Instant Grammar Lessons: Photocopiable Lessons for Intermediate Classes (Instant Lessons Series)

INSTAilT GRAIIIIAR LESS0ilS PHOTOCOPIABLE LESSONS FOR INTERMEDIATECLASSES Alan Battersbv

STRAIGHTTORWARD, EASY-TO-USE ]'IATERIAL TOR BUSY TTACHERS

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Instant Gra,mma,r Lessons Alan Battersby

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Teaching Publications Language ll{a ChurchRoad,Hove,BN3 2EB, England ISBN r 89939640 3 @ LTP 1996 Reprinted1997,1998,2000

Copyright This book is fully protected by copvright. All rights reserved.No part of this publicatíon may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior permission of the copyright owner.

Permissionto Photocopy All of the students'material in this book is intended for photocopying. Permissionis hereby given to photocopy all such pagesfor use by individual teachersin their classes.No private or ¡

institutional copying which could be construed as re-publication is allowed without the permissionof the copyright owner.

The Author Alan Batrersby is a reacher at the Studio School in Cambridge where one of his responsibilities has been building up a resourcebank of teaching materials.Many of the ideas in this book originated from these materials. He has taught English in Italy and is a past chair of the CambridgeEnglish LanguageTeachers'Association.He is an oral examinerfor the Cambridge examinationsand is activelyinvolved with the Materials DevelopmentAssociation(MATSDA). r{

Acknowledgements The author wishesto thank the Studio School,Cambridge,for permissionto publish materials originally developedfor the Studio School Teachers'ResourceFile. Cover design by Anna Macleod Printed in England by Commercial Colour PressPlc, London E7.

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Contents lfeachers'Notes Introduction Lesson by Lesson Notes

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Section

1

Lesson1

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Lesson3

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Lesson4

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Section I-esson8

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Lesson9

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Lesson10

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Activities

Linking Phrases1 1.1 Narrative- Joe'sTrip to york 1.2 Narrative- Anna'sTrip to London 1.3 Follow-up LinkingPhrases 2 2.1 Essay- A Good Book v. Television 2.2 Essay- A HolidayAbroador at Home? 2.3 Follow-up ImportantExpressions 3.1 InformalLetter1 3.2 Informal Lener 2 3 .3 F o l l o w -u p AddingGrammar1 4.1 DearJulia 4.2 Follow-up AddingGrammar2 5 .I D e a rS a l l y 5.2 Follow-up AddingGrammar3 6.1 DearRobinand Sarah 6.2 Follow-up Adding Grammar4 7.1 DearMrs Harlock 7.2 Follow-up

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Sequencing

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lV[atching

Activities

Adiective+ Preposition 8.1 Sentence Cards1 8.2 Sentence Cards2 8.3 Follow-up \trb + Preposition 9. I Senrence Cards1 9.2 Senrence Cards2 9.3 Follow-up Noun + Preposition 10.I Sentcnce CardsI 10.2Sentence Cards2 1 0 .3F o l l o w -u p Noun Collocarions 1 11.1 S entence Cards 1 11.2 S entence Cards2 1 1.3 Follow-up

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Lesson12

Noun Collocations2 12.1Sentence CardsL 12.2 Sentence Cards2 12.3Follow-up Conditionals- Type 1 13.1 Sentence Cards 13.2Follow-up Conditionals- Type 2 14.1Sentence Cards 14.2Follow-up Conditionals- Type 3 15.1Sentence Cards 15.2Follow-up Conditionals- Mixed 16.1Sentence Cards 16.2Follow-up

Lesson13

Lesson14

Lesson15

Lesson16

Section Lesson1.7

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Lesson18

Lesson19

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Lesson20

Lesson21

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Lesson23

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Rephrasing

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Activities

Modal Verbs 1 17.1 Sentence Cards1 '1,7.2SentenceCards 2 17.3 Sentence Cards3 17.4Follow-up Modal Verbs2 L8.LSentence Cards1 18.2Sentence Cards2 18.3Sentence Cards3 18.4Follow-up ReportedSpeech 19.1Sentence Cards1 19.2 Sentence Cards2 19.3Follow-up ReportingVerbs 20.1Sentence Cards1 20.2 Sentence Cards2 20.3 Follow-up Transformations1 Sentence 21.1 Sentence CardsL 21.2 Sentence Cards2 2l .3 Follow-up tansformations 2 Sentence 22.1.Sentence Cards1 22.2 SentenceCards 2 22.3 Follow-up SentenceTransformations3 23.L Sentence Cards1 23.2 Sentence Cards2 23.3 Follow-uo

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Section

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Cornpletion

Activities

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Sentence Completion1 24.1 Sentence Cards 24.2 Follow-up SentenceCompletion 2 25.1 Sentence Cards 25.2 Follow-up Gerundor Infinitive 26.1 Sentence Cards1 26.2 Sentence Cards2 26.3 Sentence Card 3 26.4 Follow-up ClauseCompletion 27.1 Sentence Cards1 27.2 Sentence Cards2 27.3 Follow-up

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Dictation

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Make and Do 28.1 DictationSentences 28.2 AnswerSheet 28.3 Follow-up Give and Take 29.1 Dicta¡ionSentences 29.2 AnswerSheet 29.3 Follow-up Have and Get 30.1 DictationSentences 30.2 AnswerSheet 30.3 Follow-up PrepositionalPhrases 31.1 DictationSentences 31.2AnswerSheet 31.3 Follow-up PhrasalVerbs 32.1 Dictation Texts 32.2 AnswerSheet 32.3Follow-up

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Introduction

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1. A BasicInstantLesson

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This book is called Instant Grammar Lessonsand it can be used in exactly that way. Here is a very simple, straightforward way to create immediate lessons:

l. Copy a page of the book (1 copy per student).

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2. Give out the pages.

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3. Let the studentscompletethe exercise.

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4. Correctthe work in class. 5. If you wish, copy and distributefor homeworkor extra practicethe follow-up exercisewhich is availablefor eachunit.

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That's it - an instant grammar lesson.But lnstant Grammar Lessonshas been designedto be usedmuch more imaginativelythan the above absolutelyinstant lesson.Each unit has been carefully designedto provide classroompracticewhich is: interactive spontaneous lively learner-centred Used in this wa¡ it will be much more effectivein helping learnersuse,practiseand, most importantl¡ retain the target language.To get these additional benefits, teachersneed to spend a short time preparingthe worksheetsand explaining to the classthe basicinteractive methodologywhich will ensurelearnersget m¿lximumbenefit from their classtirne. This is developedin Section4 of thesenotes.

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2. The Contents IT

lnstant Grammar Lessonscontains:

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32 units of photocopiableclassroommaterialsto activateessentialgrammar Follow-up grammar homework for each lessonto consolidate rarget structures Full teachers'instructionsand answerkey

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The lessonsare grouped into five sections:

Section1: SequencingActivities Learners work together to reconstruct narratives, compositions and letters, using link words and phrasesto help them. In some casesthey also have to make choices of tense and grammaticalisethe sentencesbefore they put them in order.

Section2: MatchingActivities Learners read out sentenceheads and tails to each other and try to reach agreementon possibleand probable matches. Learnerspractisecombining words into word partnerships and clausesinto sentences.

Section3: RephrasingActivities Learners reformulate sentencesusing important grammar patterns such as modal and reporting verbs.

Section4: CompletionActivities Learners use both real-world knowledge and structural awarenessto complete sentences logically and grammatically. Acceptabilityof the completedsentences is negotiatedwithin the gr o up .

Section5: DictationActivities Learners listen to the teacher or a partner reading out sentenceswhich contain important word partnerships.They note down important partnerships.Areas coveredinclude common verbs such as do, haue, and take, phrasalverbs and prepositionalphrases.

3. A BroaderViewof Grammar Instant Grammar Lessonscovers all the essentialareas of grammar at an intermediate and post-intermediatelevel. This makes it the ideal supplement to a Cambridge First Certificate or similar course. Target structures include: past & present tenses future forms modal verbs con d iti onals reported speech th e p a ssive But not all the grammar an intermediate learner needsis about sentenceformation. \Word grammar,the ability to build natural phrasesand expressionsfrom known words, is also extremely important. So too is discoursegrammar, an awarenessof how sentencesare linked together into paragraphs and whole texts. \ülord and discoursegrammar focused on in Instant Grammar Lessonsinclude: : word partnerships or collocations: balanced diet, fatal accident common verbs used in many word partnerships: have and get, give and take contextualizedphrasal verbs: look forward to (an event),get over (a bad experience) reporting verbs and their grammar: agree that, d,oubt uhether, ask about prepositionalphrases: at first, in particular,on purpose sequencingand linking expressions: after a while, a few weeks before, on the whole

4. An lnteractiveLesson

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The materials in Instant Grammar Lessonsare designedto be used in class so that the grammar practiceis basedon livel¡ spontaneous,oral activities.In every case,this is then consolidated by extra written practice with new examples of the same grammar point. This extra practice providesinstant homework. It also ensuresthat learnershave a permanent record and clear idea of what they have learnedin each lesson.

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1. Make copiesof the photocopiablepageswith the target language.Most of these pagesare designedto be cut up into strips, cards etc. 2. Preparea suitablenumber of strips or cards for your class. 3. Put learnersinto small groups of 2-5 learners;sometimesthe number of groups (for exarnplean even number of groups) is important. The LessonNotes give detailed suggestions. 4. Explain that, in most cases,the learnersare given strips or cards which contain part of something-part of a letter,a sentence,and so on. Their task is to reconstruct, match or completea whole, using the languageon their strip or card and their knowledgeof grarnmar. 5. In most cases,individual learnersread out what is on their card and others respond Thesesuggestionsare basedon spont¿lneously orally by contributing suggestions. either their own card, or suggestionsfor appropriatelanguagebasedon their knowledge of grammar.The most important part of the practiceis the processof suggesting,guessing,and revisingthe suggestionsto take account of other suggestions. guesses(right and wrong), and revisionsof the suggestionsare Thesesuggestions, more valuableto the learnersthan the more obvious target of "getting the right answer". The teachermonitors the activit¡ without helping or correctingat this stage. 6. Learnersagreeon a "best suggestion"--the most likely order, the best completionsor whatever. These are reviewed as a whole class activity. 7. The teachergivesfeedbackand any extra information. 8. The follow-up worksheetcan be copied and distributed,one per student,,as written consolidation,a permanentrecord, or homework.

5. PracticalTips Workingin Groups Instant Grammar Lessonsworks best with learnerswho are used to working independently in groups. If yclur classis not used to working in this way, start by doing one of the activities '$lhen with a small group yourself in front of the rest of the class. they have got the idea, let them all try the sameactivity themselves. The more people there are in each group the more discussionthere will be. Three to five people per group is ideal. More than five in a group may make reaching a consensusdifficult.

Timing

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This dependson the ability and levelof the students.Settingup the activity,the activity itself and any follow-up shouldtake about 30-45 mins.The activity will be most effectiveif it is interactiveand lively- so try to maintaina briskpace. spontaneous,

Correction The Instant Lessonsactivities are designedto be learner-corrected. Some teachersmay want to intervenein group work if learnersare going badly astra¡ but, as a rule, correction and

reformulation of errors is best done as feedback after the activity. Put some of the incorrect languageyou heard when you were monitoring on the board. Can anyoneremembersaying it? Can they seewhat is wrong with it now? Can anyone else?

Revision Someof the activitiescan be used more than once so learnersgain confidenceand a real degreeof fluency with the grammar being practised. You may like to repeat an activity later in a course to give learners a chance to recycle the languagethey have had difficulty with. An activity repeated like this may only take a few minutes.

Variations TherearedetailedLessonby Lessonnoteswhichincludesuggestions for alternative proceduresand follow-up work.

Copies If you can photocopy the materialsonto card and laminate the cards or strips,this will significantly prolong the life of the materials.

Re-using strips When you collect the jumbled texts, give each group a paper clip to put round their set of strips so that you can use the strips again.

Lessonby LessonNotes

The basicidea of the interactivemethodologyis ro meke the practicesmore lively and involving by encouraging students to listen and respond .poni"n.ourly. Explain clearly that studentsshould nor "cheat" by putting strips or.".d, on the table and simply doing the -expl"in activity as if it was a written exercise. that if the activitiesare basedon listeningand responding, they will be more fun and more effectiv. i" r'r.ipirg^rr,r¿.r,t, really remember the grammar.

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Lesson 1 This lessonneedsan evennumberof smalrgroups of 2/5 peopre- 3 or 4 in eachgroup is probablybest'The groupsmay haveclifferentnumbers in-thü. Half the groupswork on 1.1, the otherson 1'2. The task is to put the texts.bact. rog.ri., b;-iir,.rrl.rg,particularlyfor linking words suchas arthoughir despite.Te[ them r"h",;i. il; numberedI is the beginningof the text. Eachmemberof eachgroup has 2/3 strips.Members read their stripsaloud one by one to the rest of dreir own group' As all the membersof the group rg..., itt.y put their stripson the tablein the correctorder.Seta time limit - p.rh"pr-s for this part ofthelesson. Checkthat groupshavereconstructed -rnur".tyou may wanr to highlight the text correctly. the words, and perhapsoffer extra explanarronor examples. lj:.kitg \whenall groupshavethe correcttext in front of rh.-, to wrire the linking words on a pieceof paperin the right order.Ask them ".tÉu;;;.". to turn over the stripsand as a group try to rememberthe original text - usingthe linking words to h.tp them. Iinec.rr"'.¡ Jh", .". turn overoneor morestrips. collect in the jumbledtexts.Make new groups,so that eachgroup containsone or two peoplewho workedon eachtext. Let them surnmarise their t.*t fo. thosewho workedon the other text. The follow-up, for usein classor as homework,provides extra practiceof the linking words and a gappedtexr similar to the onesin the activity. In a laterlesson,studentscan maketheir own lists of linking wordsand write a similarsrory or essay. Lesson 2 Follow the sameprocedureas Lesson1.

Lesson3 Follow the sameprocedureas Lesson1. Lesson 4 cop¡ cut up and distribute to groups of 2/5 students rhe strips on 4.1. The groups may have one or more different strips each. Explain that the task of tt.r. g.oup is ro reconsrrucra complete letter. The strip numbered 1 is the start of the text. First the group must completethe sentenceon each strip by finding the missingg¡ammar usually the verb form, but also prepositionsand ,,words. oth., i-ptrt"rrr-;;gr.--"tical Group members co-operate to get each sentencecorrect. The suggestionsand char-rges made thro.ugh this co-operatio.nare i-po.t"nt part of the actiuity. ""., Students read out the full sentences' and as a class,reconstruá the whole letter by paying particular attention to links such as despite, This means etc. Ask the classto read the whole compleied letter aloud. As an alternative, the group could appoint a secrerarywho writes d.wn the whole letter as tt" gror; dictaíe it,iip_[r_*f.

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Add comments, highlight important language,or make important corrections, then give out the follow-up sheet. In a later lessonyou could provide two other model letterswhich one student in a pair rewrites - cutting out all grammaticalwords such as articles,prepositions,and linking words, and changing all verbs to their base form. This is then exchangedand the partner then rries to restore the original. The texts you prepare will be most useful if they are similar to rhe type of text which students may have to write in an exam.

Lesson5 Follow the sameorocedureas Lesson4.

Lesson6 Follow the same procedure as Lesson4.

Lesson7 Follow the sameprocedureas Lesson4.

Lesson 8 Copypage8.1.Cut thecopyin half,andtheninto strips,sorharyouhave10 beginníngs, and 10 endines. Divide the class into groups - 4 in each group is ideal, but 2, 3, or 5 works well too. Explain that they have to match the beginningsand endingsof 10 sentences. Make two sub-groupsrn each group; the subgroupswill have 1, 3, or ideally 2 students.Distribute the cards,so that the ten beginningsare sharedbetweenthe membersof one subgroup,and the endingsare sharedby the membersof the other subgroup. Studentswith beginnings read them out for the others to supply the endings. $7hen a match is made, the pair is put on the table. Go round and check.The activity can be competitive, group againstgroup, or againstthe clock. Collect the endings.Ask studentswith beginningsto read them out again.The others provide either the original endings or their own new ones. Repeat with the cards from 8.2. Draw students' attention to the important adjective + preposition combinations such as interestedin, worried about. Use the follow-up sheet,either in classor as homework. As a follow-up in a later lesson,you could use all 40 cards at the sametime.

Lesson 9 Follow the same procedure as Lesson 8, but the important languageis verb + preposition rvord partnerships such approue of, belieuela. Remind students how important it is to ^s learn words togetherwith the words with which they usually occur - this helpsthem to avoid m istake s.

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Follow the sameprocedureas Lesson8, but with noun + prepositionword partnerships such as differencebetween,connectionwith. Emphasisethe importanceof word partnershipswhen learningvocabulary.

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Follorr'the sameprocedureas Lesson8, but with the languagefocus on important adjective+ noun and verb + noun partnerships- a serious illness, to realisean ambition.

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Lesson12 Follow the sameprocedureas Lesson8. The languagefocus is similar to Lesson11.

Lesson13 Follow the sameprocedureas Lesson8. The languagefocus is Conditional Sentences, but not just examplesllke lf he comes,I'll ask him. Also included are natural examples with modal verbs in one of the clauses. In this lessonwhen you take back half the sentencesfor extra practice (seeLesson 8), you can ask students to use either the beginnings or the endings.

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Follow the sameprocedureas Lesson8. The languagefocus is similar to Lesson 13, but with Type 2 Conditionals, including examples with different modal verbs in one clause.

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Follow the same procedr.rreas Lesson 8. The language focus is Type 3 Conditionals, with some examples with different modal verbs in one clause.

Lesson16 Follow the same procedure as Lesson 8. The languagefocus is on different natural examples of conditional sentences. including a wider range than the traditional iirst, secondand third conditional presentedin many grammar books.

Lesson17 Prepare anddistributestripsin theusualway.Explainto students that theymustrephrase the sentenceon the strip using the word or words on the right printed in bold type. You may like to demonstrate one or two examples on the board. This exercisetype will be familiar to many studentsbecauseit is used in many examinations. In turn, studentsread out their sentences. The others call out suggestionsfor paraphrases. Intervene only if they cannot agree.Remember the importance of students responding quickly and spontaneousl¡ rather than pausing,thinking, revisingetc. IJse one, two or all three pagesin one lessondepending on the class and the time available. lfhen the class has completed all 30 examples in one or more lessons,give out the follow-up sheetfor classor homework use.

Lesson18 Follow the sameprocedureas Lesson17. It also has a similar languagefocus.

Lesson19 Followthe sameprocedure asLesson17.Thelanguage focusis ReportedSpeech, but students are given the basic reporting construction verbs:said, told, asked erc. Rememberthe importanceof spontaneousreactionto ¿1sentencethe studentshear.This is a different kind of practice - and much more useful - than simply doing the same page as a written exercise.

Lesson 20 Followthesameprocedure asLesson17.Whenwe report,we moreoftenreportwholeevents than actualwords: Yes,that's fine. I'm quite bappy with that. > He agreedto what we suggested.

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The languagefocus is the grammar of the verbs used to report eventsin this way. Both the verb and the word that follows it are important:

agreedto admitted that apologisedfor Lesson 21 It is important to havean evennumberof groupsas the practiceis self-checking. One group hasthe cardsfrom 21,.1,, for example: We'uebeenliuing in Liuerpoolfor nuo years.>'We moued. . . . The othergroup hasthe cardsfrom2L.2, for example: Wemouedto Liuerpooltwo yearsago.> We'ue. . . . First a studentreadsa card to his/hergroup who rephrasein the usualway. After they have done all 20 sentences, swap card setsbetweengroupsand do the samesentences in reverse, thus reinforcingthe structures. The variedstructurespractisedin this lessonare thosewhich often occur in the Cambridge First Certificateor similar exams,so the materialis particularlyusefulas alternative,lively classrevisionof structureswith which studentsare alreadvfamiliar.

Lesson22 Follow the same procedure as Lesson 21.

Lesson23 Followthe sameprocedure asLesson21. Lesson24 Copy and distribute the cards. Explain that the studentsmust complete the sentencethey hear using the correct form of go to the cinema, for example: baue gone to the cinema going to the cinema. Remember the importance of the livel¡ spontaneoususe of the cut-up pages,which provide a different kind of practice from the same material used as a simple one-pagewritten exercise.

Lesson 25 Follow the sameprocedureas Lesson24.

Lesson 26 Studentsprovide their own completion,using a gerund or infinitive. Give a couple of examples,then encouragethem to shout out severaldifferent possible responsesas each student reads a strip aloud, either to a group or the whole class depending on the size of your class. You can use one, two or three pagesin one lesson.Use the follow-up sheetafter the class have completedall 30 examplesin class.

Lesson 27 Studentstry to find two possiblecompletions, using the suggestedwords. Encourage several different suggestions,using the words printed in bold on the right, or if they prefer, their own original ideas. Use either 1 or 2 pagesin a particular lesson,then use the follow-up sheet after the class have completed all 20 sentencesin class.

Lesson28 Give each student a copy of the answer sheet.Explain that this is a different kind of dictation lesson:they do not write down everything you say - only examples of phrases with make and do. Remind students how important these verbs are in Enelish. It is best to learn them in

multi-wordphrases: I uas afraid of makinga mistake. I don't like doing notbing. Read each sentenceat natural speed.Pauseto give students time to completetheir sheets.You may prefer them to work in pairs. Read the sentencesagain' without pausing.Allow studentsto check their answersin small groups. Draw a large grid on the board, and ask studentsto come up in turns to completethe grid. rJ7itha good class,or in a later lessonas revisionyou could put studentsinto pairs - give sentences1-10 to one student, and 11-20 to the other. Let studentsdictate to each other and completethe grid.

Lesson29 Followthesameprocedure asLesson28. The language focusis Phrases usinggiueandtake. Lesson30 Follow the procedurefor Lesson28. The languagefocus is Phrasesrsinghat,e and get.

Lesson31 Followtheprocedure for Lesson28. Thelanguage focusis varioususefulPrepositional Phrases.Notice how the exercisedirectsstudents'attention to phrasesr¿rtherthan individual w or d s.

Lesson 32 Givestudents or pairs- a copyof theanswersheet, - individuals 32,2.Askstudents if they can guessthe story in advanceby looking at the phrasal verbs on the grid. Then, read the story once at normal speed,with studentsjust listening.Read it again, more slowly but with natural rh1'thm.Pauseso that they can write each phrasal verb oppositeits meaning.Use the second part in a similar way. You may like to read both parts one last time before checking answersand giving out the follow-up sheet.

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Se q u e n c i ng A c ti v i ti es

All the lessonsin this sectioninvolve the learnersin putting jumbled texts - stories, compositions,and letters- back into the right order. In lessons1 - 3 this is done by paying particular attention to the sequenceand discoursemarkers which are highlightedin the texts. In lessons4 - 7 thejumbled sentencesalso need to be grammaticalised- made fully grammatical- by putting verbs into the correct tenseand by adding the missing articles,prepositionr, "ná coniunctions.

Lessons1-32 Lessons4-7:

Linking words ano pnrases Use of articles.preposrtrons,ano conluncttons ll

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1.1

Narrative- Joe'sTripto York

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In groups,try to put the story back into the correctorder.Read the sentencesaloud untilall agree on the correclorder.Pay particularattentionto the words at the beginningof the sentences.

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This story all beganone weekendwhen Joe visited York. He had passedhis driving test only a few weeks before and had just boughta second-handFord. But, after a while, he managedto find a spacein a side streetjust outside the centre.

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In spite of his nervousnessabout driving, he was determinedto go on a long trip.

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After searchingthe next two streetshe found the car and, of course, felt very relieved but rather foolish.

In fact, everything went much better than he had expected,and a few hours later he was approaching the outskirts of York.

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Next, he set off to look round the cathedral and all the other historic buildings.

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To beginwith, he thoughtit had been stolen and immediatelyset off to call the policebut then he noticed that the adjoining streetslooked very similar. Even though it was late September,York was packed with tourists and, as a result, all the central car parks were full.

Finall¡ when Joe had got tired of sightseeing,he returned to where he had left his car. To his surprise,it was nowhere to be seen.

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Fortunatel¡ the traffic was not too heavy and and, even better, the weather was perfect. Soon he was nearing the city centre.

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L i n ki n g P hras es 1 Narrative - Anna'sTripto London

Try to put the story back into the correctorder.Read the sentencesaloud untilall agreeon the correctorder.The words at the beginningof the sentenceswill help you connectthe sentencesto each other.

This story all beganwhen Anna visitedLondon. Shehad only arrived 1

in Nottingham a few weeks previouslyand her English still wasn't very fluent.

Although it was late November,London was packed with tourists and consequentl¡ there was a long queueat the taxi rank. At first, she thought she might have missedthe last train and set off at once to find the information office, but then she noticed the station architecture was different.

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Then she set off to do some sightseeing.

Despiteher poor English,shewas determinedto go on a day rrip to London by traln.

Anna decided to take the Underground and some time later she was standing by the river on the Embankment.

Eventuall¡ when Anna had got tired of looking at historic buildings, she made her way back to the station. Much to her surprise,she couldn't see any trains going back to Nottingham.

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Actuall¡ it all went much better than she had expected, and after an hour or so the train was approachingthe outskirts of London. It was King's Cross station, not St. Pancras. Shehad taken the wrong exit out of the Underground. After she had searchedthe subwa¡ she found St. Pancrasand naturally felt very relieved but rather silly.

Luckil¡ her train arrived at St. Pancrasstation exactly on time, and better 10 still, it wasn't raining. It wasn't long before she was looking for a raxi into the centre.

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Follow-up

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Exercise1 Match eachlinking phrasewith another of similar meaning in the same set:

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4. a coupleof hourslaterd. although --¡(

5. fortunately

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Now completethe following story using the linking phrasesabove: This story all beganwhen John startedhis new office iob. He had only left school l. ........................ and wasstillveryunsureof himself.But,2. .....his inexperience, he was anxiousto makea success of his new ¡ob.

,l

3. ...........'....

everything went muchbetter than he had expectedand 4.

he was gaining confidence. 5. 6. ...............

, his colleagueswere all very helpful and,

the pay was ex c e lle n ft o r a s c h o o l-le a v e r.7 . , . . . . . . . . , .

he was being

g ive n someresponsihiliry.

one morninghis bossaskedhim ro do somephotocopying and sendoff a few faxes. 8. ........................ it was only 7.4Sam, the photocopying roomwasverybusyand 9. ........'............... therewasa longqueuefor the copier.10.............. of waiting,so he decidedhe shouldsendoff the faxesand 11.

Johngot tired .....do the copying.

12. .............

I ft

whenJohn had sentoff all the faxes,he returnedto the copierroom and startedcopying.To his surprise,the copierstoppedworking. 13. ............. he thought the machinehad brokendown and he 14. wasn'taround. 15. .............

.. setoff to find the technicianbut she

throughthe copiermanualhe locatedthe problem- it had run out of paper.John 16. ............. felt very relievedbut ratherfoolish.

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2.1

Essay- A GoodBookv. Television

= 1l

L in ki n g P hras es 2

In groups, try to put the essay back into the correct order. Read the senlences aloud until all agree on the correct order. Pay particularaüentionto the words at the beginningof the sentences.


D e sp i te .... 'S7ecan't buy a new car becausewe don't have enough money. > I f we ....

'We couldn't find out what was wrong with the car. > We didnt succeed in . . . . He drove so fast that he frishtened

6

us, > He was

Becauseof the fog, the plane couldn'ttake off. > The fog prevented. . . .

13

I'd prefer you to wear a different tie. >I' dr ather ....

14

Bananascan't possiblybe grown in such a cold climate. >It' simpossible....

15

If Dad hadn't given Sally the money, she couldn't have gone into business. > W ithout. . ..

I'm sorry I didn't take my mother's 16 advice. > I wis h . . . .

7

He is believedto be an international criminal. > Pe op l e ....

I

The car needsservicingbefore we go on holiday. > I m usth a ve ....

18

9

It's difficult for olderpeopleto learna language. > Older peoplehave. . . .

Janehasn'tmademuch progressat 19 school. > Janehas only . . . .

10

Janeplaysthe guitar betterthan I do. >Ica n't....

If you

that again,I'll hit 17 > Do n tdo ....

you.

This is the most deliciousmeal I've everhad. >I' venever ....

Operating this computer isn't

20 difficult. > I t is n t . .

t =

Fr

F u Fa F

21 .2

SentenceCards2 Rephraselhese senlences using the prompts. Discuss wh¡ch suggestionsare the closest in meaning to the or¡ginal sentences.Can vou make other sentencesusinqthe same patterns?

We moved to Liverpool2 years ago. > W e 've ....

11

It was very cold so I put on the heating. > I p u t....

12

about stopping for lunch? >Shall ....

13

I'd rather you wore a different tie. > I' dpr efer ....

4

If we had enough money. we could buy a new car. > W e ca n t...

14

It's impossibleto grow bananasln such a cold climate. > Bananascant. . . .

5

'$7e didn't succeedin finding out what was wrong with the car. >We c oul dn't....

15

\flithout her Dad'smone¡ Sally couldn'thavegoneinto business. >If....

E:I

tr F F F

3

F:I

F F F F-

Despitenot having the qualificatio Donna got the job.

The fog prevented the plane from taking off. > Because....

'$fhat

>Although....

ts

F

Sentence Transformations 1

F F

He was such a fast driver that he frightenedus. > H ed ro ve ....

16

I wish I'd takenmy mother's advice. > I'm sorry... .

F F

Peoplebelievethat he is internationalcriminal. > H ei s....

17

Don't do that again or I'll hit you. > If....

I must have the car servicedbefore we go on holiday. > The car needs . . . -

18

I've never had such a delicious meal. > Thisis....

19

Jane has only made a little progress at school. > Janehasn' t....

Fe

7

F F¡

F F F F

I

Older peoplehavedifficulty learninga language. >It's ....

10

I can't play the guitaras well as Janedoes. >Janepl ay s ....

F

F Fr

20

It isn't difficult to operatethis computer. > Oper ating....

ü t^

Sentence Transformations 1

21 .3

Follow-up

-¡l

I .-u1¡

Rephrasethe following sentencesusing the words given:

F 1. Julia has been working for this company for six years. I1 I¿

Julia started. . . 2. Although Robert wasn't feelingwell, he went to work.

-

Despite

--

a

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r-

I

I

I

|

|

I

.

|

|

' J. l can t unoerstano nrm Decausene speaKsso qulcKly.

ul :¡

I f h ed i d n 't....

4. It was such an awful meal that we complainedto the waiter.

The meal

It -

5. My dressneedsdry-cleaningbefore the party. I must have

-!t

MT'

6. I suggestwe have a coffee break. What 7. 'We arrived late, so we missed the beginning of the concert. If we hadn't 8. It was the most difficult exam I'd ever taken. fr

I

r o never fr I || | 'T 't y. lne sunwas verystrongso we put on plenty otf sun-Dlock.

We put L0. I'd rather you didn't smoke in the kitchen. I'd prefer 11. Hotel guestsmust vacatetheir bedroomsby 11.00am. Bedrooms 12.I regretnot staying on at collegeto take my finals. I wish

1,3.Margaretplaysmuch more skilfullythan Tony. Tony doesn't 14. We'll have to leavewithout him if he doesn't arrive soon.

Unless 15. Peoplesaythis restaurantis the best in town. This restaurant

t I-

22.1

SentenceCards1

=

F =r

SentenceTransformations2

Rephrasethese sentences using the prompts. Discuss which suggestionsare the closest in meaning to the original senlences.Can you make other sentencesusingthe same patterns?

Unlessyou do some revision,you won't passyour exam. > I f . . ..

r-


Ihavent....

12

The police arrestedthe escaped prisoner Iast night. > The escapedprisoner . . . .

13

Nicola can swim faster than anyone eiseat the club. > Nobody....

14

Tracey thought the election result was very surprlslng. >Tr aceywas....

15

It takes an hour to fly from Brusselsto London. > Itis....

There was no need for you to work late last night. > Yo ud i d n t....

16

If you eat more, you get fatter. >Themor e...

It is years sinceJane visitedSpain. > J a n e h a sn t....

17

Canyou tellmehow longthepoolis? > Can you tell m e t h e . . . .

18

This is the first time I've beento an all-night party. > I' venever ....

The accidenthappenedbecausethe driver didn't seerhe red lieht. > I f . . ..

Is it all right if I leavethe room?

>M a y ..

F¡

F F F F F F trl

4

I'm sorry I can't come to the disco tonight. > I w i sh ....

It was sucha high shelfthat Ralph couldn't reach it. > The shelf was too

2

z z =e :z

John spoke to his girlfriendbefore taking the job.

=

J o h nd i d n t....

:¡

a a u a a

I

10

I'd rather you didn't put your dirty feet on the sofa. > Would you mind . . . .

tVhat is the meaning of anxious? > W h a td o e s....

'We

19

don't intend to live in this house permanently. >W ehave....

20

I regret not apologisingto her sooner. > Ishould....

! .¡

I t

22.2

I

Sentence Transformations2

SentenceCards2

"41

sentences.Can you make other sentencesusingthe same paflerns?

If you don't do somerevision,you won't passyour exam. >U n l e ss....

!l

2

If the driver had seenthe red light, the accidentwouldn'thavehappened. > The accident happened . . . .

May I leavethe room? >Isi t

I wish I could cometo the disco tonight. > I'm s orry . . . .

11

I haven't beento a football match sinceI was at school> Ilast....

12

The escapedprisoner was arrested by the police last night. >Thepolice....

13

Nobody at the club can swim as fast as Nicola. > Nicola can swim .

14

Traceywas very surprisedby the electionresult. >Traceythought....

The shelfwas too high for Ralph to reach. > It was such

6

You didn't needto work late last night. > There was . .

7

Janehasn'tvisitedSpain for years. > Iti s ....

John didn't take the fob until he had spokento his girlfriend. > J ohn s pok e....

9

10

NTouldyou mind not puttingyour dirty feeton rhe sofa? >I'drather....

What doesanxiousmean? >Whati s ....

It is a one-hourflight from Brussels

15

to London. > It takes .

The moreyou eat, the fatter you get.

16 > I f y o u . . . .

Can you tell me the length of the

17

ll

pooll

> Can you tell me how

18

I've never been to an all-night party before. > This is the

19

\le haveno intentionof living in this housepermanently. >Wedont....

20

I shouldhaveapologisedto her sooner. > I regretnot

a ¡

22.3

SentenceTransformations2 Follow-up

¡ ¡

z

Rephrase the following sentencesusing the words given:

I r-

1. IvfayI usethe car tonight?

Is it all right

-{

2. Robert got here so late, he missed dinner.

¡

If

-a

3. I'd love to have a little more money.

¡

I wish 4 . They are repairing the road outside the house.

-

I

z z

The road

5 . Barbara was very bored by the party. Barbara thought 6. Do you know how far it is from Seattleto Vancouver?

¡

Do you know the

7. I'm sorry I didn't phoneyou yesterday. -

z

I should 8 . You won't get into the first team squad if you don'r train harder.

¡

e a ¡

a ¡ ¡ ¡ -t

¡

I ¡ ¡

Unless 9. Shewouldn't give an explanationfor her absence. Sherefused 10. The lessyou eat, the slimmer you get.

If 11.

'We

moved to this street six years ago.

We've

72.It was sucha big sofa we couldn't get it into the living room. The sofa was too ./ 1 3.'Vlewalked 10km beforesroppingfor a break. We didn't 14. I don't objectto peoplesmokingin restaurants. I've no 15. Nobody in the family could eat as much as Antony.

¡

!

Antony

a-

a '1.

]I

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23.1

SentenceTransformations3 SentenceCards1

:

Rephrasethese sentencesusing the prompts. Discuss which suggestionsare the closest in meaning to the original sentences.Can you make othersentencesusingthe same patterns?

ú

\7e all thought Bill's story was very amusing. > We were all

b

l'

The reasonGrace didn't get the job was becauseshe was inexperienced. >If.... David, you had better take some vitamin pills with you. > S h ea d vi se d. . ..

4

r-

'We'venever seensuch beautiful scenerybefore. >T h i si sth e ....

It looks as if nobody's at home. > There doesn't seem . . . .

e

11

Darren left quickly so that he didn't haveto buy his friendsa drink. > Darren left quickly to . . . .

12

'S7e tried our hardest but couldn't completethe crossword. > However ....

13

Gail demandedto speakto the manager. > Gail insisted....

14

John borrowedthe money from the bank to buy a new apartment. >Thebank....

15

'S7ould you like to go to the cinema this evening? >Dovoufancv....

16

After three attempts we succeeded in starting the car. >W emanaged....

!tü

They'regoing to install new traffic lightshere. > New traffic lights . . . . The day was so dreadful that we cancelledthe trip. >l tw a ssu ch ....

s

\7e had hoped the exhibition woul be more interesting. > The exhibition wasnt . . . .

il

Mary was the only student absent from class. >A p a rt....

J

Do you know the height of that skyscraper? >D o yo u kn o w h o w ....

10

'$7ith

17

a word processor,you could write that much faster. > If....

18

In comparison with Japan,the cost of living in the USA is low > If you compare . .

Your Englishseemsto be 19 improving. > It sounds as though . . . .

20

The last sentence. 'S7hata relief! > Iwas....

a a z u z a

23.2

Sentence Transformations3 SentenceCards2

Rephrase these sentences using the prompts. Discuss which suggestionsare the closest in meaning to the original sentences.Can you make other senlencesus¡ngthe same patterns?

'V7e were all very amused by Bill's story. > We all thought . . . .

11

Darren left quickly to avoid buying his friendsa drink. > Darren left quickly so . . . .

12

However hard we tried, we couldn't completethe crossword. > We tried our . .

13

Gail insistedon speakingto the manager. >Gaildem anded....

14

The bank lent John the money to buy a new apartment. >John....

15

Do you fancy going to the cinema this evening? > Would you like....

16

After three attempts we managed to start the car. >W esucceeded....

It was such a dreadful day that we cancelledthe trip. > T h ed " y....

17

If you had a word processor,you could write that much faster. >W ith....

The exhibition wasn't as interesting as we had hoped. > W e h a d h o p e d ....

18

If you comparethe USA with Japan, the cost of living in the USAis low. > In comparison . .

19

It soundsas though your English is improving. > Your English seemsto be . . . .

20

I was relievedit was the last sentence. > The last sentence!What . .

¡

u a

If Grace had been experienced,she would have got the job. > The reason Grace didn't . . . .

I

a z a z a a

z z z z a a a I I

SheadvisedDavid to take some vitamin pills with him. > David. vou had . . . .

This is the most beautifulscenery we'veeverseen, > We'veneverseen. . . .

5

There doesn't seemto be anybody at home. > I t l o o ksa s....

New traffic lights are going to be installedhere. >Th e y 're....

7

¡

t

e z

Apart from Mar¡ every student was presentin class. > M a ryw a sth e ....

¡

a ¡

z t

10

Do you know how high that skyscraper is? > Do you know the . .

,f {

I

23.3 'rr Sentence Transformations 3 Follow-up

Rephrasethe following sentencesusing the words given: 1. Sheadvisedhim to listen carefully to her instructions. You'd 2. The weather seemsto be improving. It looks as '\üle'd 3. expectedthere to be more spectatorsat the match. There weren't

4. I left work early to avoid getting held up in the rush-hour traffic. I left work early so 5. This is the most disgustingcoffeeI've ever tasted. I've never 6. Mary was the only guest not wearing casualclothesat rhe party. Apart 7. Paul and Georgewere always arguing but they remainedgood friends. However much 8. I want to know the depth of the river at this point. I want to know how 9. I was surprisedto hear you're expecting triplets! tiplets! What 10. \X/ehaven'tgot a phone so we have to usethe public call box. Tf

Il

.

.

.

11. Ellen has got such a lot of money,shedoesn'tknow how to spendit. Ellen has got so 'lZ.They ought to havedone the repairsby now. ,.r_tl

rne repalrs . . . .

13. Why don't we speakto the shop manager? Francis suggested 14. Trains in Britain are very expensivecompared to Italy.

I

In comparison .

15.If Lesliehadn'tbeendelayed in the traffic, she would be he¡e by now. The traffic preventedLeslie

-
No. but I'd reallv love

No-one answeredthe phonewhen

18 c a lle d .M a v b e t h e v . . . .

19

20

Jan would rather stay at home. She'sneverreally liked . . . .

'S7e usuallygo to the game on Fridaynights,but this Friday we . . . .

=

24.2

F

Sentence Completion

1

Follow-up

E2 1

F F 2

F

Complete the following sentenceswith the correct form of GO TO THE CINEMA: 1. Thanks for the invitation. If I wasn'tbaby-sitting, I 2. Tonight's game has beencancelled,so why not . .

F =

3. Joe'snot surewhat he'sgoingto do tonight but he

Fa

4. Let'sask grandmaif shewantsto come.It must be years since she last

F ET

5. Last night we watched the game as well as . . .

Fe

F Fe b

E ts F F E F E

6. Joe and Anna usuallvstavat homeat the weekendsbut this Saturdavthev

7. There'salwayssucha lot to do. I wish I had the time . 8. It's no use inviting Tane. Shenever .

9.

'V7e all saw it yesterdayso there's no point

10. Have you madeany plansfor this evening? >'$7ell, it would be nice 11. Nobodyis answering they the phone. Perhaps 12. Come on! You can afford it. It doesn'tcost that much

13. I'm alwaysso busy. If I had the time,I'd love 14. I'm glad you've got tickets for the game becauseI really hate . .

15.'S7henwe called at Monica's house,she wasn't at home. Maybe she

25.1

Sentence Completion 2

SentenceCards

Readout t hes e n te n c e o n y o u r.c a rd ' Y o u m ust-mptetei t* i tnt have to changelhe grammarof this phraseto fit your sentence.

I'm not interestedin watching the g a me . C o u l d n 'tw e ....

l

Barbarahad alreadyseenir, so

11

we

2

No, not tonight. I'm much too

3

Iüe must for ages!

4

Comeon, hurry up! It's ti mew e....

14 I wishI

There'snobodyat home. They m lgnr. . . .

15

lt's over a yearsincewe last

What are you doing this weekend? > \7e're thinking of . . .

16

I've got to work latetonight,but

I adoreHumphrey Bogart,so I'm lookingforward

17 EverySaturdaynighr for the past

\7e had a great time last night but you weren'tthere.You should

18

My father said when he was a young man everybodyusedto

Sorr¡ I'm just too tired. I'd rather we ,...

19

Gerry prefersstayingin to

My grandmotherwas always fond of....

20

I don't know what to do tonight. >'$7ell,what about

7

I

10

tired

. . We haven't been

12

Sheknew all about the big game eventhough she. . . .

13

Not again! Can't we do something differ enr fr om...

., insteadof the game.

I'd rather

six yearsSally

25.2

Sentence Completion 2 Follow-up

Complete the following sentenceswith the correct form of GO TO THE CINEMA: 1. It startsin half an hour. Comeon! If's time we 2.

'$7e'll seeyou later. \7e're all looking forward to . . .

1 J.

I couldn't get tickets for the big game tonight. > In that casew e ...

4. \fe had a great time last night. > I know. I wish I 5. It must be over three months since we last

6. It's goingto be boringsittingat home. I'd ratherwe . . . 7. Would you like to havedinner with us on Saturdaynight? > I'm not sureif we can. We'rethinkineof . . . 8. Oh no! I missedTom Cruiselast nieht. I knew I should 9. I'm bored. Is there anything we can do tonight? > How about

10. Eachweekend,for the last six months,we 11.

'V7hen my motherwas a child, sheneverused

12. Vith a baby in the famil¡ it's difficult 13. If Jackdidn't go to the game,he might 14. Alison preferswatchingTV 15. No thanks. I've never beenkeen on

*-

2 6.1 Gerund or I nf i ni t i ve

h

SentenceCards1

*fl'

Completethe sentenceusing a suitableending.You will discoverthat you must use e¡therthe -ing form of the verb or the infinitive - going or to go, getting ot to get.

Could you return that book I lent you? > Sure,when I've finished. . . .

b

rr rl ü Ilt r

{,i

trrü

l-r

Anna tried to borrow money off her brother but he wasn't prepared

lr l ,

I

ilffi

I'm so sorry about your antique cut-glassvase. I didn't mean iü

It's been a greatholiday but now, after three weeks,I'm looking forw ardto....

üfl h

lr

Sorry. I know I shouldbe mor e punctuat. I pr om lse

nil

rll üq I've got terrible hiccups.They won't go away. >'!íell, why don't you try . . . .

-&l

r fi

-E

rI

-.r : lI

h

t"s

I shouldwarn you. Chris has a very short memory,so remindhim

I

t$

Just a soft drink for me. My doctor says I have to cut down on

Have you heard the news? After being engagedfor six years,Steveand Mary have finally decided ^f

F

rf

10 Raymondis so boring! I wish he wouldn't keepon

a I

26.2

Ge r u n d or Infi ni ti v e SentenceCards2

= Z

Completethe sentenceusinga suitableending.You will discoverthat you musl use eitherthe -rng form of the verb or the infinitive- going ot to go, getting ot to get.

a I

1

They told me at the g^rage that my old car wasn't worth . . . .

2

'We'd love to have a holiday this year but we can't afford . . . .

e r'

rr. ,,áve you madeany plansfor the weekend? > Yes,we'vearranged. . . .

4

Oh no! It was mother'sbirthdayyesterdayand I forgot .'. . .

¡ ¡

=

a I =

I ¡ =


Sorrybut I don't feellike . . . .

a ¡

z

6

I wouldn't be so angry with him if he had apologisedfor . . . .

7

At first Rosie refused,but after a while we persuadedher . . . .

I

Thesesuitcases are so heavy.'Wouldyou mind . . . .

I

\fhen we were little children, every night before going to sleep, m o th erus ed....

-< -¿

t ¡ ¡¿ ¡ ¡

I I ¡

t t

10 Shespokevery quickly over the phoneso I had greatdifficulty . . . . l

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26. 3

Ge r u n d or Infi ni ti v e SentenceCards3

Completethe senlenceusinga suitableending.You will discoverthat you must use e¡therthe -rng torm.f tne verb or the infinitive- going or to go, getting ot to get.

Thank you. It's beena wonderfulevening.I reallyenjoyed.

2

\üe thoughr we were going to arrive very late but we managed . . . .

I I

3

What a horriblecough! If I wereyou I'd giveup . . . .

I I

a

I I

¡

4

That'senoughwork for one morning. Shallwe stop . . . .

¡ ¡ t

I I I

You know what Alan'slike. He'll neveragree.So it's no use. .

\X/henLucy hasfinishedher universitycourse,s he intends .

Life is difficult on onlv {,1,2.000 a year. That's why I'm interestedin

Not another grammar exercise! I really object to

) ¡

I I I I I I

I I

Mr Brown wasn't at all happy after visiting his doctor. Shehad a d vis edhi m....

10

What shallwe do tonight? Any suggestions? > It would be wonderful

:l 'l

I ,I I i

a =

26 ^.4

Follow-up

I I ¡ I

Ge r u n d or Infi ni ti v e

Completethe following sentences in any way you like using the infiniti ve or -ing form of an appropriateverb:

I l¡

1. $600 for a pair of shoes! '$7hoon earth can afford

I {¡l

2. Mrs Jonescan't seeyou immediatelyso would you mind

=

3. Once Dave has madea decisionhe neverchangeshis mind, so it's no use. .

=

A eF4,,

e =

z 2 2

4. So your car won't start. -Why don't we try . . . 5. 'fhe best way to learn gerundsand infinitives is to keep on 6. You should have been here at 5.00. You'd better apologisefor . . 7.

'V7hen my grandmother was a little girl she used .

8. It's all my fault. I never intended . .

¡ ¿ -t

= -

9. \7e'll need another {800 for the repairs to the roof.

Any chance of persuading

the bank

-

10. Mv bank accountis almostin the red. I'll haveto cur down on . . .

e

11. Cath¡ you'vesavedmy life! Thank you for remindingme . .

e ¡

72. Fred refusedto give up. After severalattemptshe succeededin . .

¡

a {

'

13. That's typicalof you! I've beenwaiting herein the rain for over an hour and you promised

t ¡ ¡ ¡

I

14. \7hat did you like bestaboutyour holiday? > \7ell, what we enjoyedmost was 15. Only threemoredaysto go. 'We'rereallylookingforward to . . .

I

il

i

27.1

Cl a u s e C ompl eti on SentenceCards1

Try to finisheach sentencein two differentways usingthe words in bold type.You may use the words in bracketsif you wish or find your own way of completlngthe sentences.You must, however,use one of the words or expressionsgiven.

Paul continued to play his records loudly (complain/ complaints/ neighbours)

tf'

despite eventhough

-l

I'll come and visit you this evening (time / late / work / have to)

I

if unless

if for

M a rg a re ta ske d me .... (enjoy / another I parry / drink)

a I

I

Tom is warm and sociable. Angela, (be reserved,shy)

I

on the other hand in contrast

!l1s

The football matchwas cancelled (weatherI rain lawful / hard)

E

I

because of AS

I,4

You shouldtake an umbrellawith you ( rai nl w et/get)

I

Ij u std o n 'tkn o w .... (operate/ computer/ buy)

:

Lesliewill be off work for six weeks (languagecourseI want / do)

1O

rn case so that

what how

in order because

John tried to move the box, but it was (weight / couldn't / heavy)

such

for her finals Penny,l.yjr:dintensively (pass/ fail / everyrhing)

As a result Unfortunately

SO

a I I

a

27.2

C l a u se C ompl eti on SentenceCards2

Try to finisheach sentencein two ditferentways usingthe words in bold type.You may use the words in bracketsif you wish or find your own way of completingthe sentences.You must, however,use one of the words or expressionsgiven.

I

Hilary went to the office on Monday morning, (feel/ well)

=

although in spiteof

a a)

¡

It was a long drive to Pauline'shouse.\7e didn't arrive (afterI midrright/ time / parry)

-a

until in

¡

z

Frank works a twelve-hour day at his office. (always/ tired I full /energy)

-J

Becauseof this Despite this

a -¿

Jamestried to follow Anna's instructionsbut they were (difficult / couldn't / follow)

¡

too s o'

¡

I

So we have some gueststonight? Can you tell me ( i n v i te /co o k/d i n n e r)

t t I

I can't find my contact lensesanywhere. Do you know ( d o / l e a ve /th e m)

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what where

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Ken's football team never did much training (lose/ win / championship)

Of course However

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Seeyou for lunch tomorrow. Phone and let us know (arrive / bring / friend)

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Bill had livedin Spainfor 6 years, (make/ mistakes/ fluent/ Spanish)

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I'm sick and tired of people phoning me (favourite / watch / TV programme)

when if

but SO

during while

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Cl a u se C ompl eti on

27.3

Follow-up

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and situationsusing one of the suggested Completethe following sentences words or phrases: L. Susanpractisedvery hard for her drivingtest. As a resuh/ Howeuer/ Unfortunately 2. On Sundaymorning we went out for a long walk, . despite / because/ euen thougb 3. Yes,mother, of courseI'll come and visit you . . ,ia

u h e n/i f/unl es s 4. I'd adviseyou to take plentyof warm clotheswith you in case/ as / so that 5. Richard had been away from work for two weeksso / in order / becawse 6. It took longer than we thought to drive to Detroit, and we didn't arrive

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u n ti l /i n/w hen 7. Sallytried her bestto understandthe foreignlanguagechannel,but it was to o /s w c h/s o

8. Harr¡ I'm comingto your party on Frida¡ but I don't know wh o /w hen/w hat | | | in my travelsin A^a¡n-c a , a n o a s K e o mc . . . 9. Debbiewas very inte¡ested

h o w/i f/w hen 1,0.Sonia'sgardenparty was on the hottestday of the year. . - , Despitethis / Becauseof this / Of course 11.'S7edecidedto wrire to the hotel well in advance jwst in case/ so that 1.2.I'veneverhad a holiday in India L..

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aesprte/ euentnougn hasreallygrown. 13. Davidt business Of course/ Becauseof this 14. l''d havelovedto acceptyour invitation. .

if L5. There'sa terrible shortageof good staff at the moment . . . . abhough / in s¡tite of

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Section 5 Dictation Activities

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The activities in this section are very different from those in the other sections. Learnerslisten to sentences- or in the caseof lesson32, a completestory - and fill in an answer sheet with a set of target word partnerships.Being able to recogniseimportant word partnershipsin a flow of discourseis a vital language learning skill and, when listeningto English,learnersneed to be as aware of form as content. [n lessons29 and 30 learners are asked to listen for words which collocate with key verbs like make and do, giue and take, or haue andget.Inlesson 31 they listen for prepositionalphrases,and in lesson32 for phrasal verbs.

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Lesson28: Lesson29: Lesson30: Lesson3L: Lesson32:

Make and Do Give and Take Have and Get Prepositional Phrases PhrasalVerbs

28.1

Í-

Make and Do Dictation Sentences

J

1. Joe sold his old Ford and made a profit of $60. 2. Come on, Jane! \Ve've beenwaiting 20 minutes. Pleasemake a decision. 3. Alberto is always afraid of making mistakes when he speaksEnglish. 4. I wish this housewould clean itself. I hate doing the housework. 5. Next summe¡ we'd like to do an Italian coursein Perugia. 6. Don't worry about your driving test. Just get in the car and do your best. 7. In Britain, young men don't have to do military service. 8. Our company does most of its businesswirh EuropeanUnion countries. 9. Do you mind waiting five minutes? I have ro make a quick phone call. 10. Her idea of pleasureis sitting in front of the TV doing nothing.

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1 1 . If you'reinterested in buyingJan'sold car,why don't you makeher an offer? 1 2 . The only thing that man is interestedin is making money. 1 3 . Do be quiet! You're making a horrible noise. 1,4.A weekendin Dublin sounds great. I'll make some enquiriesat the travel agency. 1 5 . Fresh air and regular exercisealways doesyou good. 7 6 . Tony felt lonely when he first moved to Sydney but he soon made new friends. 1 7 . Can I make a suggestionabout lunch? rü7hydon't we phone for pizzas? 1 8 . Don't make excuses! If you were more organisedyou would never be late.

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1 9 . At first Carlos thought English was impossiblebut now he's making progress. 20. Geoffrey's not at home. He's at the sports cenrre doing his keep-fit exercises. ;4,::r:

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28.2

Make

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Make a note of the expressions you hear containingMAKE and DO:

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2A.3

M a ke a nd D o Follow-up

Complete the following sentencesusing a word partnership with MAKE or DO' Tiy to do this without looking at the expressionsat the bottom of the page! 1. This houseis in an awful mess.It's time I 2.l'm sorry to hear you're not feelingwell. Drink this. It'll 3. You won't meet people sitting at home' Go out if you want to 4. Are you coming out or aren't you?

'S7e're waiting for you to . . .

5. BeforeClareleavesfor Madrid, she'sgoingto . . . 6. Shutup! I'm trying to work but it's impossiblewhen you're . . . . 7. lHow are we going to explain to the boss why we're so late? > Don't worry. I'll . . . 8. Albert's sellinghis video recorderbut wants {300 for it! >'Well, why don't you . . 9. Andrew hatesthe idea of life in the army but all 18-year-oldshave to . . . 10.

'$fihen speaking,concentrateon communicatingand don't worry about

11. It,s Saturdaytomorrow and no work to do.

'We

can just relax and

12. Pablo, how are you doing on your English course? > It was very difficult at first but now I'm . . 1 3 . J o b s a ti sfa cti o n me a n S mu chm or etom ethan. L4. You're putting on weight. If you want to burn it off you should

15. Don't go on! I know my drivingisn't perfectbut I'm

a decision/ a noise/ money/ progress/ friends/ mistakes/ some excuseI an offet

DO nothing / some housework / a Spanishcourse/ military service/ you good / some exerciseI my best !-E-

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29.1

Give and Take Dictation Sentences

1. Alwaysdrive safelyand nevertake unnecessary risks.

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2.lhaven't read it yet, but I did give it a quick glance. =

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3. Jonathanhas taken somewonderful photoswith his hew camera.

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4. Our neighboursare givinga partythis weekendand we're all invited.

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'We're in no hurry to get there,so you can slow down and rakeyour time.

6. Mrs Davis gave us an interestingtalk on her travels in Mexico.

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7. Helen took a quick look round the apartment and decidedshe had to buy it.

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8. I'm gettingtired. Shallwe take a break?

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9. Our host gaveus a warm welcome:'Sit down and makeyourselves at home.'

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10. If you want to give a good impression,you'd better wear your new suit.

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11. I needsomefreshair. Shallwe rakea shorrwalk? L2. For the new job, the companyneedssomeonewho can work on their own and take responsibility.

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13. The refereegave the centre-forwardafinal warning; 'Nexf time it'll be a red card.'

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14. Rosie,you don'r look well. Let me take your temperarure.

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15. Do turn that musicdown! It's givingme a headache.

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16. Steveis studyinghard. In six weeks'time he takeshis final exams.

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'l'7.Díanathankedher friendsfor all the help they had givenher during her illness.

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18. Mrs Greenegaveher son a big hug to welcomehim home.

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79. Barry took greatoffencewhen I told him that he was going bald.

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20. Goodbye,and havea good trip. Takecareof yourselves.

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29.2

Give and Take AnswerSheet

Make a note of the expressions you hear containingGIVE and TAKE:

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29.3

Give and Take

Follow-up

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complete the following sentencesusing a word partnership with GIVE or TAKE. If you need them, the words ar rhe bottom of the page wil help you.

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L. I've had a

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2. Jim's bossgavehirn a

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. . at your testsand they look very encouraging. . . : ,Gerhereon rime or you,ll be fired.,

3. Traceysaidthat mountainclimbingwasn't dangerous as long as you didn,t take

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4 . I think we'd better take a

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5. Anne's new colleaguesgave her such a

. that she soon

felt at home.

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6 . \7hich camera are you using now? you've taken some

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8 . Mr Yamamoto gave us a..

on cultural differencesbetween the

USA and Japan.

9 . Don't worry, Katie. \7e'll give you 10.Everybod¡'was very rflenoly. f

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so I got a vety

of the school.

1 1.Thanks for phoning. It's beengreat to hear from you. Take of yourself. 12. I wish we didn't have to go out. Norma always gives such

13. If only we could openthesewindows.Air conditioninggives me . . 7 4 . Af t e r t a k in g a ....

... ar oundthe block,Jennyfeltmuch ber r er .

15. Jack, when you meet mother, always compliment her on her cooking, otherwise

shetakes

warm welcome

boring parties

quick glance

brisk walk

unnecessaryrisks

final warning

fascinatingtalk

full responsibility

great offence

quick break

beautifulphoros

good care

awful headaches

all the help

good impression

30.1

Have and Get Dictation Sentences

1. Greatnews! Holly hashad a babygirl - HelenMaria, weight3 kilos.

2. Forget the expense.This time we'll get a taxi to the airport. J.

I like your new outfit. Tell me, where did you ger rhoserrousers?

4. It's been a long day. I must have a rest before I do anything else. 5. So the computer won't print the document? Let me have a try. 6. The streetlayout is confusingin York but you'll soon get to know it. 7. Maureen and Scott'smarriagedidn't last long. They got divorcedafter threemonths. 8. Not again! That couple in the next apartment are always having arguments. 9. Did you enjoy yourselves? > Yes,we all had great fun. L0. Here's the bar. If you can find somewhereto sir, I'll get the drinks.

l t. Thanks for phoning. I'm glad to hear you're OK. I was beginningto get worried. 12. So you've been having problems with your washing machineagain. Don't you think it's time you bought a new one? 13. Let's try this restaurant. It got three stars in last year's Michelin Guide. 14. I always feel nervous whenever the boss says: 'Could I have a word with you?' 15. If yor-rwant to get fit, why don't you try swimming or cycling? 16.lf I have time after work, I'll do some shopping. 1'7. John and Helen were on their way to Florida. It was six yearssincethey had last had a holiday.

18. It was a venylong evening.Nancy didn't get hometill midnight. 19. Patrick and Pamela'schildren were delightedwith the presentsrhey got for

Christmas. 20. I've beenhavingsecondthoughts.I think white would be a much bettercolour for the bedroom.

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Have and G et AnswerSheet

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Make a note of the expressions you hear containingHAVE and GET

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30.3

Have and Get Follow-up

In eachof the following sentences replacethe expressions lz italics with similar onesusingHAVE or GET. 1. Thankyou for a wonderfulevening.We'ueall reallyenjoyedit. 2. The president'swife hasgiuen birth to a baby girl. 3. \lhat elegantnew furniture!

'Where did you bwy it?

4. Now the children are old enough to talk, they're always arguing. 5. There won't be any busesat this time of night. 'We'dbetter call a taxi.

6. Kirsty didn't experienceany difficulry changing the car battery.

7. My son Phll achieueda distinction in his end-of-year test.

8. I'm so glad you'vearrivedsafely.I tuasbeginningto feel worried. 9. I didn't hearyou comein last night. What time did 1,ouarriuehome? 10. Chriswas surprisedto receiuea letterfrom an old schoolfriend. 11. At first I liked the idea of going camping for the weekendbut nou I'm not so sure.

12. Robert, just the person I want to see. Could I talk to you for a minute? '1,3.As I becamemore friendly uith him, I realised he was a sweet, gentle person. 14. I must have my best suit cleaned. It's John and Mary's wedding on Saturday.

15. What'sthe problem?The key won't turn in the lock? ShallI seeif I can do it?

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31 .1

Prepositional Phrases

Dictation Sentences

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1. At first I thoughtshewas unsociable, but thenI realisedshewas just shy.

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2. There were ar least20.,000specratorsat last night,s big game.

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3. Did you do anything interestinglast weekend?

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> No, nothing in particular. 4. Mrs Jonesis busy just now but she'll be able ro seeyou in a moment.

5. rüle'reon the phonenow and our number's369701.

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6' Ralph doesn't want to come out with us this evening. He'd rarher be on his own.

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7. Carelessdriving puts people'slives in danger.

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8. I don't believeshebrokethoseglasses accidentally.I think shedid it on purpose.

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9 . R o w e n a a d vi se d me to g e ta ca ralar m becausecar theftisontheincr easer ou ndher e. 10. Mary allowedher son to go out to the discoon conditionhe camehome by midnight.

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11. Joeand Benwereoncebitter enemiesbut thar'sall in the pastnow. 12. You'rewearingpink! > Ihat's right. It's backin fashion. 13. Thank you so much for all your help and supporr. > Not at all. It was a pleasure.

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14. Justslow down! NThyare you alwaysin a hurry?

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15. If the taxi driverhadn't drivenat top speed,we would havemissedour flight.

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16. I could seefrom the way they were smilingthat they were deeplyin love.

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17. There'sa good busserviceto the city centre,and the busesusuallyrun on time.

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18. Rosielost the rennismatch. Shewasn'rplayingat her best.

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19. For a relationshipto succeedit's essentialfor the couple to'have a lot in common.

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20. We'vesentthe packageexpressair and it should arrive in three days.

Pre p o s ¡ti onal phras es

31 . 2

AnswerSheet

Comp.letethe following expressions with the correctprepositionwhen you hear it read: 1..

first

ll"

2.

least

1,2. back. . ....

3. nothing

. particular

,

the past

13. Not . . ....

fashion all.

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4.

a moment

14.

5.

the phone

15. drive . . ....topspeed

6.

his own

16. deeply. .....love

7.

danger

77.

time

8.

purpose

18.

her best

9.

rhe increase

19. a lot . . ....

10.

.. c ondi ti on

20.

a hurry

comm on

. three days

Now group the phrasesaccordingto the preposition:

AT

IN

ON

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31 .3

Prepositional Phrases Follow-up

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replacethe words and phrasesin italics with In eachof the following sentences beginningwith AT: expressions easy' I. In the begi¡ning I thought prepositionswere impossiblebut now I think they're 2. Tickets for the musical 'Cats' cost a minimum of f'20' you can' 3. If we're going to be in time for the shoq you'|l have to drive as fast as 4. Ralph asked Emma for a date but she wasn't in tbe least interested' 5. Although John wasn'r playing as well as he could, he won the match.

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ON: Replace the words and phrases in italics with expressions beginning with

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6. SometimesI just like to sit quietly by myselfand read' 7. Violent crime is rising in this areaof the city' 8. I,m not sureit was an accident.I think that window was brokendeliberately. 9. You'd betterget to the stationsoon. The trains are alwayspunctual. 10. John'sparentsallowedhim to havea party as long as he did all the washing-up'

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Replace the words and phrases in italics with expressionswith IN: replied: 11.'WhenI askedRobertwhat he'd doneon his weekendin New York, he iust 'NothingsPecial'. 12. The letter is in the post and should arrive the day after tomorrout' 13. If you insiston breakingthe speedlimit, you put other people'slivesat risk' 14. 'Víhata strangerelationship!John and Jackiehavenoneof tbe sameinterests' 15. Fastenyour seatbelts. The planewill be taking off uerysoonnoLu'

32.1

Phrasal Verbs DictationTexts

Here are the meaningsof 20 phrasal verbs. Can you guessthe verbs? List One

List Two

1. find somethingin a referencebook 2. read quickly 3. revise 4. begin a journey 5. say goodbye 6. stop working 7. relaxl 8. register 9. rise into the air 10. take care of

11. 12. 1.3. 14. 15. 16.

recover from be happy! think about the future with pleasure disappeargradually seewith difficulty improve (weather)

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1.9. find by chance 20. remember

Now listen to your teacher or a partner reading a story. Write down the phrasal verbs you hear next to their meaning on your answer sheet.You will hear them in the right order.

Joe and Ann's Long Weekendin Neu York Part One

Ann ¿lndher bovfriend Joe were planning to spend a long weekend in the USA.

'!íhy don't we go ro Manhartan?'suggested Ann. 'l've never beenthere.' 'Where'sManhattirn?'askedJoe. Ann looked up Nerv York in the atlas and shorvedhim. After going through some holiday brochures,Joe was convinced. 'I'll have to brush up my English before we go,' said Ann. On the day of their holida¡ they set off early to Amsterdam Schiphol airport. Joe's mum saw them off at the station and they were on their way. 'I hope the train doesn't break down,' said Joe. 'Calm down! (Jf course it rvon't,' replied Ann. Anywa¡ they reachedthe airport with no problems and checked in early for their flight. It was Joe's first time in an aircraft and he felt very anxious as they took off. 'There's¡ro need to feel nervous. I'm here to look after vou.' said Ann.

Part Ttao

'You'll soon get over your fear of fl,ving. Now cheer upl You're on holiday,' said Ann. After a

while, his nervousnesswore off and he began to enjol' the experience. 'I'm looking forward to our weekend now,' said Joe. Five hours later they could make out New York far below them through the clouds as the plane started to descend. 'Oh no! It's raining,' saiciJoe as they left the airport. But the weather soon began ¡o clear up. In their hotel, they were wondering what they could do that evenrng. 'Let's check the guide book and find out.'suggested Ann. The book informed them that the lower east side of the city was full of little Italian restaurantsand nightclubs. 'Let's go. I want to try out the local cooking,' said Joe. Soon they came acrossa delightful Italian restaurant where lots of young people were eating. It was the beginning of a magical weekend they always look back on with pleasure.

32.2

Phrasal Verbs AnswerSheet

Find the phrasal verbs with the following meanings:

Phrasal Verbs

32.3

Follow-up

Completethe following story using appropriate phrasal verbs. Try not to use the list at the bottom of the page! Barbara will always remember the day when she flew from Amsterdam to spendthe weekendin London with her friend Ralph. She 1.

for the airport

early one cold, wet Friday afternoon and arrived in plenty of time to 2. for her flight. Soon after the plane 3.

, she started to get a headache and feel sick. The flight attendantswere very kind and helpful.

'Don't worry abouta thing. 'We'rehereto 4. After a while. her headache 5. .

you,' they said. , and when she heard the captain's

announcement,she immediately6. ''$7ewill be arriving at London Heathrow in approximately 15 minutes. The temperatureis 20 degrees,and you'll be glad to hear that the weather has

7. Barbara was 8.

. . to staying in an English-speaking country. Shehad

sDentthe last month 9.

her English but still felt nervousabout using

it. However, she soon 10.

her nerves after she had asked for street

directions in the city centre. She could understand 90 per cent of what was said!

At Ralph's hotel in Victoria they made a plan for that evening. Ralph 11.

Time Out magazineto find out what shows were on and Barbara

1.2.

'ChineseRestaurants'in Eating Out in London. Her book

informed her that the Soho area was full of little Chineserestaurants. 'Let's eat before going to a show,' suggestedRalph. 'I'd love to 13. some real Chinesecooking.' In Soho they 1.4.

. . a lovely little restaurant where lots of Chinesepeople

were eating. It was the start of a magical weekend that they always 1 5 . on with pleasure.

clearup checkin wear off

take off look back try out

get over set off look after

cheerup brush up comeacross

go through look up look forward

Answer Key 1.1 1.3

1.2 1, 5, 8, 10,2,6,4,7,3,9 1, 3, 5, 1 0, 8,2 , 6, 9, 7, 4 10 i , 1 - 1 p ,1 2 n , 1 3 i , 1 4 1 ,1 5 k , 1 6 o Exercise1: 1e ,2h, 3a, 4f , 5b, 69, 7c , 8d, 9m , Exercise 2': L a few weeks before / previously 2. in spite of / despite 3. In fact / Actually 4. Soon / It was not long before 5. Fortunately/ Luckily 6. even better / better still 7. Soon / It was not long before 8. Even though / Although 11.then l2.Finally/Eventually/Afterawhile/Some 9 .asare su lt/co ns equent ly l0. Af t er awhile/ Ev e n t u a l l y time later 13. At first / To begin u'ith 14. immediately 15. After looking / After he had looked 16. naturally

2.1 1, 3, 9, 7, 5, 2, 8 ,1 0 ,6 ,4 2.3 Exercisel: 1.d,2h, 3a, 4f,

2,2

1, 4,8, 6,2,9,7,3, 10,5

5b, 6c, 7e, 8g, 9n, 10p, 71,i,lzk, 13i, 14o, 15m, 161 Exercise 2: 1. On the whole / Generally speaking 2. for example / for instance 3. Of course / Obviously 4. another point in its favour / a furtl.reradvantage 5. also 6. although / even though 7. Unfortunately / Sadly 8. except for / a pa rtfrom 9 . Inf ac t / Ac t ually 10. I naddit ion l l . A n o t h e r d r a w b a c k / A f u r t h e r d i s a d v a n t a g e l2.inspiteof / despite 13. Taking evervthinginto consideration/ All things considered 14. as I seeit / personallyspeaking 15. I think / I believe 16. In conclusion/ To conclude

3.1 1,,8, 6, 4, 7, 1,0,2, 5. 9, 3 J..)

4 .1

4.2

3.2

1,6,4,2,9, 10,7,9,3, 5

Exercisell 1d, 2h, 3a, 49, 5[, 6b, 7e, 8c, 9o, 101,11p, 12i, 13n, 14j, 15m, 16k Exercise 2..l.I'd lik et ot hank y ou/ Thank y ous om u c h 2. Itwasreallvgreat/ltwasjustwondelful 3 . I 'm v e r yso r r y about / I should apologisefor 4. rather hectic 5. I'd like to tell you / Let me tell you 6. Last weekend/ The other weekend 7. I was quite fascinated by / I was really interested in 8. In lact / Actually 9. hopefully / all being well 10. even though 11. Great nervs/ I've got some fantasticnews 12. Believeit or not / Yotr're not going to believethis but 13. surprise,surprise 14. Incidentally/ By the way 1-5.I'm considering/ I'm thinking of 16. It's been such a long time / It's been rrges 1. Dear Julia, I am writing to postponeour appointment on Monday 8th. 7. As you can seefrom the stamp, I am still in Ireland. 5. I arrived on Monday 1st and I was expecting to return to Liverpool on / by Friday 5th. 10. But, unfortunatel¡ things have not gone / did not go according to plan, and now I won't be returning until Tuesday 9th at the earliest. 2. You see,on TuesdayI went for a drive to seethe countrysidesouth o{ Dublin. 9. And while I was admiring the scener¡ the car suddenly ran off the road. 3. It was obviously an awful shock, but luckily I was not injured, apart from a few scratches.However, the car was badly damaged.8. This meansI'll be staying/ I'm staying until the repairs have beencompleted. 4. Despite the accident,I have had / I've been having a great time looking round Dublin and visiting the museumsand art galleries. 6. I'll phone you when I'm back in Liverpool. Best wishes,Jack. Dear Cath¡ I hope this letter reachesyou safely. As ,vou can see from this address,I am still in Paris. I am sorry but I'll have to / I have to cancel our dinner date for a week on Saturday. We were expecting / had expected to get

back to Manchester on the morning of Friday 9th. Unfortunatel¡ nothing has gone / went according to plan and now we won't be able to leave until next Friday. On Wednesdaywe were going to spend the day at the Louvre, but as / while I was crossingthe road in front of the hotel, a car ran over my foot. \7hat a dreadful shock! Except for my foot, I feel fine, but I can only walk with a stick. The doctor has ordered me to rest, so I can't leave here until I arn fit. In spite of the / this accident,we are enjoying our stav here and all the hotel staff have been very kind to us. I'll give you a call as soon as we get back to M¿rnchesternext Friday. 5 .1 : 1. Dear Sall¡ I met Joan Wood in Sheffield last weekend and we had a drink at the Midland Hotel. 5. She says / said you have left / had left school and at the moment are / were unemployed. 10. After all that / your hard r,r'ork for your final exams, I expect you want to take a break from r,r'orkand study. 7. But have you made any plans for the future yet? 2.If you are thinking of working for a year before going to college, perhaps I can help you. 4. If you don't mind, I could ask my boss if she knorvs of any vacanciesin the Birrningham area. 3. I know hou, difficult it is for sclroolleaversto find work nowadays. 6. And I wouldn't want to be in your position. 9. So I hope you will understandthat I am just trying to be helpful. 8. lírite soon ¿rndtell me what you have decided to do. Love, Auntie May. Dear Brian, I happenedto meet Mike Jamesin Newcastlethe other week and we had lunch together.He said you had left your job and accepted a new post in the North London area. I imagine you need / you'll need a complete break after working / having worked so hard at I for / rvith Braithwaite Engineering. But have you found somewhere to live in London yet? If you are thinking of renting temporary accornmodationwhile you are looking for r house,nra,vbeI can help you. If it's all right with you , I'll see if my boss knows of any flats to rent locally. It's almost impossible for newconers to get decentaccommodationnowadays.I wouldn't like to be in your shoes.Pleasedon't think I am interfering in your business. I'm just trying to help an old friend. \lhy not fax me as soon as possibleor you can send me a note by e-mail. All the best, lan.

6 .1 : 1. Dear Robin and Sarah,We are on holiday in Brighton yet again and / but / though the weather here is much hotter

6.2:

than it usually is for August. 9. '!7e have been taking care to protect our skin from the sun. 6. 'We got here three days ago while you were in Holland. 8. lfhen we last saw you, we told you we were thinking of going away. 10. At that time rve didn't feel like another holiday on the south coast. 4. But finaily we decidedon renting a / this lovely apartment, only five minutes on foot from the town centre. 3. It's on the top floor and we have a large balcony with a sea view. 2. I wish we lived somewhere like this all the time, but we haven't got the money. 5. $7eare coming / we come home on August 31st, but we would love to seeyou before then, if it is possible. 7. Give us a cail on Brighton 736344, and we'll arraÍge somewhere to meet. Love, Carol and Mark. Dear Steveand Linda, 'We are on holiday in Madrid yet again, but the weather is much colder than usual for July. In facr, we have been thinking / are thinking of buying some thick pullovers to keep rvarm! Jure \4'asvery hor, but iust as

-

7,7

7.2

8. 1 8. 3

/ when / before we arrived, it started to change. When we last met, we said we were thinking of trying somewhere different this summer.As a matter of fact, we were thinking that Spain had got a bit more expensivethesedays. But then a rich friend of David's offered us his apartment right in the centre of Madrid at a very low rent. It's on the fourth floor and we've got a wonderful view of the Prado. If only we had the money to live somewhere like this permanently! But you would have to be a millionaire to afford the rent! I'll give you a ring the moment we get home and tell you you all about our holiday. 1. Dear Mrs Harlock, I am writing to thank you for the enjoyable two weeks I spent in your conversation class last year. 9.1had already been in England for six weeks when I joined your class,but this was my first opportunity to speak English properly. 5. In my countrf students are not really taught how to speak and / or listen. 8. Instead, teachersconcentrate on grammar and translation, which makes it difficult for students to communicate. 2. I really appreciatedthe adviceyou gave me about / on finding temporary work in Britain. 7. Now, I'm looking for a job where I in which I can use my English, perhaps as a waiter or shop assistant. 3. I hope to find something suitable in / over the next week or two. 10. Then, if I can afford it, I would like to stay for / until Christmas. 6. Thank you once again for giving me the confidence to speak English without worrying about my mistakes. 4. I look forward to seeingyou when I am next in Cambridge. Yours sincerel¡ Gunther Scl.raudi. Dear Nanc¡ I am writing to thank you for taking care of the children while I was ill. As you know, I was in bed for three weeks, but now I feel strong enough to have the children back. I am afraid they have not been brought up to be as quiet and well-behavedas your children. Instead,they seemto concentrateon making as much noise as possible, which makes them difficult to look after. I'm very grateful for the advice you gave me about applying for a wordprocessingcourse.Slith any luck, I'll be able to find a suitablecoursein I over I during the next few weeks.Then, if I have the money, I'd like to do an information technology course. lfhat I'll probably do is work from home until I complete both courses.Thanks again for giving me the confidence to continue my education without worrying about my family. I'll phone in a few days to arrange a time to come and pick up the children. Lots of love, Lucy.

1c ,2e,3 9 ,4 h , 5 a , 6 d , 7 i , 8 b , 9 j , l } f

8.2

7b,29, 3i , 4e, 5a.,6i .,7h.,8d,9f, 10c

1. different from 2. afraid of 3. disappointedwith 4. good at 5. worried about 6. annoyed with 7. keen on g. s at is f iedwit hl0. int er es t ed i n 1 1 . k i n d o f 1 2 . p o l i t e t o 1 3 . t y p i c a l o f 1 4 . w r o n g w i t h 1 5 .su r p r i se d a t 8 .tired of

9.2 1c,2h, 3i , 4i , 5Í,6b,7e,8a,99, 10d Lc , 2i, 3 f, 4 i , 5 d ,6 g ,7 a , 8 b ,9 e ,1 0 h on 5. belicvesin 6. approveoí 7. wait for 8. belongs 1. reminds/ of 2. prevented / from 3. dependson 4. concentrate for in 13. laughat 14. smiledat 15. apologise of 12. succeeded to 9. sufferfrom 10. recoverfrom 11. consists 1.0.2l d,2c, 3i , 4a, 59,6i ,7b,8e, th, 10f 10. 1 le. 2h, 3 9 .4 c ,5 a .6 i . -d . 8 b . e i . l 0 f 10. 3 1. application for 2. alternative to 3. invitation to 4. no point in 5. Congratulations on 6. skill at 7. effect on

9. 1 9,3

8. interestin 9. need for 10. difficultv with 11. experienceof 12. the trouble with 13. differencebetween

14. the matterwith 15. connection with l l .2 1,e,2c,3f,4i ,5b,69,7i ,8d,9a,10h 11. 1 1c , 2i, 3 9 ,4 a ,5 i ,6 e ,7 f,8 d ,9 b ,1 0 h 19 illness ll. 3 1. i, 2d,3 h ,4 9 ,5 m 6 , o ,7 a ,8 1 ,9 n ,1 0 c ,1 tf,72i , 13b,14k, 15e, 16 control17 fresh18 mi sunderstanding 20 short 21 opposites22balanced23 beginner24 unfair 2-5relationship26 confusion 12.2 1b,29, 3j , 4a, 5i ,6e,7h,8c,9f, 10d l2. l le, 2d, 3 g ,4 h , 5 a , 6 i ,7 b , 8 j , 9 f, L 0 c I2h, I3e, 14o,15k;16.tastes17.fri end18.fashi on19.mi ld20. dr ink 12. 3 1. f , 2m ,3 9 ,4 b ,5 n ,6 i ,7 j ,8 1 ,9 c1, 0 a ,1 ' 1.d, 21. warm 22. complete23. lethal24. advice 13. 7 lg, 2h, 3 f, 4 i , 5 a ,6 e ,7 d ,8 i , 9 b , 1 0 c 13. 2 E x er c ise l :1 e ,2 1 ,3 i ,4 h ,5 a ,6 o ,7 k ,8 d ,9m,10b,l l g, 12n,13c,14j , 15f E xerci se2:1.Y ouw on' tgetinunlessyou havea ticket.2. The matchwill be off unlessthe weatherclearsup. 3. I won't get the job unlessI passmy driving test. 4. You'll fail the exam unlessyour Englishimproves. 14. l I c , 2j, 3 Í, 4 í,5 d , 6 9 , 7 b , 8 a ,9 e ,1 0 h 12c,13k,14g,15m Exercise 2: If we hadmoremone¡if welivedin a bigger 14.2 Exercise1: 1e,2d, 31,4b, 5i,6h,7a,8j, 9n, 10f,1,'1,o, house,if you hada betterjob,if wecouldaffordto go to Floridaon holida¡if onlywe hada carlikethepeoplenextdoor,if if, if, if! If peopledidn'tdream,wervouldn'tneedthewordif! schools werebetter, if therewereno waitinglistsfor hospitals, 15. 1 1e,29, 3 b ,4 a ,5 h , 6 c ,7 i , 8 f,9 j , 1 0 d 2': lf,2a,3b,4h, 5c, 69, 7e, 8d 15. 2 E x er c i s 1e : 1 c , 2 m, 3 e ,4 i , 5 i , 6 h ,7 1 ,8 k ,9a,10b,11f, l 2o,13n,14d, 159 Exercise 16. 1 lf , 2d, 3 a , 4 j , 5 9 , 6 c ,7 i , 8 b , 9 e ,1 0 h 1,2h, , 13o,l 4f, l 5a E xerci se 2: L.had 2. had 3. w ould4. had 16. 2 E x er c i s1e: 1 c ,2 d ,3 k ,4 n ,5 m , 6 b ,7 e ,8 j ,99, 101,1,' 1,i 1 0. w oul d 11. w oul d 12.had 5. had 6 . w o u l d 7 . w o u l d 8 . h a d 9 . h a d 17.7 l. Shall we go.. 2. This must be.. 3. This can't be.. 4. This could be.. 5. May I leave.. 6. \7ould you.. 7. You 9. Shecan play.. 10. \7e will have.. mustn't smoke.. 8. I don't have to get up. 17.2 1. Would you like to have.. 2. It might be.. 3.'{/e don't need to do.. 4. That must be wrong.. 5. Shall we see.. 6. You can leave.. 7, You shouldn't work.. 8. Could you lend me.. 9. I had to work.. 10. This bill can't be right. 77.3 l. She could play.. 2.I had to work.. 3. Can I help.. 4. You should relax.. 5. You shouldn't eat.. 6. You must say.. 1 0 . I d o n 't h a v e t o s t u d y . . 7.lcan 't m eet . . 8. I willgiv eups m ok ing.. 9 . T h e w e a t h e r m i g h t b e . . 17,4 1. Shall we have.. 2. This can't be the street.. 3. Your glassescould might be.. 4. May I use..5. You mustn't buy.. 6. You don't have to.. 7. She can play the guitar very well but she can't sing. 8. V/ould you like to stay.. 9. Yes, you can use.. 10. You should eet.. 11. Can I helo vou.. 12. I won't arrive.. 13. This must be.. 14. You shouldn't be.. 15. You'll have.. 18.1 1. Do you have to.. 2.That can't be.. 3. You ought to get.. 4. You could cycle.. 5. Everybody should eat.. 6. You won't have heard.. 7. I couldn't understand.. 8. Irish people don't have to take.. 9. Our family used to go.. 10. Tim must have gone home.. 18.2 L I should have followed.. 2. Roeer could swim.. 3. You can't have seen me.. 4. ..so she must be very rich. 5. Shall

we go.. 6. Could I leave.. 7. I won't eat.. 8. ..I should have sent.. 9. Can you make.. 10. Shall I help..

1 8 .3 l. Would you like to corne.. 2. There didn't use / never used to be.. 3. You must see.. 4. The car can't have run out.. '$7e 5. I won't forget.. 6. I didn't have to work.. 7. ought to go.. 8. I might have dropped.. 9. Dave can play the piano, but he can't read music. 10. She might be lving.. 18.4 1. I won't go.. 2. you must be.. 3. Shecan't have forgotten.. 4. My doctor saysI have to avoid.. 5. I'm sorry I couldn't meet.. 6. women should be paid.. 7. Joe used to sr.noke..8. We could stop.. 9. John must have received... 10. It might be the children playing upstairs. 11. Relax! lle'll arrive.. 12. \fe may have taken.. 13. \flhat shall rve do? 14. I shouldn't have eaten.. 15. You don't have to write. 19.1 1. she always ate lots of .. 2. he wouldn't have enough.. 3. if I whether I could help her with he¡ luggage. 4. if / whether we were going an1,where..5. not to worry. 6. they had to leave soon. 7. it had been a long time since she had had such a good meal. 8. what time the party started. f . if / rvhetherI knew who the principal of the college was. 10. the weather might get much worse tomorrow / the follorving d:ry / the next day. 19.2 1. she could Bet.. 2. they hadn't been..3. when I had left the house this / that morning. 4. he would think about it. 5. she should have phoned her. 6. he should cut down / to cur down.. 7. if I understoodthe rules.. 8. when she would seehim again. 9. they were going on holiday tomorrow / the following day. 10. to wait there until she got back. 19.3 1. they had been in Edinburgh last week / the week before / the previousweek. 2. she couldn't h¡ve left without saying goodlrye. 3. not to phone her at the office again. 4. to move / if I would move my car. 5. he wrs going to finish the decoratingtomorrow / the follou'ing day. 6. rvhereshe could find information about museumsin Madrid. 7. she hadn't eaten anything all day. 8. why I couldn't come / go to hel party. 9. she didn't knorv her rvay round San Francisco. 10. if I was leaving as soon as the coursefinished. 11. thev hadn't watched any TV for ages. 12. how long I would stay in Baltimore. 13. he could run 100 metres in 1l seconds. 14. to be careful. 15. how fluent my English was. 20.7 1. He encouraged me to take the exam again. 2. She admitted that the accident was all her fault. 3. He complimented Sonia on her elegantsuit. 4. She congratulatedhim on his great exam results. 5. He demandedto speak to the manager. 6. She suggestedhaving a quiet evening at home. 7. He refused to go on holiday with his mum and dad. 8. She beggedher mother to let her go to Sharon'sparty. 9. He denied eating the iast chocolatebiscuit. 10. She offered to help him with his bags. 20.2 1. She wanted to know the way to the city centre. 2. He reminded her to lock all the doors and windows. 3. She invited me for lunch on Sunday. 4. He insisted on paying for the drinks. 5. She warned them not to cross the road there. 6. He thanked her for the lovely present. 7. She advisedthem to be very careful what thev s:ridto her. 8. He apologisedfor being so late. 9. Shepromised to be there at 8.00pm. 10. He suggestedgoing for a meal to that new Chinese restaurant. 20.3 1. She complimented Robert on a lovely dinner. 2. He wanted to know who the car belonged to. 3. She reminded him to set his / the alarm clock for 6.00am. 4. He warned them not to touch those plates. 5. She suggestedstopping for a coffee break. 6. He offered me a lift home. 7. She invited us to her party on Sunday evening. 8. He promisecl to get his hair cut this / that week. 9. She admitted (to) eating the last chocolatebiscuit. 10. He apologisedfor forgetting about our appointment. 11. She refusedto eat any rnore. 12. He denied using the office phone for personalcalls. 13. He advisedher to spend a year abroad before going to university. 14. I insistedon seeingevery picture in rhe gallery before leaving. 15. She suggestedwashing the dishesin the morning. 21.1 Refer to the sentenceson 21.2. 21.2 Refer to the sentenceson 21.1, six years ago. 2. Despite not feeling well, Robert went to work. 2t,3 1. Julia started working / to work for this companv I If he spoke more so quickl¡ would be able to understandhim. 4. The meal was so awful 3. slowly / didn't speak (that) we complained to the waiter. 5. I must hrve m1' dressdrv-cleanedbefore the party. 6. \fhat about having a coffe eb rea k? T. I f wehadn' t ar r iv edlat e/ hadar r i v e d e a r l i e r , w e w o u l d n 't h a v e m i s s e d t h e b e g i n n i n g o f t h e c o n c e r t . '$le put on plenty of sun-block becausethe sun was very 8. I'd never taken such a difficult / a more difficult exam. 9. strong. 10. I'd prefer you not to smoke in the kitchen. 11. Bedroomsmust be vacatedby 11.00am. 12. I wish I'd stayedon at collegeto take my finals. 13. Tony doesn't plav as skilfully as Margaret. 14. Unlesshe arrives soon, we'll have to leavewithout him. 15. This restaurantis said to be the best in town. 22.7 Refer to the sentenceson 2).2. 22.2 ReÍer to the sentenceson 22.L. 22.3 1..Is it all right if I use the car tonight? 2. If Robert hadn't got here so late, he wouldn't have misseddinner. 3. I wish I had a little more money. 4. The ro¿rdoutside the house is being repaired. 5. Barbara thought the party was very boring. 6. Do you know the distance from Seatdeto Vancouver? 7. I should have phoned you yesterday. 8. Unless you train harder, yolr won't get into the first team squad. 9. She refused to give an explanation for her absence. 10. If you eat less,you get slimmer. I1. \ü/e'velived / been living in this streetfor six years. 12. The sofa was too big to get into the living room. 13. \7e didn't stop for a break until we had walked 10km. 14. I've no objection to people smoking in lestauranrs. 15. Antony cor¡ld eat more than anyone in the family. 23.2 Refer to the sentenceson 23.1. 23.1 Refer to the sentenceson23.2. 23.3 1. You'd better listen carefully to my instructions. 2. It looks as if / thougl-rthe weather is improving. 3. There weren't as manv spectatorsat the match as we'd expected. 4.Ileft work early so as to avoid getting held up in the rush-hour traffic. 5. I've never tastedsuch disgustingcoifee. 6. Apart from NIary, all the guestsat the party were wearing casual clothes. 7. However much they argued, Paul and George remained good friends. 8. I want to know how deep the river is at this point. 9. Triplets! \ühat a surprise! 10. If we had a phone, we wouldn't have to use the public call box. 11. Ellen has got so much money, she doesn't know how to spend it. 12. The repairs ought to have been done by now. 13. Francissuggestedspeakingto the shop manager. 14. In comparison with Itirl¡ trains in Britain are verv expensive. 15. The traffic prevented Leslie from getting here. 24.1 1. to go 2. (in) going 3. to go 4. to go 5. may / might /could go 6. would I 'cI go 7. go 8. go 9. going 10. to go 16.went lT.togo 18.went/havegone/had ll.ha ve /'ve go ne 12. c an go 13. go 1, 4.t ogo 1 5 . t o g o / g o i n g

___

rgone 19. going 20. are / 're going 4 . w e n t 5 . g o i n g 6 . a r e / 'r e g o i n g 7 . t o g o 8 . g o e s 9 .( i n ) g o i n g 2 4,2 l.wo uld/ ' dgo 2. go 3. m ay / nt ight / c o u l d g o 10 . to go ll. went / hav e gone 12. t o g o / g o i n g 1 3 . t o g o 1 4 . g o i n g 1 5 . w e n t / h a s g o n e / h a d g o n e 25 .1 I.go 2. t ogo 3. go 4. went 5. hav e g o n e 6 . g o i n g T . t o g o i n g 8 . h a v e g o n e 9 . d i d n 't g o 1 0 . g o i n g 1 1 .d i d n 'tg o 1 ,2.hadgone 13. going 14. ' dgone 1 5 . w e n t 1 6 . g o l T . h a s g o n e 1 8 . g o 1 9 . g o i n g 2 0 . g o i n g 25.2 l. went l. going 3. can / could go 4. had /'d gone 5. went 6. went 7. going 8. have /'ve gone 9. going 10. have / 've gone/ been 11. t ogo 12. t ogo/ g o i n g 13.havegone lgo 14. togoing 15.going 26.1 SuggestedAnswers: 1. ..readingit. 2. ..to lend her any. 3. ..to break it. 4. ..going home. 5. to be / arrive on time (in future). 6. ..holding your breath? 7. ..to meet us at 8.00. 8. ..drinking / alcohol. 9. to get married / split up. 1 0. . . t alk ing ahout r r ¿r ins . 26.2 SuggestedAnswers: 1. ..repairing. 2. ..to have one. 3. ..to go over to my mother's. 4. ..to send (her) a c rd. 5. ..going out. 6. ..beingso late. 7...to come outwith us. 8. ..helping (me) with them? 9. ..to read us a story. 10. ..(in) understandingher. 2 6.3 Su gg es t edAns wer s :l. . . goingt ot hec o n c e r t . 2 . . . t o g e t t h e r e i n / o n t i m e . 3 . . . s m o k i n g . 4 . . . t o h a v e l u n c h ? s rr