W BRKSHBP PRACTItESERIES from NexusSpetialInterests. a1.kzux.waz.d
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T-atme.t TubalCain
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W BRKSHBP PRACTItESERIES from NexusSpetialInterests. a1.kzux.waz.d
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T-atme.t TubalCain
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Stan Bray introducesthe fascinating world ofhorology to the complete bK inner.This bookexplainsth1& ofthe clockmakerand provides generaldetails ofclock construction including layoutofwheels and esc a numberofthe Iatterbeing described. kn
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Introduction thc work. A lthough a special workshop is not rtlquiredl one thing that Bri11 not do is to work in a uxlrkshop that is fulI of svvarf and ot11cl- rubbish. a 'Xtlcepting that ' we cannot alsvays llaN' e a clinically elcan plaklc in Nvhich to operate,partictllarly if it scrvkls st psr tlralpurposes,it is still possible to lllake a clean area for spccial tlsu- alld tl1is should be a priority.A tlorneroftht lNvorkshop can bt ltrlcalled ll1 ld Llny oil01 -grease lying ()11tht ? bench su abbcd off Keep this area clean NvlliI( ) clock nlaking operationsal v in progrcss.ltis a good idkla to 1' 11aktl a false top for the svorkbench and coveritw ith baize ora A lthough clocks come in a11sorts of sinaiIarnaaterialwhich issof'tand w i11 shapes and sizes the basic principle notcatlse dam age to polished l mkltal. behind a lllechanical clock las not changed for aboutfivk lhundred years. Aswi th a1lneu'projects,do nottry Ofcourse m odern m aterials and tools and run before yotl can walk. Don' t have superseded som e of the oldcr startby trying to btlild a col mplicatcd ones butthis apartthe horologistwill lmechanism such asa fulI' W kstm inster still tend to work in the traditional Chilne but rather nlake som cthing fashion.C lock nlaking has long been silnplc, A m echanisll' l with a single part of the m odel engineering hobby hand isa good idea.sttch : 1piecc w'llen ratherthan being entircly thc preserN' c well polished tran look attractive as 0f the horologist and thc type of well as being fascinating to watch workshop owned by thc avtlragc wht ,n it is working. Visit l m tlsetmns m odel engincer is quite suitablc for ' w lnere (2lock nRovcm ents can be
Clock m aking appears to hold : 1 fascination al1of itsown,particularly am ongst m odt)l engineers, many deciding to makc a elok:k afterhaving m ade m odcls i At-variolls types.Tllere is something absolutcly fascinatillg about clock luaking that seel -ns to draw one towards it. This book is intcnded as a brief introduction to thc tools,m aterialsand nRethodsgenerally used and to offer all explanation of generalform sofconstruction.Itisnot a book of plans btlt those who haN' e sufficient contidence could usc ll' 1t? inforlnation it contains to l ' nakc a sinlple clock.
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A.1Ivve art' tIooking t' ( . 'rNvhen ll' lt ' tk'il' lg a clock is a l ' neans of nlakil1g a spindlk. l u/îth a hand attaohed to itrotate at11 given specd.The spindle lltpeds to tne driven by sonnt2 forl ' n oF poNs' er. usuaIly a very pri1nitiN't' : fo1 -1' 1. A I' neans to regulatc that poNs' trr is :l1s() required-i11 order tllat itvvil1rtll' l; . tt :1 Inartickllctr speed.I1-ytltlllrt' rI lollillg t() ti11ish your tirstefforts in 111s sitlk2t)1' tle Ilobby- NN' itl) êt lllastel'pitttrt' t tllttt neitller Ioost?s ()1'gCtil1s l' lltpl 'e tllêtll : . 1 secontl or tvvo :1 yu'i . t1 ' tllell ),tltl Ctrk . l prtlbêtbly gklil)g to bt' ttlisttloil' lted. 1t u'iI1 1 3k2 13( . )ssiblt ? to ac1 )itls'c tl rcasollablkl dk lgree t' lt- aceLlracy al-l d l' nork? iIllportal ltIy t() tlisctlN' tll -Il()vs'to .
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@ tl-act1ol'l tpl-lgilles. NN'lt't1-k? 1I)t?l't'.- artl
I11onc ptlrtrhases :1very'oltlclt'tlk'thtl kzlallces of it tlv' el -bk ling l vgtllated tk) kcep acculute till' ltlal 'k2getlkprally very sl mal1.lNk art?tlsu'd i1)this day and age to being ableto t nt. lq'N'tlry cheap (2Iocks allmost anysvhk lrkl tlatttre relmarkably acctlrate.Thkly are controlled by ur hat anaountsto a eolllptltcrtr1' lip and thisis hou'thataccuracy is obtaincd.These tiInepitlckls are vvhat onk? l11ight dcscribk?assotl1-1tlss-tllc). 'tlo nothavk 2 tllc lastri1atio1l ()f tllc I' lt?c11: . 111ikra1 devi(2e-althotlgh it nntlsl bt?atll ' nitted
ForttlnateIy tor tllose u'ho are begil' llling. thk? llaterial tlltt u. '1ll be used is llklilllert lxtktllsiv' e t)l'tlxpk lllsikkt wllen klolllpared to thtl eastil ' lgh;.tltcused form odelcngineering ptlrposesso do notbe frightened to l' nake a part l' nore than once ifsonaething hasgone vvrong.lt is far better than trying t() recovk lr sol mething that has not been correctly nladt l in tl ' 1c first place. Unlike btlilding I modellocol uotivcs()1-
do thkli1'1(3t 3pdrltlctIy,Tl lk?factthatï. N. 't z c: . 111)ot gtrt t1)is 1 )ig11 tlcg1 'tlk. ' l ()f ltctrtlracy does11t' bt111tli. t11t1' 1lt1otl1 *clock yN. 'i11 bc otltlagk lt .'tlsI y in:tctlrêtte and afttll 'al1 tt' ll -n)ally y' klars it Ns'as qt. lite ctlstol laary to sct:1( . 21klck to t1)k?corretrt tiI110 Ol1Ce t 2V0l-j'' WC0k ()1,SO.
cxllensivc cflstiI' lgstt'bi lbtltlgl lt.solllc bl 'êtss slletlt,a l2u'bils 111' 1(1 1)1tlct' ts of s1I&'erslek' . tIand Nve are in bus1ness. NVe aIItk. lnd to t11i11k'of cIotrks bei1g nladk 2 frol' n brass and steel btlt other nnaterials can be used.Tl' lu ' lld are a nulnber of plans availab1e tbr the constrtletion of wooden cIocks and Nvhi1e this l' nay not sound a suitablk ? lnaterials it is surprisingly robtlst.thc (. ' Jtlrnlans have used it for ycars to lllak'k ?clockscol -nnlercial1y.N ou' adays pl:!h:tit ? can be :1uscfu1l' natt ll -ial. It is t zasy to u' klrk u ilh- itis hard u'earilg and a clock I' nêtkltl of a trallsparent plastic can be a fascillatil)g tI1ing t() see.A Iso Clq' fti1ltblc arcplallsfork2Iocks l ' nad: frtll )) pllper and card. Thcy appcarto u ork N' cry svelland Iastfora Iong ti11)e.
Tools s' l()sl o1-the toklls Iikely to btll' lcetltltl u'iIlbe lbtlnd i11the ' tvorkshop of tllc average nlodelellgilldtlr.Ntlt ldle f' iIeshacksavv,Iathe,stllnc snlaIIdriIls and taps are thc basic itellls that artl wanted.In addition a slmalItiNze-sidttd broaeh is possibly the only essential .
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itell' ttlltll111igllll' It' k t1'll 'elttly be IA;tI '((41' tl' lkl ï$' k)I 'k'sllop eqtliplllel' lt. Tllel 'k 2 additit'llkllttlolsol'trtltlrsk. -tltlttiltly ttl 'c l ' 1()t absoltltely t ' tsstpltiê11. W rl aeel alltl pil' liol' lctlttcrscotl1( 1be very'tlsel tllbtlt itis qtlilklpossiblc t()g()NN' itlkluttltpll' l. Thert l arkr nAany people llllk'iI 1g N' ery line clocks ïvllt? l laN' e llever btltlgllt stl clla ctlttcr i11tllei1-1ifd.A l lellt1il ' lg tool (See (71 3:1pte1 - 6 for ftl1 -t1er
inforllatiol' l)is usefulfor layillg tltlt the Nvhklt?ls btlt oncc l nore fal' 11 -( . )111 essel ltia1. tlltzre are seq' tlraI Nvays ()f
tloil' lg tlc job Nsritllotlt stlcll :$11 itelll al ltl1ikt!ctltlel 's-Ctle eltsily il ' t,47rf. )N' ised. -A '1(. Jthe1 . tlst 2fu1 i' tt' ln4 is kllk )Ns'n 81s ; . '
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@ he nthe ' $N'ë1tcI )lllttk'ers'ltltles : . 11 -:-k' )xl ' )k?llsiN'e to btly alld êlre ot- Iitt1c tlsu- tklr (ntllt lr Ptlrposcs tllal' 1' s&'altrll Illak'illg- i1 -1' latrt thcy arc o1-doubtftll N' altlt ? Nvhkln it conncs lo l ' naking k. rIockh;. (J -cntrralIy speaking tllt . rtypc oflalhc ft'tlllklil' lthk l av' klragt' tll-l odelkpngilleklr's yvorkshop is quittrstlittlblkl.Thk ?1' nostpoptlIar()' f -all thesk. p al't ' t probabIy the N1yfo1(1 7 Scrik ls.Nvhich havc a centre hcight of 3r. ' ? i1 -1s. T 1 )otlsands ot- gootl c1ot?ks. l' lavt )bu-el' lI' nadc tlsing thcll' tand other lêtt1 )ch ( of a si1 -1 1i1a1- size and spk lc1f-icatik' l11. T1)k . l l)11!1iattlre typc ' lkttllk ?s NN'ith ccntre h:igllts ()t ' about 11: . 1lf tllat haN' c thc atls' antage k)t-being chcap and asthey art ?snaall.()bN'iously lcss spact' l is reqtlired. 5, 1ost arc ; . 1N' aiIablt ' r vN'ith :1 . boIt tln 1 ' 1)il1drill llttaurhnlk ll' lllhatl' nakt?! . itht lll' l itltraI lk n1cël tting the teeth on l. N'1eklls. lt is l' lot .
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possible to givc advickl on thtt bcst lathe for :1 nt lur col ner to ptlrchasc.il a1ldepends ( 71, 1a partictlIarprklfcrcnt)e and onc! . ibudgel.I11addition lllany t)f the foreigi1 latllt ?s tl7;lt art a stlld ' . 1rlx . only avaiIabld tbr:1 Iinlitcd period ot' tilne btlfore the spt ?cificati01' 1 is changed.Anyonc u, anting to ptlrchase a lathe Nvotlld d0 vs, ellto visitont. l(4f the I nany l uodel-engincu'ri1 )g exhibiti01 1h; 1 )k . pld throughout thc country, vN' l' 1dre it u. 'iIl be possiblu-tt) brosvse throtlgh :1 Iarge nun-1bt ' ?l' ()t' l' nachines oftlitferent l ' nakcs and typkls to ' hnd ' wrhich I' nightbtlthcnlostsuitablc. Solue of the lllethods tlskrd by clock l m akcrs a1 -t' t likely to nlak( ) a1) expcrit ' lnced engi11eer u,in(2tt. Fo1' exam ple. u'hi1e tlle cngintltll' u'ilI always try and get as nluch bearil )g surfacc for a spindle as possible.tllc elock luaker seenas to try to do the exact opposile. Holes that arc to btr used for bt zarings are dri1lt ld slllallk )r than thc dial meter of tht p spindltt tllat NvilI fit il1 tllklll-l allkl then tltlq' are realned Nvith a tapcr broach untiIa tit is lnadc. z' Ns a restllt th: spindlt' t is rtlnning on the thinnestpossiblc ring of brass. To the engineer tltl idea
stltlllds frigl ltellil ' lg btltrealIy itlllakcs t2(. )1' 1p1k zttl sel)se. . A1thotlgl) tle Illtlvtllnent or lllecllanislll is rotating col ltil' lual1y.itisl' lar(l1/. 'goil' lg t()brcak' a113,ss. r ( )l'ld spklttcll'k lkrol 'klsi1 s()t1()illg.It Ilas 10 rklalyN' t3l'k'to do il1as l ntltlllasit is ( 71 7Iy dris' illg 1tstllf and s()thklslllêtll bcarillg stll-lèlct : tl' lflstlt . ladN'êtlltage tlat it ctlts ti-ictltdl' l (. 1tlu' n to a l' ni11iIlltlll' l and i ts ël l 'u-stllt reduccs the p( 7 .vN' t ?l' I' lklt ldtll. itt'I 'tlll11)ilgs. .
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Term inology This is alltltherthing Nvhich enginct lrs l ' nay find a 1ittlk l diffictllt lo undkrrstand. A sl)11ft or spindlt l is ' klltnvn as an arbor alld the bearillg surfacc attllk' lt' llld isnot21shaftt)l'ax1k ? but a pivot.(iears bceolne svheels i11 spite of the s' ery obvious tecth alI round thelm tht)I ' naking ofNvhich istlltl l' nain partofclot-k l' naking.AIthotlgh the tccth on thc Nvhklklls are calltrd teeth,svhen they art l ()1 a pinion they ltrt p frequently describt ld as Itlavds. Thesegears(u' heels)artll -nadeol-thin section brass, Nvhich is ideal for tllc I' nckrhanisl ' n that is bcing constrtlcted in order to give :1 good tit on tllc
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H elp and A ssistance
There are : 1 considerable num bcr ot' plans available for l naking clocks of various types. Som e such as the orm aterial.To a clocklnakertlle term designs of John W ilding are sold in includes the length of brass tlsed to book form , com plete w ith full support a wheel- and fillally there is instructions' ,they are to be very highly the m echanism itselfwhich iscalled a recom m ended. Others silnilar books m ovem ent.It is a1Ivery confusing at are available as basic plans and in firstbutwe m ustrelnt lm berthatevery som e cases com plete kits can btl tradehasitownterminology.jtlstlook purchased. Thc photograph on the for exam ple at that ttsed by tht ) frollt covt!r of this book is one of a computerengineer. moN' emttntmadefrom justsuchakit,
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by Repton Cloeks and this too is an idea!way to learn thebasicsofclock construction.The British Horological lnstitute,Upton Hall,Upton,Newark Notts.N 623 5TE stock a large range ofbooksand otheritem sdealing w ith clock m aking and in addition organise courses,both residential and hom e
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im posed upon usclocksare fascinating. There are no heavy castings to hulup
aroun4 thework isnice and clean and
the end result is worthwhile.Even if afterreadingthisbookthereadershould decidethatclock making isnotforhim orher,itisstillworth while taking an basedaon the subject.Therearealso interest in them ,their history and the numberofsuppliersofclock partsand beauty of the fmish on m any, in itself booksbased throughoutthe country, canprovidean everlasting interest.
C hapter 1 - H istory Before starting on constructional heavens has becn observed for detailsofclock m aking,awordortwo thousalldsofyears and this movem ent onthehistoryofthesubjectmayassist has been applied to time-keeping readers in an tlnderstanding of time- m tlthods. The new m oon appears keeping in general.lt is not only the every thirty days and the seasons hum an race that uses tim e-keeping repeatthem selvesevery twelfth tim c it m ethods,anilnals know'when ittimkl appears w hicll fbrms the basis of the to go to sleep or,ifnocturnal,when to ycar as w e now record it. The start searching for their food. Som e cqtlinoxes w' ere wr ellknow n and tlsed plants antl trees w i)l close tlown for religiotls ptlrposes and stars and flow ers atnight and open them when sun were alm ost certainly used for daylight appears.Of course this has carly navigation,whetheracrosssea or nothing to do with clocks as we have land. come to know'them ,they are reacting to lightand dark and possibly also to Duringand priortotheStoneAge itis changing seasons. No doubt the very doubtful if anything m ore hum an ractl also started in this accurate than this would be required. fashion,sleeping during darkness and Ifthe sun wasatitshighestpointthen activeduring the daylight.The clocks it was half way through the day. in use then wcre the sun and m oon. Hum ans are ncvcr satisfied with not necessarily the m ost reliable basics and we can only speculate sourcesas forvariousreasonsthcy are when itbecam e desirable to be able to not always visible. Sueh prim itive split tim e into sm allcr parts and m ethods-while notexactly telling the exactly how it w'as donc. It seem s tim e of the day did give reasonably highly probably that a prim itive accurate m easurem entOfthe scasonsp sundialwould be the flrstbasic form of clock. Put a stick vertically in the had theiruses. ground and w hen thc shadow castby ltuus not alIleft cntirely to chance. thatstick isatitsshortestitism idday. Archaeology and ancientm anuscripts W ho knows-perhapsitwasa tree that tell tIs that the m ovem ent of thtt flrst gave som eone the idea that the
shadow of the sun could be ttsed to give :, .1 approxil mation 0ftim e. Sundials did not rem ain as sticks in the ground and we know stone colum ns werc used in early times. m etal pillars of varying shapes follow ing them .Thisisnothowevera book aboutstlndials butaboutclocks.
Thesundialsubjeetisso vastthatit could take a separate book to discuss it.W hatwe do know is that sundials were in use around 200 BC and :1 hundrcd years or so later a geared m echanicaldevice wasproduced for navigational purposcs at sca, whieh m ay orm ay notlave been a prim itive form of clock. ln 600 BC the Pope decreed that all religiotls institutions should have a sundialas a m eans of regulating tlle times for prayer so the hulnan race wasreally becom ing nlore tim c consciotls. Not alI tlle Nvorld' s poptlIation w' as (-lristian and Nvt . t1 ' :11. 1st Iook at those countrics that had not adopted the religitln to set' . -. ' kvhcrtl possiblc, ht nv tlley sorted tllingsout.Itis knoNvn that thtr (l -hincst had the idea of tlsing u. ' illcr and although therc ' svas a l1Ll1' llbi . ?l-ol-v' al -iatitlnson ll1etlltll ' llt' )-tle basic princi( 3lt . )Nvêls to tiI1a container Nsrit1)svltter.A sllaalll' lole in thebottol' l) yvotlld all()N. N' it to rtll asvay and by I' lptlklsl -lrilg tlltrttll' ltltll' ïttllatI lad gol' !t' lit N5. ' :ts possiblkl to sekl 11oïv l ' nuch tilzle 1:1( . 1 passcd i ' tll(1. if the containcr ysras I lnarked yNil1 ) glatltllltiolls- tht? tiI' l ' )e uklkllnst' tl. lcf -htlltlbe sk lel' l1ttltglance.This tylèc k)' #-clklck eN' trnttlalIy becalue used :1ll ( ' )N' e1' tlc NN. ' t)1-ld k)nd variotls
ilnprovcluents Iuade to the systeln. including ' htting a dial. ensured that the water clock rem ained in tlstl for hundreds ofyears. û-andles were also used as a m klasure of tim e.O nce itcould be established how nxuch a candle burnt down in a partictllar period of tilme. it was a sin4pIe m atter to nl:1rk the sides, show ing how lnuch tim e had elapsed sincethe candlcwaslit.King Alfred is creditcd w ith being the lirstpcrson to use candles fortimekeeping,althotlgh if he acttlally did burn the cakes the candles could not have been very rcliable. lt is still possiblc to btly candlesl marked in this w'ay' 'nowadays thcy only have novelty value. An alm ostidenticalidea to thccandle was to btIrn oiI, in a container with l ' narkings to retrllrd the til' ne that had passed as the quantity of oiI ' w as rcduccd. Forshorttim e pcriodsthklre was also the sand-glass w ith ' which many ofus w iIIbe falnilitlras an cgg tilncr.The glah;s and quantity ofsand had to be c'arefuIly lzaatelled to thc tin' le required and so the systel m Nvas generaIly used only for spkleifit2 ptlrposcs, as indicating inlennediate ti1' 1 ' 1t' lbkltsveen filIing and enaptyillg thc glass u/as notptlssiblc. W lz dtofthklreligiotlsorders thatsvt pnt t() prayer lligllt and day? Solnethillg Nvas needt ld to teI1thel ' n vvhen itNvas tiI mt lto go to the c1:1)3t)1.F.vcn thougll tht lPtlpe had dtttlrtlttd that:1llrcligiotls ilpstittltes shtltlld have a sundial. tl1is Nvasofno use af terdark orin l' nuch of the Nvklather vve havc in Britai1' 1.
various ingeniotls m easuring dt w ices that sounded alarm s were deviseds ' these included wcights on a pïece of string that was set ' lirtl to. After a periodoftim ethet lam eburntthrough the string and the weightwould drop on to a gong telling them onksthatit w as prayer tim e. The idca w as extended to include a num ber of weightsstrung to a fram e.Thestrings were ofdiflkrentlength and so burnt through atdifferenttim es.In this way thegongcouldbt tsoundedatltom atically atsetintervals. Nobody know s whon the first m echanicalclock cam e into being.by whom or how it was invented. The oldestclock known of in Europe was at Salisbury Cathedral antl is dated 1386. lt is still in working order, although no longer in the toweritcan be seen in the nave ofthe Cathedral.lt is quite an advanced clock. which incltldesam dchanism forstrikingthe hours as well as one for telling the tim e.Even this is notthe lirstknown m echanicaldevice:in 1090 StlSung m ade a device in China thatrang bells at given intervals in addition to driving autom ata although it did not have a dial for tim ekeeping. Driving autom ata was popular with clockm akersand oneearly exam pleat W ells Cathedral. and built in 1389. can stillbe seen working.Itis a very
be quite crude, m any were in fact sophisticated pieces of m aehinery. Early clocks wt prc used for ptlblic purposes and were very large. Generallythey wouldbehousedinthe towerofa ehurch orcathedral. There are records of clocks for dom estic purposes as early as l343 in France and England. The earliest surviving exam ples date from around thc fifteenth century and are of iron construction, the m echanism being scaldd down from the larger oncs in public places.A l1 these early clocks were weightdriven and exaetly what date the pendulum replaced the folio control we cannot say. However a claim is m ade thata clock was m ade w ith pendulum control in 1656. Spring drivc is hrstheard of in 1450 and thdrefore pre-dates the use ofthe pendultlm . Regular im provem ents were m ade to tim ekeeping m echanism, including in particular the invention of new m ore reliable escapem ents and in l7l5 Georgc G raham invented the deadbeat escapdm ent m aking clocks m orc reliable still.
lt is quite am azing to think that modern m echanical clocks work on exactly the sam e principle asthey did w hen George G raham invcnted his escapement.Materialshaveimprovett elaborateaffairwith knightsjotlsting with brass and steeltaking over from and a1lsorts ofotherm ovem entsatset iron, otherw ise there is little tim cs. W e do know therefore that differcnce in the basic construction of elocks have been in use for many any typc of m echanical clock. M ass hundreds of years and although the production was really the only big construction ofearly ones appcars to advancem entfrom then on,butm inor
@ ns for in)proven-1ents to bol1) cIocks Ct11(1 M any people buy nltlchanislthese quartz clocksand l' nake cascsof Nvatchescolltillued. various types to housc thel -n: it is a In the twentieth century, clocks alltl hobby on its own in which large watches have sklen advancem ents that numbersofpeoplearchappy to indulge. would nothavebeeltthoughtpossiblc. cven atthe startofthe century.A bout Betbre ' linishing Nvith the history of sjxty years or so ago people hrst clocks it is interesting to think how started to experim cnl with the ustlof tinle itself has changed. Until quite electric clocks. t-'ertainly thcy u' crut late in the ninetecnth century ey' ery vcry prim itive in comparison w ith town or district kttpt its own time. whatwas to com e later,butthey had Com m unication between areas was the advantagc that it was possiblc to very poor,w ith Iim ited transport and synchronisc several clocks togcthcr itm attered notwllattim c it was in a which was idealin a factory orsim ilar tow n forty or lifïy m iles aw ay.W ith ( . ,slabIishm t )nt wherc m any people the com ing of the raiIw ays al1 this werc elnployed and a!I wouId be changed.A person travelIing frol n say starting and stoppillg work atthe sal ukl London to B irm ingham and then tim e.Priorto thata bcllorhooterw as wanting to get a connection to used' , a system that in may placcs som cwhdre else netlded to know what Iltstcd tlntiIquitc rccenttim es, tim e that connection would leave in In-lprovcl m ents in thc Iuanufacturc of relation to the train on which he orshe elttctric clocks were rapid unti1 Nve would arrive.The railways thcrefore reach the stagc at u/hich svt? are at organised their ow n time, known as today where it is possiblc to buy a Railway Tim e, which was consistent clock w ith :1 digita .I rcadotlt so that right throughout the country. Ilobody trvtln needs to know how to Gradually thiswasadopted throughout teI1 thkl tim e anym ore. The m odern thc country until evcryone used the eleclronic m astcrpicccs can keep saluc.N ow tim e is relatcd directly to perfbcttim : and are farm ore accurate thkl firccnw ich M eridian,and know n than any except the m ost expensive as Grcenwich M ean Tim e. Othdr m echanicalclock. Probably because countricsalso take theirtim e frol' n the ot -thcirefficicncy they do nothavethe m eridian w ith allowances m ade for faseination ofm echanicalones,which tim e zones.A sresultitis possiblc for art l stiII m ade today 170th anyone,anywhere to know whattim e eom mercially and by alnateurs. itis in any othcrpartofthe world.
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C hapter 2 - T he F ram e The fram e ofaclock willgenerally be
The nexttask is to m ark thd position
made of two flat plates. joined ()f the pillars which join the plates together, at or near the corners with pillars.Al1 parts are tlsually m ade of brass except in exceptional cases wherewe m ightguta steelfranle fitted with bushes.The plates are sawn and filed to sizeand afterensuringlhey are flat and square they should bc hcld firm ly togetller w ith clalups. preferably thc toolm akers'type urlile two or three sm al1 holes are driIled through som dwhdre ltlar tlltlcorners. These holtlsarutto actzdptpinsorrivets that are tlsttd to cnsurd tlle plates tlt) not separate during operatio1sm ' onct! the pins and rivots are i11 plactr thkl ( 2lal mps can be rel moved.
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together and drillthe holes forthcl -n; wt lw illcol -ne to how they can btlfitted shortly.OccasionalIy clock designsdo not have this type of plates instead they arc m adc Nvith strips of brass. lmort) otztcn lhan not ctlt into fancy shapesand instead offourpi1larstlleri a are only tuo- one al catrh tlnd.The
principleofjoiningthelzntogetherand drilIing thtl piII: 11 ' holt' ts renlains cxact1y t1k l sa1' ne. . A. s 1 3tli!ding . Progrklsscs011diffcrencesyviIIelutplgt' !for k lx:1lup1( . , thcre NviII 1' 1ot bkr a pendtllul' ) l alltl so they Nvill not be fitted svith a back cock.
@ T he Pillars GencralIy speaking the piIlars or spacersas the laym an woultlcallthem w illconsigtofbrassbarsand they m ay or m ay not be shaped.Shaping is a m atter ftl1-the individualbuilderand in alim ited way istheopportunity for him or her to express hiln/hcrself. Fitting thc pillars to the fram c isdone in severalways:son' ld are hoIIow and a stud ispushed rightthrough and the parts held secure w ith a nute or perhaps the cnds of the pillars nlachined dou'n and threadcd to akleept a nut. ln othe1-k' laskls they are drilled and tapped and screws passed through the fram es.into them .A third alternative,isto l ' nachine a step in the pi1Iar cnds and pass this tllrough tht l holes in the fralnes, vs' hich arc thell seeurcd ' w ith a taper pin, htted in 11 holedrilled acrossthe step.Onething
thatis conllllon to alIlnethods is that when asselnbled the fralmes m ust be rigid and square.
Setting O utT he Train
M arking O ut
The m ost Comm on way Of setting out the train is to scribe a straight line lengthways dow n the plates and to set the escapement,centre or hour wheel and the great wheeland barrel along this.Thethirdwhcclhasto be setatone side in orderto allow the pinions and wheels to mesh.Just occasionally we com e across another dcsign w here the escapementand hourwheelarein Iine and both the third wheeland barreloff set.This is very rarc and any details requiredforsuchanarrangem entwould be available tiom the drawing and ally instructionslhatm ightgo along with it.
Som etim os clock plans w ill give m easurem ents showing where pivot holesw i11beplaced' ,ifnotitwillbe I ' ICCCSSCtI' Y to Wrrk Otlt Spacings for oneself.Startby lightly dotpunching a suitablc place forthe greatwheelon the centrc line.Use a depthing toolto mark out position on the line of thc m inutc wheel' ,thîsm eans meshing the great wheel pinion w ith the m inute wheelso they run very sm oothly and w ithout any binding.W hen satisfsed
with themcshingsusethetoolto make :1 seeond m ark on the linc that has becn m arked on the plate.
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Depthing Tool
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A depthing tool is sonacthing that solne people Nvill nt't has' e eoll'e across before: it is a tool for setting out gears to ensure that they run sm oothly.They can be boughtbut for norm alpurposesa homc-m ade duw ice
willdo jtlst as well,those that are Purchased being far m ore sophisticated than necessary for oceasional elockl n aking ptlrposcs. Thetoolissil m ply a nneansofmeshing whecls and pinionssor two wheels or the escape w' heeland pallets.st athata check can be nlade to ensure tlcy rtln properly.A professionally-madc tool w iIl be spril1g Ioaded and fuIly
adjtlstable.but good rcsults can btp obtained fro1,t : 1 sim ple dcvict!
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swiveltogcther and with lnJ()holes to acccpt puncheh ;.The ptlntrlles artl the sal ue diam eterasthe whet!larborsand so the wheel and pinion are simply
slipped on and adjusted.Ifdiffercnt sized arborsare likely to btlusedafit brass bushes that can be intcrchangeablc.Oncofthepunchesisset in the nlark already m ade and the other is lined up on the line on the plate. A slighl tap Nvith a snnalI ham mer and thtlcorrectplace for the arbor of the hotlr Nvhcel is lmarked, John W-ilding,who isone ofthe tinest (21ock lmakers i1, 1 the country rt lcolllllltllldsa piece ofslottkld bar for the saluttpurpose:an idea thatworks very wel1.
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Tl 'e tool is ntnv used to sct t11e distance of the third whecl- w hich tlannotbe sited 01' 1the line betrause it would then be ilnpossible ttA nlesh al) the whecls properly. There is no specific angle atwhicl)to sctthe lhird wheeland this,pltlsw hetheritshould be setto the rightorIeftofthkl1ine,is am atterofindi vidtlaltaste.Gencrally speaking an angle ofaboutforty-five dcgrees is used' . w hatever happens
istlsed.The l' nark should be l madeol) the Iine used by tht? great wlleelalld lminut: whce! and that is the clock train lmarked out.Holcsforthc pivots can be drilleda but don'tforget they should be drilled tlndersize.svllellthe platcs are separated they can be opened outwith ataperreanlerso thtly area nice running tituzitlatle pivtAts.
re is stiII ond m ore opdration naakeanoteoftheanglejustincaseit The r eqt lired inordertom akea11the pivot needs to be rcferred to later.Having holes, for the pa1lets of the escapem ent also need to be set.The pallets and the escape wheel are m ounted in tht, dcpthing tool and
decided where thcwheelw illbe going repeatthc operation with the depthing tool so that a nlark is nlade for thc third ' vvheelpivotll0lt).From there thk l tool is used to 1ay out thc distancc fron' l the third whttt )l to the escape
adjusteduntiltheyworkslnoothly in the sam e way as before.
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The plates are now com plt zle cxcept thatifthe clock isto use a pendultlllla back cock lnust be fitlt ld.This is a bracket that stl pports the suspttnsion jbr the pendultlm , w 1 lich can bc fabricated orm illedfrom ago1idblock ofbrass.Ittakesthd tbl-j n ofabridge to clear the palletarbor.the pivot of which locatesin 11hole in the cock,the suspension being ïitted on ti ' le arbor between the plateand the bearillg, Itis essentialfor the gootl runnilg of the clock thatthecock issecured hrm ly to theplateand w illnotwork loose.Itis also essl -ntialthat the escape whccl arbor when fitted to the coek is at ninety degreesto the plates.
to l' nake an attractive pattcrn and tl)is is a nzatter of individual taste. Thc fretting wi11obviously need to bu-donc Nvith the platesseeured together. One way ofdoingthisistodraw asuitable pattern on paper,taking care to avoid allpi vot holes,cut out the pattern, stick iton the plates and cutround it. Do nottry and chain drillbutdriIla couple ofholcs in strattlgic places and use a piercing saw or a poweroperated scrollsaw ifone isavailable,
tocomplet:thejob.Finally cleanthe edges ofthe cutsusing sm allfsles.
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C hapter 3 P roviding T he P ow er M ost people when starting clock m aking, begin with a weight as the Power source and so we willIook at how thisisdone lirstofall.A suitable barrel is required roulld which a line can be wound.This in turn istied to a weight, but not directly because the weightisconnectcdto: 1pulley andthe drive line passes through the pulley and is anchored on orncar the clock. The usualplace is one ofthe pillars. Any tubing wiII do for the barrel. although it m ust be thick walled.
G enerally speaking brass is preferred, m ainly because of its non-rusting properties,btltthere isno reason why it should not be of stecl: many years ago m ost clocks were m ade of iron, although theuse ofthatm aterialisnot to be encouraged tlnless trying to build a rcplica.A spindle,or arbor as horologists prcferto callit,is passed through thc lniddle and on one end of the arbor isltsquare.This isto accept a key u'ith which to rewind thc line when itreaches a 1ow point.
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T he Barrel
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One end of tllc barrelis plain-other than fora hole through which the gut is secured. The other end form s a ratchetreferred to as the click wheel: this can either be m ade integralw ith the barrel or fitted perm anently in place to an end cap.How the end caps are fitted is a m atter of personal choice,butthere ism uch to be said for using slnall screw s to hold them in position as it enables it to be dism antled should any work be needed on the arbon Also conneeted to the arboris a whcelorgear.ifyotl prefer, callcd the great wheel. This connects via a pinion to the train antl the ratchet prdvents the barrel from unwinding,exceptwhen controlled by the restofthe clock.To Iocate in the ratehet is a specially shaped m etal plate known asa click and a spring to hold itin position.Although the barrcl can be left plain it is a good idca to m ake a continuous groove in it to allow the gtlt to wind on and off evenly' . rather than pile up.A sm all
off tool is idealand ordinary screwcutting m ethods call be adopted.The depth ofthe groove shotlld abouthalf thc diam eterofthe gtltbeing used and about seventeen or eighteen turns are required.Therefore ifthe barreliszins long the lathe needs to btl sd to cut nine threads per inch, or the ncarest availablefigureabovethat.
@ and to m ake the ratchet sm oother in use.The m ore normaltype ofratchet will have about tllirty-six or so teeth and cutting by lmachine is alm ost essential.This is not to say that the work cannot be done by handm buta high degreeofskillisrequired to get aIltheteeth tothesamcproGle,notto m cntion thatthe task w ill take som e considerable tim e.
The G reatW heel Thc grcat wheelis mounted on the barrelarborand drives the train via a pinionandapartfrom cuttingtheteeth itisquitestraightfonvard. Astheweight unw inds,it drivesthe greatwhecland when the clock isbeing wound up the ratchetallow sitto slip past.
T he R atchet The ratchet can again be of steclor brass although brass is generally recomm ended and the teeth are cut in the same way ason aI1the wheels.The ntlmber of teeth varies considerablydepending on the design ofthe clock. l11 som e instances designers havc deliberately kept tbe number of teeth on the ratchet to the m inilnum .This allow sitto be filed to shape,avoiding the necessity to m ake or btly a specially-shaped ctltter. In these instances the teeth are curved in a gentle radius,both to facilitate filing
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This isthd nam e given to thepawlthat locates on the ratchet and prevents it unw inding.Itisusually liled to shape and the shape isnotdifhcultto m akeq the only critical part being thc distance bctween the hole centre and the tip ofthe blade.Itshould be made
Thttspring holdsthe clickdown onthe ratchet wheel alld m ust therefore be strong enotlgh ttA do so. while atthe same tim e notbcing so pow erfulasto drag and causc morc power to be needcd than would otherwise have been so.Thespringsvary considerably from gauge plate and hardenett then in length and shape and so materials tem perdd to a dark blue colour.As an lllay vary w ith differcntsprings.M ild alternative itcould be m ade from luild steclcan be used tbrm ostsprings and steeland case llardened and while not although itm ay sountla m ostunlikcly giving quite as good a result as tlle m aterial. ham mering thin scctions prcvious m cthod a Iong lasting and causcs a work-hardening effect, reliable click would stillbe the result. resulting in springiness. Anothpr '
Screw passes through GreatW heel .into click! y//
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usefuk material that has a sim ilar effeet is drawn phosphor bronze, a m aterialwith a naturalspring to itand which isalso very easy to work. Like a1l parts for clocks suitable springs can b: purchasetl eom pleletl and ready foruse ifone wishes-
The Pulley The weightthatwilldrive the cloek is suspended from thedrum viaapulley, which effcctively halves the weight 27
@ (;enerally the barrel wilI differ
@ applied.There is not:1grcatdealcan be saitlaboutpulley construction'wut are aI1 fam iliar with thutshape ofthe wheel w hich should generally be of brass and run on a steel axle.The fram eofthe pulley can bem ade from a piece ofbrassplate and thatis:111 therereallyistoit.A ppearaneecan btl im proved by drilling holes in the pulley wheel.
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Various m aterials 111-: used asweights which arc also made in a variety of shapes.A nicely polished length of brasstubefilled with lead isideal;do rem eluberthata hook isrequired with which to hang the weighton thc cord and thatthis m ustbe setcentrally to the diameterso thatthe weighthangs straightand docsnotlean atan angle. A lthotlgh the weight is nzentioned in this chapter.beeause itispartofthe driving m echanism , itw illbe one of the last item s required.lt is obvious thatwe cannothang any old weighton the clock and cxpectitto keep time.It 1131. 1st be sufhcient to kecp thc clock going withoutcausing itto work attoo fasta rateand so thc am ountofweight required will be for experim ent.
A good idea isto gcta used food can and fitto itsom om eansofattaching it to the line from the drum ,fill tlle tin with pieces of lcad or other heavy material and run the clock. Keep rem oving sm all amounts until the clockstops.Thishastobedoneovera period of severaldays.W hen it has
stoppe; weighthe contentsofthetin, add about half again and m ake the nnished weightto this m easurem ent.
Spring D rive So farwt?have dcaltonly with clocks that are weight driven,which m eans they are either fittcd in a long case or hang on a wall.W hat ifwe want our clock to sit on a shelf? It is hardly practicalto drilla hole in the shelfand run a cord through that to a wcight. The answeristo drive the clock w ith a spring:som ething with which we are al1 fam iliar and springs are freely available. They arrive coiled and sealed tightly with a fastening alm ost ready for use and litinside the barrel using two hooks, one of which attaches to a point inside the barrel, the otherto the arbor. Greatcare m ust be taken when dealing w ith springsas
theycancausenasty injuriesanditis advisable to wear heavy gardeningtype gloves and m ost definitely to wear protection for the eyes.Special devices are available for setting Springs in barrels and. while it is
possibleto do so by hantt ifin doubt find yournearestclockm akerand take thelotalongthere,wherea specialdevice Willbe available which will enable the
jobtobedoneinamatterofminutes.
considerabl y from that described fbr thc wcight-drivcn clock.Fora startit becomesobviousthatoneend mustbe removable in orderthatthe spring can
beinsertedbutothermajordifTerences also occur.A lthough notunknown for a clock to be driven directly by a spring, particularly if one buys a cheap one, it is m ost certainly not good praetice.W hile the weightdrops at a given speed throughoutits lcngth the spring behaves vcry differently. W hen tightly coiled it creates considerably m orepowerthatwhen it is only partly wound. W atch a clockwork-driven toy and see how it slows down w hen the spring starts to run down and of course that is som ething that is not wanted in a clock.
The Fusee To avoid this problcm it is usual to connect the spring, via a device known as a fusee,w hich is a tapered and grooved Iength of brass on an arbor,on which issetthe greatwheel. M uch the sam e way as the situation w ith the barrel on a weight-driven clock.A cord is wrapped round the grooves in the barreland runs to the fusec.W hen the spring is fully wound the chord passes round the sm allest partofthe fusce,effectively acting as a brake.A s the spring loses its power so the chord winds to a larger diametcr keeping the rotation of the fusee at an even speed.The arbor on which the fusee runsis sim ilar to that 29
@ ofmostpeople.Takealength ofbrass
of the barrel on the weight-driven clock and the barrel now works independently oftheclock m ovem ent, providing the powerand nothing else. The clock iswound via asquare on the fusee arbor,which in turn rotates the barrel.A sthe spring is hooked inside that,ittightensup,to be released ata
bar of a slightly largerdiam eterthan the maxim um diam eter of the fusee,
putitinthethree-jaw chucksfacethe
endand drilla hole through itslength for the arbor. M achine the outside diameter to size and we can now guaranteethatthe hole forthe arboris regularspee4 with thefuseeaeting as true to the outside diam eter.Set the a continuous gear and compensating top slide over and m achine the for the unequaltorque of the spring. required angle, then use either a To enable the fusee to be wound the radiusing tool or a hand graver to conical-shaped part is not directly generate the required curve, which attached to the greatwheelbutdrfves m ustbe sm ooth. it through a ratchet as already So farithas al1been easy going but described forthebarrel.From therethe now we come to the only tricky part, poweristmnsm ittedtotherestofthetain. which is to m achine the continuous groove. A set-up for coarse screw cutting willtake care of the spacing Fusee C onstruction w hich isthe sam e asthatforbarrel,so M any peoplefightshy ofm aking the al1we need is to organisc a toolthat fusee and preferto purchase it,butit can be adjusted in depth as the is a task thatis wellwithin the ability carriage m oves along.This too is not
@ setatitslowestpossiblespced forthe
djm cult:m akeupapieceofsteelw ith jbur pins stted in it as shown in the drawing and clam p itin the toolpost Parallel to the lathe axis and f5t a suitably radiused toolin the end of a square bar that slides nicely through the gap. Either fit a handle to the opposite end or w rap a quantity of insulating tape or sim ilar m aterial
operation, in back gear if possible. Bettersti11tlst n:1handle in lhc m andrel and rotatethelatheby hand. Although it is suggested above that the toolbe madefrom squarebar, thisispurely to preventitfrom rotating. Readersw ith sutficient confidence in their own ability can usea round one. The tool round itto avoid injury.(Do notuse m ustrem ain atornearthe sam e angle loose material:itm ustbe held srnaly throughout operations to be on the tool w ith no danger of it successful. The operation is not
coming offè) It is now possible to diflicultandthereisa1otofcnjoyment apply gentle hand pressure to the tool protruding throughthetoolpostasthe carriage m twes along alld in thisw'ay to m ake the required grooves. If the first cut is not deep enough the operation iseasilyrepeatedbypicking up the groovew ith thetool,betbre the Iathestartsto rotate.The Iathem ustbe
to be gained from the tkeling of having created a nicely-shaped ftlsee. lt is probable that the grooves will have a rough finish on them so cut a piece ofdowelto a shape thatwilIfit them and using Brasso or similar polishing m ateriatand w ith the lathe running underpowerand in back gear
Distancebetw een pillars an exâctfitforwidtb of toolbeing used Clam p this end in toolpost
W 31
@ studdillg is notavailable it nlay be
run tllt-dovvutli: ll( )llg the groove ul ltila sluoolh finish is obtaincd.Finally part tl' le vvork 0ff t)r if it is thoughtto be too large to be parted off,saw itoff.lf saw n,lllotlntilon a l' nandrclbdween centres,tlsillg a half centr: attl3c end thatissawnswhich can then be faced to size.A suitable hand-ttlrning rest for using a hand graver to get the curvc and a self-releasing handlc to tit the nnandrelare described in the book KUseful ' W orkshop Tools' ' which is nul mber 3l in the ' W orkshop Practice Series.
Untbrtunately lhklabovemethodsonly apply'w' hen a lathe has suitable screw cutting facilitiesand this is notalways so.Generallyil' wouldbeadvisablefor those w ithotlt these facilitics to purcllase a fusec ready m adc.Son' l: pcopltdonotlikctobuy suchiten' lsas they like the feeling of having nladd every part for thenlselves. For thosd people, lt is possible w ith a little
possiblt) to oblain a Iarge dianleter bolt' . 21 l' netal scrap yard is a good plac:to searcl)forsol nething suitable. Tht lothercnd ofthisnlustbe centred and stlpportedby tlletai1stock.Take a llut that fits the thread and silver soIder.or i1 sol' ne other fashion fit a shortlength ofmild steelbarto it.Ifit is Iarge enotlgll perhaps a couple of sm alIscrdwsurould do the J 'ob.Use a piece of bar at rightangleg to this to connectto thd screw-cutting tool,via a slotin the firstpicce.W henthe lathe is rotated the toolw illnow m ovc along the thread and w ith the toolin contact with the fusee the continuous grotwe wi1)be m ade. M ostpeople with the snaalllalheslhataretlleoneslikely to lack seresv-ctltting facilities, are tlnlikely to be luak'ing a clock which would reqtlire 8 , Iarge dialnete' r fusee and the above m ethod w'illthereford vvork quite NveII.
Contintling from the power supply towards the dscapement are a pair of wheelsand pinionsdesignated asthc third and hourwheels.They form thc just to beatthe oddsand do these m ain partofthetrain ofwheelsknow n thingstbrthennselves. asthe gofng train which eonnects the Thc fusee willhave to be hnished as power unit.whether it is a drum and 1 spring and fusce, to the far as shaping and driIling is weight or : e s e ape m e nt .svhen firstlooking into a eoncerned. M ake a suitable w ellcl oc k i t a ppc ars to be a iungle of fitting m andre1butfittheendthatwiI1 whee l s and pi nions and it is this go in the tailstock centrew ith a length a ppa r c nt di s or der thatfreqtlently puts ofstudding wilh acoarsethread.This P C t op I e o f f m a k i 1g or repairing a thread w i1I tlltim ately bc the one cl ock. W hi l e t hes e gears and pinions transferred to the fusee so itw illneed to have a Iarge diam eter, in order to m ay be in a num ber ofeom binations, ' ne for get a sufficiently coarse pitch. if the actual tbrm ation is the sal
virtually eNr ery cltnck,The greatw'heel dfivcs a pinion,which in turn drivcs the centrc wheel' .tllc pinion connected to thatgocs to tlltlthird wheeland the Pinion for thatis in turn connected to the escape wheel.
on tl' le salllt ' t:1rbol -astllklcentrc svlleeI. Thc centre wheelhas sixty-four teelh and as ifcarrics11)e Ininute hand 11:1st rotate once an hour. This in turn connects' with an eigbt-leafpinion on third wheel arbor, w'llich has sixty Basically therefore we have four teeth.Itconnects to anothereight-leaf pinion on the cscape wheel. ' W hen wheelsand three pinions,which is a designing 1 train itisessentialthatthe nice easy m anageable num ber, Partictllarly for anyone versed in escape wheel shall m akc sixty ons (seconds) for each one engineering m atters. Various revoluti r e vt a l ut i on of the centre wheel colnbinations of wheels are tlsed but ( mi nut es ). To check this multiply there m ust be a logicalsequence.Let t oge t her t henum berofa11theteeth in us start w ith a hypothetical clock, t he dr i vi ng wheels and divide the althougb the train used will be one a ns we r by t he num bersofleavesin the thatis quite com lllon. pinions,lmultiplied together.W ith the The great wheel connected to the exam ple lhat bas becn used the drum arbor has ninety-six teeth and tkm mula in tht! appentlix gives all the w illconnectw ith an eight-leafpinion detailsrequiredto seehow itworksout.
ingenttity to put on a continuous threakl in these circul mstances if sttfficiently detcrlninedo or perhaps
32
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C hapter 4 - P endulum s A pendulum is described as a heavy tim ed by using his pulse. The particle,suspended from afixed point im portant thing about it was thatthe by a fine inextensible m assless rigid oscillations were isochronous which threa4 so thatitisfreeto oscillateon m eans sim ply that the tim e for one a verticalplane.Galileo the fam ous complete oscillation was always the astronom er is credited with sam e.His son iscredited with the frst discoveringitand legend hasitthathe use ofthe pendulum and whateverthe was watching the m ovem ent of a truth of the story it has stood swinging lamp in church which he horologists in good stead ever since. '
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with a pencil is m ore dim cult.An ajjowanceofonedegreeisalso leftfor tjw dropandthism eansthepalletsare ten degreesofthecircle. once the palletshave been draw n itis custom ary to cutoutthe drawingsand stickittoapieceofgaugeplateandto cutand 5leround ittogettherequired shape.To an engineer it m ay sound a rather prim itive way of going about things butthe system llas worked for clockm akersforhundredsofyearsand there is no reason for anything m ore sophisticated.
...I21zI :.
Brocot Pin Pallet Escapem ent
Those readerswho w ish to go italone and to design their own m ovem ents Unlike the previous escapem ent, in m ightwellbe interested in the brocot thiscase when the palletslock on to pin pallet escapem ent, the eseape the tscape wheelteeth with this type wheelfor w hich is virtually identical there is no recoil action, hence the to thatforthe dead beat.The pallets, nam e dead beat.ltis aeom paratively however. are com pletely different. easy deviceto m akeand iscapableof They are in pairs instead ofthe m ore producing accurate tim ekeeping, norm al nibs that are found in the although itshould be pointcd outtbat previoustwo escapem ents.Halfround it is really m ore suitable for large clocks than sm all ones. G eorge Graham invented itaround 1730 and so has stood the test of tim e. lt is particularly effective w ith weightdlivenclockswherethereisaconstant Source ofpower.G enerally the (scape Wheelwillconsistofthirty teeth and the palletsspan anything from eightto fourteen teeth. The pallets are relatively easy to make and the teeth Canbecutw ithafly-cutter. A swith all escapem ents the pallets should be hardened andpolished
D ead BeatEscapem ent
.
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Dead flf-2t. 7/.Escapelïïent. Nf)Jt?//7(?/the /' t?f?//?ut' e unJt??r1// bv . s'j.vdegrees in ol' derthatonlvthe /ï.p willbe in contao' tu/I'//lthepallets.
/.l?-f' ?t'f)/PilïPallelé%'t't7/Jt??' rlf??1l
@ thereforcnecessary to do thework in
sections arc used and thesc ean be lnade from round silver steel.stepped to fitin holes in the arm s and tilcd or m illed exactly in half.Only theseparts need to bc hardened and the an' nscan be m ade froln m ild steeland the nibs secured with a suitable retaining com pound.
Pin
heelE scapem ent
a m illing m achine or by using 21 verticalslide on the lathe to obtainthe required accuracy. lt w i11 involve
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making ajig thatwillhold thepins securely in such a way thatthe cutter can rcach thc ccntre line of the pin. M ounting the pins aecurately on tht ?
wheelalsorequiresasimplejigtobe
m ade up.Thiscan bcfrom astiffcard A lthotlgh at first glance this type of ifone w ishes antlassum ing it is only escapem ent ' would seen' t to be the to be used oncc,otherwise m ild steel silzlplestofa1Ito m ake,asthere is r)o should betlsed.Thearm sarem adein escapcwheelassuch to eutteeth onsit two parts and are fairly is not quite as straightforward as it straightfol -ward and w illpresentIittle m ay seelm.Consisting of:1w hcelw ith problem to any one even slightly a series of hoIes into w l 1ich are versed in m ctalwork techniqucs. inscrted pieces ofhalf-rotlnd steel.in a sinailar fashion to thk l nibs in the brocotcscapennentsthe spacing ofthe French Pin heel holes is a sîmple cnotlgh proposition but it is essentialto ensure that when Escapem ent the pins.which arc usually nnade frona This too is an escapem cntthatm ight a good quality brass are halved this is prove ofintdrestto the lllotlk?!engincer done with absolute aeeuracy, It is wishing to go italonc and design his or htlr own clocke as it is straightforw ard. Un1ike the brocol O eseapem entthepinsare leftround and tbe arm softhe pallcts' hteitherside of the w heel. It is very attractive and elegantto see when working.Because % 2 2P, %% / the pins are rotlnd they are easier to m akeandifam odtrrllm aterialsuch as % R o need be no problen: atall. Both types > of pin pallet escapem ent rcquire thc #C % c: A% pallets to be offset from the wheel, Cq rather than in line,as is the case w ith the previoustypes.
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tendency t() feed a tly cutter into the ast. To m ake a six-tooth The wheels ofany type ofescapem ent work too tö c ut t er i s not 8 1greatdealm orediflicult arealwaysm ortpdifhcultto m akethan t ha n m a ki ng a fly cutterand itw'illbe the norm alwheeltbund in the train, m ue h ea s i e r t o use. because oftheirshape. Specialcutters can bepurchase; which aredesigned First of alI a form cutter will be to dealw ith a particulartype ofw heel required in orddr to get the required so are only usable for the one radius.useapieceofground flatstock escapem enttype and retkrencdto the or gauge plate as it is m ore often various drawings w ill show readers why thisisso. Suitablecutterscan be referred to these daysand drillahole m ade for the recoil type of using adrillw ith adiam etertw icethe escapem ent from silver steel and as raditls needed. Filc or saw off the Only oncradiusand a straightedge is m etalleft at the side ofthe hole and leaslightrcliefonthefrontedge requiredathey are easy to m ake.The justfi Cuttercan bcmadeasa' Ily cutterbutit thatisleft:do nottouch theradiusthat is far better to use a m ulti-toothed rem ains.A slightcham fer can also be Cutterifpossible as a fly cutter always puton the top ifone w ishesbutthis is Seem s to apply too m uch force for notnecessary asthetoolisonlygoing Com fort as it m akes its single cut on tobeusedfortheonejob.Cuttheflat eaeb rotation and there is alw ays a stock to the required length and soak it
M aking EscapeW heels
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@ dcpthrequiredforvariouswheelsizcs.
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out. The besttype ofeontainerto use for the ptlrpose is something Iiktt a biscuittin and the lid w ilI notonly keep the Oilin place when notin uses but willalso put out any llamtls that m ightresultfrom quenchingthem etal.
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clean offthe scale tlzathasappeared on the m etaland w hen it is nice and brightplaceitin asmalltin.(asardine
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justmade untilthe edgd ofthe silver steelbarhasthercquired shape.Usea
tinwilldo nicely)which ishalftbllof cutting oi1 for the operation as the
,
.
M achinty a Iittl: off the otltsidt 7 diatnetcro.j tIstsufficientto takecareof any occentricity thatthdchuck hasand then tlrill the hole for the bore: we now know that the bore is perfectly concentric w ith the outside diam eter. Gcntly run the radius tool you have
sand.Heattlle sand from underneath ori ginalform toolisonlyjustabout until the m etal turns a dark straw et ïicientcnough forthe job and needs colour and then quench it in the oil any help itcan getin rounding offthe oncemore.Finallyjustrubthetop of silversteelbar. the cutting edgesw itllttslnalloilstone to put som ething of an edge on them Thefinaltaskistopartthebaroffand this is som ething which some people and the toolisready forust). Gnd dim ctllt. M uch depcnds on tbe To m ake the actualcutter.startw ith a qtlality and sizc ofthe Iathe as to how length of silver stecl bar m ounted in easy itis and ifpossible itis betterto thethree-jaw chuck.Thediameterof use a rear toolpostforthe work.For thebar,w ithin reason,isnotim portant those who really cannotface up to the aslong as when the m andrelto which idea of trying to part off a piece of it w ill be fitted is allowcd for, silver sttpel of this sort of diam eter suë cient depth is Ieft to obtain the therd is another w' ay round things. full depth of the teeth. The chart W hen the m aterial is firstput in the shows the radius and therefore the chuck,leave an overhang of aboutan inch and a half,or forty m illim etres, butstillm achinethe outside edgesfor Sizes for m aking C utters concentricitys but don't drill a hole. for RecoilEscapeW heels Turn the radius as deseribed and then m achinea stem atthe back ofthetool; Escape W heelPitch Radiusof providing the work has rem ained in lessthicknessof Cutter t00thtip the chtlck thewhole tim e the stem w ill be perfectly concentrie with the tool. 0.05': 0 l25' ' 0 06,' O 16'' Thebarcanthen berem oved from the 0 08', 0 2'' chuck and the part saw n off and we 0 10'' 0 25.' have our shaped m etal but with a 0.l25'' 0.3125' ' spigotinstead of a hole for m ounting 0 16'' 040', iton a m andrel.
j . ' 4 , : y t i è ; )a r b q w s i v T t n e h l o u d g c k p y D m f . s r t , w I n H o i u e a 1 Q b l h g k q f d m ë r t . S % n w X T u c e M i ) W a o s l / î h C * ? g > , z q r t b m n u k w e i o . 1 d p s y a g h l f : P X c t ? e I k m w i b ' n o v u d . a r / l T f p A s h j g y c , t e i n d b r a z w l k G f o . h m s p c u / E e ( t ' ; v n d r b g a i l j o h k . s f w m x u # t y ' c e n v a i p d l r h o s j b u k t I o
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Use form toolto shape cutteredge make six cuts as show n.
Bemovem etal in frontofcuts as shown
ctltaway on radius to leave ctltting edge
Vethodrl/' z?pr . ?l' l ' uj . ;multitooth(-lftlel' .U. %esilver. $ ' /t?t ?lThesame/JrI ' ncf #/t?applies/t p
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u,/7(2(,/andpinion c?,?//t?r.s'.
54
55
@ btltthey also tlo a greatdealofwork'
To m ake the teeth.m ark 01#-orindex it atsix equaldivisions alltlmi1la tlatas show n i1 ' 1 thc draw ing. Fina1Iy I' nachine another fla! so that tllere is plenty of clearanckl: again the draw ings sllow Nvhat is required.W e should now'have six sections evenly spaced and the toolwillwork like this, but if the square edges have a sm all relieffiled orm achined on thcln itwill work evcn better.If howevcr you are notentirely confidentofbeing able to get these re1ief angles without dam aging what will be the cutting edges,leavethingsasthey are.Finally repeat the hardening and tem pering exercise as detailed already and yotl have a eom pleted ûscape wheelcuttcr. lt w il1 not be as efficicnt as a professionally-m ade one, these have sixty tceth as a rtlle,butitwilldo the
w' ith the pallets bal lging up and dow n on thcnl fortnvnty-four hours a day. NVI ' Iile thereforc itnlay be desirable to tlst l soluething a Iittle thinncr to save weight.doing so cotlld defeatits ow n purpose,as itis m ore likely to distort during operations. Som e readcrs m ay nothave sum cient equipm entto m ake the above tools or not feel entirely conhdent about so doing.Itispossible to file the teeth by hand aftervery carefulmarking out.It got )s w ithout saying that a grcat dcal ofearc isnccded and in particularitis cssentialthatthe straightsections art l really that and are not angled in any way.If: 1sm alltem plate ism ade ' hrstit can bc used to check thatthe radiusof cach tooth is correct . it is alm ost
job and afteral1itisunlikely to be impossibletodosowhenjustworking used forcutting m ore than one ortwo whcels.
W hen cutting whtrtlsand in particular this type it is essential that they are well supported to as near tlle point where the teeth are being cut as possible, partictllarly w here hom c m ade cuttdrs of any sort are in use. The pressure reqtlired to cutthe teeth, even though we are only removing a little m aterialata tim e isconsiderable and the tool w ill tcnd to bend the metalasitcuts.Thatisthe lastthing we need.Generally *scape w heels are m ade from m aterial of 1.5m m or 1/16ins thick and we are torn between two possibilities here. To get the m axim um efficiency the %scape wheels need to be as lightas possible
to m arkings. The tem plate can be m ade from a piece of card, but som ething m ore perm anent is preferable and plastic is ideal. A suitable piece can be obtained by cutting up an old cretlit card and finishing the radiusa w ith an em ery board ofthe type used form anicuring. On m any very old clocksa11the teeth on the wheels are hand cut, and in comparison to a greatw heelan escape wheelisvery sim ple indeed. To com plete the escapem ent w e require the pallets and to lind the size and shape ofthese itis necessary ' Iirst to draw the necessary angles. The pallets can then bc ctlt out, using gauge platc to make them . There is really no way to m ake them except
W jth a fiIe and sau' .althtlugl l perllaps roughing Out could btl done on 11 rnilling l' nacl line.ltiscssentialthatllle Pallets are m ade accurately and tllat thenibs-which ardthe pointdd pieces thatstick outhave polished working surfaces. A s m uch polishing as Possible should be done before they are hardened butin doing so the shape and size m ust be m aintained. Final polishing can be com pleted aftcr hardening and m ethods of so doing willbe discusscd elsew here.
The j -inal task to krolllplctk ? the escapelncnt will be to trroh;s otlt the u'hccl,' svhen thatis colnplettxd. lllot,nt itolla colletand sccure itto tllt ' tpiq' ot. Itcan then be tdsted.tlsillg a depthing tool,to check thatthe pallets w iI1do
their job. As tlzkly are Imoved backwards and forw ards the action should be suflicient to slowly rotate the wheel.
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C hapter 6 - T he G oing T rain & M otion W ork Thegoing train as itis properly called connects the power unit,whether itis a drum and weightor a spring and fusee,to the escapem entvia series of wheels and pinions. W hen first looking into a clock itappears to be a
param eters in order to m aintain tim e. Various com binations of whecls are used but these m ust be in a logical sequence. Let us start w ith a hypotheticalclock,although the train usedwillbeonethatisquitecom mon.
jungleofwheelsandpinionsanditis The great whcel connected to the this apparent disorder that freqtlently putspeople off m aking orrepairing a clock. W hile these gears and pinions m ay be in a numberofcom binations, the form ation isthe sam e forvirtually every clock and in fact there are noWhere near as m any aS it Seem s at srst glance.The great wheel,which has already been discussed when dealing with the power,drivesa pinion which in turn drivesthecentre wheel. The pinion connected to thatgoesto a third wheeland the pinion forthatis in turn connected to the escape wheel.
drum arbor has ninety-six teeth and w illconnectw ith an eight-leafpinion on the sam e arborasthe centre wheel. The centre w heelhas sixty-four teeth and as itcarriesthe m inute hand must rotate once.This in ttlrn connectsw ith an eight-leafpinion on thethird wheel arbor,the w heelfor which has sixty teeth.ltconnectsto anothereight-leaf pinion on the escape wheel. W hen designing a train itisessentialthatthe escape wheel shall m ake sixty
revolutions (seconds) for each one revolution of the centre wheel
We have therefore just fourwheels (minutes). To check this multiply and three pinions,which is an easy m anageable num ber,particularly for anyone versed in engineering m atters. The wheelcom bination willvary in Sizedependingonthesizeoftheclock being m ade and on the whim of the designerbut m ust conform to certain 58
togetherthe num berofallthe teeth in the driving wheels and divide the answerby the numbersofleavesin the pinions,multiplied together.W ith the exam plethatisshow n in the appendix on page 121,this works outas sixty w hich is what w ant; any 59
r
@ com bination can be checked in this way to ensure thatthe train isgoing to b: right. In addition lo this it is possible to work outthc size ofbarrel and length ofdriving eord thatwillbe required. If a shorter pendulum is uscd it will beatatlessthan a second and from the table itispossible to work otltatwhat speed a givc11 Itlngt1 ) w'ilI bt lat.
bLltttA 112ke a llntl%' ol' nelltto 1112 ( 2ase thatone particularly wants.Rcferent?e
to thetables(st )eAppendix pagc 122) can enable usto tind outthe speed al Nvhich a pendulum of a given lengtl) w i11bcatand whatwheelcom bination is needed to m ake the clock work
accurately. Althotlgh a table o#' colnmon wheeltrainsisincltlded.(see Appendix page 124)itdoesnotmean that they are the only combinations Suppose thercfore the major factor avai1able; it is quite possible to behind tbe dcsign ofa clock is notas calculate one foroneself. usualto fita case round the m ovem ent
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Pallets E cape wheel -
3rd heel
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rhe train then setsthe clock so thatit ticks Off the lminutes btlt m ore than thatisneeded:evklry clock mtlstshow the hours and solme even incltlde a calendar,whileothers have phasesof the m oon. lt is not intended to deal with these latter factors or striking m echanislms but it is necessary to arrange for the clock to indicate the Passing hours as wellas lllintltds. As the m intlte pivot does one colnplete revolution once every sixty m inutes,Nvhat is needcd is a twelveto-one rttduction.in (3l' tIel'to lllark off thehours.Thisisobtained in thususual way by using a pinion and u.ht?eland thereforeany pinion and wheelwith : 1 m ultiplication 01- tw clN' e w i1l do. Another factor comes into it as wtlll and thatisthc sizc thatlhtthourwheel w ilt be, for exanlple u'ith : . t six-leaf pinion the hour u' lldel u'ill have seventy-two teeth, u?hich is klui1e m anageable.M ake thu pinion twelvc leaves antl the hour whet?l Ileeds a hundred and forty-four tceth, a size which is likely to be nltlch too Iargc form ostclocks,Probably the targest size that can be coped w ith in m ost movcm ents w il1 be an k lighl leaf pinion and a nindy-six-tootl) wheel and even thatis on the large hlizc.lhis leaves a lil u it of six or scvb en-tootl) pinions as practical propositions as above thatthings w i11becom c far too unwieldy.
becolut,s a c' ase o1-connecting tht lse two to the pivotthat wilIoperate the hourhand.The obviousallswerwoultl sctll ' n to bttto puta suitablc piniol lon the arbor of the l' ninute w'heel. connecting it w ith a wheel thal w i1I give a twelve to one reductilln on anotherarborimm ediatdly bclou'orat the side and putthe hourhand on that. There is only one snag,if we has' ea pinion or a w heel rotating i11a clockw ise direction and conndet another directly to that,thc addition one w ill rotate in an anticlockw ise direction,Nvhich is nota greatdeal()f use Thereforc two additional arbors w ith suitable wheels and pinions arc ndcdedethe lirstto change rotation to an antitrlockw ise direction and tht? sctrond to trllangt zitback again.111the llntlitntillatl any llcccssary redtlction ckt! ' tbe il' 1t-(' ,1 .porf 1tt-(1. Sonltlold clocks and no doubt solnkl bdillg l' na(. lc atpresentasu' ellIlaN' e tllut I ' ni1)uttr hal' l d ilnluediately bkllou'tllt p hourontl.Thesc do nothave tht lgoing train arrallged i1' 1a straight Iint),as is the l' nore usual arrangclnent. Atlditionalarbors witl a pinions and a reduction wheel are then set at an angle to enable the hour arbor to be placcd in the centre ofthe m oN' em ent. The fsnished rcstllt is quite attractivc and worth considering.
Because space is generally linnited lmostclockshave the hourand m inutc wheelin the sam e place-tradition also So far so good; we have no dotlbt probably has a part to play in tlltt m ade up our m intls of the best arrangelnent.The sam e ndeessity to oom bination forthe train and itnow change the direclion orrotatiol)is still
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eonnecled to a hardened steclpinion. on a pivot tllal is generally m ade 01* brass.The systkllu sklen' lsto has' d stood t he t e s t of t i np e, bt l t c oul d be i l l l proN'u' ti arrangeanidenticalwheeladjacentto itwith a pinion attached to itso itwill nrith the use ofm odern naaterials.bLlt rotate atthe sam e time.As the w heel then clock m aking is a traditional m ates directly w ith one fixed to the industry which is one reason tbr its m inute pivot it will rotate in the fascination. reverse direction.There isno arborfor W ith the pinion in plaee it is now a this pairto run ()n and so a shortone ' isprovided and they areallowed to run case of connecting it to thc hour free on it.It has a lhreaded cnd and whecl. which is donc by sinnply screws into the frontplate,tiequently allowing the wheelto run loosely ()11 the other etld stlpported by a bracket an extended collethtted to tlle lninuttl with a hole to actasa bearing surface. wheel.The hourwheelin turn istitted In otherinstancestheremay be justa to a collet that is also a bearing of !d length to ensure itruns true hole in the end ofthe pivot.through extendt' a nt l t ha t there is sutsicient surfacc 1t' which passesa splitpin to preventthe al l ow f or wear. The collet on thc wheel and pivot from conning off. m i nu t e whc elhas a square on the entl Bearing surfaces of course should a nd t he ha nd w'illbtla push-titon this. always be of differenl metals and in Thu t hot l r ha nd can then bc ' l ittcd this case w' e have a sligh!allom aly as di r e ct l y t o t he e ol l et t ha t s t l ppor t sthc the revt zrse whttt alisgenerally lnade of h our wheel . Bot h hands ar e now' brass and w illbe running w ith a brass r t l nni n g f r om a ce nt r al poi nt . wheel while at the sam e tim e being presentand lhe u' ay lhis is done is to fit a w hcelwith a suitable num ber of teeth ol1 the nlinute pivot and to
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r Having seribed lllc circle it is necessary to refer to 1 , chord chart.It
sounds obviousto justmeasure thc circum fkrcnce and then divide by the required ntlmber but this does not works as the distance lneasured between two points on the scribed circle,when using dividers,w illbtla straight line across the two points ratherthan round them .A chord table
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figure for num bers of divisions, assum ing the circle diam eter to bc one. To obtain the required figure angle and allow ittojusttotlch the silzzply m ultiply thelength ofchord by disk while rotating the Iathe by hand. the diam eter of the scribed circle. A handl: that can be secured in the Having . established the length of the mandrelis usefulforthissortofwork required division, take a pair of aswellasa num berofothertasksthat dividers that have nice tine points on we come acrosswhen m aking clocks. them and setthedistance by reference
@ to a m icrometer or vernier gauge. by tle tim e the 1:1st one is rcached a M ake a 1ight centres punch mark wholem illilntltre hasbeengainedand somewl lere on tle scribcd ttircle and this is now here near accurate enough m ark Off the divisions, starting and so some m eans of cllecking tllerefore tinishing at the centre-punch mark, is required.Supposd we are to divide Lightly centre punch each the plate into sixty divisions, Hav'ing intersection.It is advisable to use a set the dividers as suggested with a magnifying glass to setthe dividers m ierom eter or vernier gauge and andto makethepunchmarks,inordcr madethehrstindcnton thcline,mark off but don't spot thrt ztl divisions. to gettheaccuracythatisrequired. Preferably using another pair of NonmalImarking-outluethodson a tlat dividersso thatthe originalsetting can plane dem and thata11l' neasurem ents be m aintained, check the distance are taken from a single datunn, across the three m arks.lt should bc som ething that is not practical when cxactly the chord hgure for twenty dividing u circle. Tllcrefore the divisiolls.N extm ark offanothcrlhree possibilitikls of l' nultiple errors arise. divisions and cheek again thd w' holc For exam ple if the tlividers are one distance- using the clnord figLll-tl for hundredth ofa ntillil -netre ovcrsi/tlalld tkln.Any error in the originaldix'ider there are ahundred divisionsrequirdds sctting n'illntns show up and suitablc
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C hapter 8 - W heels & P inions In norm al cngineering practice,what is known as a whecl by the clockm aker,would be ret krred to asa gear,som ething with which weareall fam iliar, although the- whecls in a clock diff kr in shape and forl' flfrom thegearsin a m otorcar.Therc arctwo types ofteeth:involutc and cycloidalthe form er tlsed in dnginccring Nsb llel v itism ore tlsualforthc sm allcrgcarto drivc the larger one and the involutc form gives: 1bdtterbearilpg stlrface tbr this purpose. I11 clock m aking the cycloidal type is used becausc in generallargerwheclsare used to drivtl
thc snaaller oncs.w hich are known as pinions and the tooth pattern ereates less friction.ln 1111 things to do with clock m aking there isa constantbattIe to reduce both friction and weightof conlponents in the search 1br efficiency,Engineering-typc gears arc describcd in Britain, Alneritra and I uany other cotlntries under the ttrl -l' l dialnetraI pitch or DP for short. N' leastlrclncntis#bund by dividing thc ntllllber of tetltll into the pitch cirele dialuettlr. ' w hitlh is a positi(311 Nvllere the tecth nAeet. The position is llot visïbleu'htln looking ata gear,o41ly by
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taking various m easurem ents of the gearteethaetc.can the actualposition can be found.The m odule system uses thereverse ofthisand isthe nuluberof teeth divided by the pitch diam eter;it is entirely a m etric systenR, whereas thcD P system can be applied to either im perialormetrie.
W e are only going to deal with the module system asin clock making itis all that is necessary, although the clock repairerm igbtwellnecd to usd 170th w hen repairing a very o1d clock.
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needed are a m ultiplication of thtm odule number.Allnecessary details for working out the wheel from the m oduleaswelIasthe m odule from tle the wheel sizes are ineluded in the charts.The system is quite Iogicalantl the larger the m odule num ber, thc largerthe teeth willbe.U sing alarge num berhastheadvantagethatwhcels are less easily interrupted in their operation by dirt but large m odules nattlrally are not suitable for sm all clocks,such ascarriageclocks.
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Terminol ogy forobtaining measurements and module numberofwheels W heeland Pijlion Proportions W heel s Modules = Pitch diameterin mm divided by the numberofteeth. DiametralPitcb= numberofteeth in a wheelperinch ofdiameter Addendum = distance from pcd to tip ofteeth (1.35 x'module) Dedendum =distance from pcd to base ofteeth (= 1.57 x = module 0.45 and 1.1to 1.5 and 2 x modulefrom O.5 -1 J(Shortform = /.07 x module) Pitch Circle Diameter = numberofteeth x m odule Outside DiameterofBlank = Numberofteeth+ 2.76 x module RootDiameter= Numberofteeth minus 3.14 x module formodules 0.45 and 1.1to 1ab Num berofteeth m inus 4 x m odule form odulesO.5 lo 1y0 7-00th Thickness= 1.57 x module Addendum Radius= 1.93 x moduleformodules 0.45 to 1.1lo 1.5 Includes N/Y Z'/'form Full7-00th Depth = 2.95 x moduleformodules 0.45 and 1.1 to 1.5 -3.38 x module for module 0.6 to 1.0 Pinions
Alldimensionsare ratiosofthe module. Pitch Circle diameter = numberofIeaves Outsidetipdiameters 6 = 7.71.7 = 8.71,8 = 9.71,10 = 11-61,12 = 13.61
Kppl-dl. p. n. Jp. !. tr m 6 = 2.5,7 = 3.38 = 4.2,10 =5.9,12 = 4.8 .
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Lea-fThickness 6 -8 = 1.05,IQ - 12 = 1.25 Addendum Radius 6-8 = 1.05,10 - 12 = 0.82 7-00th Pitch Ratio 2-8 = 1/3,10-12 = 1/5 A- ddendum 6-8 =0.855,10 - 12 = 0.805
gvdendum 6= 1.75,7 = 1.85,8 = 1.9,10=2.05,12 =2.10
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Exeept in exceptional eircunRstanees wheelsare l' nadtnofbrassand 1' 01-m ost norl -nal clockl making purposes and ccrtainly when conlpared w ith norlual engineering practice. thc lnaterial used is of a very thin section. This creatcs its own probleln wht?n cutting teethasthereistendency t brthemetal to bend away frolm the cutter if any attem pt is l ' nade to advance it too rapidIy, or if the materia1 is not properly supported. Beeause of the thin l' naterial uscd tht? wlletll 11711st alwaysbe supportcdonacolletwhen assenlbled on the arbor in order to give a greater supportstlrface. lf one rcads any of the exeelIellt books on clock l making and repairillg thatwere w ritten m any years ago itwillbe seen thatthe usualmethod of holding the wheelon thecolletwasto rivettheend .
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l netal expanded and held the urheel firlmly in position. N tnvadays a far better idca is to use a retai1 -ting colmpotllldo 'not only docs this give a secure bolld btltïvith a smalIam ount of heat the bond can be broken if required. The sam e applies w hen litting the collet to the arbor, rather than use a force fst,a tiny drop of com pound on a unit that is a good '
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slidinglitwilldothejobfarbctter. The bcst brass to use is knosvn as eolmpo ()r engravi11g brass and is stocked by both clocklnakers' suppliers and many modeI cngineering stlppliers as w el1. Suppliers of clocklmaking lmaterials often willbe abld to supply itas round blanks of the outside dialntlter required.Failing thatwe art ' tleftwith two choices, 'itcan eithcrbe cutfrom
@ rotlnd bar. nnachined to size and contrentricily.It
sheet or sliced from Although engraving brass is not available as bar stockethe m dtalw'ilI generally be fonnd to b: quilc suitable.It is shedt l' naterial that is unlikely to be ofthe required quality. ' Ib cut from a sheet of suitable m aterial it w ill be necessary to first make a centre and then l nark off a circle a little largerthan the outside diameterofthe blank,which can be cutout,using a piercing saw or better still a m ecbanical scrol1 saw. Thc centralholeisdrilled-tothesizeofthe collet on n,hich the whecl w i1I ultimatcly bc mountett ensuring itis at ninety dcgrees to the facd and the disk and m ounted on a stlitable m andrel to be put on the lathe and
u' i11bcnecessary eitherto lnakk ldisks thatu'il1' hton theoutside of-the blank to hold il ' lirm ly in positionsbecause the dialneter of the hole for the l ' nandrelwillbe sm allitisessentialto avoid too m uch torque being applied by the toolwhen trying to m achille the blank and thcwashersw illcounteract this.lfonly the m andrelin the smal1 hole is used there w ill be tw o tlnwantcd effccts, the first and m ost obvious isthatthe blank w illtend to bend as pressure is applied. Thc secolld less obviotls one is that no m atter how carefblone is when doing the m achining it w il1 be alm ost ilupossible to stop the blank from catching while thc lathe contillucs to
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havc the atlvantage of being sm al1. which l n akt )s thel' n particuIarl). ' suitable for use on a slnall lath:. A lthough they are very expensivethey arem adeofhigh-speed steeland w ill lasta lifetilne.Cheaper cutterscan be obtained' .these are dcsigned to l iton large horizontalm illing m achinesand C utters although fitm ents can be m ade t() cutters are available enable them to be uscd 011 lathes and conlnlercialIy and specialist clock verticalm illing m achincs, the set-tlp suppliers should be able to supply a is rather btllky. Frequently too thesc suitable cutter for any l' nodule that cutters are for illvolute gears rathtlr n' lightbeneeded.These specialcutters thancycloidial,so checkbeforebuying. som e distortion of the holc and no luatterhow slightthislnightbe itwi11 lead to lossofaccuracy.lfthe work is supported and gripped by suitable washersthisshotlldnotoccur.
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Toolm ade from silversteel, hardened and tem pered.Obtain radius with drillormilling cutterforaccuracy.
Body from mild steel, cross drilled fortool, drilled and tapped at base forscrew to hold toolsecure
H om em ade C utters ln chapter5detailsform akingcuttcrs forescape wheelsweregiNtn;itisalso quite possible to m ake ones ow n euttersforwheels,using silversteelor gauge plate, w hich w ill be quitc suitable for making the num ber of Wheels required for a norm al clock. W hen m aking cutters rcmemberthat We are notgoing to m ake a t00th but
tom achinethegapbetwcen tw' o teeth. shaping half of each in doing so. Com m ercial ctltters are of the rotary type w ith the shape tln the periphery, which isthen divided into num erous cutting edges. Em ulating this in the norm al hom e workshop w i11 be im possible and so itis bestto aim at six or eight cutting edges, or a tly cutterwith a single bladc.To m ake a 1' rl1. l1t1-t00th cuttercalls forsom c form
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actltlrat)y neededs det1 )i1s of the required radius which is as shown in the tables on page 79, 1.57 x the m odtlle. Therefore beforc any calculationsfbrteeth orcutters can be m adc it is necessary to Grst Gnd the m odtlle that is to be used.Gcnerally this wi11 be show n 011 the draw ings, butthere are instanceswhere thism ay not bt l the case. For dxam plc the author u' as intcrested in making a regulator some dctails ofwllich wert show 1' 1 i11 an old book. OnIy the otltside diam ctcrs of the whecls and the num bersofteeth weregiven and it wasnecessary to work outthe m odule
a dril1is obtainablc.forexalnple a ().5 l' nodultlhasa radiusof0.965111114so t(' be exact wc nced a drill 1.931 1317) dial -neter,A standard size is 1.95l ntll and that w illbe nearenough f br otll' Purpose, if necessary IAfJ great harn) would com e from uging a 1.9111111 dialneter driI1- which is easier t() obtain.Forthose who like to work in Inlperial lmeasurdm cnts 5 64ins. wotlltlbe a suitable sizc.
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î1(). b ' :(' I(/ (, 1L. tl. b ' t,. %tll' L,f t/)!. (?t?t1.?/? iv(, . à' t?lll J)/(z(2 1'é?t' (l;. ;. i6l, L(L,C. /t4t. l à .1. 1())î. (. ). L,.j. s/?!( ,(/ :zf?/'/)l. (l . v. v/?/(//t,y.
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' v( )I(l( . k l' eéIJt?gt . 'l/ ?f ?/:11' /?t' ?2/? t?/I ' . $ ' /7c(/it? ' $ . '' k' (?/. '!'(ltll' t lt .' ti' ve.
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available if a computer is used. lland: iI
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Anyone w ho has com plcted a m ovcm ent would bc advised to take their tillle when considering the face
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Hands can be cutfrom thin brass or
steel,onceagainthe lessweightthey
have the better.There is a w ide rans ze and in fat ytitisagood ideato draw ofm ore or less standard designs and one ()n paper,w ith or withoutthe aid i n addition there is no reason why ofa com ptlterand stltittem porariIy in p placo.A day or1wo iatklrdraw another ersonal ideas cannot bc used. For exannple they could renccta hobby or one and sec ho' w that Iooks, keep otherinterestorpcrhapssom ethingdo tlxperirnenting untiI a good idea of 'svith the f. fniIy,/$11thesd things give how the tinished articltt w'ill look is individuala ity to a clock and m akt l it obtained. personal. It is as well to draw them hrstofa1lon paper,which isstuck on -
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J'//t tz .s .ll. k(.,//?/.st/,. c.t.'tt.vil)'vd -/kt,F.c,//?t/t?,?a t.t????/?lI/t:,:Theb't..t/n çpt. tli(.,i./?c t. .' . P'' l'''é-( lt ?'' (' t ï 1'. ( 1t '??d@ . î' ?l?t . ' /f l'lp?/c't' c o'-/?'' /?Jl?e' t' fF tz. $ 'tl' (ln. b m h-'. h' . E;;îI)ç,lIl ' ,b . ;1n: c,tlt, à .,. t7??/)t?adtied ( . /'tsvln.ted.xos,thv,Jj, #p/ . v?7(. ( ?.in , . ,0''':/t?1. ,w?-t/.& // ?t-centre '$'/?//tI)(. zvilI()n (? I //,/ . -''ltl nbertlls./?t?/à?r . ?, ' ,.1. 4i. ttf,t . ( . b .g/ y) y. jg/y/. - .,,s,,vttîàvttvb, .
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be polished.TI1istlan be I 1eld togttther using a tIcarsi1icone and uotlzing else and looks attractive as there is 110 wooden beading to obscure the vic' w of the clock.The base on which the case stands should be of hardwood and havtt a groove cut in it for the glasscase to slip into. The l ' nore traditional glass case consists of thin wooden beading with the glass Iet into it. Again hardwood should bk ltlsed and the gl -ooN' tlforthc glass can be made with a nlilling eutter if a router is notaxqailable.The
corncrjointscanbenaitrcdtoinaprove yl vnchpolished.(lnceagain thcbcst appearancc, oncc agai1 it is w,ol-th advice is to contact advcrtiscrs in
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haN'ing thc t ldgt?softhk lglasspolished betore t' nak'illg the case.
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(leneraIly speaking ' we think i1 l more traditiona1 terlms Nvhcn considering c iascsandthtlchoiceofsvoodbeconles nlportant.ldealIy the case should be lmade of hardvvood planks btlt these are gettil1g lnord and l uore dit-ficultto obtaill. For long castl clockh i sol nkl scctions ctluld bt ' tl' nade ot- veneerkld blockboard but the problclm ojobtaining suitable m aterials is beconning N'klry diflicult indced. ()11kl ansurer is to tlse hartlwood strips and fit a good qtlality vtpllccred p1y in nlachinedgrooves;itishard tt)teI1the finishkld result frolm solid wood. It
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should btp possiblkl to get stlitable lnalel-ialsto t' nake sl-nal1ercIock cases from ()nt7ofthe tilnbcrlmerchants that dcal in hardwoods although it l' nay nlcau dealing w ith a colnpany solme distancdfroln ' whereouelivesasthere arc not lllany ofthzm Ieftthese days. Infoj-nlation on wllere to (lbtain wood ca11 be obtained frol' n the advertiselnents in l' nagazines dealing with woodworking orclocks. û' ases cal)bc ' hnishkld vvitl)one ofthe nlodern varnishes althotlgl l traditionally they llaN' e alvvays btpen
spccia1ist llaagazines for help and infonnation before deciding thc best svav to $ . :t)abotlt it.It is bestto avoitl 'ores w,j D I5- s' t aeI1 tj)înking ojnaaterjajs. thcir stock' is ailmcd at a Inass l markut ant. t tor a differcnt pul.pose an(jis unlikcly to bc stlitable jbrthissortofwork. .
slany cloek cascs arc tinished with f-ancy. shaped beading and ornalments Nvhich can be obtaincd frol m supplicrs Of clocklnaking equiplllent,althotlgh l ' nostly wood som e of thcse Cnlbellishl ' nents are brass and either B' êl)'tldy do add tlle tinishing totlches to 11tlltàok case.
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Y' OI-ITIUIZS Goil1g Trai11fornlula for trhtrcking correct' vvhklk llarrangelnu'ntand forfinding lellgtllofposverchol' ttrequircd. N ().oftccth in centrk lw' ht lelx N o.t3ftoeth i113rd U llt ?e1 64 x 6() oj= ($() N o. 0ftceth in 3rd pinion x No.ofteeth il' lestlaptlNvhkltllpinion 8x 8 A Sthe celltle 411001pinion has eighttkltlth and the groat&N' 1 l001ninoty-six,the NN'I'CCIrotates: 96 8 = 12 hours
JXl' 1CIiftho dialmctklrOfthebarl-elis2 inohkrs,th0col o h'i11beunnmund. 7:x 2 = 6.ajykj ak yjaj ;sij atht ?sam cpcriod.Asthecord isdotlble.the wvightfalls tlll.t'ugja011jy yjajj-tjak?distance thatitunNvindsfrom the barrele 'ic,3.14 inchds in tNs,e!N, k2jaoursorj 'ustover6andaquartdrinchesevdry fulIday oftwentyThatis-thecquivalcntoffourfeetantlt' wo inchdsineightdays' . tourjjouys,' j u'hich is abotltt' lk ll maxinaunathatnlostpeople are likcly t()w'antitto un' w ind. jtal m ountsto abouth ;ixtcen turnsround t)' le Nvj)k)t?Iand so therc should be abotlt scvunteen coiIson the drtllm. .
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C hord Tables To dikide a cirt zlt linto even sections.tlse thctable below.The figurcsgiqren are fora dialmeterofone.To fintlrequilvd figtlre-l uultiply Iength 01-k2Ilord forthe numberofspaceswanted by diam etcrofcircleto bedivided. Num ber ofSpaces
Length ofChord
Num ber ofSpaces
Length ofC hord
3 4
0.8860 0.7071
36 37
0.0872 0.0848
69 70
0.0455 0.0449
Pendulum s
5
0.5878
38
0. 0826
71
0.0442
The mathem aticalcalculation fortim ing a com plete oscillation ofa sim ple pendulum is:
6 y 8
0.5000 ( . ).4339 0.3827
39 4: 4l
0.0805 (). ()' yj yj 0.0765
72 yj j 7y
0. 0436 :.4 . )4.3: ().( . )4,4
9
0 .3429--()
42
0.0747
75
().0419
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length Tim e - 7: gr avity in feet .
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or t= ! whcre7:=3 14 l59 gravity = 32.l9 .
f c s
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Tocalctllate thktlcngth of:1pcndulum required for: 1given trainofwheelstlltl totalnumberofteeth in the centre,third and cscap: wheels,are multiplicd together and then multiplicd by two.They are then divided by the numberof leavesin thepinionsotthird and escape.m tlltiplicdtogcther . Forexalzzple,Centre Svheel= 64t-Third W heel= 60t-Escape W heel= 30t
Pinionsare1 70th8 leaf.
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12
0.2588
45
0.()698
78
0.0403
l3 l4 jj 16 17 18 19
0.2393 0.2225 ()a()y( ) ()'jgjj . 0.1838 0.1736 0.l646
46 47 4: 49 50 51 52
0.0682 ().0668 (),()(jj4 ( ,.:6, . 4.) aj j 0.()6 (). t)61( 3 ().()6()4
79 80 h yj jya j y? 84 85
0.0398 ().0393 (. ).e?j yj y ().()?j y? () .( )?, yj y ().(). y, yz) 0.0370
2 0 20
0 .1564 0
3090 ().2817 .
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() = 60 beats perm inute 6
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3604)beats per hour
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36():
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=
122
43 44
:.073() 0.0713
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76 77
0.04I. 7 0.0408
53
0.0592
86
0.0365
J,Z g..,.J
1590 ().ju : ):3 ().j?()a
54 . ' F. 5 j(j
0.058l (. ),4). , 57j ().4)56j
87 :8 j. 49
0.036l ( . ).(). 357 ().()?j?
24
0.l305
57
0.055l
90
0.0349
25 26 27 28 29 30 3I 32 33
0.l253 0.l205 0.116l 0.l120 ().l081 0.1081 0.l012 0.0980 0.0951
58 59 60 6I 62 62 64 65 66
0.0541 ().()532 ().0523 0.05 15 0.0507 0.()507 ().0491 0.0483 0.0476
91 C)2 93 94 95 96 97 98 99
0.0345 0.034 I 0.0338 0.0334 0.0331 0.033l 0.0324 0.0321 0.0317
34 5
0 . 0 923 0. 0896
6 7 68
0 . 0 469 100 0. 0314 0. 0462
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64 x 60 x 3()x 2 8x 8
N um ber Length ofSpaces ofC hord
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C om m on C lock Trains 1:
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C-entrc 31-( 1 ' q/heel Pinioll
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3rd Nvheel
ûScapt y tscape Vibralions Pinion N' Vhtrtll pt lr nlintlte
Length of Pendulul ' n
l12 t ?6
14 12
1()5 9()
14 I2
60 3()
6() 6()
39.l4'' 3t?.I4''
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80 64 75
l0 8 h4
75 6() 6()
10 8 8
30 3t) 32
60 6( ) 75
39.14'' 39 14'' 25.53''
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80 1()8
8 12
72 1()()
8 1()
3() 32
t ?() 96
17.39 !5.28
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