OSPREY· MEN-AT-ARMS SERIES
87
arshals Text by EMIR B KHARI
Colour plates by CHRIS WAR
ER
--------------" MEX-AT-ARMS SERIES EDITOR:
~1.\R1T\
\\I,DROII'
e
e n
"
S
lS
,d IS
arshals
al I ns In
Ie to .(i,
ds
Text by EMIR BUKHARI
at III
nd
Colour plates by CHRIS WAR ER
In
he rt.'Its , ,I
he lOr to itll
nd
OSPREY PUBLI HI:siG LO:siOO:si
"'----
rail anal(e Idsl
3
Publi hed in '979 b\ Publi hill{~ Ltd ~1emb("r (Impany o[th(" George Philip Group
o pre-y 1:.2
q
L.Al1l~
Acre. London \\"C2E
~LP
()p\ II_ht 19i9 O ... pn·~ Puhli,hing- Ltd Reprinted I ,HI IQ83. lCt84. Iq8:') f
Till.') !XMlk 1:-. ('op~ ru;htc.-d under the Berne Convention. All ri~hL'i reseryc.-d, .\part from any fair dealing- for the
purpose of pri\'3tt" stud~. research, criticism or re\"I("\\. as permiurd under the Copyright Act. 1956, no part of lhis publication may be reproduced. slorro in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by ally means, dc-orollie, elfftrical, chemicaJ, mechanical, optical, photocopying-, recording or othen-vise, \..;ithout the prior JX'nnission of the copyright owner. Enquiries hould br- addressl'd to the Publishers.
FilmseL by BAS Printers Limited, OVe-f \Yallop, Hampshire Printrd in Hong Kong The author would like to express his gratitude to the staffs ofthr ~lust"(" de I'Armee, Paris, and the :\ational Ann\' ~lu cum, London; Jean and M. Ie Baron dl' Gerlache de Gom("ry; Caroline Lederer and Chris Brennan. Particular mrntion ..hould be madr of Lucien Rous:-.e1ot's Annitfran(ai.u, which provided the main source material for the illustrations and body copy on marshals' dress, and Brigadier Peter Youm(s '·apolton'J .\fanhaiJ. which yielded the majority ofth(" marshah' biOWaphio.
'\apoleon boasted to the Consfil d"Elal. " 'ot one of my marshals has the makings of a commanderin-chief, and he was doubtless ri~ht sa\'e in the case of his honorary marshals, who had proven •Thf hislory oj Ihf marshalalf oj Frana is Ihf hiIlory of their ability as army leaders durin~ the Re\'Frana herself in its most noble a\ptct.' olutionary "Tars. for that capacity wa~ the last J. Brunon thinll he soullht from his subordinates. '\apoleon's .OUT-aauslam,d 10 obrying. [Ihf marshals jlackfd a spml method of command \\:as such that he expected his ojinillOliu. and. as faT!! as 1809.lh,)" /L'fT( l('fary oj Ihal marshals to obey, not initiate; and he slowly and obtdima u·hilt silmlly cursing their m(JJln-.· deliberately set out to ensure that his senior officers became merely blind agents who executed his ,J-C Quenn"at orders without hesitation, discussion or personal The rank ofMarshal of France was first introdueed opinion. 'Confine yourself strictl) to the orders 1 in 104-7 and ran continuously until the Con\'cntion. shall be sending' you: executc my instructions when. with popular feelinll being sueh that the punctually; e\'eryone must hold themsel\'cs in status inherem in the rank wem against the ~rain of readiness and sta) at their p August. Piqued by a proclamaLion which Bel'· nadoue made to his troops, :\apoleon summoned him to \'ienna, where he a~ain dismissed him. Relinquished his
1810:
181:l:
,813:
J-..-BapUllte.Jules BERNAOOTr~ 1763-18+1. Bernadotte wall a finn, re$Olute and very capable fDan wbo i frequently naligned. for declaring war on France in 1813' He bad been adopted by the King of Sweden, Charl_ xm, in 1810, and, ali Crown Prince, took his role seriously, leaving bdUnd hD identity ali a Fn!:ncb general and adopting that ofa future bead of tate. When Napoleon invaded. Swedish Pomerania in 1812., Bernadone concluded an anniBtic:e with the TAr of Russia, wbo ceded him. Norway, and in the foUowing year joined the Sisth Coalition apinst France. Becatne Charles XIV of Sweden in 1818, from wbODl the present royal fanilly ill descended. (Engr. after Kinson. Author's CoUection)
command. 2.j September. 21 .\ugust, elected Crown Prince of Sweden by the Swedish States-General. Adopted by King Charles XIII on 5 :\o\"ember. Followin~ :\apoleon's invasion of wedic.;h Pomerania. the Crown Prince allied himself with the Tsar of Russia.
to cede :\on.....ay to Sweden by the Treat)
ofKiel. qJanuary 181.j. BERTHIER Louis·.\lexandre Berthier. Pn"nu dt .,rochaltl rt l"altn,t:rn, Prrnrt d, rragram, 1753 1815. I
j'lg 18oj:
Brought Sweden into the Sixth Coalition a~ainst France and fought at Gross·
beeren, Dennewitz and Leipzig-. 11"1-
\'aded Holstein and compelled Denmark
1808:
:-linister of\1 ar and Chiefof Staff to :\apolcon and then the Grand, Ann;,. Chief of Staff to the Ann;, d'EJpa.~n, and then became .lfaJor-Gm,ral of the Grand, .-Inn;,.
5
,8og:
Temporary Commander-in-Chief of the .Innt, d·.l/lmza.~n,. ,810 1+: Chief of Staff to the Grand, Annie. FollO\ving abdication, became capita;,zt of the 5"n, Cit. du Gard, du Corps R~I'al" I June. a peer of France, + June, and a commander of Smllt-Louis. :25 September. ,8'5: E coned Louis X\'III to Ghent at beliinnin~ of Hundred Day~. then retired to Bam I>crli' \\ l>ere he died, fallinli from a window in unknown
circums{anc~ on I
June. BESSIERES Jean-Baptiste Be"ii'res, Due d'/slne, '768-,8'3.
1806: , 807:
,808;
,80g:
6
Became a ~larshal of France. Ig :\lay, Grand Officer of the Legion of Honour and commander of its 3rd Cohon, 14June, and then Colonrl-Ctntral of the cavalry of the Imperial Guard, 20July . .\warded the Grand Eagle of the Leliion of Honour and became Commander orthe Order of the Couronn, d, Fer of Lombardy , 2 FebruaC). Fought at Austerlitz. Foughl alJena and Biezun. FOUlihl at Eylau and Friedland. Awarded the Grand Cross of the Order of St Henry of Saxony, the Grand Cross of Christ of Portugal and the Golden Ealile of \\'urtlemberg. Became Ambaned to the Emperor upon his return and became Governor of Pro\"ence and commander of the 8th ~1ilitan Di\"ision, in place of ~lassena. I I April. then commander of the Corps d'Obunatioll du J'ar, '7 April. '\Iade a peer of Fram'e, 2 June. Occupied Toulon ulllillhe end of July when, following a roval order for his arrest, he was murdered by a mob of royalists at A\"ignon on his wa, to Paris.
GuillaUIDe-Marie-Anne BRUNE, 1763-1815. A brave and efficient 5Oldier. Brune bad joined the ~ u late u 17&9. forsakinS his ~ a.tiii journalist for the NatioaaJ Guard of Pam, aftu 'Which he enjoyed a rnet~ric rise to Marshal and Governor of the Hanseatic Cities, 1806. Ironically, be was lDurdered by a group ofultra_royalUots at Avignon durinS the Terrev.r Blaru:lu, August 181s. despite the fact that he was one ofthe En:tperor'!ii per.ofta ftoftKra'a generals-di graced froID 1806 to 1814 for sraft.
Jean-Baptiste BESSIERES, 1768-181). An old and close friftld of the En:tperor'5, Bessie-res was a sifted cavalry coounander, a lDed.iocre COrp5 coDUDander, but a !iitrong if' rather CODservative leader of lDeD. As Colcnu.l-GhUral of the Cavalry of the Guard, he is usually depicted 'Wearing the uniform of the Cluusev.r. 4 Cluwal, an option on the regulation D1arShala' garb be 'Would doubtless have WOnt for state occasiona. He rode into the path of a cannonball, 'Which killed him. outright, at Rippach, near Weissenfels, on the eve ofthe battle ofLiit:r:en, I May 1813. (Engr. after Le Bel. Author's CoUection)
BRLJ:\E Guillaume-'\Iarie-.\nne Brune, '763 ,8'5.
,804: ,80y
,806: ,807:
Ambassador to Turkey until, 7 December. Became a '\Ian;hal of France. Im'ested with the Grand Eagle of lhe Legion of Honour. Became GO\'ernor-General of the Hanseatic Cities, 15 December. .\ppointed commander of the Corp, d'Obsm'ation of the Grandt Am,it, 29 April. Follow in~ his seizure of the city of tralsund on '5 J uh, he fell into disfavour with the Emperor for his wording of the convention he had drawn up with the defeated Swedish Army, and was disgraced. 7
1807: 1808: 1809:
1810
1812:
1813:
18'4.:
1815: Louis Nicolas DAVOUT. 1770-1823. One of the E.nperors skilled lieutenants, if DDt: of the OlOS. universally disliked for his severity and rudeness, Davout was a truly great nlilitary leader: meticulous over detail, dlicil9.l, finn of character and as brave alii a lion. As Minister oeWar durin8' the Hundred campaign, be concluded the annistice with the invadins Allied powers on 3 July IBIS> We see him i.a fu.ll dress ri~8 ."nifonn. Note the aiguillenes on hU right shoulder. i~S hi. statuJ as Colorul-GeMr.t of the GrnuuJier• .. Pied of the Guard. (Ensr. Muller. Author's Collection) 01051
Dar.
DAVOUT Louis :\lcholas Davout, Due d'Aum/ild/, Princt d'EekmlJhl, llio 18'3· 180{:
1805:
1806:
Commanded the Camp d, Bragrs. Promoted ~larshal of France, 19 ~lay, and Calon,lC","al of the Imperial Guard. Awarded the Grand Eagle of the Legion of Honour, 2June. Appointed commander of the 111 Corps of the Crand, Anni, and fought at ~larienzell and Austerlitz. Fought at Jena-Auerstadt and Eylau, where he was severe!\'-, wounded.
8
I
Appointed Governor-General of the Grand Duchy of Warsaw, ISJuly. Became Duke ofAuerstadt, .8 March, and commanded the Arm" du Rhin. Commanded the 111 Corps of the Crand, ,Irm" and fought at Eckmuhl and \\'agram. Became Prince of Eckmuhl, 15 August. I: Held various high commands in Germany with headquarters at Hamburg. including commanding the Carps d'Obsrrra/ion d, I' Elb" Commanded I Corps of the Crand, .Inn" during the Russian campaign and fought at Smolensk and Borodino. Led the rearguard of the Crande Ann" from 19 October to 3 :\ovember, and fought at Fedoro\·skoye. Fought at Krasnoe and the Berezina. Defended Dresden, 9 to 19 March, then occupied Hamburg, 30 ~lay, from where he fought at Lauenburg, 18 August. Finally surrendered Hamburg, following the Emperor's abdication) on 27 ~1ay. Retired to Savigny-sur-Orge and played no part in the First Restoration. Became Minister of\Var) 20 March to 8 July, and a peer of the Em pire, • J unc, under the returned Emperor. Defended Paris throughout the Hundred Days campaign, defeating Blucher on 30 June. Finally ceded the city under the Convention of Paris, 3 July, and withdrew his army to the Loire, where, on 14 J ul), he surrendered to the returned Bourbons. Dismissed from ollice on '7 July and exiled to Louviers, '7 December.
GOu\'IO:\- A[:\T-CYR Laurent, Comlt puu Jlarquis dt Gout'ion- 'ami-C)'" 1764 1830 . 1804:
1805:
Became Coloml-Cmiral of Cuirassiers, 6 July, while lira/roan/-gmiral of the Corps d'Obsm'ation du Royaumr d, .\'aplrJ, Commanded the Anni, d'l/ali, during the
Austrian campaign and fought at Castel franco. Awarded the Grand Eagle of the Legion of Honour, 2 February. 1806: Appointed Commander-in-Chiefofthe lSl Resene Corps Camp d, Bou'o.~n" '5 December. 1808: 'en'ed in Spain, commanding the \'1 Corps, and fought at Rosas. Barcelona and :\Iolins del Rey. 1609: Fought at \'alls, 25 February. then laid siege to Gerona. Abandoned his command before lhe arri\-al of hi successor and was recalled to France in dis~ace. 1812: Appointed commander of the \'11 Ba\arian Corps of the Grand, .Inni" 8 Februan', and fought at Polol>k, '7 August. Assumed command of the I I Corp> of the Grand, Arm" in place of Oudinot, 18 August, and compleled the wounded ~Iarshal's \'ieto!). Became a ~1arshal of France as a consequence. Wounded at the second battle ofPolol>k and resigned his command. J813:
1814: 181 5:
Became military adviser to Prince Eugene. successor to the command of the Grandt .Inn" as from 24 janua!). Assumed command of the XI Corps of the Grand, Ann" in place of Augereau, ,6 Feb-
ruary, but relieved by Macdonald, 10 :\Iarch, owing to bad health. Commanded the XIV Corps of the Grande Anni{ in the defence of Dresden, 25 August, and the French centre at the battle, 26 and 27 August. Led the defence of the city from September to II :\'ovember, when he capitulated and \vas taken prisoner. Returned to France in June and made a peer of the realm, {june. Appointed commander of the army at Orleans, 19 :\Iarch, assembled to bar "apoleon's ad\'ance. Deserted by his troops in favour of the Emperor, he retired to Bourges, 2{ :\Iarch, and took no part in the Hundred Days campai~n sa\"c becoming a member oCthe Council
of Defence at Pari. Became :\Iinister of \Var in place of Da\'out, 8 jul\ to 25 September.
Lau.reat, Cornie and later Martpeis tk GOUVlON SAINT CYR,
J76f- J830- So.mething of an eccca.tric and recluse, Gouvion Sa.iat Cyr was a cautious COU1.m.nd~ whose advanCftnftlt proved low. He was a talented soldier, paintu and .music:i.aa, and a ca1.m and thoughtful co.m.mander. The iUUJit....tion depictli bUn in Jrtu: tunic, the JDaJ"Sbah' equivalent to the ftfrtONt. (Vemet. Author's Collection)
9
mont as Cololltl-GbJiral of the Chassturs a Ch,ral d, la Gard', 31 July. Commanded the II I Corps of rese,,·e cayal", 18 Janua')·, and wounded at BorocIino. Appointed commander of the Bataillon Sacrt during the retreal. Took no pan in the German campaign through ill-health. Became Commander-in-Chief of the caYal') of Ihe Graad, Anu" for the campaign of France and fought at Brienne, La Rothiere. \'auchamps. ~lontmirail, Troyes, Braisne and Craonne. Under the First Restoration, appointed inspector-general of chasseurs and lancers, 19July. Commanded the Anu" du Midi. Became a ;"'larshal of France, 15 April, and a peer of France, 2 June, under the returned Emperor. Appointed commander of the right wing of the .Inu" du '·ord, he fought at Fleurus and Ligny, and then pursued the retreating Prussians. thereb~ mis~ing \\'aterloo. but fi~htin~ at Gembloux and Wa\Te. With the Second Restoration, his name was struck from the list of Marshals, I August, and he went into exile in America.
F.mmanu~ MarqtLls tU GROUCHY. J'766-J847. Couunaoded the Fl"ftlcb invasion force asainst lrdand durins: the Rev· olutionary Wars and later devftoped into one of the finest heavy cavalry leaders of the Empire. Led the Ba,,nllox S.cri during the retreat fro:m Moscow. After Waterloo he fled in ~e to the United States bUI late.r. following the. genen1 a.J:D.ne5ty of J&u, renuued to France.
GRO\JCHY Emmanuel, .\1arquiJ d, Grouchy, 1766 18.17. 1805:
1806:
1807:
1808:
18og:
10
C.ommanded the Ind Diyision of the II Corp:; of the Gralldt Ann;,. 30 August. and fought al \JIm. Commanded the 1nd Di,·ision of Dragoons of Ihe ReserYe Cayal') of the Graude .Inu" and fought at Zehdenick and Prentzlow. Fought at Eylau and Friedland. ,\warded Ihe Grand Cross of the ~Iilita')· Order of Ba,·aria, 29J une, the Grand Eagle ofthe Legion of Honour. t3Juh, and made a commander of the Couronnt dt ftr. C.ommanded the ca,·al')· of the Anu" d'E,pagu, and suppressed the 'DoJ d, .\1q)'O' r,,·olt in ~ladrid. SerYed in Italy, commanding the 1st Dragoon Division under Prince Eugene. Fought at Wagram and succeeded ~lar-
JO\JRDA:-; Jean-Baptiste. Comlt Jourdaa, 1761 1833. 180{:
1805:
1806: 1808:
I Bog:
1811:
Became a ~larshal of the Empire and appointed, 26 Janual). commander of the .Inu" d'llali,. Awarded the Grand Eagle of the Legion of Honour. Retained command of the .Inu" d'llali, until 6 September. Became Governor of:\'aples and appointed as Chief of Staff to King Joseph. Became Chief of talf to the Anu" d'E<pagu" 17 July, and took up his appointment on 22 August. Replaced Lefeb"re as commander of the IV Corps of the An"" d'Espag", from 10 Januar, to 21 February. Engaged at Talavera and Almonacid, then returned to France in October. Became Go\ernorofMadrid, 8July.
Appointed Chief of Staff to King Joseph, 16 ~larch. Fought at Salamanca and Viuoria, following which he was recalled to France, 12July. Retired, 7 August, Recalled to command the I.}th and 15th ~Iilitary Di\"isions at Rouen. 30 Januan. \\'ith the return ofthe Bourbons, he was made a Ch,l'alier dt Sain/-LouLJ. 2 June, and appointed commander of the 15th :'\lilitary Di"ision, 21 June, li pon the return of the Emperor, he became a peer of the Empire, 2 June, then Governor of Besanc;on and commander of the 6th :'\lilitary Di"i,ion, -I June. ,\fter \\'aterloo, he rallied to the monarchy and pr~ided over the Council of\\'arthat condemned :'\la"hal , 'ey to death.
Jean-Baptiste, Cornie JOURDAN, 17fn-1833' We see the Manhal in full dress riding unifonn of • Conunandu-inChie~ 1804-0'7. Jourda.n fought under Lafayette in the Am.erican War of Independence, and later saw his 01081 distinguished service during the Revolutionary Wan. As a cornrnander. however, he was rather tiInid and belter suited to defensive rather than offenJiive warfare.. Napoleon therefore accorded him. only secondary posl5, but he found favour and ddtinction in later years as Governor of Le. J"v.litU. and Minisler for Foreir Affairs under King Louis-Philippe. (Author's Collection
KELLER:'\IA:\. ' Fran\'ois-Etienne Christophe Kellermann. Due de /'al"'..., I ;35 1820.
1&)6: Fn..D~irEtiftlne Cbmtopbe K.ELl.ERMAN, 1735-1820. Already thirty-four in the year of Napoleon'. b~ KdJcn:nann was the oldes-t of all the m.arsha1s, and fa.mous l~ bdo~ the Empire as the victor of Valmy in 1]92, for which be was honoured during the COUl"lie of the Em.pire with • dukedolD.. Under the Em.pire he was c:harKed with the Orp,niutiOD of all tUpoi. mi/il.ire. on French soil• • 5trictly second-rate appoiounent; but he was later more actively em.ployed, in 181], •• c:ouu:na.nder oribe Corp. tPOb.ervatiOfil d .. Rlti...
18'-1:
Became a :'\la"hal of France, 19 :'\la). Awarded the Grand Ea~le of the Le~ion of Honour. Commander of the III Resene Corp> on the Rhine. Became Duke on'alm), 3June. Appointed commander of th. CorpJ d'ObJmallOn du Rhin, 20 Januan, Appointed King's Commi~,ionerofthe 3rd ~tilitaT\ Dh'ision in ~lay. then became
II
t806:
1807:
t808:
18o~}' Jean LANNES, l'7fi9-IBog. Nickna.m.ed the 'French Ajax', LaDlu~s was an intrepid soldier and excqJtional conunander, though his courage n1ight have ~ot the better orhis cool head frOID tUne to tUne. Under the Consulate he had been Ambassador to Lisbon, during which time he a.m.assed considerable or lOoney by rather dubious mean.s. Mortally wounded at Essling, and buried in Le. INVGlith6. (AlI-thors CoUectioa)
um.
1815:
a peer of the realm and Go\·ernor of the 5th ~rilitary Di\"il;ion at Strasbour~, 4June..\warded the Grand Cro, of~aml Lou;J, 23 August. Became a peer of the Empire, 2 June, but took no part in the Hundred Days campal~n.
Jean Lannes, 180+:
1805:
12
DUf
Fran~ois-Jo>eph
LEFEB\'RE Lefeb\Te, Du(
dr
DanJ;;;g.
175.1 1820.
18oG:
LA:\:\ES dt .\fonltbtllo, t 769 tBog.
Commanded the invasion camp of Amblcteuse when he became a ~la",hal of France. Awarded the Grand Cross ofPortu~al and, 2June, the Grand Eagle ofthe Legion of Honour. Commandcd the \' Corp, of tht., Grande Amite at Vim and Austerlitz.
Became a chnolitT of the Couronnt dt Fir, 25 Februal'\. Fought at Saalfeld, Jena and Puhusk. where he was wounded. Became ill and, in January, relinquished his command of the \' Corps of the Grondr •Inner. Awarded the Grand Cross of the Order of St Henry of Saxony. RecovCT"ed, he was appointed commander of the reserve corps of the Grande .Innet, 5 ~la), and fou~ht at Danzig, Heilsber~ and Friedland. Became Colanrl-Gmirol of the Swig" regiments of the Grand .Inner and a chn'olitT of the Order of Saint Andrew of Russia, '3 September. Became Duke of~10ntebello, I 5J une, then departed for Spain in OClOber. Fought at Tudela, but obliged to give up his command following a bad fall from his horse on 2 December. 20 December. took command of the sie~e of Sarago. ,a, which fell on 21 February the followin~ vear. Recalled to the Grandr .lnnet, he fou~ht at Abensber~, Landshut, Eckmilhl and Ratisbonne. Commanded the I1 Corps of the Grande ..Jnnee at Aspern-Essling, where he \\"3S struck in the knees by a cannonball. Died following amputation of his ri~ht leg at Ebersdorf[ on 3 I ~la).
,808:
Became a ~larshal of France, '9 ~1ay. In''c>ted with the Grand Eagle of the Legion of Honour, '1. February. Replaced ~lortier as commander of the V Corps ofthe Gmndr .Inner, , I September. Appointed commander ofthe infantl'\ of the Imperial Guard, 5 October, and fought at Jena. Commanded the X C.orp, of the Grandr Ann" at the siege of Danzig, 23January lO 2+ ~1a). Became Duke of Danzig. Commanded the IV Corps of the .Inner d'EJpagnr and fought at Durango, Santander, Guenes and Espinosa.
18og;
Commanded the \' II Corps of the Grand, .lrm;, and fought at Arnhofen and Eckmuhl. Appointed commander of the Ann;, du 7)'rol from ~1ay to October, and took Innsbruck. Commanded the infantry of the Old Guard during the Russian campaign and fought at molensk, Borodino, Krasnoe and the Berezina. Recalled to Paris, I I January, and retired. Resumed active service, commanding the Old Guard, and fought at Champaubcn, ~lontmirail and ~Iontereau, and then retired.
Fran~oi8--J08epb LEFEBVRE,
1755-1820. A tnediocre strategist, but ajust, humane and objective man who wdl-m.erited bis appoinbneDt a. Co/~I-GiKir.l of the InCantry of the Guard. He W_rt1 ceremonial full dress uniform.
~IACDO. 'ALD
j acq ues-Etienne-joseph -Alexandre ~lacdonald, Due de Tartn", 1765 18{0. 1807: I
Jacquu-.Etienne-JOHph-Ale-.adre MACDONALD, l76s1140. Under t.he Con uJale, MacdoD&1d was AnJ.b....dor to CopenhaKeD, 1801"""'03; but, £oUowinfl; hili pu;orm.ance On the W ~ in .Bog, he bec:a.m.e • %O.&TSha1. He was • capable tactician and adDJinilitrator. and admired for his intqrity and loyalty despite ba~ been a.m.ong the &rOup of narsbal. who pressed the abdicatioD OD the E.m.peror and thea nqotiated his exile with the Allies. (F.Dp-. [)donne. Author's Collection)
fidel of
Disgraced since 18o{, recalled >8 Februar\ to sclve the Ann;, d,. '·apl,s.
Bog . C".ommanded a corps under Prince
Eu~ene
and wounded at Pia\C, 8 ~lay. Fought al \ \' a~ram, whereafter he was for~i\·en his actions of 18o{ and. "july, awarded the rank onlanhal of France. lm'e>ted wilh the Grand Eagle of the Legion of Honour, '4 August, and became Duke of Tarentum, 9 December. 1810 I I : Sen'ed in Catalonia from >{April 18,0 lO 20 Seplember 1811. 18" : Commanded the X Corp, of the Gralld, .Inn;t in Russia and conduCled lhe si('~e of Riga, August to December.
13 -~
-- .... --
lSI.)'
France under the First Restoration, 4June, and then Governor of the :2 I st ~lilital1 Dh'ision at Bourges,:21 June. Esconed lhe fleeing Louis XVII! lO the fromier at the beginning of lhe Hundred Day:), but took no part in the campaign. \\'ith the eeond Restoration, he was appoimed commander of the .Inat, du Lairt, which he disbanded.
~IAR~IO. 'T
.\u~u~tc-Frederic-Louis\'jesse
de
~1armom,
Due
d, Ragult, 1774 IS5'2.
ISO.)'
Aususte-FrMerie--Louis Vietise de MARMONT, l744-.8~. Governor of the Wyrian ProvinCeti, Marmont was a Valli, grasping individual whose pride and greed could not tolerale Napoleon's paternal and patroniDng rule. He w~t over to the Bourbo.n.s in .8.", accompanying Louis xvm to Ghent during the Hundred Days. He remained true to the Bourbo.n.s and later foUowed Charles X into esile after the Revolution of .830. (Eagr. Johnson. Author's CoUectioa)
ISI3:
IS14'
14
\ppoimed commander oflhe Xl Corps of the Grand, Annt', 10 April. and foull;ht at ~lerseburg, LUlzen, BischofSwerda, Baulzen, Katzbach, Leipzil( and Hanau. Led the defence of the Lower Rhine from :"ovember. Oblill;cd lO retreal from Cologne as of january, he fought al ~lormam, Fenesur..\ube, .' o~ent-sur-Seine, Pro\·ins and Saint-Dizier. Became a peer of
Appoillled Colon,l-Giniral of Hu ars and ChaJSfurs, 1 February, and, :2 February, awarded lhe Grand Eagle of the Legion of Honour. Appoimed commander of Ihe I I ('.orps of lhe Grandr Anat', 30 AUl(uS!, and foughl at LJlm and Weyer. ,\ssumed command oflhe I Corps oflhe ,lnatrd'ltalir, 23 December. 1806: Became Go\"ernor-General of Dalmatia, 7 july, and raised lhe siege of Ragusa. ISOS: Became Duke of Ragusa, 15 April. ISog: Commanded the Xl Corps of lhe Grand, .Im,t, and fought al Gradschalz, Gospich, Fiume, Graz, \Vagram and Zna'im. Became a .\larshal of France, 12 july, and Governor of lhe lIIyrian Pro\"inc~ in October. ISII: .\ppointed commander of the VI Corps of the .Inat, d, Portugal in place of~larshal :\ey, 9 ,\pril, and eventually became Commander-in-Chiefofthe entire arm) in place of ~lassena, 7 ~Iay. 181:2: Fought at Salamanca, where he was ~a\C" wounded. Compelled to surrender his post as a con equence. Commanded the VI Corps of the Grandr Annif at Lutzen, Bautzen, Leipzig and Hanau. tS14: Foull;ht at Brienne, La Rothiere, Champauben. Vauchamps, ~1onunirail, ~Ieaux, Gue a Tresmes, Liz\", Reims, Laon, Fismes, La Fere-Champenoise, La Fene-Gaucher aod Paris. Sllr-
,815:
rendered his corps to the allies, 5 April. Became a peer of France, 4June, under the First Restoration. Commanded the Household Corps of Louis X\'lll in exile at Ghent, following the return of the Emperor. Struck from the roll of~larshals, 10 April. After the Hundred Days, returned with the King and, 3 Aug-ust, appointed a maJorgrntral of the Gard, Rqral,.
~IASSE:'\A
Andre ~Iassena, Due d, Ril'Oli. Prin" d'Essling, 1758-- 181 7. 180{: 1805:
1806:
,807:
1808:
,Bog: 1810:
Became a ~Iarshal of the Empire, '9 ~1a). Awarded the Grand Eagle of the Le~on of Honour, 2 February. Commanded the .Inlll, d·ltali, at Caldiero, 30 October. On I I December, he was given command of the V III Corps of the Gralld, Am'ft, but on the 28th was reappointed as Commander-in-Chief of the Arm) of :\laples. Took up his command at Bolog-na, 9 January, then invaded the Kingdom of Naples, seizing Capua, 12 February, and elltering Naples on the 14th. Directcd the I Corps of the Arm) of Naples in the siege of Gaeta, 26 February to 19 July. Led the Calabrian expedition as from August. Rejoincd the Grand, Am'l', 12JanUar), and replaced Lannes as commander of the \' Corps on 2{ February. Retired to Rueil for a well-earned rcst, '5Jul). Became Duke of Ri"oli, '9 ~larch. Commanded the [\' Corps of the Gralld, .Im,l, at Landshu" EckmtJhl, Ebersberg, .\spern-Essling- and Wag-ram. Be arne Prince of Essling. 31January, and awarded the Chateau de Thouars Deux-S",.,cs . Appointed commander of the.. Innl, d, Portugal, lea"ing Paris on 29 April and assuming his command at Valladolid on 10 ~lay. Led his arm) at Ciudad Rodrigo, Almeida and Busaco before finall) halting at the impregnable
Andre MASSEN~ 1,s8-18I,. As • general, M.ssena was wily, bold and tenacious, which served hi.In. well in the Peninsula and Austria.n ea.mpaigns. He was also • lecher (~oinS so far •• to take hU mistress, M.m.e Leberton., with hi.tn to Spain disguised as. soldier), a bare-r.ced plunderer, and • shameless tniser. The illUfitraoon show him. in full dress riding uniform., IBos-G7. (Author's Collection)
1811:
,8'5:
lines of Torres \'edras. \\'ithdrew his anny towards 'pain as from 6 ~Iarch and fought at Fuentl'S d'Onoro, 3 to 5 ~Ia\'. Recalled in di g-race. 7 ~la), and replaced by ~Iar mont. Appointed commander of the 8th .\tilitary Di\"ision at Toulon. Became a peer of the Empire, 2 June, and commanded the Paris :'\ational Guard, 12June to 8Jul).
15
:'lO:\CEY B<m.. \drien-Jeannol de :\to!1ce-y. Due de COntlthano, 17.1+ 18+2.
1807.
1808.
Became :'la"hal of the Empire. 19 :'la, (m'ested with the Grand Ea~le of lhe Legion of Honour. Appointed commander of the Corp. of Observation of the Coas", of the Ocean. 16 December. Led his corps to Spain, 9 Januan, and enga~ed successfully al La> Capreras and unsuccessfully at Valencia. Became
Duke ofC'<mel!:liano, 2 July, and
fou~hl
at Almanza and Lcrin, commandin~ the 111 Corps of the .Imltt d'E,pa.~nt; and
Tudela,
followin~ which
he directed the
siege of arago.sa for a time.
IBog q:
18q:
Eo~a~ed in
no milita,,· campai~ns, bUl held senior executive posts in Bel~ium
and France. Appointed '\[a)or-(,m"al of the _alional
Guard of Paris, 8 Janua". which he personally led in the defence of the cilv, notably in the fierce action allhe Barritrf dt C/ickr, 30 :'larch. Became inspectorgeneral orthe gendarmerie under the First Restoration and a peer of the realm,
181y
~
June. :'lade a peer of the Empire, 2 June. Following-the Hundred Days campaig-n. he declined to preside OWl' :'la"hal
Bon-Adrien-Jeannot de MONCEY, 1754-18f2. Moncey enlisted as a volUDteerin the Cluantpape-J"f_temat theaK"e of6ft~ and __ rved alm.ost continuously thereafter. rising steadily through the ranks and achieving the POllt of f.rt.qHcu.."'XhUrll1 ofthexnulGrnwrie by 3 December 1801. He was the cpitoIDY of an honCfi~ deunt and upright collUDander, holding many important posts UDder the Empire. but particularly distinguishing lilinltclf while personally directing the defence of the Barriere de CliChydur:t::e siege ofPariA; in 18'4. He went on to serve the Bourbons, . g the 6ddonce m.ore in 1&231 wben he led the conquest of Catalonia during the Spanish cunpaign, and becoming Governor of Lea l"lUdidea in 1633. (Author's Collection)
:'\ey's court martial and was depri\'ed of his rank and title and impri~ned for three months in the fonress of Ham. 29
of the (mperial Guard, 30 AugusL
AugusL :'IOR rI ER Edouard-.\dolphe-C'.asmir-Joseph :'Ionier, Dur dr '[rhi", 1768 1835. l8o+:
1805:
16
Became Colantl-Gm,ral oflhe Anillery and Marines of Ihe Imperial Guard. Promoted to Marshal of France, 19 May, and made Commandant of the 2nd Cohon of the Legion of Honour, 14June. Awarded the Grand Eagle of the Le~ion of Honour, 2 February, and made a chtl.'aIi" of the Order of Christ of Ponu~aL Appoimed [olollrl-Ginfral of the infantr:
1807:
Commanded a pro\"isional corps of the Gralldt Armtt, 7 :\'O\"cmber to 16 December, and fought at Durrenstein. Commanded the \'11I Corp> of the Grandt
.lrmer and conquered Hesse and Hano\"er, occupied Hamburg and Bremen, fou~ht
1808:
at Anklam and Friedland and laid siege lO Colberg. Became Duke ofTreviso, 2July, and given command of the V Corps of the Armte d'Espagnt, 2 October. Fought al Somosierra, 30 I'\ovember.
18og:
CO"ered Lannes' siege of aragossa, then fou~lll at Arzobispo wilh Smut, 8 Aug:ust, and Ocana, where he was \\ounded.
I
,Blo:
1811:
1812:
1B13:
181.1-:
1815:
Took part in the in\'asion of .\ndalusia. Fouglll at Badajoz and Fuentes de Cantos. Fought al Gebora and Campo ~laI()r. Recalled to France in ~Ia\". where he commanded the Young Guard. Foughl al Borodino and made GO\"Cn1or of ~[oscow. Commanded the rearguard of the Grandt .Jnn;t in the first day~ of the retreat and fou'tlll at Kra·moe and the Berezina, Fou~ht at Lutzen, Bautzen, Dresden and Leipzig. Became commander of Ihe Old Guard in December. Foughl in Ihe campaign of France al Lang-res, Bar. ~Iontmirail, Ch.heauThierry. Liz\. :\euilly-SI-Front. Craonne, Laon, La Fere-Champenoise and Ferll'-Gaucher, and defended Paris wilh ~larmont. Became a Chttalitr de Sam/Louis. I June, a peer of France, -fJune, and then Governor of the I {th ~lilitary Division at Lille, 11 June, under tht· restored Bourbons. Escorted the fleeing monarch to the frontier upon the return of the Emperor, rcvcrted to :'\apolcon and given command of the Old Guard. Fell ill at Beaumont and did not take part in the Waterloo campaign. Struck from the roll of peers of the realm bv the returned Bourbons, 24 July, then relie\"Cd of his command of the 16th ~lilitary Di\'ision, 17 December. He was, however, reinstated early in the followin~ veal',
~lCRAT
Joachim, Prince ~lurat, Grand-Due dt Bag t' de C1h s, I\.ingof:\aples. li6i" 1815. 1804:
1805.
Became Co\"ernor of Paris, 15 Januan. then promoted to ~larshal ofthe Empire. Became Grand Admiral and Prince, I February. and awarded the Grand Eagle of the Legion of Honour on the 2nd. Commander-in-Chief of the Ca\airy of the Grandt Am,;t durin~ the Austerlitz campaign, captured Vienna
Edoua.rd-Adolpbe-CasJnir.,.Josepb MORTIER, .768-IB:l5. An unusual ntanhal, in that he IIlaDaged to contbine both courage aDd a cool head in his exercise of couun.and. A c:al.m aDd methodic:al leader, be was also greatly loved in • penonaJ lH:nH by his fellow 1Dar5haJs for his friendly di.-positioa., and wa ~evou.s1ymourned after his death in .8:J5in the course of aD attnnpted assassination of King Louis-Philippe. The illustration depie:ts hUn in full dres riding unifonn. (Engr. Heinemann Author' CoUectiOD)
1806:
and fought at "·ertigen. Um. Amstetten, Durrenstein and .\usterlitz. Bet'ame a Grand DignitaT\ of the Order of the (ouronnt de Ftr. 10 February, and Grand Duke of Cle\C,-Berg on 15 ~larch. Foughl at Jena, Erfurt, Prentzlcm and entered \\'arsa\.. on 18 ..o\"(:mbel'.
17
Eng-ag-ed al Hoff, Eylau, Heilsberg- and Konil('berl(. 1808 •\ppoillled Lieutenant of the Empire in Spain, 20 February, and entered ~lad rid, 2+ ~larch. Suppressed the' Dos d, .\/a..Jo· insurrcClion, but retired from tht.' P('nin~ula on 15 June on the grounds of poor health. Proclaimed King-of:\aplt-,;, I ..\U~USI. and successfully besieged Capn. Defeatcd in an expedition against ·IClI~. Commanded Ihe Reserw Ca\'al" of the Gralldt .. lnntt during- the Ru. ian ('amp31gn and fou~hl at Krasnoe, O~trowl1O. Smolensk. TaroUlina. Borodino and \\'inko\\Q. 5 December, suddenh appen·e Corps ofthe Grandt An.,'t, 3 .\pril. Foul(lll at the Berezina. Fought with the II Corps at Drcsden and Leipzil(. Fought at Saint-Dizier, Brienne, La Rothiere, .\Iomereau and Craonne. where he was \\'ounded. Became GO\'ernor of the 2nd .\lilitary Di\'ision at ~Iezieres, under the First Restoration, Attempted to organize .resistance to the returncd Em peror at Chcilons-sur:\Iarne, 16 :\Iarch, then fled to Ghent to join the King in exile. Struck from the list of:'.la"hals, to April. Returned with Louis X\'II I, 8Juh, made a peer of the realm, 17 August. and a major-grntral of the Royal Guard, 8 September.
[TJlifOnllS flJld Accessories Due to lack of space, \.."e are confined to sketchingonly the broad outlines of the subject of marshals' dress; but the reader will find that many ofthe finer points of detail arc discussed in the captions. Nicola.s-Jean d~ Di~u SOULT, .J'9-.Bs•. Soult was a prudl!Dt and HD.Sibl~ c:omm.nd~r with a ph for O~tiOD and stratqy which shone during the "ules for the Pyrenees in 18.4- According to Napoleon h~ was on~ of th~ forftnost fitrat~tsof Europe, which is de"ta.hl~,but be waJi CU"l:ainly one ot th~ ablelit of th~ m.anbals. H~ ran MasHna a clO5e second in love of 1D0ney, and &lD&Ssed a fortune through bancUome annuities from satellite nates and plund~r. It U. bent Aid that Soult lacked initiativej doubtless this would have endeared hUn to the Emperor, but be was certainly not mort on a.mbition, and managed to become Minister of War to Louis xvm during the First Relitoration, and later MinUter of War and Foreign Affairs to Loui5-Pbilippe. He was th~ lut of the Marshal of.804, dyinS aged e:iB;bty-two, having held his "ton for forty.three years, for foar years of which be bad beftl one of oa.Iy foar M.ric"~KJt in F~cb b.i.litory-an honour bestowed upon hUn in 1B.t7. (Author's Collection)
at Espinosa, Cadiz, Somosicrra and the capture of Madrid. IBog: Fought at Ucles, Medellin, Alcabon and Talavera. 1810 1 I: Took part in the invasion of Andalusia and fought at Chiclana. 1812: Surrendered his command, 9 Februan,
24
Headgear .\laf';hals wore one of two forms of chapeau. The first was that employed in ceremonial dress: it consisted of a black felt cap and brim, the latter turned up at the front only, of the pattern de\ised for Princes of the Empire, ornamented with a loop of gold lace and a brace of white ostrich plumes. The second variety was utilized in all but court dress, and consisted of a gbzfral de diL'ision's bicorn with gold lace about the exterior perimeter of the brim, gold pulls in the angle>, a gold loop about a tricolor cockade, and a panacht of white ostrich plumes and whitc aigrt//t on tOP, The silhouette of this latter headgear altered almost imperceptibly over the years, becoming taller and narrower, the panacht ofostrich plumes eventually being replaced by a feather-stitch of white plumes about the interior perimeter of the brim. and the gold lace of the exterior perimeter orten being neglected altogether.
•
M.arat of thousands of men and horses.
he was robbed of his expected prize
when the British reached the sanctuary oftheir lines of fortifications, of which he had been cntirel) i~norant. As tenacious as he \.. . as cunning, )'lassena carcfulh reconnoitred the positions lor Aaw : riding with his staff from vantage point to vanta~e
II
:\fasscna had successfully led the .frmit dt Portugal Ihrou~h such actions as Ciudad Rodri~o and ,\lmeida, and despite Busaco, obliged Wellington's army continually to shonen its supply lines b\
..
resu.J.ations. The
duty, save that the stockings and shoes were obviously exchanged for French-pattern riding boot . We can He, however, that according to the official edict the.r,..Kd co"don u.spendiDS the Legion of Honour medal over the right boulder was removed to reveal the b.ud';~,. porl~-.r"'iw, a white leather erossbelt and frog iato which the marshals' cefflDonial sabre wu inserted. Note a.lso the use ofindigo blue breecb_ ia t::~e of white or buff'. (Bucquoy. Court_y De Gerlacbe de ery Collection)
retreatin~. But
Platt C: .\larshal .\lassina bifort tht Lints of Toms J~tdras, 1810
l&o.f
xr-d -ifonn~ .. c~ was little dif[eralt from that of foot
point with his superb telescope (pilfered from Coimbra Uni,·crsity, a typical ~lassena louch ,
probing the fortress for a loophole.
29 -
--
( / illustraH.~ a (apitamt of the b,gtfll(Un-Gro.t:raph,s in campai~n dre-s. 1810. The blghlieurJ-Geographes were cn'ated on 30 January 180<J as a nt'\\ topo~raphical branch of the regular Eng-incC'rs. The establishment consisted of four {olond~; four dlfJ\ d',J(adron: twenty-four (apitawt's dr /(,( (.'lanr; t\\ c:nt~ -lour (apitawn d, 2mlf Clauf; and six pupil/,J of the rank ofsouJ-lifutmant and under. The ma, s of manpowcr for the ranks was to be drawn from the pupils of the Ecole Po(r1eclmique. Their principal concermi were with sur\'e~ work and the prod union of map. of entire theatres of operations: a') such. thl'\ were staff offirers basically, forming a pool of
Full dress wUfonn, IDOunted duty,aet:ua.l wUfonn.1n contrast to the previous 1D0nochrotne plate this illustration depicts the hahituallDode of full dreu uniform. Note the differences: the ptnuadu of ostrich feathers ba.s been discarded froID the hieum and replaced by a white feathe.....titch liJ:Liog; the p-.d cordon of the Legion of Honour is still worn, and the OrnaDl~talnbre exchanged for a lDore businesslike personal modd; in place of the cerelDonial lutbit, a second habit, with buttons and loops for the epaulettes, i. employed; finally, the ulDilwr white or buff breoecbH replace the indigo pattern of the 18o.t regu1ation.s. (Buc:quoy. Courtesy De Gerlache de Gotnuy CoUec:tioa)
manpower from which the ,·arious corps or dh·isions dre\\ their respecti\·e chief of staff's requirement for his personal general staff. is ~lan;hal ~la~,ena, Commander-in-Chief of the .1nnee d, Portugal, in campaig-n dress, 1810 t t. ~lassena obstinately prowled outside the fortress lor se\'eral months. hopin~ for fresh de\·elopments. He questioned hie;, Portuguese staffofficers a~ to their
(,2 Regulation cape and greatcoat. Both the manteau troi6..qNllrt and the redi",fote were of similar pattern and colour to those of the ,fhUraMJt de division, i.e. plain indigo blue with em.broidered garlands ofintutWined oak and laurd leaves in sold about the collar an~ for the redi"fote, the cuft'"s. {Bucquoy. Courtesy De Gerlache de GolDery Collection)
30
Marshal Ney in two well-recorded v-tcoats. On the left we hUn during the Russian retreat in 1812, after YVOD'. 'MlIr.1ua1 Ney nut.ittUrX t~ rear,ru.rd of flu Gr_d Anny'. On the risbt we He the Marshal after Mciuomer' 'CarnIMip of F"aru:e, 11'4" (Bucquoy. Court"y De ~rlacbf' de Gomer')' Collectioa) Hoe
31
raised his sie~e in ~[arch 1811. He wears the marshals' equi,"alent LO the surtout, the !rac: an inexpensi\"e and comfortable campaign tunic. The turn backs ,.,."ould be identical to those depicted on ~larshal Suchel in Plate E. C3 is Count Prospcr d'Essling, aidt-dt-camp to Marshal Massena, 18og-1 O. Prosper was rvlassena's son as well as his ADC, a role in which he was first recorded the previous year, at the age of sixteen. Plait D: .\larshal Lannu al Iht sitgt
of Saragossa.
DrrnnbtT 180B-FtbruaT)' 1809 One of the first cities to become a centre of resistance to the French overlords after the 'Dos dt .\/0]0' revolt was Saragossa, ancient capital of Aragon. It endured two bloody sieges before finally falling to Marshals Lannes and Monier in FebruaT). ~lore lhan a third ofthe cily had been razed, and those structures that still stood all bore the scars of lhe extended French bombardment.>. Lannes was horrified at the extent afforce he was required to use in quellin~ the fierce resistance offered by' the ci,"ilian population of the city, and wrote: 'I have made a count of [Spanish] persons who died in Saragossa from 21 December to 21 February, the day of our entry into the city 54,000 people have died: it is inconceivable it is impossible that Saragossa should ever recover; this city is a horror to behold.' Lannes to Benhier, t9 l\larch tSog Marshal Soult in full eire. . wW'orm. of Coknul-GilUr.l of the CluaUeMr•• ~ d~ l. C."de, .8o.t-14- In thft.-dual capacity •• both m.arshal and coUnuu-,fi:rUr-..x., eert:aU:. m.arsbaJs bad the option ofeither unifonn. As cornnuu:t~r ofthe Chasstlu's, Souh was one of these and the above illustration is after de Rudder'. fa..mous pon:rai~ which DOW bang. in the Palace of Versailles. The uniform. u baDcally that of an officer of chasseN."s, with the ornanlenU; of m.anihal.' rank, including the aiguillettes of a colone/-,firUral of the Guard. The IDOS. unusual feature of the whole is the gold embroidery on hi.s white breeches. which, moufb confonning to the garland
DlOtll of • Dlan;.hal'. lace, .. uceptional on an infantry con:unander. (Van Hue:n. Courtesy De Gerlacbe de GoJDery Collection)
knO\"..led'te ofthe constructions: they had none, but pointed out that the Engli~h must ha\'c been \'CI") busy indeed to construct such formidable fortifications. '\\'ithoul doubt,' he replied, 'but it was not \\'ellinglOn that made the mountains.' His patience exhausted, his army near-starving, he
32
D I is an officer of lhe Itt Chtt'au-Ugirs Lall0,000 badl) wounded, includin!( thc' :'-Iarshal himself, 47 generals and 37 eolonek The gain was :l,OOQ metres of de,,'astated counlry~ide. The Russians, albeit with enormous casualti~, retired on their capital and still presented a unified army.
Plait G: .\larshal Berlhier 01 Imperial HQ, /8/2 /3 The Imperial Headquarters Qyarlirr-Gtneral Impenal comprised both the Emperor's ,\}Qljon Household and the Q.uarlier-Gtatral Army Headquarters proper. As Chief of Staff and .Ha)orGeneral ofthe Grande ..Jnnet', Berthier was in charge of the Q.uarlier-General, which consisted of the Elal.\Ia)or General Staff) and the department of the /Iltmdallt-General Commisariat , GJ shows ~larshal Benhier in campai~n dress, 1812 13. \\'e see the ~larshal in a typical campaign situation, his headquarters a com· mandeered peasant's dwelling, the floor littered "ith the rou!(h drafts ofa score ofdifferelll orders of the da~ to the man~ corps of the Grande . Jmlfe. ,\t this period staff work was in il:s infancy. but th(' even-da\ log-istic problems were enormous, Berthier's responsibililiIIntur cit' trUlllllot'\It dt 'I"n fiddt Iltmt CuirassiC'~, portant la l('nuC' I) IX dt la It:UtITO: d'l::.slllllfllt, EI, prnclant qu'un capil,une dr I'infanlrrie li'Rtrr, W>n aidC', fail \·C'ni . . elM infirmiC'n F Da\llUI lor dl.pulr a\('(" ."n Emprrrur la \rille dt la l».t..illC' de Bnrodilln. Ie- 7 w-pttmbrt 181l 11 porlt la capolC' r":lrmt'nt;urt d'un man-chal rt '\apolt-.m pont M>lI manltau /l:.... bl('n c"nnu I..C'I drlalls du m"hilirr de II. trnl(' de l'Emprrrur .Q11 authrnuqun. fknhiC'T Ir..\aillant darn Ullt mailon pa\sannC' riquwti"nn~ pt"lldant la dl' tl1ll a 1813. II porl(' Ie- fn.f, C'II" lIIl{UillrllM d'un maJ
C,
D LannN bri dC'T 8cla~ .. runll; von Sara~, Winler 180S--9 LannC'S OIl tra/l:1 dall JK'titr IlTnUr a pird. DI Itllt einen Offizier dtr IC'r Ch~aull-ltJlC'n L,lnC'irn dt la I--"lt;ion cit 1,1 \·i.slulr dar_ DiC'SC' FOrmatIOn bildel.. d ..n I\... m d..r Iklall;trullJ;C,kraftr und bMtand aU! vier InfalllC'riC'r'1{imrm..n lOWohl all drll L,lllun 0, Iltllt t'in('n !A'uln..m C'il\('r FU)IIiC'rkompaJ;Cnic dC'S IC'T R~illlrnt d'lnfam..riC' cI('r J..t1(i"n dar,
E Surhel fallt \tno.unde! bci Sa/tUnlo, ~5- Oltobrr 1811 l:;r !rolSj;t dtn In.('. For "'ird \ on tinrm ·I-rompo:ttr K'intr !l:elrtu('n 13tmC' CuiraMlrn /l:C'holfC'll. drT dtn hploc:hC'n F"rldanzu!l' dM Kri~('S in Spani..n traR;t. EI, dt..... til drr a.idt, ('"in Hauplmann dC'r Io:i,-hlbc.. alrnrtrn Kavallerir SanitatJauldal('"n h('"rbcirufl_ F l)a\\>UI clukutllTrl mil ...-innn l\.a.U
