+ , pp. 154-158. lb.' I()b; _I. ,t):_, pp. 104-10 ; 22, 19';3, pp. 3' '9,41 42, r -4 , - '195+, pp. 5- 58: LD. Towx'L';D, II 'r n,124. 19"-, pp.1 --219; 1.\·ER\IFlLI:. j.TR\\Llh.ll' r.l '''. 1966, pp. '5-- ; _ lYRL,ll , '-.ubn1\ cel1.l .1n _III h '.

.-

t\CORt\

(; EO~I F I'R Ie (; R '\VI'.S

D.13VRR. llcsperi'l _, 1933, pp, .. _ .5,1; T. L. SIIEAR, Hesperi'I .. 1936. pp, 23 31; 6,1937, pp. 364368; R. S. Ym'NI;. l.atc Geometric ;"l\'e~ and a Seventh C 'ntur\ \\'cll in the \gora, \lesperLI Suppl. 2, 1939;

II. \. '1'110\11"0:-1, II'speri'l 16, 19-17, pp. 196 197; R. S. YIWNI., \n \;ad!' Geometric Gra\c ncar the l\thenian \gom, I lcsperia 18, 19-1-9, pp. 275 297; C. \". Bllt;1 '. Two .\thenian G ra\ c Groups of abom 900 B.C.. lI'speria 21,1952,pp. 2 7 9 29-1-; E. BRA N, Late C 'om 'tric Grayc Groups from the ,\thenian gara, Hesperia _9, 1960, pp. -1-02--1-16.

5

p. 100; J. 'f'1I111'.I'SIADES E. VANDERPOOL, IC},T. 18, 1963, p. I 11, I'I·.IU~CIIOI IS\lA

J.

CARCOI'INO, I :ostracisme alh~nien, Paris 1935 2 ; IARIIN, I:agora grcCtluc, pro 325 327; R. E. \' YCIIEIILEY, JI IS 75, 1955,pp. 117 lli!; \X1ye IIJRLEY, Te5tirnonia, pp. 163 165. 51'OA POI KILl.

J

DEICII, Topographic, pp. 336 -338; T. 1.. SIII.AR, A Spartan Shield from Pylos, '1:''fI1i1. 1937, pp. 140 143; J. TR>\VLQs, Hesperia Suppl. 8, 1949, p. 388; H. \. TIlO~1 pso , Hesperia 19, 1950, pp. 327 329; R. L. \\!YClIERLEY, The Painted SlOa, Phoenix 7, 1953, pp .

...\ RCllA lC G R£\ \' I,::'

R. S. Ym'Nc, H speria Suppl. 2, 1939, pp. 11,21-33; id., Hesperia 20, 1951, pp. 67-134. COL TESTS

20-35; \\!YClIERLEY, Testimonia, pp. 31 45; Agora Guide, p. 64; L. II. JEI'FERY, The Battle of Oinoe in the Stoa Poi kile: A Problem in G reek A rt and lliston. ,

;\1. COLLIGNON, Course d'apobate sur un bas-relief

BSA 60, 1965, pp. 41-57. STOA OF TILE lJ ER illS

attique, BCH 7, 1883, pp.458-462; TIL. IlmloLLE,

J UDEtCII, Topographie, pp. 336, 369-370;

BCH 15,1891, pp. 369-373; T. L. SHEAR, Hesperia 4,

'!;r:TdUXflOl 'h'IJIWi,

1935, pp. 379-381; A. W. PICKARD-CA~IBR1DGE, The

J. TRAVLOS, lIesperia Suppl. 8, 1949, p. 388; \\''Y HER-

Theatre of Diom'sus in Athens, Oxford 1946, pp. 10,

LEY, Testim Ilia, pp. 102-108; Agora

15; B, D. i-IERITT, Hesperia IS, 1946, p. 176, 10.24;

J.

RACBITSCHE[.., Dedications, pp.350-358; l\IARTIN, L'agora

grecque,

pp. 202-223;

II. A. THO~IPSON,

athenaea, JH

J. J\.

DAVISO ,l'\otes on the Pan-

78, 1958, pp. 23-41; P. E. CORBETT,

Burgon and Blacas Tombs, JII

80, 1960, pp. 52-60;

'1'1' \ r.\O~, f/oi.wl)OII/%,}, pp. 36-40; I I. A. THO~IPSO "

The Panathenaic Fesrival, AA 1961, pp. 224-231; id., Elq'f':ULflt TU'E"; Til:; I.UT'..!fiu::, nTJlI tj'.!(:)(t)I' t'i~ T(i.;

(l!!x,da::,

'.IO';I'IJ~, 'J~':TfTl/lJi~ T/I~ (1)tJ.oaOrl%IJ~ EXOMI~ TOll }[W'f:Tl-

1963/64, pp, 276 284; R, R IIOLLOWAY, Music at the Panathenaic Festival, Archaeology

aT/II"o" ',·IO'/l'wV

19, 1966, pp. 112-119. KI~RAMElKOS

BOUN DARY S1'ON F.

T. L. SHEAR, llesperia, 9, 1940, p. 267; WYCllERLEY, Testimonia, pp. 221-224.

•

ACORA BOUNDARY STO "S 'f. L.SIIEAR, Hesperia 8,1939, pp.205 206; \X!YCIII'.RLI,Y, Te5timonia, p. 218; J I. A. THOMPSON, Ilesperia 37, 1968, pp. 61 63. I'liRIRRIIA T"RIA \X!YUJERLEY, Te5timonia, 1'.218; 11. A. 'l'1I0!'oII'SO , Ilespcria 22, 1953, pp. 46 47; TI'A l'AOl,;, IIII)., ",11I1l/x",

Al'vl 60/61, 1935/36, pp. 308-309; uide, p. 65;

TIIREpSIADES-E. VA 'DERpOOL, JT(!(i~ Toi~ 'E(!ltai~,

IdT.

18,

1963,

II '·Ult·%O:T./UUl' HI

pp. 99-114; :T(!omV:Ta, ,.. lIhJ"Ol

Hesperia 22, 1953, pp. 49-51; \,'YCIlERLEY, Testimonia, pp. 80-81;

J. F.CR01'oIE,

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1966.

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21. Altar of the Twelvc (,od, 26. Old Bouleutcrion 29.1 riangular shrine 30. Thescion 31. Lnneakrounos 35. Panathenaic Way 36, Temple of Hephaistl>s

37. Stoa of Zcw, J..:.lcuthcllns 38. e\l Boulcutcl'ion 39. Tholos 40. ~trategclOn 41. South\lcst hwl1t.1tn lint'" 42. 5toa with Dimng.room, 43. \llnt

45. ~toa Poikllc 46. Sma \,r th • Ilcrl11~ ·r". rcmpl' of ZCll' Plll.ltrt \

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57 Boundary stOne of the Academy found ill situ near the SE corner of the intersection of Aimonos and Tripoleos Sts. Circa 500 B.C. Width 0.29 m.; height 0.84 m. StOreroom, Third Archaeological District of Athens.

58 Fragment of a vase in rhe Agora. Agora P 10507.

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64 A student's writing tahh.:t with the Inscribed on iL 0.555 Ill. >< 0.23 Ill.

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Jew York 1945 2 ; DI:-.."roOR,

Architecture; \\'. HEGE- G. RODEl"W.\LDT. Griechi. \\'. L \\\ RFKCF, The

Acropolis and Persepolis, ]HS 71, 1951, pp. III 119; IIILL, \thens; C J. HERI 'GTO:-', .\th'na Parth no, and \rhena Polias, Manchester 1955; \. \\. I \ \\RE 'eE, Greek .\rchilecture, London 195~; H. T. \'\' \OI·,-GFRY B. D. MERITT, \theni'l\1 Rc,ourcc,> in 449 and 431 B. C, Hesperia 26, 19 "', Pl" 163 1pllng.

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: Th pr cinct of th h alin~ hero Amynos, fi~s. 97~ 98, was found on the south slope of the Arcoin t 92 during excantion directed by W. DiJrpfeld for the German Archaeological Institute. This shrin dat to th 6th centun B.C., is not mentioned by ancient authors. It was securely identified on t i of mam "\ oti....e reliefs and inscriptions of the 4th centun B.C. found in the excavations; the inscripti n r f r to Am\nos.•\.klepios and Dc'don (1. C. IP 1252, 1253,4365,4385,4422,4424,4435); an inscription of th Roman p riod abo refers to Hygieia (1. C. IJ2 4457). The Ltyl1loloJ!.icul1I Magnum (t1f~iOJv) records that Dexion is the name which the tragic poet Sophocles was given by the Athenians when he was made a hero after hi d ath for ha....ing \\-clcomed the god Asklepios, receiving him in his house and establishing an altar in hi honour. ophocl ' association "\, ith the Amyneion, in which he evidently set up the altar to Asklepios, is made dear b\" in.criptions (1. C. IP 1252. 1253). The pr cinct wall of the shrine, built of large limestone blocks in the poly gonal style, is at the corner of one of the densely inhabit d city blocks of this district. The entrance to the precinct gives on the road for wheeled traffic in the dirEction of the.\cropolis; in the beginning it was a simple gate but later, in Roman times when the le....el of the road ,,'as raised, the old gate was adorned with a marble fas:ade with two columns. The most acred spot in the shrine ,,'as the well, 4.10 m. in depth, with water thought to have healing properties. The poros well~curb is presen'ed and also terracotta pipes which apparently supplied the sacred well with water at a later date. The base of a marble offering table was found near the well. Around the offering table are scant remains of retaining walls which held in place the earth filling brought in to produce a le,'el terrace on the slope. It seems that there was no building or small temple and that it was an open-air shrine. Probably the only roofed area \,'as a simple toa with ,,'ooden columns tanding on stone base two of which have sur....iyed. Elsewhere within the hrine were bases on which the \'arious ....oti\"e offering ,,'ere placed. ome of these bases ha,'e now disappeared ,,"hue others ha,-e been mo....ed away from their original locations.

, KORH., Be/irk cines Heilgoltes , \:Y[ 18 189'1 , pp, 231 256; W. D0RPJ-ELD, \\1 19, 1894, p. ')08; E. BOlRc,lf.r, Decret des orgcons d'Amynos, BCH 1 , 1894, pp. 491492; \. KORJf, A~I 2l, 1896, pp. 287 332; E. ell IIDr, Halon, \.\1 38, 19l3, pp. 73-

~7; Jl Dll( II.

Topogr.lphll, PI" 2,'K 2ll l: () \\ \III R. D,ls Pricstertull1 des ~()phokks. I f.!"~.I'I~. 4hl) 4 7 9; I. BI (III. \nnuario, . ~ 29 ,no Il)h- (l', pp. ')11 ,)I~.

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SHRI EOI' .\I'IIROOI1'E I h·:(a·~\(1NE \ \) 'l'1'~II'LE OF AI'IIHO\)I I'E ()UIIAN1A: [n 1892 a large inscribed altar of Hymettian marble. dedicaled in 197/1% H.c. to phrodite Ilegemone, the Demos and the Graces (I. C.IP 2798) \\"a~ di~ mercd ill .fifl/ at the 1'001 of Ihe north ~Iope of Kolonos Agoraios when a trench for the AthensPiLleus railroad line \\ ,l~ opened up, Other finds at the same place in lude various statue bases and the curved 1 'l~e of the Thria~ians fOllnd il/ .rtfl/ (I. G. IP 3864) and inscriptions referring to the shrine of Demos and the GLI e~ (I. (,. IP 8H, 908, 909, 987). In the Jrd centun H.C. this \\"a~ the site of an open-air shrine where Aphrodite Hegemone, the Demos and the G raC'~ \\ ere \\'orshippcd; at a later date the cult of Roma was added, as we learn from an inscription can'ed on on' of the 'eats in the Themre of Dionysos (I. C. IP 5047). There is nothing left of the shrine today, for direcrll after the altar and the bases \\"ere found e\'erything was removed in order to make way for the railroad track. Ho\\"e\T(, the plans drawn up in 1892 ha\'e preserved a record of the lindspots and investigations carried our in 19 6 and 1938 on either side of the railroad track by the Agora excavators have further defined the limits of the shrine, fig. 102. An ancient road leading from the Agora to the acred Gate forms the northern boundar)' of the precinct and the southern boundary is defined by the vertical scarp in the dill" which had been quarried out to a considerable depth in order to create a level area in which to install the shrine. •\bo\·e the scarp there is a rectangular bedding for a building of which some of the conglomerate foundations are presened; '\\'e belieye that it was the temple of Aphrodite Ourania. The temple of carll' Roman times is located at this spot on the basis of Pausanias' description (1, 14, 7). Architectural blocks, found while the railroad trench was being dug out, undoubtedly come from this temple and show that it was built of poros in the Doric order. The cult statue of Aphtodite Ourania, a work of Pheidias according to Pausanias, must haye srood in an earlier temple, a predecessor of the early Roman temple. An extraordinarily interestillg find came from a ,,'ell near the temple, a small marble herm, 0.32 m. high, representing Aphrodite Ourania, fig. 105. This little statue, dated to the mid-3rd centue) B.C., not only supports the identification of the extant remains as the temple of Aphrodite Ourania but also gives us an exact idea of the appearance of the cult statue (Pauanias I, 19, 2).

APIJRODITE HEGEMONE K. 11ITTAh.m:, 'I':'('II'. 1858, p. 1747, o. 3328; H. LOLLI"C" l,i.T. 1891, pp. 25 27, 40 63, 126-129; Tn. Ilo\loLI.E, [nscriptions d' Athi:nes, provenant uu temenos e1u Demos et des Charites, Bell 15, 1891, pp. 344 369; JtJDEIClI, Topographic, p. 363; T. L. SIIEAR, lIesperia 6, 1937, pp. 338339; G. WLLTER, Daticrtc Altare in Athen, AA 1939, pp. 35 36; DbRI'I'ELO, Alt-Athen II, pp. 188 192; J. 'fRAVLOS,

Hesperia Suppl. 8, 19-+9, p. 392; • monl:l, pp. 59 61.

\\ YCHI.RLEY,

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Topographic, pp. '168 369; '1', I .. Slll.\R, j lesperia 8, 1939, pp. 238 239; J. TR\\ 10';, J1c~r ria Suppl. 8,1949, pp. 391 '192; \\n,ltl.R1IY, T'~timo­ nia, pp. 49 50.

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P,llIOOS or I\lll hranor, 'I',/I/p. 19 ') ')~ I, pp, ,!l 44; \'\In 111'.1\11), Teslil1lol1l.1, I p. O,; \gOl.1 (;ll1dc, pr. 59 ()o; ~. \1l 1\1, The Teehlll ...

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A RTF.MIS JIR1STOIlOUI.F.

121

TEMPLE OF ARTE~IIS i\RISTOHOllLE: 1n ,lune of 1958, a small Icmplc was found during the construction of a hou,e on a propert\ '" s\ ofThesl'ion Slltl:lre at the corner of elens and J leraklcidon Streets, fig. 164. J. Threpsiadcs did the e"cwation and on th ' basis of the inscription (Agora I 6969) referring to Artcmis found in front f the temple, the tcmpl' was securely identified with the temple of Artemis Aristoboule which Themistokles himself founded near his house in the de me of Melite directly after the successful outcome of the Persian Wars, as we learn from Plutarch (7'bcllli.rto/dc.r 22; Dc lIIali..~lIitate llcrorloti 37). The temple lies at the juncture of \WO ancient roads, the wide street leading from the southwest corner of the \gOf:\ to the Peiraic Gate (11) and the street which begins at the west side of the temple of Artemis and leads to the nearby Demian Gate (I), fig. 219. Those condemned to death were led to the Barathron through this gate and Plutarch in gi\'ing the I osition of the temple says (Thcllli.rtoklc.r 22) that it is in Melite "where now the public officials cast out the bodies of those who are put to death and carry out the nooses and garments of those \\'ho meet rhcir death by hanging," thus confirming the identification of the gate as well as that of the temple. There is e\'idence to show that a shrine to Artemis was founded directly after the Persian Wars because rhe miniature kraters, krateriskoi, found on the site, date to the early 5th century B.C. and ~re of a type associated "'ith the Artemis cult. Most of these yessels were found in the court in front of the temple near the foundations for the altar; the altar itself was found close by. In regard to the 5th century B.C. temple, only the foundation of the pronaos and a large block of the southern anta are preseryed. The temple appears to haye bcen abandoned and destroyed during Themistokles' exile; neYCrthelcss the cult continued in the shrine, for the anta block had beddings for small votive stelai. Around 330 B.C., according [Q the inscription, the temple was probably rebuilt from the foundations up. At all events, the rebuilding of the cella walls, the floor, and the threshold of Hymettos marble at the entrance should be dated to this time. The temple certainly stood until the end of classical antiquity. In Plutarch's time a portrait of Themistokles was still to be seen in the temple; at the beginning of the 3rd century after Christ, the front of the pronaos was walled up and the inscription mentioned above was used as a threshold for a new door.

JUDhILH, Topographic, pp. 73, 390, 399; TI'AI'AO~, {fOi.HJ{)O/U:l tl 011 ,

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"u PIl'IO. ': This is a mall spring house wc t of the Ionic stoa of th Asklepieion;

rn h If of it, dra\\ ba in, 3.10 m. in depth, whcre the pring watcr collected, is preservcd. In 1963, h n th . kl pi ion ar a w s put in order, the drawba in was ckaned out to the bottom where a mall well di cover d. Thi w II, 1.25 m. deep, has masonn' walls with a small opening at the south to let in watcr from th und rground ,pring which is right there. Th wall of th dra\\'basin ar carefullr built in pol) gonal masont\' of Kara limestonc. The walls of the pring hou abo\' ground le\'c! arc 0.50 m. thick and arc of Acropolis limcstonc. At the northcast corncr part of onc course of th e walls i pre erved and here it is pas ible to see 'where the overhanging Acropoli cliff was cut back to a can iderable height in order to make room for the corner of the spring house. ince the we, tern part of the dra\vbasin was demolished when the mediaeval \'aulted cistern was built, thc original width of the. pring house is not known. If the mouth of the well was in the exact middle of the drawba. in, the width would ha\'e been 3 metres in. ide, 4 metres overall. On the south ide of the spring hou e there certainly must ha\'e been a mall toa, a kind of entrance hall which wa demoli hed in the 4th centun' B.C. when the temple directly to the south was built. A poro Doric column capital, found in a nearby well. probabl! corne from the spring house porch. The well went out of use and was covered \\ith earth in the 4th centur! B.C., /.t. at the time when the pring house porch was de troyed. The pring house is dated to the end of the 6th century B.C. The boundary stone with the inscription h6go~ ,giVE;. t1 . 1 -, hould be dated in the la t quarter of the 5th century B.C.; it was set up to define the boundarie of the spring hou e when the .:\sklepieion was founded. The spring house and its urroundings were acred to the nymphs, as shown by an abundance of \'otive reliefs with nymphs found in thi area, figs. 192-193. Pan \\':1 ala worshipped there from the 5th century B.C. ofi\\'ard, and probably also Hermes, .-\phrodite and Isis, judging from the fact that near the spring house there is a large altar or altar-table of Hymettian marble, bearing the names of these gods who were jointly worshipped and to whom the altar was dedicated (/. G. IF 4994). ourh and southwest of the spring house are the remains of two temples; perhaps they belonged to the god named in the inscription. ellS. t

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()r~Hl;, FI'.!f1%T. 1876, p. 24;

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A. I 2, 1877, p. 183; A. ~lIL( HH()f ER, 0.} mphenreliefaus Athen, AM 5,1880, pp. 206 223; ]UDLlCIJ, Topographic, p. 320; WREDE, Mauern, p. 8; I. '1'1'\1'A02:, 'etprlf'. 1939-1941, p. GO; R. MARliN II.

Recherches d'architecture ct dc ropographi it I' Asclcpieion d' \thcnc', UCI I ~3, 1949, pp ~2 ,"0: \.11'\;\111', (f).T. 18,1%\ '!.I"'" p. ~l; 11),1964, X(jO)-. p. 27; L. BIV HI, \nnll.uio, " ~. 29 0, 19(jMET'ZGER,

68, pr. 512 514.

\Skl '·.I'II'ION SPI(INC; IIOlJ~l,

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A rilE I: The pre-I ersian temples of the Acropolis arc known hoth through written records

,tilt! thro\l~h th abundant ,rcmain~ of architecture ~nd sculpture; the foundations of only one of these temples h,lv' b 'cn prl'sen cd: the loundatlOns of the Old Temple of Athena which lies between the Parthenon and the hechth 'ion. In 1885 \". Dorpfcld discovered that these foundations belong to a large peripteral Doric temple aml hidisty1c in antis. For many decades subsequently it was thought that the foundations had two building periods distinguished from each other by material and by workmanship: the inner foundations of Acropolis limc,ton' II' re supposed to have belonged to an earlier temple and the outer foundations of Kara limestone II' 'I" "uppos d to have been added for a colonnade in Peisistratid times. Tod,l)" the pre\'ailing \'iew is that put forth by W.B. Dinsmoor in 1947: the foundations belong to a single temple buIll' in 529 520 B.C. to replace a "hypothetical but necessary" Geometric temple mentioned by Homer (Iliad II, 5-1-6-551; 0r!y.rsf)' VII, 80-81). Th.is Geometric temple was on the site of the Mycenaean palace and I think one must assume that the Geometric temple was replaced by a larger temple at the end of the 7th or beginning of the 6th century B.C. which in turn was succeeded by the Peisistratid temple, the Old Temple of Athena. ~ot the slightest trace of an early archaic temple has been preserved, but it is probable that terracotta ante-

fixes and simas deri\'e from it, figs. 194-195. They have exactly the same patterns as the roof tiles of the archaic Telesterion at Eleusis, and it is natural to suppose that after the final unification of Eleusis with Athens Solon first had the idea of building magnificent temples on the Acropolis contemporary with the first monumental Telesterion at EI usis. ~[uch

of the architecture of the Peisistratid temple has been preserved, enough to give us a clear idea of its appearance. The temple was of poros except for the stylobate which was of Kara limestone and the raking cornices, metopes, simas and roof tiles which were of island marble. Some of the pediment sculpture, also of island marble, has been preserved. The east pediment represented the battle between the gods and the giants, the we t pediment had an animal combat. _·\fter the Persians had destroyed the temple in 480/479 B.C. the Athenians used about half of the entablature of the temple for the construction of the Themistoklean north wall of the Acropolis. By the time the work started on the Erechtheion in 421 B.C., the Peisistratid temple could no longer have been standing. However, it seems that the exigencies of the situation necessitated keeping the western portion of the cella which Dinsmoor identified as the Opisthodomos recorded in J. G. F 91/92; it was used as a state treasury and remained in use until the mid-4th century B.C.

W. DORPFUD, Del' alte Athena-Tempel auf del' Akropolis zu Athen, AM 10, 1885, pp. 275-277; 11, 1886, pp. 337-351; 12,1887, pp. 25-61, 190-211; 15, 1890, pp. 420-439; ]. G. FRAZER, The Pre-Persian Temple on the Acropolis, J HS 13, 1892/93, pp. 153-187; W. DORPI'ELD, Del' alte Athena-Tempel auf del' Akropolis, A.\1 22,1897, pp. 159-178; ,WIEGAND, Poros\rchitcktur; DICKINS , Acropolis Museum', HEBERDEY, Porosskulptur; \Y/. DORPIELD, Das Hekatompedon in Athen, Jdl 34, 1919, pp. 1-40; E. ScmllDT, r~in Akrotcr dcs "pcisistfatischen" Athenatcmpcls, JdI 35, 1920, PjJ. 97 113; JUDEI 'II, Topographic, pp. 261 270; W. B. DI S~IOOR, The Burning of thc Opisthodomos at Athens, AJA 3(>,1932, pp. 143-172, 307-326; \Y/. KOLI1F., DcI' Oplsthodomos auf del' Akropolis, FuF 9, 1933, pp. 497--498; W. DORI'FELO,

Del' Brand des alten Athena-Tempels und seines Opisthodoms, AJ A 38, 1934, pp. 249-257; A. HESS, Del' Opisthodom als Tresor und die Akropolisropographie, Klio 28, 1935, pp. 21-84; \V.-I-1. CHVCHHAR DT, A;-"160/6I, 1935 '36, pp. 98-11 I ; H. SCHRADER, Dic archaischen ;\[armorbildwerke del' Akropolis, Frankfurt 1939, pp. 345-387; \'('. B. DINS~IOOR, The Hekatompedon on rhe ,\thenian .\cropolis, .\.1,\ 51, 1947, pp. 109 140; II. RIDL\ 'N, Dcrpeisistrari,hsche Athenatempcl auf del' .\kropoli> zu .\then. :\1dI 3, J 950, pp. 739; C. NYL.I'WFR, Dic 'ogcnannren Mykenischen S'iuJcnbasen auf dcr .\krupolis in ,\th n, Opus.cula .\theniensia 4,1962. pro 31 77; .\'. L !lN, Spuren eines "Siiulenkultcs" p,,!ts tfJrCf{'(Jm .

l ' Crt\ Ing 110m the S.l1ne ,oo!. .1S the tiles sI10\\ n

t

\11 ti~.

1E. , Der Tempel der ike ~pteros, Berlin 1839; BElLi, Acropole, pp. 22"'271; BClH!>;, PropyHien, pp. 29-32; \. ORLAISDO'>, Zum Tempel der }uhena 'ike, A~f 40,1915, pp. 2744; CIW)'o;, 'lcropolis Museum, pp. 11 19,139-174; 'V.. B. DI"'>\tOOR, The Inscriptions of \thena ike, \J -\ 27,1923, pp. 318-321; G. \\ElIIR, Vom :t>;ikepyrgo\!OOR, The ~culpturcd Parapet of \thena Ike, -\J I\. 30, 1926, pp. \-31; R. C\RPP,1FR, The clllpture of the "-ike Temple Parapet, Cambridge, \lass. 1929; \\. 'V; RI DE, :-'fne~ikles und der ikcp\!g()~, \ \\ ';7,1932, pp. 74 91; 1-1. ~( III J IF, Der "-ikcp\!.gos und \1 n1/1 ,1•• h.IlII1IIi'.1 1961; R. L. \Xl),( HERLJ Y, LE..-\KE,

T

.-\then I, pp. 336-3r; l·. Y. \ \ IB,IOUTZ, .-\u Kydathen, Berlin 1 0, pp. 9--10-; .-\. Y. GERK A);, Griechische tii.dteanlag;en, Berlin-Leipzig 1924, pp. 23-2'; \". DORPFELD, Die ii.Jtesten tacitmauern -\the:l, Fe t,;chrift ] udeich, pp. 1-P; ] l· DEICH, Topographie, pp. 120-124; DORPFELD..-\ItAthen I, pp. 22-29; O. \\'ALTER, Zur Frage der \'orthemiswkleischen tadtbefestigung ~thens, .-\nz\\ ien 86, 1949,pp. 51 -J2'; TI'\L\()~,IToi.co'OIIl%II'P .33 34, 40-41.

\\'.-\'CH~\llTH,

THE\ll TOKLCA:--" ClT\ \\ :\LL

Jl'DEICH, Topographie, pp. 124-144; \,'REDE, .\fauern; DORPFELD, .-\It·.-\then I, pp. 25-26, 29-31; R. I. CR.-\'l'TO);, The Forrii1cation. of .-\th 11. at .. he 0 ning of the Peloponne ian \\ ar, .-\1-\ 42, 19.3" pp 532-536; 1. (-)1'1'.'1'1 Ull~, IT'!U%T. 1953, pp. 61 'I, L \l]I.\I\.lIl~, JI,!IL%T. 1955, pp. 3 '-43; \] \ 61. 195-. p. 281; Tl'\l \()~,JI/)i,H)'}/)II/%II, pp.4' 56; Ll')/'] '1"1 Ull~ l,iT. 16, 1960. X'J01'. pp. 22 T; BCIl S·t 1960, 634-635; 1. (-)I'ITI UII~, I i.T 1," 1%3, \~ I, 41; G. GRl B1 "t', Pl'. '=;25 536; I. (-)I'E'I'I UII~, lI~uY.T. I'll< Il,

1
CITY \,\'AI.1. GA'] LS

G. v. ALTEN, Die Thoranlagen bei der 11agia Triada zu Athen, ,\13, 1878, pp. 28-48; Jt I)~.ICll, Topographic, pp. 135-144; H. I\. TlI(nIPSO' R. L. SCR \N rON, SLOas and Cit)' Walls on the Pnyx, Hesperia 12, 1943, pp. 307, 312-324, 346, 352-356; I. (-)"1"11 UII~, II '}fl Y.T. 1953, pp. 63-65; I. \111.\1 UII~, ,. I 1'(Hl%(1(/'Cli, ,.) II [!a%T. 19"" I'OTl(I)~ TIJ"; 'I .' %!!o;ro,.f'w;:;, .).:>, pp. 38 43; l. (-)1'1"1'1 UII~, Idr. 16, 1960, .\'}o". pp. 25-27; 'I' I' \)'.\(l~, II oho()OI"%I/, pp. 50-56; BCll 84, 1960, pp. 634-635; I. (·)I'E'I·LUII~-l. TI'AY.\O~, IdT. 17,196 1 (,:?.\"~o".

p. 13; L. II. JEFFERY, BSJ\ 57,1962, pp. 116· 133; I. 01'1'.'11 UlI~, Idr. 18, 1963, XI] 0 1'. pp. 33-3-1-; G. GRUBEN, ,\:\ 196+, pp. 385-419; B. 1.\1l1ll \1'11, IdT. 21,1966, .\"1]0". pp. 55-5 , 65-68;~. ~hl.\.\PXTI, ..

, . . "'11' :T
,~"tJ;"il"1T1l Tli~ cr'~IlJ!.li~, 'ErflJJI. 1968, pp. 36-39; U.

'~I·ElmIEXOY, IEi.r. 21, 1966, .\~o'" pp. ~8 79; ll. .\.\1':=:.\ 'UI'II, Ifi.r. 22, 1967, .\' ~Ol'. pp. 56-58, 66-73,76-77,79-82,106 108; 23, 1968, X~rll" pp. 53, 55 56,67,99; 24,1969, X'}o,'. pp. 28 31,53-55,70.

CdIlL\ .. BCll 93,1969, pp. 152-158.

U, FORT[F[ED ATJII,NS I' . l. I'E'I·I.\~II~ - I. TI',\)'.\()~, IdT. 17, 1961/62, ..You •

pp. 12 13. VALI,R[A :'\. 1\1'11 \1'1~~1I~,

WALL

1.h. II, 1927/28, IIU'}(!~T. pp. 51,

S6 58; II. A. TIIO\IPSO!\: R. I .. ~\IIt\NTON, Stoas and Cit~ Walls on the Pnyx, Ilcspcria 12, 1943, p. 372; l. (-)I'E'I'I UIl~, 1I~(l%T. 1950, pp. 64 72; '['1'A)'.\ll~, lIol''',)''!''%I/, pp.122 124; I,(-)I'E'I'I\~II~ J.TI'\)'.\()~, lfiT. 17, 1961 62, x~(Jl" pp. 12 [3. I.ATI·. RO\IA, L. K"l"I\:\()r~Ill,;J

I OR'lllllA I'fl'.

J

10

WALl.

(1"I'I),fl'(1I~ ·,Iui'.

~HTfl.'!!f1(J.::'

1860,pp.8 13;1861,pp.lR 21;id.,lIuuxT.IH90,pp. 9 10; G. GUIDI, II muro Valeriano a. S. Dcmctrio Katiphori e la questionc del Diogencion, Annuariu

•

4/5, 1921/22, pp. 13 54; 'I'. I.. '>111 ~Il, I/esperia 4, 1915,pp.329 134;7, 1918,pp. 329,111 333;9,1940, p. 297; .\. \\. P'\IISOl':S, Ilesperia 12, 1943, pp. 248 2-19; II. \. Tllo IPSOI', Athenian Twilight.\, D. 267 600, JRS 49, 1959, pp. 64 65; id., I/esperia 28, 1959, pp. 95 96; 29, 1960, Pl" 350 359; Tl'\l \(J~, II "i./"')"IIIX ,/, Pl'. 125 129; I~. \X. BOD~.\Il, C~riacu of 1\ncona and 1\thens, Bruxellcs 1960.

\ \1

=: \ ~PlI, Ifh. 2-1,1969, .\'}o". pp. 41-4 7 ,64-6 ; Y.

GRA\'ES

P. Pl.R\\J',;()GLl ,Bd! 1862,pp.145 150;E.Cl'RTll·s- J. _\.J-.:.\l PI RT, \tlas \ on .\then, Berlin 1878, pp,2 29; c\. B Ric 1'1'0< I II E. PI. II ICE, Ein attischer F ricdhof, :\:\1 18,1893, pp. 73 191 ; BOLTE, R E, s. \. lill''''''/(/ .''''liIIUTa; JlIDI.. ICII, Topographic; S. K \ROl'ZOl', l'n cimeti're de j'cpoque classique iJ .\thencs, BCI1 7 1 72, 194~ 48, pp. 385 391; R. S. YOl'G, Sepultllrae intra urhem, Ilcsperia 20,1951, Pl'. 67 13-1; I'. ~(l:>'T\~, '.1 "11(7X11q 1/ tl:Tc) Tell' ~ If!!()P l'fH))' Tli~ JIi,T!!O;T()},fW': ni)!' '.IlI'/I'C;)!" -1-'9 'dl.

1953/54 1', pp. 89 97; X}.fH1l11 Xfi) I' TfH/ WI' :1 ({!..Ifl

~.

'\ \1'1l'll\1.111~, '1"IlI\OI'I !>.OS, Totl'nkult, .\rchal'ologi.l Hom ri , III \\', Giiuinl-(cn 1%8; .l't: .llso \gora pp.4 ,IIi 0 Arc,1 p. 290, Kerameikos r. 301.

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1'1' \t h 'u, hL'l'''le Theseu,' t1ml', Itg. 379. l'p Ulllil ;\ fe\\ 1(';11', ,1.'0 I\\U,t scholars Ih01lglu Ihal ill l'arliesl limes Ihe town was mainly rl,tllCted 1/1 the \ewp"lis il,dl ;Iud 1,'.\ small area arlHtt1d il,e,,!endillg to Ihe south :IS rar as pre,ent day I)ionysiou Areopagitou :'1.. h'C\U,l' the ';\tlie,t ,igns ollik had heen round within those limils. In th· la,t decade, hO\le (;r, dell' dig,'ill" rOf 100tl1(Lllions of II ''''huildings in properties in the whole area as far as the Ilissos has given us the 0PP'ifl\tl1itl ot' ;Iseeruining the plesence or iml ortanl prehistoric remains throughout: wells, house walls, graves, figs. 389 .WO. and. mmt signifi antll', prehistoric pOllery lying on bedrock almost everywhere. Recent large• scd' '''C\\ .Ilions around Ihe Oil mpieion hal e no! onl) brought to light extremely old and important public buddings ;Ind temples. hut also finds of prehiSlori pOller), thus establishing the fact that in earliest times the ~

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IOlnl e"tend d as far a, th· llissos. :-'nt onll Thucydides but also other authors provide us with information about the various shrines in this area snuth of the. \cwpolis, Of Ihese. the most vital e\ idence is that given in the dialogues of Plato. nd in Pausanias' IOUI' of .\thens. \s in the case of the "\gora and! he J\cropolis, Pausanias devoted a special chapter to thi area. Th recent larIH" and Hhe" 160. Apollo Delphlnios 161. I.awcourt at the Delphll1l011 162. Pal1hllknl!Jl1 163. Arch of 11"d""n 164. Iiollses 165. Roman ]hths I IHI. I.aw(ollrt ,It thc' P.III"dl!JIl

182. lH4. 185. IH6. IH7. IHH. 189. 190. I'll. 192. 193. 1")4. 1'>5. 196.

Shrine of Kodros Dionysion in Limn"i Palaestra of Taureas Lyslkrates Monument Shrine of Olymrtan Ce Am"zon stek l'ythion Aphrodite in the Carden, A1Iar of the Ilissi"l1 ,\Iuses I... \' l10sarges C;yl11na"ul11 building C;\,nln"siul11 building Shrlnc' of Bore"s Shrine of Pan, .\chdo"s ;1I1d the I\hl11phs

197. 19H. 199. 200. 201.

Temple of Tychc Stadium Tomb of 1 krodes Atticus lIissos bridge of Roman date Roman building \I ith semi• ci rcular colunnade 202. Lvkeioo 203. 1.\ keion b.lth 204. C\,mnasiul11 buill1lng 205. Temple founcLltions 206. C;"rdcn of rheophr,ISl\)s 2()~. Ibth of Dioch.lres 208. C LIn' or ",sos 20'). llcr.lklcs P,lnkr.lu's 214. 1.,.,d.lIH" 215.lIisso,

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183 Votive rIAI()~, AM 19, 1894, pp. 163-171; FRAZER, Pausanias 11, pp. 48 503; K. KUBLER, AA 1932, pp. 355-360; K. I,Ionument of Bion K. Grave relief of Eukolinc L. Loutrophoros of Olympichos M. Stele of Amidosis '\.. Leknho of Aristom;lche O. F;lmih' gr.1\" lot P. Gra\'c enclosul'l' Q. F,tmil\' gmvc lot R. State burial monument S, Tomb of the I_akedaimnnians

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'fl1C sitc is locatcd southeast of Athens, on the south bank ofthc Ilissos, in front of . · . G·\t ( -) n"flr the kallirrhoc sprinas and thc district of Agrai, fig. 379. In 1896-1897 the British t h D lon1 tan . ,.ol.,..... h School of"\rchaeology, with C. mith directing, conducted extensive cxcavations in that area to the cast of thc church of St. Panteleimon. lany graves of an important cemetery of tbe early archaic period were cleared, and also thc ruins of a building of the classical period, probably a palaestra, over which a bath had been built in Roman times (p. 180, F). In the same area remains were found of a large Roman building which has been identili d with th o-ymnasium built by the Eml eror Hadrian noted by Pausanias (1, 18, 9). Perhaps the fact that "'. an in.cription (I. G. 112 1102) containing a letter of the emperor concerning a gymnasium was found on the site would strengthen the argument for the identification. Furthermore, an inscription (1. G. 112 1665) which explicitly refer to Kynosarge and sets forth the method of constructing tripod bases for the gymnasium has 1-

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been found near the church of St. Panteleimon. Definite proof that Krnosarges ,,:as in this area is furnished by two inscriptions containing significant topographical information referring, in my opinion, to the Dromos of Kynosarges. One inscription has been published by A. E. Raubitschek (Dedications, no. 318) and the other (1. G.I12 2119, line 128) refers to the "Dramas towards Agrai." A drOll/OS was, in fact, an indispensable element of a gymnasium. The ancient authors attest a drOll/OS both for the Academy and the Lykeion gymnasia. Consequently the Kynosarges gymnasium must also have had a race-track, dromos, where the young men exercised and it should be in the only level place in the area along the Ilissos south bank by the spting of Kallirrhoe, beginning probably at a point near the church of t. Panteleimon and ending in the district of Agrai. The precinct of Herakles, in honour of whom the gymnasium was founded, should also be near the Ilissos bank br the spring of Kallirrhoe. A decree of 420 B.C., fig. 442, found near the Lysikrates Monument, forbids the tanners to soften hides in the river above the precinct of Herakles and specifies that two stelai with the text of the decree should be set up, one on each side of the Ilissos. The region near the spring of I-'::allirrhoe is most suitable for tanners for there was an unfailing supply of water there. It is worth pointing out that during the Turkish occupation and for some years after the liberation the tanners were installed along this section of the Ilissos.

A. :EKIAI;, 'Em:La 1894, pp. 289-291; W. DORPFELD, AM 20, 1895, p. 507; 21, 1896, pp. 463-464; C. t.llTH, BSA 2, 1895/96, pp. 22-25, 50; 3, 1896/97, pp. 232233; P. RODEcK, The Ionic Capital of the Gymnasium of Kynosarges, BSA 3,1896/97, pp. 89-105; J. G. C. ANDERSON, BSA 3, 1896/97, pp. 112-120; J. P. DROCJI', DipyJon Vases from the Kynosarges Site, BSA 12, 1905/6, pp. flO 92; W. Di)RI'J'ELD, DreifuB-Basis aus Athen, AM 31, 1906, pp. 145 150; D. M. ROUINSON, AJP 28, 1907, p. 425, No.3; 'I'll. SAUCILJC, Ein Hadriansbricf unci das I Jadriansgymnasium in Athen,

AM 37, 1912, pp. 183-189; ::--.. K.\Porzo~, ',I:TO ro 'lIuU.X},t'fOI' rov I\[fl'oad!!},ot'~, Idr. 8, 19_3, pp. l5 10_;

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p. 102; Agora Guide, IF. 8., 11_; M. LANG, Waterworks in the :\thenian .\got;l. PH, No. I I, 1968. . /loAwr)o/U"J],

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'

187 9 80, pp. 15-17; T. L. HEAR, Hesperia 4, 1935, pp. 330-332; 5, 1936, p. 42; CH. PICARD, RA 12,1938, p. 108; B. D. MERITT, Hesperia 15, 1946, p. 233,. '0.64; H. A. THo~fP ON, Hesperia 16, 1947, pp. 202203; A. W. PARSONS, A Family of Philo. 0phers at Athens and Alexandria, Hesperia uppl. 8, 1949, pp. 268-272; G. P. SITVLl'S, A Door ill from the Library of Pantainos, Hesperia 18, 1949, pp.

JIfJaxr:.

269-2 4; H. A THo~[Pso:-;, Hesperia 23, 19-4, P . 62-65; W'YCHERLEY, Testimonia, p. 150. 'OUTHE

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H. A. THmlPsoN, Hesperia 29, 1960, pp. 34+--.'r; R. R. HOLLO\\ .\Y, Exploration of the :outh ast • tt.1 in the Arhenian Agora, Hesperia 35, 1906. pp. -

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IlllLOI' \1'1'0:' \10 T\IF, 'T: lkclu~e Philopappos was a great benefactor of the city of Athens, the Athenians honoured him with a monument,t1 tomb, dated between 114 116 A,D" built on the crest of Mouscion IIil1. Th' hill h,ld b' 11 within the circuit of the Themistoklean ity wall but at the time the monument was built n'ith'r th' w,11I which had been destroyed bl Sulla in 86 13, C. nor the fort built by Demetrios Poliorketes in _9413, . \\ 'IS standing al1\ longer, fig. 233. Pausanias (1,25,8) :,lyS that l\lousaios had been buried on the hill and that later a monument to a certain Syrian had b' 'n built on the same site. I Ie was r ferring to the exiled prince of Commagene, C.Julius Antiochus Philop'lppo~, who settled in .\thens and became an Athenian citizen of the de me of Besa, assuming various civic and r ligious offices. , Th monum nt, measuring 9.80 X 9.30 m., contained the burial chamber and was built of white Pentelic marble on a socle 3.08 m, high, made of poros and veneered with slabs of Hymettian marble, fig, 585. The north side, which was visible from the Acropolis, was, in a way, the faloas, 330 326 B.C. To\\anJ thL Lnd (,f the 4th .... B. . th across the >toa sites; circa 200 H.c.. IhL d'\I,PI' \.'1; \\. I, (111111." II INN, \ 1 'ill, 1'>\1.1'1' Ill) 97; D,

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PROPYLAIA: \\'hen the testi\ .11 of lhe Greater Pall:llhenaia was eSlablished in 566 B.C. there surely must have b n a basic change in the eharaCIl"r of lhe elltLlnce of Ihe l\cropolis. At that time the Mycenaean fortress gate must han~ b' n replaced h, .1 mOllumcntal eJ1lrancc, through which the Panathenaic procession proceeded to th great altolr ot "\tht'lu. ('Olltell1poran de\'c!o[Jments on the j\;! ycenaean bastion may be cited in support of this ,"".ie\c in _66 B.C. the alLlr of \thcna Nike was established on the Mycenaean bastion and the ground I y I of th alt'lr shows that b) the time it was set up the whole upper part of the Mycenaean bastion, which was of sun-dri d brick, and the neighbouring gate must have been demolished. Th' old narro\\" zigzag road, winding up to the Acropolis from below the Ike bastion, was no longer a satisLlcton- means of ascent for the magnificent procession and the first straight ramp, ten metres wide, was built. Parts of the pol)"gonal retaining wall for this ramp have been preserved; this wall, on axis with the Propylaia, is dated in the 6th centur)" B.C., fig. 608. The exact length of the ramp is known, for its starting point is circa ight)" metres west of the Propylaia. The appearance of the area just outside the entrance was further changed by the construction of Building B dated in the second half of the 6th century B.C. J. Bundgaard has rightly conjectured that it was erected 111 front of the entrance which explains why its poros architectural members were re-used in the foundations of the Propylaia and also accounts, as we shall see, for the erection of the Pinakotheke. The first marble Parthenon (the Older Parthenon) was begun in the short interval between the battle of Marathon and the nan 1 battle at Salamis. At this time the old entrance to the Acropolis disappeared complete I)" and in its place the first monumental Propylaia (the Old Propylon) was built; the Persians destroyed it in 480 B.C. The new Propylaia built by Mnesikles, begun in 437 and finished in 432 B.C., was aligned with the old ramp, the ,,"".idth of which was almost doubled so as to equal the width of the central building of the Propylaia. In order to hold the masses of earth for the enlarged ramp in place, a retaining wall was built north of the polygonal retaining wall; the new retaining ,,-all, some of which still stands, was made of poros blocks laid in sloping courses, fig. 609. The classical ramp was also eighty metres long; it apparently took its start where the 6th century B.C. ramp began, probably at the juncture of the Panathenaic \Xlay with the Peripatos. Ftom the foot of the ramp to the lowest step of the Propylaia there is a rise of 25 metres. Steps placed at intervals will have made this steep incline easier to negotiate. But this sharp incline should not cause surprise, because the upward stretch of the Panathenaic Way between the Eleusinion and the Kleps)"dra is also eighty metres long and has exactly the same gradient, fig. 540. The broad ramp leading up to the Propylaia is the only possible reason for the five door. Furthermore, the """.ings on either side of the Propylaia were designed to frame the ramp. "\s regards the scheme of the two """.ings, I believe that Mnesikles attempted to make only the fac;ades of the two 'wings symmetrical and that he never intended two absolutely symmetrical buildings not only because the requisite space ,,"as lacking but also because the wings were designed for different purposes, fig. 614. The south wing ,,'ith its open porch was meant to make the shrine of Athena ike easily accessible, whereas the north wing, the Pinakotheke as it is usually called, had an entirely different function. The entrance to the Pinakotheke was shifted off axis not, as is commonly thought, for aesthetic reasons, but for a practical reason, so that dining-couches could be installed. Both the dimensions of the chamber and the amounts of wall space available when the door is orf centre aUo\\ for a normal arrangement of dining-couches, such as in the dining-rooms (androns) of pri"ate hOllS s, figs. 618--619. Pausanias calls the Pinakotheke an oikclllfl (1, 22, 6) and describes the paintings in it. Such a chamb r \\"t)uld have been an admirable place for refreshment and relaxation for the pilgrims to the" \cropolis shrines, r ctlling the lesche of the Knidians in Delphi or other buildings with a similar function in man)' other shrin s. The Propylaia proper was the central building with the five doors; it was this part of the whole campI ''I. \\ hich was copied with the same dimensions in the 2nd century after Christ in Elcusis, as the main entelnce to th' shrine. Probably it wa~ only because Building 13 was there, evidently serving much the same purpose :IS th· Pin.lkotheke, that Mnesikles conceived the plan of building two wings flanking the Propylaia on the Acropolis.

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inllic 1,1 llllllly:dll'l (lui\1. In 52 A.D, tlil marble l:urW:l} wa built (I. (, Il~ nIp), \lllIk lill,1 the mid ~Id lllllull lhe ,lll,1 oUI,idl llil Pmpylaia wa~ fortlflld and the cropo!t \1,1\ ,\~,lil1 lOI1\lllld to ,I IOlltl", Jlllhl rl'lgll of V:detinl1 (251 2M) A.D.):1 I1lW tity wall wa~ built and al 0 a , \tlong" OUI\I'ork out\ldl Ihl' PIOI'I !.II,I \\ IIh lh' Ikull' ("IIC, fig. 4()2, and anolhu gall' lxlow the. 'ike ba tion , \I hlil' th' old \IIn 11.\('an 1l),ld h,ld I ,I"cd. 'I'hc I\lal'kl'lllnm in,cl ipti()n (I, C. 112 5206) n:fu" in my opinion, to thl\e t\\ 0 g,lll". l'he indl\pln"dlk \ all'l \uppl) was 'elul'ld h} m am of thl to...lepsydra spring (1" 123) and III ,I , " .Illl\tllil hudt 1',I\l 01 lhl Pinakolheke 10 colkll the Inln\\utu lunning down of!lh \cropobs, Thl l'1111.111ll lothc \ ropolt\ rlmaincd lhu, 1I11tiithe Franb uplurnl Alhens in 1204. The I ranks made great lh,\n~l\ 11\ [hc huddlng .1J1d \ll'IC Ihc flr\l lo loIU\C ,uiou\ damagc, Grl.ll injuric~ were done tn the mid-17th llntUTl ,md contll1uld to 0C"1I1 ulltilthc \ealS of lhc Grcck \'V',II 01 Ind 'pendence. In 1833 when the Turkish ~,II[i'l)n lell Illl lortl .'S, the \lork of (!ealing the Propylaia and 01" dCJ110Jbhing the mediaeval additions began. (on\ln.llion and a p.lltial rcconstlUctioll \ITll hcgun hy . Halanos in 1909 and compklcd in 1963 bl . t )r1ando\.

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,ll11r"cena an to Gcom tric pcriods \"crc found on the rock surfacc or hewn out of the rock. • Th r w r no stru tnrcs in this arca until the 5th century B.C.; the Agora Square extended to the east as far as th sit, Jat r occupied by thc Roman Agora (p. 28). The carliest rcmains of buildings have becn found on the sit' of the arlier ccmetery and arc datcd to the end of thc 5th or the beginning of the 4th century B.C., fig. 65'. Th y form a single complex bclonging to a civic building, probably a lawcourt, as may be inferred from th r c ptacJe for ba]]ots prescl\'cd ill sitll, figs. 658-659. The dicasts' ballots were found in it, thus providing firm yidcncc for the identification of at least one of the ancient lawcourts mentioned by Pausanias (1,28, 8-11), PO]]lL'" (VIII, 117 ff.) and other authors and lexicographers. Most of the lawcourts lay in the Agora area, both on the east side, where thc Heliaia probably was, fig. 5, and on the west side south of the Tholos, where many dicasts' ballots have been found in the course of the excavations. The court of the Areopagus must bc located on the h ill of the same name, while the Lawcourt at the Delphinion (p. 3) and the Lawcourt at the Palladion (p. 412) should be south of thc Acropolis near the Ilissos. The great Square Peristyle, 58.80 m. to the side, was built in the 4th century B.C. when Lykourgos was in power (338-326 B.C.) on the ruins of the lawcourt found under the Stoa of Attalos; apparently it too was designed as a lawcourt. The Square Peristyle is very carefully built of poros blocks with conglomerate foundations. The building seems never to have been completed and after about two centuries its wall blocks and architectural members were re-used in the construction of South Stoa II (p. 233). In the short interval between the demolition of the Square Peristyle and the erection of the Stoa of Attalos (159-138 B.C.) a small building partly overlying the southeast corner of the Square Peristyle was put up; it had five pairs of rooms and its purpose has not yet been determined, fig. 657.

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Hesperia 6, 1937, p. 354; JJ. A. TnoMPSO , Hesperia 19, 1950, pp. 320-326; 20, 1951, p. 49; 21,1952, pp. 99-102; 22, 1953, pp. 47 48; 23, 1954, SHE.AR,

pp. 57 61; \X!YClIERLF.Y, TestimonLI, pp. 14b lr; M. LANG, The Athenian Citizen, PH, o. 4, 1%0; Agora Guide, pp. 76 7H.

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I I \11. I': \ Jlrll\im (\', 9, I) 'I eaks of Ihe SlOa of Eum(;nr~ during his general dl eu ~ion of th tUll rion ot ,ttl." n ar Ih atrc" planl1l d a, a ,helter for the 'p tator~ and ~ton:room, for rage scenery. I \ 'n b ·tore the t"C.1\ .\lioll ot the rtnl.lin::., there had bten no doubt that thrrr was a ~lOa brtween the Theatre of Diol1l '0' and the Odeion of llerodes Aui u>, bUl it had been con,idered to be Roman. After the Greek \r ha ologic.ll S )Cieri h.ld fllih cleared the remain, in 1877 1878,\\. Diirpfeld maintained that the building wa , of Iltllni'tie d.lIC and he attributed it to the Pergamclle k.Jng, l:um(;ne~ II (197 159 B.C.). \t the arne time Ph. \ r,aki, pro\ l d on the e\ idence of the architecture found ncar b) lhat the ,toa hac! two store) s and was of the ,ame [\ p a, the Stoa of \tlalos. ow lhat the laller has been so meticulously ~ludied we arc in a position to conl1rm th' fact that the architectural clements of the two staas closely resemble each other and mac have b n dc,igned b\ the same architect. The onh difference, which depends on the differing functions of the two 'to.l', is that the 'toa of l'umenes has no ,hops. Th ::.toa \\ as placed along the line of the Peripalos road which fllns above it; in order to create a level site, the builder, dug down to a great depth, 9 m. at the cast end of the back wall of the toa and 13 m. at the west end. To hold the earth embankment in place it was necessary to con truct a strong retaining wall, reinforced with buttresses connected b\ semicircular arches, fig. 660. The materials used in the \'arious part of the stoa were: conglomerate, hard Piraeus lime::.tone, II) mettian marble and Pentelic marble, emplo) ed ju t as in the toa of 01

\ttalos. ~\t the ends of the building e,t rior ,tain\'a) s led to the upper storer, fig. 662. The ea tern stairway \\'ent all the \\'a) up to the Peripatos road, ,0 that the people in the upper ections of the Theatre of Dionysos could reach the upper store, of the staa, while the lower part of the theatre communicat d with the colonnade of the lo\\'er tore) \ ia the western parados of the theatre. For its entire length the stoa faced on a great open quare, a kind of t rrace, 32 m. \dde, bounded on the; south by a retaining wall preserved for a considerable stretch. \\'hen the Odeion of HerodLs \tricu, wa. built, the stoa was joined up to the Odeion and direct communication between the 1\\'0 buildings was obtained b) means of thc staircase in the eastern aisle of the Odeion, fig. 500. The toa of .G..umenes continu d in u,e unol thc middle of the 3rd centun, after Christ ",h n it wa de tro,'ed , and the tones were uscd as building material for the construction of the Valerian \,'all (p. 161). Many of the Doric column drums of this staa ha\ e becn Cound built into thal wall to the south of the \cropoli. at a eli tance of 400 m. from the stoa, where thc\- ma, still be secn toda, in the lot at no. 30 \'c'ikou t. \ yen, little of the architectural material has becn found in the neighbourhood of the stoa; some P 'rg.lmcne capit,lls haye suryiv d and one is e\'Cn intact, fig. 664.

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DEX

Iler.tldes, p. 42 II ermes, p. 42 Ilermes, Aphrodite and Isis, p. 138 ',ronos and Rhea, p. 335, fig. 438 J\lother of the Gods, p. 352 J\I uses, in the Academy, p. 42; by the Ihssos, fig. 379 Pity, p. 458 Poseidon and Erechtheus, p. 213, fig. 281 Prometheu and I lephaistos, PI'. 42, 300 in front of the Propylaia, fig. 71 in the Tholos, p. 553, fig. 692 Thyechoos, fig. 281 Twehe Gods, PI'. 458 461, figs. 5,29 to 31, 34, 540 Zeus \goraios, PI'. 6, 104, 466, figs. 34, 146-148 Zeus Astrapaios, PI'. 91, 100 Zeus E1euthenos, p. 52Zeus TIerkeios, in the Kerameikos, p. 302, fig. 602; 10 the Pandroseion, fig. 281 Zeus Hrpatos, fig. 281 Zeus Mnrios or Kataibates, p. 42 Zeus Phratrlos and \thena Phratria, PI'. 573 575, fig. 219; in the Agora, 1'.96 \mrneion, PI'. -6 -8, 2-8, 361 \ mynos, see Amrne\On \nakeion, PI'. 1, 2, 578, figs. 5, -22 Andocides, PI'. 198, 566 l\ndron, see .Mess-halls Andronikos of h.yrrhos, p. 281 -\nkyle, deme, p. 160 Anthemokriws, statue of, p. 180 Anthippasia, PI'. 2, 3 Antidosis, stele of, fig. 391 Antlgonls, tnbe, p. 210 Anllmachldes, architect, p. 402 \nllochus Ipiphane , PI'. 402, 403 Antiochus, eponymous hero, fig. 275 Anlloehus, son of Anllochus, p. 462 \nuope, stele of, PI'. 160,290, fig. r9 Antiphon, p. 100 Antistates, architect, p. 402 \ntonlOus PIUS, PI'. 242, 253 Aphrodite: in the Askleplelon, p. 138 In the Gardens, on the north slope of the Acrop"I", 1'1'.228 232, fig. 91, No. 137; ncar 1 he I"ssos, p. 228, fig. 379 Ilegell1ooc, PI" 79 Al Ouronia, PI" 79 81, figs. 31, 34 P.lnJclllos, PI'. I, 2, 4, Ii!':. 5 Apobatcs r,ICe, p. 3, figs. 26 27

Apollo: Delphinlos, PI'. 83 90, figs. 379 380 I lypoakrajos, PI'. 2, 91 95 Lykelos, p. 345 Patroos, PI'. 91, 96 99, 352, figs. 5, 3031,34 Prostatenos, p. 553 Pythias, on the north slope of the Aeropohs, pp. 91, 422, fig. 540; near the lIissos, PI'. 100 103,578, fig. 379 Apollo: head found easr of the Olympieion, fig. 384; wall palOllng, p. 562 Apollodoros, PI'. 1, 42 A pollonis, Queen of Pergamon, p. 505 AppIan, p. 387 Aqueduct of Hadrian, PI" 242-243 Arch of Hadrian, pp. 253-257, figs. r9 to 380 Archaic City \'{'all, pp. 158,162,261,332, fig. 5 Archon Basileus, pp. 2, 580 A rchons, PI'. 2, 91, 210 Ardettos, PI'. 160,289,498, figs. 213,21-, 219 £\reopagus, PI'. 2,422,520, figs. 213,217, 219,540 res, pp. 104-111, figs. 34, 37 Ariobarzanes Philopator, pp. 387, 538 ,\ri teides Scholia, PI" 2, 253 Aristomache, lekythos of, fig. 391 £\ ristophnnes, PI" 417, 466, 580 ,\ristophane Scholin, PI" 148, 210, 274, 323, 580 \ristotle, PI'. 2, 100, 210, 300, 345, 402, 5-8,580 \rrephoroi, PI'. -2, 228, fig. 91 Arrian, p. 352 \rremi< •\grotera, pp. 112 120, fig. 3'79 1\ nstoboulc, PI'. 121-123. fig. 219 Boubln nnd phosphoros, p. 553 Br.lUronin, pp. 124 126. fig-. 91 Delphlnla, p. 83 r plpyn~ldla, p. 148, fig. 200 h..ll"stc .lOd \ristc, pp. 301, 302, figs. 417,423 424 \rtemls, wnll p,lillting, p. 562 \sklepielon. PI'. 12- Ir. fig. 91 Asklepieion Spring Housc, PI'. 52, 138 to 142, fig. 71 hklcp'L", PI'. -6, TS, s al 0 skl•

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or.

52 in the Ftcchth ion, p. 213, fig. _81 fmlll the FubouliJes MOllumcnt. lig. Soil in th' IIcph.1istcion, p. 261. fig. 348 Ilygici.l, p. 124, fig. 1 ~O j 'ikc, pp. 148 15~, fig. 71 at thc P,.ILtdion, p. 413 P.lrth 'nos, pp. 444. 445, fig. 5~5 I'hratri", s 'C Zeus Phr,1trios anJ \ thcn.1 Phr.• tri.1 Poli.1S, pp. 2, 53, 213, 432 Prom.1Chos, PI'. 54, 55. figs. 88, 91 "\th n.1: hcaJ found on the Pnyx, fig. 601; relief found in the i\cademy, p. 43 .\th naeus, PI'. 180, 505 .\thens, PI'. 158-179,289,392 .\ttalis, tribe, p. 210 Attalos II of Pergamon, p. 505 Attic Stelai, p. 198, fig. 260 Augustus, Emperor, PI'. 28, 365, 494, 527 Baccheion, p. 274, figs. 351, 353 Balaneia, see Baths Barathron, p. 121 Basile, see Kodros Basileios Sroa, PI'. 527, 580, fig. 722 Basilica in rhe Agora, p. 578, fig. 722 Barhs, PI'. 180-190, 340, 345, figs. 221, 379-380,391 Bekker, Anecdota Graeca, PI'. 332, 335, 361 Bema: in the Agora, p. 6, figs. 31,34; of Phaidros, p. 538, figs. 687-689; of the Pn)~,p. 466, fig. 597 Besa, deme, p. 462 Beule Gate, PI'. 54, 161, 357,483, figs. 91, 462-463 Bion, gtave of, fig. 391 Blaute, shrine of, p. 2, fig. 5 Boreas, p. 112, fig. 379 Boukoleion, p. 2, fig. 5 Bouleuterion: PI'. 191-195, 553; in the Old Agora, p. 198; Primitive, p. 191, figs. 252, 255; Old, PI'. 83, 191,352, figs. 5, 29-30, ~53-257; New, p. 191, figs. 29-31, 34, 254 Boundary srones: Academy, PI'. 42, 44, figs. 56-57, 417 Agora, PI'. 3, 5, figs. 5, 20 22 A polio Patroos, p. 96 Asklcpieion, p. 127 Asklepieion Spting House, p. 138, fig. 187 Herakles, p. 274, fig. 355 Kerameikos, PI'. 5, 300, figs. 34, 102, 415 -416,602 Muses, p. 345, figs. 447 448 ymphe, 1'.361, fig. 465 'ymphs, p. 323, fig. 425 Pnyx, 1'.466, fig. 588 Sacred Way to Eleusis, p. 299, fig. 414 Sacred Way to Delphi, p. 91, fig. 117 Shrine, p. 332, figs. 435 436

INDEX ,[,e1ma of A I hena, pp. 158, 301, figs. 229,602 Tritopatrcs, fig. 395 Boulcs, altar of, p. 213, fig. 281 Bouzygion, p. 2, fig. 5 Brauron, p. 124 Bridge: of the Eleusinian Kephisos, p. 439; of the \lissos, p. 498, figs. 159,379, 630,634 Bryaxis, base of, figs. 24-25, 102 Caesa r, p. 28 Callaeschros, architect, p. 402 Caralogus Herculanensis, p. 413 en es: Acropolis, figs. 67, 116 Aglauros, PI'. 52, 72, 228, figs. 91, 93 Apollo Hypoakraios, p. 91, figs. 91, 115-116,118 Asklepieion, p. 127 Attica, PI'. 361, 417 Klepsydta, p. 323 Pan, PI'. 417-421, fig. 91 Thrasyllos Monument, p. 562 Zeus Olympios, p. 91, fig. 116 Cemeteries, see Graves and Cemeteries Chabrias, grave of, p. 301 Chaironeia, PI'. 159,299 Chalkotheke, PI'. 196-197, fig. 91 Charmos, p. 42 Choregic Monuments: PI'. 100, 562, 566, 578, figs. 130-131, 135-137, 678, 704, 710-713; Lysikrates J\[onument, PI'. 348-351, figs. 3-9, 709-710; Nikias Monument, PI'. 357-360, fig. 91; Thrasyllos Monument, PI'. 562-565 Churches in ancient shrines and temples: l\sklepieion, p. 128, fig. 172 Basilica of Leonides, fig. 154 Cave of Pan, p. 417, fig. 536 Dionysos Theatre, p. 538 Erechtheion, p. 214, fig. 279 Hadrian's Library, p. 244 Hephaisteion, p. 262, fig. 335 Olympieion, p. 403 Parthenon, p. 445, fig. 576 Temple of Artemis Agrotera, p. 113, fig. 156 Temple of Kronos ancl Rhea, p. 335 Thrasyllos Monumcnt, p. 562 Cicero, pp. 299, 300 City \ all: Archaic, pp. 158, 162, 261, 332, fig. 5; Themistoklean, PI'. 143, 158, 160, 162,253,300, 402, 462, 477, figs. 223 224, 226; Long \\'alls, PI'. 158, 160, 161, 163, fig. 213; Kononian, PI'· 158,477, fig. 223; Ilellenistic, pp. 158, 159, 160, 163, figs. 223,225 to 226,228,230; FortofDemetl'los Polior keles, p. 462, figs. 232 233; Unf'"1 iri .J Athens, 1'1'.161,163; Valc!'''ln, pp. 54, B3, 100, 160, 161, 163,290,301,323, 403,429, 4B3, 523, figs. 130, 154, 3BO,

438; Late Roman, pp. 104, 161, 163, 199, 233, 234, 432, 506, figs. 37, 234 to 235,426,550,639; of Justinian, p. 162; Rizokastro, pp. 387, 538, fig. 502 City Wall Gates: pp. 159 161,163 Acharnian Gate, p. 159, fig. 219, VI Aigeus Gate, p. 83 Demlan Gate, p. 159, fig. 219, [ Diochares Gate, pp. 159 160, fig. 219,

vm Diomeian Gate, pp. 83, 112, 160, fig. 219, X Dipylon Gate, PI" 159, 180, figs. 219, IV,602 Dipylon above the Gates, PI'. 160-161, fig. 219, XIV Eriai Gate, p. 159, fig. 219, V Halacle Gate, 1'.160, fig. 219, xn Hippades Gate, pp. 160, 402, fig. 219, IX, 222 ltonian Gate, p. 160, fig. 219, XI Kerameikos Gate, see Dipylon Gate Melitides Gate, p. 161, fig. 219, XV Northeast Gate, p. 159, fig. 219, VII Peiraic Gate, p. 159, fig. 219, II Sacred Gate, p. 159, figs. 219, III, 602 South Gate, p. 160, fig. 219, XIII Thriasian Gate, see Dipylon Gate Civic Offices, PI'. 6, 104, 553 Contests, PI'. 2, 5, 300, 498, 5T Corinth, p. 365 Cossutius, architect, p. 402 Council, PI'. 191, 198, 580 Cyriacus of Ancona, PI'. 242, 461, 494, 562, Daphni, p. 361 Dawn, p. 527 Delphi, PI'. 91, 482 Delphinion, p. 83, figs. 111, 113-114, T9 to 380 Demeter and Kore: YOtt \'e relief of, p. 289, fig. 383; see also Eleusinion and Southeast Temple in the ,\gor:1 Demeter Chloe, shrine of, p. 2, fig. 5 Demetria and Pamphile, gra\ e relief of, fig. 391 Demetrias, tribe, p. 210 Demetrios of Phaleron, archon, p. 199 Demetrios Poliorketes, p. 462, fig. 233 Demian Gate, p. 159, fig. 219, l Demos, sec l\phrodite llegcmon' Demosion em.l (St.lte BlIri;d·pbc '), pp. 159,299.300,301, 3l1-, figs. 219, 391,417 Demosthencs, pp. 91, 61, 5 0; hC;1J of, fig. 446 Dellkalion, p. 402 DC'I1lOll'> hero, fW. 27S Old \Ll;"'I)JCll'Il, PI'. 1 Sfl, 2fl'), 290, 402 411, liV'· 3"'9 3flO OI}l1lpl"ll, I' 91, IIf'. 116 Olyl1lh"" p. 15fl Opl"hod'JIl1 0 ', 1" 143 Or hc,\,., III ,hc Av"rd, 1'1'. 3. 361, 537, (IV'. 5, 29 !'.d.IC'l r.1 of lhc A .•dclIlY, p 42, ot to.. y1l,)'>.lfVC', p. 340, of Ihe I .} I ell >11, p. 345; l,f'I .,urC.1 ,p. 332, IIV'. 219, 379,435 P.lldllllOll, p. 27fl P"ll.ld""" pp. 4 I2 416, (IV 37') P.II1, PI" ')1, 13fl, 2H'), 417 421, IiI'" ')1, 110, 37 1) , rei I( f "f, IiI'" 1')2 1 'H. 3fl2, 3H(, 3H7, 53H 1'."1.I,hcn.,I.', pp. 2, 14H, 422, 477, 49fl 1'."l.llhell.1I1 A,"plllJl.'e, p. 2, f'g. 21 1'.111.11 hell.II' Pro, t·.,.,ll Jll, PI'. 2, 2('/, 417, 422, 444, 4H2, 'W 540 1'.111 II hCIl.IIC Sh,p, pp 2, ') I, 422, IiI' 540 P"""II1I'll.Ill W.,y, pp. 2, 422 42H, 4H2, 57'J 5HO, IIg .29 31,34. 'il, 11(,,2(,0, 265, 544

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P.tndu)f1, und,aI of \lclOn, p. 466 "yncellus, p. 2 Sy nlJ,kismos, rp. 1, 158, 198 Taureas, pal,leslra of, p. 332, flgs. 219, 379,435 Tclemacho,>, p. 127 Tclm.l of A Ihen.l, pp. 15R, 301, figs. 229, 602 'J emples AphrodlCe Ollr.ln,." p. 79, ltg' 31, 34, 102 1\1'0110 DclphlnlC's .,nd All",,'" Del phm,,,, p. 83, ligs. 106 112, 31') to 3HO Apo"o I,ykci" , p. 345 AplJllo 1'., It'"", pp. 96 99, ltg'. 5, 30 31,34 Apoll'/ l'y.hlC", p. 100 Arcs, p. 104, fig. 34, 37, 13H, 140 115 rtemi Agrotera, PI'. 112 113, lie> , 154, 156 163,379

\"I'n,,, \Il"ol)(luk, PI', 121 123, I II" .~ 19 \,kkp,", "nd I I 1I! 11'11, p. 127, ',g,>. 'H, I ., I

""llh\\e" of til(' \,kltr,e,on Spr,"g Ilou,e, p. 138 \,hl'n.. .ke·, PI'. 112, 118 157, Iii' 91 \,hen,l.lI ,he p.dl.,d.on, p. 413 Deme,e, .Ind [,-ore, sec I .leu"n,on .Ind "ou,he,lst Temple In the \go", 011,11,,,,, I'leuthellu'>, p. 537, lig,>. 6~- 679 D,on) '0'> I leuthereu, Ile.lr ,he \ .• dl'my, pp. 30 I, 302 I "t ,Ind \\ C'r Temples In the .\gor.l, pp 104, 233, 23·1, riR, 34 I ,tletrhyu, p. 28 1'!eU',1I1,on, p. 198, figs. 260, 263 264 hcchtheion, pp. 213 227, fig. 91 I kk.llompedon, Pl'. 258 260 Ilcph.Il"o" pp. 104, 261 273, lig,>. 29 31,34,37 I Ie "I ,1I1d Leus 1'.1I1hellenios, Pl'. 429 to 431 1.1110'>, hero, p. 5-3 "-rll'H" .1I1d Rhe,l, 1'1'. 335 339. rig" 154, r9 \lo,her of the (,od,>, p. 352, ('G, fie>,> 30 31,14,125 12',129 Th .... gel ..., lest 1\ .d, p. !00 'J hl.lln of D,,,n),,,,, pp 5r 5S2, fi".91 Thl 1111" "kle.n ( 11 Y \\ .dl, PI" HI, 158, 100, 1(,2,253, 300,402,462, 4T, It' , 223 224, 226 I h 1111 '"01 \!onumem, pp. 562 565 ThrtaSl.1n h.lse, p. 79, lig. 1lJ2 ThnaSian C.lle, sec D,p,lon Thrones of pne'ts of l)IOIlY "S [ ieuthereus, fig. 684; in the 1 re hthel/lI1, p. 213, lig. 281 Thucydldes, PI'. 1,91,100,158,204,289, 332,361,402,458,477 ThyechollS, altar of, lig. 281 Tiherills, hmperor, p. 505 TO\\'er of lhe \\'inel'o, see Horologion of l\ndronikos Traj,m, i'tnpetor, I' 4 2 Tr,lpe7li, p. 534 Tri.\Ilgll1.lr shrme m the \gora, p. 6, h((s. 5, 29 31,34 Tnhes, p. 210 I npod" pp. 100, 562, 566 Tllprolemos lemrle of, p. 199; relier of, fig 262 Tnton, 1'1'. 258, 365, fi~. 489 Tntop.llrc" ,>hnlle of, I' 02, fig,. 391. 39·1 39 S l'roj,11l [H)f'e, p. 124 .\ ",eh ('lIlls, Pl" 458 46J, fi.g,. 5, 29 31, 31, 5·10 Tyel" , temple of, r. 498, fIgs. 79.630 1') r.lm '011) e 1''>, PI" 3, S, 30 I, fiR', 5, 29 I nhllllfied \thms, 1'1'.161,163 \.dlll.lll, I ml'l'lllr, PI" 54,161 \ ,IIII,.1ll \\ .tll, 1'1" 54, 83, 100, 160, 161, 163,290, 30\, 323, 403, 429, 483, 523, fll". 130, 1S4, ,80, 438

\ '", p. 361 p. :>Rl VIlIUVIUS, Pl'. 281,38-,402,403, S23 \\ ,1IC1r!ock' 01 \lldwl1,ko" e Ilolll. Ing((Hl fit; III thl: \ 'Ot 1, p. 234 \\ ell, .I1l1u.,d ,Ill \llOpolt, PI'. 52, 323. fi".6\\ 1I1ds, p. 18\, IIg . 36 rs \\ lng-lt.-,s \ Irtot • (c \dun I. Ik enoplton, PI' 2, 'OJ, ,45 :>'