Mushrooms - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

MUSHROOMS A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES J AMES N. ...

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MUSHROOMS A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Mushrooms: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-497-11074-1 1. Mushrooms-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on mushrooms. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON MUSHROOMS ............................................................................................ 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Mushrooms ................................................................................... 4 E-Journals: PubMed Central ......................................................................................................... 8 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 11 Academic Periodicals covering Mushrooms................................................................................. 26 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND MUSHROOMS .................................................................................. 27 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 27 Finding Nutrition Studies on Mushrooms .................................................................................. 27 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 32 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 33 CHAPTER 3. PATENTS ON MUSHROOMS ......................................................................................... 39 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 39 Patent Applications on Mushrooms ............................................................................................ 39 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 41 CHAPTER 4. BOOKS ON MUSHROOMS ............................................................................................ 43 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 43 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies.............................................................................................. 43 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers........................................................................................... 45 Chapters on Mushrooms .............................................................................................................. 45 CHAPTER 5. MULTIMEDIA ON MUSHROOMS .................................................................................. 47 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 47 Audio Recordings......................................................................................................................... 47 CHAPTER 6. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS .................................................................................... 49 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 49 U.S. Pharmacopeia....................................................................................................................... 49 Commercial Databases ................................................................................................................. 50 Researching Orphan Drugs ......................................................................................................... 51 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 55 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 55 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 55 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 57 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 59 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 61 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 61 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 61 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 63 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 64 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 67 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 67 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 67 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 67 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 67 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 73 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 73 MUSHROOMS DICTIONARY..................................................................................................... 75

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INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 107

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with mushrooms is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about mushrooms, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to mushrooms, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on mushrooms. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to mushrooms, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on mushrooms. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON MUSHROOMS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on mushrooms.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and mushrooms, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “mushrooms” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Hepatotoxicity of Herbal Remedies and Mushrooms Source: Seminars in Liver Disease. 15(3): 183-188. August 1995. Contact: Available from Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc. 381 Park Avenue South, New York, NY 10016. (800) 782-3488. Summary: In this review article, the authors summarize the hepatoxicity of herbal remedies and mushrooms and describe the clinicopathological features of induced liver injury. Herbal remedies discussed include pyrrolizidine alkaloids; atractylis gummifera; callilepsis laureola; teurcrium chamaedrys (germander); larrea tridentata (chaparral); casssia augustifolia (senna); viscum album (mistletoe); scutellaria (skullcap) and valeriana officinalis (valerian); and Chinese herbal teas. Mushrooms discussed are the Amanita species and Lepiota Helveola; the authors also discuss therapy for mushroom

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poisoning. The authors stress the need for improving the assessment of the true therapeutic effects and the toxicity of plants used as remedies. 1 table. 63 references. (AA-M).

Federally Funded Research on Mushrooms The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to mushrooms. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to mushrooms. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore mushrooms. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for mushrooms: •

Project Title: ANTIHYPERLIPIDEMIC EFFECTS OF OYSTER MUSHROOMS Principal Investigator & Institution: Abrams, Donald I.; Professor; Medicine; University of California San Francisco 500 Parnassus Ave San Francisco, Ca 941222747 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 15-SEP-2003; Project End 31-MAY-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Our primary goal is to evaluate the short-term safety and potential efficacy of oyster mushrooms (Pieurotus ostreatus) for treatment of hyperlipidemia in HIV-infected patients who are taking ritonavir, a protease inhibitor (PI) that is commonly used in highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). While PIs have conferred significant clinical and survival benefits to patients with HIV, some Pls (especially ritonavir) cause hyperlipidemia in many patients. Standard treatments for hyperlipidemia include the HMG CoA reductase inhibitors or "statins." Unfortunately, many PIs and statins share a common metabolic pathway that uses the CYP3A4 enzyme. Consequently, concomitant administration of ritonavir with most statins increases statin levels significantly, thus increasing the likelihood for adverse effects. Oyster mushrooms have been studied extensively in animal models and have been found to decrease lipid levels - a finding that has been supported by preliminary data in a study in humans. Although these data appear promising, we do not know if oyster mushrooms would have a similar effect in HIV patients with hyperlipidemia who are taking a ritonavir-containing HAART regimen. Nor do we know if there is the potential for significant metabolic interactions with ritonavir or whether the concomitant administration of ritonavir and oyster mushrooms increases the likelihood of adverse effects. We propose to conduct a single-arm, open-label, 8-week "proof of concept" pilot study in 20 subjects to determine if we can detect any lipid-lowering effects of oyster mushrooms in patients with HIV and hyperlipidemia who are taking Kaletra (a

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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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ritonavir-containing HAART regimen), to assess whether the concomitant administration of oyster mushrooms and such regimens is safe, and to investigate the mechanism of action whereby oyster mushrooms may exert their hyperlipidemic effect. We will test the following 4 hypotheses: (1) Subjects with hyperlipidemia will have a reduction in non-HDL-cholesterol during the 8-week pilot study; (2) Oyster mushroom will not alter the hepatic metabolism of Kaletra, thus not increasing its toxicity or decreasing its efficacy; (3) There will be no laboratory or clinical toxicities associated with the daily ingestion of dried oyster mushrooms; and (4) There will be measurable plasma levels of HMG CoA reductase inhibition activity. Data from this pilot study will enable us to determine if further investigation is warranted and, if so, to calculate a sample size for a randomized, controlled trial to evaluate the longer term safety and efficacy of dried oyster mushrooms for treatment of hyperlipidemia in this population. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: EFFECT OF MUSHROOM EXTRACTS ON PROSTATE CANCER Principal Investigator & Institution: Slaton, Joel W.; Urologic Surgery; University of Minnesota Twin Cities 200 Oak Street Se Minneapolis, Mn 554552070 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 20-SEP-2002; Project End 31-MAY-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Mushrooms and their extracts have been used for centuries throughout numerous Asian societies as an alternative therapy for cancer. Preliminary reports suggest that mushroom extracts can directly inhibit tumor cell invasion and metastasis through the regulation of proteases. Ganoderma Lucidum (Reishi) contain a number of bioactive compounds including triterpenes which can down-regulate MMP-9, a member of the matrix metalloprotease (MMP) family of genes. Expression and activity of MMPs are a rate-limiting step in the control of tumor cell invasion and metastasis. Prostate cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths among men in the United States. While prostate cancer will respond to androgen deprivation, most deaths from prostate cancer are caused by metastases that resist conventional androgen-deprivation therapy. In the past 10 years several chemotherapeutic agents have demonstrated activity in up to 70% of patients. However, these regimens have not as yet been proven to improve survival. Clearly, there remains a need to identify novel therapeutic agents that will impact upon survival of this patient population. We hypothesize that the ability of Reishi to regulate MMP expression and to inhibit growth and metastasis of androgen-resistant and chemotherapy-resistant prostate cancer depends upon the triterpene content of the mushroom extract. To test this hypothesis, we will assess the ability of these extracts to inhibit mRNA and protein expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) of the androgen-resistant and chemoresistant cell lines. We will then study their inhibition of enzyme activity as well as cellular motility and invasion. Finally, the cell lines will be injected into prostate and femurs of athymic nude mice and then treated with the ganoderma extracts with different levels of triterpenes. Serum and tumors will be harvested and analyzed for changes in tumor growth and metastasis as well as for changes in MMP expression. Tumor response will also be correlated with serum triterpene levels. We believe these experiments will allow us to determine whether triterpene concentration affects the ability of mushroom extracts to inhibit protease expression as well as the growth and metastasis of prostate cancer. These results should provide preliminary evidence to determine which G. Lucidum strains should be evaluated in Phase I human clinical trials. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: GENETIC REGULATION OF MUSHROOM DEVELOPMENT Principal Investigator & Institution: Horton, John S.; Biological Sciences; Union College 807 Union St Schenectady, Ny 12308 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-2001; Project End 30-JUN-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): The long-term objective of the proposed research is to gain an understanding of the genetic elements controlling mushroom development, which are largely uncharacterized to date. In addition to their value as an agricultural crop, mushrooms are the source of many medicinally active compounds that inhibit tumors and microbial growth. The gene FRT1 of the model basidiomycete fungus Schizophyllum commune is able to induce the production of mushrooms (fruiting) when integrated into certain haploid homokaryotic transformation recipients. This inappropriate induction of fruiting is dependent upon the FRT1 transgene being of a different type or "idiomorph" than the resident version of this gene, suggesting a self/non-self interaction. Only one version of FRT1 has been examined to date. Specific aim 1 will focus on the isolation and characterization of an alternate version of FRT1. A delta-frtl null strain will be transformed by DNA from a "non-self" genomic library, looking for complementation. Comparative sequence analysis of two versions of FRTJ will guide mutagenesis experiments, exploring structure-function relationships and idiomorph specificity. It is hypothesized that fruiting in transgenic strains occurs in part because of Frtlp heterodimer formation, releasing an activator protein that would otherwise interact with monomeric Frtlp. Specific aim 2 will explore this possibility, using a directed yeast two-hybrid approach. Potential sites for interaction will be mapped by deletion analysis and site-directed mutagenesis. Specificity regions will be defined by testing of chimeric FRTJ constructs in S. commune. The goal of specific aim 3 is to isolate and characterize other genes likely to be critical to fruiting. First, FRT1 will be used as bait in two-hybrid screens of commune cDNA libraries to isolate genes encoding proteins interacting with Frtlp. Second, a delta-frtl null strain will be subjected to REMI (Restriction Enzyme Mediated Integration) mutagenesis to generate tagged mutants that suppress the null phenotype. Rescued flanking DNA will be used as hybridization probes to isolate wild-type genomic clones of the tagged genes. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: GENOME ANALYSIS OF CRYPTOCOCCUS NEOFORMANS Principal Investigator & Institution: Fraser, Claire M.; President; Institute for Genomic Research Rockville, Md 20850 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 10-APR-2001; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: (Investigator's Abstract): Cryptococcus neoformans is the etiologic agent of cryptococcosis, one of the most serious global fungal disease and one of the most common pathogens isolated from the central nervous system in the world today. It is clear that over the last two decades as immunocompromised populations rise, the explosion of cases of cryptococcosis in all areas of the wold have been impressive. The ecnonomic impact of C. neoformans on health care systems is overhwelming, since there is presently no cure for AIDS and costly life-long anti-fungal prophylaxis or maintenance therapy (once infected) is required for these patients. Because of prolonged maintenance therapies with anti-fungal drugs, isolations of drug-resistant strains have been increasing. In this application we propose to build upon ongoing efforts of Drs. Ron Davis and Richard Hyman at Stanford University to provide 4-5X sequence coverage of the C. neoformans genome to generate an additional 4X sequence coverage, assemble all of the C. neoformans sequence data generated at Stanford and TIGR and

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complete gap closure on all or most of the C. neoformans genome. We will then use a variety of computer methods to identify all open reading frames (ORFs) in the C. neoformans genome sequence and identify as many as ORFs as possible to proteins of known function. Once sequenced, the C. neoformans genome will be the firsts publicly available for a Basidiomycetes. Since C. neoformans is phylogenetically at the junction between some of the most destructive plant pathogens (such as smuts or rusts) and economically important food sources (mushrooms) within the Basidiomycota, interest in the sequence data will extend from the medical community to the agricultural industry. Because C. neoformans will be the model organism for all other basidiomycetes, it is crucial that a relatively complete genome sequence be publically available for other areas to build their sequencing efforts upon. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: INTERACTIONS BETWEEN PERCEPTUAL AND CONCEPTUAL LEARNING Principal Investigator & Institution: Goldstone, Robert L.; Professor; Psychology; Indiana University Bloomington P.O. Box 1847 Bloomington, in 47402 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-1999; Project End 31-MAY-2004 Summary: People show a remarkable ability to learn new concepts. Children learn to classify some animals as dogs, some foods as candy, and some people as relatives, Specialized experts learn to classify some mushrooms as poisonous, some tumors as malignant, and some wines as Bordeauxs. The proposed experiments and model explore how people learn new concepts. The central thesis is that concept learning often changes how objects are organized into features. We may build our concepts from the perceptual features of objects, but the concepts that we build in turn influence what we see as the features. The aim of the proposal is to provide a formal account of the interactions between conceptual and perceptual learning. The first series of experiments explores the mechanisms by which concept learning alters descriptions of the objects to be categorized. Particular emphasis is given to selective attention, unitization (integrating originally separate sources of information), and dimensionalization (isolating originally fused sources of information). The second series of experiments uses established and new operational definitions of features to quantify the influence of concept learning on object organization. A neural network model of concept learning is proposed. In this model, the concepts to be acquired alter the perceptual features used for categorization. Rather than assuming that fixed perceptual features are combined to determine categorization rules, this model allows for a mutual and simultaneous influence between concepts and perception. Medical professionals are often required to learn new concepts (e.g., malignant tumor, eczema, and Parkinson's disease). Many of these concepts have a strongly perceptual basis. An understanding of how perceptual concepts are learned, and how perceptual adaptation supports concept learning, could help to more effectively train medical professionals. More generally, the experimental results provide a framework for understanding expert/novice differences, for applying results on neural plasticity to behavior, for establishing training regimes for improving perceptual abilities, and for refining educational procedures that involve teaching concepts with a strong perceptual component. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “mushrooms” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for mushrooms in the PubMed Central database: •

2,3-trans-3,4-trans-3,4-Dihydroxy-L-proline: An amino acid in toxic peptides of Amanita virosa mushrooms. by Buku A, Faulstich H, Wieland T, Dabrowski J.; 1980 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=349399

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Abr1, a Transposon-Like Element in the Genome of the Cultivated Mushroom Agaricus bisporus (Lange) Imbach. by Sonnenberg AS, Baars JJ, Mikosch TS, Schaap PJ, Van Griensven LJ.; 1999 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=91503

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Ancient and Recent Patterns of Geographic Speciation in the Oyster Mushroom Pleurotus Revealed by Phylogenetic Analysis of Ribosomal DNA Sequences. by Vilgalys R, Sun BL.; 1994 May 10; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=43833

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Application of Siderotyping for Characterization of Pseudomonas tolaasii and "Pseudomonas reactans" Isolates Associated with Brown Blotch Disease of Cultivated Mushrooms. by Munsch P, Geoffroy VA, Alatossava T, Meyer JM.; 2000 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=92388

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Characteristics of a Hydrated, Alginate-Based Delivery System for Cultivation of the Button Mushroom. by Romaine CP, Schlagnhaufer B.; 1992 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=183048

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Characterization, Molecular Cloning, and Differential Expression Analysis of Laccase Genes from the Edible Mushroom Lentinula edodes. by Zhao J, Kwan HS.; 1999 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=91660

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Chemical Composition of the Edible Mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus Produced by Fermentation. by Hadar Y, Cohen-Arazi E.; 1986 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=239070

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Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.

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Cloning and Characterization of NADP-Mannitol Dehydrogenase cDNA from the Button Mushroom, Agaricus bisporus, and Its Expression in Response to NaCl Stress. by Stoop JM, Mooibroek H.; 1998 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=90910

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Comparison of the post-Chernobyl 137Cs contamination of mushrooms from eastern Europe, Sweden, and North America. by Smith ML, Taylor HW, Sharma HD.; 1993 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=202067

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Delayed Release Nutrient Supplement for Mushroom Culture. by Carroll AD Jr, Schisler LC.; 1976 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=169811

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Delignification of Wheat Straw by Pleurotus spp. under Mushroom-Growing Conditions. by Tsang LJ, Reid ID, Coxworth EC.; 1987 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=203859

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DNA amplification polymorphisms of the cultivated mushroom Agaricus bisporus. by Khush RS, Becker E, Wach M.; 1992 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=183035

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DNA Polymorphisms in Lentinula edodes, the Shiitake Mushroom. by Kulkarni RK.; 1991 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=183460

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Evolution of gilled mushrooms and puffballs inferred from ribosomal DNA sequences. by Hibbett DS, Pine EM, Langer E, Langer G, Donoghue MJ.; 1997 Oct 28; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=23683

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Genetic and Morphological Characterization of Cladobotryum Species Causing Cobweb Disease of Mushrooms. by McKay GJ, Egan D, Morris E, Scott C, Brown AE.; 1999 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=91068

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Growth potential of Clostridium botulinum in fresh mushrooms packaged in semipermeable plastic film. by Sugiyama H, Yang KH.; 1975 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=376576

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Hemagglutinating activity in extracts of mycelia from submerged mushroom cultures. by Banerjee PC, Ghosh AK, Sengupta S.; 1982 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=242134

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Identification of exopolysaccharides produced by fluorescent pseudomonads associated with commercial mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) production. by Fett WF, Wells JM, Cescutti P, Wijey C.; 1995 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=167311

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Inheritance of Strain Instability (Sectoring) in the Commercial Button Mushroom, Agaricus bisporus. by Li A, Begin M, Kokurewicz K, Bowden C, Horgen PA.; 1994 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=201660

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Inoculation of Scytalidium thermophilum in Button Mushroom Compost and Its Effect on Yield. by Straatsma G, Olijnsma TW, Gerrits JP, Amsing JG, Op Den Camp HJ, Van Griensven LJ.; 1994 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=201770

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Isolation of [gamma]-L-Glutaminyl 4-Hydroxybenzene and [gamma]-L-Glutaminyl 3,4-Benzoquinone: a Natural Sulfhydryl Reagent, from Sporulating Gill Tissue of the Mushroom Agaricus bisporus. by Weaver RF, Rajagopalan KV, Handler P, Jeffs P, Byrne WL, Rosenthal D.; 1970 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=283311

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Isolation of amoebae from edible mushrooms. by Napolitano JJ.; 1982 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=241999

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Isolation of Campylobacter jejuni from retail mushrooms. by Doyle MP, Schoeni JL.; 1986 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=238894

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Mannitol Metabolism in Lentinus edodes, the Shiitake Mushroom. by Kulkarni RK.; 1990 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=183295

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Pathogenicity of a fungus resembling Wangiella dermatitidis isolated from edible mushrooms. by Kazanas N.; 1986 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=238857

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Production and Distribution of Endoglucanase, Cellobiohydrolase, and [beta]Glucosidase Components of the Cellulolytic System of Volvariella volvacea, the Edible Straw Mushroom. by Cai YJ, Chapman SJ, Buswell JA, Chang ST.; 1999 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=91061

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Relative Numbers of Certain Microbial Groups Present in Compost Used for Mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) Propagation. by Fordyce C Jr.; 1970 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=376899

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Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms in the Mushrooms Agaricus brunnescens and Agaricus bitorquis. by Castle AJ, Horgen PA, Anderson JB.; 1987 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=203762

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Saprotrophic and Mycoparasitic Components of Aggressiveness of Trichoderma harzianum Groups toward the Commercial Mushroom Agaricus bisporus. by Williams J, Clarkson JM, Mills PR, Cooper RM.; 2003 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=165175

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Spoilage Bacteria in Canned Foods II. Sulfide Spoilage Bacteria in Canned Mushrooms and a Versatile Medium for the Enumeration of Clostridium nigrificans. by Lin CC, Lin KC.; 1970 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=376668

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The nucleotide sequences of the 5S rRNAs of four mushrooms and their use in studying the phylogenetic position of basidiomycetes among the eukaryotes. by Huysmans E, Dams E, Vandenberghe A, De Wachter R.; 1983 May 11; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=325929

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Two classes of homeodomain proteins specify the multiple a mating types of the mushroom Coprinus cinereus. by Kues U, Asante-Owusu RN, Mutasa ES, Tymon AM, Pardo EH, O'Shea SF, Gottgens B, Casselton LA.; 1994 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=160534

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Uniparental Mitochondrial Transmission in the Cultivated Button Mushroom, Agaricus bisporus. by Jin T, Horgen PA.; 1994 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=202005

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Use of the Mushroom Tissue Block Rapid Pitting Test to Detect Brown Blotch Pathogens. by Bessette AE.; 1985 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=238486

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with mushrooms, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “mushrooms” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for mushrooms (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

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210Po bioaccumulation by mushrooms from Poland. Author(s): Skwarzec B, Jakusik A. Source: Journal of Environmental Monitoring : Jem. 2003 October; 5(5): 791-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14587851

PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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A case of hand eczema due to mushrooms. Author(s): Korstanje MJ, van de Staak WJ. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1990 February; 22(2): 115-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2138966

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A private inquiry into the circumstances surrounding the 1972 death of John Gomilla, Jr., who died after allegedly consuming ten hallucinogenic mushrooms while residing in Hawaii. Author(s): Allen JW. Source: J Psychoactive Drugs. 1988 October-December; 20(4): 451-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3244067

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Abortion debate mushrooms in Italy. Author(s): Simpson VL. Source: Washington Post. 1979 January 14; : N9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11649081

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About the article of M. Pierrot et al.: “Intoxications by hallucinogenic mushrooms”. Author(s): Webster P. Source: Annales De Medecine Interne. 2002 May; 153(3 Suppl): 1S47-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12218884

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Abuse of indigenous psilocybin mushrooms: a new fashion and some psychiatric complications. Author(s): Hyde C, Glancy G, Omerod P, Hall D, Taylor GS. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1978 June; 132: 602-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=566144

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Acute renal failure after intoxication with Cortinarius mushrooms. Author(s): Holmdahl J, Mulec H, Ahlmen J. Source: Hum Toxicol. 1984 August; 3(4): 309-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6480007

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Acute renal failure following ingestion of wild mushrooms. Author(s): Mount P, Harris G, Sinclair R, Finlay M, Becker GJ. Source: Internal Medicine Journal. 2002 April; 32(4): 187-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11951934

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Allergic contact dermatitis caused by mushrooms. A case report and literature review. Author(s): Bruhn JN, Soderberg MD. Source: Mycopathologia. 1991 September; 115(3): 191-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1749402

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Allergy and toxicodermia from shiitake mushrooms. Author(s): Tarvainen K, Salonen JP, Kanerva L, Estlander T, Keskinen H, Rantanen T. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1991 January; 24(1): 64-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1999532

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Amatoxin poisoning from ingestion of Japanese Galerina mushrooms. Author(s): Kaneko H, Tomomasa T, Inoue Y, Kunimoto F, Fukusato T, Muraoka S, Gonmori K, Matsumoto T, Morikawa A. Source: Journal of Toxicology. Clinical Toxicology. 2001; 39(4): 413-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11527238

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Amatoxins, phallotoxins, phallolysin, and antamanide: the biologically active components of poisonous Amanita mushrooms. Author(s): Wieland T, Faulstich H. Source: Crc Crit Rev Biochem. 1978 December; 5(3): 185-260. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=363352

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An episode of food poisoning attributed to imported mushrooms. Author(s): Rose EK, Rieders P. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1966 February; 64(2): 372-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5948157

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Analgesic from mushrooms begins clinical trials. Author(s): Maugh TH 2nd. Source: Science. 1981 April 24; 212(4493): 431. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7010604

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Antioxidant activity of curtisians I-L from the inedible mushroom Paxillus curtisii. Author(s): Quang DN, Hashimoto T, Nukada M, Yamamoto I, Tanaka M, Asakawa Y. Source: Planta Medica. 2003 November; 69(11): 1063-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14735450

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Bioavailability of selenium in mushrooms, Boletus edulis, to young women. Author(s): Mutanen M. Source: Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 1986; 56(3): 297-301. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3781756

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Bioavailability of vitamin D from wild edible mushrooms (Cantharellus tubaeformis) as measured with a human bioassay. Author(s): Outila TA, Mattila PH, Piironen VI, Lamberg-Allardt CJ. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1999 January; 69(1): 95-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9925129

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Cardiotoxic protein from edible mushrooms. Author(s): Lin JY, Lin YJ, Chen CC, Wu HL, Shi GY, Jeng TW. Source: Nature. 1974 November 15; 252(5480): 235-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4472852

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Concentrations of 137Cs and 40K in edible mushrooms collected in Japan and radiation dose due to their consumption. Author(s): Ban-nai T, Muramatsu Y, Yoshida S. Source: Health Physics. 1997 March; 72(3): 384-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9030839

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Content and bioconcentration of mercury in mushrooms from northern Poland. Author(s): Falandysz J, Gucia M, Brzostowski A, Kawano M, Bielawski L, Frankowska A, Wyrzykowska B. Source: Food Additives and Contaminants. 2003 March; 20(3): 247-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12623649

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Differential diagnosis of poisoning by North American mushrooms, with particular emphasis on Amanita phalloides-like intoxication. Author(s): Lampe KF, McCann MA. Source: Annals of Emergency Medicine. 1987 September; 16(9): 956-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3631682

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Eosinophilia and gastrointestinal symptoms after ingestion of shiitake mushrooms. Author(s): Levy AM, Kita H, Phillips SF, Schkade PA, Dyer PD, Gleich GJ, Dubravec VA. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1998 May; 101(5): 613-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9600497

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Ethnobotany of psilocybin mushrooms, especially Psilocybe cubensis. Author(s): Badham ER. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 1984 April; 10(2): 249-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6539409

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Food-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis due to matsutake mushrooms. Author(s): Okano M, Sakuma Y. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1997 May; 136(5): 805. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9205535

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Freaky fungi in Japan. Authorities are tripped up by 'magic mushrooms'. Author(s): Hadfield P. Source: U.S. News & World Report. 2001 August 6; 131(5): 27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11499368

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From edible to useful mushrooms--an attempt for the new economical assessment of large fungi. Author(s): Lelley JI. Source: Acta Microbiol Immunol Hung. 1999; 46(2-3): 205-13. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10379390

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From mushrooms to molecular biology. 100 years of skin tumours with particular reference to cutaneous lymphoma. Author(s): Smith NP. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1988 October; 119(4): 487-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3056495

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Functional properties of edible mushrooms. Author(s): Mattila P, Suonpaa K, Piironen V. Source: Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.). 2000 July-August; 16(7-8): 6946. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10906601

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Functional properties of edible mushrooms. Author(s): Chang R. Source: Nutrition Reviews. 1996 November; 54(11 Pt 2): S91-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9110582

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Ganoderma lucidum (“Lingzhi”), a Chinese medicinal mushroom: biomarker responses in a controlled human supplementation study. Author(s): Wachtel-Galor S, Tomlinson B, Benzie IF. Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 2004 February; 91(2): 263-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14756912

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Gather ye rosebuds while ye may--but avoid the mushrooms. Author(s): Hoey J. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 1997 August 15; 157(4): 431. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9275954

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Hallucinogenic mushrooms on the German market - simple instructions for examination and identification. Author(s): Musshoff F, Madea B, Beike J. Source: Forensic Science International. 2000 September 11; 113(1-3): 389-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10978653

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Hallucinogenic mushrooms. Author(s): Schwartz RH, Smith DE. Source: Clinical Pediatrics. 1988 February; 27(2): 70-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3338231

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Hemolysins in mushrooms of the genus Amanita. Author(s): Seeger R. Source: Curr Probl Clin Biochem. 1977; 7: 15-21. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=562733

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Hepatotoxicity of herbal remedies and mushrooms. Author(s): Larrey D, Pageaux GP. Source: Seminars in Liver Disease. 1995 August; 15(3): 183-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7491502

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Honey with Psilocybe mushrooms: a revival of a very old preparation on the drug market? Author(s): Bogusz MJ, Maier RD, Schafer AT, Erkens M. Source: International Journal of Legal Medicine. 1998; 111(3): 147-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9587797

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Human heterophile antibodies recognizing distinct carbohydrate epitopes on basidiolipids from different mushrooms. Author(s): Jennemann R, Sandhoff R, Grone HJ, Wiegandt H. Source: Immunological Investigations. 2001 May; 30(2): 115-29. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11465669

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ICP/MS and ICP/AES elemental analysis (38 elements) of edible wild mushrooms growing in Poland. Author(s): Falandysz J, Szymczyk K, Ichihashi H, Bielawski L, Gucia M, Frankowska A, Yamasaki S. Source: Food Additives and Contaminants. 2001 June; 18(6): 503-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11407749

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Identification of unknown mushrooms: if it ain't broke, don't fix it. Author(s): Mullins ME. Source: Journal of Toxicology. Clinical Toxicology. 1998; 36(6): 637-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9776973

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Inhibition of human colon carcinoma development by lentinan from shiitake mushrooms (Lentinus edodes). Author(s): Ng ML, Yap AT. Source: Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine (New York, N.Y.). 2002 October; 8(5): 581-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12470439

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Intravenous injection of mushrooms. Author(s): Sivyer G, Dorrington L. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1984 February 4; 140(3): 182. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6694611

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Knowledge and utilization of edible mushrooms by local populations of the rain forest of south Cameroon. Author(s): van Dijk H, Onguene NA, Kuyper TW. Source: Ambio. 2003 February; 32(1): 19-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12691487

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Lethal ingestion of stored Amanita phalloides mushrooms. Author(s): Himmelmann A, Mang G, Schnorf-Huber S. Source: Swiss Medical Weekly : Official Journal of the Swiss Society of Infectious Diseases, the Swiss Society of Internal Medicine, the Swiss Society of Pneumology. 2001 October 20; 131(41-42): 616-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11820073

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Listeria monocytogenes septicemia associated with consumption of salted mushrooms. Author(s): Junttila J, Brander M. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1989; 21(3): 339-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2756345

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Low trehalase activity is associated with abdominal symptoms caused by edible mushrooms. Author(s): Arola H, Koivula T, Karvonen AL, Jokela H, Ahola T, Isokoski M. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 1999 September; 34(9): 898-903. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10522609

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Magic mushrooms: hope for a 'cheap high' resulting in end-stage renal failure. Author(s): Franz M, Regele H, Kirchmair M, Kletzmayr J, Sunder-Plassmann G, Horl WH, Pohanka E. Source: Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation : Official Publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association. 1996 November; 11(11): 2324-27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8941602

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Medicinal mushrooms as a source of antitumor and immunomodulating polysaccharides. Author(s): Wasser SP. Source: Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 2002 November; 60(3): 258-74. Epub 2002 September 10. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12436306

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Mercury in wild mushrooms and underlying soil substrate from Koszalin, Northcentral Poland. Author(s): Falandysz J, Jedrusiak A, Lipka K, Kannan K, Kawano M, Gucia M, Brzostowski A, Dadej M. Source: Chemosphere. 2004 January; 54(4): 461-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14581048

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Methanol extract of the oyster mushroom, Pleurotus florida, inhibits inflammation and platelet aggregation. Author(s): Jose N, Ajith TA, Janardhanan KK. Source: Phytotherapy Research : Ptr. 2004 January; 18(1): 43-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14750200

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Muscarinic poisoning from medications and mushrooms. A puzzling symptom complex. Author(s): Stallard D, Edes TE. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 1989 January; 85(1): 341-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2911548

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Mushroom plant workers experience a shift towards a T helper type 2 dominant state: contribution of innate immunity to spore antigen. Author(s): Saikai T, Tanaka H, Sato N, Abe S, Matsuura A. Source: Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 2004 January; 135(1): 119-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14678272

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Mushrooms and madness. Hallucinogenic mushrooms and some psychopharmacological implications. Author(s): McDonald A. Source: Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie. 1980 November; 25(7): 586-94. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6777029

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Mushrooms and philosophers. Author(s): Ruck CA. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 1981 September; 4(2): 179-205. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7031377

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Mushrooms and the lung. Author(s): Pickering CA. Source: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 1987 November; 80(11): 667. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3694610

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Mushrooms and the Yoruba people of Nigeria. Author(s): Oso BA. Source: Mycologia. 1975 March-April; 67(2): 311-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1167931

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Mushrooms in medicine. Author(s): Molitoris HP. Source: Folia Microbiol (Praha). 1994; 39(2): 91-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7959435

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Mushrooms, tumors, and immunity. Author(s): Borchers AT, Stern JS, Hackman RM, Keen CL, Gershwin ME. Source: Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine (New York, N. Y.). 1999 September; 221(4): 281-93. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10460691

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Mushrooms: enjoying your medicine. Author(s): Ger E, Angelucci JA, Coleman P. Source: Del Med J. 1997 March; 69(3): 149-51. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9110507

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Mushrooms: toxins right in your own backyard. Author(s): Muller AA. Source: Journal of Emergency Nursing: Jen : Official Publication of the Emergency Department Nurses Association. 2003 October; 29(5): 483-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14583729

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Mystical mushrooms? Author(s): Blackburn H. Source: Pharos Alpha Omega Alpha Honor Med Soc. 2001 Spring; 64(2): 20-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12517083

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Novel methods for identification and quantification of the mushroom nephrotoxin orellanine. Thin-layer chromatography and electrophoresis screening of mushrooms with electron spin resonance determination of the toxin. Author(s): Oubrahim H, Richard JM, Cantin-Esnault D, Seigle-Murandi F, Trecourt F. Source: J Chromatogr A. 1997 January 10; 758(1): 145-57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9181972

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Nurses' malpractice crisis mushrooms. Author(s): Mahrenholz DM. Source: Md Nurse. 1987 May; 6(5): 1, 4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3648418

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Occupational respiratory diseases resulting from exposure to eggs, honey, spices, and mushrooms. Author(s): O'Neil C. Source: Allergy Proc. 1990 March-April; 11(2): 69-70. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2338239

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Occurrence of pesticide residues in mushrooms in Northern Ireland, July 1997January 1999. Author(s): Mitchell SH, Kilpatrick M. Source: Food Additives and Contaminants. 2003 August; 20(8): 716-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=13129788

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PEGS: buttons, balloons, and mushrooms. Author(s): Harary AM. Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. 1997 June; 45(6): 538-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9199923

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Persistent psychiatric symptoms after eating psilocybin mushrooms. Author(s): Benjamin C. Source: British Medical Journal. 1979 May 19; 1(6174): 1319-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=571748

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Plants and mushrooms of abuse. Author(s): Spoerke DG, Hall AH. Source: Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America. 1990 August; 8(3): 579-93. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2201522

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Pleurotus mushrooms. Part II. Chemical composition, nutritional value, post-harvest physiology, preservation, and role as human food. Author(s): Bano Z, Rajarathnam S. Source: Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 1988; 27(2): 87-158. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3053051

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Plutonium and other alpha emitters in mushrooms from Poland, Spain and Ukraine. Author(s): Mietelsk JW, Baeza AS, Guillen J, Buzinny M, Tsigankov N, Gaca P, Jasinska M, Tomankiewicz E. Source: Applied Radiation and Isotopes : Including Data, Instrumentation and Methods for Use in Agriculture, Industry and Medicine. 2002 May; 56(5): 717-29. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11993947

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Poisoning by Amanita phalloides (“deathcap”) mushrooms in the Australian Capital Territory. Author(s): Trim GM, Lepp H, Hall MJ, McKeown RV, McCaughan GW, Duggin GG, Le Couteur DG. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1999 September 6; 171(5): 247-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10495756

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Poisoning by amatoxin-containing mushrooms in suburban New York--report of four cases. Author(s): Feinfeld DA, Mofenson HC, Caraccio T, Kee M. Source: Journal of Toxicology. Clinical Toxicology. 1994; 32(6): 715-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7966529

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Poisoning from accidental ingestion of mushrooms. Author(s): Barbato MP. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1993 June 21; 158(12): 842-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8326897

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Poisoning in children 4: household products, plants, and mushrooms. Author(s): Riordan M, Rylance G, Berry K. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 2002 November; 87(5): 403-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12390911

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Poisoning with plants and mushrooms in Sri Lanka: a retrospective hospital based study. Author(s): Fernando R, Fernando DN. Source: Vet Hum Toxicol. 1990 December; 32(6): 579-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2264272

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Poisonous mushrooms. Author(s): Lampe KF. Source: J Fla Med Assoc. 1978 March; 65(3): 184-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=565389

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Polyozellus multiplex, a Korean wild mushroom, as a potent chemopreventive agent against stomach cancer. Author(s): Lee IS, Nishikawa A. Source: Life Sciences. 2003 November 7; 73(25): 3225-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14561527

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Proceedings: Isolation and properties of two cytolytic glycoproteins from Amanita phalloides mushrooms. Author(s): Faulstich H. Source: Hoppe Seylers Z Physiol Chem. 1974 October; 355(10): 1191-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4477744

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Profile of alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes in ten patients poisoned by mushrooms of the genus Lepiota. Author(s): Parra S, Garcia J, Martinez P, de la Pena C, Carrascosa C. Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 1992 October; 37(10): 1495-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1395993

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Recovery from severe hepatitis caused by mushroom poisoning without liver transplantation. Author(s): Rengstorff DS, Osorio RW, Bonacini M. Source: Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2003 September; 1(5): 392-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15017659

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Renal failure after eating “magic” mushrooms. Author(s): Lindsay J. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 1993 February 15; 148(4): 492. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8489590

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Renal failure after eating “magic” mushrooms. Author(s): Raff E, Halloran PF, Kjellstrand CM. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 1992 November 1; 147(9): 1339-41. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1302482

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Repandiol, a new cytotoxic diepoxide from the mushrooms Hydnum repandum and H. repandum var. album. Author(s): Takahashi A, Endo T, Nozoe S. Source: Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 1992 December; 40(12): 3181-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1294319

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Soluble and insoluble oxalate content of mushrooms. Author(s): Savage GP, Nilzen V, Osterberg K, Vanhanen L. Source: International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition. 2002 July; 53(4): 293-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12090024

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Soma siddhas and alchemical enlightenment: psychedelic mushrooms in Buddhist tradition. Author(s): Hajicek-Dobberstein S. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 1995 October; 48(2): 99-118. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8583800

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Staphylococcal food poisoning caused by imported canned mushrooms. Author(s): Levine WC, Bennett RW, Choi Y, Henning KJ, Rager JR, Hendricks KA, Hopkins DP, Gunn RA, Griffin PM. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1996 May; 173(5): 1263-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8627083

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Study of mercury content in edible mushrooms. Author(s): Revel S, Livardjani F, Jaeger A, Lugnier A. Source: Cent Eur J Public Health. 1996; 4 Suppl: 49-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9167061

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The concentrations and bioconcentration factors of copper and zinc in edible mushrooms. Author(s): Alonso J, Garcia MA, Perez-Lopez M, Melgar MJ. Source: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 2003 February; 44(2): 180-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12520390

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The danger of hallucinogenic mushrooms. Author(s): Mills PR, Lesinskas D, Watkinson G. Source: Scott Med J. 1979 October; 24(4): 316-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=555819

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The most poisonous mushrooms. Author(s): Litten W. Source: Scientific American. 1975 March; 232(3): 90-101. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1114308

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The rising price of mushrooms. Author(s): Young RE, Milroy R, Hutchison S, Kesson CM. Source: Lancet. 1982 January 23; 1(8265): 213-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6119567

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The significance of the spores of the Basidiomycetes (mushrooms and their allies) in bronchial asthma and allergic rhinitis. Author(s): Santilli J Jr, Rockwell WJ, Collins RP. Source: Ann Allergy. 1985 September; 55(3): 469-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4037433

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Therapeutic effects of substances occurring in higher Basidiomycetes mushrooms: a modern perspective. Author(s): Wasser SP, Weis AL. Source: Critical Reviews in Immunology. 1999; 19(1): 65-96. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9987601

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Three edible wild mushrooms from Nigeria: their proximate and mineral composition. Author(s): Alofe FV, Odeyemi O, Oke OL. Source: Plant Foods for Human Nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands). 1996 January; 49(1): 63-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9139305

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Total mercury in wild mushrooms and underlying soil substrate from the city of Umea and its surroundings, Sweden. Author(s): Falandysz J, Gucia M, Frankowska A, Kawano M, Skwarzec B. Source: Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 2001 November; 67(5): 763-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11911648

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Treatment of persons poisoned by mushrooms. Author(s): Fournier E. Source: Curr Probl Clin Biochem. 1977; 7: 185-97. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=200403

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Trehalose malabsorption causing intolerance to mushrooms. Report of a probable case. Author(s): Bergoz R. Source: Gastroenterology. 1971 May; 60(5): 909-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5104075

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Tricholomalides A-C, new neurotrophic diterpenes from the mushroom Tricholoma sp. Author(s): Tsukamoto S, Macabalang AD, Nakatani K, Obara Y, Nakahata N, Ohta T. Source: Journal of Natural Products. 2003 December; 66(12): 1578-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14695800

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Uptake of cadmium, copper, iron, manganese, and zinc in mushrooms (Boletaceae) from Croatian forest soil. Author(s): Blanusa M, Kucak A, Varnai VA, Saric MM. Source: J Aoac Int. 2001 November-December; 84(6): 1964-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11767169

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Uses of mushrooms by Finns and Karelians. Author(s): Harkonen M. Source: Int J Circumpolar Health. 1998 January; 57(1): 40-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9567575

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Voluntary ingestion of Cortinarius mushrooms leading to chronic interstitial nephritis. Author(s): Calvino J, Romero R, Pintos E, Novoa D, Guimil D, Cordal T, Mardaras J, Arcocha V, Lens XM, Sanchez-Guisande D. Source: American Journal of Nephrology. 1998; 18(6): 565-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9845839

Academic Periodicals covering Mushrooms Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to mushrooms. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND MUSHROOMS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and mushrooms.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Mushrooms The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. Once you have entered the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “mushrooms” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

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Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following is a typical result when searching for recently indexed consumer information on mushrooms: •

New anti-viral compounds from mushrooms. Source: Stamets, P. HerbalGram. Austin, TX : American Botanical Council and the Herb Research Foundation. 2001. (51) page 24, 27. 0899-5648

The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “mushrooms” (or a synonym): •

A peek into the world of gourmet mushrooms. Author(s): Agricultural Research Council, Stellenbosch (South Africa). InfruitecNietvoorbij Source: Smit, A. Vegetables-and-Fruit (South Africa). (Jun/July 2002). (no.87) page 2123.

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Tolerance to ammonia in the common edible mushroom induced in vitro. Author(s): The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA Source: Romaine, C.P. Raid, L. HortScience (USA). (February 1991). volume 26(2) page 138-140.

Additional physician-oriented references include: •

A case of mushroom poisoning in Nigeria. Source: Oso, B.A. Bot-J-Linn-Soc. London : Academic Press. July/Sept 1985. volume 91 (1/2) page 295-296. 0024-4074

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A new fungicide for mushrooms. Author(s): ADAS, Wye, Kent (UK) Source: Fletcher, J.T. Mushroom-Journal (UK). (1983). (No. 129) page 336-337. edible fungi fungicides fungus control verticillium fungi

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Allosteric effects in norbadione A. A clue for the accumulation process of 137Cs in mushrooms? Author(s): Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie Bioinorganique, UMR 7509 du CNRS, Faculte de Chimie, Universite Louis Pasteur (ULP), 67000 Strasbourg, France. Source: Garaudee, Sandrine Elhabiri, Mourad Kalny, Daniel Robiolle, Celine Trendel, Jean Michel Hueber, Raymond Van Dorsselaer, Alain Albrecht, Pierre Albrecht Gary, Anne Marie Chem-Commun-(Camb). 2002 May 7; (9): 944-5 1359-7345

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Antitumor-active substances from mushrooms. Source: Mizuno, T. Saito, H. Nishitoba, T. Kawagishi, H. Food-rev-int. Monticello, N.Y. : Marcel Dekker Inc. 1995. volume 11 (1) page 23-61. 8755-9129

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Assays of the biological activities of two fatty acid derivatives formed in the edible mushrooms cantharellus cibarius and C. tubaeformis as a response to injury. Source: Anke, H Morales, P Sterner, O Planta-Med. 1996 April; 62(2): 181-3 0032-0943

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Auxotrophic mutants of edible mushrooms, Pholiota nameko and Pleurotus cornucopiae var. citrinopileatus. Author(s): Hokkaido Univ., Sapporo (Japan). Faculty of Agriculture Source: Yokono, T. Ohmasa, M. Miura, K. Kayama, T. Journal-of-the-Japan-WoodResearch-Society (Japan). (September 1988). volume 34(9) page 765-768. edible fungi pleurotus mutants mutagens nutrient uptake 0021-4795

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Benzoylphenylurea insecticides [Toxicity to human, birds, fish residues in animal tissues, mushrooms, plant protection]. Source: Maas, W. Hes, R. van Grosscurt, A.C. Deul, D.H. Chem-PflanzenschutzSchhadlingsbekhampfungsmittel. Berlin, W. Ger. : Springer. 1981. volume 6 page 423470.

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Bioactive biomolecules of mushrooms: food function and medicinal effect of mushroom fungi. Source: Mizuno, T. Food-rev-int. Monticello, N.Y. : Marcel Dekker Inc. 1995. volume 11 (1) page 7-21. 8755-9129

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Biologically active components of poisonous mushrooms. Source: Konno, K. Food-rev-int. Monticello, N.Y. : Marcel Dekker Inc. 1995. volume 11 (1) page 83-107. 8755-9129

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Biotechnological applications and potential of wood-degrading mushrooms of the genus Pleurotus. Author(s): Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology and The Otto Warburg Center for Biotechnology in Agriculture, Faculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Quality Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel. Source: Cohen, R Persky, L Hadar, Y Appl-Microbiol-Biotechnol. 2002 April; 58(5): 58294 0175-7598

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Botulism associated with home-preserved mushrooms. Source: CDR-Weekly (United Kingdom). (1998). volume 8(18) page 159-162. mankind herpetoviridae viroses human diseases immunodeficiency

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Ceramide constituents from five mushrooms. Author(s): Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan. Source: Yaoita, Y Kohata, R Kakuda, R Machida, K Kikuchi, M Chem-Pharm-Bull(Tokyo). 2002 May; 50(5): 681-4 0009-2363

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Comparison of the antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of twenty unsaturated sesquiterpene dialdehydes from plants and mushrooms. Author(s): Department of Biotechnology, University of Kaiserslautern, Federal Republic of Germany. Source: Anke, H Sterner, O Planta-Med. 1991 August; 57(4): 344-6 0032-0943

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Cultivation of oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus spp.): evaluations of different media and organic substrates. Source: Gibriel, A.Y. Ahmed, M. Rasmy, N. Rizk, I. Abdel Rehem, N.S. Mushroom biology and mushroom products proceedings of the 2nd International Conference, June 9-12, 1996, University Park, Pennsylvania /. University Park, PA : Pennsylvania State University; [S.l.] : World Society for Mushroom Biology and Mushroom Products, c1996. page 415-421. ISBN: 1883956013

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Disinfestation of wheat germ, wheat, and dried mushrooms by irradiation. Source: Kovacs, E. Kiss, I. Kuroli, G. Radiation disinfestation of food and agricultural products : proceedings of an international conference, Honolulu, Hawaii, November 1418, 1983 / edited by James H. Moy. Honolulu : Hawaii Institute of Tropical Agric. & Human Resources, Univolume of Hawaii, Manoa, 1985. page 189-198.

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Early detection of amatoxins in human mushroom poisoning. Source: Homann, J. Rawer, P. Bleyl, H. Matthes, K.J. Heinrich, D. Arch-Toxicol. Berlin, W. Ger. : Springer. October 1986. volume 59 (3) page 190-191. 0340-5761

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Effects of a mushroom mycelium extract on the treatment of prostate cancer. Author(s): Department of Urology, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California 95817, USA. Source: deVere White, R W Hackman, R M Soares, S E Beckett, L A Sun, B Urology. 2002 October; 60(4): 640-4 1527-9995

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Farm-grown mushrooms (Agaricus campestris) in the diet of rats do not affect plasma and liver cholesterol concentrations. Author(s): Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, The Netherlands. Source: Beynen, A C Fielmich, A M Lemmens, A G Terpstra, A H Nahrung. 1996 December; 40(6): 343-5 0027-769X

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First aid: poisonous plants and mushrooms. Source: Ayotte, E. Soden, M. comp. Publ-Univ-Alaska-Coop-Ext-Serv-Div-StatewideServolume Fairbanks : The Services. June 1985. (A-00129) 7 page

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Glycoinositolphosphosphingolipids (basidiolipids) of higher mushrooms. Author(s): Abteilung fur Zellulare und Molekulare Pathologie, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany. [email protected] Source: Jennemann, R Geyer, R Sandhoff, R Gschwind, R M Levery, S B Grone, H J Wiegandt, H Eur-J-Biochem. 2001 March; 268(5): 1190-205 0014-2956

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Grading of mushrooms using a machine vision system. Source: Heinemann, P.H. Hughes, R. Morrow, C.T. Sommer, H.J. III. Beelman, R.B. Wuest, P.J. Trans-ASAE. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers 1958-. Sept/October 1994. volume 37 (5) page 1671-1677. 0001-2351

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Health foods and medicinal usages of mushrooms. Source: Mizuno, T. Sakai, T. Chihara, G. Food-rev-int. Monticello, N.Y. : Marcel Dekker Inc. 1995. volume 11 (1) page 69-81. 8755-9129

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Infrared analysis of Macedonian mushroom dietary fibre. Author(s): Institute of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Vodnjanska 17, 1000 Skopje, Republic of Macedonia. [email protected] Source: Petrovska, B B Kulevanova, S Stefov, V Nahrung. 2002 August; 46(4): 238-9 0027769X

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Inhibition of mushroom-tyrosinase by Aloe extract. Source: Yagi, A. Kanbara, T. Morinobu, N. Plant-Med-J-Med-Plant-Res. Stuttgart, W. Ger. : Georg Thieme Verlag. 1987. volume 53 (6) page 515-517. 0032-0943

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Lead and cadmium content of some edible mushrooms. Source: Zurera Cosano, G. Rincon Leon, F. Pozo Lora, R. J-Food-Qual. Trumbull, Conn. : Food & Nutrition Press. 1988. volume 10 (5) page 311-317. 0146-9428

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Mushroom lectins. Source: Kawagishi, H. Food-rev-int. Monticello, N.Y. : Marcel Dekker Inc. 1995. volume 11 (1) page 63-68. 8755-9129

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New sterols and triterpenoids from four edible mushrooms. Author(s): Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan. Source: Yaoita, Y Matsuki, K Iijima, T Nakano, S Kakuda, R Machida, K Kikuchi, M Chem-Pharm-Bull-(Tokyo). 2001 May; 49(5): 589-94 0009-2363

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New sterols from two edible mushrooms, Pleurotus eryngii and Panellus serotinus. Author(s): Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan.

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Source: Yaoita, Y Yoshihara, Y Kakuda, R Machida, K Kikuchi, M Chem-Pharm-Bull(Tokyo). 2002 April; 50(4): 551-3 0009-2363 •

Nutrient distribution and zinc bioavailability. Estimation in some tropical edible mushrooms. Author(s): Ondo State University, Biochemistry Department, Ado Ekiti, Nigeria. Source: Ola, F L Oboh, G Nahrung. 2001 February; 45(1): 67-8 0027-769X

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Nutrition from mushrooms, understanding and reconciling available data. Author(s): International Journal of Mushroom Sciences, Berkeley (USA) Source: Kurtzman, R.H.Jr. Mycoscience (Japan). (July 1997). volume 38(2) page 247-253. agaricus bisporus lentinus edodes pleurotus ostreatus human nutrition pleurotus sajor caju edible fungi 1340-3540

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Pentachlorophenol (P.C.P.) exposure--an occupational health hazard in mushroom growing. Source: Chapman, J.C. Higgins, V.R. Simpson, G.R. Siyali, D.S. Proceedings of the Eleventh International Scientific Congress on the Cultivation of Edible Fungi, Australia, 1981 / edited by N.G. Nair, A.D. Clift. Sydney : [s.n.], 1981. volume 1 page 621-630.

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Perspectives on the cultivation of edible mushrooms in Korea. Author(s): National Inst. of Agricultural Science and Technology, RDA, Suweon (Korea Republic). Division of Applied Microbiology Source: Kim, G.P. Journal-of-Anhui-Agricultural-University (China). Anhui Nongye Daxue Xuebao (China). (July 1999). volume 26(3) page 245-251. edible fungi drug plants species cultivation plant production koera republic 1000-2197

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Physiological differences of soluble and insoluble dietary fibre fractions of brown algae and mushrooms in pepsin activity in vitro and protein digestibility. Author(s): Nagoya Municipal Women' s Junior College, Nagoya (Japan) Source: Horie, Y. Sugase, K. Horie, K. Asia-Pacific-Journal-of-Clinical-Nutrition (United Kingdom). (1995). volume 4(2) page 251-255.

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Place and role of cultivated mushrooms as a source of proteins for man in the year 2000 AD. Place et role des champignons cultives comme source de proteines humaines en l'an 2000. Source: Delcaire, J.R. Proceedings of the Eleventh International Scientific Congress on the Cultivation of Edible Fungi, Australia, 1981 / edited by N.G. Nair, A.D. Clift. Sydney : [s.n.], 1981. volume 1 page 1-18. ill.

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Puhpohwee: the mushrooms of the Amerindians. Source: Kavasch, B. Garden. New York, N.Y. : Garden Society. Sept/October 1985. volume 9 (5) page 14-20, 22-23. ill. 0191-3999

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Screening for selective thrombin inhibitors in mushrooms. Author(s): Department of Phrmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia. [email protected] Source: Doljak, B Stegnar, M Urleb, U Kreft, S Umek, A Ciglaric, M Strukelj, B Popovic, T Blood-Coagul-Fibrinolysis. 2001 March; 12(2): 123-8 0957-5235

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Specialty mushrooms and their cultivation. Source: Royse, D.J. Hortic-rev. New York, NY : John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Press. 1997. volume 19 page 59-97. 0163-7851

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Stalking the wild mushroom. Source: Segal, M. FDA-consum. Rockville, Md. : Food and Drug Administration, Department of Health & Human Services. October 1994. volume 28 (8) page 20-24. 03621332

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Sterol constituents from two edible mushrooms, Lentinula edodes and Tricholoma matsutake. Author(s): Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan. Source: Ohnuma, N Amemiya, K Kakuda, R Yaoita, Y Machida, K Kikuchi, M ChemPharm-Bull-(Tokyo). 2000 May; 48(5): 749-51 0009-2363

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Straw mushroom, Fukurotake, Volvariella volvacea. Source: Misaki, A. Kishida, E. Food-rev-int. Monticello, N.Y. : Marcel Dekker Inc. 1995. volume 11 (1) page 219-223. 8755-9129

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Technique of mushroom growing used by the ant as compared with that used by man. Technique de culture de la fourmi champignonniste: comparaison avec celles pratiquees par l'homme. Source: Angeli Papa, J. Delmas, J. Proceedings of the Eleventh International Scientific Congress on the Cultivation of Edible Fungi, Australia, 1981 / edited by N.G. Nair, A.D. Clift. Sydney : [s.n.], 1981. volume 1 page 101-110. ill.

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The last meal of the Buddha [Dietary customs, ethnobotany mushrooms, India]. Source: Wasson, R.G. Bot-Mus-Leafl-Harv-Univ. Cambridge : The University. Summer 1983. volume 29 (3) page 219-249. maps. 0006-8098

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The magic of mushrooms. Source: Nutr-Food-Sci. London, Eng. : Forbes Publications. Mar/April 1986. (99) page 67. ill. 0034-6659

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The medicinal side of mushrooms: ancient Eastern remedies for modern Western maladies. Source: Wiley, C. Veg-times. Mt. Morris, Ill. : Vegetarian Times. March 1991. (163) page 64-68. 0164-8497

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Variations of vitamin C content in fresh and canned mushrooms. Variaciones en el contenido de vitamina C en champinon fresco y en conserva. Source: Torija Isasa, M.E. Orzaez Villanueva, M.T. Alimentaria. Madrid : s.n. November 1987. volume 24 (187) page 39-41. 0300-5755

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Vibrational spectroscopic characterization of wild growing mushrooms and toadstools. Author(s): Molecular Physics Laboratory, Ruder Boskovic Institute, Zagreb, Croatia. [email protected] Source: Mohacek Grosev, V Bozac, R Puppels, G J Spectrochim-Acta-A-Mol-BiomolSpectrosc. 2001 December; 57(14): 2815-29 1386-1425

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What the natives know. Wild mushrooms and forest health. Source: Richards, R.T. J-for. Bethesda, Md. : Society of American Foresters. Sept 1997. volume 95 (9) page 5-10. 0022-1201

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

The following is a specific Web list relating to mushrooms; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

Vitamins Niacin Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pantothenic Acid Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Pantothenic Acid and Pantethine Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Riboflavin Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin B2 Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin B3 (Niacin) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic Acid) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin D Alternative names: Calciferol, Calcitrol, Cholecalciferol, Erocalciferol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com •

Minerals Biotin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Biotin Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Cisplatin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Copper Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vanadium Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Zinc Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Food and Diet Artichokes Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,28,00.html Bifun Noodles Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

Nutrition

Chanterelle Mushroom Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Chicken Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,86,00.html Chinese Cabbage Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Crimini Mushrooms Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Diabetes Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Eggs Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Enoki Mushroom Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Fast Recipes Index Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Hypertension Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Leeks Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Lion's Mane Mushroom Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Low-Fat Recipes Index Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Low-Oxalate Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Low-Purine Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Macrobiotic Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Miso Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,201,00.html

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Morel Mushroom Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Mushrooms Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Mushrooms Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,25,00.html Napa Cabbage Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,187,00.html Oyster Mushrooms Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Porcini Mushrooms Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Portobello Mushrooms Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Shiitake Mushroom Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Shiitake Mushrooms Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,308,00.html Snow Peas Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Soba Noodles Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Soy Products Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,135,00.html Soy-Free Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Spinach Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Stilton Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

Nutrition

Sugar Alcohols Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Tofu Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Tomatoes Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Udon Noodles Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Vegetables Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com White Mushroom Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Whole Wheat Bread Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Zucchini Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,183,00.html

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CHAPTER 3. PATENTS ON MUSHROOMS Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.8 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “mushrooms” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on mushrooms, we have not necessarily excluded nonmedical patents in this bibliography.

Patent Applications on Mushrooms As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.9 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to mushrooms:

8Adapted

from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm. 9 This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

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Method for preparing lactic acid fermented solution of mushroom and lactic acid fermented solution of mushroom produced thereby Inventor(s): Bae, Dong Won; (Chinju-shi, KR), Cha, Jae Young; (Pusan-shi, KR), Jeon, Beong Sam; (Masan-shi, KR), Kim, Beom Kyu; (Sacheon-shi, KR), Shin, Gab-Gyun; (Chinju-shi, KR) Correspondence: Greenblum & Bernstein, P.L.C.; 1941 Roland Clarke Place; Reston; VA; 20191; US Patent Application Number: 20020192334 Date filed: December 5, 2001 Abstract: Lactic acid fermented solution of mushroom produced in accordance with the method for preparing lactic acid fermented solution of mushroom comprising the steps of (a) preparing a mushrooms ingredients-containing medium; (b) inoculating lactic acid strain onto the medium; (c) culturing the strain-inoculated medium; and (d) aging the cultured medium is excellent in its taste, flavor and gustatoriness, and exhibits an inhibitory effect against the formation of peroxidized lipid and a dropping effect against blood sugar level. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method for preparing lactic acid fermented solution of mushroom and a lactic acid fermented solution of mushroom produced thereby, and more particularly, to a method for preparing lactic acid fermented solution of mushroom which comprises the steps of inoculating a lactic acid strain onto a mushroom ingredients-containing medium and fermenting said medium under appropriate conditions and a lactic acid fermented solution of mushroom produced thereby. The lactic acid fermented solution of mushroom thus obtained is excellent in its taste, flavor and gustatoriness, and is effective for inhibiting the formation of peroxidized lipid and the drop of blood sugar level. Generally, a mushroom contains lower fat but higher protein and saccharide contents than any other plant. The saccharide also includes trehalose, mannitol, arabinose and the like together with polysaccharide that are hard to absorb into human intestinal tracts and of which main component is an indigestible dietary fiber. Therefore, mushroom is a food material having lower calories than those calculated by food analysis. Furthermore, ergosterol and calcium are commonly included in an amount of 100-800 mg per an individual, and they are conversed into vitamin D.sub.2 when dried. In addition to said ingredients, mushroom contains vitamin B.sub.1, vitamin B.sub.2 and niacin. not vitamins A and C. Also, as minerals, K is included in a higher portion than Na therein, and P, Ca and Fe follow. Flavorous ingredients of mushroom are mainly nucleic acid and a combination of glutamic acid, succinic acid, malic acid, uric alcohol, etc. Therefore, mushroom is a food material not only having low calories and capable of exerting physiological functions, but also excellent in flavor, taste and gustatoriness. However, mushroom includes so large amounts of water and nitrogen compounds that it decays and microorganism is easy to propagate due to its soft tissue. Accordingly, the shelf life after harvest of mushroom is short. Mushroom is distributed in the form of live or dried product. Because mushroom is used as a side dish or a flavoring, it plays a role in providing elementary nutrients. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Oral supplement composition containing a plurality of mushroom strains Inventor(s): Gaisford, Kelly W.; (Bozeman, MT), Keith, Alec D.; (Hilo, HI), Miller, Andrew H.; (San Francisco, CA) Correspondence: Barbara E. Johnson; Webb Ziesenheim Logsdon Orkin & Hanson, P.C.; 700 Koppers Building; 436 Seventh Avenue; Pittsburgh; PA; 15219-1818; US Patent Application Number: 20030133946 Date filed: September 23, 2002 Abstract: An oral supplement composition and method of making and using it, in which a combination of fourteen different specialized mushroom species, each of which has its own unique immunomodulatory properties, demonstrate enhancement of the immune system. When taken together, the combination of mushroom species exert a potentiated, synergistic effect that enhances immune function greater than the sum of each mushroom species' immunoenhancing influence. The oral supplement can be prepared into a variety of dosage forms, such as capsules, caplets, tablets, pills, dispersions, suspensions, solution, powders, teas, or syrup concentrates, and can be packaged in bottles or other packaging for sale. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/324,163, filed Sep. 21, 2001, which is incorporated herein by reference. The present invention relates to an oral supplement composition and to a process for the production of the same. More particularly, fourteen different species of mushrooms are disclosed that exert enhanced immune function when taken together as a daily supplement. The immune system is the body's basic protection and serves as both its essential mechanism for healing and its defense against premature aging. In general, it is believed that foodstuffs such as mushrooms, garlic, ginseng, American aloe and the like are effective in the promotion of human health, typically by enhancing immune function. It is well known there are many vitamins and minerals, essential fatty acids, proteins and carbohydrates which are required to sustain immune function. Recently the inadequate consumption of vitamins, minerals and essential-unsaturated fatty acids has been linked to various diseases, particularly those diseases of aging such as arthritis and cancer as well as others. A number of naturally-occurring ingredients in substances not normally included in the diet are known to inhibit or to reduce the growth of tumor cells, which suggests their immune-enhancing effect. Some examples of these items include herbs, edible fungus, e.g. mushrooms and antioxidants from natural raw sources such as grape seed or the Merritime pine bark. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with mushrooms, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “mushrooms” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on mushrooms.

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You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning mushrooms. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

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CHAPTER 4. BOOKS ON MUSHROOMS Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to mushrooms. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on mushrooms include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “mushrooms” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on mushrooms: •

Hepatitis C Handbook Source: Berkeley, CA: North Atlantic Books and Frog, Ltd. 1999. 473 p. Contact: Available from North Atlantic Books and Frog, Ltd. P.O. Box 12327, Berkeley, CA 94712. (800) 337-2665 or (510) 559-8277. Fax (510) 559-8279. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.northatlanticbooks.com. PRICE: $25.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1556433131. Summary: Hepatitis C is a common, recently discovered viral infection usually contracted from the use of intravenous drugs, often decades previously, or less commonly by blood or blood products prior to the introduction of blood screening protocols. This handbook offers an overview of hepatitis C virus (HCV) and focuses on the significance of the diagnosis and on lifestyle changes that may prove helpful. The author guides the patient to an informed and balanced choice between the currently available range of treatment options, including interferon and other antiviral agents as

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well as Chinese herbal remedies. The author hopes to empower readers and so provides detailed medical information about symptoms, lifestyle changes, real life experiences with the disease, and treatment strategies. The first chapter offers facts and figures about the virus and its prevalence; transmission, epidemiology, and the origins of the virus are discussed in Chapter 2, along with professional briefings regarding the prevention of the further proliferation of HCV. Information regarding the various tests that patients are likely to encounter are covered in Chapter 3, together with a discussion of the implications of a diagnosis and whether or not to get tested. Other chapters in the first section cover special situations, including coinfection with other types of hepatitis, children, hemophilia, and Cooley's anemia. The second section offers three chapters that concentrate on the response to having HCV. This section is designed to enable the reader to go through the process of coming to terms with their condition, to better participate as a member of their own health care team, and to deal with members of the medical profession. The third section summarizes the main treatment options open to HCV patients. Chapters cover conventional treatments, traditional Chinese medicine, Western herbal medicine (including medicinal mushrooms), Ayurvedic medicine, vitamins and minerals (and amino acids), homeopathy, miscellaneous treatments, and naturopathy (the 'no treatment' option). The fourth section covers lifestyle options, including diet, alcohol, drugs, exercise, yoga, Qu Gong, and stress management. The final section offers a wealth of resources for readers, including additional technical information, a glossary, a list of resources, and a subject index. Each chapter also includes references. •

Healing AIDS Naturally Contact: Human Energy Press, 493 Beach Park Blvd Ste 210, Foster City, CA, 94404, (415) 349-0718. Summary: This monograph presents the natural therapies approach for enhancing the body's natural resistance to diseases, including Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. It explains the functioning of the immune system, and the effects of nutrition on it, particularly, vitamins and minerals. It talks about changes in lifestyles, habits, and nutrition of persons with infections. It also discusses homeopathy, herbs for the immune system, grass, algae, mushrooms, acupuncture, conservation of life energy, hygiene, metaphysical relationships, the healing mind, cosmic relationships, and secrets. The appendixes include summaries of articles supporting the holistic approach, natural food methods, recipes, resources, and newsletter and product announcements.

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The Hepatitis C Handbook Contact: North Atlantic Books, PO Box 12327, Berkeley, CA, 94701-9998, (800) 337-2665, http://www.northatlanticbooks.com. Summary: This monograph provides patients and health professionals with detailed information on the epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of the hepatitis C virus (HCV). This common, recently discovered viral infection affects the liver. Part one presents facts and figures about hepatitis C. Topics include modes of transmission, epidemiology, natural history, symptoms, diagnostic tests, other types of viral hepatitis, and coinfection with other viruses. Part two focuses on the response to having HCV and offers advice on dealing with members of the medical profession. The third part discusses the main treatment options available to HCV patients, including conventional treatments, traditional Chinese medicine, Western herbal medicine, medicinal mushrooms, Ayurvedic medicine, vitamins, minerals, amino acids, homeopathy, and

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naturopathy. Part five examines lifestyle adjustment choices available to patients. Topics include diet, alcohol and drug use, exercise, yoga, Qi Gong, and stress. The final part presents additional technical information, a glossary, a list of resources, and an index.

Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the link below, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “mushrooms” (or a synonym) in their titles. •

Amazon.com: http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/externalsearch?tag=icongroupinterna&keyword=mushrooms&mode=books

Chapters on Mushrooms In order to find chapters that specifically relate to mushrooms, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and mushrooms using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “mushrooms” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on mushrooms: •

Drugs and the Liver Source: in Sherlock, S.; Dooley, J. Diseases of the Liver and Biliary System. Malden, MA: Blackwell Science, Inc. 2002. p.335-363. Contact: Available from Blackwell Science, Inc. 350 Main Street, Commerce Place, Malden, MA 02148. (800) 215-1000 or (617) 388-8250. Fax (617) 388-8270. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.blackwell-science.com. PRICE: $178.95. ISBN: 0632055820. Summary: The liver is particularly concerned with drug metabolism, and especially of drugs given orally. Drugs can cause toxic effects that can mimic almost every naturally occurring liver disease in man. This chapter on drugs and the liver is from a textbook that presents a comprehensive and up-to-date account of diseases of the liver and biliary system. The chapter is organized into specific pathologies and their potential causes: hepato-cellular zone 3 necrosis, due to carbon tetrachloride, Amanita mushrooms, paracetamol (acetaminophen), salicylates, hyperthermia, hypothermia, and burns; hepato-cellular zone 1 necrosis, due to ferrous sulfate or phosphorus; mitochondrial cytopathies, due to sodium valproate, tetracyclines, tacrine, antiviral nucleoside analogues, and Bacillus cereus; steatohepatitis, due to perhexiline maleate, amiodarone, synthetic estrogens, and calcium channel blockers; fibrosis, due to methotrexate, other cytotoxic drugs, arsenic, vinyl chloride, vitamin A, and retinoids; vascular changes, due to sinusoidal dilatation, peliosis hepatitis, and veno-occlusive disease (VOD); acute hepatitis, due to isoniazid, methyl dopa, halothane, hydrofluorocarbons, systemic

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antifungals, oncology drugs, nervous system modifiers, sustained-release nicotinic acid (niacin), sulfonamides and derivatives, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, antithyroid drugs, quinidine and quinine, troglitazone, and anti-convulsants; chronic hepatitis, due to herbal remedies and recreational drugs; canalicular cholestasis, due to cyclosporine A and ciprofloxacin; hepato-canalicular cholestasis, due to chlorpromazine, penicillins, sulfonamides, erythromycin, haloperidol, cimetidine and ranitidine, oral hypoglycemic agents, tamoxifen, other causes, and dextropropoxyphene; ductular cholestasis; biliary sludge; sclerosing cholangitis; hepatic nodules and tumors; and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC, liver cancer). 28 figures. 5 tables. 170 references. •

Vegetables Source: in Warshaw, H.S. and Webb, R. Diabetes Food and Nutrition Bible: A Complete Guide to Planning, Shopping, Cooking, and Eating. Alexandria, VA: American Diabetes Association. 2001. p. 91-120. Contact: Available from American Diabetes Association (ADA). Order Fulfillment Department, P.O. Box 930850, Atlanta, GA 31193-0850. (800) 232-6733. Fax (770) 4429742. Website: www.diabetes.org. PRICE: $18.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 158040037. Summary: Vegetables are packed with vitamins and minerals and have few calories. The diabetes food pyramid suggests that people with diabetes eat 3 to 5 servings of vegetables each day. This chapter on vegetables is from a book that offers a complete food and nutrition resource for people with diabetes. The book brings readers up to date on meal planning, carbohydrate counting, vitamins, minerals, and the best ways to prepare healthy delicious meals. In this chapter the authors discuss the benefits of eating vegetables, the role of antioxidants, shopping for produce, deciding between fresh, frozen or canned vegetables, tips for eating more vegetables, and how to make the most of eating at a salad bar. Numerous recipes are then provided: 3 flavored vinegars, 5 easy dressings with low-fat sour cream, roasted garlic, caramelized onions, green beans with tomatoes and herbs, zucchini marinara, broccoli with sesame seeds and scallions, broccoli and garlic, Brussels sprouts with chestnuts, cauliflower with cheddar cheese sauce, curried cauliflower soup, healthy coleslaw, fall spinach salad, soy kale, arugula and watercress salad, and spinach saute with mushrooms. The chapter concludes with a chart of common vegetables and their nutrition values, and a special focus section on water.

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CHAPTER 5. MULTIMEDIA ON MUSHROOMS Overview In this chapter, we show you how to keep current on multimedia sources of information on mushrooms. We start with sources that have been summarized by federal agencies, and then show you how to find bibliographic information catalogued by the National Library of Medicine.

Audio Recordings The Combined Health Information Database contains abstracts on audio productions. To search CHID, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find audio productions, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Sound Recordings.” Type “mushrooms” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for sound recordings on mushrooms: •

Medicinal Mushrooms: Advanced Immune Discoveries Symposium Contact: Human Energy Press, 493 Beach Park Blvd Ste 210, Foster City, CA, 94404, (415) 349-0718. Summary: This sound recording deals with the uses of medicinal mushrooms, including treating Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). The speaker begins with an overview of the published literature in which there is evidence that polysaccharides from mushrooms have antitumor activity. A pilot study of 20 people has been done. Side effects, criteria for patient progress, and problems with the research and patents are explained.

49

CHAPTER 6. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.

U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for mushrooms. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a nonprofit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI Advice for the Patient can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with mushrooms. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.). The

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following drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to mushrooms: Anticholinergics/Antispasmodics •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Anaspaz; A-Spas S/L; Banthine; Bentyl; Cantil; Cystospaz; Cystospaz-M; Donnamar; ED-SPAZ; Gastrosed; Homapin; Levbid; Levsin; Levsin/SL; Levsinex Timecaps; Pro-Banthine; Quarzan; Robinul; Robinul Forte; Symax SL http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202049.html

Trientine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Syprine http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202575.html

Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.

Mosby’s Drug Consult Mosby’s Drug Consult database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/.

PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html. Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee.

Researching Medications

51

Researching Orphan Drugs Although the list of orphan drugs is revised on a daily basis, you can quickly research orphan drugs that might be applicable to mushrooms by using the database managed by the National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. (NORD), at http://www.rarediseases.org/. Scroll down the page, and on the left toolbar, click on “Orphan Drug Designation Database.” On this page (http://www.rarediseases.org/search/noddsearch.html), type “mushrooms” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.” When you receive your results, note that not all of the drugs may be relevant, as some may have been withdrawn from orphan status. Write down or print out the name of each drug and the relevant contact information. From there, visit the Pharmacopeia Web site and type the name of each orphan drug into the search box at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. You may need to contact the sponsor or NORD for further information. NORD conducts “early access programs for investigational new drugs (IND) under the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA’s) approval ‘Treatment INDs’ programs which allow for a limited number of individuals to receive investigational drugs before FDA marketing approval.” If the orphan product about which you are seeking information is approved for marketing, information on side effects can be found on the product’s label. If the product is not approved, you may need to contact the sponsor. The following is a list of orphan drugs currently listed in the NORD Orphan Drug Designation Database for mushrooms: •

Disodium silibinin dihemisuccinate (trade name: Legalon) http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=279

If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.

53

APPENDICES

55

APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute10: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

10

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

Physician Resources

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.11 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:12 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

11

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 12 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway13 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.14 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “mushrooms” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 3734 45 7 7 56 3849

HSTAT15 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.16 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.17 Simply search by “mushrooms” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

13

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

14

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 15 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 16 17

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

Physician Resources

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists18 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.19 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.20 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

18 Adapted 19

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 20 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on mushrooms can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to mushrooms. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to mushrooms. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas.

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You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The National Guideline Clearinghouse™ The National Guideline Clearinghouse™ offers hundreds of evidence-based clinical practice guidelines published in the United States and other countries. You can search this site located at http://www.guideline.gov/ by using the keyword “mushrooms” (or synonyms). Healthfinder™ Healthfinder™ is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and offers links to hundreds of other sites that contain healthcare information. This Web site is located at http://www.healthfinder.gov. Again, keyword searches can be used to find guidelines. The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to mushrooms. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

Patient Resources

•

63

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on mushrooms is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “mushrooms” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to mushrooms. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “mushrooms” (or synonyms). The NIH Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “mushrooms” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology

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oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “mushrooms” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to mushrooms, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “mushrooms” (or synonyms).

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to mushrooms. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with mushrooms. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about mushrooms. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “mushrooms” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database.

Patient Resources

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Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “mushrooms”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “mushrooms” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “mushrooms” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

67

APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.21

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

21

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)22: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

22

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

Finding Medical Libraries

69

•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

Finding Medical Libraries

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Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

73

ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

75

MUSHROOMS DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak antiinflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage. [NIH] Acne: A disorder of the skin marked by inflammation of oil glands and hair glands. [NIH] Adaptation: 1. The adjustment of an organism to its environment, or the process by which it enhances such fitness. 2. The normal ability of the eye to adjust itself to variations in the intensity of light; the adjustment to such variations. 3. The decline in the frequency of firing of a neuron, particularly of a receptor, under conditions of constant stimulation. 4. In dentistry, (a) the proper fitting of a denture, (b) the degree of proximity and interlocking of restorative material to a tooth preparation, (c) the exact adjustment of bands to teeth. 5. In microbiology, the adjustment of bacterial physiology to a new environment. [EU] Adenocarcinoma: A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization. [NIH] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adjustment: The dynamic process wherein the thoughts, feelings, behavior, and biophysiological mechanisms of the individual continually change to adjust to the environment. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerosol: A solution of a drug which can be atomized into a fine mist for inhalation therapy. [EU]

Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Agaricus: A basidiomycetous fungal genus of the family Agaricaceae, order Agaricales, which includes the field mushroom (A. campestris) and the commercial mushroom (A. bisporus). [NIH]

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Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Alimentary: Pertaining to food or nutritive material, or to the organs of digestion. [EU] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaline Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.1. [NIH] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Allergic Rhinitis: Inflammation of the nasal mucous membrane associated with hay fever; fits may be provoked by substances in the working environment. [NIH] Aloe: A genus of the family Liliaceae containing anthraquinone glycosides such as aloinemodin or aloe-emodin (emodin). [NIH] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Amino acid: Any organic compound containing an amino (-NH2 and a carboxyl (- COOH) group. The 20 a-amino acids listed in the accompanying table are the amino acids from which proteins are synthesized by formation of peptide bonds during ribosomal translation of messenger RNA; all except glycine, which is not optically active, have the L configuration. Other amino acids occurring in proteins, such as hydroxyproline in collagen, are formed by posttranslational enzymatic modification of amino acids residues in polypeptide chains. There are also several important amino acids, such as the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid, that have no relation to proteins. Abbreviated AA. [EU] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Amiodarone: An antianginal and antiarrhythmic drug. It increases the duration of ventricular and atrial muscle action by inhibiting Na,K-activated myocardial adenosine triphosphatase. There is a resulting decrease in heart rate and in vascular resistance. [NIH] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Amplification: The production of additional copies of a chromosomal DNA sequence, found as either intrachromosomal or extrachromosomal DNA. [NIH] Ampulla: A sac-like enlargement of a canal or duct. [NIH] Amyloid: A general term for a variety of different proteins that accumulate as extracellular fibrils of 7-10 nm and have common structural features, including a beta-pleated sheet conformation and the ability to bind such dyes as Congo red and thioflavine (Kandel, Schwartz, and Jessel, Principles of Neural Science, 3rd ed). [NIH] Anabolic: Relating to, characterized by, or promoting anabolism. [EU] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Anaphylaxis: An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered antigen. The reaction may include rapidly progressing urticaria, respiratory

Dictionary 77

distress, vascular collapse, systemic shock, and death. [NIH] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Angina: Chest pain that originates in the heart. [NIH] Angiogenesis: Blood vessel formation. Tumor angiogenesis is the growth of blood vessels from surrounding tissue to a solid tumor. This is caused by the release of chemicals by the tumor. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Antianginal: Counteracting angina or anginal conditions. [EU] Antiarrhythmic: An agent that prevents or alleviates cardiac arrhythmia. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antiemetic: An agent that prevents or alleviates nausea and vomiting. Also antinauseant. [EU]

Antifungals: Drugs that treat infections caused by fungi. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Antimetabolite: A chemical that is very similar to one required in a normal biochemical reaction in cells. Antimetabolites can stop or slow down the reaction. [NIH] Antimicrobial: Killing microorganisms, or suppressing their multiplication or growth. [EU] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Antioxidants: Naturally occurring or synthetic substances that inhibit or retard the oxidation of a substance to which it is added. They counteract the harmful and damaging effects of oxidation in animal tissues. [NIH] Antipsychotic: Effective in the treatment of psychosis. Antipsychotic drugs (called also neuroleptic drugs and major tranquilizers) are a chemically diverse (including phenothiazines, thioxanthenes, butyrophenones, dibenzoxazepines, dibenzodiazepines, and diphenylbutylpiperidines) but pharmacologically similar class of drugs used to treat

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schizophrenic, paranoid, schizoaffective, and other psychotic disorders; acute delirium and dementia, and manic episodes (during induction of lithium therapy); to control the movement disorders associated with Huntington's chorea, Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome, and ballismus; and to treat intractable hiccups and severe nausea and vomiting. Antipsychotic agents bind to dopamine, histamine, muscarinic cholinergic, a-adrenergic, and serotonin receptors. Blockade of dopaminergic transmission in various areas is thought to be responsible for their major effects : antipsychotic action by blockade in the mesolimbic and mesocortical areas; extrapyramidal side effects (dystonia, akathisia, parkinsonism, and tardive dyskinesia) by blockade in the basal ganglia; and antiemetic effects by blockade in the chemoreceptor trigger zone of the medulla. Sedation and autonomic side effects (orthostatic hypotension, blurred vision, dry mouth, nasal congestion and constipation) are caused by blockade of histamine, cholinergic, and adrenergic receptors. [EU] Antipyretic: An agent that relieves or reduces fever. Called also antifebrile, antithermic and febrifuge. [EU] Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU] Antiviral Agents: Agents used in the prophylaxis or therapy of virus diseases. Some of the ways they may act include preventing viral replication by inhibiting viral DNA polymerase; binding to specific cell-surface receptors and inhibiting viral penetration or uncoating; inhibiting viral protein synthesis; or blocking late stages of virus assembly. [NIH] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Aromatic: Having a spicy odour. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Astringents: Agents, usually topical, that cause the contraction of tissues for the control of bleeding or secretions. [NIH] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Atrial: Pertaining to an atrium. [EU] Babesiosis: A group of tick-borne diseases of mammals including zoonoses in humans. They are caused by protozoans of the genus babesia, which parasitize erythrocytes, producing hemolysis. In the U.S., the organism's natural host is mice and transmission is by the deer tick ixodes scapularis. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterial Physiology: Physiological processes and activities of bacteria. [NIH] Bactericidal: Substance lethal to bacteria; substance capable of killing bacteria. [NIH] Bacteriostatic: 1. Inhibiting the growth or multiplication of bacteria. 2. An agent that inhibits the growth or multiplication of bacteria. [EU] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Basidiomycete: A major group of fungi whose diagnostic characteristic is the basidium; includes the rusts, "bracket" fungi, and toadstools. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH]

Dictionary 79

Bile duct: A tube through which bile passes in and out of the liver. [NIH] Biliary: Having to do with the liver, bile ducts, and/or gallbladder. [NIH] Bioassay: Determination of the relative effective strength of a substance (as a vitamin, hormone, or drug) by comparing its effect on a test organism with that of a standard preparation. [NIH] Bioavailability: The degree to which a drug or other substance becomes available to the target tissue after administration. [EU] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biological response modifier: BRM. A substance that stimulates the body's response to infection and disease. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood Glucose: Glucose in blood. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Blood-Brain Barrier: Specialized non-fenestrated tightly-joined endothelial cells (tight junctions) that form a transport barrier for certain substances between the cerebral capillaries and the brain tissue. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Brachytherapy: A collective term for interstitial, intracavity, and surface radiotherapy. It uses small sealed or partly-sealed sources that may be placed on or near the body surface or within a natural body cavity or implanted directly into the tissues. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]

Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Bronchi: The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the trachea. [NIH] Bronchial: Pertaining to one or more bronchi. [EU] Burns: Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (burns, chemical), electricity (burns, electric), or the like. [NIH] Burns, Electric: Burns produced by contact with electric current or from a sudden discharge of electricity. [NIH] Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 114. It

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is a metal and ingestion will lead to cadmium poisoning. [NIH] Cadmium Poisoning: Poisoning occurring after exposure to cadmium compounds or fumes. It may cause gastrointestinal syndromes, anemia, or pneumonitis. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calcium channel blocker: A drug used to relax the blood vessel and heart muscle, causing pressure inside blood vessels to drop. It also can regulate heart rhythm. [NIH] Calcium Channel Blockers: A class of drugs that act by selective inhibition of calcium influx through cell membranes or on the release and binding of calcium in intracellular pools. Since they are inducers of vascular and other smooth muscle relaxation, they are used in the drug therapy of hypertension and cerebrovascular spasms, as myocardial protective agents, and in the relaxation of uterine spasms. [NIH] Calcium Oxalate: The calcium salt of oxalic acid, occurring in the urine as crystals and in certain calculi. [NIH] Capsules: Hard or soft soluble containers used for the oral administration of medicine. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carcinogenesis: The process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]

Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Cerebrovascular: Pertaining to the blood vessels of the cerebrum, or brain. [EU]

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Chemopreventive: Natural or synthetic compound used to intervene in the early precancerous stages of carcinogenesis. [NIH] Chemotherapeutic agent: A drug used to treat cancer. [NIH] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms. [NIH] Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking dopamine receptors. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup. [NIH] Cholangitis: Inflammation of a bile duct. [NIH] Cholestasis: Impairment of biliary flow at any level from the hepatocyte to Vater's ampulla. [NIH]

Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits histamine binding to H2 receptors. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits gastric acid secretion, as well as pepsin and gastrin output. It also blocks the activity of cytochrome P450. [NIH] Cinchona: A genus of rubiaceous South American trees that yields the toxic cinchona alkaloids from their bark; quinine, quinidine, chinconine, cinchonidine and others are used to treat malaria and cardiac arrhythmias. [NIH] Ciprofloxacin: A carboxyfluoroquinoline antimicrobial agent that is effective against a wide range of microorganisms. It has been successfully and safely used in the treatment of resistant respiratory, skin, bone, joint, gastrointestinal, urinary, and genital infections. [NIH] Clear cell carcinoma: A rare type of tumor of the female genital tract in which the inside of the cells looks clear when viewed under a microscope. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Codons: Any triplet of nucleotides (coding unit) in DNA or RNA (if RNA is the carrier of primary genetic information as in some viruses) that codes for particular amino acid or signals the beginning or end of the message. [NIH] Coenzymes: Substances that are necessary for the action or enhancement of action of an enzyme. Many vitamins are coenzymes. [NIH] Cognitive restructuring: A method of identifying and replacing fear-promoting, irrational beliefs with more realistic and functional ones. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is

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differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Collapse: 1. A state of extreme prostration and depression, with failure of circulation. 2. Abnormal falling in of the walls of any part of organ. [EU] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Colon: The long, coiled, tubelike organ that removes water from digested food. The remaining material, solid waste called stool, moves through the colon to the rectum and leaves the body through the anus. [NIH] Complementation: The production of a wild-type phenotype when two different mutations are combined in a diploid or a heterokaryon and tested in trans-configuration. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Concomitant: Accompanying; accessory; joined with another. [EU] Congenita: Displacement, subluxation, or malposition of the crystalline lens. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Consumption: Pulmonary tuberculosis. [NIH] Contact dermatitis: Inflammation of the skin with varying degrees of erythema, edema and vesinculation resulting from cutaneous contact with a foreign substance or other exposure. [NIH]

Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Conventional therapy: A currently accepted and widely used treatment for a certain type of disease, based on the results of past research. Also called conventional treatment. [NIH] Conventional treatment: A currently accepted and widely used treatment for a certain type of disease, based on the results of past research. Also called conventional therapy. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Cryptococcosis: Infection with a fungus of the species Cryptococcus neoformans. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyclosporine: A drug used to help reduce the risk of rejection of organ and bone marrow transplants by the body. It is also used in clinical trials to make cancer cells more sensitive to anticancer drugs. [NIH]

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Cytochrome: Any electron transfer hemoprotein having a mode of action in which the transfer of a single electron is effected by a reversible valence change of the central iron atom of the heme prosthetic group between the +2 and +3 oxidation states; classified as cytochromes a in which the heme contains a formyl side chain, cytochromes b, which contain protoheme or a closely similar heme that is not covalently bound to the protein, cytochromes c in which protoheme or other heme is covalently bound to the protein, and cytochromes d in which the iron-tetrapyrrole has fewer conjugated double bonds than the hemes have. Well-known cytochromes have been numbered consecutively within groups and are designated by subscripts (beginning with no subscript), e.g. cytochromes c, c1, C2, . New cytochromes are named according to the wavelength in nanometres of the absorption maximum of the a-band of the iron (II) form in pyridine, e.g., c-555. [EU] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Deprivation: Loss or absence of parts, organs, powers, or things that are needed. [EU] Dermatitis: Any inflammation of the skin. [NIH] DES: Diethylstilbestrol. A synthetic hormone that was prescribed from the early 1940s until 1971 to help women with complications of pregnancy. DES has been linked to an increased risk of clear cell carcinoma of the vagina in daughters of women who used DES. DES may also increase the risk of breast cancer in women who used DES. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Dietary Fiber: The remnants of plant cell walls that are resistant to digestion by the alimentary enzymes of man. It comprises various polysaccharides and lignins. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Dihydrotestosterone: Anabolic agent. [NIH] Dilatation: The act of dilating. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Disease Vectors: Invertebrates or non-human vertebrates which transmit infective organisms from one host to another. [NIH] Disinfectant: An agent that disinfects; applied particularly to agents used on inanimate objects. [EU] Dopa: The racemic or DL form of DOPA, an amino acid found in various legumes. The dextro form has little physiologic activity but the levo form (levodopa) is a very important physiologic mediator and precursor and pharmacological agent. [NIH] Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Dosage Forms: Completed forms of the pharmaceutical preparation in which prescribed

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doses of medication are included. They are designed to resist action by gastric fluids, prevent vomiting and nausea, reduce or alleviate the undesirable taste and smells associated with oral administration, achieve a high concentration of drug at target site, or produce a delayed or long-acting drug effect. They include capsules, liniments, ointments, pharmaceutical solutions, powders, tablets, etc. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Eczema: A pruritic papulovesicular dermatitis occurring as a reaction to many endogenous and exogenous agents (Dorland, 27th ed). [NIH] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrophoresis: An electrochemical process in which macromolecules or colloidal particles with a net electric charge migrate in a solution under the influence of an electric current. [NIH]

Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Emodin: Purgative anthraquinone found in several plants, especially Rhamnus frangula. It was formerly used as a laxative, but is now used mainly as tool in toxicity studies. [NIH] Endogenous: Produced inside an organism or cell. The opposite is external (exogenous) production. [NIH] Endotoxic: Of, relating to, or acting as an endotoxin (= a heat-stable toxin, associated with the outer membranes of certain gram-negative bacteria. Endotoxins are not secreted and are released only when the cells are disrupted). [EU] End-stage renal: Total chronic kidney failure. When the kidneys fail, the body retains fluid and harmful wastes build up. A person with ESRD needs treatment to replace the work of the failed kidneys. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Epitopes: Sites on an antigen that interact with specific antibodies. [NIH] Erythema: Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of causes. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during

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translation and assembly of proteins. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH] Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Ethnobotany: The plant lore and agricultural customs of a people. In the field of medicine, the emphasis is on traditional medicine and the existence and medicinal uses of plants and their constituents, both historically and in modern times. [NIH] Excitability: Property of a cardiac cell whereby, when the cell is depolarized to a critical level (called threshold), the membrane becomes permeable and a regenerative inward current causes an action potential. [NIH] Excitatory: When cortical neurons are excited, their output increases and each new input they receive while they are still excited raises their output markedly. [NIH] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] External-beam radiation: Radiation therapy that uses a machine to aim high-energy rays at the cancer. Also called external radiation. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Extracellular Matrix Proteins: Macromolecular organic compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and usually, sulfur. These macromolecules (proteins) form an intricate meshwork in which cells are embedded to construct tissues. Variations in the relative types of macromolecules and their organization determine the type of extracellular matrix, each adapted to the functional requirements of the tissue. The two main classes of macromolecules that form the extracellular matrix are: glycosaminoglycans, usually linked to proteins (proteoglycans), and fibrous proteins (e.g., collagen, elastin, fibronectins and laminin). [NIH] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Fibrin: A protein derived from fibrinogen in the presence of thrombin, which forms part of the blood clot. [NIH] Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three nonidentical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH]

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Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Fungicide: An agent that destroys fungi. [EU] Fungus: A general term used to denote a group of eukaryotic protists, including mushrooms, yeasts, rusts, moulds, smuts, etc., which are characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and by the presence of a rigid cell wall composed of chitin, mannans, and sometimes cellulose. They are usually of simple morphological form or show some reversible cellular specialization, such as the formation of pseudoparenchymatous tissue in the fruiting body of a mushroom. The dimorphic fungi grow, according to environmental conditions, as moulds or yeasts. [EU] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]

Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Gene Library: A large collection of cloned DNA fragments from a given organism, tissue, organ, or cell type. It may contain complete genomic sequences (genomic library) or complementary DNA sequences, the latter being formed from messenger RNA and lacking intron sequences. [NIH] Genetic Code: The specifications for how information, stored in nucleic acid sequence (base sequence), is translated into protein sequence (amino acid sequence). The start, stop, and order of amino acids of a protein is specified by consecutive triplets of nucleotides called codons (codon). [NIH] Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Genomic Library: A form of gene library containing the complete DNA sequences present in the genome of a given organism. It contrasts with a cDNA library which contains only sequences utilized in protein coding (lacking introns). [NIH] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Ginseng: An araliaceous genus of plants that contains a number of pharmacologically active agents used as stimulants, sedatives, and tonics, especially in traditional medicine. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH]

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Glomerular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a glomerulus, especially a renal glomerulus. [EU]

Glomerulus: A tiny set of looping blood vessels in the nephron where blood is filtered in the kidney. [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glutamate: Excitatory neurotransmitter of the brain. [NIH] Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid (glutamate) is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. [NIH]

Glutathione Peroxidase: An enzyme catalyzing the oxidation of 2 moles of glutathione in the presence of hydrogen peroxide to yield oxidized glutathione and water. EC 1.11.1.9. [NIH]

Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Haploid: An organism with one basic chromosome set, symbolized by n; the normal condition of gametes in diploids. [NIH] Hay Fever: A seasonal variety of allergic rhinitis, marked by acute conjunctivitis with lacrimation and itching, regarded as an allergic condition triggered by specific allergens. [NIH]

Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemophilia: Refers to a group of hereditary disorders in which affected individuals fail to make enough of certain proteins needed to form blood clots. [NIH] Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic alterations of hepatocytes. [NIH] Hepatitis C: A form of hepatitis, similar to type B post-transfusion hepatitis, but caused by a virus which is serologically distinct from the agents of hepatitis A, B, and E, and which may persist in the blood of chronic asymptomatic carriers. Hepatitis C is parenterally transmitted and associated with transfusions and drug abuse. [NIH] Hepatocellular: Pertaining to or affecting liver cells. [EU] Hepatocellular carcinoma: A type of adenocarcinoma, the most common type of liver tumor. [NIH]

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Hepatocyte: A liver cell. [NIH] Hepatotoxic: Toxic to liver cells. [EU] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Heterodimer: Zippered pair of nonidentical proteins. [NIH] Heterotrophic: Pertaining to organisms that are consumers and dependent on other organisms for their source of energy (food). [NIH] Hiccup: A spasm of the diaphragm that causes a sudden inhalation followed by rapid closure of the glottis which produces a sound. [NIH] Histamine: 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. [NIH] Homeobox: Distinctive sequence of DNA bases. [NIH] Homeodomain Proteins: Proteins encoded by homeobox genes that exhibit structural similarity to certain prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA-binding proteins. Homeodomain proteins are involved in the control of gene expression during morphogenesis and development (gene expression regulation, developmental). [NIH] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Household Products: Substances or materials used in the course of housekeeping or personal routine. [NIH] Housekeeping: The care and management of property. [NIH] Hybrid: Cross fertilization between two varieties or, more usually, two species of vines, see also crossing. [NIH] Hybridization: The genetic process of crossbreeding to produce a hybrid. Hybrid nucleic acids can be formed by nucleic acid hybridization of DNA and RNA molecules. Protein hybridization allows for hybrid proteins to be formed from polypeptide chains. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hyperlipidemia: An excess of lipids in the blood. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hyperthermia: A type of treatment in which body tissue is exposed to high temperatures to damage and kill cancer cells or to make cancer cells more sensitive to the effects of radiation and certain anticancer drugs. [NIH]

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Hypoglycemic: An orally active drug that produces a fall in blood glucose concentration. [NIH]

Hypoglycemic Agents: Agents which lower the blood glucose level. [NIH] Hypothermia: Lower than normal body temperature, especially in warm-blooded animals; in man usually accidental or unintentional. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Imidazole: C3H4N2. The ring is present in polybenzimidazoles. [NIH] Immune function: Production and action of cells that fight disease or infection. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunity: Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances. [NIH]

effects

of

foreign

Immunocompromised: Having a weakened immune system caused by certain diseases or treatments. [NIH] Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunodeficiency syndrome: The inability of the body to produce an immune response. [NIH]

Immunogenic: Producing immunity; evoking an immune response. [EU] Immunosuppressant: An agent capable of suppressing immune responses. [EU] Implant radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH]

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Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Insecticides: Pesticides designed to control insects that are harmful to man. The insects may be directly harmful, as those acting as disease vectors, or indirectly harmful, as destroyers of crops, food products, or textile fabrics. [NIH] Interferon: A biological response modifier (a substance that can improve the body's natural response to disease). Interferons interfere with the division of cancer cells and can slow tumor growth. There are several types of interferons, including interferon-alpha, -beta, and gamma. These substances are normally produced by the body. They are also made in the laboratory for use in treating cancer and other diseases. [NIH] Interferon-alpha: One of the type I interferons produced by peripheral blood leukocytes or lymphoblastoid cells when exposed to live or inactivated virus, double-stranded RNA, or bacterial products. It is the major interferon produced by virus-induced leukocyte cultures and, in addition to its pronounced antiviral activity, it causes activation of NK cells. [NIH] Internal radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called brachytherapy, implant radiation, or interstitial radiation therapy. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestines: The section of the alimentary canal from the stomach to the anus. It includes the large intestine and small intestine. [NIH] Intoxication: Poisoning, the state of being poisoned. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Introns: Non-coding, intervening sequences of DNA that are transcribed, but are removed from within the primary gene transcript and rapidly degraded during maturation of messenger RNA. Most genes in the nuclei of eukaryotes contain introns, as do mitochondrial and chloroplast genes. [NIH] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

Irradiation: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Irradiation is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and x-ray therapy. [NIH] Isoenzymes: One of various structurally related forms of an enzyme, each having the same mechanism but with differing chemical, physical, or immunological characteristics. [NIH] Isoniazid: Antibacterial agent used primarily as a tuberculostatic. It remains the treatment of choice for tuberculosis. [NIH] Joint: The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that surround and support it. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA

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fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Kidney Failure: The inability of a kidney to excrete metabolites at normal plasma levels under conditions of normal loading, or the inability to retain electrolytes under conditions of normal intake. In the acute form (kidney failure, acute), it is marked by uremia and usually by oliguria or anuria, with hyperkalemia and pulmonary edema. The chronic form (kidney failure, chronic) is irreversible and requires hemodialysis. [NIH] Kidney stone: A stone that develops from crystals that form in urine and build up on the inner surfaces of the kidney, in the renal pelvis, or in the ureters. [NIH] Lectins: Protein or glycoprotein substances, usually of plant origin, that bind to sugar moieties in cell walls or membranes and thereby change the physiology of the membrane to cause agglutination, mitosis, or other biochemical changes in the cell. [NIH] Lentinan: Polysaccharide isolated from the edible mushroom Lentinus edodes. The exact composition is unknown. [NIH] Lentinus: A genus of fungi of the family Tricholomataceae, order Agaricales. The commonly known shiitake mushrooms are Lentinus edodes (also seen as Lentinula edodes). [NIH] Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation. [NIH] Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of dopa and the immediate precursor of dopamine. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to dopamine. It is used for the treatment of parkinsonism and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]

Life cycle: The successive stages through which an organism passes from fertilized ovum or spore to the fertilized ovum or spore of the next generation. [NIH] Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU] Linkages: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipid A: Lipid A is the biologically active component of lipopolysaccharides. It shows strong endotoxic activity and exhibits immunogenic properties. [NIH] Lipopolysaccharides: Substance consisting of polysaccaride and lipid. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Liver cancer: A disease in which malignant (cancer) cells are found in the tissues of the liver. [NIH]

Liver Neoplasms: Tumors or cancer of the liver. [NIH] Liver Transplantation: The transference of a part of or an entire liver from one human or animal to another. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph

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nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphoma: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. [NIH] Maintenance therapy: Treatment that is given to help a primary (original) treatment keep working. Maintenance therapy is often given to help keep cancer in remission. [NIH] Malabsorption: Impaired intestinal absorption of nutrients. [EU] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant tumor: A tumor capable of metastasizing. [NIH] Mammary: Pertaining to the mamma, or breast. [EU] Mannans: Polysaccharides consisting of mannose units. [NIH] Matrix metalloproteinase: A member of a group of enzymes that can break down proteins, such as collagen, that are normally found in the spaces between cells in tissues (i.e., extracellular matrix proteins). Because these enzymes need zinc or calcium atoms to work properly, they are called metalloproteinases. Matrix metalloproteinases are involved in wound healing, angiogenesis, and tumor cell metastasis. [NIH] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to mercury poisoning. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing. [NIH] Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH] Methotrexate: An antineoplastic antimetabolite with immunosuppressant properties. It is an inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase and prevents the formation of tetrahydrofolate, necessary for synthesis of thymidylate, an essential component of DNA. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of

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the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Morphogenesis: The development of the form of an organ, part of the body, or organism. [NIH]

Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Mucins: A secretion containing mucopolysaccharides and protein that is the chief constituent of mucus. [NIH] Mushroom Poisoning: Poisoning from ingestion of mushrooms, primarily from, but not restricted to, toxic varieties. [NIH] Mutagen: Any agent, such as X-rays, gamma rays, mustard gas, TCDD, that can cause abnormal mutation in living cells; having the power to cause mutations. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Myotonia: Prolonged failure of muscle relaxation after contraction. This may occur after voluntary contractions, muscle percussion, or electrical stimulation of the muscle. Myotonia is a characteristic feature of myotonic disorders. [NIH] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nephritis: Inflammation of the kidney; a focal or diffuse proliferative or destructive process which may involve the glomerulus, tubule, or interstitial renal tissue. [EU]

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Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neuropathy: A problem in any part of the nervous system except the brain and spinal cord. Neuropathies can be caused by infection, toxic substances, or disease. [NIH] Neurotic: 1. Pertaining to or characterized by neurosis. 2. A person affected with a neurosis. [EU]

Neurotransmitter: Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin. [EU] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Niacin: Water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. Required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. Has pellagra-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties. [NIH] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nitrogen Compounds: Inorganic compounds that contain nitrogen as an integral part of the molecule. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleic Acid Hybridization: The process whereby two single-stranded polynucleotides form a double-stranded molecule, with hydrogen bonding between the complementary bases in the two strains. [NIH] Occupational Health: The promotion and maintenance of physical and mental health in the work environment. [NIH] Ointments: Semisolid preparations used topically for protective emollient effects or as a vehicle for local administration of medications. Ointment bases are various mixtures of fats, waxes, animal and plant oils and solid and liquid hydrocarbons. [NIH] Oncology: The study of cancer. [NIH] Open Reading Frames: Reading frames where successive nucleotide triplets can be read as codons specifying amino acids and where the sequence of these triplets is not interrupted by stop codons. [NIH] Oxalate: A chemical that combines with calcium in urine to form the most common type of kidney stone (calcium oxalate stone). [NIH]

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Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]

Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Parasitic: Having to do with or being a parasite. A parasite is an animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrients from it. [NIH] Pathologies: The study of abnormality, especially the study of diseases. [NIH] Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Pepsin: An enzyme made in the stomach that breaks down proteins. [NIH] Pepsin A: Formed from pig pepsinogen by cleavage of one peptide bond. The enzyme is a single polypeptide chain and is inhibited by methyl 2-diaazoacetamidohexanoate. It cleaves peptides preferentially at the carbonyl linkages of phenylalanine or leucine and acts as the principal digestive enzyme of gastric juice. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Perception: The ability quickly and accurately to recognize similarities and differences among presented objects, whether these be pairs of words, pairs of number series, or multiple sets of these or other symbols such as geometric figures. [NIH] Perhexiline: 2-(2,2-Dicyclohexylethyl)piperidine. Coronary vasodilator used especially for angina of effort. It may cause neuropathy and hepatitis. [NIH] Pesticide Residues: Pesticides or their breakdown products remaining in the environment following their normal use or accidental contamination. [NIH] Pharmaceutical Solutions: Homogeneous liquid preparations that contain one or more chemical substances dissolved, i.e., molecularly dispersed, in a suitable solvent or mixture of mutually miscible solvents. For reasons of their ingredients, method of preparation, or use, they do not fall into another group of products. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phenylalanine: An aromatic amino acid that is essential in the animal diet. It is a precursor of melanin, dopamine, noradrenalin, and thyroxine. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for

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the body's cells.) [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Plasticity: In an individual or a population, the capacity for adaptation: a) through gene changes (genetic plasticity) or b) through internal physiological modifications in response to changes of environment (physiological plasticity). [NIH] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polymerase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of DNA using a single DNA strand as a template. The polymerase copies the template in the 5'-3'direction provided that sufficient quantities of free nucleotides, dATP and dTTP are present. [NIH] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precancerous: A term used to describe a condition that may (or is likely to) become cancer. Also called premalignant. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU]

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Pregnancy Maintenance: Physiological mechanisms that sustain the state of pregnancy. [NIH]

Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from glutamic acid. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Prostaglandin: Any of a group of components derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway that are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiologic processes. The abbreviation for prostaglandin is PG; specific compounds are designated by adding one of the letters A through I to indicate the type of substituents found on the hydrocarbon skeleton and a subscript (1, 2 or 3) to indicate the number of double bonds in the hydrocarbon skeleton e.g., PGE2. The predominant naturally occurring prostaglandins all have two double bonds and are synthesized from arachidonic acid (5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid) by the pathway shown in the illustration. The 1 series and 3 series are produced by the same pathway with fatty acids having one fewer double bond (8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid or one more double bond (5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid) than arachidonic acid. The subscript a or ß indicates the configuration at C-9 (a denotes a substituent below the plane of the ring, ß, above the plane). The naturally occurring PGF's have the a configuration, e.g., PGF2a. All of the prostaglandins act by binding to specific cell-surface receptors causing an increase in the level of the intracellular second messenger cyclic AMP (and in some cases cyclic GMP also). The effect produced by the cyclic AMP increase depends on the specific cell type. In some cases there is also a positive feedback effect. Increased cyclic AMP increases prostaglandin synthesis leading to further increases in cyclic AMP. [EU] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). [EU] Protective Agents: Synthetic or natural substances which are given to prevent a disease or disorder or are used in the process of treating a disease or injury due to a poisonous agent. [NIH]

Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Prothrombin: A plasma protein that is the inactive precursor of thrombin. It is converted to thrombin by a prothrombin activator complex consisting of factor Xa, factor V,

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phospholipid, and calcium ions. Deficiency of prothrombin leads to hypoprothrombinemia. [NIH]

Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Pruritic: Pertaining to or characterized by pruritus. [EU] Psoriasis: A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis. [NIH] Psychiatric: Pertaining to or within the purview of psychiatry. [EU] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids: Alkaloids found in various species of Senecio and other plants. There are at least ten different chemicals, many of them hepatotoxic, teratogenic, and carcinogenic. The plants may cause damage in grazing herds, but no longer have medical use. [NIH] Quinidine: An optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the Cinchona tree and similar plant species. This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular action potential, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alphaadrenergic neurotransmission. [NIH] Quinine: An alkaloid derived from the bark of the cinchona tree. It is used as an antimalarial drug, and is the active ingredient in extracts of the cinchona that have been used for that purpose since before 1633. Quinine is also a mild antipyretic and analgesic and has been used in common cold preparations for that purpose. It was used commonly and as a bitter and flavoring agent, and is still useful for the treatment of babesiosis. Quinine is also useful in some muscular disorders, especially nocturnal leg cramps and myotonia congenita, because of its direct effects on muscle membrane and sodium channels. The mechanisms of its antimalarial effects are not well understood. [NIH] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Racemic: Optically inactive but resolvable in the way of all racemic compounds. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from

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radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radiolabeled: Any compound that has been joined with a radioactive substance. [NIH] Radiotherapy: The use of ionizing radiation to treat malignant neoplasms and other benign conditions. The most common forms of ionizing radiation used as therapy are x-rays, gamma rays, and electrons. A special form of radiotherapy, targeted radiotherapy, links a cytotoxic radionuclide to a molecule that targets the tumor. When this molecule is an antibody or other immunologic molecule, the technique is called radioimmunotherapy. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Ranitidine: A non-imidazole blocker of those histamine receptors that mediate gastric secretion (H2 receptors). It is used to treat gastrointestinal ulcers. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Red blood cells: RBCs. Cells that carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Also called erythrocytes. [NIH] Reductase: Enzyme converting testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Renal failure: Progressive renal insufficiency and uremia, due to irreversible and progressive renal glomerular tubular or interstitial disease. [NIH] Retinoids: Derivatives of vitamin A. Used clinically in the treatment of severe cystic acne, psoriasis, and other disorders of keratinization. Their possible use in the prophylaxis and treatment of cancer is being actively explored. [NIH] Retrospective: Looking back at events that have already taken place. [NIH] Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU] Ritonavir: An HIV protease inhibitor that works by interfering with the reproductive cycle of HIV. [NIH] Salicylate: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. [NIH] Salicylic: A tuberculosis drug. [NIH] Salicylic Acids: Derivatives and salts of salicylic acid. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secondary tumor: Cancer that has spread from the organ in which it first appeared to another organ. For example, breast cancer cells may spread (metastasize) to the lungs and cause the growth of a new tumor. When this happens, the disease is called metastatic breast cancer, and the tumor in the lungs is called a secondary tumor. Also called secondary

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cancer. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Sedative: 1. Allaying activity and excitement. 2. An agent that allays excitement. [EU] Selective estrogen receptor modulator: SERM. A drug that acts like estrogen on some tissues, but blocks the effect of estrogen on other tissues. Tamoxifen and raloxifene are SERMs. [NIH] Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.96. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of glutathione peroxidase. [NIH] Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH] Senna: Preparations of Cassia senna L. and C. angustifolia of the Leguminosae. They contain sennosides, which are anthraquinone type cathartics and are used in many different preparations as laxatives. [NIH] Septicemia: Systemic disease associated with the presence and persistence of pathogenic microorganisms or their toxins in the blood. Called also blood poisoning. [EU] Sequence Analysis: A multistage process that includes the determination of a sequence (protein, carbohydrate, etc.), its fragmentation and analysis, and the interpretation of the resulting sequence information. [NIH] Sequencing: The determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA chain. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Sex Characteristics: Those characteristics that distinguish one sex from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the ovaries and testes and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Sludge: A clump of agglutinated red blood cells. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]

Social Support: Support systems that provide assistance and encouragement to individuals with physical or emotional disabilities in order that they may better cope. Informal social support is usually provided by friends, relatives, or peers, while formal assistance is provided by churches, groups, etc. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol

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Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectroscopic: The recognition of elements through their emission spectra. [NIH] Spices: The dried seeds, bark, root, stems, buds, leaves, or fruit of aromatic plants used to season food. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spores: The reproductive elements of lower organisms, such as protozoa, fungi, and cryptogamic plants. [NIH] Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation. [EU]

Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stress management: A set of techniques used to help an individual cope more effectively with difficult situations in order to feel better emotionally, improve behavioral skills, and often to enhance feelings of control. Stress management may include relaxation exercises, assertiveness training, cognitive restructuring, time management, and social support. It can be delivered either on a one-to-one basis or in a group format. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and

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peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]

Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Supplementation: Adding nutrients to the diet. [NIH] Suspensions: Colloids with liquid continuous phase and solid dispersed phase; the term is used loosely also for solid-in-gas (aerosol) and other colloidal systems; water-insoluble drugs may be given as suspensions. [NIH] Symphysis: A secondary cartilaginous joint. [NIH] Synergistic: Acting together; enhancing the effect of another force or agent. [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Tacrine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that crosses the blood-brain barrier. Tacrine has been used to counter the effects of muscle relaxants, as a respiratory stimulant, and in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other central nervous system disorders. [NIH] Tamoxifen: A first generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM). It acts as an agonist for bone tissue and cholesterol metabolism but is an estrogen antagonist in mammary and uterine. [NIH] Teratogenic: Tending to produce anomalies of formation, or teratism (= anomaly of formation or development : condition of a monster). [EU] Testosterone: A hormone that promotes the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombus: An aggregation of blood factors, primarily platelets and fibrin with entrapment of cellular elements, frequently causing vascular obstruction at the point of its formation. Some authorities thus differentiate thrombus formation from simple coagulation or clot formation. [EU] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Time Management: Planning and control of time to improve efficiency and effectiveness. [NIH]

Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tone: 1. The normal degree of vigour and tension; in muscle, the resistance to passive elongation or stretch; tonus. 2. A particular quality of sound or of voice. 3. To make permanent, or to change, the colour of silver stain by chemical treatment, usually with a heavy metal. [EU] Tooth Preparation: Procedures carried out with regard to the teeth or tooth structures preparatory to specified dental therapeutic and surgical measures. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic

Dictionary 103

microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxin: A poison; frequently used to refer specifically to a protein produced by some higher plants, certain animals, and pathogenic bacteria, which is highly toxic for other living organisms. Such substances are differentiated from the simple chemical poisons and the vegetable alkaloids by their high molecular weight and antigenicity. [EU] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Transfusion: The infusion of components of blood or whole blood into the bloodstream. The blood may be donated from another person, or it may have been taken from the person earlier and stored until needed. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Translocation: The movement of material in solution inside the body of the plant. [NIH] Trehalase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of alpha,alpha-trehalose and water to D-glucose. EC 3.2.1.28. [NIH] Troglitazone: A drug used in diabetes treatment that is being studied for its effect on reducing the risk of cancer cell growth in fat tissue. [NIH] Tuberculostatic: Inhibiting the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. [EU] Tyramine: An indirect sympathomimetic. Tyramine does not directly activate adrenergic receptors, but it can serve as a substrate for adrenergic uptake systems and monoamine oxidase so it prolongs the actions of adrenergic transmitters. It also provokes transmitter release from adrenergic terminals. Tyramine may be a neurotransmitter in some invertebrate nervous systems. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Uremia: The illness associated with the buildup of urea in the blood because the kidneys are not working effectively. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, weakness, and mental confusion. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Uric: A kidney stone that may result from a diet high in animal protein. When the body breaks down this protein, uric acid levels rise and can form stones. [NIH] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Urticaria: A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress. [NIH] Vaccines: Suspensions of killed or attenuated microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, or rickettsiae), antigenic proteins derived from them, or synthetic constructs, administered for the prevention, amelioration, or treatment of infectious and other diseases.

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[NIH]

Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Valerian: Valeriana officinale, an ancient, sedative herb of the large family Valerianaceae. The roots were formerly used to treat hysterias and other neurotic states and are presently used to treat sleep disorders. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vascular Resistance: An expression of the resistance offered by the systemic arterioles, and to a lesser extent by the capillaries, to the flow of blood. [NIH] Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Ventricular: Pertaining to a ventricle. [EU] Verticillium: A mitosporic fungal genus commonly isolated from soil. Some species are the cause of wilt diseases in many different plants. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Vinyl Chloride: A gas that has been used as an aerosol propellant and is the starting material for polyvinyl resins. Toxicity studies have shown various adverse effects, particularly the occurrence of liver neoplasms. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Viral Hepatitis: Hepatitis caused by a virus. Five different viruses (A, B, C, D, and E) most commonly cause this form of hepatitis. Other rare viruses may also cause hepatitis. [NIH] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Virus Diseases: A general term for diseases produced by viruses. [NIH] Viscum: A genus of Old World parasitic plants of the Loranthaceae. Viscum album and Phorandendron flavescens were formerly used as emmenagogues, cardiac stimulants, and vasodilators. The plants contain toxins, lectins, tyramine, phenethylamines, and other useful or dangerous compounds. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Windpipe: A rigid tube, 10 cm long, extending from the cricoid cartilage to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra. [NIH] Wound Healing: Restoration of integrity to traumatized tissue. [NIH] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] X-ray therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be

Dictionary 105

placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. X-ray therapy is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and irradiation. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH]

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INDEX A Abdominal, 18, 75, 95 Acetaminophen, 45, 75 Acne, 75, 99 Adaptation, 7, 75, 81, 96 Adenocarcinoma, 75, 87 Adenosine, 75, 76, 95 Adjustment, 45, 75 Adrenergic, 75, 78, 83, 98, 103 Adverse Effect, 4, 75, 100, 104 Aerosol, 75, 102, 104 Affinity, 75, 76, 101 Agaricus, 8, 9, 10, 11, 30, 31, 75 Agonist, 76, 83, 102 Alimentary, 76, 83, 90 Alkaline, 22, 76, 80 Alkaline Phosphatase, 22, 76 Alkaloid, 76, 98 Allergic Rhinitis, 24, 76, 87 Aloe, 30, 41, 76 Alpha Particles, 76, 98 Amino acid, 8, 44, 76, 77, 81, 83, 84, 86, 87, 91, 94, 95, 97, 101, 103 Amino Acid Sequence, 76, 77, 86 Amiodarone, 45, 76 Ammonia, 28, 76 Amplification, 9, 76 Ampulla, 76, 81 Amyloid, 76 Anabolic, 76, 83 Anaesthesia, 76, 89 Analgesic, 13, 75, 76, 98 Anaphylaxis, 15, 76 Anemia, 44, 77, 80 Angina, 77, 95 Angiogenesis, 77, 92 Animal model, 4, 77 Antianginal, 76, 77 Antiarrhythmic, 76, 77 Antibiotic, 77, 84 Antibodies, 16, 77, 84, 92, 96 Antibody, 75, 77, 89, 90, 92, 93, 99, 101, 105 Antiemetic, 77, 78, 81 Antifungals, 46, 77 Antigen, 19, 75, 76, 77, 84, 88, 89, 92 Anti-inflammatory, 46, 75, 77, 99 Antimetabolite, 77, 92

Antimicrobial, 29, 77, 81 Antineoplastic, 77, 92 Antioxidants, 41, 46, 77 Antipsychotic, 77, 81 Antipyretic, 75, 78, 98 Antiviral, 43, 45, 78, 90 Antiviral Agents, 43, 78 Anus, 78, 82, 90 Aromatic, 78, 95, 101 Arteries, 78, 79, 82, 93 Astringents, 78, 92 Asymptomatic, 78, 87 Atrial, 76, 78 B Babesiosis, 78, 98 Bacteria, 11, 77, 78, 84, 93, 103 Bacterial Physiology, 75, 78 Bactericidal, 78, 85 Bacteriostatic, 78, 84 Base, 78, 86, 90 Basidiomycete, 6, 78 Bile, 78, 79, 81, 86, 91 Bile duct, 79, 81 Biliary, 45, 79, 81 Bioassay, 14, 79 Bioavailability, 13, 14, 31, 79 Biochemical, 77, 79, 91 Biological response modifier, 79, 90 Bladder, 79, 97, 103 Blood Coagulation, 79, 80 Blood Glucose, 79, 87, 89 Blood pressure, 79, 88, 101 Blood vessel, 77, 79, 80, 87, 100, 101, 104 Blood-Brain Barrier, 79, 91, 102 Body Fluids, 79, 101 Bone Marrow, 79, 82, 91 Brachytherapy, 79, 90, 99, 105 Branch, 71, 79, 102 Breakdown, 79, 83, 86, 95 Bronchi, 79, 103 Bronchial, 24, 79, 88 Burns, 45, 79 Burns, Electric, 79 C Cadmium, 25, 30, 79, 80 Cadmium Poisoning, 80 Calcium, 40, 45, 80, 92, 94, 98 Calcium channel blocker, 45, 80

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Calcium Channel Blockers, 45, 80 Calcium Oxalate, 80, 94 Capsules, 41, 80, 84 Carbohydrate, 16, 46, 80, 96, 100 Carcinogenesis, 80, 81 Carcinogenic, 80, 98 Carcinoma, 17, 80 Cardiac, 77, 80, 81, 85, 93, 98, 104 Case report, 13, 80 Cell, 5, 75, 76, 78, 80, 81, 83, 84, 85, 86, 88, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 99, 103 Cell Division, 78, 80, 93, 96 Cell membrane, 80, 95 Cellulose, 80, 86, 96 Central Nervous System, 6, 80, 86, 87, 91, 102 Cerebrovascular, 80 Chemopreventive, 22, 81 Chemotherapeutic agent, 5, 81 Chemotherapy, 5, 81 Chlorophyll, 81, 86 Chlorpromazine, 46, 81 Cholangitis, 46, 81 Cholestasis, 46, 81 Cholesterol, 5, 30, 78, 81, 102 Chromosomal, 76, 81 Chromosome, 81, 87, 91 Chronic, 26, 46, 81, 84, 87, 89, 91, 98, 101 Cimetidine, 46, 81 Cinchona, 81, 98 Ciprofloxacin, 46, 81 Clear cell carcinoma, 81, 83 Clinical trial, 4, 5, 13, 57, 81, 82, 99 Codons, 81, 86, 94 Coenzymes, 81, 94 Cognitive restructuring, 81, 101 Collagen, 76, 81, 85, 92, 96, 97 Collapse, 77, 79, 82 Colloidal, 82, 84, 102 Colon, 17, 82 Complementation, 6, 82 Computational Biology, 57, 82 Concomitant, 4, 82 Congenita, 82, 98 Connective Tissue, 79, 81, 82, 85, 86 Consumption, 14, 17, 41, 82 Contact dermatitis, 13, 82 Contamination, 9, 24, 25, 82, 95 Contraindications, ii, 82 Conventional therapy, 82 Conventional treatment, 44, 82 Coronary, 82, 93, 95

Coronary Thrombosis, 82, 93 Cryptococcosis, 6, 82 Curative, 82, 94, 102 Cutaneous, 15, 82 Cyclosporine, 46, 82 Cytochrome, 81, 83 Cytotoxic, 23, 29, 45, 83, 99 D Degenerative, 83, 87 Deletion, 6, 83 Deprivation, 5, 83 Dermatitis, 12, 83, 84 DES, 31, 83 Diagnostic procedure, 39, 83 Dietary Fiber, 40, 83 Digestion, 76, 78, 83, 91, 101 Dihydrotestosterone, 83, 99 Dilatation, 45, 83 Diploid, 82, 83, 96 Direct, iii, 49, 83, 98, 99 Disease Vectors, 83, 90 Disinfectant, 83, 85 Dopa, 45, 83, 91 Dopamine, 78, 81, 83, 91, 94, 95 Dosage Forms, 41, 83 Drug Interactions, 50, 84 Duodenum, 78, 84, 101 E Eczema, 7, 12, 84 Edema, 82, 84, 91 Efficacy, 4, 84 Electrolyte, 84, 96, 101 Electrophoresis, 20, 84 Embryo, 84, 89 Emodin, 76, 84 Endogenous, 83, 84 Endotoxic, 84, 91 End-stage renal, 18, 84 Environmental Health, 56, 58, 84 Enzymatic, 76, 80, 84, 88 Enzyme, 4, 5, 6, 76, 81, 84, 87, 90, 95, 96, 97, 99, 102, 103, 104 Epitopes, 16, 84 Erythema, 82, 84, 103 Erythrocytes, 77, 78, 79, 84, 99 Erythromycin, 46, 84 Esophagus, 85, 101 Estrogen, 85, 100, 102 Ethanol, 18, 85 Ethnobotany, 14, 32, 85 Excitability, 85, 98 Excitatory, 85, 87

109

Exogenous, 84, 85 External-beam radiation, 85, 90, 98, 104 Extracellular, 76, 82, 85, 92, 101 Extracellular Matrix, 82, 85, 92 Extracellular Matrix Proteins, 85, 92 F Family Planning, 57, 85 Fat, 35, 40, 46, 79, 85, 91, 101, 103 Fatty acids, 41, 85, 97 Fibrin, 79, 85, 102 Fibrinogen, 85, 102 Fibrosis, 45, 85 Fungi, 15, 28, 29, 31, 32, 77, 78, 86, 91, 93, 101, 103, 105 Fungicide, 28, 86 Fungus, 6, 10, 28, 41, 82, 86 G Gallbladder, 75, 79, 86 Ganglia, 78, 86, 94 Gas, 76, 86, 88, 93, 94, 102, 104 Gastric, 81, 84, 86, 88, 95, 99 Gastrin, 81, 86, 88 Gastrointestinal, 14, 21, 80, 81, 85, 86, 99, 102 Gastrointestinal tract, 85, 86 Gene, 6, 86, 88, 90, 96 Gene Expression, 86, 88 Gene Library, 86 Genetic Code, 86, 94 Genital, 81, 86 Genomic Library, 6, 86 Genotype, 86, 95 Ginseng, 41, 86 Gland, 86, 95, 97, 100, 102 Glomerular, 87, 99 Glomerulus, 87, 93 Glucose, 79, 80, 87, 103 Glutamate, 87 Glutamic Acid, 40, 87, 94, 97 Glutathione Peroxidase, 87, 100 Glycine, 76, 87, 94 Glycoprotein, 85, 87, 91 Governing Board, 87, 96 Growth, 5, 6, 9, 41, 77, 78, 87, 90, 92, 93, 96, 99, 102, 103 H Haploid, 6, 87, 96 Hay Fever, 76, 87 Hemoglobin, 77, 84, 87, 91 Hemophilia, 44, 87 Hepatic, 5, 46, 87 Hepatitis, 23, 43, 44, 45, 87, 95, 104

Hepatitis C, 23, 43, 44, 87 Hepatocellular, 46, 87 Hepatocellular carcinoma, 46, 87 Hepatocyte, 81, 88 Hepatotoxic, 88, 98 Hereditary, 87, 88 Heredity, 86, 88 Heterodimer, 6, 88 Heterotrophic, 86, 88 Hiccup, 81, 88 Histamine, 78, 81, 88, 99 Homeobox, 88 Homeodomain Proteins, 11, 88 Hormone, 79, 83, 86, 88, 102 Household Products, 22, 88 Housekeeping, 88 Hybrid, 6, 88 Hybridization, 6, 88 Hydrogen, 78, 80, 85, 87, 88, 93, 94, 95, 98 Hydroxyproline, 76, 82, 88 Hyperlipidemia, 4, 88 Hypersensitivity, 76, 88 Hypertension, 35, 80, 88 Hyperthermia, 45, 88 Hypoglycemic, 46, 89 Hypoglycemic Agents, 46, 89 Hypothermia, 45, 89 I Id, 33, 70, 72, 89 Imidazole, 88, 89, 99 Immune function, 41, 89 Immune response, 77, 89, 102, 104 Immune system, 41, 44, 89, 92 Immunity, 19, 89 Immunocompromised, 6, 89 Immunodeficiency, 29, 44, 47, 89 Immunodeficiency syndrome, 44, 47, 89 Immunogenic, 89, 91 Immunosuppressant, 89, 92 Implant radiation, 89, 90, 99, 105 In vitro, 28, 31, 89 In vivo, 89 Indicative, 89, 104 Induction, 6, 78, 89 Infarction, 82, 89, 92 Infection, 43, 44, 79, 82, 89, 92, 94, 101, 103 Inflammation, 18, 75, 76, 77, 81, 82, 83, 85, 87, 89, 93, 96 Ingestion, 5, 12, 13, 14, 17, 22, 26, 80, 90, 93, 96 Inhalation, 75, 88, 90, 96 Insecticides, 29, 90

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Interferon, 43, 90 Interferon-alpha, 90 Internal radiation, 90, 99, 105 Interstitial, 26, 79, 90, 93, 99, 105 Intestinal, 40, 90, 92 Intestines, 75, 86, 90 Intoxication, 12, 14, 90 Intracellular, 80, 89, 90, 96, 97, 100 Intravenous, 17, 43, 90 Introns, 86, 90 Invasive, 89, 90 Irradiation, 29, 90, 105 Isoenzymes, 22, 90 Isoniazid, 45, 90 J Joint, 81, 90, 102 K Kb, 56, 90 Kidney Failure, 84, 91 Kidney stone, 91, 94, 103 L Lectins, 30, 91, 104 Lentinan, 17, 91 Lentinus, 10, 17, 31, 91 Leucine, 91, 95 Levodopa, 83, 91 Library Services, 70, 91 Life cycle, 86, 91 Ligament, 91, 97 Linkages, 87, 91, 95 Lipid, 4, 40, 91 Lipid A, 40, 91 Lipopolysaccharides, 91 Liver, 3, 16, 23, 30, 44, 45, 75, 78, 79, 86, 87, 88, 91, 104 Liver cancer, 46, 91 Liver Neoplasms, 91, 104 Liver Transplantation, 23, 91 Localized, 89, 91, 96, 103 Locomotion, 91, 96 Lymphatic, 89, 91 Lymphocyte, 77, 92 Lymphoid, 77, 92 Lymphoma, 15, 92 M Maintenance therapy, 6, 92 Malabsorption, 25, 92 Malignant, 7, 75, 77, 91, 92, 99 Malignant tumor, 7, 92 Mammary, 92, 102 Mannans, 86, 92 Matrix metalloproteinase, 5, 92

Mediate, 83, 92, 99 Mediator, 83, 92 MEDLINE, 57, 92 Membrane, 76, 80, 85, 91, 92, 95, 98 Meninges, 80, 92 Mental, iv, 4, 12, 56, 58, 92, 94, 98, 103 Mental Health, iv, 4, 56, 58, 92, 94 Mercury, 14, 18, 24, 25, 92 Metastasis, 5, 92 Methotrexate, 45, 92 MI, 73, 92 Microbe, 93, 103 Microbiology, 18, 29, 31, 75, 93 Microorganism, 40, 93, 104 Mitosis, 91, 93 Modification, 76, 93 Molecular, 8, 15, 32, 57, 59, 82, 85, 93, 103 Molecule, 77, 78, 93, 94, 95, 99 Monoclonal, 90, 93, 99, 105 Morphogenesis, 88, 93 Morphological, 9, 84, 86, 93 Motility, 5, 93 Mucins, 93 Mushroom Poisoning, 4, 23, 28, 29, 93 Mutagen, 93 Myocardium, 92, 93 Myotonia, 93, 98 N Nausea, 77, 78, 84, 93, 103 Need, 3, 4, 5, 43, 45, 51, 92, 93 Neoplastic, 92, 93 Nephritis, 26, 93 Nerve, 75, 92, 94 Nervous System, 46, 80, 92, 94, 102, 103 Neural, 7, 76, 94 Neuropathy, 94, 95 Neurotic, 94, 104 Neurotransmitter, 75, 76, 83, 87, 88, 94, 101, 103 Neutrons, 76, 90, 94, 98 Niacin, 33, 34, 40, 46, 94 Nitrogen, 40, 76, 85, 94 Nitrogen Compounds, 40, 94 Nucleic acid, 40, 86, 88, 94 Nucleic Acid Hybridization, 88, 94 O Occupational Health, 31, 94 Ointments, 84, 94 Oncology, 46, 94 Open Reading Frames, 7, 94 Oxalate, 23, 35, 94 Oxidation, 77, 83, 87, 95

111

P Palliative, 95, 102 Pancreas, 75, 95 Parasitic, 95, 104 Pathologies, 45, 95 Pelvic, 95, 97 Pepsin, 31, 81, 95 Pepsin A, 31, 81, 95 Peptide, 76, 95, 97 Perception, 7, 95 Perhexiline, 45, 95 Pesticide Residues, 20, 95 Pharmaceutical Solutions, 84, 95 Pharmacologic, 95, 103 Phenotype, 6, 82, 95 Phenylalanine, 95 Phospholipids, 85, 95 Phosphorus, 45, 80, 95 Physiologic, 76, 83, 96, 97, 99 Physiology, 21, 91, 96 Pilot study, 4, 47, 96 Plants, 4, 21, 22, 29, 30, 31, 76, 84, 85, 86, 87, 96, 98, 101, 103, 104 Plasma, 5, 30, 77, 80, 85, 87, 91, 96, 97, 100 Plasma cells, 77, 96 Plasticity, 7, 96 Platelet Aggregation, 18, 96 Platelets, 96, 102 Pneumonia, 82, 96 Poisoning, 13, 14, 18, 21, 22, 23, 80, 90, 92, 93, 96, 100 Polymerase, 78, 96 Polysaccharide, 40, 77, 80, 91, 96 Potassium, 96, 98 Practice Guidelines, 58, 96 Precancerous, 81, 96 Precursor, 83, 84, 91, 95, 96, 97 Pregnancy Maintenance, 97 Prevalence, 44, 97 Progression, 77, 97 Progressive, 87, 97, 99 Proline, 8, 82, 88, 97 Prophylaxis, 6, 78, 97, 99 Prostaglandin, 97 Prostate, 5, 30, 97 Protease, 4, 5, 97, 99 Protective Agents, 80, 97 Protein C, 76, 86, 97 Protein S, 78, 84, 86, 97 Proteins, 6, 7, 31, 41, 76, 77, 80, 82, 85, 87, 88, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 100, 103 Prothrombin, 97, 102

Protons, 76, 88, 98 Protozoa, 93, 98, 101, 103 Pruritic, 84, 98 Psoriasis, 98, 99 Psychiatric, 12, 21, 98 Psychiatry, 12, 19, 98 Public Policy, 57, 98 Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids, 3, 98 Q Quinidine, 46, 81, 98 Quinine, 46, 81, 98 R Race, 83, 98 Racemic, 83, 98 Radiation, 14, 21, 29, 85, 88, 90, 98, 99, 104 Radiation therapy, 85, 90, 98, 105 Radioactive, 88, 89, 90, 99, 105 Radiolabeled, 90, 99, 105 Radiotherapy, 79, 90, 99, 105 Randomized, 5, 84, 99 Ranitidine, 46, 99 Receptor, 75, 77, 83, 99 Rectum, 78, 82, 86, 97, 99 Red blood cells, 84, 99, 100 Reductase, 4, 92, 99 Refer, 1, 86, 91, 94, 99, 103 Regimen, 4, 84, 99 Remission, 92, 99 Renal failure, 12, 23, 99 Retinoids, 45, 99 Retrospective, 22, 99 Rigidity, 96, 99 Ritonavir, 4, 99 S Salicylate, 99 Salicylic, 99 Salicylic Acids, 99 Screening, 20, 31, 43, 81, 99 Secondary tumor, 92, 99 Secretion, 81, 88, 93, 99, 100 Sedative, 100, 104 Selective estrogen receptor modulator, 100, 102 Selenium, 13, 100 Semen, 97, 100 Senna, 3, 100 Septicemia, 17, 100 Sequence Analysis, 6, 100 Sequencing, 7, 100 Serum, 5, 100 Sex Characteristics, 100, 102 Shock, 77, 100

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Mushrooms

Side effect, 47, 49, 51, 75, 78, 100, 102 Skeletal, 98, 100 Sludge, 46, 100 Smooth muscle, 80, 88, 100, 102 Social Support, 100, 101 Sodium, 45, 98, 100 Soft tissue, 40, 79, 101 Solvent, 85, 95, 101 Species, 3, 9, 31, 41, 82, 88, 93, 95, 98, 101, 104 Specificity, 6, 75, 101 Spectroscopic, 32, 101 Spices, 20, 101 Spinal cord, 80, 81, 92, 94, 101 Spores, 24, 101 Stimulant, 88, 101, 102 Stomach, 22, 75, 85, 86, 88, 90, 93, 95, 101 Stool, 82, 101 Stress, 4, 9, 44, 45, 93, 101, 103 Stress management, 44, 101 Subacute, 89, 101 Subclinical, 89, 101 Subspecies, 101 Substance P, 84, 100, 101 Substrate, 18, 25, 102, 103 Supplementation, 15, 102 Suspensions, 41, 102, 103 Symphysis, 97, 102 Synergistic, 41, 102 Systemic, 45, 50, 77, 79, 89, 90, 99, 100, 102, 104, 105 T Tacrine, 45, 102 Tamoxifen, 46, 100, 102 Teratogenic, 98, 102 Testosterone, 99, 102 Therapeutics, 50, 102 Thrombin, 31, 85, 96, 97, 102 Thrombus, 82, 89, 96, 102 Thyroid, 46, 102 Time Management, 101, 102 Tissue, 10, 11, 77, 79, 82, 84, 85, 86, 88, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104 Tone, 102 Tooth Preparation, 75, 102 Topical, 78, 85, 102 Toxic, iv, 8, 45, 81, 88, 89, 93, 94, 100, 102, 103 Toxicity, 4, 5, 29, 84, 92, 102, 104

Toxicology, 13, 17, 21, 24, 25, 58, 103 Toxin, 20, 84, 103 Trachea, 79, 102, 103 Transfusion, 87, 103 Translation, 76, 85, 103 Translocation, 84, 103 Trehalase, 18, 103 Troglitazone, 46, 103 Tuberculostatic, 90, 103 Tyramine, 103, 104 U Unconscious, 89, 103 Uremia, 91, 99, 103 Urethra, 97, 103 Uric, 40, 103 Urinary, 81, 103 Urine, 79, 80, 91, 94, 103 Urticaria, 76, 103 V Vaccines, 103, 104 Vagina, 83, 104 Valerian, 3, 104 Vascular, 45, 76, 77, 80, 89, 102, 103, 104 Vascular Resistance, 76, 104 Vasodilator, 83, 88, 95, 104 Vein, 90, 104 Ventricular, 76, 104 Verticillium, 28, 104 Veterinary Medicine, 30, 57, 104 Vinyl Chloride, 45, 104 Viral, 28, 43, 44, 78, 104 Viral Hepatitis, 44, 104 Virulence, 102, 104 Virus, 43, 44, 47, 78, 87, 90, 104 Virus Diseases, 78, 104 Viscum, 3, 104 Vitro, 104 W Windpipe, 102, 104 Wound Healing, 92, 104 X Xenograft, 77, 104 X-ray, 90, 93, 98, 99, 104 X-ray therapy, 90, 104 Y Yeasts, 86, 95, 105

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