Mastoiditis: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

MASTOIDITIS A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES J AMES N...

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MASTOIDITIS A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Mastoiditis: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-497-00709-6 1. Mastoiditis-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on mastoiditis. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON MASTOIDITIS ............................................................................................. 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Mastoiditis .................................................................................... 4 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 5 CHAPTER 2. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND MASTOIDITIS ............................................................. 33 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 33 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 33 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 34 General References ....................................................................................................................... 35 CHAPTER 3. BOOKS ON MASTOIDITIS ............................................................................................. 37 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 37 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ............................................................................. 37 Chapters on Mastoiditis ............................................................................................................... 37 CHAPTER 4. MULTIMEDIA ON MASTOIDITIS .................................................................................. 39 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 39 Video Recordings ......................................................................................................................... 39 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 43 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 43 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 43 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 45 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 47 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 49 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 49 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 49 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 51 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 53 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 53 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 53 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 53 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 53 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 59 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 61 MASTOIDITIS DICTIONARY..................................................................................................... 63 INDEX ................................................................................................................................................ 79

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with mastoiditis is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about mastoiditis, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to mastoiditis, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on mastoiditis. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to mastoiditis, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on mastoiditis. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON MASTOIDITIS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on mastoiditis.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and mastoiditis, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “mastoiditis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Options for Treating Otitis Media Source: Practitioner. 240(1558): 42-47. January 1996. Summary: According to this article on the management of patients with otitis media, a key problem in otitis media (middle ear infection) is that the diagnosis is often unclear, and that management can be difficult and apparently illogical. Topics covered include how to recognize the types of otitis media, determining the indications for antibiotics, and patient referral. The article concludes with a discussion on persistent middle ear effusion. As this problem can lead to delay in speech and educational difficulties (if the condition persists beyond two to three months), the patient should be referred for consideration of insertion of grommets. While waiting, a trial of cephalosporin may clear the effusion and, if effective, may make surgery unnecessary. Guidelines for otological referral include: recurrent episodes of acute suppurative otitis media

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unaffected by chemoprophylaxis; recurrent episodes of acute otitis media with or without effusion despite adequate medical treatment; associated hearing loss of greater than 25 to 30 dB; presence of speech or language delay associated with recurrent otitis media in any of its forms; presence of persistent perforation of the tympanic membrane with or without the suspicion of cholesteatoma; and suppurative complications in acute suppurative otitis media, such as acute mastoiditis or chronic suppurative otitis media. 3 figures. 10 references. •

Rise of Acute Otitis Media Source: Patient Care. 29(16): 22-52. October 15, 1995. Summary: In this article, the authors review the diagnosis and treatment of acute otitis media (OM) and otitis media with effusion (OME). The authors stress that the potential complications and sequelae of acute OM and OME represent significant health hazards for children, and include mastoiditis, labyrinthitis, petrositis, facial paralysis, and intracranial complications. Topics covered include the incidence of acute OM; diagnosing acute OM, including the use of a pneumatic otoscope and the role of tympanometry; the bacterial causes of OM; selecting an antibiotic; the growing problem of antibiotic resistance; pain control; determining when myringotomy is needed; followup care; and managing recurrent or persistent OM. A patient care flowchart for managing acute otitis media is presented. 3 figures. 3 tables. 14 references.

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Routine Antibiotics: Are They Really Needed for Acute Otitis Media? Source: JAAPA. Journal of the American Academy of Physician Assistants. 11(10): 41-42, 45. October 1998. Contact: Available from Medical Economics. 5 Paragon Drive, Montvale, NJ 07645-1742. (800) 432-4570. Summary: This article considers the use of routine antibiotics in the treatment of acute otitis media (ear infection). The author states that otitis media is overdiagnosed and overtreated, and explains his reasons for this conclusion. The author discusses antibiotic use in the U.S. compared to that in Europe, the fear of complications of otitis media (such as meningitis, mastoiditis, and hearing loss), the role of worry over malpractice action, otitis media that is virus induced (for which antibiotics will not be effective), growing worldwide bacterial resistance to antibiotics, the effective management of parents whose children have ear infections, and the shifting to more conservative management of acute otitis media by restricting initial use of antimicrobials. One sidebar offers ten recommendations for the better management of acute otitis media (AOM), including the use of antibiotics but in a more conservative fashion. 10 references.

Federally Funded Research on Mastoiditis The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to mastoiditis. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable 2

Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to mastoiditis. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore mastoiditis.

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.3 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with mastoiditis, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “mastoiditis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for mastoiditis (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A contemporary analysis of acute mastoiditis. Author(s): Gliklich RE, Eavey RD, Iannuzzi RA, Camacho AE. Source: Archives of Otolaryngology--Head & Neck Surgery. 1996 February; 122(2): 1359. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8630206

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A histopathological study of the relationship between otitis media and mastoiditis. Author(s): Schachern P, Paparella MM, Sano S, Lamey S, Guo YH. Source: The Laryngoscope. 1991 October; 101(10): 1050-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1921631

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A swollen cheek, an unusual course of acute mastoiditis. Author(s): Warnaar A, Snoep G, Stals FS. Source: International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology. 1989 May; 17(2): 179-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2759783

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PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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Actinomycosis oto-mastoiditis. Author(s): Ajal M, Turner J, Fagan P, Walker P. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1997 November; 111(11): 1069-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9472580

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Acute and acute-on-chronic mastoiditis (a five-year experience at Groote Schuur Hospital). Author(s): Mathews TJ. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1988 February; 102(2): 115-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2894400

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Acute and chronic mastoiditis in children. Author(s): Fliss DM, Leiberman A, Dagan R. Source: Adv Pediatr Infect Dis. 1997; 13: 165-85. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9544312

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Acute and chronic mastoiditis. Author(s): McCabe BF, Sade J, Katz AE, Ziv M. Source: The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology. 1977 May-June; 86(3 Pt 1): 402-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=869443

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Acute and chronic mastoiditis: clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management. Author(s): Nadol JB Jr, Eavey RD. Source: Curr Clin Top Infect Dis. 1995; 15: 204-29. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7546369

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Acute and latent mastoiditis in children. Author(s): Palva T, Virtanen H, Makinen J. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1985 February; 99(2): 127-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4038726

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Acute and latent mastoiditis. Author(s): Faye-Lund H. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1989 December; 103(12): 1158-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2614236

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Acute coalescent mastoiditis and acoustic sequelae in an infant with severe congenital neutropenia. Author(s): Matsubara K, Omori K, Baba K. Source: International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology. 2002 January 11; 62(1): 63-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11738697

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Acute coalescent mastoiditis caused by antibiotic resistant organisms. Author(s): Collison PJ, Farver D. Source: S D J Med. 1998 October; 51(10): 379-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9803164

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Acute coalescent mastoiditis in an infant: an emerging trend? Author(s): Bach KK, Malis DJ, Magit AE, Pransky SM, Kearns DB, Seid AB. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 1998 November; 119(5): 523-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9807085

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Acute coalescent mastoiditis. Author(s): Holt GR, Young WC. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 1981 March-April; 89(2): 317-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6787534

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Acute leukaemia presenting as acute mastoiditis. Author(s): Wright JL. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1971 October; 85(10): 1087-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5097132

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Acute mastoiditis after a combined approach tympanoplasty operation. Author(s): Sade J, Halevy A, Berco E. Source: Arch Otolaryngol. 1980 December; 106(12): 727-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7436846

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Acute mastoiditis and acute labyrinthitis without mastoidectomy. Author(s): Goodwin MR. Source: The Laryngoscope. 1968 February; 78(2): 227-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5642486

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Acute mastoiditis and cholesteatoma. Author(s): Shaffer HL, Gates GA, Meyerhoff WL. Source: Otolaryngology. 1978 May-June; 86(3 Pt 1): Orl394-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=112528

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Acute mastoiditis and its complications: a changing trend. Author(s): Zoller H. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1972 April; 65(4): 477-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5028405

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Acute mastoiditis as seen today. Author(s): Ronis BJ, Ronis ML, Liebman EP. Source: Eye Ear Nose Throat Mon. 1968 October; 47(10): 502-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5678388

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Acute mastoiditis caused by Moraxella catarrhalis. Author(s): Leskinen K, Jero J. Source: International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology. 2003 January; 67(1): 31-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12560147

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Acute mastoiditis complicated by bacterial meningitis. Author(s): Braverman AC, Dall L, Nohinek B. Source: Mo Med. 1985 June; 82(6): 308-11. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4010665

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Acute mastoiditis complicated by sigmoid sinus thrombosis in congenital aural atresia. Author(s): Zalzal GH. Source: International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology. 1987 November; 14(1): 31-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3323098

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Acute mastoiditis following pseudomonas maltophilia infection: case report. Author(s): Harlowe HD. Source: The Laryngoscope. 1972 May; 82(5): 882-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4337404

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Acute mastoiditis in a Norwegian population: a 20 year retrospective study. Author(s): Vassbotn FS, Klausen OG, Lind O, Moller P. Source: International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology. 2002 February 25; 62(3): 237-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11852127

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Acute mastoiditis in children: a 12-year retrospective study. Author(s): Harley EH, Sdralis T, Berkowitz RG. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 1997 January; 116(1): 26-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9018253

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Acute mastoiditis in children: a review of 54 cases. Author(s): Hawkins DB, Dru D, House JW, Clark RW. Source: The Laryngoscope. 1983 May; 93(5): 568-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6843246

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Acute mastoiditis in children: a seventeen-year experience in Dallas, Texas. Author(s): Ghaffar FA, Wordemann M, McCracken GH Jr. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2001 April; 20(4): 376-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11332661

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Acute mastoiditis in children: an increase in frequency in Northern Virginia. Author(s): Bahadori RS, Schwartz RH, Ziai M. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2000 March; 19(3): 212-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10749461

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Acute mastoiditis in children: is surgical treatment necessary? Author(s): Cohen-Kerem R, Uri N, Rennert H, Peled N, Greenberg E, Efrat M. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1999 December; 113(12): 1081-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10767920

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Acute mastoiditis in children: Pseudomonas aeruginosa as a leading pathogen. Author(s): Butbul-Aviel Y, Miron D, Halevy R, Koren A, Sakran W. Source: International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology. 2003 March; 67(3): 27781. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12633928

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Acute mastoiditis in children: review of the current status. Author(s): Spratley J, Silveira H, Alvarez I, Pais-Clemente M. Source: International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology. 2000 November 30; 56(1): 33-40. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11074113

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Acute mastoiditis in children--our experience. Author(s): Vera-Cruz P, Farinha RR, Calado V. Source: International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology. 1999 October 25; 50(2): 113-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10576611

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Acute mastoiditis in infancy: a sequela of unrecognized acute otitis media. Author(s): Scott TA, Jackler RK. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 1989 December; 101(6): 683-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2512557

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Acute mastoiditis in infants and children. Author(s): Ginsburg CM, Rudoy R, Nelson JD. Source: Clinical Pediatrics. 1980 August; 19(8): 549-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7389242

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Acute mastoiditis in pediatric age. Author(s): Magliulo G, Vingolo GM, Petti R, Ronzoni R, Cristofari P. Source: International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology. 1995 March; 31(2-3): 14751. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7782172

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Acute mastoiditis in Southern Israel: a twelve year retrospective study (1990 through 2001). Author(s): Katz A, Leibovitz E, Greenberg D, Raiz S, Greenwald-Maimon M, Leiberman A, Dagan R. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2003 October; 22(10): 878-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14551488

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Acute mastoiditis with complications: a report of two cases. Author(s): Dallari S, Zaccarelli SC, Sintini M, Gatti G, Balli R. Source: Acta Otorhinolaryngol Belg. 1997; 51(2): 113-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9241378

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Acute mastoiditis with hemophilia. (A case report). Author(s): Sukhatankar VK, Jhaveri NR, Mishra PK, Karnik PP. Source: Journal of Postgraduate Medicine. 1968 January; 14(1): 44-46B. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5648511

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Acute mastoiditis with temporomandibular joint effusion. Author(s): Hadlock TA, Ferraro NF, Rahbar R. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 2001 July; 125(1): 111-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11458229

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Acute mastoiditis. Diagnosis and complications. Author(s): Ogle JW, Lauer BA. Source: Am J Dis Child. 1986 November; 140(11): 1178-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2876623

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Acute mastoiditis. Influence of antibiotic treatment on the bacterial spectrum. Author(s): Prellner K, Rydell R. Source: Acta Oto-Laryngologica. 1986 July-August; 102(1-2): 52-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3739692

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Acute mastoiditis: a 10 year retrospective study. Author(s): Tarantino V, D'Agostino R, Taborelli G, Melagrana A, Porcu A, Stura M. Source: International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology. 2002 November 11; 66(2): 143-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12393248

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Acute mastoiditis: a 10-year review. Author(s): Khafif A, Halperin D, Hochman I, Gertler R, Poria I, Shindel D, Marshak G. Source: American Journal of Otolaryngology. 1998 May-June; 19(3): 170-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9617928

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Acute mastoiditis: a review of 34 patients. Author(s): Rubin JS, Wei WI. Source: The Laryngoscope. 1985 August; 95(8): 963-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3894842

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Acute mastoiditis: a review of 69 cases. Author(s): Rosen A, Ophir D, Marshak G. Source: The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology. 1986 May-June; 95(3 Pt 1): 222-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3717845

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Acute mastoiditis: clinical, microbiological, and therapeutic aspects. Author(s): Nadal D, Herrmann P, Baumann A, Fanconi A. Source: European Journal of Pediatrics. 1990 May; 149(8): 560-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2347352

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Acute mastoiditis: predictors for surgery. Author(s): Kvestad E, Kvaerner KJ, Mair IW. Source: International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology. 2000 April 15; 52(2): 14955. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10767462

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Acute mastoiditis--relevant once again. Author(s): Hoppe JE, Koster S, Bootz F, Niethammer D. Source: Infection. 1994 May-June; 22(3): 178-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7927813

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Acute mastoiditis--revisited. Author(s): Luntz M, Keren G, Nusem S, Kronenberg J. Source: Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal. 1994 September; 73(9): 648-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7988394

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Acute mastoiditis--the antibiotic era: a multicenter study. Author(s): Luntz M, Brodsky A, Nusem S, Kronenberg J, Keren G, Migirov L, Cohen D, Zohar S, Shapira A, Ophir D, Fishman G, Rosen G, Kisilevsky V, Magamse I, Zaaroura S, Joachims HZ, Goldenberg D. Source: International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology. 2001 January; 57(1): 1-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11165635

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Acute myelogenous leukemia presenting as atypical mastoiditis with facial paralysis. Author(s): Todd NW Jr, Bowman CA. Source: International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology. 1984 May; 7(2): 173-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6589214

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Acute pseudomonas mastoiditis in children. Author(s): Leiberman A, Fliss DM. Source: American Journal of Otolaryngology. 1987 May-June; 8(3): 175-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3618908

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Acute Salmonella mastoiditis in an infant. Author(s): Kaplan DM, Leiberman A, Noghreyan A, Fliss DM. Source: International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology. 1995 April; 32(1): 87-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7607825

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Aerobic and anaerobic bacteriology of chronic mastoiditis in children. Author(s): Brook I. Source: Am J Dis Child. 1981 May; 135(5): 478-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7234779

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Ambroise Pare and the king's mastoiditis. Author(s): Liston SL. Source: American Journal of Surgery. 1994 April; 167(4): 440-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8179092

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Anaerobic infection in acute mastoiditis. Author(s): Swanston AR, Grace AR, Drake-Lee AB, Moffat DA. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1983 July; 97(7): 633-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6875365

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Anaerobic mastoiditis: a report of two cases with complications. Author(s): Moloy PJ. Source: The Laryngoscope. 1982 November; 92(11): 1311-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7144403

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Aneurysmal bone cyst masquerading as acute mastoiditis. Author(s): deVries EJ, Kamerer DB, Rafalko D. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 1989 June; 100(6): 613-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2501738

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Antibiotics and mastoiditis. Author(s): Hoppe JE. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2001 October; 20(10): 1012-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11642623

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Aspergillus mastoiditis in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Author(s): Yates PD, Upile T, Axon PR, de Carpentier J. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1997 June; 111(6): 560-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9231092

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Aspergillus mastoiditis in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Author(s): Chen D, Lalwani AK, House JW, Choo D. Source: The American Journal of Otology. 1999 September; 20(5): 561-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10503576

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Aspergillus mastoiditis. Author(s): Hall PJ, Farrior JB. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 1993 February; 108(2): 167-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8441542

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Bacteriology in acute mastoiditis. Author(s): Maharaj D, Jadwat A, Fernandes CM, Williams B. Source: Archives of Otolaryngology--Head & Neck Surgery. 1987 May; 113(5): 514-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3566928

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Bacteriology of mastoiditis (a five-year experience at Groote Schuur Hospital). Author(s): Mathews TJ, Oliver SP. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1988 May; 102(5): 397-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3397630

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Bacteroides meningitis complicating chronic mastoiditis. Author(s): Siegler D, Faiers MC, Willis AT. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1982 September; 58(683): 560-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7145796

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Benign intracranial hypertension caused by mastoiditis and lateral sinus obstruction: the value of computerized tomography in diagnosis. Author(s): Schonsted-Madsen U, Sehested P, Brask T. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1984 April; 98(4): 395-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6715972

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Bilateral acute coalescent mastoiditis in an immunocompromised infant with a rare leukocyte adhesion deficiency. Author(s): Martinez SA, Mcnellis EL, Weber PC, Adkins WY Jr. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 1999 June; 120(6): 926-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10352452

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Bilateral acute mastoiditis complicated by lateral sinus thrombosis. Author(s): Oyarzabal MF, Patel KS, Tolley NS. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1992 June; 106(6): 535-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1624892

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Bilateral facial palsy caused by bilateral masked mastoiditis. Author(s): Fukuda T, Sugie H, Ito M, Kikawada T. Source: Pediatric Neurology. 1998 April; 18(4): 351-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9588534

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Bilateral lateral sinus thrombosis associated with otitis media and mastoiditis. Author(s): Samaha M, Prudencio JA, Tewfik TL, Schloss MD. Source: The Journal of Otolaryngology. 2001 August; 30(4): 250-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11771039

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Bilateral otitis media and mastoiditis caused by a highly resistant strain of Mycobacterium chelonae. Author(s): Avery RK, Eavey RD, Della Torre T, Ramos D, Pasternack MS. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1996 November; 15(11): 1037-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8933554

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Bone scan diagnosis of masked mastoiditis. Author(s): Tovi F, Gatot A. Source: The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology. 1992 August; 101(8): 707-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1497281

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Bone scanning in masked mastoiditis. Author(s): Tovi F, Lantsberg S, Hertzanu Y. Source: The Journal of Otolaryngology. 1992 December; 21(6): 454-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1494193

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Bone scintigraphy in the diagnosis of mastoiditis. Author(s): Floyd JL, Goodman EL. Source: Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 1981 July; 6(7): 320-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6453674

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Branhamella catarrhalis and Streptococcus pneumoniae type 9 causing recurrent coalescent mastoiditis. Author(s): Marcinak JF, Maloney KL. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1987 November; 6(11): 1068-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3122159

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Central venous sinus thrombosis following mastoiditis: report of 4 cases and literature review. Author(s): Rocha JL, Kondo W, Gracia CM, Baptista MI, Buchele G, da Cunha CA, Martins LT. Source: The Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Brazilian Society of Infectious Diseases. 2000 December; 4(6): 307-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11136529

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Cerebellopontine angle lymphoma presenting as chronic mastoiditis. Author(s): Hill N, Little B, Vasan N, Giles M. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 2000 August; 114(8): 618-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11027053

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Chronic mastoiditis mimicking recurrence of nasopharyngeal carcinoma: report of a case. Author(s): Liu SJ, Hsu CJ, Hsieh T. Source: J Formos Med Assoc. 1993 November; 92(11): 1007-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7910058

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Chronic mastoiditis; characteristics in Mexico. Author(s): Valenzuela C. Source: Int Surg. 1966 October; 46(4): 377-83. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5969702

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Chronic serous mastoiditis, idiopathic hemotympanum and cholesterol granuloma of the mastoid. Author(s): Sheehy JL, Linthicum FH Jr, Greenfield EC. Source: The Laryngoscope. 1969 July; 79(7): 1189-217. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5796907

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Clinical experiences with acute mastoiditis--1988 through 1998. Author(s): Lee ES, Chae SW, Lim HH, Hwang SJ, Suh HK. Source: Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal. 2000 November; 79(11): 884-8, 890-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11107691

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Clinical presentation of acute mastoiditis in children. Author(s): Jiang CB, Chiu NC, Hsu CH, Lee KS, Shu MT, Huang FY. Source: J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2000 September; 33(3): 187-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11045383

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Coalescent mastoiditis in a case of congenital aural atresia. Author(s): Close LG, Scholl PD. Source: International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology. 1982 March; 4(1): 69-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7095994

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Coalescent mastoiditis in a child with severe congenital neutropenia. Report of a case. Author(s): Jaklis A, Tohme S. Source: J Med Liban. 1996; 44(2): 96-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9057443

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Complicated acute mastoiditis treated conservatively. Author(s): Goodwin MR. Source: N Y State J Med. 1969 February 15; 69(4): 594-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5252431

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Complications of chronic mastoiditis. Author(s): Miglets AW Jr, Harrington JW. Source: R I Med J. 1970 March; 53(3): 152-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5264912

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Complications of chronic mastoiditis. Author(s): Miglets AW Jr, Harrington JW. Source: Ohio State Med J. 1969 December; 65(12): 1219-25. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5356841

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Complications of mastoiditis with special emphasis on venous sinus thrombosis. Author(s): Venezio FR, Naidich TP, Shulman ST. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1982 October; 101(4): 509-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7119951

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Complications of mastoiditis. Author(s): Brook I. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1983 July; 103(1): 170-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6864389

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Computed tomography and the diagnosis of coalescent mastoiditis. Author(s): Antonelli PJ, Garside JA, Mancuso AA, Strickler ST, Kubilis PS. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 1999 March; 120(3): 350-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10064637

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Developmental variations of the temporal bone that influence the evolution of chronic suppurative otitis media and mastoiditis and the medical and surgical treatment of this syndrome. Author(s): Williams HL. Source: The Laryngoscope. 1969 May; 79(5): 827-56. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4890239

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Drug-resistant tuberculous mastoiditis in 2 children. Author(s): Pavlopoulou ID, Theodoridou M, Daikos GL, Lazopoulou DK, Koudoumnakis E, Papadopoulos L, Syriopoulou VP. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2000; 32(4): 436-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10959661

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Emergency presentation of coalescent mastoiditis. Author(s): Rogers SM, Wedro BC, Overholt SL. Source: The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 1989 July; 7(4): 413-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2735991

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Extensive calvarial tuberculosis: rare complication of tuberculous mastoiditis. Author(s): Thandar MA, Fagan JJ, Garb M. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 2004 January; 118(1): 65-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14979979

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Fungal mastoiditis in an immunocompetent adult. Author(s): Ohki M, Ito K, Ishimoto S. Source: European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology : Official Journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (Eufos) : Affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery. 2001 March; 258(3): 106-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11374248

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Fungal mastoiditis in immunocompromised children. Author(s): Slack CL, Watson DW, Abzug MJ, Shaw C, Chan KH. Source: Archives of Otolaryngology--Head & Neck Surgery. 1999 January; 125(1): 73-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9932592

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Fungal mastoiditis in the immunocompromised host. Author(s): Stanley RJ, McCaffrey TV, Weiland LH. Source: Archives of Otolaryngology--Head & Neck Surgery. 1988 February; 114(2): 1989. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3337779

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Fusobacterium septicemia with otitis media and mastoiditis. Author(s): Lin RG, Arcala AE. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 1975 April; 57(4): 159-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1124245

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Granulocytic sarcoma (chloroma) initially seen as acute mastoiditis. Author(s): Thompson DH, Ross DG, Reid JW. Source: Arch Otolaryngol. 1982 June; 108(6): 388-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6953953

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Granuloma inguinale (donovanosis): an unusual cause of otitis media and mastoiditis in children. Author(s): Govender D, Naidoo K, Chetty R. Source: American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1997 November; 108(5): 510-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9353089

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Images in clinical medicine. Tuberculous mastoiditis and cerebral tuberculoma. Author(s): Reid VA, Keane J. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2002 December 5; 347(23): E6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12466523

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Imaging of complications of acute mastoiditis in children. Author(s): Vazquez E, Castellote A, Piqueras J, Mauleon S, Creixell S, Pumarola F, Figueras C, Carreno JC, Lucaya J. Source: Radiographics : a Review Publication of the Radiological Society of North America, Inc. 2003 March-April; 23(2): 359-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12640152

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Imaging quiz case 2. Tuberculous mastoiditis causing a facial palsy. Author(s): Shaida A, Siddiqui N. Source: Archives of Otolaryngology--Head & Neck Surgery. 1998 March; 124(3): 341, 343. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9525523

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Impact of resistant pneumococcus on rates of acute mastoiditis. Author(s): Antonelli PJ, Dhanani N, Giannoni CM, Kubilis PS. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 1999 September; 121(3): 190-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10471856

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Increased frequency of acute mastoiditis in children. Author(s): Robinson RF, Koranyi K, Mahan JD, Nahata MC. Source: American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy : Ajhp : Official Journal of the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. 2004 February 1; 61(3): 304, 306. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14986565

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Indications for mastoidectomy in acute mastoiditis in children. Author(s): Taylor MF, Berkowitz RG. Source: The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology. 2004 January; 113(1): 6972. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14763577

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Infectious mononucleosis, mastoiditis, and facial paralysis. Author(s): Michel RG, Pope TH Jr, Patterson CN. Source: Arch Otolaryngol. 1975 August; 101(8): 486-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1156236

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Intracranial and extracranial complications of acute mastoiditis: evaluation with computed tomography. Author(s): Shanley DJ, Murphy TF. Source: J Am Osteopath Assoc. 1992 January; 92(1): 131-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1559855

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Intracranial complications of acute and chronic mastoiditis: report of two cases in children. Author(s): Kuczkowski J, Mikaszewski B. Source: International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology. 2001 September 28; 60(3): 227-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11551614

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Intracranial complications of acute mastoiditis. Author(s): Go C, Bernstein JM, de Jong AL, Sulek M, Friedman EM. Source: International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology. 2000 April 15; 52(2): 1438. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10767461

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Labyrinthine fistula in chronic mastoiditis. Author(s): McCabe BF. Source: Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol Suppl. 1984 July-August; 112: 138-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6431874

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Latent mastoiditis: no room for complacency. Author(s): Martin-Hirsch DP, Habashi S, Page R, Hinton AE. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1991 September; 105(9): 767-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1919350

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Lateral sinus thrombosis associated with otitis media and mastoiditis in children. Author(s): Garcia RD, Baker AS, Cunningham MJ, Weber AL. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1995 July; 14(7): 617-23. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7567293

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Lateral sinus thrombosis complicating mastoiditis. Author(s): Grafstein E, Fernandes CM, Samoyloff S. Source: Annals of Emergency Medicine. 1995 March; 25(3): 420-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7864487

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Lemierre syndrome and acute mastoiditis. Author(s): Stokroos RJ, Manni JJ, de Kruijk JR, Soudijn ER. Source: Archives of Otolaryngology--Head & Neck Surgery. 1999 May; 125(5): 589-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10326820

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Life threatening complications after partially treated mastoiditis. Author(s): Jose J, Coatesworth AP, Anthony R, Reilly PG. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2003 July 5; 327(7405): 41-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12842957

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Localized mastoiditis simulating a facial nerve schwannoma on MRI. Author(s): Vlahos L, Yiotakis J, Gouliamos A, Kotoulas G, Adamopoulos G. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1994 November; 108(11): 1008-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7829940

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Malignant external otitis and mastoiditis associated with an IgG4 subclass deficiency in a child. Author(s): Castro R, Robinson N, Klein J, Geimeier W. Source: Del Med J. 1990 December; 62(12): 1417-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2079118

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Malignant external otitis. An unusual route to mastoiditis. Author(s): Cook PF, Neelon FA. Source: N C Med J. 1988 March; 49(3): 125-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3352797

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Manifest mastoiditis in childhood: a current critical review. Author(s): Imrei L, Sotonyi P. Source: International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology. 1983 April; 5(2): 189-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6874240

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Masked diabetic mastoiditis. Author(s): Badrawy R, Abou-Bieth A, Taha A. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1975 August; 89(8): 815-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1185064

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Masked mastoiditis. Author(s): Holt GR, Gates GA. Source: The Laryngoscope. 1983 August; 93(8): 1034-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6877011

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Masked mastoiditis. Author(s): Boles R. Source: Mich Med. 1965 November; 64(11): 836-40. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5831080

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Mastoiditis and acute otitis media in children with cochlear implants: recommendations for medical management. Author(s): Kempf HG, Stover T, Lenarz T. Source: Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol Suppl. 2000 December; 185: 25-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11140991

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Mastoiditis and brain hernia (mastoiditis cerebri). Author(s): Paparella MM, Meyerhoff WL, Oliviera CA. Source: The Laryngoscope. 1978 July; 88(7 Pt 1): 1097-106. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=672344

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Mastoiditis and chronic otitis media. A discussion of current concepts of surgical management. Author(s): Paparella MM. Source: Ohio State Med J. 1965 November; 61(11): 989-92. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5833729

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Mastoiditis caused by atypical mycobacteria. Author(s): Moerman M, Dierick J, Mestdagh J, Boedts D, Van Cauwenberge P. Source: International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology. 1993 December; 28(1): 69-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8300316

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Mastoiditis in children. Author(s): Khan I, Shahzad F. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 2003 March; 117(3): 177-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12648371

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Mastoiditis in children. Author(s): Bitar CN, Kluka EA, Steele RW. Source: Clinical Pediatrics. 1996 August; 35(8): 391-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8862898

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Mastoiditis in Kelantan. Author(s): Elango S, Than T. Source: Med J Malaysia. 1995 September; 50(3): 233-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8926900

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Mastoiditis in prehistoric Arizona Indians. Author(s): Titche LL, Wachter RD, Coulthard SW, Harries LL. Source: Ariz Med. 1981 September; 38(9): 712-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7028002

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Mastoiditis presenting as an acute abdomen with features of Lemierre's syndrome. Author(s): Boo TW, Lynch N, Cryan B, Kearney PJ. Source: Ir Med J. 2003 October; 96(9): 277-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14753585

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Mastoiditis, lymphoma, and AIDS. Author(s): Lowry T, Raja L, Verghese A. Source: The Western Journal of Medicine. 1998 September; 169(3): 173-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9771160

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Mastoiditis, meningitis and venous sinus thrombosis caused by Fusobacterium necrophorum. Author(s): Bader-Meunier B, Pinto G, Tardieu M, Pariente D, Bobin S, Dommergues JP. Source: European Journal of Pediatrics. 1994 May; 153(5): 339-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8033922

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Mastoiditis. Author(s): Scheibel WR, Urtes MA. Source: American Family Physician. 1987 June; 35(6): 123-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3504099

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Mastoiditis: a case-based review. Author(s): Wang NE, Burg JM. Source: Pediatric Emergency Care. 1998 August; 14(4): 290-2. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9733257

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Mastoiditis: a disease often overlooked by pediatricians. Author(s): Cheng MF, Chiou CC, Hsieh KS. Source: J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2000 December; 33(4): 237-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11269368

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Measles mortality, mastoiditis, marasmus and malnutrition. Author(s): Gordon AG. Source: International Journal of Epidemiology. 1984 June; 13(2): 247-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6429062

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MRI findings in a child with sigmoid sinus thrombosis following mastoiditis. Author(s): van den Bosch MA, Vos JA, de Letter MA, de Ru JA, van DiemenSteenvoorde RA, Plotz FB. Source: Pediatric Radiology. 2003 December; 33(12): 877-9. Epub 2003 September 13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=13680004

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Mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome mimicking acute coalescent mastoiditis. Author(s): Puczynski MS, Stankiewicz JA, Ow PE. Source: The American Journal of Otology. 1986 January; 7(1): 71-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3946587

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Mycobacterium avium acute mastoiditis. Author(s): Wardrop PA, Pillsbury HC 3rd. Source: Arch Otolaryngol. 1984 October; 110(10): 686-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6477264

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Mycobacterium fortuitum as a cause of mastoiditis and wound infection. Author(s): Neitch SM, Sydnor JB, Schleupner CJ. Source: Arch Otolaryngol. 1982 January; 108(1): 11-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7053742

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Mycobacterium fortuitum mastoiditis. Author(s): Austin WK, Lockey MW. Source: Arch Otolaryngol. 1976 September; 102(9): 558-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=962700

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National differences in incidence of acute mastoiditis: relationship to prescribing patterns of antibiotics for acute otitis media? Author(s): Van Zuijlen DA, Schilder AG, Van Balen FA, Hoes AW. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2001 February; 20(2): 140-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11224830

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Neonatal meningitis and mastoiditis caused by Hemophilus influenzae. Author(s): Lee TB, Stingle WH, Ombres P, Lewis JS, Cooper LZ. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1976 January 26; 235(4): 407-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1082037

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Nontuberculous mycobacterial mastoiditis. Author(s): Stewart MG, Troendle-Atkins J, Starke JR, Coker NJ. Source: Archives of Otolaryngology--Head & Neck Surgery. 1995 February; 121(2): 2258. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7840932

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Otitis externa posing as mastoiditis. Author(s): Hopkin RJ, Bergeson PS, Pinckard KC, Lewis K, Pinckard RC. Source: Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. 1994 December; 148(12): 1346-9. Erratum In: Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1995 September; 149(9): 1028. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7951821

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Otitis media and mastoiditis due to Mycobacterium fortuitum: case report, review of four cases, and a cautionary note. Author(s): Plemmons RM, McAllister CK, Liening DA, Garces MC. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1996 June; 22(6): 1105-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8783722

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Otogenic Fusobacterium meningitis, sepsis, and mastoiditis in an adolescent. Author(s): Morrison A, Weir I, Silber T. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 2004 April; 97(4): 416-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15108842

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Outpatient management of acute mastoiditis with periosteitis in children. Author(s): Niv A, Nash M, Peiser J, Dagan R, Einhorn M, Leiberman A, Fliss DM. Source: International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology. 1998 November 15; 46(12): 9-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10190699

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Paediatric acute mastoiditis: the Alder Hey experience. Author(s): De S, Makura ZG, Clarke RW. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 2002 June; 116(6): 440-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12385355

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Pathologic quiz case 1. Furuncular myiasis mimicking clinical mastoiditis. Author(s): Michael BN, Matar S, Siegel DM. Source: Archives of Otolaryngology--Head & Neck Surgery. 1995 October; 121(10): 1200, 1202-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7546591

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Penicillin-susceptible and erythromycin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in children with acute mastoiditis. Author(s): del Castillo F, Ledesma F, Garcia-Perea A. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 2001 November; 20(11): 824-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11783702

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Pneumococcal mastoiditis in children. Author(s): Kaplan SL, Mason EO Jr, Wald ER, Kim KS, Givner LB, Bradley JS, Barson WJ, Tan TQ, Schutze GE, Yogev R. Source: Pediatrics. 2000 October; 106(4): 695-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11015510

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Pneumocystis carinii otitis media and mastoiditis as the initial manifestation of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Author(s): Gherman CR, Ward RR, Bassis ML. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1988 August; 85(2): 250-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3261130

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Post-mastoidectomy mastoiditis and cerebrospinal fluid fistulas. Author(s): Gordon AG. Source: Clinical Otolaryngology and Allied Sciences. 1981 October; 6(5): 371-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7318231

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Prevention of acute mastoiditis: fact or fiction? Author(s): Linder TE, Briner HR, Bischoff T. Source: International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology. 2000 December 1; 56(2): 129-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11115685

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Pseudomonas mastoiditis. Author(s): Meyerhoff WL, Gates GA, Montalbo PJ. Source: The Laryngoscope. 1977 April; 87(4 Pt 1): 483-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=402522

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Pseudomonas mastoiditis. Author(s): Morgenstein KM, Seung HI. Source: The Laryngoscope. 1971 February; 81(2): 200-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5101473

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Radiology quiz case 1. Epidural empyema after acute mastoiditis. Author(s): Babin E, Brenac F, Bequignon A, Edy E, Valdazo A, Moreau S. Source: Archives of Otolaryngology--Head & Neck Surgery. 2003 February; 129(2): 258, 260. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12578464

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Recurrent therapy resistant mastoiditis by Mycobacterium cheilonae abscessus, a nontuberculous mycobacterium. Author(s): van Aarem A, Muytjens HL, Smits MM, Cremers CW. Source: International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology. 1998 February; 43(1): 6172. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9596371

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Renal carcinoma with acute mastoiditis. Author(s): Mansell NJ. Source: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 1998 December; 91(12): 644-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10730116

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Renal carcinoma with acute mastoiditis. Author(s): Friedmann I. Source: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 1999 March; 92(3): 155. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10396271

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Rhodococcus equi mastoiditis in a patient with AIDS. Author(s): Lopes Cardoso FL, Machado ES, Souza MJ, Cunha R. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1996 April; 22(4): 713. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8729214

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Risk of mastoiditis in typical otitis media not managed by antibiotics. Author(s): Giebink GS, Le CT. Source: Lancet. 1982 January 9; 1(8263): 111. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6119479

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Role of cholesteatoma in etiology of acute mastoiditis. Author(s): Kacker SK, Sinha A. Source: J Otolaryngol Soc Aust. 1968 March; 2(3): 45-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5729535

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Role of surgery in tuberculous mastoiditis. Author(s): Singh B. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1991 November; 105(11): 907-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1761944

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Sensori-neural hearing loss in chronic otitis media and mastoiditis. Author(s): Paparella MM, Brady DR, Hoel R. Source: Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol. 1970 January-February; 74(1): 108-15. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5442952

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Septic pulmonary emboli complicating mastoiditis: Lemierre's syndrome revisited. Author(s): Hughes CE, Spear RK, Shinabarger CE, Tuna IC. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1994 April; 18(4): 633-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8038323

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Serous otitis media and mastoiditis: their radiologic and clinical manifestations. Author(s): Bloch C, Feuerstein SS. Source: The Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine, New York. 1976 January-February; 43(1): 27-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1082088

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Severe otitis and mastoiditis due to Rhodococcus equi in a patient with AIDS. Case report. Author(s): Ibarra R, Jinkins JR. Source: Neuroradiology. 1999 September; 41(9): 699-701. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10525774

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Silent mastoiditis and bilateral simultaneous facial palsy. Author(s): Tovi F, Leiberman A. Source: International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology. 1983 July; 5(3): 303-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6629658

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Solitary plasmacytoma of the mastoid bone presenting as coalescent mastoiditis. Author(s): George JC, Caldemeyer KS, Kreipke DL, Chalian AA, Moran CC. Source: Archives of Otolaryngology--Head & Neck Surgery. 1994 December; 120(12): 1393-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7980906

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Surgical mastoiditis masked by antibiotics. Author(s): Williams JR. Source: N Y State J Med. 1966 May 1; 66(9): 1102-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5218384

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Surgical therapy of chronic mastoiditis with cholesteatoma. Author(s): Parisier SC, Green RP, Chute PM, Calhoun WF, Som PM. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 1982 November-December; 90(6): 767-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10994427

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T cell lymphoma of the ear presenting as mastoiditis. Author(s): Danino J, Joachims HZ, Ben-Arieh Y, Hefer T, Weyl-Ben-Arush M. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1997 September; 111(9): 852-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9373552

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Temporomandibular joint ankylosis following mastoiditis: report of a case. Author(s): Faerber TH, Ennis RL, Allen GA. Source: Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery : Official Journal of the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. 1990 August; 48(8): 866-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2374063

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The diagnosis and management of mastoiditis in children. Author(s): Myer CM 3rd. Source: Pediatric Annals. 1991 November; 20(11): 622-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1956708

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The role of surgery in tuberculous mastoiditis: appropriate chemotherapy is not always enough. Author(s): Weiner GM, O'Connell JE, Pahor AL. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1997 August; 111(8): 752-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9327015

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Therapeutic mastoidocentesis in Pseudomonas-mastoiditis. Author(s): Ingelstedt S, Rundcrantz H. Source: Acta Oto-Laryngologica. 1966 July; 62(1): 1-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5967874

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Treatment of acute mastoiditis. Author(s): Schoem SR. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 1997 October; 117(4): 425-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9339811

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Treatment of chronic mastoiditis by grafting of mastoid cavities with autologous epithelial layers generated by in vitro culture of buccal epithelium. Author(s): Premachandra DJ, Woodward B, Milton CM, Sergeant RJ, Fabre JW. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1991 June; 105(6): 413-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2072005

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Treatment of otitis media and mastoiditis. Author(s): Schlosser WD. Source: Mod Treat. 1965 November; 2(6): 1162-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5850833

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Tuberculosis mastoiditis caused by Mycobacterium bovis. Author(s): Smith S, Anders B. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1994 June; 13(6): 538-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8078744

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Tuberculous mastoiditis and laryngitis. Author(s): Mukerjee CM. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1989 April 17; 150(8): 468. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2716693

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Tuberculous mastoiditis and laryngitis: a case report. Author(s): Bryan PA, Lancken JH. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1989 January 2; 150(1): 41-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2909839

•

Tuberculous mastoiditis in a child. Author(s): Bitsori M, Galanakis E, Kokori H, Amanakis Z, Sbyrakis S. Source: European Journal of Pediatrics. 1999 May; 158(5): 435. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10333136

•

Tuberculous mastoiditis in children. Author(s): Mugiyo KU, Rahayoe NN, Hendarto HH. Source: Paediatr Indones. 1981 May-June; 21(5-6): 125-31. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7290718

•

Tuberculous mastoiditis presenting with tuberculous meningitis. Author(s): Podrazik EP, Mikhael MA, Wolff AP. Source: Imj Ill Med J. 1987 December; 172(6): 430-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2892817

•

Tuberculous mastoiditis. Author(s): Chernoff WG, Parnes LS. Source: The Journal of Otolaryngology. 1992 August; 21(4): 290-2. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1527837

•

Tuberculous mastoiditis. Author(s): Samuel J, Fernandes CM. Source: The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology. 1986 May-June; 95(3 Pt 1): 264-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3717852

•

Tuberculous mastoiditis. Author(s): Emmett JR, Fischer ND, Biggers WP. Source: The Laryngoscope. 1977 July; 87(7): 1157-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=875580

Studies

31

•

Tuberculous mastoiditis. Author(s): Buchanan G, Rainer EH. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1988 May; 102(5): 440-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3397640

•

Tuberculous mastoiditis. Author(s): Wolfowitz BL. Source: Arch Otolaryngol. 1972 February; 95(2): 109-13. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5060055

•

Tuberculous mastoiditis. Author(s): Fields JA. Source: The Laryngoscope. 1967 April; 77(4): 489-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5297919

•

Tuberculous mastoiditis. A case report. Author(s): Esmer N, Galguner M, El Hayderi I, Uzun KH. Source: Ann Soc Belg Med Trop. 1979 June; 59(2): 155-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=518160

•

Tuberculous mastoiditis: when is surgery indicated? Author(s): Saunders NC, Albert DM. Source: International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology. 2002 August 1; 65(1): 5963. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12127224

•

Tuberculous otitis media and mastoiditis. Author(s): Saltzman SJ, Feigin RD. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1971 December; 79(6): 1004-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5315981

•

Tuberculous otitis media with mastoiditis and central nervous system involvement. Author(s): Mongkolrattanothai K, Oram R, Redleaf M, Bova J, Englund JA. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2003 May; 22(5): 453-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12792390

•

Turicella otitidis mastoiditis in a healthy child. Author(s): Dana A, Fader R, Sterken D. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2001 January; 20(1): 84-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11176577

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•

Wegener's granulomatosis masquerading as mastoiditis and lateral-sinus thrombosis. Author(s): Pathak I, Bryce G. Source: The Journal of Otolaryngology. 1997 June; 26(3): 207-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9176807

•

Wegener's granulomatosis presenting as mastoiditis. Author(s): Moussa AE, Abou-Elhmd KA. Source: The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology. 1998 July; 107(7): 560-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9682849

•

When a mastoid swelling is not mastoiditis. Author(s): Hung T, Huchzermeyer P. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 2000 May; 114(5): 376-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10912270

33

CHAPTER 2. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND MASTOIDITIS Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to mastoiditis. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to mastoiditis and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “mastoiditis” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to mastoiditis: •

Ancient temporal bone osteopathology. Author(s): Loveland CJ, Pierce LC, Gregg JB. Source: The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology. 1990 February; 99(2 Pt 1): 146-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2405762

•

Langerhans' cells histiocytosis. Author(s): Sellari-Franceschini S, Forli F, Pierini S, Favre C, Berrettini S, Macchia PA. Source: International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology. 1999 April 25; 48(1): 837. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10365975

•

Maggot therapy for subacute mastoiditis. Author(s): Horn KL, Cobb AH Jr, Gates GA.

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Source: Arch Otolaryngol. 1976 June; 102(6): 377-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1275807 •

Maggot therapy. Author(s): Lewy RB. Source: Arch Otolaryngol. 1977 May; 103(5): 310-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=856138

•

Public health in China: 1978. Author(s): Alderman MH, Reader GG. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1979 July; 67(1): 3-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=463914

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

•

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

•

Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

•

drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

•

Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

•

MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

•

HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

•

WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

Alternative Medicine 35

The following is a specific Web list relating to mastoiditis; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

General Overview Meningitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

37

CHAPTER 3. BOOKS ON MASTOIDITIS Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to mastoiditis. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on mastoiditis include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “mastoiditis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.” From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:4 •

Chronic mastoiditis with minute sequestra formation. Author: Lamp, Clyde Benjamin, 1921-; Year: 1951

Chapters on Mastoiditis In order to find chapters that specifically relate to mastoiditis, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and mastoiditis using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes 4

In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.

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at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “mastoiditis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on mastoiditis: •

Acute Suppurative Otitis Media and Mastoiditis Source: in Canalis, R.F. and Lambert, P.R., eds. Ear: Comprehensive Otology. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. 2000. p. 397-408. Contact: Available from Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. P.O. Box 1600, Hagerstown, MD 21741. (800) 638-3030. Fax (301) 223-2300. Website: www.lww.com. PRICE: $179.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 078171558X. Summary: This chapter is from a textbook that offers complete coverage of the field of clinical otology (study of the ear). The book is oriented to serve both the otolaryngology resident as a practical learning tool and the practicing otolaryngologist as an updated reference source of clinical and basic information. This chapter focuses on the clinical and pathologic features of acute bacterial infections of the middle ear cleft (acute otitis media) and mastoid process. In the first section, on acute otitis media, the authors discuss a definition, epidemiology, etiology, bacteriology, pathology, symptoms, physical findings, laboratory tests, hearing tests, clinical course, medical treatment, surgery (myringotomy, i.e., drainage tubes), follow up care, and complications. In the section on acute mastoiditis, the authors discuss a definition, incidence, bacteriology, pathology, symptoms, physical findings, laboratory tests, auditory tests, radiographic evaluation, medical management, and surgical management. The authors also discuss acute bullous myringitis (which involves the lateral middle ear boundary), the technique of simple mastoidectomy, and temporal bone fungal infection. 13 figures. 33 references.

39

CHAPTER 4. MULTIMEDIA ON MASTOIDITIS Overview In this chapter, we show you how to keep current on multimedia sources of information on mastoiditis. We start with sources that have been summarized by federal agencies, and then show you how to find bibliographic information catalogued by the National Library of Medicine.

Video Recordings An excellent source of multimedia information on mastoiditis is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to “Videorecording” and “mastoiditis” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find video productions, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Videorecording (videotape, videocassette, etc.).” Type “mastoiditis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for video recordings on mastoiditis: •

Managing Earaches in Children Source: Timonium, MD: Milner-Fenwick. 199x. (videocassette). Contact: Available from Milner-Fenwick, 2125 Greenspring Drive, Timonium, MD 21093. (800) 432-8433. PRICE: $125.00. Number CC-12. Summary: This videotape, designed for parents, describes common causes, symptoms, complications, treatment, and coping tips for ear infections in children. The program begins by briefly describing how the ear works and illustrating the structure of the inner ear. Temporary measures are suggested to relieve pain until a doctor can be consulted. Treatments discussed include antibiotics; antihistamines or decongestants; saline nasal sprays; and, for chronic infection, potential surgical treatment such as surgery to release fluid, insertion of tubes, and removal of the adenoids. Potential complications of ear infection are described, including ruptured eardrum, mastoiditis, and chronic serous otitis media. Parents are strongly urged to consult a physician any time a child experiences symptoms such as earache, clogged ears, discharge, dizziness, irritability,

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ear pulling, fever, or loss of hearing. The video concludes with some suggestions to help prevent infection, including avoiding exposure to colds and other infections, keeping children away from cigarette smoke, and never bottle feeding a child while the child is lying down.

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APPENDICES

43

APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute5: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

5

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

Physician Resources

45

NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.6 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:7 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

6

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 7 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway8 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.9 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “mastoiditis” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 1640 22 21 4 4 1691

HSTAT10 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.11 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.12 Simply search by “mastoiditis” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

8

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

9

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 10 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 11 12

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

Physician Resources

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists13 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.14 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.15 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

13 Adapted 14

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 15 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on mastoiditis can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to mastoiditis. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to mastoiditis. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “mastoiditis”:

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Dizziness and Vertigo http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/dizzinessandvertigo.html Ear Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/eardisorders.html Ear Infections http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/earinfections.html Hearing Disorders and Deafness http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hearingdisordersanddeafness.html Hearing Problems in Children http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hearingproblemsinchildren.html You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on mastoiditis. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •

Discussion of Eustachian Tube Problems Source: Los Angeles, CA: House Ear Institute. 1994. 20 p. Contact: Available from House Ear Institute. 2100 West Third Street, Fifth Floor, Los Angeles, CA 90057. Voice (800) 552-HEAR; (213) 483-4431; TTY (213) 484-2642; Fax (213) 483-8789. PRICE: $1.00 per booklet. Order Number BR-3. Summary: This brochure describes eustachian tube problems. The booklet begins with a description of the mechanism of hearing and the function of the eustachian tube, and then discusses eustachian tube problems related to flying. Additional topics include the causes of and treatment options for serous otitis media (acute and chronic), chronic serous mastoiditis and idiopathic hemotypanum, the abnormally patent eustachian tube, and palatal myoclonus. The booklet provides checklists and boxes to individualize the information provided to a specific patient. 4 figures. The NIH Search Utility

The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an

Patient Resources

51

ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to mastoiditis. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to mastoiditis. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with mastoiditis. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about mastoiditis. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines.

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The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “mastoiditis” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “mastoiditis”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “mastoiditis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “mastoiditis” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

53

APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.16

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

16

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)17: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

17

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

Finding Medical Libraries

55

•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

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57

•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

59

ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on mastoiditis: •

Basic Guidelines for Mastoiditis Mastoiditis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001034.htm Otitis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001336.htm

•

Signs & Symptoms for Mastoiditis Drainage from the ear Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003042.htm Ear pain or discomfort Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003046.htm Earache Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003046.htm

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Edema Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003103.htm Erythema Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003220.htm Fever Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003090.htm Headache Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003024.htm Hearing loss Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003044.htm Otalgia Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003046.htm Otorrhea Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003042.htm •

Diagnostics and Tests for Mastoiditis Audiogram Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003341.htm CT Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003330.htm Differential Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003657.htm Head CT Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003786.htm Head CT scan Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003786.htm MRI Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003335.htm Skull X-ray Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003802.htm X-ray Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003337.htm

•

Surgery and Procedures for Mastoiditis Mastoidectomy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003016.htm

Online Glossaries 61

Myringotomy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003015.htm •

Background Topics for Mastoiditis Acute Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002215.htm Chronic Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002312.htm

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

63

MASTOIDITIS DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdomen: That portion of the body that lies between the thorax and the pelvis. [NIH] Acoustic: Having to do with sound or hearing. [NIH] Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome: An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive Tlymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993. [NIH] Afferent: Concerned with the transmission of neural impulse toward the central part of the nervous system. [NIH] Air Pressure: The force per unit area that the air exerts on any surface in contact with it. Primarily used for articles pertaining to air pressure within a closed environment. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amino acid: Any organic compound containing an amino (-NH2 and a carboxyl (- COOH) group. The 20 a-amino acids listed in the accompanying table are the amino acids from which proteins are synthesized by formation of peptide bonds during ribosomal translation of messenger RNA; all except glycine, which is not optically active, have the L configuration. Other amino acids occurring in proteins, such as hydroxyproline in collagen, are formed by posttranslational enzymatic modification of amino acids residues in polypeptide chains. There are also several important amino acids, such as the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid, that have no relation to proteins. Abbreviated AA. [EU] Anaerobic: 1. Lacking molecular oxygen. 2. Growing, living, or occurring in the absence of molecular oxygen; pertaining to an anaerobe. [EU] Ankylosis: Fixation and immobility of a joint. [NIH] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a

64

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specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Artery: Vessel-carrying blood from the heart to various parts of the body. [NIH] Atresia: Lack of a normal opening from the esophagus, intestines, or anus. [NIH] Atypical: Irregular; not conformable to the type; in microbiology, applied specifically to strains of unusual type. [EU] Auditory: Pertaining to the sense of hearing. [EU] Aural: Pertaining to or perceived by the ear, as an aural stimulus. [EU] Autologous: Taken from an individual's own tissues, cells, or DNA. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterial Infections: Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified. [NIH] Bacteriostatic: 1. Inhibiting the growth or multiplication of bacteria. 2. An agent that inhibits the growth or multiplication of bacteria. [EU] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Bilateral: Affecting both the right and left side of body. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bottle Feeding: Use of nursing bottles for feeding. Applies to humans and animals. [NIH] Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth. [EU] Bullous: Pertaining to or characterized by bullae. [EU] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]

Dictionary 65

Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebral Cortex: The thin layer of gray matter on the surface of the cerebral hemisphere that develops from the telencephalon and folds into gyri. It reaches its highest development in man and is responsible for intellectual faculties and higher mental functions. [NIH] Cerebrospinal: Pertaining to the brain and spinal cord. [EU] Cerebrospinal fluid: CSF. The fluid flowing around the brain and spinal cord. Cerebrospinal fluid is produced in the ventricles in the brain. [NIH] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Cholesteatoma: A non-neoplastic keratinizing mass with stratified squamous epithelium, frequently occurring in the meninges, central nervous system, bones of the skull, and most commonly in the middle ear and mastoid region. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Disease: Disease or ailment of long duration. [NIH] Clinical Medicine: The study and practice of medicine by direct examination of the patient. [NIH]

Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Cochlea: The part of the internal ear that is concerned with hearing. It forms the anterior part of the labyrinth, is conical, and is placed almost horizontally anterior to the vestibule. [NIH]

Cochlear: Of or pertaining to the cochlea. [EU] Cochlear Implants: Electronic devices implanted beneath the skin with electrodes to the cochlear nerve to create sound sensation in persons with sensorineural deafness. [NIH] Cochlear Nerve: The cochlear part of the 8th cranial nerve (vestibulocochlear nerve). The cochlear nerve fibers originate from neurons of the spiral ganglion and project peripherally to cochlear hair cells and centrally to the cochlear nuclei (cochlear nucleus) of the brain stem. They mediate the sense of hearing. [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH]

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Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Computed tomography: CT scan. A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized tomography and computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan. [NIH] Computerized axial tomography: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called CAT scan, computed tomography (CT scan), or computerized tomography. [NIH] Computerized tomography: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan and computed tomography (CT scan). [NIH]

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Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Cyst: A sac or capsule filled with fluid. [NIH] Dementia: An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Discrete: Made up of separate parts or characterized by lesions which do not become blended; not running together; separate. [NIH] Dizziness: An imprecise term which may refer to a sense of spatial disorientation, motion of the environment, or lightheadedness. [NIH] Dura mater: The outermost, toughest, and most fibrous of the three membranes (meninges) covering the brain and spinal cord; called also pachymeninx. [EU] Earache: Pain in the ear. [NIH] Eardrum: A thin, tense membrane forming the greater part of the outer wall of the tympanic cavity and separating it from the external auditory meatus; it constitutes the boundary between the external and middle ear. [NIH] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Efferent: Nerve fibers which conduct impulses from the central nervous system to muscles and glands. [NIH] Effusion: The escape of fluid into a part or tissue, as an exudation or a transudation. [EU] Emaciation: Clinical manifestation of excessive leanness usually caused by disease or a lack of nutrition. [NIH] Emboli: Bit of foreign matter which enters the blood stream at one point and is carried until it is lodged or impacted in an artery and obstructs it. It may be a blood clot, an air bubble, fat or other tissue, or clumps of bacteria. [NIH] Empyema: Presence of pus in a hollow organ or body cavity. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health.

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[NIH]

Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Eustachian tube: The middle ear cavity is in communication with the back of the nose through the Eustachian tube, which is normally closed, but opens on swallowing, in order to maintain equal air pressure. [NIH] Facial: Of or pertaining to the face. [EU] Facial Expression: Observable changes of expression in the face in response to emotional stimuli. [NIH] Facial Nerve: The 7th cranial nerve. The facial nerve has two parts, the larger motor root which may be called the facial nerve proper, and the smaller intermediate or sensory root. Together they provide efferent innervation to the muscles of facial expression and to the lacrimal and salivary glands, and convey afferent information for taste from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue and for touch from the external ear. [NIH] Facial Paralysis: Severe or complete loss of facial muscle motor function. This condition may result from central or peripheral lesions. Damage to CNS motor pathways from the cerebral cortex to the facial nuclei in the pons leads to facial weakness that generally spares the forehead muscles. Facial nerve diseases generally results in generalized hemifacial weakness. Neuromuscular junction diseases and muscular diseases may also cause facial paralysis or paresis. [NIH] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fistula: Abnormal communication most commonly seen between two internal organs, or between an internal organ and the surface of the body. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Grafting: The operation of transfer of tissue from one site to another. [NIH] Gram-negative: Losing the stain or decolorized by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria having a cell wall composed of a thin layer of peptidoglycan covered by an outer membrane of lipoprotein and lipopolysaccharide. [EU]

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Gram-positive: Retaining the stain or resisting decolorization by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria whose cell wall is composed of a thick layer of peptidologlycan with attached teichoic acids. [EU] Granuloma: A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents. [NIH] Habitat: An area considered in terms of its environment, particularly as this determines the type and quality of the vegetation the area can carry. [NIH] Hemophilia: Refers to a group of hereditary disorders in which affected individuals fail to make enough of certain proteins needed to form blood clots. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Hernia: Protrusion of a loop or knuckle of an organ or tissue through an abnormal opening. [NIH]

Histiocytosis: General term for the abnormal appearance of histiocytes in the blood. Based on the pathological features of the cells involved rather than on clinical findings, the histiocytic diseases are subdivided into three groups: Langerhans cell histiocytosis, nonLangerhans cell histiocytosis, and malignant histiocytic disorders. [NIH] Hoarseness: An unnaturally deep or rough quality of voice. [NIH] Hydrocephalus: Excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid within the cranium which may be associated with dilation of cerebral ventricles, intracranial hypertension; headache; lethargy; urinary incontinence; and ataxia (and in infants macrocephaly). This condition may be caused by obstruction of cerebrospinal fluid pathways due to neurologic abnormalities, intracranial hemorrhages; central nervous system infections; brain neoplasms; craniocerebral trauma; and other conditions. Impaired resorption of cerebrospinal fluid from the arachnoid villi results in a communicating form of hydrocephalus. Hydrocephalus ex-vacuo refers to ventricular dilation that occurs as a result of brain substance loss from cerebral infarction and other conditions. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunocompromised: Having a weakened immune system caused by certain diseases or treatments. [NIH] Immunocompromised Host: A human or animal whose immunologic mechanism is deficient because of an immunodeficiency disorder or other disease or as the result of the administration of immunosuppressive drugs or radiation. [NIH] Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH]

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In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Infancy: The period of complete dependency prior to the acquisition of competence in walking, talking, and self-feeding. [NIH] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Infectious Mononucleosis: A common, acute infection usually caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (Human herpesvirus 4). There is an increase in mononuclear white blood cells and other atypical lymphocytes, generalized lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, and occasionally hepatomegaly with hepatitis. [NIH] Inner ear: The labyrinth, comprising the vestibule, cochlea, and semicircular canals. [NIH] Innervation: 1. The distribution or supply of nerves to a part. 2. The supply of nervous energy or of nerve stimulus sent to a part. [EU] Intestines: The section of the alimentary canal from the stomach to the anus. It includes the large intestine and small intestine. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intracranial Hypertension: Increased pressure within the cranial vault. This may result from several conditions, including hydrocephalus; brain edema; intracranial masses; severe systemic hypertension; pseudotumor cerebri; and other disorders. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Labyrinth: The internal ear; the essential part of the organ of hearing. It consists of an osseous and a membranous portion. [NIH] Labyrinthitis: Inflammation of the inner ear. [NIH] Lacrimal: Pertaining to the tears. [EU] Laryngitis: Inflammation of the larynx. This condition presents itself with dryness and soreness of the throat, difficulty in swallowing, cough, and hoarseness. [NIH] Larynx: An irregularly shaped, musculocartilaginous tubular structure, lined with mucous membrane, located at the top of the trachea and below the root of the tongue and the hyoid bone. It is the essential sphincter guarding the entrance into the trachea and functioning secondarily as the organ of voice. [NIH] Latent: Phoria which occurs at one distance or another and which usually has no troublesome effect. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Leucocyte: All the white cells of the blood and their precursors (myeloid cell series, lymphoid cell series) but commonly used to indicate granulocytes exclusive of lymphocytes. [NIH]

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Leukaemia: An acute or chronic disease of unknown cause in man and other warm-blooded animals that involves the blood-forming organs, is characterized by an abnormal increase in the number of leucocytes in the tissues of the body with or without a corresponding increase of those in the circulating blood, and is classified according of the type leucocyte most prominently involved. [EU] Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Loop: A wire usually of platinum bent at one end into a small loop (usually 4 mm inside diameter) and used in transferring microorganisms. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]

Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphocyte Count: A count of the number of lymphocytes in the blood. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphoma: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]

Meatus: A canal running from the internal auditory foramen through the petrous portion of the temporal bone. It gives passage to the facial and auditory nerves together with the auditory branch of the basilar artery and the internal auditory veins. [NIH] Medical Records: Recording of pertinent information concerning patient's illness or illnesses. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Meningitis: Inflammation of the meninges. When it affects the dura mater, the disease is termed pachymeningitis; when the arachnoid and pia mater are involved, it is called leptomeningitis, or meningitis proper. [EU] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary

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arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Monocytes: Large, phagocytic mononuclear leukocytes produced in the vertebrate bone marrow and released into the blood; contain a large, oval or somewhat indented nucleus surrounded by voluminous cytoplasm and numerous organelles. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Mononucleosis: The presence of an abnormally large number of mononuclear leucocytes (monocytes) in the blood. The term is often used alone to refer to infectious mononucleosis. [EU]

Multicenter study: A clinical trial that is carried out at more than one medical institution. [NIH]

Muscular Diseases: Acquired, familial, and congenital disorders of skeletal muscle and smooth muscle. [NIH] Mycobacterium: A genus of gram-positive, aerobic bacteria. Most species are free-living in soil and water, but the major habitat for some is the diseased tissue of warm-blooded hosts. [NIH]

Myelogenous: Produced by, or originating in, the bone marrow. [NIH] Myiasis: The invasion of living tissues of man and other mammals by dipterous larvae. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Myoclonus: Involuntary shock-like contractions, irregular in rhythm and amplitude, followed by relaxation, of a muscle or a group of muscles. This condition may be a feature of some central nervous systems diseases (e.g., epilepsy, myoclonic). Nocturnal myoclonus may represent a normal physiologic event or occur as the principal feature of the nocturnal myoclonus syndrome. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp102-3). [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neutropenia: An abnormal decrease in the number of neutrophils, a type of white blood cell. [NIH] Neutrophils: Granular leukocytes having a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by

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slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing fine inconspicuous granules and stainable by neutral dyes. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Opportunistic Infections: An infection caused by an organism which becomes pathogenic under certain conditions, e.g., during immunosuppression. [NIH] Otitis: Inflammation of the ear, which may be marked by pain, fever, abnormalities of hearing, hearing loss, tinnitus, and vertigo. [EU] Otitis Media: Inflammation of the middle ear. [NIH] Otitis Media with Effusion: Inflammation of the middle ear with a clear pale yellowcolored transudate. [NIH] Otolaryngology: A surgical specialty concerned with the study and treatment of disorders of the ear, nose, and throat. [NIH] Otology: The branch of medicine which deals with the diagnosis and treatment of the disorders and diseases of the ear. [NIH] Pachymeningitis: Inflammation of the dura mater of the brain, the spinal cord or the optic nerve. [NIH] Palsy: Disease of the peripheral nervous system occurring usually after many years of increased lead absorption. [NIH] Paresis: A general term referring to a mild to moderate degree of muscular weakness, occasionally used as a synonym for paralysis (severe or complete loss of motor function). In the older literature, paresis often referred specifically to paretic neurosyphilis. "General paresis" and "general paralysis" may still carry that connotation. Bilateral lower extremity paresis is referred to as paraparesis. [NIH] Pathogen: Any disease-producing microorganism. [EU] Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

Pelvis: The lower part of the abdomen, located between the hip bones. [NIH] Perforation: 1. The act of boring or piercing through a part. 2. A hole made through a part or substance. [EU] Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid

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and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Plasmacytoma: Any discrete, presumably solitary, mass of neoplastic plasma cells either in bone marrow or various extramedullary sites. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Pons: The part of the central nervous system lying between the medulla oblongata and the mesencephalon, ventral to the cerebellum, and consisting of a pars dorsalis and a pars ventralis. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Pseudomonas: A genus of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria widely distributed in nature. Some species are pathogenic for humans, animals, and plants. [NIH] Pseudotumor Cerebri: A condition marked by raised intracranial pressure and characterized clinically by headaches; nausea; papilledema, peripheral constriction of the visual fields, transient visual obscurations, and pulsatile tinnitus. Obesity is frequently associated with this condition, which primarily affects women between 20 and 44 years of age. Chronic papilledema may lead to optic nerve injury (optic nerve diseases) and visual loss (blindness). [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Retrospective: Looking back at events that have already taken place. [NIH]

Dictionary 75

Retrospective study: A study that looks backward in time, usually using medical records and interviews with patients who already have or had a disease. [NIH] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Saline: A solution of salt and water. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Sarcoma: A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant. [NIH] Schwannoma: A tumor of the peripheral nervous system that begins in the nerve sheath (protective covering). It is almost always benign, but rare malignant schwannomas have been reported. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Semicircular canal: Three long canals of the bony labyrinth of the ear, forming loops and opening into the vestibule by five openings. [NIH] Sepsis: The presence of bacteria in the bloodstream. [NIH] Septicemia: Systemic disease associated with the presence and persistence of pathogenic microorganisms or their toxins in the blood. Called also blood poisoning. [EU] Sequela: Any lesion or affection following or caused by an attack of disease. [EU] Serous: Having to do with serum, the clear liquid part of blood. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Sigmoid: 1. Shaped like the letter S or the letter C. 2. The sigmoid colon. [EU] Sigmoid Colon: The lower part of the colon that empties into the rectum. [NIH] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Spatial disorientation: Loss of orientation in space where person does not know which way is up. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Squamous: Scaly, or platelike. [EU]

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Squamous Epithelium: Tissue in an organ such as the esophagus. Consists of layers of flat, scaly cells. [NIH] Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]

Suppurative: Consisting of, containing, associated with, or identified by the formation of pus. [NIH] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH] Thorax: A part of the trunk between the neck and the abdomen; the chest. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Tinnitus: Sounds that are perceived in the absence of any external noise source which may take the form of buzzing, ringing, clicking, pulsations, and other noises. Objective tinnitus refers to noises generated from within the ear or adjacent structures that can be heard by other individuals. The term subjective tinnitus is used when the sound is audible only to the affected individual. Tinnitus may occur as a manifestation of cochlear diseases; vestibulocochlear nerve diseases; intracranial hypertension; craniocerebral trauma; and other conditions. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tomography: Imaging methods that result in sharp images of objects located on a chosen plane and blurred images located above or below the plane. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH]

Dictionary 77

Translocation: The movement of material in solution inside the body of the plant. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Tuberculoma: A tumor-like mass resulting from the enlargement of a tuberculous lesion. [NIH]

Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Tympanic membrane: A thin, tense membrane forming the greater part of the outer wall of the tympanic cavity and separating it from the external auditory meatus; it constitutes the boundary between the external and middle ear. [NIH] Vaccines: Suspensions of killed or attenuated microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, or rickettsiae), antigenic proteins derived from them, or synthetic constructs, administered for the prevention, amelioration, or treatment of infectious and other diseases. [NIH]

Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Veins: The vessels carrying blood toward the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Ventricles: Fluid-filled cavities in the heart or brain. [NIH] Vertigo: An illusion of movement; a sensation as if the external world were revolving around the patient (objective vertigo) or as if he himself were revolving in space (subjective vertigo). The term is sometimes erroneously used to mean any form of dizziness. [EU] Vestibule: A small, oval, bony chamber of the labyrinth. The vestibule contains the utricle and saccule, organs which are part of the balancing apparatus of the ear. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Wound Infection: Invasion of the site of trauma by pathogenic microorganisms. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH]

79

INDEX A Abdomen, 22, 63, 73, 76 Acoustic, 7, 63 Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, 13, 26, 63 Afferent, 63, 68 Air Pressure, 63, 68 Algorithms, 63, 64 Alternative medicine, 63 Amino acid, 63, 68, 74, 76 Anaerobic, 12, 13, 63 Ankylosis, 29, 63 Antibacterial, 63, 75 Antibiotic, 4, 7, 11, 12, 63, 68, 75 Antibody, 63, 64, 66, 69, 70 Antigen, 63, 66, 69, 70 Anus, 64, 70 Arterial, 64, 69, 74 Arteries, 64, 67, 72 Artery, 64, 67, 71 Atresia, 8, 16, 64 Atypical, 12, 22, 64, 70 Auditory, 38, 64, 67, 71, 77 Aural, 8, 16, 64 Autologous, 29, 64 B Bacteria, 63, 64, 67, 68, 69, 72, 74, 75, 77 Bacterial Infections, 38, 64 Bacteriostatic, 64, 68 Benign, 14, 64, 72, 75 Bilateral, 14, 28, 64, 73 Biotechnology, 5, 37, 45, 64 Blood vessel, 64, 71, 76, 77 Bone Marrow, 64, 71, 72, 74 Bottle Feeding, 40, 64 Buccal, 29, 64 Bullous, 38, 64 C Carcinoma, 15, 27, 64 Case report, 8, 10, 25, 28, 30, 31, 65 Cell, 28, 64, 65, 66, 68, 69, 70, 72, 73, 77 Central Nervous System, 31, 65, 67, 69, 72, 74 Cerebral, 18, 65, 68, 69 Cerebral Cortex, 65, 68 Cerebrospinal, 26, 65, 69 Cerebrospinal fluid, 26, 65, 69 Cerebrum, 65

Chemotherapy, 29, 65 Cholesteatoma, 4, 7, 27, 28, 65 Cholesterol, 16, 65 Chronic, 4, 6, 12, 14, 15, 16, 17, 20, 22, 27, 28, 29, 37, 39, 50, 61, 65, 70, 71, 74, 76 Chronic Disease, 65, 71 Clinical Medicine, 18, 65 Clinical trial, 5, 45, 65, 72 Cloning, 64, 65 Cochlea, 65, 70 Cochlear, 21, 65, 76 Cochlear Implants, 21, 65 Cochlear Nerve, 65 Cofactor, 65, 74 Complement, 66 Complementary and alternative medicine, 33, 35, 66 Complementary medicine, 33, 66 Computational Biology, 45, 66 Computed tomography, 17, 19, 66 Computerized axial tomography, 66 Computerized tomography, 14, 66 Connective Tissue, 64, 67, 71, 75 Contraindications, ii, 67 Coronary, 67, 71 Coronary Thrombosis, 67, 72 Cranial, 65, 67, 68, 70, 73 Cyst, 13, 67 D Dementia, 63, 67 Diagnostic procedure, 67 Direct, iii, 65, 67, 74 Discrete, 67, 74 Dizziness, 39, 50, 67, 77 Dura mater, 67, 71, 73 E Earache, 39, 59, 67 Eardrum, 39, 67 Edema, 60, 67, 70 Efferent, 67, 68 Effusion, 3, 10, 67 Emaciation, 63, 67 Emboli, 27, 67 Empyema, 26, 67 Environmental Health, 44, 46, 67 Epithelial, 29, 68 Epithelial Cells, 68 Epithelium, 29, 68

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Mastoiditis

Erythromycin, 25, 68 Esophagus, 64, 68, 76 Eustachian tube, 50, 68 F Facial, 4, 12, 14, 19, 21, 28, 68, 71 Facial Expression, 68 Facial Nerve, 21, 68 Facial Paralysis, 4, 12, 19, 68 Family Planning, 45, 68 Fat, 64, 67, 68 Fistula, 20, 68 G Gene, 37, 64, 68 Gland, 68, 71, 76 Governing Board, 68, 74 Grafting, 29, 68 Gram-negative, 68, 74 Gram-positive, 69, 72 Granuloma, 16, 18, 69 H Habitat, 69, 72 Hemophilia, 10, 69 Hereditary, 69 Heredity, 68, 69 Hernia, 22, 69 Histiocytosis, 33, 69 Hoarseness, 69, 70 Hydrocephalus, 69, 70 Hypertension, 69, 70 I Idiopathic, 16, 50, 69 Immune response, 64, 69, 76, 77 Immune system, 69, 71, 77 Immunocompromised, 14, 18, 69 Immunocompromised Host, 18, 69 Immunodeficiency, 63, 69 Immunologic, 69 Immunosuppressive, 69 In vitro, 29, 70 In vivo, 70 Infancy, 10, 70 Infarction, 67, 69, 70, 71 Infection, 3, 4, 8, 12, 13, 38, 39, 63, 69, 70, 71, 73, 76, 77 Infectious Mononucleosis, 70, 72 Inner ear, 39, 70 Innervation, 68, 70 Intestines, 64, 70 Intracellular, 70 Intracranial Hypertension, 14, 69, 70, 76 K Kb, 44, 70

L Labyrinth, 65, 70, 75, 77 Labyrinthitis, 4, 7, 70 Lacrimal, 68, 70 Laryngitis, 30, 70 Larynx, 70 Latent, 6, 20, 70 Lesion, 69, 70, 75, 77 Leucocyte, 70, 71 Leukaemia, 7, 71 Leukemia, 12, 71 Localized, 21, 70, 71, 73 Loop, 69, 71 Lymph, 23, 70, 71 Lymph node, 23, 71 Lymphatic, 70, 71 Lymphatic system, 71 Lymphocyte, 63, 64, 71 Lymphocyte Count, 63, 71 Lymphoid, 70, 71 Lymphoma, 15, 23, 28, 71 M Malignant, 21, 63, 69, 71, 72, 75 Malnutrition, 23, 71 Meatus, 67, 71, 77 Medical Records, 71, 75 MEDLINE, 45, 71 Membrane, 66, 67, 68, 70, 71, 77 Meninges, 65, 67, 71 Meningitis, 4, 8, 14, 23, 24, 25, 30, 35, 71 MI, 15, 61, 71 Microbiology, 25, 64, 72 Microorganism, 65, 72, 73, 77 Molecular, 45, 47, 63, 64, 66, 72 Monocytes, 72 Mononuclear, 69, 70, 72 Mononucleosis, 19, 72 Multicenter study, 12, 72 Muscular Diseases, 68, 72 Mycobacterium, 14, 24, 25, 26, 29, 72, 77 Myelogenous, 12, 72 Myiasis, 25, 72 Myocardium, 71, 72 Myoclonus, 50, 72 N Necrosis, 70, 71, 72 Neoplasm, 72, 75 Neoplastic, 65, 71, 72, 74 Nerve, 65, 67, 68, 70, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76 Nervous System, 63, 65, 72, 73 Neural, 27, 63, 72 Neutropenia, 7, 16, 72

81

Neutrophils, 72 Nuclei, 65, 68, 73 O Opportunistic Infections, 63, 73 Otitis, 3, 4, 5, 10, 14, 17, 18, 20, 21, 22, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 31, 38, 39, 50, 59, 73 Otitis Media, 3, 4, 5, 10, 14, 17, 18, 20, 21, 22, 24, 26, 27, 28, 29, 31, 38, 39, 50, 73 Otitis Media with Effusion, 4, 73 Otolaryngology, 5, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 24, 25, 26, 28, 29, 30, 32, 38, 73 Otology, 6, 7, 9, 11, 13, 14, 15, 17, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 38, 73 P Pachymeningitis, 71, 73 Palsy, 14, 19, 28, 73 Paresis, 68, 73 Pathogen, 9, 73 Pathologic, 25, 38, 67, 73 Patient Education, 50, 54, 56, 61, 73 Pelvis, 63, 73 Perforation, 4, 73 Peripheral Nervous System, 73, 75, 76 Pharmacologic, 73, 76 Physiologic, 72, 73 Plants, 73, 74, 76 Plasma, 74 Plasma cells, 74 Plasmacytoma, 28, 74 Pneumonia, 67, 74 Poisoning, 74, 75 Pons, 68, 74 Practice Guidelines, 46, 74 Protein S, 37, 64, 68, 74 Proteins, 63, 64, 66, 68, 69, 74, 75, 76, 77 Pseudomonas, 8, 9, 12, 26, 29, 74 Pseudotumor Cerebri, 70, 74 Public Policy, 45, 74 Pulmonary, 27, 74 R Radiation, 69, 74, 77 Recurrence, 15, 74 Refer, 1, 64, 66, 67, 72, 74 Refraction, 74, 75 Remission, 74 Retrospective, 8, 10, 11, 74, 75 Retrospective study, 8, 10, 11, 75 Rod, 74, 75 S Saline, 39, 75

Salivary, 68, 75 Salivary glands, 68, 75 Sarcoma, 18, 75 Schwannoma, 21, 75 Screening, 65, 75 Semicircular canal, 70, 75 Sepsis, 25, 75 Septicemia, 18, 75 Sequela, 10, 75 Serous, 16, 28, 39, 50, 75 Serum, 66, 75 Shock, 72, 75, 77 Sigmoid, 8, 23, 75 Sigmoid Colon, 75 Skull, 60, 65, 75, 76 Spatial disorientation, 67, 75 Specialist, 51, 75 Species, 72, 74, 75, 77 Spectrum, 11, 75 Spinal cord, 65, 67, 71, 72, 73, 75 Squamous, 65, 75, 76 Squamous Epithelium, 65, 76 Stimulus, 64, 70, 76 Stress, 4, 76 Subacute, 33, 70, 76 Subclinical, 70, 76 Substance P, 68, 76 Suppurative, 3, 17, 38, 76 Systemic, 70, 75, 76 T Temporal, 17, 33, 38, 71, 76 Thorax, 63, 76 Thrombosis, 8, 14, 15, 17, 20, 23, 32, 74, 76 Tinnitus, 73, 74, 76 Tissue, 64, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 76 Tomography, 76 Toxic, iv, 76 Toxicology, 46, 76 Toxins, 64, 70, 75, 76 Transfection, 64, 76 Translation, 63, 68, 76 Translocation, 68, 77 Trauma, 69, 72, 76, 77 Tuberculoma, 18, 77 Tuberculosis, 17, 29, 77 Tympanic membrane, 4, 77 V Vaccines, 77 Vascular, 70, 77 Veins, 64, 71, 77 Venous, 15, 17, 23, 74, 77 Ventricles, 65, 69, 77

82

Mastoiditis

Vertigo, 50, 73, 77 Vestibule, 65, 70, 75, 77 Veterinary Medicine, 45, 77 Virus, 4, 63, 70, 77 Vitro, 77

W White blood cell, 63, 70, 71, 72, 74, 77 Wound Infection, 24, 77 X X-ray, 60, 66, 77

83

84

Mastoiditis

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