Inorganic Reactions and Methods, The Formation of Bonds to Halogens (Part 2) (Inorganic Reactions and Methods)

Inorganic Reactions and Methods Volume 4 Inorganic Reactions and Methods Edltor Professor A.P. Hagen Department of Che...

Author: J. J. Zuckerman

71 downloads 1743 Views 29MB Size Report

This content was uploaded by our users and we assume good faith they have the permission to share this book. If you own the copyright to this book and it is wrongfully on our website, we offer a simple DMCA procedure to remove your content from our site. Start by pressing the button below!
Report copyright / DMCA form

DOWNLOAD PDF

Inorganic Reactions and Methods Volume 4

Inorganic Reactions and Methods Edltor Professor A.P. Hagen Department of Chemistry The University of Oklahoma Norman, Oklahoma 73019

Editorial Advisory Board Professor N. Bartlett Department of Chemistry University of California at Berkeley Berkeley, California 94720

Professor A.G. MacDiarmid Department of chemistry University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19174

Professor F.A. Cotton Department of Chemistry Texas A&M University College Station, Texas 77840

Professor M. Schmidt lnstitut fur Anorganische Chemie der Universitat D-8700 Wurzburg Am Hubland Federal Republic of Germany

Professor E.O. Fischer Anorganisch-chemisches Laboratorium der Technischen Universitat D-8046 Garching Lichtenbergestrasse4 Federal Republic of Germany Professor P. Hagenmuller Laboratoire de Chemie du Solide du C.N.R.S. 351 cours de ia Liberation F-33405 Talence France Professor M.F. Lappert The Chemical Laboratory University of Sussex Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9A3 England

Professor H. Taube Department of Chemistry Stanford University Stanford, California 94305 Professor L.M. Venanzi Laboratorium fur Anorganische Chemie der ETH CH-80006 Zurich Universitatsstrasse5 Switzerland Professor Sir Geoffrey Wilkinson, F.R.S. Department of Chemistry Imperial College South Kensington London, SW7 2AY England

0 I991 VCH Publishers, Inc., New York

I Distribution: VCH Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, P.O. Box 1260/1280, D-6940 Weinheim, Federal Republic of I . .

Germany USA and Canada: VCH Publishers, Inc., 303 N.W. 12th Avenue, Deerfield Beach, FL 33442-1705, USA

Inorganic Reactions and Methods

Volume 4 The Formation of Bonds to Halogens (Part 2) ~

Founding Editor

J.J. Zuckerman Editor

A.P. Hagen

@3 WILEY-VCH

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Inorganic reactions and methods. Includes bibliographies and indexes. Contents: v. 1. The formation of bonds to hydrogen pt. 2,v. 2.The formation of the bond to hydrogen v. 15. Electron-transfer and electrochemical reactions; photochemical and other energized reactions. 1. Chemical reaction, Conditions and laws of Collected works. 2.Chemistry, Inorganic - Synthesis Collected works. I. Zuckerman, Jerry J. QD501.1623 1987 541.3’985-15627 ISBN 0-89573-250-0 (set)

0 1991 VCH Publishers, Inc. This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically those of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, broadcasting, reproduction by photocopying machine or similar means, and storage in data banks. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use, or the internal or personal use of specific clients, is granted by VCH Publishers, Inc. for libaries and other users registered with the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) Transactional Reporting Service, provided that the base fee of $1.00 per copy, plus $0.25 per page is paid directly to CCC, 27 Congress Street, Salem, MA 01970. Registered names, trademarks, etc. used in this book, even when not specifically marked as such, are not to be considered unprotected by law.

ISBN 0-471-18657-0 ISBN 3-527-26275-X VCH Verlagsgesellschaft

Contents of Volume 4

How to Use this Book Preface to the Series Editorial Consultants to the Series Contributors to Volume 4

2.0

The Formation of Bonds to Halogens (Part 2)

2.6

The Formation of the Halogen-GroupIllB Element (B, Al, Ga, In, TI) Bond

2.6.1. 2.6.2. 2.6.3. 2.6.3.1. 2.6.3.2. 2.6.3.3. 2.6.4. 2.6.4.1. 2.6.4.2. 2.6.5. 2.6.5.1. 2.6.5.2. 2.6.5.3. 2.6.6. 2.6.6.1. 2.6.6.2. 2.6.6.3. 2.6.6.4. 2.6.7. 2.6.7.1.

Introd uction. from the Elements. by Halogenation of the Elements. with Hydrogen Halides. with Carbon-Halogen Compounds. with Other Halides. from Halogenation of Anionic Group-IIIB Clusters. by Elemental Halogens. by Other Halides. from Cleavage of Group-IIIB-Hydrogen Bonds. by Halogens. by Hydrogen Halides. with Other Halides. from Cleavage of Group-IIIB-Oxygen Bonds. by Halogens. by Halogens with Reducing Agents. with Hydrogen Halides. by Other Halides. from Cleavage of Group-IIIB-Other Group-VIB Element Bonds. by Halogens.

7 7 9 10 10 13 14

16 16 17 18 19 21 22 V

vi

2.6.7.2. 2.6.7.3. 2.6.8. 2.6.8.1. 2.6.8.2. 2.6.8.3. 2.6.9. 2.6.9.1. 2.6.9.2. 2.6.9.3. 2.6.10. 2.6.10.1 2.6.10.2. 2.6.10.3. 2.6.11. 2.6.1 1.1, 2.6.1 1.2. 2.6.1 1.3. 2.6.12. 2.6.12.1. 2.6.12.2. 2.6.12.3. 2.6.13. 2.6.13.1. 2.6.13.2. 2.6.13.3. 2.6.14. 2.6.14.1. 2.6.14.2. 2.6.15. 2.6.16.

2.7.

2.7.1. 2.7.2. 2.7.3.


by Hydrogen Halides. by Other Halides. from Cleavage of Group-IIIB-Nitrogen Bonds. by Halogens. with Hydrogen Halides. with Other Halides. from Cleavage of the Group-IIIB-Other Group-VB Element Bond. by Halogens. by Hydrogen Halides. by Other Halides. Cleavage of Group-IlIB-Carbon Bonds. by Halogens. by Hydrogen Halides. by Other Halides. from Cleavage of the Group-IIIB-Other Group-IVB Element Bond. by Halogens. by Hydrogen Halides. by Other Halides. from Halide-Halide Exchange Reactions (Met at hes is) by Hydrogen Halides. by Metal and Nonmetal Halides. by Fluorinating Agents. Cleavage of Other Group-l I IB-Element Bonds. by Halogens. by Hydrogen Halides. by Other Halides. Subvalent Group-IIIB Halides. Boron, Aluminium, Gallium, Indium. Thallium. from Scrambling Reactions. Miscellaneous Modes of Formation.

The Formation of the Halogen-Group-IA (Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr) and Group-IIA (Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra) Metal Bond Introduction. from the Elements. by Halogenation

23 24 28 28 29 31 33 33 34 36 38 38 39 40 42 42 44 46 47 47 48 50

52 52 54 54 56 56 59 60 64

69 69 71 74


2.7.3.1. 2.7.3.2. 2.7.3.2.1. 2.7.3.2.2.

2.7.4.

2.7.5.

2.7.6. 2.7.7. 2.7.8. 2.7.9.

2.8.

2.8.1. 2.8.2. 2.8.3. 2.8.3.7. 2.8.3.1.1. 2.8.3.1.2. 2.8.3.1.3. 2.8.3.1.4. 2.8.3.1 -5. 2.8.4. 2.8.4.1. 2.8.4.2. 2.8.5. 2.8.6.

with Hydrogen Halides. with Miscellaneous Halides. from Group-IA and Group-IIA Metals with Halides (Metal and Nonmetal). from Alkaline-Earth Metals with Carbon-Halogen Compounds (Formation of Organomagnesium Reagents). from Reaction of Halogens with Hydroxides, Carbonates, etc., of GroupIA and Group-IIA Metals (Formation of Halides by Disproportionation of the Halogen). from Reaction of Hydrogen Halides with Oxides, Hydroxides, Carbonates, etc., of the Group-IA and Group IIA Metals. from Reaction of Oxides with Halogens. from Reactions of Oxides of the GroupIIA Metals with Nonmetal Halides (Exclud ing Hydrogen HaIides) . from Reaction of Carbides of the Elements with Halogen and Hydrogen Halides. from Metathetical Reactions (AnionHalide Exchange).

The Formation of the Halogen-Group16 (Cu, Ag, Au) or Group46 (Zn, Cd, Hg) Metal Bond Introduction. from the Elements. Synthesis of the Group-IB Trihalides. from the Metals. by Halogenation. by Nonmetal Halides. from Lower Valent Compounds. from Metal Oxides. by Halogen Exchange. Synthesis of Complex Halide Derivatives. Tetrahalo Derivatives. Cyanohalo Derivatives. Synthesis of Organo Group-IB Halides. Synthesis of Complexes of Au Trihalides by the Halogenation of Au(l) Complexes.

vii

74 75

75

76

78

81 87

88 91 92

96 96 96 99 99 99 100 100 101 101 101 101 105 106 109

viii

2.8.6.1. 2.8.6.2. 2.8.7. 2.8.7.1. 2.8.7.2. 2.8.7.3. 2.8.8. 2.8.8.1. 2.8.8.2. 2.8.8.3. 2.8.9. 2.8.10. 2.8.11. 2.8.1 1. I . 2.8.1 1.2. 2.8.12. 2.8.13. 2.8.14. 2.8.14.1. 2.8.14.2. 2.8.14.3. 2.8.14.4. 2.8.14.5. 2.8.15. 2.8.15.1. 2.8.15.2. 2.8.15.3. 2.8.16. 2.8.16.1. 2.8.16.2. 2.8.17. 2.8.17.1.


Complexes with Group-VB Donors. Complexes with Group-VIB Donors. Synthesis of the Group-IB Dihalides from the Metals. by Halogenation Reactions. by Hydrohalogenation Reactions. by Hydrohalic Acids. Synthesis of Group-IB Dihalides by Other Procedures. by Halogenation of Lower Valent Halides. by Halogenation of Metal Oxides. by Reactions of Metal Oxides with Hydroha1ic Acids. from Dehydration of Hydrates of the Group-IB Dihalides. Synthesis of Complex Halides Derived from the Dihalides of Group-IB. Synthesis of Group-IB Monohalides. by Halogenation of the Metals. by Reduction of Higher Valent Halides. Synthesis of Complex Halides Derived from Monohalides of Group-IB. Synthesis of Ag Subfluoride. Synthesis of the Group-IIB Dihalides from the Metals. by Halogenation Reactions. by Hydrohalogenation Reactions. by Hydrohalic Acids. by Nonmetal Halides. by Metal Halides. Synthesis of the Group-IIB Dihalides from Metal Oxides. by Halogenation. by Hydrogen Halides and Hydrohalic Acids. by Other Halogenating Agents. Synthesis of the Group-IIB Dihalides from Metal Sulfides. by Halogenation. by Other Halogenating Agents. Synthesis of Group-IIB Halides from Metal Oxy Salts. by Hydrogen Halides and Hydrohalic Acids.

109 111 113 113 114 114 116 116 117 118 118 120 124 124 126 127 133 134 134 135 136 136 138 138 138 138 139 141 141 141 142 142


2.8.17.2. 2.8.17.3. 2.8.18. 2.8.19. 2.8.20. 2.8.20.1. 2.8.20.2. 2.8.21. 2.8.21.1. 2.8.21.2. 2.8.21 -3. 2.8.22. 2.8.23. 2.8.23.1. 2.8.23.2. 2.8.23.3. 2.8.23.4. 2.8.23.5. 2.8.23.6.

2.9. 2.9.1. 2.9.2. 2.9.2.1. 2.9.2.2. 2.9.2.3. 2.9.2.4. 2.9.3. 2.9.3.1.

by Metathesis Reactions. by Other Halogenating Agents. Synthesis of the Group-IIB Dihalides by Hal ide-Hal ide Exchange. Synthesis from Dehydration of Hydrates of the Group-IIB Dihalides. Synthesis of Mercury(l1) Halides from Mercury(1) Halides. by Halogenation. by Disproportionation Reactions. Synthesis of Mercury(1) Halides. by Metathesis Reactions of Other Mercury(1) Salts. by Reduction of Mercury(l1) Halides. by Oxidation of the Mercury Metal. Synthesis of Complex Halides of GroupIIB. Synthesis of Organo Group-IIB Halides. by Oxidative Addition of Alkyl and Aryl Halides to the Metals. by Transmetallation Reactions Involving the Metal Halides. by Halogenation of Alkyl Mercury Derivatives. by Reactions of Dialkyls with Acid Chlorides. by Reactions of the Dialkyls and Metal and Nonmetal Halides. by Cleavage of the C-H Bond by Mercuric Halides.

Formation of the Halogen-Transition and -Inner-Transition-Metal Bond. Introduction. by Direct Reaction of the Metals with Halogens. Synthesis of Metal Fluorides from the Elements. of Metal Chlorides from the Elements. of Metal Bromides from the Elements. of Metal Iodides from the Elements. Synthesis of Metal Halides from the Metals. by Halogenation.

ix 143 143 144 145 147 147 148 148 148 149 151 152 158 158 159 162 163 165 165

167 167 167 167 170 173 175 177 177

X

2.9.3.2. 2.9.3.3. 2.9.3.4. 2.9.3.5.

2.9.3.6.

2.9.3.7. 2.9.3.8. 2.9.4. 2.9.4.1. 2.9.4.2. 2.9.4.3. 2.9.4.4. 2.9.4.5. 2.9.4.6. 2.9.4.7. 2.9.4.8. 2.9.5. 2.9.6. 2.9.7.

2.9.8. 2.9.9. 2.9.9.1. 2.9.9.2. 2.9.10. 2.9.10.1. 2.9.10.2.


from the Metal and Anhydrous Hydrogen Halides. by Hydrohalic Acids. by Fluorination with Interhalogens. of Transition-Metal Halides by Chlorination of the Metal by Sulfuryl Chloride. of Transition-Metal Halides by Halogenat io n with Non-Trans it ionMetal Halides. of Transitional-Metal Halides Electrochemically. of Transition-Metal by Oxidative Addition by Alkyl Halides. Synthesis of Metal Halides from Metal Oxides. by Halogenation. and Hydrogen Halide. and Hydrohalic Acid. by Fluorination by Interhalogens. by Chlorination by Thionyl Chloride. by Chlorination with CCI, and Other Chlorocarbons. by Phosgene Chlorination. by Halogenation by Aluminium Halides. Synthesis of Metal Halides from Metal Sulfides. Synthesis of Metal Halides from Metal Carbonyls. Synthesis of Metal Halides from Metal Carboxylates by Reaction with Acetyl Halide or Hydrohalogenation Reactions. Synthesis of Metal Halides from Other Metal Salts. Dehydration of Metal Halide Hydrates. by Dehydration of Hydrohalogenation Reactions. by Chemical Methods. Synthesis of Complex Halo Anions by Reaction of Metal Halides with NonTransition-Metal and Organic Halides. by Reaction of Metal Oxides with Hydrohalic Acids.

177 179 180

181 181 182 185 186 186 187 188 189 189 191 193 193 194 195

196 198 198 198 199 200 200 208


2.9.10.3. 2.9.10.4. 2.9.10.5. 2.9.1 1. 2.9.11.1. 2.9.1 1.2. 2.9.1 1.3. 2.9.1 1.4. 2.9.12. 2.9.12.1. 2.9.12.2. 2.9.12.3. 2.9.12.4. 2.9.12.5. 2.9.12.6. 2.9.12.7. 2.9.13. 2.9.1 3.1. 2.9.13.1.1. 2.9.13.1.2. 2.9.13.2. 2.9.13.3. 2.9.13.3.1. 2.9.13.3.2. 2.9.13.4. 2.9.13.4.1. 2.9.13.4.2. 2.9.14.

by Reaction of Metal Carboxylates with Hydrohalic Acids. by Electrochemical methods. by Other Methods. Synthesis of Metal Oxohalides from the Metals. by Direct Reaction of the Metals with Halogens. by Direct Reaction of the Metal with Haloge n-Oxy ge n Mixtu res. by Reaction of the Metal with Halogen-Metal Oxide Mixtures. by Reaction of the Metal with Metal Oxide-Metal Halide Mixtures. Synthesis of Metal Oxohalides from Metal Oxides. by Metal Oxide-Halogen Reactions. by Reaction of Metal Oxides with Hydrogen Halides. by Fluorination by lnterhalogens and Other Nonmetal Fluorides. the Reaction of Metal Oxides with Halocarbons. by Reaction of Oxides with SOCI, and Other Nonmetal Chlorides. by the interaction of a Metal Oxide with Its Halide. by the Use of Group-IVb and -Vb Oxides with Transition-Metal Halides. Synthesis of Complex Halo Anions of Metal Oxohalides. from Metal Oxides. with Oxofluoro Anions. with Oxochloro and Oxobromo Anions. from Metaloxo Anions (Metallates). from Metal Halides. with Binary Metal Halides. with Complex Metal Halides. from Oxohalides. with Neutral Oxohalides. with Anionic Oxohalides. Synthesis of Metal Sulfido-, Seleno- and Tel Iurohal ides.

xi

209 210 21 1 212 212 212 213 214 215 215 217 218

219 22 1 222 223 224 225 225 226 228 230 230 232 232 232 234 235

xii

2.9.14.1, 2.9.14.1.1. 2.9.14.1.2. 2.9. 4.2. 2.9. 4.3. 2.9. 4.4. 2.9. 5.

2.9. 5.1. 2.9. 5.1.1.

2.9. 5.1 -2. 2.9. 5.1.3. 2.9.15.2.

2.10. 2.10.1. 2.10.2. 2.10.2.1, 2.10.2.2. 2.10.2.2.1. 2.10.2.2.2. 2.10.2.3.

2.1 1.

2.1 1-1. 2.1 1.2. 2.1 1.2.1.

C o n t e n t s of V o l u m e 4

from the Metals. To Form Group-IIIA and Lanthanide Compounds. To Form the Transition-Metal Com poi unds. from the Metal Chalcogenides. from Transition-Metal Halides with Chalcogens. from Transition-Metal Halides with Main-Group Chalcogenides. Synthesis of Metal Carbonyl Halides and Nitrosyl Halides from the Metal Carbonyls and Their Derivatives. Synthesis of Metal Carbonyl Halides. Preparation of Transit io n-Meta1 Carbonyl Halides from the Metal Carbonyl. Preparation of Anionic Carbonyl Halides from the Metal Carbonyl or Its Derivative. Halogenation of Substituted Metal Carbonyls. Preparation of Metal Nitrosyl Halides.

The Formation of the Halogen-Group 0 Element Bond Introduction. Direct Synthesis. of Krypton Halides. of Xenon Halides. Xenon Fluorides. Xenon Chlorides. of Radon Halides.

The Formation of the High Oxidation State Group-IB, -IIB, and Transitionand Inner-Transition-Metal Fluorides Introduction. of the First Transition Series (Sc through Zn). Synthesis of High Valent Fluorides, Oxide Fluorides and Fluorocomplexes of Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn.

236 236 236 238 240 242

243 243

243

247 25 1 254

256 256 258 258 259 260 267 267

269 269 271 27 1


2.1 1.2.2.

2.1 1.2.3.

2.1 1.3. 2.1 1.3.1.

2.1 1.3.2.

2.1 1.3.3.

2.1 1.4. 2.1 1.4.1.

2.1 1.4.2.

2.1 1.4.3.

2.1 1.5. 2.1 1.5.1,

2.1 1.5.2.

Synthesis of High-Valent Fluorides, Oxide Fluorides and Fluorocomplexes of Fe, Co, Ni. Synthesis of High-Valent Fluorides, Oxide Fluorides and Fluorocomplexes of Cu and Zn. of the Second Transition Series (Y through Ag). Pre-Platinum Metals: Synthesis of High-Va Ient FIuo r id es , Oxide FIuor id es and Fluorocomplexes of Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Tc. Platinum Metals: Synthesis of HighValent Fluorides, Oxide Fluorides and Fluorocomplexes of Ru, Rh and Pd. Post-Platinum Metals: Synthesis of High-Valent Fluorides, Oxide Fluorides and Fluorocomplexes of Ag and Cd. of the Third Transition Series (Hf through

Hg).

Pre-Platinum Metals: Synthesis of High-Valent Fluorides, Oxide Fluorides and Fluorocomplexes of Hf, Ta, W, Re. Platinum Metals: Synthesis of HighValent Fluorides, Oxide Fluorides and Fluorocomplexes of Os, Ir, Pt. Post-Platinum Metals: Synthesis of Hig h-Valent FIuor ides, Oxide FIuor ides and Fluorocomplexes of Au and Hg. of the Lanthanides and Actinides. Synthesis of the High-Valent Lanthanide Fluorides and FIuorocomplexes (La-Lu). Synthesis of the High-Valent Actinide Fluorides, Oxide Fluorides and Fluorocomplexes (Ac-Ha).

List of Abbreviations Author Index Compound Index Subject Index

xiii

276

279 280

280

285

287 288

288

292

294 296

296

298 303 309 351 485

How to Use this Book 1. Organization of Subject Matter 1.1. Logic of Subdivision and Add-on Chapters This volume is part of a series that describes all of inorganic reaction chemistry. The contents are subdivided systematically and so are the contents of the entire series: Using the periodic system as a correlative device, it is shown how bonds between pairs of elements can be made. Treatment begins with hydrogen making a bond to itself in H, and proceeds according to the periodic table with the bonds formed by hydrogen to the halogens, the groups headed by oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, boron, beryllium and lithium, to the transition and inner-transition metals and to the members of group zero. Next it is considered how the halogens form bonds among themselves and then to the elements of the main groups VI to I, the transition and inner-transition metals and the zero-group gases. The process repeats itself with descriptions of the members of each successive periodic group making bonds to all the remaining elements not yet treated until group zero is reached. At this point all actual as well as possible combinations have been covered. The focus is on the primary formation of bonds, not on subsequent reactions of the products to form other bonds. These latter reactions are covered at the places where the formation of those bonds is described. Reactions in which atoms merely change their oxidation states are not included, nor are reactions in which the same pairs of elements come together again in the product (for example, in metatheses or redistributions). Physical and spectroscopic properties or structural details of the products are not covered by the reaction volumes which are concerned with synthetic utility based on yield, economy of ingredients, purity of product, specificity, etc. The preparation of short-lived transient species is not described. While in principle the systematization described above could suffice to deal with all the relevant material, there are other topics that inorganic chemists customarily identify as being useful in organizing reaction information and that do not fit into the scheme. These topics are the subject of eight additional chapters constituting the last four books of the series. These chapters are systematic only within their own confines. Their inclusion is based on the best judgment of the Editorial Advisory Board as to what would be most useful currently as well as effective in guiding the future of inorganic reaction chemistry. xv

xvi

How to Use this Book

1.2. Use of Decimal Section Numbers The organization of the material is readily apparent through the use of numbers and headings. Chapters are broken down into divisions, sections and subsections, which have short descriptive headings and are numbered according to the following scheme:

1. Major Heading 1.1, Chapter Heading 1.1.1. Division Heading 1.1.1.1, Section Heading 1.1.1.1.1. Subsection Heading Further subdivision of a five-digit “slice” utilizes lower-case Roman numerals in parentheses: (i), (ii), (iii), etc. It is often found that as a consequence of the organization, cognate material is located in different chapters but in similarly numbered pieces, i.e., in parallel sections. Section numbers, rather than page numbers, are the key by which the material is accessed through the various indexes.

1.3. Building of Headings 1.3.1. Headings Forming Part of a Sentence Most headings are sentence-fragment phrases which constitute sentences when combined. Usually a period signifies the end of a combined sentence. In order to reconstitute the context in which a heading is to be read, superiorrank titles are printed as running heads on each page. When the sentences are put together from their constituent parts, they describe the contents of the piece at hand. For an example, see 2.3 below. 1.3.2. Headings Forming Part of an Enumeration

For some material it is not useful to construct title sentences as described above. In these cases hierarchical lists, in which the topics are enumerated, are more appropriate. To inform the reader fully about the nature of the material being described, the headings of connected sections that are superior in hierarchy always occur as running heads at the top of each page.

2. Access and Reference Tools 2.1. Plan of the Entire Series (Front Endpaper) Printed on the inside of the front cover is a list, compiled from all 18 reaction volumes, of the major and chapter headings, that is, all headings that


xvii

are preceded by a one- or two-digit decimal section number. This list shows in which volumes the headings occur and highlights the contents of the volume that is at hand by means of a gray tint.

2.2. Contents of the Volume at Hand All the headings, down to the title of the smallest decimal-numbered subsection, are listed in the detailed table of contents of each volume. For each heading the table of contents shows the decimal section number by which it is preceded and the number of the page on which it is found. Beside the decimal section numbers, successive indentations reveal the hierarchy of the sections and thereby facilitate the comprehension of the phrase (or of the enumerative sequence) to which the headings of hierarchically successive sections combine. To reconstitute the context in which the heading of a section must be read to become meaningful, relevant headings of sections superior in hierarchy are repeated at the top of every page of the table of contents. The repetitive occurrences of these headings is indicated by the fact that position and page numbers are omitted.

2.3. Running Heads In order to indicate the hierarchical position of a section, the top of every page of text shows the headings of up to three connected sections that are superior in hierarchy. These running heads provide the context within which the title of the section under discussion becomes meaningful. As an example, the page of Volume 1 on which section 1.4.9.1.3 “in the Production of Methanol” starts, carries the running heads: 1.4. The Formation of Bonds between Hydrogen and O,S,Se,Te,Po 1.4.9. by Industrial Processes 1.4.9.1. Involving Oxygen Compounds whereby the phrase “in the Production of Methanol” is put into its proper perspective.

2.4. List of Abbreviations Preceding the indexes there is a list of those abbreviations that are frequently used in the text of the volume at hand or in companion volumes. This list varies somewhat in length from volume to volume; that is, it becomes more comprehensive as new volumes are published. Abbreviations that are used incidentally or have no general applicability are not included in the list but are explained at the place of occurrence in the text.


xviii

2.5. Author Index The author index is compiled by computer from the lists of references. Thus it tells whose publications are cited and in that respect is comprehensive. It is not a list of authors, beyond those cited in the references, whose results are reported in the text. However, as the references cited are leading ones, consulting them, along with the use of appropriate works of the secondary literature, will rapidly lead to the complete literature related to any particular subject covered. Each entry in the author index refers the user to the appropriate section number.

2.6. Compound Index The compound index lists individual, fully specified compositions of matter that are mentioned in the text. It is an index of empirical formulas, ordered according to the following system: the elements within a given formula occur in alphabetical sequence except for C, or C and H if present, which always come first. Thus, the empirical formula for Ti(SO,), is BH,-NH, Be,CO, CsHBr2 Al(HCO,),

O,S,Ti BH6N CBe,O, Br,CsH C,H,AlO,

The formulas themselves are ordered alphanumerically without exception; that is, the formulas listed above follow each other in the sequence BH6N, Br,CsH, CBe,O,, C,H,AlO,, 0,S2Ti. A compound index constructed by these principles tells whether a given compound is present. It cannot provide information about compound classes, for example, all aluminum derivatives or all compounds containing phosphorus. In order to open this route of access as well, the compound index is augmented by successively permuted versions of all empirical formulas. Thus the number of appearances that an empirical formula makes in the compound index is equal to the number of elements it contains. As an example, C3H,A10,, mentioned above, will appear as such and, at the appropriate positions in the alphanumeric sequence, as H3A109*C3,A1O9*C,H, and O,*C,H,AI. The asterisk identifies a permuted formula and allows the original formula to be reconstructed by shifting to the front the elements that follow the asterisk. Each nonpermuted formula is followed by linerarized structural formulas that indicate how the elements are combined in groups. They reveal the connectivity of the compounds underlying each empirical formula and serve to


xix

distinguish substances which are identical in composition but differ in the arrangement of elements (isomers). As an example, the empirical formula C,H,,O might be followed by the linearized structural formulas (CH,CH,),O, CH, (CH,),OCH,, (CH,),CHOCH,, CH,(CH,),OH, (CH,),CHCH,OH and CH, CH,(CH,)CHOH to identify the various ethers and alcohols that have the element count C,H,,O. Each linearized structural formula is followed in a third column by keywords describing the context in which it is discussed and by the number(s) of the section(s) in which it occurs.

2.7. Subject Index The subject index provides access to the text by way of methods, techniques, reaction types, apparatus, effects and other phenomena. Also, it lists compound classes such as organptin compounds or rare-earth hydrides which cannot be expressed by the empirical formulas of the compound index. For multiple entries, additional keywords indicate contexts and thereby avoid the retrieval of information that is irrelevant to the user’s need. Again, section numbers are used to direct the reader to those positions in the book where substantial information is to be found.

2.8. Periodic Table (Back Endpaper) Reference to periodic groups avoids cumbersome enumerations. Section headings in the series employ the nomenclature. Unfortunately, however, there is at the present time no general agreement on group designations. In fact, the scheme that is most widely used (combining a group number with the letters A and B) is accompanied by two mutually contradictory interpretations. Thus, titanium may be a group IVA or group IVB element depending on the school to which one adheres or the part of the world in which one resides. In order to clarify the situation for the purposes of the series, a suitable labeled periodic table is printed on the inside back cover of each volume. All references to periodic group designations in the series refer to this scheme.

Preface to the Series Inorganic Reactions and Methods constitutes a closed-end series of books designed to present the state of the art of synthetic inorganic chemistry in an unprecedented manner. So far, access to knowledge in inorganic chemistry has been provided almost exclusively using the elements or classes of compounds as starting points. In the first 18 volumes of Inorganic Reactions and Methods, it is bond formation and type of reaction that form the basis of classification. This new route of access has required new approaches. Rather than sewing together a collection of review articles, a framework has had to be designed that reflects the creative potential of the science and is hoped to stimulate its further development by identifying areas of research that are most likely to be fruitful. The reaction volumes describe methods by which bonds between the elements can be formed. The work opens with hydrogen making a bond to itself in H, and proceeds through the formation of bonds between hydrogen and the halogens, the groups headed by oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, boron, beryllium and lithium to the formation of bonds between hydrogen and the transition and inner-transition metals and elements of group zero. This pattern is repeated across the periodic system until all possible combinations of the elements have been treated. This plan allows most reaction topics to be included in the sequence where appropriate. Reaction types that do not arise from the systematics of the plan are brought together in the concluding chapters on oxidative addition and reductive elimination, insertions and their reverse, electron transfer and electrochemistry, photochemical and other energized reactions, oligomerization and polymerization, inorganic and bioinorganic catalysis and the formation of intercalation compounds and ceramics. The project has engaged a large number of the most able inorganic chemists as Editorial Advisors creating overall policy, as Editorial Consultants designing detailed plans for the subsections of the work, and as authors whose expertise has been crucial for the quality of the treatment. The conception of the series and the details of its technical realization were the subject of careful planning for several years. The distinguished chemists who form the Editorial Advisory Board have devoted themselves to this exercise, reflecting the great importance of the project. It was a consequence of the systematics of the overall plan that publication of a volume had to await delivery of its very last contribution. Thus was the defect side of the genius of the system revealed, as the excruciating process of extracting the rate-limiting manuscripts began. Intense editorial effort was xx i

xxii

Preface to the Series ~

~

~~~

~~

required in order to bring forth the work in a timely way. The production process had to be designed so that the insertion of new material was possible up to the very last stage, enabling authors to update their pieces with the latest developments. The publisher supported the cost of a computerized bibliographic search of the literature and a second one for updating. Each contribution has been subjected to an intensive process of scientific and linguistic editing in order to homogenize the numerous individual pieces, as well as to provide the highest practicable density of information. This had several important consequences. First, virtually all semblances of the authors’ individual styles have been excised. Second, it was learned during the editorial process that greater economy of language could be achieved by dropping conventionally employed modifiers (such as very) and eliminating italics used for emphasis, quotation marks around nonquoted words, or parentheses around phrases, the result being a gain in clarity and readability. Because the series focuses on the chemistry rather than the chemical literature, the need to tell who has reported what, how and when can be considered of secondary importance. This has made it possible to bring all sentences describing experiments into the present tense. Information on who published what is still to be found in the reference lists. A further consequence is that authors have been burdened neither with identifying leading practitioners, nor with attributing priority for discovery, a job that taxes even the talents of professional historians of science. The authors’ task then devolved to one of describing inorganic chemical reactions, with emphasis on synthetic utility, yield, economy, availability of starting materials, purity of product, specificity, side reactions, etc. The elimination of the names of people from the text is by far the most controversial feature. Chemistry is plagued by the use of nondescriptive names in place of more expository terms. We have everything from Abegg’s rule, Adkin’s catalyst, Admiralty brass, Alfven number, the Amadori rearrangement and Adurssov oxidation to the Zdanovskii law, Zeeman effect, Zincke cleavage and Zinin reduction. Even well-practiced chemists cannot define these terms precisely except for their own areas of specialty, and no single source exists to serve as a guide. Despite these arguments, the attempt to replace names of people by more descriptive phrases was met in many cases by a warmly negative reaction by our colleague authors, notwithstanding the obvious improvements wrought in terms of lucidity, freedom from obscurity and obfuscation and, especially, ease of access to information by the outsider or student . Further steps toward universality are taken by the replacement of element and compound names wherever possible by symbols and formulas, and by adding to data in older units their recalculated SI equivalents. The usefulness of the reference sections has been increased by giving journal-title abbreviations according to the Chemical Abstracts Service Source Index, by listing in each reference all of its authors and by accompanying references to patents and journals that may be difficult to access by their Chemical Abstracts cita-

Preface to the Series

xxiii

tions. Mathematical signs and common abbreviations are employed to help condense prose and a glossary of the latter is provided in each volume. Dangerous or potentially dangerous procedures are highlighted in safety notes printed in boldface type. The organization of the material should become readily apparent from an examination of the headings listed in the table of contents. Combining the words constituting the headings, starting with the major heading (one digit) and continuing through the major chapter heading (two digits), division heading (three digits), section heading (four digits) to the subsection heading (five digits), reveals at once the subject of a “slice” of the plan. Each slice is a selfcontained unit. It includes its own list of references and provides definitions of unusual terms that may be used in it. The reader, therefore, through the table of contents alone, can in most instances quickly reach the desired material and derive the information wanted. In addition there is for each volume an author index (derived from the lists of references) and a subject index that lists compound classes, methods, techniques, apparatus, effects and other phenomena. An index of empirical formulas is also provided. Here in each formula the element symbols are arranged in alphabetical order except that c, or C and H if present, always come first. Moreover, each empirical formula is permuted successively. Each permuted formula is placed in its alphabetical position and cross referenced to the original formula. Therefore, the number of appearances that an empirical formula makes in the index equals the number of its elements. By this procedure all compounds containing a given element come together in one place in the index. Each original empirical formula is followed by a linearized structural formula and keywords describing the context in which the compound is discussed. All indexes refer the user to subsection rather than page number. Because the choice of designations of groups in the periodic table is currently in a state of flux, it was decided to conform to the practice of several leading inorganic texts. To avoid confusion an appropriately labeled periodic table is printed on the back endpaper. From the nature of the work it is obvious that probably not more than two persons will ever read it entire: myself and the publisher’s copy editor, Dr. Lindsay S. Ardwin. She, as well as Ms. Mary C. Stradner, Production Manager of VCH Publishers, are to be thanked for their unflagging devotion to the highest editorial standards. The original conception for this series was the brainchild of Dr. Hans F. Ebel, Director of the Editorial Department of VCH Verlagsgesellschaft in Weinheim, Federal Republic of Germany, who also played midwife at the birth of the plan of these reaction volumes with my former mentor, Professor Alan G. MacDiarmid of the University of Pennsylvania, and me in attendance, during the Anaheim, California, American Chemical Society Meeting in the Spring of 1978. Much of what has finally emerged is the product of the inventiveness and imagination of Professor Helmut Grunewald, President of VCH Verlagsgesellschaft. It is a pleasure to

xxiv

Preface to the Series ~

~~~

acknowledge that I have learned much from him during the course of our association. Ms. Nancy L. Burnett is to be thanked for typing everything that had to do with the series from its inception to this time. Directing an operation of this magnitude without her help would have been unimaginable. My wife Rose stood by with good cheer while two rooms of our home filled up with 10,OOO manuscript pages, their copies and attendant correspondence. Finally, and most important, an enormous debt of gratitude toward all our authors is to be recorded. These experts were asked to prepare brief summaries of their knowledge, ordered in logical sequence by our plan. In addition, they often involved themselves in improving the original conception by recommending further refinements and elaborations. The plan of the work as it is being published can truly be said to be the product of the labors of the advisors and consultants on the editorial side as well as the many, many authors who were able to augment more general knowledge with their own detailed information and ideas. Because of the unusually strict requirements of the series, authors had not only to compose their pieces to fit within narrowly constrained limits of space, format and scope, but after delivery to a short deadline were expected to stand by while an intrusive editorial process homogenized their own prose styles out of existence and shrank the length of their expositions. These long-suffering colleagues had then to endure the wait for the very last manuscript scheduled for their volume to be delivered so that their work could be published, often after a further diligent search of the literature to insure that the latest discoveries were being cited and that claims for facts now proved false were eliminated. To these co-workers (270 for the reaction volumes alone), from whom so much was demanded but who continued to place their knowledge and talents unstintingly at the disposal of the project, we dedicate this series. J. J. ZUCKERMAN Norman, Oklahoma July 4, 1985

The scientific community is appreciative of the JJZ vision for a systematic inorganic chemistry. Many of the contributions had been edited prior to his death; therefore, his precise syntax will remain an important part of the series. A.P. HAGEN Norman, Oklahoma August 10, 1990

Editorial Consultants to the Series Professor H.R. Allcock Pennsylvania State University Professor J.S. Anderson University of Aberystwyth Professor F.C. ,Anson California Institute of Technology Dr. M.G. Barker University of Nottingham Professor D.J. Cardin Trinity College Professor M.H. Chisholm Indiana University Professor C. Cros Laboratoire de Chemie du Solide du C.N.R.S. Dr. B. Darriet Laboratoire de Chemie du Solide du C.N.R.S.

Professor J.R. Etourneau Laboratoire de Chemie du Solide du C.N.R.S. Professor G.L. Geoffroy Pennsylvania State University Professor L.S. Hegedus Colorado State University Professor W.L. Jolly University of California at Berkeley Professor C.B. Meyer University of Washington Professor H. Noth Universitat Munchen Professor H. Nowotny University of Connecticut Dr. G.W. Parshall E.I. du Pont de Nemours

Professor E.A.V. Ebsworth University of Edinburgh

Professor M. Pouchard Laboratoire de Chemie du Solide du C.N.R.S.

Professor J.J. Eisch State University of New York at Binghamton

Professor J. Rouxel Laboratoire de Chimie MinQale au C.N.R.S.

xxv

xxvi

Editorial Consultants to the Series _

_

_

~

~

~ ~

~

~

Professor R. Schmutzler Technische Universitat Braunschweig

Dr. N. Sutin Brookhaven National Laboratory

Professor A.W. Searcy University of California at Berkeley

Professor R.A. Walton Purdue University

Professor D. Seyferth Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Dr. J.H. Wernick Bell Laboratories

Contributors to Volume 4 Prof. N. Bartlett Department of Chemistry University of California Berkeley, CA 94720 (Section 2.10)

Prof. T. B. Brill Department of Chemistry University of Delaware Newark, DE 19716 (Sections 2.8.14-2.8.23)

Prof. T. M. Brown Department of Chemistry Arizona State University Tempe, AZ 85287 (Sections 2.9.5-2.9.10)

Dr. D. A. Edwards School of Chemistry University of Bath, Claverton Down Bath BA2 7AY, England (Sections 2.8.1-2.8.13) Prof. G. L. Gard Department of Chemistry Portland State University Portland, OR 97207 (Section 2.1 1) Dr. B. D. James Department of Chemistry La Trobe University Bundoora Victoria Australia 3083 (Section 2.6)

Dr. J. A. Canich Baytown Polymers Center Exxon Chemical Company Baytown, TX 77520 (Section 52.11)

Dr. E. M. Page Department of Chemistry The University of Reading, Whiteknights Reading, RG6 2AD, England (Sections 2.9-2.9.4, 2.9.11-2.9.15)

Dr. J. H. Clark Department of Chemistry University of York, Heslington York YO1 5DD, England (Section 2.7)

Dr. D. A. Rice Department of Chemistry The University of Reading, Whiteknights Reading, RG6 2AD, England (Sections 2.9.11-2.9.15)

xxvii

2.0. The Formation of Bonds to

Halogens (Part 2)

Inorganic Reactions and Methods, Volume4 Edited by J.J. Zuckerman, A.P. Hagen Copyright 0 1991 by VCH Publishers, Inc.

Abbreviations abs a.c. Ac acac acacH AcO Ad ads AIBN Alk am amt Am amu anhyd aq Ar asym at atm av BBN bcc BD biPY bipyH bP

Bu Bz C-

ca. catal CDT cf. Ch. CHD Chx ChxD CI Cob COD COE conc const. COT COTe CP CPE

absolute alternating current acetyl, CH,CO acetylacetonate anion acetylacetone, CH,C(O)CH,C(O)CH, acetate anion, CH,C(O)O adamantyl adsorbed 2,2’-azobis(isobutyronitrile), 2,2-[(CH3),CCN],N2 alkyl amine amount amyl, C A I atomic mass unit anhydrous aqueous aryl asymmetrical, asymmetric atom (not atomic, except in atomic weight) atmosphere (not atmospheric) average 9-Borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane body-centered cubic butadiene 2,2’-bipyridyl protonated 2,2’-bipyridyl boiling point but$, C,M, benzyl, C,H5CH, cyclo (used in formulas) circa, about, approximately catalyst (not catalyzing, catalysis, catalyzed, etc.) cyclododecatriene compare chapter 1,3-cycloheptadiene cyclohexyl 1,3-cyclohexadiene configuration interaction cobalamine cyclooctadiene cyclooctene concentrated (not concentration) constant cyclooctatriene cyclooctatetraene cyclopentadienyl, C,H, controlled-potential electrolysis

303

304 CPm CT

cv

CVD CW d DABIP DBA d.c. DCM DCME DCP DDT dec DED depe DIAD diars dien diglyme dil diop

Abbreviations counts per minute charge-transfer cyclic voltammetry chemical vapor deposition continuous wave day, days N,N'-diisopropyl-l,4-diazabutadiene dibenzylideneacetone direct current dicyclopentadienylmethane CI,CHC(O)CH, 1,3-dicyclopentadienylpropane dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane,l,l,l,'-trichloro-2,2-bis-(4chloropheny1)ethane decomposed l,l-bis(ethoxycarbonyl)ethene-2,2-dithiolate, CC(H,C,0C(0)IzC=CS,12 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethene, (CsH ,),PCH=CHP(CtjH 5 ) ~ diindenylanthracenyl 1,2-bis(dimethylarsino)benzene, o-phenylenebis(dimethy1arsine), 1,2-(CH,),AsC,H4As(CH,), diethylenetriamine, [H,N(CH,),],NH diethyleneglycol dimethylether, CH,O(CH,CH,O)CH, dilute 2,3-O-isopropylidene-2,3-dihydroxy-1,4-bis(diphenylphosphino)butane,

(C6H,),PCH,CH[OCH(CH3)=CH2]CH

dipda diphos Div. DMA dme DME

DMF DMG DMP dmpe DMSO dpam dpic DPP dPPb

[OCH(CH,)=CH,ICH,P(C,H,), p-i-PrC6H4CH=CHC6H4-c-p 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)benzene,

1,2-(C6H5)2PC6H4P(C6H5)2

division dimethylacetamide dropping mercury electrode 1,2-dimethoxyethane,glyme, CH,O(CH,),OCH, N,N-dimethylformamide, HC(O)N(CH,), dimethylglyoxime, CH,C(=NOH)C(=NOH)CH, 1,2-dimethoxybenzene, 1,2-(CH30),C6H, 1,2-bis(dimethylphosphino)ethane, (CH,)ZP(CH2)2P(CH3)z dimethylsulfoxide, (CH,),SO bis(diphenylarsino)methane, [(C,H,),As],CH, dipicolinate ion differential pulse polarography

1,4-bis(diphenylphosphino)butane,

~,~-(C,H,),P(CH,)~P(C~HS)~

1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane, 1,2-(C6H5)2P(CH2)2P(c6H5)2

bis(diphenylphosphino)methane, [(C,H,)2P12CH, bis(diphenylphosphory1)ethane 1,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)propane, ~,~-(C,H,)ZP(CH,),P(C~H~)Z

305

Abbreviations -

DTA DTBQ DTH DTS ed. eds. EDTA

1,2-bis(di-p-tolylphosphino)ethane, 1,2-(4-CH3C6H,),P(CH,)zP (CsH,CH3-4)2 differential thermal analysis 3,5-di-t-butyl-o-benzoquinone 1,6-dithiahexane, butane-l,4-dithiol, 1,4-HS(CHz),SH dithiosquarate edition, editor editors ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid,

C e.g. EHMO emf en enH EPR equimol equiv EPR Eq. ERF ES ESR esu Et etc. EtzO EtOH et seq. eu fac Fc fcc

ff.

Fig F1 FP fP g g-at GLC glyme graph GS h H-Cob HD hept Hex H P B hmde MHI

~

~

~

~

~

~

l

exempli gratia, for example extended Huckel molecular orbital electromotive force ethylenediamine, HzN(CHz)2NHz protonated ethylenediamine electron paramagnetic resonance equimolar equivalent electron paramagnetic resonance equation effective reduction factor excited state electron-spin resonance electrostatic unit ethyl, CH3CHz et cetera, and so forth diethyl ether, (CzH,),O ethanol, C,H50H et sequentes, and the following entropy unit facial ferrocenyl face-centered cubic following figure fluorenyl $-C,H,Fe(CO), freezing point gas gram-atom gas-liquid chromatography 1,2-dimethoxyethane, CH,O(CH,),OCH, graphite ground state hour, hours cobalamine 1,5-hexadiene heptyl hexyl hexamethyl(Dewar benzene) hanging mercury drop electrode heptamethylindenyl

z

~

~

~

~

z

~

306 HMPA HOMO HPLC i.e. Im inter alia IPC IR irrev ISC isn 1 L LC LF LFER liq LMCT Ln LSV LUMO m max M MC Me Men mes MeOH mer mhP min MLCT MO mol mP MV n.a. naPY NBD neg nhe NMR No. nP NP Nuc NPP NQR NTA 0

obs

Abbreviations hexamethylphosphoramide, [(CH,),N],PO highest occupied molecular orbital high-pressure liquid chromatography id est, that is imidazole among other things isopinocamph ylborane infrared irreversible intersystem crossing isonicotinamide liquid ligand ligand centered ligand field linear free-energy relationship liquid ligand-to-metal charge transfer lanthanides, rare earths linear-scan voltammetry lowest unoccupied molecular orbital meta maximum metal metal centered methyl, CH, menthyl mesitylene, 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene derivative methanol, CH,OH meridional; the repeating unit of an oligomer or polymer 2-hydroxy-6-methylpyridine, 2-HO, 6-CH3C,H3N minimum, minute, minutes metal-to-ligand charge transfer molecular orbital molar meltipg point dichloride methyl viologen, l,l’-dimethyl-4,4’-bipyridinium not available naphthyridine norbornadiene, [2.2.l]bicyclohepta-2,5-diene negative normal hydrogen electrode nuclear magnetic resonance number tris-[2-(diphenylphosphino)ethyl]amine, NCCHzCHzP(C&A13 naphthyl nucleophile normal pulse polarography nuclear quadrupole resonance nitrilotriacetate ortho observed

Abbreviations Oct OCP OF

0,

oq ox. P P. P Pat. pet. Ph phen Ph,PPy PiP PMDT PMR Pn POS Po-tol, PP. PPb PPm PPn PPt Pr PSS PVC PY PYr PZ PZE r ac R RDE RE red. Redox ref. rev rf RF RF

rh rms rPm RT S

sce SCE sec SeP

307

octyl octaethylporphyrin oxidation factor octahedral oxyquinolate oxidation para Page pressure patent petroleum phenyl, C6H5 1,lO-phenanthroline 2-(diphenylphosphino)pyridine, 2-(C6H,),PC,H,N piperidine, C5H,,N pentamethyldiethylenetriamine, (CH~)ZN(CH,)~N(CH,)(CH,),N(CH~)~ proton magnetic resonance propylene-1,3-diamine, 1,3-H2NCH2CH,CH2NH2 positive tri-o-tolylphosphine pages parts per billion parts per million bis(diphenylphosphino)amine, [(C,H,),P],NH precipitate ProPYL C3H2 photostationary state poly(viny1 chloride) pyridine, C5H5N pyrazine pyrazolyl potential of zero charge racemic mixture, racemate organic group; universal gas constant rotated disk electrode rare earths, lanthanides reduction reduction-oxidation reactions reference reversible radiofrequency reduction factor R group with substituted F rhombohedra1 root mean square revolutions per minute room temperature second, seconds; solid saturated calomel electrode standard calomel electrode secondary sepulcrate, 1,3,6,8,10,13,16,19-octaazabicyclo[6.6.6]eicosane

308 Sia SMAD soh soh SP STP sub1 Suppl. sYm L

T Td TCNE TEA terPY tetraphos TGA TGL THF TAP THT Thx TLC TMED tmen TMP TMPH To1 Tos TPA TPPO triars triphos trien UV V

Vi viz. vol., Vol. VPE vs. wk. wt X xs Y Y r.

0 4

Abbreviations Diisamyl solvated metal-atom dispersed solution solvated specific standard temperature and pressure sublimes supplement symmetrical, symmetric time; tertiary temperature tetrahedral tetracyanoethylene tetraethylammonium ion, [(C,H,),N] 2,2'2'-terp yridyl

+

PhzPCH,CHzPPhCHzCH,PPhCHzCHzPPhz thermogravimetric analysis triethyleneglycol dimethylether tetrahydrofuran tetrahydropyran tetrahydrothiophene thexyl thin-layer chromatography N,N,N,N-tetramethyleth ylenediamine, (CH3)2N(CH2)2N(CH3)Z

N,N,N’,N’-tetramethylethylenediamine

2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidyl 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine, 2,2,6,6-(CH,),C,H,N tOIyI, C6H4CH3, P-tOIyI tosyl, tolylsulfonyl, 4-CH3C6H,S0, tetraphenylarsonium ion, [(C,H,),As] triphenylphosphineoxide bis-[-(dimethy1arsino)phen yl]methylarsine, [~-(CH,),ASC,H~]~ASCH~ l,l,l-tris(diphenylphosphinomethyl)ethane, [(C6H5)2PCH213CCH3 triethylenetetraamine, H,N(CH,)2NH(CH,),NH(CHz)2NH2 ultraviolet vicinal (E)-[Z-(CH3)zNCHZC,HJC=C(CH$26H4CH3-4 videlical, that is to say, namely volume vapor-phase epitaxy versus week weight halogen or pseudohalogen excess often used for S, Se year section hapto designator +


2.6. The Formation of the Halogen-Group-1118

Element (B, Al, Ga, In, TI) Bond 2.6.1. Introduction Group-IIIB halides are a common starting material for many group-IIIB compounds. These bonds can be formed from the elements or from other bonds. (A. P. HAGEN)

2.6.2. from the Elements. The powerful oxidizing ability of the elemental halogens, coupled with the relatively strong element-halogen bonds that form (see Table l), results in a general method for the formation of group-IIIB hajides. The dissociation energy of F, is low (158.8 kJmol-’; cf. CI,, 242.6) but the E-F bond energies are large. Thus, fluorinations of the elements occur generally and, in theory, F, may be employed to prepare any binary fluoride. The preparation of AlF,, e.g., dates back to the turn of the century, when it was found that while there was slight attack of the metal by the halogen in the cold, complete reaction occurred on heating. When fluorine reacts with T1 the metal becomes incandescent’. The preference of occurrence in the reactions between the group-IIIB element and the halogen is exemplified by the reactions of boron. Even though there may be uncertainties in the purity and crystallinity of the boron employed, it is clear that F, attacks at ordinary T in an exothermic reaction, while Cl,, Br, and I, require 700, 1000 and 1500K. respectively. The direct synthesis is used’ to produce BBr,. While this procedure has been developed more for the purification of commercial boron, BBr, may be trapped and distilled, a preparation that is feasible and convenient for relatively large quantities,. The halides BX, (X = C1, Br, I) may be prepared via this direct interaction at high T and these syntheses may be extended to include the use of metal borides, boron nitride or boron carbide as the source of elemental boron in specialist applications (e.g., boron recovery from alloys, manufacture of electronic component^)^. TABLE1. BONDENERGIES FOR GROUP-IIIB HALIDES (kJ mol-I)”

E B A1 Ga In TI

E-F 646 582

E-C1 444 421 473 427 371

E-Br 368 360 339? 176? 326

E-I 267 285

Refs. 7-10.

1

2.6. T h e Formation of the Halogen (6, Al, Ga, In, TI) Bond 2.6.2. from t h e Elements.

2

TABLE2. ELEMENTAL COMBINATIONS FOR Al, Ga AND In HALIDES Product AICI, AlBr, AlI, GaC1, GaBr, Gal, InCl, InBr, InI,

Reaction conditions

Ref.

A1 turnings. Heat in C1, stream Excess of dry A1 turnings. Add Br,; 370 K A1 turnings; 770-870 K; I, sublimed over A1 Molten Ga, controlled addn. of C1, Molten Ga, Br, passed through with N, Slight xs molten Ga + I,, sealed tube; 630 K Molten In, C1, in N, carrier; ca. 410 K Similar to InCl,, but longer reaction time Stoichiometric In + I,, sealed tube; 450 K, or in ether, 12 h

4 11 5 2, 15 12 13 14 14 14, 16

Even though gaseous F, is available, its direct interaction is not a favored method for preparing group-IIIB fluorides, probably because of the difficulty in controlling the reactions. The other elemental halogens, however, are much more easily controlled in direct combinations and enable the halides of Al, Ga and In to be prepared in high purity and good yields. For example, AlCl, may be prepared in this manner. The reaction must be initiated by brief application of heat, but its exothermic nature carries it to completion’. On an industrial scale cooling is required. The use of C1, from an electrolytic cell assists in the production of a purer product. The reactions between A1 and Br, or I, also are markedly exothermic4 and similar combinations of the elements are used to produce AlBr, and AlI,. The latter may also be produced conveniently in solution’. Since decomposition of AlI, occurs at relatively low T, the slow sublimation of I, over the heated metal is found to yield the purest product5. With GaI,, however, xs I, remains bound to the product and careful procedures are required to obtain the pure solid6. Reaction conditions for the preparation of Al, Ga and In halides via direct combination are given in Table 2. The Tl(II1) halides are best prepared by oxidation from Tl(1). For example, pure T1 is only slowly attacked (weeks) by Br,. (B.D. JAMES)

1. J. W. Mellor, A Comprehensive Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, Vol. 5, Longmans, Green, London, 1961. Much detail of early work may be found in here. 2. G. Brauer Ed, Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, 2nd ed., Vol. 1, Academic Press, New York, 1963, p. 770. Much information on preparations of group IIIB compounds. 3. Gmelin’s Handbuch der Anorganischen Chemie, 8 Auf., Syst. 13, Boron Compounds, New Supplement Series, Part 19, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1978. Comprehensive compilation. 4. Gmelin’s Handbuch, 8 Auf., Syst. 35B, Die Verbindungen des Aluminiums, Verlag Chemie, Berlin, 1934. 5. G. W. Watt, J. L. Hall, Inorg. Synth., 4, 117 (1953). 6. J. D. Corbett, R. K. McMullan, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,77, 4217 (1953). 7. N. N. Greenwood, A. Earnshaw, Chemistry of the Elements, Pergamon, Oxford, 1984. Especially strong in its treatment of main-group elements. 8. E. L. Muetterties, C. W. Tullock, in Preparative Inorganic Reactions, Vol. 2, W. L. Jolly, ed. Interscience, New York, 1965, p. 237. Outstanding review on fluorinations. 9. T. L. Cottrell, The Strengths of Chemical Bonds, 2nd ed., Butterworths, London, 1958. An excellent source book. 10. R. G. Pearson, R. J. Mawby, in Halogen Chemistry, Vol. 3, V. Gutmann, ed., Academic Press, New York, 1967.

2.6. The Formation of the Halogen (B, Al, Ga, In, TI) Bond 2.6.3. by Halogenation of the Elements 2.6.3.1. with Hydrogen Halides. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.

3

D. G. Nicholson, P. K. Winter, H. Fineberg, Inorg. Synth., 3, 30 (1950). N. N. Greenwood, I. J. Worrall, Inorg. Synth., 6, 31 (1960). N. N. Greenwood, I. J. Worrall, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 3, 357 (1957). A. J. Carty, D. G. Tuck, J. Chem. Soc., A, 1081 (1966). R. A. Kovar, Inorg. Synth., 17, 1977; good method for longer quantities. J. P. Kopasz, R. B. Hallack, 0. T. Beachley, Jr., Inorg. Synth., 24, 87 (1986).

2.6.3. by Halogenation of the Elements 2.6.3.1. with Hydrogen Halides.

Anhydrous hydrogen halides are versatile and vigorous reagents for halogenation of metals:

M

+ x HX

-

MX,

+ 0 . 5 ~H,

(4

Since AGF for the hydrogen halides are approximately -273, -95, -53 and 1.7 kJ mol- (at 298 K) for HF, HCl, HBr and HI, respectively, the group-IIIB element thermodynamically is capable of being oxidized to MX, if AG: for these compounds is lower than three times these values. In many cases, these occur readily and are exothermic. For example, high-purity AlCl, has been synthesized' by passing xs anhyd HCl over good-quality A1 metal at 870 K. Similarly, anhyd GaF, is produced' when H F in a stream of N, is passed over Ga metal at 825 K. After several hours, the metal becomes coated with a white crystalline crust and the sublimate is the GaF,. This type of reaction is claimed to be the best method3 for producing GaCl,. Certainly, the reaction of HCl with pure Ga metal proceeds at T as low as 350 K and sublimation to separate the product quantitatively from the reaction zone at higher T makes the method most convenient4s5. While attack on boron by HX has been noted6 (HF does not attack below dull red heat, HCl attacks at bright red heat and HI requires temperatures > 1500 K), these reactions are not generally of any synthetic importance, even though the use of borides as an alternative source of boron may offer some advantages under special circumstances'. However, atomic vapors (vapor synthesis) have been employed to examine the reactions of boron cocondensed with a number of molecules'. At 2800-3000 K and mbar the boron vapor is believed to be largely B, in a 'P state. When cocondensed with HX (X = C1, Br) the products are H,, BX,, BHX, and some X,. This reaction seems to be a free-radical process, involving HBX. With In and T1 metals, attack of HX tends to produce the lower valent metal halides. For example, InCl, and TlCl can be formed, respectively, by heating the metals in a stream of dry HCI. Although both InBr, and InI, have been prepared via this type of reaction, it is less convenient than direct interaction of the elementsg. Solutions of HX in water are well-known attacking reagents and hydrochloric acid has long been known to attack A1 metal. The hexahydrate of AIdl, is obtained by evaporating the solution and the bromide analog may be produced similarly10.On the other hand, InBr, is reported to crystallize in the anhydrous state from a solution obtained by dissolving the metal in aq HBr. This preparation is recommended only if large quantities of In are available".

+

'


2.6. The Formation of the Halogen (B, Al, Ga, In, TI) Bond 2.6.3. by Halogenation of the Elements 2.6.3.1. with Hydrogen Halides. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.

3

D. G. Nicholson, P. K. Winter, H. Fineberg, Inorg. Synth., 3, 30 (1950). N. N. Greenwood, I. J. Worrall, Inorg. Synth., 6, 31 (1960). N. N. Greenwood, I. J. Worrall, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 3, 357 (1957). A. J. Carty, D. G. Tuck, J. Chem. Soc., A, 1081 (1966). R. A. Kovar, Inorg. Synth., 17, 1977; good method for longer quantities. J. P. Kopasz, R. B. Hallack, 0. T. Beachley, Jr., Inorg. Synth., 24, 87 (1986).

2.6.3. by Halogenation of the Elements 2.6.3.1. with Hydrogen Halides.

Anhydrous hydrogen halides are versatile and vigorous reagents for halogenation of metals:

M

+ x HX

-

MX,

+ 0 . 5 ~H,

(4

Since AGF for the hydrogen halides are approximately -273, -95, -53 and 1.7 kJ mol- (at 298 K) for HF, HCl, HBr and HI, respectively, the group-IIIB element thermodynamically is capable of being oxidized to MX, if AG: for these compounds is lower than three times these values. In many cases, these occur readily and are exothermic. For example, high-purity AlCl, has been synthesized' by passing xs anhyd HCl over good-quality A1 metal at 870 K. Similarly, anhyd GaF, is produced' when H F in a stream of N, is passed over Ga metal at 825 K. After several hours, the metal becomes coated with a white crystalline crust and the sublimate is the GaF,. This type of reaction is claimed to be the best method3 for producing GaCl,. Certainly, the reaction of HCl with pure Ga metal proceeds at T as low as 350 K and sublimation to separate the product quantitatively from the reaction zone at higher T makes the method most convenient4s5. While attack on boron by HX has been noted6 (HF does not attack below dull red heat, HCl attacks at bright red heat and HI requires temperatures > 1500 K), these reactions are not generally of any synthetic importance, even though the use of borides as an alternative source of boron may offer some advantages under special circumstances'. However, atomic vapors (vapor synthesis) have been employed to examine the reactions of boron cocondensed with a number of molecules'. At 2800-3000 K and mbar the boron vapor is believed to be largely B, in a 'P state. When cocondensed with HX (X = C1, Br) the products are H,, BX,, BHX, and some X,. This reaction seems to be a free-radical process, involving HBX. With In and T1 metals, attack of HX tends to produce the lower valent metal halides. For example, InCl, and TlCl can be formed, respectively, by heating the metals in a stream of dry HCI. Although both InBr, and InI, have been prepared via this type of reaction, it is less convenient than direct interaction of the elementsg. Solutions of HX in water are well-known attacking reagents and hydrochloric acid has long been known to attack A1 metal. The hexahydrate of AIdl, is obtained by evaporating the solution and the bromide analog may be produced similarly10.On the other hand, InBr, is reported to crystallize in the anhydrous state from a solution obtained by dissolving the metal in aq HBr. This preparation is recommended only if large quantities of In are available".

+

'

2.6. The Formation of the Halogen (B, Al, Ga, In, TI) Bond 2.6.3. by Halogenation of the Elements 2.6.3.2. with Carbon-Halogen Compounds.

4

Thallium dissolves in 9 % H F to form a TIF soln (which is water soluble), but the metal is attacked only slightly by the other acids because of the formation of a layer of the insoluble Tl(1) halide’’. (B.D.JAMES) 1. L. E. Topol, S. J. Yosim, Synth. React. Inorg. Met. Org. Chem., 3,47 (1973). 2. I. A. Sheka, I. S. Chaus, T. T. Mityureva, The Chemistry of Gallium, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1966. 3. G. Brauer, ed., Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, 2nd ed., Vol. 1, Academic Press, New York, 1963, p. 844. 4. W. C. Johnson, C. A. Haskew, Inorg. Synth., I , 26 (1939). 5. N. N. Greenwood, Adv. Inorg. Chem. Radiochem., 5,91(1963). Excellent, clear review on gallium chemistry. 6. J. W. Mellor, A Comprehensive Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, Vol. 5 , Longmans, Green, London, 1961. 7. Gmelin’s Handbuch der Anorganischen Chemie, 8 Auf., Syst. 13, Boron Compounds; New Supplement Series, Part 19, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1978. 8. P. L. Timms, Chem. Commun., 258 (1968). 9. A. J. Carty, D. G . Tuck, J. Chem. SOC.,A, 1081 (1966). 10. K. Wade, A. J. Banister, in Comprehensive Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 1 , Ch. 12, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1973. 11. F. Ensslin, H. Dreyer, 2. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 249, 110 (1942). 12. A. G. Lee, The Chemistry of Thallium, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1971.

2.6.3.2. with Carbon-Halogen Compounds.

The direct interaction of a group-IIIB element with organic halides is important for the synthesis of organoaluminum compounds. Aluminum metal interacts with organic halides (RX) generally to produce the sesquihalide:

3 RX

+ 2 A1

-

R3A1,X3

(a)

Only a limited number of halides may be prepared in this fashion and the reaction probably does not follow (a) but appears to yield an equilibrium mixture:

R

X

R

R

X

R

\ /

X

/ \

A1

\ /

X

A1

/ \

R

R

+ R

X

\ /

X

/ \Al/

A1

\ /

X

R

\x

(b)

with the equilibrium favoring the sesquihalide in many cases. For example, C,H,I reacts with A1 metal at 345 K to give liq (C2H5)3Alz13from which (C,H,),AlI and C,H,AlI, may be separated by fractional distillation. With iodobenzene, the reaction takes longer’. Activation of the metal may be necessary for this reaction and is even more critical for reactions with RCl and RBr. These reactions are important for preparing A1 alkyls on a small scale. Initiation is slow, but the process is exothermic so a good deal of care is required. For example, an autoclave is recommended to confine C,H,Cl and CH3C1 reactions. For higher alkyl halides, there is a tendency for electron-pair acceptor acid-catalyzed HX elimination reactions to compete, with the HX which is formed cleaving the Al-R bond. Despite this, A1 reacts successfully with RX (R = n-C3H,, n-C,H, and i-C,H,;


2.6. The Formation of the Halogen (B, Al, Ga, In, TI) Bond 2.6.3. by Halogenation of the Elements 2.6.3.2. with Carbon-Halogen Compounds.

4

Thallium dissolves in 9 % H F to form a TIF soln (which is water soluble), but the metal is attacked only slightly by the other acids because of the formation of a layer of the insoluble Tl(1) halide’’. (B.D.JAMES) 1. L. E. Topol, S. J. Yosim, Synth. React. Inorg. Met. Org. Chem., 3,47 (1973). 2. I. A. Sheka, I. S. Chaus, T. T. Mityureva, The Chemistry of Gallium, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1966. 3. G. Brauer, ed., Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, 2nd ed., Vol. 1, Academic Press, New York, 1963, p. 844. 4. W. C. Johnson, C. A. Haskew, Inorg. Synth., I , 26 (1939). 5. N. N. Greenwood, Adv. Inorg. Chem. Radiochem., 5,91(1963). Excellent, clear review on gallium chemistry. 6. J. W. Mellor, A Comprehensive Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, Vol. 5 , Longmans, Green, London, 1961. 7. Gmelin’s Handbuch der Anorganischen Chemie, 8 Auf., Syst. 13, Boron Compounds; New Supplement Series, Part 19, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1978. 8. P. L. Timms, Chem. Commun., 258 (1968). 9. A. J. Carty, D. G . Tuck, J. Chem. SOC.,A, 1081 (1966). 10. K. Wade, A. J. Banister, in Comprehensive Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 1 , Ch. 12, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1973. 11. F. Ensslin, H. Dreyer, 2. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 249, 110 (1942). 12. A. G. Lee, The Chemistry of Thallium, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1971.

2.6.3.2. with Carbon-Halogen Compounds.

The direct interaction of a group-IIIB element with organic halides is important for the synthesis of organoaluminum compounds. Aluminum metal interacts with organic halides (RX) generally to produce the sesquihalide:

3 RX

+ 2 A1

-

R3A1,X3

(a)

Only a limited number of halides may be prepared in this fashion and the reaction probably does not follow (a) but appears to yield an equilibrium mixture:

R

X

R

R

X

R

\ /

X

/ \

A1

\ /

X

A1

/ \

R

R

+ R

X

\ /

X

/ \Al/

A1

\ /

X

R

\x

(b)

with the equilibrium favoring the sesquihalide in many cases. For example, C,H,I reacts with A1 metal at 345 K to give liq (C2H5)3Alz13from which (C,H,),AlI and C,H,AlI, may be separated by fractional distillation. With iodobenzene, the reaction takes longer’. Activation of the metal may be necessary for this reaction and is even more critical for reactions with RCl and RBr. These reactions are important for preparing A1 alkyls on a small scale. Initiation is slow, but the process is exothermic so a good deal of care is required. For example, an autoclave is recommended to confine C,H,Cl and CH3C1 reactions. For higher alkyl halides, there is a tendency for electron-pair acceptor acid-catalyzed HX elimination reactions to compete, with the HX which is formed cleaving the Al-R bond. Despite this, A1 reacts successfully with RX (R = n-C3H,, n-C,H, and i-C,H,;

2.6. The Formation of the Halogen (6, Al, Ga, In, TI) Bond 2.6.3. by Halogenation of the Elements 2.6.3.2. with Carbon-Halogen Compounds.

5

X = halide) especially when an ether solvent is employed. Such solvents are especially recommended when R = allyl, benzyl, crotyl and propargyl and X = Br. A useful variation is to employ instead an A1 alloy. For example, a 70:30 A1:Mg alloy provides the metal in the correct ratio required for the reaction: MgAl,

+ 4 RX

-

2 R,AlX

+ MgX,

(c)

Again, activation of the metal seems to be important as also is the use of ether solvents in critical cases with alkyl halides’. More recently, activation of metals has been achieved by means of the reduction of a salt in an ether or hydrocarbon solution using an alkali metal. This method yields a finely divided, highly reactive powder,. With Al, the reaction with PhBr is able to take place quantitatively within 5 min at 410 K, whereas with the previous activation method (using AlCl, in a ball mill) the conversion to the sesquihalide requires a number of hours. Using similar procedures, highly active In and T1 powders may be obtained. Activated In reacts with PhI at 420K over 2 h to give (C,H,),InI almost quantitatively, whereas commercial In powder yields only 30 % conversion over 25 h. Other aryl iodides also react at moderate T, giving high yields of organoindium iodides3: 2 In

+ 2 RI

-

RJnI

+ In1

(4

Metallic Ga, alkyl iodides and elemental I, combine at RT over 1-2 weeks to give RGaI, directly. This is a convenient method because “GaI” need not be prepared first4. Another useful technique for inducing the metal to react with formation of a M-X bond is to employ it as an anode in a cell of the type Pt- 1RX CH,CN(In+. Employing voltages in the range 4-30 V and currents 7-35 mA, a range of organoindium compounds may be prepared’. If a complexing agent (e.g., 2,2’-bipyridyl) is also present in the solvent, products such as RInX,(bipy) may be obtained. With a tetraalkylammonium halide in place of bipy, compounds of the type [RkN][RInX,] are obtained. This method appears to have great scope for preparations on the laboratory scale. First, it does not require separate activation of the metal and, second, other useful variations may be introduced by changing the solution phase employed. For example, electrolysis of a benzene-methanol solution of [(C,H,),N]Cl containing a low concentration of C1, produces gram quantities of [(C,H,),N],InCl, ‘. Elemental boron, benzene and bromine combine to give C,H,BBr, in the presence of a Ni catalyst7. In studies of the reactivity of boron, it has been shown that while CCl, yields BCl, on reaction with the element at 470-520K, C,Cl, reacts less readily and hexachlorobenzene not at all’. Dibromoethane and tribromohydrin react with boron in sealed tubes to form a good deal of BBr,. The vapor synthesis methodg appears to offer scope for small-scale investigations of more reactions of this type. Despite its surface oxide layer, A1 is also attacked by CCI, at a significant rate, yielding AlCl, via a radical processlo.

+

(B.D. JAMES)

1. T. Mole, E. A. Jeffery, Organoaluminium Compounds, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1972. Highly

recommended. 2. Activated metals: R. D. Rieke, Acct. Chem. Res., 10, 301 (1977); the mechanically initiated reaction of A1 with n-BuX (X = C1, Br, I) is given in S.Mori, 0. Kuriyama, Y. Maki, Y. Tamai, 2. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 492, 201 (1982). 3. L. C. Chao, R. D. Rieke, J. Organomet. Chem., 67, C64 (1974).

2.6. The Formation of the Halogen (8,Al, Ga, In, TI) Bond 2.6.3. by Halogenation of the Elements 2.6.3.3. with Other Halides.

6

4. 5. 6. 7.

M. Wilkinson, L. J. Worral, J. Organomet. Chem., 93, 39 (1975). J. J. Habeeb, F. F. Said, D. G. Tuck, J. Organometal. Chem., 190, 325 (1980). J. J. Habeeb, D. G. Tuck, Chem. Commun., 808 (1975). E. I. Frenkin, A. A. Prokhorova,Y.M. Paushkin, A. V. Topchiev, Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR., 1507

(1960).

8. J. W. Mellor, A Comprehensive Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, Vol. 5,

Longmans, Green, London, 1961.

9. P. L. Timms, Chem. Commun., 258 (1968). 10. R. M. Ellialkioglu, H. W. White, L. M. Godwin, T. Wolfram, J. Chem. Phys., 72, 5291 (1980).

2.6.3.3. with Other Halides.

The exchange of a group that is bonded to a relatively electronegative element onto another of lower electronegativity is a reaction of great utility, especially on the laboratory scale, and many important compounds may be prepared conveniently via this procedure. Halogen may be transferred this way and the electronegativities of the lighter group-IIIB elements lend themselves to this method for the preparation of their halides. Thus, anhyd ZnC1, reacts quantitatively with A1 (xz, = 1.6, xA, = 1.5) while anhyd MgCl, does not react (xMg= 1.2). Reaction of A1 with HgCl, is so energetic that excess of A1 melts’. Heating PbCl,, Cu,Cl, or AgCl with an xs A1 in a glass tube causes AlCl, to volatilize. This appears to be a very convenient route for obtaining small amounts of electron-pair acceptor catalyst because the fresh AlCl, may be distilled directly into the reaction vessel’. Similarly, the method is applicable, to Ga. The metal, warmed with AgBr or PbBr,, yields GaBr,. While the use of the solid heavy-metal halide reagents is a convenient procedure, the vapors of the perhaps less conveniently employed halides of phosphorus or sulfur, for example, may also be employed’. Despite its generally inert character, solid boron will react with silver or copper(1) halides on heating (720-970 K) under vacuum to give good yields of the boron halides. Optimum yields (ca. 70 %) for BC1, may be obtained from stoichiometric quantities of the reagents at 920 K. This method is useful for preparing small amounts of radioactively labeled volatile halides with high specific a c t i ~ i t i e sSilver ~ , ~ fluoride and boron, however, are reported to detonate on contact. The reaction of boron with GeCl, has been studied between 820 and 1370 K, but largely in the context of producing low-valent species. Boron trichloride and Ge, GeCl, or GeCl are formed, depending on the temperature employed6. The vapor synthesis technique shows some promise for studying unusual reactions. Boron atoms and PCl, yield some BCI, and P,Cl, in this type of experiment, although it is noted that the cocondensation technique is essential for the reaction of boron atoms7. Nitrosyl chloride attacks aluminum quite vigorously but the reaction with A1 strip is more easily controlled and after some hours a red syrup is formed. On removing xs ONCI, the yellow [NO][AlCl,] is obtained. Similarly, ONCl reacts vigorously with Ga metal, but in both cases this preparation of the salt is not the most convenient one. As expected, the attack on In and T1 becomes progressively slower, thallium being attacked only sluggishly over 5 d at 383 K. (B.D. JAMES)

1. Gmelin’s Handbuch der Anorganischen Chemie, 8 Auf., Syst. 35B, Die Verbindungen des Aluminiums, Verlag Chemie, Berlin, 1934. 2. S. D. Nicholas, Nature, (London) 129, 581 (1932); the halogen carrier also can be recovered: G. Brautigarn, H-H. Emons, I. Gunther, Z . Anorg. A&., Chem., 472, 213 (1981).

Inorganic Reactions and Methods, Volume4 Edited by J.J. Zuckerman, A.P. Hagen Copyright 0 1991 by VCH Publishers, Inc. 2.6. The Formation of the Halogen (8,Al, Ga, In, TI) Bond 2.6.3. by Halogenation of the Elements 2.6.3.3. with Other Halides.

6

4. 5. 6. 7.

M. Wilkinson, L. J. Worral, J. Organomet. Chem., 93, 39 (1975). J. J. Habeeb, F. F. Said, D. G. Tuck, J. Organometal. Chem., 190, 325 (1980). J. J. Habeeb, D. G. Tuck, Chem. Commun., 808 (1975). E. I. Frenkin, A. A. Prokhorova,Y.M. Paushkin, A. V. Topchiev, Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR., 1507

(1960).

8. J. W. Mellor, A Comprehensive Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, Vol. 5,

Longmans, Green, London, 1961.

9. P. L. Timms, Chem. Commun., 258 (1968). 10. R. M. Ellialkioglu, H. W. White, L. M. Godwin, T. Wolfram, J. Chem. Phys., 72, 5291 (1980).


The exchange of a group that is bonded to a relatively electronegative element onto another of lower electronegativity is a reaction of great utility, especially on the laboratory scale, and many important compounds may be prepared conveniently via this procedure. Halogen may be transferred this way and the electronegativities of the lighter group-IIIB elements lend themselves to this method for the preparation of their halides. Thus, anhyd ZnC1, reacts quantitatively with A1 (xz, = 1.6, xA, = 1.5) while anhyd MgCl, does not react (xMg= 1.2). Reaction of A1 with HgCl, is so energetic that excess of A1 melts’. Heating PbCl,, Cu,Cl, or AgCl with an xs A1 in a glass tube causes AlCl, to volatilize. This appears to be a very convenient route for obtaining small amounts of electron-pair acceptor catalyst because the fresh AlCl, may be distilled directly into the reaction vessel’. Similarly, the method is applicable, to Ga. The metal, warmed with AgBr or PbBr,, yields GaBr,. While the use of the solid heavy-metal halide reagents is a convenient procedure, the vapors of the perhaps less conveniently employed halides of phosphorus or sulfur, for example, may also be employed’. Despite its generally inert character, solid boron will react with silver or copper(1) halides on heating (720-970 K) under vacuum to give good yields of the boron halides. Optimum yields (ca. 70 %) for BC1, may be obtained from stoichiometric quantities of the reagents at 920 K. This method is useful for preparing small amounts of radioactively labeled volatile halides with high specific a c t i ~ i t i e sSilver ~ , ~ fluoride and boron, however, are reported to detonate on contact. The reaction of boron with GeCl, has been studied between 820 and 1370 K, but largely in the context of producing low-valent species. Boron trichloride and Ge, GeCl, or GeCl are formed, depending on the temperature employed6. The vapor synthesis technique shows some promise for studying unusual reactions. Boron atoms and PCl, yield some BCI, and P,Cl, in this type of experiment, although it is noted that the cocondensation technique is essential for the reaction of boron atoms7. Nitrosyl chloride attacks aluminum quite vigorously but the reaction with A1 strip is more easily controlled and after some hours a red syrup is formed. On removing xs ONCI, the yellow [NO][AlCl,] is obtained. Similarly, ONCl reacts vigorously with Ga metal, but in both cases this preparation of the salt is not the most convenient one. As expected, the attack on In and T1 becomes progressively slower, thallium being attacked only sluggishly over 5 d at 383 K. (B.D. JAMES)

1. Gmelin’s Handbuch der Anorganischen Chemie, 8 Auf., Syst. 35B, Die Verbindungen des Aluminiums, Verlag Chemie, Berlin, 1934. 2. S. D. Nicholas, Nature, (London) 129, 581 (1932); the halogen carrier also can be recovered: G. Brautigarn, H-H. Emons, I. Gunther, Z . Anorg. A&., Chem., 472, 213 (1981).

2.6. The Formation of the Halogen (B, At, Ga, In, TI) Bond 2.6.4. from Halogenation of Anionic Group-IIIB Clusters 2.6.4.1. by Elemental Halogens.

7

3. I. A. Sheka, I. S. Chaus, T. T. Mityureva, The Chemistry of Gallium, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1966. 4. K. H. Lieser, H. W. Kohlschutter, D. Maulbecker,H. Elias, 2.Anorg. Allg. Chem.,313,193 (1961). 5. R. K. Pearson, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 41, 1541 (1979). 6 . G. M. Gavrilov, V. I. Evdokimov, Russ. J. Inorg. Chem., 18, 915 (1973). 7. P. L. Timms, Chem. Commun., 258 (1968). 8. J. R. Partington, A. L. Whynes, J. Chem. Soc., 1952 (1948).

2.6.4. from Halogenation of Anionic Group-IIIB Clusters 2.6.4.1. by Elemental Halogens. Direct halogenation of anionic cluster compounds is a proven method for introducing halogens into boron hydride ions'. Most work has been performed on the easily prepared [B,oHlo]2- and [B12H12]2- anions, with significantly fewer studies on the other anions. These dianions react smoothly in aqueous or alcoholic solution with elemental X, to give a range of products in which from one to all the hydrogen atoms may be replaced. For both anions, these reactions are extremely rapid in the initial stages, but the rates decrease as halogenation is continued. These halogenations are assumed to be electrophilic in nature, [B,,H12]2- being more resistant to perhalogenation than [BloHlo]Z-. The reactivity order for the halogens is C1 > Br > I. The very rapid initial rates lead to difficulties in isolating some species, especially those with low degrees of substitution, but details for the preparation of a number of wellcharacterized species are presented in Tables 1 and 2. Preparation of the more highly halogenated species naturally requires larger quantities of added halogen and somewhat more forcing conditions. By means of similar reactions, other halogeno derivatives such as [BloH,Br4]2- and [B,oH,I,]2- have been claimed2 and the preparations of species containing mixed halogen substituents are also described'. By this general route, [Bl,H,Br4]2- also may be obtained3 by adding Br, to [BllHll]Z- at 275 K, while [BllH,Br,]2- is obtained via bromination using sodium TABLE1. HALOGENATED DERIVATIVES OF [BloHlo]2- (FROM REF.12)

Product

Reaction conditions [ B l o H l o ] ~273-278 ~, K; C1, passed in until exothermic reaction ceases [BloHlo]:[, 288-293 K; C1, passed in until exothermic reaction ceases, then continued [B1oH1&[, 273 K; Br, added until color persists [BloHlo12-in 1:l MeOH-H,O; Br, (18.5 mol per mole BloH:;) in EtOH; mixture refluxed [BloHlo]~; + I, (1 mol) in KI. Separate products via fractional cryst. of Cs*, NMea salt [BloHlo]Z-in EtOH-H,O; 278-283 K; I, (2.62 mol) added, soln warmed, stirred until colorless. Ppt as Cs+ salt + I, product. Reflux with more I, +I, product [BloHlo]2- in MeOH; add I, (3.39 mol per mole of [BloHlo]2-) [BloHlo]2- in MeOH; add I, until no further reaction; reflux; add ICl, heat to 350 K, extract product with CCl,, then CS,

Inorganic Reactions and Methods, Volume4 Edited by J.J. Zuckerman, A.P. Hagen Copyright 0 1991 by VCH Publishers, Inc. 2.6. The Formation of the Halogen (B, At, Ga, In, TI) Bond 2.6.4. from Halogenation of Anionic Group-IIIB Clusters 2.6.4.1. by Elemental Halogens.

7

3. I. A. Sheka, I. S. Chaus, T. T. Mityureva, The Chemistry of Gallium, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1966. 4. K. H. Lieser, H. W. Kohlschutter, D. Maulbecker,H. Elias, 2.Anorg. Allg. Chem.,313,193 (1961). 5. R. K. Pearson, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 41, 1541 (1979). 6 . G. M. Gavrilov, V. I. Evdokimov, Russ. J. Inorg. Chem., 18, 915 (1973). 7. P. L. Timms, Chem. Commun., 258 (1968). 8. J. R. Partington, A. L. Whynes, J. Chem. Soc., 1952 (1948).

2.6.4. from Halogenation of Anionic Group-IIIB Clusters 2.6.4.1. by Elemental Halogens. Direct halogenation of anionic cluster compounds is a proven method for introducing halogens into boron hydride ions'. Most work has been performed on the easily prepared [B,oHlo]2- and [B12H12]2- anions, with significantly fewer studies on the other anions. These dianions react smoothly in aqueous or alcoholic solution with elemental X, to give a range of products in which from one to all the hydrogen atoms may be replaced. For both anions, these reactions are extremely rapid in the initial stages, but the rates decrease as halogenation is continued. These halogenations are assumed to be electrophilic in nature, [B,,H12]2- being more resistant to perhalogenation than [BloHlo]Z-. The reactivity order for the halogens is C1 > Br > I. The very rapid initial rates lead to difficulties in isolating some species, especially those with low degrees of substitution, but details for the preparation of a number of wellcharacterized species are presented in Tables 1 and 2. Preparation of the more highly halogenated species naturally requires larger quantities of added halogen and somewhat more forcing conditions. By means of similar reactions, other halogeno derivatives such as [BloH,Br4]2- and [B,oH,I,]2- have been claimed2 and the preparations of species containing mixed halogen substituents are also described'. By this general route, [Bl,H,Br4]2- also may be obtained3 by adding Br, to [BllHll]Z- at 275 K, while [BllH,Br,]2- is obtained via bromination using sodium TABLE1. HALOGENATED DERIVATIVES OF [BloHlo]2- (FROM REF.12)

Product

Reaction conditions [ B l o H l o ] ~273-278 ~, K; C1, passed in until exothermic reaction ceases [BloHlo]:[, 288-293 K; C1, passed in until exothermic reaction ceases, then continued [B1oH1&[, 273 K; Br, added until color persists [BloHlo12-in 1:l MeOH-H,O; Br, (18.5 mol per mole BloH:;) in EtOH; mixture refluxed [BloHlo]~; + I, (1 mol) in KI. Separate products via fractional cryst. of Cs*, NMea salt [BloHlo]Z-in EtOH-H,O; 278-283 K; I, (2.62 mol) added, soln warmed, stirred until colorless. Ppt as Cs+ salt + I, product. Reflux with more I, +I, product [BloHlo]2- in MeOH; add I, (3.39 mol per mole of [BloHlo]2-) [BloHlo]2- in MeOH; add I, until no further reaction; reflux; add ICl, heat to 350 K, extract product with CCl,, then CS,

8

2.6. The Formation of the Halogen (6, Al, Ga, In, TI) Bond 2.6.4. from Halogenation of Anionic Group-Ill6 Clusters 2.6.4.1. by Elemental Halogens.

TABLE 2. HALOGENATED DERIVATIVES OF BlzH:; Product

(FROM

REF. 12)

Reaction conditions [B12H12].&,273 K; F,:N, mixture (1:5) passed in, 50 h; KBF, ppt removed; neutralize, 7M KOH [B12H12]zi,273 K; C1, added until color retained [B12Hlz]&, ambient T + Cl,; further attack with xs C1, at 420 K [B12Hlz]z--l:l MeOH-H,O, 278 K; Br, (6.33 mol per mole [Bl,Hf;] added [B12H12]:q-; Br, (11.9 mol) added and T raised (350K), then more Br, added at this T. [B1,H12]Z--1:1 MeOH-H,O, 283 K; Br, (6.4 mol) added; further 2.1 mol Br, added and C1, passed in [B12H12]z-in H,O-MeOH; I, (1 mol) added slowly As in [Bl,HllI]2-, except 2 mol I, added [B12H12]Z-in Cl,HCCHCl,, I, (2.2 mol) added; IC1 (14 mol) added, reflux 40 h.

hypobromite4. Halogenation of [B,,H, ,I2- in acidic media leads to degradation, and derivatives of [B,,H,o]2- are obtained instead. The hypobromite reagent also may be employed5 to yield [B8H,Br612- from [B8H8]2- and [BgH,Br612- from [B9HgIZ-. A similar pattern of electrophilic substitution reactions is evident from halogenation studies on carborane anions. F o r example, addition of Br, in MeOH to the monocarbon ion [B,,H1,CH]- causes the color to be discharged rapidly, yielding [B,,H,,Br,CH]-. Reaction with Cl,, even at 273 K, causes extensive degradation, however. Initial halogenation occurs at boron in the 4 position, well removed from the carbon atom6. Similarly, stirring K[BgC,H12] in EtOH with equimolar I, or Br, gives high yields of [B,C,H,,X](X = Br, I)7. This ion, in common with many other carborane anions, is easily protonated to give the neutral halogenocarborane B,C,H, ,X. A direct conversion of a carborane anion to the neutral halogenocarborane is observed when the C,Cdimethyl nido derivative [C,(CH,),B4H5]is treated with IC18. A 3 : l mixture of 2-CIC,(CH,),B,H, and 3-ClC,(CH,),B,H, is obtained, while reaction of the anion with Br, gives 3-BrC,(CH,),B,H,. Halogenation of carborane anions complexed with transition metals has also been studied. The Co(II1) complex [(C,B,H, ,),CO] - is also subject to electrophilic bromination in glacial acetic acid. Three Br atoms are substituted on each carborane anion in the 8 , 9 and 12 positions-those boron atoms which are furthest from the C atomsg. Similar substitution reactions are reported for the cyclopentadienyl cobalt derivatives of [1,2-BgC,Hl ,I2- and [1,6-B,C,Hg]2 -. In these cases, brominations again occurred at the cage boron atoms and attack was not observed on the hydrocarbon ring"-". Generally, the cobalt complexes of the carborane anions behave in an analogous manner to the carboranes themselves under the conditions of electrophilic bromination. In addition, bromination of the n-complexes occurs in glacial acetic acid, whereas carboranes are inert in this medium13. O n the other hand, the heterocarboranes CH,MC,B4H6 (M = Ga, In) d o not survive electron-pair acceptor acid-catalysed conditions. Both carboranes consume Br, very rapidly at 2 9 8 K in CS, with destruction of the cage structure14. ( 6 D. JAMES)

2.6. The Formation of the Halogen (B, Al, Ga, In, TI) Bond 2.6.4. from Halogenation of Anionic Group-IIIB Clusters 2.6.4.2. by Other Halides.

9

1. Gmelin’s Handbuch, 8 Auf., Syst. 13, Boron Compounds, New Supplement Series, Part 14, Springer-Verlag,Berlin, 1977. 2. W. H. Knoth, U.S. Pat. 3,390,966 (1962); Chem. Abstr., 69, 44973 (1968). 3. E. I. Tolpin, W. N. Lipscomb, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,95, 2384 (1973). 4. F. Klanberg, E. L. Muetterties, Znorg. Chem., 5, 1955 (1966). 5. F. Klanberg, D. R. Eaton, L. J. Guggenberger, E. L. Muetterties, Znorg. Chem., 6, 1271 (1967). 6. D. E. Hyatt, F. R. Scholer, L. J. Todd, J. L. Warner, Znorg. Chem., 6, 2229 (1967). 7. F. P. Olsen, M. F. Hawthorne, Znorg. Chem., 4, 1839 (1965). 8. C. G. Savory, M. G. H. Wallbridge, J. Chem. SOC.Dalton, Trans. 880 (1974). 9. M. F. Hawthorne, D. C. Young, T. D. Andrews, D. V. Howe, R. L. Pilling, A. D. Pitts, M. Reintjes, L. F. Warren, P. A. Wegner, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 90,879 (1968). Classic paper in which the chemistry of carboranes is assembled. 10. L. I. Zakharkin, R. K. Bikkineev, Bull. Acad. Sci. USSR (Engl. Transl.), 23, 2294 (1974). 11. B. M. Graybill, M. F. Hawthorne;Znorg. Chem., 8, 1799 (1969). 12. W. H. Knoth, H. C. Miller, J. C. Sauer, J. H. Balthis, Y. T. Chia, E. L. Muetterties, Znorg. Chem., 3, 159 (1964). 13. E. V. Leonova, Rum. Chem. Rev., 49, 147 (1980). Detailed review on cobalt complexes of

carboranes.

14. R. N. Grimes, W. J. Rademaker, M. L. Denniston, R. F. Bryan, P. T. Greene, J. Am. Chem. SOC., 94, 1865 (1972).

2.6.4.2. by Other Halides. The N-halogenosuccinimides or hypohalite ion are used as milder halogenating agents than the halogens themselves. In the reaction of [B,,H,,CH]ion with C1, much degradation of the cage occurs, but with the use of N-chlorosuccinimide the [C1,BloHl,CH] species may be isolated readily’. Similarly, the N-halogenosuccinimides employed in CH,CN yield the derivatives [B20H12C16]2-, [B,oH,,Br]2- and [B20H,I,]2- from [B,,H18]2- without disrupting the B-B link2. The acidity of a number of the boron hydrides precludes the use of HX reagents for substitutions. For example, the anion [l-XB,H,]- is prepared via hydride attack on l-XB,H,. Conversely, then, many hydroboron ions are reprotonated by HX and return to the parent hydride,. In those cases in which reprotonation is not a problem, HX may effect substitutions. Thus, the [Bu4Nl[B3Hs] forms the halide derivatives when treated with stoichiometric quantities of HX (X = C1, Br, I) at 195 K in CH,CI, or ether4: [B,H,]-

+ HX

-

[B,H,X]-

+ H,

(a)

A more appealing method, which has been reported for the [B,H,]-

anion but not apparently more generally applied, involves treatment with mercury halides in a noncoordinating solvent5. Thus, with Hg,Cl,, the reaction proceeds stepwise forming B,H,Cl- and some B,H,Cl; at RT: [B,H,]-

+ 0.5 Hg,Cl,

[B,H,CI]

-

-

+ 0.5 Hg,CI,

[B,H,Cl]B3H6CI,

+ 0.5 H, + Hg

(b)

+ 0.5 H, + Hg

(c)

The labile C1 atom on [B,H,Cl]- provides a route for the preparation of other interesting species. With Hg,Br,, [B,H,Br] - is formed, but it decomposes quite quickly to B4HIo and there is no sign of a reaction with Hg,I,. Hydrogen halides have been employed for substitution reactions with [B1,Hl,]Z-. The reactivity sequence may be seen to be HF > HC1 > HBr (Table 1). Whereas HCl and HBr cause monosubstitution at moderate temperatures, HF will substitute several

Inorganic Reactions and Methods, Volume4 Edited by J.J. Zuckerman, A.P. Hagen Copyright 0 1991 by VCH Publishers, Inc. 2.6. The Formation of the Halogen (B, Al, Ga, In, TI) Bond 2.6.4. from Halogenation of Anionic Group-IIIB Clusters 2.6.4.2. by Other Halides.

9

1. Gmelin’s Handbuch, 8 Auf., Syst. 13, Boron Compounds, New Supplement Series, Part 14, Springer-Verlag,Berlin, 1977. 2. W. H. Knoth, U.S. Pat. 3,390,966 (1962); Chem. Abstr., 69, 44973 (1968). 3. E. I. Tolpin, W. N. Lipscomb, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,95, 2384 (1973). 4. F. Klanberg, E. L. Muetterties, Znorg. Chem., 5, 1955 (1966). 5. F. Klanberg, D. R. Eaton, L. J. Guggenberger, E. L. Muetterties, Znorg. Chem., 6, 1271 (1967). 6. D. E. Hyatt, F. R. Scholer, L. J. Todd, J. L. Warner, Znorg. Chem., 6, 2229 (1967). 7. F. P. Olsen, M. F. Hawthorne, Znorg. Chem., 4, 1839 (1965). 8. C. G. Savory, M. G. H. Wallbridge, J. Chem. SOC.Dalton, Trans. 880 (1974). 9. M. F. Hawthorne, D. C. Young, T. D. Andrews, D. V. Howe, R. L. Pilling, A. D. Pitts, M. Reintjes, L. F. Warren, P. A. Wegner, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 90,879 (1968). Classic paper in which the chemistry of carboranes is assembled. 10. L. I. Zakharkin, R. K. Bikkineev, Bull. Acad. Sci. USSR (Engl. Transl.), 23, 2294 (1974). 11. B. M. Graybill, M. F. Hawthorne;Znorg. Chem., 8, 1799 (1969). 12. W. H. Knoth, H. C. Miller, J. C. Sauer, J. H. Balthis, Y. T. Chia, E. L. Muetterties, Znorg. Chem., 3, 159 (1964). 13. E. V. Leonova, Rum. Chem. Rev., 49, 147 (1980). Detailed review on cobalt complexes of

carboranes.

14. R. N. Grimes, W. J. Rademaker, M. L. Denniston, R. F. Bryan, P. T. Greene, J. Am. Chem. SOC., 94, 1865 (1972).

2.6.4.2. by Other Halides. The N-halogenosuccinimides or hypohalite ion are used as milder halogenating agents than the halogens themselves. In the reaction of [B,,H,,CH]ion with C1, much degradation of the cage occurs, but with the use of N-chlorosuccinimide the [C1,BloHl,CH] species may be isolated readily’. Similarly, the N-halogenosuccinimides employed in CH,CN yield the derivatives [B20H12C16]2-, [B,oH,,Br]2- and [B20H,I,]2- from [B,,H18]2- without disrupting the B-B link2. The acidity of a number of the boron hydrides precludes the use of HX reagents for substitutions. For example, the anion [l-XB,H,]- is prepared via hydride attack on l-XB,H,. Conversely, then, many hydroboron ions are reprotonated by HX and return to the parent hydride,. In those cases in which reprotonation is not a problem, HX may effect substitutions. Thus, the [Bu4Nl[B3Hs] forms the halide derivatives when treated with stoichiometric quantities of HX (X = C1, Br, I) at 195 K in CH,CI, or ether4: [B,H,]-

+ HX

-

[B,H,X]-

+ H,

(a)

A more appealing method, which has been reported for the [B,H,]- anion but not apparently more generally applied, involves treatment with mercury halides in a noncoordinating solvent5. Thus, with Hg,Cl,, the reaction proceeds stepwise forming B,H,Cl- and some B,H,Cl; at RT: [B,H,]-

+ 0.5 Hg,Cl,

[B,H,CI]

-

-

+ 0.5 Hg,CI,

[B,H,Cl]B3H6CI,

+ 0.5 H, + Hg

(b)

+ 0.5 H, + Hg

(c)

The labile C1 atom on [B,H,Cl]- provides a route for the preparation of other interesting species. With Hg,Br,, [B,H,Br] - is formed, but it decomposes quite quickly to B4HIo and there is no sign of a reaction with Hg,I,. Hydrogen halides have been employed for substitution reactions with [B1,Hl,]Z-. The reactivity sequence may be seen to be HF > HC1 > HBr (Table 1). Whereas HCl and HBr cause monosubstitution at moderate temperatures, HF will substitute several

10

2.6. The Formation of the Halogen (6, Al, Ga, In, TI) Bond 2.6.5.from Cleavage of Group-IIIB-Hydrogen Bonds 2.6.5.1. by Halogens.

TABLE 1. HALOGEN DERIVATIVES OF [B,,H12]2PREPARED USINGHX Product

Conditions: HX, T(K)

Ref.

~B1,H11F12[B,2H,oF2]2[Bi2H8F4I2[B12H,F,]2[Bl2H6F6I2CBi 2H i iCllz [B,,H,,Br]2-

HF, 273 K HF, ca. 273 K HF, 373 K; 330-360 K HF, 420 K HF, 473 K; 420-450 K HCI, 360 K HBr, 373 K

6 7 6, 8 6 6, 8 6 6

hydrogen atoms, especially as the temperature is increased. Higher chloro- or bromosubstituted derivatives, however, require the use of the elemental halogens ($2.6.4.1). (6.D JAMES)

4

1. D. E. Hyatt, F. R. Scholer, L. J. Todd, J. L. Warner, Znorg. Chem., 6, 1271 (1967). 2. B. L. Chamberland, E. L. Muetterties, Znorg. Chem., 3, 1450 (1964). 3. Gmehn's Handbuch der Anorganischen Chemie, 8 Auf., Syst. 13, Boron Compounds, New Supplement Series, Part 14, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1977. 4. G. E. Ryschkewitsch, V. H. Miller, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,97, 6258 (1975). 5. G. B. Jacobson, J. H. Morris, Znovg. Chim. Acta, 59,207 (1982) 6. W. H. Knobh, US. Pat. 3,390,966 (1962); Chem. Abstr., 69, 44,973 (1968). 7. N. A. Zhukova, N. T. Kuznetsov, K. A. Solntsev, Y. A. Ustynyuk, Y. A. Grishkin, Russ. J. Znorg. Chem., 25, 378 (1980). 8. N. A. Zhukova, N. T. Kuznetsov, K. A. Solntsev, Rum. J. Znorg. Chem., 25, 513 (1980).

2.6.5. from Cleavage of Group-1116-Hydrogen Bonds 2.6.5.1. by Halogens.

The relatively weak E-H bonds (B-H, ca. 385 kJ mol- ';Al-H, ca. 272; Ga-H, ca. 272; TI-H, ca. 209) are generally susceptible to replacment by stronger E-halogen bonds. There is a steady decrease in the stability of the tetrahydrido complexes in the sequence LiBH, > LiAlH, > LiGaH, > LiInH, > LiTlH,, with substantial information being available only for the first two. Chlorine reacts with LiBH, in ether at T as low as 210 K, but H, and B,H, are the main volatile products and only limited amounts of BCl, (etherate) are obtained: 2 LiBH,

B,H,

+ Cl,$-

+ 5 Cl, + 2 Et,O

-

2 LiCl + B,H, 2 Cl,B.OEt,

+ H, + H, + 4 HCl

(4 (b)

Diborane reacts violently with C1, at RT (and F, reacts at low T), but at lower T, the reaction may be controlled to proceed quantitatively' : B,H,

+ 3 C1,

-

2 BCl,

+ 6 HCl

(c)

Liquid Br, reacts vigprously with KCBHJ at RT but yields only a small amount of BBr,. The reaction of [BH,] - with I, gives BI, as the predominant product, with LiBH,

Inorganic Reactions and Methods, Volume4 Edited by J.J. Zuckerman, A.P. Hagen Copyright 0 1991 by VCH Publishers, Inc. 10

2.6. The Formation of the Halogen (6, Al, Ga, In, TI) Bond 2.6.5.from Cleavage of Group-IIIB-Hydrogen Bonds 2.6.5.1. by Halogens.

TABLE 1. HALOGEN DERIVATIVES OF [B,,H12]2PREPARED USINGHX Product

Conditions: HX, T(K)

Ref.

~B1,H11F12[B,2H,oF2]2[Bi2H8F4I2[B12H,F,]2[Bl2H6F6I2CBi 2H i iCllz [B,,H,,Br]2-

HF, 273 K HF, ca. 273 K HF, 373 K; 330-360 K HF, 420 K HF, 473 K; 420-450 K HCI, 360 K HBr, 373 K

6 7 6, 8 6 6, 8 6 6

hydrogen atoms, especially as the temperature is increased. Higher chloro- or bromosubstituted derivatives, however, require the use of the elemental halogens ($2.6.4.1). (6.D JAMES)

4

1. D. E. Hyatt, F. R. Scholer, L. J. Todd, J. L. Warner, Znorg. Chem., 6, 1271 (1967). 2. B. L. Chamberland, E. L. Muetterties, Znorg. Chem., 3, 1450 (1964). 3. Gmehn's Handbuch der Anorganischen Chemie, 8 Auf., Syst. 13, Boron Compounds, New Supplement Series, Part 14, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1977. 4. G. E. Ryschkewitsch, V. H. Miller, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,97, 6258 (1975). 5. G. B. Jacobson, J. H. Morris, Znovg. Chim. Acta, 59,207 (1982) 6. W. H. Knobh, US. Pat. 3,390,966 (1962); Chem. Abstr., 69, 44,973 (1968). 7. N. A. Zhukova, N. T. Kuznetsov, K. A. Solntsev, Y. A. Ustynyuk, Y. A. Grishkin, Russ. J. Znorg. Chem., 25, 378 (1980). 8. N. A. Zhukova, N. T. Kuznetsov, K. A. Solntsev, Rum. J. Znorg. Chem., 25, 513 (1980).

2.6.5. from Cleavage of Group-1116-Hydrogen Bonds 2.6.5.1. by Halogens.

The relatively weak E-H bonds (B-H, ca. 385 kJ mol- ';Al-H, ca. 272; Ga-H, ca. 272; TI-H, ca. 209) are generally susceptible to replacment by stronger E-halogen bonds. There is a steady decrease in the stability of the tetrahydrido complexes in the sequence LiBH, > LiAlH, > LiGaH, > LiInH, > LiTlH,, with substantial information being available only for the first two. Chlorine reacts with LiBH, in ether at T as low as 210 K, but H, and B,H, are the main volatile products and only limited amounts of BCl, (etherate) are obtained: 2 LiBH,

B,H,

+ Cl,$-

+ 5 Cl, + 2 Et,O

-

2 LiCl + B,H, 2 Cl,B.OEt,

+ H, + H, + 4 HCl

(4 (b)

Diborane reacts violently with C1, at RT (and F, reacts at low T), but at lower T, the reaction may be controlled to proceed quantitatively' : B,H,

+ 3 C1,

-

2 BCl,

+ 6 HCl

(c)

Liquid Br, reacts vigprously with KCBHJ at RT but yields only a small amount of BBr,. The reaction of [BH,] - with I, gives BI, as the predominant product, with LiBH,

2.6. The Formation of the Halogen (B, Al, Ga, In, TI) Bond 2.6.5. from Cleavage of Group-IIIB-Hydrogen Bonds 2.6.5.1. by Halogens.

11

providing the highest yield'. This reaction may be controlled to give a convenient preparation of BI, '. As expected, LiAlH, reacts rapidly with I, in ether at 173 K, apparently yielding LiAlI, as a white solid. At 77K, the product is reported to yield LiAl,17, according to: 2 LiAlH,

+ 4 I,

-

LiAl,I,

+ 4 H, + LiI

A similar reaction is reported between LiAlH, and Br, cleaves (C,H,),AlH 5 : 2 (C,H,),AlH

+ C1,

-

'.

(4

A deficit of C1, gas at 293 K

2 (C,H,),AlCl

+ H,

(e)

A powerful method for direct fluorinations, involving a very low initial F, concentrations has been described6.This technique gives essentially quantitative yields of fluoride derivatives at RT, starting from complex hydrides, e.g., M,[AIH6] is converted to M3[AlF6] (M = Li, Na). Reactions of X, with higher boranes and carboranes, in contrast with those of B,H,, are more controlled and occur as electrophilic substitution reactions (similar to those in $2.6.4.1). Attack of the halogen is mainly at the B atom which has the greatest negative charge. Thus, aluminium halide catalyzed halogenation of B,,H,, readily yields the monohalogeno compound, with the major attack (65 %) being at the 2-position, the remainder being at the 1-position. Prolonged action of Br, and I, on B1,H,, yields dihalo derivatives7. Similarly, electrophilic halogenation of B,Hg occurs in the apical position. If AlCl, is not employed as a catalyst, attack is favored in the 2 position when chlorination is attempted, although bromination and iodination still occur in the 1 position; B,H,, is attacked by Br, at 258 K over 12-18 h to yield 2-BrB,Hg, while attack of F, or C1, is extremely violent8. Detailed methods for the preparation of halogenated boranes may be foundg. Electrophilic halogenations are very stereospecific in the carboranes in which the negative charge is usually greatest on the boron atoms farthest away from the skeletal carbon atoms. Thus, in the electron-pair acceptor acid-catalyzed chlorination, bromination and iodination of closo-1,2-C,BloH,, and its C-methyl derivatives, substitution occurs first at the 9 and 12 positions and then on boron atoms 8 and 10. Principal halogenation in closo-1,7-C,Bl,H,, occurs in the 9 and 10 positions. Electrophilic bromination and iodination of 1,12-C,Bl,H,, yields both mono- and dihalogen compounds, while chlorination yields the tetrachloro derivative". Fluorination, however, appears to be quite nonselective and all 10 boron atoms of 1,2-, 1,7- and 1,12-C,Bl0H,, have been fluorinated by direct reaction with F, in liq H F I,. Direct fluorination methods6 completely fluorinates the B atoms in 1,2-carborane over 4-8 h at RT. The carbon atoms may be fluorinated under more forcing conditions. The electronpair acceptor acid-catalyzed halogenation of 1-Phl-1,2-C2B,oH,, is an interesting reaction because it is possible to quench it before any halogenation of the phenyl ring has occurred. The electron-withdrawing properties of the carborane cage thus passivate the aromatic ring". Although the order of electrophilic substitution on the 1,2-C,B1,H,, cage appears almost invariant, there is evidence that the choice of catalyst may alter the course of the reaction. Thus, chlorination or bromination in the presence of Fe metal appears to be less selective than with aluminum halide catalyst^'^*'^. Similar selectivity is observed for photochemical chlorination and bromination, although chlorination proceeds easily to the B-decachloro derivatives. The reaction takes place in stages, with substitution occurring at the most negative boron atoms first-until

12

2.6. The Formation of the Halogen (B, Al, Ga, In, TI) Bond 2.6.5. from Cleavage of Group-IIIB-Hydrogen Bonds 2.6.5.1. by Halogens. ~~~~

finally the 3,6 boron atoms are attacked. With 1,7-carborane, two monochloro isomers may be obtained, but chlorination of 1,12-carborane appears to be fairly random. Both 1,2- and 1,7-carboranes resist photochemical bromination, yielding only the monobromo derivatives in the absence of a The smaller closo-carboranes undergo similar reactions, with substitution on the boron atoms farthest away from the skeletal carbons. Thus, chlorination of 2,4-C,B,H, in the presence of AlCl, yields mostly the 5-chloro derivative and bromination of 1,6-C,B7H, occurs in the 8 position. Direct chlorination of l,lO-C,B,H,, in CCI, generates the B-octachloro derivative and complete chlorination of the 1,lO-dimethyl derivative occurs under the influence of UV light. Other examples are cited in refs. 14-17. Attack on the B-H bonds of borazines by halogen appears, on the other hand, to be a nucleophilic process. This is shown by the fact that H,B,N,R, reacts with Br, to give Br,B,N,H,R, which eliminates HBr on heating to produce Br,B,N,R,. There is, however, no reaction between Br, and C1,B,N3H, or (CH,),B,N,(CH,), . Chlorine produces Cl,B,N,R,, but only with UV radiation, while iodination proceeds stepwise”, giving I,H, -,B,N,R,. Halogen-substituted pyrayaboles can be prepared by treating P-hydropyrayabole in halogenated methane with C1, on Br, (elemental) until the halogen color persists”. (B.D. JAMES)

1. N. N. Greenwood, in Comprehensive Inorganic Chemistry, J. C. Bailes Jr., H. J. Emeleus, R. Nyholm, A. F. Trolman-Dickenson, eds., Vol. 1, Ch. 11, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1973. 2. J. Cueilleron, H. Mongeot, Bull. SOL.Chim. Fr., 76 (1966). 3. G. Brauer, ed., Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, 2nd ed., Vol. 1, Academic Press, New York, 1963, p. 782. 4. E. C. Ashby, Ado. Inorg. Chem. Radiochem., 8,283 (1966). Clear, critical review on aluminohydrides. 5. T. Mole, E. A. Jeffery, Organoaluminium Compounds, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1972. 6. R. J. Lagow, J. L. Margrave, Prog. Inorg. Chem., 26, 161 (1979). A novel technique that offers great scope for the production of F derivatives. 7. S. G. Shore, in Boron Hydride Chemistry, E. L. Muetterties, ed., Ch. 3, Academic Press, New York, 1975. Excellent review on nido- and arachnoboranes. 8. J. Dobson, R. Schaeffer, Inorg. Chem., 4, 593 (1965); also halogenation of l-SB,H, gives predominantly axial (10 position) substitution: W. L. Smith, B. J. Meneghelli, N. McClure, R. W. Rudolph, J. Am. Chem., SOL.,98, 624 (1976). 9. Gmelin’s Handbuch der Anorganischen Chemie, 8 Auf., Syst. 13, Boron Compounds, New Supplement Series, Part 14, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1977. 10. T. Onak, in Comprehensive Organometallic Chemistry, G. Wilkinson, ed., Ch. 5.4, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1982. Good coverage of carborane and organopolyboron hydride chemistry. 11. S. Kongpricha, H. Schroder, Inorg. Chem., 8, 2449 (1960). 12. L. I. Zakharkin, V. I. Stanko, A. I. Klimova, Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 1946 (1966). 13. V. I. Stanko, A. I. Klimova, T. P. Klimova, J. Gen. Chem. USSR, 37,2123 (1967). 14. R. N. Grimes, Carboranes, Academic Press, New York, 1970. Excellent text. 15. H. Beall, in Boron Hydride Chemistry, E. L. Muetterties, ed., Ch. 9, Academic Press, New York, 1975. 16. R. W. Jotham, in Mellor’s Comprehensive Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, Supplement Vol. 5, Part B1, Section 8, Longmans, London, 1981. Detailed account ofcarborane derivatives. 17. T. Onak, in Boron Hydride Chemistry, E. L. Muetterties, ed., Ch. 10, Academic Press, New York, 1975. 18. K. A. Muszkat, B. Kirson, Isr. J. Chem., I , 150 (1963). 19. C. M. Clarke, M. K. Das, E. Hanecken, J. F. Mariategui, K. Niedenyu, P. M. Niedenyu, H. Noh, K. R. Warner, Inorg. Chem., 26, 2310 (1987).


13

2.6. The Formation of the Halogen ( 6 ,Al, Ga, In, TI) Bond 2.6.5. from Cleavage of Group-1116-Hydrogen Bonds 2.6.5.2. by Hydrogen Halogens.

2.6.5.2. by Hydrogen Halldes.

The generally hydridic (Ha-) character of the group-IIIB hydrides and the protonic (Ha+)nature of the HX leads to very vigorous reactions between the two. Thus, the [BH,]-, [AlH,]- and [GaH,]- species are decomposed by these reagents. As expected, the trimethylamine adducts of halogenogallanes can be prepared' by the treatment of solid H,Ga-NMe, with stoichiometric quantities of HX gas at low T: H,Ga-NMe,

+ n HX

-

X,H, -,Ga.NMe,

+ n H,

(a)

where n = 1,2; X = C1, Br. Reliable, high-yield syntheses for the production of adducts of haloboranes via similar procedures have been developed2. The method is easily modified for large-scale preparations and no special precautions for the exclusion of air or water are required3s4.On the other hand, complexed HX, such as in the salts [Me,NH]CI or [C,H,NH]Cl, provides a most useful synthetic reagent also causing cleavage of a hydridic linkage under mild conditions. For example, H,Ga*NMe, may be prepared via the reaction of Me,N.HCl on LiGaH, in ether below 273 K: [Me,NH]Cl

+ LiGaH,

-

H,Ga.NMe,

+ LiCl + H,

(b)

Excess [Me,NH]Cl then causes cleavage of other Ga-H bonds, producing the amine adduct of GaHCl, directly without isolation of the GaH, adduct: H,Ga*NMe,

+ 2 [Me,NH]Cl

-

CI,HGa.NMe,

+ 2 Me,N + 2 H,

(c)

The reaction does not appear to go to completion, however, when the analogous bromide system is employed'. Similar reactions are known for AlH, and its Me,N adduct, yielding chloroalanes'. With HF, AIF, is formed because its large enthalpy of formation drives the reaction toward complete substitution. [B,H,]- and its substituted derivatives [B,H,Y]- (Y = NCO, NCS or NCBH,) undergo substitution with HC1. By contrast, CN-bridged [B,H,(NC)B,H,]- undergoes substitution only in the B cage that is bonded to the N '. Bromine substitution of a terminal hydrogen atom in B,H, may be achieved using HBr in the presence of AlBr,, but other monohalogenodiboranes are more easily prepared via other reactions7. In the presence of AlCl,, B,Hlo is degraded slowly by HCl to give BCl,. With the higher boranes, the H atoms tend to become protonic, and while hydrogen halides interact (especially in the presence of AlCl,) to exchange protons, there is not generally any halogen substitution at the B-H bonds. Controlled addition of HX permits the preparation of organoaluminum halides from the corresponding hydrides. Addition of 1 mol of HCl gas above the surface of a 4: 1 (C2H,),AlH-(C,H,),Al mixture at 298 K gives (C,H,),AlCl with the Al-H bond being cleaved selectively. The bromide and iodide may be prepared by similar methods8. The compound reported to be (CH,),GaH is unstable and has not been authenticatedg, so an analogous reaction for Ga appears unlikely on these grounds. Indium and T1 hydrides, whether in the + I or + I11 oxidation states also seem to be either very unstable or poorly characterized species (apart from the [MH,] - ions) and their reactions have not been investigated",". (B.D. JAMES)

1. N. N. Greenwood, in New Pathways in Inorganic Chemistry, E. A. V. Ebsworth, A. G. Maddock, A. G. Sharpe, eds., Cambridge University Press, 1968.

14

2.6. The Formation of the Halogen (8,Al, Ga, In, TI) Bond 2.6.5. from Cleavage of Group-IIIB-Hydrogen Bonds 2.6.5.3. with Other Halides.

2. G. E. Ryschkewitsch, J. W. Wiggins, Inorg. Synth., 12, 116 (1970). 3. Large-scale reactions tend to give mixtures of halogenated products, so monitoring via 'H NMR has been proposed since each product has a distinct signal. See J. A. Van Paasschen, M. G. Hu, L. A. Peacock, R. A. Geanangel, Synth. React. Inorg. Met.-Org. Chem., 4, 11 (1974). 4. In THF, B,H, forms H,B.THF, which undergoes a similar reaction that is very convenient (5 min at 273 K) for the preparation of HBCI,. See G. Zweifel, J. Organomet. Chem., 9,215 (1967). 5. H. Noth, E. Wiberg, Fortschr. Chem. Forsch., 8,321 (1967). Comprehensivereview on aluminum hydride and its derivatives. 6. D. G. Meina, J. H. Morris, J. Chem. SOC.,Dalton Trans., 2645 (1986). 7. N. N. Greenwood, in Comprehensive Inorganic Chemistry, J. C. Bailer Jr., H. J. Emeleus, R. Nyholm, A. F. Trotman-Dickenson,eds., Vol. 1, Ch. 11, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1973. 8. T. Mole, E. A. Jeffery, Organoahminium Compounds, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1972. 9. N. N. Greenwood, Adv. Inorg. Chem. Radiochem., 5, 91 (1963). 10. K. Wade, A. J. Banister, in Comprehensive Inorganic Chemistry, J. C. Bailer Jr., H. J. Emeleus, R. Nyholm, A. F. Trotman-Dickenson,eds., Vol. 1, Ch. 12, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1973. 11. A. G. Lee, The Chemistry of Thallium, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1971.

2.6.5.3. with Other Halides. The high enthalpies of formation of AlX, (AIF,, -1302 kJmol-'; AlCl,, -695; AlBr,, -526.6; AH,, -314.8) together with the reducing ability of AIH, make it probable that nonmetal and many metal halides undergo hydrogen-halogen exchange reactions'. Depending on the stability and reactivity of the intermediate steps, partial or complete hydride transfer to the halide or elimination of H, or HX from that hydrided compound may follow. Thus, PCl, reacts with xs AlH, in ether to give H,, some PH, [but mostly (PH), polymer] and AlCl, etherate. This interesting reaction, however, was studied with a view to optimizing the yields of either PH, or the (PH), polymer'. Similarly, boron halides are converted to diborane and the reaction may proceed through to the formation of AI(BH4), : 2 AlH,

4 AlH,

-

+ 2 BCl,

+ 3 BCl,

+ B,H,

(a)

+ Al(BH4),

(b)

2 AlCl,

3 AlCl,

Stoichiometric redistribution reactions of this type between BCI, and BH, in THF may be employed to prepare BHCl, and BH'Cl, but fluoroboranes cannot be prepared by such means3, although F substitution on 1,2-C,BloH12 is possible. Halogen derivatives of the larger boron hydrides may be prepared by reactions of this type4. For example, B,H,X (X = Br, I) is produced in good yield from B,H,, with xs BX,. Similar redistribution reactions also have been reported for a l ~ m i n u m ~ . ~ :

+ 2 AlX, 3 AlHX, 2 AlH, + AlX, +3 AlH,X

AlH,

(c)

where X = C1, Br, I. A very good preparation for monohalogenodiboranes also involves cocondensing B,H, and BX, (X = Br, I) and allowing the mixture to warm. The mixture is then fractionated by passing through cold traps successively at 195, 147 and 77 K. The product collects in the middle trap and excess reagents in the other two. If these are then condensed back into the reaction flask another crop of product may be obtained. For IB'H,, the reaction should be performed in the absence of light and Hg vapor7.


2.6. The Formation of the Halogen (8,Al, Ga, In, TI) Bond 2.6.5. from Cleavage of Group-IIIB-Hydrogen Bonds 2.6.5.3. with Other Halides.

2. G. E. Ryschkewitsch, J. W. Wiggins, Inorg. Synth., 12, 116 (1970). 3. Large-scale reactions tend to give mixtures of halogenated products, so monitoring via 'H NMR has been proposed since each product has a distinct signal. See J. A. Van Paasschen, M. G. Hu, L. A. Peacock, R. A. Geanangel, Synth. React. Inorg. Met.-Org. Chem., 4, 11 (1974). 4. In THF, B,H, forms H,B.THF, which undergoes a similar reaction that is very convenient (5 min at 273 K) for the preparation of HBCI,. See G. Zweifel, J. Organomet. Chem., 9,215 (1967). 5. H. Noth, E. Wiberg, Fortschr. Chem. Forsch., 8,321 (1967). Comprehensivereview on aluminum hydride and its derivatives. 6. D. G. Meina, J. H. Morris, J. Chem. SOC.,Dalton Trans., 2645 (1986). 7. N. N. Greenwood, in Comprehensive Inorganic Chemistry, J. C. Bailer Jr., H. J. Emeleus, R. Nyholm, A. F. Trotman-Dickenson,eds., Vol. 1, Ch. 11, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1973. 8. T. Mole, E. A. Jeffery, Organoahminium Compounds, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1972. 9. N. N. Greenwood, Adv. Inorg. Chem. Radiochem., 5, 91 (1963). 10. K. Wade, A. J. Banister, in Comprehensive Inorganic Chemistry, J. C. Bailer Jr., H. J. Emeleus, R. Nyholm, A. F. Trotman-Dickenson,eds., Vol. 1, Ch. 12, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1973. 11. A. G. Lee, The Chemistry of Thallium, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1971.

2.6.5.3. with Other Halides. The high enthalpies of formation of AlX, (AIF,, -1302 kJmol-'; AlCl,, -695; AlBr,, -526.6; AH,, -314.8) together with the reducing ability of AIH, make it probable that nonmetal and many metal halides undergo hydrogen-halogen exchange reactions'. Depending on the stability and reactivity of the intermediate steps, partial or complete hydride transfer to the halide or elimination of H, or HX from that hydrided compound may follow. Thus, PCl, reacts with xs AlH, in ether to give H,, some PH, [but mostly (PH), polymer] and AlCl, etherate. This interesting reaction, however, was studied with a view to optimizing the yields of either PH, or the (PH), polymer'. Similarly, boron halides are converted to diborane and the reaction may proceed through to the formation of AI(BH4), : 2 AlH,

4 AlH,

-

+ 2 BCl,

+ 3 BCl,

+ B,H,

(a)

+ Al(BH4),

(b)

2 AlCl,

3 AlCl,

Stoichiometric redistribution reactions of this type between BCI, and BH, in THF may be employed to prepare BHCl, and BH'Cl, but fluoroboranes cannot be prepared by such means3, although F substitution on 1,2-C,BloH12 is possible. Halogen derivatives of the larger boron hydrides may be prepared by reactions of this type4. For example, B,H,X (X = Br, I) is produced in good yield from B,H,, with xs BX,. Similar redistribution reactions also have been reported for a l ~ m i n u m ~ . ~ :

+ 2 AlX, 3 AlHX, 2 AlH, + AlX, +3 AlH,X

AlH,

(c)

where X = C1, Br, I. A very good preparation for monohalogenodiboranes also involves cocondensing B,H, and BX, (X = Br, I) and allowing the mixture to warm. The mixture is then fractionated by passing through cold traps successively at 195, 147 and 77 K. The product collects in the middle trap and excess reagents in the other two. If these are then condensed back into the reaction flask another crop of product may be obtained. For IB'H,, the reaction should be performed in the absence of light and Hg vapor7.

2.6. The Formation of the Halogen (B, Al, Ga, In, TI) Bond 2.6.5. from Cleavage of Group-IIIB-Hydrogen Bonds 2.6.5.3. with Other Halides.

15

For reactions with the more saltlike halides, electron-pair acid-base interactions of the type X:- -+ AlH,-,X; may occur. Such interactions probably are responsible for stabilizing AlH, solutions whenever AlH, and lithium halides are obtained together. Complexes such as Li[H,AlX] are formed'. A convenient method for the chlorination in good yield of the stable amine-boranes employs NaOCl in a manner reminiscent of the halogenation of clusters ($2.6.4.1). Thus, N-methylmorpholine chloroborane may be obtained in 84 % yield at RT from the BH, adduct'. A useful reaction for halogen exchange is to interact a hydride with a halide of a metal that is easily reduced. This reaction was foreshadowed earlier in the reactions of [B,H,]- with HgX, but is of more general utility. For example, borazine and HgCl, react in ether or pentane: n HgCl,

+ H,B,N,R,

-

n ClHgH

+ Cl,H,

-,B,N,R,

(el

This is a good method for producing unsymmetrically halogen-substituted borazines. The chlorides of Cu(II), Pb(I1) and Ag(1) however, do not react in this system". Other less desirable reagents such as COCl, and SOCl, also may be employed to effect chlorination at the B atom''. Stannic halides (X = C1, Br) may be used in this type of reaction, but separation of the product mixtures may be difficult. For example, SnCl, reacts immediately with N,N',N"-trimethylborazineat 250 K giving (CH,),N,B,H,Cl and (CH,),N,B,HCl, with a small amount of (CH,),N,B,Cl,. The HCl byproduct reacts with some of the borazine starting material to give an adduct". Finally, many hydrides can also be halogenated by reaction with halogenated hydrocarbons, although it is not always easy to control the reaction. Chloroform, dichloromethane and 1,2-dichloroethane all react with [AlH,] - to replace H with chlorine, although no recommendation is made for this as a synthetic method in this case',. Useful derivatives of amine-boranes may be prepared by this reaction; the halocarbons may be CCl,, CCl,Br, ClCH,CH,Cl and (C,H,),CCl. The ease of reaction depends on the ligating amine; the reaction and appears to be free radical, being initiated with benzoyl peroxide',. Similarly, the useful hydroborating agent H,ClB*S(CH,), may be prepared quantitatively' by refluxing dimethylsulfide-borane with equimolar CCl,. These reactions are of use in halogenating more stable compounds since 1,2-C,B1,H,, can be chlorinated by refluxing it with CCl, or CHCl, over AIC1,. The 9,12-dichloro derivative is obtained in high yield. Also, reaction of the 1,2-carborane with iodobenzene at 570 K yields the 9- and 8-iodo derivatives'6. (B.D.JAMES) 1. H. Noth, E. Wiberg, Fortschr. Chem. Forsch., 8, 321 (1967). 2. E. Wiberg, G. Muller-Schiedmayer, Chem. Ber., 92, 2372 (1959). 3. D. J. Pasto, in Boron Hydride Chemistry, E. L. Muetterties, Ed., Academic Press, New York, 1975. Short review of solution reactions of borane derivatives giving preparative, kinetic and mechanistic aspects. Recommended. 4. Gmelin's Handbuch der Anorganischen Chemie, 8 Aufl., Syst. 13, Boron Compounds, New Supplement Series, Part 14, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1977. 5. E. Wiberg, M. Schmidt, 2. Naturforsch., Teil B, 458 (1951). 6. Redistributions in systems such as [AlHJ [AlClJ- have been studied and the various AlH,CI,-, species shown to predominate under different conditions. See L. V. Titov, V. D. Sasnovskaya, V. Y. Rosolovskii, Bull. Acad. Sci. USSR, 29, 675 (1980); L. A. Gavrilova, L. V. Tirov, V. Y. Rosolovskii, Russ. J. Znorg. Chem., 26, 1116 (1981).

+

16

2.6. The Formation of the Halogen (6, Al, Ga, In, TI) Bond 2.6.6. from Cleavage of Group-1116-Oxygen Bonds 2.6.6.1. by Halogens.

7. J. E. Drake, B. Rapp, C. Riddle, J. Simpson, Znorg. Synth., 18, 145 (1978). 8. H. C. Kelly, S. C. Yasui, A. B. Twiss-Brooks, Znorg. Chem., 23, 2220 (1984). 9. G. B. Jacobson, J. H. Morris, Znorg. Chim. Acta, 59, 207 (1982). 10. R. Maruca, 0. T. Beachley, A. W. Laubengayer, Znorg. Chem., 6, 575 (1967). 11. J. M. Turner, J. Chem. Soc., 401 (1966). 12. G. A. Anderson, J. J. Lagowski, Chem. Commun., 649 (1966). 13. L. V. Titov, V. D. Sasnovskaya, V. Y. Rosolovskii, Bull. Acad. Sci. USSR,29, 675 (1980). 14. G. E. Ryschkewitsch, V. R. Miller, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 95,2836 (1973). 15. W. E. Paget, K. Smith, Chem. Commun., 1169 (1980). 16. R. N. Grimes, Carboranes, Academic Press, New York, 1970.

2.6.6. from Cleavage of Group-IIIB-Oxygen Bonds 2.6.6.1. by Halogens.

Fluorination of metal oxides is one of the oldest known methods of preparing inorganic fluorides. Thermodynamically, all metal oxides should react with fluorine to liberate oxygen and form the fluoride (usually in the highest oxidation state). Frequently, however, this is not achieved for one of two reasons. Either a layer of fluoride product on the oxide surface prevents further reaction or the activation energy for the reaction is too high. Group IIIB illustrates the extremes very well. Fluorination of T1,0, begins even at RT and is an example of a good preparation'. In practice the fluorination should proceed slowly, otherwise fusion of the product prevents complete reaction'. On the other hand, the high lattice energy of Al,03 causes the activation energy for fluorination to be very large and the reaction to be inhibited. Activated alumina is quite easily converted to the trifluoride with only gentle warming in a F, atmosphere, while the sintered A1,03 resists F, so strongly that it may be employed as a fluorine container'. Reaction of F, with In,O, is a recommended method for InF,. Initial gentle heating starts the reaction, which then proceeds exothermically. The reaction remains incomplete, however, unless the product is heated further for several hours in a F, stream3. Reaction of F, with Ga,03 is incomplete even at high T, with about 5 % of the oxide remaining. The extent of reaction is markedly dependent on the T at which the oxide is calcined4. Extension of these reactions to the less reactive C1, leads inevitably to lower yields. The reaction of C1, on A1,0, is endothermic5, and there does not appear to be appreciable reaction with Ga,O, up to 1OOOK. In any event, other methods for producing the metal halides are more convenient. Other group-IIIB-oxygen species are also susceptible to reaction with halogens. Trimethoxyborane interacts rapidly with C1, gas at RT: B(OCH,),

+ 9 C1,

-

BCl,

+ 3 COC1, + 9 HCl

(4

but with fluorinated compounds of the type (R,CH,O),B chlorination occurs initially at the -CH,carbon atom before cleaving the B-0 bond to yield (RFCHC10),BC16. Halogen attack on metal alkoxides is a general reaction7. The propensity for T1 to adopt either the +I11 or the + I oxidation state tends to complicate the reactions of its carboxylates with Br,. Thallous acetate is oxidized to Tl(O,CCH,)Br,, but with the


16

2.6. The Formation of the Halogen (6, Al, Ga, In, TI) Bond 2.6.6. from Cleavage of Group-1116-Oxygen Bonds 2.6.6.1. by Halogens.

7. J. E. Drake, B. Rapp, C. Riddle, J. Simpson, Znorg. Synth., 18, 145 (1978). 8. H. C. Kelly, S. C. Yasui, A. B. Twiss-Brooks, Znorg. Chem., 23, 2220 (1984). 9. G. B. Jacobson, J. H. Morris, Znorg. Chim. Acta, 59, 207 (1982). 10. R. Maruca, 0. T. Beachley, A. W. Laubengayer, Znorg. Chem., 6, 575 (1967). 11. J. M. Turner, J. Chem. Soc., 401 (1966). 12. G. A. Anderson, J. J. Lagowski, Chem. Commun., 649 (1966). 13. L. V. Titov, V. D. Sasnovskaya, V. Y. Rosolovskii, Bull. Acad. Sci. USSR,29, 675 (1980). 14. G. E. Ryschkewitsch, V. R. Miller, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 95,2836 (1973). 15. W. E. Paget, K. Smith, Chem. Commun., 1169 (1980). 16. R. N. Grimes, Carboranes, Academic Press, New York, 1970.

2.6.6. from Cleavage of Group-IIIB-Oxygen Bonds 2.6.6.1. by Halogens.

Fluorination of metal oxides is one of the oldest known methods of preparing inorganic fluorides. Thermodynamically, all metal oxides should react with fluorine to liberate oxygen and form the fluoride (usually in the highest oxidation state). Frequently, however, this is not achieved for one of two reasons. Either a layer of fluoride product on the oxide surface prevents further reaction or the activation energy for the reaction is too high. Group IIIB illustrates the extremes very well. Fluorination of T1,0, begins even at RT and is an example of a good preparation'. In practice the fluorination should proceed slowly, otherwise fusion of the product prevents complete reaction'. On the other hand, the high lattice energy of Al,03 causes the activation energy for fluorination to be very large and the reaction to be inhibited. Activated alumina is quite easily converted to the trifluoride with only gentle warming in a F, atmosphere, while the sintered A1,03 resists F, so strongly that it may be employed as a fluorine container'. Reaction of F, with In,O, is a recommended method for InF,. Initial gentle heating starts the reaction, which then proceeds exothermically. The reaction remains incomplete, however, unless the product is heated further for several hours in a F, stream3. Reaction of F, with Ga,03 is incomplete even at high T, with about 5 % of the oxide remaining. The extent of reaction is markedly dependent on the T at which the oxide is calcined4. Extension of these reactions to the less reactive C1, leads inevitably to lower yields. The reaction of C1, on A1,0, is endothermic5, and there does not appear to be appreciable reaction with Ga,O, up to 1OOOK. In any event, other methods for producing the metal halides are more convenient. Other group-IIIB-oxygen species are also susceptible to reaction with halogens. Trimethoxyborane interacts rapidly with C1, gas at RT: B(OCH,),

+ 9 C1,

-

BCl,

+ 3 COC1, + 9 HCl

(4

but with fluorinated compounds of the type (R,CH,O),B chlorination occurs initially at the -CH,carbon atom before cleaving the B-0 bond to yield (RFCHC10),BC16. Halogen attack on metal alkoxides is a general reaction7. The propensity for T1 to adopt either the +I11 or the + I oxidation state tends to complicate the reactions of its carboxylates with Br,. Thallous acetate is oxidized to Tl(O,CCH,)Br,, but with the

2.6. The Formation of the Halogen (8, Al, Ga, In, TI) Bond 2.6.6. from Cleavage of Group-IIIB-Oxygen Bonds 2.6.6.2. by Halogens with Reducing Agents.

higher carboxylates there is TI-0 T1[T1Br4], according to8: 2 RC0,Tl

+ 3 Br,

17

bond cleavage and partial oxidation to give

-

2 RBr

+ 2 CO, + TlCTlBr,]

(b) (B.D. JAMES)

1. E. L. Muetterties, C. W. Tullock, Preparative Inorganic Reactions, Vol. 2, Interscience, New York, 1965, p. 237. 2. G. Brauer, ed., Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, 2nd ed., Vol. 1, Academic Press, New York, 1963, p. 230. 3. G. Brauer, ed,, Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, 2nd ed., Vol. 1, Academic Press, New York, 1963, p. 229. 4. I. A. Sheka, I. S. Chaus, T. T. Mityureva, The Chemistry of Gallium, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1966. 5. J. W. Mellor, A Comprehensive Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, Vol. 5, Longmans, Green, London, 1961. 6. H. Steinberg, Organoboron Chemistry, Vol. 1, Interscience, New York, 1964. 7. D. C. Bradley, R. C. Mehrotra, D. P. Gaur, Metal Alkoxides, Academic Press, London, 1978. 8. A. G. Lee, The Chemistry of Thallium, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1971.

2.6.6.2. by Halogens with Reducing Agents. Because the action of C1, alone on A1,0, is incomplete, the assistance of reductants has been invoked. Aluminum chloride may be produced by means of the reaction of C1, on a mixture of alumina and coke at 1100 K, the formation of CO causing the reaction to be exothermic': A1,0,

+ 3 C + 3 C1,

-

2 AlCI,

+ 3 CO

(a)

The extension to the preparation of other group-IIIB halides (e.g., AlBr,) is a general procedure. Likewise, InCl, may be prepared by heating In,O, with powdered carbon in a dry C1, stream,. Other reductants may also be employed. For example, S,CI, in a reaction to produce AlCl, :

4 A1,0,

+ 3 S,Cl, + 9 C1,

-

8 AICI,

+ 6 SO,

(b)

Passing S,Cl, and C1, over a heated mixture of A1,0, and carbon yields as the first product the addition compound Cl,Al~S,Cl,, the components of which may be separated by distillation'. It is mainly carbon compounds, however, that have been recommended for these reactions: petroleum vapor, CCl,, COCl, or chloronaphthalene are reported's3. Similarly, the use of a mixture of CCl, and C1, is recommended to produce GaCI, from Ga,O, because C1, alone does not react appreciably4. These reduction reactions, however, are not now generally employed for the production of Al, Ga and In halides because they are neither clean nor convenient. Phosgene is a likely byproduct and contaminant. These halides are much more easily prepared via direct halogenation. On the other hand, BCI, is prepared on an industrial scale by this type of process starting from either boric oxide or a metal borate'; BBr, has also been prepared in this fashion. (B.D. JAMES)


2.6. The Formation of the Halogen (8, Al, Ga, In, TI) Bond 2.6.6. from Cleavage of Group-IIIB-Oxygen Bonds 2.6.6.2. by Halogens with Reducing Agents.

higher carboxylates there is TI-0 T1[T1Br4], according to8: 2 RC0,Tl

+ 3 Br,

17

bond cleavage and partial oxidation to give

-

2 RBr

+ 2 CO, + TlCTlBr,]

(b) (B.D. JAMES)

1. E. L. Muetterties, C. W. Tullock, Preparative Inorganic Reactions, Vol. 2, Interscience, New York, 1965, p. 237. 2. G. Brauer, ed., Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, 2nd ed., Vol. 1, Academic Press, New York, 1963, p. 230. 3. G. Brauer, ed,, Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, 2nd ed., Vol. 1, Academic Press, New York, 1963, p. 229. 4. I. A. Sheka, I. S. Chaus, T. T. Mityureva, The Chemistry of Gallium, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1966. 5. J. W. Mellor, A Comprehensive Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, Vol. 5, Longmans, Green, London, 1961. 6. H. Steinberg, Organoboron Chemistry, Vol. 1, Interscience, New York, 1964. 7. D. C. Bradley, R. C. Mehrotra, D. P. Gaur, Metal Alkoxides, Academic Press, London, 1978. 8. A. G. Lee, The Chemistry of Thallium, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1971.

2.6.6.2. by Halogens with Reducing Agents. Because the action of C1, alone on A1,0, is incomplete, the assistance of reductants has been invoked. Aluminum chloride may be produced by means of the reaction of C1, on a mixture of alumina and coke at 1100 K, the formation of CO causing the reaction to be exothermic': A1,0,

+ 3 C + 3 C1,

-

2 AlCI,

+ 3 CO

(a)

The extension to the preparation of other group-IIIB halides (e.g., AlBr,) is a general procedure. Likewise, InCl, may be prepared by heating In,O, with powdered carbon in a dry C1, stream,. Other reductants may also be employed. For example, S,CI, in a reaction to produce AlCl, :

4 A1,0,

+ 3 S,Cl, + 9 C1,

-

8 AICI,

+ 6 SO,

(b)

Passing S,Cl, and C1, over a heated mixture of A1,0, and carbon yields as the first product the addition compound Cl,Al~S,Cl,, the components of which may be separated by distillation'. It is mainly carbon compounds, however, that have been recommended for these reactions: petroleum vapor, CCl,, COCl, or chloronaphthalene are reported's3. Similarly, the use of a mixture of CCl, and C1, is recommended to produce GaCI, from Ga,O, because C1, alone does not react appreciably4. These reduction reactions, however, are not now generally employed for the production of Al, Ga and In halides because they are neither clean nor convenient. Phosgene is a likely byproduct and contaminant. These halides are much more easily prepared via direct halogenation. On the other hand, BCI, is prepared on an industrial scale by this type of process starting from either boric oxide or a metal borate'; BBr, has also been prepared in this fashion. (B.D. JAMES)

18

2.6. The Formation of the Halogen (B, At, Ga, In, TI) Bond 2.6.6. from Cleavage of Group-IIIB-Oxygen Bonds 2.6.6.3. with Hydrogen Halides.

1. J. W. Mellor, A Comprehensive Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, Vol. 5, Longmans, Green, London, 1961. 2. Gmelin's Handbuch der Anorganischen Chemie, 8 Aufl., Syst. 31, Indium, Verlag Chemie, Berlin, 1936. 3. P. Pascal, Nouveau Traite de Chimie Minerale, Vol. 6, Masson, Paris, 1961. 4. G. Brauer (Ed.), Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, 2nd ed., Vol. 1, Academic Press, New York, 1963, p. 843. 5. N. N. Greenwood, B. S . Thomas, in Comprehensive Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 1, Ch. 11, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1973.

2.6.6.3. with Hydrogen Halides.

The interaction of HX with metal oxides is a long-established method for the production of group-IIIB metal halides. Frequently, these reactions are performed using the aqueous solutions of HX: the important aluminum halide hydrates may be obtained conveniently by dissolving the hydrated oxide in concentrated acid'. Similarly, Ga,O, dissolves on warming in conc HCL. Anhydrous InCl, and GaCl, may be obtained from interaction of the heated oxide and gaseous HC1. The details of the Ga,O, reaction have been examined. The p-form of Ga,O, contained in a quartz dish was maintained in a vertical oven and attached to a torsion balance by a quartz thread. The measurements show that chlorination occurs even at RT in a stream of dry HCl. The optimal T range seems to be between 610 and 870 K where the reaction is very rapid and the GaCl, product distills off easily,. When HCl gas is passed into suspensions of T1,03 either in water or alcohol, the oxide dissolves and chlorothallate derivatives may be obtained by adding suitable countercations. The reactions seem to proceed through chlorothallic acid as an intermediate. This acid HTlC14.3 OH, may be isolated from water, while a [TlCl,]'- derivative was obtained from ethanol3. Other oxy species, such as carbonates, are useful in reactions of this type. Thallous fluoride, for example, is formed easily from the carbonate and either aq or anhyd H F Thallic oxide interacts with H F (either as 40 % aqueous solution or as the gas at 373 K) to yield TlOF, the metal surprisingly remaining in the +I11 oxidation state4. Other thallium oxyhalides are not prepared this way because of the tendency for thallium to reduce to the + I state. Hydrogen fluoride attacks borates quite aggressively. The modern two-step, highyield process for the preparation of BF, involves the synthesis from Na,B40, of an intermediate that is then dissociated by H,S04 attack5: Na,[B,O,] Na,0.4 BF,

-

+ 12 H F

+ 2 H,SO,

Na,0.4 BF,

4 BF,

+ H,O

+ 6 H,O + 2 Na[HS04]

(a) (b)

Further, boric acid is converted exothermically to fluoroboric acid (and its metal derivatives) by interaction with hydrogen fluoride6s7. The breaking of the B-0 bond in boron esters and its replacement with a B-Cl bond is a reaction of considerable significance'. If a trialkylborate contains an alkyl group of ordinary reactivity (e.g., n-C4H,) electron density at the oxygen is low, while that on boron is quite high due to the n back bonding. The rate of reaction with HX then is fairly slow according to the equilibriag:

+ HCl (RO),BCl + HCl (RO),B

+ (RO),BCl ROH + ROBCl,

ROH

(c) (4


2.6. The Formation of the Halogen (B, At, Ga, In, TI) Bond 2.6.6. from Cleavage of Group-IIIB-Oxygen Bonds 2.6.6.3. with Hydrogen Halides.

1. J. W. Mellor, A Comprehensive Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, Vol. 5, Longmans, Green, London, 1961. 2. Gmelin's Handbuch der Anorganischen Chemie, 8 Aufl., Syst. 31, Indium, Verlag Chemie, Berlin, 1936. 3. P. Pascal, Nouveau Traite de Chimie Minerale, Vol. 6, Masson, Paris, 1961. 4. G. Brauer (Ed.), Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, 2nd ed., Vol. 1, Academic Press, New York, 1963, p. 843. 5. N. N. Greenwood, B. S . Thomas, in Comprehensive Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 1, Ch. 11, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1973.


The interaction of HX with metal oxides is a long-established method for the production of group-IIIB metal halides. Frequently, these reactions are performed using the aqueous solutions of HX: the important aluminum halide hydrates may be obtained conveniently by dissolving the hydrated oxide in concentrated acid'. Similarly, Ga,O, dissolves on warming in conc HCL. Anhydrous InCl, and GaCl, may be obtained from interaction of the heated oxide and gaseous HC1. The details of the Ga,O, reaction have been examined. The p-form of Ga,O, contained in a quartz dish was maintained in a vertical oven and attached to a torsion balance by a quartz thread. The measurements show that chlorination occurs even at RT in a stream of dry HCl. The optimal T range seems to be between 610 and 870 K where the reaction is very rapid and the GaCl, product distills off easily,. When HCl gas is passed into suspensions of T1,03 either in water or alcohol, the oxide dissolves and chlorothallate derivatives may be obtained by adding suitable countercations. The reactions seem to proceed through chlorothallic acid as an intermediate. This acid HTlC14.3 OH, may be isolated from water, while a [TlCl,]'- derivative was obtained from ethanol3. Other oxy species, such as carbonates, are useful in reactions of this type. Thallous fluoride, for example, is formed easily from the carbonate and either aq or anhyd H F Thallic oxide interacts with H F (either as 40 % aqueous solution or as the gas at 373 K) to yield TlOF, the metal surprisingly remaining in the +I11 oxidation state4. Other thallium oxyhalides are not prepared this way because of the tendency for thallium to reduce to the + I state. Hydrogen fluoride attacks borates quite aggressively. The modern two-step, highyield process for the preparation of BF, involves the synthesis from Na,B40, of an intermediate that is then dissociated by H,S04 attack5: Na,[B,O,] Na,0.4 BF,

-

+ 12 H F

+ 2 H,SO,

Na,0.4 BF,

4 BF,

+ H,O

+ 6 H,O + 2 Na[HS04]

(a) (b)

Further, boric acid is converted exothermically to fluoroboric acid (and its metal derivatives) by interaction with hydrogen fluoride6s7. The breaking of the B-0 bond in boron esters and its replacement with a B-Cl bond is a reaction of considerable significance'. If a trialkylborate contains an alkyl group of ordinary reactivity (e.g., n-C4H,) electron density at the oxygen is low, while that on boron is quite high due to the n back bonding. The rate of reaction with HX then is fairly slow according to the equilibriag:

+ HCl (RO),BCl + HCl (RO),B

+ (RO),BCl ROH + ROBCl,

ROH

(c) (4

2.6. The Formation of the Halogen (6, Al, Ga, In, TI) Bond 2.6.6. from Cleavage of Group-IIIB-Oxygen Bonds 2.6.6.4. by Other Halides.

19

but increases in the order HCl < HBr < HI. When the alkyl group is markedly reactive (e.g., t-C4H,) formation of alkyl halide occurs: (RO),B

+ 3 HCl

-

3 RCl + H,BO,

(e)

The lower trialkyoxyboranes react with H F at 300 K to give BF, alcoholates': (RO),B

+ 3 HF

__+

F,B.2 ROH

+ ROH

(f)

Tributoxyboroxine, however, does not appear to react with HCl or HBr at 293 K. In metal-oxygen compounds in which the synthesis has been effected by removal of a proton from a weak acid (e.g., metal alkoxides, acetylacetonates) cleavage of the metal-oxygen bond is caused by addition of the acidic hydrogen halide. For example, tris(g1ycinato) derivatives of gallium or thallium interact with gaseous HC1 M(OzCCHzNH,)3 + 3 HCl

-

C13M.3 NH,CH,CO,H

'os'l:

(g)

Similarly, stoichiometric amounts of dry hydrogen halides added to solutions of aluminum alkoxides may be employed to produce compounds such as (RO),AlCl (R = i-C,H,, C,H,CH,-, etc.)',, while Ga isopropoxide produces the propanol adduct of GaCl, 13. (B.D. JAMES)

1. K. Wade, A. J. Banister, in Comprehensive Inorganic Chemistry, J. C. Bailer Jr., H. J. Emeleus, R. Nyholm, A. F. Trotman-Dickenson, eds., Vol. 1, Ch. 12, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1973. 2. Y. I. Ivashentsev, V. A. Konakova, Rum. J. Znorg. Chem., 12, 927 (1967). 3. M. B. Millikan, B. D. James, Znorg. Chim. Acta, 81, 109 (1984). 4. J. Grannec, J. Portier, R. Van der Miihll, G. Demazeau, P. Hagenmuller, Mater. Res. Bull., 5, 185 (1970). 5. G. Urry, in The Chemistry of Boron and Its Compounds, E. L. Muetterties, ed., Wiley, New York, 1967. 6. G. Brauer, ed., Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, 2nd ed., Vol. 1, Academic Press, New York, 1963, pp. 221-223. 7. P. A. Van der Meulen, H. L. Van Mater, Inorg. Synth., I, 24 (1939). 8. H. Steinberg, Organoboron Chemistry, Interscience, New York, 1964. 9. W. Gerrard, The Organic Chemistry of Boron, Academic Press, London, 1961. 10. I. A. Sheka, I. S.Chaus, T. T. Mityureva, The Chemistry of Gallium, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1966. 11. A. G. Lee, The Chemistry of Thallium, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1971. 12. I. Foldesi, Acta Chim. Hung., 37, 329 (1963). 13. S. R. Bindal, V. K. Mathur, R. C. Mehrotra, J. Chem. SOC.,A, 863 (1969).

2.6.6.4. by Other Halides.

Oxygen is liberated quantitatively from B,O, and T1,0, when the oxides are reacted with BrF, between 348 and 398 K, while oxygen replacement is incomplete for alumina'. When Al,O,, G a 2 0 3or 111'0, react with their respective fluorides at high T, however, the metal oxyfluorides are obtained' (although the A1 compound is only identified in the vapor phase) and this procedure is regarded as the best preparation for InOF Sulfur tetrafluoride is an attractive fluorinating agent because it is easily prepared and not difficult to handle4. When boric oxide is treated with this reagent in the presence of other fluorides, tetrafluoroborate salts are obtained'. Fluorination of such compounds as boron monoxide, diboron tetraethoxide or diboric acid to produce good yields of B,F, can also be carried out with SF, '.

'.

Inorganic Reactions and Methods, Volume4 Edited by J.J. Zuckerman, A.P. Hagen Copyright 0 1991 by VCH Publishers, Inc. 2.6. The Formation of the Halogen (6, Al, Ga, In, TI) Bond 2.6.6. from Cleavage of Group-IIIB-Oxygen Bonds 2.6.6.4. by Other Halides.

19

but increases in the order HCl < HBr < HI. When the alkyl group is markedly reactive (e.g., t-C4H,) formation of alkyl halide occurs: (RO),B

+ 3 HCl

-

3 RCl + H,BO,

(e)

The lower trialkyoxyboranes react with H F at 300 K to give BF, alcoholates': (RO),B

+ 3 HF

__+

F,B.2 ROH

+ ROH

(f)

Tributoxyboroxine, however, does not appear to react with HCl or HBr at 293 K. In metal-oxygen compounds in which the synthesis has been effected by removal of a proton from a weak acid (e.g., metal alkoxides, acetylacetonates) cleavage of the metal-oxygen bond is caused by addition of the acidic hydrogen halide. For example, tris(g1ycinato) derivatives of gallium or thallium interact with gaseous HC1 M(OzCCHzNH,)3 + 3 HCl

-

C13M.3 NH,CH,CO,H

'os'l:

(g)

Similarly, stoichiometric amounts of dry hydrogen halides added to solutions of aluminum alkoxides may be employed to produce compounds such as (RO),AlCl (R = i-C,H,, C,H,CH,-, etc.)',, while Ga isopropoxide produces the propanol adduct of GaCl, 13. (B.D. JAMES)

1. K. Wade, A. J. Banister, in Comprehensive Inorganic Chemistry, J. C. Bailer Jr., H. J. Emeleus, R. Nyholm, A. F. Trotman-Dickenson, eds., Vol. 1, Ch. 12, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1973. 2. Y. I. Ivashentsev, V. A. Konakova, Rum. J. Znorg. Chem., 12, 927 (1967). 3. M. B. Millikan, B. D. James, Znorg. Chim. Acta, 81, 109 (1984). 4. J. Grannec, J. Portier, R. Van der Miihll, G. Demazeau, P. Hagenmuller, Mater. Res. Bull., 5, 185 (1970). 5. G. Urry, in The Chemistry of Boron and Its Compounds, E. L. Muetterties, ed., Wiley, New York, 1967. 6. G. Brauer, ed., Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, 2nd ed., Vol. 1, Academic Press, New York, 1963, pp. 221-223. 7. P. A. Van der Meulen, H. L. Van Mater, Inorg. Synth., I, 24 (1939). 8. H. Steinberg, Organoboron Chemistry, Interscience, New York, 1964. 9. W. Gerrard, The Organic Chemistry of Boron, Academic Press, London, 1961. 10. I. A. Sheka, I. S.Chaus, T. T. Mityureva, The Chemistry of Gallium, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1966. 11. A. G. Lee, The Chemistry of Thallium, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1971. 12. I. Foldesi, Acta Chim. Hung., 37, 329 (1963). 13. S. R. Bindal, V. K. Mathur, R. C. Mehrotra, J. Chem. SOC.,A, 863 (1969).


Oxygen is liberated quantitatively from B,O, and T1,0, when the oxides are reacted with BrF, between 348 and 398 K, while oxygen replacement is incomplete for alumina'. When Al,O,, G a 2 0 3or 111'0, react with their respective fluorides at high T, however, the metal oxyfluorides are obtained' (although the A1 compound is only identified in the vapor phase) and this procedure is regarded as the best preparation for InOF Sulfur tetrafluoride is an attractive fluorinating agent because it is easily prepared and not difficult to handle4. When boric oxide is treated with this reagent in the presence of other fluorides, tetrafluoroborate salts are obtained'. Fluorination of such compounds as boron monoxide, diboron tetraethoxide or diboric acid to produce good yields of B,F, can also be carried out with SF, '.

'.

20

2.6. The Formation of the Halogen (B, Al, Ga, In, TI) Bond 2.6.6. from Cleavage of Group-IIIB-Oxygen Bonds 2.6.6.4. by Other Halides.

The reaction of CCI, with metal oxides is an old method for producing chlorides. Generally, only nonmetal oxides do not undergo conversion to the chloride (e.g., B,O,). Thus, good quality crystals of anhyd AlCl, can be obtained by heating A1,0, with CCI, at ca. 6 7 0 K in a sealed tube for a few hours6 and it is reported that GaCI, can be obtained via a similar reaction'. Trialkoxyboroxines undergo redistribution reactions with BCI,, e.g.:

+ 3 BCI,

(n-C,H,OBO),

-

3 n-C,H,OBCl,

+ (CIBO),

(a)

Trialkylboroxines and trialkoxyboranes also react with halides such as AlCl,, PCl, and SOCI,, but B-CI bonds are not generally present in the products*. On the other hand, boric acid and boric oxide react with PCl, or PBr, to form boron halides'. Such attack of B,O, however, is not, regarded as a particularly good laboratory preparation, but a common commercial method for BF, involves the treatment of B,O, (or a metal borate) mixed with fluorospar with concentrated sulfuric acidg: 6 CaF,

+ Na,[B,O,] + 8 H,SO,

-

+ 4 BF, + 6 CaSO, + 7 H,O

2 NaHSO,

(b)

The attack of boric oxide with other fluoroborates is also recommended as an alternative in this reaction and the procedure is thoroughly documented". Boron trihalides, BX, (X = Br, I) may be employed to form metal-halogen bonds in reactions with metal oxides'l. Three types of reaction are found across a broad range of oxides, summarized as follows: 3 M,O, 3 M,O, 3 M,O,

--

+ 2n BX,

+ 2n BBr,

+ 2(n - 2) BBr,

+ n B,O, 6 MBr,-, + 3x Br, + n B,O, 6 MOBr,-, + (n - 2) B,O, 6 MX,

(c) (4 (e)

With Ga,O, and In,O,, Eq. (c) operates, while with T1,0,, TlBr is formed in accordance with Eq. (d). Good yields are obtained and the reactions are easily performed, using quite mild conditions". Alumina reacts with PCI, at 373 K : Al,O,

+ 3 PCI,

-

2 AICI,

+ 3 POCI,

(f)

At higher T, with increased molar ratio of PCls and longer reaction times, [PCI,][AlCl,] is formed. With S,Cl, and CI,, chlorination of y-Al,O, forms" AlCl, or finally [SCl,] [AlCl,]. Acetyl halides attack A1 and Ga alkoxides to form metal-halogen bonds',, the reaction occurring in stages and involving ester adducts: AI(OR),

-

+ CH,COX

+ 2 CH,COX Al(OR), + 3 CH,COX

Al(OR),

+ CH,CO,R CH,CO,R + 1.5 CH,CO,R

AlX(OR),

AIX,(OR).0.5

__t

A1X3.1.5 CH,CO,R

+ 1.5 CH,CO,R

(g) (h) (i)

Dimethylthallium ethoxide reacts with CHC1, to yield (CH,),TlCl, in contrast to other heavy-metal alkoxides, which tend to form -CCl, derivatives',. The adventitious so-called "AI-0-Cl" impurity always found in chloroaluminate

2.6. The Formation of the Halogen (B, Al, Ga, In, TI) Bond 2.6.7. from Cleavage of Group-IllB-Other Group-VIB Element Bonds

21

ionic liquids can be removed by treating with COCl,. The safer SOCl, is less satisfactory”. (B.D. JAMES)

1. E. L. Muetterties, C. W. Tullock, Preparative Inorganic Reactions, Vol. 2, Interscience, New York, 1965, p. 237. 2. J. H. Holloway, D. Laycock, Adv. Inorg. Chem. Radiochem., 27, 157 (1983). 3. B. L. Chamberland, K. R. Babcock, Inorg. Synth., 14, 123 (1973). 4. W. C. Smith, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. I , 467 (1962). 5. R. J. Brotherton, A. L. McCloskey, H. M. Manesevit, Inorg. Chem., 2,41 (1963). 6. E. R. Epperson, S. M. Horner, K. Knox, S. Y. Tyree, Inorg. Synth., 7, 163 (1963). 7. P. Pascal, Nouveau Traite de Chimie Minerale, Vol. 6, Masson, Paris, 1961. 8. H. Steinberg, Organoboron Chemistry, Interscience, New York, 1964; but see R. Koster, K. Agermund, J. Serwalowski, Chem. Ber., 119, 1301 (1986). 9. G. Urry, in The Chemistry of Boron and Its Compounds, E. L. Muetterties, ed., Wiley, New York, 1967. 10. H. S. Booth, K. S . Willson, Inorg. Synth., 1, 21 (1939). 11. P. M. Druce, M. F. Lappert, J. Chem. SOC.,A, 3595 (1971). 12. A. Raddle, L. Koldity, Z . Chem., 23, 436 (1983); see also 52.6.16 for [PI,][AlI,]. 13. D. C. Bradley, R. C. Mehrotra, D. P. Gaur, Metal Alkoxide, Academic Press, London, 1978. 14. A. G. Lee, The Chemistry of Thallium, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1971. 15. I-W. Sun, E. H. Ward, C. L. Hussey, Inorg. Chem., 26,4305 (1987).

2.6.7. from Cleavage of Group-IIIB-Other Group-VIB Element Bonds The group-IIIB elements with their relatively low electronegativities are excellent candidates to bond with the more electronegative first-row elements. As a result, the strong bonds to oxygen make the compounds that contain them the more generally accessible ones, while those with bonds to the heavier chalcogens are in the realm of synthetic compounds. The average B-0 bond dissociation energy is ca. 500 kJ mol-’ while it is around 375 kJ mol- for B-S bonds’. Thus, while transformations involving group-IIIB-chalcogen bonds are expected to be more facile than those involving bonds to oxygen, they need to offer practical advantages or interesting and novel possibilities in order to justify any extensive utility. The reactivity of boron-chalcogen bonds is influenced by the bond order. There still appears to be a significant amount of 2p-3p n: bonding between boron and sulfur, at least in thioboranes (MeS),BMe,-,, but relatively long B-Se distances (ca. 193 pm) argue against a significant n: contribution to the bonding. On the other hand, triselenadiborolanes display an unexpectedly high thermal stability, which suggests particularly favorable orbital overlap’. Boron-tellurium compounds in which the B is sp2 hybridized do not appear to be stable and even in salts such as Li[Al(TeMe),] the AI-Te bond is so weak that disproportionation occurs in reactions. Even though compounds such as R,GaER‘ (E = S, Se) are dimeric, the group-IIIB metal is still very susceptible to attack by electron-pair donors3. On the other hand, the thermal and relatively high hydrolytic stability of the T1 analogs has invited the suggestion that some 7c-character is still present in the group-IIIB-chalcogen bonds4.

’

(B.D. JAMES)


2.6. The Formation of the Halogen (B, Al, Ga, In, TI) Bond 2.6.7. from Cleavage of Group-IllB-Other Group-VIB Element Bonds

21

ionic liquids can be removed by treating with COCl,. The safer SOCl, is less satisfactory”. (B.D. JAMES)

1. E. L. Muetterties, C. W. Tullock, Preparative Inorganic Reactions, Vol. 2, Interscience, New York, 1965, p. 237. 2. J. H. Holloway, D. Laycock, Adv. Inorg. Chem. Radiochem., 27, 157 (1983). 3. B. L. Chamberland, K. R. Babcock, Inorg. Synth., 14, 123 (1973). 4. W. C. Smith, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. I , 467 (1962). 5. R. J. Brotherton, A. L. McCloskey, H. M. Manesevit, Inorg. Chem., 2,41 (1963). 6. E. R. Epperson, S. M. Horner, K. Knox, S. Y. Tyree, Inorg. Synth., 7, 163 (1963). 7. P. Pascal, Nouveau Traite de Chimie Minerale, Vol. 6, Masson, Paris, 1961. 8. H. Steinberg, Organoboron Chemistry, Interscience, New York, 1964; but see R. Koster, K. Agermund, J. Serwalowski, Chem. Ber., 119, 1301 (1986). 9. G. Urry, in The Chemistry of Boron and Its Compounds, E. L. Muetterties, ed., Wiley, New York, 1967. 10. H. S. Booth, K. S . Willson, Inorg. Synth., 1, 21 (1939). 11. P. M. Druce, M. F. Lappert, J. Chem. SOC.,A, 3595 (1971). 12. A. Raddle, L. Koldity, Z . Chem., 23, 436 (1983); see also 52.6.16 for [PI,][AlI,]. 13. D. C. Bradley, R. C. Mehrotra, D. P. Gaur, Metal Alkoxide, Academic Press, London, 1978. 14. A. G. Lee, The Chemistry of Thallium, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1971. 15. I-W. Sun, E. H. Ward, C. L. Hussey, Inorg. Chem., 26,4305 (1987).

2.6.7. from Cleavage of Group-IIIB-Other Group-VIB Element Bonds The group-IIIB elements with their relatively low electronegativities are excellent candidates to bond with the more electronegative first-row elements. As a result, the strong bonds to oxygen make the compounds that contain them the more generally accessible ones, while those with bonds to the heavier chalcogens are in the realm of synthetic compounds. The average B-0 bond dissociation energy is ca. 500 kJ mol-’ while it is around 375 kJ mol- for B-S bonds’. Thus, while transformations involving group-IIIB-chalcogen bonds are expected to be more facile than those involving bonds to oxygen, they need to offer practical advantages or interesting and novel possibilities in order to justify any extensive utility. The reactivity of boron-chalcogen bonds is influenced by the bond order. There still appears to be a significant amount of 2p-3p n: bonding between boron and sulfur, at least in thioboranes (MeS),BMe,-,, but relatively long B-Se distances (ca. 193 pm) argue against a significant n: contribution to the bonding. On the other hand, triselenadiborolanes display an unexpectedly high thermal stability, which suggests particularly favorable orbital overlap’. Boron-tellurium compounds in which the B is sp2 hybridized do not appear to be stable and even in salts such as Li[Al(TeMe),] the AI-Te bond is so weak that disproportionation occurs in reactions. Even though compounds such as R,GaER‘ (E = S, Se) are dimeric, the group-IIIB metal is still very susceptible to attack by electron-pair donors3. On the other hand, the thermal and relatively high hydrolytic stability of the T1 analogs has invited the suggestion that some 7c-character is still present in the group-IIIB-chalcogen bonds4.

’

(B.D. JAMES)

22

1. 2. 3. 4.

2.6. The Formation of the Halogen (5,Al, Ga, In, TI) Bond 2.6.7. from Cleavage of Group-IIIB-Other Group-VIB Element Bonds 2.6.7.1. by Halogens.

A. Finch, P. J. Gardner, E. J. Pearn, Trans. Faraday Soc., 62,1072 (1966). W. Siebert, Chem. Z., 98,479 (1974). A useful short review on boron-chalcogen compounds, G. E. Coates, R. G. Hayter, J. Chem. Soc., 2519 (1953). G. E. Coates, R. A. Whitcombe, J . Chem. Sac., 3351 (1956).

2.6.7.1. by Halogens.

The formation of GaF, via interaction of elemental F, with a Ga,S, prepared at 1070 K has the advantage of proceeding more rapidly and completely than that with the corresponding oxide, reflecting the lower relative bond strength'. This reaction is quantitative between 570 and 670 K, but proceeds more slowly if the Ga,S, is previously heated at 1170-1270 K. Corresponding preparation of BBr, by interaction of B,S, with Br, offers no advantage. Similarly, B,S, burns in C1, yielding the Cl,B.SCl, adduct,. As expected, the required reaction T increases as C1 < Br < I. Gallium sulfide is reported to react with Br, While these sulfides are not difficult to prepare (A&, for example, from A1 and H,S ,) they decompose quite rapidly in the air and create a storage problem. The mixed halides, AlSX, are susceptible to attack by halogens, with C1, acting at RT to release X, as in:

'.

2 AlSX

+ 4 C1,

-

2 AlCl,

+ S,Cl, + X,

@I4

Similar degradations also are observed with the selenium and tellurium analogs, yielding SeCl, and TeCl,, respectively. Elemental bromine also attacks AlSeI and AlTeI, but iodine does not react5s6. Halogen attack in this fashion is in contrast with the corresponding AlOX derivatives in which substitution rather than degradation takes place4. On the other hand, B-S bond cleavage in thiolato compounds is an excellent synthesis that makes dialkylboron bromides readily available. Since the dealkylation reaction of Bu,B with HBr remains incomplete even after 75 min at 330 K, it is useful to have an alternative procedure. The R,BSR' derivatives are easily prepared (quantitative yield) from readily available R,B materials and thiols. For reactions to yield the bromides, the -SMe derivatives are employed because the MeSSMe by-product is easily removed and reaction occurs with bromine: 2 R,BSMe

+ Br,

-

2 R,BBr

+ MeSSMe

(b)

Thus, di-n-hexylboron methane thiolate reacts with a stoichiometric quantity of Br, at 273 K in a markedly exothermic process to give (Hex),BBr in 70 % yield'. However, if the addition is made at ca. 210K in the dark, followed by warming to RT, the yield is quantitative. With xs Br,, in the presence of T H F or light, the yield is reduced. It is possible that THF is cleaved by the bromoborane product and light may encourage bromination at the a-C atoms, inducing some dealkylation. For reactions of R,BSMe in the absence of solvent, yields of R,BB are very high (e.g., 97 % for R = n-C,H,,) but are slightly lower when R is a secondary alkyl. The lower yield also possibly arises because of a competing a-bromination. The yields do, however, remain extremely useful (generally > 75 %) and the extension of this procedure to the preparation of various dialkylboron bromides from alkenes via an initial hydroboration step is obviously attractive. Iodine does not react with these thiol derivatives because its oxidizing ability is insufficient to produce the disulfide byproduct'.


22

1. 2. 3. 4.

2.6. The Formation of the Halogen (5,Al, Ga, In, TI) Bond 2.6.7. from Cleavage of Group-IIIB-Other Group-VIB Element Bonds 2.6.7.1. by Halogens.

A. Finch, P. J. Gardner, E. J. Pearn, Trans. Faraday Soc., 62,1072 (1966). W. Siebert, Chem. Z., 98,479 (1974). A useful short review on boron-chalcogen compounds, G. E. Coates, R. G. Hayter, J. Chem. Soc., 2519 (1953). G. E. Coates, R. A. Whitcombe, J . Chem. Sac., 3351 (1956).

2.6.7.1. by Halogens.

The formation of GaF, via interaction of elemental F, with a Ga,S, prepared at 1070 K has the advantage of proceeding more rapidly and completely than that with the corresponding oxide, reflecting the lower relative bond strength'. This reaction is quantitative between 570 and 670 K, but proceeds more slowly if the Ga,S, is previously heated at 1170-1270 K. Corresponding preparation of BBr, by interaction of B,S, with Br, offers no advantage. Similarly, B,S, burns in C1, yielding the Cl,B.SCl, adduct,. As expected, the required reaction T increases as C1 < Br < I. Gallium sulfide is reported to react with Br, While these sulfides are not difficult to prepare (A&, for example, from A1 and H,S ,) they decompose quite rapidly in the air and create a storage problem. The mixed halides, AlSX, are susceptible to attack by halogens, with C1, acting at RT to release X, as in:

'.

2 AlSX

+ 4 C1,

-

2 AlCl,

+ S,Cl, + X,

@I4

Similar degradations also are observed with the selenium and tellurium analogs, yielding SeCl, and TeCl,, respectively. Elemental bromine also attacks AlSeI and AlTeI, but iodine does not react5s6. Halogen attack in this fashion is in contrast with the corresponding AlOX derivatives in which substitution rather than degradation takes place4. On the other hand, B-S bond cleavage in thiolato compounds is an excellent synthesis that makes dialkylboron bromides readily available. Since the dealkylation reaction of Bu,B with HBr remains incomplete even after 75 min at 330 K, it is useful to have an alternative procedure. The R,BSR' derivatives are easily prepared (quantitative yield) from readily available R,B materials and thiols. For reactions to yield the bromides, the -SMe derivatives are employed because the MeSSMe by-product is easily removed and reaction occurs with bromine: 2 R,BSMe

+ Br,

-

2 R,BBr

+ MeSSMe

(b)

Thus, di-n-hexylboron methane thiolate reacts with a stoichiometric quantity of Br, at 273 K in a markedly exothermic process to give (Hex),BBr in 70 % yield'. However, if the addition is made at ca. 210K in the dark, followed by warming to RT, the yield is quantitative. With xs Br,, in the presence of T H F or light, the yield is reduced. It is possible that THF is cleaved by the bromoborane product and light may encourage bromination at the a-C atoms, inducing some dealkylation. For reactions of R,BSMe in the absence of solvent, yields of R,BB are very high (e.g., 97 % for R = n-C,H,,) but are slightly lower when R is a secondary alkyl. The lower yield also possibly arises because of a competing a-bromination. The yields do, however, remain extremely useful (generally > 75 %) and the extension of this procedure to the preparation of various dialkylboron bromides from alkenes via an initial hydroboration step is obviously attractive. Iodine does not react with these thiol derivatives because its oxidizing ability is insufficient to produce the disulfide byproduct'.

2.6. The Formation of the Halogen (B, Al, Ga, In, TI) Bond 2.6.7. from Cleavage of Group-IIIB-Other Group-VIB Element Bonds 2.6.7.2. by Hydrogen Halides.

23

Attack of the halogens C1, or Br, on dialkylthioboric acids R,BSH in CS, is exothermic and also gives the dialkyl boron halides in good yield: 2 R,BSH

+ Br,

-

2 R,BBr

+

S,

+ H,S

(c)

The selenium analogs also react with I, to yield the expected iodoborane derivatives but produce H, as the gaseous product:

2 R,BSeH

+ I,

-

2 R,BI

+ 2 Se + H,

(4

The weaker B-Se bonding (compared to B-S) makes these derivatives now susceptible to attack by the weaker oxidant. With PhGa(SR), (R = Et, n-Pr), I, cleaves the Ga-C bond in preference to that with S. (B.D.JAMES) 1. I. A. Sheka, I. S. Chaus, T. T. Mityureva, The Chemistry of Gallium, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1966. 2. P. Pascal, Nouveau Traite de Chimie Minerale, Vol. 6, Masson, Paris, 1961. Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 1, 2nd ed., Academic Press, 3. G. Brauer. ed.. Handbook of” PreDarative _ New York, 1963, p. 823. 4. P. Hagenmuller, J. Rouxel, J. David, A. Colin, B. Le Neindre, 2.Anorg. Allg. Chem.,323, 1 (1963). 5. P. Palvadeau. J. Rouxel, Bull. SOC.Chim. Fr.. 2698 (1967). 6. J. Rouxel, P. Palvadeau; Bull. SOC.Chim. Fr.; 2044 (1966). Trans. Dalton, 7. A. Pelter, K. Rowe, D. N. Sharrocks, K. Smith, C. Subrahmanyam, J. Chem. SOC., 2087 (1976). 8. W. Siebert, E. Gast, F. Riegel, M. Schmidt, J. Organomet. Chem., 90, 13 (1975). 9. G. G. Hoffmann, J. Organomet. Chern., 277, 189 (1984).

2.6.7.2. by Hydrogen Halides.

Acidic species react easily with group-IIIB sulfides and selenides. Gaseous HCI reacts with B2S3 at ca. 670K, yielding BCI, and H,S, although gaseous HI does not react’. It seems likely B,Se3 is just as suitable as B,S, for reactions with nucleophilic reagents (HX) for yielding a B-X bond (and H,Se), despite the doubts about the precise composition of the compound’. The presence of an sp’-hybridized B atom in B-S or B-Se compounds assists in making them susceptible to attack. Increased reactivity in the Se systems stems from the progressive diminution of the boron-chalcogen R interactions, as expected3.Not surprisingly, then, AlCI, form readily by the interaction of A12S3and HCl‘. Generally, displacement reactions on boron compounds of the type indicated by the equation5: \

B-Y /

\

+ H-X

B-X

-

/

+ HY

are in the order Y = OH < OR < NR, SR which not only reflects the relative bond strengths but also suggests particularly facile reactivity with the chalcogens provided that these compounds are easily manipulated. Reactions of this kind are typified by B(SeR), (R = Ph, n-Bu) which with prolonged treatment with anhyd HCI in cyclohexane (for


2.6. The Formation of the Halogen (B, Al, Ga, In, TI) Bond 2.6.7. from Cleavage of Group-IIIB-Other Group-VIB Element Bonds 2.6.7.2. by Hydrogen Halides.

23

Attack of the halogens C1, or Br, on dialkylthioboric acids R,BSH in CS, is exothermic and also gives the dialkyl boron halides in good yield: 2 R,BSH

+ Br,

-

2 R,BBr

+

S,

+ H,S

(c)

The selenium analogs also react with I, to yield the expected iodoborane derivatives but produce H, as the gaseous product:

2 R,BSeH

+ I,

-

2 R,BI

+ 2 Se + H,

(4

The weaker B-Se bonding (compared to B-S) makes these derivatives now susceptible to attack by the weaker oxidant. With PhGa(SR), (R = Et, n-Pr), I, cleaves the Ga-C bond in preference to that with S. (B.D.JAMES) 1. I. A. Sheka, I. S. Chaus, T. T. Mityureva, The Chemistry of Gallium, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1966. 2. P. Pascal, Nouveau Traite de Chimie Minerale, Vol. 6, Masson, Paris, 1961. Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 1, 2nd ed., Academic Press, 3. G. Brauer. ed.. Handbook of” PreDarative _ New York, 1963, p. 823. 4. P. Hagenmuller, J. Rouxel, J. David, A. Colin, B. Le Neindre, 2.Anorg. Allg. Chem.,323, 1 (1963). 5. P. Palvadeau. J. Rouxel, Bull. SOC.Chim. Fr.. 2698 (1967). 6. J. Rouxel, P. Palvadeau; Bull. SOC.Chim. Fr.; 2044 (1966). Trans. Dalton, 7. A. Pelter, K. Rowe, D. N. Sharrocks, K. Smith, C. Subrahmanyam, J. Chem. SOC., 2087 (1976). 8. W. Siebert, E. Gast, F. Riegel, M. Schmidt, J. Organomet. Chem., 90, 13 (1975). 9. G. G. Hoffmann, J. Organomet. Chern., 277, 189 (1984).


Acidic species react easily with group-IIIB sulfides and selenides. Gaseous HCI reacts with B2S3 at ca. 670K, yielding BCI, and H,S, although gaseous HI does not react’. It seems likely B,Se3 is just as suitable as B,S, for reactions with nucleophilic reagents (HX) for yielding a B-X bond (and H,Se), despite the doubts about the precise composition of the compound’. The presence of an sp’-hybridized B atom in B-S or B-Se compounds assists in making them susceptible to attack. Increased reactivity in the Se systems stems from the progressive diminution of the boron-chalcogen R interactions, as expected3.Not surprisingly, then, AlCI, form readily by the interaction of A12S3and HCl‘. Generally, displacement reactions on boron compounds of the type indicated by the equation5: \

B-Y /

\

+ H-X

B-X

-

/

+ HY

are in the order Y = OH < OR < NR, SR which not only reflects the relative bond strengths but also suggests particularly facile reactivity with the chalcogens provided that these compounds are easily manipulated. Reactions of this kind are typified by B(SeR), (R = Ph, n-Bu) which with prolonged treatment with anhyd HCI in cyclohexane (for

24

2.6. The Formation of the Halogen (8, Al, Ga, In, TI) Bond 2.6.7.from Cleavage of Group-1118-Other Group-VIB Element Bonds 2.6.7.3. by Other Halides.

R = Ph) or CS, (R = n-Bu) produce BC1, and the appropriate selenol, this mixture being separated via trap-to-trap distillation6: B(SeR),

+ 3 HCl

-

BCI, 4- 3 RSeH

The first representative of the thiogallanes, CH3Ga(SR)C1, has only recently been obtained, but with its reported electron-pair acceptor acidity and extreme moisture sensitivity, it will doubtless react with hydrogen halides'. The five-membered ring system of the trithiadiborolanes, however, is a relatively stable one. The dibromotrithiadiborolane, for example, undergoes halogen exchange to yield the dichloro derivative rather than cleaving the B-S bonds in the ring. Anhydrous HBr does not react'. This high ring stability seems to be at least partly due to the lack of strain in the ring system. That electron-pair acceptor acidity at boron also has a marked influence may be seen by the inability to prepare either the parent (HB),S, or (FB),S, five-membered rings or the six-membered borthiin analogs3. The sp2-hybridized B atom in the selenodiborolane, however, favors attack by nucleophilic agents, which may lead to cleavage of the ring by some reagents having oxidizing abilityg. A particularly useful B-S system is that formed by the reaction of decaborane with dialkylsulfides. Hydrogen gas is eliminated and the reactive adduct (R2S),BloHl, is obtained. Anhydrous hydrogen halides react easily with these adducts at ambient temperature to produce reasonable yields of the 5- or 6-halogeno decaborane derivatives:

The 5-F, 5-Br, 5-1 and 6-C1 derivatives may be obtained by this method, whereas halogenation of BIoHl, under electrophilic conditions normally causes substitution in the 2,4 or 1,3 positions ($2.6.5). A useful yield (55%) of the 5-FBloH,, derivative is obtained by reaction over several hours in benzene. It is stated explicitly that very pure starting materials and a strict adherence to the recommended concentrations are necessary in the synthesis; otherwise vigorous decomposition may result lo. Yields of the other derivatives similarly are around 50 %, except for the 5-1 compound which is much poorer (15 %). (B.D. JAMES)

1. 2. 3. 4.

P. Pascal, Nouueau Traite de Chimie Minerale, Vol. 6, Masson, Paris, 1961. W. E. Hutchinson, H. A. Eick, Inorg. Chem., I, 434 (1962). W. Siebert, Chem. Z., 98, 479 (1974). Gmelin's Handbuch der Anorganischen Chemie, 8 Aufl., Syst. 35B, Die Verbindunhgen des Aluminiums, Verlag Chemie, Berlin, 1934. 5. R. H. Cragg, M. F. Lappert, Organomet. Chem. Rev., I, 43 (1966). 6 . M. Schmidt, H-D. Block, J . Organornet. Chem., 25, 17 (1970). 7 . G . G . Hoffman, J. Organornet. Chem., 273, 187 (1984). 8. M. Schmidt, W. Siebert, Chem. Ber., 102,2752 (1969). 9. W. Siebert, F. Riegel, Chem. Ber., 106, 1012 (1973). 10. B. Stibr, J. Plesek, S . Hermanek, CON.Czech. Chem. Commun., 34, 194 (1969).

2.6.7.3.by Other Halides. The relatively weak group-IIIB-group-VA element bonds permit facile exchange reactions with a wide variety of halides. Thus, tetravalent transition-metal chlorides


24

2.6. The Formation of the Halogen (8, Al, Ga, In, TI) Bond 2.6.7.from Cleavage of Group-1118-Other Group-VIB Element Bonds 2.6.7.3. by Other Halides.

R = Ph) or CS, (R = n-Bu) produce BC1, and the appropriate selenol, this mixture being separated via trap-to-trap distillation6: B(SeR),

+ 3 HCl

-

BCI, 4- 3 RSeH

The first representative of the thiogallanes, CH3Ga(SR)C1, has only recently been obtained, but with its reported electron-pair acceptor acidity and extreme moisture sensitivity, it will doubtless react with hydrogen halides'. The five-membered ring system of the trithiadiborolanes, however, is a relatively stable one. The dibromotrithiadiborolane, for example, undergoes halogen exchange to yield the dichloro derivative rather than cleaving the B-S bonds in the ring. Anhydrous HBr does not react'. This high ring stability seems to be at least partly due to the lack of strain in the ring system. That electron-pair acceptor acidity at boron also has a marked influence may be seen by the inability to prepare either the parent (HB),S, or (FB),S, five-membered rings or the six-membered borthiin analogs3. The sp2-hybridized B atom in the selenodiborolane, however, favors attack by nucleophilic agents, which may lead to cleavage of the ring by some reagents having oxidizing abilityg. A particularly useful B-S system is that formed by the reaction of decaborane with dialkylsulfides. Hydrogen gas is eliminated and the reactive adduct (R2S),BloHl, is obtained. Anhydrous hydrogen halides react easily with these adducts at ambient temperature to produce reasonable yields of the 5- or 6-halogeno decaborane derivatives:

The 5-F, 5-Br, 5-1 and 6-C1 derivatives may be obtained by this method, whereas halogenation of BIoHl, under electrophilic conditions normally causes substitution in the 2,4 or 1,3 positions ($2.6.5). A useful yield (55%) of the 5-FBloH,, derivative is obtained by reaction over several hours in benzene. It is stated explicitly that very pure starting materials and a strict adherence to the recommended concentrations are necessary in the synthesis; otherwise vigorous decomposition may result lo. Yields of the other derivatives similarly are around 50 %, except for the 5-1 compound which is much poorer (15 %). (B.D. JAMES)

1. 2. 3. 4.

P. Pascal, Nouueau Traite de Chimie Minerale, Vol. 6, Masson, Paris, 1961. W. E. Hutchinson, H. A. Eick, Inorg. Chem., I, 434 (1962). W. Siebert, Chem. Z., 98, 479 (1974). Gmelin's Handbuch der Anorganischen Chemie, 8 Aufl., Syst. 35B, Die Verbindunhgen des Aluminiums, Verlag Chemie, Berlin, 1934. 5. R. H. Cragg, M. F. Lappert, Organomet. Chem. Rev., I, 43 (1966). 6 . M. Schmidt, H-D. Block, J . Organornet. Chem., 25, 17 (1970). 7 . G . G . Hoffman, J. Organornet. Chem., 273, 187 (1984). 8. M. Schmidt, W. Siebert, Chem. Ber., 102,2752 (1969). 9. W. Siebert, F. Riegel, Chem. Ber., 106, 1012 (1973). 10. B. Stibr, J. Plesek, S . Hermanek, CON.Czech. Chem. Commun., 34, 194 (1969).

2.6.7.3.by Other Halides. The relatively weak group-IIIB-group-VA element bonds permit facile exchange reactions with a wide variety of halides. Thus, tetravalent transition-metal chlorides

2.6. The Formation of the Halogen ( 8 ,Al, Ga, In, TI) Bond 2.6.7. from Cleavage of Group-IIIB-Other Group-VIB Element Bonds 2.6.7.3. by Other Halides.

25

undergo simple exchange with Al(SeR), in refluxing ether-benzene mixture in a short time:

4 Al(SeR),

-

+ 3 MCl,

3 M(SeR),

+ AlCl,

(a)

where M = Ti, Zr; R = Ph, naphthyl. Chromium chloride (as the THF adduct) reacts similarly, while analogous reactions with niobium or tantalum pentachloride in ether-CS, cause the metal to reduce and form the concomitant diselenide’ : 5 Al(SePh),

+ 3 MCl,

3 M(SePh),

+ 5 AlCl, + PhSeSePh

(b)

The aluminate salts are similarly reactive. For example, the tetrakis(phenylse1eno) derivative interacts in ether with the chlorosilane, Me,Si(H)Cl, on warming to RT from 77 K, giving a 95 % yield of the volatile seleno-substituted silane’: LiAl(SePh),

+ 4 Me,Si(H)Cl

AlCI,

+ Me,Si(H)SePh + LiCl

(c)

In like fashion, Si, Ge and Sn halides react with the thio analogs: LiAl(SMe), where X

= C1,

+ 4 RX

AlX,

+ 4 MeSR + LiX

(4

Br; R = Me,M, SiH,, GeH,, Si,H,; M = Si, Ge, Sn and LiAl(SMe),

+ 2 R‘X,

AlX,

+ 2 R’(SMe), + LiX

(el

where X = C1, Br; R’ = Me,M, SiH,; M = Si, Ge, Sn. Readily available F,B*OEt, also undergoes exchange reactions with these thio- and selenoaluminate salts3. The yields are excellent in these reactions: it is greater than 70 %, even with the Me,Sn derivative. They are much worse, however, when LiAl(TeMe), is employed because elemental tellurium is deposited and the products disproportionate, giving Me,Te and the group IVB telluride4. These aluminate salts are particularly useful reagents, not only because they are able to transfer the appropriate functional group quite readily, but also because they are easily prepared in situ in ether from recrystallized LiAlH,. Electrophilic reagents cleave the B-S bond in Me,BSMe, as expected. Thus, a mixture of this compound and BCl, in the absence of a solvent reacts in a few minutes at 273 K, giving Me,BCl and (C1,B-SMe),. Similarly, BBr, will react to give (Br,B-SMe),. When Me,BSMe reacts with SbCl,, a dark precipitate is obtained immediately, which then decomposes and evolves Me,BCl at RT. Also, reaction with FeCl, produces a black precipitate and Me,BCl. In both these cases, there is no evidence for the formation of sulfonium salts of the type [(Me,B),SMe]X, presumably because the electron pair basicity at S is insufficient. With MeI, however, if the reaction is allowed to proceed in the dark, a small amount of [Me,S]I salt is produced over about 3 w5. On the other hand, PhB(SBu), does not react with Me1 or BuBr under normal conditions6. The salt [Me,S][GaI,] forms on the extended reaction of 1,GaSMe with Me1 The combination of a relatively weak B-S bond and the ease of separation of the volatile boron halide byproduct enables boron trisulfide to function as a useful sulfur transfer agent toward metal halides. Thus, WSCl, may be prepared by interaction of the hexachloride with B,S, at 373-393 K. Similarly, reactions of stoichiometric amounts of MCl, and B,S, at 363 K (M = Nb), 353 K (M = Ta) or 464 K (M = Mo) produce the corresponding MSCl, derivatives. The ease and potential utility of this type of reaction is shown because liq BCl, forms in the NbC1,-B2S3 reaction even at RT8. Both Al,S, and Al,Se, react readily with Se,Cl,, producing AlCl,. The reaction with the sulfide

’.

26

2.6. The Formation of the Halogen (B, Al, Ga, In, TI) Bond 2.6.7.from Cleavage of Group-IIIB-Other Group-VIB Element Bonds 2.6.7.3. by Other Halides. ~~

precipitates sulfur and seleniumg. Little AlCl, appears to be obtained by heating Al,S, with the more ionic halides (NaCl, CaCl,, MgCl,), although KCl appears to produce a volatile, AlC1,-containing product". Potassium fluoride interacts at 383 K with the somewhat thermally unstable B(SCF,), in an apparently catalytic reaction, giving BF, and F,CSe, but the expected redistributions with boron halides are more facile: BX3

+ B(SCF,),

XB(SCF,),

+ XZBSCF,

(f)

The mono- and dihalogeno compounds (X = C1, Br) in this case may be obtained, however, at lower T (ca. 220 K) in sealed vessels3. The aluminum chalcogen halides may be obtained by similar disproportionation reactions in sealed tubes:

+ AlX,

Al,Y,

-

3 AlYX

(g)

(Y = S, Se, Te; X = C1, Br, I). The single AlYX compound is formed as a stable phase, so that if xs AlX, is employed it may be sublimed away from the product. All the iodides, however, are more conveniently prepared from direct combination of the elements. The seleno derivative is particularly difficult because not only are AlI, and Al,Se, very sensitive reagents, but also the desired reaction is very slow at 620 K while the product becomes thermally unstable at T that would otherwise accelerate its formation' In view of the ability of HgCl, to form covalent bonds with thiols and thioethers, this halide can be expected also to react with compounds containing B-SR bonds. In agreement with this, it is found that R,B(SR) compounds (R = n-Pr) react readily (ca. 1 h) in toluene at 353 K, giving good yields (ca. 60%) of R,BCl which may be separated by distillation. The compound with R' = n-Bu reacts more readily than that where R = t-Bu. A four-center transition state containing an electrophilic Hg and a nucleophilic C1 possibly is involved in these reactions which are favored by the strong Hg-S bond1,. Mercuric chloride also reacts smoothly (but slowly) with the decaborane-sulfido adducts, to produce the 6-chloro derivative in about 60 % yield. This is a simple route to this isomer. Unfortunately, the analogous reaction with HgBr, does not occur14. In cyclic boron systems, the B-SH group is reactive and the thio group may be replaced easily. For example, with metathioboric acid, exchange reactions, e.g.: 1v12.

[B(SH)S],

+ BX,

-

(BXS),

+ B(SH),

(h)

occur not only for X = C1, Br but also for other groups such as CH,, NMe, and SR. Such reactions appear to take place via an intermediate addition compound". In the dialkylthioboric acid derivative Bu,BSH, the B-S bond is easily ruptured by S,Cl, (in CS, sol), giving Bu,BCl in high yield15. Even in the ionic species X,BSH- (X = F, C1) replacement of SH by halide occurs quite readily on addition of excess boron halide17. Exchange in the five-membered ring system of the trithiadiborolanes may occur by an exocyclic substituent exchange such as:

/s-s \BY

-B S'

+ *BX,

-

-B

-B /'-'\BX 'S'

+ Y*BX,

(i)

2.6. The Formation of the Halogen (B, Al, Ga,‘In, TI) Bond 2.6.7. from Cleavage of Group-IIIB-Other Group-VIB Element Bonds 2.6.7.3. by Other Halides.

or by an endocyclic process proceeding via ring opening followed by X-Y according to:

/s-s ‘BY

-B

+ *BX,

-’

S-S-*BX3 \BY

-B

S’‘

‘S/

27

exchange

-

/x \

S-B

i -B

/s-s

\

X

Y

\B*-x

+ YBX,

(j)

S‘’

The endocyclic process dominates if the substituents at the ring carry no lone pairs of electrons (e.g., CH,), while the exocyclic mechanism is favored when the substituents on the trithiadiborolane are more basic than the ring S atoms (which are only weakly basic anyway). Thus, both of the opposite types of exchange reactions: (EtSB),S,

+ 2 BBr,

and (BrB),S,

+ B(SMe),

-

-

(BrB),S,

(MeSB),S,

+ 2 EtSBBr,

+ (MeS),BBr

(k) (1)

occur by virtually 100% exocyclic processes’*. The AsF, reagent, however, causes destruction of the ring system (producing BF,) in its reaction with (BrB),S,, in part because it is an aggressive reagent, but also because of the instability of the (FB),S, product as a ring s y ~ t e m ’ ~ . (B.D. JAMES)

1. K. Andra, 2.Anorg. Allg. Chem., 373,209 (1970). 2. J. E. Drake, R. T. Hemmings, J. Chem. SOC.,Dalton Trans., 1730 (1976). 3. Gmelin’s Handbuch der Anorganischen Chemie, 8 Aufl., Syst. 13, Boron Compounds, New Supplement Series, Part 3, Vol. 19, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1975. 4. J. W. Anderson, J. E. Drake, Inorg. Nucl. Chem. Lett., 7, 1007 (1971). 5. H. Vahrenkamp, J. Organomet. Chem., 28, 167 (1971). 6. R. H. Cragg, M. F. Lappert, B. P. Tilley, J. Chem. SOC.,A, 947 (1967). 7. G. G. Hoffmann, P. Resch, J. Organomet. Chem., 295, 37 (1985). 8. A. 0. Baghlaf, A. Thompson, J. Less-Common., Met., 53, 291 (1977). 9. V. Lenher, C. H. Kao, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,48, 1550 (1926). 10. Gmelin’s Handbuch der Anorganischen Chemie, 8 Aufl., Syst. 35B, Die Verbindungen des Aluminiums, Verlag Chemie, Berlin, 1934. 11. J. Rouxel, P. Palvadeau, Bull. SOC.Chim. Fr., 2044 (1966). 12. P. Palvadeau, J. Rouxel, Bull. SOC.Chim. Fr., 2698 (1967). 13. M. F. Hawthorne, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,83, 1345 (1961). 14. B. Stibr, J. Plesek, S. Hermanek, CON.Czech. Chem. Commun., 34, 194 (1969).

28

2.6. The Formation of the Halogen (B, Al, Ga, In, TI) Bond 2.6.8. from Cleavage of Group-IIIB-Nitrogen Bonds 2.6.8.1. by Halogens.

15. E.Wiberg, W.Sturm, Angew Chem., 67,483(1955). 16. W. Siebert, E.Gast, F. Riegel, M. Schmidt, J. Organornet. Chern., 90, 13 (1975). 17. J. D.Cotton, T. C. Waddington, J. Chem. SOC.,A, 789 (1966). 18. H. Noth, R. Staudigl, T. Taeger, Chem. Ber., 114, 1157 (1981). 19. M. Schmidt, W. Siebert, Chem. Ber., 102,2752 (1969).

2.6.8. from Cleavage of Group-IIIB-Nitrogen Bonds 2.6.8.1. by Halogens.

The strong group-IIIB-halogen bonds facilitate the formation of halides from the nitrides and the BN-F, reaction is the most studied system. With the assistance of the weak F-F bond, BN burns spontaneously in F, at RT when the pressure is ca. 13 kPa:

At higher pressures, pellets of BN burn white hot and combustion appears to be essentially complete (AHig8 = - 885 kJmol- '). Virtually no nitrogen fluorides appear in the p r o d ~ c t s l - ~Reaction . is dependent on the state of the solid material, evidenced by the fact that no reaction is observed between F, and dense, hot-pressed BN at RT, although rapid conversion occurs if the gas is dissociated by a microwave discharge. Under nonequilibrium conditions, it is also possible to produce BF (g) or BF, (g). Also in this conversion, the reaction-induced temperature rise may increase the reaction rate. If the limiting BN consumption is c0.5% of the specimen and the T is maintained below 500 K, this conversion may be employed as an accurate gravimetric determination of Fatom concentration5. A similar situation obtains for the AIN-CI, reaction. The agglomerated material is not attacked until relatively high T (1030K),yielding AlCI, and N,, although traces of moisture (which lead to the presence of HCl) result in a very lively reaction. Dry bromine reacts less readily6,'. Crystalline nitrides' are extremely resistant to chemical attack, although the BN still reacts with chlorineg. For dialkylamido compounds of the type L,M-NR, (M = group-IIIB element), reactions with elemental halogens do not appear to have been reportedg. Such compounds, however, are highly reactive and even though there appears to be little tendency to form a nitrogen-halogen bond, it is possible that controlled reactions with halogens may prove useful in cleaving the M-N bond and permitting the synthesis of substituted hydrazines. Addition of Br, to B E N in iminoboranes RB=NBu-t gives the N-bromoaminoboranes, BrB(B)=NBrBu-t. The thermal stability of the product depends on the R group (R = alkyl, C6F, and Me3SiNBu-t)11. (B.D. JAMES)

1. G. E.Coates, J. Harris, T. Sutcliffe, J. Chem. SOC.,2762 (1952). 2. 0.Glemser, H. Haeseler, 2. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 279, 141 (1955). 3. W. C.Schumb, R. F. OMalley, Znorg. Chem., 3, 922 (1964). 4. S.S.Wise, J. L. Margrave, H. M. Feder, W. N. Hubbard, J. Phys. Chem., 70,7(1966). 5. D.A. Winborne, P. C. Nordine, Amer. Inst. Aeronaut. Astron. J., 14, 1488 (1976). 6. F. Fichter, A. Spengel, Z . Anorg. Allg. Chem., 82,198 (1913).


2.6. The Formation of the Halogen (B, Al, Ga, In, TI) Bond 2.6.8. from Cleavage of Group-IIIB-Nitrogen Bonds 2.6.8.1. by Halogens.

15. E.Wiberg, W.Sturm, Angew Chem., 67,483(1955). 16. W. Siebert, E.Gast, F. Riegel, M. Schmidt, J. Organornet. Chern., 90, 13 (1975). 17. J. D.Cotton, T. C. Waddington, J. Chem. SOC.,A, 789 (1966). 18. H. Noth, R. Staudigl, T. Taeger, Chem. Ber., 114, 1157 (1981). 19. M. Schmidt, W. Siebert, Chem. Ber., 102,2752 (1969).

2.6.8. from Cleavage of Group-IIIB-Nitrogen Bonds 2.6.8.1. by Halogens.

The strong group-IIIB-halogen bonds facilitate the formation of halides from the nitrides and the BN-F, reaction is the most studied system. With the assistance of the weak F-F bond, BN burns spontaneously in F, at RT when the pressure is ca. 13 kPa:

At higher pressures, pellets of BN burn white hot and combustion appears to be essentially complete (AHig8 = - 885 kJmol- '). Virtually no nitrogen fluorides appear in the p r o d ~ c t s l - ~Reaction . is dependent on the state of the solid material, evidenced by the fact that no reaction is observed between F, and dense, hot-pressed BN at RT, although rapid conversion occurs if the gas is dissociated by a microwave discharge. Under nonequilibrium conditions, it is also possible to produce BF (g) or BF, (g). Also in this conversion, the reaction-induced temperature rise may increase the reaction rate. If the limiting BN consumption is c0.5% of the specimen and the T is maintained below 500 K, this conversion may be employed as an accurate gravimetric determination of Fatom concentration5. A similar situation obtains for the AIN-CI, reaction. The agglomerated material is not attacked until relatively high T (1030K),yielding AlCI, and N,, although traces of moisture (which lead to the presence of HCl) result in a very lively reaction. Dry bromine reacts less readily6,'. Crystalline nitrides' are extremely resistant to chemical attack, although the BN still reacts with chlorineg. For dialkylamido compounds of the type L,M-NR, (M = group-IIIB element), reactions with elemental halogens do not appear to have been reportedg. Such compounds, however, are highly reactive and even though there appears to be little tendency to form a nitrogen-halogen bond, it is possible that controlled reactions with halogens may prove useful in cleaving the M-N bond and permitting the synthesis of substituted hydrazines. Addition of Br, to B E N in iminoboranes RB=NBu-t gives the N-bromoaminoboranes, BrB(B)=NBrBu-t. The thermal stability of the product depends on the R group (R = alkyl, C6F, and Me3SiNBu-t)11. (B.D. JAMES)

1. G. E.Coates, J. Harris, T. Sutcliffe, J. Chem. SOC.,2762 (1952). 2. 0.Glemser, H. Haeseler, 2. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 279, 141 (1955). 3. W. C.Schumb, R. F. OMalley, Znorg. Chem., 3, 922 (1964). 4. S.S.Wise, J. L. Margrave, H. M. Feder, W. N. Hubbard, J. Phys. Chem., 70,7(1966). 5. D.A. Winborne, P. C. Nordine, Amer. Inst. Aeronaut. Astron. J., 14, 1488 (1976). 6. F. Fichter, A. Spengel, Z . Anorg. Allg. Chem., 82,198 (1913).

29

2.6. The Formation of the Halogen (6, Al, Ga, In, TI) Bond 2.6.8. from Cleavage of Group-IIIB-Nitrogen Bonds 2.6.8.2. with Hydrogen Halides. ~

~~~~~~

~~~~

7. Gmelin’s Handbuch der Anorganische Chemie, 8 Aufl., Syst. 35B, Die Verbindungen des Aluminiums, Verlag Chemie, Berlin, 1934. 8. A. E. v. Arkel, J. H. de Boer, 2. Anorg. A&. Chem., 141,289 (1924). 9. T. Renner, Z. Anorg. Allgem. Chem., 298,22 (1959). 10. M. F. Lappert, P. P. Power, A. R. Sanger, R. C . Srivastava, Metal and Metalloid Amides, Halsted Press, New York, 1980. An excellent, comprehensive monograph. 11. B. Krockert, P. Paetzold, Chem. Ber., 120, 631 (1987).


If one or more B-N bonds occur in BXYZ (e.g., in aminoboranes) the electron pair on nitrogen is free to participate in n-bonding and the system is often represented as: \ /

B-N

-

../

\- +/

\

/

B=N

\

However, the assigned charges on the atoms seem to have little reality because the n charge transfer from N to B largely compensates for the B-N electronegativity difference in the u bonding. Thus, the B-N bond order may be strongly influenced by substituents on the two atoms and the chemistry is often subject to steric influences‘. Amido compounds generally are subject to reactions with protic species (HX) according to a schematic equation of the type’:

+ HX

L,E-NRR

-

+ HNRR

L,E-X

(a)

The electron-pair acceptor acidity of group-IIIB compounds facilitates attack by such reagents. The course of the reaction of bis(amino)boranes, (R,N),BR’, with HX at RT depends on the nature of the group R . If R’ = alkoxy, alkyl (other than Me), SiR, or NMe,, then cleavage of the B-N bond occurs: (R,N),BR’

+ 2 HCl

-

R,NBClR’

+ [R,NH,]Cl

(b)

This type of reaction proceeds easily, e.g., with PrB(NMe,), and HX (X = C1, Br, I) in ether or pentane, but with MeB(NMe,), reaction occurs to form a boronium salt3: Me,NH

[

Me

Me2NH‘B’Cl

]

+

“-

Similarly, B(NMe,), reacts with HCl at 273 K in ether initially to yield (Me,N),BCl and Me,HN.HCl, but with 3 or 4 mol equiv HCl the boronium salt [Cl,B(HNMe,),]Cl is obtained : B(NMe,),

+ 4 HC1-

[Cl,B(HNMe,),]Cl

+ Me,HN.HCl

(c)

Such boronium salt formation is quite common. For example, the Me,N adduct of (Me,N)BCl, reacts with HC1 to yield Me,N.HCl and the salt [Me,NBCl,(H)]Cl. On the other hand, the compound B(NEt,), reacts quite differently from its dimethylamino analog. With 4 mol equiv of HCl, the dichloroborane derivative is obtained and a further mole is required to cleave the remaining B-N bond4: B(NEt,), B(NEt,),

+ 4 HC1+ 5 HC1-

+ 2 Et,NH.HCl Cl,B:NHEt, + 2 Et,NH.HCl Et,NBCl,

(4 (e)


2.6. The Formation of the Halogen (6, Al, Ga, In, TI) Bond 2.6.8. from Cleavage of Group-IIIB-Nitrogen Bonds 2.6.8.2. with Hydrogen Halides. ~

~~~~~~

~~~~

7. Gmelin’s Handbuch der Anorganische Chemie, 8 Aufl., Syst. 35B, Die Verbindungen des Aluminiums, Verlag Chemie, Berlin, 1934. 8. A. E. v. Arkel, J. H. de Boer, 2. Anorg. A&. Chem., 141,289 (1924). 9. T. Renner, Z. Anorg. Allgem. Chem., 298,22 (1959). 10. M. F. Lappert, P. P. Power, A. R. Sanger, R. C . Srivastava, Metal and Metalloid Amides, Halsted Press, New York, 1980. An excellent, comprehensive monograph. 11. B. Krockert, P. Paetzold, Chem. Ber., 120, 631 (1987).


If one or more B-N bonds occur in BXYZ (e.g., in aminoboranes) the electron pair on nitrogen is free to participate in n-bonding and the system is often represented as: \ /

B-N

-

../

\- +/

\

/

B=N

\

However, the assigned charges on the atoms seem to have little reality because the n charge transfer from N to B largely compensates for the B-N electronegativity difference in the u bonding. Thus, the B-N bond order may be strongly influenced by substituents on the two atoms and the chemistry is often subject to steric influences‘. Amido compounds generally are subject to reactions with protic species (HX) according to a schematic equation of the type’:

+ HX

L,E-NRR

-

+ HNRR

L,E-X

(a)

The electron-pair acceptor acidity of group-IIIB compounds facilitates attack by such reagents. The course of the reaction of bis(amino)boranes, (R,N),BR’, with HX at RT depends on the nature of the group R . If R’ = alkoxy, alkyl (other than Me), SiR, or NMe,, then cleavage of the B-N bond occurs: (R,N),BR’

+ 2 HCl

-

R,NBClR’

+ [R,NH,]Cl

(b)

This type of reaction proceeds easily, e.g., with PrB(NMe,), and HX (X = C1, Br, I) in ether or pentane, but with MeB(NMe,), reaction occurs to form a boronium salt3: Me,NH

[

Me

Me2NH‘B’Cl

]

+

“-

Similarly, B(NMe,), reacts with HCl at 273 K in ether initially to yield (Me,N),BCl and Me,HN.HCl, but with 3 or 4 mol equiv HCl the boronium salt [Cl,B(HNMe,),]Cl is obtained : B(NMe,),

+ 4 HC1-

[Cl,B(HNMe,),]Cl

+ Me,HN.HCl

(c)

Such boronium salt formation is quite common. For example, the Me,N adduct of (Me,N)BCl, reacts with HC1 to yield Me,N.HCl and the salt [Me,NBCl,(H)]Cl. On the other hand, the compound B(NEt,), reacts quite differently from its dimethylamino analog. With 4 mol equiv of HCl, the dichloroborane derivative is obtained and a further mole is required to cleave the remaining B-N bond4: B(NEt,), B(NEt,),

+ 4 HC1+ 5 HC1-

+ 2 Et,NH.HCl Cl,B:NHEt, + 2 Et,NH.HCl Et,NBCl,

(4 (e)

30

2.6.The Formation of the Halogen (B, Al, Ga, In, TI) Bond 2.6.8.from Cleavage of Group-IIIB-Nitrogen Bonds 2.6.8.2.with Hydrogen Halides.

Monoaminoboranes, R,NBR;, and even those with mixed substituents on the boron atom are quite easily available so that if the volatile Me,NH can be evolved this method may hold some advantages for synthesis5. The compound Me,BNH, does not react with HC1 unless the dimer is first dissociated to the monomer, which then reacts vigorously at RT. A further mole of HCI reacts on heating6: HCI

Me,BNH,

HCI

Me'ClBNH,

Me,BCl

+ [NH,]CI

Similarly, the compounds (R,N),BH (R = Et, Pr, Bu) in their monomeric forms react with HCl to give R,NH:BHCl,, but in contrast, if R = Me, the compound reacts to form the boronium salt [Cl(H)B(NHMe,),]Cl. This salt is not as stable as others and decomposes on heating to give Me,NBHCI and the amine hydrochloride7. Tetrakis(dialky1amino)diboranes (4) initially form adducts with hydrogen halides, but the tetra-substituted product is obtained (as the amine adduct) with higher mole ratios's'. Excess HCl also converts a B-bonded dibutylamino group in a borazine into the B-chloro derivativeg but the general reaction of hydrogen halides with borazenes is one of addition',l0. After addition, however, cleavage of the ring can occur, especially on heating and in the presence of excess hydrogen halide. Hexamethylborazene, e.g., is cleaved with xs HCl above 420 K, giving methyldichloroboranelo. Aluminium derivatives likewise are susceptible to attack with hydrogen halides. Excess HCl may be employed to completely decompose the Me,AlNMe, dimer' : (Me,AINMe,),

+ 8 HCl

-

4 CH,

+ 2 [Me,NH,][AlCl,]

(8)

The more associated anilino derivative [EtAINPh], is also subject to attack by hydrogen halides at RT: \-

-A]-N /

+/ \

+HX-

\-

Al-N

/I

X

+/

I\

H

yielding an Al-halogen bond in an aniline adduct. Excess HCl finally cleaves the Al-C bond, showing that the Al-N bond is more readily attacked". Nitrides are attacked by hydrogen halides, although the presence of small amounts of moisture may have an effect on the reaction temperature. Aluminum nitride is completely converted into AlCl, and NH, quite quickly by gaseous HCl at 1170 K, while dissolution in aqeous solutions of HC1 are reported for both the A1 and In compound^'^. Likewise, BN is converted to [NH,]BF, by H F treatment',. (B.D. JAMES)

1. K. Niedenzu, J. W. Dawson, in The Chemistry of Boron and Its Compounds, E. L. Muetterties, ed., Wiley, New York, 1967. 2. M. F. Lappert, P. P. Power, A. R. Sanger, R. C. Srivastava, Metal and Metalloid Arnides, Halsted Press, New York, 1980. Strongly recommended. 3. H. Noth, P. Fritz, 2. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 322, 297 (1963). 4. H. Noth, S. Lukas, Chem. Ber., 95, 1505 (1962). 5. K. Niedenzu, Organomet. Chem. Rev., 1, 305 (1966). 6. E. Wiberg, K. A. Hertwig, A. Bolz, 2. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 256, 177 (1948). 7. H. Noth, W. A. Dorochov, P. Fritz, F. Pfab, 2. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 318, 293 (1962). 8. S. C. Malhotra, Znorg. Chem., 3, 862 (1964).

2.6. The Formation of the Halogen (8, Al, Ga, In, TI) Bond 2.6.8. from Cleavage of Group-IIIB-Nitrogen Bonds 2.6.8.3. with Other Halides.

31

9. W. Gerrard, H. R. Hudson, E. F. Mooney, J. Chem. Soc., 113 (1962). 10. H. Steinberg, R. J. Brotherton, Organoboron Chemistry, Vol. 2, Wiley, New York, 1966. A good survey of boron-nitrogen chemistry. 11. N. Davidson, H. C. Brown, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,64, 316 (1942). 12. J. K. Gilbert, J. D. Smith, J. Chem. SOC.,A, 233 (1968). 13. Gmelin’s Handbuch der Anorganischen Chemie, 8 AuA., Syst. 35B, Die Verbindungen des Aluminiums, Verlag Chemie, Berlin, 1934. 14. 0. Glemser, H. Haesele, Z . Anorg. ANg. Chem., 279, 141 (1955).


Many reactions of group-IIIB-nitrogen bonds with various halides have been reported. Typical of these are the reactions of -NR, substituted derivatives of borazene with boron or phosphoryl halides, halogenating at boron. Thus, B-tris(di-n-buty1amino)borazine and BCI, in CH,CI, gives B-trichloroborazine in 57 % yield. A similar reaction with (Et,NB-NH), gives over 90% yield of Et,NBCI,, but although some Btrichloroborazine presumably is produced it is not reported. With POCl,, a 96 % yield is reported’ :

+ 3 POCl,

(Et,NB-NR),

-

3 CI,PONEt,

+ (ClB-NR),

When PCl, is allowed the opportunity to cleave either a B-N substituted borazines, the B-N bond is attacked preferentially:

or B-C

(a) bond in

-_-

NEt,

c1

B

B

I

MeN4

I

I

“Me

MeB\ N / Me

11

MeN4

BMe

I MeB

ipc13-

‘NMe

11

\” Me

BMe

+ Me,NPCI,

(b)

Similarly, both PCl, and BCl, cleave the B-N bonds in the diborane (4) derivative (Bu)(Me,N)B-B(NMe,)(Bu) and TiC1, exchanges halogen for the NMe, group in (Me,N),BCH,. For the latter reaction product, Me,NBCl(CH,), this procedure provides an excellent, straightforward p r e p a r a t i ~ n ~The . ~ . Me,N group in the pboranedithiolato-bridged binuclear metal complex, Me,NBS,Fe,(CO), also can be exchanged for C1 or Br using the respective B halides4. In reactions of B(NEt,), with PCI, or YPC1, (Y = 0, S) cleavage of the B-N bonds occur to give mixed species, C1,-,E(NEt,),, [where E = B or PI. These mixed species, however, show distributions that are not in accord with a completely random mechanism. In the B(NEt,),-PCl, mixture, the chloride substituent prefers P over B, while the reverse is true in the case of 4-coordinate phosphorus. Thus, it appears that the more effectiven: donor (NEt,) bonds to the better acceptor. In the case of 4-coordinate phosphorus, the presence of the oxygen or sulfur atom enhances the effective electronegativity of the P center and assists its ability to behave as an effective acceptor5. The compound B(NMe,), also has one B-N bond cleaved by either phosgene or thiophosgene, : B(NMe,),

+ YCCl,

-

B(NMe,),Cl

+ Me,NC(Y)CI

(c)

Inorganic Reactions and Methods, Volume4 Edited by J.J. Zuckerman, A.P. Hagen Copyright 0 1991 by VCH Publishers, Inc. 2.6. The Formation of the Halogen (8, Al, Ga, In, TI) Bond 2.6.8. from Cleavage of Group-IIIB-Nitrogen Bonds 2.6.8.3. with Other Halides.

31

9. W. Gerrard, H. R. Hudson, E. F. Mooney, J. Chem. Soc., 113 (1962). 10. H. Steinberg, R. J. Brotherton, Organoboron Chemistry, Vol. 2, Wiley, New York, 1966. A good survey of boron-nitrogen chemistry. 11. N. Davidson, H. C. Brown, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,64, 316 (1942). 12. J. K. Gilbert, J. D. Smith, J. Chem. SOC.,A, 233 (1968). 13. Gmelin’s Handbuch der Anorganischen Chemie, 8 AuA., Syst. 35B, Die Verbindungen des Aluminiums, Verlag Chemie, Berlin, 1934. 14. 0. Glemser, H. Haesele, Z . Anorg. ANg. Chem., 279, 141 (1955).


Many reactions of group-IIIB-nitrogen bonds with various halides have been reported. Typical of these are the reactions of -NR, substituted derivatives of borazene with boron or phosphoryl halides, halogenating at boron. Thus, B-tris(di-n-buty1amino)borazine and BCI, in CH,CI, gives B-trichloroborazine in 57 % yield. A similar reaction with (Et,NB-NH), gives over 90% yield of Et,NBCI,, but although some Btrichloroborazine presumably is produced it is not reported. With POCl,, a 96 % yield is reported’ :

+ 3 POCl,

(Et,NB-NR),

-

3 CI,PONEt,

+ (ClB-NR),

When PCl, is allowed the opportunity to cleave either a B-N substituted borazines, the B-N bond is attacked preferentially:

or B-C

(a) bond in

-_-

NEt,

c1

B

B

I

MeN4

I

I

“Me

MeB\ N / Me

11

MeN4

BMe

I MeB

ipc13-

‘NMe

11

\” Me

BMe

+ Me,NPCI,

(b)

Similarly, both PCl, and BCl, cleave the B-N bonds in the diborane (4) derivative (Bu)(Me,N)B-B(NMe,)(Bu) and TiC1, exchanges halogen for the NMe, group in (Me,N),BCH,. For the latter reaction product, Me,NBCl(CH,), this procedure provides an excellent, straightforward p r e p a r a t i ~ n ~The . ~ . Me,N group in the pboranedithiolato-bridged binuclear metal complex, Me,NBS,Fe,(CO), also can be exchanged for C1 or Br using the respective B halides4. In reactions of B(NEt,), with PCI, or YPC1, (Y = 0, S) cleavage of the B-N bonds occur to give mixed species, C1,-,E(NEt,),, [where E = B or PI. These mixed species, however, show distributions that are not in accord with a completely random mechanism. In the B(NEt,),-PCl, mixture, the chloride substituent prefers P over B, while the reverse is true in the case of 4-coordinate phosphorus. Thus, it appears that the more effectiven: donor (NEt,) bonds to the better acceptor. In the case of 4-coordinate phosphorus, the presence of the oxygen or sulfur atom enhances the effective electronegativity of the P center and assists its ability to behave as an effective acceptor5. The compound B(NMe,), also has one B-N bond cleaved by either phosgene or thiophosgene, : B(NMe,),

+ YCCl,

-

B(NMe,),Cl

+ Me,NC(Y)CI

(c)

32

2.6 The Formation of the Halogen (B, Al, Ga, In, TI) Bond 2.6.8. from Cleavage of Group-IIIB-Nitrogen Bonds 2.6.8.3. with Other Halides.

where Y = 0, S. Cleavage of all the B-N bonds occurs with SF, in SO, solution yielding the sulfonium salt [(Me,N),S][BF,], which remains after the volatile materials have been removed7. Parenthetically, this is a good synthesis for the aminosubstituted cation. Redistribution reactions: B(NR,),

+ 2 BX,

-

3 X,BNR,

(d)

are common and easy to carry out'. Such a reaction is an excellent method for the preparation of Et,NBF,, and the chloro-substituted dimethylaminoalanes are likewise obtained under mild conditionsg. That redistribution occurs so as to exchange the nonbridging groups in the system is shown by the reaction: (Me,N),Al

+ 2 BCl,

-

2 Me,NBCl,

+ Me,NAlCl,

(e)

in which the first and last species are associated via NR, bridges. A reaction occurs between Me,BNH, and BF,, yielding Me,BF which may be isolated by fractionation. Similar reactions occur between Me,BNMe, and BX, (X = F, Cl) but the products appear to be formed via decomposition of unstable adducts'O. Aminoiminoboranes react with more covalent halides in two distinct ways. With BX,, there is insertion into the B-N bond to give cyclic R,N-BX-NR'-BX,. The tetramethylpiperidinoiminoboranes (with R = bulky groups such as t-Bu) insert into the Y-X bond of YX, (Y = P, As, Sb; X = C1, Br) to yield compounds having B-X bonds. A similar reaction occurs with HgCl,, but HgBr, and HgI, yield only 1:1 adducts (no B-X bond) as is also the case with GaC1, and aluminum halides''. Organoaminoaluminates also undergo facile cleavage of their Al-N bonds; this reaction may be exploited synthetically more in the context of the organo-containing product than for the fact that an Al-halogen bond is formed. A simple example is the reaction between BF, and LiAl(NMe,), to produce the substituted borane',: 3 LiAl(NMe,),

+ 4 BF,

-

4 B(NMe,),

+ 3 AlF, + 3 LiF

(f)

Similarly, silyl bromide reacts with aminoaluminates to give generally good yields of compounds containing N-Si bonds. The reactions occur at convenient rates (10-60 min) with cooling (177-230 K) in ethereal solvents providing a facile procedure for the preparation of compounds that have proved troublesome via other methods. Pyrrolidine silane, for example, may be obtained in 75 % yield',. Exchange reactions with organometallic derivatives often are much less facile. For example, Me,TlNMe, only reacts very slowly with BuBr, although a high yield of Me,TlBr eventually is obtained after refluxing in benzene. Exchange with Me,SnCl in ether, however, is much faster',. The pyrazole derivative of dimethylgallium also is attacked relatively slowly by alkyl halides in what appear to be SN2 reactions:

Me

2.6. The Formation of the Halogen (B, Al, Ga, In, TI) Bond 2.6.9. from Cleavage of the Group-IIIB-Other Group-VB Element Bond 2.6.9.1. by Halogens.

33

The reaction appears to be useful in preparing N-alkylated pyrazoles. With PrBr, a 67 % yield of the alkylated derivative seems to be the highest”. (B.D.JAMES) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

H. Steinberg, R. J. Brotherton, Organoboron Chemistry, Vol. 2, Wiley, New York, 1966. W. Biffar, H. Noth, H. Pommerening, Angew Chem., Znt. Ed. Engl. 19, 56 (1980). G. S. Kyker, E. P. Schram, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,90, 3672 (1968). H. Noth, W. Rattay, J. Organomet. Chem., 308, 131 (1986). J-P. Costes, G. Cros, J-P. Laurent, J. Znorg. Nucl. Chem., 40, 829 (1978). A. Meller, A. Ossko, Monatsch. Chem., 103, 577 (1972). A. H. Cowley, D. J. Pagel, M. L. Walker, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 100,7065 (1978). For example, W. Maringgele, A. Meller, Monatsch. Chem., 110, 473 (1979). J. K. Ruff, J. Org. Chem., 27, 1020 (1962). H. J. Becher, 2.Anorg. Allg. Chem., 288,235 (1956). A. Braundl, H. Noth, Chem. Ber., 121, 1321, 1371 (1988). W. Siebert, W. Ruf, R. Full, Z. Naturforsch. SOB,642 (1975). C. Glidewell, D. W. H. Rankin, J. Chern. SOC., A, 279 (1979). B. Walther, A. Zschunke, B. Adler, A. Kolbe, S. Bauer, Z . Anorg. Allg. Chem., 427, 137 (1976). D. Boyer, R. Gassend, J. C. Maire, J. Elguero, J. Organomet. Chem., 215, 349 (1981).

2.6.9. from Cleavage of the Group-IIIB-Other Group-VB Element Bond 2.0.9.1. by Halogens.

This type of reaction appears not to have been employed to date on a wide scale. Insofar as the compounds containing group-IIIB-group-VB element bonds are themselves prepared from group-IIIB halides, this is not too surprising. However, the relatively high bond strengths to halogen for group-VB elements other than nitrogen (Table 1) suggests that there is more scope for cleavage of bonds to phosphorus, As and Sb than for the corresponding reactions involving group-IIIB-nitrogen bonds ($2.6.8.1).The reaction is driven effectively by the formation of both the group-IIIB-halogen and group-VB-halogen bonds and may prove to be useful for the synthesis of group VB halide derivatives. Thus, the B-M bonds (M = As, Sb) in the carboranyl derivatives 9-(C,H,Bl,H,)MC1, are cleaved by interaction with bromine’. This reaction is employed to determine the position of the metal substitution because it yields the known bromocarborane in a “clean” reaction.

TABLE1. GROUP-VB-HALOGEN BONDSTRENGTHS (in kJ mol-’)’

N P As

Sb. Bi

F

C1

272 527 485 385 309

192 330 288 309 279

Br

I

263 242

184 180

263

242


2.6. The Formation of the Halogen (B, Al, Ga, In, TI) Bond 2.6.9. from Cleavage of the Group-IIIB-Other Group-VB Element Bond 2.6.9.1. by Halogens.

33

The reaction appears to be useful in preparing N-alkylated pyrazoles. With PrBr, a 67 % yield of the alkylated derivative seems to be the highest”. (B.D.JAMES) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

H. Steinberg, R. J. Brotherton, Organoboron Chemistry, Vol. 2, Wiley, New York, 1966. W. Biffar, H. Noth, H. Pommerening, Angew Chem., Znt. Ed. Engl. 19, 56 (1980). G. S. Kyker, E. P. Schram, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,90, 3672 (1968). H. Noth, W. Rattay, J. Organomet. Chem., 308, 131 (1986). J-P. Costes, G. Cros, J-P. Laurent, J. Znorg. Nucl. Chem., 40, 829 (1978). A. Meller, A. Ossko, Monatsch. Chem., 103, 577 (1972). A. H. Cowley, D. J. Pagel, M. L. Walker, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 100,7065 (1978). For example, W. Maringgele, A. Meller, Monatsch. Chem., 110, 473 (1979). J. K. Ruff, J. Org. Chem., 27, 1020 (1962). H. J. Becher, 2.Anorg. Allg. Chem., 288,235 (1956). A. Braundl, H. Noth, Chem. Ber., 121, 1321, 1371 (1988). W. Siebert, W. Ruf, R. Full, Z. Naturforsch. SOB,642 (1975). C. Glidewell, D. W. H. Rankin, J. Chern. SOC., A, 279 (1979). B. Walther, A. Zschunke, B. Adler, A. Kolbe, S. Bauer, Z . Anorg. Allg. Chem., 427, 137 (1976). D. Boyer, R. Gassend, J. C. Maire, J. Elguero, J. Organomet. Chem., 215, 349 (1981).

2.6.9. from Cleavage of the Group-IIIB-Other Group-VB Element Bond 2.0.9.1. by Halogens.

This type of reaction appears not to have been employed to date on a wide scale. Insofar as the compounds containing group-IIIB-group-VB element bonds are themselves prepared from group-IIIB halides, this is not too surprising. However, the relatively high bond strengths to halogen for group-VB elements other than nitrogen (Table 1) suggests that there is more scope for cleavage of bonds to phosphorus, As and Sb than for the corresponding reactions involving group-IIIB-nitrogen bonds ($2.6.8.1).The reaction is driven effectively by the formation of both the group-IIIB-halogen and group-VB-halogen bonds and may prove to be useful for the synthesis of group VB halide derivatives. Thus, the B-M bonds (M = As, Sb) in the carboranyl derivatives 9-(C,H,Bl,H,)MC1, are cleaved by interaction with bromine’. This reaction is employed to determine the position of the metal substitution because it yields the known bromocarborane in a “clean” reaction.

TABLE1. GROUP-VB-HALOGEN BONDSTRENGTHS (in kJ mol-’)’

N P As

Sb. Bi

F

C1

272 527 485 385 309

192 330 288 309 279

Br

I

263 242

184 180

263

242

34

2.6.The Formation of the Halogen (B, At, Ga, In, TI) Bond 2.6.9.from Cleavage of the Group-IIIB-Other Group-VB Element Bond 2.6.9.2. by Hydrogen Halides.

In the binary compounds, it has been found that BP reacts rather vigorously (AHrx= 805 kJ mol-’) with C1, at around 800 K and under a pressure of 700 kPa to form crystalline Cl,P.BCl, (presumably [PCl,][BCl,]). Such interaction with halogen may be employed to yield a low-valent intermediate, which then reconverts to BP and is thus able to form a more crystalline variety of BP via transport growth. Transported BP crystals are rather more inert than the powder’. The general susceptibility of these group-III-group-V compounds to attack in air signifies that the materials react in general in a similar manner to BP. The thallium phosphides are not well characterized3. A similar expectation is reasonable for halogenation of compounds such as (Me,N),B=MR, (M = As, Sb; R = Me, Et), or R,TI-MRPh (R = Me, Et; M = P, As; R’ = Ph, H), since the reaction: R,MM’RL

+ X,

-

R,MX

+ RLM‘X

(a>

is identified as one of the most common for the cleavage of compounds containing covalent bonds between atoms of two different elements6. (B.D. JAMES)

1. V. I. Bregadze, V. T. Kampel, N. N. Godovikov, J. Organomet. Chem., 157, C1, (1978). 2. Gmelin’s Handbuch der Anorganischen Chemie, 8 Aufl., Syst. 13, Boron Compounds, New Supplement Series, Part 3, Val. 19, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1975.‘ 3. N. N. Greenwood, A. Earnshaw, Chemistry of the Elements, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1984. 4. W. Becker, H. Noth, Chem. Ber., 105, 1962 (1972). 5. B. Walther, S. Bauer, J. Organomet. Chem., 142, 177 (1977). 6. N. S. Vyazankin, G. A. Razuvaev, 0. A. Kruglaya, Organometal. Chem. Rev., A3, 323 (1968). 7. Sources employed for the data were: D. E. C. Corbridge, Phosphorus. An Outline of Its Chemistry, Biochemistry and Technology, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1978; and T. L. Cottrell, The Strengths of Chemical Bonds, 2nd ed., Butterworths, London, 1958. The degree of certainty to be attached to a number of these data is discussed in this latter reference.


These reactions are potentially widely applicable and likely to produce high yields in view of their generally clean nature, although those reactions producing assine and stibine derivatives may exhibit more thermal decomposition products than those releasing phosphines. The electron-pair acceptor acidity of group-IIIB compounds facilitates attack by HX and since any n overlap is weaker in group-IVB-phosphorus compounds than it is in their nitrogen counterparts, reactions often occur readily. Thus, in the reaction of aminobis(phosphino)boranes in which the R,N function provides the stabilizing pn-pn overlap with boron, 1 or 2 mol equiv HC1 at 223 K successively cleave the boron-phosphorus bonds in preference to the boron-nitrogen bond’. The phosphine is released and a B-Cl bond formed immediately: Et,NB(PEt,), Et,NB(PEt,)’

-

+ HCI + 2 HCl

+ HPEt,

(a)

+ 2 HPEt,

(b)

Et,NB(Cl)PEt, Et’NBCl,

Thus, no participation of the phosphorus lone pair in n bonding is evident. Another indication of the relative reactivities of these bonds is exemplified by (Me,N),BPEt,,


34

2.6.The Formation of the Halogen (B, At, Ga, In, TI) Bond 2.6.9.from Cleavage of the Group-IIIB-Other Group-VB Element Bond 2.6.9.2. by Hydrogen Halides.

In the binary compounds, it has been found that BP reacts rather vigorously (AHrx= 805 kJ mol-’) with C1, at around 800 K and under a pressure of 700 kPa to form crystalline Cl,P.BCl, (presumably [PCl,][BCl,]). Such interaction with halogen may be employed to yield a low-valent intermediate, which then reconverts to BP and is thus able to form a more crystalline variety of BP via transport growth. Transported BP crystals are rather more inert than the powder’. The general susceptibility of these group-III-group-V compounds to attack in air signifies that the materials react in general in a similar manner to BP. The thallium phosphides are not well characterized3. A similar expectation is reasonable for halogenation of compounds such as (Me,N),B=MR, (M = As, Sb; R = Me, Et), or R,TI-MRPh (R = Me, Et; M = P, As; R’ = Ph, H), since the reaction: R,MM’RL

+ X,

-

R,MX

+ RLM‘X

(a>

is identified as one of the most common for the cleavage of compounds containing covalent bonds between atoms of two different elements6. (B.D. JAMES)

1. V. I. Bregadze, V. T. Kampel, N. N. Godovikov, J. Organomet. Chem., 157, C1, (1978). 2. Gmelin’s Handbuch der Anorganischen Chemie, 8 Aufl., Syst. 13, Boron Compounds, New Supplement Series, Part 3, Val. 19, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1975.‘ 3. N. N. Greenwood, A. Earnshaw, Chemistry of the Elements, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1984. 4. W. Becker, H. Noth, Chem. Ber., 105, 1962 (1972). 5. B. Walther, S. Bauer, J. Organomet. Chem., 142, 177 (1977). 6. N. S. Vyazankin, G. A. Razuvaev, 0. A. Kruglaya, Organometal. Chem. Rev., A3, 323 (1968). 7. Sources employed for the data were: D. E. C. Corbridge, Phosphorus. An Outline of Its Chemistry, Biochemistry and Technology, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1978; and T. L. Cottrell, The Strengths of Chemical Bonds, 2nd ed., Butterworths, London, 1958. The degree of certainty to be attached to a number of these data is discussed in this latter reference.


These reactions are potentially widely applicable and likely to produce high yields in view of their generally clean nature, although those reactions producing assine and stibine derivatives may exhibit more thermal decomposition products than those releasing phosphines. The electron-pair acceptor acidity of group-IIIB compounds facilitates attack by HX and since any n overlap is weaker in group-IVB-phosphorus compounds than it is in their nitrogen counterparts, reactions often occur readily. Thus, in the reaction of aminobis(phosphino)boranes in which the R,N function provides the stabilizing pn-pn overlap with boron, 1 or 2 mol equiv HC1 at 223 K successively cleave the boron-phosphorus bonds in preference to the boron-nitrogen bond’. The phosphine is released and a B-Cl bond formed immediately: Et,NB(PEt,), Et,NB(PEt,)’

-

+ HCI + 2 HCl

+ HPEt,

(a)

+ 2 HPEt,

(b)

Et,NB(Cl)PEt, Et’NBCl,

Thus, no participation of the phosphorus lone pair in n bonding is evident. Another indication of the relative reactivities of these bonds is exemplified by (Me,N),BPEt,,

2.6.The Formation of the Halogen (B, Al, Ga, In, TI) Bond 2.6.9.from Cleavage of the Group-IIIB-Other Group-VB Element Bond 2.6.9.2. by Hydrogen Halides. ~~~

35

~

which, when subjected to 2 3 mol equiv HC1, releases only the phosphine and forms the boronium salt': (Me,N),BPEt,

+ 3 HCl

-

[Cl,B(NMe,),]Cl

+ HPEt,

(c)

The arsenido and stibinido analogs probably react similarly in view of their reported sensitivity3. The chemistry of compounds in which P, As or Sb is bonded to elements in group IIIB other than B is rather poorly but where examples are found, the reactions are quite unexceptionable. For example, with the diakylthallium compound, Me,TlP(H)Ph, a 1 mol L- 'HCl solution releases PhPH, very quickly and a high yield (79 %) of Me,TlCl can be obtained from the aqueous phase6. While the reactions of other r j arsenido derivatives are not specifically described, the implication is that ely analogous. With the more reactive diorganoaluminum derivatives, the es the Al-C bonds in addition to the Al-P linkage7 and the Me,AlPMe,

+ 4 HCl

-

2 CH,

+ [Me,PH,][AICl,]

(4

A number of Eis(borane) salts of phosphorus and arsenic are known', but in the reported' reaction of NaH,P(BH,), with 1 mol equiv HCl at 177 K in ether, only the conversion of the anion intb p-H;PB,H, has been notedg. This protonic attack makes it appear likely that xs HCl cleaves not only the B-P bridge but also the B-H bonds (42.6.5.2). Most boron-phosphorus compounds are polymeric (especially trimeric) cyclic structures in which the P atoms carry formal positive charges and the B atoms are formally negative. These compounds possess significant stability, fiot only thermally but also toward hydrolysis reactions. With [PI hexamethylcycloborophane, for example, the reaction with dry HCl occurs only very slowly at ca. 570 K and releases hydrogen. Thus, attack occurs at the B-H bond rather than the reagent being able to disrupt the ring to any significant extentg. However, the compound Ph,AsBPh,, even though it is monomeric, resists dilute acids at 370 K. The high stability of the ring structure is postulated to come about because B-H bonding electrons are able to supplement the P + B dative D bondlo. With compounds such as (H,Al-PEt,),, on the other hand, their trimeric nature does not lead to any special stability, and spontaneous ignition in air foreshadows particularly high reactivity' I. (t3.o. JAMES) 1. H. Noth, W. Schragle, Angew. Chem., M 4 E d .Engl., 1,457 (1962). 2. H. Noth, W. Schragle, Chem. Ber., 97, 2218 (1964). 3. W. Becker, H. Noth, Chem. Ber., 105, 1962 (1972). 4. D. E. C. Corbridge, Phosphorus. An Outline of Its Chemistry, Biochemistry and Technology., Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1978. 5. K. Jones, in International Review of Science: Inorganic Chemistry, Series 2, H. J. Emeleus, ed., Vol. 1, Ch. 8, Butterworths, London, 1975. 6. B. Walther, S. Bauer, J. Organomet. Chem., 142, 177 (1977). 7. N. Davidson, H. C. Brown, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,64, 316 (1942). 8. M. G. H. Wallbridge, N. Davies, in International Review of Science: Inorganic Chemistry, Series 2, H. J. Emeleus, ed., Vol. 1, Ch. 3, Butterworths, London, 1975. 9. H. Steinberg, R. J. Brotherton, Organoboron Chemistry, Vol. 2, Ch. 12, Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1966. 10. A. B. Burg, G. Brendel, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 80, 3198 (1958). 11. G. Fritz, Angew. Chem., In?. Ed. Engl., 5, 53 (1966).


36

2.6. The Formation of the Halogen (8, Al, Ga, In, TI) Bond 2.6.9. from Cleavage of the Group-IllB-Other Group-VB Element Bond 2.6.9.3. by Other Halides.


Compounds that contain a group-IIIB-group VB element bond display typical inorganic and organic substitution reactions with various polar reagents. For example, compounds such as Et,P-B(aryl), and (Me,N),B-PEt, react with limited quantities of methyl iodide in organic solvents and methylate at phosphorus, forming boronium salts'*'. This suggests that the lone pair on phosphorus is still available for complexation. The reactions are: Et,PB(aryl), (Me,N),BPEt,

+ CH,I

+ CH,I

-

[Et,MePB(aryl),]I

[(Me,N),BP(Me)Et,]I

With xs CH,I reagent, however, the B-P separates,: (Me,N),BPEt, 2 CH,I Et,NB(PEt,),

+ + 4 CH,I

-

(a) (b)

bond is cleaved and the phosphonium salt (Me,N),BI

__*

Et,NBI,

+ [Et,PMe,]I

+ 2 [Et,PMe,]I

(c) (4

In a similar way, EtI reacts with Me,TlP(H)Ph in pentane slowly (over 72 h) giving the phosphine, HPPh(Et) (from the filtrate) and a 35 % yield of Me,TlI (from the residue),. Boron trichloride and (Me,N),B-PEt, participate in a kind of scrambling reaction represented by the equation: 2 (Me,N),BPEt,

+ 2 BCl,

-

(Me,N),BCl

+ Cl,BPEt,

(e)

but which appears to proceed via an unstable adduct intermediate2. Reactions involving cleavage of group-IIIB-group-VB element bonds have a wide applicability in synthesis. For this, the easily obtained aluminate anions4 generally are the reagents of choice. Thus, Li[Al(PH,),] can be employed to introduce PH groups into various molecules and is a valuable reagent when the products of the reaction are volatile. The phosphinoaluminate reagent reacts with EtI in diglyme over 12 h to evolve EtPH, (together with PH,), although some of the ethylphosphine becomes incorporated into the solid reaction products and is released only on hydrolysis. The reaction contrasts with that between EtI and the nitrogen analog, Li[Al(NH,),J which fails to produce any EtNH, over 2 d at ambient temperature5. Similar reactions with silyl and germyl halides to yield phosphino derivatives (which could only be obtained with difficulty by other methods) proceed very readily. For example, Li[Al(PH,)J reacts with H,SiBr at 228 K to give an 82 % yield of silylphosphine, H,SiPH, [along with SiH,, PH, and H,Si(PH,), side products] in only a few minutes6*':

4 RBr

+ Li[Al(PH,),]

-

AlBr,

+ LiBr + 4 RPH,

(f)

where R = H,Si or H,Ge. It is possible that the PH,-producing side reaction involves lithium halide cleavage of Si-P (or Ge-P) bonds. These reactions are easily and conveniently extended to the trimethylsilyl and germyl halides to produce the Me,MPH, derivatives in high yield from triglyme media within minutes8. Aluminate salts produced from LiAlH, and methylphosphines behave in a similar manner. Thus, Li[HAl(PHMe),] (which is generated from LiAlH, and MePH, over 12 d) and Li[H,Al(PMe,),] (from Me,PH over 8 d) both react with H,SiBr at 228 K within 30 min, yielding MePH(SiH,) and Me,PSiH,, respectivelyg.

37

2.6. The Formation of the Halogen (B, Al, Ga, In, TI) Bond 2.6.9. from Cleavage of the Group-1118-Other Group-VB Element Bond 2.6.9.3. by Other Halides.

TABLE1. SYNTHESIS OF ARSINEDERIVATIVES RAsH,

OF

SILYLAND GERMYL COMPOUNDS" ~~

R

RBr (mmol)

H,Si H,Ge Si,H, Ge,H, MeSiH, MeGeH, Me,Si Me,Ge

11.18" 9.77" 7.21" 5.21b 10.00" 6.61b 14.95b 12.10b

Li[Al(AsH,),] (mmol) 3.20' 2.63' 1.91" 1.54d 2.60d 2.12d 4.00" 3.51'

RAsH, (mmol)

Yield

7.80 6.33 4.26 5.12 3.18 11.48 8.20

70 65 59

(%)

-

51 48 17 68

~~~~~

ASH, (mmol)

RH (mmol)

1.8 1.8 1.9 5.1 2.6 3.1 2.12 1.90

0.9 0.5 0.3 2.6 0.8 0.5 1.32 0.10

Others (mmol) Ge,H,$.6) SiH, (0.1) GeH, (3.1) (MeGeH,), (0.16) Me,GeH, (1.10)

Reaction in diglyme. Reaction in triglyme. ' Reaction at 228 K. Reaction at 250 K. Reaction at 273 K.

In reactions of the arseno derivative, it is found that bromide precursors are more suitable than chlorides. Thus, a low yield of Me,SnAsH, may be obtained from the interaction of a less than stoichiometric amount of Me,SnBr with Li[Al(AsH,),] at 228 K in monoglyme". Reaction conditions for the synthesis of primary arsine derivatives of several silyl and germyl compounds are given in Table 1. Disilylarsine, (H,Si),AsH, is obtained without any (H,Si),As from the reaction of an excess of Li[Al(AsH,),] with H,SiBr in Me,O at low T. Presumably, this reaction proceeds via H,SiAsH, as the initial product: [ASH,]-

+ H,SiBr

-

H,SiAsH,

+ Br-

(g)

The [ASH,] - entity, however, then acts as a base and leads to the formation of the disilyl product:

+ H,SiAsH, [H,SiAsH]- + H,SiBr

[ASH,]-

+ ASH, (H,Si),AsH + Br-

[H,SiAsH]-

(h) (0

Such a scheme is in accordance with a similar one suggested for the reaction of silyl bromide with the [pH,]- analog12. The recent report of chelating species of stoichiometry Al[(Me,P),CY], (with Y = PMe, or SiMe,) that are obtained reasonably easily argues well for an upsurge of synthetic activity using such reagents',.

1. 2. 3. 4.

G. E. Coates, J. G. Livingstone, J. Chem. SOC.,1000 (1961). H. Noth, W. Schragle, Chem. Ber., 97, 2218 (1964). B. Walther, S. Bauer, J. Organomet. Chem., 142, 177 (1977).

(B.D.JAMES)

While these species are easily prepared, their formation tends to be rather slow and the product is also somewhat unstable in the long term. Thus, complete conversion is not achieved and syntheses involving these reagents are subject to a number of side reactions due to small amounts of hydridoaluminate species that remain. 5. A. E. Finholt, C. Helling, V. Imhof, L. Nielsen, E. Jacobson, Inorg. Chem., 2, 504 (1963). 6. A. D. Norman, D. C. Wingeleth, Inorg. Chem., 9, 98 (1970).

38

7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.

2.6. The Formation of the Halogen (B, Al, Ga, In, TI) Bond 2.6.10.Cleavage of Group-IIIB-Carbon Bonds 2.6.10.1. by Halogens. G. Fritz, H. Schaefer, 2. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 406, 167 (1974). A. D. Norman, Znorg. Chem., 9,870 (1970). K. D. Crosbie, C. Glidewell, G. M. Sheldrick, J. Chem. SOC.,A., 1861 (1969). J. W. Anderson, J. E. Drake, Can. J. Chem., 49,2524 (1971). J. W. Anderson, J. E. Drake, J. Chem. Soc., A , 3131 (1970). C. Glidewell, G. M. Sheldrick, J. Chem. SOC.,A , 350 (1969). H. H. Karsch, A. Appelt, J. Chem. SOC.,Chem. Commun., 1083 (1985).

2.6.10. Cleavage of Group-IIIB-Carbon Bonds 2.6.10.1. by Halogens.

While boron-carbon bonds are quite strong (average B-C bond enthalpy 365 kJ mol- I) there is a progressive weakening of the group IIIB-carbon bond as the group is descended. Average M-C bond enthalpies are: Al-C, 274 kJ mol-'; Ga-C, 247; In-C, 160; T1-C, 115. This, together with the relatively low molar enthalpies of formation for alkyls of the type M(CH,), means that the group-IIIB-C bonds are very susceptible to cleavage by halogens'. This leads to a general method for the preparation of group-IIIB halides. Thus, treatment of trimethylgallium with I, in ether or benzene proceeds finally to yield GaI,, although removal of the third methyl group is rather slow,. The facile cleavage of B-C bonds with C1, or Br, can occur with formation of an organic halide and a boron halide according to the schematic equation:

This cleavage probably is not a simple B-C bond rupture but involves a free-radical chain and can be encouraged by irradiation with UV light. Such reactions have been studied mainly with a view to their synthetic utility for transformations on the organic groups rather than as a means of producing B-halogen bonds3. In fact, the lower trialkylboranes ignite in C1, or Br,, although tripropylborane reacts smoothly with I, at ca. 420 K. Similarly, a 91% conversion of (C,H,),BBr to BBr, occurs4 via interaction with Br, at 470 K over 15 h. Diorganoaluminum halides may be prepared by AI-C bond cleavage, but again the reactions tend to be violent if excess halogen is permitted. The presence of an electronpair donator base moderates the reaction (and, incidentally, provides a route for good yields of alkyl halides to be prepared from terminal olefins). Thus, chlorination of the pyridine complexes of R,Al (R = P, Bu, i-Bu, etc.) with 3 mol C1, at low T (238-253 K) gives good yields (60-70 %) of the corresponding R,AlCl. Similarly, brominations of R,Al in ether below 273 K or reaction with I, in refluxing ether yield R,AlX (X = Br, I), respectively5 . Triethylaluminum is cleaved by < 1 mol of I, to yield ethyl iodide, which may then react with added A1 to give the sesq~iiodide~. This route has been used as an economical synthesis of Et,AII because the sesquiiodide interacts in turn with Et,Al: 4 Et,Al

+ 2 A1 + 3 I,

-

6 Et,AlI

(b)


38

7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.

2.6. The Formation of the Halogen (B, Al, Ga, In, TI) Bond 2.6.10.Cleavage of Group-IIIB-Carbon Bonds 2.6.10.1. by Halogens. G. Fritz, H. Schaefer, 2. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 406, 167 (1974). A. D. Norman, Znorg. Chem., 9,870 (1970). K. D. Crosbie, C. Glidewell, G. M. Sheldrick, J. Chem. SOC.,A., 1861 (1969). J. W. Anderson, J. E. Drake, Can. J. Chem., 49,2524 (1971). J. W. Anderson, J. E. Drake, J. Chem. Soc., A , 3131 (1970). C. Glidewell, G. M. Sheldrick, J. Chem. SOC.,A , 350 (1969). H. H. Karsch, A. Appelt, J. Chem. SOC.,Chem. Commun., 1083 (1985).

2.6.10. Cleavage of Group-IIIB-Carbon Bonds 2.6.10.1. by Halogens.

While boron-carbon bonds are quite strong (average B-C bond enthalpy 365 kJ mol- I) there is a progressive weakening of the group IIIB-carbon bond as the group is descended. Average M-C bond enthalpies are: Al-C, 274 kJ mol-'; Ga-C, 247; In-C, 160; T1-C, 115. This, together with the relatively low molar enthalpies of formation for alkyls of the type M(CH,), means that the group-IIIB-C bonds are very susceptible to cleavage by halogens'. This leads to a general method for the preparation of group-IIIB halides. Thus, treatment of trimethylgallium with I, in ether or benzene proceeds finally to yield GaI,, although removal of the third methyl group is rather slow,. The facile cleavage of B-C bonds with C1, or Br, can occur with formation of an organic halide and a boron halide according to the schematic equation:

This cleavage probably is not a simple B-C bond rupture but involves a free-radical chain and can be encouraged by irradiation with UV light. Such reactions have been studied mainly with a view to their synthetic utility for transformations on the organic groups rather than as a means of producing B-halogen bonds3. In fact, the lower trialkylboranes ignite in C1, or Br,, although tripropylborane reacts smoothly with I, at ca. 420 K. Similarly, a 91% conversion of (C,H,),BBr to BBr, occurs4 via interaction with Br, at 470 K over 15 h. Diorganoaluminum halides may be prepared by AI-C bond cleavage, but again the reactions tend to be violent if excess halogen is permitted. The presence of an electronpair donator base moderates the reaction (and, incidentally, provides a route for good yields of alkyl halides to be prepared from terminal olefins). Thus, chlorination of the pyridine complexes of R,Al (R = P, Bu, i-Bu, etc.) with 3 mol C1, at low T (238-253 K) gives good yields (60-70 %) of the corresponding R,AlCl. Similarly, brominations of R,Al in ether below 273 K or reaction with I, in refluxing ether yield R,AlX (X = Br, I), respectively5 . Triethylaluminum is cleaved by < 1 mol of I, to yield ethyl iodide, which may then react with added A1 to give the sesq~iiodide~. This route has been used as an economical synthesis of Et,AII because the sesquiiodide interacts in turn with Et,Al: 4 Et,Al

+ 2 A1 + 3 I,

-

6 Et,AlI

(b)

2.6. The Formation of the Halogen (B, Al, Ga, In, TI) Bond 2.6.10. Cleavage of Group-IIIB-Carbon Bonds 2.6.10.2. by Hydrogen Halides.

39

Metal-carbon bond cleavage reactions using halogens have a relatively long history in organogallium and -indium chemistry. Triphenylindium reacts instantly with I, in benzene solution and all three In-C bonds may be cleaved in this way to precipitate InI, as the final product6. Addition of stoichiometric quantities of Br, or I, provides a simple, high-yield synthesis of compounds of the type PhInX, and Ph,InX (being especially good for the former7). Some side reactions occur in the reaction of Ph,Ga with Br, as evidenced by the appearance of benzene and p-dibromobenzene in the volatiles separated8. Halogenation of R,TIX compounds also cleaves the TI-C linkages. The reaction between Br, and several diorganothallium(II1) compounds in C,H,N solution gives salts of alkylpyridinium cations and [TlXJ-. The [C,H,NR]+ ions seem to arise from pY and the R-X produced via cleavageg: R,TlBr

+ 2 Br, + C,H,N

-

[C,H,NR]TIBr,

+ RBr

(c)

where R = Me, Et, n-Pr, n-Bu. (B.D.JAMES) 1. M. E. O'Neill, K. Wade, in Comprehensiue Organometallic Chemistry, G . Wilkinson, ed., Vol. 1, Ch. 1, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1982. 2. I. A. Sheka, I. S.Chaus, T. T. Mityureva, The Chemistry ofGallium, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1966. 3. T. P. Onak, Organoborane Chemistry, Academic Press, New York, 1975. 4. E. W. Abel, W. Gerrard, M. F. Lappert, J. Chem. Soc., 5051 (1957). 5. T. Mole, E. A. Jeffery, Organoalurninium Compounds, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1972. 6. W. C. Schumb, H. I. Crane, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 60, 306 (1938). 7. S. B. Miller, B. L. Jelus, T. B. Brill, J. Organomet. Chem., 96, 1 (1975). 8. P. G. Perkins, M. E. Twentyman, J. Chem. Soc., 1038 (1965). 9. H. Kurosawa, R. Okawara, Organomet. Chem. Rev., A6,65 (1970).


Reactions of group-IIIB compounds containing element-carbon bonds with hydrogen halides are influenced not only by the element-halogen bond strength in the product but also by the polarities of the element-carbon and H-halogen bonds. This element-carbon cleavage is a generally useful method. When HCl is passed into tributylborane at 380 K, dibutylchloroborane is obtained almost quantitatively. The separation of the butane byproduct from Bu,BCl (bp 446 K) is easily achieved and serves to make this a useful method'. In general, cleavage reactions of this type have been investigated for X = F, C1 and Br, but frequently in the context of the synthesis of the hydrocarbon product rather than for the boron halide. Similarly, Me,Ga and HI react2: Ga(CH,),

+ 3 HI

-

GaI,

+ 3 CH,

(a)

The separation of the highly volatile CH, byproduct is again propitious from the manipulative viewpoint. The addition of stoichiometric amounts of hydrogen chloride to Ph,Ga in a vacuum system may be employed to produce Ph2GaC1 or PhGaC1, at RT3s4. A striking exampIe of the ease with which such reactions proceed is given by the ammonia adduct of Me,Ga. Addition of 1 mol equiv HCl to an ether solution of the


2.6. The Formation of the Halogen (B, Al, Ga, In, TI) Bond 2.6.10. Cleavage of Group-IIIB-Carbon Bonds 2.6.10.2. by Hydrogen Halides.

39

Metal-carbon bond cleavage reactions using halogens have a relatively long history in organogallium and -indium chemistry. Triphenylindium reacts instantly with I, in benzene solution and all three In-C bonds may be cleaved in this way to precipitate InI, as the final product6. Addition of stoichiometric quantities of Br, or I, provides a simple, high-yield synthesis of compounds of the type PhInX, and Ph,InX (being especially good for the former7). Some side reactions occur in the reaction of Ph,Ga with Br, as evidenced by the appearance of benzene and p-dibromobenzene in the volatiles separated8. Halogenation of R,TIX compounds also cleaves the TI-C linkages. The reaction between Br, and several diorganothallium(II1) compounds in C,H,N solution gives salts of alkylpyridinium cations and [TlXJ-. The [C,H,NR]+ ions seem to arise from pY and the R-X produced via cleavageg: R,TlBr

+ 2 Br, + C,H,N

-

[C,H,NR]TIBr,

+ RBr

(c)

where R = Me, Et, n-Pr, n-Bu. (B.D.JAMES) 1. M. E. O'Neill, K. Wade, in Comprehensiue Organometallic Chemistry, G . Wilkinson, ed., Vol. 1, Ch. 1, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1982. 2. I. A. Sheka, I. S.Chaus, T. T. Mityureva, The Chemistry ofGallium, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1966. 3. T. P. Onak, Organoborane Chemistry, Academic Press, New York, 1975. 4. E. W. Abel, W. Gerrard, M. F. Lappert, J. Chem. Soc., 5051 (1957). 5. T. Mole, E. A. Jeffery, Organoalurninium Compounds, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1972. 6. W. C. Schumb, H. I. Crane, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 60, 306 (1938). 7. S. B. Miller, B. L. Jelus, T. B. Brill, J. Organomet. Chem., 96, 1 (1975). 8. P. G. Perkins, M. E. Twentyman, J. Chem. Soc., 1038 (1965). 9. H. Kurosawa, R. Okawara, Organomet. Chem. Rev., A6,65 (1970).


Reactions of group-IIIB compounds containing element-carbon bonds with hydrogen halides are influenced not only by the element-halogen bond strength in the product but also by the polarities of the element-carbon and H-halogen bonds. This element-carbon cleavage is a generally useful method. When HCl is passed into tributylborane at 380 K, dibutylchloroborane is obtained almost quantitatively. The separation of the butane byproduct from Bu,BCl (bp 446 K) is easily achieved and serves to make this a useful method'. In general, cleavage reactions of this type have been investigated for X = F, C1 and Br, but frequently in the context of the synthesis of the hydrocarbon product rather than for the boron halide. Similarly, Me,Ga and HI react2: Ga(CH,),

+ 3 HI

-

GaI,

+ 3 CH,

(a)

The separation of the highly volatile CH, byproduct is again propitious from the manipulative viewpoint. The addition of stoichiometric amounts of hydrogen chloride to Ph,Ga in a vacuum system may be employed to produce Ph2GaC1 or PhGaC1, at RT3s4. A striking exampIe of the ease with which such reactions proceed is given by the ammonia adduct of Me,Ga. Addition of 1 mol equiv HCl to an ether solution of the

40

2.6. Thei Formation of the Halogen (B, Al, Ga, In, TI) Bond 2.6.10. Cleavage of Group-IIIB-Carbon Bonds 2.6.10.3. by Other Halides.

adduct causes NH,Cl to separate instantly5,but this is sufficiently acidic to react with the Me,Ga ether adduct to form a Ga-Cl bond and evolve CH,: Me,Ga.NH, Me,Ga.OEt,

-

+ HCl + Et,O + [NH,]Cl

+ [NH,]Cl + CH, + Et,O

Me,Ge.OEt,

Me,ClGa.NH,

(b) (4

With xs HCl, Me,Ge.NH, forms [NH,][GaCl,]. With the even more electropositive center, aluminum will likewise undergo cleavage of Al-C bonds with weak acids5. For example, with methylammonium chloride and AlEt, : Et,Al

+ [MeNH,]Cl

-

EtH

+ MeH,N.AlEt,Cl

In fact, the particular sensitivity of organoaluminum compounds to protonic reagents demands that very careful control of experimental conditions be exercised6. Frequently the hydrogen halide needs to be diluted in an inert carrier gas and the organoaluminum compound be likewise kept at low concentration and cooled. An electron-pair base in the solution helps to moderate the reaction, although the product is obtained as an adduct, which may not always be desired. As a consequence, redistribution reactions that avoid the vigorous transformations are more popular procedures for producing compounds of the type R,MX and RMX, for M = Al, Ga. On the other hand, dialkyl- and diarylthallium(II1) compounds are particularly stable entities, with the [Me,Tl] ' group being kinetically inert7. This property, together with the relative weakness of the TI-C bond, causes Me,Tl to react with protic reagents to yield the diorganothallium(II1) compounds: Me,T1

+ HI

-

Me,TlI

+ CH,

(el

For another example, the dimethylthallium phenylacetylide derivative, which may be prepared because phenylacetylene has a slightly acidic proton, interacts with hydrogen halides only so far as to reprotonate the acetylenic group. A thallium-halogen bond is formed, but the inert TI-CH, bonds are not cleaved'. Me,TlCfCPh

+ HX

Me,TlX

+ PhC-CH

(f)

A similar reaction occurs with Me,TlC,H,. (B.D. JAMES)

R. B. Booth, C. A. Kraus, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 74, 1415 (1952). I. A. Sheka, I. S. Chaus, T. T. Mityureva, The Chemistry of Gallium, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1966. P. G. Perkins, M. E. Twentyman, J. Chem. Soc., 1038 (1965). S. B. Miller, T. B. Brill, J. Organomet. Chem., 166, 293 (1979). G. E. Coates, M. L. H. Green, K. Wade, Organometallic Compounds, 3rd ed., Vol. 1, Methuen, London, 1961. 6. J. J. Eisch, in Comprehensive Organometallic Chemistry, G. Wilkinson, ed., Vol. 1, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1982. I. A. G. Lee, The Chemistry of Thallium, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1971.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.


Group-IIIB alkyls are well-known alkylating agents, with those of A1 being the archetypal examples. While this alkylation property is of great relevance in the study of


40

2.6. Thei Formation of the Halogen (B, Al, Ga, In, TI) Bond 2.6.10. Cleavage of Group-IIIB-Carbon Bonds 2.6.10.3. by Other Halides.

adduct causes NH,Cl to separate instantly5,but this is sufficiently acidic to react with the Me,Ga ether adduct to form a Ga-Cl bond and evolve CH,: Me,Ga.NH, Me,Ga.OEt,

-

+ HCl + Et,O + [NH,]Cl

+ [NH,]Cl + CH, + Et,O

Me,Ge.OEt,

Me,ClGa.NH,

(b) (4

With xs HCl, Me,Ge.NH, forms [NH,][GaCl,]. With the even more electropositive center, aluminum will likewise undergo cleavage of Al-C bonds with weak acids5. For example, with methylammonium chloride and AlEt, : Et,Al

+ [MeNH,]Cl

-

EtH

+ MeH,N.AlEt,Cl

In fact, the particular sensitivity of organoaluminum compounds to protonic reagents demands that very careful control of experimental conditions be exercised6. Frequently the hydrogen halide needs to be diluted in an inert carrier gas and the organoaluminum compound be likewise kept at low concentration and cooled. An electron-pair base in the solution helps to moderate the reaction, although the product is obtained as an adduct, which may not always be desired. As a consequence, redistribution reactions that avoid the vigorous transformations are more popular procedures for producing compounds of the type R,MX and RMX, for M = Al, Ga. On the other hand, dialkyl- and diarylthallium(II1) compounds are particularly stable entities, with the [Me,Tl] ' group being kinetically inert7. This property, together with the relative weakness of the TI-C bond, causes Me,Tl to react with protic reagents to yield the diorganothallium(II1) compounds: Me,T1

+ HI

-

Me,TlI

+ CH,

(el

For another example, the dimethylthallium phenylacetylide derivative, which may be prepared because phenylacetylene has a slightly acidic proton, interacts with hydrogen halides only so far as to reprotonate the acetylenic group. A thallium-halogen bond is formed, but the inert TI-CH, bonds are not cleaved'. Me,TlCfCPh

+ HX

Me,TlX

+ PhC-CH

(f)

A similar reaction occurs with Me,TlC,H,. (B.D. JAMES)

R. B. Booth, C. A. Kraus, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 74, 1415 (1952). I. A. Sheka, I. S. Chaus, T. T. Mityureva, The Chemistry of Gallium, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1966. P. G. Perkins, M. E. Twentyman, J. Chem. Soc., 1038 (1965). S. B. Miller, T. B. Brill, J. Organomet. Chem., 166, 293 (1979). G. E. Coates, M. L. H. Green, K. Wade, Organometallic Compounds, 3rd ed., Vol. 1, Methuen, London, 1961. 6. J. J. Eisch, in Comprehensive Organometallic Chemistry, G. Wilkinson, ed., Vol. 1, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1982. I. A. G. Lee, The Chemistry of Thallium, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1971.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.


Group-IIIB alkyls are well-known alkylating agents, with those of A1 being the archetypal examples. While this alkylation property is of great relevance in the study of

2.6. The Formation of the Halogen (B, Al, Ga, In, TI) Bond 2.6.10. Cleavage of Gpup-IIIB-Carbon Bonds

41


catalysis (e.g., Et,Al + TiCl,) the reaction frequently is not a practically useful method for preparing compounds with Al-halogen bonds, despite its utility in preparations for complementary compounds, such as CH,TiCl,. However, numerous halides may be employed in such halogen-transfer reactions. For example, HgCl, is readily phenylated by PhTlCl,: PhTlCl, + HgCl, PhHgCl + TlCl, (a)

-

and stannic halides give excellent yields of Et3SnX (X = C1, Br, I) via the stoichiometric reaction of Et,Al and SnX, in ether. Variation of the mole ratio of the reactants produces different organotin products. For example, 3 mol equiv SnC1, react with i-Bu,Al in the presence of KCl to give i-Bu,SnCl,. Germanium tetrachloride is alkylated quite easily, with R,Ge being the dominant product, while the alkyl germanium halides are alkylated even more readily'. Also, the chlorosilane MeSiC1, appears to cleave all the Ga-C bonds in K,[Ga,Me,]. This latter is a good example of the power of this type of cleavage reaction because it leaves the metal-metal bond intact,:

-

+ 2 MeSiCl,

K,[Ga,Me,]

2 Me,Si

+ K,[Ga,Cl,]

In similar vein, Me,SiF forms an intermediate complex with AlEt,, which on gentle heating forms Et2AlF. While fluorosilanes do not fluorinate trialkylgallium compounds, Me,SnF or BF, does3: Et,Ga Me,Ga.OEt,

+ Me,SnF + BF,*OEt,

+ Me,SnEt Me,GaF + Me,B + 2 Et,O

Et,GaF

(c) (4

These sorts of reactions also have been noted4 for Me,In and for trialkylaluminum compounds, although commercial AlF, is usually too unreactive,. In a similar manner, phosphorus and sulfur halides undergo alkylation with trialkylboranes, as does SbCI,, according to6,': R'SCl

-

+ R3B

R;PCl+ R,B SbCl,

+ BEt,

+ R,BCl R2PR + R,BCl Et,BC1 + EtCl + SbC1, RSR

(e) (f)

The dialkylindium compound R,InCl reacts somewhat similarlys with SbC1,: R,InCl

+ R,SbC13

+ SbCl,

InCI,

+ Me,In

[Me,As][Me,InBr,]

(h) and organoarsenic(V) and -antimony(V) halides also may be employed as halogenating agents toward the gallium and indium trialkyls,: Me,AsBr,

(9

Boron-carbon bond cleavage reactions also occur with reagents such as ZnCl,, HgCl,, PbCl,, SbF, and NOCl'. Again, many reactions with metal halides have been performed in the context of alkylation rather than for interest in the formation of B halogen bonds and, indeed, the further transformation of the alkylboron halide intermediate under oxidizing and hydrolytic conditions is a most useful procedure for organic synthesis6*'. The reaction of Bu,B and SbF, proves to be a convenient synthesis for Bu,BF. The cleavage reaction in this case is unusual'O. Generally, SbF, is employed to transfer F- ion in metatheses (52.6.12).

42

2.6. The Formation of the Halogen (B, Al, Ga, In, TI) Bond 2.6.11. from Cleavage of the Group-IIIB-Other Group-IVB.Elernent Bond 2.6.11.1. by Halogens.

Reactions of group-IIIB alkyls with halogenated hydrocarbons may sometimes be a useful reaction. While interactions with aluminum alkyls are generally uncontrollable (probably free-radical chain) reactions, trialkylindium compounds may be transformed conveniently and in high yields to the monohalides by refluxing briefly with CHCI, or CHBr, in hexane". Similarly, Me,Tl reacts with halomethanes". While there is no reaction with CH'CI, or CCl, at RT, reaction with CHCI, occurs over ca. 10 min, yielding Me,TlCI. Faster reactions occur with bromo- and iodoalkanes and the reactivity of the various haloalkanes decreases as CHX, > CH,X, > CH,X. (B.D. JAMES)

1. T. Mole, E. A. Jeffery, Organoaluminium Compounds, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1972. 2. G. E. Coates, M. L. H. Green, K. Wade, Organometallic Compounds, 3rd ed., Vol. 1, Methuen, London, 1967. 3. D. A. Armitage, Inorganic Rings and Cages, Arnold, London, 1972. 4. D. G. Tuck, in Comprehensive Organometallic Chemistry, G. Wilkinson, ed., Vol. 1, Ch. 7, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1982. 5. H. Jenker, 2. Naturforsch., 128, 809 (1957). 6. M. F. Lappert, in The Chemistry of Boron and Its Compounds, E. L. Muetterties, ed., Wiley, New York, 1967. 7. R. Koster, H. Bellut, G. Benedikt, E. Ziegler, Justus Liebigs Ann. Chem., 724, 34 (1969). 8. H. J. Widler, H. D. Hausen, J. Weidlein, 2. Naturforsch., Teil B, 30, 645, (1975). 9. J. D. Odom, in Comprehensive Organometallic Chemistry, G. Wilkinson, ed., Vol. 1, Ch. 5.1, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1982. 10. E. L. De Witt, J. Org. Chem., 26, 4156 (1961). 11. K. Yasuda, R. Okawara, Inorg. Nucl. Chem. Lett., 3, 135 (1967). 12. A. G. Lee, G. M. Sheldrick, J. Organomet. Chem., 17,481 (1969).

2.6.11. from Cleavage of the Group-IIIB-Other Group-IVB Element Bond 2.6.1 1.I.by Halogens.

In common with those processes for producing group-IIIB-halogen bonds described in $2.6.7 and 2.6.9, cleavage of bonds between group-IIIB and other group-IVB elements suffers because group-IIIB halides are generally employed as starting materials for the synthesis of these reagents; therefore, this method is seldom used for producing a group-IIIB-halogen bond. Paralleling the carbanionic character of the alkyl groups in group-IIIB organo derivatives, the group-IVB entities in group-IIIB-group-IVB compounds appear to be slightly negatively polarized. This property is in accordance with the thermodynamic electro-negativities, for which xh( = 1.90 (Si), 2.01 (Ge), 1.96 (Sn) and 2.33 (Pb) and a number of stable covalent compounds are available. These are generally less thermally stable, however, than the corresponding carbon (organo) derivatives, leading to problems with preparing them in high-yield syntheses and also with their storage once they have been obtained. Thus, for group-IIIB element-Sn bonds in the Li salts of the [Me,Sn-MMe,]'anion, the thermal stability decreases in the order M = TI > In Ga > Al, which parallels the electronegativities'. In addition, the large radii and availability of low-lying empty d atomic oI'bitals in the other group-IVB elements compared to carbon facilitate nucleophilic attack'.

-


42

2.6. The Formation of the Halogen (B, Al, Ga, In, TI) Bond 2.6.11. from Cleavage of the Group-IIIB-Other Group-IVB.Elernent Bond 2.6.11.1. by Halogens.

Reactions of group-IIIB alkyls with halogenated hydrocarbons may sometimes be a useful reaction. While interactions with aluminum alkyls are generally uncontrollable (probably free-radical chain) reactions, trialkylindium compounds may be transformed conveniently and in high yields to the monohalides by refluxing briefly with CHCI, or CHBr, in hexane". Similarly, Me,Tl reacts with halomethanes". While there is no reaction with CH'CI, or CCl, at RT, reaction with CHCI, occurs over ca. 10 min, yielding Me,TlCI. Faster reactions occur with bromo- and iodoalkanes and the reactivity of the various haloalkanes decreases as CHX, > CH,X, > CH,X. (B.D. JAMES)

1. T. Mole, E. A. Jeffery, Organoaluminium Compounds, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1972. 2. G. E. Coates, M. L. H. Green, K. Wade, Organometallic Compounds, 3rd ed., Vol. 1, Methuen, London, 1967. 3. D. A. Armitage, Inorganic Rings and Cages, Arnold, London, 1972. 4. D. G. Tuck, in Comprehensive Organometallic Chemistry, G. Wilkinson, ed., Vol. 1, Ch. 7, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1982. 5. H. Jenker, 2. Naturforsch., 128, 809 (1957). 6. M. F. Lappert, in The Chemistry of Boron and Its Compounds, E. L. Muetterties, ed., Wiley, New York, 1967. 7. R. Koster, H. Bellut, G. Benedikt, E. Ziegler, Justus Liebigs Ann. Chem., 724, 34 (1969). 8. H. J. Widler, H. D. Hausen, J. Weidlein, 2. Naturforsch., Teil B, 30, 645, (1975). 9. J. D. Odom, in Comprehensive Organometallic Chemistry, G. Wilkinson, ed., Vol. 1, Ch. 5.1, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1982. 10. E. L. De Witt, J. Org. Chem., 26, 4156 (1961). 11. K. Yasuda, R. Okawara, Inorg. Nucl. Chem. Lett., 3, 135 (1967). 12. A. G. Lee, G. M. Sheldrick, J. Organomet. Chem., 17,481 (1969).

2.6.11. from Cleavage of the Group-IIIB-Other Group-IVB Element Bond 2.6.1 1.I.by Halogens.

In common with those processes for producing group-IIIB-halogen bonds described in $2.6.7 and 2.6.9, cleavage of bonds between group-IIIB and other group-IVB elements suffers because group-IIIB halides are generally employed as starting materials for the synthesis of these reagents; therefore, this method is seldom used for producing a group-IIIB-halogen bond. Paralleling the carbanionic character of the alkyl groups in group-IIIB organo derivatives, the group-IVB entities in group-IIIB-group-IVB compounds appear to be slightly negatively polarized. This property is in accordance with the thermodynamic electro-negativities, for which xh( = 1.90 (Si), 2.01 (Ge), 1.96 (Sn) and 2.33 (Pb) and a number of stable covalent compounds are available. These are generally less thermally stable, however, than the corresponding carbon (organo) derivatives, leading to problems with preparing them in high-yield syntheses and also with their storage once they have been obtained. Thus, for group-IIIB element-Sn bonds in the Li salts of the [Me,Sn-MMe,]'anion, the thermal stability decreases in the order M = TI > In Ga > Al, which parallels the electronegativities'. In addition, the large radii and availability of low-lying empty d atomic oI'bitals in the other group-IVB elements compared to carbon facilitate nucleophilic attack'.

-

43

2.6. The Formation of the Halogen (B, Al, Ga, In, TI) Bond 2.6.1 1. from Cleavage of the Group-IIIB-Other Group-IVB Element Bond 2.6.11.1. by Halogens. ~~

It is evident that the reactivity of (Me,N),BSiMe,, in which the electron deficiency at boron is counteracted through n overlap with the lone pair on the amino group nitrogen atoms, is similar to that of (Me,N),BCR,, except for the higher electrophilic character of the silyl. Thus, the B-Si bond, like its B-C counterpart, is relatively easily oxidized so that Br, in CCl, cleaves it to yield Me,SiBr and BrB(NMe,),. Other compounds of similar type containing the B-Si bond are all attacked easily by Br, (and presumably by the other halogens). The relatively strong group-IVB-halogen bonds, can thus be seen to be contributing to making the reactions particularly facile. On the other hand, the reaction of B-triphenylsilyl borazines with Br, tends to cleave the B-N ring as well as the B-Si bonds4,'. The bromine-substituted intermediate decomposes to give methylammonium bromide: (Ph,SiB-NMe),

+ 3 Br,

-

+ (BrB-NMe),

+ X,

-

+ XSnEt,

3 Ph,SiBr

(a) In other instances, the B-Si bond cannot be regarded as especially reactive6. Dialkylamino groups also are effective in stabilizing analogous compounds to those cited above and which contain B-Sn and B-Pb bonds7*'. While these compounds are thermally less stable than their silicon-containing analogs, reactions with halogens occur exothermically (although I, reacts slowly) in analogous fashion, thus: (Me,N),BSnEt,

(Me,N),BX

(b)

where X = halogen. In carborane compounds, boron-tin bonds are quite stable and cleave only in the presence of excess halogen; otherwise attack takes place only at the tin atom. The 9carboranyl group largely behaves as an alkyl group when attached to the tin atomg. On the other hand, in Me,SnBioHi,, in which the Me,Sn group is bonded to the B,, cage at the edge borons B5-B6 and Bg-B,, by two three-center B-Sn-B bonds, cleavage of the Me,Sn grouping by excess bromine occurs to yield the facially disubstituted 5,lO-dibromodecaborane. The reaction appears to involve a stepwise rupture of the B-Sn-B three-center bonds in an oxidative cleavage process since Me,SnBrB,,H,,Br may be obtained when the compound is reacted with a deficiency of brominei0. Thus, the reaction may be represented as follows:

I

H-B-H

H49-H

H-@

H-@--A

H

The presence of a trimethylsilyl group bridging the 2 and 3 boron atoms in pentaborane does not imbue the system with any particular reactivity. While bromination of this compound occurs rapidly at RT, the site of attack is the 1 position rather than cleavage of the B-Si-B three-center bond". For other compounds containing group-IIIB-group-IVB element bonds, it is clear that cleavage of the bonds according to the general equation',: R,M-M'R:,

+ X,

-

R,MX

+ RmM'X

(d)

44

2.6. The Formation of the Halogen (B, Al, Ga, In, TI) Bond 2.6.1 1. from Cleavage of the Group-1116-Other Group-IVB Element Bond 2.6.11.2. by Hydrogen Halides. ~~

continues to take place quite readily. In those cases in which reactivity has been reported, the compounds are clearly highly reactive toward any sort of oxidative process13. Thus, tris(triethylgermy1)gallium gives high yields of GaBr, and Et,GeBr when treated with bromineI4 and it appears that similar reactions occur when salts of the [Ph,MBPh,] anion ( M = Si, Ge) react in chloroform, although specific product analyses are not given”. For TI(II1) compounds of the type TI(MR,),, reactions with Br, cleave the TI-M bond quite readily although the TI gives a precipitate of the lower halide16~17. TI(SnR,),

+ 2 Br,

-

3 R,SnBr

+ TlBr

(e>

where R = Me,SiCH,. These reactions, taking place in hydrocarbon solvents, produce high yields of the TI(1) halides. (B.D. JAMES)

1. A. T. Weibel, J. P. Oliver, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,94, 8590 (1972). 2. N. N. Greenwood, A. Earnshaw, Chemistry of the Elements, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1984. 3. H. Noth, G. Hollerer, Chem. Ber., 99, 2197 (1966). 4. D. Seyferth, H. P. Kogler, J. Znorg. Nucl. Chem., IS, 99 (1960). 5. A. H. Cowley, H. H. Sisler, G. E. Ryschkewitsoh, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 82, 501 (1960). 6. W. Biffar, H. Noth, R. Schwerthoffer, Justus Leibigs Ann. Chem., 2067 (1981). 7. H. Noth, K-H. Hermannsdorfer, Angew. Chem., Znt. Ed. Engl., 3, 377 (1964). 8. H. Noth, R. Schwerthoffer, Chem. Ber., 114, 3056 (1981). 9. V. I. Bregadze, T. K. Dzhashiashvili,D. N. Sadzhaya, M. V. Petriashvili, 0.B. Ponomareva, T. M. Schcherbina, V. I. Kampel, L. B. Kukushkina, V. Y.Rochev, N. N. Godovikov, Bull. Acad. Sci. USSR (Chem.), Engl. Transl.,32, 824 (1983). 10. T. J. Dupont, R. E. Loffredo, R. C. Haltiwanger, Inorg. Chem., 17, 2062 (1978). 11. D. F. Gaines, T. V. Iorns, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,89,4249 (1967). 12. N. S. Vyazankin, G. A. Razuvaev, 0. A. Kruglaya, Organomet. Chem. Rev., A3, 323 (1968). 13. For example, In(SiMe,), is reported to be extremely reactive: H. Burger, U. Goetze, Angew. Chem., Znt. Ed. Engl., 8, 140 (1969). Similarly, stannyl- and plumbylborane derivatives, Me,M(BPh,),-, (where M = Sn, Ph; n = 0,1,2,3) react with bromine to yield Ph,BBr and the organometal halide: H. Noth, H. Schafer, G. Schmid, Angew. Chem.,Znt. Ed. Engl., 8,515 (1969). 14. N. S . Vyazankin, E. N. Gladyshev, E. A. Arkhangel’skaya, 0.A. Kruglaya, G. A. Razuvaev, J. Gen. Chem. USSR (Engl. Transl.), 38,278 (1968). 15. D. Seyferth, G. Raab, S . 0. Grim, J. Org. Chem., 26, 3034 (1961); in the specific case of

Me,N[Ph,Ge-BPh,], Ph,GeBr and Me,NBr were identified. 16. G. S. Kalinina, E. A. Shchupak, N. S. Vyazankin, G. A. Razuvaev, Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR (Engl. Transl.), 25, 1289 (1976). 17. N. S . Vyazankin, L. P. Sanina, G. S . Kalinina, M. Bochkarev, J. Gen. Chem. USSR (Engl. Transl.), 38, 1754 (1968).


In view of the negative polarity exhibited by the R,M group when bonded to group-IIIB metals, cleavage of those group-IIIB-group-IVB element bonds by HX normally is expected to occur readily according to the general equation’ : R,M-M’R:,

+ HX

-

R,MH

+ RkM’X

(a)

in which R,M represents the group-IVB moiety. Thus, the salt Li[Ga(SiMe,),] releases trimethylsilane when treated with HCl. It is presumed that GaCl, o r LiGaC1, is also formed, although the product is not explicitly stated’. The extreme reactivity noted for other compounds of this type indicates the generality of their susceptibility t o acidic HX


44

2.6. The Formation of the Halogen (B, Al, Ga, In, TI) Bond 2.6.1 1. from Cleavage of the Group-1116-Other Group-IVB Element Bond 2.6.11.2. by Hydrogen Halides. ~~

continues to take place quite readily. In those cases in which reactivity has been reported, the compounds are clearly highly reactive toward any sort of oxidative process13. Thus, tris(triethylgermy1)gallium gives high yields of GaBr, and Et,GeBr when treated with bromineI4 and it appears that similar reactions occur when salts of the [Ph,MBPh,] anion ( M = Si, Ge) react in chloroform, although specific product analyses are not given”. For TI(II1) compounds of the type TI(MR,),, reactions with Br, cleave the TI-M bond quite readily although the TI gives a precipitate of the lower halide16~17. TI(SnR,),

+ 2 Br,

-

3 R,SnBr

+ TlBr

(e>

where R = Me,SiCH,. These reactions, taking place in hydrocarbon solvents, produce high yields of the TI(1) halides. (B.D. JAMES)

1. A. T. Weibel, J. P. Oliver, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,94, 8590 (1972). 2. N. N. Greenwood, A. Earnshaw, Chemistry of the Elements, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1984. 3. H. Noth, G. Hollerer, Chem. Ber., 99, 2197 (1966). 4. D. Seyferth, H. P. Kogler, J. Znorg. Nucl. Chem., IS, 99 (1960). 5. A. H. Cowley, H. H. Sisler, G. E. Ryschkewitsoh, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 82, 501 (1960). 6. W. Biffar, H. Noth, R. Schwerthoffer, Justus Leibigs Ann. Chem., 2067 (1981). 7. H. Noth, K-H. Hermannsdorfer, Angew. Chem., Znt. Ed. Engl., 3, 377 (1964). 8. H. Noth, R. Schwerthoffer, Chem. Ber., 114, 3056 (1981). 9. V. I. Bregadze, T. K. Dzhashiashvili,D. N. Sadzhaya, M. V. Petriashvili, 0.B. Ponomareva, T. M. Schcherbina, V. I. Kampel, L. B. Kukushkina, V. Y.Rochev, N. N. Godovikov, Bull. Acad. Sci. USSR (Chem.), Engl. Transl.,32, 824 (1983). 10. T. J. Dupont, R. E. Loffredo, R. C. Haltiwanger, Inorg. Chem., 17, 2062 (1978). 11. D. F. Gaines, T. V. Iorns, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,89,4249 (1967). 12. N. S. Vyazankin, G. A. Razuvaev, 0. A. Kruglaya, Organomet. Chem. Rev., A3, 323 (1968). 13. For example, In(SiMe,), is reported to be extremely reactive: H. Burger, U. Goetze, Angew. Chem., Znt. Ed. Engl., 8, 140 (1969). Similarly, stannyl- and plumbylborane derivatives, Me,M(BPh,),-, (where M = Sn, Ph; n = 0,1,2,3) react with bromine to yield Ph,BBr and the organometal halide: H. Noth, H. Schafer, G. Schmid, Angew. Chem.,Znt. Ed. Engl., 8,515 (1969). 14. N. S . Vyazankin, E. N. Gladyshev, E. A. Arkhangel’skaya, 0.A. Kruglaya, G. A. Razuvaev, J. Gen. Chem. USSR (Engl. Transl.), 38,278 (1968). 15. D. Seyferth, G. Raab, S . 0. Grim, J. Org. Chem., 26, 3034 (1961); in the specific case of

Me,N[Ph,Ge-BPh,], Ph,GeBr and Me,NBr were identified. 16. G. S. Kalinina, E. A. Shchupak, N. S. Vyazankin, G. A. Razuvaev, Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR (Engl. Transl.), 25, 1289 (1976). 17. N. S . Vyazankin, L. P. Sanina, G. S . Kalinina, M. Bochkarev, J. Gen. Chem. USSR (Engl. Transl.), 38, 1754 (1968).


In view of the negative polarity exhibited by the R,M group when bonded to group-IIIB metals, cleavage of those group-IIIB-group-IVB element bonds by HX normally is expected to occur readily according to the general equation’ : R,M-M’R:,

+ HX

-

R,MH

+ RkM’X

(a)

in which R,M represents the group-IVB moiety. Thus, the salt Li[Ga(SiMe,),] releases trimethylsilane when treated with HCl. It is presumed that GaCl, o r LiGaC1, is also formed, although the product is not explicitly stated’. The extreme reactivity noted for other compounds of this type indicates the generality of their susceptibility t o acidic HX

2.6. The Formation of the Halogen (6, Al, Ga, In, TI) Bond 2.6.11. from Cleavage of the Group-1116-Other Group-IVB Element Bond 2.6.11.2. by Hydrogen Halides.

45

~~~

reagents3. The phenylsilyl aluminate salt K[PhAl(SiPh,)(Si,Ph,)Cl] also reacts readily with HCl, here cleaving not only both A1-Si bonds but also the Al-C bond (as expected, $2.6.10.2)releasing triphenylsilane, pentaphenyldisilane and benzene4. With reactions of the (trimethylsilyl)thallium(III) derivatives, there is a marked tendency toward reduction of the metal center. Thus, while (Me,Si),TlCl reacts readily with 2 mol equiv HCI in a few minutes to give TlCl,, xs HCl reacting with (Me3Si),T1 gives a mixture of Me,SiH, Me,SiCI and hydrogen together with a white solid that decomposes within 0.5 h to T1 and Me,SiCl. While these reactions appear to proceed in steps, the [(Me,Si),Tl] ' intermediate-in marked contrast to its diorganothallium(II1) analogs-is not stable. The reaction of (Me,Si),TI with xs HI proceeds readily to deposit TI1: (Me3Si),T1 + HI (Me,Si),TlI

+ H1-

-

+ Me,SiH + Me3SiI + TI1

(Me,Si),TlI

(b)

Me,SiH

(c)

If 1 mol equiv HI is employed, a nonvolatile solid that appears to correspond to a mixture of TI1 and (Me,Si),TlI can be produced5. Although there are relatively few group-IIIB-germanium compounds available to provide a comparison6, the reactions of (Et,Ge),Tl would be expected to be similar. The reaction of the pentafluorophenyl derivative, (C,F,),GeTIEt, with xs HCl produces TlCl quantitatively; but since C,H,, (C6F5),GeHCl, (C,F,),GeHEt, substituted digermanes and other products are obtained, the mechanism of the process is certainly unclear'. In contrast, group-IVB element bonds to boron (xB = 2.04) are not especially reactive toward hydrogen halides and tend to reflect a relatively low degree of polarity. Thus, despite a degree of thermal instability which increases with the heavier substituents, even compounds such as (Me,N),BMR, (where M = Si, Sn) are attacked by HC1 only at the B-N bond rather than cleaving the B-M bond'. Thus, with 2 mol equiv HCl, a B-Cl bond is formed together with the ammonium salt, according to: Me,SnB(NR,),

+ 2 HCl

-

Me,SnBCI(NR,)

+ [R,NH,]Cl

(4

Even with 4 rnol equiv, the B-Sn bond is not cleaved, chloroborate anion formation being favored over B-Sn bond ruptureg. It should be noted that cleavage of B-N bonds by HCl frequently requires heating in view of boronium salt formation ($2.6.8.2). Similarly, in carborane derivatives, the B-Sn bond is rather inert and HCl attack provokes substitution at the tin center rather than cleaving the bondlo, and HCl in the presence of AlCl, attacks Me,SiB,H,, causing protonation of the borane rather than B-Cl bond formation". In C,B4H, carboranes having bridging Me,M substituents (M = Si, Ge, Sn, Pb), while the rate of the reaction with anhydrous HCI reflects the B-M bond polarity (with the Sn and Pb derivatives reacting fastest and the Ge derivative more sluggishly), again the electronic distribution is such as to cause the C1 to bond preferentially to the metal rather than to boron',. (B.D.JAMES) 1. N . S. Vyazankin, G . A. Razuvaev, 0. A. Kruglaya, Orgunomet. Chem. Rev., A3, 323 (1968). 2. L. Rosch, H. Neumann, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. EngL, 19, 55 (1980). 3. For example, Al(SiMe,),: L. Rosch, G. Altnau, J. Orgunomet. Chem., 195, 47 (1980); also AI(GeMe,),: L. Rosch, W. Erb, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 17, 604 (1978). 4. E. Wiberg, 0. Stecher, H. J. Andrascheck, L. Kreuzbichler, E. Staude, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 7, 75, 507 (1963).

46

2.6. The Formation of the Halogen (B, Al, Ga, In, TI) Bond 2.6.11. from Cleavage of the Group-IllB-Other Group-IVB Element Bond 2.6.11.3. by Other Halides.

5. E. A. V. Ebsworth, A. G. Lee, G. M. Sheldrick, J. Chem. SOC., A , 1052 (1969). 6. F. Glockling, The Chemistry of Germanium, Academic Press, New York, (1969). 7. M. N. Bochkarev, T. S. Basalgina, G. S.Kalinina, G. A. Razuvaev, J. Organomet. Chem.,243,405 (1983). 8. H. Noth, K-H. Hermannsdorfer, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 3, 377 (1964); H. Noth, G. Hollerer, Chem. Ber., 99, 2197 (1966). 9. H. Noth, R. Schwerthoffer, Chem. Ber., 114, 3056 (1981). 10. V. I. Bregadze, T. K. Dzhashiashvili, D. N. Sadzhaya, M. V. Petriashvili, 0. B. Ponomareva, T. M. Shcherbina, V. T. Kampel, L. B. Kukushkina, V. Y. Rochev, N. N. Godovikov, Bull. Acad. Sci. SSSR (Chem.), Engl. Transl., 32, 824 (1983). 11. C. B. Ungermann, T. Onak, Inorg. Chem., 16, 1428 (1977). 12. A. Tabereaux, R. N. Grimes, Znorg. Chem., 12, 792 (1973).

2.6.11.3. by Other Halides. The interactions of group-IIIB-group-IVB element bonds with electrophilic reagents also reflect the reactivities observed previously ($2.6.11.1, 2.6.11.2). Thus, the rather low reactivity of boron-silicon bonds is once again observed. It is noted that Me,SiCl, Me1 and PhCH2Cl all react very slowly with the tetrasilylborate complex, Li[B(SiMe,),], although reactions with Me2BBr and AlCl, are faster. Specific details are not known, although a variety of products occur'. On the other hand, given the extreme sensitivity of the corresponding aluminate Li[Al(SiMe,),] reactions with such reagents should proceed very much more readily2. Thus, the Li and Na aluminate derivatives as well as A1(SiMe,),*OEt2 react rapidly and quantitatively in pentane with (C,H,),TiCl, to transfer one -%Me, group onto the titanium center. An AI-Cl linkage presumably is generated, although such a product is not specifically described. Substitution of the second chloride attached to titanium does not occur even when a 2: 1 (or greater) mole ratio of the aluminum silyl reagent is employed. A similar reaction is reported with the Al(GeMe,), etherate derivative, as expected3. The second Ti-CI linkage in the (C,H,),TiC1(SiMe3) product also resists reaction with Et,AlCI, with exchange of -SiMe3 and ethyl groups occurring between the two metals rather than giving rise to Al-Cl bond formation4. The utility of the aluminum silyl reagent for the synthesis of other metal silyls is shown by the complete exchange of both chlorides in MCl, (M = Zn, Cd) when Li[Al(SiMe,),] is reacted in ether. Once again, the Al-containing product is not specifically described5. It is expected that similar germyl and stannyl reagents could react in a similar fashion. This relatively high reactivity is maintained as group-IIIB is descended and quite a thorough study has been made on the compound [(Me,SiCH,),Sn]jTl in which the large group attached to tin helps to confer a thermal stability which is greater than that of (Et,Ge),TL Excess BrCH2CH2Br produces thallous bramide, C2H4 and (Me,SiCH,),SnBr in quantitative yields6. Similarly, an exothermic reaction occurs between BrCH,CH2Br and (Et,Ge),Tl in a sealed tube and is complete in 5-7 min. Again, TlBr is formed quantitatively, along with C2H, and Et,GeBr: (Et,Ge),Tl

+ 2 BrCH,CH,Br

-

2 C2H4 + 3 Et,GeBr

+ TlBr

(a)

The same reaction with (Et,Si),Tl is analogous7. Excess EtBr reacts in THF at RT with the tris(stanny1)thallium compound to precipitate TlBr completely in 30 min. The Sn(1V) bromide is also produced in high yield together with (Me,SiCH,),SnEt. With equimolar


46

2.6. The Formation of the Halogen (B, Al, Ga, In, TI) Bond 2.6.11. from Cleavage of the Group-IllB-Other Group-IVB Element Bond 2.6.11.3. by Other Halides.

5. E. A. V. Ebsworth, A. G. Lee, G. M. Sheldrick, J. Chem. SOC., A , 1052 (1969). 6. F. Glockling, The Chemistry of Germanium, Academic Press, New York, (1969). 7. M. N. Bochkarev, T. S. Basalgina, G. S.Kalinina, G. A. Razuvaev, J. Organomet. Chem.,243,405 (1983). 8. H. Noth, K-H. Hermannsdorfer, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 3, 377 (1964); H. Noth, G. Hollerer, Chem. Ber., 99, 2197 (1966). 9. H. Noth, R. Schwerthoffer, Chem. Ber., 114, 3056 (1981). 10. V. I. Bregadze, T. K. Dzhashiashvili, D. N. Sadzhaya, M. V. Petriashvili, 0. B. Ponomareva, T. M. Shcherbina, V. T. Kampel, L. B. Kukushkina, V. Y. Rochev, N. N. Godovikov, Bull. Acad. Sci. SSSR (Chem.), Engl. Transl., 32, 824 (1983). 11. C. B. Ungermann, T. Onak, Inorg. Chem., 16, 1428 (1977). 12. A. Tabereaux, R. N. Grimes, Znorg. Chem., 12, 792 (1973).

2.6.11.3. by Other Halides. The interactions of group-IIIB-group-IVB element bonds with electrophilic reagents also reflect the reactivities observed previously ($2.6.11.1, 2.6.11.2). Thus, the rather low reactivity of boron-silicon bonds is once again observed. It is noted that Me,SiCl, Me1 and PhCH2Cl all react very slowly with the tetrasilylborate complex, Li[B(SiMe,),], although reactions with Me2BBr and AlCl, are faster. Specific details are not known, although a variety of products occur'. On the other hand, given the extreme sensitivity of the corresponding aluminate Li[Al(SiMe,),] reactions with such reagents should proceed very much more readily2. Thus, the Li and Na aluminate derivatives as well as A1(SiMe,),*OEt2 react rapidly and quantitatively in pentane with (C,H,),TiCl, to transfer one -%Me, group onto the titanium center. An AI-Cl linkage presumably is generated, although such a product is not specifically described. Substitution of the second chloride attached to titanium does not occur even when a 2: 1 (or greater) mole ratio of the aluminum silyl reagent is employed. A similar reaction is reported with the Al(GeMe,), etherate derivative, as expected3. The second Ti-CI linkage in the (C,H,),TiC1(SiMe3) product also resists reaction with Et,AlCI, with exchange of -SiMe3 and ethyl groups occurring between the two metals rather than giving rise to Al-Cl bond formation4. The utility of the aluminum silyl reagent for the synthesis of other metal silyls is shown by the complete exchange of both chlorides in MCl, (M = Zn, Cd) when Li[Al(SiMe,),] is reacted in ether. Once again, the Al-containing product is not specifically described5. It is expected that similar germyl and stannyl reagents could react in a similar fashion. This relatively high reactivity is maintained as group-IIIB is descended and quite a thorough study has been made on the compound [(Me,SiCH,),Sn]jTl in which the large group attached to tin helps to confer a thermal stability which is greater than that of (Et,Ge),TL Excess BrCH2CH2Br produces thallous bramide, C2H4 and (Me,SiCH,),SnBr in quantitative yields6. Similarly, an exothermic reaction occurs between BrCH,CH2Br and (Et,Ge),Tl in a sealed tube and is complete in 5-7 min. Again, TlBr is formed quantitatively, along with C2H, and Et,GeBr: (Et,Ge),Tl

+ 2 BrCH,CH,Br

-

2 C2H4 + 3 Et,GeBr

+ TlBr

(a)

The same reaction with (Et,Si),Tl is analogous7. Excess EtBr reacts in THF at RT with the tris(stanny1)thallium compound to precipitate TlBr completely in 30 min. The Sn(1V) bromide is also produced in high yield together with (Me,SiCH,),SnEt. With equimolar

2.6. The Formation of the Halogen ( 8 ,Al, Ga, In, TI) Bond 2.6.12. from Halide-Halide Exchange Reactions (Metathesis) 2.6.12.1. by Hydrogen Halides.

47

EtBr, however, the reaction is much slower. It is believed that an unstable intermediate (R,Sn),TlBr, may be involved in the reaction and that it decomposes, producing T1 metal, the Sn(1V) bromide and ethyl derivatives, together with the R,SnSnR, 6 : (R,Sn),Tl

-

+ EtBr

(R,Sn),TlBr

+ R,SnEt

(b)

+ T1 + 0.5 R,SnSnR,

(c)

(R,Sn),TlBr

R,SnBr

In a similar fashion, dry CHCl, and (Me,Si),Tl interact in vacuo over a few minutes to give a high yield of (Me,Si),TlCl. This reaction is analogous to that shown by the TlMe, derivative. A comparison with the reactivity of the Tl-C bond is provided, however, by the interactions with CH,Br, and MeI. While TlMe, also reacts with these to produce the [Me,Tl]+ species, the corresponding [(Me,Si),Tl)' entity is not obtained from the reactions of (Me,Si),Tl with these reagents*. The stability of the diorganothallium(II1) species probably assists these reactions in comparison with those involving the silyl and the stannyl derivatives. (B.D. JAMES)

W. Biffar, H. Noth, Chem. Ber., 115,934 (1982). L. Rosch, C. Altnau, Chem. Ber., 112, 3934 (1979). L. Rosch, G. Altnau, W. Erb, J. Pickhardt, N. Bruncks, J. Organomet. Chem., 197, 51 (1980). L. Rosch, G. Altnau, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. EngL, 20, 582 (1981). L. Rosch, G. Altnau, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl., 18,60 (1979). G. S. Kalinina, E. A. Shchupak, N. S. Vyazankin, G. A. Razuvaev, Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR (Engl. Transl.), 25, 1289 (1976). 7. N. S.Vyazankin, E. V. Mitrofanova, 0. A. Kruglaya, G.A. Razuvaev, J. Gen. Chem. USSR (Engl. Transl.), 36, 116 (1966). 8. E. A. V. Ebsworth, A. G. Lee, G. M. Sheldrick, J. Chem. SOC.,A, 1052 (1969).

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

2.6.12. from Halide-Halide Exchange Reactlons (Metathesis) Metathesis is a reaction in which a halogen atom bonded to a group-IIIB element is replaced by a different halogen (e.g., C1 is replaced by F). Systems in which, e.g., C1 bonded to a group-IIIB element is replaced by isotopically labeled C1 are regarded as scrambling reactions and are described in 52.6.15. 2.6.12.1. by Hydrogen Halides.

The most widely employed hydrogen halide is HF, especially for industrial applications because of its low price and relative ease of handling. It generally is avoided for laboratory operations even though procedures and materials for conducting experiments are described'. For exchanging a bound C1 for F, it is advantageous that byproduct HCl have very low solubility in H F (give a solution of ca. 0.17moldm-3 at 273K), presumably because it undergoes neither protonation nor dissociation to any significant extent. Furthermore, the high volatility makes separation very easy and this combination of properties leads to a propitious general route for the preparation of anhydrous fluorides2. Any chloride is likely to decompose gradually with liq HF. Certainly, AlCl, reacts to give a ppt of the fluoride,. Thallium and Ag appear to be exceptions, in that HX


2.6. The Formation of the Halogen ( 8 ,Al, Ga, In, TI) Bond 2.6.12. from Halide-Halide Exchange Reactions (Metathesis) 2.6.12.1. by Hydrogen Halides.

47

EtBr, however, the reaction is much slower. It is believed that an unstable intermediate (R,Sn),TlBr, may be involved in the reaction and that it decomposes, producing T1 metal, the Sn(1V) bromide and ethyl derivatives, together with the R,SnSnR, 6 : (R,Sn),Tl

-

+ EtBr

(R,Sn),TlBr

+ R,SnEt

(b)

+ T1 + 0.5 R,SnSnR,

(c)

(R,Sn),TlBr

R,SnBr

In a similar fashion, dry CHCl, and (Me,Si),Tl interact in vacuo over a few minutes to give a high yield of (Me,Si),TlCl. This reaction is analogous to that shown by the TlMe, derivative. A comparison with the reactivity of the Tl-C bond is provided, however, by the interactions with CH,Br, and MeI. While TlMe, also reacts with these to produce the [Me,Tl]+ species, the corresponding [(Me,Si),Tl)' entity is not obtained from the reactions of (Me,Si),Tl with these reagents*. The stability of the diorganothallium(II1) species probably assists these reactions in comparison with those involving the silyl and the stannyl derivatives. (B.D. JAMES)

W. Biffar, H. Noth, Chem. Ber., 115,934 (1982). L. Rosch, C. Altnau, Chem. Ber., 112, 3934 (1979). L. Rosch, G. Altnau, W. Erb, J. Pickhardt, N. Bruncks, J. Organomet. Chem., 197, 51 (1980). L. Rosch, G. Altnau, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. EngL, 20, 582 (1981). L. Rosch, G. Altnau, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl., 18,60 (1979). G. S. Kalinina, E. A. Shchupak, N. S. Vyazankin, G. A. Razuvaev, Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR (Engl. Transl.), 25, 1289 (1976). 7. N. S.Vyazankin, E. V. Mitrofanova, 0. A. Kruglaya, G.A. Razuvaev, J. Gen. Chem. USSR (Engl. Transl.), 36, 116 (1966). 8. E. A. V. Ebsworth, A. G. Lee, G. M. Sheldrick, J. Chem. SOC.,A, 1052 (1969).

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

2.6.12. from Halide-Halide Exchange Reactlons (Metathesis) Metathesis is a reaction in which a halogen atom bonded to a group-IIIB element is replaced by a different halogen (e.g., C1 is replaced by F). Systems in which, e.g., C1 bonded to a group-IIIB element is replaced by isotopically labeled C1 are regarded as scrambling reactions and are described in 52.6.15. 2.6.12.1. by Hydrogen Halides.

The most widely employed hydrogen halide is HF, especially for industrial applications because of its low price and relative ease of handling. It generally is avoided for laboratory operations even though procedures and materials for conducting experiments are described'. For exchanging a bound C1 for F, it is advantageous that byproduct HCl have very low solubility in H F (give a solution of ca. 0.17moldm-3 at 273K), presumably because it undergoes neither protonation nor dissociation to any significant extent. Furthermore, the high volatility makes separation very easy and this combination of properties leads to a propitious general route for the preparation of anhydrous fluorides2. Any chloride is likely to decompose gradually with liq HF. Certainly, AlCl, reacts to give a ppt of the fluoride,. Thallium and Ag appear to be exceptions, in that HX

4a

2.6. The Formation of the Halogen (B, Al, Ga, In, TI) Bond 2.6.12. from Halide-Halide Exchange Reactions (Metathesis) 2.6.12.2. by Metal and Nonmetal Halides.

bubbled through a solution of a T1 or Ag salt in liq H F precipitates the corresponding halide. This appears to be related to the insolubility of the latter,. Reactions with liq HC1, carried out using sealed tubes equilibrated at RT have shown AlI, is not solvolyzed but boron halides are, with BBr,, BI, and derivatives such as Me,S.BBr,, Ph,As.BBr, and [Me4N][BBr4] having their halogens replaced by chlorine. Similarly, BCl, reacts in HBr to form BBr, and both BCl, and BBr, will undergo this type of solvolysis to form the triiodide. On the other hand, the fluorinecontaining solutes BF, and Et,O.BF, may be recovered unchanged from liq HCl 4s5. The use of HBr and HI presents rather more practical problems because of their small liquid ranges and rather weak solvent properties, which are related to their low dielectric constants6. (B.D. JAMES)

1. J. H. Canterford, T. A. O'Donnell, in Techniques of Inorganic Chemistry, H. B. Jonassen, A. Weissberger, eds., Vol. 7, Interscience, New York, 1968, p. 273. 2. T. A. ODonnell, in Comprehensive Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 2, Ch. 25, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1973. 3. H. R. Leech, in Mellor's Comprehensive Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, Suppl. I, Vol. 2, Longmans, London, 1956. 4. M. E. Peach, Inorg. Nucl. Chem. Lett., 7, 75 (1971). 5. M. E. Peach, T. C. Waddington, in Non-Aqueous Solvent Systems, T. C. Waddington, ed., Ch. 3, Academic Press, New York, 1965. 6 . F. Klanberg, in Chemistry of Non-Aqueous Solvents, J. J. Lagowski, ed., Vol. 11, Ch. 1, Academic Press, New York, 1967.

2.6.12.2. by Metal and Nonmetal Halides.

The often rapid and complete halogen-radiohalogen exchange exhibited by groupis but one factor facilitating the broader process of metathesis. The IIIB halides ($2.6.15) most general reaction for converting a nonmetal fluoride into another halide is by employing the appropriate A1 halide. The driving force in a reaction, e.g.: BF,

+ AlX,

-

BX,

+ AlF,

(a)

where X = C1, Br, is the high stability of AlF,. This is a trouble-free, high-yield procedure' for synthesizing BBr,. This method also may be adapted to prepare the higher halides B,Br, (n = 8, 9),. The volatile BF, may be substituted by the somewhat more convenient KCBF,], the product being obtained by heating the mixture (420-450K) over a few hours: K[BF4]

+ AlX,

-

AlF,

+ K F + BX,

(b)

The yield of BBr, via this route is much improved (to 80%) by preparing the AlBr, reagent in situ and having the K[BF,]:AIBr, ratio around 1:lO. Thus, it becomes suitable for preparing isotopically labeled boron compounds3. Similarly, BF, reacts readily with alkali-metal and alkaline-earth halides to exchange halogen and form tetrafluoroborate: 3 KCI

+ 4 BF,

-

3 K[BF4]

+ BCl,

(c)

Passing BCl, through pellets of the readily available CaF, at 430-470K yields BF, rapidly and completely4. In most cases, however, CaF, is a poor fluorinating agent because of its high lattice energy and low kinetic activity.


4a


bubbled through a solution of a T1 or Ag salt in liq H F precipitates the corresponding halide. This appears to be related to the insolubility of the latter,. Reactions with liq HC1, carried out using sealed tubes equilibrated at RT have shown AlI, is not solvolyzed but boron halides are, with BBr,, BI, and derivatives such as Me,S.BBr,, Ph,As.BBr, and [Me4N][BBr4] having their halogens replaced by chlorine. Similarly, BCl, reacts in HBr to form BBr, and both BCl, and BBr, will undergo this type of solvolysis to form the triiodide. On the other hand, the fluorinecontaining solutes BF, and Et,O.BF, may be recovered unchanged from liq HCl 4s5. The use of HBr and HI presents rather more practical problems because of their small liquid ranges and rather weak solvent properties, which are related to their low dielectric constants6. (B.D. JAMES)

1. J. H. Canterford, T. A. O'Donnell, in Techniques of Inorganic Chemistry, H. B. Jonassen, A. Weissberger, eds., Vol. 7, Interscience, New York, 1968, p. 273. 2. T. A. ODonnell, in Comprehensive Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 2, Ch. 25, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1973. 3. H. R. Leech, in Mellor's Comprehensive Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, Suppl. I, Vol. 2, Longmans, London, 1956. 4. M. E. Peach, Inorg. Nucl. Chem. Lett., 7, 75 (1971). 5. M. E. Peach, T. C. Waddington, in Non-Aqueous Solvent Systems, T. C. Waddington, ed., Ch. 3, Academic Press, New York, 1965. 6 . F. Klanberg, in Chemistry of Non-Aqueous Solvents, J. J. Lagowski, ed., Vol. 11, Ch. 1, Academic Press, New York, 1967.

2.6.12.2. by Metal and Nonmetal Halides.

The often rapid and complete halogen-radiohalogen exchange exhibited by groupis but one factor facilitating the broader process of metathesis. The IIIB halides ($2.6.15) most general reaction for converting a nonmetal fluoride into another halide is by employing the appropriate A1 halide. The driving force in a reaction, e.g.: BF,

+ AlX,

-

BX,

+ AlF,

(a)

where X = C1, Br, is the high stability of AlF,. This is a trouble-free, high-yield procedure' for synthesizing BBr,. This method also may be adapted to prepare the higher halides B,Br, (n = 8, 9),. The volatile BF, may be substituted by the somewhat more convenient KCBF,], the product being obtained by heating the mixture (420-450K) over a few hours: K[BF4]

+ AlX,

-

AlF,

+ K F + BX,

(b)

The yield of BBr, via this route is much improved (to 80%) by preparing the AlBr, reagent in situ and having the K[BF,]:AIBr, ratio around 1:lO. Thus, it becomes suitable for preparing isotopically labeled boron compounds3. Similarly, BF, reacts readily with alkali-metal and alkaline-earth halides to exchange halogen and form tetrafluoroborate: 3 KCI

+ 4 BF,

-

3 K[BF4]

+ BCl,

(c)

Passing BCl, through pellets of the readily available CaF, at 430-470K yields BF, rapidly and completely4. In most cases, however, CaF, is a poor fluorinating agent because of its high lattice energy and low kinetic activity.


49

~~

In a useful procedure, BBr, and BI, may be employed as general reagents since they easily undergo exchange reactions with a variety of anhydrous metal chlorides. Most metal chlorides [M = Al(III), Sn(IV), Ti(IV), Co(II), Cu(II)] react by an equation of the type: 3 MCl,

-

+ n BBr,

+ n BC1,

3 MBr,

(4

whereas SbCl,, VOCl, and MoCl, convert to a lower bromide: 3 MCl,

+ n BBr,

3 MBr,-,

+ n BCI, + 3 Br,

(el

Excellent yields generally are obtained, using quite mild (ca. 370 K) conditions'. These reactions are favored by the greater volatility of BCl,, than BBr,, the higher electron-pair acceptor acidity of BBr, than BC1, and the favorable enthalpy change: E(M-Br)

+ E(B-CI)

+ E(B-Br)

> E(M-CI)

Similarly, BI, reacts with B,Cl, to give B,I, almost quantitatively6. Not surprisingly, metathesis has been studied as a possible means to introduce F into an accessible molecule without the use of particularly aggressive reagents. [B]trichloroborazene may be converted to the corresponding [Bltrifluoro compound with a number of reagents. Conversion with KF, however, is very poor7, but NaF replaces C1 in the borazenes (-NR-BCI-), (where R = Ph, benzyl) reasonably conveniently in CH,CN over several hours, although using NaI gives a poor yield of the [Bliodoborazene'. Silver salts may be widely employed for metatheses in diorganothallium chemistry, according to the general equation: R,TlX

+ AgY

-

R,TlY

+ AgX

(f)

The X group is frequently I but can also be C1 or Br, while Y can be a range of anionsg. Conversion takes place so as to favor the least soluble AgX product and it is preferable for the AgY reagent to be freshly prepared in order to facilitate reactivity at the solid surface. For example, a good yield of bis(perfluoroalky1)thalliumchloride starting from the bromide has been obtained by this procedure". Finely divided alkali-metal fluorides convert the diorganoaluminum chlorides to the fluorides. Their high lattice energies tend to render alkali-metal fluorides relatively unreactive, except at high T, although activity may be increased by slurrying the fluoride in a polar organic liquid of relatively high dielectric constant". Other interesting and potentially useful halogen-transfer reactions have been reported. One example is the preparation of polyhaloalkanes such as CI, by heating CCl, with AlI,. The inert CF, does not react with AlC1, up to 1000 K, but reaction does occur with higher pressures. As expected, SiF, reacts with AlCl, much more readily and GeF,, in turn, is even more reactive". In studies of the solvent properties of POCl,, [Al(OPC1,)]3+ and [AlCI,]- ions may predominate in solution when AlCl, is the solute. These possibly arise via, e.g.:

4 AICI,

+ 6 OPCl,

__f

3 [A1C14]-

+ [A1(OPC13)6]3+

However, when AlBr, and AlI, are dissolved, [AlClJThus, halogen transfer must occur: AlX,

+ 3 OPCI, e

A l C 1 ,

(g)

is still identified in solution.

+ 3 OPC1,X

(h)

50

2.6. The Formation of the Halogen (6, Al, Ga, In, TI) Bond 2.6.12. from Halide-Halide Exchange Reactions (Metathesis) 2.6.12.3. by Fluorinating Agents.

followed by the formation of [AlClJ- as before’,. It is possible that similar reactions take place with gallium halides’,. Arsenic trifluoride is an important metathetical reagent for transforming chlorides into the corresponding fluoride derivatives. Thus, over 12 h, the tricarbonyliron complex is smoothly converted into a monofluoro species’,. Et Et

n IBOBI+$AsF,-IB ‘S’

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

Et Et

n BF+$AsI,J ‘S’

6)

(B.D. JAMES)

E. L. Gamble, Inorg. Synfh.,3, 27 (1950). A. J. Markwell, A. G. Massey, P. J. Portal, Polyhedron, I , 134 (1982). H. Noth, R. Staudigl, Chem. Ber., 111,3280 (1978). H.S. Booth, S. G. Frary, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 65, 1836 (1943). P. M. Drum, M. F. Lappert, J. Chem. Soc., A, 3595 (1971). W. Hawbold, P. Jacob, 2.Anorg. Allg. Chem., 507, 231 (1983). K. Niedenzu, Inorg. Chem., I , 943 (1962). K. A. Muszkat, L. Hill, B. Kirson, Isr. J. Chem., I, 27 (1963). H. Kurosawa, R. Okawara, Organornet. Chem. Rev., A6,65 (1970). G. B. Deacon, J. H. S. Green, R. S. Nyholm, J. Chem. SOC.,3411 (1965). T. Mole, in Organometallic Reactions, E. J. Becker, M. Tsutsui, eds., Vol. 1, p. 1, WileyInterscience, New York, 1970. W. E. Schumb, D. W. Breck, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,74, 1754 (1952). R. G. Kidd, D. R. Truax, J. Chem. SOC.,Chem. Commun., 160(1969). N. N. Greenwood, K. Wade, J. Chem. SOC., 1516 (1957). W. Siebert, R. Full, J. Edwin, K. Kinberger, C. Kruger, J. Organomel. Chem., 131, 1 (1977).

2.6.1 2.3. by Fluorinating Agents.

Preparations of fluorine derivatives are generally associated with more aggressive reagents and the use of special materials and techniques. This is not always the case as is illustrated by the use of AgF in metathesis ($2.6.12.2). Even though techniques for handling H F are now much more common, an alternative reagent such as NH,F is still a more appealing alternative. Thus, the addition of freshly prepared MBr, (M = Al, In) in MeOH to a rapidly stirred solution of xs NH,F gives a quantitative conversion to the fluorides. Thallium fluoride is not precipitated under these conditions’. Although CaF, is useful for the preparation of volatile BF, (§2.6.12.2), attempted fluorination of AlCl, leads to the AlF, being retained in some kind of complex’. An approximate measure of the reactivity of various fluorides toward halogen exchange may be obtained from Table 1 of free energy differences3.Antimony trifluoride (alone, or together with SbF,) is an important and effective compound for replacing C1 in covalent compounds; very few halides resist exchange with this reagent. Arsenic trifluoride, although a weaker fluorinating agent than SbF,, is preferred for preparing high-bp fluorides since the byproduct AsCl, (bp 403 K) can be distilled off. Conversely, SbF, is preferred for the low-boiling fluorides that can be fractionated from SbCl, (bp 496 Q4. Thus, PhBCl, undergoes immediate, vigorous reaction when SbF, is added slowly to it. If the mixture is held below 318 K, a 66% yield of PhBF, is obtained. The aggressive nature of the reagent tends to lead to B-C bond cleavage5. Thus, unless the reaction mixture is held below 300 K, the yield for the p-tolyl analog p-tolBF, is quite


50

2.6. The Formation of the Halogen (6, Al, Ga, In, TI) Bond 2.6.12. from Halide-Halide Exchange Reactions (Metathesis) 2.6.12.3. by Fluorinating Agents.

followed by the formation of [AlClJ- as before’,. It is possible that similar reactions take place with gallium halides’,. Arsenic trifluoride is an important metathetical reagent for transforming chlorides into the corresponding fluoride derivatives. Thus, over 12 h, the tricarbonyliron complex is smoothly converted into a monofluoro species’,. Et Et

n IBOBI+$AsF,-IB ‘S’

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

Et Et

n BF+$AsI,J ‘S’

6)

(B.D. JAMES)

E. L. Gamble, Inorg. Synfh.,3, 27 (1950). A. J. Markwell, A. G. Massey, P. J. Portal, Polyhedron, I , 134 (1982). H. Noth, R. Staudigl, Chem. Ber., 111,3280 (1978). H.S. Booth, S. G. Frary, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 65, 1836 (1943). P. M. Drum, M. F. Lappert, J. Chem. Soc., A, 3595 (1971). W. Hawbold, P. Jacob, 2.Anorg. Allg. Chem., 507, 231 (1983). K. Niedenzu, Inorg. Chem., I , 943 (1962). K. A. Muszkat, L. Hill, B. Kirson, Isr. J. Chem., I, 27 (1963). H. Kurosawa, R. Okawara, Organornet. Chem. Rev., A6,65 (1970). G. B. Deacon, J. H. S. Green, R. S. Nyholm, J. Chem. SOC.,3411 (1965). T. Mole, in Organometallic Reactions, E. J. Becker, M. Tsutsui, eds., Vol. 1, p. 1, WileyInterscience, New York, 1970. W. E. Schumb, D. W. Breck, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,74, 1754 (1952). R. G. Kidd, D. R. Truax, J. Chem. SOC.,Chem. Commun., 160(1969). N. N. Greenwood, K. Wade, J. Chem. SOC., 1516 (1957). W. Siebert, R. Full, J. Edwin, K. Kinberger, C. Kruger, J. Organomel. Chem., 131, 1 (1977).

2.6.1 2.3. by Fluorinating Agents.

Preparations of fluorine derivatives are generally associated with more aggressive reagents and the use of special materials and techniques. This is not always the case as is illustrated by the use of AgF in metathesis ($2.6.12.2). Even though techniques for handling H F are now much more common, an alternative reagent such as NH,F is still a more appealing alternative. Thus, the addition of freshly prepared MBr, (M = Al, In) in MeOH to a rapidly stirred solution of xs NH,F gives a quantitative conversion to the fluorides. Thallium fluoride is not precipitated under these conditions’. Although CaF, is useful for the preparation of volatile BF, (§2.6.12.2), attempted fluorination of AlCl, leads to the AlF, being retained in some kind of complex’. An approximate measure of the reactivity of various fluorides toward halogen exchange may be obtained from Table 1 of free energy differences3.Antimony trifluoride (alone, or together with SbF,) is an important and effective compound for replacing C1 in covalent compounds; very few halides resist exchange with this reagent. Arsenic trifluoride, although a weaker fluorinating agent than SbF,, is preferred for preparing high-bp fluorides since the byproduct AsCl, (bp 403 K) can be distilled off. Conversely, SbF, is preferred for the low-boiling fluorides that can be fractionated from SbCl, (bp 496 Q4. Thus, PhBCl, undergoes immediate, vigorous reaction when SbF, is added slowly to it. If the mixture is held below 318 K, a 66% yield of PhBF, is obtained. The aggressive nature of the reagent tends to lead to B-C bond cleavage5. Thus, unless the reaction mixture is held below 300 K, the yield for the p-tolyl analog p-tolBF, is quite

2.6.The Formation of the Halogen (B, Al, Ga, In, TI) Bond 2.6.12.from Halide-Halide Exchange Reactions (Metathesis) 2.6.12.3.by Fluorinating Agents.

51

TABLE1. FREE-ENERGY DIFFERENCES FOR CHLORIDE-FLUORIDE EXCHANGE. ~~

Couple

AF&-AFGF (kJ g-at-')

AgF-AgC1 KF-KCl NH,F-NH,Cl NaF-NaCl )(SbF,-SbC1,) HF-HC1 $(WF, - WClJ +(TiF,-TiCl,) $(CaF, - CaCl,) $(BF,-BCl,) t(SiF,-SiCl,)

75.37 129.80 145.29 159.52 169.57 178.37 194.28 205.58 206.00 240.75 250.80

a

Ref. 3

small. Not surprisingly, BCl, also is smoothly converted to BF, at 273 K and 50 kPa in the presence of SbCl, catalyst,. Antimony fluorides also react spontaneously with [B] trichloroborazenes and partially fluorinated products may be obtained by careful control of conditions. The use of TiF,, however, appears to be a convenient method for the fluorination of such compounds because of the short reaction time and a solvent is not necessary7. In the reaction : 4 (CIBNR),

+ 3 TiF,

-

4 (FBNR),

+ 3 TiCI,

(a)

yields are 64 % (R = Me), 89 % (R = Et), 95 % (R = n-Pr) and 96 % (R = n-Bu). Transition-metal fluorides generally react quite rapidly with BCl, reflecting the fact that the enthalpy of formation of BF, is more negative than that of BCI, by 722kJmol-'. In a number of cases redox reactions occur also. Generally, the third transition series fluoride is the least reactive and that of the first series the most reactive*. Thus, VF, condensed onto xs BCl, and allowed to warm produces BF,, VCI, and Cl,. Niobium and Ta pentafluorides also yield BF,, but without reduction of the metals. The reaction of MoF, with xs BCl, gives MoCl, together with a mixture of BF,, BCIF, and BC1,F. Similarly, AICl, is fluorinated readily by the reactive UF, compound. When AICl, is in excess, simple metathesis occurs: 2 AICI,

+ UF,

-

UCl,

+ 2 AlF,

(b)

but with excess of the fluorinating agent, reduction to UF, occurs and C1, is released along with the formation of the AIF, productg. Sulfur tetrafluoride has been mentioned previously ($2.6.6.4) as an attractive fluorinating agent. This compound will fluorinate BCl, and undergo concomitant reduction to SC1, and chlorine". On the other hand, SF, resists halogen transfer. Only 15 % conversion of AlCl, into AlF, is observed after 24 h in a sealed tube at 450-470 K, and up to 470 K, BCI, does not react".

52

2.6. The Formation of the Halogen (B, Al, Ga, In, TI) Bond 2.6.13. Cleavage of Other Group-IIIB-Element Bonds 2.6.13.1. by Halogens.

Bromine trifluoride, on the other hand, has long been recognized as a typically corrosive but reasonably convenient fluorinating agent. It fluorinates any compound dissolves in it and is a useful preparative solvent, although it is sometimes difficult to remove from productsi2. Thus, AlCl, is converted slowly to AIF,, but with no evidence of BrF, retention. Thallous chloride is converted to a mixture of TIF and TlF,, with 80-90% of the metal being in the 3 + state’,. Aluminum oxyfluoride proved more difficult to prepare than other oxyhalides but was finally obtained via BrF, fluorination of the corresponding bromidei4. (B.D. JAMES)

1. H. M. Haendler, F. A. Johnson, D. S. Crocket, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,80,2662 (1958). 2. Gmelin’s Handbuch der Anorganischen Chemie, 8 Aufl., Syst. 35: Aluminium, Teil B. Die Verbidungen des Aluminiums, Verlag Chemie, Berlin, 1934. 3. E. L. Muetterties, C. W. Tullock, in Preparative Inorganic Reactions, W. L. Jolly, ed., Vol. 2, Interscience, New York, 1965, p. 237 4. J. D. Smith, in Comprehensive Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 2, Ch. 21, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1973. 5. P. A. McCusker, H. S. Makowski, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,79, 5185 (1957). 6. H. S. Booth, S. G. Frary, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,65, 1836(1943). 7. K. Niedenzu, Inorg. Chem. I , 943 (1962); K. Niedenzu, H. Beyer, H. Jenne, Chem. Ber., 96,2649 (1963). 8. T. A. O’Donnell, in Comprehensive Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 2, Ch. 25, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1973. 9. T. A. ODonnell, D. F. Stewart, P. W. Wilson, Inorg. Chem., 5, 1438 (1966). 10. N. N. Greenwood, A. Earnshaw, Chemistry ofthe Elements, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1984. 11. J. R. Case, F. Nyman, Nature (London), 193,473 (1962). 12. A. G. Sharpe, in Non-Aqueous Solvent Systems, T. C. Waddington, ed., Ch. 7, Academic Press, New York, 1965, 13. A. G. Sharpe, H. J. Emeleus, J. Chern. SOC.,2135 (1948). 14. B. Siegel, Inorg. Chim. Acta Rev., 2, 137 (1968).

2.6.13. Cleavage of Other Group-IIIB-Element Bonds 2.6.13.1. by Halogens.

The major remaining group-IIIB-element bonds to be considered are those between the group-IIIB elements themselves’ and those between the elements and the transition metalsz3’.Thus, the B-B bond in compounds such as B,Cl, is susceptible to attack by C1, and Br, (at 228 and 250 K, respectively): B,Cl,

-

+ C1,

3 B2C14+ 3 Br,

2 BCI,

4 BCl,

+ 2 BBr,

(a) (b)

Iodine does not show any signs of reaction with B2Cl, under these relatively cool conditions4. Similarly, the metal-metal bond present in the [In,X6IZ- anions is ruptured by elemental halogens (Y,), giving [InX,Y]-. These reactions occur readily on heating in benzene and the tetrahaloindate compound crystallizes on cooling. The order of addition in these reactions seems to be vitally important, since if the halogen is added to a solution of [In,X,I2-, precipitation of the [XY,]- salt in a competing reaction occurs more rapidly than the oxidation5.


52

2.6. The Formation of the Halogen (B, Al, Ga, In, TI) Bond 2.6.13. Cleavage of Other Group-IIIB-Element Bonds 2.6.13.1. by Halogens.

Bromine trifluoride, on the other hand, has long been recognized as a typically corrosive but reasonably convenient fluorinating agent. It fluorinates any compound dissolves in it and is a useful preparative solvent, although it is sometimes difficult to remove from productsi2. Thus, AlCl, is converted slowly to AIF,, but with no evidence of BrF, retention. Thallous chloride is converted to a mixture of TIF and TlF,, with 80-90% of the metal being in the 3 + state’,. Aluminum oxyfluoride proved more difficult to prepare than other oxyhalides but was finally obtained via BrF, fluorination of the corresponding bromidei4. (B.D. JAMES)

1. H. M. Haendler, F. A. Johnson, D. S. Crocket, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,80,2662 (1958). 2. Gmelin’s Handbuch der Anorganischen Chemie, 8 Aufl., Syst. 35: Aluminium, Teil B. Die Verbidungen des Aluminiums, Verlag Chemie, Berlin, 1934. 3. E. L. Muetterties, C. W. Tullock, in Preparative Inorganic Reactions, W. L. Jolly, ed., Vol. 2, Interscience, New York, 1965, p. 237 4. J. D. Smith, in Comprehensive Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 2, Ch. 21, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1973. 5. P. A. McCusker, H. S. Makowski, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,79, 5185 (1957). 6. H. S. Booth, S. G. Frary, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,65, 1836(1943). 7. K. Niedenzu, Inorg. Chem. I , 943 (1962); K. Niedenzu, H. Beyer, H. Jenne, Chem. Ber., 96,2649 (1963). 8. T. A. O’Donnell, in Comprehensive Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 2, Ch. 25, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1973. 9. T. A. ODonnell, D. F. Stewart, P. W. Wilson, Inorg. Chem., 5, 1438 (1966). 10. N. N. Greenwood, A. Earnshaw, Chemistry ofthe Elements, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1984. 11. J. R. Case, F. Nyman, Nature (London), 193,473 (1962). 12. A. G. Sharpe, in Non-Aqueous Solvent Systems, T. C. Waddington, ed., Ch. 7, Academic Press, New York, 1965, 13. A. G. Sharpe, H. J. Emeleus, J. Chern. SOC.,2135 (1948). 14. B. Siegel, Inorg. Chim. Acta Rev., 2, 137 (1968).

2.6.13. Cleavage of Other Group-IIIB-Element Bonds 2.6.13.1. by Halogens.

The major remaining group-IIIB-element bonds to be considered are those between the group-IIIB elements themselves’ and those between the elements and the transition metalsz3’.Thus, the B-B bond in compounds such as B,Cl, is susceptible to attack by C1, and Br, (at 228 and 250 K, respectively): B,Cl,

-

+ C1,

3 B2C14+ 3 Br,

2 BCI,

4 BCl,

+ 2 BBr,

(a) (b)

Iodine does not show any signs of reaction with B2Cl, under these relatively cool conditions4. Similarly, the metal-metal bond present in the [In,X6IZ- anions is ruptured by elemental halogens (Y,), giving [InX,Y]-. These reactions occur readily on heating in benzene and the tetrahaloindate compound crystallizes on cooling. The order of addition in these reactions seems to be vitally important, since if the halogen is added to a solution of [In,X,I2-, precipitation of the [XY,]- salt in a competing reaction occurs more rapidly than the oxidation5.

2.6. The Formation of the Halogen (6,Al, Ga, In, TI) Bond 2.6.13. Cleavage of Other Group-1116-Element Bonds 2.6.13.1. by Halogens. ~~

53

~

In a similar general reaction, halogens cleave the element-transition-metal bond according to the equation6: R,M-M'R:,

+ X,

-

R,MX

+ XM'R:,

(c)

Thus, with tetraphenylphosphinoethane (TPA) coordinated to cobalt in the boryl complex (Ph,B),Co(tpa), , bromine cleaves the Co-B bonds easily in a few minutes in CCI, solvent7: (tpa),Co(BPh,),

+ 2 Br,

-

(tpa),CoBr,

+ 2 Ph,BBr

(4

Boron bonded to other metals in complexes such as Ph,BMo(CO),(C,H,-q'), Ph,BPtCl(PEt,), or Ph,BMn(CO),PPh, also undergo cleavage reactions of this type6,8.Note that (Me,N),BMn(CO),L also suffers B-Mn bond cleavage, indicating that the bond to the transition metal is broken in preference to those between boron and carbon or boron and nitrogeng. Borine-metal complexes react similarly and in steps. For example, the polymeric Et,NBFe(CO), interacts first with 1 mol equiv of Br, in CCl,, yielding Et,NB(Br)Fe(CO),, but with xs of Br,, cleavage of the Fe-B bond is observed, giving a precipitate of (CO),FeBr, and leaving Et,NBBr, in solution". When more than one group-IIIB-transition-metal bond occurs, stoichiometric quantities of halogen may successively cleave the bonds. Thus, with In[Mn(CO),], , Cl,(g) or Br, in CC1, successively yield XIn[Mn(CO),],, X,InMn(CO), and InX, together with 1, 2 or 3 mol equiv of XMn(CO), ". With Tl[Mn(CO),],, a similar reaction occurs only with C1, (yielding TlCI,) but with Br, or I, the TlX precipitates over 0.5 h". Thus, a 2: 1 mole ratio of ha1ogen:thallium produces Mn(CO),X and T1X. Iodine monochloride reacts similarly with R,TlMo(CO),(C,H,-q5) in order to attach C1 to thallium, whereas Br, instead reacts to cleave the TI-C bonds (to give RBr) as well as the TI-Mo bond',. Boron-Hg bonds are obtained via reaction of 0-, m- or p-carborane with mercury trifluoroacetate. The mercurated reagents are useful in turn for forming carborane derivatives (with boron bonded to T1, Sn,As, Sb) via transmetallation. The position of substitution in these compounds is determined by fission of the boron-metal bond with Br, to give known brom~carboranes'~~'~. (B.D. JAMES)

1. For example, M. J. Taylor, Metal-to-Metal Bonded States of the Main Group Elements, Academic Press, New York, 1975. 2. G. Schmid, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 9, 819 (1970). 3. A. T. T. Hsieh, Inorg. Chim. Acla, 14, 87 (1975). 4. G. Urry, in The Chemistry of Boron and Its Compounds E. L. Muetterties, ed., Wiley, New York, 1967. 5. J. E. Drake, J. L. Hencher, L. N. Khasrov, D. G. Tuck, L. Victoriano, Inorg. Chem., 19,34 (1980). 6. N. S. Vyazankin, G. A. Razuvaev, 0. A. Kruglaya, Organomet. Chem. Rev., A3, 323 (1968). 7. G. Schmid, H. Noth, 2.Naturforsch., Teil B, 20, 1008 (1965). 8. G. Schmid, H. Noth, J. Organomet. Chem., 7, 129 (1967). 9. K. B. Gilbert, S. K. Boocock, S. G. Shore, in Comprehensive Organometallic Chemistry, G. Wilkinson, ed., Vol. 6, Ch. 41.1, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1982. 10. G. Schmid, W. Petz, H. Noth, Inorg. Chim. Acta, 4,423 (1970). 11. A. T. T. Hsieh, M. J. Mays, J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 517, (1972). 12. A. T. T. Hsieh, M. J. Mays, J. Organomet. Chem., 22,29 (1970). 13. B. Walther, H. Albert, A. Kolbe, J. Organomet. Chem., 145,285 (1978). 14. V. I. Bregadze, V. T. Kampel, A. Y. Usiatinskii, N. N. Godovikov, J. Organomet Chem., 154, C1 (1978). 15. V. I. Bregadze, V. T. Kampel, N. N. Godovikov, J. Organornet. Chem., 157, C1 (1978).


54

2.6. The Formation of the Halogen (6, Al, Ga, In, TI) Bond 2.6.13. Cleavage of Other Group-IIIB-Element Bonds 2.6.13.3. by,Other Halides.


-

Generally, reactions of group-IIIB-transition-metal bonds proceed according to' :

+ HX

R,M-M'RL

R,MH

+ RLM'X

(a)

with the hydrogen being transferred to the transition element as a hydrido ligand and concomitant formation of the group-IIIB-element-halogen bond. For example': ~5-C,H=,ML(C0)~-T1R~

+ HCI

+

q5-C5H5MH(CO), R,TICl

(b)

(specifically reported for M = Mo, L = CO and R = Me, but may be generalized). In (Me,N),BMn(CO), , hydrogen chloride first splits the B-N bond, yielding Cl,BMn(CO), and dimethylamine hydrochloride; then a further mole equivalent releases BCl, and HMn(CO), '. Stoichiometric equivalents of HX successively cleave the In-Mn bonds in In[Mn(CO),], yielding 1-3 mol of HMn(CO), and the InX, ', but with the T1 analog reduction occurs and the Tl(1) halide precipitates in accordance with5: Tl[Mn(CO),],

+ 3 HX

-

+ HMn(CO), + 2 XMn(CO),

T1X + H,

(c)

where X = C1, I. It is possible that the TI-Mn bonds are indeed first cleaved to give TIX, and HMn(CO),, but that the thallic halide then reacts further: TIX,

+ 2 HMn(CO),

-

TlX + H,

+ 2 XMn(CO),

(4 since this reaction does occur when X = C1. Interactions of hydrogen halides with group-IIIB-group-IIIB bonded molecules do not appear to be well known6. (B.D. JAMES)

1. N. S . Vyazankin, G. A. Razuvaev, 0. A. Kruglaya, Organomet. Chem. Rev., A3, 323 (1968). 2. B. Walther, H. Albert, A. Kolbe, J. Organomet. Chem., 145, 285 (1978). 3. H. Noth, G. Schmid, J. Organornet. Chem., 5, 109 (1966). 4. A. T. T. Hsieh, M. J. Mays, J. Chem. SOC.Dalton Trans., 516 (1972). 5. A. T. T. Hsieh, M. J. Mays, J. Organomet. Chem., 22, 29 (1970). 6. M. J. Taylor, Metal-to-Metal Bonded States of the Main Group Elements, Academic Press, New York, 1975.

2,6.13.3. by Other Halides.

The interactions of thallium-transition-metal bonds with other metal and non-metal halides are illustrated in Table 1. In all cases the electronegative halogen is transferred to TI. The reactions proceed smoothly, giving high yields of the organothallium halide after several hours'. With 1,2-dibromoethane, the TI-Mn compound TI[Mn(CO),], also reacts to evolve ethene, but the thallium is reduced: TI[Mn(CO),],

+ 2 BrCH,CH,Br

-

TlBr

-

+ 3 Mn(CO),Br + 2 C,H,

(a)

Reductions also observed in reactions with alkyl and acyl halides Tl[Mn(CO),],

+ 2 RX

TlX + 2 Mn(CO),R

+ Mn(CO),X

(b)


54

2.6. The Formation of the Halogen (6, Al, Ga, In, TI) Bond 2.6.13. Cleavage of Other Group-IIIB-Element Bonds 2.6.13.3. by,Other Halides.


-

Generally, reactions of group-IIIB-transition-metal bonds proceed according to' :

+ HX

R,M-M'RL

R,MH

+ RLM'X

(a)

with the hydrogen being transferred to the transition element as a hydrido ligand and concomitant formation of the group-IIIB-element-halogen bond. For example': ~5-C,H=,ML(C0)~-T1R~

+ HCI

+

q5-C5H5MH(CO), R,TICl

(b)

(specifically reported for M = Mo, L = CO and R = Me, but may be generalized). In (Me,N),BMn(CO), , hydrogen chloride first splits the B-N bond, yielding Cl,BMn(CO), and dimethylamine hydrochloride; then a further mole equivalent releases BCl, and HMn(CO), '. Stoichiometric equivalents of HX successively cleave the In-Mn bonds in In[Mn(CO),], yielding 1-3 mol of HMn(CO), and the InX, ', but with the T1 analog reduction occurs and the Tl(1) halide precipitates in accordance with5: Tl[Mn(CO),],

+ 3 HX

-

+ HMn(CO), + 2 XMn(CO),

T1X + H,

(c)

where X = C1, I. It is possible that the TI-Mn bonds are indeed first cleaved to give TIX, and HMn(CO),, but that the thallic halide then reacts further: TIX,

+ 2 HMn(CO),

-

TlX + H,

+ 2 XMn(CO),

(4 since this reaction does occur when X = C1. Interactions of hydrogen halides with group-IIIB-group-IIIB bonded molecules do not appear to be well known6. (B.D. JAMES)

1. N. S . Vyazankin, G. A. Razuvaev, 0. A. Kruglaya, Organomet. Chem. Rev., A3, 323 (1968). 2. B. Walther, H. Albert, A. Kolbe, J. Organomet. Chem., 145, 285 (1978). 3. H. Noth, G. Schmid, J. Organornet. Chem., 5, 109 (1966). 4. A. T. T. Hsieh, M. J. Mays, J. Chem. SOC.Dalton Trans., 516 (1972). 5. A. T. T. Hsieh, M. J. Mays, J. Organomet. Chem., 22, 29 (1970). 6. M. J. Taylor, Metal-to-Metal Bonded States of the Main Group Elements, Academic Press, New York, 1975.

2,6.13.3. by Other Halides.

The interactions of thallium-transition-metal bonds with other metal and non-metal halides are illustrated in Table 1. In all cases the electronegative halogen is transferred to TI. The reactions proceed smoothly, giving high yields of the organothallium halide after several hours'. With 1,2-dibromoethane, the TI-Mn compound TI[Mn(CO),], also reacts to evolve ethene, but the thallium is reduced: TI[Mn(CO),],

+ 2 BrCH,CH,Br

-

TlBr

-

+ 3 Mn(CO),Br + 2 C,H,

(a)

Reductions also observed in reactions with alkyl and acyl halides Tl[Mn(CO),],

+ 2 RX

TlX + 2 Mn(CO),R

+ Mn(CO),X

(b)

55

2.6. The Formation of the Halogen (B, Al, Ga, In, TI) Bond 2.6.13. Cleavage of Other Group-IIIB-Element Bonds 2.6.13.3. by Other Halides.

TABLE1. REACTIONS OF THALLIUM-TRANSITION-METAL BONDSWITH HALIDES’ ~~

~

Organothallium reagent Me,TlMo(CO),C,H,-q5 M~,TIMO(CO),C~H,-~~ or EtT1Mo(CO),C,H,-q5 Me,T1Mo(CO),C,H,-q5 or Me,T1W(CO),C,H,-q5 Me,T1Mo(CO),C,H,-q5 Me,T1Mo(CO),C,H,-q5 Me,TlMo(CO),C,H,-q5 a

.

Halide

Products

Me1 ICH2CH21

R,TlI (91 %) + q5-C,H,M(CO),Me R,TlI (78 %) + q5-C,H,M(C0),I C,H,

+

R2TlCl (86%)b + h5-C,HsM(CO),I

IC1

R,TlCI (88 %) + q5-C,H,M(CO),SnMe, R,TlCl(89 %) + q5-C,H,M(CO),HgC1 R,TlC1(94%) b[q5-C,H,M(CO)j12Hg

Me,SnCl HgC12 4HgCl,

+

Ref. 1. Yield is 66 % using 111.

where R = Me, MeCO, PhCO. These reactions proceed easily also, probably because of a tendency for ionization in solution. The reaction with MeI, e.g., is complete’ in 0.5 h. Generally, Tl[Mn(CO),], reacts with low-valent metal halides, M’X,:

+ M’X,

TI[Mn(CO),],

-

+ TlX

X,-,M’[Mn(CO),],

(c)

where M‘ = Ga, In, X = C1, Br and n = 1; M‘ = Ge, Sn, X = C1, Br and n = 2; M’ = Sb, X = C1 and n = 3. Similarly, there appears to be partial ionization of the In-Mn bonds in In[Mn(CO),],, expressed as3: In[Mn(CO),],

In[Mn(CO),]:

+ [Mn(CO),]-

(4

The reaction of a low oxidation state metal complex with RX to yield a product in which the metal has inserted into a C-X bond is well known in transition-metal chemistry but is less so in the main-group area. However, in group IIIB, this type of reaction may be employed to synthesize organometallic halides of Ga and In using Et or E,X4 (E = Ga, In): Ga,Br,

+ RBr

-

RGa,Br,

(e)

With 1,2-dibromoethane, GaBr, and ethene are formed:

Ga,Br4

+ C,H4Br,

-

B r 3 Br Br ’Ga’ \Ga/ -Ga,Br,+C,H, / \ / \ Br Br Br

(f)

The analogous reactions with In(I1) halides do not appear to be known, but In(1) halides may be oxidized by RX to RInX,. The reaction between InBr and MeBr is slow at RT, but the yields are very high4. A somewhat similar reaction sees the diborane (4)derivative Ph(Me,N)B-B(NMe,)Ph cleaved by CCI, under the influence of radiation’: Ph

\

cc14

Ph

Ph

/B-Cl+

__+

hv

Me,N /B-B\ph

\

Me,N

\

/B-CC13 Me,N

(g)

56

2.6. The Formation of the Halogen (B, Al, Ga, In, TI) Bond 2.6.14. Subvalent Group-IIIB Halides 2.6.14.1. Boron, Aluminum, Gallium, Indium.

TABLE2. REACTIONS OF THALLIUM-MERCURY COMPOUNDS (I) AND (11) WITH Compound

Halide

VARIOUS

HALIDES~

Productsb

+ + +

TlCl (100 7;) A B TlBr (98 %) (C,F,),GeGeR, + B TIC1 (99 %) Hg,Cl, Hg (C6F,),GeC1 B TIC1 (100%) B (92%) T1I (100%) + A + B + Zn(OEt), T1I (100 %) + LC~(C~H~)ZIZ{L(C~F,),G~~,H~} (99 %) TlBr (100%) + A (96%) B Ph,Sb(OEt), TIC1 (97%) A (68%) B (r5-CjH,),NbOEt (?) TIC1 (100 %) + ('~'-C,H,)ZT~{L(C~F,)~G~I~H~}~ (73 %) TIC1 (85%) CU2CI2 (86%) + A B (C6F,)6Ge2 (10%) TIC1 M{[(c,F,),Ge],Hg}, A B TlCl(lOO%) Mn{[(C,F,),Ge],Hg}, 1.5 DME (85%)

I I I I1 I1 I1 I1 I1 I1 I1 I1 I1

+

Ref. 8, 9. A = (C,F,),GeH; B ' R = Et. C,F.. M = Co, Ni.

+ +

+

+

+ +

+

+

+

+

+ +

+ +

+ +

a

,

Y

=

[(C,F,),Ge],Hg.

d

In Tl(1) compounds such as TI[Co(CO),] or Tl[Mn(CO),], the transition-metal group is mobile, making these reagents an excellent source of the [M(CO),]- group. Thus, Ph,SnCl in benzene reacts with Tl[Co(CO),], yielding Ph,SnCo(CO),, and with BrMn(CO), in CH,Cl, to give (CO),CoMn(CO),, precipitating thallous halides6. The compound Tl[Co(CO),] does not react with organosilicon halides to an appreciable extent7. In contrast, detailed study of the reactions of the unusual compounds (R,Ge),Hg.TlGeR, (I) and (R,Ge),Hg*Tl (11) (both are dimethoxyethane solvates) shows that they have distinct ionic character. Most of the reactions with halides occur readily, proceeding to completion at RT in a few minutes (Table 2). Most of the reactions of (11) occur in dimethoxyethane-ethanol but do not take place even under drastic conditions unless alcohol or water is present','. (B.D. JAMES)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

B. Walther, H. Albert, A. Kolbe, J. Organomet. Chem., 145,285 (1978). A. T. T. Hsieh, M. J. Mays, J. Organomet. Chem., 22, 29 (1970). A. T. T. Hsieh, Znorg. Chim. Acta, 14, 87 (1975). A useful review. D. G. Tuck, in Comprehensive Organometallic Chemistry, G. Wilkinson, ed., Vol. 1, Ch. 7, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1982. K. G. Hancock, A. K. Uriarte, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 92, 6374 (1970). D. P. Schussler, W. R. Robinson, W. F. Edgell, Znorg. Chem., 13, 153 (1974). J. M. Burlitch, T. W. Theyson, J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 828 (1974). M. N. Bochkarev, N. I. Gurev, L. V. Pankratov, G. A. Razuvaev, Inorg. Chirn. Acta, 44, L59 (1980). G. A. Razuvaev, M. N. Bochkarev, L. V. Pankratov, J. Organomet. Chem., 250, 135 (1983).

2.6.14. Subvalent Group-IIIB Halides 2.6.14.1. Boron, Aluminum, Gallium, Indium.

The subhalides of boron have been reviewed'. The known compounds are shown in Table 1.


56

2.6. The Formation of the Halogen (B, Al, Ga, In, TI) Bond 2.6.14. Subvalent Group-IIIB Halides 2.6.14.1. Boron, Aluminum, Gallium, Indium.

TABLE2. REACTIONS OF THALLIUM-MERCURY COMPOUNDS (I) AND (11) WITH Compound

Halide

VARIOUS

HALIDES~

Productsb

+ + +

TlCl (100 7;) A B TlBr (98 %) (C,F,),GeGeR, + B TIC1 (99 %) Hg,Cl, Hg (C6F,),GeC1 B TIC1 (100%) B (92%) T1I (100%) + A + B + Zn(OEt), T1I (100 %) + LC~(C~H~)ZIZ{L(C~F,),G~~,H~} (99 %) TlBr (100%) + A (96%) B Ph,Sb(OEt), TIC1 (97%) A (68%) B (r5-CjH,),NbOEt (?) TIC1 (100 %) + ('~'-C,H,)ZT~{L(C~F,)~G~I~H~}~ (73 %) TIC1 (85%) CU2CI2 (86%) + A B (C6F,)6Ge2 (10%) TIC1 M{[(c,F,),Ge],Hg}, A B TlCl(lOO%) Mn{[(C,F,),Ge],Hg}, 1.5 DME (85%)

I I I I1 I1 I1 I1 I1 I1 I1 I1 I1

+

Ref. 8, 9. A = (C,F,),GeH; B ' R = Et. C,F.. M = Co, Ni.

+ +

+

+

+ +

+

+

+

+

+ +

+ +

+ +

a

,

Y

=

[(C,F,),Ge],Hg.

d

In Tl(1) compounds such as TI[Co(CO),] or Tl[Mn(CO),], the transition-metal group is mobile, making these reagents an excellent source of the [M(CO),]- group. Thus, Ph,SnCl in benzene reacts with Tl[Co(CO),], yielding Ph,SnCo(CO),, and with BrMn(CO), in CH,Cl, to give (CO),CoMn(CO),, precipitating thallous halides6. The compound Tl[Co(CO),] does not react with organosilicon halides to an appreciable extent7. In contrast, detailed study of the reactions of the unusual compounds (R,Ge),Hg.TlGeR, (I) and (R,Ge),Hg*Tl (11) (both are dimethoxyethane solvates) shows that they have distinct ionic character. Most of the reactions with halides occur readily, proceeding to completion at RT in a few minutes (Table 2). Most of the reactions of (11) occur in dimethoxyethane-ethanol but do not take place even under drastic conditions unless alcohol or water is present','. (B.D. JAMES)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

B. Walther, H. Albert, A. Kolbe, J. Organomet. Chem., 145,285 (1978). A. T. T. Hsieh, M. J. Mays, J. Organomet. Chem., 22, 29 (1970). A. T. T. Hsieh, Znorg. Chim. Acta, 14, 87 (1975). A useful review. D. G. Tuck, in Comprehensive Organometallic Chemistry, G. Wilkinson, ed., Vol. 1, Ch. 7, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1982. K. G. Hancock, A. K. Uriarte, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 92, 6374 (1970). D. P. Schussler, W. R. Robinson, W. F. Edgell, Znorg. Chem., 13, 153 (1974). J. M. Burlitch, T. W. Theyson, J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 828 (1974). M. N. Bochkarev, N. I. Gurev, L. V. Pankratov, G. A. Razuvaev, Inorg. Chirn. Acta, 44, L59 (1980). G. A. Razuvaev, M. N. Bochkarev, L. V. Pankratov, J. Organomet. Chem., 250, 135 (1983).

2.6.14. Subvalent Group-IIIB Halides 2.6.14.1. Boron, Aluminum, Gallium, Indium.

The subhalides of boron have been reviewed'. The known compounds are shown in Table 1.

57

2.6. The Formation of the Halogen (6, Al, Ga, In, TI) Bond 2.6.14. Subvalent Group-Ill6 Halides 2.6.14.1. Boron, Aluminum, Gallium, Indium.

TABLE1. THEKNOWNBORONSUBHALIDES

a

Detected, but not isolated satisfactorily.

A central compound is B,C14 which is prepared from BCl, by discharge methods. For example, using cells with W electrodes supplying a discharge of up to 12 kV and with Cu as a C1 abstractor, it is possible to obtain up to 0.5 g h-' of B,Cl, if several cells are operated in series'. From it, B,F, may be obtained by treatment with SbF, or TiF,. A better synthesis for B,F,, however, is the interaction of SF, and diboronoxy compounds, such as B,(OMe), or boron monoxide at low T3: 2 (BO),

+ 2n SF4

-

n BzF4

+ 2n SOF,

(a)

The preparation of B,Cl, via a similar procedure using BCl, as the chlorinating agent gives a much poorer yield4, although the B,(OMe), BBr, reaction at RT in CH,Cl, provides a convenient (50 % yield) synthesis for the bromide analog5. A number of monochlorides, B,Cl,, are obtained by thermal decomposition of B,Cl,. By decomposition for 3 d in a sealed tube at 353 K, BCl, is formed along with B,Cl, and BgClgtogether with B,,Cl,,, BllClll and BlzCllz.These products have only slightly differing volatilities and must be separated by careful fractional sublimation6. Also, dilute solutions of BgClg in BCl, if decomposed over many weeks yield mostly BllClll with some B12Cll,. The compound B,Cl, is obtained in batches of 3-5 mg h-' by passing BCl, through a R F discharge at RT, using Hg as a C1 abstractor'. Preparations of the bromides and iodides have some parallels with the chlorides: B,Br, and B,14 are obtained from RF discharge syntheses and the compounds undergo thermal decompositions, the bromide at RT giving B,Br,, BgBrg and B,,Br,,, while B,I, decomposes above its melting point to give B,I, and BgIg;B,Br, is obtained from the reaction of B8C18 with AlBr, at 373 K in BBr,. Major advances have come to this area in recent years. Now B,Cl, may be obtained in gram quantities quite readily using a vapor synthesis method'. Typically, 10 g of Cu metal are evaporated over 1 h in a reactor while BCl, is passed in at ca 2.5 g min.- These are condensed together using liq N,, and up to 4 g B,Cl, is obtained. The method may be scaled up. Second, it has proved possible to oxidize [BgXg]2- ions (X = C1, Br, I) to give good yields of the neutral BgXg species. The preparations start from the relatively easily obtained hydride anions. For example, sulfuryl chloride acts as both a chlorinating and an oxidizing agent to the [Bu,N]+ salt of [BgHgIZ- in CH,Cl, or the hydrides may be halogenated using N-halosuccinimides and then oxidizedg.

+

'

58

2.6. The Formation of the Halogen (8, Al, Ga, In, TI) Bond 2.6.14. Subvalent Group-IIIB Halides 2.6.14.1. Boron, Aluminum, Gallium, Indium.

Third, vapor synthesis methods make it possible to produce useful quantities of the reactive BF and BC1 monohalideslO. Cocondensation of BF and B,F, yields B,F,, in which the BF molecule has inserted itself into the B-F bond of B,F,. Other lower fluorides may be obtained from B,F,. By way of contrast with many boron subhalides, the A1 monohalides (X = F, C1, Br, I) are known only as short-lived molecular species that are formed in gas-phase reactions between the elements. The compounds are unstable thermodynamically with respect to disproportionation into the trihalide and the metal. Gallium and In, however, form insoluble lower halides such as MIX and the mixed-valence M'[M"'X,], except that the fluorides, GaF and InF, again are only observed as gas-phase species". When InBr, is prepared via direct union of the elements, InBr and InCInBr,] intermediates may be observed', but convenient and, more importantly, reliable procedures have been developed for compounds of these types. Gallium monohalides, GaX (X = Br, I), may be obtained by reducing the trihalide or "dihalide" with the metal in a sealed tube. Similarly, GaCl is obtained by reducing GaCI, vapor by passing it over molten metal. The chloride is the least well characterized of the compounds owing to its propensity to disproportionate. Like the other monohalides, however, it is an electronpair acceptor acid and donor molecules stabilize the system". The mixed-valence "dihalides" likewise may be prepared via reduction of the trihalide' ,,14. Very convenient procedures for producing gallium and indium dihalides by using aromatic solvents now supersede the sealed tube For example, InI, reacts with xs In metal when refluxed, yielding a pure, crystalline precipitate of InI,. The reaction is slow in benzene but proceeds at a convenient rate in the higher boiling xylenes, and similar reactions occur with InBr, and InCl,. By way of bonus, InX, compounds disproportionate in ether (and other electron-pair donator bases) to give the trihalide etherate together with the monohalide which precipitates in a finely divided and particularly reactive form. A range of subhalides exists in addition to the MX and MX, species already mentioned. The In-C1 phase diagram also shows In,Cl,, In3Cl, and In,Cl,, and In,Br, and In,Br, are known. Such compounds have been obtained via reduction of the trihalide with the metal at elevated T under anhydrous conditions. The complex anions [M,X,]'(M = Ga, In; X = Cl, Br, I) containing the formally divalent metals also have straightforward syntheses. In the indium case, a mixture of InI, and [Bu,N]I suspended in xylene deposits a yellow oil when refluxed and finally gives a good yield of [ B U ~ N ] ~ [ I on ~ ~cooling'*. I~] For [Ga,X61Z-, anodic dissolution of the metal in an electrolyte of 6 mol L-' HX (X = C1, Br) at 273 K, followed by addition of [R,N]X, precipitates the solid, which contains some [GaX4]- but which is easily purified by recrystallization from CH,NO,. The complex iodide, however, is not obtained via this procedurelg. The direct union of stoichiometric quantities of the elements is the traditional, albeit not especially convenient, procedure for lower valent halides. Gallium metal and I, react at 620-770 K in a sealed tube to produce GaI over several days, but this is sufficiently unstable in the presence of xs Ga metal that a limiting phase GaI,,,, is obtained. From this, the more soluble "di-iodide" may be extracted using dry benzene, and GaI remains". Reaction of stoichiometric quantities is also useful for the preparation of compounds such as Cs,In'(In"'Cl,) (from 2: 1:1CsCl, InCl and InCl,), which may also be prepared by reducing of Cs,[In,Cl,] with In metal". A convenient alternative to direct union methods is to react the metal with stoichiometric quantities of Hg(1) or Hg(I1) halides 1 1 , 2 2 , 23

2.6. The Formation of the Halogen (B, Al, Ga, In, TI) Bond 2.6.14. Subvalent Group-IIIB Halides 2.6.14.2. Thallium.

59

Cyclopentadienylindium(1)may be a useful reagent for the preparation of indium(1) complexes. In the presence of acid, cyclopentadiene is released and halide complexes with the metalz4, as in: [Et,N]X

+ HX + C,H,In

and [Me,dppe]I,

+ HI + C,H,In

-

Et,NInX,

-

+ C,H,

[Me,dppe]InI,

+ C,H,

(b)

(c)

where [Me,dppe12 = 1,2-bis(methyldiphenylphosphonio)ethane dication; X = C1, Br, I. +

(B.D.JAMES) 1. A. G. Massey, Ado. Znorg. Chem. Radiochem., 26, 1 (1983). Authoritative review on boron

subhalides.

2. T. Wartik, R. Rosenberg, W. B. Fox, Znorg. Synth., 10, 118 (1967). 3. R. J. Brotherton, A. L. McCloskey, H. M. Manesevit, Znorg. Chem., 2,41 (1963). 4. G. Urry, in The Chemistry of Boron and Its CompoundsE. L. Muetterties, ed., Wiley, New York, 1967. 5. H. Noth, H. Pommerening, Chem. Ber., 114, 398 (1981). 6. G. F. Lanthier, J. Kane, A. G. Massey, J. Znorg. Nucl. Chem., 33, 1569 (1971). 7. T. Davan, J. A. Morrison, Znorg. Chem., 18, 3194 (1979); Znorg. Chem., 25, 2366 (1986). 8. P. L. Timms, Znorg. Synth., 19,74 (1979). 9. E. H. Wong, R. M. Kabbani, Znorg. Chem., 19, 451 (1980). 10. P. L. Timms, Adv. Znorg. Chem. Radiochem., 14, 145 (1972). 11. K. Wade, A. J. Banister, in ComprehensiveInorganic Chemistry,J. C. Bailes Jr., H. J. Emeleus, R. Nyholm, A. F. Trotman-Dickenson, eds., Ch. 12, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1973. 12. G. Brauer, Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, 2nd ed., Vol. 1, Academic Press, New York, 1963, p. 859. 13. G. Brauer, Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, 2nd ed., Vol. 1, Academic Press, New York, 1963, p. 846, 861. 14. L. S. Foster, Znorg. Synth., 4,111 (1953); see also N. N. Greenwood, I. J. Worrall, Znorg. Synth., 6, 33 (1960). 15. J. C. Beamish, M. Wilkinson, I. J. Worrall, Znorg. Chem., 17, 2026 (1978). 16. B. H. Freeland, D. G. Tuck, Znorg. Chem., IS, 475 (1976). 17. Chlorides: G. Meyer, R. Blachnik, Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem.,503, 126 (1983); G. Meyer, Z . Anorg. Allg. Chem.,478, 39 (1981). Bromides: J. E. D Davies, L. G. Waterworth, I. J. Worrall, J. Znorg. Nucl. Chem., 36, 805 (1974). 18. G. H. Freeland, J. L. Hencher, D. G. Tuck, J. G. Contreras, Znorg. Chem., 15, 2144 (1976). 19. C. A. Evans, K. H. Tan, S. P. Tapper, M. J. Taylor, J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 988 (1973). 20. J . D. Corbett, R. K . McMullan, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 77,4217 (1955). 21. G. Meyer, Naturwissenschaften 67, 143 (1980). 22. R. C. Carlston, E. Griswold, J. Kleinberg, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 80, 1532 (1958). 23. R. J. Clark, E. Griswold, J. Kleinberg, Znorg. Synth., 7, 18 (1963). 24. J. J. Habeeb, D. G. Tuck, J. Chem. SOC.,Dalton Trans., 866 (1976).

2.6.14.2. Thalllum.

In complete contrast with its congeners, T1 is most stable in its + I oxidation state. Rather than the + I halides tending to disproportionate to the element and the +I11 halide, with T1 there is almost invariably some difficulty in maintaining the metal in the higher oxidation state'. For example, while TlCl, is conveniently prepared by oxidation of thallous chloride with chlorine in warm water, attempts to dehydrate the trichloride product thermally lead to a reversion to the Tl(1) state2. A similar reaction of thallous

Inorganic Reactions and Methods, Volume4 Edited by J.J. Zuckerman, A.P. Hagen Copyright 0 1991 by VCH Publishers, Inc. 2.6. The Formation of the Halogen (B, Al, Ga, In, TI) Bond 2.6.14. Subvalent Group-IIIB Halides 2.6.14.2. Thallium.

59

Cyclopentadienylindium(1)may be a useful reagent for the preparation of indium(1) complexes. In the presence of acid, cyclopentadiene is released and halide complexes with the metalz4, as in: [Et,N]X

+ HX + C,H,In

and [Me,dppe]I,

+ HI + C,H,In

-

Et,NInX,

-

+ C,H,

[Me,dppe]InI,

+ C,H,

(b)

(c)

where [Me,dppe12 = 1,2-bis(methyldiphenylphosphonio)ethane dication; X = C1, Br, I. +

(B.D.JAMES) 1. A. G. Massey, Ado. Znorg. Chem. Radiochem., 26, 1 (1983). Authoritative review on boron

subhalides.

2. T. Wartik, R. Rosenberg, W. B. Fox, Znorg. Synth., 10, 118 (1967). 3. R. J. Brotherton, A. L. McCloskey, H. M. Manesevit, Znorg. Chem., 2,41 (1963). 4. G. Urry, in The Chemistry of Boron and Its CompoundsE. L. Muetterties, ed., Wiley, New York, 1967. 5. H. Noth, H. Pommerening, Chem. Ber., 114, 398 (1981). 6. G. F. Lanthier, J. Kane, A. G. Massey, J. Znorg. Nucl. Chem., 33, 1569 (1971). 7. T. Davan, J. A. Morrison, Znorg. Chem., 18, 3194 (1979); Znorg. Chem., 25, 2366 (1986). 8. P. L. Timms, Znorg. Synth., 19,74 (1979). 9. E. H. Wong, R. M. Kabbani, Znorg. Chem., 19, 451 (1980). 10. P. L. Timms, Adv. Znorg. Chem. Radiochem., 14, 145 (1972). 11. K. Wade, A. J. Banister, in ComprehensiveInorganic Chemistry,J. C. Bailes Jr., H. J. Emeleus, R. Nyholm, A. F. Trotman-Dickenson, eds., Ch. 12, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1973. 12. G. Brauer, Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, 2nd ed., Vol. 1, Academic Press, New York, 1963, p. 859. 13. G. Brauer, Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, 2nd ed., Vol. 1, Academic Press, New York, 1963, p. 846, 861. 14. L. S. Foster, Znorg. Synth., 4,111 (1953); see also N. N. Greenwood, I. J. Worrall, Znorg. Synth., 6, 33 (1960). 15. J. C. Beamish, M. Wilkinson, I. J. Worrall, Znorg. Chem., 17, 2026 (1978). 16. B. H. Freeland, D. G. Tuck, Znorg. Chem., IS, 475 (1976). 17. Chlorides: G. Meyer, R. Blachnik, Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem.,503, 126 (1983); G. Meyer, Z . Anorg. Allg. Chem.,478, 39 (1981). Bromides: J. E. D Davies, L. G. Waterworth, I. J. Worrall, J. Znorg. Nucl. Chem., 36, 805 (1974). 18. G. H. Freeland, J. L. Hencher, D. G. Tuck, J. G. Contreras, Znorg. Chem., 15, 2144 (1976). 19. C. A. Evans, K. H. Tan, S. P. Tapper, M. J. Taylor, J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 988 (1973). 20. J . D. Corbett, R. K . McMullan, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 77,4217 (1955). 21. G. Meyer, Naturwissenschaften 67, 143 (1980). 22. R. C. Carlston, E. Griswold, J. Kleinberg, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 80, 1532 (1958). 23. R. J. Clark, E. Griswold, J. Kleinberg, Znorg. Synth., 7, 18 (1963). 24. J. J. Habeeb, D. G. Tuck, J. Chem. SOC.,Dalton Trans., 866 (1976).

2.6.14.2. Thalllum.

In complete contrast with its congeners, T1 is most stable in its + I oxidation state. Rather than the + I halides tending to disproportionate to the element and the +I11 halide, with T1 there is almost invariably some difficulty in maintaining the metal in the higher oxidation state'. For example, while TlCl, is conveniently prepared by oxidation of thallous chloride with chlorine in warm water, attempts to dehydrate the trichloride product thermally lead to a reversion to the Tl(1) state2. A similar reaction of thallous

60

2.6. The Formation of the Halogen (B, Al, Ga, In, TI) Bond 2.6.15.from Scrambling Reactions.

iodide with I, in conc HI yields Tl13, but this is a Tl(1) derivative of the I; ion3. This preference for forming the lower oxidation state is not confined to the binary halides; e.g., halide ions (except F-) react with alkylthallium(III) dicarboxylates to give a ppt of thallium(1) halide and form the alkyl halide. The intermediate RTlX, undergoes the extremely facile reductive degradation prevalent in these species4. The much more stable R,TlX species are not immune from reduction, either-especially in the presence of even mild reductants. For example, the pentafluorophenyl compounds (C6F5),TlX are decomposed by I- in MeOH, EtOH or water, giving C6F,H and thallous iodide5. Apart from the fluoride, which is quite soluble in water, the other Tl(1) halides are very easily obtained by adding the appropriate halide ion to precipitate them from any soluble thallous salt'. The compounds obtained are anhydrous, having little electronpair acceptor acid character. This is in contrast with the Ga and In monohalides, which are stabilized by employing their electron-pair acceptor acid properties6. Despite its high water solubility, TlF also is obtained very easily from straightforward reactions, usually from the interaction of TlOH or Tl,C03 with aq H F '. Other lower valent halides, e.g., compounds of empirical formula TlX,, are easily obtained by adding TlX to TlX,. For example, TlCl, is obtained from a boiling, conc aq TlCl, soln'. Similar to their Ga and In counterparts, these compounds are Tl(1)-Tl(II1) mixed-valence species, with the Tl(II1) center acting as an acceptor for the halide ion. Other mixed-valance compounds are quite readily obtained. For example, TIzF3 is prepared by heating stoichiometric quantities of TlF and TlF, at 570 K under Ar'39, and the stable chloride analog precipitates very easily from warm, acidified TlC1, by addition of TICI'O. Astatine in the 1- oxidation states coprecipitates from aqueous solution with TlI, presumably as TlAt ". Addition of T1' to an aq I,-I- sol containing At precipitates T1113,and a large portion of the At coprecipitates, presumably as Tl'AtI, 12. (B.D. JAMES)

1. W. Freundlich, in Nouveau Trait6 de Chimie Minerale, A. Pacault and G. Pannetier, eds., Supplement Series, Vol. 11, Masson, Paris, 1978. 2. G. Brauer, ed., Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, 2nd ed., Vol. 1, Academic Press, New York, 1963, p. 871. 3. A. G. Lee, The Chemistry of Thallium, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1971. 4. H. Kurosawa, in Comprehensive Organometallic Chemistry, G. Wilkinson, ed., Vol. 1, Ch. 8, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1982. 5. G. B. Deacon, J. C. Parrott, J. Organomet. Chem., 15, 11 (1968). 6. K. Wade, A. J. Banister, in Comprehensive Inorganic Chemistry, J. C. Bailes Jr., H. J. Emeleus, R. Nyholm, A. F. Trotman-Dickenson,eds., Vol. 1, Ch. 12, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1973. 7. G. Brauer, Ref. 2, p. 230. 8. G. Brauer, Ref. 2, p. 872. 9. J. Grannec, L. Lozano, J. Partier, P. Hagenmuller, 2.Anorg. A&. Chem. 385, 26 (1971). 10. G. Brauer, Ref. 2, p. 873. 11. G. L. Johnson, R. F. Leininger, E. Segre, J. Chem. Phys., 17, l(1949). 12. E. H. Appelman, U. S. Atomic Energy Commission Report UCRL-9025 (1960).

2.6.15. from Scrambling Reactions. Redistribution reactions are extremely common in main-group chemistry' and a number of broad principles concerning them may be offered', as follows.


60

2.6. The Formation of the Halogen (B, Al, Ga, In, TI) Bond 2.6.15.from Scrambling Reactions.

iodide with I, in conc HI yields Tl13, but this is a Tl(1) derivative of the I; ion3. This preference for forming the lower oxidation state is not confined to the binary halides; e.g., halide ions (except F-) react with alkylthallium(III) dicarboxylates to give a ppt of thallium(1) halide and form the alkyl halide. The intermediate RTlX, undergoes the extremely facile reductive degradation prevalent in these species4. The much more stable R,TlX species are not immune from reduction, either-especially in the presence of even mild reductants. For example, the pentafluorophenyl compounds (C6F5),TlX are decomposed by I- in MeOH, EtOH or water, giving C6F,H and thallous iodide5. Apart from the fluoride, which is quite soluble in water, the other Tl(1) halides are very easily obtained by adding the appropriate halide ion to precipitate them from any soluble thallous salt'. The compounds obtained are anhydrous, having little electronpair acceptor acid character. This is in contrast with the Ga and In monohalides, which are stabilized by employing their electron-pair acceptor acid properties6. Despite its high water solubility, TlF also is obtained very easily from straightforward reactions, usually from the interaction of TlOH or Tl,C03 with aq H F '. Other lower valent halides, e.g., compounds of empirical formula TlX,, are easily obtained by adding TlX to TlX,. For example, TlCl, is obtained from a boiling, conc aq TlCl, soln'. Similar to their Ga and In counterparts, these compounds are Tl(1)-Tl(II1) mixed-valence species, with the Tl(II1) center acting as an acceptor for the halide ion. Other mixed-valance compounds are quite readily obtained. For example, TIzF3 is prepared by heating stoichiometric quantities of TlF and TlF, at 570 K under Ar'39, and the stable chloride analog precipitates very easily from warm, acidified TlC1, by addition of TICI'O. Astatine in the 1- oxidation states coprecipitates from aqueous solution with TlI, presumably as TlAt ". Addition of T1' to an aq I,-I- sol containing At precipitates T1113,and a large portion of the At coprecipitates, presumably as Tl'AtI, 12. (B.D. JAMES)

1. W. Freundlich, in Nouveau Trait6 de Chimie Minerale, A. Pacault and G. Pannetier, eds., Supplement Series, Vol. 11, Masson, Paris, 1978. 2. G. Brauer, ed., Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, 2nd ed., Vol. 1, Academic Press, New York, 1963, p. 871. 3. A. G. Lee, The Chemistry of Thallium, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1971. 4. H. Kurosawa, in Comprehensive Organometallic Chemistry, G. Wilkinson, ed., Vol. 1, Ch. 8, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1982. 5. G. B. Deacon, J. C. Parrott, J. Organomet. Chem., 15, 11 (1968). 6. K. Wade, A. J. Banister, in Comprehensive Inorganic Chemistry, J. C. Bailes Jr., H. J. Emeleus, R. Nyholm, A. F. Trotman-Dickenson,eds., Vol. 1, Ch. 12, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1973. 7. G. Brauer, Ref. 2, p. 230. 8. G. Brauer, Ref. 2, p. 872. 9. J. Grannec, L. Lozano, J. Partier, P. Hagenmuller, 2.Anorg. A&. Chem. 385, 26 (1971). 10. G. Brauer, Ref. 2, p. 873. 11. G. L. Johnson, R. F. Leininger, E. Segre, J. Chem. Phys., 17, l(1949). 12. E. H. Appelman, U. S. Atomic Energy Commission Report UCRL-9025 (1960).

2.6.15. from Scrambling Reactions. Redistribution reactions are extremely common in main-group chemistry' and a number of broad principles concerning them may be offered', as follows.

2.6. The Formation of the Halogen (B, Al, Ga, In, TI) Bond 2.6.15. from Scrambling Reactions.

61

First, reactions proceed to place the more electronegative group onto the more electropositive metal. Thus, while BCl, transfers halide to a diarylmercury compound, Ph,Al receives chloride from HgCl,. Second, like groups (such as halogens) distribute themselves about metal centers randomly. The extremely mobile equilibria involved in boron halide mixtures3 are examples of this: BX,

+ BY,

+ BY,X

BX,Y

(a)

Rapid exchange occurs, possibly via a halide-bridged intermediate (although no spectroscopic evidence exists for it), and the mixed halide products are not generally isolated. However, BF, and BI, do not exchange, even after a day at RT in heptane. An alternative mechanism for halogen exchange may be via an ionization such as: BBr,

+ BCl, +[BBr,]' + CBC1,Br-J-

BBr,Cl

+ BC1,Br

(b)

Again, no direct evidence has been found. Third, unlike groups (particularly those of different electronegativity) tend to distribute themselves so as to favor proportionation products. Thus, 2 mol of Ph,Al mixed with 1 mol of AlCI, yield Ph,AlCl. It is this property that renders reactions of this type among the most useful and convenient methods for preparing a large variety of compounds4. Examples are legion: Me,B

+ BX,

Me,BX

where X = C1, Br;

+ 2 (RO),B GaCI, + 2 R,Ga

BBr,

-

+ MeBX,

(c)

3 (RO),BBr 3 R,GaCl

(el

In redistribution reactions where the alkyl of one element is treated with a halide of another, the overall stoichiometry and position of equilibrium is determined by a balance of the first and third principles above. For example, only one of the three alkyl groups in R,Al is effectively transferred onto GaCl, or InCl,. Addition of a complexing agent may be necessary to transform the remaining aluminum alkyl into a stable salt and so help to fix the st~ichiometry~. Thus, R,As is obtained when R,Al reacts with AsX, (X = F, Cl) in the presence of NaCl. The reaction between Et,Al and SnCl, is a striking example. In the absence of a solvent and in the 4: 3 mole ratio indicated by:

4 Et,Al

+ 3 SnC1,

-

3 Et,Sn

+ 4 AlCl,

(f)

only ca 10% of Et4Sn is obtained. If, however, the 4:3 mixture is heated briefly with xs ether, Et4Sn is obtained in good yield6. In reactions shown in Eq. (c), while redistributions about boron occur for all halogens, exchange is slowed by the presence of B-F bonds (presumably due to stabilization via backbonding)'. Preparation of fluorides via this route almost invariably presents a problem. With R,AlF, the preparation is only successful if the AlF, employed is finely divided. In organoaluminum compounds, there is a marked tendency to form those redistribution products which are most strongly associated. When the halogenbridged dimers are labile, there is no difficulty in obtaining halides R,AlX, -,via redistribution and the products obtained are stable with respect to disproportionation2.

62

2.6. The Formation of t h e Halogen (B, Al, Ga, In, TI) Bond 2.6.15. from Scrambling Reactions.

Preparation of the highly associated fluorides, however, demands a reactive form of AlF,. Similarly, attempted transfer of fluoride from K[HF,] onto Me,In in ether gives very poor yields, but BF, may be employed as a convenient fluorinating agent8. As in Eq. (d), those compounds containing both primary and secondary alkyl groups and haloalkyls may be prepared almost quantitatively from stoichiometric amounts of the starting materials in low-boiling solventsg. From Eq. (e), a high yield of Ph,GaCl is obtained if Ph,Ga and GaCl, are heated (420 K) for 12 h". An exothermic reaction occurs in the preparation of Et,GaCl, but it is necessary to heat the mixture (373 K) in order to obtain a uniform fraction for distillation. Too high a T, however, leads to thermal decomposition' Most combinations for R,MX,-, (R = alkyl, aryl; M = Al, Ga, In; X = C1, Br, I) may be obtained conveniently via this route. The method is not as successful for thallium, however, where reduction to Tl(1) and the extraordinary stability of R,TlX compounds rob the equilibrja of their lability12. The low-energy exchange pathway required for the second factor (above) is not generally available in coordinatively saturated boron compounds. Thus, the use of a donor (D) bonded to electron-pair acceptor acid boron compounds retards halogen exchange and permits mixed-halide products to be i~olated'~. The most general route to such mixed boron trihalides, then, is with a mixture D-BX, BY,. Reactions occur readily in solution at ambient T, even with amine adducts that do not exchange halogen in the absence of free BX,. Also, adducts that exchange halogen slowly in the absence of uncomplexed trihalide react much faster when uncomplexed trihalide is added. Similarly, mixed-halide products may be isolated by adding a donor to a previously equilibrated mixture of free boron halides. It is also possible for adducts of different boron halides with the same donor to exchange halogens and thus form adducts of the mixed halides. The weaker the donor, generally the more rapid is the formation of the mixed adducts, which suggests that free BX, is an active species in the exchange. Exchange between various tetrahaloborates occur in similar fashion, although that between [BF,]- and [BCl,]- is slow. Many halogen exchange reactions have been studied with a view to their being employed to produce isotopically labeled compound^'^. For example, exchange between halogen fluorides and metal fluorides is useful for producing labeled volatile fluorides. Thus, exchange between ClF, and BF, in the gas phase at 300 K is complete within 3 min. On the other hand, heterogeneous exchange between labeled alkali-metal chlorides and BCl, is very slow, although more rapid exchange is observed when [R,N]CI is employed. Exchange reactions involving AICl, appear to be related to the freshness of the solid surface, With a fresh surface, detectable exchange may be observed with HCl even at 193 K and is rapid at 373 K. Partial hydrolysis of the surface drastically reduces the exchange rate, especially at lower T. Other experiments have been performed in the context of assessing the degree of selfionization in nonaqueous solvents such as OPCl, and ONCl. However, the electron-pair acceptor acidity of group-IIIB halides would assist inclusion of external radiohalogen anyway. While much data on lZ8Iexchange seems to be low quality, it seems certain that fused I, exchanges quite rapidly with a number of species, including AlI, . A summary of radiohalogen exchange reactions is presented in Table 1. Most tetrahaloborate ions undergo halogen exchange with methylene halides giving mixed halide ions' ,. Similar reactions are observed with aluminum, so that mixtures of AlI, and Pr,NI in CH,X, yield not only [AlI,]-, but also [A1XnI4-J- ions15.

'.

+

2.6. The Formation of the Halogen (B,Al, Ga, In, TI) Bond 2.6.15. from Scrambling Reactions.

63

TABLE 1. ISOTOPIC EXCHANGE REACTIONS FOR SOME GROUP-IIIBHA L ID E S ~ Halide

Reactant

Conditions

Exchange observed

BC1, BCI, BC1, BCI, BCl AlC1, BC1, AlC1, MCl, BC1,

C,H,NCI CR4NICl HCl LiCl Cs(Rb)Cl HC1 SiC1, Me,SiCl ONCI OPCl,

CHCl,, 293 K Heterogeneous, 273 K Gas phase, 297 K Heterogeneous, 273 K Heterogeneous, 273 K OCCl,, 213 K Gas phase, 303 K C,H,, ambient 263 K 273 K

M'C1, BBr, M'Br, AIBr, AlBr, AlI, AlI, AII, KA114 TlI, AIF, BF, CBF4I-

OPCI, Br2 Br, CBr4 SiBr, KI HI I2 HI I2 CIF, ClF, HF

291 K

Complete, 3 min Rapid Rapid Slow None, 46 h Very fast None, 24 h Some observed Complete, 4 min Rapid: xs OPCl,; None: xs BC1, None Rapid Complete (not In?) Complete None Complete, 10 min Slow Complete, 1-2 h Measurable rate Complete, 10 min Some observed Complete, 3 min Very rapid, after hydrolysis

,

a

293 K 323 K 373 K Fused, 633 K 293 K Fused, 423 K 423-443 K MeOH, ambient Gas-solid, ambient Gas, 300K H,O, up to 373 K

From ref. 14. M = Al, Ga, In, T1;M'

=

Al, Ga, T1.

Scrambling of ligands among mixtures of tetrahaloborates themselves is moderately rapid except for [BF,]-/[BCl,]-. Mixed ligand tetrahalometallates for Ga, In and T1 are also k n ~ w n ' ~ . Various '~. ionic intermediates of the type suggested for aluminum halide equilibria in nonaqueous media or are likely to contribute to the facile ligand redistributions. Also, K, and K, equilibrium constants in

have been estimated to be 350 & 100 and 10 f 3, respectively, making higher coordination number intermediate ions likely in some cases. The easy isolation of the mixed tetrahalothallates from MeCN via: [Et,N][TlBr,] TICl,

-

+ n Et,NI

+ n [Et,N]X

+ n [Et,NBr]

(9

+ (n - 1) [Et,N]CI

(j)

[Et,N][TlBr,-,I,]

[Et,N][TICl,-,X,]

may be an example2'. Gallium, however, does not generally exceed a coordination number of four in its halide complexes, so that the slow halogen exchange observed, probably results instead

64

2.6. The Formation of the Halogen (B, Al, Ga, In, TI) Bond 2.6.16. Miscellaneous Modes of Formation.

from an initial dissociation step t o a GaX, species followed by its association with a neighboring [Gay,] - anion16,'7,according to: [GaX,]-

GaX,

-

+ [Gay,]-

[X,GaYGaY,]-

Gay,

+ X-

GaX,

+ X-

(k)

[X,GaYGaY,]-

[GaX,Y]-

+ Gay,

[GaXY,]-

(1) (m) (n) (B.D. JAMES)

1. J. C. Lockhart, Chem. Rev., 65, 131 (1965). 2. T. Mole, in Organometallic Reactions, E. I. Becker and M. Tsutsui, eds., Vol. 1, WileyInterscience, New York, 1970 p. 1. 3. N. N. Greenwood, B. S. Thomas, in Comprehensive Inorganic Chemistry, J. C. Bailes Jr., H. J. Emeleus, R. Nyholm, A. F. Trolman-Dickenson, eds., Vol. 1, Ch. 11, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1973. 4. G. E. Coates, K. Wade, Organometallic Compounds,3rd ed., Vol. 1, Methuen, London, 1967. 5. T. Mole, E. A. Jeffery, Organoaluminum Compounds, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1972. 6. J. J. Eisch, in Comprehensive Organometallic Chemistry, G. Wilkinson, ed., Vol. 1, Ch. 6, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1982. Excellent discussion. 7. M. F. Lappert, in The Chemistry of Boron and Its Compounds,E. L. Muetterties, ed., Wiley, New York, 1967. 8. D. G. Tuck, in Comprehensive Organometallic Chemistry, G. Wilkinson, ed., Vol. 1, Ch. I, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1982. A lucid review. 9. H. Steinberg, Organoboron Chemistry, Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1964. 10. S. B. Miller, T. B. Brill, J. Organomet. Chem., 166, 293 (1979). 11. J. J. Eisch, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,84, 3830 (1962). 12. A. G. Lee, The Chemistry of Thallium, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1971. 13. J. S. Hartman, J. M. Miller, Adv. Inorg. Chem. Radiochem., 21, 147 (1978). 14. M. F. A. Dove, D. B. Sowerby, in Halogen Chemistry, V. Gutmann, ed., Vol. 1, Academic Press, New York, 1967, p. 41. 15. R. G. Kidd, D. R. Truax, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 90,6867 (1968). 16. B. R. McGarvey, M. J. Taylor, D. G. Tuck, Inorg. Chem., 20, 2010, (1981). 17. B. R. McGarvey, C. 0. Trudell, D. G. Tuck, L. Victoriano, Znorg. Chem., 19, 3432 (1980). 18. J. Deroualt, P. Granger, M. T. Forel, Inorg. Chem., 16, 3214 (1977). 19. J. L. Gray, G. E. Maciel, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 103, 7147 (1981). 20. R. W. Matthews, R. A. Walton, J. Chem. Soc., A., 1639 (1968).

2.6.1 6. Miscellaneous Modes of Formation. Miscellaneous methods are perhaps like beauty a n d lie in the mind of the beholder. One worker's occasional excursion into the unknown may be another's standard method. Thus, the techniques of vapor synthesis a nd electrochemical methods have been mooted previously in the context of reactions of the elements (52.6.3.3 a n d 2.6.3.2) because they are accepted standard procedures. Metal vaporization methods are now well established' and a simple metal vapor reaction vessel is commercially available*. The method, although a general one, has two major limitations. The first is the ready reversion of metal atoms t o their condensed states and the second is that the substrate must be sufficiently volatile t o enter the reaction vessel as a vapor. A reliable vacuum system is absolutely vital. While novel boron compounds have been obtained with this m e t h ~ d ~ there . ~ , is much scope for its


64


from an initial dissociation step t o a GaX, species followed by its association with a neighboring [Gay,] - anion16,'7,according to: [GaX,]-

GaX,

-

+ [Gay,]-

[X,GaYGaY,]-

Gay,

+ X-

+ X-

(k)

[X,GaYGaY,]-

(1)

GaX,

[GaX,Y]-

+ Gay,

[GaXY,]-

(m) (n) (B.D. JAMES)

1. J. C. Lockhart, Chem. Rev., 65, 131 (1965). 2. T. Mole, in Organometallic Reactions, E. I. Becker and M. Tsutsui, eds., Vol. 1, WileyInterscience, New York, 1970 p. 1. 3. N. N. Greenwood, B. S. Thomas, in Comprehensive Inorganic Chemistry, J. C. Bailes Jr., H. J. Emeleus, R. Nyholm, A. F. Trolman-Dickenson, eds., Vol. 1, Ch. 11, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1973. 4. G. E. Coates, K. Wade, Organometallic Compounds,3rd ed., Vol. 1, Methuen, London, 1967. 5. T. Mole, E. A. Jeffery, Organoaluminum Compounds, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1972. 6. J. J. Eisch, in Comprehensive Organometallic Chemistry, G. Wilkinson, ed., Vol. 1, Ch. 6, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1982. Excellent discussion. 7. M. F. Lappert, in The Chemistry of Boron and Its Compounds,E. L. Muetterties, ed., Wiley, New York, 1967. 8. D. G. Tuck, in Comprehensive Organometallic Chemistry, G. Wilkinson, ed., Vol. 1, Ch. I, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1982. A lucid review. 9. H. Steinberg, Organoboron Chemistry, Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1964. 10. S. B. Miller, T. B. Brill, J. Organomet. Chem., 166, 293 (1979). 11. J. J. Eisch, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,84, 3830 (1962). 12. A. G. Lee, The Chemistry of Thallium, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1971. 13. J. S. Hartman, J. M. Miller, Adv. Inorg. Chem. Radiochem., 21, 147 (1978). 14. M. F. A. Dove, D. B. Sowerby, in Halogen Chemistry, V. Gutmann, ed., Vol. 1, Academic Press, New York, 1967, p. 41. 15. R. G. Kidd, D. R. Truax, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 90,6867 (1968). 16. B. R. McGarvey, M. J. Taylor, D. G. Tuck, Inorg. Chem., 20, 2010, (1981). 17. B. R. McGarvey, C. 0. Trudell, D. G. Tuck, L. Victoriano, Znorg. Chem., 19, 3432 (1980). 18. J. Deroualt, P. Granger, M. T. Forel, Inorg. Chem., 16, 3214 (1977). 19. J. L. Gray, G. E. Maciel, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 103, 7147 (1981). 20. R. W. Matthews, R. A. Walton, J. Chem. Soc., A., 1639 (1968).

2.6.1 6. Miscellaneous Modes of Formation. Miscellaneous methods are perhaps like beauty a n d lie in the mind of the beholder. One worker's occasional excursion into the unknown may be another's standard method. Thus, the techniques of vapor synthesis a nd electrochemical methods have been mooted previously in the context of reactions of the elements (52.6.3.3 a n d 2.6.3.2) because they are accepted standard procedures. Metal vaporization methods are now well established' and a simple metal vapor reaction vessel is commercially available*. The method, although a general one, has two major limitations. The first is the ready reversion of metal atoms t o their condensed states and the second is that the substrate must be sufficiently volatile t o enter the reaction vessel as a vapor. A reliable vacuum system is absolutely vital. While novel boron compounds have been obtained with this m e t h ~ d ~ there . ~ , is much scope for its


65

application to compounds of the other group-IIIB elements. Other reactions that involve high temperatures also may lead to unusual products5. A great advantage of the electrochemical procedure6 is its simplicity, requiring only a low-cost d.c. power supply and an appropriate vessel, often merely an open beaker. Increasing sophistication by incorporating different halogens, different electrolytes and either inert or reagent atmospheres expands the synthetic scope of the method. Another procedure requiring a nonstandard laboratory setup is the initiation of reactions by laser irradiation. Thus, BCI, irradiated with a CO, laser reacts directly with Me,B, yielding MeBCl,. However, BCl, may also be employed as a nonreacting sensitizer7.In a somewhat similar fashion, hexafluorobenzene may be made to react with BCl, when a laser is employed to excite the 1011cm-' rotation-vibration band of the former. Some decomposition of the C6F6 occurs, but halogen exchange takes place initially yielding BCl,F, which gives the disproportionation products BCl, and BF,Cl under the experimental conditions'. The method appears to have general scope for high-energy reactions but seems to be a little unpredictable at present and consequently it has not been employed widely. Other general miscellaneous methods for preparing group-IIIB element-halogen bonds may be classified as use of electron-pair acceptor acid properties, oxidation or redox reactions, combination halogenations and thermolysis. These methods are discussed in turn. One of the most common and straightforward methods of producing a group-IIIB element-halogen bond is to exploit the general electron-pair acceptor acid property of the compounds. Examples are legion and may be typified by9:

+

Et,B ONCl[NO][ClBEt,] (a) in which the C1- ion functions as an electron-pair donor. Virtually any compound having a labile halide is susceptible to this type of reaction". Thus, in situ oxidation of the phosphorus center by I, permits the formation from equimolar quantities of PI,, I, and AlI, of [PI,][AlI,] The rate of reaction of various chlorides with BCl, and the yield of the ensuing M[BCl,] product (M = K, Rb, Cs, R,N) depend on the solvent employed". Chloroform, ONCl or even BCl, itself may be used. Reactions in CHC1, or BCl, remain incomplete even after 150 h in sealed ampules, while 100% conversion is achieved after 40 h using ONCl at low T. Large groups attached to the group-IIIB center do not suppress the electron-pair acceptor acidity per se. Thus, addition of [R,N]X to In[Mn(CO),], in MeOH produces the [R,N][XInMn,(CO),,] salt',. Similarly, perfluoroalkylthallium(II1) halides add Br- from [Et,N]Br, giving a reasonable yield of the saltI4. Reactions may not, however, be as clean as would be desired. For example, perfluoroalkylthallium(II1) halides tend to undergo reductive cleavage with I - ion in EtOH, MeOH or water, the precipitation of T1I being quantitative with long reaction times. In the presence of acid, however, little reduction occurs and TlI, is produced15. Similarly, halide ions (except F - ) react with RTl(CO,R'), , precipitating TIX and giving alkyl halides16. Sometimes scrambling processes complicate the acid-base reactions, yielding unexpected products, as in the formation of the mixed-halide ions [AlXn14-n]- from solutions of AlI, and [Pr,N]I in the methylene halidesI7. Also, halogen transfer may not be as complete as expected, as shown by the reaction in liq HCl of AlCl, and acetyl chloride''. Here, some [AlCI,]- is formed, but with considerable quantities of [Al,Cl,] being present. That such processes may be solvent dependent is shown by the AlBr,-R,NBr interaction. In CH,CN,

''.

66


[R,NI[AlBr,] is obtained, while in EtBr, the productlg is [R,N][Al,Br,]. Even this may not be the end of complications, because Ga(II1) may replace Al(II1) in the [M,Cl,] species in melts and it is probable that Fe(II1) does likewise20, Oxidation with halogens is a useful method for preparing trivalent group-IIIB halides from lower oxidation states. While the method obviously is successful for all the group-IIIB it is a most valuable procedure for thallium because the stable Tl(1) halide may be suspended in a solvent and heated gently with the halogen to produce directly a solution of the desired Tl(II1) halide. Thallic chloride solutions commonly are prepared this way in CH,CN or in aqueous media and may be employed immediately in reactions after any xs halogen has been swept out with a gas stream. Addition of a different halogen to that in the TlX compound produces a mixed thallic halide23,24.In a variation of this procedure, reaction of Br, vapor with solid TlCl over an extended time (ca. 25 h) produces Tl[TlCl,Br,], which contains both thallium oxidation states,'. Obviously, slow reactions withaolids may enable novel compounds to be isolated. In a similar manner, T1,S and T1,Se react with halogens giving the halochalcogenides, Tl,SX, or Tl,SeX, (X = Br, I) in alcohol, although TI,SeI, is best obtained by melting T1,Se and I, in a sealed tube at ca. 410 K and extracting the product with benzene,,. In other cases, the processes may be better classified as redox reactions since a halogen already bonded to a group-IIIB element is replaced by another that is more electronegative. Thus, the azido compounds N,MI, (where M = Ga, In) are converted to the bromides by reaction with liq Br, over 12 h ',. Oxyhalides of gallium also may be prepared from GaOI by the action of F,, C1, or Br, (each at successively higher temperature). Similarly, InOBr and InOCl may be obtained from the iodide, as has been reported for AlOCl also2*. Certainly, F, easily displaces other halogens from most inorganic halides and it is possible that AlF, can be obtained easily by the displacement of I, from AlI,. Generally however, reagents such as ClF, or BrF, are preferred and high-valency metal fluorides are also effectivez9.The weak B-I bond lends itself to replacement in similar redox reactions, such procedures being very valuable in transformations involving boron ring systems3', although ring splitting is observed in the reaction of (IB),Se, with bromine31. A number of syntheses exist in which a halogenation step is combined with some other process. In the synthesis of CsCuAlF,, the fluorination of Cs[CuCl,], performed at 830 K over 3 d, is combined with the electron-pair acceptor acid character of the admixed AlF, to yield the product3,. Nitrosyl tetrafluoroborate is obtained commercially from ONCl in a reaction that employs H F as both a fluorinating agent and an electron-pair donor base. In liq SO, at 243-258 K, or in CH,NO, below 273 K, the reaction proceeds in 90- 100% yield:

-

+

-

+ HBr

[NO][BF,] HCl ONCl + H F + BF, (b) Simply pumping on the solid obtained for 10-20 min removes all the impurities because they are volatile33. In a reaction somewhat analogous to the preparation of organoaluminum halides, benzene, elemental boron and bromine combine to give PhBBr, in the presence of a nickel catalyst,,: C,H,

+ B + 1.5 Br,

C,H,BBr,

(c) The reaction might well be electron-pair acceptor acid in character, however, since the organoboron dihalides are easily prepared by such procedures (AlCl, catalyst): C6H6 -I-BC1,

-

C,jH5BC1, -I-HCl

(4


67

Finally, a reaction of possible utility would be thermolysis in which a rearrangement of groups about the group-IIIB center causes the formation of new element-halogen bonds. For example: 3 AlYX

-

Al,Y,

+ AIX,

(e)

(for Y = Se, Te) occur at progressively decreasing T (X = C1 > Br > I),’. The decomposition occurs directly in these cases, whereas other intermediate phases can be observed in the thermolysis of AlOBr or AlOI. Thermodynamics favors the dissociation, especially when the trihalide is volatile. Thermolysis may also be of value when a weakly bound ligand has to be removed. Thus, TlCl,, easily prepared in CH,CN solution, can be converted to the unsolvated form by pumping under vacuum (equivalent to thermolysis at RT). Care must always be exercised with Tl(III), however, because of its propensity for reduction, and although TlC1,.4 H,O may be dehydrated over P,O,,, attempts at thermal dehydration lead to the formation of TIC1 23. (6.D JAMES)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26.

27. 28. 29. 30.

W. Reichelt, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 14, 218 (1975). Kontes, 1022 Spruce St., Vineland, NJ 08360. P. L. Timms, Adv. Znorg. Chem. Radiochem., 14, 121 (1972). K. J. Klabunde, Ace. Chem. Res., 8., 393 (1975). For example, ClBSe: T. A. Cooper, M. A. King, H. W. Kroto, R. J. Suffolk, J. Chem. SOC.,Chem. Cornmun., 353 (1981). An excellent account is provided in D. G. Tuck, Pure Appl. Chem., 51,2005 (1979). J. I. Steinfeld, ed., Laser-Znduced Chemical Processes, Plenum Press, New York, 1981. P. Engst, M. Horak, J. Pola, CON.Czech. Chem. Commun.,48, 1314 (1983). T. C. Waddington, F. Klanberg, Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 304, 185 (1960). For example, with SC1,: G. Mamantov, R. Marassi, F. W. Poulson, S. E. Springer, J. P. Wiaux, R. Huglen, N. R. Smynl, J. Znorg. Nucl. Chem.,41,260 (1979); with Me,AsBr,: H. D. Hausen, H. J. Gruder, W. Schwarz, J. Organomet. Chem.,132,37 (1977); with TeCI,: R. C. Paul, K. K. Paul, K. C. Malhotra, Aust. J. Chem., 22, 847 (1969); with interhalogens: L. Stein, in Halogen Chemistry,V. Gutmann, ed., Vol. 1, Academic Press, New York, 1967, p. 133; with LiCl-AlC1, in SO,: A. Simon, K. Peters, E-M. Peters, H. Kuhnl, B. Koslowski, Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem.,469,94 (1980). S. Pohl, 2.Anorg. Allg. Chem., 498, 15 (1983). K. V. Titova, I. P. Vavilova, V. Y. Rosolovski, Russ. J. Znorg. Chem., 18, 597 (1973). A. T. T. Hsieh, M. J. Mays, J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 517 (1972). G. B. Deacon, J. H. S. Green, R. S. Nyholm, J. Chem. SOC.,3411 (1965). G. B. Deacon, J. C. Parrott, J. Organomet. Chem., IS, 11 (1968). H. Kurosawa, R. Okawara, Organomet. Chem. Revs. A6, 65 (1970). R. G. Kidd, D. R. Truax, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 90,6867 (1968). M. E. Peach, V. L. Tracy, T. C. Waddington, J. Chem. SOC.,A, 366 (1969). J. L. Gray, G. E. Maciel, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 103, 7147 (1981). J. H. von Barner, Inorg. Chem., 24, 1686 (1985). N. N. Greenwood, A. Earnshaw, Chemistry of the Elements, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1984. E. F. Apple, T. Wartik, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,80, 6153 (1958). A. G. Lee, The Chemistry of Thallium, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1971. M. R. Bermejo, E. Solleiro, A. Rodriiguez, A. Castineiras, Polyhedron, 6, 315 (1987). R. P. Rastogi, B. L. Dubey, N. K. Pandey, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 34, 831 (1972). S. S. Batsanov, I. K. Petrova, Zzv. Vysshikh.Ucheb.Zaveden. Khim.Khim. Tekhnol.,4,349 (1961); Chem. Abstr., 56, 1121 (1962). K. Dehnicke, N. Kruger, Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 444, 71 (1978). B. Siegel, Znorg. Chim. Acta Rev., 2, 137 (1968). J. H. Canterford, T. A. O’Donnell, A. B. Waugh, Aust. J. Chem., 24, 243 (1971). W. Siebert, Chem. Zeit., 98, 479 (1974); W. Siebert, F. R. Rittig, M. Schmidt, J. Organomet. Chem., 22, 511 (1970); M. Schmidt, W. Siebert, Chem. Ber., 102, 2752 (1969).

68


W. Siebert, F. Riegel, Chem. Ber., 106, 1012 (1973). T. Fleischer, R. Hoppe, J. Fluor. Chem., 19, 529 (1982). S. Kuhn, Can. J. Chem., 45, 3207 (1967). E. J. Frenkin, A. A. Prokhorova, Y. M. Paushkin, A. V. Topchiev, Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR., 1507 (1960). 35. P. Palvadeau,J. Rouxel, Bull. SOC.Chim. France, 2698 (1967); J. Rouxel, P. Palvadeau, Bull. SOC. Chim. France, 2044 (1966).

31. 32. 33. 34.


2.7. The Formation of the Halogen-Group-IA (Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr) and Group-IIA (Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra) Metal Bond 2.7.1. Introduction. The methods available for preparing the halides of the metals in groups IA and IIA are compared in Table ll-'. The most common of these halides, NaCl and KCl, are found in huge natural deposits and are mined and purified by crystallization techniques. Most of the other chlorides and fluorides are manufactured by reacting metal oxides, carbonates or hydroxides with the appropriate hydrogen halides. Although some of the metal bromides and iodides occur naturally, they are produced primarily by conversion of Br, (from brines or sea water) and I, (largely from naturally occurring iodates) with metal oxides, carbonates or hydroxides. The direct combination of metal and halogen can be a valuable method of preparing anhydrous halides. This is not a popular method for preparing fluorides because of problems associated with handling F,. Nickel reactors can be used for reactions involving F, '. Metal fluorides are most conveniently prepared by reacting aq H F with metal hydroxides or carbonates, although several other routes are available. Only BeF, is significantly sensitive to hydrolysis, and methods employing gaseous H F are best used to prepare this salt. Several methods are available for preparing chlorides, bromides and iodides, although some routes to the heavier halides can present problems. Reaction of Br, with a metal hydroxide in aqueous solution, for example, normally gives a mixture of bromide and bromate. As this is in other ways a very desirable route to bromides, methods have been developed to reduce the bromate in situ. The easily hydrolyzed halides of Be l o and, to a lesser extent, those of Li and Mg are best prepared under nonaqueous conditions. Several routes employing the halogen, the hydrogen halide or a nonmetal halide are available. CAUTION: many of the methods for preparing halides are potentially hazardous and especially those involving F, or HF. Fluorine reacts violently with many materials and extreme care must be exercised in its handling. All of the hydrogen halides are corrosive and should be handled with due care and attention. Both anhyd and aq HF (and nonmetal fluorides that easily produce HF) are dangerous substances that can be extremely damaging to skin, eyes, mucous membrane and lungs. In work with F,, HF, nonmetal fluorides and the highly toxic CI,, the proper use of protective clothing, gloves, goggles, face shields and respiratory devices is important. Some other nonmetal halides and noteably the heavier boron halides can react explosively with water and must be handled with extreme care. Many metal halides are severe poisons. Beryllium salts present a serious health hazard and contact can lead to pneumonitis (by inhalation of dust), dermatitis and conjunctivitis a t 69

Direct combination of the elements ($2.7.2)

($2.7.6)

Reaction of nonmetal halides with metal oxides

(32.7.9)

Reaction of metal carbides with halogens and hydrogen halides ($2.73) G Metathetical reactions

F

E

($2.7.5)

C Reaction of halogens with compounds of the metals ($2.7.4 and 2.7.6) D Reaction of hydrogen halides with compounds of the metals

B Halogenation of metals by halides (52.7.3)

A

Method of preparation Comments

Useful when one of the products can be removed from the reaction by precipitation or volatilization. Ion-exchange resin methods are useful for the preparation of dilute aqueous solutions of many halides.

Useful for preparing beryllium halides.

Useful for preparing pure, anhydrous halides and especially iodides. Reaction can be inhibited by the formation of unreactivehalide films on the surface of the metal. Highly pure materials may not react and very high temperatures are required for combinations involving the lighter metals and the heavier halogens. The method is not usually recommended for fluoride preparations due to the special equipment required for generating and handling F,. Hydrogen halides halogenate metals in the gas phase or as aqueous solutions. Gas-phase reactions are useful for preparing those halides that are susceptible to hydrolysis. Aqueous acid reactions can be violent and difficult to control. Other halogenating agents can be used in place of hydrogen halides. Organomagnesium reagents are formed by the reaction of Mg with carbon-halogen compounds. Metal oxides, hydroxides and carbonates are all popular sources of the metals in these reactions. Reactions involving Br, and I, are of industrial importance but such reactions often produce products contaminated with metal haiates unless reducing agents are present. Metal oxides, hydroxides and carbonates are all popular sources of the metals in these reactions. Aqueous hydrogen halides are normally used but gaseous hydrogen halide reactions can be used where the products are susceptibleto hydrolysis. Reactions with HF often lead to the formation of bifluorides,which can be thermally decomposed to the fluorides. Many nonmetal halides can be used but the most popular ones are CCl,, SOCI,, S,Br, and NH,F. Metal iodides are not usually prepared by this method.

TABLE 1. PREPARATION OF THE HALIDES OF THE METALS OF GROUPS I A AND IIA

2.7. Formation of the Halogen-Group-IA and Group-IIA Metal Bond 2.7.2. from the Elements.

71

very low levels. Workers should wear gloves and protective clothing and should be especially aware of the danger of inhalation of beryllium-containing dusts. (J.H. CLARK)

1. J. C. Bailer Jr., H. J. Emeleus, R. Nyholm, A. F. Trotman-Dickenson, eds., Comprehensive Inorganic Chemistry, Vols. 1 and 2, Pergamon, Oxford, 1973. Very useful reference text. 2. Z. E. Jolles, ed., Bromine and Its Compounds, Benn, London, 1966. Useful reference text. 3. R. E. Dodd, P. L. Robinson, Experimental Inorganic Chemistry, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1957. Some useful experimental details. 4. G. Brauer, ed., Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, 2nd ed., Vol. 1, Academic Press, New York, 1963. Many useful experimental details inchding some technical aspects. 5. M. Grayson, D. Eckroth, eds., Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 3rd ed., Vol. 10, Wiley, New York, 1980. Excellent reference text on industrial processes and safety aspects relating to fluorides. 6. W. Augustyn, M. Grobelny, J. Chmiel-Pela, D. Dozycka, Chem. Prun., 24,57 (1974). Review on the production of fluorides. 7. R. E. Banks, H. Goldwhite, Handbuch Exp. Pharmakol., 2 0 , l (1966). Review on the preparation of fluorides. 8. P. Pascal, ed., Nouveau Traite de Chimie Minerale, Masson, Paris, 1958 and 1974. 9. H. F. Priest, Znorg. Synth., 3, 171 (1950). 10. D. A. Everest, The Chemistry of Beryllium, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1964. Good background reading.

2.7.2. from the Elements. The direct combination of the halogens with the metals of groups IA and IIA represents a valuable method for preparing pure, anhydrous metal halides'-6. The method is particularly useful for preparing iodides, which can be most difficult to prepare by other methods. One of the major problems associated with the direct combination method is the formation of a layer of halide on the surface of the metal; this can prevent complete reaction unless precautions are taken. With F,, complete reaction occurs at RT with all of the metals of groups IA and IIA except Be and Mg: 2M

+ F,

where M = Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr; M

+ F,

-

2 MF

(a)

MF,

(b)

where M = Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra. A protective layer of fluoride is formed on the surfaces of Be and Mg, although in the latter case warming the metal is sufficient to drive the reaction to completion. Increasing the surface area of metals increases their rate of reaction with the halogens so that F,, C1, and Br, all react efficiently at RT even with the less reactive metals of group IIA. Finely powdered metals such as Ca ignite in a stream of F,, C1, or Br, when the gases are not completely anhydrous. Remarkably, even the group-IA metals fail to react with completely anhydrous halogens at RT. The role of water is presumably to help keep the surface of the metal clear or to assist reaction by the exothermic formation of metal hydroxides. Violently exothermic reactions can also occur when the vapors of metals of groups IA or IIA are brought into contact with gaseous halogens.



71

very low levels. Workers should wear gloves and protective clothing and should be especially aware of the danger of inhalation of beryllium-containing dusts. (J.H. CLARK)

1. J. C. Bailer Jr., H. J. Emeleus, R. Nyholm, A. F. Trotman-Dickenson, eds., Comprehensive Inorganic Chemistry, Vols. 1 and 2, Pergamon, Oxford, 1973. Very useful reference text. 2. Z. E. Jolles, ed., Bromine and Its Compounds, Benn, London, 1966. Useful reference text. 3. R. E. Dodd, P. L. Robinson, Experimental Inorganic Chemistry, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1957. Some useful experimental details. 4. G. Brauer, ed., Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, 2nd ed., Vol. 1, Academic Press, New York, 1963. Many useful experimental details inchding some technical aspects. 5. M. Grayson, D. Eckroth, eds., Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 3rd ed., Vol. 10, Wiley, New York, 1980. Excellent reference text on industrial processes and safety aspects relating to fluorides. 6. W. Augustyn, M. Grobelny, J. Chmiel-Pela, D. Dozycka, Chem. Prun., 24,57 (1974). Review on the production of fluorides. 7. R. E. Banks, H. Goldwhite, Handbuch Exp. Pharmakol., 2 0 , l (1966). Review on the preparation of fluorides. 8. P. Pascal, ed., Nouveau Traite de Chimie Minerale, Masson, Paris, 1958 and 1974. 9. H. F. Priest, Znorg. Synth., 3, 171 (1950). 10. D. A. Everest, The Chemistry of Beryllium, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1964. Good background reading.

2.7.2. from the Elements. The direct combination of the halogens with the metals of groups IA and IIA represents a valuable method for preparing pure, anhydrous metal halides'-6. The method is particularly useful for preparing iodides, which can be most difficult to prepare by other methods. One of the major problems associated with the direct combination method is the formation of a layer of halide on the surface of the metal; this can prevent complete reaction unless precautions are taken. With F,, complete reaction occurs at RT with all of the metals of groups IA and IIA except Be and Mg: 2M

+ F,

where M = Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr; M

+ F,

-

2 MF

(a)

MF,

(b)

where M = Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra. A protective layer of fluoride is formed on the surfaces of Be and Mg, although in the latter case warming the metal is sufficient to drive the reaction to completion. Increasing the surface area of metals increases their rate of reaction with the halogens so that F,, C1, and Br, all react efficiently at RT even with the less reactive metals of group IIA. Finely powdered metals such as Ca ignite in a stream of F,, C1, or Br, when the gases are not completely anhydrous. Remarkably, even the group-IA metals fail to react with completely anhydrous halogens at RT. The role of water is presumably to help keep the surface of the metal clear or to assist reaction by the exothermic formation of metal hydroxides. Violently exothermic reactions can also occur when the vapors of metals of groups IA or IIA are brought into contact with gaseous halogens.

72


When impure reagents are used, reactions can again be violent and difficult to control. Under these circumstances, the reaction can be moderated by carrying it out in a solvent. Typically, the halogen is dissolved in an inert solvent and the resulting solution is stirred, with heating if necessary, with the finely divided metal'. Metal amalgams can be used in place of the metals. The heavier halides of Be and Mg are commonly prepared by direct combination. The equipment and handling problems associated with the use of F, make the process unattractive as a route to BeF, or MgF,, although such reactions are very fast and quite efficient if carefully controlled. Beryllium chloride can be prepared in a yield of up to 95 % by heating Be turnings in a porcelain boat inside a borosilicate glass reactor to 350-400°C in a stream of dry C1, or a C1,-N, mix": Be

+ C1,

350-400"C

BeCl,

(c)

The product can be swept through the reactor into a collection flask, where it forms a fluffy deposit. Alternatively, the product can be removed from the cooled reaction system by dissolution in dry diethyl ether. Beryllium bromide can be prepared in the same way, using a Br,-rich vaporg-" generated by bubbling Ar through Br, warmed to ca. 50°C: Be

+ Br,

350°C

BeBr,

Temperatures as high as 500°C may be needed to give complete reaction. The product can be recovered in yields of better than 90% by extraction into cooled diethyl ether". The preparation of BeBr, by direct combination of the elements in a solvent such as diethyl ether is a convenient laboratory-scale preparation but it is not without its problems'0-'2. Bromine is added slowly to Be turnings covered with the solvent and the solution refluxed for several hours. At the end of the reaction, the solution is black, possibly due to the formation of brominated ethers and partial decomposition of BeBr,, which is sensitive to both water and oxygen. Repeated recrystallization of the BeBr, is not completely effective in removing the contaminants. Side products can be kept to a minimum by initiating the reaction at dry-ice temperatures. The Br, is slowly added to the cooled Be-diethyl ether system and once unreacted Br, is evident, the mixture is first warmed to 0°C and then slowly to reflux. The final solution is colorless but darkens with time. Beryllium metal only reacts with I, at very high T: Be

+ I,

750°C

BeI,

The reaction is carried o ~ t ' ~ 9by' ~heating beryllium chips in a stream of H, and I,. Below 500"C, reaction requires several days. The products are collected in evacuated glass bulbs. The major impurity is Si14,formed by attack of BeI, on the glass, and this is best removed by heating the product mixture to ca. 85°C at which T the SiI, sublimes from the system. By this method, good yields of BeI, of purity better than 98 % can be obtained but special care is required to protect the product from the atmosphere. Anhydrous MgX, can be prepared in good yields by burning Mg in halogen-rich atmosphere^'^ or by flowing the halogen or a halogen-N, mixture over the fine ground metal14.The reaction between Mg and F, can be violent and difficult to control, whereas


73

the Mg-I, combination demands high T. In a typical experiment Mg turnings are heated to 600°C in a porcelain boat set in a borosilicate glass reactor. Iodine vapor is then repeatedly passed through the reactor. Final heating of the reaction mixture results in loss of xs I, and the deposition of MgI, near the boat:

Unreacted Mg is left in the boat. Magnesium halides other than MgF, can be prepared by slow addition of the halogen to finely ground Mg covered with a solvent such as diethyl ether. The resulting complexes MgX,-2 O(C,H5), (X = C1, Br or I) can be converted to the anhydrous halide^'^." by heating under high vacuum at 230°C. The major problem with this method is the formation of impurities such as halogenated ethers and it can be difficult to obtain pure products”. The purity of the products can be improved at the cost of a lower yield by running the reaction at 0°C and by multiple recrystallizations of the halide from diethyl ether before final high-T drying. Anhydrous halides of the heavier metals of group IIA can be prepared in the same way14 as described for the halides of Be and Mg. Reactions are usually carried out by passing the halogen vapor diluted in an inert gas such as He or Ar over the heated, finely divided metal. The fluorides may be prepared in this way but reactions can be difficult to control. The halides of the metals of group IA may be prepared by direct combination but many of these reactions (notably where combinations of heavier metals and lighter halogens are involved) are extremely violent and uncontrollable. Anhydrous halides, however, can be obtained in this way and the method is worth consideration for the preparation of the lithium salts LiCl, LiBr and LiI and other iodides of the metals of group IAI5. The direct combination routes to these compounds are more easily controlled (especially if a solution of the halogen in an inert solvent is employed) and other routes to the compounds may be more troublesome. CAUTION: Many direct combination reactions can be violently exothermic and all such reactions should be regarded as being extremely hazardous. Reactions involving F, or metal vapors are particularly dangerous. See 82.7.1. (J.H. CLARK)

1. J. C. Bailer Jr., H. J. Emeleus, R. Nyholm, A. F. Trotman-Dickenson, eds., Comprehensive Inorganic Chemistry, Vols. 1 and 2,Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1973.Very useful reference text. 2. K. F. Purcell, J. C. Kotz, Inorganic Chemistry, Saunders, London, 1977.Useful background text. 3. Z.E. Jolles, ed., Bromine and Its Compounds, Benn, London, 1966. 4. L. F.Audrieth, ed., Inorganic Syntheses, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1953. 5. P. C. L.Thorne, E. R. Roberts, Ephraim’s Inorganic Chemistry, Oliver and Boyd, London, 1954. 6. L. E. Topol, S. J. Yosum, Synth. Inorg. Metal-Org. Chem., 47, 3 (1973). Preparation of pure

chlorides. 7. J. McDermott, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,33, 1963 (1911). 8. V. M.Gallak, USSR Pat. 261,373 (1970); Chem. Abstr., 73,5522 (1970). 9. A. T. Balaban, E. Barabas, C. Mantescu, Rev. Chim. Acad. Rep. Populaire Roumaine, 8, 139 (1963). 10. J. R. Saunders Jr., J. C. Ashby, J. H. Carter 11, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,90, 6385 (1968). 11. G. B. Wood, A. Brenner, J. Electrochem. Soc., 104,29 (1957). 12. E. C. Ashby, R. C. Arnott, J. Organomet. Chem., 14,1 (1968). Good experimental details. 13. R. E. Johnson, E. Staritzky, R. M. Douglass, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 79,2037 (1957). 14. G. Brauer, ed., Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, Academic Press, New York, 1963.

74

2.7. Formation of the Halogen-Group-IA and Group-IIA Metal Bond 2.7.3. by Halogenation 2.7.3.1. with Hydrogen Halides.

15. P. Pascal, ed., Nouveau Traite de Chimie Minerale, Masson, Paris, 1958-1963. 16. W. Blitz, G. F. Hiittig, Z . Anorg. Allg. Chem., 119, 115 (1921).

17. W. Klemm, K. Beyersdorfer, J. Oryschkewitsch, Z . Anorg. Allg. Chern.,256, 25 (1948).

2.7.3. by Halogenation 2.7.3.1. with Hydrogen Halides.

The reaction of a metal with a gaseous HX represents a route to pure, anhydrous metal halides'-4. Although H F is somewhat easier to handle than F,, reactions with H F demand special equipment and can be difficult to control. Reactions of the heavier metals of group IA and group IIA with HX may also be violent and difficult to control. The most useful applications of this method are in preparing the water-sensitive halides of the lighter metals. Beryllium chloride can be prepared by the action of dry HCI on Be heated to ca. 400°C: Be

+ 2 HCl

-

BeCl,

+ H,

(a)

In practice5v6,HCl is passed via a dessicant over the finely divided metal. Product yields are good although it is necessary to purify the product either by sublimation at 400-425°C in 1 atm of H, or C1, or by repeated recrystallization from anhydrous diethyl ether. Beryllium metal reacts with aq HCl to produce hydrated BeCl, '. Attempted dehydration of the product by refluxing in SOCl, produces a material containing appreciably less than the required amount of chlorine. It is likely that partial hydrolysis of the BeCl, occurs on dehydration. The heavier beryllium halides may also be prepared by treating the heated metal with the appropriate HX gasZs7: Be + 2 HBr Be

+ 2 HI

-

+ H, + H,

BeBr,

(b)

BeI,

(4

High T (> 400°C) is required for quantitative conversion of the Be and the products require purification by methods similar to those described for BeCl,. Reaction of Be with aq HBr or aq HI is not a useful method for preparing BeBr, or BeI, due to extensive hydrolysis of the products. Reaction of HCl, HBr or HI with big occurs readily at T > mp of the metal ( > 650"C)2*6: Mg + 2 HCl Mg + 2 HBr Mg

+ 2 HI

-

+ H, MgBr, + H, MgI, + H, MgCl,

(4 (4 (el

Below 650°C only partial reaction occurs presumably as a result of the formation of unreactive halide films on the surface of the metal. Aqueous HX also converts Mg to its halides although subsequent dehydration of the products can be troublesome particularly with the heavier halides.


74

2.7. Formation of the Halogen-Group-IA and Group-IIA Metal Bond 2.7.3. by Halogenation 2.7.3.1. with Hydrogen Halides.

15. P. Pascal, ed., Nouveau Traite de Chimie Minerale, Masson, Paris, 1958-1963. 16. W. Blitz, G. F. Hiittig, Z . Anorg. Allg. Chem., 119, 115 (1921).

17. W. Klemm, K. Beyersdorfer, J. Oryschkewitsch, Z . Anorg. Allg. Chern.,256, 25 (1948).

2.7.3. by Halogenation 2.7.3.1. with Hydrogen Halides.

The reaction of a metal with a gaseous HX represents a route to pure, anhydrous metal halides'-4. Although H F is somewhat easier to handle than F,, reactions with H F demand special equipment and can be difficult to control. Reactions of the heavier metals of group IA and group IIA with HX may also be violent and difficult to control. The most useful applications of this method are in preparing the water-sensitive halides of the lighter metals. Beryllium chloride can be prepared by the action of dry HCI on Be heated to ca. 400°C: Be

+ 2 HCl

-

BeCl,

+ H,

(a)

In practice5v6,HCl is passed via a dessicant over the finely divided metal. Product yields are good although it is necessary to purify the product either by sublimation at 400-425°C in 1 atm of H, or C1, or by repeated recrystallization from anhydrous diethyl ether. Beryllium metal reacts with aq HCl to produce hydrated BeCl, '. Attempted dehydration of the product by refluxing in SOCl, produces a material containing appreciably less than the required amount of chlorine. It is likely that partial hydrolysis of the BeCl, occurs on dehydration. The heavier beryllium halides may also be prepared by treating the heated metal with the appropriate HX gasZs7: Be + 2 HBr Be

+ 2 HI

-

+ H, + H,

BeBr,

(b)

BeI,

(4

High T (> 400°C) is required for quantitative conversion of the Be and the products require purification by methods similar to those described for BeCl,. Reaction of Be with aq HBr or aq HI is not a useful method for preparing BeBr, or BeI, due to extensive hydrolysis of the products. Reaction of HCl, HBr or HI with big occurs readily at T > mp of the metal ( > 650"C)2*6: Mg + 2 HCl Mg + 2 HBr Mg

+ 2 HI

-

+ H, MgBr, + H, MgI, + H, MgCl,

(4 (4 (el

Below 650°C only partial reaction occurs presumably as a result of the formation of unreactive halide films on the surface of the metal. Aqueous HX also converts Mg to its halides although subsequent dehydration of the products can be troublesome particularly with the heavier halides.

2.7.3.by Halogenation 2.7.3.2.with Miscellaneous Halides 2.7.3.2.1. from Group-IA and Group-IIA Metals with Halides.

75

Gaseous or aq HX reacts with the other metals of groups IA and IIA under conditions largely dependent on the reactivity of the metal and the HX. With the possible exception of lithium halides, there is no advantage in using HX gas as the products can be subsequently dehydrated with little or no loss in yield. Reactions are generally vigorous and efficient especially if the metal is used in a finely divided state (to overcome problems associated with the formation of halide films on the surface of the metal). Other methods for the preparation of these halides are however, usually preferred. One notable exception to this is when the metal is effectively extracted from a mixed ore as its halide by treatment with HX in aq soh. A useful example of this is the extraction of Cs as CsBr by reaction of the ore pollucite with hot aq HBr. The CsBr is concentrated by extraction with liq Br, taking advantage of the high solubility of CsBr '. CAUTION: reactions involving the heavier metals (especially when used as vapors or in finely divided forms) and HF can be violently exothermic. See $2.7.1. (J.H. CLARK)

1. J. C. Bailer Jr., H. J. Emeleus, R. Nyholm, A. F. Trotman-Dickenson, eds., Comprehensive Inorganic Chemistry, Vols. 1 and 2,Pergamon, Oxford, 1973. Useful background reading. 2. P. Pascal, ed., Nouveau Traite de Chimie Minerale, Masson, Paris, 1958-1963. 3. Z.E.Jolles, ed., Bromine and Its Compounds, Benn, London, 1966. 4. L. S.Topol, S. J. Yosim, Syn. Znorg. Metal-Org. Chem.,47,3 (1973). Preparation of pure chlorides. 5. R. E. Dodd, P. L. Robinson, Experimental Inorganic Chemistry, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1957. 6. J. Besson, Bull. Soc. Chim. Fr., 1175 (1950). Good experimental details. 7. E. C.Ashby, R. C. Amott, J. Organomet. Chem., 14, 1 (1968). Good experimental details. 8. C.E. Mosteim, in The Encyclopedia of the Chemical Elements, Cesium, Reinhold, New York, 1968.

2.7.3.2. with Mlscellaneous Halides 2.7.3.2.1. from Group-IA and Group-IIA Metals with Halides (Metal and Nonmetal).

The reactions of the metals of groups IA and IIA with halogenating agents can be considered alternatives to the direct reactions of the metals with halogens or HX '. The halogenating agents employed are usually tamed sources of X, or HX and may be preferred for reasons such as easier handling or more controlled reactivity. Like the most direct reactions with X, or HX the most useful preparations are where wet methods are inappropriate due to the sensitivity of the product to hydrolysis or where extremely pure materials are required. Ammonium halides or ammonium hydrogen bihalides are useful sources of HX. They can usually be dried and handled with fewer precautions than are required for handling hydrogen halides. In NH, as the bulk solvent, ammonium halides react with the heavier group-IIA metals and the group-IA metals to give the respective metal halides': Mg + 2 NH,Br

NH3

MgBr,

+ 2 NH, + H,

(4

Very pure products can be obtained by this process. Reaction can also occur in the absence of a solvent (e.g., using a fused mixture), although higher T are required: n

Mg

+ 2 NH,Cl

>200"C

MgCl,

+ 2 NH, + H,


2.7.3.by Halogenation 2.7.3.2.with Miscellaneous Halides 2.7.3.2.1. from Group-IA and Group-IIA Metals with Halides.

75

Gaseous or aq HX reacts with the other metals of groups IA and IIA under conditions largely dependent on the reactivity of the metal and the HX. With the possible exception of lithium halides, there is no advantage in using HX gas as the products can be subsequently dehydrated with little or no loss in yield. Reactions are generally vigorous and efficient especially if the metal is used in a finely divided state (to overcome problems associated with the formation of halide films on the surface of the metal). Other methods for the preparation of these halides are however, usually preferred. One notable exception to this is when the metal is effectively extracted from a mixed ore as its halide by treatment with HX in aq soh. A useful example of this is the extraction of Cs as CsBr by reaction of the ore pollucite with hot aq HBr. The CsBr is concentrated by extraction with liq Br, taking advantage of the high solubility of CsBr '. CAUTION: reactions involving the heavier metals (especially when used as vapors or in finely divided forms) and HF can be violently exothermic. See $2.7.1. (J.H. CLARK)

1. J. C. Bailer Jr., H. J. Emeleus, R. Nyholm, A. F. Trotman-Dickenson, eds., Comprehensive Inorganic Chemistry, Vols. 1 and 2,Pergamon, Oxford, 1973. Useful background reading. 2. P. Pascal, ed., Nouveau Traite de Chimie Minerale, Masson, Paris, 1958-1963. 3. Z.E.Jolles, ed., Bromine and Its Compounds, Benn, London, 1966. 4. L. S.Topol, S. J. Yosim, Syn. Znorg. Metal-Org. Chem.,47,3 (1973). Preparation of pure chlorides. 5. R. E. Dodd, P. L. Robinson, Experimental Inorganic Chemistry, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1957. 6. J. Besson, Bull. Soc. Chim. Fr., 1175 (1950). Good experimental details. 7. E. C.Ashby, R. C. Amott, J. Organomet. Chem., 14, 1 (1968). Good experimental details. 8. C.E. Mosteim, in The Encyclopedia of the Chemical Elements, Cesium, Reinhold, New York, 1968.

2.7.3.2. with Mlscellaneous Halides 2.7.3.2.1. from Group-IA and Group-IIA Metals with Halides (Metal and Nonmetal).

The reactions of the metals of groups IA and IIA with halogenating agents can be considered alternatives to the direct reactions of the metals with halogens or HX '. The halogenating agents employed are usually tamed sources of X, or HX and may be preferred for reasons such as easier handling or more controlled reactivity. Like the most direct reactions with X, or HX the most useful preparations are where wet methods are inappropriate due to the sensitivity of the product to hydrolysis or where extremely pure materials are required. Ammonium halides or ammonium hydrogen bihalides are useful sources of HX. They can usually be dried and handled with fewer precautions than are required for handling hydrogen halides. In NH, as the bulk solvent, ammonium halides react with the heavier group-IIA metals and the group-IA metals to give the respective metal halides': Mg + 2 NH,Br

NH3

MgBr,

+ 2 NH, + H,

(4

Very pure products can be obtained by this process. Reaction can also occur in the absence of a solvent (e.g., using a fused mixture), although higher T are required: n

Mg

+ 2 NH,Cl

>200"C

MgCl,

+ 2 NH, + H,

76

2.7. Formation of the Halogen-Group-IA and Group-HA Metal Bond 2.7.3. by Halogenation 2.7.3.2. with Miscellaneous Halides

Various sources of halogen can be employed in the conversion of a group-IA or -1IA metal to its halide. The more active halogenating agents may themselves be difficult to handle and may not be easily purified. Mercuric halides are useful halogenating agents. They can be dried easily and the chloride, bromide and iodide are soluble in some organic solvents; e.g., mixing a solution of HgCl, in THF with xs Mg and maintaining the system under reflux for several hours gives a good yield of very pure MgCl, 3: Mg

+ HgCl,

-

MgC1,

+ Hg

The unreacted Mg and Hg can be removed from the product mixture as an amalgam by filtration. The filtrate is then evaporated in vacuo to give MgC1, as a white solid. Both MgBr, and MgI, (using diethyl ether as the solvent) can be prepared in the same way. This is an especially good method for preparing pure MgX, Some organobromine and organochlorine compounds react with the more active metals of groups IA and IIA to give the respective metal halides (52.7.3.2.2).The method is straightforward but impure products can be formed. Reaction of Mg with 1,2dibromoethane, e.g., proceeds readily in refluxing diethyl ether with the evolution of ethylene gas3:

'.

Mg + Br(CH,),Br

-

MgBr,

+ CH,=CH,

(4

Once no further gas escapes, the product can be recovered simply by removing the solvent in vacuo. The product is appreciably less pure than that obtained by the analogous reaction with HgBr,. Organochlorine compounds react only under more forcing conditions. CAUTION: see 52.7.1. (J.H. CLARK)

1. J. C. Bailer Jr., H. J. Emeleus, R. Nyholm, A. F. Trotman-Dickenson, eds., Comprehensive Inorganic Chemistry, Vols. 1 and 2, Pergamon, Oxford, 1973. Valuable reference text. 2. C . Hadenfeldt, Z . Naturforsch., Teil B, 30, 165 (1975). 3. E. C. Zshby, R. C . Arnott, J. Organomet. Chem., 14, l(1968). 2.7.3.2.2. from Alkaline-Earth Metals with Carbon-Halogen Compounds (Formation of Organomagnesium Reagents)

The insertion of a group IIA metal into a carbon-halogen bond is an important reaction as the resulting compounds may act as sources of the organic group in subsequent reactions. Organomagnesium halide reagents, RMgX, are by far the most important members of this class of compounds and are widely used in organic synthesis. These reagents are usually prepared's2 by reaction of the corresponding alkyl or aryl halides with Mg in a complexing solvent such as an ether or an inert noncomplexing solvent such as benzene or toluene containing a complexing ether or amine:

where R

=

RX

+ Mg

ArX

+ Mg

alkyl or vinyl;

-

RMgX

(a)

ArMgX

(b)

where Ar = aryl. Reactions are best carried out under a nitrogen atmosphere. The order of halide activity is I > Br > C1 > F. Primary, secondary or tertiary alkyl halides can be


76

2.7. Formation of the Halogen-Group-IA and Group-HA Metal Bond 2.7.3. by Halogenation 2.7.3.2. with Miscellaneous Halides

Various sources of halogen can be employed in the conversion of a group-IA or -1IA metal to its halide. The more active halogenating agents may themselves be difficult to handle and may not be easily purified. Mercuric halides are useful halogenating agents. They can be dried easily and the chloride, bromide and iodide are soluble in some organic solvents; e.g., mixing a solution of HgCl, in THF with xs Mg and maintaining the system under reflux for several hours gives a good yield of very pure MgCl, 3: Mg

+ HgCl,

-

MgC1,

+ Hg

The unreacted Mg and Hg can be removed from the product mixture as an amalgam by filtration. The filtrate is then evaporated in vacuo to give MgC1, as a white solid. Both MgBr, and MgI, (using diethyl ether as the solvent) can be prepared in the same way. This is an especially good method for preparing pure MgX, Some organobromine and organochlorine compounds react with the more active metals of groups IA and IIA to give the respective metal halides (52.7.3.2.2).The method is straightforward but impure products can be formed. Reaction of Mg with 1,2dibromoethane, e.g., proceeds readily in refluxing diethyl ether with the evolution of ethylene gas3:

'.

Mg + Br(CH,),Br

-

MgBr,

+ CH,=CH,

(4

Once no further gas escapes, the product can be recovered simply by removing the solvent in vacuo. The product is appreciably less pure than that obtained by the analogous reaction with HgBr,. Organochlorine compounds react only under more forcing conditions. CAUTION: see 52.7.1. (J.H. CLARK)

1. J. C. Bailer Jr., H. J. Emeleus, R. Nyholm, A. F. Trotman-Dickenson, eds., Comprehensive Inorganic Chemistry, Vols. 1 and 2, Pergamon, Oxford, 1973. Valuable reference text. 2. C . Hadenfeldt, Z . Naturforsch., Teil B, 30, 165 (1975). 3. E. C. Zshby, R. C . Arnott, J. Organomet. Chem., 14, l(1968). 2.7.3.2.2. from Alkaline-Earth Metals with Carbon-Halogen Compounds (Formation of Organomagnesium Reagents)

The insertion of a group IIA metal into a carbon-halogen bond is an important reaction as the resulting compounds may act as sources of the organic group in subsequent reactions. Organomagnesium halide reagents, RMgX, are by far the most important members of this class of compounds and are widely used in organic synthesis. These reagents are usually prepared's2 by reaction of the corresponding alkyl or aryl halides with Mg in a complexing solvent such as an ether or an inert noncomplexing solvent such as benzene or toluene containing a complexing ether or amine:

where R

=

RX

+ Mg

ArX

+ Mg

alkyl or vinyl;

-

RMgX

(a)

ArMgX

(b)

where Ar = aryl. Reactions are best carried out under a nitrogen atmosphere. The order of halide activity is I > Br > C1 > F. Primary, secondary or tertiary alkyl halides can be

2.7.3. by Halogenation 2.7.3.2. with Miscellaneous Halides 2.7.3.2.2.from Alkaline-Earth Metals with Carbon-Halogen Compounds

77

used. A higher boiling solvent than diethyl ether (e.g., THF) is usually required for the less reactive vinyl and aryl halides. 1,2-Dihalagenoalkanes react with Mg but only the magnesium halide is obtained at the end of the reaction (see 52.7.3.2.1): BrCH,CH,Br

+ Mg

-

[BrCH,CH,MgBrl-

CH,=CH,

+ MgBr,

(c)

unstable

where X = Br. The efficiency and scope of reactions (a) and (b) can be improved by 1. Use of higher reaction temperatures 2. Use of a more strongly coordinating solvent 3. Activation of the metal3 Several methods of activating the metal can be employed. Addition of I, or a reactive alkyl halide such as C,H,Br can greatly accelerate reactions. Transition-metal halides have been used as catalysts for these reactions4. A very active form of the metal can be produced by reducing magnesium salts in ethereal solvents with K or Na. The resulting Mg is in the form of a black powder and exhibits unusual reactivity toward alkyl and aryl halides especially when reactions are carried out in the presence of KI ’. Thus organofluorine compounds such as 1-fluorohexane that do not react with the commercial metal, react with this active form of the metal: C,H13F

+ Mg (activated)

THF-KI

C,H13MgF

After refluxing in THF containing KI for 1 h a yield of 69% of the fluoro reagent is obtained. Other less common reagents that can be obtained by this method include the derivative of dihalogenobenzenes: p-BrC,H,Br

+ 2 Mg (activated)

THF-KI

p-BrMgC,H,MgBr

(e)

Complete conversion of the aryl halide occurs within 0.25 h at 25°C with a Mg:halide mole ratio of 4:1 and a Mg:KI mole ratio of 2: 1. The formation of an organomagnesium halide is thought to occur via a radical reaction. The actual mechanism of reaction is probably very c o m p l e ~but ~*~ it is likely that the key steps are the one-electron transfer from Mg to the halide to form a radical anion and the dissociation of this species to furnish the alkyl or aryl radical. The organomagnesium halide exists in equilibrium in solution with their parent metal halide and metal alkyl: R,M

+ MX,

2 RMX

(f)

This is probably true for all organometallic compounds of group IIA. Thus organoberyllium halides RBeX (R = CH, and X = Cl) can be prepared in solution by mixing together equimolar amounts of the halide, BeX, and the alkyl, BeR, in an ethereal solvent697.The equilibrium lies in favor of RBeX and addition of dioxane to the ethereal solution results in slow precipitation of this compound: (C,H,),Be

+ BeBr,

ether

2 C,H,BeBr

dioxane

2 C,H,BeBr.dioxane

(g)

78

2.7. Formation of the Halogen-Group-IA and Group-IIA Metal Bond 2.7.4. from Reaction of Halogens with Hydroxides, Carbonates, etc.

Organoberyllium halides can be precipitated from solution by other complexing agents although the resulting product always contains at least 1 mol equiv of that agents: (Me,CCH,),Be

+ BeBr,

ether

2 Me,CCH,BeBr

TMED

2 Me,CCH,BeBr.TMED

(h) Organoberyllium halides have some value in organic synthesis,. CAUTION: spontaneously violent reactions between Mg and carbon-halogen compounds can occur without warning-cooling may be necessary. See 82.7.1. (J.H. CLARK)

1. J. M. Swan, D. St. C. Black, Urganometallics in Organic Synthesis, Chapman and Hall, London, 1974. Useful background reading. 2. B. Y.Aylett, ed., Urganometallic Derivatives of the Main Group Elements, Butterworths, London, 1975. Good general text. 3. R. D. Rieke, S. E. Bales, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 96,1776 (1974) and references therein. Well referenced 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

introduction. W. L. Respess, C. Tamborski, J. Organomet. Chem. 18, 263 (1969). R. J. Rogers, H. L. Mitchell, Y.Fujiwara, G. M. Whitesides, J. Urg. Chem., 39, 857 (1974). E. C. Ashby, R. Sanders, J. Carter, J. Chem. SOC.,Chem. Commun., 997 (1967). J. R. Sanders, E. C. Ashby, J. H. Carter, 11, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 90, 6385 (1968). G. E. Coates, B. R. Francis, J. Chem. Soc., A , 1305 (1971).

2.7.4. from Reaction of Halogens with Hydroxides, Carbonates, etc., of Group-IA and Group-IIA Metals (Formation of Halides by Disproportionation of the Halogen) The reactions of free Br, and I, with the hydroxides of the metals of groups IA and IIA represent one of the most popular routes to the corresponding bromides and iodides'. Although some alkali-metal bromides and iodides are found in natural salt deposits, they are produced primarily by conversion of bromine (produced from brines or sea water) or iodine (mostly extracted from naturally occurring calcium iodate) in such reactions. This method however, gives mixtures of bromide and bromate, or of iodide and iodate:

3 X, where X

= Br

+ 6 MOH-5

or I;

6 X,

+ 6 M(OH),

MX

-

5 MX,

+ MXO, + 3 H,O

(a)

+ M(XO,), + 6 H,O

(b)

where X = Br or I. The product mixture (X = Br or I) is usually filtered to remove most of the less soluble halate then evaporated and the residual halate reduced by heating with carbon, or by a stream of H,S, or with bisulfite. Thus N a O H in aq soln can be converted to its iodide by treatment with I, followed by addition of Na,SO, '. Strontium bromide, e.g., can be prepared by treating Sr(OH), in aq soln with less than equimolar BrZ3. The



Organoberyllium halides can be precipitated from solution by other complexing agents although the resulting product always contains at least 1 mol equiv of that agents: (Me,CCH,),Be

+ BeBr,

ether

2 Me,CCH,BeBr

TMED

2 Me,CCH,BeBr.TMED

(h) Organoberyllium halides have some value in organic synthesis,. CAUTION: spontaneously violent reactions between Mg and carbon-halogen compounds can occur without warning-cooling may be necessary. See 82.7.1. (J.H. CLARK)

1. J. M. Swan, D. St. C. Black, Urganometallics in Organic Synthesis, Chapman and Hall, London, 1974. Useful background reading. 2. B. Y.Aylett, ed., Urganometallic Derivatives of the Main Group Elements, Butterworths, London, 1975. Good general text. 3. R. D. Rieke, S. E. Bales, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 96,1776 (1974) and references therein. Well referenced 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

introduction. W. L. Respess, C. Tamborski, J. Organomet. Chem. 18, 263 (1969). R. J. Rogers, H. L. Mitchell, Y.Fujiwara, G. M. Whitesides, J. Urg. Chem., 39, 857 (1974). E. C. Ashby, R. Sanders, J. Carter, J. Chem. SOC.,Chem. Commun., 997 (1967). J. R. Sanders, E. C. Ashby, J. H. Carter, 11, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 90, 6385 (1968). G. E. Coates, B. R. Francis, J. Chem. Soc., A , 1305 (1971).

2.7.4. from Reaction of Halogens with Hydroxides, Carbonates, etc., of Group-IA and Group-IIA Metals (Formation of Halides by Disproportionation of the Halogen) The reactions of free Br, and I, with the hydroxides of the metals of groups IA and IIA represent one of the most popular routes to the corresponding bromides and iodides'. Although some alkali-metal bromides and iodides are found in natural salt deposits, they are produced primarily by conversion of bromine (produced from brines or sea water) or iodine (mostly extracted from naturally occurring calcium iodate) in such reactions. This method however, gives mixtures of bromide and bromate, or of iodide and iodate:

3 X, where X

= Br

+ 6 MOH-5

or I;

6 X,

+ 6 M(OH),

MX

-

5 MX,

+ MXO, + 3 H,O

(a)

+ M(XO,), + 6 H,O

(b)

where X = Br or I. The product mixture (X = Br or I) is usually filtered to remove most of the less soluble halate then evaporated and the residual halate reduced by heating with carbon, or by a stream of H,S, or with bisulfite. Thus N a O H in aq soln can be converted to its iodide by treatment with I, followed by addition of Na,SO, '. Strontium bromide, e.g., can be prepared by treating Sr(OH), in aq soln with less than equimolar BrZ3. The


79

resulting mixture of SrBr, and Sr(BrO,), is separated by heating with alcohol at 90°C (to precipitate the products) followed by calcination with carbon: 6 Sr(OH),

+ 6 Br,

-

5 SrBr,

+ Sr(BrO,), + 6 H,O

carbon, heat

SrBr,

(c)

The final product is extracted into water. High T (typically > 500°C) may be required for the calcination stage of these reactions and chemical reductions are usually preferred in the laboratory, while calcination remains the method of choice in industry. Sodium bromide, e.g., is prepared in industry by the reaction of Br, with NaOH ,: 6 NaOH

+ 3 Br,

-

5 NaBr

+ NaBrO, + 3 H,O

(4

followed by high-T calcination of the evaporated product to give NaBr. Pure KI can be prepared by heating a mixture of I,, KOH and HCO,H in water to 95-100°C at pH 4.5 '. The product is crystallized from the cooled solution. Formic acid is a generally useful reagent for maintaining a low pH in halogen-metal hydroxide routes to metal halides6. High-purity alkali-metal bromides and iodides can be prepared by direct reaction of MeOH soln of Br, or I, with the appropriate metal hydroxide'. Thus, slow addition of LiOH.H,O to a solution of I, in CH,OH gives LiI in a yield of better than 80%: I,

+ LiOH

65°C

LiI

+ HOI

A number of alkali-metal halides can be prepared in high yield in this way. The products are generally very pure, containing only traces of halates or carbonates. Heavier alcohols or ketones can be used in place of CH,OH. Hydrazine hydrate has been used to improve the yield and purity of group-IA metal iodides obtained by reaction of the hydroxides with I, '. Thus the hydroxide is treated with I, and HI and the resulting mixture treated with N,H4*H20. The reactions of carbonates of the metals of groups IA and IIA with the heavier halogens represent commercially important routes to the respective metal halides although product contamination is again a problem that must be overcome. The reactions of these carbonates with I, leads to a mixture of the iodide and the iodate: 3 Na,CO,

+ 3 I,

-

5 NaI

+ NaIO, + 3 CO,

(f)

With the heavier metal carbonates such as Cs,CO,, a third solid product, the triiodide, is also formed. The use of N,H, as a reducing agent overcomes this p r ~ b l e m ~ e.g., * ' ~ when ; Cs,CO, reacts with I, in the presence of N,H, at 60"C, CsI is produced in a yield of 98-99 %: 2 CsCO,

+ 2 I, + N,H4-4

CsI

+ 2 CO, + N, + 2 H,O

(€9

Somewhat more than equimolar N,H, is required for quantitative production of CsI. The final product should be calcined at 450°C for about an hour if highly pure materials are required. Bromides can also be prepared by this method or by similar methods employing other reducing agents. Thus, the carbonates of the heavier metals of group IIA can be converted to their bromides by treatment with Br, and N,H, ,: 2 CaCO,

+ 2 Br, + NzH4

-

2 CaBr,

+ N, + 2 CO, + 2 H,O

(h)

80


Another commonly employed reducing agent is NH,. Sodium carbonate, e.g., is quantitatively converted to NaBr by treatment with Br, and NH, 3: 3 Na,C03

+ 3 Br, + 2 NH,

-

6 NaBr

+ 3 CO, + N, + 3 H,O

(i)

Hydrides of the metals of groups IA and IIA react with X, to give the respective halides. The reactions of the heavier hydrides and the lighter halogens can be violently exothermic or explosive, but moderated reactions of I, or Br, with the hydrides of Li and the lighter members of group IIA can be useful routes to pure iodides or bromides, e.g., LiH reacts with I, in diethyl ether to give an excellent yield of LiI: 2 LiH

+ I,

-

2 LiI

+ H,

(j)

In practice, the I, and xs LiH are combined and the ether, slowly added to the mixture". Initially the reaction is vigorous but the final mixture should be refluxed for about 1 h to ensure complete conversion of the I,. Filtration of the mixture followed by evaporation of the solvent and final vacuum drying gives a yield of 98% of LiI. The purity of the product at this stage should be ca. 99 % and better purities can be achieved by passing on aqueous solution of the salt through a cation-exchange resin in its acid form". More vigorous combinations of hydride and halogen such as LiH-Br, may require cooling the reaction mixture. Perhaps the most important advantage of the metal hydride-halogen route to metal halides is that the reaction only produces one solid product. This can be contrasted to the less expensive metal carbonate-halogen route which can produce two or more solid products unless a third reactant is introduced. Another good example of a reaction in the former class is the metal oxalate-halogen reaction. Thus sodium oxalate reacts with Br, to give NaBr and gaseous CO, only": Na[O,CCO,]Na

+ Br,

-

2 NaBr

+ 2 CO,

(k)

In practice, xs Br, can be bubbled into an aqueous solution of the oxalate until no further CO, escapes from the system. Workup is straightforward, involving evaporation and vacuum drying. This reaction is less hazardous than the metal hydride-halogen reaction but the latter is preferred for the preparation of water-sensitive halides. Anhydrous fluorides can be prepared by the action of F, on many metal salts. Reactions require special apparatus for handling the aggressive F, and glass, for example, cannot ordinarily be used',. Metal chlorides undergo displacement reactions with F, to give pure anhydrous fluorides: 2 MCl MCl,

+ F, + F,

-

2 M F + C1, MF,

+ C1,

Reactions can be difficult to control and my lead to unexpected products. Thus bubbling F, through Cs,SO, in aq soln gives a precipitate of the unstable flu~roxysulfate,'~~'~: Cs,SO,

+ F,

-

CsF

+ CsS0,F

(n)

In general, the metal salt-F, route to metal fluorides is best avoided unless highly pure, anhydrous products are required. CAUTION: Fluorine reacts violently with most materials and special care is required in handling the element. See $2.7.1. (J.H. CLARK)

81 2.7. Formation of the Halogen-Group-IA and Group-IIA Metal Bond 2.7.5.Reaction of Hydrogen Halides with Oxides, Hydroxides, Carbonates, etc. 1. J. C. Bailer Jr., H. J. Emeleus, R. Nyholm, A. F. Trotman-Dickenson, eds., Comprehensive Inorganic Chemistry, Vols. 1 and 2, Pergamon, Oxford, 1973. Valuable reference text. 2. A. S . Behrman, U.S. Pat 3,132,068 (1964); Chem. Abstr., 61, 9197 (1965). 3. P. Pascal, ed., Nouveau Traite de Chimie Minerale, Masson, Paris, 1958-1963. Many relevant

reactions are covered in this treatise. 4. Z. E. Jolles, ed., Bromine and Its Compounds, Benn, London, 1966. A useful reference text. 5. A. V. Bromberg, Z. P. Bystrova, L. N. Serebryakova, B. S. Serebryakava, S. A. Mashkovtreva, USSR Pat. 497,233 (1975); Chem. Abstr., 84, 107,904 (1976). 6. D. C. Sanders, US. Pat. 4,083,942 (1978); Chem. Abstr., 89, 45,859 (1978). 7. G. A. Burk, US . Pat. 3,431,068 (1969); Chem. Abstr., 70, 98,381 (1969). 8. 0. G. Gromov, N. B. Voskoboinikov, E. P. Lokstin, V. I. Tkachev, A. L. Lifits, V. I. Kleinburg, USSR Pat. 504,695 (1976); Chem. Abstr., 84, 182,163 (1976). 9. A. I. Vulikh, S. M. Arkhipov, L. G. Sidorova, Prom. Khim. Reaktivov, Osobo Chist. Veshchestv, 10, 40 (1967); Chem. Abstr., 70, 53,444 (1968). 10. A. I. Goncharov, Yu. D. Nekrasov, B. M. Binshtoi, USSR Pat. 567,669 (1977); Chem. Abstr., 87, 154,230 (1977). 11. M. D. Taylor, L. R. Grant, J. Am. Chem. SOC., 77, 1507 (1955). Good experimental details. 12. T. W. Richards, G. Jones, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,31, 168 (1909). 13. H. F. Priest, Znorg. Synth., 3, 171 (1950). 14. E. H. Appleman, L. J. Bade, R. C . Thompson, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,101, 6498 (1979). 15. D. P. Ip, C. D. Arthus, R. E. Winans, E. H. Appelman, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 103, 1964 (1981).

2.7.5. from Reaction of Hydrogen Halides with Oxides, Hydroxides, Carbonates, etc., of the Group-IA and Group-IIA Metals Hydrogen halides react with various compounds of the metals of groups IA and IIA to produce the corresponding metal halides'-6. Many of these reactions are rapid and efficient and because of this and the availability of HX and reactive metal compounds, this general route is a popular one. In most cases HX in aq soln can be used but in the special cases of easily hydrolized halides such as those of Be, HX gases are usually preferred if contamination of the product with basic halides is to be avoided. It can be difficult to avoid the production of bifluorides M[HF,] or MCHF,],, in reactions with HF but should these occur they may be thermally decomposed to the fluorides. The oxides of the lighter metals are inert materials that only react under extremely harsh conditions. Beryllium oxide, e.g., is inert toward most materials, except HF. Reaction of B e 0 with anhyd HF a t elevated T can give excellent yields of BeF, 1 3 7 :

+

-

+ 2 HF

-

+

B e 0 2 HF BeF, H,O (a) It is advisable to calcinate the oxide before hydrofl~orination~. The calcination T affects the surface area of the final product so that by starting with a B e 0 sample calcinated at 500"C, BeF, with a surface area of > 20 m2 g - can be obtained. Higher calcination T result in BeF, samples of lower fluorine content and lower surface areas. The optimum T for reaction is 220°C. Reaction of B e 0 with aq HF can produce products contaminated with basic fluorides such as 2 B e 0 - 5 BeF,, although the use of 40% aq HF results in BeF, samples with high fluorine content after evaporation of the solutions to dryness1*'. It is generally advisable, however, to exclude water in all preparations of BeX, where pure products are required owing to their hygroscopicity and ease of hydrolysis. Magnesium fluoride is manufactured by the reaction of MgO with aq H F MgO

MgF,

' v 3 :

+ H,O

(b)

Inorganic Reactions and Methods, Volume4 Edited by J.J. Zuckerman, A.P. Hagen Copyright 0 1991 by VCH Publishers, Inc. 81 2.7. Formation of the Halogen-Group-IA and Group-IIA Metal Bond 2.7.5.Reaction of Hydrogen Halides with Oxides, Hydroxides, Carbonates, etc. 1. J. C. Bailer Jr., H. J. Emeleus, R. Nyholm, A. F. Trotman-Dickenson, eds., Comprehensive Inorganic Chemistry, Vols. 1 and 2, Pergamon, Oxford, 1973. Valuable reference text. 2. A. S . Behrman, U.S. Pat 3,132,068 (1964); Chem. Abstr., 61, 9197 (1965). 3. P. Pascal, ed., Nouveau Traite de Chimie Minerale, Masson, Paris, 1958-1963. Many relevant

reactions are covered in this treatise. 4. Z. E. Jolles, ed., Bromine and Its Compounds, Benn, London, 1966. A useful reference text. 5. A. V. Bromberg, Z. P. Bystrova, L. N. Serebryakova, B. S. Serebryakava, S. A. Mashkovtreva, USSR Pat. 497,233 (1975); Chem. Abstr., 84, 107,904 (1976). 6. D. C. Sanders, US. Pat. 4,083,942 (1978); Chem. Abstr., 89, 45,859 (1978). 7. G. A. Burk, US . Pat. 3,431,068 (1969); Chem. Abstr., 70, 98,381 (1969). 8. 0. G. Gromov, N. B. Voskoboinikov, E. P. Lokstin, V. I. Tkachev, A. L. Lifits, V. I. Kleinburg, USSR Pat. 504,695 (1976); Chem. Abstr., 84, 182,163 (1976). 9. A. I. Vulikh, S. M. Arkhipov, L. G. Sidorova, Prom. Khim. Reaktivov, Osobo Chist. Veshchestv, 10, 40 (1967); Chem. Abstr., 70, 53,444 (1968). 10. A. I. Goncharov, Yu. D. Nekrasov, B. M. Binshtoi, USSR Pat. 567,669 (1977); Chem. Abstr., 87, 154,230 (1977). 11. M. D. Taylor, L. R. Grant, J. Am. Chem. SOC., 77, 1507 (1955). Good experimental details. 12. T. W. Richards, G. Jones, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,31, 168 (1909). 13. H. F. Priest, Znorg. Synth., 3, 171 (1950). 14. E. H. Appleman, L. J. Bade, R. C . Thompson, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,101, 6498 (1979). 15. D. P. Ip, C. D. Arthus, R. E. Winans, E. H. Appelman, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 103, 1964 (1981).

2.7.5. from Reaction of Hydrogen Halides with Oxides, Hydroxides, Carbonates, etc., of the Group-IA and Group-IIA Metals Hydrogen halides react with various compounds of the metals of groups IA and IIA to produce the corresponding metal halides'-6. Many of these reactions are rapid and efficient and because of this and the availability of HX and reactive metal compounds, this general route is a popular one. In most cases HX in aq soln can be used but in the special cases of easily hydrolized halides such as those of Be, HX gases are usually preferred if contamination of the product with basic halides is to be avoided. It can be difficult to avoid the production of bifluorides M[HF,] or MCHF,],, in reactions with HF but should these occur they may be thermally decomposed to the fluorides. The oxides of the lighter metals are inert materials that only react under extremely harsh conditions. Beryllium oxide, e.g., is inert toward most materials, except HF. Reaction of B e 0 with anhyd HF a t elevated T can give excellent yields of BeF, 1 3 7 : Be0

+ 2 HF

-

+ 2 HF

-

BeF,

+ H,O

(a) It is advisable to calcinate the oxide before hydrofl~orination~. The calcination T affects the surface area of the final product so that by starting with a B e 0 sample calcinated at 500"C, BeF, with a surface area of > 20 m2 g - can be obtained. Higher calcination T result in BeF, samples of lower fluorine content and lower surface areas. The optimum T for reaction is 220°C. Reaction of B e 0 with aq HF can produce products contaminated with basic fluorides such as 2 B e 0 - 5 BeF,, although the use of 40% aq HF results in BeF, samples with high fluorine content after evaporation of the solutions to dryness1*'. It is generally advisable, however, to exclude water in all preparations of BeX, where pure products are required owing to their hygroscopicity and ease of hydrolysis. Magnesium fluoride is manufactured by the reaction of MgO with aq H F MgO

MgF,

' v 3 :

+ H,O

(b)

82 2.7. Formation of the Halogen-Group-IA and Group-IIA Metal Bond 2.7.5.Reaction of Hydrogen Halides with Oxides, Hydroxides, Carbonates, etc.

Addition of H F to MgO can produce a gelatinous precipitate. This can be avoided by adding the oxide to the hot acid solution and allowing the hot solution to stand for several hours before filtration. The fluorides of the heavier metals of group IIA can also be prepared by treating the metal oxides with H F ' S ~ ~ ~ :

+ 2 HF SrO + 2 H F BaO + 2 H F RaO + 2 H F

CaO

-

+ H,O SrF, + H,O BaF, + H,O RaF, + H,O CaF,

(c) (4

Concentrated aq H F s o h can be employed and heating may be necessary to ensure good conversions of the oxides. Quantitative yields of pure, anhydrous fluorides are best obtained by flowing anhyd H F over the heated oxide in a suitable reactor. The heavier halides of the metals of group IIA can also be prepared by reacting the oxide with HX. If the HX is contaminated with its parent halogen, it may be difficult to avoid contamination of the resulting metal halide with the corresponding metal halate. If this does prove to be a problem then the product mixture can be heated with carbon to reduce the halate to halide. If the reaction is carried out in water, concentration of the solution after reaction results in precipitation of a large part of the less soluble metal halate. Magnesium oxide reacts with HCl to produce MgCl, in good yields: MgO

-

+ 2 HCI

MgCl,

+ H,O

(g)

The reaction requires heating, although it is exothermic once initiatedg. Reaction occurs at T as low as 50"C, although the optimum reaction temperature is about 200°C '. At higher T, hydrolysis of the MgCI, becomes a significant competing reaction: MgCl,

+ H,O

Mg(0H)Cl

+ HCl

(h)

At T > 500"C, the hydrolysis is almost complete: Mg(0H)Cl-

MgO

+ HCl

(i)

The corresponding reactions of the heavier oxides of the group IIA metals with anhyd HC1 start at T between 90 and 160°C ',lo. Calcium oxide, e.g., gives good yields of CaCl, on treatment with anhyd HCl at 400°C: CaO

+ 2 HCI

400°C

CaC1,

+ H,O

(j)

The oxides of the metals of group IA generally react with aq or anhyd HX. Many of these reactions and especially those involving the heavier oxides and the lighter hydrogen halides can be extremely exothermic and difficult to control. Competing hydrolysis reactions can be a problem in reactions involving the lighter members of the group and aqueous solutions of HBr or HI. The group-IA metal oxide-hydrogen halide route is of little practical value owing to the greater availability of other salts of these metals. The neutralization of the hydroxides of the metals of groups IA and IIA with aq HX

2.7. Formation of the Halogen-Group-IA and Group-IIA Metal Bond 83 2.7.5.Reaction of Hydrogen Halides with Oxides, Hydroxides, Carbonates, etc.

soln is a well-known and convenient route to the corresponding halides with only a few exceptions1.3,4,10,11. MOH where M

= Li,

+ HX

-

MX

+ H,O

(k)

Na, K, Rb, Cr, Fr; X = F, C1, Br, I;

+ 2 HX

M(OH),

MX,

+ 2 H,O

(1)

where M = Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra; X = F, C1, Br, I. In a typical procedure, aq HCl is neutralized with KOH: KOH

+ HC1-

KCl

+ H,O

(m)

The resulting solution is evaporated to dryness and the solid residue calcined (except for salts that are susceptible to hydrolysis. In the preparation of fluorides, it is advisable to add the aq H F to the aq hydroxide if the amount of K,[SiF,] (from attack of H F on glass) produced is to be kept to a minimum. Any fluorosilicate produced should be filtered from the solution before evaporation. Alternatively, polyethylene equipment can be used“. The preparation of some of the halides of Li, Be and Mg present special problems due to the sensitivity of the products toward hydrolysis. In the case of Li, the wet method described can be used for the preparation of its halides but care is required in the final drying stages for the preparations of LiCl, LiBr and LiI. High-T drying of LiCl with traces of water present results in the formation of hydroxide or oxide impurities in the chloride. A simple method of overcoming this problem is to dry the LiCl under a stream of HC! gas”. Greater care is required in drying the more easily hydrolyzed LiBr and LiI. Hydrates of these salts such as LiI.3 H,O usually result from evaporation of aqueous product mixtures. Then hydrates should be dried under vacuum and with slow heating’ 3. Exposure of LiI (either in its anhydrous or hydrated forms) to the atmosphere can lead to oxidation of the salt to iodine. None of the beryllium halides can be easily prepared by wet methods such as the neutralization of an aqueous solution of the corresponding hydrogen halide with Be(OH),. The reaction of Be(OH), with aq H F gives a hydrate’,: Be(OH),

-

+ 2 H F (aq)

BeF,.4 H,O

(n)

A less direct but more successful method involves the initial preparation of [NH4],[BeF4] by dissolving Be(OH), in aq [NH,][HF,] and evaporating the solution: Be(OH),

+ 2 [NH4][HF,I

[NH41,[BeF41

+ 2 H,O

(0)

The fluoroberyllate is then thermally decompo~ed’~, preferably at T as high as 240°C when the decomposition is thought to occur via two intermediate ammonium

compound^'^: “H,I,CBeF,I

-

“H4ICBeF31-

“H4I,CBe,F51

-

BeF, (PI

At lower T, the yield of BeF, is poor. The ease of hydrolysis of the beryllium halides increases from the fluoride to the iodide so that wet methods such as the hydroxide-aqueous acid route are best avoided in preparing the anhydrous salts BeCI,, BeBr, and Bel,. Attempted preparation of BeC1, or BeBr, by such a method gives the tetrahydrate which is very easily decomposed on

84 2.7. Formation of the Halogen-Group-IA and Group-IIA Metal Bond

2.7.5. Reaction of Hydrogen Halides with Oxides, Hydroxides, Carbonates, etc.

attempted dehydration. The iodide is so easily hydrolyzed by water that the tetrahydrate, BeI, -4 H,O, cannot be preparedi4. Direct reactions employing the anhydrous hydrogen halides can be used but it can be very difficult to ensure the dryness of the acid required to prevent hydrolysis. The heavier halides of magnesium are also susceptible to hydrolysis but to a lesser extent than those of Be. The anhydrous halides can be made via treatment of aqueous acids with Mg(OH), but great care is required in the final product drying stage if pure products are to be obtained. Low-T drying under vacuum or drying under a stream of the corresponding HX gas are useful methods for minimizing product contamination. The low yields that often result from iodide oxidation in the preparation of MgI, can be improved by running the neutralization in the presence of a reducing agent such as hydrazinei6: Mg(OH),

+ 2 HI

N2H4

MgI,

+ 2 H,O

(9)

The reactions of the carbonates or bicarbonates of the metals of groups IA and IIA (with the exception of Be) with HX represent especially facile and usually efficient laboratory routes to the corresponding metal halide^'^^.'^.'^:

-

+ 2 HX-2 MHCO, + HX

MZCO,

+ HZO + CO, MX + H,O + CO, MX

(0 (s)

where M = Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr; X = F, C1, Br, I; MCO, M(HCO,),

+ 2 HX + 2 HX

+ H,O + CO, MX, + 2 H,O + 2 CO,

MX,

0)

(4

where M = Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra; X = F, C1, Br, 1. The reaction of CaCO, with HCl is a reaction of industrial i m p o r t a n ~ e l ~ * ' ~ : CaCO,

+ 2 HC1-

CaCl,

+ H,O + CO,

(v)

Anhydrous CaCI, can be prepared by reaction with HCl gas. The initiation T for the dry-state reaction depends upon the nature of the CaCO,. The reaction starts at 285°C with chalk, 300°C with limestone and 510°C with the pure carbonate. At 450"C, 90-97% yields of anhyd CaCl, can be obtained after only 15 min reaction with chalk, whereas at the same T less than 55 % CaCI, is obtained after 2 h reaction with limestone. Calcium fluoride can also be prepared in this way: CaCO,

+ 2 HF

-

CaF,

+ CO, + H,O

(w)

Formation of Reaction occurs at < 100°C with 40% aq H F and solid CaCO, CaCHF,], is best avoided by adding the H F until evolution of CO, gas almost ceases. The filtered solid is then treated with dilute ethanoic acid until all effervescencestops. It is then thoroughly washed with hot water and finally dried at >2OO"C. The other fluorides of the metals of group IA and IIA (except beryllium) can be prepared similarly although for NaF, KF, RbF, CsF and BaF,, all of which have significant water solubilities, it is best to treat the carbonate with xs H F followed by high-T drying (>3Oo"C) of the product to decompose any bifluorides". The formation of bifluorides can be used to

2.7. Formation of t h e Halogen-Group-IA and Group-IIA Metal Bond 85 2.7.5.Reaction of Hydrogen Halides with Oxides, Hydroxides, Carbonates, etc.

advantage; e.g., pure NaF can be obtained by converting impure NaF to crystalline Na[HF,] followed by thermal decomposition:

NaF

- -

+ 2 HF

Na,CO,

+ HF

2 NaF

+ CO, + H,O

Na[HF,]

(XI

NaF

(Y)

Magnesium fluoride is manufactured by the reaction of MgCO, with aq HF ,: MgCO,

+ 2 HF

+ H, + CO,

MgF,

(4

The production of a gelatinous precipitate of MgF, that can be difficult to filter can be avoided by addition of the carbonate to the acid solution. Particle size can be enhanced by keeping the solution hot for several hours. The heavier halides of the metals of groups IA and IIA (except beryllium) can also be prepared by reacting the metal carbonate with HBr or HI. Thus NaI is formed in good yields on treatment of an aq Na,CO, soln with aq I,-free HI l o . Na,CO,

+ 2 HI

-

2 NaI

+ H,O + CO,

(a4

Evaporation of the resulting solution should be carried out in the absence of air so as to minimize production of NaIO,. Recrystallization of the residue can give the hydrate, which should be carefully dehydrated under vacuum. The reaction of KHCO, with pure aq HI is an excellent method for preparing pure KI 19: KHCO,

+ HI

-

KI

+ H,O + CO,

(ab)

The HI should ideally be a fresh sample prepared from direct combination of the elements over a [Ptlasbestos catalyst. A conc aq HI soln is reacted with purified KHCO, and the resulting mixture evaporated in an atmosphere of dry H, until a considerable quantity of KI precipitate^'^. This effectively inhibits the hydrolysis reaction: KI

+ HzO

-

KOH

+ HI

(ac>

For any member of groups IA or IIA, the chloride is generally the most readily available and least expensive of the halides, so they are useful starting materials for the preparation of the other halides. Thus the chlorides of the metals of groups IA and IIA react with aq HBr and HI soln to produce the bromides and iodides, Potassium chloride, for example, reacts on heating with excess 17% aq HI soln to produce KI in high yield: KC1 + HI

-

KI -tHC1

(ad)

Beryllium chloride is a notable exception. Competing hydrolysis occurs on heating a. solution of BeCI, in aq HBr or HI. Use of anhyd HBr or HI l o removes the possibilit) of hydrolysis but the halogen exchange reaction is very inefficient even at elevated T. Thus heating solid BeCl, to 400°C in a stream of anhyd HBr gives only 16% conversion to BeBr, : BeCl,

+ HBr

400°C

BeBr,

(ae>

Fluorides can also be prepared from the corresponding chlorides by the action of anhyd or aq H F although the reactions of the acid with the appropriate carbonate,

86 2.7. Formation of the Halogen-Group-IA and Group-IIA Metal Bond 2.7.5.Reaction of Hydrogen Halides with Oxides, Hydroxides, Carbonates, etc.

hydroxide or oxide are more widely usedl0S2’. Lithium fluoride for example, can be prepared by adding H F to an aq LiCl soln (30 % by weight) containing a little HCl (ca. 1% by weight)23: LiCl

+ HF

-

LiF + HCl

(af)

Evaporation of the resulting solution at T high enough to decompose any Li[HF,] (ca. 2500C) gives pure LiF. Among the other halides of the metals of groups IA and IIA, only the naturally occurring materials such as CaF, are economically useful starting materials for the preparation of other halides by reaction with HX. Despite the high lattice energy of CaF,, the salt reacts on stirring in aq HI l o : CaF,

+ 2 HI

-

CaI,

+ 2 HF

( 4

CAUTION: Reactions of hydrogen halides with some of the more reactive compounds (e.g., hydroxides and carbonates) can be vigorous and highly exothermic and may require cooling. See g2.7.1. (J.H. CLARK)

1. J. H. Simons, ed., Fluorine Chemistry, Vol. 1, Academic Press, New York, 1950. Good reference text. 2. Z. E. Jolles, ed., Bromine and Its Compounds,Benn, London, 1966. Good reference text. 3. M. Grayson, D. Eckroth, eds., Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology,3rd ed., Vol. 10, Wiley, New York, 1980. Good reference text on commercial routes to metal fluorides. 4. J. C. Bailer Jr., H. J. Emeleus, R. Nyholm, A. F. Trotman-Dickenson, eds., Comprehensive Inorganic Chemistry, Vols. 1 and 2, Pergamon, Oxford, 1973. Valuable reference text. 5. M. C. Sneed, J. L. Maynard, R.C . Brasted, ComprehensiveInorganic Chemistry, Van Nostrand, New York, 1954. Good reference text. 6. P. C. L. Thorne, E. R. Roberts, Fritz Ephraim’s Inorganic Chemistry, Oliver and Boyd, London, 1954. 7. K. R. Hyde, D. J. O’Connor, E. Wait, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 6, 14 (1958). 8. E. Schlegel, Ber. Deut. Keram. Ges., 47, 91 (1970). 9. J. Besson, Bull. Chim. SOC.Fr., 1175 (1951). 10. P. Pascal, ed., Nouveau Traitee de Chimie Minerale, Masson, Paris, 1958-1963. 11. G. Brauer, ed., Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, Academic Press, New York, pp. 1-63. Some useful experimental details. 12. H. A. Laitinen, W. S. Ferguson, R. A. Osteryoung, J. Electrochem. SOC.,104, 516 (1957). 13. H. S. Boothe, ed., Inorganic Syntheses, Vol. 1, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1939. 14. D. A. Everest, The Chemistry of Beryllium, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1964. 15. 0. N. Breusov, N. M. Vagutova, A. V. Novoselova, Yu. P. Simarov, Zh. Neorg. Khim., 4,2213 (1959); Chem. Abstr., 54, 14,897 (1960). 16. 0. G. Gromov, N. B. Vaskoboinikov, E. P. Lokshin, V. I. Tkachev, A. L. Lifits, V. I. Kleinburg, USSR Pat. 504,695 (1976); Chem. Abstr., 84, 182,163 (1976). 17. A. Teodoru, S. Moldovan, I. Hodosan, G. Vursuc, Rom. Pat. 46,804 (1967); Chem. Abstr., 68, 97,079 (1968). 18. A. N. Ketov, L. P. Kostin, E. I. Terent’eva, Izv. Vyssh. Ucheb. Zaved. Khim. Tekhnol., 11, 680 (1968); Chem. Abstr., 69, 102,699 (1968). 19. I. M. Kolthoff, J. J. Ligane, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 58, 1524 (1936). 20. I. V. Vinarov, I. B. Fraiman, S. A. Kolach, Khim. Tekhnol.,Respub. Mezhevedom.Nauch.-Tekh. Sb. No. 6, 98 (1966); Chem. Abstr., 68, 74,704 (1968). 21. N. V. Lutugina, B. A. Vovsi, L. I. Kislyakova, Zh. Prikl. Khim., 43,2215 (1970); Chem.Abstr., 74, 33,026 (1971). 22. R.E. Banks, H. Goldwhite, Handbuch Exp. Pharmakol., 20, l(1966). 23. R. D. Goodenough, T. G. Cook, US. Pat 3,132,922 (1964); Chem. Abstr., 61, 1,536 (1965).


2.7. Formation of the Halogen-Group-IA and GrouF-!IA Metal Bond 2.7.6. from Reaction of Oxides with Halogens.

87

2.7.6. from Reaction of Oxides with Halogens. Because of the availability of most metal oxides, methods of converting oxides to halides by treatment with halogens are well The oxides of the group-IIA metals are readily obtained by calcination of the carbonates and are therefore convenient and inexpensive precursors for their respective halides. The oxides of the group IA metals, however, are not easily obtained from the carbonates or other readily available salts and the conversion of group-IA metal oxides to their halides is a much less useful preparative method. In general, the method is most usefully exploited in the preparation of chlorides and bromides of group-IIA metals. Reducing conditions are usually considered necessary to enable the reaction of Br, with a group-IIA metal oxide to proceed easily. The corresponding reactions with C1, are generally more facile especially with the oxides of the heavier metals. These reactions may be accomplished in the absence of a reducing agent. Thus the chlorides of Ca, Sr, Ba and Ra can be prepared by the action of C1, on the respective oxide3g4: MO

+ C1,

-

MCl,

+ 0.5 0,

(a)

The only special precaution required for such reactions is the exclusion of 0, from the systems. The bromides of the group-IIA metals and the chlorides of Be and Mg are best prepared by first intimately mixing the oxide with a carbonaceous material and then pyrolyzing the mixture in the absence of air. Only then should the C1, or Br, be introduced into the system. The preliminary step ensures good contact between the oxide and carbon. In a typical preparation, well-ground B e 0 and excess sucrose (typically up to 10 times the quantity by weight) are first heated together in air and then burned so as to leave an intimate BeO-carbon mixture5. The finely ground mixture is then heated to > 550°C in a dry N, atmosphere followed by exposure to a ca. 50:50 (by vol) mixture of C1, and N,. Reaction proceeds smoothly under these conditions and the BeCI, product leaves the system as a smoke and collects in the cooler parts of the reactor as a white crystalline material. A yield of up to 70% BeCl, based on the B e 0 used can be readily obtained. Further conversion of unreacted B e 0 can be achieved by recharging with additional carbon as described above. In this way, almost quantitative conversion of the Be0 can be achieved: Be0

+ C1, + C

>55OoC

BeCl,

+ CO

The product is best purified by sublimation under N, at a T of 380°C. Several sublimations are required to obtain a highly pure product but these can be carried out conveniently within the same apparatus6. Reaction T as high as 1200°Care required for the corresponding reaction with Br, 7 : Be0

+ Br, + C

1200°C

BeBr,

+ CO

The T can probably be lowered somewhat without significact loss in reaction efficiency if the BeO-carbon mixture is preheated as described for the BeCl, preparation. The product should be sublimed under high vacuum at 310°C '. Similar methods can be empIoyed successfuIIy for preparing all of the chlorides and bromides of the group-IIA metals. Heating is required in all cases but reaction T can be

88

2.7. Formation of the Halogen-Group-IA and Group-IIA Metal Bond 2.7.7. from Reactions of Oxides of Metals with Nonmetal Halides.

much lower than those described above especially for reactions involving C1, or the heavier group-IIA metal oxides and where efficient premixing of the oxide and carbon is carried out. Product yields are usually very good and anhydrous materials are obtained, so the method is very useful for those halides that are especially sensitive to hydrolysis. Reducing agents other than carbon itself can be employed in the oxide-halogen process. Carbon monoxide can be used typically by flowing CO over the treated oxide before exposure to the halogen*. Thus MgO can be chlorinated quantitatively only in the presence of a reducing agent such as CO '. The CO should be H, free to avoid the formation of H,O in situ. Initial treatment of MgO at 750°C is followed by treatment with a 50:50 (by vol) C1,-CO mixture. If the reaction is carried out by flowing the gases upward through the MgO, the product, MgCl,, drips down from the reaction chamber and can be collected as a white granular materialg: MgO

+ C1, + CO

750°C

MgCl,

+ CO,

(4

In an improvement on this method, the oxide is first mixed with small quantities of sand to assist reduction. Reactions of metal oxides with F, can be troublesome. Thus reaction of B e 0 with F, in a Ni reaction furnace at 210°C for 3 h gives a product that only contains ca. 10 % of the expected fluorine for pure BeF, lo. The reaction of B e 0 with H F is a much more efficient process (see $2.7.5). CAUTION: See 82.7.1. (J.H CLARK)

1. J. C. Bailer Jr., H. J. Emeleus, R. Nyholm, A. F. Trotman-Dickenson, eds., Comprehensive Inorganic Chemistry, Vols. 1 and 2, Pergamon, Oxford, 1973. Valuable reference text. 2. Z. E. Jolles, ed., Bromine and Its Compounds,Benn, London, 1966. Good background reading. 3. K. D. Dobryshin, I. I. Bloshtein, Tr. Leningrad. Tekhnol. Inst. Tsellyu1.-Burn.Prom., 91 (1970); Chem. Abstr., 74, 89,205 (1971). 4. P. Pascal, ed., Nouveau Traite de Chimie Minerale, Masson, Paris, 1958-1963. 5. G. B. Feild, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 61, 1817 (1939). 6. G. Brauer, ed., Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, Academic Press, New York, 1963. Detailed technical aspects of the experimental equipment. 7. N. Ya. Turova, A. V. Novoselova, K. H. Semenenko, Zh. Neorg. Khim., 5, 117 (1960); Chem. Abstr., 54, 17,135 (1960). 8. C. B. Wendell, M. J. Greene, Fr. Pat. 1,525,825 (1968); Chem. Abstr., 71, 23,338 (1969). 9. W. D. Treadwell, A. Cohen, T. Zurrer, Helv. Chim. Acta, 22, 449 (1939). 10. K. R. Hyde, D. J. O'Connor, E. Wait, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 6, 14 (1958).

2.7.7. from Reactions of Oxides of the Group-IIA Metals with Nonmetal Halides (Excluding Hydrogen Halides). Because of the availability of the oxides of the group-IIA metals, methods of converting oxides to halides are potentially very useful. Various nonmetal compound sources of halogen, apart from the HX and the halogens themselves, have been employed for this purpose. These include CCl,, ClF,, COCl,, SOCl,, S,Cl,, PCl,, NH,F, [NH,][HF,] CH,COCl, CBr,, S,Br, and SOBr, l-,. In most nonmetal halide-metal oxide reactions, water must be carefully excluded from the systems to avoid competing hydrolysis of the nonmetal halide.


88


much lower than those described above especially for reactions involving C1, or the heavier group-IIA metal oxides and where efficient premixing of the oxide and carbon is carried out. Product yields are usually very good and anhydrous materials are obtained, so the method is very useful for those halides that are especially sensitive to hydrolysis. Reducing agents other than carbon itself can be employed in the oxide-halogen process. Carbon monoxide can be used typically by flowing CO over the treated oxide before exposure to the halogen*. Thus MgO can be chlorinated quantitatively only in the presence of a reducing agent such as CO '. The CO should be H, free to avoid the formation of H,O in situ. Initial treatment of MgO at 750°C is followed by treatment with a 50:50 (by vol) C1,-CO mixture. If the reaction is carried out by flowing the gases upward through the MgO, the product, MgCl,, drips down from the reaction chamber and can be collected as a white granular materialg: MgO

+ C1, + CO

750°C

MgCl,

+ CO,

(4

In an improvement on this method, the oxide is first mixed with small quantities of sand to assist reduction. Reactions of metal oxides with F, can be troublesome. Thus reaction of B e 0 with F, in a Ni reaction furnace at 210°C for 3 h gives a product that only contains ca. 10 % of the expected fluorine for pure BeF, lo. The reaction of B e 0 with H F is a much more efficient process (see $2.7.5). CAUTION: See 82.7.1. (J.H CLARK)

1. J. C. Bailer Jr., H. J. Emeleus, R. Nyholm, A. F. Trotman-Dickenson, eds., Comprehensive Inorganic Chemistry, Vols. 1 and 2, Pergamon, Oxford, 1973. Valuable reference text. 2. Z. E. Jolles, ed., Bromine and Its Compounds,Benn, London, 1966. Good background reading. 3. K. D. Dobryshin, I. I. Bloshtein, Tr. Leningrad. Tekhnol. Inst. Tsellyu1.-Burn.Prom., 91 (1970); Chem. Abstr., 74, 89,205 (1971). 4. P. Pascal, ed., Nouveau Traite de Chimie Minerale, Masson, Paris, 1958-1963. 5. G. B. Feild, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 61, 1817 (1939). 6. G. Brauer, ed., Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, Academic Press, New York, 1963. Detailed technical aspects of the experimental equipment. 7. N. Ya. Turova, A. V. Novoselova, K. H. Semenenko, Zh. Neorg. Khim., 5, 117 (1960); Chem. Abstr., 54, 17,135 (1960). 8. C. B. Wendell, M. J. Greene, Fr. Pat. 1,525,825 (1968); Chem. Abstr., 71, 23,338 (1969). 9. W. D. Treadwell, A. Cohen, T. Zurrer, Helv. Chim. Acta, 22, 449 (1939). 10. K. R. Hyde, D. J. O'Connor, E. Wait, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 6, 14 (1958).

2.7.7. from Reactions of Oxides of the Group-IIA Metals with Nonmetal Halides (Excluding Hydrogen Halides). Because of the availability of the oxides of the group-IIA metals, methods of converting oxides to halides are potentially very useful. Various nonmetal compound sources of halogen, apart from the HX and the halogens themselves, have been employed for this purpose. These include CCl,, ClF,, COCl,, SOCl,, S,Cl,, PCl,, NH,F, [NH,][HF,] CH,COCl, CBr,, S,Br, and SOBr, l-,. In most nonmetal halide-metal oxide reactions, water must be carefully excluded from the systems to avoid competing hydrolysis of the nonmetal halide.


89

Carbon tetrachloride reacts with the oxides of the heavier group-IIA metals at 250-330°C 5 : 2 MO

+ CCI,

-

2 MCl,

+ CO,

(a)

where M = Mg, Ca, Se, Ba, Ra. The analogous reaction of Be0 with CCI, requires a T of 800°C for efficient halogenation6: 2 Be0

+ CCl,

800°C

2 BeCl,

+C02

(b)

In practice, the CCl, is passed over a well-ground sample of the metal oxide heated to the required T. Various salts of the group-IIA metals, including the oxides, react with SOCl, at elevated T. Appreciably higher T are required to react the oxides than for the analogous reactions of some other salts such as acetates and formates'. The general reaction: MO

+ SOCl,

-

MCl,

+ SO,

(c)

where M = Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra, is a very useful one as the reaction T are less than those required for the MO-CCl, reaction. Furthermore, since SOCI, reacts selectively with any water present, the products are generally anhydrous. Other reactive nonmetal chlorides such as COCl,, S,Cl,, PCl, and CH,COCI can also be used to convert oxides of the group-IIA metals into their respective anhydrous chlorides,. Reactions are usually accomplished by passing the nonmetal chloride vapor over the heated oxide in a dry N, atmosphere. Those reactions involving the formation of highly volatile side products are usually preferred so as to simplify the subsequent workup and product purification. Similar reactions can be employed to prepare anhydrous bromides, although high reaction T may be required: e.g., S,Br, reacts with MgO only at 600°C to give MgBr, The nonmetal halide-metal oxide method is not generally used to prepare metal iodides largely due to the instability or unavailability of suitable nonmetal iodides. The pseudo-nonmetal halide, AlI,, however, is a useful source of iodine in such reactionsg; e.g., CaO, is converted to its iodide by heating with AII, at 230°C for 24 h:

'.

3 CaO + 2 AlI,

230°C

3 CaI,

+ A1,0,

(d)

The product CaI,, can be extracted by washing with H,O and subsequent dehydration under vacuum. Beryllium iodide can be prepared by the reaction of Be0 with the calculated amount of AlI, in a sealed tube":

3 Be0 + 2 AlI,

-

3 BeI,

+ A1,0,

(e)

Anhydrous conditions are extremely important due to the sensitivity of BeI, and AlI, to hydrolysis. It is advisable to use freshly prepared AII, (from the reaction of metallic A1 with I, vapor) for such reactions. Nonmetal fluorides capable of acting as fluorinating agents include ClF,, NH,F and XeF,. Reaction of Be0 with ClF, requires high T 1 2 : 6 Be0

+ 4 ClF,

600°C

6 BeF,

+ 3 0, + 2 C1,

(f)

90

2.7. Formation of the Halogen-Group-IA and Group-IIA Metal Bond 2.7.7.from Reactions of Oxides of Metals with Nonmetal Halides.

but even at 600"C, analysis of the product suggests less than 60% conversion to BeF, after 3 h. At 200°C the conversion is less than 20 % after the same time. This reaction is more efficient than that of Be0 with F, but less efficient than that of Be0 with H F (see

52.7.5).

Reactions of the nonmetal halides described probably involve nucleophilic attack of oxide anion on the highly electrophilic S,P and C centers. In contrast to this, reactions of NH,X and [NHJCHX,] with the oxides of the metals of group IIA probably involve initial decomposition of the ammonium salts:

-

[NH4]X

[NH,][HX,]

1

NH,

+ HX

+ HX

These ammonium salts can be regarded as convenient sources of HX. The general reaction: MO

+ 2 NH,X

-

MX,

+ 2 NH, + H,O

(h)

is particularly useful for converting oxides to fluorides as NH,F or [NH,][HF,] are much easier to handle than alternative reagents such as ClF,, XeF,, F, or HF. Reactions are usually accomplished by heating an intimate solid mixture of the oxide and the [NH,]' salt. Thus Be0 is efficiently converted to BeF, by reaction with NH,F or [NH,][HF,] 1 2 : Be0 Be0

+ 2 NH,F

-

+ [NH,][HF,]

250°C

BeF,

250°C

+ 2 NH, + H,O

BeF,

+ NH, + H,O

(9 (j)

The reaction proceeds via formation of the BeF,*2 NH, complex, which is formed at 100°C and then decomposed to BeF, at 250°C.Similar reactions have been accomplished with the use of ultrasonic excitation as well as thermal energy. Thus MgF, is formed on heating MgO with NH,F or [NH,][HF,] is an ultrasonic field at 10-400 kHz 13. CAUTION: many nonmetal halides are hazardous substances that may react violently with water, releasing corrosive hydrogen halides. The more reactive nonmetal fluorides such as XeF, should be treated with the same care and attentionas F, (see $2.7.1). (J.H. CLARK)

1. J. C. Bailer Jr., H. J. Emeleus, R. Nyholm, A. F. Trotman-Dickenson, eds. Comprehensive Inorganic Chemistry, Vols. 1 and 2, Pergamon, Oxford, 1973. Valuable reference text. 2. D. A. Everest, The Chemistry of Beryllium, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1964. 3. M. C. Sneed, J. L. Maynard, R. C. Brasted, ComprehensiveInorganic Chemistry, Van Nostrand, New York, 1954. Good reference text. 4. P. Powell, P. L. Timrns, The Chemistry of the Non-Metals, Chapman and Hall, London, 1974. 5. S. Y. Tyree, Znorg. Synth., 4, 104 (1953). 6. F. A. Cotton, G. Wilkinson, Advanced Inorganic Chemistry, 2nd ed., Interscience, New York, 1966. 7. D. Khristov, S. Karaivanov, V. Kolushki, Fiz-Mat. Fak. Khim., 55, 49 (1960); Chem. Abstr., 59, 3513 (1964). 8. P. Pascal, ed., Nouveau Traite de Chimie Minerale, Masson, Paris, 1958-1963.

2.7.Formation of the Halogen-Group-IA and Group-IIA Metal Bond

91

2.7.8. Reaction of Carbides of Elements with Halogen and Hydrogen Halides

M. Chaigneau, Bull. Chim. Soc. Fr., 886 (1957). G . B. Wood, A. Brenner, J. Electrochem. SOC.,104, 29 (1957). K. R. Hyde, D. J. OConnor, E. Wait, J. Znorg. Nucl. Chem., 6, 14 (1958). K. Sawanoto, T. Oki. J. Tanikawa, Men. Fas. Eng. - Nagoya - . Univ., 14,209 (1962); Chem. Abstr., 59, 10,963 (1964). 13. V. I. Rodin, USSR Pat. 424,808 (1974); Chem. Abstr., 81, 138,189 (1974).

9. 10. 11. 12.

2.7.8. from Reaction of Carbides of the Elements with Halogen and Hydrogen Halides The reaction of a halogen or HX with a metal carbide is a useful route to anhydrous metal halides’. The method is especially useful where alternative wet methods cannot be used, that is for the preparation of metal halides that are susceptible to hydrolysis. The major disadvantage of the method is the high T required for reaction. The reaction of Be,C with I, or HI is one of the best methods for preparing pure BeI, p5.The carbide is allowed to react with purified and dried HI or with a mixture of H, and I, in a quartz tube at 700°C: Be,C

+ 4 HI

Be,C

+ 2 I,

700°C

2 BeI,

700°C

2 BeI,

+ CH,

(a)

+C

(b)

Higher reaction T do not result in significant improvements in the quality or quantity of the product. The major impurity present in the BeI, prepared in this way is SiI, which results from attack of BeI, on the glass. The SiI, can be removed by heating the product mixture to 85°C at which temperature it sublimes off. At higher T the BeI, sublimes off and this can be utilized in final product purification. Similar methods can be employed for the preparation of other BeX,. The bromide is formed in good yield by the action of Br, on Be,C at 500°C 3,6: Be,C

500°C

+ 2 Br,

2 BeBr,

+C

2 BeCl,

+C

(c)

Formation of the chloride requires higher T 3 : Be&

+ 2 C1,

800°C

Fluorine is not usually used for the conversion of Be& to BeF, due to its extreme reactivity and hazardous nature. Gaseous H F reacts with Be,C at elevated T 6*7: Be,C

+ 4 HF

-

2 BeF,

+ CH,

(el

In all cases good yields of anhydrous products are obtained if the reactants are carefully dried and purified before use. The carbides of the heavier metals of groups IIA and those of group IA will react with the halogens and HX. The reactions, however, do not represent useful routes to the metal halides. These carbides (with the exception of intercalation compounds) are strictly derivatives of acetylene (e.g., CaC,) and are generally more difficult to prepare in pure


2.7.Formation of the Halogen-Group-IA and Group-IIA Metal Bond

91

2.7.8. Reaction of Carbides of Elements with Halogen and Hydrogen Halides

M. Chaigneau, Bull. Chim. Soc. Fr., 886 (1957). G . B. Wood, A. Brenner, J. Electrochem. SOC.,104, 29 (1957). K. R. Hyde, D. J. OConnor, E. Wait, J. Znorg. Nucl. Chem., 6, 14 (1958). K. Sawanoto, T. Oki. J. Tanikawa, Men. Fas. Eng. - Nagoya - . Univ., 14,209 (1962); Chem. Abstr., 59, 10,963 (1964). 13. V. I. Rodin, USSR Pat. 424,808 (1974); Chem. Abstr., 81, 138,189 (1974).

9. 10. 11. 12.

2.7.8. from Reaction of Carbides of the Elements with Halogen and Hydrogen Halides The reaction of a halogen or HX with a metal carbide is a useful route to anhydrous metal halides’. The method is especially useful where alternative wet methods cannot be used, that is for the preparation of metal halides that are susceptible to hydrolysis. The major disadvantage of the method is the high T required for reaction. The reaction of Be,C with I, or HI is one of the best methods for preparing pure BeI, p5.The carbide is allowed to react with purified and dried HI or with a mixture of H, and I, in a quartz tube at 700°C: Be,C

+ 4 HI

Be,C

+ 2 I,

700°C

2 BeI,

700°C

2 BeI,

+ CH,

(a)

+C

(b)

Higher reaction T do not result in significant improvements in the quality or quantity of the product. The major impurity present in the BeI, prepared in this way is SiI, which results from attack of BeI, on the glass. The SiI, can be removed by heating the product mixture to 85°C at which temperature it sublimes off. At higher T the BeI, sublimes off and this can be utilized in final product purification. Similar methods can be employed for the preparation of other BeX,. The bromide is formed in good yield by the action of Br, on Be,C at 500°C 3,6: Be,C

500°C

+ 2 Br,

2 BeBr,

+C

2 BeCl,

+C

(c)

Formation of the chloride requires higher T 3 : Be&

+ 2 C1,

800°C

Fluorine is not usually used for the conversion of Be& to BeF, due to its extreme reactivity and hazardous nature. Gaseous H F reacts with Be,C at elevated T 6*7: Be,C

+ 4 HF

-

2 BeF,

+ CH,

(el

In all cases good yields of anhydrous products are obtained if the reactants are carefully dried and purified before use. The carbides of the heavier metals of groups IIA and those of group IA will react with the halogens and HX. The reactions, however, do not represent useful routes to the metal halides. These carbides (with the exception of intercalation compounds) are strictly derivatives of acetylene (e.g., CaC,) and are generally more difficult to prepare in pure

92

2.7. Formation of the Halogen-Group-IA and Group-IIA Metal Bond 2.7.9. from Metathetical Reactions (Anion-Halide Exchange).

form, are often hygroscopic and can, on reaction with HX for example, give a mixture of products. CAUTION: see 52.7.1. (J.H. CLARK)

1. J. C. Bailer Jr., H. J. Emeleus, R. Nyholm, A. F. Trotman-Dickenson, eds., Comprehensive Inorganic Chemisfry, Vols. 1 and 2, Pergamon, Oxford, 1973. Valuable reference sources. 2. R. E. Dodd, P. L. Robinson, Experimental Inorganic Chemistry, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1957. 3. D. A. Everest, The Chemistry of Beryllium, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1964. Good reference text. 4. G . Brauer, ed., Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, 2nd, ed., Vol. 1, Academic Press, New York, 1963. 5. R. E. Johnson, E. Staritzky, R. M. Douglass, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,79,2037 (1957). 6. P. Pascal, ed., Nouveau Traite de Chimie Minerale, Masson, Paris, 1958-1963. 7. J. H. Simons, ed., Fluorine Chemistry, Vol. 1, Academic Press, New York, 1950.

2.7.9. from Metathetical Reactions (Anion-Halide Exchange). Among the different reactions that can be considered for preparing the halides of the metals of groups IA and IIA is the double transformation (metathetical) reaction: MA

+ M'X

-

MX

+ M'A

(a)

where MA is the source of the metal and M'X the source of the halogen. The reaction proceeds if one of the products can be removed from the reaction system by precipitation or volatilization. Ion-exchange resins (where A or M' is an insoluble polymeric matrix) can also be employed. Some halogen exchange reactions (i.e. A = halide) are industrially important'. One useful solution to the problem of producing a mixture of products is the use of a volatile halogenating agent such as a boron, Si or carbon halide or a thermally unstable halogenating agent such as an ammonium halide. An experimentally simple route to anhyd metal bromides is based on the reaction of metal chlorides with BBr, 2 * 3 : 3 MCl,

+ n BBr,

-

3 MBr,

+ n BCl,

(b)

where n = 1 or 2. The BBr, reacts exothermically with the metal chloride on mixing at or near RT, giving an almost quantitative yield of metal bromide since the BCl, side product is highly volatile under the conditions of the experiment. Water must be excluded from the reaction system to avoid hydrolysis of BBr,. The mechanism of the reaction probably involves reversible halide-ion abstraction by BX,, with halogenoborate anion intermediates. The reaction of a metal fluoride with Six, (X = C1, Br or I) is an excellent method preparing anhydrous metal halides' : MF,

+ 0.25n Six,

-

MX,

+ 0.25n SiF,

(c)

where X = C1, Br or I; n = 1 or 2. The reaction relies on the great difference between the free energies of formation of SiF, (1510 kJmol- ') on one hand and of SiCl,, SiBr, or SiI, (560, 381, 136 kJmol-', respectively) on the other. The reactions require heating. Thus the transformation T of LiF into LiCl using SiCl, is 250°C, whereas with NaF it is 400"C, and with KF it is 500°C. Silicon tetrahalides are more efficient halogenating agents than


92


form, are often hygroscopic and can, on reaction with HX for example, give a mixture of products. CAUTION: see 52.7.1. (J.H. CLARK)

1. J. C. Bailer Jr., H. J. Emeleus, R. Nyholm, A. F. Trotman-Dickenson, eds., Comprehensive Inorganic Chemisfry, Vols. 1 and 2, Pergamon, Oxford, 1973. Valuable reference sources. 2. R. E. Dodd, P. L. Robinson, Experimental Inorganic Chemistry, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1957. 3. D. A. Everest, The Chemistry of Beryllium, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1964. Good reference text. 4. G . Brauer, ed., Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, 2nd, ed., Vol. 1, Academic Press, New York, 1963. 5. R. E. Johnson, E. Staritzky, R. M. Douglass, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,79,2037 (1957). 6. P. Pascal, ed., Nouveau Traite de Chimie Minerale, Masson, Paris, 1958-1963. 7. J. H. Simons, ed., Fluorine Chemistry, Vol. 1, Academic Press, New York, 1950.

2.7.9. from Metathetical Reactions (Anion-Halide Exchange). Among the different reactions that can be considered for preparing the halides of the metals of groups IA and IIA is the double transformation (metathetical) reaction: MA

+ M'X

-

MX

+ M'A

(a)

where MA is the source of the metal and M'X the source of the halogen. The reaction proceeds if one of the products can be removed from the reaction system by precipitation or volatilization. Ion-exchange resins (where A or M' is an insoluble polymeric matrix) can also be employed. Some halogen exchange reactions (i.e. A = halide) are industrially important'. One useful solution to the problem of producing a mixture of products is the use of a volatile halogenating agent such as a boron, Si or carbon halide or a thermally unstable halogenating agent such as an ammonium halide. An experimentally simple route to anhyd metal bromides is based on the reaction of metal chlorides with BBr, 2 * 3 : 3 MCl,

+ n BBr,

-

3 MBr,

+ n BCl,

(b)

where n = 1 or 2. The BBr, reacts exothermically with the metal chloride on mixing at or near RT, giving an almost quantitative yield of metal bromide since the BCl, side product is highly volatile under the conditions of the experiment. Water must be excluded from the reaction system to avoid hydrolysis of BBr,. The mechanism of the reaction probably involves reversible halide-ion abstraction by BX,, with halogenoborate anion intermediates. The reaction of a metal fluoride with Six, (X = C1, Br or I) is an excellent method preparing anhydrous metal halides' : MF,

+ 0.25n Six,

-

MX,

+ 0.25n SiF,

(c)

where X = C1, Br or I; n = 1 or 2. The reaction relies on the great difference between the free energies of formation of SiF, (1510 kJmol- ') on one hand and of SiCl,, SiBr, or SiI, (560, 381, 136 kJmol-', respectively) on the other. The reactions require heating. Thus the transformation T of LiF into LiCl using SiCl, is 250°C, whereas with NaF it is 400"C, and with KF it is 500°C. Silicon tetrahalides are more efficient halogenating agents than

2.7. Formation of the Halogen-Group-IA and Group-HA Metal Bond 2.7.9. from Metathetical Reactions (Anion-Halide Exchange).

93

the hydrogen halides'. Water must be excluded from the reaction systems to avoid hydrolysis of the silicon tetrahalides. Carbon tetrahalides can also be used to convert metal fluorides into their corresponding halides' : MF,

+ 0.25n CX,

-

MX,

+ 0.25n CF,

(4

'

where X = C1, Br, I ; n = 1 or 2. The free energy of formation of CF, is some 500 kJ molmore favorable than those of the heavier CX,. Reaction T are again high and the reactions are generally less efficient than those employing the silicon tetrahalides. Carbon tetrahalides, however, are much easier and safer to handle than Six, or BX,. The production of an unstable side product (M'A, where A = anion) in a metathetical reaction (Eq. a) can help to push the overall reaction to completion if the resulting decomposition products are gaseous under the conditions of the experiment. A good illustration of this is provided by the reaction of BaH, with NH,I in pyridine,. The products of the exchange reaction is expected to be BaI, and [NH,]H but the instability of the latter product results in the formation of gaseous NH, and H, which helps to drive the reaction to completion: BaH,

+ 2 NH,I

C5H5N

BaI,

+ 2 NH, + H,

This reaction occurs spontaneously at RT on addition of NHJ-PA to a suspension of BaH,-PA. The hydride is used in excess and is filtered away from the PA solution of BaI, at the end of the reaction. Removal of the PA followed by drying of the solid product at 100°C under vacuum gives the adduct BaI,.C,H,N, which can be decomposed at 150-160°C in vacuo to give pure BaI, in a 97 % yield. This is a particularly useful method for preparing BaI,, although it should also be suitable for many other metal halides of groups IA and IIA. Metathetical reactions involving the production of an insoluble product or side product can also provide efficient routes to metal halides of groups IA and IIA. Thus the reaction of AlBr, (usually prepared fresh in solution by the reaction of bromine water with metallic Al) with metal hydroxides gives a solution of the metal bromide and a ppt of insoluble Al(OH), 5 : 3 M(OH),

+ n AlBr,

-

3 MBr,

+ n Al(OH),

(f)

where n = 1 or 2. Cesium bromide can be made by the reaction of a soluble bromide such as BaBr, with Cs,SO, 6 : BaBr,

+ Cs,SO,

2 CsBr + BaSO,

(8)

Similar reactions can be employed for the preparation of KBr, RbBr and FrBr7. The reactions are driven to near completion by the formation of insoluble BaSO,. Alkalimetal iodides can be prepared in good yields by similar reactions; e.g., LiSO, reacts with BaI, to give LiI in near quantitative yield: Li,SO,

+ BaI,

2 LiI

+ BaSO,

(h)

The xs BaZ+ ions can be removed from the product mixture by precipitation with [NH,],CO,. Pure LiI can be obtained by sublimating the evaporated filtrate at high T '.

94


High-T fusion reactions can be employed to prepare metal halides from insoluble starting materials. Thus fusion of a finely ground, well-mixed mixture of CaF, and Na,CO, gives' NaF: CaF,

+ Na,CO,

-

2 NaF

+ CaCO,

(i)

The reaction is quantitative and the NaF can be removed from the cooled mixture by thorough washing with water. Similarly, BaCl, can be prepared in good yields by the fusion of a mixture of BaSO, and CaCl, at 900-1000°C 7 : BaSO,

+ CaCl,

-

BaCl,

+ CaSO,

(j)

Excess CaCl, should be used to maximize product formation. Once again the product is easily removed by washing the mixture in H,O followed by evaporation and final drying. Metathetical reactions can also be employed as routes to metal halides where more direct methods may fail to produce pure products. Thus the Br,-potassium salt route to KBr (see $2.7.4) is troubled by competing KBrO, production and this can be overcome by treating the potassium salt with a high oxidation state transition-metal bromide such as Fe,Br, ': Fe,Br,.16 H,O

+ 4 K,CO,

100°C

8 KBr

+ 4 CO, + Fe,O, + 16 H,O

(k)

Methods based on the use of ion-exchange resins provide simple and direct routes to many halides of the metals of groups IA and IIA'. The major disadvantages of the technique is that reactions should be carried out using quite dilute solutions of reagents so as to avoid leakage of the undesired ion. Anion- and cation-exchange resins can be employed, although the desired product must usually be soluble in water and multiple passes may be necessary to achieve good conversion. In a typical reaction an aqueous solution of a metal chloride, bromide or iodide is passed through an excess of anion-exchange resin in its F- form until the eluent fails to give a precipitate with aq AgNO,: MX

+ resin-F-

-

MF

+ resin-)(-

(1)

where X = C1, Br or I. Exchange reactions that are not easily monitored by simple qualitative tests can be troublesome and often result in the formation of mixtures of product and reactant. For cation-exchange reactions", the conversion of a potassium salt to the corresponding sodium salt is quite easily accomplished since an exchanger such as the strongly acidic sulfonic acid resin exhibits a higher affinity for K than for Na. The opposite conversion is less easy to accomplish and even at very slow flow rates we would only be able to utilize a slight portion of the normal column capacity of the resin. Several ion-exchange resins suitable for nonaqueous work are now commercially available and can be used for exchange reactions involving water-insoluble or watersensitive materials. Care should be taken to avoid decomposition of the resin under nonaqueous conditions which can easily be promoted by the more basic anions such as fluoride". Astatine has been coprecipitated with CsI, from an aq I,-Isoh, presumably as CsAtI, ".


95

CAUTION: some of the heavier nonmetal halides (e.g., BBr,) are dangerous substances and can react explosively with water. See 52.7.1. (J.H. CLARK)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

Ph. Speeckaert, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 29, 1542 (1967). P. M. Druce, M. F. Lappert, P. N. K. Riley, J. Chem. SOC.,Chem, Commun., 486 (1967). P. M. Druce, M. F. Lappert, J. Chem. SOC.,A , 3595 (1971). M. D. Taylor, L. R. Grant, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,77, 1507 (1955). 0. V. Lebedev, V. K. Fomin, Y. S. Aksenov, Yu. 0. Lebedev, V. M. Zhukov, USSR Pat. 865,776 (1981); Chem. Abstr., 96, 54,742 (1982). Z. E. Jolles, ed., Bromine and Its Compounds, Benn, London, 1966. P. Pascal, ed., Nouveau Traite de Chimie Minerale, Masson, Paris, 1958-1963. J. J. Jacobs, Potassium Compounds, Kirk-Othmer, Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, Vol. 16, 2nd ed., Interscience, New York, 1967. H. B. Jonassen, A. Weissberger, Technique of Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 4, Interscience, New York, 1965, p. 1. B. T. Mandalia, N. Khrishnaswamy, Ind. J. Technol., 10, 202 (1972). J. H. Clark, Chem. Rev., 80, 429 (1980). G. A. Brinkman, J. Th. Veenboer, A. H. W. Aten Jr., Radiochim. Acta, 2,48 (1963).


2.8. The Formation of the Halogen-Group-IB

(Cu, Ag, Au) or Group-IIB (Zn, Cd, Hg) Metal Bond 2.8.1. Introduction This section reviews the formation of halogen-group-IB or group-IIB metal bonds and is divided such that $2.8.2-$2.8.13 cover group-IB metal compounds and $2.8.14-$2.8.23 deal with group-IIB metal compounds. Group-IB metal species in which the metal is in the 3 +, 2 or 1 oxidation states are fully covered. However, the formation of fluoro compounds in which the metal oxidation state exceeds 3 +, e.g., AuF,, [AuF,]-, [CuF,I2-, is only briefly mentioned because this area is fully reviewed in $2.11. In addition to binary halides and halogenoanions, the synthesis of organometal halides are also considered, as appropriate, in $2.8.5, 2.8.6 and 2.8.23.

+

+

(D. A. EDWARDS)

2.8.2. from the Elements. Table 1 shows the oxidation states displayed by the group-IB metals in combination with the halogens; and Table 2 lists those halides obtained by direct reactions of the constituent elements. The higher oxidation states are, as expected, displayed in combination with F,. However, direct fluorination of the metals does not induce formation of the highest oxidation states e.g., fluorination of copper, which requires a temperature of 500°C to achieve a reasonable reaction rate' (see $2.8.7.1), affords only CuF,, whereas both [CuF,]' - and [CuF,I3 - are known. The 4 + oxidation state is known in Cs,[CuF,], prepared by high-pressure fluorination of 1:1 Cs[CuCl,]-CsCl mixtures, or by reacting CsF with CuF, under a high fluorine pressure3. Single crystals of Cs,[CuF,] are obtained4 by exposing Cs[CuCl,] to a stream of F, (350 x lo5 N m-') at 400°C for 5 wk, followed by 250°C for 1 wk. Copper(III), established in K3[CuF,] 5- and K,Na[CuF,] , is obtained by fluorination of alkali-metal chloride-CuC1, mixtures. TABLE1. OXIDATION STATES OF GROUP-IBMETALS IN BINARY HALIDES OR HALOANIONS _

cu Ag Au a

96

_

~ ~~

Va V

IV IV" IV"

Not totally confirmed.

I11 111 I11

I1 I1

I I I

2.8. Formation of the Halogen (Cu, Ag, Au) or (Zn, Cd, Hg) Metal Bond 2.8.2. from the Elements.

97

TABLE 2. GROUP-IBMETALHALIDES SYNTHESIZED BY METAL-HALOGEN REACTIONS Oxidation state

+3 +2

AuF, CuF, A@,

f l

AgF

Au,Cl, CuCI,

Au,Br, CuBr,

CuCl AgCl AuCl

CuBr AgBr AuBr

CuI AgI AuI

Similarly, although fluorination of Ag at 250°C results only in the formation of AgF, 7, the highest oxidation state fluoride is AgF,. However, AgF, is isolated from reactions of Ag, AgF or preferably AgF, with KrF, in liq H F for 2 d at RT using polyperfluoroethylene apparatus'. This fluoride may be of the type Ag"[Ag'VF,], analogous to PdF,. Many salts containing the [AgF,] - anion (see 42.8.4.1) are known and high-pressure fluorination of a 2:l CsF-AgF, mixture at 400°C produces Cs,[AgF,], held to be the mixed Ag(III), Ag(V) compound, C S , [ A ~ ~ ' ! , A ~ ~ . , F , ] ~ ~ ~ ~ . Fluorination of Ag" over the temperature range 25-300°C and F, pressures of 50-600 torr (7-80 kN m-') forms Ag,F, AgF and AgF,. No AgF, was produced at a F, pressure of 50 torr (7 kN m-,) regardless of temperature, while at 200 torr (27 kN m-,) the amount of AgF, increases as the temperature increases. The situation with Au is even more intriguing. The only fluoride prepared from the elements (3500C and elevated pressure) is polymeric AuF, 12, in which the metal is in its most stable oxidation state. However, AuF, is isolable, although not by fluorination of the metal. It must be p r o d ~ c e d 'by ~ pyrolysis of [o,][AuF,] or [KrF][AuF,]. These salts arise from reactions of Au with F, and 0, at elevated pressure and 350°C or with KrF, in HF, respectively. Other representative hexafluorodurate(V) species are Cs[AuF,] from fluorination of Cs[AuCl,] at 300°C 14, [Xe,F"][AuF,] from XeF, at 400°C I5 and M[AuF,],(M = Ca, Sr) from high-pressure fluorination of M[AuF,], Gold(1V) is not well characterized but is said to be present in [NO],[AuF,] 17. The existence of this only known example of a Au(1V) compound requires confirmation. Although AgF is well-known, neither CuF nor AuF have been isolated. The reports of CuF in the early literature are now refuted, e.g., passage of F, mixed with C1, over Cu I' supposedly gave a red layer of CuF, but this was almost certainly Cu,O. A melt of CuF, at 950-1200°C loses F, and contains -70% CuF. However, on solidification disproportionation to the metal and CuF, occurs 19. Reactions of F, or HF with CuI fail to produce CuF, as does attempted reduction of a solution of CuF, in aq H F with Cu Mass spectral studies of CuF, detect CuF', but its appearance potential indicates that it merely arises from fragmentation of gaseous CuF, The monofluoride, is however, stabilized in the complex [CuF(PPh,),] 22. The preparation of AuF was claimed,,, but the work could not be repeated and estimated thermodynamic data imply its instability with respect to disproportionation to the metal and the trifluoride. Although reactions of the group-IB metals with F, do not bring about formation of the highest oxidation states, the metal-chlorine systems provide a contrasting situation. Here direct reactions of the metals with C1, yield CuCl,, AgCl and Au,Cl, (Table 2).

98

2.8. Formation of the Halogen (Cu, Ag, Au) or (Zn, Cd,Hg) Metal Bond 2.8.2. from the Elements.

Anions containing the metals in these oxidation states are well known, e.g., [CUC~,]~-, [AgCl,]- and [AuCl,]-, but the stabilization of higher oxidation states has not been achieved, so species such as [CuC1,I3- or [AgC1,I2- are unknown. The reaction of Cu with C1, at 450°C yields CuCl, 2 4 (§2.8.7.1), but at significantly higher T C1, loss leads to CuC1(§2.8.11.1).The only stable Ag chloride is AgCl, which can be synthesized from the elements but is conveniently precipitated from aqueous chloride solutions by the addition of a soluble Ag salt. Two chlorides of gold can be prepared from the element^^^^^^. It is possible to prepare AuCl within the 254-282°C range, but 200°C leaving the Ag(I1) complex, BaCAgF,]. However, the authenticity of Ba[AgF,] has been questioned'. Other methods for the synthesis of M[AgF,](M = Na, K, Rb, Cs) are the reactions of M F with AgF, (x = 1.9-2.0) and XeF, at >220"C and the reactions of M F and AgF, (x = 1.6-1.7) with fluorine (1-2 x lo5 N m-', 20O-30O0C, 10-35 h) '. Reactions of Ag compounds with O,F, in ClF, over several hours afford7 the dioxygenyl complex 02[AgF,]. Although Au does not dissolve in conc HCl or HNO, separately, it dissolves in the mixed acid, aqua regia. Subsequent evaporation of such solutions, while repeatedly adding further HCl to remove all HNO, and oxides of nitrogen', gives light yellow deliquescent needles of chloroauric acid, H[AuCl,]*4 H,O, whichg contains the [H5,02]' cation. This strong acid is converted into salts M[AuCl,] (M = e.g., alkali metal) and by halogen exchange into [AuF,]- or [AuBr,]-. However, this exchange does not proceed in a similar manner with iodide ion, the mixed oxidation state compounds M,Au'Au"'I, being formed10," rather than M[AuI,]. In an analogous manner Au dissolves in an aq HN0,-HBr mixture to afford H[AuBr,]*4 H,O. An alternative route to these two acids is the reaction of Au2X, with aq HX (X = C1 or Br). The two anions are hydrolyzed to some extent in aqueous solution12: [AuX4]-

+ H,O

[AuX,(H,O)]

[AuX,(H,O)] [AuX,(OH)]-

+ X+ H+

(b) (c)

A claim', that [AuBr,] - reacts in nitromethaneor nitrobenzene with further bromide ion to give such ions as [AuBr,lZ-, [AuBr,13- or even [Au,B~,,]~- has been refuted", reduction to Au(1) actually occurring. The [AuF,]- salts may be prepared by halogen exchange from [AuClJ- species, using, e.g., alkali or barium salts with F, at 200-300°C I 4 , l 5 or BrF, at RT 16. Bromine trifluoride is a versatile reagent for the preparation of others; e.g., Au reacts with BrF, in the presence of alkali-metal chloridesI6, N 2 0 4 17, ONCl l 8 or Ag to give M[AuF,] where M = alkali metal, NO:, NO' or Ag', respectively. A variety of yellow [AuClJsalts are known. Hydrated salts, e.g., K[AuCl,]*2 H,O, Na[AuCI,]*2 H,O and NH,[AuCI,].~ H 2 0 , may be isolated*,20by treating an aqueous solution of Au2C1, or H[AuC14].4 H,O, strongly acidified with HCl, with an equimolar quantity of a concentrated aqueous solution of the appropriate chloride. Anhydrous salts can then be produced by recrystallization from absolute ethanol". Anhydrous Cs[AuCl,] is precipitated directly" by mixing aqueous solutions of Na[AuCl,] and CsC1, and [Ph,As][AuCl,] is similarly prepared from K[AuC14] and Ph4AsC1 in waterz3. Quaternary ammonium salts [R,N][AuCI,] (R = Me, Et, n-Pr, n-Bu or n-C,H,,) have been obtained, either from Na[AuC14] and [R,N]Cl in waterz2, or from H[AuC14]*4 H 2 0 and R,NCl in ethanolz4. The pyridinium salt [pyH][AuCI,] resultsz5from reacting H[AuC14].4 H,O with py in H,O. Examples further illustrate the variety of known complexes are: (i) [(Me,NC(Me)O},H][AuCl,], (from the reaction of N,N-dimethylacetamide with HCAuCl,] .4 H20), the cation having two N,N-di-methyleacetamide molecules symmetrically bonded to the unique hydrogen2, and (ii) [PCl,][AuCl,], present in both solid and molten Au2C1,-PC1, mixtures27.Reactions of AuCI, with (i) xs SCI, in a current of chlorine at 60°C, (ii) SeCI4in refluxing AsCl-POCI,

2.8. Formation of the Halogen (Cu, Ag, Au) or (Zn, Cd, Hg) Metal Bond 2.8.4. Synthesis of Complex Halide Derivatives 2.8.4.1. Tetrahalo Derivatives

103

mixed solvent or (iii) TeCl, in refluxing AsCl, ive [ECl,][AuCI,](E = S, Se, Te, respectively)28. The red-brown alkali-metal, tetraalkylammonium or tetraphenylarsonium tetrabro. The complex K[AuBr,] is used as a moaurates(II1) may be similarly preparedzzs24s29 starting material for such syntheses and is itself conveniently prepared in quantitative yield3' by reacting Au powder with bromine in the presence of aq KBr at 5 5 T , followed by recrystallization from MeOH. The anhydrous salt absorbs atmospheric moisture to produce a dihydrate. Electrochemical oxidation of a Au anode in a cell having a Pt wire cathode and [Et,N]Br and Br, in a 4: 1 C,H,-MeOH mixed solvent with a high applied potential of ca. 50 V is3' a quick and simple route to [Et,N][AuBr,]. Red needles of Cs,[AuBr,],Br, are obtained by adding stoichiometric CsBr to H[AuBr,] and Br,- in aq HBr. Slow decomposition of this product at RT gives a compound derived from Cs,[AuBr,][AuBr,] in which some of the [AuBr,] - anions are partly substituted by Br,- 3 2 , 3 3 . Early syntheses of AuI, and [Ad,]- employed aqueous iodide solutions, which are now known to effect reduction to Au(1) with the concomitant liberation of I,. The products probably contain,, such diverse species as AuI, [Au12] -,I; and even the mixed halo anions, [AuCl,I,]-. An equilibrium constant of 200 L mol-' has been quoted3' for the process: [AuI,]-

+ I, =[AuI,]-

(4

The only salt to be satisfactorily characterized is [Et,N][AuI,], prepared,, by condensing excess solid HI onto [Et,N][AuCl,] at - 78"C, then allowing the HI to melt under a stream of N, or He which is subsequently used to sweep away the xs HI. The crystalline black product is moderately stable in air but dissolves with decomposition in water, acetone, acetonitrile or nitromethane. Reactions of H[AuCl,]*4 H,O with a large excess of either aq KI or NH,I leads to K,[Au,I,] and [NH,],[Au,I,], respectively". Cesium and rubidium analogs are prepared" by reacting a mixture of H[AuCl,]*4 H,O and conc aq CsCl soln or RbCl with NaI soh. These complexes involve linked -Au-I-Auchains built up from equal numbers of linear [AuI,]- and square planar [Ad,]- ions. The coordination sphere of each Au(1) and Au(II1) in K,Au,I, is completed by long-range iodides producing compressed and elongated octahedra, respectively3,. Heated M,Au,I, (M = NH,, K or Rb) loses I, and forms a further type of mixed oxidation state complex, M,Au,I,, whose structure is based on 3 M', 2 [Ad,]- and [AuI,] - units1'. The related compound, Rb,Ag[Au,I,], which is close structurally to Rb,Au,I,, with one-third of the Rb' ions being replaced by Ag' ions, is prepared in the presence of diethyl ether by reaction of RbI, AgNO, and Au with xs I, and conc aq HI". Thermal decomposition of M[AuX,] (M = K, NH, or Rb; X = C1 or Br)" with the exceptions of NH,[AuCl,] and K[AuCl,] also cause halogen loss with successive formation of M,[Au,X,] and M,[Au,X,] of identical structures to their iodo-analogs just discussed, e.g: 6 RbCAuBr,]

125°C

3 Rb,Au,Br,

145°C

I

2 Rb,Au,Br, -5Br2

6 RbBr

200°C

+ 6 Au

(4

104

2.8. Formation of the Halogen (Cu, Ag, Au) or (Zn, Cd, Hg) Metal Bond 2.8.4. Synthesis of Complex Halide Derivatives 2.8.4.1, Tetrahalo Derivatives

The complex [NH4][AuC14], however, decomposes at 140°C directly into AuCl,(NH,) and HCl and K[AuC14] merely yields Au, KCl and C1, at 170°C ”. The black, mixed-oxidation-state compound Cs,[Au,Cl,], known38 for > 60 years, is prepared3’ by partial oxidation of AuCl in acid solution in the presence of CsC1. The effect of pressure on the structure of this compound is to move the C1 atoms toward a symmetrical position between the Au(1) and Au(II1) atoms, so that at ca. 52 x lo8 Nm-, (5 x lo4 atm.) the Au atoms become indistinguishable, and only Au(I1) is present4’. A further feature is that Au(1) can be replaced by Ag(1) without destroying the basic structural design; e.g., Cs,AgAuCl, 41 contains linear [Ag’Cl,] - and square-planar [Au’’’Cl,]- moieties; whereas [NH4]6Ag,Au,C1,, is built up of [Ag,C1J3- and 3 [AuCI,] - units4’. These and other mixed-metal species such as Cs4[PdBr4][AuBr4], are electrically c ~ n d u c t i n g ~ ~ . Astatine in the 1- oxidation state coprecipitates with AgI from aqueous solution, presumably as AgAt44.Astaine in the so-called “zero oxidation state” absorbs strongly on metallic Ag. Presumably AgAt forms on the surface of the When “zero-state” At solutions are made alkaline, the At can be completely coprecipitated with AgI. It has been generally assumed that disproportionation takes place and that both AgAt and AgAtO, precipitate. “Zero-state” At also absorbs strongly on metallic Au, which may indicate surface compound formation44. (D.A. EDWARDS)

T. Fleischer, R. Hoppe, Z . Anorg. Allg. Chem., 492, 76 (1982). B. G. Miiller, Angew. Chem. Znt. Ed. Engl., 26, 1081 (1987). R. Hoppe, Z . Anorg. Allg. Chem., 292, 28 (1957). R. Hoppe, R. Homann, Naturwissenschaften, 53, 501 (1966). A. I. Popov, Yu. M. Kiseler, Zh. Neorg. Khim., 33, 965 (1988). A. I. Popov, Yu. M. Kiseler, V. F. Sukhaverkhov, V. I. Spitsyn, Dokl. Akad, Nauk, SSSR,296, 615 (1987). 7. Yu. M. Kiseler, A. I. Popov, K. V. Bukharin, A. A. Timakov, M. V. Korobov, Zh. Neorg. Khim., 33, 3205 (1988). 8. G. Brauer, ed., Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, 2nd ed., Vol. 2, Academic Press, New York, 1965, pp. 1057-1058. 9. V. F. Chuvaev, Z. N. Prozorovskaya, Russ. J. Znorg. Chem. (Engl. Transl.), 24,945 (1979). 10. A. Ferrari, M. E. Tani, Gazz. Chim. Ztal., 89, 502 (1959). 11. J. Strahle, J. Gelinek, M. Kolmel, Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 456, 241 (1979). 12. R. J. Puddephatt, The Chemistry of Gold, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1978. 13., C. M. Harris, I. H. Reece, Nature (London), 182, 1665 (1958). 14. R. Hoppe, W. Klemm, 2.Anorg. Allg. Chem., 268, 364 (1952). 15. R. Hoppe, R. Homann, Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 379, 193 (1970). 16. A. G. Sharpe, J. Chem. SOC,, 2901 (1949). 17. A. A. Woolf, H. J. Emelirus, J. Chem. SOC.,1050 (1950). 18. A. A. Woolf, J. Chem. SOC., 1053 (1950). 19. A. G. Sharpe, J . Chem. SOC., 2907 (1950). 20. M. Bonamico, G. Dessy, C. Furlani, F. M. Capece, Acta CrystaClogr., B29, 1737 (1973). 21. M. Bonamico, G. Dessy, Acta Crystallogr., B29, 1735 (1973). 22. P. L. Goggin, J. Mink, J. Chem. SOC.,Dalton Trans., 1479 (1974). 23. P. G. Jones, J. J. Guy, G. M. Sheldrick, Acta Crystallogr., B31, 2687 (1975). 24. P. Braunstein, R. J. H. Clark, J. Chem. SOC.,Dalton Trans., 1845 (1973). 25. H.-N. Adams, J. Strahle, Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 485, 65 (1982). 26. M. S. Hussain, E. 0. Schlemper, J. Chem. SOC.,Dalton Trans., 750 (1980). 27. W. Brockner, B. Demircan, Z. Naturforsch., Teil A , 35, 1379 (1980). 28. A. Finch, P. N. Gateo, T. H. Page, K. B. Dillon, J. Chem. SOC.,Dalton Trans., 1837 (1983). 29. W. R. Mason, H. B. Gray, Znorg. Chem., 7, 55 (1968). 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

2.8. Formation of the Halogen (Cu, Ag, Au) or (Zn, Cd, Hg) Metal Bond 2.8.4. Synthesis of Complex Halide Derivatives 2.8.4.2. Cyanohalo Derivatives 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44.

105

B. P. Block, Inorg. Synth., 4, 14 (1953). J. J. Habeeb, L. Neilson, D. G. Tuck, Synth. React. Inorg. Metal-Org. Chem., 6, 105 (1976). B. Lehnis, J. Strahle, Z . Naturforesch., Teil B, 36, 1504 (1981). P. Gutlich, B. Lehnie, K. Romhild, J. Strahle, Z.Naturforsch., Teil B 37, 550 (1982). J. L. Ryan, Inorg. Chem.,8,2058 (1969); see also L. I. Elding, L. F. Olsson, Inorg. Chem.,21,779 (1982). Ref. 12, p. 65. J. Strahle, J. Gelinek, M. Kolmel, A. M. Nemecek, Z.Naturforsch., Teil B, 34, 1047 (1979). W. Werner, J. Strahle, 2. Naturforsch., Teil B, 34,952 (1979). E. Bayer, Monatsh. Chem., 41,223 (1920). M. 0. Faltens, D. A. Shirley, J. Chem. Phys., 53, 4249 (1970). W. Denner, H. Schultz, H. &Amour, Acta Crystallogr., A35, 360 (1979). H. L. Wells, Am. J. Sci., 3, 315 (1922). J. C. Bowles, D. Hall, Acta Crystallogr., B31, 2149 (1975). P. S. Gomm, A. E. Underhill, Inorg. Nucl. Chem. Lett., 10, 309 (1974). G. L. Johnson, R. F. Leininger, E. Sergrk, J. Chem. Phys., 17, 1 (1949).

2.8.4.2. Cyanohalo Derivatives

Two types of square-planar Au(II1) cyanohalo anions are known: [Au(CN),X]-(X = C1, Br or I) and trans-[Au(CN),X,]- (X = C1, Br or I)'. The complex K[Au(CN),CI] is obtained, contaminated with KC1, by passing C1, through equimol K[Au(CN),] and KBr in MeOH '. The KBr is apparently essential for substitution of a cyano group by chloride. Subsequent addition of K[Au(CN),CI] to a saturated aq KBr solution affords K[Au(CN),Br] on crystallization. No solid compound containing the [Au(CN),I] - anion has been prepared, but the equilibrium constant for the reaction: [Au(CN),Cl]-

+ I-

[Au(CN),I]-

+ C1-

(a)

-

(b)

Crystallization of a solution containing a 1:3 molar ratio of is3 4.7 x lo4 mol I.,-' K[AuCl,] and K[Au(CN),] is an alternative route to K[Au(CN),Cl]. The trans-[Au(CN),X,]- (X = C1, Br, or I) ions are best prepared by oxidative addition of halogen to [Au(CN),]-. Thus the pale yellow dichloro, bright yellow dibromo, and red brown diiodo anions may be isolated as potassium salts by passing C1, gas or adding a methanolic solution of bromine or iodine to an aqueous methanolic solution of K[Au(CN),], followed by The equilibrium constant for the reaction: [Au(CN),] -

+ 12 *[Au(CN),IJ

-

is K = 1.3 x 104mol L-', and the kinetics lead to the conclusion that a concerted, one-step trans oxidative addition occurs. Oxidation using the triiodide ion is 10' times faster than by I, '. The trans square-planar geometries of the [Au(CN),X,]- anions are confirmed by vibrational spectroscopy', and by the crystal structure of K[Au(CN),Cl,]*H,O '. A stopped-flow study of the replacement of bromide by chloride in K[Au(CN),Br,] shows that K[Au(CN),Cl,] is formed in a stepwise process via trans-[Au(CN),CIBr] -. Indeed, by dissolving equimol [Me,N][Au(CN),Br,] and [Me,N][Au(CN),CI,] in the minimum volume of water at 80-90°C followed by cooling, [Me,N][Au(CN),ClBr] is obtained in 85 % yieldg. Au(II1) iodide complexes are susceptible to reduction; e.g., when a solution of I, in ethanol is added to aq K[Au(CN),] followed by evaporation, a mixed oxidation


2.8. Formation of the Halogen (Cu, Ag, Au) or (Zn, Cd, Hg) Metal Bond 2.8.4. Synthesis of Complex Halide Derivatives 2.8.4.2. Cyanohalo Derivatives 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44.

105

B. P. Block, Inorg. Synth., 4, 14 (1953). J. J. Habeeb, L. Neilson, D. G. Tuck, Synth. React. Inorg. Metal-Org. Chem., 6, 105 (1976). B. Lehnis, J. Strahle, Z . Naturforesch., Teil B, 36, 1504 (1981). P. Gutlich, B. Lehnie, K. Romhild, J. Strahle, Z.Naturforsch., Teil B 37, 550 (1982). J. L. Ryan, Inorg. Chem.,8,2058 (1969); see also L. I. Elding, L. F. Olsson, Inorg. Chem.,21,779 (1982). Ref. 12, p. 65. J. Strahle, J. Gelinek, M. Kolmel, A. M. Nemecek, Z.Naturforsch., Teil B, 34, 1047 (1979). W. Werner, J. Strahle, 2. Naturforsch., Teil B, 34,952 (1979). E. Bayer, Monatsh. Chem., 41,223 (1920). M. 0. Faltens, D. A. Shirley, J. Chem. Phys., 53, 4249 (1970). W. Denner, H. Schultz, H. &Amour, Acta Crystallogr., A35, 360 (1979). H. L. Wells, Am. J. Sci., 3, 315 (1922). J. C. Bowles, D. Hall, Acta Crystallogr., B31, 2149 (1975). P. S. Gomm, A. E. Underhill, Inorg. Nucl. Chem. Lett., 10, 309 (1974). G. L. Johnson, R. F. Leininger, E. Sergrk, J. Chem. Phys., 17, 1 (1949).

2.8.4.2. Cyanohalo Derivatives

Two types of square-planar Au(II1) cyanohalo anions are known: [Au(CN),X]-(X = C1, Br or I) and trans-[Au(CN),X,]- (X = C1, Br or I)'. The complex K[Au(CN),CI] is obtained, contaminated with KC1, by passing C1, through equimol K[Au(CN),] and KBr in MeOH '. The KBr is apparently essential for substitution of a cyano group by chloride. Subsequent addition of K[Au(CN),CI] to a saturated aq KBr solution affords K[Au(CN),Br] on crystallization. No solid compound containing the [Au(CN),I] - anion has been prepared, but the equilibrium constant for the reaction: [Au(CN),Cl]-

+ I-

[Au(CN),I]-

+ C1-

(a)

-

(b)

Crystallization of a solution containing a 1:3 molar ratio of is3 4.7 x lo4 mol I.,-' K[AuCl,] and K[Au(CN),] is an alternative route to K[Au(CN),Cl]. The trans-[Au(CN),X,]- (X = C1, Br, or I) ions are best prepared by oxidative addition of halogen to [Au(CN),]-. Thus the pale yellow dichloro, bright yellow dibromo, and red brown diiodo anions may be isolated as potassium salts by passing C1, gas or adding a methanolic solution of bromine or iodine to an aqueous methanolic solution of K[Au(CN),], followed by The equilibrium constant for the reaction: [Au(CN),] -

+ 12 *[Au(CN),IJ

-

is K = 1.3 x 104mol L-', and the kinetics lead to the conclusion that a concerted, one-step trans oxidative addition occurs. Oxidation using the triiodide ion is 10' times faster than by I, '. The trans square-planar geometries of the [Au(CN),X,]- anions are confirmed by vibrational spectroscopy', and by the crystal structure of K[Au(CN),Cl,]*H,O '. A stopped-flow study of the replacement of bromide by chloride in K[Au(CN),Br,] shows that K[Au(CN),Cl,] is formed in a stepwise process via trans-[Au(CN),CIBr] -. Indeed, by dissolving equimol [Me,N][Au(CN),Br,] and [Me,N][Au(CN),CI,] in the minimum volume of water at 80-90°C followed by cooling, [Me,N][Au(CN),ClBr] is obtained in 85 % yieldg. Au(II1) iodide complexes are susceptible to reduction; e.g., when a solution of I, in ethanol is added to aq K[Au(CN),] followed by evaporation, a mixed oxidation

106

2.8. Formation of the Halogen (Cu, Ag, Au) or (Zn, Cd, Hg) Metal Bond 2.8.5. Synthesis of Organo Group-IB Halides

state compound rather than K[Au(CN),I,] is isolated. The black, pleochroic, crystalline product is K,[Au,(CN),,I2]~2 H,O and possesses the structure 4 K[Au(CN),]*K[Au(CN),I,]*2 H,O lo. The related fulminato complexes [Ph,As][Au(CNO),X,] (X = Br or I) are prepared by oxidative addition of halogen in chloroform to [Ph,As][Au(CNO),] ' I . (D.A. EDWARDS)

1. A. G. Sharpe, The Chemistry of Cyano Complexes of the Transition Metals, Academic Press, London, 1976. Comprehensive monograph. 2. J. M. Smith, L. H. Jones, I. K. Kressin, R. A. Penneman, Znorg. Chem., 4, 369 (1965). 3. V. I. Dubinskii, G. V. Demidova, Russ. J. Znorg. Chem. (Engl. Transl.), 16, 134 (1971). 4. M. 0. Faltens, D. A. Shirley, J. Chem. Phys., 53, 4249 (1970). 5. V. P. Dyadchenko, Uspekhi Khim., 51,467 (1982); Russ. Chem. Rev., 51,265 (1982). 6. M. H. Ford-Smith, J. J. Habeeb, J. H. Rawsthorne, J. Chem. SOC.,Dalton Trans., 2116 (1972). 7. L. H. Jones, Znorg. Chem., 3, 1581 (1964); 4, 1472 (1965). 8. C. Bertinotti, A. Bertinotti, C. R. Hebd. Seances Acad. Scz., B273, 33 (1971). 9. W. R. Mason, Znorg. Chem., 9, 2688 (1970). 10. C. Bertinotti, A. Bertinotti, Acta Crystallogr., B28, 2635 (1972). 11. W. Beck, P. Swoboda, K. Feldl, E. Schuierer, Chem. Ber., 103, 3591 (1970).

2.8.5. Synthesis of Organo Group-IB Halides

+

Only Au of the group-IB metals in their 3 oxidation states forms organometal halides. The neutral compounds are of two types, the stable colorless monohalides, [R2AuX], , and the less stable, colored dihalides, [RAuX,],. No fluoride is known, attempts to prepare [Me,AuF], being unsuccessful. Both types are dimeric, possessing square-planar geometry with [R,Au(p-X),AuR,] and unsymmetrical [R,Au(p-X),AuX,] structures, respectively, as shown by x-ray studies on [Et,AuBr], and [MeAuBr,], '. The [R,AuX], compounds are prepared by alkylmagnesium halide alkylation of Au(II1) in ether (see Table 1).I n reactions employing RMgI (R = Me or Et), [R,AuI], is formed by halogen exchange. Alkylmagnesium halide reagents are favored over organolithium reagents, as the latter react further to give R,Au or [AuR,] - species. However, reactions of these compounds can provide less convenient routes to [R,AuX], productsg*' :

'

'

4 Me,Au 2 Me,Au

+ Au,Br,

+ 2 HCI

EtzO

Eta0

3 [Me,AuBr],

[Me,AuCl],

+ 2 CH,

(a) (b)

Although the formula AuMe, is used, the product from treating Au,Br, with LiMe at -65°C in ether may be Li[Me,AuBr], which is difficult to characterize, decomposing to Au, methane and ethane at -40°C. Two other routes have been devised to achieve halogen exchange in [R,AuX], species; [R,AuBr], (R = Me o r Et) react with thallium(1) acetylacetonate to give the chelated complexes [R,Au(acac)], which on treatment with NaI in ethanol yield [R,AuI], In the opposite direction, treatment of [Me,AuI], in hexane with 0.2 mol L-' AgNO, in 0.5 mol L-' HNO, gives an aqueous layer containing the 7912.


106

2.8. Formation of the Halogen (Cu, Ag, Au) or (Zn, Cd, Hg) Metal Bond 2.8.5. Synthesis of Organo Group-IB Halides

state compound rather than K[Au(CN),I,] is isolated. The black, pleochroic, crystalline product is K,[Au,(CN),,I2]~2 H,O and possesses the structure 4 K[Au(CN),]*K[Au(CN),I,]*2 H,O lo. The related fulminato complexes [Ph,As][Au(CNO),X,] (X = Br or I) are prepared by oxidative addition of halogen in chloroform to [Ph,As][Au(CNO),] ' I . (D.A. EDWARDS)

1. A. G. Sharpe, The Chemistry of Cyano Complexes of the Transition Metals, Academic Press, London, 1976. Comprehensive monograph. 2. J. M. Smith, L. H. Jones, I. K. Kressin, R. A. Penneman, Znorg. Chem., 4, 369 (1965). 3. V. I. Dubinskii, G. V. Demidova, Russ. J. Znorg. Chem. (Engl. Transl.), 16, 134 (1971). 4. M. 0. Faltens, D. A. Shirley, J. Chem. Phys., 53, 4249 (1970). 5. V. P. Dyadchenko, Uspekhi Khim., 51,467 (1982); Russ. Chem. Rev., 51,265 (1982). 6. M. H. Ford-Smith, J. J. Habeeb, J. H. Rawsthorne, J. Chem. SOC.,Dalton Trans., 2116 (1972). 7. L. H. Jones, Znorg. Chem., 3, 1581 (1964); 4, 1472 (1965). 8. C. Bertinotti, A. Bertinotti, C. R. Hebd. Seances Acad. Scz., B273, 33 (1971). 9. W. R. Mason, Znorg. Chem., 9, 2688 (1970). 10. C. Bertinotti, A. Bertinotti, Acta Crystallogr., B28, 2635 (1972). 11. W. Beck, P. Swoboda, K. Feldl, E. Schuierer, Chem. Ber., 103, 3591 (1970).

2.8.5. Synthesis of Organo Group-IB Halides

+

Only Au of the group-IB metals in their 3 oxidation states forms organometal halides. The neutral compounds are of two types, the stable colorless monohalides, [R2AuX], , and the less stable, colored dihalides, [RAuX,],. No fluoride is known, attempts to prepare [Me,AuF], being unsuccessful. Both types are dimeric, possessing square-planar geometry with [R,Au(p-X),AuR,] and unsymmetrical [R,Au(p-X),AuX,] structures, respectively, as shown by x-ray studies on [Et,AuBr], and [MeAuBr,], '. The [R,AuX], compounds are prepared by alkylmagnesium halide alkylation of Au(II1) in ether (see Table 1).I n reactions employing RMgI (R = Me or Et), [R,AuI], is formed by halogen exchange. Alkylmagnesium halide reagents are favored over organolithium reagents, as the latter react further to give R,Au or [AuR,] - species. However, reactions of these compounds can provide less convenient routes to [R,AuX], productsg*' :

'

'

4 Me,Au 2 Me,Au

+ Au,Br,

+ 2 HCI

EtzO

Eta0

3 [Me,AuBr],

[Me,AuCl],

+ 2 CH,

(a) (b)

Although the formula AuMe, is used, the product from treating Au,Br, with LiMe at -65°C in ether may be Li[Me,AuBr], which is difficult to characterize, decomposing to Au, methane and ethane at -40°C. Two other routes have been devised to achieve halogen exchange in [R,AuX], species; [R,AuBr], (R = Me o r Et) react with thallium(1) acetylacetonate to give the chelated complexes [R,Au(acac)], which on treatment with NaI in ethanol yield [R,AuI], In the opposite direction, treatment of [Me,AuI], in hexane with 0.2 mol L-' AgNO, in 0.5 mol L-' HNO, gives an aqueous layer containing the 7912.

2.8. Formation of the Halogen (Cu, Ag, Au) or (Zn, Cd, Hg) Metal Bond 2.8.5.Synthesis of Organo Group-IB Halides

107

TABLE1. REACTIONS OF GoLD(III) COMPOUNDS WITH GRIGNARD REAGENTS Gold compound . Au,X, a AuCl,(py) H[AuBr,].4 AuCl,(py) AuCMPY) Au,Br, AuX, a

Alkylrnagnesiurn halide reagent

Product CEtzAuXI, [n-Pr,AuBr], [Et ,AuBr] C(CH,),AuBrlz [Me, AuIIz [(Me3CCH,),AuBr], CR,AuXI,

EtMgBr n-PrMgBr EtMgBr BrMg(CH,),MgBr MeMgI Me,CCH,MgCI RMgX

HzOb

Ref. 3 4 3, 5 6 7, 8 9 10

X = C1 or Br HCAuBr.J.4 H,O is a poor starting material as the water present destroys some of the alkylmagnesium halide reagent. Low yield of this pentamethylene compound isolated after workup by treating [(CH,),Au(en)]Br with xs HBr. X = C1, R = Et, n-Pr, i-Pr, PhCH,, cyclo-C,H,,; X = Br, R = as above and n-Bu, i-Bu, i-C5Hl,, PhCH,CH,.

cis-[Me,Au(OH,),]+ cation. Addition of NaX (X = C1 or Br) soln precipitatesL3 [Me,AuX], . The unstable monoalkyl dihalide dimers [RAuX,], are prepared2s6s7as bromides by halogenation of the dialkyl monobromide dimers: [R,AuBr],

+ 2 Br,

An alternative route is: [R,AuBr],

CHC13 or

+ Au,Br,

[RAuBr,],

+ 2 RBr

2 [RAuBr,],

(4

(4

The [RAuBr,], compounds prepared by these two methods include those with R = Me, Et, n-Pr, n-C,H,,, PhCH, and PhCH,CH,. Reaction of [Me,Au(acac)] with Br, in CHCI, also leads7 to [MeAuBr,], . Another reaction also14 leads to a o-bonded organogold(II1) halide. The 7c complex [Au,CI,(MeC-CMe)], prepared from Au,Cl, with a deficiency of but-2-yne at low temperatures, spontaneously rearranges to [Cl2Au(p-C1),AuC1(MeC=CC1Me)] containing the 2-chloro- 1-methylpropenyl (chlorovinyl) group. Neutral arylgold(II1) halides are obtained when arenes react with anhyd Au,CI, to give, e.g., dimeric arylgold(II1) dichlorides, [RC,H,AuCl,], with R = H, Me, Et, i-Pr, t-Bu or Ph A 4- to 10-fold excess of arene is added to a suspension of Au,Cl, in CCl, at RTL7.After 1 min, diethyl ether is added to stop the reaction, a yellow solution of [RC,H,AuCl,(OEt,)] and a brown precipitate of [HAuCI,(OEt,),] being present at this stage. Evaporation of the solution leaves yellow, crystalline [RC,H,AuCl,], .

-

2 RC,H,

+ 2 Au,Cl,

-

[RC,H,AuCl,],

+ 2 H[AuCI,]

(el

Contrary to previous observation^'^.^^ little HC1 is evolved, but if diethyl ether is not added and the reaction continues further, polychlorinated arenes, e.g., 1,2,4,5-C,H2C1, from C,H,, are formed as a result of the thermal instability of the [RC,H,AuCl,], products.

108

2.8. Formation of the Halogen (Cu, Ag, Au) or (Zn, Cd, Hg) Metal Bond 2.8.5.Synthesis of Organo Group-lB Halides

These are electrophilic substitutions at the aromatic ring and so are metallation (auration) reactions, and reactions employing alkylbenzenes give 4-alkylphenyl-Au(III) dichlorides by para substitution. The possible auration reactions are limited by two factors. First, a vacant coordination site on Au is required. Thus, Au,Cl, may be employed, but species such as H[AuCl,] or [AuCl, (ligand)] cannot' ,,I6. Second, simple complex formation rather than auration occurs if the arene has suitable substituents present, e.g.: Au,CI,

+ 2 RCN

-

2 [AuCI,(NCR)]

(f)

with R = Ph, p-MeC,H,, or PhCH, 18. For organogold(II1) halide anions the simplest synthesis is the addition of chloride ion to [PhAuCl,], yielding the [PhAuCI,]- anionlg. However, the air- and moisturestable pale yellow monoaryl anions are best prepared,' by reacting an arylhydrazine hydrohalide, [RC,H,NHNH,]X (R = H, p-CI, p-Br or p-NO,), with RkN[AuX,] (R' = Et or n-Bu; X = C1 or Br): 2 RkNCAuX,]

+ [RC,H,NHNH3]X

-

RkN[AuX,]

+ RkN[RC,H,AuX,] + N, + 4 HX

(g)

The iodide n-Bu,N[PhAuI,] is prepared by metathesis using n-Bu,NI. As one-half of the Au(II1) is reduced to Au(1) in the form of [AuX,]- anions, this reaction is discussed further in 52.8.12. The perfluorophenylgold(II1) anions, [(C,F,)AuBr,] - and [(C,F,),AuBr] -, isolated as their n-Bu,N+ salts, are prepared,' by oxidative addition: [(C,F,),AuBr] -

(CsFshTIBr

[(C,F,)AuBr]

Brz

-

[(C,F,)AuBr,] -

(h)

The [(C,Cl,),AuI,] - anion is similarly prepared by iodination of [(C,Cl,),Au] in dichloromethane22. The compounds cis-[Me,N][R,AuCl,] are prepared by reacting [Me,N][AuCl,] with R,Hg in refluxing acetone (R = o-O,NC,H,, 2-Me-6-O2NC,H,) 23. The chloride ligands can be replaced by cyanide groups. The (X = C1, Br) are also used to prepare such species salts [Bu,N][(C,F,),AuX,] [(C,F,),AU(aCaC)], as [(C,F,),AuX], (X' = C1, Br, N,, SCN, CF,CO,), [(C,F,),AuCl(PY)I, [(C,F,),Au(R)CU (R = C,Fs, 2,4,6-C,F,HJ and [(C,F,),L][(C,F,),AuCl,], where L = 2,T-bipy or 1,10-phen2,. The only alkyl Au(II1) halo anions2, are the cis-[Me,AuX,]- (X = C1, Br or I) species. The colorless salts [Ph,As][Me,AuX,] (X = C1 or Br) arise from reactions of [Me,AuX], with Ph,AsX in benzene-acetone. An alternative starting material is the tetrameric hydroxide [Me,Au(OH)],, whose dissolution in methanol containing 0.2 mol L-' HC1 at 0°C followed by neutralization with Cs,CO, and evaporation yields Cs[Me,AuCI,], whereas reaction of the hydroxide dissolved in the minimum of ethanol The containing 0.2 mol L-' HI with Ph,AsCl gives light yellow [Ph,As][Me,AuI,]. cis-[Me,AuCl,]anion can also be stabilized in the complex salts cis-[Me,Au(bipy)][Me,AuC1,] and cis-[Me,Au(phen)][Me,AuCl,] prepared by reacting [Me,AuCl], with the appropriate chelating ligand,,. (D.A. EDWARDS)

1. 2. 3. 4.

A. Burawoy, C. S. Gibson, G. C. Hampson, H. M. Powell, J. Chem. SOC.,1690 (1937). S. Komiya, J. C. Huffman, J. K. Kochi, Znorg. Chem., 16, 1253 (1977). W. J. Pope, C. S . Gibson, J. Chem. Soc., 91, 2061 (1907). A. Burawoy, C. S. Gibson, J. Chem. Soc., 219 (1935).

2.8. Formation of the Halogen (Cu, Ag, Au) or (Zn, Cd, Hg) Metal Bond 2.8.6. Synthesis of Complexes 2.8.6.1. Complexes with Group-VB Donors. ~~

109

~

C. S. Gibson, W. M. Colles, J. Chem. SOC.,2407 (1931). A. Burawoy, C. S. Gibson, J. Chem. SOC.,324 (1936). F. H. Brain, C. S. Gibson, J. Chem. SOC.762 (1939). M. G. Miles, G. E. Glass, R. S. Tobias, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,88, 5738 (1966). H. Gilman, L. A. Woods, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 70, 550 (1948). M. S. Kharasch, H. S. Isbell, J. Am. Chem. SOC., 53, 2701 (1931). E. G. Perevalova, K. I. Grandberg, D. A. Lemenovskii, T. V. Baukova, Izu. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Ser. Khim., 2077 (1971). 12. C. S. Gibson, J. L. Simonsen, J. Chem. SOC.,2531 (1930). 13. W. M. Scovell, G. C. Stocco, R. S. Tobias, Inorg. Chem., 9,2682 (1970). 14. R. Hiittel, H. Forkl, Chem. Ber., 105, 2913 (1972). 15. M. S. Kharasch, H. S. Isbell, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,53, 3053 (1931). 16. M. S. Kharasch, T. M. Beck, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 56, 2057 (1934). 17. P. W. J. de Graaf, J. Boersma, G. J. M. van der Kerk, J. Organomet. Chem., 105, 399 (1976). 18. F. Calderazzo, D. B. Dell'Amico, J. Organomet. Chem., 76, C59 (1974). 19. K. S. Liddle, C. Parkin, J. Chem. SOC.,Chem. Commun.,26 (1972). 20. P. Braunstein, R. J. H. Clark, Znorg. Chem., 13, 2224 (1974). 21. R. Uson, A. Laguna, J. Vicente, J. Chem. SOC.,Chem. Commun., 353 (1976). 22. R. Uson, A. Laguna, J. Vicente, J. Organomet. Chem., 131,471 (1977). 23. J. Vicente, M. T. Chicote, A. Arcus, M. Artigao, R. Jimenez, J. Organomet. Chem., 247, 123 (1983). 24. R. Uson, A. Laguna, M. Laguna, M. Abad, J. Organomet. Chem., 249,437 (1983). 25. W. M. Scovell, R. S. Tobias, Inorg. Chem., 9, 945 (1970). 26. H. Schmidbauer, K. C. Dash, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,95,4855 (1973). 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

2.8.6. Synthesis of Complexes of Au Trihalides by the Halogenation of Au(l) Complexes 2.8.6.1. Complexes wlth Group-VB Donors.

Simple Au(II1) halide-nitrogen donor complexes, e.g., [AuX,L] or [AuX,(LL)]X (X = halide, L = unidentate nitrogen donor ligand, LL = bidentate nitrogen donor ligand), are well known but are not prepared by halogen oxidation of Au(1) complexes. However, a large number of gold(1)-phosphine and -arsine complexes have been subjected to halogen oxidation. Trihalide complexes are considered first. Early work' on the halogenation of [AuX(PEt,)] (X = C1, Br or I) in CHCl, or CCI, gave [AuX,(PEt,)], where X, = Cl,, Br, or I, and also apparently Cl,Br, ClBr,, ClJ, Cl12, Br,I, BrI, or ClBrI. It was said that, e.g., [AuClI,(PEt,)] could be prepared either from [AuC1(PEt3)] and I, or from [AuI(PEt,)] and ICI. While the trichloro, tribromo, and triiodo complexes are correctly formulated, the mixed halide complexes are really mixtures of all possible isomers of all possible [AuX,Y, -.(PEt,)] species', formed by rapid redox reactions between Au(1) and Au(II1) species, e.g.: [AuBr(PEt,)]

+ C1,

-

cis- and trans-[AuBrCl,(PEt,)]


+ [AuBr(PEt,)] e

[AuCl(PEt,)] cis- and trans-[AuBr,Cl(PEt,)]

+ cis- and trans-[AuBr,Cl(PEt,)]

+ [AuBr(PEt,)] e

-

[AuCl(PEt,)]

[AuCl(PEt,)]

+ C1,

[AuCl,(PEt,)]

+ [AuBr,(PEt,)]

(a) (b) (c)

(4 A similar picture emerges3 from the products formed by [AuCl(PMe,Ph)] with Br, and [AuBr(PMe,Ph)] with Cl,.


2.8. Formation of the Halogen (Cu, Ag, Au) or (Zn, Cd, Hg) Metal Bond 2.8.6. Synthesis of Complexes 2.8.6.1. Complexes with Group-VB Donors. ~~

109

~

C. S. Gibson, W. M. Colles, J. Chem. SOC.,2407 (1931). A. Burawoy, C. S. Gibson, J. Chem. SOC.,324 (1936). F. H. Brain, C. S. Gibson, J. Chem. SOC.762 (1939). M. G. Miles, G. E. Glass, R. S. Tobias, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,88, 5738 (1966). H. Gilman, L. A. Woods, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 70, 550 (1948). M. S. Kharasch, H. S. Isbell, J. Am. Chem. SOC., 53, 2701 (1931). E. G. Perevalova, K. I. Grandberg, D. A. Lemenovskii, T. V. Baukova, Izu. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Ser. Khim., 2077 (1971). 12. C. S. Gibson, J. L. Simonsen, J. Chem. SOC.,2531 (1930). 13. W. M. Scovell, G. C. Stocco, R. S. Tobias, Inorg. Chem., 9,2682 (1970). 14. R. Hiittel, H. Forkl, Chem. Ber., 105, 2913 (1972). 15. M. S. Kharasch, H. S. Isbell, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,53, 3053 (1931). 16. M. S. Kharasch, T. M. Beck, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 56, 2057 (1934). 17. P. W. J. de Graaf, J. Boersma, G. J. M. van der Kerk, J. Organomet. Chem., 105, 399 (1976). 18. F. Calderazzo, D. B. Dell'Amico, J. Organomet. Chem., 76, C59 (1974). 19. K. S. Liddle, C. Parkin, J. Chem. SOC.,Chem. Commun.,26 (1972). 20. P. Braunstein, R. J. H. Clark, Znorg. Chem., 13, 2224 (1974). 21. R. Uson, A. Laguna, J. Vicente, J. Chem. SOC.,Chem. Commun., 353 (1976). 22. R. Uson, A. Laguna, J. Vicente, J. Organomet. Chem., 131,471 (1977). 23. J. Vicente, M. T. Chicote, A. Arcus, M. Artigao, R. Jimenez, J. Organomet. Chem., 247, 123 (1983). 24. R. Uson, A. Laguna, M. Laguna, M. Abad, J. Organomet. Chem., 249,437 (1983). 25. W. M. Scovell, R. S. Tobias, Inorg. Chem., 9, 945 (1970). 26. H. Schmidbauer, K. C. Dash, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,95,4855 (1973). 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

2.8.6. Synthesis of Complexes of Au Trihalides by the Halogenation of Au(l) Complexes 2.8.6.1. Complexes wlth Group-VB Donors.

Simple Au(II1) halide-nitrogen donor complexes, e.g., [AuX,L] or [AuX,(LL)]X (X = halide, L = unidentate nitrogen donor ligand, LL = bidentate nitrogen donor ligand), are well known but are not prepared by halogen oxidation of Au(1) complexes. However, a large number of gold(1)-phosphine and -arsine complexes have been subjected to halogen oxidation. Trihalide complexes are considered first. Early work' on the halogenation of [AuX(PEt,)] (X = C1, Br or I) in CHCl, or CCI, gave [AuX,(PEt,)], where X, = Cl,, Br, or I, and also apparently Cl,Br, ClBr,, ClJ, Cl12, Br,I, BrI, or ClBrI. It was said that, e.g., [AuClI,(PEt,)] could be prepared either from [AuC1(PEt3)] and I, or from [AuI(PEt,)] and ICI. While the trichloro, tribromo, and triiodo complexes are correctly formulated, the mixed halide complexes are really mixtures of all possible isomers of all possible [AuX,Y, -.(PEt,)] species', formed by rapid redox reactions between Au(1) and Au(II1) species, e.g.: [AuBr(PEt,)]

+ C1,

-



+ [AuBr(PEt,)] e

[AuCl(PEt,)] cis- and trans-[AuBr,Cl(PEt,)]

+ cis- and trans-[AuBr,Cl(PEt,)]

+ [AuBr(PEt,)] e

-

[AuCl(PEt,)]

[AuCl(PEt,)]

+ C1,

[AuCl,(PEt,)]

+ [AuBr,(PEt,)]

(a) (b) (c) (4

A similar picture emerges3 from the products formed by [AuCl(PMe,Ph)] with Br, and [AuBr(PMe,Ph)] with Cl,.

2.8, Formation of the Halogen (Cu, Ag, Au) or (Zn, Cd, Hg) Metal Bond 2.8.6. Synthesis of Complexes 2.8.6.1. Complexes with Group-VB Donors.

110

The

halogenation

of

the

binuclear

bis-phosphine-bridged

complexes

[C~AU(~-P~,PNHPP~,)AUCI]~ and [C~AU(~-P~,P(CH,),PP~,)AUC~]~ are particu-

larly significant. Stable metal-metal bonded Au(I1) intermediates of the type

[XClAu(p-Ph,PYPPh,)AuClX] (Y = NH, X = C1; Y I

= (CH,),,

X = C1 or Br) are

isolated, although the final products are the anticipated

[C~,AU(~-P~,PNHPP~,)AUC~~], [C~,AU(~-P~,P(CH,),PP~,)AUC~,] and

[Br,ClAu(pc-Ph,P(CH,),PPh,)AuClBr,]

However, oxidation of [C~AU(~-P~,PCH,PP~,)A~C~]~ giving [X,ClAu(p-Ph,PCH,PPh,)AuClX,] (X = C1 or Br) proceeds through the mixed oxidation state intermediates [X,CIAu"'(p-Ph,PCH,PPh,)AulCl] (see Table 1). Dihalogold(II1) complexes are synthesized by the oxidative addition of bromine to [AuX(PPh,)] and [AuX(AsPh,)] (X = NCO, SCN or SeCN), which produces [Au(NCO)Br,(PPh,)] and [Au(NCO)Br,(AsPh,)], but displacement of the SCN and SeCN groups merely leaves [AuBr,(PPh,)] or [AuBr,(AsPh,)] lZ. The halogenation of binuclear pentahalophenylgold(1) complexes, e.g.: [(C,FS)A~(~-P~~P(CHZ),PP~,)A~(~~F~)]

gives [X,(C,F,)AU(~-P~,P(CH~)~PP~,)A~(C,F,)X,] (X = C1 or Br; n = 1,2 or 4 ) I 3 , l 4 . The dark red chelate complex trans-[AuI,(diars),]I, formed by reaction of iodine with [Au(diars),]I, contains tetragonally distorted octahedral Au(II1) rather than square planar". Bromination of the AuBr complexes with Ph2PC,H4CH=CH, or Ph2PC,H4CH,CH=CH2 proceeds in an unexpected manner. H,CH2Br a c > u B Pr 2

Ph, I

CH,CHCH,Br op,A!uBrz Ph

, I1

TABLE1. GOLDTRIHALIDE COMPLEXES FORMED BY HALOGENATION Reactants

Products

[AuBr(PMe,)] + Br, [AuCI(PPh,)] + C1, CAu(C,FJ(AsPhdl + Br2 [A'J(GF,)(AsPhJI + I 2 [AuBr(PPh,Fc)] + Br, a [AuPh(PPh,)] Br, [AuXL] + X, ' [AuCl(PPh,)] + Br, [AuBr(PPh,)] + C1,

CAuBr3(PMe3)l CAuCIAPPhdl [AuBr,(AsPh,)] + [AuBr,(C6F,)(AsPh3)] [AuI,(AsPh,)] + [AuI(AsPh,)] [AuBr,(PPh,Fc)] [AuBr,(PPh3)lb [AuX&I [AuClBr,(PPh,)] [AuBrCl,(PPh,)]

+

a

Ref. 6 I 8 8 9 10 11 11 11

in CHCI, at - 5 "C;74 % yield. via [AuBr(PPh,)] PhBr X = C1 or Br; L = PPh,, PMePh,, PEtPh,, PEt,Ph, P(C,H,Me-p), or AsPh,; in CHC1,.

+

2.8. Formation of the Halogen (Cu, Ag, Au) or (Zn, Cd, Hg) Metal Bond 2.8.6. Synthesis of Complexes 2.8.6.2. Complexes with Group-VIB Donors.

111

TABLE 2. HALOGEN OXIDATlON OF SOME PENTAHALOARYLGOLD(1) COMPLEXES

Reactants

Products

Ref.

~~

[Au(C6F5)(PPh3)1 + Br2 [AuR(PEt,)] + X, or TlC1, ' [Au(C6cl5)(AsPh,)] + TlCl, [Au(C,Cl,)(AsPh,)] + CI, a

[AuBr2(C6F5)(PPh3)l [AuX,R(PEt,)]

17 18 cis-[AuC1,(C6C1,)(AsPh3)] 8 tran~-[AuCl,(C~CI~)(AsPh~)]~ 8

R = C,F, or C,CI,; X = C1, Br or I. The trans isomer slowly'rearranges to the cis form, whereas oxidation by TlCI, gives the cis isomer directly.

Although both products I and I1 have the stoichiometry [AuBr,(ligand)], they are not AuBr, derivatives, auration as well as bromination of the terminal methylene groups having occurred16. Examples of the halogenation of mononuclear pentahaloarylgold(1) complexes are given in Table 2. Whereas organogold(1) complexes usually react with halogens by Au-C a-bond cleavage, pentahaloarylgold(1) complexes can often be oxidized, leaving the Au-C bond intact. (D.A. EDWARDS)

F. G. Mann, D. Purdie, J. Chem. SOC.,1235 (1940). B. J. Heaton, R. J. Kelsey, Inorg. Nucl. Chem. Lett., 11, 363 (1975). R. J. Puddephatt, P. J. Thompson, J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 1810, (1975). H. Schmidbaur, F. E. Wagner, A. Wohlleben-Hammer, Chem. Ber., 112,496 (1979). H. Schmidbaur, A. Wohlleben, F. E. Wagner, D. F. van de Vondel, G. P. van der Kelen, Chem. Ber., 110, 2758 (1977). 6. M. F. Perutz, 0. Weisz, J. Chem. SOC.,438 (1946). 7. G. Bandoli, D. A. Clemente, G. Marangoni, L. Cattalini, J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 886 (1973). 8. R. Uson, A. Laguna, J. Vicente, J. Organomet. Chem., 86,415 (1975). 9. A. N. Nesmeyanov, E. G. Perevalova, 0.B. Afanasova, K. I. Grandberg, Izo. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Ser. Khim., 2166 (1977). 10. C. M. Mitchell, F. G. A. Stone, J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 102 (1972). 11. C. A. McAuliffe, R. V. Parish, P. D. Randall, J. Chem. Soc., Daltop Trans., 1730 (1979). 12. N. J. de Stefano, J. L. Burmeister, Inorg. Chem., 10, 998 (1971). 13. R. Uson, A. Laguna, J. Vicente, J. Garcia, Rev. Acad. Cienc. Exactas. Fis-Quim. Nat. Zaragoza, 31, 77 (1976); Chem. Abstr., 87, 135,595 (1976). 14. R. Uson, A. Laguna, J. Vicente, J. Garcia, J. Organomet. Chem., 104, 401 (1976). 15. C. M. Harris, R. S. Nyholm, J. Chem. Soc., 63 (1957). 16. M. A. Bennett, K. Hoskins, W. R. Kneen, R. S. Nyholm, P. B. Hitchcock, R. Mason, G. B. Robertson, A. D. C. Towl, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,93,4591 (1971). 17. L. G. Vaughan, W. A. Sheppard, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,91,6161 (1969). 18. R. Uson, A. Laguna, J. Vicente, Synth. React. Inorg. Metal-Org. Chem., 6, 293 (1976). 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

2.8.6.2. Complexes with Group-VIB Donors.

Au(II1) halide-group-VIB donor ligand complexes are prepared by halogenation of Au(1) compounds, but none contains an oxygen-bonded ligand.



111

TABLE 2. HALOGEN OXIDATlON OF SOME PENTAHALOARYLGOLD(1) COMPLEXES

Reactants

Products

Ref.

~~

[Au(C6F5)(PPh3)1 + Br2 [AuR(PEt,)] + X, or TlC1, ' [Au(C6cl5)(AsPh,)] + TlCl, [Au(C,Cl,)(AsPh,)] + CI, a

[AuBr2(C6F5)(PPh3)l [AuX,R(PEt,)]

17 18 cis-[AuC1,(C6C1,)(AsPh3)] 8 tran~-[AuCl,(C~CI~)(AsPh~)]~ 8

R = C,F, or C,CI,; X = C1, Br or I. The trans isomer slowly'rearranges to the cis form, whereas oxidation by TlCI, gives the cis isomer directly.

Although both products I and I1 have the stoichiometry [AuBr,(ligand)], they are not AuBr, derivatives, auration as well as bromination of the terminal methylene groups having occurred16. Examples of the halogenation of mononuclear pentahaloarylgold(1) complexes are given in Table 2. Whereas organogold(1) complexes usually react with halogens by Au-C a-bond cleavage, pentahaloarylgold(1) complexes can often be oxidized, leaving the Au-C bond intact. (D.A. EDWARDS)

F. G. Mann, D. Purdie, J. Chem. SOC.,1235 (1940). B. J. Heaton, R. J. Kelsey, Inorg. Nucl. Chem. Lett., 11, 363 (1975). R. J. Puddephatt, P. J. Thompson, J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 1810, (1975). H. Schmidbaur, F. E. Wagner, A. Wohlleben-Hammer, Chem. Ber., 112,496 (1979). H. Schmidbaur, A. Wohlleben, F. E. Wagner, D. F. van de Vondel, G. P. van der Kelen, Chem. Ber., 110, 2758 (1977). 6. M. F. Perutz, 0. Weisz, J. Chem. SOC.,438 (1946). 7. G. Bandoli, D. A. Clemente, G. Marangoni, L. Cattalini, J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 886 (1973). 8. R. Uson, A. Laguna, J. Vicente, J. Organomet. Chem., 86,415 (1975). 9. A. N. Nesmeyanov, E. G. Perevalova, 0.B. Afanasova, K. I. Grandberg, Izo. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Ser. Khim., 2166 (1977). 10. C. M. Mitchell, F. G. A. Stone, J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 102 (1972). 11. C. A. McAuliffe, R. V. Parish, P. D. Randall, J. Chem. Soc., Daltop Trans., 1730 (1979). 12. N. J. de Stefano, J. L. Burmeister, Inorg. Chem., 10, 998 (1971). 13. R. Uson, A. Laguna, J. Vicente, J. Garcia, Rev. Acad. Cienc. Exactas. Fis-Quim. Nat. Zaragoza, 31, 77 (1976); Chem. Abstr., 87, 135,595 (1976). 14. R. Uson, A. Laguna, J. Vicente, J. Garcia, J. Organomet. Chem., 104, 401 (1976). 15. C. M. Harris, R. S. Nyholm, J. Chem. Soc., 63 (1957). 16. M. A. Bennett, K. Hoskins, W. R. Kneen, R. S. Nyholm, P. B. Hitchcock, R. Mason, G. B. Robertson, A. D. C. Towl, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,93,4591 (1971). 17. L. G. Vaughan, W. A. Sheppard, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,91,6161 (1969). 18. R. Uson, A. Laguna, J. Vicente, Synth. React. Inorg. Metal-Org. Chem., 6, 293 (1976). 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

2.8.6.2. Complexes with Group-VIB Donors.

Au(II1) halide-group-VIB donor ligand complexes are prepared by halogenation of Au(1) compounds, but none contains an oxygen-bonded ligand.

112


Halogen oxidations of Au(1) halide-dialkyl sulfide complexes [AuX(SR,)] to give [AuX3(SR,)] products provide examples' of this type of reaction: [AuBr{S(CH2Ph),}1

+ Br,

CC14

[AuBr3{S(CHzPh),)l

(a)

The binuclear complexes [XAu{p-RS(CH,),SR}AuX] react with halogens,, but in the ionic Au(II1) products [AuX,{RS(CH,),SR}]+Y- (X = C1, Br or I; R = Me or Et; n = 2 or 3; Y = AuCl,, Br or I) the sulfur donor ligands have changed to a chelating mode of coordination. The complex [Au(C,F,)(THT)] (THT = tetrahydrothiophene) undergoes halogenation in CH,CI, to yield trans-[Au(C,F,)X,(THT)] (X = C1, Br or I), which slowly rearrange on standing to the cis isomers3. Dithiocarbamato complexes of Au(II1) may be prepared from the dimers [Au(S,CNR,)],, (R = Me, Et, n-Pr, n-Bu, or n-C,H,,). The first step in the reaction involves a change from a bridging to a chelating mode of coordination for the sulfurdonor ligand4:

S-AU-S

Bu~N-C

4

u.S-Au-S

k-NBuZ 2

+ Br,

-

S

Bu,N-C

4 \

u.S /Au\ S,i/I C-NBu, ~

I

[AuBr,]-

(b)

This Au(I), Au(II1) complex can be further oxidized with exchange of dithiocarbamate ligands between metal centers: [Au(S,CNBu,),][AuBr,]

+ Br,

-

2 [AuBr,(S,CNBu,)]

(c)

The kinetics of this reaction show that a 1:l charge-transfer complex formed initially decomposes in a rate-determining step to give the Au(I), Au(II1) complex5. The dark green metal-metal-bonded Au(I1) dimers [Au(p-S,CNEt)X], (X = Br, I, SCN, SeCN) are the products of reacting [Au(SCNEt,)], with Br,, I,, (SCN), or (SeCn), in CS, at -78°C. On warming to RT, rearrangement to the Au(I), Au(II1) complexes [Au(S,CNEt,),] [AuX,] occurs. The latter salts are the initial products when the reactions are carried out at RT in CHCl, using 1:1 molar ratio of reactants. Use of 1:2 ratios gives [Au(S,CNet,)]X,] products (X = Br, SCN, SeCN),. The metal itself can be oxidized in the Me,SO-HBr system to give7 some [AuBr,(SMe,)]. (D.A. EDWARDS)

1. F. H. Brain, C. S . Gibson, J. A. J. Jarvis, R. F. Phillips, H. M. Powell, A. Tyabji, J. Chem. SOC., 3686 (1952). 2. K. C. Dash, H. Schmidbaur, Chem. Ber., 106, 1221 (1973). 3. R. Uson, A. Laguna, B. Bergareche, J. Organomet. Chem., 184,411 (1980). 4. P. T. Beurskens, H. J. A. Blaauw, J. A. Cras, J. J. Steggarda, Znorg. Chem. 7, 805 (1968). 5. H. Kita, K. Itoh, K. Tanaka, T. Tanaka, Bull. Chem. SOC.Jpn., 51, 3530 (1978). 6. D. C. Calabro, B. A. Harrison. G. T. Palmer. M. K. Moguel, - R. L. Rebbert, J. L. Burmeister, Inorg. Chem., 20,4311 (1981). 7. G. A. Nifontova. 0. N. Krasochka. I. P. Larrenter. D. D. Makitova. L. 0. Atormyan, M. L. Khidikel, Isv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Ser. Khim., 450 (1988).


2.8. Formation of the Halogen (Cu, Ag, Au) or (Zn, Cd, Hg) Metal Bond 2.8.7. Synthesis of the Group-IB Dihalides from the Metals 2.8.7.1. by Halogenation Reactions.

113

2.8.7. Synthesis of the Group-IB Dihalides from the Metals Whereas Cu forms CuF,, CuCl, and CuBr,, only AgF, is known for Ag and there is no dihalide of Au. The halide Au,Cl, contains Au(1) and Au(II1) (see 52.8.8). 2.8.7.1. by Halogenation Reactions.

The direct fluorination of Cu at 500°C produces' CuF, as a colorless, hygroscopic solid that readily forms a blue dihydrate. As a result of the formation of a protective F, film, Cu is only slowly corroded by F, at lower T and is, therefore, extensively used for the construction of equipment in which F, can be prepared, handled and stored. Investigation of the Cu-F, system under high-vacuum conditions at 20-250°C and fluoride pressures between 0.8 and 8.0 kNm-' (6-60 torr)' shows that in these corrosion processes the first layer of product forms a barrier between the two reactants, one of which must migrate across this barrier. If the growth rate of the product layer is controlled simply by the rate of movement of reactant through the barrier, i.e., a strictly diffusion-controlled process, a parabolic law is obeyed. However, the data obtained on the Cu-F, system rule out a simple diffusive process and the product layer suffers random cracking and consequent mechanical breakdown. Kinetics at F, pressures 1.33-17.33 kNm-' (10-130 torr) at 450°C also lack agreement with a parabolic rate law3. The reaction rate is pressure-dependent, suggesting that F, rather than copper diffuses through the barrier layer of CuF,, the reaction thereby taking place at the Cu-CuF, interface. Anhydrous CuCl, can be prepared4 by reacting P,O,,-dried C1, gas with electrolytic Cu at 450°C in a flow system. The yellow-brown CuCl, is very hygroscopic, rapidly forming a green dihydrate. At higher T CuCl, loses C1, to give the monochloride (see 52.8.11). The corrosion of Cu by ClZ5 at 15-320°C where the metal ignites gives approximate corrosion rates which show that C1, can be handled in Cu equipment 5200°C. The reaction of P,O,,-dried Br, with Cu in a sealed tube at 300°C gives anhyd CuBr, 6. A flow method using bromine vapor carried in a nitrogen stream is less effective since >150°C CuBr, loses bromine, producing CuBr. The corrosion of Cu foil by bromine vapor7 at 50-500°C with a bromine pressure of 8.8 kNm-' (66 torr) follows a parabolic rate law between 100-300°C, but >300"C the diffusion process is not rate determining. The product layer consists of a mixture of CuBr, and y-CuBr, the proportion of monobromide increasing with temperature. An alternative route to CuBr, is the electrochemical oxidation of a Cu anode in a cell with a platinum cathode and an electrolyte of bromine in a MeOH-C,H, mixed solvent. Crystals of CuBr are formed, but addition of ether to the filtrate also yields black microcrystals of CuBr,. The CuBr:CuBr, product ratio is typically -0.3:0.7 8. Ag(I1) fluoride, being more reactive than CuF,, finds use in various oxidative fluorination reactions. CAUTION: AgF, may react explosively with organic compounds, often after an induction period. It is prepared as a black solid by reaction of F, on Ag gauze or powder in a flow s y ~ t e m ~ External *'~. cooling may be necessary to control the initial reaction rate, but then the temperature may slowly be increased to 250°C. The product reacts instantly with water, liberating 0, as one of the products. As purification is difficult, complete reaction needs to be achieved to produce a pure sample. This is best

114

2.8. Formation of the Halogen (Cu, Ag, Au) or (Zn, Cd, Hg) Metal Bond 2.8.7. Synthesis of the Group-I6 Dihalides from the Metals 2.8.7.3. by Hydrohalic Acids.

accomplished using Ag powder. A reported yellow modification of AgF, is likely to be AgF, contaminated with AgF. However, another modification is stable at 60 x lo5kNm-' (60 kbar) but metastable at ordinary pressures". Reaction of the metal with ClF, at 120°C in an autoclave is an alternative route to AgF, 12, as is reaction of the metal with CIF, and F, in H F s o h at RT 13. (D.A. EDWARDS)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.

H. M. Haendler, L. H. Towle, E. F. Bennett, W. L. Patterson, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 76,2178 (1954). P. E. Brown, J. M. Crabtree, J. F. Duncan, J. Znorg. Nucl. Chem., 1, 202 (1955). P. M. ODonnell, A. E. Spakowski, J. Electrochem. SOC., 111, 633 (1964). R. R. Hammer, N. W. Gregory, J. Phys. Chem., 68, 3229 (1964). M. H. Brown, W. B. De Long, J. R. Auld, Znd. Eng. Chem., 39, 839 (1947). R. R. Hammer, N. W. Gregory, J. Phys. Chem., 68, 314 (1964). E. Boet, J. P. Crousier, Corrosion Sci., 12, 817 (1972). J. J. Habeeb, L. Neilson, D. G. Tuck, Znorg. Chem., 17, 306 (1978). G. Brauer, ed., Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, 2nd ed., Vol. 1, Academic Press, New York, 1963, p. 241. H. F. Priest, Znorg. Synth., 3, 176 (1950). B. G. Miiller, Naturwissenschaften, 66, 519 (1979). E. G. Rochow, I. Kukin, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,74, 1615 (1952). R. Bougon, T. Buiflay, M. Lance, H. Abazli, Znorg. Chem., 23, 3667 (1984).

2.8.7.2. by Hydrohalogenation Reactlons.

Copper and Ag resist attack by anhyd HF gas owing to the formation of protective fluoride films. High-T corrosion tests show', e.g., that in a system held at 500°C H F is capable of penetrating bulk Cu only to a depth of approximately 0.004mm d-'. However, the reaction between Cu powder and gaseous H F at 500°C is usedZto prepare CuF,. Copper cannot be effectively fluorinated using liq H F because such reactions can obviously only be attempted below the critical temperature of ca. 225°C. Both metals also resist attack by gaseous hydrogen chloride. Cu only reacts at a reasonable rate with hydrogen chloride in a flow system > 8 W C , and then the product is CuCl rather than CuCl, ,s4.

(D.A. EDWARDS)

1. 2. 3. 4.

W. R. Myers, W. B. De Lang, Chem. Eng. Prog., 44, 359 (1948). J. M. Crabtree, C. S. Lees, K. Little, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 1, 213 (1955). L. Brewer, N. L. Lofgren, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,72, 3038 (1950). J. B. Wagner, C. Wagner, J. Chem. Phys., 26, 1597 (1957).

2.8.7.3. by Hydrohalic Acids.

Gold is the most noble metal, not reacting with hydrohalic acids. It does, however, react with aq HCl or HBr in the presence of strong oxidizing agents such as HNO,, OC1- or Fe3+,to form [AuCl,]- or [AuBr,]- (see $2.8.4.1). Gold, however, shows no tendency to form stable species in the 2 oxidation state in aqueous media' so need not be considered here. The formation of stable Ag(I1) halides by reacting Ag with aqueous hydrohalic acids is also ruled out. Even allowing for the limited applicability of standard

+


114



1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.




(D.A. EDWARDS)

1. 2. 3. 4.




+


114



1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.




(D.A. EDWARDS)

1. 2. 3. 4.




+

2.8. Formation of the Halogen (Cu, Ag, Au) or (Zn, Cd, Hg) Metal Bond 2.8.7. Synthesis of t h e Group-IB Dihalides from the Metals 2.8.7.3. by Hydrohalic Acids.

115

potentials and their considerable variation when applied to real chemical situations, Ag(I1) in aqueous systems should oxidize H,O, being itself reduced': Ag2+ + e- +Ag+

0,

+4 H+ + 4e- e

2 H,O

E" = 1.98 V

(4

E" = 0.68 V

(b)

Silver(I1) fluoride instantly reacts with water (see $2.8.7.1), liberating oxygen and even ozone3. Silver metal withstands chemical attack by 40 % HF, even at the boiling point of the acid. Copper is therefore the only metal of the group that needs further consideration. The standard potentials,: Cu'

+ e - e C u

E0=0.52V

(c)

Cu2+

+ e- =Cut

E" = 0.15 V

(4

indicate that Cu is also noble, standing above hydrogen in E" value. However, this does not mean that Cu is incapable of liberating hydrogen gas and forming dihalides (apart from the iodide where the equilibrium 2 C u ' e Cu Cu" lies far to the left) on treatment with aqueous hydrohalic acid. Copper would be strictly noble if no attack occurred by an acid of normal activity containing noncoordinating anions, free from oxygen but saturated with hydrogen at 101.3kNm-' (1 atm) pressure and containing Cu ions at normal activity4. Thus if Cu is placed in pure dil HCl, free of 0, and H,, it should displace a little H, at first. However, as soon as the H, and the Cu' concentrations are such that the potential established for H , e 2 H + 2 e- equals that established for 2 Cu' 2 e- 2 Cu, the emf disappears and attack ceases. This occurs before the solution is saturated with hydrogen, so H, is unlikely to be evolved. It is, therefore, only slightly imprecise to suggest that Cu is not attacked by dil HCI as long as air is excluded. However, if air or oxygen is allowed free access to the system the metal is rapidly attacked, giving a blue-green solution from which crystals of CuCl,.2 H,O may be isolated. Presumably the minute amounts of Cu' present are constantly being oxidized, and so the two potentials mentioned above never reach a position of balance. Copper is similarly attacked by aqueous hydrofluoric acid as long as there is access of air or oxygen. The hydrate CuF,-2 H,O can be crystallized from the solution. Hydrogen is also liberated when Cu is treated with hot concentrated hydrochloric acid, or with aqueous hydrobromic or hydriodic acids, even in the absence of oxygen or air. In these systems attack occurs because of the formation of complex anions such as [CuXJ-, [ C u X J - or [Cu,X,]- (X = C1, Br or I). Once again Cu+ is removed as quickly as it is formed, thus the concentration of Cu' is kept so low that the concentration of hydrogen becomes high enough for it to be evolved. These anions contain Cu in the 1+ oxidation state, and since this state is somewhat favored for X = Br and completely so for X = I, CuBr or CuI can be obtained on dilution of solutions. However, in the presence of air or oxygen, the chlorocuprate(1) anions are readily oxidized and from such solutions CuCl,*2 H,O can be obtained.

+

+

+

+

(D.A. EDWARDS)

1. R. J. Puddephatt, The Chemistry of Gold, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1978. 2. F. A. Cotton, G . Wilkinson, Advanced Inorganic Chemistry, 5th ed., Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1988, pp. 737, 938. 3. 0. Ruff, M. Giese, Z . Anorg. Allg. Chem., 219, 143 (1934).

116

2.8. Formation of the Halogen (Cu, Ag, Au) or (Zn, Cd, Hg) Metal Bond 2.8.8. Synthesis of Group-IB Dihalides by Other Procedures 2.8.8.1. by Halogenation of Lower Valent Halides.

4. U. R. Evans, The Corrosion and Oxidation of Metals: ScientiJc Principles and Practical Applications, Arnold, London, 1960. Chapter IX deals with hydrogen evolution and acid corrosion.

2.8.8. Synthesis of Group-IB Dihalides by Other Procedures 2.8.8.1. by Halogenation of Lower Valent Halides.

Silver(I1) fluoride is prepared by fluorination of either AgF or AgCl in the range 150-250°C. External cooling may be necessary to control the reaction rate at first',,. A useful alternative approach involves dissolving AgF in anhyd H F and passing in F, diluted with nitrogen,. Chlorine trifluoride has also been used to fluorinate AgF and AgCl e.g.; good yields of AgF, can be obtqined by reacting AgF with ClF, at 100°C for > 1 d4 or treating AgCl with ClF, at 250°C in a Monel metal apparatus'. Fluorination of AgCl or AgNo, using XeF,, F,, ClF, or ClF, is reported to give AgF, (x = 1.9-2.0) 6 * 7 . Anhydrous CuF, has similarly been prepared by fluorination of Cu(1) halides, e.g., CuI at 100°C *, or CuCl in the range 100-550°C 9. The reaction between CuCl and BrF, also affords CuF,, but impure". Cu(I1) chloride and bromide can also be prepared by halogenation of the appropriate Cu(1) halide; e.g., a sealed-tube reaction between CuBr and P,O,-dried bromine using a temperature gradient between RT and 330°C affords black crystals of CuBr, l l . The mixed halides CuClBr and CuClI, which on x-ray evidence are not mixtures of CuCl, and CuX, (X = Br or I), have been prepared by reacting the halogen with CuCl 1 2 . Anhydrous Cu(I1) halides can also be prepared by halogen-exchange reactions. Thus reactions of anhyd CuCl, or CuBr, with F, or ClF, at < 500°C have been used to give CuF, 9-1,,14; Cu(I1) bromide has been prepared by the RT reaction: 3 CuCl,

+ 2 BBr,

-

3 CuBr,

+ 2 BCl,

(a)

The BC1, is easily eliminated (bp 12"C/760mm), leaving CuBr, 15. Finally, the black, air-sensitive halide Au,Cl, results from the reaction of the carbonyl halide Au(C0)Cl with Au,Cl, in a chlorinated solvent such as SOCl, under nitrogen. It is not a Au(I1) halide, however, having equal numbers of square-planar Au(II1) and linear Au(1) arrays linked alternatively into a cyclic chairlike Au,C14 eight-atom ring',. This halide can also be prepared" from the RT reaction of Au,Cl, and CO (2: 1 mol equiv) in SOCl, for 36 h. (D.A. EDWARDS)

1. 0. Glemser, H. Richert, Z . Anorg. Allg. Chem., 307, 313 (1961). 2. G. Brauer, ed., Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, 2nd ed., Vol. 1, Academic Press, New York, 1963, p. 241. 3. A. W. Jache, G . H. Cady, J. Phys. Chem., 56, 1106 (1952). 4. A. J. Dianoux, H. Marquet-Ellis, Nguyen-Nghi, C. R. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci., 263C, 1359 (1966). 5. E. G. Rochow, I. Kukin, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,74, 1615 (1952). 6 . A. I. Popov, Yu. M. Kiselev, Zh. Neorg. Khim., 33, 965 (1988). 7. Yu. M. Kiselev, A. I. Popov, A. A. Timakov, K. V. Bakharin, V. F. Sukhoverkhov, Zh. Neorg. Khim., 33, 1252 (1988).


2.8. Formation of the Halogen (Cu, Ag, Au) or (Zn, Cd, Hg) Metal Bond 2.8.8. Synthesis of Group-IB Dihalides by Other Procedures 2.8.8.1. by Halogenation of Lower Valent Halides.

4. U. R. Evans, The Corrosion and Oxidation of Metals: ScientiJc Principles and Practical Applications, Arnold, London, 1960. Chapter IX deals with hydrogen evolution and acid corrosion.

2.8.8. Synthesis of Group-IB Dihalides by Other Procedures 2.8.8.1. by Halogenation of Lower Valent Halides.

Silver(I1) fluoride is prepared by fluorination of either AgF or AgCl in the range 150-250°C. External cooling may be necessary to control the reaction rate at first',,. A useful alternative approach involves dissolving AgF in anhyd H F and passing in F, diluted with nitrogen,. Chlorine trifluoride has also been used to fluorinate AgF and AgCl e.g.; good yields of AgF, can be obtqined by reacting AgF with ClF, at 100°C for > 1 d4 or treating AgCl with ClF, at 250°C in a Monel metal apparatus'. Fluorination of AgCl or AgNo, using XeF,, F,, ClF, or ClF, is reported to give AgF, (x = 1.9-2.0) 6 * 7 . Anhydrous CuF, has similarly been prepared by fluorination of Cu(1) halides, e.g., CuI at 100°C *, or CuCl in the range 100-550°C 9. The reaction between CuCl and BrF, also affords CuF,, but impure". Cu(I1) chloride and bromide can also be prepared by halogenation of the appropriate Cu(1) halide; e.g., a sealed-tube reaction between CuBr and P,O,-dried bromine using a temperature gradient between RT and 330°C affords black crystals of CuBr, l l . The mixed halides CuClBr and CuClI, which on x-ray evidence are not mixtures of CuCl, and CuX, (X = Br or I), have been prepared by reacting the halogen with CuCl 1 2 . Anhydrous Cu(I1) halides can also be prepared by halogen-exchange reactions. Thus reactions of anhyd CuCl, or CuBr, with F, or ClF, at < 500°C have been used to give CuF, 9-1,,14; Cu(I1) bromide has been prepared by the RT reaction: 3 CuCl,

+ 2 BBr,

-

3 CuBr,

+ 2 BCl,

(a)

The BC1, is easily eliminated (bp 12"C/760mm), leaving CuBr, 15. Finally, the black, air-sensitive halide Au,Cl, results from the reaction of the carbonyl halide Au(C0)Cl with Au,Cl, in a chlorinated solvent such as SOCl, under nitrogen. It is not a Au(I1) halide, however, having equal numbers of square-planar Au(II1) and linear Au(1) arrays linked alternatively into a cyclic chairlike Au,C14 eight-atom ring',. This halide can also be prepared" from the RT reaction of Au,Cl, and CO (2: 1 mol equiv) in SOCl, for 36 h. (D.A. EDWARDS)

1. 0. Glemser, H. Richert, Z . Anorg. Allg. Chem., 307, 313 (1961). 2. G. Brauer, ed., Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, 2nd ed., Vol. 1, Academic Press, New York, 1963, p. 241. 3. A. W. Jache, G . H. Cady, J. Phys. Chem., 56, 1106 (1952). 4. A. J. Dianoux, H. Marquet-Ellis, Nguyen-Nghi, C. R. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci., 263C, 1359 (1966). 5. E. G. Rochow, I. Kukin, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,74, 1615 (1952). 6 . A. I. Popov, Yu. M. Kiselev, Zh. Neorg. Khim., 33, 965 (1988). 7. Yu. M. Kiselev, A. I. Popov, A. A. Timakov, K. V. Bakharin, V. F. Sukhoverkhov, Zh. Neorg. Khim., 33, 1252 (1988).

2.8. Formation of the Halogen (Cu, Ag, Au) or (Zn, Cd, Hg) Metal Bond 2.8.8. Synthesis of Group-I6 Dihalides by Other Procedures 2.8.8.2. by Halogenation of Metal Oxides. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

13. 14. 15. 16. 17.

117

J. M. Crabtree, C. S. Lees, K. Little, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 1, 213 (1955). H. M. Haendler, L. H. Towle, E. F. Bennett, W. L. Patterson, J. Am. Chem. SOC., 76,2178 (1954). A. G. Sharpe, H. J. Emeleus, J. Chem. SOC.,2135 (1948). R. R. Hammer, N. W. Gregory, J. Phys. Chem., 68, 314 (1964). S. S. Batsanov, E. N. Zalivina, S. S. Derbeneva, V. E. Borodaevskii, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 181, 599 (1968). Ref. 2, p. 238. D. S. Crocket, R. A. Grossman, Znorg. Chem., 3, 644 (1964). P. M. Druce, M. F. Lappert, J. Chem. SOC.,A , 3595 (1971). D. B. Dell'Amico, F. Calderazzo, F. Marchetti, J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 1829 (1976). D. B. Dell'Amico, F. Calderazzo, F. Marchetti, S. Merlino, J. Chem. SOC.,Dalton Trans., 2257 (1982).

2.8.8.2. by Halogenation of Metal Oxides.

The fluorination of Ag(1) oxide', although not an important route, can be used to prepare AgF,. Fluorinations of the Ag(1) salts AgNO, 293, AgOCN and AgCN are also used. The latter takes place at RT with explosive violence, and the cyanide should be diluted with CaF, and the F, used under reduced pressure to moderate the reaction. Many gaseous products are formed, such as CF,NF,, COF, and C,F6. Both Cu,O and CuO react with F, to give CuF,, although these reactions are not of practical utility; e.g., Cu,O reacts at 325-500°C to give a mixture of CuO and CuF,, but only a 65 % conversion of CuO to CuF, is achieved < 500°C. The same report shows that fluorinations of Cu,S, CuS or even CuSO, are more effsctive methods6. The rate of the fluorination of spherical CuO powder at 82-151°C using fluorine pressures between 40 and 800 torr (5.0-107 kNm-,) is controlled by the diffusion of the reacting species through a spherical shell of CuF, '. The kinetic data do not, however, allow identification of the diffusing species. In similar fashion, it is found* that the reaction of F, with Cu,O powders at 152-207°C using F, pressures between 50 and 800 torr (7-107 kNm-') occurs by a two-step mechanism, the first of which obeys a linear kinetic law:

+ CuO + F,

C U ~ O F,

-

CUF,

CuF,

+ CUO + 40,

(a>

(b)

CuF, is also prepared by reacting CuO with ClF, and BrF, lo. Other methods employed include the high-T reaction of CuO with S2CI, " and the bromination of Cu,O 1 2 . (D.A. EDWARDS)

1. E. Gruner, W. Klemm, Naturwissenschaften, 25, 59 (1937). 2. 0. Ruff, M. Giese, Z . Anorg. Allg. Chem., 219, 143 (1934). 3. 0. Glemser, H. Richert, Z . Anorg. Allg. Chem., 307, 313 (1961). 4. A. Ya. Yakubovich, M. A. Englin, S. P. Makarov, Zh. Obshch. Khim., 30, 2374 (1960); Chem. Abstr., 55, 17,336~(1961). 5. 0. Ruff, M. Giese, Chem. Ber., 69, 598 (1936). 76,2178 (1954). 6. H. M. Haendler, L. H. Towle, E. F. Bennett, W. L. Patterson, J. Am. Chem. SOC., 7. R. L. Ritter, H. A. Smith, J. Phys. Chem., 70, 805 (1966). 8. R. L. Ritter, H. A. Smith, J. Phys. Chem., 71, 2036 (1967). 9. J. M. Crabtree, C. S. Lees, K. Little, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., I , 213 (1955). 10. H. J. Emeleus, A. A. Woolf, J. Chem. SOC.,164 (1950).


2.8. Formation of the Halogen (Cu, Ag, Au) or (Zn, Cd, Hg) Metal Bond 2.8.8. Synthesis of Group-I6 Dihalides by Other Procedures 2.8.8.2. by Halogenation of Metal Oxides. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

13. 14. 15. 16. 17.

117

J. M. Crabtree, C. S. Lees, K. Little, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 1, 213 (1955). H. M. Haendler, L. H. Towle, E. F. Bennett, W. L. Patterson, J. Am. Chem. SOC., 76,2178 (1954). A. G. Sharpe, H. J. Emeleus, J. Chem. SOC.,2135 (1948). R. R. Hammer, N. W. Gregory, J. Phys. Chem., 68, 314 (1964). S. S. Batsanov, E. N. Zalivina, S. S. Derbeneva, V. E. Borodaevskii, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 181, 599 (1968). Ref. 2, p. 238. D. S. Crocket, R. A. Grossman, Znorg. Chem., 3, 644 (1964). P. M. Druce, M. F. Lappert, J. Chem. SOC.,A , 3595 (1971). D. B. Dell'Amico, F. Calderazzo, F. Marchetti, J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 1829 (1976). D. B. Dell'Amico, F. Calderazzo, F. Marchetti, S. Merlino, J. Chem. SOC.,Dalton Trans., 2257 (1982).

2.8.8.2. by Halogenation of Metal Oxides.

The fluorination of Ag(1) oxide', although not an important route, can be used to prepare AgF,. Fluorinations of the Ag(1) salts AgNO, 293, AgOCN and AgCN are also used. The latter takes place at RT with explosive violence, and the cyanide should be diluted with CaF, and the F, used under reduced pressure to moderate the reaction. Many gaseous products are formed, such as CF,NF,, COF, and C,F6. Both Cu,O and CuO react with F, to give CuF,, although these reactions are not of practical utility; e.g., Cu,O reacts at 325-500°C to give a mixture of CuO and CuF,, but only a 65 % conversion of CuO to CuF, is achieved < 500°C. The same report shows that fluorinations of Cu,S, CuS or even CuSO, are more effsctive methods6. The rate of the fluorination of spherical CuO powder at 82-151°C using fluorine pressures between 40 and 800 torr (5.0-107 kNm-,) is controlled by the diffusion of the reacting species through a spherical shell of CuF, '. The kinetic data do not, however, allow identification of the diffusing species. In similar fashion, it is found* that the reaction of F, with Cu,O powders at 152-207°C using F, pressures between 50 and 800 torr (7-107 kNm-') occurs by a two-step mechanism, the first of which obeys a linear kinetic law:

+ CuO + F,

C U ~ O F,

-

CUF,

CuF,

+ CUO + 40,

(a>

(b)

CuF, is also prepared by reacting CuO with ClF, and BrF, lo. Other methods employed include the high-T reaction of CuO with S2CI, " and the bromination of Cu,O 1 2 . (D.A. EDWARDS)

1. E. Gruner, W. Klemm, Naturwissenschaften, 25, 59 (1937). 2. 0. Ruff, M. Giese, Z . Anorg. Allg. Chem., 219, 143 (1934). 3. 0. Glemser, H. Richert, Z . Anorg. Allg. Chem., 307, 313 (1961). 4. A. Ya. Yakubovich, M. A. Englin, S. P. Makarov, Zh. Obshch. Khim., 30, 2374 (1960); Chem. Abstr., 55, 17,336~(1961). 5. 0. Ruff, M. Giese, Chem. Ber., 69, 598 (1936). 76,2178 (1954). 6. H. M. Haendler, L. H. Towle, E. F. Bennett, W. L. Patterson, J. Am. Chem. SOC., 7. R. L. Ritter, H. A. Smith, J. Phys. Chem., 70, 805 (1966). 8. R. L. Ritter, H. A. Smith, J. Phys. Chem., 71, 2036 (1967). 9. J. M. Crabtree, C. S. Lees, K. Little, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., I , 213 (1955). 10. H. J. Emeleus, A. A. Woolf, J. Chem. SOC.,164 (1950).

118

2.8. Formation of the Halogen (Cu, Ag, Au) or (Zn, Cd, Hg) Metal Bond 2.8.9.from Dehydration of Hydrates of the Group-IB Dihalides.

11. H. Funk, K. H. Berndt, G. Henze, Wiss. 2.Martin-Luther Univ.,Halle- Wittenberg, 6,815 (1957); Chem. Abstr., 54, 12,860e (1960). 12. E. Montignie, Bull. SOC.Chim. Fr., 9, 654 (1942).

2.8.8.3. by Reactions of Metal Oxides with Hydrohalk Acids. Silver(I1) will be reduced in aqueous media so reactions of Ag oxides with hydrohalic acids lead to Ag(1) halides (see 52.8.7.3). Only Cu, therefore, is considered here. Blue crystals of CuF,.2 H,O may be prepared by dissolving CuO in the minimum quantity of 40 % aq H F and evaporating the solution to low bulk at 70°C. The product can be recrystallized from dil H F Copper(1) oxide reacts with aq H F by disproportionation: Cu,O 2 HF CuF, Cu H,O (a) As expected, CuO also reacts with aq HCI or HBr to give the hydrates, green CuCl,.2 H,O and olive-green CuBr,.4 H,O ,. The three hydrates can be prepared by action of aq HX (X = F, C1 or Br) on Cu[OH],, CuCO, or basic carbonates such as malachite Cu,[OH],CO, or azurite Cu,[OH],[CO,], '. Anhydrous CuF, has been prepared by the reactions of CuO with gaseous HF at 400°C and CuCO, with liq H F '. Anhydrous CuCl, and CuBr, are prepared by a method that falls outside the scope of this report, but it is mentioned at this point for the sake of completeness. These two halides can be obtained from the reactions of Cu(I1) acetate with a slight excess of acetyl halide in either benzene5 or an acetic acid-acetic anhydride mixed solvent6s7:

'.

+

Cu,(O,CCH,),*2 H,O

-

+ 6 CH,COX

-

+

-

2 CuX,

+

+ 4(CH,CO),O + 2 CH,CO,H + 2 HX

(b)

where X = C1, Br. Use of acetyl iodide, however, leads to Cu(1) iodide. (D.A. EDWARDS)

1. J. M. Crabtree, C. S. Lees, K. Little, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 1, 213 (1955). 2. J. H. Canterford, R. Colton, Halides of First Row Transition Metals, Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1968. Extensive coverage of this area of chemistry. 3. N. V. Sidgwick, The Chemical Elements and Their Compounds, Vol. 1, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1950. Dated but much detailed information. 4. A. W. Jache, G. H. Cady, J. Phys. Chem., 56, 1106 (1952). 5. G. W. Watt, P. S. Gentile, E. P. Helvenston, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,77, 2752 (1955). 6. G. Brauer, ed., Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, 2nd ed., Vol. 2, Academic Press, New York, 1965, p. 1008. 7. H. D. Hardt, 2. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 301, 87 (1959).

2.8.9. from Dehydration of Hydrates of the Group-IB Dihalides. Only the three dihalides of Cu require consideration. Copper(I1) fluoride forms a green monohydrate but crystallizes from aqueous media as the blue CuF,-2 H,O. The hydrates CuCl,.x H,O (x = 1-4) are known for the chloride, the hydrate normally encountered being CuCl,*2 H,O. The bromide forms CuBr,.x H,O (x = 2 , 3 and 4)'s'.


118




'.

+

Cu,(O,CCH,),*2 H,O

-

+ 6 CH,COX

-

+

-

2 CuX,

+

+ 4(CH,CO),O + 2 CH,CO,H + 2 HX

(b)





118




'.

+

Cu,(O,CCH,),*2 H,O

-

+ 6 CH,COX

-

+

-

2 CuX,

+

+ 4(CH,CO),O + 2 CH,CO,H + 2 HX

(b)




2.8. Formation of the Halogen (Cu, Ag, Au) or (2% Cd, Hg) Metal Bond 2.8.9. from Dehydration of Hydrates of the Group-IB Dihalides.

119

Thermal decomposition of the hydrates as a method of preparing the anhydrous halides is considered first: CuF, cannot be prepared in this manner for at -130°C CuF,.2 H,O is converted into the basic salt Cu(0H)F-CuF,, which decomposes at -400°C leaving a mixture of CuO and CuF, 3-5. The dihydrate of Cu(I1) chloride can be dehydrated to the yellow-brown anhydrous salt by heating in air at 200°C. However, at higher T decomposition to CuCl may occur and both chlorides oxidize to leave CuO The high-vacuum dehydration of CuC1,*2 H,O at 100°C is a superior method6. The hydrates of Cu(I1) bromide lose water on heating but this is not a recommended method for preparing CuBr, because at moderate T the anhydrous bromide loses bromine, leaving CuBr. A method applicable to all the hydrated Cu(I1) dihalides is dehydration in a stream of dry hydrogen halide gas at elevated T. The passage of H F gas at 400°C over CuF,*2 H,O in Cu or Ni apparatus is recommended for the preparation of CuF, and dehydration of CuC1,.2 H,O may be carried out6 in HCl gas at 150°C. Thionyl chloride is often used for dehydrating CuCl,-2 H,O *-lo:

-

’.

’,

CuCl,.2 H,O

+ 2 SOCl,

-

CuC1,

+ 2 SO, + 4 HCl

(a)

Although some workers recommend the use of freshly distilled, refluxing SOCl,, the dehydration proceeds rapidly at RT. No precautions against the presence of moisture or air are necessary, the apparatus used is simple and the byproducts are gaseous. Thionyl chloride cannot be used for dehydrating halides other than chlorides because of the risk of halogen exchange. Two organic reagents not limited to chloride systems, 2,2-dimethoxypropanel1 and triethylorthoformate”, are effective in giving anhyd CuC1, and CuBr, from their hydrates: CuX,.x H,O

+ x (MeO),CMe,

where X = C1 or Br; CuX,*x H,O

+ x (EtO),CH

-

+ 2x MeOH + x Me,CO

(b)

+ 2x EtOH + x EtOOCH

(c)

CuX,

-

CuX,

where X = C1 or Br. The Cu(I1) halides are initially obtained as alcoholates from these reactions, but such complexes easily lose these weakly bonded ligands on gentle warming, especially in vacuum. (D.A. EDWARDS)

1. N. V. Sidgwick, The Chemical Elements and Their Compounds, Vol. 1, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1950. 2. J. H. Canterford, R. Colton, Halides of First Row Transition Metals, Wiley-Interscience,New York, 1969. 3. C. M. Wheeler, H. M. Haendler, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,76,263 (1954). 4. J. M. Crabtree, C. S. Lees, K. Little, Znorg. Nucl. Chem., I , 213 (1955). 5. M. C. Ball, R. F. M. Coultard, J. Chem. SOC.,A, 1417 (1968). 6. G. Brauer, ed., Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, 2nd ed., Vol. 2, Academic Press, New York, 1965, p. 1008. 7. Ref. 6, Vol. 1, p. 238. 8. H. Hecht, 2.Anorg. Allg. Chem., 254, 37 (1947). 9. J. H. Freeman, M. L. Smith, J. Znorg. Nucl. Chem., 7, 224 (1958). 10. A. R. Pray, Inorg. Synth., 5, 153 (1957). 11. K. Starke, J. Znorg. Nucl. Chem., 11, 77 (1959). 12. P. W. N. M. van Leeuwen, W. L. Groeneveld, Znorg. Nucl. Chem. Lett., 3, 145 (1967).


120

2.8. Formation of the Halogen (Cu, Ag, Au) or (Zn, Cd, Hg) Metal Bond 2.8.10.Synthesis of Complex Halides from the Dihalides of Group-IB

2.8.10. Synthesis of Complex Halides Derived from the Dihalides of Group-IB Halocuprates(II), particularly chlorides, possessing a wide variety of stoichiometries and structures have been characterized'. It is not appropriate to discuss the structural types here, but compounds whose solid state structures? are well established have been selected to illustrate the synthetic methods available. Fluoroargentates(I1) are also discussed. Fluorocuprates(I1)' are usually prepared by reactions in solution, e.g.:

-

+ 2[NH,]F aq H F [NH4],[CuF,].2 H,O K[CuF,] + CO, + H,O CuCO, + K F + 2 H F MeOH CuBr, + 3 RbF Rb[CuF3] + 2 RbBr

CuF,*2 H,O

(a) (b)

(c)

As a result of variable and random OH-/F- isomorphous substitution the distorted perovskite, K[CuF,] is difficult to obtain pure3. Preparations in MeOH are best carried out in the absence of water, otherwise Cu[OH]F forms4. Pure K[CuF3] results5 from the reaction of Cu(OH), with KHF, (1:2) and a small amount of 40% aq H F at pH I4. Solid-state reactions have also been employed; e.g., heating M F or MHF, [M = alkali metal or Tl(I)] with CuF, in vacuo or under N, gives either M[CuF3] or M,[CuF,] complexes. The latter are rare examples of tetragonally compressed octahedral species6. The complexes [NH,][CuF,] and [NH,],[CuF,] have been prepared by subjecting intimate mixtures of [NH,]F and CuF, to high pressures'. High-T reactions produce fluoro complexes of other stoichiometries; e.g., (i) a BaF,-CuF, melt at 1100°C gives' Ba,[CuF,] containing tetragonally distorted [CuF6I4- octrahedra; (ii) K F and CuF (3:2 molar) at 800-850°C in an evacuated Pt ampule giveg K,[Cu,F,]; (iii) annealing C,F and CuF, under Ar in a Au tube for 190 d at 630°C gives" Cs,[Cu,F,,], whereas an analogous net action at 760°C gives'' Cs,[Cu,F,,]. The methods available for the synthesis of chlorocuprates(I1) are summarized in Table 1. The range of stoichiometries is remarkable, and types other than those listed are known. A brief description of the structure of each anion is given in the table in order to highlight the impossibility of relating structure to stoichiometry without adequate physical evidence. The preparations are straightforward, usually involving crystallization from aqueous or alcoholic solutions. Fusion of reactants in the absence of solvent can be employed, e.g., in the preparation of Cs[CuCl,], Cs,[CuCl,], Ag[CuC13] NH,[CuCI,] and NH,[CuCl,] 1 3 . A smaller variety of bromocuprate(I1) stoichiometries and structures are known. They can be prepared by similar routes to their chloroanalogs:

',,

CuBr, CuBr,

+ CsBr

+ 2 MBr

Hz0

MeOH

Cs[CuBr,] M,[CuBr,]

(e)30,31

where M = e.g., MeNH,, EtNH,, Et,N, piperidinium; CuBr,

+ MBr

MeOH

M[CuBr,]

(fIZ5

+ [pipzH,]CI;

(1:l)

Corc HCI

H,O, MeOH or EtOH n-PrOH MeOH H,O or EtOH n-Pr-OH, 12 mol L-' HCI

MeOH Aq HCI Aq HCI

bipzH21[CuZC1613

[amine H],CuCI, [M~~NHIzC%CIIO [AEPH,]Cucl,, 2 H,Od [Ph,P]CuCI, [Et,NI,[Cu,CI,,]

Rb,Cu,CI, [M~H3)61[cuC151" [Co(en),],[Cu,Cl,]Cl,

cs,cuc1, cscuc1,

KCuCI,

Product

a

M = Co3+,Cr3+,Rh3+,Ru3+. amine = e.g., RNK, (R = Me, Et, n-Pr, i-Pr, Ph), Me,NH, Me,N. Various types, e.g., [PhCHZCH,NH(Me)~,CuCI4is square planar at 25°C but distorted tetrahedral at 90°C. AEPH, = N-(2-ammoniumethyl)piperazinium. * pipzH, = piperazinium.

CuCI,*2 H,O (4: 1)

CUCI, CUCI,

H,O H,O

Aq HCI

(2: 1)

+ KCI

+ c s c l (1:2) + CSCl (2: 1) CuCI, + RbCl (2:3) CuCI, + M(NH,),CI, (1:l) CuCl, + Co(en),CI, (1: 1) CuC1, + amine HCI (1:2) CuCI, + Me,NHCI (5:l) CuCI,, 2 H,O + [AEPHJCI, CuCI, + Ph,PCI (1:l) CuCI, + Et4NCI (1:l)

CuCI,, 2 H,O

Solvent

Reactants

TABLE 1. SYNTHESIS OF CHLOROCUPRATES(II) FROMSOLUTION

Bibridged tetramer Square pyramidal [CU,C~,]~-units Chain of two inner distorted trigonal bipyramids and two outer distorted tetrahedra Infinite chain of [Cu,CI6IZdimers

[CU,CI,]~- stacked to form distorted octahedral chains Flattened tetrahedral Infinite distorted octahedral chains; face sharing Comer-shared elongated octahedra Trigonal bipyramidal Two trigonal bipyramids fused along an equatorial axial edge

Structure of anion

28

20-22 23 24 25,26 27

17 18 19

16

15

14

Ref.

122

2.8. Formation of the Halogen (Cu, Ag, Au) or (Zn, Cd, Hg) Metal Bond 2.8.10. Synthesis of Complex Halides from the Dihalides of Group-IB

where M

= Ph4P, Ph4Sb, PrPh,P;

CuS04.5 H,O

4 8 % HBr

+ 2 NaBr + [Cr(NH,),]Br,

-

+ Na,S04 + 5 H,O

[Cr(NH,),][CUBr,]

4 CuBr,

[Et,NH,],[Cu,Br,].CuBr,.EtOH

EtOH

+ 2[Et,NH,]Br

(g),' (h),,

Examples involving mixed haloanions are prepared by reacting the correct m d a r proportions of either CuCl, with an amine hydrobromide or CuBr, with an amine hydrochloride in MeOH or EtOH: M,[CuBr,CI]: M,[CuBr,CI,]: M,[CuBrCl,]: M,[CuBr,Cl,,]:

M = Me,NH+ 34,Me,N+ or Et4Ne 35 M = as above and p i p e r a z i n i ~ m ~ ~ M = as above and N-phenylpiperazini~m~~ M = Pr,NH2+, Bu,NH,+; x = 0-4 37

The trigonal-bipyramidal [ C U B ~ , C ~ -, ]has ~ been isolated as the [Cr(NH,),I3 salt by reacting CuS04.5 H,O with [Cr(NH,),]Br, in an aq HC1-HBr mixture,,. Halocuprates(I1) are synthesized by oxidative methods. In anhyd MeOH, CuBr reacts with NH4F in the presence of dry 0, gas, producing a precipitate of NH,[CuF,] and liberating NH, 38. Electrochemical oxidation of a Cu anode in a cell containing a platinum cathode and an electrolyte of [Et4N]Br and Br, in C,H,-MeOH is a route to [Et,N],CuBr, 39. Mixed halide complexes are prepared by halogen oxidation of halocuprate(1) anions4' e.g.: +

EtOH

+ Br,

2 [MeNH,],[CuCl,]

2 [MeNH3],[CuC1,Br]

(i)

Fluoroargentates(I1) must be synthesized by dry methods because of their powerful oxidizing or fluorinating ability toward a range of solvents. Three types are known: 1. Those containing square-planar [AgF,]' 2. Those containing polymeric [AgF,]:- in a perovskite structure 3. Ba2[AgF61 Two preparative methods have been employed, either fluorination of silver sulfategroup-I1 metal carbonate mixtures41, or heating AgF,-alkali-metal fluoride mixt u r e ~ ~ ' The , ~ ~compounds . isolated are: Ag,S04

F2

+ 2 MCO,

where M = Ca, Sr, Ba, Cd, Hg; AgF,

2 M[AgF4]

-

+ 2 MF

where M = K, Rb, Cs; AgF,

+ MF

550°C

550°C

+ other products

M,[AgFJ

M[AgF,]

(1)

2.8. Formation of the Halogen (Cu, Ag, Au) or (Zn, Cd, Hg) Metal Bond 2.8.10. Synthesis of Complex Halides from the Dihalides of Group-IB

123

~~~

where M = K, Rb, Cs; Ag,SO,

+ 4 BaCO,

F2

2 Ba,[AgF,]

+ other products

(m>

A novel route to NO[AgF,] is the RT reaction of AgF, with liq NOF in metal apparatus44. (D.A. EDWARDS)

1. B. J. Hathaway, Comprehensive Coordination Chemistry, Vol. 5, G. Wilkinson, R. D. Gillard, J. A. McClereity, eds., Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1987, p. 533. 2. B. G. Miiller, Angew. Chem., Znt. Ed. Engl., 26, 1081 (1987). 3. D. J. Machin, R. L. Martin, R. S. Nyholm, J. Chem. Soc., 1490 (1963). 4. D. S. Crocket, H. M. Haendler, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,82, 4158 (1960). 5. M. N. Bhattacharjee, M. K. Chaudhuri, M. Devi, Polyhedron, 8, 457 (1989). 6. W. Riidorff, G. Lincke, D. Babel, Z . Anorg. Allg. Chem., 320, 150 (1963). 7. D. S. Crocket, R. A. Grossman, Znorg. Chem., 3, 644 (1964). 8. H. G. von Schnering, Z . Anorg. Allg. Chem., 353, (1967); 400, 201 (1976). 9. E. Herdtweck, D. Bobol, 2. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 474, 113 (1981). 10. D. Kissel, R. Hoppe, Z . Anorg. Allg. Chem., 561, 12 (1988). 11. D. Kissel, R. Hoppe, 2. Nuturforsch., Teil B, 43, 1556 (1988). 12. H. J. Seifert, K. Klatyk, Z . Anorg. Allg. Chem., 334, 113 (1964). 13. A. I. Ryumin, V. G. Chumakov, I. I. Sminov, Y. E. Volkov, G. A. Sorkinova, Russ. J. Inorg. Chem., 27, 1288 (1982). 14. R. D. Willett, C. Dwiggins, R. F. Kruh, R. E. Rundle, J. Chem. Phys., 38, 2429 (1963). 15. B. Morosin, E. C. Lingafelter, J. Phys. Chem., 65, 50 (1961). 16. A. W. Schlueter, R. A. Jacobson, R. E. Rundle, Znorg. Chem., 5,277 (1966). 17. W. J. Crama, Acta Crystallogr., B37, 662 (1981). 18. G. C. Allen, N. S. Hush, Znorg. Chem., 6, 4 (1967). 19. D. J. Hodgson, P. K. Hale, W. E. Hatfield, Znorg. Chem., 10, 1061 (1971). 20. H. Remy, G. Laves, Chem. Ber., 66,401 (1933). 21. D. Abdelaziz, A. Thrierr-Sorel, R. Perret, B. Chaillot, J. E. Guerchais, Bull. Soc. Chim. Fr., 535 (1975). 22. D. N. Anderson, R. D. Willett, Znorg. Chim. Acta, 8, 167 (1974). 23. R. E. Caputo, M. J. Vukosavovich, R. D. Willett, Acta Crystallogr., 832, 2516 (1976). 24. L. Antolini, G. Marcotrigiano, L. Menabue, G. C. Pellacani, J. Am. Chem.Soc., I02,1303 (1980). 25. W. E. Estes, J. R. Wasson, J. W. Hall, W. E. Hatfield, Znorg. Chem., 17, 3657 (1978). 26. D. Tran Qui, A. Daoud, T. Mhiri, Actu Crystallogr., C45,33 (1989). 27. R. D. Willett, H. Geiser, Inorq. Chem., 25, 4558 (1986). 28. L. P. Battaglia, C. A. Bonamartini, U. Geiser, R. D. Willett, A. Motori, F. Sandrolini, L. Antolini, T. Manfredini, L. Menabue, G. C. Pellacani, J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 265 (1988). 29. Ting-I Li, G . I).Stucky, Inorg. Chem., 12,441 (1973). 30. N. S. Gill, F. B. Taylor, Znorg. Synth., 9, 141 (1967). 31. L. P. Battaglia, A. B. Corradi, G. Marcotrigiano, L. Menabue, G. C. Pellacani, Inorg. Chem., 18, 148 (1979). 32. S. A. Goldfield, K. N. Raymond, Znorg. Chem., 10, 2604 (1971). 33. R. Fletcher, J. J. Hansen, J. Livermore, R. D. Willett, Znorg. Chem., 22, 330 (1983). 34. L. A. Il’yukevich, G. A. Shagisultanova, Russ. J. Znorg. Chem. (Engl. Transl.J, 8, 1209 (1963). 35. D. W. Smith, T.-K. Yeoh, Aust. J. Chem., 32, 691 (1979). 36. G. Marcotrigiano, L. Menabue, G. C. Pellacani, Znorg. Chem., 15, 2333 (1976). 37. J. Tomovic, 2.Biela, J. Grays, Chem. Zuesti., 38,75 (1984); Chem. Abstr., 100,202,422h (1984). 38. W. G. Bottjer, H. M. Haendler, Inorg. Chem., 4, 913 (1965). 39. J. J. Habeeb, L. Neilson, D. G. Tuck, Synth. React. Znorg. Metal-Org. Chem., 6, 105 (1976). 40. 2.Biela, T. Obert, M. Melnik, J. Gazo, Chem. Zvesti, 29, 56 (1975); Chem. Abstr., 83, 21,116~ (1975). 41. R.-H. Odenthal, R. Hoppe, Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 385,92 (1971). 42. R.-H. Odenthal, R. Hoppe, Monatsh. Chem., 102, 1340 (1971). 43. R.-H. Odenthal, D. Paus, R. Hoppe, Z . Anorg. Allg. Chem., 407, 144 (1974). 44. R. Bougon, T. Bui Huy, M. Lance, H. Abazli, Znorg. Chem., 23, 3667 (1984).


124

2.8. Formation of the Halogen (Cu, Ag, Au) or (2% Cd, Hg) Metal Bond 2.8.1 1. Synthesis of Group43 Monohalides 2.8.11.1. by Halogenation of the Metals.

2.8.1 1. Synthesis of Group-IB Monohalides The monohalides form the largest group for a single oxidation state of the group-IB metals. The known compounds are CuX (X = C1, Br and I), AgX (X = F, C1, Br and I) and AuX (X = C1, Br and I). 2.8.11 .l. by Halogenation of the Metals.

Each of the monohalides listed in $2.8.11 may, given the correct experimental conditions, be synthesized by direct reaction of the metal with a halogen. However, this is rarely the method of choice. Copper(1) halides are normally prepared by reducing aq Cuz+ soln (see $2.8.11.2). Should CuCl or CuBr be prepared by halogenation of the metal, care is required to ensure that the reaction T is high enough to prevent dihalide formation (see $2.8.7.1). Although, in principle, CuCl can be prepared by reacting Cu with C1, at lOOO"C, at which T CuC1, is unstable with respect to CuCl and Cl,, the usual high-T method is the reaction of the metal with HCI gas at 800-1ooo"C in a quartz flow system'*2:

-

2 Cu

+ 2 HCl-2

CuCl+ H,

(a)

Burning Cu foil in Br, vapor is used to prepare CuBr, any CuBr, being decomposed by subsequently heating the product at 300°C in vacuo3. Alternatively, the reaction may be carried out in a sealed tube using a T gradient between 20 and 450°C. Under these conditions the bromine partial pressure exceeds the equilibrium pressure over CuBr and CuBr,, so the latter is not produced'. In the decomposition: 2 CuBr, (s)

-

2 CuBr (s)

+ Br, (g)

(b)

the equilibrium pressure reaches 1 atm (101.3 kNm-,) at -250°C 4. Copper(1) iodide may be prepared by heating Cu with I, in an evacuated tube at -450°C '33. The Cu(1) halides may be purified by sublimation over freshly reduced Cu gauze in an evacuated tube. Alternately, CuCl and CuBr can be distilled or sublimed at high T under dynamic vacuum; CuI can also be distilled, but cocondensation of iodine can be a problem. A final purification step is zone refining5. Reaction of Cu with molten IBr ti or electrochemical oxidation of a Cu anode in the presence of Br, in MeOH-C,H, (see $2.8.7.1) is also used to prepare CuBr. When heated with NH,Cl to 100°C and above, Cu affordss CuCl. A common method for producing Cu(1) halides involves reacting Cu with boiling aqueous hydrohalic acid. With HCl or HBr, solvble Cu(1) complex anions (see $2.8.12) form; they decompose on addition of H,O, precipitating CuCl or CuBr. With HI, CuI precipitates directly. Although the Ag(1) halides can be prepared by halogenation of the metal using halogen or HX at high T 9 , much of the interest in such systems is concerned with corrosion processes. Fluorination of Ag produces AgF, (see $2.8.7.1), although if the F, is subsequently replaced by flowing CH, or C,H6 at 200°C the final product is AgF lo. Direct fluorination of finely divided Ag at RT using a 1:lO mixture of F, with N, produces'' AgF. The classical analytical methods for the estimation of C1-, Br- and I - involve precipitation of insoluble Ag halides from aqueous solution (solubilities in water at 25°C

'

-

2.8. Formation of the Halogen (Cu, Ag, Au) or (Zn, Cd, Hg) Metal Bond 2.8.11. Synthesis of Group46 Monohalides 2.8.11.1. by Halogenation of the Metals.

125

in mg L-': AgCl, 30; AgBr, 5.5; AgI; 0.05) Ag(1) fluoride is soluble in water (18 x lo5 mg L- at 25°C) and so cannot be prepared by precipitation. The salts AgCl, AgBr and AgI are therefore usually prepared by metathesis, between, for example, AgNO, and a sodium or potassium halide solution. The well-known light sensitivity of the Ag(1) halides and their consequent importance in photography has generated a vast literature on their precipitation and properties. The HT cubic form of AgI also displays high ionic conductivity as a result of the mobility of Ag' ions. Much work has therefore been published on its use as a solid electrolyte. Au(1) disproportionates in aqueous solution: 3 Au(1)

-

2 Au

+ Au(II1)

(c)

unless the compound has low solubility or is strongly complexed, so there is no possibility of precipitating Au(1) halides in the manner in which Ag(1) halides are formed. The thermodynamics of the Au-Cl, system (see 52.8.3.1.1) show that with a C1, pressure of 760 torr (101 kN m-') solid AuCl is formed between 254 and 282"C, together with gaseous Au,Cl,. In principle, therefore, it should be possible to prepare AuCl by chlorination of Au. It is not a useful method, however, for 3Oo"C CuC1, loses C1, to give CuC1, Loss of Br, from CuBr, > 150°C which in the presence of air is oxidized to CuO similarly yields y-CuBr which > 425°C in air gives CuO Pyrolysis of AU,C& gives AuCI, which decomposes into the metal and C1, > 200°C. The conditions producing the best yields of AuCl are debatable, heating at 160 or 185°C in 175°C or 235°C in a stream of HCI gas or 95°C in N, * having been proposed. Crystalline AuCl has been prepared by vapor transport of Au,Cl, under an atmosphere of Cl,. The Au,CI, at one end of a quartz tube is heated to 247°C and AuCl is deposited at the other end of the tube held at 272°C '. Thermal decomposition of Au,Br6 in a stream of argon at 100°C or in air at 200°C yields AuBr. (ii) Aqueous Methods. Although AuCl and AuBr disproportionate in aqueous media, AuI can be obtained by reduction of H[AuCl,].4 H,O using aqueous iodide, presumably because of its low solubility'. Only low concentrations of Cu+ ( < l o - ' mol L-') can exist in aq Cu soh. Although the equilibrium: '9'.

2 cu+

*c u + cu2+

(a)

lies to the right for Cu(1) salts such as the sulfate, which, therefore, disproportionates in water, it can be displaced in favor of Cu(1) for insoluble salts. Copper(1) halides provide such examples, their solubilities at 25°C being CuCI, 110 mg L- ';CuBr, 29; CuI, 0.42. So the addition of a suitable reducing agent to aq CuCl, or CuBr,, or more commonly CuSO,-5 H,O in the presence of C1- or Br-, effects precipitation of the Cu(1) halide'O~ll.Favored reducing agents are Cu metal, SO, or 2 CuCl,

+ 2 H,O + SO,

-

2 CuCl

+ H,SO, + 2 HCl

(b)

The use of SO, as reducing agent can produce S contamination, causing point defects that change the intrinsic colors of CuCl and CuBr even at very low concentrations12. Other reducing agents used include SnCl,, N,H,, NH,OH, Zn, Al, [S,0,]2- and ascorbic acid. Copper(1) iodide may similarly be prepared by the addition of I - to an aq CU" solution, but no additional reducing agent is required. Despite the relative standard potentials: Cu2+ + eI,

+ 2 e-

Cu+

En= 0.15 V

(c)

2 I-

E" = 0.54 V

(4

iodide ion is oxidized by Cu2+,because of the insolubility of C U I ' ~ , ' ~ ~ ' ~ : 2 cu2+ + 4 I -

2 CUI

+ I,

(el

The reaction of CuO with hydriodic acid follows the same path. Although CuI, may initially be formed in these reactions, it immediately suffers an internal redox reaction. The reactions of Cu,(O,CMe), with either CH3COI or I, in acetone15 also afford CuI. Both reactions are carried out in anhydrous acetic acid. The addition of CH3COCI

2.8. Formation of the Halogen (Cu, Ag, Au) or (Zn, Cd, Hg) Metal Bond 2.8.12. Synthesis of Complex Halides from Monohalides of Group-IB

127

or CH,COBr to a boiling solution of Cu,(O,CMe), in an acetic acid-acetic anhydride mixture similarly leads to CuCl or CuBr, respectively2. (D.A. EDWARDS)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

M. C. Ball, R. F. M. Coultard, J. Chem. Soc., A , 1417 (1968). H. D. Hardt, 2. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 301, 87 (1959). R. R. Hammer, N. W. Gregory, J. Phys. Chem., 68, 314 (1964). N. Tanaka, M. Kagawa, Bull. Chem. SOC.Jpn., 43, 3468 (1970). G. Brauer, ed., Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, 2nd ed., Vol. 2, Academic Press, New York, 1965, p. 1055. L. Capella, C. Schwab, C. R. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci., 260, 4337 (1965). M. 0. Faltens, D. A. Shirley, J. Chem. Phys., 53, 4249 (1970). R. J. Puddephatt, The Chemistry of Gold, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1918, p. 34. E. M. W. Janssen, J. C. W. Folmer, G. A. Wiegers, J. Less-Common Met., 38, 71 (1974). Ref. 5, pp. 1005-1007. R. N. Keller, H. D. Wycoff, Znorg. Synth., 2, 1 (1946). C. Schurab, A. Goltzene, Progr. Crystal Growth Chem., 5,233 (1982). G. B. Kauffman, R. P. Pinnell, Znorg. Synth., 6, 3 (1960). G. B. Kauffman, Znorg. Synth., JI, 215 (1968). H. D. Hardt, R. Bollig, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 4, 869 (1965).

2.8.12. Synthesis of Complex Halides Derived from Monohalides of Group-IB Although no fluorometallate(1) anions are known for these metals and the haloaurates(1) are invariably linear [AuX,] - (X = C1, Br, I), the structures and stoichiometries of the halocuprates(1) and haloargentates(1) range from simple mononuclear species, e.g., [MX2]- (M = Cu, Ag; X = C1, Br, I), to highly complex ones, e.g., [CU,,I,,]~~-. The stoichiometries of a majority of the halocuprates(1) and haloargentates(I1) fall into two major types, [M,X,+ and [MnXn+2]2-,examples containing five or fewer metal atoms being listed in Table 1. The stoichiometries, however, do not indicate the structural nature of the anions; many of the isolated solid compounds contain polynuclear anions TABLE1. STOICHIOMETRIES OF SOME HALO METAL LATE(^) ANIONS~ CM"X"+,I- type: M = Cu, Ag, Au; X = C1, Br, I [MXJM = Cu, Ag; X = C1, Br, I [M2XJ M = CU, X = C1, I; M = Ag, X = I [M3XJ [MaXsI[cU4CI3121-, [A&IsI [w61CA~,I,I[M"X"+2l2- type: M = Cu, X = CI, Br, I; M = Ag, X = I [MX3l2M = Cu, X = Br, I; M = Ag, X = C1, Br CM2X,l2[M3%l2[Cu3C1,l2 -, CAg3Br512M = Cu, X = Br, I [M4X612M = Cu, X = Br, I [M5%12a

Up to five metal atoms only.



127

or CH,COBr to a boiling solution of Cu,(O,CMe), in an acetic acid-acetic anhydride mixture similarly leads to CuCl or CuBr, respectively2. (D.A. EDWARDS)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

M. C. Ball, R. F. M. Coultard, J. Chem. Soc., A , 1417 (1968). H. D. Hardt, 2. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 301, 87 (1959). R. R. Hammer, N. W. Gregory, J. Phys. Chem., 68, 314 (1964). N. Tanaka, M. Kagawa, Bull. Chem. SOC.Jpn., 43, 3468 (1970). G. Brauer, ed., Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, 2nd ed., Vol. 2, Academic Press, New York, 1965, p. 1055. L. Capella, C. Schwab, C. R. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci., 260, 4337 (1965). M. 0. Faltens, D. A. Shirley, J. Chem. Phys., 53, 4249 (1970). R. J. Puddephatt, The Chemistry of Gold, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1918, p. 34. E. M. W. Janssen, J. C. W. Folmer, G. A. Wiegers, J. Less-Common Met., 38, 71 (1974). Ref. 5, pp. 1005-1007. R. N. Keller, H. D. Wycoff, Znorg. Synth., 2, 1 (1946). C. Schurab, A. Goltzene, Progr. Crystal Growth Chem., 5,233 (1982). G. B. Kauffman, R. P. Pinnell, Znorg. Synth., 6, 3 (1960). G. B. Kauffman, Znorg. Synth., JI, 215 (1968). H. D. Hardt, R. Bollig, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 4, 869 (1965).

2.8.12. Synthesis of Complex Halides Derived from Monohalides of Group-IB Although no fluorometallate(1) anions are known for these metals and the haloaurates(1) are invariably linear [AuX,] - (X = C1, Br, I), the structures and stoichiometries of the halocuprates(1) and haloargentates(1) range from simple mononuclear species, e.g., [MX2]- (M = Cu, Ag; X = C1, Br, I), to highly complex ones, e.g., [CU,,I,,]~~-. The stoichiometries of a majority of the halocuprates(1) and haloargentates(I1) fall into two major types, [M,X,+ and [MnXn+2]2-,examples containing five or fewer metal atoms being listed in Table 1. The stoichiometries, however, do not indicate the structural nature of the anions; many of the isolated solid compounds contain polynuclear anions TABLE1. STOICHIOMETRIES OF SOME HALO METAL LATE(^) ANIONS~ CM"X"+,I- type: M = Cu, Ag, Au; X = C1, Br, I [MXJM = Cu, Ag; X = C1, Br, I [M2XJ M = CU, X = C1, I; M = Ag, X = I [M3XJ [MaXsI[cU4CI3121-, [A&IsI [w61CA~,I,I[M"X"+2l2- type: M = Cu, X = CI, Br, I; M = Ag, X = I [MX3l2M = Cu, X = Br, I; M = Ag, X = C1, Br CM2X,l2[M3%l2[Cu3C1,l2 -, CAg3Br512M = Cu, X = Br, I [M4X612M = Cu, X = Br, I [M5%12a

Up to five metal atoms only.

128


constructed by sharing of MX,tetrahedra in various ways. In general, the coordination of Cu(1) or Ag(1) increases with decreasing size of the cation, the geometry of the anion in the crystalline state being determined by the degree of dilution imposed on the halide ,, [Ni(en),][AgBr,], ‘, ligands by the cations’,’. For example, in [Cu(NH,),][CuCl,], [Me,N][AgX,] (X = C1 ’, I 6 , and [Sr(H,O),][AgI,], the anions form infinite chains by edge sharing of tetrahedra. In K,[CuCl,] and K,[AgI,] the tetrahedra share corners to form infinite chains and in M[Cu,CI,] (M = Cs lo, Me,N 11, Me,P (X = C1, Br)16 [PhN,][Cu,Br,] M[Cu,I,] (M = Cs 14, Me,S 15), [Et,N][Ag,X,] or Cs[Ag,I,] l o the anions form infinite double chains of tetrahedra sharing corners. Less frequently, 2 or 3-coordinate mononuclear anions may be present in the solid state. Examples containing linear [MX,] - anions, like their [AuX,] - analog, are M[CuX,][M = Bu,N, X = C1, Br 17; M = Pr,N, X = C1 M = Ph,P, X = C1, Br l a ; M = K(18-crown-6), X = I”]. Mononuclear trigonal planar anions are present in, e.g., [MePh,P],[MX,] (M = Cu, X = Br, I; M = Ag, X = 1)’’ and [Me,P],[CuBr,] A few compounds contain discrete dinuclear [Mz(p-X),X,]2 - anions, e.g., [Et,N],[Cu,Br,] ’l, M,[Cu,I,] (M = Pr,N ”, Bu,N 2 3 ) and [Ph,P][Ag,X,] (X = C1, Br)’,. A very uncommon type is illustrated by [Me,N],[Cu,(p-Br)Br,] 2 5 , which contains two trigonal-planar units sharing a common bromide ligand. Exceptions to the classification in Table 1 are by no means rare, examples being [CU,C~,]~-2 7 , [Ag,C1,I3- ”, [CU,I,]~- 28, [cu,I,]4- 29.30, provided by [CuI,I3[cU,18]4- ”, [ c U 5 c l l , ] ” 31, [CU,Brg]3- 32, [cU6111]5- 33, [cU7c110]334 and [ C U , I , ~ ] ~”.- There are also many iodoargentates(1) containing more than five metal atoms. These and related species such as [Ag,I,]-, [Cu,Br,]’and [Cu,Cl,I,- have been extensively studied because of their high solid-state electrical conductivities. The largest discrete example is [PYH],,[Cu,,I,,]I,, which contains 36 CuI, tetrahedra joined by two or three common edges”. The Cu and Ag halo anions are most often prepared by adding halide ion to CuX or AgX (X = C1, Br, or I) in such solvents as water, alcohols, acetone dichloromethane, N,N-dimethylformamide, acetonitrile or nitromethane, followed by crystallization. Selected compounds prepared in this manner are given in Tables 2 and 3. Electrochemical oxidation of a Cu anode is a useful route to halocuprates(I)26.The cell has a Pt cathode and an electrolyte of tetraethylammonium halide in MeCN and an alkyl or aryl halide. Compounds isolated include the [Et,N]+ salts of [CU,C~,]~-, [Cu,Cl,]-, [CuBr,lZ-, [CuIJ and [CuI,I3-, the latter being a rare mononuclear tetrahedral example. An alternative route to iodocuprates (I), which starts with the metal, is the reaction of xs Cu powder with organic triiodides, e.g., R1, (R = Me,N, Pr,N), or organic iodide-iodine mixtures in refluxing organic solvents, e.g., chloroform or acetone30~33~50-52. Both known and new iodocuprates(1) have been prepared, the compounds isolated by precipitation depending on size, type and charge distribution of the R + cation. Examples prepared include (a) [Me,N][Cu,I,], possessing a novel chain structure in which Cur, tetrahedra are linked alternately via common edges and faces5’; (b) [Pr,N],[Cu,I,], containing five cyclic, condensed CuI, tetrahedra5’; (c) [R,N], containing [ICU(~-I),CUI]~anions; (d) [Mepy][CuI,] [Cu,I,] (R = Et 33, n-Pr (Mepy = N-methylpyridinium), containing chains of edge-sharing CuI, tetrahedras1;(e) [Pr,N][Cu,I,], containing isolated chains of face-sharing CuI, tetrahedra5,; (0 [py2CH,],[Cu,I,] (py2CH2= dipyridiniomethane) containing edge-sharing CuI, tetrahedra,’ and (g) [Et,N],[Cu,I,,]I, the anion of which has the six Cu atoms arranged as a trigonal prism, five faces and six corners of which contain the 11 I atoms3,.

’,

’,,


TABLE2. SYNTHESIS OF HALOGENOCUPRATES(~) Example

Rb[Cu,CI,] K2CCuC131 [Ph,RP][CuBr,]

[K( 18-crown-6)][CuI,] CMePH,PICCu,I,I [MePh,As][Cu,I,] LK(crown)l2 [cu4161

a

en = 1,Zdiaminoethane. py = pyridine

Method

Ref.

Mix solutions of [Cu(NH,),]CI, and CuCl in conc aq KCI Mix CuCl and [Et,NH]Cl dry powders, product isolated as an oil React [Bu,N][HSO,] with NaCl and CuCl in H,O CuCl+ [Me,NH,]CI (1:l) in EtOH-HCI CuCl + [Me,P]CI (1: 1) in EtOH-CH,Cl, under N, Synproportionation of solid CsX-CuX mixtures (1 :2) in closed Cu vessel (X = C1, Br) Fuse CuCl + RbCl Add CuCl to sat s o h KCI in aq HCI in absence of 0, CuBr + [Ph,RP]Br (1: 1) in EtOH (R = Et, n-Pr, n-Bu) Cu(en),Br, + CuBr in aq [NH,]Br CuBr + [Ph,MeP]Br (1:3) in EtOH under N, Melt of CuBr and xs [pyH]Br CuBr + [Et,MeN]Br (1:l) in EtOH-CH,CI, under N, CuI + 18-crown-6 in presence of KI CuI + large xs [MePh,P]I in MeNO, CuI + [MePh,As]I (1:2) in MeNo, CuI + crown in presence of KI (crown = 12-crown-4, 15-crown-5, or dibenzo24-crown-8) CuI + [MePh,P]I (1:2) in acetone under N, CuI + CsI in MeCN or acetone or solidstate reaction CuI + [pyH]I (2:3) in refluxing acetone CuI dissoved in boiling acetone solution of [pyH]Br CuCl + CuI + CsCl intimate mixture melted at 320°C in sealed tube under N,

3 35 36 31 12 38

39 8 40 41 20 42 43 19 44 20 19

20 28 29 41

45

129

130

2.8. Formation of the Halogen (Cu, Ag, Au) or (Zn, Cd, Hg) Metal Bond 2.8.12. Synthesis of Complex Halides from Monohalides of Group-IB TABLE3. SYNTHESIS OF HALOGENOARGENTATES(~) Examp1e CMe4NlCAgXzl CsCAgClzI CEt4NlCAgzC~3I [Ph4Asl,[AgzCI,] W4PI z CAg2X4I W4PI CAgBr2l ~Et4NICAgzBr31 [Ph,MePI 3CAgBr4l ~~r(HzO),ICAgIzIz [MeNH=CMez][Ag,13] Cs2CAgI3I K2CAgI3I

Method

Ref.

AgX + [Me4N]X in N,N-dimethyl formamide (X = C1, I) AgCl+ CsCl (l:l), melt at =310”C AgCl + [Et4N]CI (1:l) in MeCN AgCl + [Ph,As]Cl.H,O (1:2) in MeCN AgX + [Ph,P]X (1:l) in MeCn (X = C1, Br) AgBr + [Ph,P]Br (1:2) in MeCN AgBr + [Et4N]Br (1:l) in N,N-dimethylformamide AgBr + [Ph,MeP]Br (1:2) in MeCn Saturated aq SrI, + AgI s o h Shake AgI + [MeNH,]I in acetone CsI + AgI in N,N-dimethylformamide Saturate a warm conc KI s o h with AgI

5, 6

-

46 16 20 24 20 16 20 7 47 48 49

The reactions of monohalides with ligands may also be useful, e.g.533s4: 2 MX

+ 2 diars

[M(diars),][MX,]

(a)

where M = Cu, Ag; X = C1, Br, I. Copper(1) acetate has also been employed as a starting material. Reaction with MeCOCl in MeCn-MeC0,H gives chlorocuprate(1) solutions, from which Rb,[CuCI,], Cs,[Cu,Cl,] and [Me,N][Cu,Cl,] are obtained by adding metal acetate or [Me,N]Cl under nitrogenz7. Halocuprate(1) anions can also be generated by reducing appropriate Cu(I1) compounds; e.g., passage of SO, into an CuCl, soln containing xs KCI gives K[CuCl,]. Boiling aq CuBr, soln and xs KBr produces K[CuBr,] and the reaction between aq Cu2+and xs KI gives K[CuI,]. An excess of the potassium halide is necessary to prevent precipitation of Cu(1) halide. Examples of other reductions of CuCl, that have been used to prepare chlorocuprate(1) anions involve the addition of Et,P, the cyclophosphazene N,P,(NMe,),, and Ph,P(CH,),Net,. The products are [Et,PCl][Cu,Cl,] ”, [N,P,(NMe,),,CuCI][CuCl,] s6 and [Ph,P(O) (CH,),NHEt,][CuCl,] 5 7 , respectively, the oxidation and protonation of the aminophosphine in the last example resulting from the presence of adventitious water in the EtOH or THF used as solvent. A novel route to [Ag,13] - species47involves the alkylation of N,N-dimethylformamide by alkyl iodides in the presence of Ag,O. Thus, reaction of Me1 with Ag,O in this solvent affords [Me,N)[Ag,I,]. Silver(1) acetate can also be a useful starting material. It reacts with [Bu,N]I in aqueous acetone to give [Bu,N][Ag,I,] ”. The high molecular weight iodoargentates(1) and a number of halocuprate(1) analogs, e.g., [ ~ ~ H ] , [ C U , B ~ 4nd , ] ~ ~M[Cu4Cl,I,] (M = Rb, CS),~,display high conductivities in the solid state as a result of fast metal-ion transport’’ through the complex structures. For example, Rb[Ag,I,] has four molecules in the unit cell, the 20 iodide ions forming 56 tetrahedra by face sharing. The 16 Ag’ cations are distributed over the 56 sites in a nonuniform manner, the tetrahedra forming a network for fast Ag’ ion


131

transport. Many others, e.g., [Ag,,I,,]2-, [Ag,,I,,]5- and [Ag3,13,]*-, also involve face-shared tetrahedra with random Ag distribution60-62, but [pyH][Ag,I,] has face-shared octahedra as well as tetrahedra5’. The addition of 4 mol equiv AgI to saturated aq MI soln at 40-70°C is a route to M[Ag,I,](M = K, Rb, Cs or NH,) 6 3 , which decompose to AgI and M,AgI, in the presence of moisture, and Rb[Ag,I,] is metastable < 27°C 59. Quarternary ammonium salts are prepared by intimately mixing AgI and [R,N]I and annealing in closed vessels under argon at 125-165°C. Alternatively, the reactants can be made into a paste with water, then vacuumdried before grinding, pelletizing and annealing60*64*65. The products The solid-state reaction are [R,N][Ag,I,+,](n = 2,4,6,7 and 8) and [R,N],[Ag,,I,,]. between 9: 1 molar proportions of AgI and [Me,N(CH,),NMe,]I, affords +

~

~

~

3

~

~

~

~

2

~

2 6 2 ~.

~

~

3

1

4

~

~

~

3

1

~

3

9

1

Finally, the haloaurate(1) anions [AuCl,] - and [AuBr,] - disproportionate in water:

-

3 [AuX,]-

+ 2 Au + 2 X -

[AuX,]-

(b)

so early reports that [AuX,] - is reduced to [AuX,] - in water are unlikely to be correct. The stability of [AuX,]- in water increases with increasing size of halogen, [AuIz]resulting from the addition of aqueous iodide to AuI 6 6 . Reduction of [AuX,]- (X = C1, Br) by I- in aq soln has been studied by stopped-flow spectrophotometry. Use of xs I leads6’ to [AuI,]-. The ions [AuClJ and [AuBr,]- are stable in acetonitrile68: [Au(NCMe),]+

+ 2 X-

-

[AuX,]-

+ 2 MeCN

(c)

where X = C1 or Br. The key to the preparations of tetraalkylammonium salts6’ is selecting a reducing agent that does not reduce [R,N][AuX,] (R = Et or n-Bu) to the metal. The reducing agent for X = C1 is [PhNHNH,]Cl in ethanol: 2 [R,N][AuCl,]

+ [PhNHNHJCl

-

[R,N][AuCl,]

+ [R,N][PhAuCl,] + N, + 4 HCl

(d)

The reaction proceeds with part of the Au(II1) being reduced and the remainder converted into a phenylgold anion (see $2.8.5). The reducing agent employed with [AuBr,]- is acetone in ethanol: [R,N][AuBr,]

+ Me,CO

-

[R,N][AuBr,]

+ HBr + MeCOCH,Br

(e)

The iodides [R,N][AuI,] are obtained by metathesis of [R,N][AuBr,] and [R,N]I in ethanol. The iodide [Au(diars),][AuI,] results from the reaction of AuI with [A~(diars),]I~~. Similarly, compounds of empirical formulas [AuX(C,H,N)] (X = C1, I) are actually [Au(C,H,N),][AuX,], the cations and anions being weakly linked by long metal-metal interactions7,. The compounds M,Au,X, and M,Au,X8 (M = alkali metal; X = C1, Br or I) which contain both [AuX,]- and [AuX,]- ions are discussed in $2.8.4.1. (D.A. EDWARDS)

1. S . Andersson, S . Jagner, Acta Chem. Scand., 40A, 52 (1986). 2. S. Andersson, S. Jagner, Acta Chem. Scand., 41A, 230 (1987). 3. J. A. Baglio, P. A. Vaughan, J. Znorg. Nucl. Chem., 32, 803 (1970). 4. R. Stomberg, Acta Chem. Scand., 23, 3498 (1969).

132

5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61.


G. Helgesson, M. Josefsson, S. Jagner, Acta Crystallogr., C44, 1729 (1988). K. Peters, H. G. von Schnering, W. Ott, H.-M. Seidenspinner, Acta Crystallogr., C40,789 (1984). S. Geller, J. 0. Dudley, J. Solid State Chem., 26, 321 (1978). C. Brink, C. H. MacGillavry, Acta Crystallogr., 2, 158 (1949). C. Brink, H. A. S. Kroese, Acta Crystallogr., 5, 433 (1952). C. Brink, N. F. Binnendijk, J. van de Linde, Acta Crystallogr., 7, 176 (1954). S. Andersson, S. Jagner, Acta Chem. Scand., 40A, 177 (1986). S. Andersson, S. Jagner, Acta Chem. Scand., 42A, 691 (1988). C. Romming, K. Waerstad, J. Chem. SOC.,Chem. Commun.,299 (1965). N. Jouini, L. Guen, M. Tournoux, Rev. Chim. Minerale, 17,486 (1980). M. Asplund, S. Jagner, M. Nilsson, Acta Chem. Scand., 39A, 447 (1985). G. Helgesson, S. Jagner, Acta Crystallogr., C44, 2059 (1988). M. Asplund, S. Jagner, M. Nilsson, Acta Chem. Scand., 37A, 57 (1983). S. Andersson, S. Jagner, Acta Chem. Scand., 39A, 297 (1985). N. P. Rath, E. M. Holt, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 311 (1986). G. A. Bowmaker, G. R. Clark, D. A. Rogers, A. Camus, N. Marsich, J. Chem.SOC., Dalton Trans., 37 (1984). M. Asplund, S. Jagner, Acta Chem. Scand., 38A, 135 (1984). M. Asplund, S. Jagner, Acta Chem. Scand., 38A, 411 (1984). M. Asplund, S. Jagner, M. Nilsson, Acta Chem. Scand., 36A, 751 (1982). G. Helgesson, S. Jagner, J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 2117 (1988). M. Asplund, S. Jagner, Acta Chem. Scand., 39A, 47 (1985). F. F. Said, D. G. Tuck, Can. J. Chem., 59, 62 (1981). H. D. de Ahna, H. D. Hardt, Z. Anorg. A&. Chem., 383, 263 (1971). K. P. Bigalke, A. Hans, H. Hartl, Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 563, 96 (1988). H. Hartl, J. Fuchs, Angew. Chem., Znt. Ed. Engl., 25, 569 (1986). H. Hartl, I. Briidgam, F. Mahdjour-Hassan-Abadi, Z. Naturforsch., Teil B, 40, 1032 (1985). D. Culpin, P. Day, P. R. Edwards, R. J. P. Williams, J. Chem. Soc., A, 1838 (1968). S. Andersson, S. Jagner, Acta Chem. Scand., 43, 39 (1989). F. Mahdjour-Hassan-Abadi, H. Hartl, J . Fuchs, Angew. Chem., Znt. Ed. Engl., 23, 514 (1984). M. Asplund, S. Jagner, Acta Chem. Scand., 38A, 807 (1984). D. T. Axtell, B. W. Good, W. W. Porterfield, J. T. Yoke, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,95, 4555 (1973). M. Nilsson, Acta Chem. Scand., 36B, 125 (1982). H. Remy, G. Laves, Chem. Ber., 66, 571 (1933). G. Meyer, 2. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 515, 127 (1984). T. Matsui, J. B. Wagner, J. Electrochem. Soc., 124, 941 (1977). S. Andersson, S. Jagner, Acta Chem. Scand., 39A, 515 (1985); 39A, 577 (1985); 40A, 210 (1986). C. M. Harris, H. N. S. Schafer, J. Proc. Roy. SOC.N.S. Wales,85, 145 (1952); Chem. Abstr., 47, 1525e (1953). L. Y. Y. Chan, S. Geller, P. M. Skarstad, J. Solid State Chem., 25, 85 (1978). S. Andersson, S. Jagner, Acta Chem. Scand., 43, 39 (1989). G. A. Bowmaker, G. R. Clark, D. K. P. Yuen, J. Chem. SOC.,Dalton Trans., 2329 (1976). S. Geller, A. K. Ray, H. Z. Fardi, K. Nag, Phys. Rev., 25, 2968 (1982). H.-Ch. Gaebell, G. Meyer, R. Hoppe, Z. Anorg. A&. Chem., 497, 199 (1983). R. Kuhn, H. Schretzmann, Chem. Ber., 90, 557 (1957). G. L. Bottger, A. L. Geddes, Spectrochim. Acta, 23A, 1551 (1967). L. A. Bustos, J. G. Contreras, J. Znorg. Nucl. Chem., 42, 1293 (1980). H. Hartl, F. Mahdjour-Hassan-Abadi, Angew. Chem., Znt. Ed. Engl., 20, 772 (1981); 23, 378 (1984). H. Hartl, I. Brudgam, F. Mahdjour-Hassan-Abadi, Z. Naturforsch., Teil B, 38, 57 (1983). H. Hartl, F. Mahdjour-Hassan-Abadi, Z. Naturforsch., Teil B, 39, 149 (1984). A. Kabesh, R. S. Nyholm, J. Chem. SOC., 38 (1951). J. Lewis, R. S. Nyholm, D. J. Phillips, J. Chem. SOC., 2177 (1962). D. D. Axtell, J. T. Yoke, Znorg. Chem., 12, 1265 (1973). W. C. Marsh, J. Trotter, J. Chem. SOC.,A, 1482 (1971). M. G. Newton, H. D. Caughman, R. C. Taylor, J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 258 (1974). C. J. Gilmore, P. A. Tucker, P. Woodward, J. Chem. SOC., A, 1337 (1971). S. Geller, Acc. Chem. Res., 11, 87 (1978). S. Geller, M. D. Lind, J. Chem. Phys., 52, 5854 (1970). S. Geller, P. M. Skarstad, S. A. Wilber, J. Electrochem. SOC., 122, 332 (1975).

2.8. Formation of the Halogen (Cu, Ag, Au) or (Zn, Cd, Hg) Metal Bond 2.8.13. Synthesis of Ag Subfluoride.

133

~~

62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71.

J. Coetzer, G. J. Kruger, M. M. Thackeray, Acta Crystallogr., B32, 1248 (1976). W. V. Johnston, US.Pat. 3,719,746, 1973; Chem. Abstrs., 79, 33,222 (1973). B. B. Owens, J. Electrochem. Soc., 117, 1536 (1970). B B. Owens, J. H. Christie, G. T. Tiedeman, J. Electrochem. SOC.,118, 1144 (1971). A. Hakansson, L. Johansson, Chem. Scr., 7,201 (1975). L I. Elding, L. F. Olsson, Inorg. Chem., 21, 779 (1982). R. Roulet, R. Favez, Chimia, 29, 346 (1975). P, Braunstein, R. J. H. Clark, J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 1845 (1973). C. M. Harris, R. S. Nyholm, J. Chem. SOC.,63 (1957). H.-N. Adams, W. Hiller, J. Strahle, 2. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 485, 81 (1982).

2.8.13. Synthesis of Ag Subfluoride. The unique Ag subfluoride Ag,F is prepared by two methods. The first involves treatment of AgF solutions with additional finely divided silver prepared by the addition of metaformaldehyde' or ammonium formate' to ammoniacal AgNO, soh. The AgF soln is prepared by adding 40% H F soln to Ag,CO,. The precipitated Ag is then added to xs AgF s o h and crystals of Ag,F are formed on evaporation at 50-90°C The second route to Ag,F is the cathodic reduction of AgF soln using low current densities. A saturated AgF soln, prepared as above at 50°C in a Pt dish, is electrolyzed. The dish serves as the cathode and a Ag rod is used as the anode. The maximum current density of the cathode is 0.002 A cm-', the voltage drop across the electrodes 1.4 V and the current 0.07-0.1 A. Using these conditions 20 g can be produced in -48 h3-5.The Ag,F should be stored in vacuo as it is hydrolyzed by water (and thermally decomposed at 100°C) to regenerate Ag and AgF. The electrolysis of AgF-HF solutions using platinum electrodes under similar experimental conditions is claimed to produce higher Ag oxides with a defect structure stable only in the presence of foreign anions, but certainly containing Ag in an oxidation however, the product is now known'.' to be the unusual compound state > 2 [Ag,O,][HF,]. This salt contains [Ag,@,] polyhedra that act as clathrates to enclose the remaining Ag+ and [HFJ ions. The cation can be regarded as [Ag\Agt108]+, but since all six Ag atoms of the [Ag,O,]+ polyhedron are structurally equivalent, it is preferable to refer to an average metal oxidation state of 23. In view of the similar preparative conditions employed for [Ag,O,][HF,] and Ag,F, the conductivity of both solids, and the fact that the former has been characterized by x-ray crystallographyg, it is perhaps surprising that the authenticity of Ag,F appears not to have been questioned. However, whereas [Ag,O,][HFJ is described as a black crystalline material, with %Ag of 81.89% and a face-centered cubic unit cell with a = 9.824 (or 9.834 ', 9.842 '), Ag,F is produced as yellow-green plates with a metallic appearance, with %Ag = 91.91 % and a hexagonal (anti-CdI,) unit cell with a = 2.989, c = 5.710 (or a = 2.996, c = 5.691 'I). The evidence, therefore, suggests that Ag,F is genuine, and the preparation and unit cell parameters of both compounds are established '.

'.

-

-

697;

+

(D.A. EDWARDS)

1. 2. 3. 4.

L. Poyer, M. Fielder, H. Harrison, B. E. Bryant, Inorg. Synth., 5, 18 (1957). Q. Won Choi, J. Am. Chem. Sot., 82, 2686 (1960). A. Hettich, Z . Anorg. ANg. Chem., 167, 67 (1927). R. Scholder, K. Traulsen, 2. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 197, 57 (1931).

Inorganic Reactions and Methods, Volume4 Edited by J.J. Zuckerman, A.P. Hagen Copyright 0 1991 by VCH Publishers, Inc. 2.8. Formation of the Halogen (Cu, Ag, Au) or (Zn, Cd, Hg) Metal Bond 2.8.13. Synthesis of Ag Subfluoride.

133

~~

62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71.

J. Coetzer, G. J. Kruger, M. M. Thackeray, Acta Crystallogr., B32, 1248 (1976). W. V. Johnston, US.Pat. 3,719,746, 1973; Chem. Abstrs., 79, 33,222 (1973). B. B. Owens, J. Electrochem. Soc., 117, 1536 (1970). B B. Owens, J. H. Christie, G. T. Tiedeman, J. Electrochem. SOC.,118, 1144 (1971). A. Hakansson, L. Johansson, Chem. Scr., 7,201 (1975). L I. Elding, L. F. Olsson, Inorg. Chem., 21, 779 (1982). R. Roulet, R. Favez, Chimia, 29, 346 (1975). P, Braunstein, R. J. H. Clark, J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 1845 (1973). C. M. Harris, R. S. Nyholm, J. Chem. SOC.,63 (1957). H.-N. Adams, W. Hiller, J. Strahle, 2. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 485, 81 (1982).

2.8.13. Synthesis of Ag Subfluoride. The unique Ag subfluoride Ag,F is prepared by two methods. The first involves treatment of AgF solutions with additional finely divided silver prepared by the addition of metaformaldehyde' or ammonium formate' to ammoniacal AgNO, soh. The AgF soln is prepared by adding 40% H F soln to Ag,CO,. The precipitated Ag is then added to xs AgF s o h and crystals of Ag,F are formed on evaporation at 50-90°C The second route to Ag,F is the cathodic reduction of AgF soln using low current densities. A saturated AgF soln, prepared as above at 50°C in a Pt dish, is electrolyzed. The dish serves as the cathode and a Ag rod is used as the anode. The maximum current density of the cathode is 0.002 A cm-', the voltage drop across the electrodes 1.4 V and the current 0.07-0.1 A. Using these conditions 20 g can be produced in -48 h3-5.The Ag,F should be stored in vacuo as it is hydrolyzed by water (and thermally decomposed at 100°C) to regenerate Ag and AgF. The electrolysis of AgF-HF solutions using platinum electrodes under similar experimental conditions is claimed to produce higher Ag oxides with a defect structure stable only in the presence of foreign anions, but certainly containing Ag in an oxidation however, the product is now known'.' to be the unusual compound state > 2 [Ag,O,][HF,]. This salt contains [Ag,@,] polyhedra that act as clathrates to enclose the remaining Ag+ and [HFJ ions. The cation can be regarded as [Ag\Agt108]+, but since all six Ag atoms of the [Ag,O,]+ polyhedron are structurally equivalent, it is preferable to refer to an average metal oxidation state of 23. In view of the similar preparative conditions employed for [Ag,O,][HF,] and Ag,F, the conductivity of both solids, and the fact that the former has been characterized by x-ray crystallographyg, it is perhaps surprising that the authenticity of Ag,F appears not to have been questioned. However, whereas [Ag,O,][HFJ is described as a black crystalline material, with %Ag of 81.89% and a face-centered cubic unit cell with a = 9.824 (or 9.834 ', 9.842 '), Ag,F is produced as yellow-green plates with a metallic appearance, with %Ag = 91.91 % and a hexagonal (anti-CdI,) unit cell with a = 2.989, c = 5.710 (or a = 2.996, c = 5.691 'I). The evidence, therefore, suggests that Ag,F is genuine, and the preparation and unit cell parameters of both compounds are established '.

'.

-

-

697;

+

(D.A. EDWARDS)

1. 2. 3. 4.

L. Poyer, M. Fielder, H. Harrison, B. E. Bryant, Inorg. Synth., 5, 18 (1957). Q. Won Choi, J. Am. Chem. Sot., 82, 2686 (1960). A. Hettich, Z . Anorg. ANg. Chem., 167, 67 (1927). R. Scholder, K. Traulsen, 2. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 197, 57 (1931).

134

2.8. Formation of the Halogen (Cu, Ag, Au) or (Zn, Cd, Hg) Metal Bond 2.8.14.Synthesis of the Group-IIB Dihalides from the Metals 2.8.14.1. by Halogenation Reactions.

5. G. Brauer, ed., Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, 2nd ed., Vol. 1, Academic Press, New York, 1963, p. 239. 6. W. S. Graff, H. H. Stadelmaier, J. Electrochem. SOC.,105, 446 (1958). 7. I. Naray-Szabo, K. Popp, Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 322, 286 (1963). 8. M. B. Robin, K. Andres, T. H. Geballe, N. A. Kuebler, D. B. McWhan, Phys. Rev. Lett., 17,917 (1966). 9. A. C. Gossard, D. K. Hindermann, M. B. Robin, N. A. Kuebler, T. H. Geballe, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,89, 7121 (1967). 10. H. Terrey, H. Diamond, J. Chem. SOC.,2820 (1928). 11. G. Argay, I. Naray-Szabo, Acta Chim. Acad. Sci. Hung., 49,329 (1966); Chem.Abstr., 66,32,68lb (1967). 12. I. Naray-Szabo, G. Argay, P. Szabo, Acta Crystallogr., 19, 180 (1965).

2.8.14. Synthesis of the Group-IIB Dihalides from the Metals 2.8.14.1. by Halogenation Reactions.

A straightforward preparation of the group-IIB halides involves oxidation of the metal by the diatomic halogens: M

+ X,

-

MX,

(a)

The metals burn in F,, but the reaction becomes less exothermic as the atomic weight of the halogen increases. Powdered Zn burns in F, to produce' Z,F,; in the reaction of Zn and C1, dry C1, does not react at RT, but damp C1, does'. However, a C1, and HCl gas mixture at 400°C produces3 pure ZnC1,. Zinc powder and Br, react at 550°C or in Et,O s o h 5 at RT. A mixture of HBr and Br, when combined with Zn powder reacts by6: Zn

+ HBr + f Br,

H20

ZnBr,

+ f H,

The ZnBr, is obtained by evaporating the solution and subliming the products in a stream of HBr-N,. Zinc iodide is prepared from Zn powder and I, in H,O or Et,O '. When Et,O is employed, the hemietherate, ZnI,.f Et,O, is obtained. In either reaction, however, ZnI, can be obtained by first heating the product to remove the solvent and finally vacuum distilling or subliming the ZnI, at 400°C. Cadmium metal reacts with the halogens by Eq. (a). Powdered Cd and F, held at 300°C for 1 h producesg CdF,. Early attempts used damp C1, to produce, CdCl,, but CdCl, is preparedlo in the absence of 0, and H,O. Cadmium bromide forms in a boiling H,O-Br, soln" or when Br, is heated to 450°C with Cd metal". However, HBr should be added to the Br,-H,O soln in order to prevent hydrolysis of the CdBr, to CdOHBr. The CdBr, can be purified by sublimation in an HBr-N, gas stream. Cadmium iodide forms when Cd metal and I, are mixed in H,O. When Hg is burned in F, a useful fluorinating agent, HgF,, is formed14. Mercury(I1) chloride can be prepared analogously by heating Hg and C1, together to 25O0CI5. By bubbling C1, through an NaCl solution containing a dispersion of Hg meta116*17:

--

+ 2 HClO HgO.HgC1, + 2 C1, + H,O 2 Hg

HgO*HgCl, + H,O 2 HgCl,

+ 2 HClO

(4 (4


134

2.8. Formation of the Halogen (Cu, Ag, Au) or (Zn, Cd, Hg) Metal Bond 2.8.14.Synthesis of the Group-IIB Dihalides from the Metals 2.8.14.1. by Halogenation Reactions.

5. G. Brauer, ed., Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, 2nd ed., Vol. 1, Academic Press, New York, 1963, p. 239. 6. W. S. Graff, H. H. Stadelmaier, J. Electrochem. SOC.,105, 446 (1958). 7. I. Naray-Szabo, K. Popp, Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 322, 286 (1963). 8. M. B. Robin, K. Andres, T. H. Geballe, N. A. Kuebler, D. B. McWhan, Phys. Rev. Lett., 17,917 (1966). 9. A. C. Gossard, D. K. Hindermann, M. B. Robin, N. A. Kuebler, T. H. Geballe, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,89, 7121 (1967). 10. H. Terrey, H. Diamond, J. Chem. SOC.,2820 (1928). 11. G. Argay, I. Naray-Szabo, Acta Chim. Acad. Sci. Hung., 49,329 (1966); Chem.Abstr., 66,32,68lb (1967). 12. I. Naray-Szabo, G. Argay, P. Szabo, Acta Crystallogr., 19, 180 (1965).

2.8.14. Synthesis of the Group-IIB Dihalides from the Metals 2.8.14.1. by Halogenation Reactions.

A straightforward preparation of the group-IIB halides involves oxidation of the metal by the diatomic halogens: M

+ X,

-

MX,

(a)

The metals burn in F,, but the reaction becomes less exothermic as the atomic weight of the halogen increases. Powdered Zn burns in F, to produce' Z,F,; in the reaction of Zn and C1, dry C1, does not react at RT, but damp C1, does'. However, a C1, and HCl gas mixture at 400°C produces3 pure ZnC1,. Zinc powder and Br, react at 550°C or in Et,O s o h 5 at RT. A mixture of HBr and Br, when combined with Zn powder reacts by6: Zn

+ HBr + f Br,

H20

ZnBr,

+ f H,

The ZnBr, is obtained by evaporating the solution and subliming the products in a stream of HBr-N,. Zinc iodide is prepared from Zn powder and I, in H,O or Et,O '. When Et,O is employed, the hemietherate, ZnI,.f Et,O, is obtained. In either reaction, however, ZnI, can be obtained by first heating the product to remove the solvent and finally vacuum distilling or subliming the ZnI, at 400°C. Cadmium metal reacts with the halogens by Eq. (a). Powdered Cd and F, held at 300°C for 1 h producesg CdF,. Early attempts used damp C1, to produce, CdCl,, but CdCl, is preparedlo in the absence of 0, and H,O. Cadmium bromide forms in a boiling H,O-Br, soln" or when Br, is heated to 450°C with Cd metal". However, HBr should be added to the Br,-H,O soln in order to prevent hydrolysis of the CdBr, to CdOHBr. The CdBr, can be purified by sublimation in an HBr-N, gas stream. Cadmium iodide forms when Cd metal and I, are mixed in H,O. When Hg is burned in F, a useful fluorinating agent, HgF,, is formed14. Mercury(I1) chloride can be prepared analogously by heating Hg and C1, together to 25O0CI5. By bubbling C1, through an NaCl solution containing a dispersion of Hg meta116*17:

--

+ 2 HClO HgO.HgC1, + 2 C1, + H,O 2 Hg

HgO*HgCl, + H,O 2 HgCl,

+ 2 HClO

(4 (4

2.8. Formation of the Halogen (Cu, Ag, Au) or (Zn, Cd, Hg) Metal Bond 2.8.14. Synthesis of the Group-IIB Dihalides from the Metals

135

2.8.14.2. by Hydrohalogenation Reactions.

Mercury(I1) bromide forms when Hg reacts with Br, vapor in an N, stream at >250"C ", A hot aq Br, solution reacts with Hg to form HgBr,, which precipitates on c ~ o l i n g ' ~HgBr, ; may be purified by sublimation but is mildly light sensitive. The conditions for the formation of HgI, from Hg and I, are not drastic". The two elements may be titrated in EtOH but both HgI, and HgJ, form". If isoctane is used as a medium, only HgI, forms". Atomic chlorine produced by the UV irradiation of C1, reacts with moist Zn powder to producez3 ZnC1,. (T B. BRILL)

1. H. Moissan, Ann. Chim. Phys., 24, 224 (1891). 2. R. Cowper, J. Chem. SOC.,43, 153 (1833). 3. L. E. Topel, S . J. Yosim, Synth. Inorg. Metal-Org. Chem., 3, 47 (1973). 4. J. B. Berthemot, J. Pharm. Sci. Accessoires, 14, 610 (1828). 5. A. Uhlir, J. Svare, Chem. Prumysl., 11, 140 (1961); Chem. Abstr., 55, 17,334h (1961). 6. G. P. Baxter, J. R. Hodges, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,43, 1242 (1921). 7. J. L. Gay-Lussac, Ann. Chim. Phys., 91,5 (1814). T. J. Webb, J. Phys. Chem., 27,450 (1923). W. Blitz, C. Messerknecht, Z . Anorg. Allg. Chem., 129, 161 (1923). 8. G. Brauer, Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 2,2nd ed., Academic Press, New York, 1963, p. 1073. 9. M. H. Zirin, Oxid. Met., 3, 319 (1971); Chem. Abstr., 75, 94,119 (1971). 10. J. L. Barton, H. Bloom, N. E. Richards, Chem. Ind. (London), 439 (1956). 11. J. B. Berthemot, Ann. Chzm. Phys., 44, 387 (1830). 12. 0. Honigschmid, R. Schlee, Z . Anorg. Allg. Chem., 227, 184 (1936). 13. W. Biltz, C. Mau, Z . Anorg. Allg. Chem., 261, 26 (1950); see also G. G. Schlessinger, Inorganic Laboratory Preparations, Chemical Publishing Company, New York, 1962, p. 18. 14. 0. Ruff, G. Bahlau, Chem. Ber., 51, 1752 (1918). 15. E. Winterhalder, Z. Phys. Chem., 37, 119 (1924); Chem. ASstr., 19, 195 (1925). 16. E. Cadmus, U.S. Pat. 3,424,552; Jan. 28, 1969; Chem. Abstr., 70, 59,400 (1969). 17. C. L. Berthellot, Bull. Pharm., 2, 190 (1810). 18. C. W. Easley, B. F. Brann, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,34, 137 (1912). 19. G. Jander, K. Brodersen, Z . Anorg. Allg. Chem., 261, 26 (1950). 20. B. Courtois, Ann. Chim., 88, 304 (1813). 21. A. R. von Schrotter, Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiso. Wien. 66, 79 (1872). 22. P. Warrick, E. M. Wewerka, M. M. Kreevoy, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,85, 1909 (1963). 23. G. M. Garde, Indian Pat. 122,119; Oct. 30, 1971; Chem. Abstr., 77, P37,202h (1972).


The anhydrous group-IIB halides formed by reacting the metal with gaseous hydrogen halides contrast with the products from aqueous solution: M

+ 2 HX-MX,

+ H,

(a>

Zinc metal reacts with H F at red heat to form' ZnF,. Liquid H F reacts similarly without heat,. Anhydrous ZnC1, forms from Zn and HCl gas directly at 700°C or from chlorine-HC1 mixtures4. Zinc metal alone' or activated with CuCl, in Et,O reacts with HCl gas to form ZnC1,. Cadmium reacts with liq H F or at red heat to yield' CdF,, and with HCl at 450°C to produce' CdCl,. When mixed with air or 0, at 350-400°C Hg metal and HCI gas form' HgCl,. The conditions are less drastic when HBr is used; 100°C heat for 50 h producesg HgBr,. (T.B. BRILL)


2.8. Formation of the Halogen (Cu, Ag, Au) or (Zn, Cd, Hg) Metal Bond 2.8.14. Synthesis of the Group-IIB Dihalides from the Metals

135


Mercury(I1) bromide forms when Hg reacts with Br, vapor in an N, stream at >250"C ", A hot aq Br, solution reacts with Hg to form HgBr,, which precipitates on c ~ o l i n g ' ~HgBr, ; may be purified by sublimation but is mildly light sensitive. The conditions for the formation of HgI, from Hg and I, are not drastic". The two elements may be titrated in EtOH but both HgI, and HgJ, form". If isoctane is used as a medium, only HgI, forms". Atomic chlorine produced by the UV irradiation of C1, reacts with moist Zn powder to producez3 ZnC1,. (T B. BRILL)

1. H. Moissan, Ann. Chim. Phys., 24, 224 (1891). 2. R. Cowper, J. Chem. SOC.,43, 153 (1833). 3. L. E. Topel, S . J. Yosim, Synth. Inorg. Metal-Org. Chem., 3, 47 (1973). 4. J. B. Berthemot, J. Pharm. Sci. Accessoires, 14, 610 (1828). 5. A. Uhlir, J. Svare, Chem. Prumysl., 11, 140 (1961); Chem. Abstr., 55, 17,334h (1961). 6. G. P. Baxter, J. R. Hodges, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,43, 1242 (1921). 7. J. L. Gay-Lussac, Ann. Chim. Phys., 91,5 (1814). T. J. Webb, J. Phys. Chem., 27,450 (1923). W. Blitz, C. Messerknecht, Z . Anorg. Allg. Chem., 129, 161 (1923). 8. G. Brauer, Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 2,2nd ed., Academic Press, New York, 1963, p. 1073. 9. M. H. Zirin, Oxid. Met., 3, 319 (1971); Chem. Abstr., 75, 94,119 (1971). 10. J. L. Barton, H. Bloom, N. E. Richards, Chem. Ind. (London), 439 (1956). 11. J. B. Berthemot, Ann. Chzm. Phys., 44, 387 (1830). 12. 0. Honigschmid, R. Schlee, Z . Anorg. Allg. Chem., 227, 184 (1936). 13. W. Biltz, C. Mau, Z . Anorg. Allg. Chem., 261, 26 (1950); see also G. G. Schlessinger, Inorganic Laboratory Preparations, Chemical Publishing Company, New York, 1962, p. 18. 14. 0. Ruff, G. Bahlau, Chem. Ber., 51, 1752 (1918). 15. E. Winterhalder, Z. Phys. Chem., 37, 119 (1924); Chem. ASstr., 19, 195 (1925). 16. E. Cadmus, U.S. Pat. 3,424,552; Jan. 28, 1969; Chem. Abstr., 70, 59,400 (1969). 17. C. L. Berthellot, Bull. Pharm., 2, 190 (1810). 18. C. W. Easley, B. F. Brann, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,34, 137 (1912). 19. G. Jander, K. Brodersen, Z . Anorg. Allg. Chem., 261, 26 (1950). 20. B. Courtois, Ann. Chim., 88, 304 (1813). 21. A. R. von Schrotter, Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiso. Wien. 66, 79 (1872). 22. P. Warrick, E. M. Wewerka, M. M. Kreevoy, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,85, 1909 (1963). 23. G. M. Garde, Indian Pat. 122,119; Oct. 30, 1971; Chem. Abstr., 77, P37,202h (1972).


The anhydrous group-IIB halides formed by reacting the metal with gaseous hydrogen halides contrast with the products from aqueous solution: M

+ 2 HX-MX,

+ H,

(a>

Zinc metal reacts with H F at red heat to form' ZnF,. Liquid H F reacts similarly without heat,. Anhydrous ZnC1, forms from Zn and HCl gas directly at 700°C or from chlorine-HC1 mixtures4. Zinc metal alone' or activated with CuCl, in Et,O reacts with HCl gas to form ZnC1,. Cadmium reacts with liq H F or at red heat to yield' CdF,, and with HCl at 450°C to produce' CdCl,. When mixed with air or 0, at 350-400°C Hg metal and HCI gas form' HgCl,. The conditions are less drastic when HBr is used; 100°C heat for 50 h producesg HgBr,. (T.B. BRILL)

136

2.8. Formation of the Halogen (Cu, Ag, Au) or (Zn, Cd, Hg) Metal Bond 2.8.14. Synthesis of the Group-IIB Dihalides from the Metals 2.8.14.4. by Nonmetal Halides.

1. C. Poulenc, C . R. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci., 116, 581 (1893); see also N. N. Beketoff, 2. Angew. Chem., 13,470 (1900). 2. E. L. Muetterties, J. E. Castle, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 18, 148 (1961). 3. 0. Honigschmid, M. Von Mack, 2. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 246, 366 (1941). 4. L. E. Topel, S . J. Yosim, Syn. Inorg. Metal-Org. Chem., 3, 47 (1973). 5. R. T. Hamilton, J. A. V. Butler, J. Chem. SOC.,2883 (1932). 6. Z. Uhlir, J. Svarc, Chem. Prumysl., 11, 140 (1961); Chem. Abstr., 55, 17,334h (1961). 7. G. Brauer, Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 2, 2nd ed., Academic Press, New York, 1965, p. 1093. 8. E. Gorin, US.Pat. 2,383,788 (1945); Chem. Abstr., 4, 181 (1946). 9. M. Berthelot, Ann. Chim. Phys., 46, 492 (1856).

2.8.14.3. by Hydrohallc Acids.

The reaction rate of Zn and Cd metals with aqueous hydrogen halides is determined by surface roughness, metal particle size and the purity of the metal. Impure Zn and Cd react more vigorously owing to the large overvoltage between the metals and the H, product. The rate is also proportional to the concentration of the acid: M

-

+ 2 HX,,,,

MX,

+ H,

(4

Zinc reacts with aq HCl, HBr and HI Cd reacts with HF or HI , yielding the halide after evaporation of the water. Addition of small amounts of HNO, and heat aids in the reactions of mercury4 with conc aq HCl or HBr to yield HgCI, or HgBr,

’*,.

(T.B BRILL)

1. W. Spring, E. van Aubel, Ann. Chim. Phys., 11, 505 (1887). 2. J. J. Berzelius, Pogg. Ann., I , 26 (1824). 3. G. G. Schlessinger, Inorganic Laboratory Preparations, Chemical Publishing Company, New York, 1962, p. 18-19. 4. W. Nernst, Chem. Eer., 30, 1560 (1897). 5. A. Harding, Chem. Eer., 14, 2085 (1881). 6. E. G. Moeys, U.S. Pat. 1,312,743 (1919); Chem. Abstr., 13, 2577 (1919).

2.8.14.4. by Nonmetal Halides.

Halogenating agents react with Zn, Cd or Hg to produce dihalides. Zinc(I1) fluoride is prepared by the action of NOF.3 H F or AsF, on Zn metal: 5 Zn

or by SF,

+ 2 AsF,

on Zn: Zn

+ SF,

-

-

5 ZnF,

ZnF,

+ 2 As

+ SF,

(a)

(b)

Zinc(I1) chloride forms from Zn powder with acetyl chloride in 95 % EtOH for 30 min4, SiCl, or from OPCl, 6: Zn

+ OPCI,

-

or from other acetyl chloride^^-^: 4 Zn

+ 2 S,Cl,

ZnC1,

+ [Zn(PO,),], + P + others

A

2 ZnC1,

+ S, + 2 ZnS

(c)

(d)’,*


136





-

+ 2 HX,,,,

MX,

+ H,

(4


’*,.

(T.B BRILL)




or by SF,

+ 2 AsF,

on Zn: Zn

+ SF,

-

-

5 ZnF,

ZnF,

+ 2 As

+ SF,

(a)

(b)


+ OPCI,

-


+ 2 S,Cl,

ZnC1,


A

2 ZnC1,

+ S, + 2 ZnS

(c)

(d)’,*


136





-

+ 2 HX,,,,

MX,

+ H,

(4


’*,.

(T.B BRILL)




or by SF,

+ 2 AsF,

on Zn: Zn

+ SF,

-

-

5 ZnF,

ZnF,

+ 2 As

+ SF,

(a)

(b)


+ OPCI,

-


+ 2 S,Cl,

ZnC1,


A

2 ZnC1,

+ S, + 2 ZnS

(c)

(d)’,*

2.8. Formation of the Halogen (Cu, Ag, Au) or (2%Cd, Hg) Metal Bond 2.8.14. Synthesis of the Group46 Dihalides from the Metals 2.8.14.4. by Nonmetal Halides.

4 Zn

absolute

+ 3 SO,Cl,

3 ZnC1,

-

+ SO, + ZnS,O,

(e19

Cadmium(I1) fluoride forms when Cd powder reacts with NOF.3 H F I, SF, Cd

+ IF,

or IF,

+ IF,

CdF,

137

lo:

(f)

Heating Cd with S,Cl, yields CdC1, similarly to eq (d)798.The preparation of Hg(I1) halides by this method is more popular; e.g., NOF-3 H F reacts with Hg metal to produce a mixture of HgF, and Hg,F, l . Chlorine trifluoride and Hg react at 120 "C for 3 h yielding" HgF,. The action of NOCl on Hg at RT in a sealed tube produces" HgCl,; PCl, and Hg require heating',: Hg

+ PCl,

A

HgCl,

+ PCI,

With sulfuryl c h l ~ r i d e ' ~ : Hg

3 Hg + 4 SOC1, and S,Cl,

15,

sealed tube

+ SO,Cl,

-150°C

HgCl,

3 HgCl,

+ SO,

+ 2 SO, + S,Cl,

(9

each reacts with Hg to transfer chloride. With xs Hg: 3 Hg

+ 4 SOCl, Hg

150°C

+ S,Cl,

3 HgCl,

+ 2 SO, + S,Cl,

HgCl,

+

(i)

(k)

S2

Mercury(I1) bromides form on heating Hg with PBr,',, IBr phorus(II1) iodide reacts with Hg in CS, to yield HgI, 18.

l7

or SOBr,

Phos-

(T.B. BRILL)

1. F. Seel, W. Birnkraut, D. Werner, Chem. Ber., 95, 1264 (1962). 2. 0.Ruff, H.Graf, Chem. Ber., 39, 69 (1906). 3. A. A. Opalovskii, E. U. Lobkov, B. G. Erenberg, V. G. Shingarev, Izu. Sb. Otd. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Ser. Khim. Nauk, 6, 83 (1974);Chem. Abstr., 82,67,603k(1975). 4. D.Khristov, S.Karaivanov, N. Nenov, C. R.Acad. Bulgare Sci., 17,263(1964);Chem. Abstr., 61, 7918h (1964). 5. N. N. Beketoff, Bull. Soc. Chim. Fr., 1,22(1859). 6. B. Reinitzer, H.Goldschmidt, Sifzungsber.Akad. Wiss. Wien., 81, 820 (1880). 7. P.Nicolardot, C. R. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci., 147, 1304 (1909). 8. H.Funk, K. H. Berndt, G. Henze, Wiss. Z.Martin-Luther Uniu. Halle- Wittenberg,6,815(1957); Chem. Abstr., 54, 12,8603(1960). 9. E. Fromm, Chem. Ber., 39, 3317 (1906). 10. E. E. Aynsley, R. Nichols, P. L. Robinson, J. Chem. Soc., 623 (1953). 11. W. Huckel, Nachr. Akad. Wiss. Gottingen, Math-Physik, K1, IIa, 36 (1946); Chem. Abstr., 43, 6793d (1949). 12. J. J. Sudborough, J. Chem. Soc., 59, 655 (1891). 13. H.Goldschmidt, Chem. Zentralbl., 489 (1881). 14. H.B. North, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 32, 184 (1910). 15. A. Palkin, A. Efimenko, J. Appl. Chem. USSR,12, 1275 (1939). 16. L. Wolf, Chem. Ber., 48, 1272 (1915). 17. V. Gutmann, Monatsh. Chem., 82, 280 (1951). 18. J. A. Besson, Bull. Chem. SOC.Fr., 15,909(1896).

Inorganic Reactions and Methods, Volume4 Edited by J.J. Zuckerman, A.P. Hagen Copyright 0 1991 by VCH Publishers, Inc. 2.8. Formation of the Halogen (Cu, Ag, Au) or (Zn, Cd, Hg) Metal Bond 2.8.15. Synthesis of the Group-IIB Dihalides from Metal Oxides 2.8.15.1. by Halogenation.

138

2.8.14.5. by Metal Halides.

Zinc and cadmium react with xs HgCl, to produce ZnC1, and CdCl,, and the reaction of group-IIB metals with many other metal halides may be employed to produce the halides. Zinc electrolyzes with CuCl, CuBr or CuI in CH,CN to give the ZnX,*CH3CN solvate complex'. Heating removes the CH3CN, providing the anhyd ZnX, salt. The reaction of Zn and PbCl, produces ZnC1, ', while trituration and heating of Zn and HgI, yields ZnI, and a zinc amalgam3. Cadmium reacts with HgI, similarly. Electrolysis of Cd in CH3CN with CuBr and CuI leads to CdBr, and CdI, '. Aluminum triiodide reacts with Zn, Cd and Hg to produce the group-IIB diiodide4. Zinc and Cd react with Hg,Cl,:

-

+ Hg,Cl, Cd + Hg,Cl, + 23 H,O Zn

ZnC1,

+ 2 Hg

CdC1,*23 H,O

(a)5

+ 2 Hg

(b>6

Mercury is oxidized in the presence of C1- salts to form HgCl,, e.g.: Hg

+ 2 NaCl + MnO, + 2 H,S04

H20

HgCl,

+ Na,S04 + MnSO, + 2 H,O (T.B. BRILL)

1. H. Schmid, Z . Anorg, Allg. Chem., 271, 305 (1953). 2. H. Griinauer, Z . Anovg. Allg. Chem., 39, 389 (1904). 3. J. B. Berthemot, J. Pharm. Sci. Accessoires, 14, 610 (1828). 4. M. Chaigneau, Bull. SOC.Chim. Fr., 886 (1957). 5. F. Feigl, L. I. Miranda, H. A. Suter, J. Chem. Ed., 21, 18 (1944). 6. F. M. Seibert, G. A. Hulett, H. S. Taylor, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 39, 38 (1917). 7. P. L. Geiger, Jahrb. Pharm. Berlin, 346 (1820).

2.8.15. Synthesis of the Group-IIB Dihalides from Metal, Oxides 2.8.15.1. by Halogenation.

-

Zinc(I1) oxide, known as the mineral zincite, reacts directly with gaseous halogens: 2 ZnO

+ 2 X,

2 ZnX,

+ 0,

(a) Reaction with F, and C1, does not occur in the cold but does take place at 500°C. Chlorine atoms from the photochemical dissociation of C1, react with moist ZnO to produce ZnC1, 3 , A suspension of ZnO in H,O also reacts with C1, gas4: 6 ZnO

+ 6 C1,

Hz0

5 ZnC1,

+ Zn($ld3),

(b)

Cadmium(I1) oxide reacts with F, and C1, in the same way at 450°C as ZnO in Eq (a); Cl,, 0, and C1,06 are also produced. The reaction of HgO with C1, takes place at red heat to yield HgC1, and 0, ', or C1,O '. In boiling H,O the products are HgCl, and Hg(ClO,), '. Bromine and I, in react with HgO in boiling H,O to give HgX, and Hg(XO,), *.

'

(T.B. BRILL)


2.8. Formation of the Halogen (Cu, Ag, Au) or (Zn, Cd, Hg) Metal Bond 2.8.15. Synthesis of the Group-IIB Dihalides from Metal Oxides 2.8.15.1. by Halogenation.

138

2.8.14.5. by Metal Halides.

Zinc and cadmium react with xs HgCl, to produce ZnC1, and CdCl,, and the reaction of group-IIB metals with many other metal halides may be employed to produce the halides. Zinc electrolyzes with CuCl, CuBr or CuI in CH,CN to give the ZnX,*CH3CN solvate complex'. Heating removes the CH3CN, providing the anhyd ZnX, salt. The reaction of Zn and PbCl, produces ZnC1, ', while trituration and heating of Zn and HgI, yields ZnI, and a zinc amalgam3. Cadmium reacts with HgI, similarly. Electrolysis of Cd in CH3CN with CuBr and CuI leads to CdBr, and CdI, '. Aluminum triiodide reacts with Zn, Cd and Hg to produce the group-IIB diiodide4. Zinc and Cd react with Hg,Cl,:

-

+ Hg,Cl, Cd + Hg,Cl, + 23 H,O Zn

ZnC1,

+ 2 Hg

CdC1,*23 H,O

(a)5

+ 2 Hg

(b>6

Mercury is oxidized in the presence of C1- salts to form HgCl,, e.g.: Hg

+ 2 NaCl + MnO, + 2 H,S04

H20

HgCl,

+ Na,S04 + MnSO, + 2 H,O (T.B. BRILL)

1. H. Schmid, Z . Anorg, Allg. Chem., 271, 305 (1953). 2. H. Griinauer, Z . Anovg. Allg. Chem., 39, 389 (1904). 3. J. B. Berthemot, J. Pharm. Sci. Accessoires, 14, 610 (1828). 4. M. Chaigneau, Bull. SOC.Chim. Fr., 886 (1957). 5. F. Feigl, L. I. Miranda, H. A. Suter, J. Chem. Ed., 21, 18 (1944). 6. F. M. Seibert, G. A. Hulett, H. S. Taylor, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 39, 38 (1917). 7. P. L. Geiger, Jahrb. Pharm. Berlin, 346 (1820).

2.8.15. Synthesis of the Group-IIB Dihalides from Metal, Oxides 2.8.15.1. by Halogenation.

-

Zinc(I1) oxide, known as the mineral zincite, reacts directly with gaseous halogens: 2 ZnO

+ 2 X,

2 ZnX,

+ 0,

(a) Reaction with F, and C1, does not occur in the cold but does take place at 500°C. Chlorine atoms from the photochemical dissociation of C1, react with moist ZnO to produce ZnC1, 3 , A suspension of ZnO in H,O also reacts with C1, gas4: 6 ZnO

+ 6 C1,

Hz0

5 ZnC1,

+ Zn($ld3),

(b)

Cadmium(I1) oxide reacts with F, and C1, in the same way at 450°C as ZnO in Eq (a); Cl,, 0, and C1,06 are also produced. The reaction of HgO with C1, takes place at red heat to yield HgC1, and 0, ', or C1,O '. In boiling H,O the products are HgCl, and Hg(ClO,), '. Bromine and I, in react with HgO in boiling H,O to give HgX, and Hg(XO,), *.

'

(T.B. BRILL)

2.8. Formation of the Halogen (Cu, Ag, Au) or (Zn, Cd, Hg) Metal Bond 2.8.15. Synthesis of the Group-IIB Dihalides from Metal Oxides 2.8.15.3. by Other Halogenating Agents. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

139

H. Moissan, Le Fluor et ses Compojes, Paris 230 (1900). R. Weber, Pogg. Ann., 112, 619 (1861). G. M. Garde, Indian Pat. 122,119; October 30, 1971; Chem. Abstr., 77; P37,202h (1972). K. J. Bayer, Brit. Pat. 17,978 (1894). H. M. Haendler, W. J. Bernard, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,73, 5218 (1951). P. Pierron, C. R. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci., 213, 840 (1941). M. Braamcamp, S. Oliva, Ann. Chim., 54, 117 (1805). E. Lippmann, Chem. Ber., 7, 1774 (1874).

2.8.15.2. by Hydrogen Halides and Hydrohalic Acids.

Zinc oxide reacts with H F at red heat': ZnO

+ 2 HF

A

ZnF,

+ H,O

(a>

The reaction with HCl occurs both with and without a solvent. Zinc oxide dissolves in dil HCl which, on evaporation, yields hydrated ZnC1,. The reaction also occurs with gaseous HCl to give ZnC1, and H,O '. Gaseous HBr reacts with ZnO to produce ZnBr, which may be purified by sublimation in an HBr-N, gas stream3, whereas aqueous HI yields ZnI,, which can be isolated by cooling and evaporation3. Cadmium oxide and HF combine at red heat to produce CdF, and H,04, whereas CdO forms when HCl gas or a dil HCl soln is heated with CdO '. Aqueous HI and solid CdO yield CdI, 6. Anhydrous HgF, can be produced by the action of a 15:l HF-0, gas mixture on HgO at 380-450°C '. The hydrate HgF,-2 H,O is obtained when 50% aq H F and HgO react'. Mercury(I1) oxide and HCl produce HgCl, when heated5s9, and hot aq HBr yields'O~'' H m . 2 . (T.B. BRILL)

1. C. Poulenc, C. R. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci., 116, 581 (1893). 2. A. N. Ketov, V. V. Pechkovskii, L. P. Kostin, Sb. Nauchn. Tr. Permsk. Politekhn Inst., 3 (1963); Chem. Abstr., 62, 3642e (1965). 3. T. W. Richards, E. F. Rogers, Proc. Am. Acad., 31, 158 (1895). 4. C. Poulenc, Ann. Chim. Phys., 2, 38 (1894). 5. C. ChalQroux,Ann. Chim., 5, 1069 (1960). 6. C. D. Ragland, Am. Chem. J., 22, 418 (1899). G. G. Schlessinger, Inorganic Laboratory Preparations, Chemical Publishing Company, New York, 1962, pp. 18-19. 7. E. L. Muetterties, U.S. Pat. 2,757,070 (1956); Chem. Abstr., 50, 10,657 (1956). 8. .R. Finkener, Ann. Physik., 110, 147,628 (1860); see also A. L. Heme, T. Midgley, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,58, 884 (1936). 9. L. S. Lilich, Yu S . Varshavkii, J. Gen. Chem. USSR, 26, 337 (1956). 10. C. Lowig, Mag. Pharm., 33, 7 (1828). 11. J. L. Crenshaw, A. C. Cope, N. Finkelstein, R. Rogan, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 60, 2308 (1938).

2.8.15.3. by Other Halogenating Agents.

Numerous halogenating agents drawn from the first-row transition metals and main-group elements convert the group-IIB oxides to the dihalides.



139




+ 2 HF

A

ZnF,

+ H,O

(a>







139




+ 2 HF

A

ZnF,

+ H,O

(a>





140

2.8. Formation of the Halogen (Cu, Ag, Au) or (Zn, Cd, Hg) Metal Bond 2.8.15. Synthesis of the Group-IIB Dihalides from Metal Oxides 2.8.15.3. by Other Halogenating Agents.

Zinc fluoride is obtained when PF, reacts with ZnO at 500"C, but Zn,P, and Zn,(PO,), are also isolated'. The reaction of CF,BrCl with ZnO produces ZnF, and other halides,:

4 ZnO + 2 CF,BrCl

350-500°C

2 ZnF,

+ ZnC1, + ZnBr, + 2 CO,

(a)

Zinc chloride forms when ZnO reacts With organic chlorinating agents such as gaseous COCl, ,, CH,C(O)Cl in 95 % EtOH for 30 min or gaseous CCl, ', e.g.:

+ COCl,

A

+ CO, (b) Boron trichloride and ZnO at 500°C produce anhyd ZnC1, '. The decomposition of a ZnO

ZnC1,

melt formed when ZnO and NH,Cl are heated together at 340°C forms the complex salt NH,ZnCl,, which at 400°C decomposes to ZnCl,, NH, and HCl '. Zinc oxide and S,Cl, with' or without' the presence of C1, gas yield ZnC1, at 450°C: 2 ZnO

+ S,Cl, + C1,

A

2 ZnC1,

+ SO, + S

(c)

Cadmium chloride may be prepared from CdO by the action of S,Cl, at elevated temperatures', or by heating CdO and NH,C1 together at >4OO0C'. Cadmium halides also form when CdO reacts with CF,BrCl at 400-500°C Mercury(I1) oxide reacts with PhC(0)Cl to yield HgCl, 9:

'.

HgO

+ 2 C6H$(O)C1-

HgCl,

+ [C,H,C(O)],O

(4

Alkali metal halides and an HgO suspension in H,O react at 40-50°C to produce HgCl, 109'1: HgO

-

+ 2 NaCl + H,O

A

HgC1,

+ 2 NaOH

(e)

Boron tribromide and HgO combine to form HgBr, Other halogenating agents drawn from first-row transition metals such as TiCl, 1 3 , and main-group elements such as PbCl,, AlCl,, AsCl, and TeI,, react with HgO, e.g.: 4 HgO

+ 3 TiCl,

4 HgCl,

+ 2 TiOCl, + TiO,

(f) (T.B. BRILL)

1. M. Chaigneau, M. Santarromana, C . R. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci., Ser. C, 278, 1453 (1974). 2. M. Chaigneau, M. Chastagnier, Bull. SOC.Chim. Fr., 11, 2357 (1974). 3. A. N. Ketov, V. V. Pechkovskii, L. P. Kostin, Sb. Nauchn. Tr., Permsk. Politckhn. Inst., 3 (1963); Chem. Abstr., 62, 3642e (1965). 4. D. Kristov, S. Karaivanov, N. Nenav, Compt. Rend. Akad. Bulgare, Sci., 17, 263 (1964); Chem. Abstr., 61, 7918h (1964). 5 . B. Attwood, R. A. J. Shelton, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 26, 1758 (1964). 6. V. A. Konakova, A. T. Ershora, Yu. I. Ivashentsov, Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Tsvetn. Metal, 2, 53 (1976); Chem. Abstr., 85, 66,203e (1976). 7. C. Matignon, F. Buorion, C . R.Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci., 138, 760 (1904). 8. H. Funk, K. H. Berndt, G. Henze, Wiss. Z . Martin-Luther Univ. Halle- Wittenburg,6,815 (1957); Chem. Abstr., 54, 12,860g (1960). 9. A. McGookin, H. Page, J. Chem. SOC.,2769 (1951). 10. J. Fonberg, Ann. Chim. Phys., I , 300 (1864). 11. W. Bersch, 2. Phys. Chem., 8, 383 (1891).

2.8. Formation of the Halogen (Cu, Ag, Au) or (Zn, Cd, Hg) Metal Bond 2.8.16. Synthesis of the Group-IIB Dihalides from Metal Sulfides 2.8.16.2. by Other Halogenating Agents.

141

12. P. M. Druce, M. F. Lappert, J. Chem. SOC.,A, 3595 (1971). 13. P. Ehrlich, W. Engel, Z . Anorg. Allg. Chem., 322, 217 (1963).

2.8.16. Synthesis of the Group-IIB Dihalides from Metal Sulfides 2.8.16.1. by Halogenation.

The principal ore of Zn is sphalerite, or zinc blende, ZnS. Cadmium occurs in the mineral greenockite, CdS, but more commonly as an impurity in Zn ores. The most important commercial source of Hg is cinnabar, HgS. Thus the halogenation of the metal sulfides to produce the more chemically reactive halides is of major importance. Zinc sulfide reacts with F, and C1, to form ZnF, and ZnC1,. The formation of ZnC1, by this route is an industrial method’: 2 ZnS

+ 3 C1,

> 30°C

2 ZnC1,

+ S,Cl,

(a)

The reaction may be run under conditions which produce S instead of S,Cl, as a product’. A sealed tube containing ZnS and I, heated to 200°C yields ZnI, Cadmium sulfide and F, form CdFZ4. The reaction of HgS and Cl,, Br, or I, produces the Hg(I1) halide e.g., HgS burns in C1, forming HgCl, and S,ClZ5. The reaction of HgS with Br, or Br, in H,O yields HgBr,, while trituration of HgS and I, in EtOH liberates HgI, ’.

’.

’

(T.B. BRILL)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

W. Borchers, A. Dorsemagen, Z . Angew. Chem., 15, 637 (1902). A. Biswas, M. H. Khundkar, 2nd. J. Chem. SOC.,14, 29 (1951). E. Filhol, J. Mellies, Ann. Chem. Phys., 22, 58 (1871). H. M. Haendler, W. J. Bernard, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,73, 5218 (1951). F. Field, J. Chem. Soc., 12, 158 (1859). E. Shafer, Z. Anal. Chem., 45, 145 (1906). R. Wagner, Deut. 2nd. Z., 433 (1875).


Zinc sulfide can be chlorinated using anhyd HCl or hot conc HC12: ZnS

+ 2 HC1-

A

ZnC1,

+ H,S

(a)

The sulfur chloride, S,Cl,, reacts with ZnS in anhydrous acetic acid to yield ZnC1, which is obtained on evaporation3. Metal chlorides may also be used e.g., CuCl, in boiling H,O converts ZnS to ZnC1, with CuS as a product4, while FeCl, reacts with wet ZnS to produce ZnC1, A commercial preparation of ZnC1, involves roasting ZnS with NaCl ‘. A melt of ZnS, CdS or HgS and AlCI, produces the respective group-IIB chloride7, e.g.:

’.

3 HgS + 2 AlCl,

230°C

3 HgCl,

+ Al,S,

(b)



141




+ 3 C1,

> 30°C

2 ZnC1,

+ S,Cl,

(a)


’.

’

(T.B. BRILL)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.




+ 2 HC1-

A

ZnC1,

+ H,S

(a)


’.

3 HgS + 2 AlCl,

230°C

3 HgCl,

+ Al,S,

(b)



141




+ 3 C1,

> 30°C

2 ZnC1,

+ S,Cl,

(a)


’.

’

(T.B. BRILL)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.




+ 2 HC1-

A

ZnC1,

+ H,S

(a)


’.

3 HgS + 2 AlCl,

230°C

3 HgCl,

+ Al,S,

(b)

142

2.8. Formation of the Halogen (Cu, Ag, Au) or (Zn, Cd, Hg) Metal Bond 2.8.17. Synthesis of Group-IIB Halides from Metal Oxy Salts 2.8.17.1. by Hydrogen Halides and Hydrohalic Acids.

Nonmetal halogenating agents such as a boiling conc HBr soln’, S2C1, and COCl, at 350°C l o produce Hg(I1) halides, e.g.: HgS

+ COCl,

350°C

HgCl,

+ OCS

(c) (T.B. BRILL)

1. J. B. Meyer, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 21, 642 (1899). 2. H. V. Regnault, Ann. Chim. Phys., 62, 380 (1836). 3. M. Gillard, S. Krupa, Rev. Universalle Mines Met. Mec., 113, 193 (1970); Chem. Abstr., 74, 33,141~(1971). 4. F. Raschig, Justus Liebigs Ann., 228, 14 (1885). 5. V. Pristoupl, Chem. Obsor., 12, 135,217 (1937); Chem. Abstr., 32, 9408 (1938). 6. A. M. Egorov, Z . K. Odinets, Sb. Tr. Gos. Nauchn.-Issled Inst. Tsvetn. Metal, 19, 293 (1962); Chem. Abstr., 60, 1368d (1964). 7. M. Chaigneau, M. Chastagnier, Bull. SOC.Chim. Fr., 1192 (1958). 8. W. B. Rising, V. Lehner, Chem. News, 74, 310 (1896). 9. A. P. Palkin, A. F. Efimenko, J. Appl. Chem. USSR, 12, 1275 (1939); Chem. Abstr., 34, 3886 (1940). 10. E. Chauvenet, C . R. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci., 152, 1250 (1911).

2.8.17. Synthesis of Group-IIB Halides from Metal Oxy Salts 2.8.17.1. by Hydrogen Halldes and Hydrohalic Aclds.

Soluble group-IIB salts and carbonates are useful starting points in the synthesis of group-IIB halides because conditions are not drastic. The reactions are run in H,O, so hydrates form when they are stable. These must be dehydrated if the anhydrous form is sought. Smithsonite, ZnCO,, may be converted to hydrated ZnF, by heating in the presence of 40% H F Drying at 200°C removes some water’, but complete dehydration may require 800°C in vacuum,. Liquid H F and ZnCO, also lead to ZnF, Zinc chloride results when ZnCO, or ZnSO, is subjected to HCl. Dry HCl at 220-250°C produces anhyd ZnC1, 4, but in H,O hydrated ZnC1, appears’. Cadmium carbonate reacts with 40 % H F to give hydrated CdF, ’. Evaporation of the solution followed by heating at 150°C in vacuum removes the hydrated H,O. The reaction of CdCO, or Cd(NO,), with conc HCl followed by evaporation produces CdCl, with some hydration6. The anhydrous salt is obtained by distilling the CdCl, in an HC1-N, gas stream. Cadmium bromide prepared from CdCO, and HBr solution can be dehydrated by heating to 200°C. Final purification is achieved by subliming the CdBr, in a stream of dry C O Z 7 . The preparation of CdI, from CdCO, and aq HI is straightforward*. Mercury(I1) nitrate and sulfate react with gaseous or aq HCl to yield HgCl,.

’.

(T.B. BRILL)

1. H. Moissan, Ann. Chim. Phys., 24, 224 (1891). 2. G. Brauer, Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 1, 2nd ed., Academic Press, Inc., New York, 1963, p. 242. 3. H. Fredenhagen, Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 243, 23 (1939).


142

2.8. Formation of the Halogen (Cu, Ag, Au) or (Zn, Cd, Hg) Metal Bond 2.8.17. Synthesis of Group-IIB Halides from Metal Oxy Salts 2.8.17.1. by Hydrogen Halides and Hydrohalic Acids.

Nonmetal halogenating agents such as a boiling conc HBr soln’, S2C1, and COCl, at 350°C l o produce Hg(I1) halides, e.g.: HgS

+ COCl,

350°C

HgCl,

+ OCS

(c) (T.B. BRILL)

1. J. B. Meyer, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 21, 642 (1899). 2. H. V. Regnault, Ann. Chim. Phys., 62, 380 (1836). 3. M. Gillard, S. Krupa, Rev. Universalle Mines Met. Mec., 113, 193 (1970); Chem. Abstr., 74, 33,141~(1971). 4. F. Raschig, Justus Liebigs Ann., 228, 14 (1885). 5. V. Pristoupl, Chem. Obsor., 12, 135,217 (1937); Chem. Abstr., 32, 9408 (1938). 6. A. M. Egorov, Z . K. Odinets, Sb. Tr. Gos. Nauchn.-Issled Inst. Tsvetn. Metal, 19, 293 (1962); Chem. Abstr., 60, 1368d (1964). 7. M. Chaigneau, M. Chastagnier, Bull. SOC.Chim. Fr., 1192 (1958). 8. W. B. Rising, V. Lehner, Chem. News, 74, 310 (1896). 9. A. P. Palkin, A. F. Efimenko, J. Appl. Chem. USSR, 12, 1275 (1939); Chem. Abstr., 34, 3886 (1940). 10. E. Chauvenet, C . R. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci., 152, 1250 (1911).

2.8.17. Synthesis of Group-IIB Halides from Metal Oxy Salts 2.8.17.1. by Hydrogen Halldes and Hydrohalic Aclds.

Soluble group-IIB salts and carbonates are useful starting points in the synthesis of group-IIB halides because conditions are not drastic. The reactions are run in H,O, so hydrates form when they are stable. These must be dehydrated if the anhydrous form is sought. Smithsonite, ZnCO,, may be converted to hydrated ZnF, by heating in the presence of 40% H F Drying at 200°C removes some water’, but complete dehydration may require 800°C in vacuum,. Liquid H F and ZnCO, also lead to ZnF, Zinc chloride results when ZnCO, or ZnSO, is subjected to HCl. Dry HCl at 220-250°C produces anhyd ZnC1, 4, but in H,O hydrated ZnC1, appears’. Cadmium carbonate reacts with 40 % H F to give hydrated CdF, ’. Evaporation of the solution followed by heating at 150°C in vacuum removes the hydrated H,O. The reaction of CdCO, or Cd(NO,), with conc HCl followed by evaporation produces CdCl, with some hydration6. The anhydrous salt is obtained by distilling the CdCl, in an HC1-N, gas stream. Cadmium bromide prepared from CdCO, and HBr solution can be dehydrated by heating to 200°C. Final purification is achieved by subliming the CdBr, in a stream of dry C O Z 7 . The preparation of CdI, from CdCO, and aq HI is straightforward*. Mercury(I1) nitrate and sulfate react with gaseous or aq HCl to yield HgCl,.

’.

(T.B. BRILL)

1. H. Moissan, Ann. Chim. Phys., 24, 224 (1891). 2. G. Brauer, Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 1, 2nd ed., Academic Press, Inc., New York, 1963, p. 242. 3. H. Fredenhagen, Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 243, 23 (1939).

2.8. Formation of the Halogen (Cu, Ag, Au) or (2% Cd, Hg) Metal Bond 2.8.17. Synthesis of Group-IIB Halides from Metal Oxy Salts 2.8.17.3. by Other Halogenating Agents.

143

4. C. Hensgen, Recl. Trav. Chim. Pays-Bas, 2, 124 (1883). 5. G. Brauer, Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 1, 2nd ed., Academic Press, Inc., New York, 1963, p. 243. 6. 0. Honigschmid, R. Schlee, Z . Anorg. Allg. Chem., 227, 184 (1936). 7. 0. W. Huntington, Proc. Am. Acad., 17,28 (1882). 8. G. G. Schlessinger, Inorganic Laboratory Preparations, Chemical Publishing Company, New York, 1962, p. 18. 9. F. Mohr, Justus Liebigs Ann., 9,359 (1820); see also M. Paic, C . R. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci., 191, 941 (1930).

2.8.17.2. by Metathesls Reactions.

The principle of combining a water-soluble ZnZ+,Cd2+ or HgZf salt with that of a soluble halide to produce a less soluble group-IIB halide or counter salt is readily applied: ZnSO, Hg(NO,),

+ BaI,

+ 2 KBr

H20

ZnI,

H20

+ BaSO,

HgBr, J,

+ 2 KNO,

(a) (b)

Zinc chloride is prepared by combining soluble ZnZ+salts with soluble C1- salts in H,O. If an immiscible organic solvent that is able to complex with ZnC1, is also added, then the complex can be isolated and decomposed to give ZnC1, '. This method also applies to the preparation of CdCl,. Dry metathesis in which ZnSO, and CaCI, are combined and heated leads to ZnCl, ', which can be sublimed. When Cd(NO,), and aq NH,F react CdF,.2 H,O forms and must be dehydrated3. Aqueous CdSO, and KI evaporate to produce CdI, and K,SO, '. The CdI, is removed by extracting the product with EtOH. Similarly, Hg(N03), and KBr in H,O produce HgBr, 5 . The reaction of HgSO, with solid NaCl or NaBr yields HgCl, or HgBr, upon heating. A small amount of MnO, is added to prevent reduction. The reaction of Hg(ClO,), and KI in H,O produces HgI, and KClO, '. (T.B. BRILL)

1. R. Lefrancois, A. Floreanciy, F. Demande, 2,210,569; July 2, 1974; Chem. Abstr., 82, P61,385m (1975). 2. J. F. Persoz, J. Pharm. Chim., 35,417 (1859). 3. P. Nuka, Z . Anorg. Allg. Chem., 180, 235 (1929). 4. A. Vogel, Neues Repert. Pharm., 12, 393 (1864). 5. C. Lowig, Mag. Pharm., 33, 7 (1828). 6. G. Biedermann, L. G . Sillen, Svensk. Kem. Tidskr., 61, 63 (1949); Chem. Abstr., 43, 6047e (1949).


Acetates of Zn2+,CdZ+and Hg2+ are useful starting materials for halogenation reactions in nonaqueous solvents or H,O because they are soluble. Acetyl chloride or bromide reacts with Cd(OAc), or Cd(N03), in AcOH or C,H, to yield CdCl, or CdBr, Cadmium acetate reacts in glacial AcOH when heated with Me,CO and I, to produce CdI, 3.

'*'.



143




+ BaI,

+ 2 KBr

H20

ZnI,

H20

+ BaSO,

HgBr, J,

+ 2 KNO,

(a) (b)





'*'.



143




+ BaI,

+ 2 KBr

H20

ZnI,

H20

+ BaSO,

HgBr, J,

+ 2 KNO,

(a) (b)





'*'.

144 2.8. Formation of the Halogen (Cu, Ag, Au) or (Zn, Cd, Hg) Metal Bond 2.8.18. Synthesis of the Group-IIB Dihalides by Halide-Halide Exchange.

Chlorination to HgCl, occurs when Hg(NO,), reacts with AcCl ’. Aqueous Hg(NO,), reacts with C1, and Br, to yield HgCl, and HgBr, 4: Hg(NO,),

+ 2 Br, + 2 H,O

-

+ 2 HOBr + 2 HNO,

HgBr,

(4

Iodination of Hg(OAc), to produce HgI, occurs with I, and Me,CO in glacial AcOH or when Me1 in H,O is shaken with Hg(OAc), for 12 hS. (T.B. BRILL)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

G. W. Watt, P. S. Gentile, E. P. Helvenston, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,77,2752 (1955). V. R. Gonzalez, Rev. Fac. Cien. Univ. Oviedo, 7, 83 (1966); Chem. Abstr., 65, 14,823b (1966). H. D. Hardt, R. Bollig, Angew. Chem., Znt. Ed. Engl., 4, 869 (1965). W. Severs, Chem. Ber., 24, 644 (1888). F. Bodroux, C. R. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci., 130, 1622 (1900).

2.8.1 8. Synthesis of the Group-IIB Dihalides by Halide-Halide Exchange. Anion metathesis among the group-IIB dihalides follows the hard (class a) and soft (class b) acid-base principles. With Hg(II), which is soft, a softer halide replaces a harder one; hence I > Br > C1 > F in the tendency to bond to Hg. Zinc(I1) and Cd(I1) show the reverse behavior; i.e., F- replaces C1- in the dihalides, although the trend is not as pronounced with Cd. Zinc fluoride can be prepared by reacting ZnC1, or ZnBr, with a fluoride salt or HF. Hydrogen fluoride reacts at 800°C’: ZnC1,

+ 2 HF

800°C

ZnF,

+ 2 HCl

(a)

’.

The same reaction is observed with CdCl, and H F Anhydrous ZnF, and CdF, form when ZnC1, or CdCl, react with NH4F, but the reaction of CdCl, with BBr, yields CdBr, because of the greater affinity of B and C1 than B and Br. Mercury(I1) fluoride can be prepared from HgCl, and F,5-7. When HgI, is combined with F,, the mixture inflames in the cold producing HgF, and IF, Mercury(I1) chloride and ICl, are formed when C1, is passed through an aqueous suspension of HgI, ’. Metathesis occurs between HgBr, and IC1 l o :

’.

HgBr,

+ 2 ICl

35°C

HgCl,

+ 2 IBr

Mercury(I1) bromide results when aq HgCl, and Br, l 1 or an alkali-metal bromide salt” are heated on a water bath. In keeping with hard-soft acid-base ideas, KC1 and HgBr, do not react’,. Mercury(I1) iodide forms from HgCI, and I, in Et,O l l . The reaction also occurs when HgCl, is heated with aq HI l 3 or KI 14,15to produce HgI,. Methyl iodide and HgC1, in Et,O produce HgI, when exposed to sunlight16. (T.B. BRILL)

1. C. Poulenc, C. R. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci., 116, 581 (1893). 2. W. Mills, Br. Pat. 20377 (1895). 3. H. Kurtenaker, 2.Anorg. A&. Chem., 211, 89 (1933).


144 2.8. Formation of the Halogen (Cu, Ag, Au) or (Zn, Cd, Hg) Metal Bond 2.8.18. Synthesis of the Group-IIB Dihalides by Halide-Halide Exchange.

Chlorination to HgCl, occurs when Hg(NO,), reacts with AcCl ’. Aqueous Hg(NO,), reacts with C1, and Br, to yield HgCl, and HgBr, 4: Hg(NO,),

+ 2 Br, + 2 H,O

-

+ 2 HOBr + 2 HNO,

HgBr,

(4

Iodination of Hg(OAc), to produce HgI, occurs with I, and Me,CO in glacial AcOH or when Me1 in H,O is shaken with Hg(OAc), for 12 hS. (T.B. BRILL)

1. G. W. Watt, P. S. Gentile, E. P. Helvenston, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,77,2752 (1955). 2. V. R. Gonzalez, Rev. Fac. Cien. Univ. Oviedo, 7, 83 (1966); Chem. Abstr., 65, 14,823b (1966). 3. H. D. Hardt, R. Bollig, Angew. Chem., Znt. Ed. Engl., 4, 869 (1965). 4. W. Severs, Chem. Ber., 24, 644 (1888). 5. F. Bodroux, C. R. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci., 130, 1622 (1900).

2.8.1 8. Synthesis of the Group-IIB Dihalides by Halide-Halide Exchange. Anion metathesis among the group-IIB dihalides follows the hard (class a) and soft (class b) acid-base principles. With Hg(II), which is soft, a softer halide replaces a harder one; hence I > Br > C1 > F in the tendency to bond to Hg. Zinc(I1) and Cd(I1) show the reverse behavior; i.e., F- replaces C1- in the dihalides, although the trend is not as pronounced with Cd. Zinc fluoride can be prepared by reacting ZnC1, or ZnBr, with a fluoride salt or HF. Hydrogen fluoride reacts at 800°C’: ZnC1,

+ 2 HF

800°C

ZnF,

+ 2 HCl

(a)

’.

The same reaction is observed with CdCl, and H F Anhydrous ZnF, and CdF, form when ZnC1, or CdCl, react with NH4F, but the reaction of CdCl, with BBr, yields CdBr, because of the greater affinity of B and C1 than B and Br. Mercury(I1) fluoride can be prepared from HgCl, and F,5-7. When HgI, is combined with F,, the mixture inflames in the cold producing HgF, and IF, Mercury(I1) chloride and ICl, are formed when C1, is passed through an aqueous suspension of HgI, ’. Metathesis occurs between HgBr, and IC1 l o :

’.

HgBr,

+ 2 ICl

35°C

HgCl,

+ 2 IBr

Mercury(I1) bromide results when aq HgCl, and Br, l 1 or an alkali-metal bromide salt” are heated on a water bath. In keeping with hard-soft acid-base ideas, KC1 and HgBr, do not react’,. Mercury(I1) iodide forms from HgCI, and I, in Et,O l l . The reaction also occurs when HgCl, is heated with aq HI l 3 or KI 14,15to produce HgI,. Methyl iodide and HgC1, in Et,O produce HgI, when exposed to sunlight16. (T.B. BRILL)

1. C. Poulenc, C. R. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci., 116, 581 (1893). 2. W. Mills, Br. Pat. 20377 (1895). 3. H. Kurtenaker, 2.Anorg. A&. Chem., 211, 89 (1933).

2.8. Formation of the Halogen (Cu, Ag, Au) or (Zn, Cd, Hg) Metal Bond 2.8.19. Synthesis from Dehydration of Hydrates of Group-IIB Dihalides.

145

4. P. M. Druce, M. F. Lappert, J . Chem. SOC.A., 3595 (1971). 5. 0. Ruff, G. Bahlau, Chem. Ber., 51, 1752 (1918). 6. G. Brauer, Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 1,2nd ed., Academic Press, Inc., New York, 1963, p. 244. 7. A. L. Henne, T. Midgley, J. Ann. Chem. SOC.,58, 882 (1936). 8. H. Moissan, LeJuor et ses Composds, Paris (1900) p. 227. 9. E. Filhol, J. Pharm. Sci. Accessoires, 25, 506 (1839). 10. M. Graulier, Ann. Chim., 4, 427 (1959). 11. A. Potilizin, Chem. Ber., 9, 1025 (1876). 12. T. Harth, Z . Anorg. Allg. Chem., 18, 326 (1896). 13. F. Gramp. Chem. Eer., 7, 1721 (1874). 14. E. P. Perman, Proc. Roy. SOC.,79, 310 (1910). 15. G. G. Schlessinger, Inorganic Laboratory Preparations, Chemical Publishing Company, New York, 1962, p. 24. 16. M. C. Schuyten, Chem. Z., 19, 1683 (1895).

2.8.19. Synthesis from Dehydration of Hydrates of the GroupllB Dihalides. The group-IIB halides crystallize as hydrates from aqueous solution or when water is present from the reaction or the atmosphere. This tendency to hydrate is most pronounced when the ionic potential of the cations is large, i.e., for Zn2+ > CdZ+> HgZC,and when the anion is small. In the latter instance, ZnI, forms hydrates at < RT, but, CdI,, HgI, or Hg,I, form no known hydrates. Hydrates of ZnF,, CdF, and HgF, are all known. Dehydration of these salts is accomplished by heating or chemical methods. The Zn halides show the greatest tendency toward crystalline hydration and are highly deliquescent when prepared in the anhydrous form. Some dehydration of ZnF,.4 H,O occurs at 100°C but 800°C in a dry atmosphere may be necessary2; ZnF,.4 H 2 0 can also be dehydrated in a current of H F ’. The dihydrate loses water on heating but can form ZnF,.i H,O in addition to ZnF, 4 ; ZnO may also form4. Zinc chloride forms at least five hydrates in aqueous solution but can exist in the presence of H,O in the unhydrated form. Table 1 gives the stability ranges of ZnC1, in H 2 0 Higher hydrates of ZnC1, such as ZnCl2-7 H,O are dehydrated by heating6; ZnCl,, which is not truly anhydrous, can be made so by passing anhyd HCI or C1 gas through molten ZnC1, or by boiling with an immiscible, high-boiling organic solvent such as keroseneg.

’.

’

TABLE1. THE ZnCI,*n H,O COMPOSITION AND TEMPERATURE RANGEOF STABILITY FOR VARIOUS WEIGHTS PER CENT ZnCI-H,O SOLUTION5 Composition

Wt % ZnC1, in H,O

Temperature range (“C)

ZnC1,.4 H,O ZnC1,.3 H,O ZnC1,*2f H,O ZnCl,*lf H,O ZnCl,.H,O ZnC1,

51 71.6 75.5 77 80.9 81.2

< -30 - 30-6.5 6.5-12.5 12.5-25 25 > 25



145

4. P. M. Druce, M. F. Lappert, J . Chem. SOC.A., 3595 (1971). 5. 0. Ruff, G. Bahlau, Chem. Ber., 51, 1752 (1918). 6. G. Brauer, Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 1,2nd ed., Academic Press, Inc., New York, 1963, p. 244. 7. A. L. Henne, T. Midgley, J. Ann. Chem. SOC.,58, 882 (1936). 8. H. Moissan, LeJuor et ses Composds, Paris (1900) p. 227. 9. E. Filhol, J. Pharm. Sci. Accessoires, 25, 506 (1839). 10. M. Graulier, Ann. Chim., 4, 427 (1959). 11. A. Potilizin, Chem. Ber., 9, 1025 (1876). 12. T. Harth, Z . Anorg. Allg. Chem., 18, 326 (1896). 13. F. Gramp. Chem. Eer., 7, 1721 (1874). 14. E. P. Perman, Proc. Roy. SOC.,79, 310 (1910). 15. G. G. Schlessinger, Inorganic Laboratory Preparations, Chemical Publishing Company, New York, 1962, p. 24. 16. M. C. Schuyten, Chem. Z., 19, 1683 (1895).

2.8.19. Synthesis from Dehydration of Hydrates of the GroupllB Dihalides. The group-IIB halides crystallize as hydrates from aqueous solution or when water is present from the reaction or the atmosphere. This tendency to hydrate is most pronounced when the ionic potential of the cations is large, i.e., for Zn2+ > CdZ+> HgZC,and when the anion is small. In the latter instance, ZnI, forms hydrates at < RT, but, CdI,, HgI, or Hg,I, form no known hydrates. Hydrates of ZnF,, CdF, and HgF, are all known. Dehydration of these salts is accomplished by heating or chemical methods. The Zn halides show the greatest tendency toward crystalline hydration and are highly deliquescent when prepared in the anhydrous form. Some dehydration of ZnF,.4 H,O occurs at 100°C but 800°C in a dry atmosphere may be necessary2; ZnF,.4 H 2 0 can also be dehydrated in a current of H F ’. The dihydrate loses water on heating but can form ZnF,.i H,O in addition to ZnF, 4 ; ZnO may also form4. Zinc chloride forms at least five hydrates in aqueous solution but can exist in the presence of H,O in the unhydrated form. Table 1 gives the stability ranges of ZnC1, in H 2 0 Higher hydrates of ZnC1, such as ZnCl2-7 H,O are dehydrated by heating6; ZnCl,, which is not truly anhydrous, can be made so by passing anhyd HCI or C1 gas through molten ZnC1, or by boiling with an immiscible, high-boiling organic solvent such as keroseneg.

’.

’

TABLE1. THE ZnCI,*n H,O COMPOSITION AND TEMPERATURE RANGEOF STABILITY FOR VARIOUS WEIGHTS PER CENT ZnCI-H,O SOLUTION5 Composition

Wt % ZnC1, in H,O

Temperature range (“C)

ZnC1,.4 H,O ZnC1,.3 H,O ZnC1,*2f H,O ZnCl,*lf H,O ZnCl,.H,O ZnC1,

51 71.6 75.5 77 80.9 81.2

< -30 - 30-6.5 6.5-12.5 12.5-25 25 > 25

146


Zinc bromide occurs as ZnBr,.3 H,O and ZnBr,.2 H,O. The trihydrate exists when ZnBr, in H,O is 78 % by weight at Br, > C1, '. Bromine water reacts with Hg,Cl, to yield HgCl, and HgBr, I, while solid or dissolved I, reacts with Hg,Br, to give HgI, and Br, as products3. Another class of halogenating agents is the hydrohalic acids. The reaction of aq HI and HgJ, yields HgI, and Hg '. Mercury(1) chloride reacts with HCl in SO, or SeO, ': Hg,Cl,

-

+ 2 HCl + 2 SO,

2 HgCl,

+ H,SO, + S

(b)

Sulfur trioxide oxidizes Hg,Br, and Hg,I, to Hg(I1) salts': Hg,Br,

+ 2 SO,

HgBr,

+ HgSO, + SO,

(c)

The products may be heated to sublime away the HgBr,, Light slowly disproportionates Hg,CI, to HgCI, and Hg, so Hg,Cl, is stored in amber-colored bottles. Other Hg(1) salts participate in halogenation reactions, the most notable being Hg,(NO,),, which is solubilized with HNO,. With I, Hg,(NO,), in boiling H,O precipitates HgI,. Boiling conc HCl reacts with Hg,(NO,), 9 : Hg,(NO,),

+ 4 HCl,,,,

A

2 HgCI,

+ 2 H,O + 2 NO,

(d)

Mercury(1) oxide and BBr, form HgBr,, while iodine and Hg,O may be triturated together and the residue extracted with EtOH to dissolve and remove HgI,


2.8. Formation of the Halogen (Cu, Ag, Au) or (Zn, Cd, Hg) Metal Bond 2.8.20. Synthesis of Mercury(1l) Halides from Mercury(1) Halides 2.8.20.1. by Halogenation.

147

9. V. R. Kokatnur, US.Pat. 2,394,244, Feb. 5, 1946; Chem. Abstr., 40, P2278 (1946). 10. R. Dietz, Z . Anorg. ANg. Chem., 20, 257 (1899). 11. A. Etard, Ann. Chim. Phys., 2, 536 (1894). 12. F. Mylius, R. Dietz, Will. Abh. Reichanstalt, 3, 431 (1900). 13. A. Etard, Ann. Chim. Phys., 2, 526 (1894). 14. P. Nuka, Z . Anorg. Allg. Chem., 180, 235 (1929). 15. G . Brauer, Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 1,2nd ed., Academic Press, New 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22.

York, 1963, p. 243. 0. Honigschmid, R. Schlee, 2. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 227, 184 (1936). 0. W. Huntington, Proc. Am. Acad., 17, 28 (1882). G. Hagg, Bull. SOC.Chim. Fr., 16, D23 (1949). A. L. Henne, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 60, 1569 (1938). R. Finkener, Ann. Physik., 111, 628 (1860). J. W. Hoffman, I. Lauder, Aust. J. Chem., 21, 1439 (1968). A. R. Pray, Inorg. Synth. 5, 154 (1957).

2.8.20. Synthesis of Mercury(l1) Halides from Mercury(1) Halides 2.8.20.1. by Halogenation.

Elemental halogens and the hydrohalic acids react with Hg(1) halides to produce Hg(I1) halides, either dry or in aqueous solution: HgzX,

+ X;

-

HgX,

+ HgX;

(a)

Chlorine reacts with Hg,F, producing HgF, and HgCl,. The HgCl, product can be sublimed from the mixture by heating at >275"C I. Elemental Br, reacts with Hg,F, at 400°C to yield HgF, and HgBr, I . Mercury(1) chloride reacts with Cl,, Br, and I, by Eq (a) to produce HgCl, and HgBr, or HgI,. The reaction rate is I, > Br, > C1, '. Bromine water reacts with Hg,Cl, to yield HgCl, and HgBr, I, while solid or dissolved I, reacts with Hg,Br, to give HgI, and Br, as products3. Another class of halogenating agents is the hydrohalic acids. The reaction of aq HI and HgJ, yields HgI, and Hg '. Mercury(1) chloride reacts with HCl in SO, or SeO, ': Hg,Cl,

-

+ 2 HCl + 2 SO,

2 HgCl,

+ H,SO, + S

(b)

Sulfur trioxide oxidizes Hg,Br, and Hg,I, to Hg(I1) salts': Hg,Br,

+ 2 SO,

HgBr,

+ HgSO, + SO,

(c)

The products may be heated to sublime away the HgBr,, Light slowly disproportionates Hg,CI, to HgCI, and Hg, so Hg,Cl, is stored in amber-colored bottles. Other Hg(1) salts participate in halogenation reactions, the most notable being Hg,(NO,),, which is solubilized with HNO,. With I, Hg,(NO,), in boiling H,O precipitates HgI,. Boiling conc HCl reacts with Hg,(NO,), 9 : Hg,(NO,),

+ 4 HCl,,,,

A

2 HgCI,

+ 2 H,O + 2 NO,

(d)

Mercury(1) oxide and BBr, form HgBr,, while iodine and Hg,O may be triturated together and the residue extracted with EtOH to dissolve and remove HgI,

148

2.8. Formation of the Halogen (Cu, Ag, Au) or (Zn, Cd, Hg) Metal Bond 2.8.21. Synthesis of Mercury(1) Halides 2.8.21.1. by Metathesis Reactions of Other Mercury(1) Salts.

Mixed Hg(I1) halides, HgBrI, HgBrC1, HgFBr, etc., form when Hg,F,, Hg,Cl,, Hg,Br, and HgJ, are heated with Br, and I, 12*13. (T.B. BRILL)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.

0. Ruff, G. Bahlau, Chem. Ber., 51, 1752 (1918). E. Schulek, E. Pungor, Anal. Chim. Acta, 7, 402 (1952). M. C. Schuyten, Chem. Z., 32, 619 (1918). M. Francois, J. Pharm. Chim., 3,49, 231 (1896). J. A. Smythe, W. Warlaw, Proc. Durham Phil. SOC.,5, 187 (1914); Chem. Abstr., 9, 2491 (1915). E. Montignie, Bull. SOC.Chim. Fr., 53, 1392 (1933). J. Bernard, J. Andre, Bull. SOC.Chim. Fr., 1481 (1961); see also J. Andre, Rev. Chim. Miner., I , 39 (1964). A. Stroman, Chem. Ber., 20, 2818 (1887). L. Mailhe, Ann. Chim. Phys., 5, 176 (1842). P. M. Druce, M. F. Lappert, J. Chem. SOC.,A , 3595 (1971). L. N. Vauquelin, Ann. Chim. Phys., 95, 103 (1815). R. P. Rastogi, B. L. Dubey, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,89,200 (1967); J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 137, 1167 (1975). R. L. Ammlung, T. B. Brill, Inorg. Chim. Acta, 11, 201 (1974).

2.8.20.2. by Disproportlonatlon Reactions.

-

Mercury(1) halides disproportionate to yield Hg(I1) halides and elemental mercury: A

H&X,

HgX,

+ Hg

(a)

Mercury(1) fluoride requires heating to 450°C'. Boiling Hg,Cl, in water or heating the solid yields HgCI, and Hg Mercury(1) bromide and iodide undergo decomposition when heated3, but the reaction is usually not complete.

,.

(T.B. BRILL)

1. 0. Ruff, G . Bahlau, Chem. Ber., 51, 1752 (1918). 2. J. Sen, Z . Anorg. A&. Chem., 33, 197 (1903). 3. M. Francois, Ann. Chim., 20, 285 (1933).

2.8.21. Synthesis of Mercury(1) Halides 2.8.21.1, by Metathesis Reactions of Other Mercury(1) Salts. Exchange of anions is a facile means of synthesizing Hg(1) halides. In most cases a soluble Hg(1) salt or Hg,C03 is used because the halide products are insoluble. Acidification is often necessary to prevent the formation of Hg,O. Mercury(1) fluoride, a useful fluorinating agent, may be prepared by adding an alkali-metal fluoride to HN0,-acidified Hg2(N03), : Hg,(N03)

+ 2 NaF

HNO3

HzO

'

Hg,F,

+ 2 NaNO,

(a)

The pale yellow Hg,F, is sublimed from the dried reaction product by heating to > 260°C. Some etching of glass containers is observed. Alternatively, freshly prepared


148



1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.



-


H&X,

HgX,

+ Hg

(a)


,.

(T.B. BRILL)



+ 2 NaF

HNO3

HzO

'

Hg,F,

+ 2 NaNO,

(a)



148



1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.



-


H&X,

HgX,

+ Hg

(a)


,.

(T.B. BRILL)



+ 2 NaF

HNO3

HzO

'

Hg,F,

+ 2 NaNO,

(a)


2.8. Formation of the Halogen (Cu, Ag, Au) or (Zn, 2.8.21. Synthesis of Mercury(1) Halides 2.8.21.2. by Reduction of Mercury(l1) Halides.

Cd,Hg) Metal Bond

149

’-’.

Hg,CO, reacts with 40 vol % H F by heating on a water bath to produce Hg,F, The reaction of AgF with Hg,Cl, in acidified H,O precipitates AgCl, which is filtered and the solution evaporated to produce Hg,F, Mercury(1) chloride, known as calomel, has historical importance as a medicinal. The addition of alkali-metal chlorides to dissolved Hg(1) salts precipitates Hg,Cl, The commercial preparation involves adding NaCl to aq Hg,(NO,), acidified with HNO,. The Hg,Cl, produced is filtered, washed, dried and sublimed6. A dry method of preparing Hg,Cl, involves heating Hg,SO, and NaCl for 5-6 h. The Hg,Cl, sublimes as the reaction progresses’. Mercury(1) oxide reacts similarly with HC1 to produce Hg,Cl, ’. Mercury(1) bromide is precipitated by metathesis of KBr and Hg,(NO,), in dil HNO,, filtered, washed, dried and sublimedg. Alternatively, grinding Hg,Cl, and KBr together in H,O produces Hg,Br, and KCl lo. Mercury(1) iodide, a light-sensitive, yellow compound, can be difficult to obtain pure. Mercury(1) iodide sublimes red, but turns yellow on cooling. The addition of KI to an HN0,-acidified Hg,(NO,), s o h produces Hg,I, which can be filtered, washed and dried in a vacuum11. The product must be filtered rapidly from the HNO, solution to prevent oxidation to HgI,, Metathesis of alkali-metal iodides with Hg,Cl, and Hg,Br, leads to Hg,I,. When Hg,Cl, and KI are mixed in H,O, the impure Hg,I, produced is often green in color, owing to the presence of mercury metal”. The Hg,I, may also be prepared from Hg,Br, l o or xs Hg,0i3 and a dil KI solution. Organoiodine compounds also react with Hg(I) salts to produce Hg,I,; e.g., Hg,(NO,), and EtI react on a water bath to produce Hg,I, 14.

’.

’.

(T.B. BRILL)

1. 2. 3. 4.

5. 6. 7. 8.

9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.

E. Montignie, Bull. Chem. Soc. Fr., 4, 342 (1937). R. Finkener, Ann. Physik, 110, 142 (1860). A. L. Henne, M. W. Rennol, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 60, 1060 (1938). G. Brauer, Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 1,2nd ed., Academic Press, New York, 1963, p. 243. C. W. Scheele, Acta. Acad. Stockholm, 70 (1778). L. Mailhe, J. Pharm. Sci. Accessoires, 22, 577 (1836). L. A. Planche, Ann. Chim. Phys., 66, 168 (1808). H. Debray, C. R. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci., 70, 995 (1870). J. G. F. Druce, Chem. News, 126, 225 (1923); Chem. Abstr., 17, 1929 (1923). 0. Wentzky, Z . Angew. Chem., 18, 696 (1905). M. Francois, Ann. Chim., 20, 285 (1933). L. Laboure, J. Pharm. Chim., 29, 325 (1843). J. B. Berthemot, J. Pharm. Chim., 14, 189 (1928). P. C. Ray, Ann. Chem., 316, 250 (1901).

2.8.21.2. by Reduction of Mercury(l1) Halides.

It was known to the alchemists that HgCl, and Hg would react to form Hg,CI,. Since the earliest days of chemistry reducing agents have been found to convert Hg(1I) to Hg(1). Mercury(I1) chloride, HgBr, and HgI, react with Hg: HgX,

+ Hg

-

HgzX,

(4

Inorganic Reactions and Methods, Volume4 Edited by J.J. Zuckerman, A.P. Hagen Copyright 0 1991 by VCH Publishers, Inc. 2.8. Formation of the Halogen (Cu, Ag, Au) or (Zn, 2.8.21. Synthesis of Mercury(1) Halides 2.8.21.2. by Reduction of Mercury(l1) Halides.

Cd,Hg) Metal Bond

149

’-’.

Hg,CO, reacts with 40 vol % H F by heating on a water bath to produce Hg,F, The reaction of AgF with Hg,Cl, in acidified H,O precipitates AgCl, which is filtered and the solution evaporated to produce Hg,F, Mercury(1) chloride, known as calomel, has historical importance as a medicinal. The addition of alkali-metal chlorides to dissolved Hg(1) salts precipitates Hg,Cl, The commercial preparation involves adding NaCl to aq Hg,(NO,), acidified with HNO,. The Hg,Cl, produced is filtered, washed, dried and sublimed6. A dry method of preparing Hg,Cl, involves heating Hg,SO, and NaCl for 5-6 h. The Hg,Cl, sublimes as the reaction progresses’. Mercury(1) oxide reacts similarly with HC1 to produce Hg,Cl, ’. Mercury(1) bromide is precipitated by metathesis of KBr and Hg,(NO,), in dil HNO,, filtered, washed, dried and sublimedg. Alternatively, grinding Hg,Cl, and KBr together in H,O produces Hg,Br, and KCl lo. Mercury(1) iodide, a light-sensitive, yellow compound, can be difficult to obtain pure. Mercury(1) iodide sublimes red, but turns yellow on cooling. The addition of KI to an HN0,-acidified Hg,(NO,), s o h produces Hg,I, which can be filtered, washed and dried in a vacuum11. The product must be filtered rapidly from the HNO, solution to prevent oxidation to HgI,, Metathesis of alkali-metal iodides with Hg,Cl, and Hg,Br, leads to Hg,I,. When Hg,Cl, and KI are mixed in H,O, the impure Hg,I, produced is often green in color, owing to the presence of mercury metal”. The Hg,I, may also be prepared from Hg,Br, l o or xs Hg,0i3 and a dil KI solution. Organoiodine compounds also react with Hg(I) salts to produce Hg,I,; e.g., Hg,(NO,), and EtI react on a water bath to produce Hg,I, 14.

’.

’.

(T.B. BRILL)

1. 2. 3. 4.

5. 6. 7. 8.

9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.

E. Montignie, Bull. Chem. Soc. Fr., 4, 342 (1937). R. Finkener, Ann. Physik, 110, 142 (1860). A. L. Henne, M. W. Rennol, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 60, 1060 (1938). G. Brauer, Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 1,2nd ed., Academic Press, New York, 1963, p. 243. C. W. Scheele, Acta. Acad. Stockholm, 70 (1778). L. Mailhe, J. Pharm. Sci. Accessoires, 22, 577 (1836). L. A. Planche, Ann. Chim. Phys., 66, 168 (1808). H. Debray, C. R. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci., 70, 995 (1870). J. G. F. Druce, Chem. News, 126, 225 (1923); Chem. Abstr., 17, 1929 (1923). 0. Wentzky, Z . Angew. Chem., 18, 696 (1905). M. Francois, Ann. Chim., 20, 285 (1933). L. Laboure, J. Pharm. Chim., 29, 325 (1843). J. B. Berthemot, J. Pharm. Chim., 14, 189 (1928). P. C. Ray, Ann. Chem., 316, 250 (1901).

2.8.21.2. by Reduction of Mercury(l1) Halides.

It was known to the alchemists that HgCl, and Hg would react to form Hg,CI,. Since the earliest days of chemistry reducing agents have been found to convert Hg(1I) to Hg(1). Mercury(I1) chloride, HgBr, and HgI, react with Hg: HgX,

+ Hg

-

HgzX,

(4

150

2.8. Formation of the Halogen (Cu, Ag, Au) or (Zn, Cd, Hg) Metal Bond 2.8.21. Synthesis of Mercury(1) Halides 2.8.21.2. by Reduction of Mercury(l1) Halides.

When X = C1 or Br , heat and trituration are required'. When X = I, an EtOH soln may be employed3. Other metals can be used in place of Hg, e.g., Cu '. Reducing agents based on main-group oxides and oxy salts react with HgCl, to yield Hg,Cl,. Phosphorous5 and hypophosphorous6 acids react with HgCl, without heating:

-

+ H,PO, + H,O + H,PO, + H,O

2 HgCl, 2 HgCl,

+ H,PO, + 2 HCl + H,PO, + 2 HCl

Hg,Cl, Hg,Cl,

(b) (4

Various sulfur oxides reduce Hg(I1). Sulfur dioxide in the presence of H,O reacts': 2 HgCI,

+ SO, + 2 H,O

+ H,SO, + 2 HC1

Hg,Cl,

(4

Li,SO, in H,O also reacts*. An alcohol solution of H,S added dropwise to HgBr, in EtOH reacts': 2 HgBr,

+ H,S

EtOH

Hg,Br,

-

Tin(I1) in H,O or organic solvents reduces HgCI, 2 HgCl,

+ SnC1,

+ S + 2 HBr

(e)

lo:

Hg,Cl,

+ SnCl,

(f)

which may be run in a KI-EtOH-H,O soln to yield Hg,I, ". Transition-metal-reducing agents can also be employed, e.g., i r ~ n ( I I ) ' ~and ~'~ cU(1)4: 2 HgC1,

+ 2 FeSO, + H2S04 2 HgCl, + 2 FeCl, 2 HgBr,

+ 2 CuBr

-

Hg,Cl,

uv

Hg,Cl,

HzO

HBr-HzO

+ Fe,(SO,), + 2 HCl + 2 FeCl,

Hg,Br,

(g) (0

+ CuBr,

Homogeneous reduction of aq HgBr, by H, to Hg,Br, occurs in a pressure bomb at : 120°C 14. Mixed salts of Hg(I1) undergo oxidation-red~ction'~ HgCl,*2 HgS

> 240°C

Hg,Cl,

+ HgS + S

( k)

Photolysis reactions can play a role in the production of Hg(1) halides; e.g., Hg,Cl, can be produced from HgCI, by UV radiationI6, or by irradiation of an aq HgCl,, N,H,-HCl and HCl by 180 kV X-rays". (T.B. BRILL)

1. 0. Wolff, Chem.-Z.,36, 1039 (1912). 2. W. Matthies, Ann. Physik., 17, 675 (1905). 3. J. B. Berthemot, J. Pharm. Sci. Accessoires, 17,456 (1831). 4. C. Lowig, Mag. Pharm., 33, 7 (1828). 5. A. D. Mitchell, J. Chem. SOC., 119, 1266 (1921). 6. J. B. Gardner, J. E. Fogelsong, R. Wilson, J. Am. Chem., 46, 361 (1911). 7. A. Sander, Z . Angew. Chem., 28, 9 (1915). 8. J. Meyer, 2.Anorg. Allg. Chem., 47, 399 (1905). 9. G. Franceschi, Boll. Chim. Farm., 55,481 (1916); Chem. Abstr., 12, 657 (1918).

2.8. Formation of the Halogen (Cu, Ag, Au) or (Zn, Cd, Hg) Metal Bond 2.8.21. Synthesis of Mercury(1) Halides 2.8.21.3. by Oxidation of the Mercury Metal. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17.

151

G. A. Linhart, E. Q. Adams, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 39, 948 (1917). A. Agrestini, Boll. Chim. Farm., 70, 418 (1931); Chem. Abstr., 25, 4481 (1931). C. W. Hempel, Ann. Chem., 107, 97 (1958). C. Winther, 2. Elektrochem., 18, 138 (1912). G. J. Korinek, J. Halpern, Can. J. Chem., 34, 1372 (1956). J. Lamure, C . R. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci., 225, 525 (1947). F. Krause, K. Berge, J. Prakt. Chem., 136,257 (1933). R. Schrader, S. Schoenherr, M. Eerdmann, 2. Chem., 4, 108 (1964).

2.8.21.3. by Oxidation of the Mercury Metal.

Mercury(0) reacts with elemental halogens to produce Hg,X, compounds. These reactions use xs Hg, and hence the product is often contaminated. Chlorine and xs Hg combine on heating with' or without, air present to give Hg,Cl,. The iodide analog has been prepared by triturating Hg with I,, an I,-EtOH s o h or a KI, soln3. The product contains some HgI, in addition to Hg,I,, which may be removed by leaching with EtOH:

-

2 Hg

+ X,

HgzX,

(a)

Oxidizing agents, such as 0,, MnO,, Fe(II1) and SO,-HCl gas mixtures in the presence of chloride oxidize Hg(0) to Hg(1): 2 Hg

2 Hg

+ 2 HCl +

0,

Hg,Cl,

+ H,O

A

+ 2 NaCl + MnO, + 2 H,SO,

+ MnSO, + 2 H,O + 2 Na,SO, HCl (as) Hg,Cl, + 2 FeCl, Hg,Cl, + HgS + H,O + other Hg,CI,

2 FeC1, Hg

+ 2 Hg

+ HCl + SO,

(c)~ (dI6 (el7

The Hg,Cl, is sublimed from the product in each case. Autooxidation-reduction reactions of Hg(0) and Hg(I1) produce Hg,CI,, e.g.: Hg

+ HgSO, + 2 NaCl

A

Hg,Cl,

+ Na,SO,

(f)

This reaction is a dry method requiring only heat*. The carbon tetrahalides CCI,, CBr, and CI, react with Hg at 600-700°C to produce Hg,X, and C 9 : 4 Hg

+ CC1,

2 Hg,Cl,

+C

(g) (T.B. BRILL)

1. M. Berthelot, C . R. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci., 91, 871 (1880). 2. I. Bhadrui, 2. Anorg. ANg. Chem., 13, 407 (1847). 3. J. B. Berthemot, J. Pharm. Sci. Accessoires, 17, 456 (1831). 4. G. Lunde, 2. Angew. Chem., 7, 37 (1894). 5. P. L. Geiger, Berlin Jahrb. Pharm., 355 (1819). 6. P. Suss, Pharm Centrh., 37, 547 (1896). 7. M. Chaigneau, M. Santarromana, C . R. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci., Ser. C, 263, 678 (1966). 8. 0. Henry, J. Pharm. Sci. Accessoires., 8, 545 (1822). 9. G. Tammann, 2. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 115, 145 (1921).


2.8. Formation of the Halogen (Cu, Ag, Au) or (Zn, Cd, Hg) Metal Bond 2.8.21. Synthesis of Mercury(1) Halides 2.8.21.3. by Oxidation of the Mercury Metal. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17.

151

G. A. Linhart, E. Q. Adams, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 39, 948 (1917). A. Agrestini, Boll. Chim. Farm., 70, 418 (1931); Chem. Abstr., 25, 4481 (1931). C. W. Hempel, Ann. Chem., 107, 97 (1958). C. Winther, 2. Elektrochem., 18, 138 (1912). G. J. Korinek, J. Halpern, Can. J. Chem., 34, 1372 (1956). J. Lamure, C . R. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci., 225, 525 (1947). F. Krause, K. Berge, J. Prakt. Chem., 136,257 (1933). R. Schrader, S. Schoenherr, M. Eerdmann, 2. Chem., 4, 108 (1964).

2.8.21.3. by Oxidation of the Mercury Metal.

Mercury(0) reacts with elemental halogens to produce Hg,X, compounds. These reactions use xs Hg, and hence the product is often contaminated. Chlorine and xs Hg combine on heating with' or without, air present to give Hg,Cl,. The iodide analog has been prepared by triturating Hg with I,, an I,-EtOH s o h or a KI, soln3. The product contains some HgI, in addition to Hg,I,, which may be removed by leaching with EtOH:

-

2 Hg

+ X,

HgzX,

(a)

Oxidizing agents, such as 0,, MnO,, Fe(II1) and SO,-HCl gas mixtures in the presence of chloride oxidize Hg(0) to Hg(1): 2 Hg

2 Hg

+ 2 HCl +

0,

Hg,Cl,

+ H,O

A

+ 2 NaCl + MnO, + 2 H,SO,

+ MnSO, + 2 H,O + 2 Na,SO, HCl (as) Hg,Cl, + 2 FeCl, Hg,Cl, + HgS + H,O + other Hg,CI,

2 FeC1, Hg

+ 2 Hg

+ HCl + SO,

(c)~ (dI6 (el7

The Hg,Cl, is sublimed from the product in each case. Autooxidation-reduction reactions of Hg(0) and Hg(I1) produce Hg,CI,, e.g.: Hg

+ HgSO, + 2 NaCl

A

Hg,Cl,

+ Na,SO,

(f)

This reaction is a dry method requiring only heat*. The carbon tetrahalides CCI,, CBr, and CI, react with Hg at 600-700°C to produce Hg,X, and C 9 : 4 Hg

+ CC1,

2 Hg,Cl,

+C

(g) (T.B. BRILL)

1. M. Berthelot, C . R. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci., 91, 871 (1880). 2. I. Bhadrui, 2. Anorg. ANg. Chem., 13, 407 (1847). 3. J. B. Berthemot, J. Pharm. Sci. Accessoires, 17, 456 (1831). 4. G. Lunde, 2. Angew. Chem., 7, 37 (1894). 5. P. L. Geiger, Berlin Jahrb. Pharm., 355 (1819). 6. P. Suss, Pharm Centrh., 37, 547 (1896). 7. M. Chaigneau, M. Santarromana, C . R. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci., Ser. C, 263, 678 (1966). 8. 0. Henry, J. Pharm. Sci. Accessoires., 8, 545 (1822). 9. G. Tammann, 2. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 115, 145 (1921).


152

2.8. Formation of the Halogen (Cu, Ag, Au) or (Zn, Cd, Hg) Metal Bond 2.8.22. Synthesis of Complex Halides of Group-IIB.

2.8.22. Synthesis of Complex Halides of Group-IIB. This area was major subtopic of inorganic chemistry during the 19th and early 20th centuries. Less work has been conducted since, and it is now directed toward new syntheses of the group-IIB halide complexes. The early emphasis stemmed from the ready availability of the starting materials and the easy formation of the complexes. The mercury salts were interesting for their pharmaceutical properties. Numerous complexes are conceivable, particularly when account is taken of the counterions. Cations ranging in size from H + to large organic cations, and in chemistry through monovalent and divalent cations of simple and complex inorganic and organometallic species, form salts with the group-IIB halide anions. The strong affinity of the group-IIB ions for halides means that complexes form whenever excess halide is present. In fact the Hg2+ complexes of C1-, Br- and I - are among the most stable halide complexes known. Two principal routes can be summarized. Method A: The most common route to the group-IIB halide complexes involves dissolution of the constituent salts (usually in stoichiometric ratio) in a solvent (usually H,O) followed by evaporation or cooling. In some cases a nonaqueous solvent is used, such as acetonitrile, ethanol, methanol or acetone. Some complexes form over a wide range of mole ratios of the constituent salts, while others form only in a narrow range of concentrations. This concentration factor makes it difficult to predict the stoichiometry that will form. When moisture is present the salt may appear as a hydrate. Reactions (a)-(e) illustrate the use of method A: KBr

+ HgBr,

2 RbCl KCl

HzO

+ ZnC1,

+ HgCl, CsCl

NH41

-

K[HgBr,]-H,O

HzO

Rb,[ZnCl,]

ethylacetate

+ CdC1,

conc.

(a)' (bS

' KCHgC131 CsCdC1,

(4,

+ HgI, E 95~ ~%H N H , H ~ I , . H ~ O

w5

Variations to this solution method involve replacing the halide salts: ZnO Li,CO,

+ NH,F

+ 2 ZnC1, + 2 HCl KOH

Zn

conc(aq)

(xs) N HNH,ZnF,

H2O

+ HgCl, + HCl

+ HX (or NH,F,

-

2 Li[ZnC1,].3 H,O

H20

NH4CI, NaC1)

K[HgCl,] H2O

+ CO, + H,O

+ H,O

(cation),ZnX,

(g)' ihI8

+"

(iI9

[MX3]-(X

= F,

CI, Br, I)

Stoichiometry

(A)

HZn,C15-2 H,O l7

(A) (A) (A) (A) (A) (A) (A)

NH,ZnF,, (A) NaZnF,, (A) KZnF,16 (A) HZnCI,-2 H,O l 7 LiZnC1,.3 H,O KZnCI,-2 H,O NH4ZnBr,-3 H,O NaZnBr, -H,O KZnBr,-2 H,O NaZn13.3 H,O l 9

ZnZ

TABLE1. TYPICAL HALIDE COMPLEXES OF Zn2+,CdZ+AND Hgz+a +

,sS1

41

(B)

CaCd,C1,.7 H,O 43 (A) SrCd,C1,-7 H,O 43 (A) BaCd,C1,-5 H,O (A)

NH,Cd,CI,

NH,CdF, 6320 (A) KCdF," (A) RbCdF," (A) TICdF,Zo (A) NH,CdCl, 21.41 (A, B) KCdCI,', (A) KCdCI,-H,O 2 2 (A) RbCdC1, 24 (A) (A, B) CsCdC1, NH,CdBr, " (A) KCdBr,-H,O " (A) RbCdBr, 24 (A) CsCdBr,, (A) CuCdBr, (B) KCdI,19 (A) C S C ~ I , (A) ~ CsCdI,*H,O (A)

CdZ+

27328

KHgF,'," (A) (A, B) NH,HgCl, NaHgC1,-2 H,O " (A) KHgCI,, (A) KHgC1,-H,O (A) KHgCI,.2 H,O (A) RbHgC1, 3 1 (A) (mine H+)HgCI332 (A) NH,HgBr, 33 (A) NaHgBr, ' O s 3 0 (A, B) (A) NaHgBr,.2 H,O KHgBr,30 (B) KHgBr,*H,O 34 (A) (A) KHgBr,-2 H,O CsHgBr, 3s (A) (mine H+)HgBr, 36 (A) NH,HgI,-H,O (A) NaHgI,37 (A) KHgI,38 (A) KHgI,.H,O (A) RbHgI,39 (A) C S H ~ I , , ~(A) (amine H+)Hg13 (A) KHg,Br, l o (B) NH4Hg2r5 (A) (amine H+)Hg,15 42 (A) CsHg,I, (A,B) MgHg,C16-6 H,O 44 (A) BaHg,C1,-6 H,O 44 (A)

Hg2

Stoichiometry

TABLE1. (Continued)

’

(NH,),ZnF,-2 H,O (A) K,ZnF,46 (A) (NH4)ZZnC1447 (A) (A) Na,ZnCl,-3 H,O K2ZnCI,7 (A) Rb,ZnCI,’ (A) Cs,ZnC1, 48 (A) MgZnC1,.6 H,O 49 (A) BaZnC1, 43 (B) BaZnC1,-4 H,O 49 (A) BaZnC1,-6 H,O 49 (A) (NH4)ZZnBr4l 9 (A) (NH,),ZnBr,-H,O l 9 (A) K,ZnBr,.2 H,O (A) C S , Z ~ B ~ (A) ,~~ (NH4)2Zn14 l 9 (A) Cs,ZnI, 48 (A)

ZnZ +

21754

K,CdF,” (B) (A, B) Rb,CdF, Cs,CdF,20 (B) H,CdCI,*7 H,O 5 2 (A) Na,CdCI, 23 (B) Cs,CdCI, 5 1 (A, B) (A) BaCdC1,-4 H,O (NH4)ZcdBr4 5 3 (B) Na,CdBr, 5 3 (B) K,CdBr, 5 3 (B) (A) Cs,CdBr,, BaCdBr,.H,O 22 (A) (NH,),CdI,*2 H,O (A) Na,CdI,-6 H,O (A) (A, B) K,CdI, Cs,CdI, 4*51 (A, B) SrCd14-8H,0 5 5 (A) BaCdI,-5 H,O l 9 (A)

Rb3CdzF72o (B)

CdZ+

Rb3Hg217 l o (B) SrHg3CI,-2 H,O 45 (A) BaHg3C1,-2 H,O 45 (A) Cs2Hg318 3 5 (A) (C5H6N),HgF4.2 H,O 55a (A) (NH4)2HgC14l o (B) (NH4)2HgC14*H20 l o (A) (amine H+)HgCI, 56 (A) K,HgCI, 30 (A) K,HgCI,-H,O ” (A) Rb,HgCl, 31 (A) Cs,HgC1, 31 (A) (NH,)zHgBr4 33 (A) (amine H+),HgBr, 5 8 (A) Na,HgBr, (A, B) K,HgBr, (A, B) Cs,HgBr, 35 (A) SrHgBr, 6 o (A) BaHgBr, 6o (A) H2Hg1461 (A) (NH4)ZHg14 l 3 (A) (NH4)2Hg14.H20 6 5 (A) Na,HgI, (A,B) Na,HgI,-4 H,O 37 (A) K z H & ~ ’ (A) RbzH&39 (A) Cs,HgI, 3 5 (A) (amine H+),HgI, 42 (A)

HgZ+

a

A refers to preparation From a solution phase and B refers to preparation from a melt.

(NH,),ZnCl, 47 (A) Cs,ZnCl, 48 (A) (NH,),ZnBr,*H,O (A) Cs,ZnBr, 48 (A) Cs,ZnI, 48 (A) (NH,),CdCl, 22s41 (A, B) K4CdCI, 22,23 (A, B) Rb,CdCl, 24 (A) Cs,CdCl, (B) M,CdCI,.12 H,O ' (A) (M = Mg, Ca, Mn, Co, Ni) Cu,CdC1,-4 H,O' (A) (A) K,CdBr,' Rb,CdBr, 68 (A) K,CdI, l o (B) (Pr,N)CdCI,Br 6 9 (A) (Pr,N)CdCI,I 6 9 , (A) (Pr,N)CdBr,Cl 69 (A) (Pr,N)CdBr,I 6 9 (A) (Pr,N)CdI,Cl 6 9 (A) (Pr,N)CdI,Br 6 9 (A) K,CdClzIZ73 (A)

CO(NH,),[C~CI,]~~(A) Cs,CdBr, (A) Cs,CdI,4 (A)

Na,HgCI,Br, 59 (A) (NH4)ZHgC1ZBr270 (A> K,HgCl,Br, 7 2 (A) (MeNH,),HgCI,I, 70 (A) (MeNH,),HgBr,I, 70 (A) Rb,HgBr,I, 39 (A) Cs,HgCI,Br, 35 (A)

NH4HgCl,Br 7o (A) HHgCII, '' (A) MeNH,HgBr,I 7 0 (A) HHg1,Br 7 1 (A) MeNH,HgBrI, 7o (A)

ZnHgI,,, CdHgI,66 (A) Cs,HgBr, 35 (A) Cs3HgIs35 (A)

(A, B) (A) (A)

62r63

Cu2Hd464

Ag,HgI,

156

2.8. Formation of the Halogen (Cu, Ag, Au) or (Zn, Cd, Hg) Metal Bond 2.8.22. Synthesis of Complex Halides of Group-IIB.

Method B: A less commonly used method to prepare group-IIB halide complexes employs a binary mixture of the components in a melt. In some cases equilibrium phase diagrams have been constructedlO;e.g., mixing CdCl, and NH,Cl in 2:1, 1:l and 1:4 molar ratios and melting forms' compounds having stoichiometry NH,Cd,Cl,, NH,CdCl, and (NH,),CdC16. In addition, many obscure reactions produce group-IIB halide complexes; eg., HgI, can insert into Me1 12: Me1 + HgI,

acetone

+ Me,N-

-

Me,NHgI,

Metathesis can occur with some salts if the equilibrium constant favors it5: HgCl,

+ 4 NH,I

H20

(NH,),HgI,

+ 2 NH,Cl

(k)

In some instances NH,HgCl decomposes to yield complexes; NH,HgCl reacts in a dil EtOH soln of Br, to yield (NH,),HgCl,Br, 13. A 1:3 ratio of NH,HgCl and Me1 in a sealed tube at 100°C for 10-12 h produces NH,Hg,I, 13. Complexes can be formed from one another; e.g., when Rb,Hg,Cl, ,*H,O is heated to volatilize HgCl, and H,O RbHgC1, is produced14. Several factors are important in the synthesis of these complexes. First, the soft or class b behavior of HgZf means that halide ligands form complexes whose strength follows the order: F - < < C1- < Br- < I-, whereas Zn2+ and CdZ+show only slight b character. Second, hydrates frequently form when H,O is present. Third, the neutral MX, molecules have some affinity for one another, leading to aggregation and polynuclear species. The tendency to aggregate is greatest for the mercury(I1) halides, and species such as [Hg,Cl,]-, [Hg3C1,]-, [Hg6Cll,]-, [Hg,Br,]- and [Hg318]'- can form. Fourth, the stoichiometry is not necessarily indicative of the structure; e.g., (NH,),ZnCl, is best formulated as a double salt, (NH,),ZnCl,-NH,Cl, according to the crystal structure15. Table 1 lists the group-IIB halide salts. Not all of these compounds have been subjected to modern methods of analysis, nor is the table comprehensive. The synthesis method A (solution) and B (melt) is given in each case. (T.B. BRILL)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

K. von Hauer, J. Prakt. Chem., 69, 121 (1856); 68, 385 (1856). R. Godeffroy, Chem. Ber., 8, 9 (1875). G. Areay, M. Mareot, C. R.,Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci. 209, 881 (1939). H. L. Wells, P. T. Walden, J. Am. Sci., 46,425 (1893). F. Gallais, Ann. Chim. (Paris), 10, 117 (1938). R. Wagner, Chem. Ber., 19, 896 (1886). F. Ephraim, 2.Anorg. Allg. Chem., 59, 68 (1908). P. F. G. Boullay, Ann. Chim. Phys., 34, 344 (1827). E. Brunner, 2.Phys. Chem. (Liepzig), 39,1(1902); see also A. J. Hale, H. S. Foster, J. Soc. Chem.

Znd., 34, 464 (1915). 10. See, e.g., I. N. Belyaev, E. A. Shurginov, N. S. Kudryashov, Rum. J. Znorg. Chem., 17,1473 (1972); I. N. Belyaev, K. E. Mironov, J. Gen. Chem., USSR,22, 1535 (1952); E. Janecke, Reel. Trav. Chim. Pays-Bas, 42, 740 (1923). 11. T. V. Barker, M. W. Porter, J. Chem. SOC.,117, 1303 (1920). 12. H. Edhem-Bey, Erweiterte Studien iiber die Umsetzungen des Mercur-Ammonium Chlorides, Bern, 1885. 13. S. Hajnoci, M. Low, Magy. Kem. Faly., 17, 87 (1911). 14. H. W. Foote, L. H. Levy, J. Am. Chem., 35, 236 (1906). 15. H. M. Powell, A. F. Wells, J. Chem. Soc., 359 (1935).

2.8. Formation of the Halogen (Cu, Ag, Au) or (Zn, Cd, Hg) Metal Bond 2.8.22. Synthesis of Complex Halides of Group-118.

157

16. J. J. Berzelius, Pogg. Ann., 7, 26 (1824). 17. R. Engel, C. R. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci., 102, 1068 (1886). 18. F. Ephraim, Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 59, 57 (1908). 19. C. F. Rammelsberg, Pogg. Ann., 43, 665 (1838). 20. J. J. Cousseins, C. Pina-Perez, Rev. Chim. Miner., 5, 147 (1968). 21. H. Croft, Phil. Mag., 21, 355 (1842). 22. K . von Hauer, Sitzber. Akad. Wien, 13,449 (1854). 23. H. Brand, Neus Jahrb. Min. B.B., 32, 627 (1911). 24. E. Rimbach, Chem. Ber., 30, 3079 (1897); 35, 1307 (1902); 38, 1565 (1905). 25. J. M. Eder, Dinglers's Journal, 221, 189 (1876). 26. G. Hermann, Z. Anorg. Chem., 71, 257 (1911). 26a. R. Hoppe, R. Homann, Z . Anorg. Allg. Chem., 369, 212 (1969). 27. C. R. Crymble, J. Chem. SOC.,105, 568 (1914). 28. E. Janecke, Recl. Trav. Chim. Pays-Bas, 42,140 (1923). 29. S. S. Malcic, Bull. Boris Kidvich Znst. Nucl. Sci. (Belgrade) 9, 115, (1959). 30. P. A. von Bonsdorff, Ann. Physick. Chem., 19,336 (1830). 31. R. Godeffroy, Arch. Pharm., ( Weinheim,Ger.) 212, 52 (1875). 32. See for example, E. Fatuzzo, Proc. Phys. SOC.(London), 76,197 (1960). 33. R. Varet, C. R. Hebd. Seances Acad. Scr. 123,497 (1896). 34. M. Pernot, C. R. Hebd. Seances Acad. SCI.195, 238 (1932). 35. H. L. Wells, Am. J. Sci., 44, 221 (1892). 36. See, e.g., R. M. Ham, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,45, 1768 (1923). 37. M. L. Nichols, C. 0. Willits, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 56, 769 (1934). 38. R. Abegg, C. Immerwahr, F. Jander, Z. Electrochem., 8, 688 (1902). 39. H. Grossman, Chem. Ber., 36, 1603, (1903); 37, 1358 (1904). 40. See for example, T. V. Barker, M. W. Porter, J. Chem. SOC.,117, 1303 (1920). 41. K. Hachmeister, Z . Anorg. Chern., 109, 145 (1919). 42. M. Francois, C. R. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci., 17, 331 (1855). 43. 5. Grailich, Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiss. Wten, 17, 331 (1855). 44. P. A. von Bonsdorff, Pogg. Ann., 33, 81 (1834). 45. H. W. Foote, H. S. Bristol, Am. J. Chem., 32, 246 (1904). 46. C. Poulenc, C. R. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci., 116, 581 (1893). 47. P. A. Meerburg, Z. Anorg. Chem., 37, 199 (1903). 48. H. L. Wells, G. F. Campbell, Am. J. SCI.,46, 431 (1893). 49. G. Warner, Chern. News, 27, 271 (1873). 50. F. Ephrain, Z. Anorg. Chem., 59, 57 (1908). 51. I. I. Il'yasov, A. G. Bergman, Ukr. Khim. Zh., 35, 173 (1969); Chem. Abstr., 71, 7116 (1969). 52. M. Berthelot, C. R. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci., 91, 1024 (1880). 53. E. Cornec, G. Urbain, Compt. Rend., 158, 1118 (1914). 54. H. Brand, Centr. Mm., 26 (1912). 55. H. C. Jones, B. P. Caldwell, Am. Chem. J., 25, 384 (1901). 56. See, e.g., J. N. Swan, Am. Chem. J., 20, 613, (1898). 56a. R. Dotzer, A. Meuwsen, Z. Anorg. Allg., Chem., 308, 79 (1961). 57. C. H. Macgillavey, J. H. deWilde, J. M. Bijvoet, 2. Kristallogr., 100, 212 (1939). 58. See, e.g., H. Grossmann, F. Hunseler, Z. Anorg. Allg. Chern., 46, 361 (1905). 59. A. Vicario, J. Pharm. Chim., 26, 145 (1907). 60. C. Lowig, Mag. Pharm., 33, 7 (1831). 61. G. Neumann, Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiss. Wien,98, 221 (1889). 62. H. Wegelius, S. Kilpi, Z. Anorg. Chem., 61,413 (1909). 63. A. Steger, Z. Phys. Chem., 43, 595 (1903). 64. M. Bellati, R. Romanese, Atti. Zst. Veneto,6, 413 (1909). 65. A. J. Duboin, C. R. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci., 141, 387 (1905). 66. F. W. Clarke, E. A. Kebler, Am. Chem., J., 5, 239 (1884). 67. T. V. Long, A. W. Herlinger, E. F. Epstein, I. Bernal, Znorg. Chem., 9,459 (1970). 68. E. Rimbach, Chem. Ber., 38, 1533 (1905). 69. J. G. Contreras, D. G. Tuck, Can. J. Chem., 54, 3641 (1976). 70. M. Straumanis, A. Cirulis, Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 234, 17 (1937). 71. A. G. Galinos, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,82, 3032 (1960). 72. T. Harth, 2. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 14, 324 (1897). 73. G. Marcotrigiano, L. Menabue, G. C. Pellacani, J. Mol. Struct., 33, 191 (1976).


158

2.8. Formation of the Halogen (Cu, Ag, Au) or (Zn, Cd, Hg) Metal Bond 2.8.23. Synthesis of Organo Group-IIB Halides 2.8.23.1. by Oxidative Addition of Alkyl and Aryl Halides to the Metals.

2.8.23.Synthesis of Organo Group-IIB Halides Organozinc halides are among the first organometallic compounds known'. However, it is the organomercury halides that dominate the area of organo group-IIB halides. The mercurials have utility in organic synthesis and are both stable and tractable. The Zn and Cd analogs, while having some importance in synthesis, are more tedious to work with than Hg and so are far less extensively studied. The organo Zn and Cd halides resemble one another in that they frequently require handling in an inert atmosphere and can be hard to isolate. Reviews of organometallic Zn 2 3 3 , Cd 2,4-7 and Hg *-" are available. CAUTION: Volatile alkyl mercurials are cumulative toxins and highly poisonous. They should be handled only in closed system. Organocadmium compounds are also very toxic. Alkyl zinc compounds can spontaneously inflame in air. (T.B. BRILL)

1. E. Frankland, Ann. Chem., 71, 171,213 (1849). 2. N. I. Sheverdina, K. A. Kocheshkov, The Organic Compounds of Zinc and Cadmium, North Holland Press, Amsterdam, 1967. 3. J. Boersma, J. G. Noltes, Organozinc Coordination Chemistry, International Lead Zinc Research Organization, New York, 1968; see also J. Furukawa, N. Kawabata, Ado. Organometal. Chem., 12, 83 (1974). 4. P. R. Jones, P. J. Desio, Chem. Rev., 78,491 (1978). 5. K. Niitzel, in Houben- Weyl, Methoden der Organischen Chemie, 4th Ed., E. Muller, ed. Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart, 1973, XIII/29, p. 859. 6. J. Cason, Chem. Rev., 40, 15, 1947. 7. D. A. Shirley, Org. React., 8, 28 (1954). 8. L. G. Makarova, A. N. Nesmeyanov, Methods of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Vol. 14, The Organic Compounds of Mercury, A. N. Nesmeyanov, K. A. Kocheshkov, eds., North Holland Press, Amsterdam, 1967. 9. H. Straub, K. P. Zeller, H. Leditschke, in Houben- Weyl, Methoden der Organischen Chemie, Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart, 1973, XI11 2b; see also L. G. Makarova, in Organometallic Reactions, Vols. 1, 2, E. I. Becker, M. Tsutsui, eds., Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1970. 10. B. J. Wakefield, Adv. Inorg. Chem. Radiochem., 11, 341 (1968). 11. A. J. Bloodworth, in The Chemistry of Mercury, C . A. McAuliffe, ed., MacMillan, Toronto, 1977.

2.8.23.1. by Oxidative Addition of Alkyl and Aryl Halides to the Metals.

Alkylzinc halides can be prepared in an inert atmosphere by oxidative addition of the alkyl halide to Zn dust using D M F solvent and a small amount of I - as an initiator'. A mixture of alkyl bromides and iodides reacts directly in an inert atmosphere with Zn containing a small amount of Cu'. These reactions resemble the original synthesis of alkyl zinc halides3: EtI

+ Zn

-

EtZnI

(a)

Aryl and ally1 bromides react with Zn dust in THF4, while perfluoroalkyl and aryl iodides react in dioxane and diglyme at 100°C to produce' RZnX. Now that metals can be obtained in an extremely finely divided state and even as metal atoms for use in organic synthesis, these reactions have become even more facile. Activated Zn oxidatively adds to all alkyl iodides and aryl bromides6. Zinc and Cd atoms


158

2.8. Formation of the Halogen (Cu, Ag, Au) or (Zn, Cd, Hg) Metal Bond 2.8.23. Synthesis of Organo Group-IIB Halides 2.8.23.1. by Oxidative Addition of Alkyl and Aryl Halides to the Metals.

2.8.23.Synthesis of Organo Group-IIB Halides Organozinc halides are among the first organometallic compounds known'. However, it is the organomercury halides that dominate the area of organo group-IIB halides. The mercurials have utility in organic synthesis and are both stable and tractable. The Zn and Cd analogs, while having some importance in synthesis, are more tedious to work with than Hg and so are far less extensively studied. The organo Zn and Cd halides resemble one another in that they frequently require handling in an inert atmosphere and can be hard to isolate. Reviews of organometallic Zn 2 3 3 , Cd 2,4-7 and Hg *-" are available. CAUTION: Volatile alkyl mercurials are cumulative toxins and highly poisonous. They should be handled only in closed system. Organocadmium compounds are also very toxic. Alkyl zinc compounds can spontaneously inflame in air. (T.B. BRILL)

1. E. Frankland, Ann. Chem., 71, 171,213 (1849). 2. N. I. Sheverdina, K. A. Kocheshkov, The Organic Compounds of Zinc and Cadmium, North Holland Press, Amsterdam, 1967. 3. J. Boersma, J. G. Noltes, Organozinc Coordination Chemistry, International Lead Zinc Research Organization, New York, 1968; see also J. Furukawa, N. Kawabata, Ado. Organometal. Chem., 12, 83 (1974). 4. P. R. Jones, P. J. Desio, Chem. Rev., 78,491 (1978). 5. K. Niitzel, in Houben- Weyl, Methoden der Organischen Chemie, 4th Ed., E. Muller, ed. Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart, 1973, XIII/29, p. 859. 6. J. Cason, Chem. Rev., 40, 15, 1947. 7. D. A. Shirley, Org. React., 8, 28 (1954). 8. L. G. Makarova, A. N. Nesmeyanov, Methods of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Vol. 14, The Organic Compounds of Mercury, A. N. Nesmeyanov, K. A. Kocheshkov, eds., North Holland Press, Amsterdam, 1967. 9. H. Straub, K. P. Zeller, H. Leditschke, in Houben- Weyl, Methoden der Organischen Chemie, Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart, 1973, XI11 2b; see also L. G. Makarova, in Organometallic Reactions, Vols. 1, 2, E. I. Becker, M. Tsutsui, eds., Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1970. 10. B. J. Wakefield, Adv. Inorg. Chem. Radiochem., 11, 341 (1968). 11. A. J. Bloodworth, in The Chemistry of Mercury, C . A. McAuliffe, ed., MacMillan, Toronto, 1977.

2.8.23.1. by Oxidative Addition of Alkyl and Aryl Halides to the Metals.

Alkylzinc halides can be prepared in an inert atmosphere by oxidative addition of the alkyl halide to Zn dust using D M F solvent and a small amount of I - as an initiator'. A mixture of alkyl bromides and iodides reacts directly in an inert atmosphere with Zn containing a small amount of Cu'. These reactions resemble the original synthesis of alkyl zinc halides3: EtI

+ Zn

-

EtZnI

(a)

Aryl and ally1 bromides react with Zn dust in THF4, while perfluoroalkyl and aryl iodides react in dioxane and diglyme at 100°C to produce' RZnX. Now that metals can be obtained in an extremely finely divided state and even as metal atoms for use in organic synthesis, these reactions have become even more facile. Activated Zn oxidatively adds to all alkyl iodides and aryl bromides6. Zinc and Cd atoms

2.8. Formation of the Halogen (Cu, Ag, Au) or (Zn, Cd, Hg) Metal Bond 2.8.23. Synthesis of Organo Group-IIB Halides 2.8.23.2. by Transmetallation Reactions Involving the Metal Halides.

159

can be cocondensed in ether or hydrocarbons and react with RX (X = Br, I for Zn and I for Cd)7. Many of these organo Zn and Cd halides are solvated adducts. However, perfluoroalkyl iodides react with Zn atoms to give R,ZnI as unsolvated but unstable adducts'. Electrolysis of solutions containing alkyl halides and neutral bidentate donors with Cd anodes produces complexed alkyl Cd halidesg. Cadmium in DMSO, TMF and DMF oxidatively adds to IC,F, to yield ICdC,F, lo. The earliest preparation of the Hg-C bond involved insertion of Hg into the C-I bond in the presence of sunlight": Hg

+ Me1

hv

MeHgI

(b)

The reaction can be extended to RCI and RBr compounds, but the reactivity trend is RCl < < RBr < RI. The yields of mercurial are low. Ally1 mercuric iodide is an exception in that it forms readily when ally1 iodide and Hg are warmed. The oxidative addition reactions are not a useful synthetic method for organomercury halides. However, one useful reaction leading to aryl mercury halides involves stirring an aryldiazonium chloride with finely divided Hg at 0-5°C 1 2 : (arylN,)Cl

+ Hg

-

arylHgCl

+ N,

(c) (T.B. BRILL)

R. Bucort, R. Joly, C. R. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci., 254, 1655 (1962). C. R. Noller, Org. Syn., Coll. Vol. II, 184 (1943). E. Frankland, Ann. Chem., 71, 171,213 (1849). M. Gandemar, C. R. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci., 249, 1229 (1958). W. T. Miller, E. Bergmann, A. N. Fainberg, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,79, 4159 (1957). R. D. Rieke, Acc. Chem. Res., 10, 301 (1977). T. 0. Murdock, K. J. Klabunde, J. Org. Chem., 41, 1076 (1976). K. J. Klabunde, M. Scott, J. Y. F. Low, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,94,999 (1972). J. J. Habeeb, A. Osman, D. G. Tuck, J. Organomet. Chem., 146,213 (1978); see also V. Lucchini, P. R. Wells, J. Organomet. Chem., 92, 283 (1975). 10. D. F. Evans, R. F. Phillips, J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 978 (1973). 11. E. Frankland, Ann. Chem., 85, 365 (1853). 12. R. E. McClure, E. Lowry, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,53, 319 (1931). 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

2.8.23.2. by Transmetallation Reactions Involving the Metal Halides.

The preparation of RMX compounds (R = aryl, alkyl; M = Zn, Cd, Hg; X = C1, Br, I) by the use of an organomagnesium halide reagent is routine. The addition of anhydrous group-IIB halide in ether to an alkylmagnesium halide reagent in an equimolar ratio produces alkyl and aryl metal halides:

+ RMgBr CdCI, + RMgBr ZnC1,

-

+ MgBrCl RCdCl + MgBrCl

RZnCl

-

(a)' (WZ

For Cd, vinyl alkylmagnesium halides do not react, but acetylenic reagents do3: CH,=CHC-CMgBr

+ CdCl,

CH,=CHC=CCdCI

+ MgBrCl

(c)



159

can be cocondensed in ether or hydrocarbons and react with RX (X = Br, I for Zn and I for Cd)7. Many of these organo Zn and Cd halides are solvated adducts. However, perfluoroalkyl iodides react with Zn atoms to give R,ZnI as unsolvated but unstable adducts'. Electrolysis of solutions containing alkyl halides and neutral bidentate donors with Cd anodes produces complexed alkyl Cd halidesg. Cadmium in DMSO, TMF and DMF oxidatively adds to IC,F, to yield ICdC,F, lo. The earliest preparation of the Hg-C bond involved insertion of Hg into the C-I bond in the presence of sunlight": Hg

+ Me1

hv

MeHgI

(b)

The reaction can be extended to RCI and RBr compounds, but the reactivity trend is RCl < < RBr < RI. The yields of mercurial are low. Ally1 mercuric iodide is an exception in that it forms readily when ally1 iodide and Hg are warmed. The oxidative addition reactions are not a useful synthetic method for organomercury halides. However, one useful reaction leading to aryl mercury halides involves stirring an aryldiazonium chloride with finely divided Hg at 0-5°C 1 2 : (arylN,)Cl

+ Hg

-

arylHgCl

+ N,

(c) (T.B. BRILL)

1. 2. 3. 4.

5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

R. Bucort, R. Joly, C. R. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci., 254, 1655 (1962). C. R. Noller, Org. Syn., Coll. Vol. II, 184 (1943). E. Frankland, Ann. Chem., 71, 171,213 (1849). M. Gandemar, C. R. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci., 249, 1229 (1958). W. T. Miller, E. Bergmann, A. N. Fainberg, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,79, 4159 (1957). R. D. Rieke, Acc. Chem. Res., 10, 301 (1977). T. 0. Murdock, K. J. Klabunde, J. Org. Chem., 41, 1076 (1976). K. J. Klabunde, M. Scott, J. Y. F. Low, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,94,999 (1972). J. J. Habeeb, A. Osman, D. G. Tuck, J. Organomet. Chem., 146,213 (1978); see also V. Lucchini, P. R. Wells, J. Organomet. Chem., 92, 283 (1975). D. F. Evans, R. F. Phillips, J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 978 (1973). E. Frankland, Ann. Chem., 85, 365 (1853). R. E. McClure, E. Lowry, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,53, 319 (1931).

2.8.23.2. by Transmetallation Reactions Involving the Metal Halides.

The preparation of RMX compounds (R = aryl, alkyl; M = Zn, Cd, Hg; X = C1, Br, I) by the use of an organomagnesium halide reagent is routine. The addition of anhydrous group-IIB halide in ether to an alkylmagnesium halide reagent in an equimolar ratio produces alkyl and aryl metal halides:

+ RMgBr CdCI, + RMgBr ZnC1,

-

+ MgBrCl RCdCl + MgBrCl

RZnCl

-

(a)' (WZ

For Cd, vinyl alkylmagnesium halides do not react, but acetylenic reagents do3: CH,=CHC-CMgBr

+ CdCl,

CH,=CHC=CCdCI

+ MgBrCl

(c)

160


Aryl, alkenyl and primary, secondary and tertiary alkyl Hg halides can be prepared using an organomagnesium halide4.' : RMgBr

-

+ HgBr,

+ MgBr,

RHgBr

(4

The reaction proceeds in Et,O, THF and in some cases xylene and heptane. Free Mg must be removed from the alkylmagnesium halide reagent. The yield of mercurial for R = C, to C, is higher than for C, to C,. For alkyls the yield is primary > secondary > tertiary6. Another route to organo group-IIB halides involves organolithium reagents7. Aryl and alkyl Li react with CdX, *. Reactions of aryl and alkyl lithium with HgX, (X = C1, Br, I) readily form RHgX corn pound^^^^, e.g.":

a

CH,PPh,

CH,PPh,

+ LiBr

+HgBr,-a

Li

(e)

HgBr

Alkyl and aryl exchange occurs between numerous other organo main group or organo transition-metal halide compounds and organo or halo group-IIB compounds to give RMX. Most of these reactions involve Hg ', but redistribution reactions for Zn and Cd are important. Exchange occurs between organomercury compounds and salts or other derivatives of Zn, Cd, Hg, B, In, T1, fourth, fifth, sixth main-group elements, I, V, Zr, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, An, Ag, Pt. Thus, the reactions below only survey the field. Alkene and alkyne transfer from R,Zn to HgX, (X = C1, Br) takes place": R,Zn

+ 2 HgX,

THF

2 RHgX

+ ZnX,

(f)

Alkyl mercurials also undergo redistribution with HgX, in ether to give mixed products": R,Hg

+ HgX,

2 RHgX

(€9

The rate of the reaction follows the order C1 > Br > I, e.g.: [PhC(O)CH,],Hg

+ HgI,

THF

2 PhC(O)CH,HgI

Organoboric acids and esters transfer aromatic and aliphatic groups to Hg also can be used to prepare unusual alkyl derivatives of Hg Is: RB(OH), Me

-

+ HgX, + H,O

RHgX

+ B(OH), + HX

Me

\

Me/C=C (BC]),

+ HgCl,

\

Me,C=C

(h)'3 14,

but (9

/H&1 \ HgCl

(j)

In related reactions organoboric esters and boranes produce alkylations and arylations in ether at RT or below16: R,B

+ 3 HgX,

3 RHgX + BX,

(k)


--

161

Or in a multistep variation on Eq. 0)": (alkene)B(O-alkyl),

+ NaCl

+Hg(OAc)z

(a1kene)HgCl

Derivatives of Si, Sn and Pb can be used as alkylating and arylating agents toward Hg: PhSiX,

+ HgX,

60-65"C, X = C1, Br, I;

PbEt,

+ 2 HgCl,

PhHgX + Six,

EtOH

Et,PbCl,

(m)'8

+ 2 EtHgCl (72 %)

Transition-metal organometallics undergo exchange with HgX,. ($-Cp),ZrCl, with HgC1, in H,O produces,' CpHgCl: (q'-Cp),ZrCl,

Hz0

+ 2 HgCl,

(0Y0

2 $-CpHgCl

+ ZrC1,

Shaking

(PI

Organogold compounds alkylate Hg ": RAuPPh,

+ HgX,

RHgX

+ XAuPPh,

(9)

and CdR, and CdX, undergo redistribution reactions in ether to produce organocadmium halides',:

+ CdBr,

THF

2 MeCdBr (rY4 Similarly,ZnX, and ZnR, compounds also experienceredistribution when mixed2' : Me,Cd

Ph,Zn

+ ZnC1,

EtOH

2 PhZnCl-EtOH

6) (T.B. BRILL)

1. T. Weil, B. Prijs, H. Erlenmeyer, Helu. Chim. Acta, 35, 1412 (1952). 2. H. Gilman, J. F. Nelson, Red. Trau. Chim. Pays-Bas, 55, 518 (1936). 3. 0. G. Yashina, T. D. Kaigoradov, T. V. Zara, L. I. Vereshchagin, J. Org. Chem. USSR (Engl. Transl.), 4, 1839 (1968). 4. L. G. Makarova, A. N. Nesmeyanov, in Methods of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Vol. 14, The Organic Compounds of Mercury, A. N. Nesmeyanov, K. A. Kocheshkov, eds., North Holland Press, Amsterdam, 1967. 5. H. Straub, K. P. Zeller, H. Leditschke, in Houben- Weyl's, Methoden der Organischen Chemie, Georg. Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart, 1973, XI11 2b; see also L. G. Makarova, in Organometallic Reactions, Vols. 1, 2, E. I. Becker, M. Tsutsui, eds., Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1970. 6. K. H. Slotta, K. R. Jocobi, J. Prakt. Chem., 120,249 (1928). 7. B. J. Wakefield, The Chemistry of Organolithium Compounds, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1974. 8. M. Schmeisser, M. Weidenbruch, Chem. Ber., 100, 2306 (1967). 9. A. J. Bloodworth, in The Chemistry of Mercury, C . A. McAuliffe, ed., MacMillan Co., Toronto, 1977. 10. H.-P. Abicht, K. Issleib, Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 447, 53 (1978); see also G. Markl, H. Baier, P. Hofmeister, F. Kees, C. Soper, J. Organomet. Chem., 173, 125 (1979).

162

2.8. Formation of the Halogen (Cu, Ag, Au) or (Zn, Cd,Hg) Metal Bond 2.8.23. Synthesis of Organo Group-IIB Halides 2.8.23.3. by Halogenation of Alkyl Mercury Derivatives.

11. M. Gaudemar, C. R. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci., 254, 1100 (1962). 12. R. E. Dessy, Y. K. Lee, J. Y. Kim, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,83,1163 (1961); see also R. E. Dessy, Y. K. Lee, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,82, 689 (1960). 13. H. 0. House, R. A. Auerbach, M. Gall, N. P. Peet, J. Org. Chem., 38, 514 (1973). 14. A. Michaelis, P. Becker, Chem. Ber., 15, 180 (1887). 15. D. A. Mattleson, P. B. Tripathy, J. Organomet. Chem., 69, 53 (1974). 16. H. C. Brown, Boranes in Organic Chemistry, Cornell Univ. Press, Ithaca, NY, 1972. 17. B. M. Miklailov, M. E. Gurskii, M. G. Gverdtsiteli, Izv. Akad. Nauk. SSSR, Ser. Khim., 2402 (1976). 18. M. G. Voronkov, N. F. Chernov, T. A. Dekina, Dokl. Akad. Nauk. SSSR,230, 853 (1976). 19. M. H. Abraham, T. R. Spalding, J. Chem. SOC.,A, 399 (1969). 20. M. S. Kharasch, U.S. Pat. 1,770,886 (1930); Chem. Abstr., 24, 4579 (1930); see also US. Pat. 1,987,685 (1935); Chem. Abstr., 29, 1436 (1935). 21. E. Samuel, M. D. Rausch, J. Organomet. Chem., 37,29 (1972). 22. B. J. Gregory, C. K. Ingold, J. Chem. SOC.,B, 276 (1969). 23. N. I. Sheverdina, I. E. Paleeva, E. D. Delinskaya, K. A. Kocheshkov, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 125, 348 (1959); 143, 1123 (1962). 24. W. Bremser, M. Winokur, J. D. Roberts, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,92, 1080 (1970). 25. N. I. Sheverdina, L. V. Abramova, K. A. Kocheshko, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 134,111 (1960).

2.8.23.3. by Halogenation of Alkyl Mercury Derivatives.

Organomercury halides are prepared by reacting certain diorganomercurials or organomercury salts with halogens or hydrogen halides. Metathesis reactions between organomercury salts and alkali-metal halides can be placed in this same category of reactions. Halogens react with dialkyl and diary1 mercury'v2: R,Hg

+ X,

-

RHgX

+ RX

(a)

The reaction rate follows the trend aryl > alkyl and C1, > Br, > I,. Some dialkyls of Hg inflame in the presence of C1,. Hydrohalic acids react with mercurials to form organomercury halides using moderate temperatures and moderate acid concentrations3:

+ HX

R,Hg

RHgX

+ RH

(b)

The rate of the reaction follows the trend HBr > HCI. In DMSO and dioxane, the rate is alkene > aryl > alkyl. Hydrogen chloride also reacts with PhHgCC1,Br to produce PhHgBr in toluene at 80°C: PhHgCC1,Br

+ HCl

-

PhHgBr

+ CHCl,

w4

Metathesis reactions yield organomercury halides, e.g., in the exchange of OAc- for C1-. This is because Hg(OAc), is a frequent starting material in the synthesis of Hg-C bonds. If the more readily purified halide compound is desired, then OAc- is readily replaced by C1- using KCl or NaCl ': RHgOAc

+ MCl

-

RHgCl

+ MOAc

(4

If Br- or I - are used, symmetrization of the mercurial occurs unless the halides are in excess. While they are little likely to find use in synthesis, several interesting reactions merit


162

2.8. Formation of the Halogen (Cu, Ag, Au) or (Zn, Cd,Hg) Metal Bond 2.8.23. Synthesis of Organo Group-IIB Halides 2.8.23.3. by Halogenation of Alkyl Mercury Derivatives.

11. M. Gaudemar, C. R. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci., 254, 1100 (1962). 12. R. E. Dessy, Y. K. Lee, J. Y. Kim, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,83,1163 (1961); see also R. E. Dessy, Y. K. Lee, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,82, 689 (1960). 13. H. 0. House, R. A. Auerbach, M. Gall, N. P. Peet, J. Org. Chem., 38, 514 (1973). 14. A. Michaelis, P. Becker, Chem. Ber., 15, 180 (1887). 15. D. A. Mattleson, P. B. Tripathy, J. Organomet. Chem., 69, 53 (1974). 16. H. C. Brown, Boranes in Organic Chemistry, Cornell Univ. Press, Ithaca, NY, 1972. 17. B. M. Miklailov, M. E. Gurskii, M. G. Gverdtsiteli, Izv. Akad. Nauk. SSSR, Ser. Khim., 2402 (1976). 18. M. G. Voronkov, N. F. Chernov, T. A. Dekina, Dokl. Akad. Nauk. SSSR,230, 853 (1976). 19. M. H. Abraham, T. R. Spalding, J. Chem. SOC.,A, 399 (1969). 20. M. S. Kharasch, U.S. Pat. 1,770,886 (1930); Chem. Abstr., 24, 4579 (1930); see also US. Pat. 1,987,685 (1935); Chem. Abstr., 29, 1436 (1935). 21. E. Samuel, M. D. Rausch, J. Organomet. Chem., 37,29 (1972). 22. B. J. Gregory, C. K. Ingold, J. Chem. SOC.,B, 276 (1969). 23. N. I. Sheverdina, I. E. Paleeva, E. D. Delinskaya, K. A. Kocheshkov, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 125, 348 (1959); 143, 1123 (1962). 24. W. Bremser, M. Winokur, J. D. Roberts, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,92, 1080 (1970). 25. N. I. Sheverdina, L. V. Abramova, K. A. Kocheshko, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 134,111 (1960).

2.8.23.3. by Halogenation of Alkyl Mercury Derivatives.

Organomercury halides are prepared by reacting certain diorganomercurials or organomercury salts with halogens or hydrogen halides. Metathesis reactions between organomercury salts and alkali-metal halides can be placed in this same category of reactions. Halogens react with dialkyl and diary1 mercury'v2: R,Hg

+ X,

-

RHgX

+ RX

(a)

The reaction rate follows the trend aryl > alkyl and C1, > Br, > I,. Some dialkyls of Hg inflame in the presence of C1,. Hydrohalic acids react with mercurials to form organomercury halides using moderate temperatures and moderate acid concentrations3:

+ HX

R,Hg

RHgX

+ RH

(b)

The rate of the reaction follows the trend HBr > HCI. In DMSO and dioxane, the rate is alkene > aryl > alkyl. Hydrogen chloride also reacts with PhHgCC1,Br to produce PhHgBr in toluene at 80°C: PhHgCC1,Br

+ HCl

-

PhHgBr

+ CHCl,

w4

Metathesis reactions yield organomercury halides, e.g., in the exchange of OAc- for C1-. This is because Hg(OAc), is a frequent starting material in the synthesis of Hg-C bonds. If the more readily purified halide compound is desired, then OAc- is readily replaced by C1- using KCl or NaCl ': RHgOAc

+ MCl

-

RHgCl

+ MOAc

(4

If Br- or I - are used, symmetrization of the mercurial occurs unless the halides are in excess. While they are little likely to find use in synthesis, several interesting reactions merit

2.8. Formation of the Halogen (Cu, Ag, Au) or (Zn, Cd, Hg) Metal Bond 2.8.23. Synthesis of Organo Group-IIB Halides 2.8.23.4. by Reactions of Dialkyls with Acid Chloride.

163

mention because organomercuric halides are products. Carbenes are produced in the decomposition of trihalomethylphenyl mercury: PhHgCCl, PhHgCClBr,

-

+ [CCl,] PhHgCl + [CBr,]

W6 (fI7

PhHgCl

Photolysis of mercuric(I1) salts of carboxylic acids in the presence of halide ion produces decarboxylation. In the presence of halide ion, replacement of one of the remaining alkyl groups occurs8: 0 -

II

(RCH,CH,C-O),Hg

uv 7 RCH,CH,HgX + CO, + RCH,CH,X

(g)

where R = alkyl and aryl. (T.B. BRILL)

1. I. P. Beletskaya, L. V. Ermanson, 0. A. Reutov, Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Ser. Khim., 231 (1965). 2. G. A. Razuvaev, A. V. Savitsky, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 85, 575 (1952). 3. M. S. Kharasch, M. W. Grafflin, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 47, 1948 (1925); see also M. S. Kharasch, S. Weinhouse, J. Org. Chem., I , 209 (1936); H. S. Zimmer, S. Makower, Naturwissenschaften, 41,551 (1954); R. E. Dessy, J. Y. Kim, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 82,686 (1960); 83, 1167 (1961). 4. D. Seyferth, J. Y.-P. Mui, L. J. Todd, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 86, 2961 (1964). 5. A. J. Bloodworth, in The Chemistry ofkfercury, C . A. McAuliffe, ed., MacMillan Co., Toronto, 1977, p. 199. 6. D. Seyferth, J. M. Burlitch, J. Org. Chem., 27, 1491 (1962). 7. E. E. Schweizer, G. J. ONeill, J . Org. Chem., 29, 851 (1963). 8. Yu. A. Ol'dekop, N. A. Maier, A. L. Isakhanyan, Vestsi Akad. Navuk B., SSR. Ser. Khim. Navuk, 116 (1973); Chem. Abstr., 78, 97,776 (1973).

2.8.23.4. by Reactions of Dialkyls with Acid Chlorides.

The reaction of organocadmium compounds with acyl chlorides is a synthetic route to ketones'-4. This reaction is carried out with R,Cd and excess acyl chloride so that the final cadmium product is CdCl,. However, if an equimolar quantity of reagents is used, the final cadmium product is RCdCl: R,Cd

+ RC(0)Cl-

R'CdCl

+ RC(0)R'

(a)

Refluxing benzene is used. Zinc reacts similarly, but more vigorously than Cd, Mercurials react with acyl chlorides to produce ketones. The reaction is often run in the presence of AlCl, in order to make use of milder conditions5s6: R,Hg

+ RC(0)Cl-

AlCIa

RHgCl

+ RC(0)R

(b)

The reaction is not very selective when R = aryl, and the yields are often low'. For this reason Zn and Cd reagents are considered much better for the production of ketones. (T.B. BRILL)

1. H. Gilman, J. F. Nelson, Red. Trav. Chim. Pays-Bas, 55, 518 (1936). 2. J. Cason, Chem. Rev., 40, 15 (1947). 3. D. A. Shirley, Org. React., 8, 28 (1954).


2.8. Formation of the Halogen (Cu, Ag, Au) or (Zn, Cd, Hg) Metal Bond 2.8.23. Synthesis of Organo Group-IIB Halides 2.8.23.4. by Reactions of Dialkyls with Acid Chloride.

163

mention because organomercuric halides are products. Carbenes are produced in the decomposition of trihalomethylphenyl mercury: PhHgCCl, PhHgCClBr,

-

+ [CCl,] PhHgCl + [CBr,]

W6 (fI7

PhHgCl

Photolysis of mercuric(I1) salts of carboxylic acids in the presence of halide ion produces decarboxylation. In the presence of halide ion, replacement of one of the remaining alkyl groups occurs8: 0 -

II

(RCH,CH,C-O),Hg

uv 7 RCH,CH,HgX + CO, + RCH,CH,X

(g)

where R = alkyl and aryl. (T.B. BRILL)

1. I. P. Beletskaya, L. V. Ermanson, 0. A. Reutov, Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Ser. Khim., 231 (1965). 2. G. A. Razuvaev, A. V. Savitsky, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 85, 575 (1952). 3. M. S. Kharasch, M. W. Grafflin, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 47, 1948 (1925); see also M. S. Kharasch, S. Weinhouse, J. Org. Chem., I , 209 (1936); H. S. Zimmer, S. Makower, Naturwissenschaften, 41,551 (1954); R. E. Dessy, J. Y. Kim, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 82,686 (1960); 83, 1167 (1961). 4. D. Seyferth, J. Y.-P. Mui, L. J. Todd, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 86, 2961 (1964). 5. A. J. Bloodworth, in The Chemistry ofkfercury, C . A. McAuliffe, ed., MacMillan Co., Toronto, 1977, p. 199. 6. D. Seyferth, J. M. Burlitch, J. Org. Chem., 27, 1491 (1962). 7. E. E. Schweizer, G. J. ONeill, J . Org. Chem., 29, 851 (1963). 8. Yu. A. Ol'dekop, N. A. Maier, A. L. Isakhanyan, Vestsi Akad. Navuk B., SSR. Ser. Khim. Navuk, 116 (1973); Chem. Abstr., 78, 97,776 (1973).

2.8.23.4. by Reactions of Dialkyls with Acid Chlorides.

The reaction of organocadmium compounds with acyl chlorides is a synthetic route to ketones'-4. This reaction is carried out with R,Cd and excess acyl chloride so that the final cadmium product is CdCl,. However, if an equimolar quantity of reagents is used, the final cadmium product is RCdCl: R,Cd

+ RC(0)Cl-

R'CdCl

+ RC(0)R'

(a)

Refluxing benzene is used. Zinc reacts similarly, but more vigorously than Cd, Mercurials react with acyl chlorides to produce ketones. The reaction is often run in the presence of AlCl, in order to make use of milder conditions5s6: R,Hg

+ RC(0)Cl-

AlCIa

RHgCl

+ RC(0)R

(b)

The reaction is not very selective when R = aryl, and the yields are often low'. For this reason Zn and Cd reagents are considered much better for the production of ketones. (T.B. BRILL)

1. H. Gilman, J. F. Nelson, Red. Trav. Chim. Pays-Bas, 55, 518 (1936). 2. J. Cason, Chem. Rev., 40, 15 (1947). 3. D. A. Shirley, Org. React., 8, 28 (1954).

164

2.8. Formation of the Halogen (Cu, Ag, Au) or (Zn, Cd, Hg) Metal Bond 2.8.23. Synthesis of Organo Grbup-IIB Halides 2.8.23.5. by Reactions of the Dialkyls and Metal and Nonmetal Halides.

4. P.R. Jones, P. J. Desio, Chem. Rev., 78,491 (1978). 5. G.F.Wright, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,58,2653 (1936). 6. A. P.Skoldinov, K. A. Kocheschkov, Zh. Obshch. Khim., 12, 398 (1942). 7. L.G.Makarova, in Organometallic Reactions, Vols. 1, 2, E. I. Becker, M. Tsutsui, eds., WileyInterscience, New York, 1970.

2.8.23.5. by Reactions of the Dialkyls and Metal and Nonmetal Halides.

Many exchange reactions are known in which a halide compound reacts with a diorganomercurial to produce an organomercuric halide. R,Hg

+ MX

-

RHgX + MR

(a)

where MX is a halide of most of the group-IIIB, -IVB, -VB and -VIB elements as well as some transition elements. A few RMX compounds where M is Zn and Cd also form in this reaction. The subject has been reviewed', so only a few reactions in this large area are noted. Alkane, alkenes and aryl groups can be retained by Hg in the presence of TlCl, ': TlCl,

+ 2 R,Hg

-

+ 2 RHgCl

R,TlCl

(b)

in Et,O at RT for 1-12 h. The reaction can also be carried out in a sealed tube without solvent. Silicon tetrachloride reacts with unsaturated diallyl mercurials3: SiCl,

+ Hg(CH=CH,),

-

CH,=CHHgCl

+ CH,CHSiCl,

(c)

The reactivity follows the trend aryl < vinyl, aldehydes. Alkyls probably do not react. The aryl exchange is effected in a heated sealed tube. The vinyl and aldehyde reactions can be carried out in refluxing in an inert solvent. Germanium tetrachloride reacts similarily4. Phosphorus(II1) chloride and bromide react with dialkyl, dialkenyl and diary1 mercury: PX,

+ HgR,

-

RPX,

+ RHgX

Aryl and alkyl mercurials generally require heating at 200-250°C without solvents in a sealed tube for several days5.Dialkenyl Hg reacts under milder conditions6, and AsC1, I reacts like PX, under similar conditions'. Selenium(1V) bromide reacts in CS, with Ph,Hg to give PhHgBr 8: SeBr,

+ 3 HgPh,

-

Ph,SeBr,

+ PhBr + 3 PhHgBr

(e)

An important synthetic reaction employs aryliodine chloride in reaction with R,Hg in H,O or an organic solventg: PhICl,

-

+ Ph,Hg

Ph,ICl

+ PhHgCl

(f)

Transition-metal halides convert Ph,Hg to arylmercuric halides:

+ 2 TiCl, Ph,Hg + VOCl, Ph,Hg + VCl,

2 Ph,Hg

+ 2 TiCl, + Ph, PhVOCl, + PhHgCl PhVCl, + PhHgCl

2 PhHgCl

(g)'O

01)" (i)I2


164

2.8. Formation of the Halogen (Cu, Ag, Au) or (Zn, Cd, Hg) Metal Bond 2.8.23. Synthesis of Organo Grbup-IIB Halides 2.8.23.5. by Reactions of the Dialkyls and Metal and Nonmetal Halides.

4. P.R. Jones, P. J. Desio, Chem. Rev., 78,491 (1978). 5. G.F.Wright, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,58,2653 (1936). 6. A. P.Skoldinov, K. A. Kocheschkov, Zh. Obshch. Khim., 12, 398 (1942). 7. L.G.Makarova, in Organometallic Reactions, Vols. 1, 2, E. I. Becker, M. Tsutsui, eds., WileyInterscience, New York, 1970.

2.8.23.5. by Reactions of the Dialkyls and Metal and Nonmetal Halides.

Many exchange reactions are known in which a halide compound reacts with a diorganomercurial to produce an organomercuric halide. R,Hg

+ MX

-

RHgX + MR

(a)

where MX is a halide of most of the group-IIIB, -IVB, -VB and -VIB elements as well as some transition elements. A few RMX compounds where M is Zn and Cd also form in this reaction. The subject has been reviewed', so only a few reactions in this large area are noted. Alkane, alkenes and aryl groups can be retained by Hg in the presence of TlCl, ': TlCl,

+ 2 R,Hg

-

+ 2 RHgCl

R,TlCl

(b)

in Et,O at RT for 1-12 h. The reaction can also be carried out in a sealed tube without solvent. Silicon tetrachloride reacts with unsaturated diallyl mercurials3: SiCl,

+ Hg(CH=CH,),

-

CH,=CHHgCl

+ CH,CHSiCl,

(c)

The reactivity follows the trend aryl < vinyl, aldehydes. Alkyls probably do not react. The aryl exchange is effected in a heated sealed tube. The vinyl and aldehyde reactions can be carried out in refluxing in an inert solvent. Germanium tetrachloride reacts similarily4. Phosphorus(II1) chloride and bromide react with dialkyl, dialkenyl and diary1 mercury: PX,

+ HgR,

-

RPX,

+ RHgX

Aryl and alkyl mercurials generally require heating at 200-250°C without solvents in a sealed tube for several days5.Dialkenyl Hg reacts under milder conditions6, and AsC1, I reacts like PX, under similar conditions'. Selenium(1V) bromide reacts in CS, with Ph,Hg to give PhHgBr 8: SeBr,

+ 3 HgPh,

-

Ph,SeBr,

+ PhBr + 3 PhHgBr

(e)

An important synthetic reaction employs aryliodine chloride in reaction with R,Hg in H,O or an organic solventg: PhICl,

-

+ Ph,Hg

Ph,ICl

+ PhHgCl

(f)

Transition-metal halides convert Ph,Hg to arylmercuric halides:

+ 2 TiCl, Ph,Hg + VOCl, Ph,Hg + VCl,

2 Ph,Hg

+ 2 TiCl, + Ph, PhVOCl, + PhHgCl PhVCl, + PhHgCl

2 PhHgCl

(g)'O

01)" (i)I2

2.8. Formation of the Halogen (Cu, Ag, Au) or (Zn, Cd, Hg) Metal Bond 2.8.23. Synthesis of Organo Group-IIB Halides 2.8.23.6. by Cleavage of the C-H Bond by Mercuric Halides.

165

Chlorocarbons exchange with R,Hg in the presence of catalytic amounts of acetyl peroxide or benzoylperoxide by a radical process". The reaction also occurs by photoa~tivation'~: R,Hg Ph,Hg

+ CCl,

+ 2 CCl,

(PhCOO) z

hv

+ RCCl,

W2

+ C,C16 + PhCl

(kY3

RHgCl

PhHgCl

Aryls are more reactive than alkyls: Ph,Hg

+ CHCl,

(MeC00)z

PhHgCl

+ PhH

(1Y4

The symmetrization between R,M and MX, (M = Zn, Cd, Hg; X = C1, Br, I) (discussed in $2.8.23.2) are also relevant to the reactions in this section. (T.B. BRILL)

1. L. G. Makarova, in Organometallic Reactions, Vol. 1, E. I. Becker, M. Tsutsui, eds., Wiley Interscience, New York, 1970. 2. N. N. Melnikov, M. S . Rokitskaya, Zh. Obshch. Khim., 7, 1472 (1937); see also A. E. Borisov, M. A. Osipova, Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Otd. Khim. Nauk, 1039 (1961). 3. A. Ladenburg, Ann. Chem., 173, 143 (1873); Chem. Ber, 6, 379 (1873). 4. F. E. Brinckman, F. G. A. Stone, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., II,24 (1959); see also W. K. Orndorff, D. L. Tabern, L. M. Dennis, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 49, 2512 (1927). 5. A. Michaelis, Ann. Chem., 181,288 (1876); 293,261 (1896); see also H. Hartman, C. Beerman, H. Czempik, Z . Anorg. Allg. Chem., 287, 261 (1956). 6. F. Guichard, Chem. Ber., 32, 1572 (1899). 7. W. Steinkopf, W. Mieg, Chem. Ber., 53, 1013 (1920). 8. H. M. Leicester, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 60, 619 (1938). 9. C. Willgerodt, Chem. Ber., 30, 56 (1897); 31, 915 (1898). 10. G. A. Razuvaev, I. F. Bogdanov, Zh. Obshch. Khim., 3, 367 (1933). 11. W. L. Carrick, W. T. Reichle, F. Pennella, J. J. Smith, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 82, 3887 (1960). 12. A. N. Nesmeyanov, A. E. Borison, E. I. Golubera, A. I. Kovredov, Tetrahedron, 18,683 (1962). 13. G. A. Razuvaev, Yu.A. Ol'dekop, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 64,77 (1949); Chem. Abstr., 45,3344 (1951). 14. A. E. Borisov, Izv. Akad. Nauk, SSSR, Otd. Khim. Nauk, 524 (1951).

2.8.23.6. by Cleavage of the C-H

Bond by Mercuric Halides.

Mercury salts are unusual in directly cleaving certain C-H bonds to form a CHgX linkage. This reaction is general for aromatics, but a few aliphatic compounds that are receptive to electrophilic attack at the carbon atom also participate:


2.8. Formation of the Halogen (Cu, Ag, Au) or (Zn, Cd, Hg) Metal Bond 2.8.23. Synthesis of Organo Group-IIB Halides 2.8.23.6. by Cleavage of the C-H Bond by Mercuric Halides.

165

Chlorocarbons exchange with R,Hg in the presence of catalytic amounts of acetyl peroxide or benzoylperoxide by a radical process". The reaction also occurs by photoa~tivation'~: R,Hg Ph,Hg

+ CCl,

+ 2 CCl,

(PhCOO) z

hv

+ RCCl,

W2

+ C,C16 + PhCl

(kY3

RHgCl

PhHgCl

Aryls are more reactive than alkyls: Ph,Hg

+ CHCl,

(MeC00)z

PhHgCl

+ PhH

(1Y4

The symmetrization between R,M and MX, (M = Zn, Cd, Hg; X = C1, Br, I) (discussed in $2.8.23.2) are also relevant to the reactions in this section. (T.B. BRILL)

1. L. G. Makarova, in Organometallic Reactions, Vol. 1, E. I. Becker, M. Tsutsui, eds., Wiley Interscience, New York, 1970. 2. N. N. Melnikov, M. S . Rokitskaya, Zh. Obshch. Khim., 7, 1472 (1937); see also A. E. Borisov, M. A. Osipova, Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Otd. Khim. Nauk, 1039 (1961). 3. A. Ladenburg, Ann. Chem., 173, 143 (1873); Chem. Ber, 6, 379 (1873). 4. F. E. Brinckman, F. G. A. Stone, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., II,24 (1959); see also W. K. Orndorff, D. L. Tabern, L. M. Dennis, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 49, 2512 (1927). 5. A. Michaelis, Ann. Chem., 181,288 (1876); 293,261 (1896); see also H. Hartman, C. Beerman, H. Czempik, Z . Anorg. Allg. Chem., 287, 261 (1956). 6. F. Guichard, Chem. Ber., 32, 1572 (1899). 7. W. Steinkopf, W. Mieg, Chem. Ber., 53, 1013 (1920). 8. H. M. Leicester, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 60, 619 (1938). 9. C. Willgerodt, Chem. Ber., 30, 56 (1897); 31, 915 (1898). 10. G. A. Razuvaev, I. F. Bogdanov, Zh. Obshch. Khim., 3, 367 (1933). 11. W. L. Carrick, W. T. Reichle, F. Pennella, J. J. Smith, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 82, 3887 (1960). 12. A. N. Nesmeyanov, A. E. Borison, E. I. Golubera, A. I. Kovredov, Tetrahedron, 18,683 (1962). 13. G. A. Razuvaev, Yu.A. Ol'dekop, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 64,77 (1949); Chem. Abstr., 45,3344 (1951). 14. A. E. Borisov, Izv. Akad. Nauk, SSSR, Otd. Khim. Nauk, 524 (1951).

2.8.23.6. by Cleavage of the C-H

Bond by Mercuric Halides.

Mercury salts are unusual in directly cleaving certain C-H bonds to form a CHgX linkage. This reaction is general for aromatics, but a few aliphatic compounds that are receptive to electrophilic attack at the carbon atom also participate:

166

2.8. Formation of the Halogen (Cu, Ag, Au) or (Zn, Cd, Hg) Metal Bond 2.8.23. Synthesis of Organo Group-IIB Halides 2.8.23.6. by Cleavage of the C--H Bond by Mercuric Halides.

The reaction is useful when the organic substrate is very reactive because HgX, is not highly reactive4:

(T.B. BRILL)

1. M. D. Rausch, L. P. Kleman, A. Siegel, R. F. Kovar, T. H. Gurd, Synth. React. Inorg. Metal.-Org. Chenz., 3, 193 (1973). 2. R. F. Kovar, M. D. Rausch, J. Organomet. Chem., 38, 1918 (1973). 3. G. K. I. Magomedov, V. G. Syrkin, A. Frenkel, Zh. Obshch. Khim., 42,2450 (1972). 4. B. A. Arbusov, E. G. Kataev, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 96, 983 (1954); Chem. Abstr., 45, 6164 (1951).


2.9. Formation of the Halogen-Transition and

-I nne r-T ra nsit ion-M eta I Bond 2.9.1. Introduction This chapter covers the reactions used to give transition-metal and inner-transition-metal halides, which are prepared from the metal, from metal derivatives and from metal salts.

2.9.2. by Direct Reaction of the Metals with Halogens. This is the most widely used method for preparing binary halides in their maximum oxidation state. Comprehensive reviews are available on the preparations and properties of transition metal halides'-5. The laboratory techniques and conditions used for such syntheses depend upon the desired halide. Fluorides and chlorides are often prepared in flow systems, whereas bromides can be prepared either in a flow line or in a sealed system. Iodides are generally prepared by heating the metal and halogen together. Because the halides prepared by this method are so numerous and the reaction conditions so diverse the section is subdivided to consider the reactions according to the halogen involved. (E.M. PAGE)

1. R. Colton, Halides of First Row Transition Metals, Wiley, New York, 1963.

2. J. H. Canterford, R. Colton, Halides of the Second and Third Row Transition Metals, Wiley, New

York, 1968. 3. D. L. Kepert, The Early Transition Metals, Academic Press, New York, 1972. 4. W. P. Griffith, The Chemistry of the Rarer Platinum Metals, Wiley, London, 1967. 5. V. Gutman, ed., Halogen Chemistry, Academic Press, New York, 1967.

2.9.2.1. Synthesls of Metal Fluorides from the Elements.

Direct fluorination generally forms the maximum-valent metal fluoride. Binary fluorides of elements towards the left of the table are readily prepared by this method. Toward the right of the d block the highest oxidation state becomes more difficult to attain and, when formed, these fluorides are very reactive and unstable. In some cases the lower valent fluorides form along with the maximum-valent fluoride and can be obtained pure by this method if a suitable separation technique is available. Direct fluorination reactions are mostly carried out in a flow-line system using Ni apparatus. Because its success depends on removing the metal fluoride as it forms this method is suitable only for preparing covalent, volatile fluorides, generally formed by those elements on the left of the d block. Once formed the fluorides should be handled in a vacuum system, preferably of Ni; some of the more reactive fluorides can extract moisture from glass, despite rigorous drying. The problems encountered in fluorination 167


2.9. Formation of the Halogen-Transition and

-I nne r-T ra nsit ion-M eta I Bond 2.9.1. Introduction This chapter covers the reactions used to give transition-metal and inner-transition-metal halides, which are prepared from the metal, from metal derivatives and from metal salts.

2.9.2. by Direct Reaction of the Metals with Halogens. This is the most widely used method for preparing binary halides in their maximum oxidation state. Comprehensive reviews are available on the preparations and properties of transition metal halides'-5. The laboratory techniques and conditions used for such syntheses depend upon the desired halide. Fluorides and chlorides are often prepared in flow systems, whereas bromides can be prepared either in a flow line or in a sealed system. Iodides are generally prepared by heating the metal and halogen together. Because the halides prepared by this method are so numerous and the reaction conditions so diverse the section is subdivided to consider the reactions according to the halogen involved. (E.M. PAGE)

1. R. Colton, Halides of First Row Transition Metals, Wiley, New York, 1963.

2. J. H. Canterford, R. Colton, Halides of the Second and Third Row Transition Metals, Wiley, New

York, 1968. 3. D. L. Kepert, The Early Transition Metals, Academic Press, New York, 1972. 4. W. P. Griffith, The Chemistry of the Rarer Platinum Metals, Wiley, London, 1967. 5. V. Gutman, ed., Halogen Chemistry, Academic Press, New York, 1967.

2.9.2.1. Synthesls of Metal Fluorides from the Elements.

Direct fluorination generally forms the maximum-valent metal fluoride. Binary fluorides of elements towards the left of the table are readily prepared by this method. Toward the right of the d block the highest oxidation state becomes more difficult to attain and, when formed, these fluorides are very reactive and unstable. In some cases the lower valent fluorides form along with the maximum-valent fluoride and can be obtained pure by this method if a suitable separation technique is available. Direct fluorination reactions are mostly carried out in a flow-line system using Ni apparatus. Because its success depends on removing the metal fluoride as it forms this method is suitable only for preparing covalent, volatile fluorides, generally formed by those elements on the left of the d block. Once formed the fluorides should be handled in a vacuum system, preferably of Ni; some of the more reactive fluorides can extract moisture from glass, despite rigorous drying. The problems encountered in fluorination 167

168

2.9. Formation of the Halogen-Transition-Metal Bond 2.9.2. by Direct Reaction of the Metals with Halogens 2.9.2.1. Synthesis of Metal Fluorides from the Elements.

reactions, studied' with reference to compounds of general formula MF,, are impurities in the fluorine gas, the high T required and the large exothermic heats of formation for fluorination reactions. Perhaps the greatest problem in handling many transition-metal fluorides, common also to the other halides, is the necessity to exclude air and moisture completely. Even slight traces of oxygen contaminate the product via oxyhalide formation ($2.9.11.1). The metal fluorides prepared by direct reaction are listed in Table 1. The preparation of TiF, exemplifies the flow-line technique used. The reaction is carried out at 200"C, where TiF, is volatile and therefore easily removed2. Preparation of ZrF, is carried out ~ i m i l a r l y ~but - ~ at 420°C. Less information is available on HfF,, but it is reported to form during AHf measurements when Hf and fluorine are reacted in a bombs. Fluorination of metallic V at 150°C yields7 a mixture of VF,, VF, and VF,. The tetrafluoride can be obtained from this reaction by subliming the resultant mixture at 200°C in a flow system. Fluorinating V at 300°C gives VF, alone6. TABLE1. SYNTHESIS OF METAL FLUORIDES FROM THE ELEMENTS Product TiF, ZrF, HfF, VF, VF, NbF, TaF, CrF, CrF, MoF, WF6

MnF, ReF, ReF, TcF, TcF, FeF, RuF, RuF, OsF, OsF, RhF, RhF, IrF, IrF, NiF2 PtF, PtF, PdF,

Reactants and conditions F, + Ti sponge, flow system F, + Zr, flow system F, + Hf, bomb V + F,, flow system V + FZ-N,, 2 h Nb + F,-N,, flow system, 3 h Ta + F,-N,, flow system, 3 h Cr-Mn powder + F, (350 atm) Cr + F, (200 atm); Ni autoclave MO F2 W F2 Mn powder + F,, fluidized bed Re + F, (250 mm Hg) Obtained with ReF, as above Tc + F,, static system Tc + F,-N,, flow system F, + electrolytic Fe powder Ru powder + F, (300 atm) Ru + F2, flow system 0 s + F, (350-400 atm) 0 s + F, (250 mm Hg) Rh + F, Rh wire + F, Ir F, Ir + F,, Monel bomb Ni (finely powdered) + F, Pt (wire) + F, Pt sponge + F, (1:15) Pd powder + atomic fluorine

+ +

+

T ("C) 200 420 300 150-200 250-300 250-300 400 300 100

RT 700 300-400 400 500 1300 500-600 250-300 500-600 270 350-380 550 200

Refs. 2 2-4 5 6 7 8, 9 9, 10 11 12, 15 16-18 9 19,20 21-23 24,25 26, 27 28 29, 30 31, 32 33 34-36 37 38 39 40 41 42,43 44 8

2.9. Formation of the Halogen-Transition-Metal Bond 2.9.2. by Direct Reaction of the Metals with Halogens 2.9.2.1. Synthesis of Metal Fluorides from the Elements.

169

Reaction between Re metal and F, at 250 mm pressure and 300-400°C to a mixture of ReF, and ReF,. Lower T favors formation of ReF, but it is not possible to separate the two fluorides. To obtain pure ReF, the mixture is heated with F, at 300 atm and 400°C for several hours; the hexafluoride is converted to the heptafluoride. If pure ReF, is required the mixture should be heated with Re metal in a closed Ni can at 250-400°C for several hours2,. Early report^^^,^^ suggest the halides RuF, and OsF, can be prepared by reacting the metal and F,. However the existence of these octahalides has not been convincingly proved. Magnetic susceptibility measurement^^^ on OsF, show it to be OsF,. The heptafluoride has been prepared33 under 350-400atm of F, at 500-600°C in a Ni reactor. The compound is unstable and decomposes to OsF, and F,. The analogous RuF, has not been reported. Direct fluorination is reported41 as a preparative route to NiF,, but the method involves repeated fluorinations, followed by grinding of the sample after each fluorination. Far simpler methods are available ($2.9.3). By electrically heating a Pt wire in F, close to a surface cooled by liq N,, PtF, is prepared42s43.PtF, is also prepared by heating thoroughly dried platinum sponge in an atmosphere of fluorine at 200°C for several hours4,. Another technique involves heating Pd powder with F atoms*. The product is extremely unstable and decomposes at 273 K to PdF, and F,. (E.M. PAGE)

1. E. G. Rakov, A. V. Dzhalavyan, A. S. Dudin, Tr. Znst-Mosk. Khim.-Tekhol.Znst. D. Z. Mendeleeva (Russ). 125, 82 (1982); Chem. Abstr., 100, 166,924 (1984). 2. H. M . Haendler, S. F. Bartram, R. S. Becker, W. J. Bernard, S. W. Bukatay, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 76,2177 (1954). 3. L. M. Nijland, J. Schroeder, Angew. Chem., 76, 890 (1964). 4. A. Chretien, B. Gaudreau, Compt. Rend., 248,2878 (1959). 5. E. Greenberg, J. L. Settle, W. N. Hubbard, J. Phys. Chem., 66, 1345 (1962). 6. H. J. Emeltus, V. Gutman, J. Chem. SOC.,2979 (1949). 7. R. G. Cavell, H. C. Clark, J. Chem. Soc., 2692 (1962). 8. A. A. Timakov, V. N. Prusakov, Yu V. Drobyshevskii, Russ. J. Znorg. Chem., 27,704 (1982). 9. H. F. Priest, Znorg. Synth., 3, 171 (1950). 10. F. Fairbrother, W. C. Frith, J. Chem. Soc., 3051 (1951). 11. J. H. Canterford, T. A. ODonnell, Znorg. Chem., 5, 1442 (1966). 12. 0. Glemser, H. Roesky, K. H. Hellberg, Angew. Chem., Znt. Ed., Engl., 2, 266 (1963). 13. T, A. ODonnell, D. F. Stewart, Znorg. Chem., 5, 1434 (1966). 14. A. Edwards, Proc. Chem. SOC.,205 (1963). 15. H. von Wartenberg, Z . Anorg. A&. Chem., 247, 135 (1941). 16. T. A. ODonnell, J. Chem. Soc., 4681 (1956). 17. 0. Ruff, F. Eisner, Z . Anorg. A&. Chem., 52, 256 (1907). 18. 0. Ruff, E. Ascher, Z. Anorg. A&. Chem., 196,413 (1931). 19. H. W. Roesky, 0. Glemser, K. H. Hellberg, Angew. Chem., Znt. Ed. Engl., 4, 1098 (1965). 20. H. W. Roesky, 0. Glemser, K. H. Hellberg, Chem. Ber., 98,2046 (1965). 21. J. G. Malm, H.Selig, S. Fried, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,82, 1510 (1960). 22. J. G. Malm, H. Selig, J. Znorg. Nucl. Chem., 20, 189 (1961). 23. M. A. Hepworth, P. L. Robinson, J. Znorg. Nucl. Chem., 4, 24 (1957). 24. H. Selig, C. L. Chernick, J. G. Malm, J. Znorg. Nucl. Chem., 19, 377 (1961). 25. M. A. Hepworth, R. D. Peacock, P. L. Robinson, J. Chem. Soc., 1197 (1954). 26. A. J. Edwards, D. Hugill, R. D. Peacock, Nature (London) 200,672 (1963). 27. S. A. Schukareav, N. I. Kolbin, A. N. Ryabov, Zh. Neorg. Khim., 3, 1721 (1958). 28. M. A. Hepworth, K. H. Jack, R. D. Peacock, G. J. Westland, Acta Crystallogr., A, 10,63 (1957).

170

2.9. Formation of the Halogen-Transition-Metal Bond 2.9.2. by Direct Reaction of the Metals with Halogens 2.9.2.2. of Metal Chlorides from the Elements.

29. H. H. Claassen, H. Selig, J. G . Malm, C. L. Chernick, B. Weinstock, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 83,2390 (1961). 30. R. C. Burns, T. A. ODonnell, J. Znorg. Nucl. Chem., 42, 1613 (1980). 31. J. H. Holloway, R. D. Peacock, J. Chem. Soc., 527 (1963). 32. J. H. Holloway, R. D. Peacock, R. W. H. SmaIl, J. Chem. Soc., 644 (1964). 33. 0. Glemser, K. H. Hellberg, H. U. Werther, Chem. Ber., 99, 2652 (1966). 34. G. B. Hargreaves, R. D. Peacock, Proc. Chem. SOC.,85 (1959). 35. B. Weinstock, J. G. Malm, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 80,4466 (1958). 36. G. H. Cady, G. B. Hargreaves, J. Chem. Soc., 1563 (1961). 37. C. L. Chernick, H. H. Claassen, B. Weinstock, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 83, 3165 (1961). 38. J. H. Holloway, P. R. Rao, N. Bartlett, Chem. Comrnum., 306 (1963). 39. G. J. Westland, P. L. Robinson, J. Chem. Soc., 4481 (1956). 40. N. Bartlett, P. R. Rao, Chem. Commun., 253 (1965). 41. H. M. Haendler, W. L. Patterson, W. J. Bernard, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 74, 3167 (1952). 42. B. Weinstock, H. H. Claasen, J. G. Malm, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 79,5832 (1957). 43. B. Weinstock, J. G. Malm, E. E. Weaver, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 83,4310 (1961). 44. J. Slivnik, B. Zemva, B. Druzina, J. Fluorine Chem., 15, 351 (1980). 45. 0. Ruff, Chem. Ber., 46, 920 (1913). 46. 0. Ruff, F. W. Tchirch, Chem.,Ber.,46, 929 (1913).

2.9.2.2. of Metal Chlorides from the Elements. Direct chlorination of the metal in a flow system is widely used to prepare transitionmetal chlorides. The flow system is made of silica or quartz glass, depending on the reaction T. The technique of flow-line reactions is simple; the metal is heated inside the reaction tube through which the halogen vapor is passed. The product is sufficiently volatile at the reaction temperature to sublime out into a cooler section of the tube for collection. The reaction conditions, e.g., T, flow rate, carrier gases and their dilutions, are varied to obtain maximum yield of the desired halide. However, most metal chlorides prepared by this technique are air and moisture sensitive, so rigorous drying and degassing procedures must be carried out before the reaction is commenced. Once formed the halide is allowed to cool in a stream of air-free dried nitrogen and then sealed and transferred to a dry box or a vacuum line. The product formed by direct C1, reactions is usually the highest stable chloride; for second- and third-row elements on the left side of the d block this generally contains the metal in its maximum oxidation state. As the atomic number increases along each row the oxidation state of the metal in its highest stable chloride decreases (Table 1). Conditions for preparing TiCl,, ZrC1, and HfCl, from the elements are given in Table 1, but these compounds are best prepared by chlorinating the oxides in the presence of C ($2.9.4.1). Chlorination of C r should be carried out in porcelain tubes at T s 1200°C 5 v 7 9 8 . High T, causing corrosion of the tube, are a major disadvantage of the method. Formation of solid CrCI, is accompanied by a large increase in volume, so care must be taken that the tube not become plugged, creating a back pressure of chlorine. The CrC1, formed should be sublimed in chlorine, then boiled with conc HCl and washed thoroughly before drying a t 200-250°C. Chlorination of M o powder gives MoCl, in good yields, but complete elimination of metal oxychlorides from the product is d i f f i c ~ l t ~ *Before ' ~ . reaction the metal powder should be heated to high T in a stream of H,- or 0,-free N, to remove any surface oxide. Great care should be taken to ensure the apparatus is completely flushed of air and


170

2.9. Formation of the Halogen-Transition-Metal Bond 2.9.2. by Direct Reaction of the Metals with Halogens 2.9.2.2. of Metal Chlorides from the Elements.

29. H. H. Claassen, H. Selig, J. G . Malm, C. L. Chernick, B. Weinstock, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 83,2390 (1961). 30. R. C. Burns, T. A. ODonnell, J. Znorg. Nucl. Chem., 42, 1613 (1980). 31. J. H. Holloway, R. D. Peacock, J. Chem. Soc., 527 (1963). 32. J. H. Holloway, R. D. Peacock, R. W. H. SmaIl, J. Chem. Soc., 644 (1964). 33. 0. Glemser, K. H. Hellberg, H. U. Werther, Chem. Ber., 99, 2652 (1966). 34. G. B. Hargreaves, R. D. Peacock, Proc. Chem. SOC.,85 (1959). 35. B. Weinstock, J. G. Malm, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 80,4466 (1958). 36. G. H. Cady, G. B. Hargreaves, J. Chem. Soc., 1563 (1961). 37. C. L. Chernick, H. H. Claassen, B. Weinstock, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 83, 3165 (1961). 38. J. H. Holloway, P. R. Rao, N. Bartlett, Chem. Comrnum., 306 (1963). 39. G. J. Westland, P. L. Robinson, J. Chem. Soc., 4481 (1956). 40. N. Bartlett, P. R. Rao, Chem. Commun., 253 (1965). 41. H. M. Haendler, W. L. Patterson, W. J. Bernard, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 74, 3167 (1952). 42. B. Weinstock, H. H. Claasen, J. G. Malm, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 79,5832 (1957). 43. B. Weinstock, J. G. Malm, E. E. Weaver, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 83,4310 (1961). 44. J. Slivnik, B. Zemva, B. Druzina, J. Fluorine Chem., 15, 351 (1980). 45. 0. Ruff, Chem. Ber., 46, 920 (1913). 46. 0. Ruff, F. W. Tchirch, Chem.,Ber.,46, 929 (1913).

2.9.2.2. of Metal Chlorides from the Elements. Direct chlorination of the metal in a flow system is widely used to prepare transitionmetal chlorides. The flow system is made of silica or quartz glass, depending on the reaction T. The technique of flow-line reactions is simple; the metal is heated inside the reaction tube through which the halogen vapor is passed. The product is sufficiently volatile at the reaction temperature to sublime out into a cooler section of the tube for collection. The reaction conditions, e.g., T, flow rate, carrier gases and their dilutions, are varied to obtain maximum yield of the desired halide. However, most metal chlorides prepared by this technique are air and moisture sensitive, so rigorous drying and degassing procedures must be carried out before the reaction is commenced. Once formed the halide is allowed to cool in a stream of air-free dried nitrogen and then sealed and transferred to a dry box or a vacuum line. The product formed by direct C1, reactions is usually the highest stable chloride; for second- and third-row elements on the left side of the d block this generally contains the metal in its maximum oxidation state. As the atomic number increases along each row the oxidation state of the metal in its highest stable chloride decreases (Table 1). Conditions for preparing TiCl,, ZrC1, and HfCl, from the elements are given in Table 1, but these compounds are best prepared by chlorinating the oxides in the presence of C ($2.9.4.1). Chlorination of C r should be carried out in porcelain tubes at T s 1200°C 5 v 7 9 8 . High T, causing corrosion of the tube, are a major disadvantage of the method. Formation of solid CrCI, is accompanied by a large increase in volume, so care must be taken that the tube not become plugged, creating a back pressure of chlorine. The CrC1, formed should be sublimed in chlorine, then boiled with conc HCl and washed thoroughly before drying a t 200-250°C. Chlorination of M o powder gives MoCl, in good yields, but complete elimination of metal oxychlorides from the product is d i f f i c ~ l t ~ *Before ' ~ . reaction the metal powder should be heated to high T in a stream of H,- or 0,-free N, to remove any surface oxide. Great care should be taken to ensure the apparatus is completely flushed of air and

2.9. Formation of the Halogen-Transition-Metal Bond 2.9.2. by Direct Reaction of the Metals with Halogens 2.9.2.2. of Metal Chlorides from the Elements. TABLE1. SYNTHESIS OF TRANSITION-METAL CHLORIDES ELEMENTS Product

Reaction and conditions

TiCI, ZrCI, HfCI, VCI, NbCI, TaC1, CrCI, MoCI, WCI, MnC1, TcC1, TcCl, ReCI, ReCI, ReCI, FeCl, U-RUCI, P-RuCl, osc1, RhC1, IrCI, NiC1, PdCl, PtCI, PtCI,

Ti + CI, Zr + CI, Hf + CI, Ferrovanadium + CI, Nb powder + C1, Ta + C1, Cr powder + CI, Mo + CI,

w + c1, Mn + CI, in EtOH Tc mirror + C1, Tc + CI,

Re mirror + C1, Re sponge + CI, Re + C1, Fe + C1, Ru + CI,, 15 h RU + CO-CI, 0 s + CI, (liq) Rh + CI, Ir + C1, Ni + CI,, flow system Pd + C1, Pt + CI, Pt + Cl,

T ("C) 350

200 400 300-350 960-1000 300 500-600 400 400 650 400-500 Red heat 300-350 600 330-340 600 300 450-600 lo00 300 Very high 1100

171

FROM THE

Refs.

1 1, 2 1 3, 4 5, 6 5, 6 5, 7,8 5, 9,10 5, 10, 11 12 13 13 14 5, 14 15 5, 16, 17 5, 18, 19 20 20 21 5, 22,23 24,25 26,27 23 28 28,29

moisture before reaction. Chlorine is introduced to the apparatus through wash bottles of conc H,SO, and passes through a H,SO, trap on exit. Reaction is carried out at ca. 300°C; MoCl, is formed as a red vapor that condenses to gray/black crystalline leaflets on the cooler parts of the tube. Any MoCI,O formed can be sublimed out at ca. 80-90°C. Reaction is complete after 2-3 h; the system is allowed to cool in 0,-free N, to remove xs Cl,. The receptor bulb containing MoCl, is sealed off under a pressure of N, and should be opened and handled in a good dry box. Contamination of MoCI, by MoCI,O is indicated by a greenish layer on the surface of the glass MoCl, storage container. Early preparations of MoC1, described the product as a green-black crystalline solid30 but the green is now known to come from MoCL,O present as an impurityg. By reacting W powder and C1, in a quartz tube at 600°C WCl, is similarly prepared5-'0*1'. The $rst product is orange-red WCl,O, which can be removed by flaming it along to a collector at the far end of the tube. The pure hexachloride is obtained as a blue-black crystalline powder. Reaction is complete after 3-4 h; the flow line is allowed to cool in 0,-free N, and the tube is sealed and reopened in a dry box. The product obtained by chlorinating Re depends on T and the physical state of the Re. Chlorination at 600°C of Re mirror, obtained by H, reduction of NH,[ReO,],

172

2.9. Formation of the Halogen-Transition-Metal Bond 2.9.2. by Direct Reaction of the Metals with Halogens 2.9.2.2. of Metal Chlorides from t h e Elements.

yieldsig dark green ReCl,. If the reaction is carried out at 500°C using Re powder or sponge, the major p r o d u ~ t ~ , ' ~is, brownish-black ~',~~ ReCl,. The trichloride is also r e p ~ r t e d ~from . ' ~ the reaction of Re metal and chlorine at 500°C. It is collected as the less volatile sublimate from the reaction and probably forms5,17via thermal decomposition of ReCl,, ReCl, is prepared" more conveniently by thermal decomposition of ReCl, in N,. Early work on Tc chlorides claimed there was no reaction between the metal and Cl,, even when heated3,. However, when the reaction is carried out in a flow system the gas removes the products on formation, allowing the metal to react furtheri3. In this manner at 400°C, chlorinating Tc obtained by reducing NH,[TcO,], yields two products, TcCl, and TcCl,. The hexachloride is more volatile and is extremely unstable, decomposing to the tetrachloride and chlorine on gentle heating. It can be separated from the tetrachloride by distilling at RT under a steady stream of nitrogen into an icecooled tube. It is nevertheless extremely difficult to obtain pure because of its instability and its tendency to dissolve chlorine gas. The major product of chlorinating Tc is TcCl,, which is obtained as a stable red compound after sublimation at 300°C. Iron trichloride, FeCl,, is prepared'8~'9~34 by reacting C1, gas with very pure Fe wire at 200-400°C. The C1, must be dried carefully by first passing it through conc H,SO, and P,O,, and then liquefying it to -40°C before allowing it to volatalize onto the Fe. Two forms of ruthenium trichloride, a-RuC1, and P-RuCl,, are obtained by chlorinating Ru metal,'. Contamination of P-RuCl, by a-RuC13 is avoided by heating small quantities of Ru sponge in a CO-Cl, mixture at 330-340°C. The product is then ground and reheated to achieve maximum yield of P-RuC1, . Localized overheating results in the formation of a-RuCl,; this form is also prepared by heating the metal in CO-Cl, at 600°C for 15 h, although a simpler route is to convert the P-RuC1, to a-RuC1, by heating in C1, or Ar at 450-600°C. Although chlorination of Ni metal at high TZ6sz7NiCI,, this can be prepared more conveniently by direct reaction of the elements in ethanol at RT and by various other method^^^"^ involving dehydration of the hexahydrate, NiC1,.6 H,O. Chlorination of Pt metal at elevated T to form PtCl, is slow and is inhibited by the formation of a surface halide layer2*. Reaction can be accelerated by adding some aluminum chloride, which removes the halide layer,'. Reaction of a glowing Pt filament with molecular chlorine under equilibrium conditions at 1300 K formsz9 PtCl,. (E.M. PAGE)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

9. 10. 11.

D. L. Kepert, The Early Transition Metals, Academic Press, New York, 1972. W. B. Blumental, The Chemical Behavior of Zirconium, Van Nostrand, New Jersey, 1958. M. W. Duckworth, G. W. A. Fowles, R. A. Hoodless, J. Chem. SOC.,5665 (1963). J. H. Simons, M. G. Powell, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 67, 75 (1945). G. Brauer, Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 2,2nd ed., Academic Press, New York, 1965. K. M. Alexander, F. Fairbrother, J. Chem. Soc., S223 (1949). B. Morosin, A. Narath, J. Chem. Phys., 40, 1964 (1958). J. D. Corbett, R. J. Clark, T. F. Mundy, J. Znorg. Nucl. Chem., 25, 1287 (1963). R. Colton, I. B. Tomkins, Aust. J. Chem., 18, 447 (1965). E. M. Page, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Reading, 1979. M. H. Lietzke, M. L. Holt, Inorg. Synth., 3, 163 (1950).

2.9. Formation of the Halogen-Transition-Metal Bond 2.9.2. by Direct Reaction of the Metals with Halogens 2.9.2.3. of Metal Bromides from the Elements.

173

R. C. Osthoff, R. C. West, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 76,4732 (1954). R. Colton, Nature (London), 193, 872 (1962). R. Colton, Nature (London), 194, 374 (1962). L. C. Hurd, E. Brim, Znorg. Synth., I , 180 (1939). H. J. Emelkus, V. Guttmann, J. Chem. SOC.,2115 (1950). W. Geilmann, F. W. Wrigge, Z . Anorg. Allg. Chem., 214, 249 (1933). B. R. Tarr, Znorg. Synth., 3, 191 (1950). S. S.Todd, J. P. Coughlin, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,73, 4184 (1951). K. R. Hyde, E. W. Hooper, J. Waters, J. M. Fletcher, J. Less-Common Met., 8, 428 (1965). N. I. Kolbin, I. N. Semenov, Yu. M. Shutov, Russ. J. Znorg. Chem., 8, 1270 (1963). A. Gutbier, A. Huttlinger, Z . Anorg. Allg. Chem., 95, 247 (1916). F. Puche, Ann. Chim. (Paris), 9, 233 (1938). F. Krauss, H. Gerlach, Z . Anorg. Allg. Chem., 147, 268 (1925). D. Babel, P. Deigner, Z . Anorg. Allg. Chem., 339, 57 (1965). J. D. McKinley, K. E. Shuler, J. Chem. Phys., 28, 1207 (1958). J. D. McKinley, J. Chem. Phys., 40, 120 (1964). L. Wohler, S. Streicher, Chem. Ber., 46, 1591 (1913). H. Schafer, W. Gerhardt, Z . Anorg. Allg. Chem., 512, 79 (1984). W. Wardlaw, H. W. Webb, J. Chem. SOC.,2100 (1930). W. Geilmann, F. W. Wrigge, W. Blitz, Angew. Chem., 46, 223 (1933). W. Geilmann, F. W. Wrigge, W. Blitz, Z . Anorg. Allg. Chem., 214, 248 (1933). C. M. Nelson, G. E. Boyd, W. T. Smith, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,76, 348 (1954). G. Brauer, Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 2,2nd ed., Academic Press, New York, 1965 p. 1492. 35. D. E. Milligan, M. E. Jacox, J. D. McKinley, J. Chem. Phys., 42, 902 (1965). 36. P. Allamagny, Bull. SOC.Chim. Fr., 1099 (1960). 37. H. Schafer, U. Wiese, C. Brendel, J. Nowitski, J. Less-Common Met., 76, 63 (1980).

12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34.

2.9.2.3. of Metal Bromides from the Elements.

Preparation of transition-metal bromides from the elements closely parallels that of the chlorides, although the bromide usually contains the metal in a lower oxidation state. Direct bromination reactions can be carried out either in a flow system, often employing N, as a carrier gas, or in sealed tubes using a measured amount of liq Br,. Bromination T are generally higher than those for the analogous chlorination reactions (Table 1). Bromine reacts at RT with metallic Ti in a sealed quartz tube to form'" TiBr,. However, because of the high pressures generated4, it is generally considered safer to carry out this reaction in a flow system at 300-600°C Vanadium tribromide is obtained by brominating f e r r o ~ a n a d i u m ' * ~Bromine ~~*~. vapor is carried over the metal by a stream of dry CO,. Air and moisture must first be eliminated and the metal heated to red heat; reaction forms VBr, and FeBr,. A little VBr30 is usually obtained first and is removed by subliming through the tube. The VBr, sublimes out from the hot end of the tube, leaving the FeBr, behind. Repeated sublimations remove all the FeBr, *. Reaction of V and Br, can also be carried out3 in a sealed tube at 400°C. Niobium and Ta pentabromides are prepared'*'0-12 by reacting the elements in a flow system at around 250°C. However, they can also be prepared in a sealed tube with high yields free from hydrolysis product^'^. Tungsten pentabromide is obtained by brominating W metal in a sealed tube. Contamination by hexabromide occurs unless the reaction T is maintained at lOOO"C, where virtually pure WBr, is obtained,'. If the reaction is carried out at around 700°C 435939*40.



173

R. C. Osthoff, R. C. West, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 76,4732 (1954). R. Colton, Nature (London), 193, 872 (1962). R. Colton, Nature (London), 194, 374 (1962). L. C. Hurd, E. Brim, Znorg. Synth., I , 180 (1939). H. J. Emelkus, V. Guttmann, J. Chem. SOC.,2115 (1950). W. Geilmann, F. W. Wrigge, Z . Anorg. Allg. Chem., 214, 249 (1933). B. R. Tarr, Znorg. Synth., 3, 191 (1950). S. S.Todd, J. P. Coughlin, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,73, 4184 (1951). K. R. Hyde, E. W. Hooper, J. Waters, J. M. Fletcher, J. Less-Common Met., 8, 428 (1965). N. I. Kolbin, I. N. Semenov, Yu. M. Shutov, Russ. J. Znorg. Chem., 8, 1270 (1963). A. Gutbier, A. Huttlinger, Z . Anorg. Allg. Chem., 95, 247 (1916). F. Puche, Ann. Chim. (Paris), 9, 233 (1938). F. Krauss, H. Gerlach, Z . Anorg. Allg. Chem., 147, 268 (1925). D. Babel, P. Deigner, Z . Anorg. Allg. Chem., 339, 57 (1965). J. D. McKinley, K. E. Shuler, J. Chem. Phys., 28, 1207 (1958). J. D. McKinley, J. Chem. Phys., 40, 120 (1964). L. Wohler, S. Streicher, Chem. Ber., 46, 1591 (1913). H. Schafer, W. Gerhardt, Z . Anorg. Allg. Chem., 512, 79 (1984). W. Wardlaw, H. W. Webb, J. Chem. SOC.,2100 (1930). W. Geilmann, F. W. Wrigge, W. Blitz, Angew. Chem., 46, 223 (1933). W. Geilmann, F. W. Wrigge, W. Blitz, Z . Anorg. Allg. Chem., 214, 248 (1933). C. M. Nelson, G. E. Boyd, W. T. Smith, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,76, 348 (1954). G. Brauer, Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 2,2nd ed., Academic Press, New York, 1965 p. 1492. 35. D. E. Milligan, M. E. Jacox, J. D. McKinley, J. Chem. Phys., 42, 902 (1965). 36. P. Allamagny, Bull. SOC.Chim. Fr., 1099 (1960). 37. H. Schafer, U. Wiese, C. Brendel, J. Nowitski, J. Less-Common Met., 76, 63 (1980).

12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34.

2.9.2.3. of Metal Bromides from the Elements.

Preparation of transition-metal bromides from the elements closely parallels that of the chlorides, although the bromide usually contains the metal in a lower oxidation state. Direct bromination reactions can be carried out either in a flow system, often employing N, as a carrier gas, or in sealed tubes using a measured amount of liq Br,. Bromination T are generally higher than those for the analogous chlorination reactions (Table 1). Bromine reacts at RT with metallic Ti in a sealed quartz tube to form'" TiBr,. However, because of the high pressures generated4, it is generally considered safer to carry out this reaction in a flow system at 300-600°C Vanadium tribromide is obtained by brominating f e r r o ~ a n a d i u m ' * ~Bromine ~~*~. vapor is carried over the metal by a stream of dry CO,. Air and moisture must first be eliminated and the metal heated to red heat; reaction forms VBr, and FeBr,. A little VBr30 is usually obtained first and is removed by subliming through the tube. The VBr, sublimes out from the hot end of the tube, leaving the FeBr, behind. Repeated sublimations remove all the FeBr, *. Reaction of V and Br, can also be carried out3 in a sealed tube at 400°C. Niobium and Ta pentabromides are prepared'*'0-12 by reacting the elements in a flow system at around 250°C. However, they can also be prepared in a sealed tube with high yields free from hydrolysis product^'^. Tungsten pentabromide is obtained by brominating W metal in a sealed tube. Contamination by hexabromide occurs unless the reaction T is maintained at lOOO"C, where virtually pure WBr, is obtained,'. If the reaction is carried out at around 700°C 435939*40.


174

TABLE 1. SYNTHESIS OF METALBROMIDES FROM THE ELEMENTS Product TiBr, TiBr, VBr, VBr, NbBr,, TaBr, NbBr,, TaBr, CrBr, MoBr, MoBr, MoBr, WBr, WBr, ReBr, Re,Br, FeBr, FeBr, FeBr, RuBr, OsBr, NiBr, PtBr, PtBr, PtBr, PdBr,

Reaction conditions

Ti + Br,, sealed tube Ti + Br,, flow system V + Br,, flow system V + Br,, sealed tube M + Br,-N,, flow system M Br, Cr + Br,-N, or Ar Mo + Br, Mo + Br, in ether Mo + Br, W + Br,-N, W Br, Re + Br, Re + Br, Fe + Br,, sealed tube Fe + Br,, flow system Fe + Br,, flow system Ru + Br, 0 s + Br,, sealed tube Ni + Br,-ether, 12 h Pt + Br,, flow system Pt + Br,-conc HBr, sealed tube Pt + Br,, then thermal decomp Pd + Br, or Br, in HNO,

+

+

T ("C) RT 300-600 >400 400

230-250 400-450 lo00 450-500 RT 600-650 1000 450-500 650 450 175-200 450 200 500 >450 RT 150 150

Refs. 1-3 4-6 1,7-9 3 1,lO-12 12, 13 1, 14 15-18 19 20 21,22 23,24 25 26,27 1, 28 29 30 31, 32 33 34,35 36 37 36 38

WBr, is formed along with WBr,; if the mixture is sublimed, WBr, is decomposed" to WBr, and Br,. Iron tribromide is best prepared in a bent borosilicate tube in which Br, is condensed onto degassed Fe powder, held on the left side of the tube. The vessel is then sealed and the Br, is condensed from the iron powder to the right side of the tube, which which produces a pressure of is heated to 120°C. The left side is heated to 175-2OO0C, 5 atm; FeBr, then condenses out of the 200°C zone and can be purified by sublimation in Br,'9Zs. Allowing Ni powder to react with Br, in dry ether for 12 h gives's41 NiBr,. After unreacted bromine and ether are removed the product is heated to 130°C under vacuum and then resublimed, yeilding pure dry NiBr,. Platinum tetrabromide, PtBr,, can be prepared by passing Br, vapor over Pt metal It is better prepared by allowing Pt to react with Br, at 150"C, but the reaction is in conc HBr at 150°Cin a sealed tube3'. Thermal decomposition of the product obtained by brominating platinum metal yeilds PtBr,, but it is difficult to keep it pure because of its thermal instability3,. Direct bromination of Pd metal gives PdBr,, but the reaction is extremely slow. It can be obtained by reacting Pd and Br, ion HNO,, but the dibromide is not well documented in the literat~re,~. (E.M. PAGE)

2.9. Formation of the Halogen-Transition-Metal Bond 2.9.2. by Direct Reaction of the Metals with Halogens 2.9.2.4. of Metal Iodides from the Elements.

175

1. G. Brauer, Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 2,2nd ed., Academic Press, New York, 1965. 2. J. M. Blocher, R. F. Rolsten, I. E. Campbell, J. Eletrochem. SOC.,104, 553 (1957). 3. R. E. McCarley, J. W. Roddy, Znorg. Chem., 3, 60 (1964). 4. S. A. Shchukarev, I. V. Vasil'kova, D. V. Korol'kov, Russ. J. Znorg. Chem., 8, 1006 (1963). 5. R. A. Nelson, W. H. Johnson, E. J. Prosen, J. Res. Natl. Bur. Std,, 62, 67 (1959). 6. G. P. Baxter, A. Q. Butler, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,50, 408 (1928). 7. M. W. Duckworth, G. W. A. Fowles, R. A. Woodless, J. Chem. Soc., 5665 (1963). 8. F. Ephraim, E. Amman, Helv. Chim. Acta, 16, 1273 (1933). 9. D. Nicholls, J. Znorg. Nucl. Chem., 24, 1001 (1962). 10. K. M. Alexander, F. Fairbrother, J. Chem. Soc., 8223 (1949). 11. D. H. Nowicky, I. E. Campbell, Inorg. Synth., 4, 130 (1953). 12. A. Leffler, R. Pengue, Znorg. Synth., 12, 187 (1970). 13. A. Cowley, F. Fairbrother, N. Scott, J. Chem. Sac., 3133 (1958). 14. R. J. Sime, N. W. Gregory, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,82,93 (1960). 15. H. J. Emeleus, V. Gutmann, J. Chem. SOC.,2979 (1949). 16. A. Rosenheim, G. Abel, R. Lewy, Z . Anorg. Allg. Chem., 197, 189 (1931). 17. W. Klemm, H. Steinberg, Naturwissenschaften, 227, 193 (1936). 18. C. Durand, R. Schaal, P. Souchay, Compt. Rend., 248,979 (1959). 19. J. R. M. Fernandez, A, B. Duran, Anal. Real. SOC.Espan., Fis. Quim. (Madrid), 55B,823 (1959). 20. K. Under, H. Helwig, Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 142, 180 (1925). 21. E. A. Allen, B. J. Brisdon, G. W. A. Fowles, J. Chem. SOC.,4531 (1964). 22. B. J. Brisdon, G. W. A. Fowles, J. Less-Common Met., 7, 102 (1964). 23. R. Colton, I. B. Tomkins, Aust. J. Chem., 19, 759 (1966). 24. S. A. Shchukarev, G. I. Novikov, Russ. J. Znorg. Chem., 9, 715 (1964). 25. R. Colton, J. Chem. Soc., 2078 (1962). 26. H. Hagan, A. Sieverts, 2. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 215, 111 (19331, 27. V. G. Tronev, R. A. Dovlyatshina, Russ, J. Znorg. Chem., 10, 160 (1965). 28. N. W. Gregory, B. A. Thackrey, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,72, 3176 (1950). 29. R. 0. MacLaren, N. W. Gregory, J. Phys. Chem., 59, 184 (1955). 30. R. J. Sime, N. W. Gregory, J. Phys. Chem., 64, 86 (1960). 31. H. G. K. von Schering, K. Brodersen, J. Less-Common Met., 11, 288 (1966). 32. S. A. Shchukarev, N. I. Kolbin, A. N. Ryabov, Russ. J. Znorg. Chem., 5, 923 (1960). 33. I. N. Semenov, N. I. Kolbin, Russ. J. Znorg. Chem., 7, 111 (1962). 34. E. G. Rakov, A. V. Dzhalavyan, A. S . Dudin, Tr. Znst-Mosk. Khim-Teknol. Inst. D. I. Mendeleeva, 125, 82 (1982); Chem. Abstr., 100, 166,924 (1984). 35. N. V. Sidgwick, The Chemical Elements and Their Compounds, Vol. 2, Oxford Univ. Press, 1950, p. 1560. 36. L. Wohler, F. Muller, 2. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 149, 377 (1925). 37. J. H. Canterford, R. Colton, Halides of the Second and Third Row Transition Metals, Wiley, New York, 1968. 38. R. F. Rolsten, H. H. Sisler, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,79, 5891 (1957). 39. H. L. Schafer, H. H. Schmidtke, Z . Phys. Chem., 11,297 (1957). 40. J. K. Keavney, N. 0. Smith, J. Phys. Chem., 64, 737 (1960). 41. G. Crut, Bull. Soc. Chim. Fr., 35, 550 (1924).

2.9.2.4 of Metal Iodides from the Elements.

Direct reaction with I,, usually in a sealed tube, is a principal method of preparing transition-metal iodides (Table 1). Iodine tends to stabilize the lower oxidation states of the transition metals and only group-IVA and -VA elements give metal iodides in their maximum oxidation states. Reaction of Ti metal and xs I, near 500°C yields'J TiI, but TiI, is the major product5f6at higher T. Direct reaction of equimolar Ti and I, in a sealed quartz tube at only slightly elevated T yield^^,^ TiI,.

Inorganic Reactions and Methods, Volume4 Edited by J.J. Zuckerman, A.P. Hagen Copyright 0 1991 by VCH Publishers, Inc. 2.9. Formation of the Halogen-Transition-Metal Bond 2.9.2. by Direct Reaction of the Metals with Halogens 2.9.2.4. of Metal Iodides from the Elements.

175

1. G. Brauer, Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 2,2nd ed., Academic Press, New York, 1965. 2. J. M. Blocher, R. F. Rolsten, I. E. Campbell, J. Eletrochem. SOC.,104, 553 (1957). 3. R. E. McCarley, J. W. Roddy, Znorg. Chem., 3, 60 (1964). 4. S. A. Shchukarev, I. V. Vasil'kova, D. V. Korol'kov, Russ. J. Znorg. Chem., 8, 1006 (1963). 5. R. A. Nelson, W. H. Johnson, E. J. Prosen, J. Res. Natl. Bur. Std,, 62, 67 (1959). 6. G. P. Baxter, A. Q. Butler, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,50, 408 (1928). 7. M. W. Duckworth, G. W. A. Fowles, R. A. Woodless, J. Chem. Soc., 5665 (1963). 8. F. Ephraim, E. Amman, Helv. Chim. Acta, 16, 1273 (1933). 9. D. Nicholls, J. Znorg. Nucl. Chem., 24, 1001 (1962). 10. K. M. Alexander, F. Fairbrother, J. Chem. Soc., 8223 (1949). 11. D. H. Nowicky, I. E. Campbell, Inorg. Synth., 4, 130 (1953). 12. A. Leffler, R. Pengue, Znorg. Synth., 12, 187 (1970). 13. A. Cowley, F. Fairbrother, N. Scott, J. Chem. Sac., 3133 (1958). 14. R. J. Sime, N. W. Gregory, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,82,93 (1960). 15. H. J. Emeleus, V. Gutmann, J. Chem. SOC.,2979 (1949). 16. A. Rosenheim, G. Abel, R. Lewy, Z . Anorg. Allg. Chem., 197, 189 (1931). 17. W. Klemm, H. Steinberg, Naturwissenschaften, 227, 193 (1936). 18. C. Durand, R. Schaal, P. Souchay, Compt. Rend., 248,979 (1959). 19. J. R. M. Fernandez, A, B. Duran, Anal. Real. SOC.Espan., Fis. Quim. (Madrid), 55B,823 (1959). 20. K. Under, H. Helwig, Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 142, 180 (1925). 21. E. A. Allen, B. J. Brisdon, G. W. A. Fowles, J. Chem. SOC.,4531 (1964). 22. B. J. Brisdon, G. W. A. Fowles, J. Less-Common Met., 7, 102 (1964). 23. R. Colton, I. B. Tomkins, Aust. J. Chem., 19, 759 (1966). 24. S. A. Shchukarev, G. I. Novikov, Russ. J. Znorg. Chem., 9, 715 (1964). 25. R. Colton, J. Chem. Soc., 2078 (1962). 26. H. Hagan, A. Sieverts, 2. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 215, 111 (19331, 27. V. G. Tronev, R. A. Dovlyatshina, Russ, J. Znorg. Chem., 10, 160 (1965). 28. N. W. Gregory, B. A. Thackrey, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,72, 3176 (1950). 29. R. 0. MacLaren, N. W. Gregory, J. Phys. Chem., 59, 184 (1955). 30. R. J. Sime, N. W. Gregory, J. Phys. Chem., 64, 86 (1960). 31. H. G. K. von Schering, K. Brodersen, J. Less-Common Met., 11, 288 (1966). 32. S. A. Shchukarev, N. I. Kolbin, A. N. Ryabov, Russ. J. Znorg. Chem., 5, 923 (1960). 33. I. N. Semenov, N. I. Kolbin, Russ. J. Znorg. Chem., 7, 111 (1962). 34. E. G. Rakov, A. V. Dzhalavyan, A. S . Dudin, Tr. Znst-Mosk. Khim-Teknol. Inst. D. I. Mendeleeva, 125, 82 (1982); Chem. Abstr., 100, 166,924 (1984). 35. N. V. Sidgwick, The Chemical Elements and Their Compounds, Vol. 2, Oxford Univ. Press, 1950, p. 1560. 36. L. Wohler, F. Muller, 2. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 149, 377 (1925). 37. J. H. Canterford, R. Colton, Halides of the Second and Third Row Transition Metals, Wiley, New York, 1968. 38. R. F. Rolsten, H. H. Sisler, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,79, 5891 (1957). 39. H. L. Schafer, H. H. Schmidtke, Z . Phys. Chem., 11,297 (1957). 40. J. K. Keavney, N. 0. Smith, J. Phys. Chem., 64, 737 (1960). 41. G. Crut, Bull. Soc. Chim. Fr., 35, 550 (1924).

2.9.2.4 of Metal Iodides from the Elements.

Direct reaction with I,, usually in a sealed tube, is a principal method of preparing transition-metal iodides (Table 1). Iodine tends to stabilize the lower oxidation states of the transition metals and only group-IVA and -VA elements give metal iodides in their maximum oxidation states. Reaction of Ti metal and xs I, near 500°C yields'J TiI, but TiI, is the major product5f6at higher T. Direct reaction of equimolar Ti and I, in a sealed quartz tube at only slightly elevated T yield^^,^ TiI,.

2.9. Formation of the Halogen-Transition-Metal Bond 2.9.2. by Direct Reaction of the Metals with Halogens 2.9.2.4. of Metal Iodides from the Elements.

176

TABLE1. PREPARATION OF TRANSITION-METAL IODIDES FROM Product TiI, TiI, TiI, TiI, TiI, ZrI, VI, NbI, TaI, TaI, CrI, CrI, MoI, MnI, FeI, COI, PtI, PtI,

Reactants Ti + I, Ti + I, Ti + I, Ti + I, Ti + I, Zr I, v I, Nb I, Ta I, Ta I,

+ + + + + Cr + I, Cr + I, MO + 1, Mn + I, Fe + I, c o + I, Pt +I, (1:2) Pt + I, (xs)

Reaction conditions Sealed tube CCI, solvent, reflux Sealed tube Sealed tube Sealed tube, 25 h Sealed tube Sealed tube Sealed tube Metal heated by highfrequency induction currents 3 atm, 24 h

Ether solvent Flow system

THE ELEMENTS

T ("C) 525 400-425

Refs.

700 Slight heat 450 150-280 270 340-370 1500

1,2 3 4 5, 6 5, 6 7, 8 5, 9, 10 11, 14 15 11, 12

225-475 550-700 300 RT 180-530 Red heat 1so 240

16 17 18, 19 20 5, 21, 22 23,24 2s 26

In a convenient synthesis3 for TiI, I, vapor is allowed to sublime over Ti sponge at 400-425°C. The route gives 80% yields of very pure product at low cost. Refluxing Ti and I, in CCl, also gives TiI,; this method uses lower T but the yield is smaller (50%) and rigorously dried CCl, is required,. The general method of preparing other group-IVA tetrahalides, i.e., passing I, vapor over a heated mixture of MO and C, does not yield27ZrI,. However, reacting I, vapor with heated Zr metal forms ZrI, ','. Reacting V with I, yieldss~9~10 VI,, whereas Nb and Ta g i ~ e ' l - ' ~pentaiodides. The reaction occurs when I, vapor (1-2 atm) is passed over the heated metal in a sealed tube. The metal may be heated" by high-frequency induction currents. Triclinic NbI, is prepared14 from Nb and a 3-4 bar pressure of I, in a T gradient of 400-230°C. Molecules of Nb,I,, have been found by solid-state crystallography. The iodination of Cr depends on T, CrI, being formedI6 at T 200-225°C and CrI, at T 5 700°C 1 7 . Manganese diiodide is prepared,' by direct reaction of the elements in ether at RT. The reaction between iron and iodine is well d o c ~ m e n t e d ~ *The ~ ' ~optimum ~~. conditions for preparing FeI, involve a T gradient of 530-180°C; the FeI, sublimes out of the reaction mixture into the cooler zone. Reaction of Ru metal and I, at 350°C may yield2' RuI,, but it is possible that the product is an oxy- or h y d r ~ x y h a l i d e ~ ~ . Reacting stoichiometric quantities of the elements in a sealed tube at 150°C " or by heating xs I, with Pt metal to 240°C gives26PtI,. (E.M. PAGE)

2.9. Formation of the Halogen-Transition-Metal Bond 2.9.3. Synthesis of Metal Halides from the Metals 2.9.3.2. from the Metal and Anhydrous Hydrogen Halides.

177

1. R. F. Rolsten, H. H. Sisler, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 79, 5891 (1957). 2. J. M. Blocher, I. E. Campbell, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,69, 2100 (1947). 3. R. N. Lowry, R. C. Fay, Znorg. Synth., 10, 1, (1967). 4. G. W. A. Fowles, D. Nicholls, J. Chem. SOC.,990 (1959). 5. G. Brauer, Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, Vol 2, 2nd ed., Academic Press, New York, 1965. 6. J. D. Fast, Red. Trav. Chim. Pays-Bas, 58, 174 (1939). 7. K. C. Eberly, Inorg. Synth., 7, 52 (1963). 8. G. W. Watt, W. A. Baker, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 22, 49 (1961). 9. A. Morette, Compt. Rend., 207, 1218 (1938). 10. T. A. Tolmacheva, V. M. Tsintsius, L. V. Andrianova, Russ. J. Znorg. Chem., 8, 281 (1963). 11. K. M. Alexander, F. Fairbrother, J. Chem. SOC.,2472 (1949). 12. F. Korosy, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,61, 838 (1939). 13. R. F. Rolsten, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,79, 5409 (1957). 14. B. Krebs, D. Sinram, Z . Naturforsch., Teil B, 35, 12 (1980). 15. R. F. Rolsten, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,80, 2952 (1958). 16. N. W. Gregory, L. L. Handy, Znorg. Synth., 5, 128 (1957). 17. J. D. Corbett, R. J. Clark, T. F. Mundy, J. Znorg. Nucl. Chem., 25, 1287 (1963). 18. J. Lewis, D. J. Machin, R. S. Nyholm, P. Pauling, P. W. Smith, Chem. Znd., 259 (1960). 19. J. C. Sheldon, J. Chem. SOC.,410 (1962). 20. J. W. Mellor, A Comprehensive Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, Vol. 12, 1932, p. 384. 21. H. Schafer, W. J. Hones, 2.Anorg. Allg. Chem., 288, 62, (1956). 22. F. L. Oetting, N. W. Gregory, J. Phys. Chem., 65, 173 (1961). 23. G. L. Clark, K. K. Bukner, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,44, 230 (1922). 24. J. W. Mellor, A Comprehensive Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, Vol. 14, Longmans, London, 1932, p. 737. 25. G. R. Argue, J. J. Banewicz, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 25, 923 (1963). 26. S. A. Shchukarev, T. A. Tolmacheva, G. M. Slavutskaya, Russ. J. Znorg. Chem., 9, 1351 (1964). 27. J. H. Canterford, R. Colton, Halides of the Secondand Third Row Transition Metals, Wiley, New York, 1968. 28. H. G . von Schnering, K. Brodersen, F. Moers, H. K. Breitbach, G. Thiele, J. Less-Common Met., II, 288 (1966). 29. S . A. Shchukarev, N. I. Kolbin, A. N. Ryabov, Russ. J. Znorg. Chem., 6, 517 (1961).

2.9.3 Synthesis of Metal Halides from the Metals 2.9.3.1. by Halogenatlon.

Reactions of transition metals and halogens that give transition-metal halides are described in 52.9.2. 2.9.3.2. from the Metal and Anhydrous Hydrogen Halides.

Direct reaction of the metal and anhydrous HX is used to prepare many transitionmetal halides, particularly those of the first-row elements. The route is especially useful for preparing lower oxidation state fluorides. Hydrogen halides tend to be slightly weaker oxidizing agents than the elemental halogen; e.g., reacting Ti and F, yields TiF,, whereas TiF, is obtained with HF. Metal fluorides produced by reacting the metal and hydrogen halide at elevated temperatures in a sealed bomb' are given in Table 1.



177

1. R. F. Rolsten, H. H. Sisler, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 79, 5891 (1957). 2. J. M. Blocher, I. E. Campbell, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,69, 2100 (1947). 3. R. N. Lowry, R. C. Fay, Znorg. Synth., 10, 1, (1967). 4. G. W. A. Fowles, D. Nicholls, J. Chem. SOC.,990 (1959). 5. G. Brauer, Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, Vol 2, 2nd ed., Academic Press, New York, 1965. 6. J. D. Fast, Red. Trav. Chim. Pays-Bas, 58, 174 (1939). 7. K. C. Eberly, Inorg. Synth., 7, 52 (1963). 8. G. W. Watt, W. A. Baker, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 22, 49 (1961). 9. A. Morette, Compt. Rend., 207, 1218 (1938). 10. T. A. Tolmacheva, V. M. Tsintsius, L. V. Andrianova, Russ. J. Znorg. Chem., 8, 281 (1963). 11. K. M. Alexander, F. Fairbrother, J. Chem. SOC.,2472 (1949). 12. F. Korosy, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,61, 838 (1939). 13. R. F. Rolsten, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,79, 5409 (1957). 14. B. Krebs, D. Sinram, Z . Naturforsch., Teil B, 35, 12 (1980). 15. R. F. Rolsten, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,80, 2952 (1958). 16. N. W. Gregory, L. L. Handy, Znorg. Synth., 5, 128 (1957). 17. J. D. Corbett, R. J. Clark, T. F. Mundy, J. Znorg. Nucl. Chem., 25, 1287 (1963). 18. J. Lewis, D. J. Machin, R. S. Nyholm, P. Pauling, P. W. Smith, Chem. Znd., 259 (1960). 19. J. C. Sheldon, J. Chem. SOC.,410 (1962). 20. J. W. Mellor, A Comprehensive Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, Vol. 12, 1932, p. 384. 21. H. Schafer, W. J. Hones, 2.Anorg. Allg. Chem., 288, 62, (1956). 22. F. L. Oetting, N. W. Gregory, J. Phys. Chem., 65, 173 (1961). 23. G. L. Clark, K. K. Bukner, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,44, 230 (1922). 24. J. W. Mellor, A Comprehensive Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, Vol. 14, Longmans, London, 1932, p. 737. 25. G. R. Argue, J. J. Banewicz, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 25, 923 (1963). 26. S. A. Shchukarev, T. A. Tolmacheva, G. M. Slavutskaya, Russ. J. Znorg. Chem., 9, 1351 (1964). 27. J. H. Canterford, R. Colton, Halides of the Secondand Third Row Transition Metals, Wiley, New York, 1968. 28. H. G . von Schnering, K. Brodersen, F. Moers, H. K. Breitbach, G. Thiele, J. Less-Common Met., II, 288 (1966). 29. S . A. Shchukarev, N. I. Kolbin, A. N. Ryabov, Russ. J. Znorg. Chem., 6, 517 (1961).

2.9.3 Synthesis of Metal Halides from the Metals 2.9.3.1. by Halogenatlon.

Reactions of transition metals and halogens that give transition-metal halides are described in 52.9.2. 2.9.3.2. from the Metal and Anhydrous Hydrogen Halides.

Direct reaction of the metal and anhydrous HX is used to prepare many transitionmetal halides, particularly those of the first-row elements. The route is especially useful for preparing lower oxidation state fluorides. Hydrogen halides tend to be slightly weaker oxidizing agents than the elemental halogen; e.g., reacting Ti and F, yields TiF,, whereas TiF, is obtained with HF. Metal fluorides produced by reacting the metal and hydrogen halide at elevated temperatures in a sealed bomb' are given in Table 1.

178


TABLE 1. SYNTHESIS OF TRANSITION-METAL HALIDESFROM ANYDROUSHYDROGEN HALIDE Product TiF, TiF, TiF, ZrF, HfF4 VF, VF, VCI, NbF,, TaF, TaF, NbF,, TaF, TaCI, TaBr CrF, CrF, CrCl, CrC1, CrBr, CrBr, MoF, MnF, FeF, FeF, FeCl, FeCl, FeBr, CoF, CoBr, COI, NiF, NiBr,

Reactants Ti + HF, bomb Ti + HF + H,, flow system Ti + HF Zr + HF, bomb Hf + HF, bomb V + HF, bomb V+HF V + HCl, flow system Nb, Ta + HF, bomb Ta + HF + H,, flow system M + HF, flow system Ta + HCl, flow system Ta + HBr, flow system Cr + HF, bomb Cr + HF, flow system Cr + HC1-C1, Cr + HCI, flow Cr + HBr, flow Cr + HBr-Br,, flow Mo + HF, bomb Mn + HF, bomb Fe + HF, flow system Fe + HF, bomb Fe + HCl, flow Fe + HCl + CI,, flow Fe + HBr + Br,, flow Co + HF, bomb Co + HBr, flow Co + HI, sealed tube Ni + HF, bomb Ni + HBr, flow

Time (h)

THE

METALAND

T ("C)

200 700 24 24 24

12

96 3

24 24 24

24

48

225 225 225 1250 950 225 300 300 350-700 550 300 225 1150 1 150- 1200 750 890 225 180 900 180 Red heat 700 690 180 Red heat 500 225 Red heat

Refs. 1 2 3 1 1 1 4 5 1 6

6 7-9 8 1 1 10 11-15 16, 17 10 1 1 18 1 19 10 10 1 17 11, 20 1 17

Vanadium difluoride is given4 by reacting V and H F at 1250"C, followed by controlled reduction of the VF, obtained by a mixture of H, and HF. Although the reaction between Nb and H F was claimed' to yield NbF, this material has since been proved an oxide fluoride and it is doubtful whether an oxygen-free trifluoride exists". For similar reasons the TaF, reported by this method' is likely an oxyfluoride, although the x-ray crystal structure of the compound has been determinedz2. The preparation of CrCl, by action of anhyd HCl on the metal above the melting point of the dihalide (1200'C) is well documented' '-lS but the use of a mixture of H, and HCl allows the reaction to be carried out at a lower T''P'~.

2.9. Formation of the Halogen-Transition-Metal Bond 2.9.3. Synthesis of Metal Halides from the Metals 2.9.3.3. by Hydrohalic Acids.

179

Chromium dibromide, CrBr,, is prepared in an analogous manner using slightly lower T 1 0 . 1 7 2 3 Small amounts of MoF, can be prepared' by heating Mo powder in anhyd H F in a bomb at 225°C for 24 h. No second- or third-row transition-metal halide has been prepared by this method for elements in groups d5 to d8. (E.M. PAGE)

1. E. L. Muetterties, J. E. Castle, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 18, 148 (1961). 2. P. Erlich, G. Pietzka, Z . Anorg. Allg. Chem., 275, 121 (1954). 3. Gmelin's Handbuch der Anorganischen Chemie, System No. 41, Verlag Chemie, Berlin, 1951, p. 287. 4. J. W. Stout, W. 0. J. Boo, J. Appl. Phys., 37, 966 (1966). 5. J. Villasden, Acta Chem. Scand., 13,2146 (1959). 6. H. J. Emeltus, V. Gutmann, J. Chem. SOC.,2115 (1950). 7. V. I. Spitzin, L. Kushtanov, Z . Anorg. Allg. Chem., 182, 207 (1929). 8. R. C. Young, C. H. Brubacker, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,74,4967 (1952). 9. A. Cowley, F. Fairbrother, N. Scott, J. Chem. SOC.,3133 (1958). 10. H. Kueknl, W. Ernst, Z . Anorg. Allg. Chem., 317, 84 (1962). 11. G. Brauer, A Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 2, 2nd ed., Academic Rress, New York, 1965. 12. H. R. Oswalt, Helv. Chim. Acta, 44, 1049 (1961). 13. L. L. Handy, N. W. Gregory, J. Chem. Phys., 19, 1314 (1951). 14. W. Biltz, E. Birk, Z . Anorg. Allg. Chem., 134, 134 (1924). 15. W. Fischer, R. Gewehr, 2.Anorg. Allg. Chem., 222, 309 (1935). 16. H. J. Seifert, K. Klatyk, Naturwissenschafen, 49, 539 (1962). 17. R. C. Schoonmaker, A. H. Friedman, R. F. Porter, J. Chem. Phys., 31, 1586 (1959). 18. G. K. Wertheim, H. J. Guggenheim, H. J. Williams, D. N. E. Buchanan, Phys. Rev., 158,446 (1967). 19. R. C. Schoonmaker, R. F. Porter, J. Chem. Phys., 29, 116 (1958). 20. J. W. Mellor, A Comprehensive Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, Vol. 14, Longmans, London, 1935, p. 737. 21. H. Schafer, H. G. Schnering, K. J. Niehues, H. G. Nieder-Vahrenholz, J. Less-Common Met. 9, 95 (1965). 22. V. Gutmann, K. H. Jack, Acta Crystallogr., 4, 244 (1951). 23. R. J. Sime, N. W. Gregory, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,82,800 (1960).

2.9.3.3. by Hydrohalic Acids. The reaction of concentrated hydrohalic acids with metals usually does not give transition-metal halides, chiefly because most anhydrous transition-metal halides are very reactive with moisture, forming oxy- and hydroxyhalides. The few metal halides for which the method is successful are listed in Table 1. Manganese dichloride can be prepared, via the hydrated salt, by the action of conc HCI on spectroscopically pure Mn metal'. The hydrated salt is precipitated by saturating the solution with HCl gas and filtering. Repeated concentration of the solution by evaporation gives good yields of hydrated MnC1,. Heating the hydrate in a stream of dry HCl gas at 560-580°C gives anhyd MnC1,. Both ReI, and ReI, have been prepared3 by the action of conc HI on perrhenic acid, obtained from Re metal and 30% H,O,. In the case of ReI, the perrhenic acid is evaporated to dryness with xs conc HI and allowed to stand for 3 d in a dessicator over


2.9. Formation of the Halogen-Transition-Metal Bond 2.9.3. Synthesis of Metal Halides from the Metals 2.9.3.3. by Hydrohalic Acids.

179

Chromium dibromide, CrBr,, is prepared in an analogous manner using slightly lower T 1 0 . 1 7 2 3 Small amounts of MoF, can be prepared' by heating Mo powder in anhyd H F in a bomb at 225°C for 24 h. No second- or third-row transition-metal halide has been prepared by this method for elements in groups d5 to d8. (E.M. PAGE)

1. E. L. Muetterties, J. E. Castle, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 18, 148 (1961). 2. P. Erlich, G. Pietzka, Z . Anorg. Allg. Chem., 275, 121 (1954). 3. Gmelin's Handbuch der Anorganischen Chemie, System No. 41, Verlag Chemie, Berlin, 1951, p. 287. 4. J. W. Stout, W. 0. J. Boo, J. Appl. Phys., 37, 966 (1966). 5. J. Villasden, Acta Chem. Scand., 13,2146 (1959). 6. H. J. Emeltus, V. Gutmann, J. Chem. SOC.,2115 (1950). 7. V. I. Spitzin, L. Kushtanov, Z . Anorg. Allg. Chem., 182, 207 (1929). 8. R. C. Young, C. H. Brubacker, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,74,4967 (1952). 9. A. Cowley, F. Fairbrother, N. Scott, J. Chem. SOC.,3133 (1958). 10. H. Kueknl, W. Ernst, Z . Anorg. Allg. Chem., 317, 84 (1962). 11. G. Brauer, A Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 2, 2nd ed., Academic Rress, New York, 1965. 12. H. R. Oswalt, Helv. Chim. Acta, 44, 1049 (1961). 13. L. L. Handy, N. W. Gregory, J. Chem. Phys., 19, 1314 (1951). 14. W. Biltz, E. Birk, Z . Anorg. Allg. Chem., 134, 134 (1924). 15. W. Fischer, R. Gewehr, 2.Anorg. Allg. Chem., 222, 309 (1935). 16. H. J. Seifert, K. Klatyk, Naturwissenschafen, 49, 539 (1962). 17. R. C. Schoonmaker, A. H. Friedman, R. F. Porter, J. Chem. Phys., 31, 1586 (1959). 18. G. K. Wertheim, H. J. Guggenheim, H. J. Williams, D. N. E. Buchanan, Phys. Rev., 158,446 (1967). 19. R. C. Schoonmaker, R. F. Porter, J. Chem. Phys., 29, 116 (1958). 20. J. W. Mellor, A Comprehensive Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, Vol. 14, Longmans, London, 1935, p. 737. 21. H. Schafer, H. G. Schnering, K. J. Niehues, H. G. Nieder-Vahrenholz, J. Less-Common Met. 9, 95 (1965). 22. V. Gutmann, K. H. Jack, Acta Crystallogr., 4, 244 (1951). 23. R. J. Sime, N. W. Gregory, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,82,800 (1960).

2.9.3.3. by Hydrohalic Acids. The reaction of concentrated hydrohalic acids with metals usually does not give transition-metal halides, chiefly because most anhydrous transition-metal halides are very reactive with moisture, forming oxy- and hydroxyhalides. The few metal halides for which the method is successful are listed in Table 1. Manganese dichloride can be prepared, via the hydrated salt, by the action of conc HCI on spectroscopically pure Mn metal'. The hydrated salt is precipitated by saturating the solution with HCl gas and filtering. Repeated concentration of the solution by evaporation gives good yields of hydrated MnC1,. Heating the hydrate in a stream of dry HCl gas at 560-580°C gives anhyd MnC1,. Both ReI, and ReI, have been prepared3 by the action of conc HI on perrhenic acid, obtained from Re metal and 30% H,O,. In the case of ReI, the perrhenic acid is evaporated to dryness with xs conc HI and allowed to stand for 3 d in a dessicator over

2.9. Formation of the Halogen-Transition-Metal Bond 2.9.3. Synthesis of Metal Halides from the Metals 2.9.3.4. by Fluorination with Interhalogens.

180

TABLE1. SYNTHESIS OF METAL HALIDESBY HYDROHALIC ACIDS Product

Reactants

Refs.

Mn + conc HCl Co + conc HCI Re in H,O, + conc HI Re in H,O, followed by HI

MnC1, CoCl, ReI, ReI,

+ ethanol

1 2 3 3, 4, 5

P,O, and solid NaOH. In preparing ReI, the perrhenic acid is evaporated to dryness with 55% HI and EtOH and allowed to cool; black crystals of ReI, form4. Heating unstable ReI, with I2 in a sealed tube at 355°C for 6 h also gives ReI,. (EM.PAGE) 1. R. A. Butera, W. F. Giaugue, J. Chem. Phys., 40, 2379 (1964). 2. J. W. Mellor, A Comprehensive Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, Vol. 14, Longmans, London, 1935 p. 747. 3. R. D. Peacock, A. J. E. Welch, L. F. Wilson, J. Chem. Soc., 2901 (1958). 4. L. Malatesta, Inorg. Synth., 7, 185 (1963). 5. M. Freni, V. Valenti, Gazz. Chim. Ztal., 90, 1436 (1960).

2.9.3.4. by Fluorination with interhalogens.

Fluorination of the metal by interhalogens is an alternate way to form the transition-metal-fluorine bond. Reaction of the metal with interhalogens occurs with only a few elements (Table 1). The method is more widely applicable to halogenexchange reactions with metal halides. One major disadvantage of the method is removing xs reactant, especially in reactions. involving BrF, which forms adducts with the fluoride. In some cases, e.g., reactions between Nb or Ta and BrF,, the adducts formed, MF,.BrF,, are extremely stable and even prolonged heating removes only 70% of them4. Adduct formation also occurs when BrF, reacts with PdX,. The PdX,*BrF, adducts are obtained and must be decomposed by heating in vacuo to obtain the metal halidei0-I2. TABLE1. SYNTHESIS OF METALFLUORIDES BY FLUORINATION BY INTERHALOGENS ~~~~~~

Product TiF, ZrF, NbF, TaF, MoF, WF,, MoF, ReF, RuF,

~

~

Metal Ti Zr Nb Ta Mo W, Mo Re Ru

Interhalogen ClF, BrF, ClF,, BrF, BrF, ClF, BrF, CIF, BrF,

Conditions

Refs.

Flow system, 350°C High T

1 2 3 4 5 6, 7 8 9

RT RT 300°C 10- 15°C

Inorganic Reactions and Methods, Volume4 Edited by J.J. Zuckerman, A.P. Hagen Copyright 0 1991 by VCH Publishers, Inc. 2.9. Formation of the Halogen-Transition-Metal Bond 2.9.3. Synthesis of Metal Halides from the Metals 2.9.3.4. by Fluorination with Interhalogens.

180

TABLE1. SYNTHESIS OF METAL HALIDESBY HYDROHALIC ACIDS Product

Reactants

Refs.

Mn + conc HCl Co + conc HCI Re in H,O, + conc HI Re in H,O, followed by HI

MnC1, CoCl, ReI, ReI,

+ ethanol

1 2 3 3, 4, 5

P,O, and solid NaOH. In preparing ReI, the perrhenic acid is evaporated to dryness with 55% HI and EtOH and allowed to cool; black crystals of ReI, form4. Heating unstable ReI, with I2 in a sealed tube at 355°C for 6 h also gives ReI,. (EM.PAGE) 1. R. A. Butera, W. F. Giaugue, J. Chem. Phys., 40, 2379 (1964). 2. J. W. Mellor, A Comprehensive Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, Vol. 14, Longmans, London, 1935 p. 747. 3. R. D. Peacock, A. J. E. Welch, L. F. Wilson, J. Chem. Soc., 2901 (1958). 4. L. Malatesta, Inorg. Synth., 7, 185 (1963). 5. M. Freni, V. Valenti, Gazz. Chim. Ztal., 90, 1436 (1960).

2.9.3.4. by Fluorination with interhalogens.

Fluorination of the metal by interhalogens is an alternate way to form the transition-metal-fluorine bond. Reaction of the metal with interhalogens occurs with only a few elements (Table 1). The method is more widely applicable to halogenexchange reactions with metal halides. One major disadvantage of the method is removing xs reactant, especially in reactions. involving BrF, which forms adducts with the fluoride. In some cases, e.g., reactions between Nb or Ta and BrF,, the adducts formed, MF,.BrF,, are extremely stable and even prolonged heating removes only 70% of them4. Adduct formation also occurs when BrF, reacts with PdX,. The PdX,*BrF, adducts are obtained and must be decomposed by heating in vacuo to obtain the metal halidei0-I2. TABLE1. SYNTHESIS OF METALFLUORIDES BY FLUORINATION BY INTERHALOGENS ~~~~~~

Product TiF, ZrF, NbF, TaF, MoF, WF,, MoF, ReF, RuF,

~

~

Metal Ti Zr Nb Ta Mo W, Mo Re Ru

Interhalogen ClF, BrF, ClF,, BrF, BrF, ClF, BrF, CIF, BrF,

Conditions

Refs.

Flow system, 350°C High T

1 2 3 4 5 6, 7 8 9

RT RT 300°C 10- 15°C

2.9. Formation of the Halogen-Transition-Metal Bond 2.9.3. Synthesis of Metal Halides from the Metals 2.9.3.6. of Transition-Metal Halides by Halogenation.

181

Reactions of the metal and ClF, are usually carried out in a flow system, as in the preparation' of TiF,. When the interhalogen is BrF, or IF, the reaction can be done under reflux. Molybdenum hexafluoride can be obtained by reacting ClF, on Mo powder5, which occurs spontaneously at RT, the metal burning vigorously in the gas. The product must be washed well with anhyd H F to remove xs ClF,. Both MoF, and WF, are obtained by action of BrF, on the metal powders, but the products must be separated from bromine elements which is soluble in the hexafl~orides~,'. The ReF,.ClF, adduct is obtained' by reacting CiF, and Re metal at 300°C. Decomposition of this adduct by distillation in a Pt tube at 50°C under H, yields ReF,. (E.M. PAGE)

R. W. Murray, H. M. Haendler, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 14, 135 (1960). A. Chretien, B. Gaudreau, Compt. Rend., 248,2878 (1959). N. S. Nikolaev, V. F. Sukhoverkhov, Bul. Inst. Politeh, Iasi (NS), 3, 61 (1957). H. J. Emeltus, V. Gutmann, J. Chem. SOC., 2115 (1950). N. S. Nikolaev, A. Z. Opalovskii, R u p J. Inorg. Chem., 4, 532 (1959). B. Cox, D. W. A. Sharpe, A. G. Sharpe, J. Chem. SOC., 1242 (1956). H. J. Emeltus, V. Gutmann, J. Chem. SOC., 2979 (1949). N. S. Nikolaev, E. G. Ippolitiv, Dokl. Akad. Nauk. SSSR, 134,358 (1960); Proc. Acad. Sci. Ussr, Chem. Sec., 134, 1015 (1960). 9. M. A. Hepworth, R. D. Peacock, P. L. Robinson, J. Chem. SOC.,1197 (1954). 10. N. Bartlett, M. A. Hepworth, Chem. Ind., 1425 (1956). 11. N. Bartlett, P. R. Rao, Proc. Chem. SOC.,393 (1964). 12. A. G. Sharpe, J. Chem. SOC.,3444(1950) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

2.9.3.5. of Transition-Metal Halides by Chlorination of the Metal by Sulfuryl Chloride.

Chlorination of transition metals by S,Cl, and other nonmetal chlorides, e.g., CCl,, is not generally used to prepare metal halides. However, there are reactions of metal oxides with chlorinating agents, e.g., S,Cl,, SOCl,, CCl,, that are convenient methods for synthesizing metal halides ($2.9.4.5, 2.9.4.6). Rhenium trichloride, ReCl,, is prepared' by reacting Re powder and S,Cl, with and without traces of AlCl,. Poor yields are obtained even after boiling for 48 h, heating in a sealed tube for 6 h at 150°C or refluxing in ether for 60 h. This route is not recommended. (E. M. PAGE)

1. C. L. Ruffs, P. J. Elving, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,72, 3304 (1950).

2.9.3.6. of Transition-Metal Halldes by Halogenation wlth Non-TransitionMetal Halides.

Few reactions between transition metals and non-transition-metal halides form pure transition-metal halides. Using non-transition-metal halides to halogenate transitionmetal oxides is a much more widespread preparation of transition-metal halides, especially iodides ($2.9.4.7).



181










181








182

2.9. Formation of the Halogen-Transition-Metal Bond 2.9.3. Synthesis of Metal Halides from the Metals 2.9.3.7. of Transition-Metal Halides Electrochemically.

Chromium difluoride, CrF,, is given' by reacting Cr metal and the molten fluorides of a series of metals, all more noble than Cr (see Eqs. d-e). The reactions are carried out at a T > mp of the reacting metal fluroide. The reactions prepare pure CrF,, providing it is easily separable from the noble metal. In the reaction with CdF,: Cr

+ CdF,

> 1 1 10°C

Cd

+ CrF,

(93 %)

The Cd is removed so efficiently that less than 0.2% remains in the CrF, residue. SnF,

2 BiF,

+ Cr

213T

+ 3 Cr-2

Sn + CrF,

727°C

(b),

(95 %)

Bi

+ 3 CrF, (93 %I

When the reaction mixture is maintained in the molten state (900°C) for 2 h CrF, is separated from Bi and Sn, the denser liquid metal settling out. Molten Cu and Pb do not separate as readily, so yields are much lower with these fluorides: PbF,

+ Cr

CuF,

+ Cr

824°C

927°C

Pb

+ CrF,

(4,

Cu

+ CrF,

w2

(68 %)

A similar reaction between Nb metal and tin SnF, NbF,; the reactants are heated in a bomb at 375500°C. Reacting Re metal and SbCl, in a sealed tube at 600°C gives6 ReCl,; xs SbCl, and SbCl, produced distill out, leaving a black residue of ReCl, in 95% yield. (E.M. PAGE)

1. B. J. Sturm, Inorg. Chern., I , 665 (1962). 2. L. Brewer, in The Chemistry and Metallurgy of Miscellaneous Materials, Thermodynamics, L. L. Quill, Ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1950, p. 193. 3. B. J. Thamer, G. E. Meadows, US.Atomic Energy Commission, LA-2286 (1959); Chem. Abst., 53, 21,223~(1959). 4. F . P. Govtsema, R. Didchenko, Inorg. Chem., 4, 182 (1965). 5. F. P. Govtsema, Znorg. Synth., 14, 105 (1973). 6. P. Frais, A. Guest, C. J. L. Lock, Can. J. Chem., 47, 1069 (1969).

2.9.3.7. of Transition-Metal Halides Electrochemically.

An electrochemical technique can synthesize certain anhydrous metal halides; the metals are mainly first-row transition elements and the halides are C1, Br and I. Electrochemical oxidation of the metal occurs at RT by the halogen dissolved in a mixture of organic solvents. The electrochemical cell is represented by: Pt(-,lnonaqueous solvent

+ x,lM(+)


182


Chromium difluoride, CrF,, is given' by reacting Cr metal and the molten fluorides of a series of metals, all more noble than Cr (see Eqs. d-e). The reactions are carried out at a T > mp of the reacting metal fluroide. The reactions prepare pure CrF,, providing it is easily separable from the noble metal. In the reaction with CdF,: Cr

+ CdF,

> 1 1 10°C

Cd

+ CrF,

(93 %)

The Cd is removed so efficiently that less than 0.2% remains in the CrF, residue. SnF,

2 BiF,

+ Cr

213T

+ 3 Cr-2

Sn + CrF,

727°C

(b),

(95 %)

Bi

+ 3 CrF, (93 %I

When the reaction mixture is maintained in the molten state (900°C) for 2 h CrF, is separated from Bi and Sn, the denser liquid metal settling out. Molten Cu and Pb do not separate as readily, so yields are much lower with these fluorides: PbF,

+ Cr

CuF,

+ Cr

824°C

927°C

Pb

+ CrF,

(4,

Cu

+ CrF,

w2

(68 %)

A similar reaction between Nb metal and tin SnF, NbF,; the reactants are heated in a bomb at 375500°C. Reacting Re metal and SbCl, in a sealed tube at 600°C gives6 ReCl,; xs SbCl, and SbCl, produced distill out, leaving a black residue of ReCl, in 95% yield. (E.M. PAGE)

1. B. J. Sturm, Inorg. Chern., I , 665 (1962). 2. L. Brewer, in The Chemistry and Metallurgy of Miscellaneous Materials, Thermodynamics, L. L. Quill, Ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1950, p. 193. 3. B. J. Thamer, G. E. Meadows, US.Atomic Energy Commission, LA-2286 (1959); Chem. Abst., 53, 21,223~(1959). 4. F . P. Govtsema, R. Didchenko, Inorg. Chem., 4, 182 (1965). 5. F. P. Govtsema, Znorg. Synth., 14, 105 (1973). 6. P. Frais, A. Guest, C. J. L. Lock, Can. J. Chem., 47, 1069 (1969).

2.9.3.7. of Transition-Metal Halides Electrochemically.

An electrochemical technique can synthesize certain anhydrous metal halides; the metals are mainly first-row transition elements and the halides are C1, Br and I. Electrochemical oxidation of the metal occurs at RT by the halogen dissolved in a mixture of organic solvents. The electrochemical cell is represented by: Pt(-,lnonaqueous solvent

+ x,lM(+)

2.9.Formation of the Halogen-Transition-Metal Bond 2.9.3.Synthesis of Metal Halides from the Metals 2.9.3.7. of Transition-Metal Halides Electrochemically.

183

The procedure for the synthesis is well documented' for main-group elements and is described in detail for chromium (111) bromide'. The cell is set up in a tall-form beaker with a rubber stopper supporting the electrodes. The cathode is a Pt wire connected to a 2 x 2 cm Pt sheet; the anode is a piece of high-purity foil of the metal to be oxidized. The liquid phase is generally Ch3CN or a C,H,-CH,OH (3: 1) mixture. In chlorination reactions the diluted gas is bubbled through the solution3n synthesizing the bromides or iodides the halogen is added to the solution before electrolysis. The electrodes are connected, about 1-2 cm apart, to a dc power supply capable of delivering up to 100 V and 500 mA. Caution: Care is required during the operation of cells at high voltages. In a typical experiment 42 V is applied for about 3 h. The metal halide is obtained as either the anhydrous compound or the acetonitrile or methanol adduct, which is subsequently decomposed thermally3. Metal halides that have been prepared by this method3v4are shown in Table 1. Electrochemical oxidation of Ti, Zr and Hf in a solution of C1, or Br, in CH3CN leads to the direct synthesis of MX,*2 CH3CN in good yield within a few hours. In the reported syntheses the MX4.2 CH3CN compounds were not decomposed to give the anhydrous metal halides but used to prepare further MX, adducts. Vanadium metal dissolves rapidly in a Pt-X, (X = C1, Br, I) cell in CH,CN and the solution phase yields crystalline VC1,-2 CH3CN, VBr,.CH,CN and VI,. The acetonitrile adducts decompose easily to the anhydrous metal halide on heating in vacuo

TABLE 1. SYNTHESISOF TRANSITION-METAL HALIDES BY ELECTROCHEMICAL METH ODs

Halide TiX, (X = C1, Br) TiBr, ZrX, (X = C1, Br) HfX, (X = C1, Br) VCl, VBr, VI, CrBr, MnBr, FeC1, FeBr, FeI, CoBr, NiC1, NiBr, NiI,

Solution phase CH,CN-X, CH,CN-Br, CH,CN-Cl, CH,CN-Br, CH,CN-Cl, CH,CN-Br, CH,CN-Cl, CH,CN-Br, CH3CN-I, C,H,-CH,OH-Br, C,H,-CH,OH-Br, CH,CN-Br, CH,CN-Cl, C,H,-CH,CN-Br, CHSCN-12 C,H,-CH,OH-Br, CH,CN-Cl, C,H,-CH,OH-Br, CH3CN-1,

Time (h)

Yield (%)

8 4.5 6 4.5 8 3 1 8

90 84

3

26 93

18

19.5

75

1 19

90

24.5 6 1 13.4 25

95 91 22

Refs. 4, 5 4, 5 4, 5 4, 5 4, 5 4, 5 6 6 6 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

184


and yields of SO-90% are achieved. The electrochemical technique stabilizes the V(I1) oxidation state directly without reduction via higher halides. Synthesis of CrBr, in this way has many advantages over the thermal route, which involves heating chromium in a stream of Br, ($2.9.2) at 850°C. The electrochemical method avoids the need for high T and yields a reactive product from which complexes of the type [CrL,]Br, can be obtained. Electrolytic oxidation of manganese in CH,OH-C,H,-Br, yield a precipitate thought to be MnBr,*2 MeOH; removal of the solvent was not attempted4. When CH,CN is used as the solvent oxidation forms MnBr,-CH,CN, which yields pink MnBr, when heated at 240°C. The FeCl,.CH,CN adduct forms at relatively low voltages by the oxidation of Fe wire in CH3CN-Cl, and yields FeCI, on heating at 220°C. The bromide is obtained analogously by decomposing FeBr,.2 CH,CN and the iodide by decomposing FeI, *CH,CN. Several factors are specific to these electrochemical oxidative reactions394.The product obtained contains the metal in a low oxidation state, e.g., V(II), Cr(III), Fe(II), despite the presence of free halogen. The electrochemical route yields a different product in some cases from the thermal combination of the elements (cf. VX, rather than VX,), and complexes of differing oxidation states are obtained depending upon the conditions [viz. Ti(II1) and Ti(IV), Cu(1) and Cu(II)]. Finally, the current efficiencies suggest that some chain reaction follows the initial electrochemical step. The proposed’s4 mechanism is : Cathode :

Anode: X;+M-MX+X.+eM+X*-MX then MX

+ X,-

MX,

+X

M+X-MX The chain process is given by steps (d) and (e) and the nature of the final product MX, depends on the specific interactions of M with the halide. (E.M. PAGE)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

J. J. Habeeb, L. Neilson, D. G. Tuck, Synth. React. Znorg. Met.-Org. Chem., 6, 105 (1979). J. J. Habeeb, D. J. Tuck, Znorg. Synth., 19, 123 (1979). D. J. Tuck, Pure Appl. Chem., 51,2005 (1979). J. J. Habeeb, L. Neilson, D. G. Tuck, Inorg. Chem., 17, 306 (1978). J. J. Habeeb, S. F. Said, D. G. Tuck, Can. J. Chem., 55, 3882 (1977). J. J. Habeeb, L. Neilson, D. G. Tuck, Can. J. Chem., 55, 2631 (1977).


2.9. Formation of the Halogen-Transition-Metal Bond 2.9.3. Synthesis of Metal Halides from the Metals 2.9.3.8. of Transition-Metal Halides by Oxidative Addition.

185

2.9.3.8. of Transition-Metal Halides by Oxidative Addltlon by Alkyl Halides. Insertion of highly reactive metal atoms into the carbon-halogen bond of an alkyl or aryl halide provides transition-metal halides directly from the metal. The technique prepares binary halides only of metals on the right side of the d block. The most common method of producing reactive metal atoms is the thermal vaporization of the metal under vacuum', with T of vaporization depending on the metal used. The metal atoms formed are allowed to react with the alkyl halide. Vaporization of the metal is done at a controlled rate (0.2-2.0 g h-I) by heating under vacuum (< Torr). The metal atoms then pass to the cooled walls of the vacuum chamber where they condense with the excess alkyl halide vapor. Temperature < - 100°C is needed to restrict the vapor pressure of the components to below Torr. With this technique Ni and Pd atoms insert into the R-X bond of a range of alkyl and aryl halides. The insertion product, RMX, decomposes on warming to yield the metal halide: - 196°C

M(g)+R-X-R-M-X-R+MX

(a)

J

\

coupling, redistribution or disproportionation

M

+ MX,

Yields of insertion products with Ni or Pd from such oxidative addition reactions' are low, even with a large xs of RX. Yields are highest with iodides and lowest with chlorides. Reduction of anhydrous metal halide with lithium in about 5% naphthalene, which acts as an electron carrier, also gives highly reactive metal powder^^,^. The reaCtion is carried out in a slurry of ethereal solvent, e.g., glyme or THF. The reaction, complete in - 20 h, yields finely divided black metal powders of Ni, Co and Fe that react readily with pentafluorphenylhalides. This technique is designed to prepare organometallic compounds, but transition-metal halides are formed as side products. Iron slurry has the greatest reactivity, reacting at 0°C: 2 Fe

+ 2 C,F,X

-

Fe(C,H,),

+ FeX,

(b)

where X = Br, I. Reaction at RT of a C o slurry and 1 equiv C,F,I is mildly exothermic and gives a blue-green solution of Co(C,F,), and CoI,. Similarly reaction of a Ni slurry obtained from Nix, (X = C1, Br, I) with C,F,I proceeds via formation of Ni(C,F,)I, which redistributes to Ni(C,F,), and NiI,. (E.M. PAGE)

1. P.L.Timms, T. W. Turney, Ado. Organomet. Chem., 15, 53 (1977). 2. K. J. Klabunde, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 14,287(1975). 3. A. V. Kavaliunas, R. D. Rieke, J. Am. Chem. SOC., 102, 5944 (1980). 4. A. V. Kavaliunas, A. Taylor, R. D. Rieke, OrganometaZZics, 2, 377 (1983).


186

2.9. Formation of the Halogen-Transition-Metal Bond 2.9.4. Synthesis of Metal Halides from Metal Oxides 2.9.4.1. by Halogenation.

2.9.4. Synthesis of Metal Halides from Metal Oxides 2.9.4.1 by Halogenation.

Direct halogenation of transition-metal oxides (Table 1) is widely applicable to the early transition metals of groups IVA and VA, which give binary halides; with groups VIA and VIIA, oxychlorides are obtained. In many cases the metal halide is formed along with the oxyhalide and if they cannot be separated the method is not useful for repairing pure halide. The amount of oxyhalide formed can be reduced if the metal oxide is mixed with charcoal or carbon black, e.g.: TiO,

+ 2 C + 2 C1,

-

TiCl,

+ 2 CO

(4

Reaction is carried out in a flow system and provide a useful route to the tetrahalides of group IVA (Table 1).Reaction T for preparing TiC1, and TiBr, can be reduced if the TiO, is finely ground and mixed with MnO,, which acts as a catalyst’. Reaction of V,O,-C mixtures and C1, at 800°C forms6 VCl,, but this is produced more conveniently by direct chlorination of the metal ($2.9.2)or VCl,. The action of C1, on Nb,O, and TaC1,-C mixtures, the original method7 of preparing NbCl, and TaCl,, is now seldom used because the product is heavily contaminated by oxychlorides8.For NbCl,, especially, the reaction between Nb,O, and C1, below 500°C gives mainly NbOCl,; even at T 1000°C a mixture of products is obtained. Although reaction of Ta,O,-C and C1, is less likely to give product containing oxychlorides, higher reaction T are required. Direct reaction between the group-VA metal and C1, provides a simpler method and a purer product ($2.9.2). TABLE1. SYNTHESIS OF METALHALIDES BY HALOGENATION OF METALOXIDES Product TiF, TiC1, TiBr, ZrF,, H F , ZrCl,, HfC1, ZrBr,, HfBr, VF, VCl, NbC1, TaCl, NbBr,, TaBr, CrF,, CrF, CrC1, MnF, ReI, NiF, NiCl, PtC1,

Oxide TiO, TiO, + C TiO, + C ZrO,, HfO, ZrO,, HfO, Mo, C

+ V,O, + C Nbz05 + C Ta,05 + C M,O, + C v2°5

CrO, CrO, + C MnO, ReO, NiO NiO + C PtO,

Halogen

T (“C) and conditions

350 400-600 450-650 700 700 200-475,bomb 800 > 500 > 700 700-860 170 800,flow system 100-150,flow system 350,sealed tube 375,flow system > 300 550

Refs.

1 2 2-4 1 2 2 5 6 7,8 7, 8 9 10,ll 12 13

14 15 16 17

2.9. Formation of the Halogen-Transition-Metal Bond 2.9.4. Synthesis of Metal Halides from Metal Oxides 2.9.4.2. and Hydrogen Halide.

187

Although reacting MnO, and F, reportedly yields MnF,, some MnF, is formed alsoi3 and a purer product can be obtained by fluorinating the difluoride. (E.M. PAGE)

1. H. M. Haendler, S. F. Bartram, R. S. Becker, W. J. Bernard, S. W. Bukatay, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 76, 2177 (1954). 2. G. Brauer, A Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 2, 2nd ed., Academic Press, New York, 1965. 3. R. C. Young, Inorg. Synth., 2, 114 (1946). 4. G. P. Baxter, A. Q.Butler, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 50,408 (1928). 5. A. Smalc, Monatsch, 98, 163 (1967). 6. H. Oppermann, Z . Anorg. ANg. Chem., 376, 2 (1962). 7. H. Rose, Pogg. Ann., 69, 115 (1846). 8. F. Fairbrother, Halogen Chemistry, Vol. 3, Academic Press, New York, 1967. 9. E. L. Wiseman, N. W. Gregory, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,71, 2344 (1949). 10. E. G. Hope, P. J. Jones, W. Levason, J. S. Ogden, M. Tajik, J. W. Turff, J. Chem. SOC.,Dalton Trans., 1443 (1985). 11. E. G. Hope, P. J. Jones, W. Levason, J. S. Ogden, M. Tajik, J. Chem. SOC.,Chem. Commun., 1355 (1984). 12. A. Vavoulis, T. E. Austin, S. Y. Tyree, Znorg. Synth., 6, 129 (1960). 13. E. E. Aynsley, R. D. Peacock, P. L. Robinson, J. Chem. SOC.,1622 (1950). 14. J. E. Fergusson, B. H. Robinson, W. R. Roper, J. Chem. SOC.,2113 (1962). 15. H. M. Haendler, W. L. Patterson, W. J. Bernard, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 74, 3167 (1952). 16. Ya. I. Ivashentsev, G . G. Bodunova, Tr. Tomskogo Gos. Univ., Ser. Khim., 154,63 (1962); Chem. Abstr., 60, 6466 (1964). 17. J. M. Lutton, R. W. Parry, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,76,4271 (1954).

2.9.4.2 and Hydrogen Halide.

Reaction of transition-metal oxides and anhyd HX gives the transition-metal halides shown in Table 1. The HX is passed over the heated oxide in a flow system; except in the preparation of MnCl,, which is carried out in anhyd EtOH at -63°C. The method yields’ black MnCl,, which is thermally unstable and decomposes above -40°C. TABLE1. SYNTHESIS OF METALHALIDESBY HYDROHALOGENATION REACTIONS Product MnC1, FeC1, FeF, FeBr, IrBr,

Oxide

HX


MnO, Fe,O, Fe,O,-C Fe,O, IrO,.H,O

HC1 HC1 HF HBr HBr

-63, anhyd EtOH 300-1000, flow system 950-1000,flow systm 200-325, flow system 440

~

Refs. 1 2 .3 4 5

Reaction between IrO,.H,O and HBr at 440°C is claimed to produce IrBr, as a red-brown graphite-like powder that decomposes to the monobromide, IrBr, at 485°C. However, there is no recent confirmation of this method5. (E.M. PAGE)


2.9. Formation of the Halogen-Transition-Metal Bond 2.9.4. Synthesis of Metal Halides from Metal Oxides 2.9.4.2. and Hydrogen Halide.

187

Although reacting MnO, and F, reportedly yields MnF,, some MnF, is formed alsoi3 and a purer product can be obtained by fluorinating the difluoride. (E.M. PAGE)

1. H. M. Haendler, S. F. Bartram, R. S. Becker, W. J. Bernard, S. W. Bukatay, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 76, 2177 (1954). 2. G. Brauer, A Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 2, 2nd ed., Academic Press, New York, 1965. 3. R. C. Young, Inorg. Synth., 2, 114 (1946). 4. G. P. Baxter, A. Q.Butler, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 50,408 (1928). 5. A. Smalc, Monatsch, 98, 163 (1967). 6. H. Oppermann, Z . Anorg. ANg. Chem., 376, 2 (1962). 7. H. Rose, Pogg. Ann., 69, 115 (1846). 8. F. Fairbrother, Halogen Chemistry, Vol. 3, Academic Press, New York, 1967. 9. E. L. Wiseman, N. W. Gregory, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,71, 2344 (1949). 10. E. G. Hope, P. J. Jones, W. Levason, J. S. Ogden, M. Tajik, J. W. Turff, J. Chem. SOC.,Dalton Trans., 1443 (1985). 11. E. G. Hope, P. J. Jones, W. Levason, J. S. Ogden, M. Tajik, J. Chem. SOC.,Chem. Commun., 1355 (1984). 12. A. Vavoulis, T. E. Austin, S. Y. Tyree, Znorg. Synth., 6, 129 (1960). 13. E. E. Aynsley, R. D. Peacock, P. L. Robinson, J. Chem. SOC.,1622 (1950). 14. J. E. Fergusson, B. H. Robinson, W. R. Roper, J. Chem. SOC.,2113 (1962). 15. H. M. Haendler, W. L. Patterson, W. J. Bernard, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 74, 3167 (1952). 16. Ya. I. Ivashentsev, G . G. Bodunova, Tr. Tomskogo Gos. Univ., Ser. Khim., 154,63 (1962); Chem. Abstr., 60, 6466 (1964). 17. J. M. Lutton, R. W. Parry, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,76,4271 (1954).

2.9.4.2 and Hydrogen Halide.

Reaction of transition-metal oxides and anhyd HX gives the transition-metal halides shown in Table 1. The HX is passed over the heated oxide in a flow system; except in the preparation of MnCl,, which is carried out in anhyd EtOH at -63°C. The method yields’ black MnCl,, which is thermally unstable and decomposes above -40°C. TABLE1. SYNTHESIS OF METALHALIDESBY HYDROHALOGENATION REACTIONS Product MnC1, FeC1, FeF, FeBr, IrBr,

Oxide

HX


MnO, Fe,O, Fe,O,-C Fe,O, IrO,.H,O

HC1 HC1 HF HBr HBr

-63, anhyd EtOH 300-1000, flow system 950-1000,flow systm 200-325, flow system 440

~

Refs. 1 2 .3 4 5

Reaction between IrO,.H,O and HBr at 440°C is claimed to produce IrBr, as a red-brown graphite-like powder that decomposes to the monobromide, IrBr, at 485°C. However, there is no recent confirmation of this method5. (E.M. PAGE)

188

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

2.9. Formation of the Halogen-Transition-Metal Bond 2.9.4. Synthesis of Metal Halides from Metal Oxides 2.9.4.3. and Hydrohalic Acid.

J. H. Krepelka, CON.Czech. Chem. Commun., 7, 105 (1935). H. Schafer, 2.Anorg. Allg. Chem., 259, 53 (1949). M. Kestigian, F. D. Leipzig, W. J. Croft, R. Guidoboni, Znorg. Chem., 5, 1462 (1966). J. D. Christian, N. W. Gregory, J. Phys. Chem., 71, 1583 (1967). F. Krauss, H. Gerlach, 2.Anorg. Allg. Chem., 147, 268 (1925).

2.9.4.3 and Hydrohallc Acld.

Treatment of transition-metal oxides with hydrohalic acids is of limited use because hydrated or hydrolyzed products form; e.g., V20, and H F form' VF,*H,O (Table 1). This can be dehydrated by treating with anhyd H F at 300"C, but the reaction is complex and rarely goes to completion. Pure anhyd VF, is better prepared by the thermal decomposition of ammonium hexafluorovanadate(II1) in an inert atmosphere. The ammonium hexafluorovanadate is formed by fusing V,O, with excess ammonium hydrogen fluroide at 250°C; the product then decomposes at T ca. 500-600°C lo. Many early reports of reactions of metal oxides of elements in the Ru, Os, Rh, Ir block with HX claim production of the metal halide. However, most of this work was carried out at the beginning of the 20th century and has not been confirmed by more recent techniques. Osmium diiodide, OsI,, is reported2 from the reduction of OsO,, with 50% HI solution. The black diiodide was obtained pure by treating the solution with EtOH to remove xs I. The monoiodide may be prepared' by prolonged treatment of OsO, with HI. Early reports3s4 on the reaction of RuO, and conc HCl claim the formation of hydrated ruthenium tetrachloride, RuCl,*5 H,O. However, more recent studies' have shown that the product is most likely to be ruthenium(1V)hydroxy chloride, Ru(0H) Cl,, or water-soluble ruthenium trichloride. Reaction of RuO, with HBr is claimed6 to yield RuBr,, but the product does not exhibit the properties of the RuBr, prepared by direct reaction between Ru and Br, ($2.9.2) and so is also likely an oxybromide. Although early work reports the formation of IrBr, via reacting the dioxide and HBr, it is likely that the aquated free acid is formed*. The reported preparation of IrI, from IrIO, and aq HI also is not confirmedg. (E.M. PAGE)

TABLE1. SYNTHESIS OF METALHALIDES FROM THE METAL OXIDE AND HYDROHALIC ACIDS Product

Oxide

VF3*3H,O OSI, OSI RuCl,.5 H,O Ru(OH)CI, RuBr, COCI, IrBr, IrI,

V,O, OsO, OsO, RuO, RuO, RuO, Co30, IrO, IrO,

Acid

Conditions

HF HI (55%)-EtOH; boil for 3 h HI (55%)-EtOH; boil for 48 h HC1 ConcHC1 ConcHBr Conc HC1 HBr (aq) HI (as)

Refs. 1 2 2 3,4 5 6 I 8 9


188

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

2.9. Formation of the Halogen-Transition-Metal Bond 2.9.4. Synthesis of Metal Halides from Metal Oxides 2.9.4.3. and Hydrohalic Acid.

J. H. Krepelka, CON.Czech. Chem. Commun., 7, 105 (1935). H. Schafer, 2.Anorg. Allg. Chem., 259, 53 (1949). M. Kestigian, F. D. Leipzig, W. J. Croft, R. Guidoboni, Znorg. Chem., 5, 1462 (1966). J. D. Christian, N. W. Gregory, J. Phys. Chem., 71, 1583 (1967). F. Krauss, H. Gerlach, 2.Anorg. Allg. Chem., 147, 268 (1925).

2.9.4.3 and Hydrohallc Acld.

Treatment of transition-metal oxides with hydrohalic acids is of limited use because hydrated or hydrolyzed products form; e.g., V20, and H F form' VF,*H,O (Table 1). This can be dehydrated by treating with anhyd H F at 300"C, but the reaction is complex and rarely goes to completion. Pure anhyd VF, is better prepared by the thermal decomposition of ammonium hexafluorovanadate(II1) in an inert atmosphere. The ammonium hexafluorovanadate is formed by fusing V,O, with excess ammonium hydrogen fluroide at 250°C; the product then decomposes at T ca. 500-600°C lo. Many early reports of reactions of metal oxides of elements in the Ru, Os, Rh, Ir block with HX claim production of the metal halide. However, most of this work was carried out at the beginning of the 20th century and has not been confirmed by more recent techniques. Osmium diiodide, OsI,, is reported2 from the reduction of OsO,, with 50% HI solution. The black diiodide was obtained pure by treating the solution with EtOH to remove xs I. The monoiodide may be prepared' by prolonged treatment of OsO, with HI. Early reports3s4 on the reaction of RuO, and conc HCl claim the formation of hydrated ruthenium tetrachloride, RuCl,*5 H,O. However, more recent studies' have shown that the product is most likely to be ruthenium(1V)hydroxy chloride, Ru(0H) Cl,, or water-soluble ruthenium trichloride. Reaction of RuO, with HBr is claimed6 to yield RuBr,, but the product does not exhibit the properties of the RuBr, prepared by direct reaction between Ru and Br, ($2.9.2) and so is also likely an oxybromide. Although early work reports the formation of IrBr, via reacting the dioxide and HBr, it is likely that the aquated free acid is formed*. The reported preparation of IrI, from IrIO, and aq HI also is not confirmedg. (E.M. PAGE)

TABLE1. SYNTHESIS OF METALHALIDES FROM THE METAL OXIDE AND HYDROHALIC ACIDS Product

Oxide

VF3*3H,O OSI, OSI RuCl,.5 H,O Ru(OH)CI, RuBr, COCI, IrBr, IrI,

V,O, OsO, OsO, RuO, RuO, RuO, Co30, IrO, IrO,

Acid

Conditions

HF HI (55%)-EtOH; boil for 3 h HI (55%)-EtOH; boil for 48 h HC1 ConcHC1 ConcHBr Conc HC1 HBr (aq) HI (as)

Refs. 1 2 2 3,4 5 6 I 8 9

189

2.9. Formation of the Halogen-Transition-Metal Bond 2.9.4. Synthesis of Metal Halides from Metal Oxides 2.9.4.5. by Chlorination by Thionyl Chloride. 1. 2. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

J. R. Long, H. A. Wilhelm, AEC Report No. ISC-244, 1951 pp. 32-35. B. J. Sturm, C. W. Sheridan, Inorg. Synth., 7,87 (1963). J. E. Fergusson, B. H. Robinson, W. R. Roper, J. Chem. SOC.,2113 (1962). 0. Ruff, E. Vidic, 2.Anorg. Allg. Chem., 136, 49 (1924). H. Remy, A. Luhrs, Berichte, 61, 917 (1928). G. Brauer, A Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 2,2nd ed. Academic Press, New York, (1965) p. 1597. F. Krauss, H. Kukenthal, 2. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 137, 32 (1954). J. W. Mellor, A Comprehensive Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, Vol. 12, Longmans, London, 1932. C. Birnhaum, Ann., 133, 161 (1865). F. Krauss, H. Gerlach, 2. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 147, 268 (1925).

2.9.4.4. by Fluorination by interhalogens.

Fluorination of transition-metal oxides by interhalogens is of restricted use in preparing metal halides (Table 1).The more reactive halogen fluorides, ClF,, BrF, and IF,, react' with anhyd MOO, or WO, to give the metal hexafluoride, MF,. At 350°C in a bomb, the hexafluorides can also be obtained' from the trioxides and SF,. TABLE1. SYNTHESIS OF METALHALIDES BY FLUORINATION BY INTERHALOGENS Product WF6

MoF, MoF,,WF, NiF,

Oxide

Interhalogen

WO, MOO, MO, NiO,

BrF,, ClF,, IF, BrF,, CIF,, IF, SF, ClF,

Conditions

Refs. 1

Bomb, 350°C Flow system, 200°C

1 2 3

(E.M PAGE)

1. N. S. Nikolaev, V. F. Sukhoverkhov, Bull. Znst. Politeh Iasi [NS], 3, 61 (1957); cited in J. H. Canterford, R. Colton, Halides of the Second and Third Row Transition Metals, John Wiley, New York, 1968. 2. A. L. Oppegard, W. C. Smith, E. L. Muetterties, V. A. Engelhardt, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,82, 2835 (1960). 3. R. L. Farrar, H. A. Smith, J. Phys. Chem., 59, 763 (1955).

2.9.4.5 by Chlorination by Thionyl Chloride.

Heating thionyl chloride and S,Cl, chlorinates transition-metal oxides together in a bomb with care or under reflux (Table 1). Reaction occurs between VO, powder and SOCl, at 200°C in a bomb tube3b4:

v,o, + 3 soc1,-

2 VCl,

+ 3 so,

(4 Unreacted SOCl, is removed by vacuum distillation. Great care must be exercised on opening the tube as the reaction proceeds with the formation of SO,.


189





MoF, MoF,,WF, NiF,

Oxide

Interhalogen

WO, MOO, MO, NiO,


Conditions

Refs. 1


1 2 3

(E.M PAGE)




v,o, + 3 soc1,-

2 VCl,

+ 3 so,

(4

Unreacted SOCl, is removed by vacuum distillation. Great care must be exercised on opening the tube as the reaction proceeds with the formation of SO,.


189





MoF, MoF,,WF, NiF,

Oxide

Interhalogen

WO, MOO, MO, NiO,


Conditions

Refs. 1


1 2 3

(E.M PAGE)




v,o, + 3 soc1,-

2 VCl,

+ 3 so,

(4

Unreacted SOCl, is removed by vacuum distillation. Great care must be exercised on opening the tube as the reaction proceeds with the formation of SO,.

190

2.9. Formation of the Halogen-Transition-Metal Bond 2.9.4. Synthesis of Metal Halides from Metal Oxides 2.9.4.5. by Chlorination by Thionyl Chloride. TABLE1. SYNTHESIS OF METALHALIDES BY CHLORINATION BY THIONYL CHLORIDE

Product ZrC1, HfCl,

vc1, vc1, vc1,

NbC1, NbC1, NbCl, TaC1, TaC1, CrC1, CrCl, MoF, ReCl, osc1,

Metal ZrO, HfO, VO,

+C

+C

v2°3 v2°5

Oxide Chlorinating agent S,C12, PCl, S,C12, Pel,

soc1, SOCl, s2c12

Nb2OS

soc1, soc1,

Nb205

SOCl,

Ta205

soc1,

Nb205

Ta20, CrO, CrO, MOO, ReO,

oso,

Conditions

soc1, SOCl, S2C12 SF, SOCI,

sc1,

Refs. 1

Reflux Bomb, 24 h, 200°C Reflux, 8 h Reflux Flow system, 100-150°C Sealed tube, 3 h at 200°C Sealed tube, 6 h at 230-240°C Flow system, > 150°C Reflux Reflux Bomb, 350°C Reflux

1 2 3, 4 3, 5 6, 7 2 3, 4, 8 3, 4, 8 2 9 9, 10 11 12 13

An alternative route to VCl, is the reaction between V,O, powder and S,Cl, under re flu^,'^. Here, production of SO, is not a problem but the product must be throroughly

washed by continuous recycling extraction with CS,, to remove impurities of sulfur and S,Cl,, and then vacuum heated; despite extended purification the VCl, produced cannot be completely freed from sulfur. Niobium and Ta pentachlorides can be prepared by treating the pentoxide (obtained from the precipitated hydrated oxide) with SOCl,. The reaction can be carried out either in a bomb tube at elevated T4s6,8,or under r e f l ~ x ~The , ~ .latter method does not generate high Pso2.One of the simplest methods to niobium pentachloride is reacting niobium hydroxide and thionyl chloride at RT. The hydroxide dissolves completely in O, F230, c1,:0, Br,:O, Br,:O, Br,:O, Cl,:O, F,:O, Br,, 0,

~~~

~~~~

Ratio 3:l 3:1 3:1 1:l Trace 0, 6:1 2:1 8:1 2:1

T ("C)

Ref.

300-150 250-300 300 250-300 250-300 400 400

4 4 4,5 6 6 1 1

7 7 2

1). The halogen-oxygen ratio must be controlled to ensure that the desired product is obtained, e.g., for the oxobromides of tungsten(V1) a 6 :1 Br, to 0, ratio produces mainly WOBr,, whereas a 2: 1 ratio yields WO,Br, as the major product'. Similar reactions with 0,-C1, mixtures over Mo and W yield MOCl, (M = M o or W), but these species are more easily prepared by the chlorination of the trioxides MO, (M = M o or W). The reaction of metallic Re with Br, in the presence of traces of air produces a blue compound previously thought to be ReO,Br, '. However, later studies show it to be ReOBr, which is best prepared by the bromination of ReO, at 150"C3. (E.M. PAGE, D.A. RICE)

1. R. Colton, I. B. Tomkins, Aust. J. Chem., 21, 1975 (1968). 2. H. Hagen, A. Sieverts, 2. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 215, 111 (1933). 3. R. Colton, J. Chem. SOC.,2078 (1962). 4. G.H. Cady, G. B. Hargreaves, W . Heller, J. Chem. Soc., 1568 (1961). 5. E.E. Aynsley, R. D. Peacock, P. L. Robinson, J. Chem. Soc., 1622 (1950). 6. R. Colton, I. B. Tomkins, Aust. J. Chem., 18, 447 (1965). 7. M. A. Hepworth, P. L. Robinson, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 4, 24 (1957).

2.9.11.3. by Reaction of the Metal with Halogen-Metal Oxlde Mixtures. The metal-0, ratio in the preparation of oxohalides is most easily controlled by taking a mixture of the metal and one of its oxides. Halogenation of such mixtures leads to the oxohalides, but with F, and C1, flowing over the heated metal-metal oxide mixture it is difficult to determine the exact stoichiometry of the reactants. Accordingly, the most successful experiments are those with Br, and I, where the halogen and metal-metal oxide powder are sealed into a glass tube and heated to high T. Examples are given in Table 1. It is necessary in these experiments to control the temperature gradient to avoid an initial high halogen vapor pressure that could lead to an explosion. Thus to prepare WO,Br, a temperature gradient of 400 to 40°C is employed initially, with the Br, being held at the cooler T for ca. 30 min. After this time the whole tube can be gradually warmed to ensure complete reaction'. In producing oxobromides temperatures are chosen such that an equilibrium is set up, and the desired product is the only


2.9. Formation of the Halogen-Transition-Metal Bond 2.9.11. Synthesis of Metal Oxohalides from the Metals 2.9.11.3. by Reaction of the Metal with Halogen-Metal Oxide Mixtures. TABLE1. FORMATION OF OXYHALIDES WITH

BY

REACTIONOF

THE

213

METAL

HALOGEN/~XYGEN MIXTURES ~

Product

Metal

MoOF, WOF, ReOF, MoO,CI, MoO,Br, WOBr, WO,Br,

Mo W Re

osoc1,

Mo Mo

W W 0 s

OsO,F,

0s

ReOBr,O

Re

~

Gases F,,O, F,>O, F230, c1,:0, Br,:O, Br,:O, Br,:O, Cl,:O, F,:O, Br,, 0,

~~~

~~~~

Ratio 3:l 3:1 3:1 1:l Trace 0, 6:1 2:1 8:1 2:1

T ("C)

Ref.

300-150 250-300 300 250-300 250-300 400 400

4 4 4,5 6 6 1 1

7 7 2

1). The halogen-oxygen ratio must be controlled to ensure that the desired product is obtained, e.g., for the oxobromides of tungsten(V1) a 6 :1 Br, to 0, ratio produces mainly WOBr,, whereas a 2: 1 ratio yields WO,Br, as the major product'. Similar reactions with 0,-C1, mixtures over Mo and W yield MOCl, (M = M o or W), but these species are more easily prepared by the chlorination of the trioxides MO, (M = M o or W). The reaction of metallic Re with Br, in the presence of traces of air produces a blue compound previously thought to be ReO,Br, '. However, later studies show it to be ReOBr, which is best prepared by the bromination of ReO, at 150"C3. (E.M. PAGE, D.A. RICE)

1. R. Colton, I. B. Tomkins, Aust. J. Chem., 21, 1975 (1968). 2. H. Hagen, A. Sieverts, 2. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 215, 111 (1933). 3. R. Colton, J. Chem. SOC.,2078 (1962). 4. G.H. Cady, G. B. Hargreaves, W . Heller, J. Chem. Soc., 1568 (1961). 5. E.E. Aynsley, R. D. Peacock, P. L. Robinson, J. Chem. Soc., 1622 (1950). 6. R. Colton, I. B. Tomkins, Aust. J. Chem., 18, 447 (1965). 7. M. A. Hepworth, P. L. Robinson, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 4, 24 (1957).

2.9.11.3. by Reaction of the Metal with Halogen-Metal Oxlde Mixtures. The metal-0, ratio in the preparation of oxohalides is most easily controlled by taking a mixture of the metal and one of its oxides. Halogenation of such mixtures leads to the oxohalides, but with F, and C1, flowing over the heated metal-metal oxide mixture it is difficult to determine the exact stoichiometry of the reactants. Accordingly, the most successful experiments are those with Br, and I, where the halogen and metal-metal oxide powder are sealed into a glass tube and heated to high T. Examples are given in Table 1. It is necessary in these experiments to control the temperature gradient to avoid an initial high halogen vapor pressure that could lead to an explosion. Thus to prepare WO,Br, a temperature gradient of 400 to 40°C is employed initially, with the Br, being held at the cooler T for ca. 30 min. After this time the whole tube can be gradually warmed to ensure complete reaction'. In producing oxobromides temperatures are chosen such that an equilibrium is set up, and the desired product is the only

2.9. Formation of the Halogen-Transition-Metal Bond 2.9.11. Synthesis of Metal Oxohalides from the Metals 2.9.1 1.4. by Reaction of Metal with Metal Oxide-Metal Halide Mixtures.

214

TABLE1. FORMATION OF OXYHALIDES METALOXIDE

BY

REACTIONOF

THE

METALWITH HALOGEN

AND

~~~

Product WO,Br, WOBr, WOBr, WOBr, WO,I, W0,I NbOI, NbOI, a

Reactants

+

+

W 2 WO, 3 Br, 2 W WO, + 6 Br, 2 W + WO, + 4.5 Br, 2 W WO, 3 Br, W 2 WO, + 3 I, W + 2 WO, + 1.5 I, 3 Nb + 7.5 I, + Nb,O, 3 Nb + I, + Nb,O,

+

+ +

+

T ("C)

Time (h)

450-325" 425-250" 450-350" 580-450" 800-3Wb 720-200b 500-450b 400-27Sb

5 15 30 100 70 4 24 48

Yield (%) 96 98

60

Ref. 1 1 1, 2 1, 3 1, 4 5 6, 7 6, 7

Initial temperature gradient of 400-40°C. Initial temperature gradient of 100-25°C.

solid species formed under the reaction conditions and thus sublimes to the cooler zone. This point is illustrated by the preparation of WOBr,:

4W

+ 2 WO, + 9 Br,-6

WOBr,

(a)

Reaction takes place via the formation of a mixture of bromides and oxobromides that are in equilibrium WOBr,(g)

+ WBr,(g) CWOBr,(s) + WBr,(g)

(b)

Thus the WOBr, is removed by deposition and the reaction proceeds to the right. By variation of the W:WO, ratio in W-W0,-Br, experiments either WO,Br, or WOBr, can be obtained, while by varying the W:Br, ratio W(VI), (V) or (IV) species can be obtained (Table l)'-,. (EM. PAGE, D.A. RICE)

1. J. Tillack, Znorg. Synth., 14, 109 (1968). 2. J. Tillack, R. Kaiser, Angew. Chem., Znt. Ed. Engl., 7, 294 (1968). 3. J. Tillack, R. Kaiser, Angew. Chem., Znt. Ed. Engl., 8, 142 (1969). 4. J. Tillack, P. Eckerlin, Angew. Chem., Znt. Ed. Engl., 5, 421 (1966). 5. J. Tillack, Z . Anorg. Allg. Chem., 357, 11 (1968). 6. H. Schafer, R. Gerkin, 2. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 317, 105 (1962). 7. H. Schafer, R. Gerkin, L. Zylka, 2. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 534, 609 (1986).

2.9.11.4. by Reaction of the Metal with Metal Oxide-Metal Halide Mixtures. Oxohalides can be prepared by heating a mixture consisting of the metal, one of its oxides and one of its halides. This method is particularly advantageous for oxochlorides where the metal-metal oxide-chlorine ratios (see 52.9.11.3) are difficult to control. Table 1 lists oxochlorides prepared by this route, together with the necessary reaction conditions. The reactants are usually held in evacuated, sealed quartz tubes at a suitable temperature. For NbOC1, C1, is passed over Nb metal, forming NbCl,, which is in turn carried by chemical transport over a Nb-Nb,O, mixture at 350-370°C Small crystals of NbOCl, are deposited at 350°C, the position of the equilibrium:

'.

NbOCl,(g)

+ NbCl,(g)

Being governed by deposition of the NbC1,O.

NbOCl,(s)

+ NbCl,(g)

(a)

Inorganic Reactions and Methods, Volume4 Edited by J.J. Zuckerman, A.P. Hagen Copyright 0 1991 by VCH Publishers, Inc. 2.9. Formation of the Halogen-Transition-Metal Bond 2.9.11. Synthesis of Metal Oxohalides from the Metals 2.9.1 1.4. by Reaction of Metal with Metal Oxide-Metal Halide Mixtures.

214

TABLE1. FORMATION OF OXYHALIDES METALOXIDE

BY

REACTIONOF

THE

METALWITH HALOGEN

AND

~~~

Product WO,Br, WOBr, WOBr, WOBr, WO,I, W0,I NbOI, NbOI, a

Reactants

+

+

W 2 WO, 3 Br, 2 W WO, + 6 Br, 2 W + WO, + 4.5 Br, 2 W WO, 3 Br, W 2 WO, + 3 I, W + 2 WO, + 1.5 I, 3 Nb + 7.5 I, + Nb,O, 3 Nb + I, + Nb,O,

+

+ +

+

T ("C)

Time (h)

450-325" 425-250" 450-350" 580-450" 800-3Wb 720-200b 500-450b 400-27Sb

5 15 30 100 70 4 24 48

Yield (%) 96 98

60

Ref. 1 1 1, 2 1, 3 1, 4 5 6, 7 6, 7

Initial temperature gradient of 400-40°C. Initial temperature gradient of 100-25°C.

solid species formed under the reaction conditions and thus sublimes to the cooler zone. This point is illustrated by the preparation of WOBr,:

4W

+ 2 WO, + 9 Br,-6

WOBr,

(a)

Reaction takes place via the formation of a mixture of bromides and oxobromides that are in equilibrium WOBr,(g)

+ WBr,(g) CWOBr,(s) + WBr,(g)

(b)

Thus the WOBr, is removed by deposition and the reaction proceeds to the right. By variation of the W:WO, ratio in W-W0,-Br, experiments either WO,Br, or WOBr, can be obtained, while by varying the W:Br, ratio W(VI), (V) or (IV) species can be obtained (Table l)'-,. (EM. PAGE, D.A. RICE)

1. J. Tillack, Znorg. Synth., 14, 109 (1968). 2. J. Tillack, R. Kaiser, Angew. Chem., Znt. Ed. Engl., 7, 294 (1968). 3. J. Tillack, R. Kaiser, Angew. Chem., Znt. Ed. Engl., 8, 142 (1969). 4. J. Tillack, P. Eckerlin, Angew. Chem., Znt. Ed. Engl., 5, 421 (1966). 5. J. Tillack, Z . Anorg. Allg. Chem., 357, 11 (1968). 6. H. Schafer, R. Gerkin, 2. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 317, 105 (1962). 7. H. Schafer, R. Gerkin, L. Zylka, 2. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 534, 609 (1986).

2.9.11.4. by Reaction of the Metal with Metal Oxide-Metal Halide Mixtures. Oxohalides can be prepared by heating a mixture consisting of the metal, one of its oxides and one of its halides. This method is particularly advantageous for oxochlorides where the metal-metal oxide-chlorine ratios (see 52.9.11.3) are difficult to control. Table 1 lists oxochlorides prepared by this route, together with the necessary reaction conditions. The reactants are usually held in evacuated, sealed quartz tubes at a suitable temperature. For NbOC1, C1, is passed over Nb metal, forming NbCl,, which is in turn carried by chemical transport over a Nb-Nb,O, mixture at 350-370°C Small crystals of NbOCl, are deposited at 350°C, the position of the equilibrium:

'.

NbOCl,(g)

+ NbCl,(g)

Being governed by deposition of the NbC1,O.

NbOCl,(s)

+ NbCl,(g)

(a)

2.9. Formation of the Halogen-Transition-Metal Bond 2.9.12. Synthesis of Metal Oxohalides from Metal Oxides 2.9.'12.1. by Metal Oxide-Halogen Reactions. TABLE1. FORMATION OF OXYHALIDES BY REACTIONOF WITH METALOXIDE AND METALHALIDE MIXTURES Product

Reactants

WOC1,

+ 3 WC16 Nb + 2 NbC1, + NbZO, Ta + 2 TaCl, + Ta,O, 2 Ta + 8 TaC1, + 5 SiO,

woc1,

NbOC1, TaOCl, TaOC1,

W + 2 WO,

w + wo, + WC1,

THE

METAL

T ("C)

Time

Ref.

450-230 450-250 370-350 500-400 550-450

40 h

2 2 1, 3 1, 3 1,3

9d 4d

215

(EM. PAGE, D.A. RICE)

1. H. Schafer, E. Sibbing, R. Gerkin, 2.Anorg. Allg. Chem., 307, 163 (1961). 2. J . Tillack, Znorg. Synth., 14, 109 (1968). 3. H. Schafer, R. Gerkin, L. Zylka, 2. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 534, 609 (1986).

2.9.12. Synthesis of Metal Oxohalides from Metal Oxides The use of metal oxide rather than metal powders obviates the problem of obtaining pure metal powders, which often contain oxides, and the metal oxide powders are cheaper. Numerous halogen-containing species as well as the pure halogens have been employed to halogenate oxides, so only the most useful are discussed here. (E.M. PAGE, D.A. RICE)

2.9.12.1. by Metal Oxide-Halogen Reactions.

Table 1 lists the metal oxohalides prepared by direct halogenation of the oxide. All the oxohalides listed contain the metal in its maximum oxidation state. Interesting aspects of this route are illustrated by the preparation of VOX, (X = F, C1 or Br). The reaction of V,O, with F, at 475°C yields VF,O as a pale yellow solid, which must be resublimed to remove impurities'. The oxochloride and oxobromide are prepared from V,05 by first reducing the pentoxide to V,O, with hydrogen at 500"C, followed by the reaction of V,O,-C mixtures with the halogen: V,O3+3X,+C-2VOX,+CO

(a)

Thus in this process the oxidation state of the vanadium is unchanged while the halogen is reduced and the carbon oxidized. The V,O,-C mixtures used to produce VOBr, can be obtained by heating V,O,-sucrose mixtures until carbonization is complete. The resulting powder is then reduced by H, at 500°C. From this reduced product VOBr, can be obtained by bromination'. The species VOX, (X = C1 or Br) obtained by the halogenation of V,O,-C powders must be distilled to remove an excess of halogen and vanadium halides. In early preparations of VOCl,, VCl, was removed by addition of sodium and distilling the VOCl,. This process is dangerous, and the last few cm3 of VOCI, should not be distilled because of the risk of explosion3. In contrast to the halogenation by C1, or Br, of Nb,O,-C mixtures, which leads to the isolation of NbOX, (X = C1 or Br)4, the analogous reactions intended to yield

Inorganic Reactions and Methods, Volume4 Edited by J.J. Zuckerman, A.P. Hagen Copyright 0 1991 by VCH Publishers, Inc. 2.9. Formation of the Halogen-Transition-Metal Bond 2.9.12. Synthesis of Metal Oxohalides from Metal Oxides 2.9.'12.1. by Metal Oxide-Halogen Reactions. TABLE1. FORMATION OF OXYHALIDES BY REACTIONOF WITH METALOXIDE AND METALHALIDE MIXTURES Product

Reactants

WOC1,

+ 3 WC16 Nb + 2 NbC1, + NbZO, Ta + 2 TaCl, + Ta,O, 2 Ta + 8 TaC1, + 5 SiO,

woc1,

NbOC1, TaOCl, TaOC1,

W + 2 WO,

w + wo, + WC1,

THE

METAL

T ("C)

Time

Ref.

450-230 450-250 370-350 500-400 550-450

40 h

2 2 1, 3 1, 3 1,3

9d 4d

215

(EM. PAGE, D.A. RICE)

1. H. Schafer, E. Sibbing, R. Gerkin, 2.Anorg. Allg. Chem., 307, 163 (1961). 2. J . Tillack, Znorg. Synth., 14, 109 (1968). 3. H. Schafer, R. Gerkin, L. Zylka, 2. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 534, 609 (1986).

2.9.12. Synthesis of Metal Oxohalides from Metal Oxides The use of metal oxide rather than metal powders obviates the problem of obtaining pure metal powders, which often contain oxides, and the metal oxide powders are cheaper. Numerous halogen-containing species as well as the pure halogens have been employed to halogenate oxides, so only the most useful are discussed here. (E.M. PAGE, D.A. RICE)

2.9.12.1. by Metal Oxide-Halogen Reactions.

Table 1 lists the metal oxohalides prepared by direct halogenation of the oxide. All the oxohalides listed contain the metal in its maximum oxidation state. Interesting aspects of this route are illustrated by the preparation of VOX, (X = F, C1 or Br). The reaction of V,O, with F, at 475°C yields VF,O as a pale yellow solid, which must be resublimed to remove impurities'. The oxochloride and oxobromide are prepared from V,05 by first reducing the pentoxide to V,O, with hydrogen at 500"C, followed by the reaction of V,O,-C mixtures with the halogen: V,O3+3X,+C-2VOX,+CO

(a)

Thus in this process the oxidation state of the vanadium is unchanged while the halogen is reduced and the carbon oxidized. The V,O,-C mixtures used to produce VOBr, can be obtained by heating V,O,-sucrose mixtures until carbonization is complete. The resulting powder is then reduced by H, at 500°C. From this reduced product VOBr, can be obtained by bromination'. The species VOX, (X = C1 or Br) obtained by the halogenation of V,O,-C powders must be distilled to remove an excess of halogen and vanadium halides. In early preparations of VOCl,, VCl, was removed by addition of sodium and distilling the VOCl,. This process is dangerous, and the last few cm3 of VOCI, should not be distilled because of the risk of explosion3. In contrast to the halogenation by C1, or Br, of Nb,O,-C mixtures, which leads to the isolation of NbOX, (X = C1 or Br)4, the analogous reactions intended to yield

216

2.9. Formation of the Halogen-Transition-Metal Bond 2.9.12. Synthesis of Metal Oxohalides from Metal Oxides 2.9.12.1. by Metal Oxide-Halogen Reactions.

TABLE1. FORMATION OF OXYHALIDES BY HALOGENATION OF THE METAL OXIDE Product

Oxide

Halogen

T (“C)

Time (h)

Yield (%)

VOF, VOCI, VOBr, NbOC1, NbOBr, CrO,F, CrOF, MoO,CI,

wo,c1, wo,c1, WOCl, Te0,F TcOC1, TcOBr, ReOF,, ReO,F, Re0,CI ReOBr,

v205

F2

v2°3

c 1 2

32’‘

Br,, N, C1, Br,, N,

Nb20,-C Nb,O,-C CrO, CrO, MOO, WO,

wo3-c wo,

TcO, TcO, TcO, ReO, ReO, ReO,

475 500-600 200 500 540 150

F2

71

41

F2 c 1 2

c12 (32

C1, in CCl, F2

c 1 2

Br, F2, N2 c 1 2

Br,-N,

650 500 600 200 150 200 300-350

3 56 4-5

160- 190 150

70

Ref. 1 2, 3, 10 2, 2, 11, 12 4 4 5 5, 21 13, 14 15 16 17 6, I 18 18 8, 9 19 20

TaOX, (X = C1 or Br) are unsuccessful, although bromination of Ta,O, yields small amounts of TaOBr,. Direct halogenation of group-VIA metal oxides is not commonly used for the preparation of oxohalides. An exception is the fluorination of CrO, in Ni vessels, which by control of the reaction conditions can be made to yield CrO,F, and CrOF,’. Better yields of CrOF, have been obtained from Cr0,-F, mixtures held at 140°C and 40 atm. Reaction of WO, with C1, in the presence of CCI, in a sealed tube at 200°C yields WOCl,: WO,

+ C1, + 2 CCl,

-

WOCl,

+ 2 COCl,

(el

but simpler methods are available for the preparation of this oxochloride. Phosgene is produced in this reaction, and high pressures may be generated in the sealed tube. Differences in reactivity between the 4d and 5d transition elements as seen with Nb and Ta are also observed between Tc and Re; e.g., while fluorination of TcO, produces Tc0,F 6 , 7 , similar reactions with ReO, give ReOF, and ReO,F, mixturess9g. (E.M. PAGE, D.A. RICE)

1. H. M. Haendler, S. F. Bartram, R. S. Becker, W. J. Bernard, S. W. Bukata, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 76, 2177 (1954). 2. W. Prandtl, B. Bleyer, Z . Anorg. Allg. Chem., 65, 153 (1909). 3. F. E. Brown, F. A. Griffitts, Znorg. Synth., 1, 106 (1939). 4. F. Fairbrother, A. H. Cowley, N. Scott, J. Less-Common Met., I, 206 (1959). 5. A. J. Edwards, W. E. Falconer, W. A. Sunder, J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 541 (1974). 6. H. Selig, J. G. Malm., J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 25, 349 (1963). 7. J. Binenboym, U. El-Gad, H. Selig, Znorg. Chem., 13, 319 (1974).

2.9. Formation of the Halogen-Transition-Metal Bond 2.9.12. Synthesis of Metal Oxohalides from Metal Oxides 2.9.12.2. by Reaction of Metal Oxides with Hydrogen Halides.

217

8. G. H. Cady, G. B. Hargreaves, W. Heller, J. Chem. SOC., 1568 (1961). 1622 (1950). 9. E. E. Aynsley, R. D. Peacock, P. L. Robinson, J. Chem. SOC., 10. V. H. Opperman, Z . Anorg. Allg. Chem., 351, 113 (1967). 11. D. Nicholls, K. R. Seddon, J. Chem. SOC.,Dalton Trans., 2747 (1973). 12. F. A. Millar, W. K. Baar, Spectrochim. Acta, 17, 112 (1961). 13. R. Wasmuht, Angew. Chem., 43, 101 (1930). 14. H. M. Newmann, N. C. Cook, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,3026 (1957). 15. A. V. Komandin, D. N. Tarasenkov, J. Gen. Chem., USSR, (Engl. Transl.), 10, 1333 (1940). 16. K. Funaki, K. Uchimura, Denki Kagaku, 30, 35 (1962); Chem. Abstr, 62, 87203 (1965). 17. G. Brauer, Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, Academic Press, Vol. 2,2nd ed., New York, 1965, p. 1425. 18. R. Colton, I. B. Tomkins, Aust. J. Chem., 21, 1981 (1968). 19. C. J. Woolf, A. F. Clifford, W. H. Johnston, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,4257 (1957). 20. R. Colton, J. Chem. Soc., 2078 (1962). 21. E. G. Hope, P. J. Jones, W. Levason, J. S . Ogden, M. Tajik, J. W. TurfS, J. Chem. SOC.,Dalton Trans., 529 (1985).

2.9.1 2.2. by Reaction of Metal Oxides with Hydrogen Halldes.

The reaction of metal oxides with hydrogen halides proceeds as in this chromium example: CrO,

+ 2 HF

-

CrF,O,

+ H,O

To prevent hydrolysis of the products the reactions are carried out either in the presence of drying agents or in a large flow of dry hydrogen halide. Typical reactions are listed in Table 1, e.g., those to form the CrO,X, (X = F, C1 or Br) species. The chloride, CrO,Cl,, is prepared using a mixture of conc HC1-H,SO,, and the product is formed as a hydrolyzable, red fuming liquid that must be distilled in vacuo to remove traces of HCl The bromide, CrO,Br,, is prepared by hydrobromination of Cr0,-P,O,-CC1, mixtures and purified by vacuum distillation at - 135°C '. The CrO,X, species are powerful oxidizing agents and should be handled with extreme care. The chemically inert WF,O is produced in attempts to prepare WF, by heating WO, with anhyd H F at 500-600°C '. '9'.

TABLE1. FORMATION OF OXYHALIDES BY REACTIONS OF METAL OXIDESWITH HYDROGEN HALIDES Product

Oxide

Hydrogen halidea

CrO,F, CrO,Cl, CrO,Br, WOF, Re0,F Nb0,F Ta0,F

CrO, CrO, CrO, WO, Re,O, Nb,O, Ta,O,

HF" Conc HCl-H,SO, HBr" HFa HFa HFb HFb

a

Anhydrous hydrogen halides must be employed. 48% aq HF is required.

T ("C)

Ref.

25 0 -20 500-600

6 1, 2 3

250 250

4 5

7 7


2.9. Formation of the Halogen-Transition-Metal Bond 2.9.12. Synthesis of Metal Oxohalides from Metal Oxides 2.9.12.2. by Reaction of Metal Oxides with Hydrogen Halides.

217

8. G. H. Cady, G. B. Hargreaves, W. Heller, J. Chem. SOC., 1568 (1961). 1622 (1950). 9. E. E. Aynsley, R. D. Peacock, P. L. Robinson, J. Chem. SOC., 10. V. H. Opperman, Z . Anorg. Allg. Chem., 351, 113 (1967). 11. D. Nicholls, K. R. Seddon, J. Chem. SOC.,Dalton Trans., 2747 (1973). 12. F. A. Millar, W. K. Baar, Spectrochim. Acta, 17, 112 (1961). 13. R. Wasmuht, Angew. Chem., 43, 101 (1930). 14. H. M. Newmann, N. C. Cook, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,3026 (1957). 15. A. V. Komandin, D. N. Tarasenkov, J. Gen. Chem., USSR, (Engl. Transl.), 10, 1333 (1940). 16. K. Funaki, K. Uchimura, Denki Kagaku, 30, 35 (1962); Chem. Abstr, 62, 87203 (1965). 17. G. Brauer, Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, Academic Press, Vol. 2,2nd ed., New York, 1965, p. 1425. 18. R. Colton, I. B. Tomkins, Aust. J. Chem., 21, 1981 (1968). 19. C. J. Woolf, A. F. Clifford, W. H. Johnston, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,4257 (1957). 20. R. Colton, J. Chem. Soc., 2078 (1962). 21. E. G. Hope, P. J. Jones, W. Levason, J. S . Ogden, M. Tajik, J. W. TurfS, J. Chem. SOC.,Dalton Trans., 529 (1985).

2.9.1 2.2. by Reaction of Metal Oxides with Hydrogen Halldes.

The reaction of metal oxides with hydrogen halides proceeds as in this chromium example: CrO,

+ 2 HF

-

CrF,O,

+ H,O

To prevent hydrolysis of the products the reactions are carried out either in the presence of drying agents or in a large flow of dry hydrogen halide. Typical reactions are listed in Table 1, e.g., those to form the CrO,X, (X = F, C1 or Br) species. The chloride, CrO,Cl,, is prepared using a mixture of conc HC1-H,SO,, and the product is formed as a hydrolyzable, red fuming liquid that must be distilled in vacuo to remove traces of HCl The bromide, CrO,Br,, is prepared by hydrobromination of Cr0,-P,O,-CC1, mixtures and purified by vacuum distillation at - 135°C '. The CrO,X, species are powerful oxidizing agents and should be handled with extreme care. The chemically inert WF,O is produced in attempts to prepare WF, by heating WO, with anhyd H F at 500-600°C '. '9'.

TABLE1. FORMATION OF OXYHALIDES BY REACTIONS OF METAL OXIDESWITH HYDROGEN HALIDES Product

Oxide

Hydrogen halidea

CrO,F, CrO,Cl, CrO,Br, WOF, Re0,F Nb0,F Ta0,F

CrO, CrO, CrO, WO, Re,O, Nb,O, Ta,O,

HF" Conc HCl-H,SO, HBr" HFa HFa HFb HFb

a

Anhydrous hydrogen halides must be employed. 48% aq HF is required.

T ("C)

Ref.

25 0 -20 500-600

6 1, 2 3

250 250

4 5

7 7

218

2.9. Formalion of the Halogen-Transition-Metal Bond 2.9.12. Synthesis of Metal Oxohalides from Metal Oxides 2.9.12.3. by Fluorination by lnterhalogens and Other Nonmetal Fluorides

Treatment of Nb,O, or Ta,O, with 48% aq H F yields NbFO, and TaFO,, respectively.The resulting solutions are evaporated and heated at 250°C to remove H,O and xs HF. Table 1 lists the preparation of ReO,F, but it is best prepared by other routes5. (E.M. PAGE, D.A. RICE)

1. G. Brauer, Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, Academic Press, Vol. 2, 2nd ed., New York, 1965, p. 1425. 2. H. H. Sisler, Inorg. Synth., 2, 205 (1946). 3. H. L. Krauss, K. Stark, Z . Naturforsch., Teil B, 17, 1 (1962). 4. H. F. Preist, W. C. Schumb, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,70, 3379 (1948). 5. H. Selig, U. El-Gad, J. Znorg. Nucl. Chem., 35, 3517 (1973). 6. A. Engelbrecht, A. V. Grosse, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,74, 5262 (1952). 7. L. K. Frevel, H. W. Rinn, Acta Crystallogr., 9, 626 (1956).

2.9.12.3. by Fluorination by lnterhalogens and Other Nonmetal Fluorides Some fluorointerhalogens react more readily than F, with metal oxides to yield oxofluorides. The oxofluoride CrO,F,, is prepared by fluorination of the trioxide CrO,, using a whole range of fluorinating agents, listed in Table 1. From this it can be seen that two interhalogens, IF, and ClF, are among the best fluorinating agents. However, Table 2 reveals that the reactions of IF, with oxides other than CrO, are not straightforward, there being no replacement of oxygen with the compounds MOO, and WO, while with V,O, an adduct 2 VOF,.3 IOF, is formed'. However, reaction of IF, with KMO, (M = Mn or Re) leads to the formation of MO,F (M = Mn or Re ,) and these volatile oxofluorides are distilled out of the reaction mixture and trapped at low temperature. The bromo analogs BrF, and BrF, are useful fluorinating agents (see Table 2). Although reaction of OsO, with BrF, yields OsO,F, reaction with RuO, leads to the isolation of RuF, '. The reactions of BrF, and BrF, with the Cr(V1) species K0,Cr and CrO, yield Cr(V) products, the oxide yielding 4 CrOF,.L (L = BrF, or BrF, according to fluorinating agent), while with [CrO,]-, 4 KCrOF,-BrF, and KCrOF, are obtained' (from BrF,).

TABLE1. PREPARATIONS OF CrO,F, BY REACTION OF CrO, WITH FLUORINATING AGENTS Fluorinating agent IF, CIF COF CoF,

SF,

SeF,

T ("C)

Time (h)

Yield (%)

100 0 185 450

12 12

100 100

5

40

62

Ref. 1 6 6

7 8 9


218

2.9. Formalion of the Halogen-Transition-Metal Bond 2.9.12. Synthesis of Metal Oxohalides from Metal Oxides 2.9.12.3. by Fluorination by lnterhalogens and Other Nonmetal Fluorides

Treatment of Nb,O, or Ta,O, with 48% aq H F yields NbFO, and TaFO,, respectively.The resulting solutions are evaporated and heated at 250°C to remove H,O and xs HF. Table 1 lists the preparation of ReO,F, but it is best prepared by other routes5. (E.M. PAGE, D.A. RICE)

1. G. Brauer, Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, Academic Press, Vol. 2, 2nd ed., New York, 1965, p. 1425. 2. H. H. Sisler, Inorg. Synth., 2, 205 (1946). 3. H. L. Krauss, K. Stark, Z . Naturforsch., Teil B, 17, 1 (1962). 4. H. F. Preist, W. C. Schumb, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,70, 3379 (1948). 5. H. Selig, U. El-Gad, J. Znorg. Nucl. Chem., 35, 3517 (1973). 6. A. Engelbrecht, A. V. Grosse, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,74, 5262 (1952). 7. L. K. Frevel, H. W. Rinn, Acta Crystallogr., 9, 626 (1956).

2.9.12.3. by Fluorination by lnterhalogens and Other Nonmetal Fluorides Some fluorointerhalogens react more readily than F, with metal oxides to yield oxofluorides. The oxofluoride CrO,F,, is prepared by fluorination of the trioxide CrO,, using a whole range of fluorinating agents, listed in Table 1. From this it can be seen that two interhalogens, IF, and ClF, are among the best fluorinating agents. However, Table 2 reveals that the reactions of IF, with oxides other than CrO, are not straightforward, there being no replacement of oxygen with the compounds MOO, and WO, while with V,O, an adduct 2 VOF,.3 IOF, is formed'. However, reaction of IF, with KMO, (M = Mn or Re) leads to the formation of MO,F (M = Mn or Re ,) and these volatile oxofluorides are distilled out of the reaction mixture and trapped at low temperature. The bromo analogs BrF, and BrF, are useful fluorinating agents (see Table 2). Although reaction of OsO, with BrF, yields OsO,F, reaction with RuO, leads to the isolation of RuF, '. The reactions of BrF, and BrF, with the Cr(V1) species K0,Cr and CrO, yield Cr(V) products, the oxide yielding 4 CrOF,.L (L = BrF, or BrF, according to fluorinating agent), while with [CrO,]-, 4 KCrOF,-BrF, and KCrOF, are obtained' (from BrF,).

TABLE1. PREPARATIONS OF CrO,F, BY REACTION OF CrO, WITH FLUORINATING AGENTS Fluorinating agent IF, CIF COF CoF,

SF,

SeF,

T ("C)

Time (h)

Yield (%)

100 0 185 450

12 12

100 100

5

40

62

Ref. 1 6 6

7 8 9

2.9. Formation of the Halogen-Transition-Metal Bond 2.9.12. Synthesis of Metal Oxohalides from Metal Oxides 2.9.12.4. the Reaction of Metal Oxides with Halocarbons

219

TABLE 2. FORMATION OF OXY HALIDESBY REACTIONSOF INTERHALOGENS COMPOUNDS WITH METALOXIDES Product CrO,F, 2 Mo0,.3 IF, W0,.2 IF, 2 VOF3*3IOF, Mn0,F Re0,F CrO,F, CrO,F, CrOF,0.3 CIF, CrO,F, CrOF,*0.25 BrF, CrOF,.0.25 BrF, CrOF, K[CrOF,]*0.25 BrF, KCCrOF,] Os0,F RuF,.BrF, CrO,F, CrO,F, MoO,F,.SeF, SeF,*WOF, SeOF,. WOF,

Oxide

Interhal.

CrO, MOO, WO, v205

KMnO, KReO, CrO, CrO, CrO, CrO, CrO, CrO, CrO, KCrO, KCrO,

oso,

RuO, CrO, CrO, MOO,

wo, WO,

t

,

IF5 IF5 IF5 IF, IF5 IF5 CIF COF, CIF, CoF, BrF, BrF, BrF,, then F, BrF, BrF, BrF, BrF,, BrF, SF,-N, SeF, SeF, . 3 SeF, 2 SeF,

T ("C)

Time (h)

AND

RELATED

Yield (%)

Ref.

100

1 1 1

> 40

2 3 6 6 5 7 5 5 10 5 5 4 4 8 9 9 9 9

1

97 0 185 120

12 12

100 100

450

25 25 120

24

100 5 40 50

62

(E.M. PAGE, D.A. RICE)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

E. E. Aynsley, R. Nichols, P. L. Robinson, J. Chem. SOC., 623 (1953). E. E. Aynsley, J. Chem. SOC.,2425 (1958). E. E. Aynsley, M. L. Hair, J. Chem. SOC.,3747 (1958). M. A. Hepworth, P. L. Robinson, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 4, 24 (1957). H. C. Clark, Y. N. Sadana, Can. J. Chem., 42,702 (1964). P. J. Green, G. L. Gard, Inorg. Chem., 16, 1243 (1977). G. D. Flesh, J. H. Svec, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,80, 3189 (1958). H. L. Krauss, F. Schwartzbach, Chem. Ber., 94, 1205 (1961). N. Bartlett, P. L. Robinson, J. Chem. SOC., 3549 (1961). Dalton E. G. Hope, P. J. Jones, W. Levason, J. S. Ogden, M. Tajik, J. W. Turff, J. Chem. SOC., Trans., 2445 (1984).

2.9.12.4. the Reaction of Metal Oxides with Halocarbons Halocarbons can be used to produce oxohalides from oxides. It is sometimes necessary to control the metal oxide-halocarbon ratio to prevent total halogenation of the oxide and the halocarbons must be of the perhalo type, i.e., with no carbon-hydrogen bonds. Most frequently used are CCI, and CBr, and the reactions are carried out in steel

Inorganic Reactions and Methods, Volume4 Edited by J.J. Zuckerman, A.P. Hagen Copyright 0 1991 by VCH Publishers, Inc. 2.9. Formation of the Halogen-Transition-Metal Bond 2.9.12. Synthesis of Metal Oxohalides from Metal Oxides 2.9.12.4. the Reaction of Metal Oxides with Halocarbons

219

TABLE 2. FORMATION OF OXY HALIDESBY REACTIONSOF INTERHALOGENS COMPOUNDS WITH METALOXIDES Product CrO,F, 2 Mo0,.3 IF, W0,.2 IF, 2 VOF3*3IOF, Mn0,F Re0,F CrO,F, CrO,F, CrOF,0.3 CIF, CrO,F, CrOF,*0.25 BrF, CrOF,.0.25 BrF, CrOF, K[CrOF,]*0.25 BrF, KCCrOF,] Os0,F RuF,.BrF, CrO,F, CrO,F, MoO,F,.SeF, SeF,*WOF, SeOF,. WOF,

Oxide

Interhal.

CrO, MOO, WO, v205

KMnO, KReO, CrO, CrO, CrO, CrO, CrO, CrO, CrO, KCrO, KCrO,

oso,

RuO, CrO, CrO, MOO,

wo, WO,

t

,

IF5 IF5 IF5 IF, IF5 IF5 CIF COF, CIF, CoF, BrF, BrF, BrF,, then F, BrF, BrF, BrF, BrF,, BrF, SF,-N, SeF, SeF, . 3 SeF, 2 SeF,

T ("C)

Time (h)

AND

RELATED

Yield (%)

Ref.

100

1 1 1

> 40

2 3 6 6 5 7 5 5 10 5 5 4 4 8 9 9 9 9

1

97 0 185 120

12 12

100 100

450

25 25 120

24

100 5 40 50

62


1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

E. E. Aynsley, R. Nichols, P. L. Robinson, J. Chem. SOC., 623 (1953). E. E. Aynsley, J. Chem. SOC.,2425 (1958). E. E. Aynsley, M. L. Hair, J. Chem. SOC.,3747 (1958). M. A. Hepworth, P. L. Robinson, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 4, 24 (1957). H. C. Clark, Y. N. Sadana, Can. J. Chem., 42,702 (1964). P. J. Green, G. L. Gard, Inorg. Chem., 16, 1243 (1977). G. D. Flesh, J. H. Svec, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,80, 3189 (1958). H. L. Krauss, F. Schwartzbach, Chem. Ber., 94, 1205 (1961). N. Bartlett, P. L. Robinson, J. Chem. SOC., 3549 (1961). Dalton E. G. Hope, P. J. Jones, W. Levason, J. S. Ogden, M. Tajik, J. W. Turff, J. Chem. SOC., Trans., 2445 (1984).

2.9.12.4. the Reaction of Metal Oxides with Halocarbons Halocarbons can be used to produce oxohalides from oxides. It is sometimes necessary to control the metal oxide-halocarbon ratio to prevent total halogenation of the oxide and the halocarbons must be of the perhalo type, i.e., with no carbon-hydrogen bonds. Most frequently used are CCI, and CBr, and the reactions are carried out in steel

2.9. Formation of the Halogen-Transition-Metal Bond 2.9.12. Synthesis of Metal Oxohalides from Metal Oxides 2.9.12.4. the Reaction of Metal Oxides with Halocarbons

220

TABLE1. FORMATION OF OXYHALIDES BY REACTION OF OXIDES WITH HALOCARBONS ~

Product Cr02F, NbOC1, NbOBr, TaOBr, Mo0,C12 WO,Cl,

woc1,

WO,CI, WOBr, WO,Br, VOCI, MoOCI,

woc1,

WOCI,

Oxide

Halocarbon COF,

cc1,

CBr, CBr, CC1,-0, CCl,-O, CCl,

cc1, CBr, CBr, ocpb OCP OCP hcp"

~

~~~

T ("C)

Time (h)

185 200 200 > 200 550 370 250 300-320 200 200

9

Reflux Reflux Reflux Reflux

24 24

1

Yield (%)

100

Low

100 100 100

1 3-4 24 24 5 1

80 80 91 88

t

2 2

Ref. 1, 7 2 2 3 3 4 4 8" 8

5 5 5, 6 5

In this reaction xs CBr, produced mainly WOBr, and xs WO, produced WO,Br, ocp = octachlorocyclopentane. hcp = hexachloropentadiene.

bombs at high temperatures and under pressure. The reactions proceed with formation of COF,, COCI, and COBr,, care must be taken in opening up the reaction vessel. In Table 1 is a list of oxohalides that can be prepared from halocarbons. The reactions of Nb,O, and Ta,O, with CCI, are contrasting','. The former readily yields NbOCl,, but care has to be taken to prevent the formation of NbCl,; with Ta,O,, however, the yield of TaOCl, is low. This could be caused by the decomposition of the oxohalide to give TaCl, and Ta0,Cl. The complex nature of this type of halogenation is illustrated by the W0,-CCl, reaction where a mixture of WO,Cl,, WOCI,, WCl, and WCl, is easily obtained, although with careful control of the stoichiometry WOCI, or WO,CL, can be obtained3*,. The best method of obtaining pure W02Cl, from CCl, is by heating the oxide in a rapid stream of CCI, vapor and 0,.A similar procedure produces MoO,Cl, The chlorocarbons octachlorocyclopentene and hexachloropentadiene can be used under reflux conditions with oxides to produce oxohalides. The conditions for the reaction of these halocarbons obviate the need for bomb technique^^.^.

'.


1. 0. Ruff, F. Thomas, 2.Anorg. Allg. Chem., 156, 213 (1926). 2. M. Chaigneau, C.R. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci., 248, 3173 (1959). 3. F. Zado, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 25, 1115 (1963). 4. E. R. Epperson, H. Frye, Inorg. Nucl. Chem. Lett., 2, 223 (1966). 5. A. B. Bardawil, F. N. Collier, S. Y. Tyree, J. Less-Common Met., 9, 20 (1965). 6. S. E. Feil, S.Y. Tyree, F. N. Collier, Inorg. Synth., 9, 123 (1963). 7. D. E. Sands, A. Zalkin, R. F. Elson, Acta. Crystallogr., 12, 21 (1959). 8. M. Pourand, M. Chaigneau, C.R. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci., 249, 2568 (1959). 9. G. L. Gard, Inorg. Synth., 24, 67 (1986).


2.9. Formation of the Halogen-Transition-Metal Bond 2.9.12. Synthesis of Metal Oxohalides from Metal Oxides 2.9.12.5.by Reaction of Oxides with SOCI, and Nonmetal Chlorides ~~~~

221

~

2.9.12.5. by Reaction of Oxldes with SOCI, and Other Nonmetal Chlorides

Thionyl chloride's action as both a dehydrating and chlorinating agent makes it suitable for converting certain metal oxides to metal oxochlorides. The side product, SO,, is easily removed leaving a pure oxochloride (see Table 1). TABLE1. FORMATION OF OXYHALIDES BY REACTIONOF METAL OXIDES AND OTHER NONMETAL CHLORIDES

Oxide

Product

voc1,

v2°5

NbOC1,

Nb205

woc1,

MoOC1, CrOC1, MoOC1, MoO,Br, NbOBr, CrO,C1,

voc1,

VOBr, WOBr, Mn0,F Mn0,CI MnOC1, MnO,Cl,

osoc1,

w o , , wo, MOO, CrO, MOO, MOO, Nb205

CrO, v2°5 v2°5

wo3

KMnO, KMnO, KMnO, KMnO,

oso,

Halide

soc1, soc1, soc1, SOCI, SOC1, s2c12

BBr, BBr, AICI, AIC1, BBr, BBr, HSO,F HS0,CI HS0,Cl HSO,Cl-H,S04-SO, BCI,

T ("C) Reflux 200 200 Reflux 0 120- 140

25 400 120- 160 130-160 -60 -60 0

0

WITH

soc1,

Time

Ref.

6-8 h 3h 6h 30 min 8d 6-7 h

1 1, 12 1, 12 2 3 4 5 5 7 8 6 6 9 9 9 9 14

4h 3h

15 min 25

Vanadium pentoxide' and MOO, react smoothly with refluxing SOCI, to yield VOC1, and MoOCI,, respectively. Heating thionyl chloride with Nb,O, (1:3 mol ratio) or WO, (1:4 mol ratio) in a high-pressure bomb yields NbOCI, and WOCl,.SOCl,, respectively'. Boiling a mixture of MOO, and S,CI, yields initially a mixture of MoO,CI,, MoOCI,, MoOCl, and MoCl,. If the mixture is boiled until no further SO, or SC1, is given off, MoOCI, is the major product, and it can be separated from the other species by vacuum sublimation4. Among the other nonmetal halogens used to partially halogenate metal oxides is BBr, With WO,BBr, gives WOBr,, while with MOO,, MoO,Br, is formed. The increased stability of the highest oxidation state on going down group VA is reflected in the products of the BBr,-M,O, reaction. Thus with M = V, VOBr, is formed and with M = Nb, the product is NbOBr,5,6. The oxochlorides CrO,Cl, and VOCl, are prepared by reacting the appropriate oxides with AlCl, 7*8. Manganese oxohalides are prepared by treating potassium permanganate with halogenosulfonic acids. However, these reactions are dangerous as the oxohalides and the acids form potentially explosive mixtures'. A specialized route to a whole range of oxohalides of group VIA is the heating of the metal trioxides with alkali halides. The oxohalides sublime from the reaction mixture' 's6.

'9''.


222

2.9. Formation of the Halogen-Transition-Metal Bond 2.9.12. Synthesis of Metal Oxohalides from Metal Oxides 2.9.12.6. by the interaction of a Metal Oxide with Its Halide. ~

~~

H. Hecht, G. Jander, H. Schlapmann, 2. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 254, 255 (1947). R. Colton, I. B. Tomkins, P. W. Wilson, Aust. J. Chem., 17,496 (1964). H. L. Krauss, M. Leder, G. Munster, Chem. Ber., 96, 3008 (1963). I. A. Glukov, S. S. Eliseev, Russ. J. Inorg. Chem., 12, 1721 (1967). P. M. Druce, M. F. Lappert, J. Chem. SOC.,A, 3585 (1971). M. F. Lappert, B. Prokai, J. Chem. SOC.,A , 129 (1967). G. D. Flesch, J. H. Svec, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,80, 3189 (1958). R. B. Johannesen, Inorg. Synth., 6, 119 (1960). T. S. Briggs, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 30, 2866 (1968). B. G . Ward, F. E. Stafford, Inorg. Chem., 7, 2569 (1968). D. L. Singleton, F. E. Stafford, Inorg. Chem., 11, 1208 (1972). G. Brauer, Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, Academic Press, Vol. 2,2nd ed., New York, 1962, p. 1425. 13. A. J. Nielson, Inorg. Synth., 23, 195 (1985). 14. W. Levason, J. S. Ogden, A. J. Rest, J. W. Turff, J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 1877 (1982).

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

2.9.12.6. by the Interaction of a Metal Oxide with Its Halide.

The thermal combination of a metal oxide with its halide is an important method for the preparation of metal oxohalides, e.g., for a metal in oxidation state four:

MO,

+ MX,

2 MX,O

(a)

The decomposition or sublimation temperature of the oxide or halide must be lower than the reaction temperature. When the oxidation state is the same in oxide and halide there is only one product. The oxohalides prepared by this route are listed in Table 1.The range of compounds produced is enormous, from layer compounds such as FeOCl ',', CrOCl to compounds that readily volatize giving molecular species such as WOCl, '. Time and temperature conditions are given in Table 1. The reactions are carried out in sealed quartz tubes, the product collecting in the coolest zone. TABLE1. FORMATION OF METALOXY HALIDES BY OXIDE WITH ITSHALIDES Product TiOCl VOCl, VOCl NbOC1, TaOC1, CrOCl MoOC1, Mo0,CI WOCl, WO,Cl, ReOCI, ReOCl, ReOCI, ReOCI, Re0,Cl FeOCl CrO,F,

Reaction mixture TiO,

+ 2 TiC1,

v,o, + 3 VCI, + VCI,O

+

VCl, V,O, Nb,O, + NbCl, (xs) Ta,O, + 3 TaCl, Cr,O, + CrCl, MOO, + 2 MoC1, MOO, + MoCI, (or MoC1,) wo, 2 WCI, 2 wo, + WCI, ReO, + 3 ReCl, Re,O, + ReCI, ReO, + ReCl, ReO, + ReC1,O ReO, + ReC1,O Fe,O, + FeQ, CrO, + MoF, (or WF,)

+

THE

INTERACTION OF A METAL

T ("C)

Time

550-650 600 650-750 210-350 600-1000 840-1040 300-350

12 h 4-5 d 1-2 d

175-200 275-350 180 70 400 120-280

10 h

5d 72 h

300-350 125

12 h

Yield (%)

6d

12 h

98 98

Ref. 7 8-10 10, 11 12, 19 5, 6, 19 3 13, 14 20 4 4 15 16 17 17 21 1, 2 18


2.9. Formation of the Halogen-Transition-Metal Bond 2.9.12. Synthesis of Metal Oxohalides from Metal Oxides 2.9.12.6. by the interaction of a Metal Oxide with Its Halide. ~

~~

H. Hecht, G. Jander, H. Schlapmann, 2. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 254, 255 (1947). R. Colton, I. B. Tomkins, P. W. Wilson, Aust. J. Chem., 17,496 (1964). H. L. Krauss, M. Leder, G. Munster, Chem. Ber., 96, 3008 (1963). I. A. Glukov, S. S. Eliseev, Russ. J. Inorg. Chem., 12, 1721 (1967). P. M. Druce, M. F. Lappert, J. Chem. SOC.,A, 3585 (1971). M. F. Lappert, B. Prokai, J. Chem. SOC.,A , 129 (1967). G. D. Flesch, J. H. Svec, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,80, 3189 (1958). R. B. Johannesen, Inorg. Synth., 6, 119 (1960). T. S. Briggs, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 30, 2866 (1968). B. G . Ward, F. E. Stafford, Inorg. Chem., 7, 2569 (1968). D. L. Singleton, F. E. Stafford, Inorg. Chem., 11, 1208 (1972). G. Brauer, Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, Academic Press, Vol. 2,2nd ed., New York, 1962, p. 1425. 13. A. J. Nielson, Inorg. Synth., 23, 195 (1985). 14. W. Levason, J. S. Ogden, A. J. Rest, J. W. Turff, J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 1877 (1982).

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

2.9.12.6. by the Interaction of a Metal Oxide with Its Halide.

The thermal combination of a metal oxide with its halide is an important method for the preparation of metal oxohalides, e.g., for a metal in oxidation state four:

MO,

+ MX,

2 MX,O

(a)

The decomposition or sublimation temperature of the oxide or halide must be lower than the reaction temperature. When the oxidation state is the same in oxide and halide there is only one product. The oxohalides prepared by this route are listed in Table 1.The range of compounds produced is enormous, from layer compounds such as FeOCl ',', CrOCl to compounds that readily volatize giving molecular species such as WOCl, '. Time and temperature conditions are given in Table 1. The reactions are carried out in sealed quartz tubes, the product collecting in the coolest zone. TABLE1. FORMATION OF METALOXY HALIDES BY OXIDE WITH ITSHALIDES Product TiOCl VOCl, VOCl NbOC1, TaOC1, CrOCl MoOC1, Mo0,CI WOCl, WO,Cl, ReOCI, ReOCl, ReOCI, ReOCI, Re0,Cl FeOCl CrO,F,

Reaction mixture TiO,

+ 2 TiC1,

v,o, + 3 VCI, + VCI,O

+

VCl, V,O, Nb,O, + NbCl, (xs) Ta,O, + 3 TaCl, Cr,O, + CrCl, MOO, + 2 MoC1, MOO, + MoCI, (or MoC1,) wo, 2 WCI, 2 wo, + WCI, ReO, + 3 ReCl, Re,O, + ReCI, ReO, + ReCl, ReO, + ReC1,O ReO, + ReC1,O Fe,O, + FeQ, CrO, + MoF, (or WF,)

+

THE

INTERACTION OF A METAL

T ("C)

Time

550-650 600 650-750 210-350 600-1000 840-1040 300-350

12 h 4-5 d 1-2 d

175-200 275-350 180 70 400 120-280

10 h

5d 72 h

300-350 125

12 h

Yield (%)

6d

12 h

98 98

Ref. 7 8-10 10, 11 12, 19 5, 6, 19 3 13, 14 20 4 4 15 16 17 17 21 1, 2 18

2.9. Formation of the Halogen-Transition-Metal Bond 2.9.12. Synthesis of Metal Oxohalides from Metal Oxides 2.9.12.7. by the Use of Group-IVb and -Vb Oxides with Halides

223

The complexity of these reactions is illustrated by the synthesis of TaOCl, from Ta,O, and TaC1,596.Although gaseous TaOCl, is readily formed above 500"C, on cooling the compound disproportionates, reverting to starting materials6. The use of metal oxides and halides having the metal in differing oxidation states is also employed. In these reactions two products are often formed, and so it is helpful if they differ in their volatility, thus allowing ready separation by vacuum sublimation, e.g., in the reaction of TiO, and TiCl, where the volatile halide, TiCl,, is distilled from the reaction mixture': TiO,

+ TiCl, W TiOCl + TiC1,

(h)

An excess of TiCl, is used, and this is removed by treating the TiOCl-TiCl, mixture with DMF, in which the halide is soluble. A more complex product mixture (ReOCl,, ReO,CI, Re,Cl, and ReOCl,) is obtained from ReO, and ReCl,. If ReOCl, is the desired product, the volatile oxohalides ReOCl, and Re0,Cl are distilled from the reaction mixture, followed by extraction with CH,CN, which removes the Re,Cl,. (E.M. PAGE, D.A. RICE)

H. Schafer-Stahl, R. Abele, Angew. Chem., 19, 477 (1980). P. Palvadeau, L. Coic, J. Rouxel, J. Portier, Mater. Res. Bull., 13, 221 (1978). H. Schafer, F. Wartenpfuhl, Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 308, 282 (1961). J. Tillack, Inorg. Synth., 14, 109 (1968). W. A. Jenkins, C. M. Cook Jr., J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 11, 163 (1959). H. Schafer, E. Sibbing, 2. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 305, 341 (1960). V. H. Schafer, F. Wartenpfuhl, E. Weise, Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 295, 268 (1958). H. Funk, W. Weiss, 2. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 295, 327 (1958). H. Oppermann, 2. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 351, 113 (1967). G. Brauer, Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, Academic Press, Vol. 2,2nd ed., New York, 1965, p. 1425. 11. J. P. Venien, P. Palvadeau, D. Schleich, J. Rouxel, Mater. Res. Bull., 14, 891 (1979). 12. H. Schafer, F. Kahlenberg, 2. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 305, 327 (1960). 13. P. C. Crouch, G. W. A. Fowles, I. B. Tomkins, R. A. Walton, J. Chem. SOC.,A, 2412 (1969). 14. H. Schafer, J. Tillack, J. Less-Common Met., 6, 152 (1964). 15. I. A. Glukov, S. S. Eliseev, N. A. Elmanova, Russ. J. Inorg. Chem., 5, 416 (1970). 16. A. Brukl, K. Ziegler, Chem. Ber., 65, 916 (1932). 17. P. W. Frais, H. E. Howard-Lock, C. J. L. Lock, Can. J. Chem., 51, 828 (1973). 18. H. Selig, U. El-Gad, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 35, 3517 (1973). 19. H. Schafer, R. Gerken, L. Zalka, Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 534,609 (1986). 20. S. S. Eliseer, L. E. Malyshera, E. E. Voghdaera, Zh. Neorg. Khim., 30,296 (1985); Chem. Abstr., 102, 124,449 (1985). 21. S. S. Eliseer, N. A. El'manova, USSR Pat. Su 1,169,943; Chem. Abstr., 103, 180,326n (1985). 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

2.9.12.7. by the Use of Group-IVb and -Vb Oxides with Transition-Metal Halides

This route provides a simple, low-T preparative technique that can be carried out either in sealed glass tubes or in the presence of a solvent such as CS, . The usefulness of this technique is illustrated by the preparation of TaOCl,. As stated in $2.9.12.6, TaOCl, can be prepared from Ta,O,-TaC1, mixtures, disproportionation occurs but at the T necessary to promote reaction. However, by the reaction of TaCl, in a stream of C1, with Sb,O, at 18O-25O0C, TaOCl, can be obtained': 3 TaCl,

+ Sb,O,

-

3 TaOCl,

+ 2 SbCl,

(9

Inorganic Reactions and Methods, Volume4 Edited by J.J. Zuckerman, A.P. Hagen Copyright 0 1991 by VCH Publishers, Inc. 2.9. Formation of the Halogen-Transition-Metal Bond 2.9.12. Synthesis of Metal Oxohalides from Metal Oxides 2.9.12.7. by the Use of Group-IVb and -Vb Oxides with Halides

223

The complexity of these reactions is illustrated by the synthesis of TaOCl, from Ta,O, and TaC1,596.Although gaseous TaOCl, is readily formed above 500"C, on cooling the compound disproportionates, reverting to starting materials6. The use of metal oxides and halides having the metal in differing oxidation states is also employed. In these reactions two products are often formed, and so it is helpful if they differ in their volatility, thus allowing ready separation by vacuum sublimation, e.g., in the reaction of TiO, and TiCl, where the volatile halide, TiCl,, is distilled from the reaction mixture': TiO,

+ TiCl, W TiOCl + TiC1,

(h)

An excess of TiCl, is used, and this is removed by treating the TiOCl-TiCl, mixture with DMF, in which the halide is soluble. A more complex product mixture (ReOCl,, ReO,CI, Re,Cl, and ReOCl,) is obtained from ReO, and ReCl,. If ReOCl, is the desired product, the volatile oxohalides ReOCl, and Re0,Cl are distilled from the reaction mixture, followed by extraction with CH,CN, which removes the Re,Cl,. (E.M. PAGE, D.A. RICE)

H. Schafer-Stahl, R. Abele, Angew. Chem., 19, 477 (1980). P. Palvadeau, L. Coic, J. Rouxel, J. Portier, Mater. Res. Bull., 13, 221 (1978). H. Schafer, F. Wartenpfuhl, Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 308, 282 (1961). J. Tillack, Inorg. Synth., 14, 109 (1968). W. A. Jenkins, C. M. Cook Jr., J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 11, 163 (1959). H. Schafer, E. Sibbing, 2. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 305, 341 (1960). V. H. Schafer, F. Wartenpfuhl, E. Weise, Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 295, 268 (1958). H. Funk, W. Weiss, 2. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 295, 327 (1958). H. Oppermann, 2. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 351, 113 (1967). G. Brauer, Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, Academic Press, Vol. 2,2nd ed., New York, 1965, p. 1425. 11. J. P. Venien, P. Palvadeau, D. Schleich, J. Rouxel, Mater. Res. Bull., 14, 891 (1979). 12. H. Schafer, F. Kahlenberg, 2. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 305, 327 (1960). 13. P. C. Crouch, G. W. A. Fowles, I. B. Tomkins, R. A. Walton, J. Chem. SOC.,A, 2412 (1969). 14. H. Schafer, J. Tillack, J. Less-Common Met., 6, 152 (1964). 15. I. A. Glukov, S. S. Eliseev, N. A. Elmanova, Russ. J. Inorg. Chem., 5, 416 (1970). 16. A. Brukl, K. Ziegler, Chem. Ber., 65, 916 (1932). 17. P. W. Frais, H. E. Howard-Lock, C. J. L. Lock, Can. J. Chem., 51, 828 (1973). 18. H. Selig, U. El-Gad, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 35, 3517 (1973). 19. H. Schafer, R. Gerken, L. Zalka, Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 534,609 (1986). 20. S. S. Eliseer, L. E. Malyshera, E. E. Voghdaera, Zh. Neorg. Khim., 30,296 (1985); Chem. Abstr., 102, 124,449 (1985). 21. S. S. Eliseer, N. A. El'manova, USSR Pat. Su 1,169,943; Chem. Abstr., 103, 180,326n (1985). 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

2.9.12.7. by the Use of Group-IVb and -Vb Oxides with Transition-Metal Halides

This route provides a simple, low-T preparative technique that can be carried out either in sealed glass tubes or in the presence of a solvent such as CS, . The usefulness of this technique is illustrated by the preparation of TaOCl,. As stated in $2.9.12.6, TaOCl, can be prepared from Ta,O,-TaC1, mixtures, disproportionation occurs but at the T necessary to promote reaction. However, by the reaction of TaCl, in a stream of C1, with Sb,O, at 18O-25O0C, TaOCl, can be obtained': 3 TaCl,

+ Sb,O,

-

3 TaOCl,

+ 2 SbCl,

(9

224

2.9. Formation of the Halogen-Transition-Metal Bond 2.9.13. Synthesis of Complex Halo Anions of Metal Oxohalides TABLE1. FORMATION OF O X Y HALIDESBY THE REACTIONOF GROUP-VBOXIDES WITH TRANSITION-METAL HALIDES Product TiOCl,

voc1, woc1, WOCl WOBr, MoOC1,

woc1, WOBr,

wo,c1,

Reactants TiCI, + M,O, (M = As, Sb or Bi) VC1,O As,O, WC1, + Sb,O,, As,O, WCI, + Sb,O, WBr, Sb,O, MoC1, Sb,O, WCl, Sb,O, WBr, Sb,O, WC1,O + Sb,O,

T ("C)

+

+ + + +

100 250 25

50

Ref. 2 3 4 6 5 5 5 5 4

At 25°C in CS,, TaOCl, is rapidly formed, and the SbCl, is soluble in CS,; thus anerobic filtration leads to the isolation of TaOCl,. In Table 1 are listed oxy halides that are prepared by this type of reaction. In most cases either Sb,O, or As,O, can be used and the side product, the group-VB(II1) halide, can be separated by use of its differing volatility or solubility from the desired oxy halide. The requirement for pure Sb,O, is met by subliming commercially available Sb,O, at high T under a dynamic vacuum. A related reaction is the isolation of M F 4 0 from MF,-SiO, mixtures (M = Mo, W)7v8. (E.M. PAGE, D.A. RICE)

1. 2. 3. 4.

5. 6. 7. 8.

I. S. Morozov, A. I. Morozov, Russ. J. Inorg. Chem., 11, 182 (1966). P. Erlich, W. Engel, 2. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 317, 21 (1962). K. Dehnicke, Chem. Ber., 97, 3354 (1964). E. M. Page, unpublished observations, 1978. P. C. Crouch, G. W. A. Fowles, I. B. Tomkins, R. A. Walton, J. Chem. SOC.,A , 2412 (1969). S. S. Elisser, L. E. Malysheva, Izvest. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Neorg. Mazer., 19, 1733 (1983); Chem. Abstr., 99, 205,013 (1983). W. W. Wilson, K. 0. Christie, Inorg. Synth., 24, 37 (1986). V. D. Butskii, M. E. Ignator, B. V. Golovanov, Russ. J. Inorg. Chem., 30, 455 (1985).

2.9.13. Synthesis of Complex Halo Anions of Metal Oxohalides Transition-metal complex halo anions are formed by elements belonging to groups IVA, VA, VIA, VIIA and VIII, as with the metal oxohalides. The complex anions formed, especially those of group-VA and -VIA elements, are extensive, as are the preparative routes. To maintain the consistency of the rest of $2.9 the syntheses of complex halo anions is subdivided according to the transition metal. Reviews of oxohalo anions are largely devoted to vibrational spectro~copy'-~. (E.M. PAGE, D.A. RICE)

1. D. L. Kepert, The Early Transition Metals, Academic Press, New York, 1972. 2. R. A. Walton, Prog. Inorg. Chem., 16, 1, 1972. 3. J. M. Winfield, in MTP International Review of Science, Inorg. Chem., Series 2, Vol. 5, Transition Metals., D. W. A. Sharp, ed., Butterworths, London, 1974, p. 1. 4. A. Miieller, E. Diemann, in M T P International Review of Science, Inorq. Chem. Series 2, Vol. 5, 1975, p. 71. 5. W. P. Griffiths, The Chemistry of the Rarer Platinum Metals, Interscience, New York, 1967.


2.9. Formation of the Halogen-Transition-Metal Bond 2.9.13. Synthesis of Complex Halo Anions of Metal Oxohalides TABLE1. FORMATION OF O X Y HALIDESBY THE REACTIONOF GROUP-VBOXIDES WITH TRANSITION-METAL HALIDES Product TiOCl,

voc1, woc1, WOCl WOBr, MoOC1,

woc1, WOBr,

wo,c1,

Reactants TiCI, + M,O, (M = As, Sb or Bi) VC1,O As,O, WC1, + Sb,O,, As,O, WCI, + Sb,O, WBr, Sb,O, MoC1, Sb,O, WCl, Sb,O, WBr, Sb,O, WC1,O + Sb,O,

T ("C)

+

+ + + +

100 250 25

50

Ref. 2 3 4 6 5 5 5 5 4

At 25°C in CS,, TaOCl, is rapidly formed, and the SbCl, is soluble in CS,; thus anerobic filtration leads to the isolation of TaOCl,. In Table 1 are listed oxy halides that are prepared by this type of reaction. In most cases either Sb,O, or As,O, can be used and the side product, the group-VB(II1) halide, can be separated by use of its differing volatility or solubility from the desired oxy halide. The requirement for pure Sb,O, is met by subliming commercially available Sb,O, at high T under a dynamic vacuum. A related reaction is the isolation of M F 4 0 from MF,-SiO, mixtures (M = Mo, W)7v8. (E.M. PAGE, D.A. RICE)

1. 2. 3. 4.

5. 6. 7. 8.

I. S. Morozov, A. I. Morozov, Russ. J. Inorg. Chem., 11, 182 (1966). P. Erlich, W. Engel, 2. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 317, 21 (1962). K. Dehnicke, Chem. Ber., 97, 3354 (1964). E. M. Page, unpublished observations, 1978. P. C. Crouch, G. W. A. Fowles, I. B. Tomkins, R. A. Walton, J. Chem. SOC.,A , 2412 (1969). S. S. Elisser, L. E. Malysheva, Izvest. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Neorg. Mazer., 19, 1733 (1983); Chem. Abstr., 99, 205,013 (1983). W. W. Wilson, K. 0. Christie, Inorg. Synth., 24, 37 (1986). V. D. Butskii, M. E. Ignator, B. V. Golovanov, Russ. J. Inorg. Chem., 30, 455 (1985).

2.9.13. Synthesis of Complex Halo Anions of Metal Oxohalides Transition-metal complex halo anions are formed by elements belonging to groups IVA, VA, VIA, VIIA and VIII, as with the metal oxohalides. The complex anions formed, especially those of group-VA and -VIA elements, are extensive, as are the preparative routes. To maintain the consistency of the rest of $2.9 the syntheses of complex halo anions is subdivided according to the transition metal. Reviews of oxohalo anions are largely devoted to vibrational spectro~copy'-~. (E.M. PAGE, D.A. RICE)

1. D. L. Kepert, The Early Transition Metals, Academic Press, New York, 1972. 2. R. A. Walton, Prog. Inorg. Chem., 16, 1, 1972. 3. J. M. Winfield, in MTP International Review of Science, Inorg. Chem., Series 2, Vol. 5, Transition Metals., D. W. A. Sharp, ed., Butterworths, London, 1974, p. 1. 4. A. Miieller, E. Diemann, in M T P International Review of Science, Inorq. Chem. Series 2, Vol. 5, 1975, p. 71. 5. W. P. Griffiths, The Chemistry of the Rarer Platinum Metals, Interscience, New York, 1967.

Inorganic Reactions and Methods, Volume4 Edited by J.J. Zuckerman, A.P. Hagen Copyright 0 1991 by VCH Publishers, Inc. 2.9.13. Synthesis of Complex Halo Anions of Metal Oxohalides 2.9.13.1. from Metal Oxides 2.9.13.1.1. with Oxofluoro Anions.

225

2.9.13.1. from Metal Oxides 2.9.13.1.1. with Oxofluoro Anions.

The solubility of transition-metal oxides in H F solutions makes possible the isolation of oxofluoro anions of varying stoichiometries (see Table 1). Alkali-metal fluorides react with the metal oxide-HF soln in polyethylene or metal vessels, e.g., NaF, K F AF-V,O,-HF-H,O (A = alkali metal), the anion formed depending upon the metal TABLE1. PREPARATION OF COMPLEX FLUORO ANIONSFROM Element

Anion [TiOF,]- -H,O [TiOF,I2 -

THE

METALOXIDE

Cations NHf, Na', K', [Co(NH3),I3+ [Co(NH,),13+, Ba2+ K', Rb+ K', Rb+, Cs+ K+ K", Rb+, Cs+ [A2A'I3+ A = K+, Rb', CS+ A' = Na', K', Rb' K", "%I+ c s+

Reaction TiO, in H F (40%) + cation in aq ethanol (anhyd) V,O, in 40% HF + AF V 2 0 s + in HF (xs) + KF V,05 in 40% HF + A F or AF-V,OS mixtures heated at 650-750°C in vacuum V,O, in 40% H F + AF

V,05 in 40% HF + A,CO, V,05 + CsF in anhyd HF at -30°C CSF-VO,-HF-H,O NaF-V0,-HF-H,O AF-VO,-HF-H,O V,05-HF + organic base in H F (20%) Nb,05 H202 NH,OH Ta,O, in HF + NH40H + NH,F K,TaF7-KTa0,-Ta205 + KC1 heated at 1173 K for 3 h in Pt tube K2TaF7-KTa0,-Ta,05 heated at 973-1173 K in Au tube MOO, + KF heated at 110°C MOO, + KF in H,O MOO, KF in H,O at 90°C MOO, + KHF, (1:3) MOO, in H F + organic base (1 :5 ) MOO, in 5 mol L-l HF MOO, in H F + organic base (1:l) WO, + KF in boiling SeF, OsO, BF, condensed into KBr, CsBr or AgIO, OsO, + CsF

+

K' K+ K+ K+, Rb', Cs+ K', (QH+)[picH]+

CbiPYHl+ [l, lO-phen]+ K+ K', Cs', Ag+ Cs', Rb'

+

+

+

Ref. 11

1, 2, 3 1 2

2, 3 4

12 3 3 3 4

13 13

14 15 5

6 7 6, 7, 8 5

16 17 16 9 10 18

226

2.9. Formation of the Halogen-Transition-Metal Bond 2.9.13. Synthesis of Complex Halo Anions of Metal Oxohalides 2.9.13.1. from Metal Oxides

to fluorine ratio’-,. The most stable oxofluoro salt in this series is K,V,04F5, which is the final product from the decomposition of any of the other oxofluorovanadates. The salts K,[V,O,F,] and K,[VO,F,] cocrystallize from H F to give polyhedral pnematic crystals of K,[V,O,F,,]. If VO, is substituted for V,O,, salts of V(1V) are formed. Other fluorinating agents employed include KF, KHF, SeF, and BF, lo. (E.M. PAGE, D.A. RICC)

1. R, L. Davidovich, V. I. Sergienko, L. M. Murzakhanova, Rum. J. Inorg. Chem. (Engl. Transl.),

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18.

13, 1642 (1968). G. Pausewang, K. Dehnicke, 2. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 369, 265 (1969). G. Pausewang, Z . Anorg. Allg. Chem., 381, 189 (1971). A, K. Sengupta, B. B. Bhaumik, Z . Anorg. Allg. Chem., 384,251 (1971). 0. Schmitz-Durnont, P. Opgenhoff, 2. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 275, 31 (1954). R. Mattes, G. Muller, H. J. Becher, 2. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 416, 256 (1975). 0. Schmitz-Dumont, I. Heckmann, Z . Anorg. Allg. Chem., 267, 277 (1952). A. A. Opalovskii, S. S. Batsenov, Russ. J. Inorg. Chem. (Engl. Tram/.),13, 278 (1968). N. Bartlett, P. L. Robinson, J. Chem. SOC.,3549 (1961). M. A. Hepworth, P. L. Robinson, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 4, 24 (1957). A. K. Sengupta, S. K. Adhikari, H. S. Dasgupta, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 41, 161 (1979). J. A. S. Howell, K. C. Moss, J. Chem. SOC.,A , 270 (1971). 0. L. Keller, A. Chetham-Strode, Inorg. Chem., 5, 367 (1966). A. Boukhari, J. P. Chaminade, M. Vlasse, M. Pouchard, Acta Crystallogr., Sect. B, 35, 1983 (1979). A. Boukhari, J. P. Charninade, M. Vlasse, M. Pouchard, Acta Crystallogr., Sect. B, 35, 2518 (1979). M. C. Chakravorti, S. C. Pandit, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 35, 3644, 1973. W. P. Griffiths, T. D. Wickins, J. Chem. SOC.,A , 675 (1967). F. Krauss, D. Wilkin, 2. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 145, 151 (1925).

2.9.13.1.2. with Oxochloro and Oxobromo Anions.

Use of the metal oxide as a starting reagent in the synthesis of oxohalo anions avoids the need to prepare the intermediate oxohalide, a process that can involve complex handling techniques (Table 1). Oxochloro salts of V(V) can be prepared by the reaction of ethanolic VzO, saturated with HCl and an appropriate cation at 0°C Such reactions yield V(1V) salts if T is allowed to rise or if a reducing agent, e.g., pyridine is employed instead of the pyridinium salt’. The electrolytic reduction of Mo or W(V1) oxides in conc HCl produces Mo(V) and W(V) solutions from which salts of [MOX,]’- can be obtained by addition of the appropriate Reduction can also be induced by addition of hydroq~inone’~~. Oxohalo anions of Ru(V1) and Os(V1) can be obtained from the oxides RuO, and OsO,, which are readily reduced in the presence of hydrohalic acids to give the anionsg-’ [RuO,X,IZ - and [0sO,X4I2 -. The complex oxoanion of Ru, [ R U , O C ~ ~ ~is] ~best - , prepared from Ru metal, using finely powdered Ru and K0,Cl with fused KOH in an Ag crucible. Potassium chlorate should be ground with caution in a clean mortar free from organic matter. The powdered mixture is added slowly to the melt and heated for ca. 30 min. The resulting mass is cooled and dissolved in 5 mol L-’ HC1. Filtration and evaporation of the solution yields’, K4[Ru,0Cl,,].

’.



226

2.9. Formation of the Halogen-Transition-Metal Bond 2.9.13. Synthesis of Complex Halo Anions of Metal Oxohalides 2.9.13.1. from Metal Oxides

to fluorine ratio’-,. The most stable oxofluoro salt in this series is K,V,04F5, which is the final product from the decomposition of any of the other oxofluorovanadates. The salts K,[V,O,F,] and K,[VO,F,] cocrystallize from H F to give polyhedral pnematic crystals of K,[V,O,F,,]. If VO, is substituted for V,O,, salts of V(1V) are formed. Other fluorinating agents employed include KF, KHF, SeF, and BF, lo. (E.M. PAGE, D.A. RICC)

1. R, L. Davidovich, V. I. Sergienko, L. M. Murzakhanova, Rum. J. Inorg. Chem. (Engl. Transl.),

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18.

13, 1642 (1968). G. Pausewang, K. Dehnicke, 2. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 369, 265 (1969). G. Pausewang, Z . Anorg. Allg. Chem., 381, 189 (1971). A, K. Sengupta, B. B. Bhaumik, Z . Anorg. Allg. Chem., 384,251 (1971). 0. Schmitz-Durnont, P. Opgenhoff, 2. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 275, 31 (1954). R. Mattes, G. Muller, H. J. Becher, 2. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 416, 256 (1975). 0. Schmitz-Dumont, I. Heckmann, Z . Anorg. Allg. Chem., 267, 277 (1952). A. A. Opalovskii, S. S. Batsenov, Russ. J. Inorg. Chem. (Engl. Tram/.),13, 278 (1968). N. Bartlett, P. L. Robinson, J. Chem. SOC.,3549 (1961). M. A. Hepworth, P. L. Robinson, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 4, 24 (1957). A. K. Sengupta, S. K. Adhikari, H. S. Dasgupta, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 41, 161 (1979). J. A. S. Howell, K. C. Moss, J. Chem. SOC.,A , 270 (1971). 0. L. Keller, A. Chetham-Strode, Inorg. Chem., 5, 367 (1966). A. Boukhari, J. P. Chaminade, M. Vlasse, M. Pouchard, Acta Crystallogr., Sect. B, 35, 1983 (1979). A. Boukhari, J. P. Charninade, M. Vlasse, M. Pouchard, Acta Crystallogr., Sect. B, 35, 2518 (1979). M. C. Chakravorti, S. C. Pandit, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 35, 3644, 1973. W. P. Griffiths, T. D. Wickins, J. Chem. SOC.,A , 675 (1967). F. Krauss, D. Wilkin, 2. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 145, 151 (1925).

2.9.13.1.2. with Oxochloro and Oxobromo Anions.

Use of the metal oxide as a starting reagent in the synthesis of oxohalo anions avoids the need to prepare the intermediate oxohalide, a process that can involve complex handling techniques (Table 1). Oxochloro salts of V(V) can be prepared by the reaction of ethanolic VzO, saturated with HCl and an appropriate cation at 0°C Such reactions yield V(1V) salts if T is allowed to rise or if a reducing agent, e.g., pyridine is employed instead of the pyridinium salt’. The electrolytic reduction of Mo or W(V1) oxides in conc HCl produces Mo(V) and W(V) solutions from which salts of [MOX,]’- can be obtained by addition of the appropriate Reduction can also be induced by addition of hydroq~inone’~~. Oxohalo anions of Ru(V1) and Os(V1) can be obtained from the oxides RuO, and OsO,, which are readily reduced in the presence of hydrohalic acids to give the anionsg-’ [RuO,X,IZ - and [0sO,X4I2 -. The complex oxoanion of Ru, [ R U , O C ~ ~ ~is] ~best - , prepared from Ru metal, using finely powdered Ru and K0,Cl with fused KOH in an Ag crucible. Potassium chlorate should be ground with caution in a clean mortar free from organic matter. The powdered mixture is added slowly to the melt and heated for ca. 30 min. The resulting mass is cooled and dissolved in 5 mol L-’ HC1. Filtration and evaporation of the solution yields’, K4[Ru,0Cl,,].

’.


Ru(V1) OS(V1)

Element

-

-

[Ru0,X4TJZ- (X [0sO,Cl4]~[Os0,Br,12-

[MoOBr,] [MoO,CI]

[MoOBr,]'

[CrOCI,] [MoOC1,IZ-

[CrOC1,]*[CrOCl,] [CrOC1,]Z-

= C1, Br)

[VOCl,]--2 H,O [CrOCl,]Z

[VOC14]z-*2 H,O

[VOCl,]

K+, Cs+, Rb+ K + , Cs+, mH4]+ K+

CC,H,NI [Ph,P]+, [Ph,As]+

Cation

THE

Reaction

METALOXIDE

6 7

WO, reduced at Pt cathode MOO, in conc HCI reduced by hydroquinone and NH,Cl added MOO, in HBr + quinoline MOO, + [Ph,E]Cl at 250-280°C under N, 1 h RuO, + MX in HX OsO, + HCl with MCl OsO, + HBr + KBr

9,lO 11 12

8 16

5

3,4

19

17 14, 15 18

13

2

1

Ref.

MOO, in conc HBr reduced at Pt cathode + MCl added

CrO, in glacial Ch,COOH + CH,COCI MOO, in conc HCl reduced electrolyticallyand NH,CI added

V,O, in EtOH-satd HCI gas + cation at OT, 4 h V,O, in Et0H:conc HCl(1:l) + py at 0°C satd with HCl V,O, in Et0H:conc HCI (1: 1) + R,NCl CrO, in CH,COOH-satd HCl + CsCl in CH,COOH-HC1 CrO, in CH,COOH-HCl (g) + base CrO, in CH,COOH-satd HCI + RCI CrO, in CH,COOH-sat HCI in CH,COOH-HCI

COMPLEX OXOCHLORO + BROMOANIONSFROM

Anion

PREPARATION OF

+

TABLE 1.

-J

N N

2.9.13. Synthesis of Complex Halo Anions of Metal Oxohalides 2.9.13.1. from Metal Qxides 2.9.13.1.2. with Oxochloro and Oxobromo Anions. 227

228

2.9. Formation of the Halogen-Transition-Metal Bond 2.9.13. Synthesis of Complex Halo Anions of Metal Oxohalides 2.9.13.2. from Metaloxo Anions (Metallates)

1. D. Nicholls, D. N. Wilkinson, J. Chem. SOC., A, 1103 (1970). 2. P. A. Kilty, D. Nicholls, J. Chem. Soc., A., 1175 (1966). 3. G. Brauer, Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 2,2nd ed., 1413, Academic Press, New York, (1965). 4. R. G. James, W. Wardlaw, J. Chem. SOC., 2145 (1927). 5. F. G. Angell, R. G. James, W. Wardlaw, J. Chem. Soc., 2578 (1929). 6. 0. Collenberg, A. Guthe, 2.Anorg. Allg. Chem., 134, 317 (1924). 7. J. P. Simon, P. Souchay, Bull. SOC.Chim. Fr., 1402 (1956). 8. J. F. Allen, H. M. Neumann, Znorg. Chem., 3, 1612 (1964). 9. J. L. Howe, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,23, 779 (1901). 10. D. Hewkin, W. P. Griffiths, J. Chem. Sac., A, 472 (1966). 11. L.Wintrebert, Ann. Chim. Phys., 28, 15 (1903). 12. J. A. Broomhead, F. P. Dwyer, H. A. Goodwin, L. Kane-Maguire, I. Reid, Inorg. Synth., 11, 70 (1968). 13. D. Brown, J. Chem. Soc., 4944 (1964). 14. 0. V. Ziebarth, J. Selbin, J. Znorg. Nucl. Chem., 32, 849 (1970). 15. R. F. Weinland, M. Fiederer, Chem. Ber., 38, 3784 (1905). 16. E. Koeniger-Ahlborn, A. Mueller, Angew. Chem., Znt. Ed, Engl., 14, 574 (1975). 17. H. K. Saha, S. K. Ghosh, J. Indian Chem. Soc., 60, 599 (1983). 18. J. E. Ferguson, A. M. Greenaway, B. R. Penfold, Inorg. Chim. Act@,71,29 (1983). 19. H. K. Saha, S. K. Ghosh, S. S. Mandal, J. Indian Chem. Soc., 60, 985 (1983).

2.9.13.2. from Metaloxo Anions (Metallates)

Treatment of metaloxo anions (i-e., metallates, e.g., vanadates, chromates, molybdates, tungstates and rhenates) with concentrated hydrohalic acids provides solutions of complex halo anions. Oxohalide salts having the metal in its highest oxidation state can be obtained by precipitation with an appropriate cation (see Table 1). An exception is the oxofluoride NH,[V,O,F] which is prepared by reaction, at 450°C and 1.35 x lo5Nrn-,, of NH,[VO,], vanadium metal and ammonium hydrogen fluoride in a thin-walled Au tube. The product is obtained after ca. 10 d'. One method for the preparation of KCr0,X (X = C1, F) involves heating K,Cr,O, and conc HX in H,O to yield crystals of the salt after 1-2 d2. The product can then be dissolved in dil HX and other salts of [CrO,X] - obtained by cation exchange3. By reducing solutions of the metallate in conc HX, salts having the metal in a lower oxidation state are obtained. Reducing agents include SO, (for [VOF,]2-)4, tin ([WOCl,]2-)s, HI , hydroquinone' or hydrazine' ([MOOCI,]~-, [ReOC1s]2-)9 and hydrogen bromide ([MoOBr,] 2- * and [CrOBr,] 2- lo). (E.M. PAGE, D.A. RICE)

1. F. Pintchovski, S. Soled, A. Wold, Inorg. Chem., 15, 330 (1976). 2. G. Brauer, Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 2,2nd ed., Academic Press, New York, 1965, p. 1308. 3. E. Diemann, E. Ahlborn, A. Mueller, Z . Anorg. Allg. Chem., 390, 217 (1972). 4. A. Klein, P. Carroll, G. Mitra, Inorg. Synth., 16, 87 (1976). 5. 0. Collenberg, Z . Anorg. Allg. Chem., 102, 247 (1918). 6. P. Klason, Chem. Ber., 34, 148 (1901). 7. J. P. Simon, P. Souchay, Bull. Chim. SOC.Fr., 1402 (1952). 8. H. K. Sahaha, A. K. Banerjee, Znorg. Synth., 15, 100 (1974). 9. J. E. Fergusson, J. L. Love, Aust. J. Chem., 24, 2689 (1971). 10. A. K. Banerjee, N. Banerjee, Inorg. Chem., 15,488 (1976). 11. A. K. Sengupta, B. B. Bhaumik, Z.Anorg. Allg. Chem., 384,255 (1971). 12. E. Ahlborn, E. Diemann, A. Muller, J . Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 378 (1972).


228

2.9. Formation of the Halogen-Transition-Metal Bond 2.9.13. Synthesis of Complex Halo Anions of Metal Oxohalides 2.9.13.2. from Metaloxo Anions (Metallates)

1. D. Nicholls, D. N. Wilkinson, J. Chem. SOC., A, 1103 (1970). 2. P. A. Kilty, D. Nicholls, J. Chem. Soc., A., 1175 (1966). 3. G. Brauer, Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 2,2nd ed., 1413, Academic Press, New York, (1965). 4. R. G. James, W. Wardlaw, J. Chem. SOC., 2145 (1927). 5. F. G. Angell, R. G. James, W. Wardlaw, J. Chem. Soc., 2578 (1929). 6. 0. Collenberg, A. Guthe, 2.Anorg. Allg. Chem., 134, 317 (1924). 7. J. P. Simon, P. Souchay, Bull. SOC.Chim. Fr., 1402 (1956). 8. J. F. Allen, H. M. Neumann, Znorg. Chem., 3, 1612 (1964). 9. J. L. Howe, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,23, 779 (1901). 10. D. Hewkin, W. P. Griffiths, J. Chem. Sac., A, 472 (1966). 11. L.Wintrebert, Ann. Chim. Phys., 28, 15 (1903). 12. J. A. Broomhead, F. P. Dwyer, H. A. Goodwin, L. Kane-Maguire, I. Reid, Inorg. Synth., 11, 70 (1968). 13. D. Brown, J. Chem. Soc., 4944 (1964). 14. 0. V. Ziebarth, J. Selbin, J. Znorg. Nucl. Chem., 32, 849 (1970). 15. R. F. Weinland, M. Fiederer, Chem. Ber., 38, 3784 (1905). 16. E. Koeniger-Ahlborn, A. Mueller, Angew. Chem., Znt. Ed, Engl., 14, 574 (1975). 17. H. K. Saha, S. K. Ghosh, J. Indian Chem. Soc., 60, 599 (1983). 18. J. E. Ferguson, A. M. Greenaway, B. R. Penfold, Inorg. Chim. Act@,71,29 (1983). 19. H. K. Saha, S. K. Ghosh, S. S. Mandal, J. Indian Chem. Soc., 60, 985 (1983).

2.9.13.2. from Metaloxo Anions (Metallates)

Treatment of metaloxo anions (i-e., metallates, e.g., vanadates, chromates, molybdates, tungstates and rhenates) with concentrated hydrohalic acids provides solutions of complex halo anions. Oxohalide salts having the metal in its highest oxidation state can be obtained by precipitation with an appropriate cation (see Table 1). An exception is the oxofluoride NH,[V,O,F] which is prepared by reaction, at 450°C and 1.35 x lo5Nrn-,, of NH,[VO,], vanadium metal and ammonium hydrogen fluoride in a thin-walled Au tube. The product is obtained after ca. 10 d'. One method for the preparation of KCr0,X (X = C1, F) involves heating K,Cr,O, and conc HX in H,O to yield crystals of the salt after 1-2 d2. The product can then be dissolved in dil HX and other salts of [CrO,X] - obtained by cation exchange3. By reducing solutions of the metallate in conc HX, salts having the metal in a lower oxidation state are obtained. Reducing agents include SO, (for [VOF,]2-)4, tin ([WOCl,]2-)s, HI , hydroquinone' or hydrazine' ([MOOCI,]~-, [ReOC1s]2-)9 and hydrogen bromide ([MoOBr,] 2- * and [CrOBr,] 2- lo). (E.M. PAGE, D.A. RICE)

1. F. Pintchovski, S. Soled, A. Wold, Inorg. Chem., 15, 330 (1976). 2. G. Brauer, Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 2,2nd ed., Academic Press, New York, 1965, p. 1308. 3. E. Diemann, E. Ahlborn, A. Mueller, Z . Anorg. Allg. Chem., 390, 217 (1972). 4. A. Klein, P. Carroll, G. Mitra, Inorg. Synth., 16, 87 (1976). 5. 0. Collenberg, Z . Anorg. Allg. Chem., 102, 247 (1918). 6. P. Klason, Chem. Ber., 34, 148 (1901). 7. J. P. Simon, P. Souchay, Bull. Chim. SOC.Fr., 1402 (1952). 8. H. K. Sahaha, A. K. Banerjee, Znorg. Synth., 15, 100 (1974). 9. J. E. Fergusson, J. L. Love, Aust. J. Chem., 24, 2689 (1971). 10. A. K. Banerjee, N. Banerjee, Inorg. Chem., 15,488 (1976). 11. A. K. Sengupta, B. B. Bhaumik, Z.Anorg. Allg. Chem., 384,255 (1971). 12. E. Ahlborn, E. Diemann, A. Muller, J . Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 378 (1972).

Element

-

-

[ReOC1,IZ

[MoOBr,]' [MoOCI,IZ[MoOBr,] [ReOCl,]

[MoOCI,] [MoOCl,]'

[CrOF,] [CrOBr,]'

[VOF,] VoF41'[VOC14]2--2 H,O [Cfl,xI[Cr03Xl- (X = C1, F)

[V306F1

Anion

Cations

Electrolytic reduction of ~H,],[MO,] in conc HCI Reduction of wH,],[MoO,] in conc HCl by HI or hydroquinone Reduction of mH4]2[Mo0,] in 9 mol L-' HBr by HBr Reduction Na,MoO,-2 H,O by hydrazine in HCI + py Reduction of Na,MoO,-2 H,O in HBr + py From KReO, in acetic acid-acetic-anhydride satd with HCI + [Ph,E]Cl Reduction of KReO, by HI or HCl at - 10°C

+

From KCr0,X in dil HX + [Ph,E]Cl K,Cr,O, + BrF, From K,Cr,O, in HBr at 0°C + 2,2'-bipyridinium bromide From Na,WO, in 5 mol L-' HF From Na,MO, in conc HCl satd with HCI, CsCl added to solution From [NH,]6[Mo,0,,].4 H,O in HBr [NH,],[WO,] +tin From M,(C,O,)

9

8 22 8 23

21 6, 7, 8

20 5

18 19

3 17 10

14 2, 15, 16

4

12, 13 1

t1 12, 13

MVO3 + HF (40%), 3-4 d NaVO, in HF (40%) + [Ph,E]+ NaVO, in HCl(25%) + [Ph,E]+ [NH,][VO,] + V + NH,-HF, [1:0 to 1:4] at 450°C 1-10 d [NH,][VO,] in HF (35 %) reduced by SO, from [NH4],[VOF,] in HF (35%) + Ni(NO,), [NH JUO,] in HCl-EtOH From K,Cr,O, + conc HX

Ref.

Reaction

TABLE 1. PREPARATION OF COMPLEX HALOANIONSFROM THE METALLATE

2.9. Formation of the Halogen-Transition-Metal Bond 2.9.13. Synthesis of Complex Halo Anions of Metal Oxohalides 2.9.13.2. from Metaloxo Anions (Metallates) 229

230

13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23.

2.9. Formation of the Halogen-Transition-Metal Bond 2.9.13. Synthesis of Complex Halo Anions of Metal Oxohalides 2.9.13.3. from Metal Halides

E. Ahlborn, E. Diemann, A. Muller, 2. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 394, 1 (1972). P. A. Kilty, D. Nicholls, J. Chem. Soc., A, 1175 (1966). J. A. A. Ketelaar, E. Wegerif, Red. Trav. Chim. Pays-Bas, 57, 1269 (1938). J. A. A. Ketelaar, E. Wegerif, Reel. Trav. Chim. Pays-Bas, 58, 948 (1939). A. G. Sharpe, A. A. Woolf, J. Chem. Soc., 798 (1951). W. P. Griffiths, T. D. Wickins, J. Chem. SOC.,A, 675 (1967). W. P. Griffiths, T. D. Wickins, J. Chem. Soc., A, 400 (1968). J. F. Allen, H. M. Neumann, Znorg. Chem., 3, 1612 (1964). R. G. James, W. Wardlaw, J. Chem. Soc., 2145 (1927). Y. Saaski, R. S . Taylor, A. G. Sykes, J. Chem. SOC.,Dalton Trans., 396 (1975). V. Yatirajam, H. Singh, J. Znorg. Nucl. Chem., 37, 2006 (1975).

2.9.13.3 from Metal Halides 2.9.13.3.1. with Binary Metal Halides.

Preparations of oxohalo anions from the metal halide involve mixing the metal halide in conc aq HX with the halide of the cation also dissolved in conc HX (see Table 1). The resulting solution is cooled to 0°C and saturated with anhyd HX gas, when crystals of the desired salt precipitate. These salts are stable but can be hydrated and so should be washed with a drying agent such as thionyl chloride and stored in a desiccator. A cation to anion ratio of 2: 1 usually promotes formation of a doubly charged anion. An alternative method is illustrated by the reaction of molybdenum pentahalide with alkali-metal salt in liq SO, in a sealed ampule' to form the [MoOCl,]- anion. However, as this anion is the favored product from solutions containing Mo(V), chloride ions and traces of H,O, simpler routes are available for its preparation. The reaction between MoCI, and SeCl, at 200°C in a sealed tube yields [MoOClJ-, despite the use of vacuum line and dry box techniques, indicating the ease with which oxygen attack occurs2. The reaction between MoCl, and Ph,AsO, originally thought to yield the adduct MoCl,.Ph,AsO 3, yields a salt, [Ph,AsCl][MoOCl,],, via oxygen abstraction. (E.M. PAGE, D.A. RICE)

1. E. A. Allen, B. J. Brisdon, D. A. Edwards, G. W. A. Fowles, R. G . Williams, J. Chem. Soc., 4649 (1963). 2. A. Gleizes, J. Galy, C. R. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci. Ser. C., 286, 29 (1978). 3. S . M. Horner, S . Y. Tyre, Inorg. Chem., I , 122 (1962). 4. D. L. Kepert, R. Mandyczewsky, J. Chem. SOC.,A, 530 (1968). 5. J. E. Drake, J. E. Vekins, J. S . Wood, J. Chem. SOC.,A, 345 (1969). 6. D. Brown, J. Chem. SOC.,A, 4944 (1964). 7. G. W. A. Fowles, Prep. Znorg. React., 1, 121 (1964). 8. W. P. Griffiths, T. D. Wickins, J. Chem. Soc., A, 675 (1967). 9. I. S . Morozov, N. P. Lipatova, Russ. J. Znorg. Chem. (Engl. Transl.), 13, 1101 (1968). 10. A. I. Morozov, I. I. Leonova, Russ. J. Znorg. Chem. (Engl. Transl.), 17, 2128 (1972). 11. G. B. Hargreaves, R. D. Peacock, J. Chem. Soc., 4390 (1958). 12. N. S . Nikolaev, A. A. Opalovskii, Russ. J. Inorg. Chem. (Engl. Transl.), 4, 532 (1959). 13. F. Petillon, M.-T. Youinou, J. E. Guerchais, Bull. SOC.Chim. Fr., 2375 (1968). 14. R. Mattes, G. Lux, Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 424, 173 (1976). 15. R. Mattes, G. Lux, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 13, 600 (1974). 16. R. Colton, Aust. J. Chem., 18, 435 (1965). 17. R. J. H. Clarke, M. L. Franks, P. C. Turtle, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 99, 2473 (1977).


230

13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23.

2.9. Formation of the Halogen-Transition-Metal Bond 2.9.13. Synthesis of Complex Halo Anions of Metal Oxohalides 2.9.13.3. from Metal Halides

E. Ahlborn, E. Diemann, A. Muller, 2. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 394, 1 (1972). P. A. Kilty, D. Nicholls, J. Chem. Soc., A, 1175 (1966). J. A. A. Ketelaar, E. Wegerif, Red. Trav. Chim. Pays-Bas, 57, 1269 (1938). J. A. A. Ketelaar, E. Wegerif, Reel. Trav. Chim. Pays-Bas, 58, 948 (1939). A. G. Sharpe, A. A. Woolf, J. Chem. Soc., 798 (1951). W. P. Griffiths, T. D. Wickins, J. Chem. SOC.,A, 675 (1967). W. P. Griffiths, T. D. Wickins, J. Chem. Soc., A, 400 (1968). J. F. Allen, H. M. Neumann, Znorg. Chem., 3, 1612 (1964). R. G. James, W. Wardlaw, J. Chem. Soc., 2145 (1927). Y. Saaski, R. S . Taylor, A. G. Sykes, J. Chem. SOC.,Dalton Trans., 396 (1975). V. Yatirajam, H. Singh, J. Znorg. Nucl. Chem., 37, 2006 (1975).

2.9.13.3 from Metal Halides 2.9.13.3.1. with Binary Metal Halides.

Preparations of oxohalo anions from the metal halide involve mixing the metal halide in conc aq HX with the halide of the cation also dissolved in conc HX (see Table 1). The resulting solution is cooled to 0°C and saturated with anhyd HX gas, when crystals of the desired salt precipitate. These salts are stable but can be hydrated and so should be washed with a drying agent such as thionyl chloride and stored in a desiccator. A cation to anion ratio of 2: 1 usually promotes formation of a doubly charged anion. An alternative method is illustrated by the reaction of molybdenum pentahalide with alkali-metal salt in liq SO, in a sealed ampule' to form the [MoOCl,]- anion. However, as this anion is the favored product from solutions containing Mo(V), chloride ions and traces of H,O, simpler routes are available for its preparation. The reaction between MoCI, and SeCl, at 200°C in a sealed tube yields [MoOClJ-, despite the use of vacuum line and dry box techniques, indicating the ease with which oxygen attack occurs2. The reaction between MoCl, and Ph,AsO, originally thought to yield the adduct MoCl,.Ph,AsO 3, yields a salt, [Ph,AsCl][MoOCl,],, via oxygen abstraction. (E.M. PAGE, D.A. RICE)

1. E. A. Allen, B. J. Brisdon, D. A. Edwards, G. W. A. Fowles, R. G . Williams, J. Chem. Soc., 4649 (1963). 2. A. Gleizes, J. Galy, C. R. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci. Ser. C., 286, 29 (1978). 3. S . M. Horner, S . Y. Tyre, Inorg. Chem., I , 122 (1962). 4. D. L. Kepert, R. Mandyczewsky, J. Chem. SOC.,A, 530 (1968). 5. J. E. Drake, J. E. Vekins, J. S . Wood, J. Chem. SOC.,A, 345 (1969). 6. D. Brown, J. Chem. SOC.,A, 4944 (1964). 7. G. W. A. Fowles, Prep. Znorg. React., 1, 121 (1964). 8. W. P. Griffiths, T. D. Wickins, J. Chem. Soc., A, 675 (1967). 9. I. S . Morozov, N. P. Lipatova, Russ. J. Znorg. Chem. (Engl. Transl.), 13, 1101 (1968). 10. A. I. Morozov, I. I. Leonova, Russ. J. Znorg. Chem. (Engl. Transl.), 17, 2128 (1972). 11. G. B. Hargreaves, R. D. Peacock, J. Chem. Soc., 4390 (1958). 12. N. S . Nikolaev, A. A. Opalovskii, Russ. J. Inorg. Chem. (Engl. Transl.), 4, 532 (1959). 13. F. Petillon, M.-T. Youinou, J. E. Guerchais, Bull. SOC.Chim. Fr., 2375 (1968). 14. R. Mattes, G. Lux, Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 424, 173 (1976). 15. R. Mattes, G. Lux, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 13, 600 (1974). 16. R. Colton, Aust. J. Chem., 18, 435 (1965). 17. R. J. H. Clarke, M. L. Franks, P. C. Turtle, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 99, 2473 (1977).

= alkali

metal

'

Rb', Cs+, [pyH]+ [quinH] +,[Et4N] [Ph,AsCI] +

M

NHf, Rb+, Cs+ CMe,NI+, [Et,Nl M = alkali metal

Cation

cs K + , Cs+

Re(V)

Ru(1V)

Re(V1)

[MoOCI,]

[MOCI,]2(M = Mo or W) [MOBr,]'(M = Mo or W)' [MoOCI,]

~OC1,]2--2 H,O [NbOCI,] [NbOBr,]'mbOCl,] [TaO,CI,] [MoOF,][MOO,F,]~ [wo,C14]2-

+

Anion

+

Element

+

MoCI, + Ph,AsO in CC1,-CH,Cl, or MoCl, + Ph,AsCl, in SO, MoCI, + SeCl, (1 :I) at 200°C for 24 h MoCI, in THF NaF or [NH,]F in H,O (12-15 h) MoCI, in EtOH + KHF, and [Me,N]CI at 70°C for 20 h MoCl, in EtOH-H,O or THF + [NH,]F or [Me,N]F ReCI, in conc HCI + CsCl in conc HCl or ReCl, in SOCI,-ICl(1:3) + CsCl ReCl, in 12 mol L-' HCl CsCl in conc HCI added after evolution of HCl ceases RuCI, in conc HCl + 1KCl

MC1, + MCl (1:2) in conc HCI satd with HCI gas at 0°C MBr, + MBr (1:2) in HBr (46-48 %) satd with HBr gas at 0°C MoCl, + MCI or [ArHlCl in liq SO,

VCI, + MCl in conc HCl satd with HCl at 0°C NbCl, + MCI in conc HCI satd with HCI at 0°C NbBr, + MBr in aq HBr NbCl, + [ArHICI in HCI satd HCI gas TaCI, + MCl in HCI satd with HCl MoF, + MF with SO, or AsF, MoF, in HF (1 7.2-34.7 %) WCI, + MCI in conc HCI

TABLE 1. PREPARATION OF COMPLEX 0 x 0 ANIONSFROM THE METAL HALIDE

17

16

16

15

4 2 14 14

4, 3

1

1

1

11 12 13

10

6, 7, 8 7 9

5

~

Ref.

-~

v)

Q CD

p' -.

5

0

B

2.9.13. Synthesis of Complex Halo Anions of Metal Oxohalides 2.9.13.3. from Metal Halides 2.9.13.3.1. with Binary Metal Halides.

23 1


232

2.9. Formation of the Halogen-Transition-Metal Bond 2.9.13. Synthesis of Complex Halo Anions of Metal Oxohalides 2.9.13.4. from Oxohalides

2.9.13.3.2. with Complex Metal Halides

Anionic [MX,]"- halo complexes are infrequently used to prepare oxohalo anions. The salt K,[TiFsO] is obtained by heating powdered mixtures of K,[TiF,], TiO, and K F contained in a Pt crucible under high vacuum at T shown in Table 1'. Zirconium and halfnium hexafluorides, K2[ZrF6], K2[HfF6], obtained from ZrOC1, and HfOC1, in HF, are used to prepare the oxytrifluoro anions [MF,O]- by treatment with KOH '. Another route to oxohalo anions for the group-VA metals is reacting the hexahalide salt (MM'X,) with antimony oxide in sealed tubes at high T 3*4.The side product, SbCl,, is removed by sublimation. TABLE1. PREPARATION OF COMPLEX OXOHALO ANIONSFROM HALOSALTS Element

Anion

Cations

Ti(1V)

[TiOF5l3-

K+

Zr(IV)

[ZrOC1,]Z[ZrOF,]-*2 H,O

K+, Rb+, Cs+ Kt

Hf(1V) V(II1)

[HfOF,]-*2 H,O [vOcl,]J-

Ta(1V)

[TaOCI,IZ-

K+ Rb+ c s+ K + , Rb+ cs

Mo(V)

[MoOF,]'-

+

K+

Reaction

Ref.

K,[TiF,], TiO, + KF at 150-180°C for 12 h, then 880°C for 8 h 0, at 400-550°C M,[ZrCI,] K,[MF,] + KF (M = Zr, Hf) (boiled) + KOH

+

K,[VCl,] + 3 Sb,O, at 340-430°C 7 h Rb,[VCI,] + 3 Sb,O, at 350-450°C 8 h Cs,[VCI,] + $ Sb,O, at 450-480°C 20 h M',[TaCI,] + 3 Sb,O, at 280-520°C (for 10-25 h in Ar) Cs,[TaCl,] + Sb,O, at 430-580°C (for 10-25 h in Ar) K[MoF,] + xs KHF, fused in CO, (E.M. PAGE, D.A. RICE)

1. G. Pausewang, W. Riidorff, 2. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 364,69 (1969). 2. I. A. Sheka, A. A. Lastochkina, L. A. Malinko, Russ. J. Inorg. Chem. (Engl. Transl.), 13, 1531 (1968). 3. A. I. Morozov, E. V. Karlova, Rum. J. Inorg. Chem. (Engl. Transl.), 17, 350 (1972). 4. A. I. Morozov, I. I. Leonova, Rum. J. Inorg. Chem. (Engl. Transl.), 17, 2677 (1972). 5. T. I. Beresneva, L. A. Denisova, A. N. Ketrov, Russ. J. Inorg. Chem. (Engl. Transl.), 19, 702 (1974). 6. G. B. Hargreaves, R. D. Peacock, J. Chem. Soc., 4212 (1957).

2.9.13.4. from Oxohalides 2.9.13.4.1. with Neutral Oxohalides

The reaction between ionic chlorides and VOCl, in hydrochloric acid saturated with HCI at 0°C is used to prepare salts of both [VOCl,]- and [VOC1,]2- (see Table 1) depending upon the cation and its c~ncentration'-~. The V(1V) species VOCl, is used similarly to prepare M'[VOCl,] - x H,O or M',[VOCl,] *xH,O salt^^^^*^. Pale yellow salts of Nb(V), M,[NbOCl,] (M = [NH,]', K', Rb', Cs') are obtained in aq HCl

1 5 2 3 4 4 6


232


2.9.13.3.2. with Complex Metal Halides

Anionic [MX,]"- halo complexes are infrequently used to prepare oxohalo anions. The salt K,[TiFsO] is obtained by heating powdered mixtures of K,[TiF,], TiO, and K F contained in a Pt crucible under high vacuum at T shown in Table 1'. Zirconium and halfnium hexafluorides, K2[ZrF6], K2[HfF6], obtained from ZrOC1, and HfOC1, in HF, are used to prepare the oxytrifluoro anions [MF,O]- by treatment with KOH '. Another route to oxohalo anions for the group-VA metals is reacting the hexahalide salt (MM'X,) with antimony oxide in sealed tubes at high T 3*4.The side product, SbCl,, is removed by sublimation. TABLE1. PREPARATION OF COMPLEX OXOHALO ANIONSFROM HALOSALTS Element

Anion

Cations

Ti(1V)

[TiOF5l3-

K+

Zr(IV)

[ZrOC1,]Z[ZrOF,]-*2 H,O

K+, Rb+, Cs+ Kt

Hf(1V) V(II1)

[HfOF,]-*2 H,O [vOcl,]J-

Ta(1V)

[TaOCI,IZ-

K+ Rb+ c s+ K + , Rb+ cs

Mo(V)

[MoOF,]'-

+

K+

Reaction

Ref.

K,[TiF,], TiO, + KF at 150-180°C for 12 h, then 880°C for 8 h 0, at 400-550°C M,[ZrCI,] K,[MF,] + KF (M = Zr, Hf) (boiled) + KOH

+

K,[VCl,] + 3 Sb,O, at 340-430°C 7 h Rb,[VCI,] + 3 Sb,O, at 350-450°C 8 h Cs,[VCI,] + $ Sb,O, at 450-480°C 20 h M',[TaCI,] + 3 Sb,O, at 280-520°C (for 10-25 h in Ar) Cs,[TaCl,] + Sb,O, at 430-580°C (for 10-25 h in Ar) K[MoF,] + xs KHF, fused in CO, (E.M. PAGE, D.A. RICE)

1. G. Pausewang, W. Riidorff, 2. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 364,69 (1969). 2. I. A. Sheka, A. A. Lastochkina, L. A. Malinko, Russ. J. Inorg. Chem. (Engl. Transl.), 13, 1531 (1968). 3. A. I. Morozov, E. V. Karlova, Rum. J. Inorg. Chem. (Engl. Transl.), 17, 350 (1972). 4. A. I. Morozov, I. I. Leonova, Rum. J. Inorg. Chem. (Engl. Transl.), 17, 2677 (1972). 5. T. I. Beresneva, L. A. Denisova, A. N. Ketrov, Russ. J. Inorg. Chem. (Engl. Transl.), 19, 702 (1974). 6. G. B. Hargreaves, R. D. Peacock, J. Chem. Soc., 4212 (1957).

2.9.13.4. from Oxohalides 2.9.13.4.1. with Neutral Oxohalides

The reaction between ionic chlorides and VOCl, in hydrochloric acid saturated with HCI at 0°C is used to prepare salts of both [VOCl,]- and [VOC1,]2- (see Table 1) depending upon the cation and its c~ncentration'-~. The V(1V) species VOCl, is used similarly to prepare M'[VOCl,] - x H,O or M',[VOCl,] *xH,O salt^^^^*^. Pale yellow salts of Nb(V), M,[NbOCl,] (M = [NH,]', K', Rb', Cs') are obtained in aq HCl

1 5 2 3 4 4 6

Element

0

~

~

[ReOX,] [ReOCI,]

[MOOCI,]~[MoOCI,B~]~ [ReO,CI3Iz-

~

1

[WOX,]- (X = C1, Br)

[Cr0,F,]2[CrO,Cl] [CrOCl,] -

[V0Cl4Iz-*xH,O [VOBr,] -

pOC14]2--x H,O

[VOCI,]~ -

WOCIJ -

p o c l d-

[voCl,]z-

[vocl,]2-

Anion

-

Cations

+ + VOCI, + KOH in EtOH satd with HCI at 0°C VOCl, + CsCl satd with HCl at 0°C VOCI, in EtOH + CpyHIC1or [quinHKl VOBr, + RBr in CH,CN at 0°C for 2 h Nb0,F + NaF (1:l) 600°C for 1 d NbOCl, + [ArHlCl (as) in HCI gas satd HCl NbOCI, + [Arm in ethanolicHQ satd with HCI gas CrO,F, + MF or MF, K,CrO, + CrO,Cl, at 90-100°C for 1 h. CrO,Cl, in glacial acetic acid + dry HCI gas at 0°C + [Ph,E]Cl WOX, + RX in CHCI, WOCI, + [Ph,P]Cl in SOCl, MoOCI, + HCl(1O mol L-') + CsCI MoOCI, + [Et,NlBr (1:3)in CH,Cl, Re0,CI in CC1,-CHCl,-CH,CI, + RCI (1:2) ReOX, in CHCI, + [R,N]CI ReOCl, in SOCI, + CsCl

Reaction VOCI, in HCI satd with HCI gas + MC1 at 0°C (1:2) VOCl, + MC1(1:2) in liq SO, at 0°C VOCl in EtOH-HCl + RCI in HCI at 0°C VOCl, PCI, (1 :1) in dry CH,Cl, at RT VOCl, [Et,NH,]CI (1:2)

TABLE 1. PREPARATION OF COMPLEX OXOHALO ANIONSFROM OXYHALIDES

12

10,ll

9 22 23 24

7 8

21

20

17,18 19 6

4 5

4

1

16

1, 3

1, 15

2

Ref.

2.9.13. Synthesis of Complex Halo Anions of Metal Oxohalides 2.9.13.4. from Oxohalides 2.9.13.4.1. with Neutral Oxohalides 233

234


saturated with gaseous HCl, but analogous reactions with py[HCl] and quin[HCl] lead to salts of [NbOCl,]-. The complexes [pyH],[NbOCl,] and [quinH],[NbOCl,I are obtained6 from ethanolic HC1. Chromyl chloride, CrO,Cl,, can be reduced in glacial acetic acid by anhyd HCl at 0°C to yield the Cr(V) anion' [CrOCl,]-. Salts of [WOCl,]- are obtained by treating solutions of WOCl, in CHCl, or SOCl, with the appropriate cation899.The dehydrating properties of thionyl chloride make it a useful solvent for this reaction as the W(V1) salts formed decompose to tungsten blues if left in contact with air. The orange salts can be precipitated from thionyl chloride solution by addition of hydrocarbon solvents such as 2-methylbutane. The oxopentachloride [Ph,P][WOCl,] is converted to the oxobromide by passing HBr through solutions of the chloride in dry CH,Cl,. Salts of [ReOClJ- can also be prepared from ReOCI, by reaction with the cation chloride in SOC1, or dry CHCl, 'O-". Cation exchange is used to prepare different salts of oxy halides, e.g., in the preparation of [Et,N],[VOCl,] and [NH,],[VOCl,] from solutions of M',[VOCl,] and [Et,N]Cl or [NH,]Cl in CH,CN 13. Cation-exchange resins can be employed, e.g., in the formation of [NH,],[VO,F,] from K,[VO,F,] on a resin in the [NH,]' form',. (E.M. PAGE, D.A. RICE)

1. J. E. Drake, J. E. Vekris, J. S . Wood, J. Chem. SOC.,A, 345 (1969). 2. N. N. Khalilova, I. S. Morozov, Russ. J. Inorg. Chem. (Engl. Transl.), 13, 517 (1968). 3. D. Nicholls, D. N. Wilkinson, J. Chem. SOC.,A, 1103 (1970). A, 1175 (1966). 4. P. A. Kilty, D. Nicholls, J. Chem. SOC., 5. J. Koppel, R. Goldmann, A. Kaufmann, Z . Anorg. Allg. Chem., 45, 345 (1905). J. Inorg. Chem. (Engl. Transl.), 13, 1101 (1968). 6. I. S. Morozov, N. P. Lipatova, RUJJ. 7. M. J. Majumder, A. B. Mitra, J. Indian Chem. SOC.,52, 670 (1975). 8. G. W. A. Fowles, J. L. Frost, J. Chem. SOC.,A, 1631 (1966). 9. K. W. Bagnall, J. G. H. du Preez, B. J. Gellatly, J. Chem. SOC.,Dalton Transl., 1963 (1975). 10. B. J. Brisdon, D. A. Edwards, Inorg. Chem., 7, 1898 (1968). 11. D. A. Edwards, R. T. Ward, J. Chem. SOC.,A, 89 (1972). 12. R. Colton, Aust. J. Chem., 18, 435 (1965). 13. A. Feltz, Z . Anorg. Allg. Chem., 355, 120 (1967). 14. A. K. Sengupta, B. B. Bhaumik, Z . Anorg. Allg. Chem., 390,61 (1972). 15. J. E. Drake, J. E. Vekris, J. S.Wood, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 30, 3380 (1968). 16. I. M. Griffiths, D. Nicholls, J. Chem. SOC.,Chem. Commun., 713 (1970). 17. K. R. Seddon, Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. Liverpool, 1973. 18. D. Nicholls, K. R. Seddon, J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 2747 (1973). 19. S. Andersson, J. Galy, Acta Crystallogr., Sect. B, 25, 847 (1969). 20. S. D. Brown, P. J. Green, G. L. Gard, J. Fluorine Chem., 5,203 (1975). 21. G. Brauer, Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 2,2nd ed., Academic Press, New York, 1965, p. 1308. 22. D. A. Edwards, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 25, 1198 (1963). 23. J. P. Brunette, M. J. F. Leroy, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 36, 289 (1974). 24. U. Gerlach, C . Ringel, Z . Anorg. Allg. Chem., 408, 180 (1974).

2.9.13.4.2. with Anionic Oxohalides.

Salts of [TiOC1,]2- are best prepared by reaction of a Ti oxy halide adduct with an ionic chloride'.': Ti40,C1,.7 C,H,O,

+ 8 Me,NCl

CHsCN

4 [Me,N],[TiOCl,]

+ 7 C,H80,

(a)


234


saturated with gaseous HCl, but analogous reactions with py[HCl] and quin[HCl] lead to salts of [NbOCl,]-. The complexes [pyH],[NbOCl,] and [quinH],[NbOCl,I are obtained6 from ethanolic HC1. Chromyl chloride, CrO,Cl,, can be reduced in glacial acetic acid by anhyd HCl at 0°C to yield the Cr(V) anion' [CrOCl,]-. Salts of [WOCl,]- are obtained by treating solutions of WOCl, in CHCl, or SOCl, with the appropriate cation899.The dehydrating properties of thionyl chloride make it a useful solvent for this reaction as the W(V1) salts formed decompose to tungsten blues if left in contact with air. The orange salts can be precipitated from thionyl chloride solution by addition of hydrocarbon solvents such as 2-methylbutane. The oxopentachloride [Ph,P][WOCl,] is converted to the oxobromide by passing HBr through solutions of the chloride in dry CH,Cl,. Salts of [ReOClJ- can also be prepared from ReOCI, by reaction with the cation chloride in SOC1, or dry CHCl, 'O-". Cation exchange is used to prepare different salts of oxy halides, e.g., in the preparation of [Et,N],[VOCl,] and [NH,],[VOCl,] from solutions of M',[VOCl,] and [Et,N]Cl or [NH,]Cl in CH,CN 13. Cation-exchange resins can be employed, e.g., in the formation of [NH,],[VO,F,] from K,[VO,F,] on a resin in the [NH,]' form',. (E.M. PAGE, D.A. RICE)

1. J. E. Drake, J. E. Vekris, J. S . Wood, J. Chem. SOC.,A, 345 (1969). 2. N. N. Khalilova, I. S. Morozov, Russ. J. Inorg. Chem. (Engl. Transl.), 13, 517 (1968). 3. D. Nicholls, D. N. Wilkinson, J. Chem. SOC.,A, 1103 (1970). A, 1175 (1966). 4. P. A. Kilty, D. Nicholls, J. Chem. SOC., 5. J. Koppel, R. Goldmann, A. Kaufmann, Z . Anorg. Allg. Chem., 45, 345 (1905). J. Inorg. Chem. (Engl. Transl.), 13, 1101 (1968). 6. I. S. Morozov, N. P. Lipatova, RUJJ. 7. M. J. Majumder, A. B. Mitra, J. Indian Chem. SOC.,52, 670 (1975). 8. G. W. A. Fowles, J. L. Frost, J. Chem. SOC.,A, 1631 (1966). 9. K. W. Bagnall, J. G. H. du Preez, B. J. Gellatly, J. Chem. SOC.,Dalton Transl., 1963 (1975). 10. B. J. Brisdon, D. A. Edwards, Inorg. Chem., 7, 1898 (1968). 11. D. A. Edwards, R. T. Ward, J. Chem. SOC.,A, 89 (1972). 12. R. Colton, Aust. J. Chem., 18, 435 (1965). 13. A. Feltz, Z . Anorg. Allg. Chem., 355, 120 (1967). 14. A. K. Sengupta, B. B. Bhaumik, Z . Anorg. Allg. Chem., 390,61 (1972). 15. J. E. Drake, J. E. Vekris, J. S.Wood, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 30, 3380 (1968). 16. I. M. Griffiths, D. Nicholls, J. Chem. SOC.,Chem. Commun., 713 (1970). 17. K. R. Seddon, Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. Liverpool, 1973. 18. D. Nicholls, K. R. Seddon, J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 2747 (1973). 19. S. Andersson, J. Galy, Acta Crystallogr., Sect. B, 25, 847 (1969). 20. S. D. Brown, P. J. Green, G. L. Gard, J. Fluorine Chem., 5,203 (1975). 21. G. Brauer, Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 2,2nd ed., Academic Press, New York, 1965, p. 1308. 22. D. A. Edwards, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 25, 1198 (1963). 23. J. P. Brunette, M. J. F. Leroy, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 36, 289 (1974). 24. U. Gerlach, C . Ringel, Z . Anorg. Allg. Chem., 408, 180 (1974).

2.9.13.4.2. with Anionic Oxohalides.

Salts of [TiOC1,]2- are best prepared by reaction of a Ti oxy halide adduct with an ionic chloride'.': Ti40,C1,.7 C,H,O,

+ 8 Me,NCl

CHsCN

4 [Me,N],[TiOCl,]

+ 7 C,H80,

(a)

2.9. Formation of the Halogen-Transition-Metal Bond 2.9.14. Synthesis of Metal Sulfido-, Seleno- and Tellurohalides

Ti,0C16.4 CH,CN

+ 4 [Et,N]CI

-

235

CHaCN

[Et,N],TiOCl,

+ [Et4N],TiCl, + 4 CH,CN

(b)

The salts formed undergo cation exchange in liq SO, at 0°C to give alkali-metal oxotetrachlorotitanates(1V): [Et,N],[TiOCl,]

+ 2 RbCl

Rb,[TiOCl,]

+ 2 [Et,N]Cl

(c)

Complex oxohalides of Zr are also prepared from methyl cyanide adducts of zirconium oxohalides3: Zr,0C16*4 MeCN

+ [Et,N]Cl

MeCN

[Et,N],[Zr,OCI,,]

(4

Reaction of the VOC1,*2 C,H,O, and VOC1,.2 CH,CN*0.5 C,H,O, adducts of vanadyl chloride, with alkali-metal chlorides in liq SO, at -15°C leads to salts of [VOCl,]- when the solid precipitate is heated at 150°C under v a c ~ u m ~Salts ' ~ . such as M,[VOCl,] (M = [pyH]+, [Et4N]+, [Ph,As]+) are prepared by reaction of VOCl,.2 MeCN with RCl in CH,CN at 243 K. The salts precipitate as green solids after several days5. The adduct [enH,][ReOCl,] is prepared from trans[ReO,en,]C1 in 10 mol L-' HCl, and when heated with CsCl in 5 mol L-' HCl crystals of Cs,[ReOCl,] are obtained6. (E.M. PAGE, D.A. RICE)

A. Feltz, Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 338, 155 (1965). A. Feltz, Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 334, 242 (1965). A. Feltz, 2. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 358, 21 (1968). A. Feltz, Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 355, 120 (1967). K. R. Seddon, U.S. Govt. Report EOARD-TR-80-13; Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy of Vanadium(IV) Complexes and Related Species, 1980; Chem. Abstr., 94, 112,126 (1981). 6. D. E. Grove, G . Wilkinson, J. Chem. Soc., A, 1224 (1966).

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

2.9.14. Synthesis of Metal Sulfido-, Seleno- and Tellurohalides Transition metal oxohalides are better known than their S, Se and Te counterparts. However, although for some metallic elements the pure oxohalides have elluded synthesis, or at times claimed compounds have been poorly characterized. However, other chalcogenide halides have been isolated, e.g., with Cu, for which structures of CuTe,X (X = C1, Br or I) and CuTeX (X = C1, Br or I) and the synthesis of CuSe,C1 and CuSe,X (X = Br or 1) are available (see $2.9.14.3). Reviews of the chalcogenide halides relevant to this section with emphasis on the preparation of the transition element species',', the lanthanide c h e r n i ~ t r yand ~ ~ ~the p-block elements are available. (E.M. PAGE, D.A. RICE)

1. D. A. Rice, Coord. Chem. Rev., 25, 199 (1978). 2. M. J. Atherton, J. H. Holloway, Adu. Inorg. Chem. Radiochem., 22, 171 (1979). 3. J. Fenner, A. Rabenau, G. Trageser, Adv. Inorg. Chem. Radiochem., 23, 329, (1979).


2.9. Formation of the Halogen-Transition-Metal Bond 2.9.14. Synthesis of Metal Sulfido-, Seleno- and Tellurohalides

Ti,0C16.4 CH,CN

+ 4 [Et,N]CI

-

235

CHaCN

[Et,N],TiOCl,

+ [Et4N],TiCl, + 4 CH,CN

(b)

The salts formed undergo cation exchange in liq SO, at 0°C to give alkali-metal oxotetrachlorotitanates(1V): [Et,N],[TiOCl,]

+ 2 RbCl

Rb,[TiOCl,]

+ 2 [Et,N]Cl

(c)

Complex oxohalides of Zr are also prepared from methyl cyanide adducts of zirconium oxohalides3: Zr,0C16*4 MeCN

+ [Et,N]Cl

MeCN

[Et,N],[Zr,OCI,,]

(4

Reaction of the VOC1,*2 C,H,O, and VOC1,.2 CH,CN*0.5 C,H,O, adducts of vanadyl chloride, with alkali-metal chlorides in liq SO, at -15°C leads to salts of [VOCl,]- when the solid precipitate is heated at 150°C under v a c ~ u m ~Salts ' ~ . such as M,[VOCl,] (M = [pyH]+, [Et4N]+, [Ph,As]+) are prepared by reaction of VOCl,.2 MeCN with RCl in CH,CN at 243 K. The salts precipitate as green solids after several days5. The adduct [enH,][ReOCl,] is prepared from trans[ReO,en,]C1 in 10 mol L-' HCl, and when heated with CsCl in 5 mol L-' HCl crystals of Cs,[ReOCl,] are obtained6. (E.M. PAGE, D.A. RICE)

A. Feltz, Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 338, 155 (1965). A. Feltz, Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 334, 242 (1965). A. Feltz, 2. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 358, 21 (1968). A. Feltz, Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 355, 120 (1967). K. R. Seddon, U.S. Govt. Report EOARD-TR-80-13; Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy of Vanadium(IV) Complexes and Related Species, 1980; Chem. Abstr., 94, 112,126 (1981). 6. D. E. Grove, G . Wilkinson, J. Chem. Soc., A, 1224 (1966).

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

2.9.14. Synthesis of Metal Sulfido-, Seleno- and Tellurohalides Transition metal oxohalides are better known than their S, Se and Te counterparts. However, although for some metallic elements the pure oxohalides have elluded synthesis, or at times claimed compounds have been poorly characterized. However, other chalcogenide halides have been isolated, e.g., with Cu, for which structures of CuTe,X (X = C1, Br or I) and CuTeX (X = C1, Br or I) and the synthesis of CuSe,C1 and CuSe,X (X = Br or 1) are available (see $2.9.14.3). Reviews of the chalcogenide halides relevant to this section with emphasis on the preparation of the transition element species',', the lanthanide c h e r n i ~ t r yand ~ ~ ~the p-block elements are available. (E.M. PAGE, D.A. RICE)

1. D. A. Rice, Coord. Chem. Rev., 25, 199 (1978). 2. M. J. Atherton, J. H. Holloway, Adu. Inorg. Chem. Radiochem., 22, 171 (1979). 3. J. Fenner, A. Rabenau, G. Trageser, Adv. Inorg. Chem. Radiochem., 23, 329, (1979).


236

2.9. Formation of the Halogen-Transition-Metal Bond 2.9.14. Synthesis of Metal Sulfido-, Seleno- and Tellurohalides 2.9.14.1. from the Metals ~~

~~~~~

2.9.14.1. from the Metals 2.9.14.1.1. To Form Group-IIIA and Lanthanide Compounds.

Many of these compounds exist in more than one solid phase, and so the conditions of preparation (T, pressure, reaction time, etc.) are particularly important (Table 1)'. TABLE1. KNOWNMETALCHALCOGENIDE HALIDES Metal Y La Ce Pr Nd Sm Eu Gd Tb DY Ho Er Yb

Lu

Product YSF YSBr LaSX (X = C1, Br or I) LaSF CeSX (X = C1, Br or I) CeSF PrSBr NdSBr SmSBr SmSI EuSF GdSBr GdSI TbSBr DySBr HoSF HoSBr ErSF ErSBr YbSF YbSBr LuSF LuSBr

Ref. 2 3 2,4 3 4

5 5 5 2 4

5 2

5 5

2 5

2 5 2 5 2 5

The metal is successively reacted with the halogen and then with sulfur vapor, the reactants being contained in individual ampules inside a sealed glass tube. In the preparation of sulfidofluorides the metal trifluoride can be used rather than the metal'. (E.M. PAGE, D.A. RICE)

1. J. Fenner, A. Rabenau, G. Trageser, Adv. Inorg. Chem. Radiochem. 23, 329 (1979) 2. C. Dragon, F. ThCvet, C . R. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci., Ser. C, 268, 1867 (1969). 3. C.Dragon, C. R. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci., Ser. C , 262, 1575 (1966). 4. H. Hahn, R. Schmid, Naturwissenshaften, 52,475 (1965). 5. C. Dragon, F. ThCvet, C. R. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci., Ser. C, 271,617 (1971). 2.9.14.1.2. To Form the Transition-Metal Compounds.

The sulfido-, selenido- and telluridohalides of the transition metals prepared directly from the metals are listed in Table 1. Some of the preparations are not feasible for the production of large quantities of materials (e.g., the reactions between SF, and W in a


236

2.9. Formation of the Halogen-Transition-Metal Bond 2.9.14. Synthesis of Metal Sulfido-, Seleno- and Tellurohalides 2.9.14.1. from the Metals ~~

~~~~~

2.9.14.1. from the Metals 2.9.14.1.1. To Form Group-IIIA and Lanthanide Compounds.

Many of these compounds exist in more than one solid phase, and so the conditions of preparation (T, pressure, reaction time, etc.) are particularly important (Table 1)'. TABLE1. KNOWNMETALCHALCOGENIDE HALIDES Metal Y La Ce Pr Nd Sm Eu Gd Tb DY Ho Er Yb

Lu

Product YSF YSBr LaSX (X = C1, Br or I) LaSF CeSX (X = C1, Br or I) CeSF PrSBr NdSBr SmSBr SmSI EuSF GdSBr GdSI TbSBr DySBr HoSF HoSBr ErSF ErSBr YbSF YbSBr LuSF LuSBr

Ref. 2 3 2,4 3 4

5 5 5 2 4

5 2

5 5

2 5

2 5 2 5 2 5

The metal is successively reacted with the halogen and then with sulfur vapor, the reactants being contained in individual ampules inside a sealed glass tube. In the preparation of sulfidofluorides the metal trifluoride can be used rather than the metal'. (E.M. PAGE, D.A. RICE)

1. J. Fenner, A. Rabenau, G. Trageser, Adv. Inorg. Chem. Radiochem. 23, 329 (1979) 2. C. Dragon, F. ThCvet, C . R. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci., Ser. C, 268, 1867 (1969). 3. C.Dragon, C. R. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci., Ser. C , 262, 1575 (1966). 4. H. Hahn, R. Schmid, Naturwissenshaften, 52,475 (1965). 5. C. Dragon, F. ThCvet, C. R. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci., Ser. C, 271,617 (1971). 2.9.14.1.2. To Form the Transition-Metal Compounds.

The sulfido-, selenido- and telluridohalides of the transition metals prepared directly from the metals are listed in Table 1. Some of the preparations are not feasible for the production of large quantities of materials (e.g., the reactions between SF, and W in a

237

2.9.14. Synthesis of Metal Sulfido-, Seleno- and Tellurohalides 2.9.14.1. from the Metals 2.9.14.1.2. To Form the Transition-Metal Compounds.

TABLE1. PREPARATION OF TRANSITION-METAL SPECIESDIRECTLY FROM THE METAL Element Nb

Product NbS2C12 NbSe,CI,

Mo

NbY,Br, (Y = S or Se) NbY,I, (Y = S or Se) MoS2CI, MoS2Br2 MoSX (X = C1, Br or I) Mo,S,X,

W

WF2S WF,S WFZOS

Au

AuSeBr

2

Sc14

AuSeCl

AuTeI AuTe,I AuTe,CI AuTe,Br

Reactants

Ref.

Nb + S + NbC1, Nb + S,Cl, Nb + S + NbC1, (480-475°C) Nb + Se + NbCI, Nb + Se + NbCl, (410-405°C) Nb + Y + Br, Nb + Y + NbBr, (460-480°C) Nb+Y+I, Nb + Y + NbI, (380-470°C) MO + S,CI, (510-515°C) Mo + S,Br, (500°C) Mo + S + [Mo,X,]X, (lOWC) (appropriate molar ratio) [MoX,]X, + Mo + S (1050°C) (appropriate molar ratio) W + SF, in mass spectrometer

5-7 6, 7 4 6, 7 4 6 6 6 4 4, 8 8 9, 10

w + s,c1,

12 13

11 1

Au + Se + Br, (in anhyd HBr at 230°C for 9 d) Au + Se + C1, (in anhyd HCI at 200°C for 12 d) Au + Te + I, (in HI heated to 400°C allowed to cool to 150°C over 10 d) as above omitting I, Au + Te + C1, (in anhyd HCl heated to 400°C allowed t o cool to 100°C over 10 d) Au + Te + Br, (in anhyd HBr heated to 350°C allowed to cool to 150°C over 10 d)

13, 14 13, 15 3, 15, 16 3, 15, 16 3, 15

mass spectrometer'). The routes involve high temperatures and sealed systems in which high pressures are attained. CAUTION is requiredin these experiments, and the details in the literature should be examined; e.g., in the hydrothermal synthesis of Cu and Au compounds, an autoclave is used and a pressure of approximately 2.5 x lo8 Pa is developed at the high temperature used. Explosions of the glass ampule in which the reactants are sealed can be prevented2J. The difficulties in the reactions under discussion here are highlighted by the preparation of the niobium(1V) compounds NbY,X, (Y = S or Se, X = C1, Br or I). In the preparation of NbSeJ, a grey coating forms on the surface of the crystals4 which is NbOI obtained as an impurity. Poor agreement between the x-ray powder pattern4 and the single-crystal data5 for NbS,CI, is attributed to other ternary compounds present in the powdered NbS,CI,, and reactions leading to NbY,X, produce other phases, e.g., Nb,Se,CI, from the NbSe,Cl, preparation4. (E.M. PAGE, D.A. RICE)

238

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.

2.9. Formation of the Halogen-Transition-Metal Bond 2.9.14. Synthesis of Metal Sulfido-, Seleno- and Tellurohalides 2.9.14.2. from the Metal Chalcogenides.

D. L. Hildenbrand, J. Chem. Phys., 62, 3074 (1975). J. Fenner, A. Rabenau, G. Traqeser, Adv. Znorg. Chem. Radiochem., 23,329 (1979). A. Rabenau, H. Rau, Inorg. Synth., 14, 160 (1973). J. Rijnsdorp, Ph.D. Thesis Rijksuniversiteitt, Groningen, 1978. H. G. Schnering, W. Beckmann, 2.Anorg. Allg. Chem., 347,231 (1966). H. Schafer, W. Beckmann, 2.Anorg. Allg. Chem., 347, 225 (1966). H. Schafer, D. Bauer, W. Beckmann, R. Gerken, H. G. Nieder-Vahrenholz, K. J. Niehues, H. Scholz, Naturwissenschaften, 51, 241 (1964). J. P. Rannou, M. Sergent, C. R. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci., Ser. C, 265, 734 (1967). C. Perrin, R. Chevrel, M. Sergent, C. R. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci., 280, 949 (1975). C. Perrin, R. Chevrel, M. Sergent, C. R. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci., 281, 23 (1975). M. Sergent, 0.Fischer, M. Decroux, C. Perrin, R. Chevrel, J. Solid State Chem., 22, 81 (1977). E. F. Smith, V. Oberholtzer, 2. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 5, 63 (1894). A. Rabenau, H. Rau, G. Rosenstein, Monarsh. Chem., 102, 1425 (1971). D. Mootz, A. Rabenau, H. Wunderlich, J. Solid State Chem., 6, 583 (1973). A. Rabenau, H. Rau, G. Rosenstein, J. Less-Common Met., 21, 395 (1970). H. M. Haendler, D. Mootz, A. Rabenau, G. Rosenstein, J. Solid State Chem., 10, 175 (1974).

2.9.14.2. from the Metal Chalcogenides.

Unlike oxohalides, which can be synthesized from the metal oxides (with the exception of f-block species), few sulfido, selenido or tellurido species are synthesized from the metal chalcogenides. Species synthesized from the chalcogenides of the f-block elements are listed in Table 1. The majority are selenides. As with the synthesis of f-block species from the metals (see §2.9.14.1),the reactions are carried out in sealed tubes and control of the conditions is necessary to ensure that pure phases are obtained. Compounds that are claimed to be synthesized from transitiop-metal chalcogenides are listed in Table 2. Some are well characterized and are the subject of single-crystal xray studies, but others are at best poorly characterized. The uncertain nature of some is illustrated by a consideration of group VIIa. The Mn compounds y-MnSCl,, y-MnSBr and y-MnSI and a-MnSCl,, a-MnSBr and a-MnSI are isolated by heating either y-MnS or a-MnS with the appropriate Mn halide. Although these compounds and the related TABLE1. GROUP-IIIAAND LANTHANIDE ELEMENT SPECIES PREPARED FROM METAL CHALCOGENIDES Reactants: MF, Compounds YSeF YSF LaSF LaSeF CeSeF PrSeF NdSeF SmSeF GdSeF

+ M,Y,

(Y = S or Se)

Ref.

Compounds

2

La,SeF, Ce,SeF, Pr,SeF, Nd,SeF, ErSeF TmSeF YbSeF LuSeF

2, 3

3, 4 5 5 5 5 5 5

Ref.


238

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.

2.9. Formation of the Halogen-Transition-Metal Bond 2.9.14. Synthesis of Metal Sulfido-, Seleno- and Tellurohalides 2.9.14.2. from the Metal Chalcogenides.

D. L. Hildenbrand, J. Chem. Phys., 62, 3074 (1975). J. Fenner, A. Rabenau, G. Traqeser, Adv. Znorg. Chem. Radiochem., 23,329 (1979). A. Rabenau, H. Rau, Inorg. Synth., 14, 160 (1973). J. Rijnsdorp, Ph.D. Thesis Rijksuniversiteitt, Groningen, 1978. H. G. Schnering, W. Beckmann, 2.Anorg. Allg. Chem., 347,231 (1966). H. Schafer, W. Beckmann, 2.Anorg. Allg. Chem., 347, 225 (1966). H. Schafer, D. Bauer, W. Beckmann, R. Gerken, H. G. Nieder-Vahrenholz, K. J. Niehues, H. Scholz, Naturwissenschaften, 51, 241 (1964). J. P. Rannou, M. Sergent, C. R. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci., Ser. C, 265, 734 (1967). C. Perrin, R. Chevrel, M. Sergent, C. R. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci., 280, 949 (1975). C. Perrin, R. Chevrel, M. Sergent, C. R. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci., 281, 23 (1975). M. Sergent, 0.Fischer, M. Decroux, C. Perrin, R. Chevrel, J. Solid State Chem., 22, 81 (1977). E. F. Smith, V. Oberholtzer, 2. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 5, 63 (1894). A. Rabenau, H. Rau, G. Rosenstein, Monarsh. Chem., 102, 1425 (1971). D. Mootz, A. Rabenau, H. Wunderlich, J. Solid State Chem., 6, 583 (1973). A. Rabenau, H. Rau, G. Rosenstein, J. Less-Common Met., 21, 395 (1970). H. M. Haendler, D. Mootz, A. Rabenau, G. Rosenstein, J. Solid State Chem., 10, 175 (1974).

2.9.14.2. from the Metal Chalcogenides.

Unlike oxohalides, which can be synthesized from the metal oxides (with the exception of f-block species), few sulfido, selenido or tellurido species are synthesized from the metal chalcogenides. Species synthesized from the chalcogenides of the f-block elements are listed in Table 1. The majority are selenides. As with the synthesis of f-block species from the metals (see §2.9.14.1),the reactions are carried out in sealed tubes and control of the conditions is necessary to ensure that pure phases are obtained. Compounds that are claimed to be synthesized from transitiop-metal chalcogenides are listed in Table 2. Some are well characterized and are the subject of single-crystal xray studies, but others are at best poorly characterized. The uncertain nature of some is illustrated by a consideration of group VIIa. The Mn compounds y-MnSCl,, y-MnSBr and y-MnSI and a-MnSCl,, a-MnSBr and a-MnSI are isolated by heating either y-MnS or a-MnS with the appropriate Mn halide. Although these compounds and the related TABLE1. GROUP-IIIAAND LANTHANIDE ELEMENT SPECIES PREPARED FROM METAL CHALCOGENIDES Reactants: MF, Compounds YSeF YSF LaSF LaSeF CeSeF PrSeF NdSeF SmSeF GdSeF

+ M,Y,

(Y = S or Se)

Ref.

Compounds

2

La,SeF, Ce,SeF, Pr,SeF, Nd,SeF, ErSeF TmSeF YbSeF LuSeF

2, 3

3, 4 5 5 5 5 5 5

Ref.

239

2.9. Formation of the Halogen-Transition-Metal Bond 2.9.14. Synthesis of Metal Sulfido-, Seleno- and Tellurohalides 2.9.14.2. from the Metal Chalcogenides. SPECIES DIRECT FROM CHALCOGENIDE TABLE2. PREPARATION OF TRANSITION-METAL

-~

Element Cr

CrSBr CrSeI crs10.83

CrTe10,73

Mo

Re

Ag

Ag

MoSCI, MoTe,Br,, Mo,S,Br, Mo,S,Cl, ReSCl, ReSeC1, Re,S,Cl, Re,SezC1, Re,Se,Br, Re,Te,Br, Ag,SBr Ag3SI

Ag,TeBr Ag,TeBr, Ag,Te,Cl

Ref.

Reactant

Product

Cr,S, + CrBr, at 870°C CrSe + CrI, at 400°C CrS + CrI, at 420°C CrTe + CrI, at 315°C MoS, + C1, at 400°C MoTe, + Br, at RT MoS, + S,Br, at 420°C MoS, + S,Cl, at 350-400°C ReS, + C1, at 400-450°C ReSe, + C1, at 480-500°C C1,-CO, (1:5) at 120°C Re,S, 3 ReSe, + 2 Re,Cl, at 700-750°C fur 10-15 h 3 ReSe, + 2 Re,Br, at 700-750°C ReSe, + Br, at 580°C Re,Te, + Br, at 155-160°C Ag,S + AgBr at 280°C Ag,S + AgI at 235°C for 100 h Ag,S + AgI + S at 550°C. Enough S must be present to give a pressure of 1 atm at 550°C in the sealed tube

+

These species are prepared by heating stoichiometric quantities of Ag,Te and AgX

7 7 7 7 8 9 10 10 11 12 13 12 12 14 12 15 15 16

17 18 19

selenides are examined by density, refractive index and x-ray powder measurements, they remain largely uncharacterized'. Similarly, in view of the difficulties experienced in isolating ReOCl, (although its adducts are well characterized) many reports concerning Re sulfido- or selenido halides have to be treated with caution. The routes involving sulfides and selenides are best avoided if alternative routes exist. These chalcogenides are often unreactive and frequently impure. Also, direct chlorination of a sulfide or selenide frequently yields S2C1, or Se,C12 and the metal halide unless great care is taken. (E.M. PAGE, D.A. RICE)

1. S. S. Batsanov, L. I. Gorogotskaya, Russ. J. Znorg. Chem. (Engl. Transl.), 4, 24 (1959) 2. C. Dragon, C. R.Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci., Ser. C, 275, 817 (1972). 3. C. Dragon, F. Thevet, Ann. Chim. (Paris), 6, 67 (1971). 4. H. Hahn, R. Schmid, Naturwissenshqften, 52, 475 (1965). 5. C. Dragon, C. R.Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci., Ser. C, 273, 352 (1971). 6. C. Dragon, C. R. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci., 283, 743 (1976). 7. H. Katschner, H. Hahn, Naturwissenschajien, 53, 361 (1966). 8. I. A. Glukov, Izr. Tadzhik SSSR., Otd. Estestv. Nauk, 24, 21 (1957); Chem. Abstr., 53, 11,076~ (1959). 9. A. A. Opalovskii, V. E. Fedorov, Dokl. Chem. (Engl. Transl.), 176, 810 (1967). 10. J. P.Rannou, M. Sergent, C. R.Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci., Ser. C, 265, 734 (1967). 11. V. G. Tronoev, G. A. Bekhtle, S. B. Davidyants, Tr. Akad. Nauk. Tadzh. SSR,84, 105 (1958); Chem. Abstr., 54, 12,866 (1960).

240

2.9. Formation of the Halogen-Transition-Metal Bond 2.9.14. Synthesis of Metal Sulfido-, Seleno- and Tellurohaiides 2.9.14.3. from Transition-Metal Halides with Chalcogens.

12. A. A. Opalovskii, V. E. Fedorov, E. U. Lobkov, B. G . Erenburg, Russ. J. Inorg. Chem. (Engl. Transl.), 16, 1685 (1971). 13. I. A. Glukhlov, S. B. Davidyants, N. A. El'manova, Russ. J. Inorg. Chem. (Engl. Transl.), 6,649 (1961). 14. A. A. Opalovskii, V. E. Fedorov, E. U. Lobkov, Rum. J. Inorg. Chem. (Engl. Transl.j, 16, 790 (1971). 15. B. Reuter, K. Hardel, Z . Anorg. Allg. Chem., 340, 158 (1965). 16. T. Takahashi, 0. Yamamoto, Electrochim. Acta, 2, 779 (1966). 17. Y. Shirokov, B. I. Pushkov, V. S . Borokov, P. D. Lukovtsev, Sov. Electrochem. (Engl. Transl.),8, 561 (1972). 18. S. Karbanov, Z. Boncheva-Mladenova, N. Aramov, Monatsh. Chem., 103, 1496 (1972). 19. R. Blachnik, J. E. Alberts, Z. Naturforsch., Teil B, 31, 163 (1976).

2.9.14.3. from Transition-Metal Halides with Chalcogens.

Synthetic routes to the chalcogenide halides via the reaction of transition-metal halides with chalcogens involve reactants that are well characterized and easy to purify, but species such as SzClz can be produced which themselves react with transition-metal halides to give chalcogenide halides. However, unlike, e.g., the chlorination of chalcogenides discussed in 52.9.14.1 and 52.9.14.2, the stoichiometry of the reaction can be controlled. Chalcogenide halides prepared from the chalcogen/transition metal halide are listed in Table 1. Some of the syntheses listed require further investigation; e.g., attempts to repeat the synthesis of NbSzCl and TaSzClz from the pentahalide and sulfur' show that these routes are not straightforwardz. Also, the Mo trihalides react with chalcogens to synthesize compounds of stoichiometry Mo3Y7X4(Y = S or Se, X = Br or Cl). The "d" spacings of these compounds3 correspond not with the data for Mo,S,CI,~ but with those of Mo,S,Cl, instead5*,.The nature of Mo3S7C14is revealed by single-crystal x-ray study7. The cluster Mo halides, [Mo6X,]X4, yield mixtures when treated with S or Se. The product depends upon the molar ratio of the reactants and the temperature*-''. For WSC1, the synthesis from WCl, and S is the best route". Commercial samples of WC1, should be resublimed in C1, or WCl, should be synthesized from the elements. This procedure eliminates contamination by w o c l , found in commercial wc16. (E.M. PAGE, D.A. RICE)

1. S. M. Sinitsyna, V. C. Khlebodarov, N. A. Bukhtereva, Russ. J. Inorg. Chem. (Engl. Transl.), 20, 1267 (1975). 2. R. J. Hobson, private communication, 1979. 3. J. D. Marcoll, Thesis (Ph.D.), Stuttgart, 1975. 4. A. A. Opalovskii, V. E. Federov, K. A. Khaldoyanidi, Dokl. Chem. (Engl. Transl.), 182, 907 (1968). 5. C. Perrin-Billot, A. Perrin, J. Prigent, Bull. SOC.Chim. Fr., 3086 (1972). 6. J. D. Marcoll, A. Rabenau, D. Mootz, H. Wunderlich, Rev. Chim. Miner., 11, 607 (1974). 7. J. D. Marcoll, A. Rabenau, D. Mootz, H. Wunderlich, Rev. Chim. Miner., 11, 607 (1974). 8. D. S. Dmitrievich, M. A. Vasil'evich, Mater. Vses. Nauch. Stud. KonJ Khim., 13,39 (1975); Chem. Abstr., 86, 830,026 (1977). 9. E. V. Kirillovich, Mater. Vses. Nauch. Stud. KonJ Khim., 13 27 (1975); Chem. Abstr., 86, 64,722 (1977). 10. C. Perrin, M. Sergent, J. Prigent, C. R. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci., Ser. C, 277,465 (1973). 11. N. S. Fortunatov, N. I. Timoshchenko, Ukr. Khim. Zh., 35,1207 (1969); Chem. Abstr., 72,38,36lt (1970).


240

2.9. Formation of the Halogen-Transition-Metal Bond 2.9.14. Synthesis of Metal Sulfido-, Seleno- and Tellurohaiides 2.9.14.3. from Transition-Metal Halides with Chalcogens.

12. A. A. Opalovskii, V. E. Fedorov, E. U. Lobkov, B. G . Erenburg, Russ. J. Inorg. Chem. (Engl. Transl.), 16, 1685 (1971). 13. I. A. Glukhlov, S. B. Davidyants, N. A. El'manova, Russ. J. Inorg. Chem. (Engl. Transl.), 6,649 (1961). 14. A. A. Opalovskii, V. E. Fedorov, E. U. Lobkov, Rum. J. Inorg. Chem. (Engl. Transl.j, 16, 790 (1971). 15. B. Reuter, K. Hardel, Z . Anorg. Allg. Chem., 340, 158 (1965). 16. T. Takahashi, 0. Yamamoto, Electrochim. Acta, 2, 779 (1966). 17. Y. Shirokov, B. I. Pushkov, V. S . Borokov, P. D. Lukovtsev, Sov. Electrochem. (Engl. Transl.),8, 561 (1972). 18. S. Karbanov, Z. Boncheva-Mladenova, N. Aramov, Monatsh. Chem., 103, 1496 (1972). 19. R. Blachnik, J. E. Alberts, Z. Naturforsch., Teil B, 31, 163 (1976).

2.9.14.3. from Transition-Metal Halides with Chalcogens.

Synthetic routes to the chalcogenide halides via the reaction of transition-metal halides with chalcogens involve reactants that are well characterized and easy to purify, but species such as SzClz can be produced which themselves react with transition-metal halides to give chalcogenide halides. However, unlike, e.g., the chlorination of chalcogenides discussed in 52.9.14.1 and 52.9.14.2, the stoichiometry of the reaction can be controlled. Chalcogenide halides prepared from the chalcogen/transition metal halide are listed in Table 1. Some of the syntheses listed require further investigation; e.g., attempts to repeat the synthesis of NbSzCl and TaSzClz from the pentahalide and sulfur' show that these routes are not straightforwardz. Also, the Mo trihalides react with chalcogens to synthesize compounds of stoichiometry Mo3Y7X4(Y = S or Se, X = Br or Cl). The "d" spacings of these compounds3 correspond not with the data for Mo,S,CI,~ but with those of Mo,S,Cl, instead5*,.The nature of Mo3S7C14is revealed by single-crystal x-ray study7. The cluster Mo halides, [Mo6X,]X4, yield mixtures when treated with S or Se. The product depends upon the molar ratio of the reactants and the temperature*-''. For WSC1, the synthesis from WCl, and S is the best route". Commercial samples of WC1, should be resublimed in C1, or WCl, should be synthesized from the elements. This procedure eliminates contamination by w o c l , found in commercial wc16. (E.M. PAGE, D.A. RICE)

1. S. M. Sinitsyna, V. C. Khlebodarov, N. A. Bukhtereva, Russ. J. Inorg. Chem. (Engl. Transl.), 20, 1267 (1975). 2. R. J. Hobson, private communication, 1979. 3. J. D. Marcoll, Thesis (Ph.D.), Stuttgart, 1975. 4. A. A. Opalovskii, V. E. Federov, K. A. Khaldoyanidi, Dokl. Chem. (Engl. Transl.), 182, 907 (1968). 5. C. Perrin-Billot, A. Perrin, J. Prigent, Bull. SOC.Chim. Fr., 3086 (1972). 6. J. D. Marcoll, A. Rabenau, D. Mootz, H. Wunderlich, Rev. Chim. Miner., 11, 607 (1974). 7. J. D. Marcoll, A. Rabenau, D. Mootz, H. Wunderlich, Rev. Chim. Miner., 11, 607 (1974). 8. D. S. Dmitrievich, M. A. Vasil'evich, Mater. Vses. Nauch. Stud. KonJ Khim., 13,39 (1975); Chem. Abstr., 86, 830,026 (1977). 9. E. V. Kirillovich, Mater. Vses. Nauch. Stud. KonJ Khim., 13 27 (1975); Chem. Abstr., 86, 64,722 (1977). 10. C. Perrin, M. Sergent, J. Prigent, C. R. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci., Ser. C, 277,465 (1973). 11. N. S. Fortunatov, N. I. Timoshchenko, Ukr. Khim. Zh., 35,1207 (1969); Chem. Abstr., 72,38,36lt (1970).

241

2.9. Formation of the Halogen-Transition-Metal Bond 2.9.14. Synthesis of Metal Sulfido-, Seleno- and Tellurohalides 2.9.14.3. from Transition-Metal Halides with Chalcogens.

TABLE1. THE PREPARATION OF CHALCOGENIDE HALIDESFROM THE REACTION OF METALHALIDES AND A CHALCOGEN Halide

Product

Reaction conditions

NbC1, TaC1,

NbS,C1 TaS,Cl,

NbCl, and S (1:8 molar ratio) in benzene TaCI, and S (1:8 molar ratio) in benzene [Mo,I,]I, + S at 300°C [Mo,Br,]Br, + S at 350-400°C [Mo,CI,]CI, + S at 350-400°C. MoC1, + S (1:lO molar ratio) at 450°C either with or without S,Cl, as solvent MoC1, + Se (molar ratio 1:10) at 400°C for 1 d [Mo,Br,]Br, + S (molar ratio 1:5) at 420°C for 10 h MoBr, + S (molar ratio 1:5) at 360°C for 5 h [Mo,Br,]Br, + Se (molar ratio 1:5) at 400°C for 10 h MoBr, + Se (molar ratio 1:5) at 340°C for 10 h WF6 f s WF, + Se WCI, + S (1:3 molar ratio) 170°C for 8 h Re@, + S Re@, + Se Re,Br, + S Re,Br, + Se 2 ReCI, + 4 S 125°C 2 ReCI, + 4 S 160°C 2 ReCl, + 4 S 270°C ReF, + S at 300°C PdI, and Se with iodine present at 250°C An excess of CuX (15 g) with Te (5 g) in presence of HX heated to 350-440°C and allowed to cool to 150°C over 3 d As above but with CuX (20 g) and Te (1 g) CuCl(15 g) + Se (5 g) in presence of HCl. heated to 350°C and allowed to cool to 150°C over 10 d CuBr (15 g) + Se (5 g) in presence of HBr heated to 340°C and allowed to cool to 150°C CuI (10 g) + Se (5 g) in the presence of HI. heated to 390°C and allowed to cool to 200°C

[Mo618114 [Mo6Br81Br4 [Mo6C181C14

MoCI,

Mo2S513

Mo,S,Br, Mo,S,Cl, Mo,S,C14

ReF, PdI, CUX

Mo,Se,Cl, Mo,S,Br, Mo,S,Br, Mo,Se,Br, Mo,Br,Se, WF,S WF,Se WSCl, ReSC1, ReSeC1, ReSBr, ReSeBr, ReSCI, Re,S,CI, ReSCl, ReF,S Pd,SeI, CuTe,X

CUCl

CuTeX CuSe,CI

CuBr

CuSe,Br

CUI

CuSe,I

MoC1, [Mo6Br81Br4

MoBr, [Mo6Br81Br4

MoBr, wf6

WCI, Re,Cl, Re,Cl, Re,Br, Re,Br, ReC1,

Ref. 1 1 5 5, 13 5, 13 4, 6 4 14 14 14 14 21 21 11 15 15 15 15 16 21 17 12, 18, 19

12, 18, 19 12, 18, 19 12, 18, 19

12. A. Rabenau, H. Rau, Znorg. Synth., 14, 160 (1973). 13. C. Perrin-Billot, A. Perrin, J. Prigent, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 676 (1970). 14. A. A. Opalovskii, V. E. Federov, A. P. Mazhara, I. M. Cheremisina, Rum. J. Znorg. Chem. (Engl. Transl.), 17, 1510 (1972). 15. G . E. Sergeevna, Mater. Vses. Nauchen. Stud. KonJ Khim., 13,26 (1975), Chem. Abstr., 86,82,915 (1977). 16. D. V. Drobot, B. G. Korshunov, S. L. Kovacheva, Russ. J. Znorg. Chem. (Engl. Transl.), 17, 139 (1972). 17. G. Thiele, M. Kohler-Degner, K. Wittmann, G. Zoubek, Angew. Chem., Znt. Ed. Engl., 17, 852 (1978). 18. A. Rabenau, H. Rau, G. Rosenstein, Naturwissenschaften, 56, 137 (1969).

242

2.9. Formation of the Halogen-Transition-Metal Bond 2.9.14. Synthesis of Metal Sulfido-, Seleno- and Tellurohalides 2.9.14.4. from Transition-Metal Halides with Main-Group Chalcogenides

19. A. Rabenau, H. Rau, G. Rosenstein, Z . Anorg. Allg. Chem., 374, 43 (1970). 20. J. Fennor, A. Rabenau, G. Trageser, Adv. Inorg. Chem. Radiochem., 23, 334 (1980). 21. J. H.Holloway, V. Kaucic, D. R. Russell, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1079 (1983).

2.9.14.4. from Transition-Metal Halides wlth Maln-Group Chalcogenides

Oxy halides can be prepared by reacting transition-metal halides with As or Sb oxides (see 42.9.12.7). Similar routes to selenido- and sulfidohalides utilize either B, As especially or Sb trichalcogenides (see Table 1). From Table 1 it is apparent that sulfides and selenides of B and Sb are used more frequently than those of As. The reason is illustrated by attempts at preparing NbSCl, using NbC1,-As,S, which result in incomplete reaction’. The choice of B,S, in place of Sb,S, is attractive as BCl, is more volatile than SbC1,. However, the ease with which B forms 0x0 compounds is such that B,S, often contains oxides. In contrast, a reactive and pure form of black Sb,S, is obtained by passing H,S through HCl solns of Sb(II1).

’,

TABLE 1 Element

V Nb

Product VSCl NbYX, (Y = S or Se, X = C1 or Br) NbSCI, Nb,S,CI, Nb,S,Br,

Ta

TaSX,

(X = C1 or Br) Mo

MoSCl, MoSeC1,

W

wsc1, WYF,

WYBr, (Y = S, Se) WYCl,

wsc1,

WSeBr, WCl,S,

wc1,os Re

WC1,SSe ReF,S ReF,S

Reaction condition

+

Refs.

VCl, B2S3 NbX, + Sb2Y, (3:l molar ratio) in CS, (see text)

6 3

NbCI, + B,S, (3: 1 molar ratio) in a sealed tube at 90°C NbCl, + Sb2S, (2: 1 molar ratio) either in CS, solution (45°C for 10 d) or heated in a sealed tube NbBr, + Sb,S, (2: 1 molar ratio) in CS2 solution (45°C for 10 d) Tax, + Sb2S3(3: 1 molar ratio) in CS, solution at 20°C. MoC1, + Sb2S, (3: 1 molar ratio) either in CS, solution or heated in a sealed tube 140°C (see text) MoC1, + Sb,Se, (3: 1 riolar ratio) in a sealed tube 140°C (see text) WCl, + Sb,S, (3:l molar ratio) at 140°C for 3 d WF, + Sb2Y, (3:l molar ratio) at 300-350°C for 3 h (Y = S, Se) WF, + B,S, (3:l molar ratio) at 260°C followed by sublimation WBr, + Sb,Y, (3: 1 molar ratio) 120-140°C

7

WCl, + Sb2Y, (3:l molar ratio) at 120°C for 7 d WCl, + Sb,S, (3: 1 molar ratio) in CS, solution WBr, + Sb2Se, (3:l molar ratio) at 140°C for 14 d WSC1, + Sb2S, (3: 1 molar ratio) in CS, WSCl, + Sb,O, (3:l molar ratio) in CS, WSeCl, + Sb,S, (3: 1 molar ratio) in CS2 ReF, + Sb2S, or B2S3 ReF, Sb,S,

+

4 4 3 8 8 8 9, 10 10 8 8 8 3 3 3 11 11


2.9. Formation of the Halogen-Transition-Metal Bond 2.9.14. Synthesis of Metal Sulfido-, Seleno- and Tellurohalides 2.9.14.4. from Transition-Metal Halides with Main-Group Chalcogenides

19. A. Rabenau, H. Rau, G. Rosenstein, Z . Anorg. Allg. Chem., 374, 43 (1970). 20. J. Fennor, A. Rabenau, G. Trageser, Adv. Inorg. Chem. Radiochem., 23, 334 (1980). 21. J. H.Holloway, V. Kaucic, D. R. Russell, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1079 (1983).

2.9.14.4. from Transition-Metal Halides wlth Maln-Group Chalcogenides

Oxy halides can be prepared by reacting transition-metal halides with As or Sb oxides (see 42.9.12.7). Similar routes to selenido- and sulfidohalides utilize either B, As especially or Sb trichalcogenides (see Table 1). From Table 1 it is apparent that sulfides and selenides of B and Sb are used more frequently than those of As. The reason is illustrated by attempts at preparing NbSCl, using NbC1,-As,S, which result in incomplete reaction’. The choice of B,S, in place of Sb,S, is attractive as BCl, is more volatile than SbC1,. However, the ease with which B forms 0x0 compounds is such that B,S, often contains oxides. In contrast, a reactive and pure form of black Sb,S, is obtained by passing H,S through HCl solns of Sb(II1).

’,

TABLE 1 Element

V Nb

Product VSCl NbYX, (Y = S or Se, X = C1 or Br) NbSCI, Nb,S,CI, Nb,S,Br,

Ta

TaSX,

(X = C1 or Br) Mo

MoSCl, MoSeC1,

W

wsc1, WYF,

WYBr, (Y = S, Se) WYCl,

wsc1,

WSeBr, WCl,S,

wc1,os Re

WC1,SSe ReF,S ReF,S

Reaction condition

+

Refs.

VCl, B2S3 NbX, + Sb2Y, (3:l molar ratio) in CS, (see text)

6 3

NbCI, + B,S, (3: 1 molar ratio) in a sealed tube at 90°C NbCl, + Sb2S, (2: 1 molar ratio) either in CS, solution (45°C for 10 d) or heated in a sealed tube NbBr, + Sb,S, (2: 1 molar ratio) in CS2 solution (45°C for 10 d) Tax, + Sb2S3(3: 1 molar ratio) in CS, solution at 20°C. MoC1, + Sb2S, (3: 1 molar ratio) either in CS, solution or heated in a sealed tube 140°C (see text) MoC1, + Sb,Se, (3: 1 riolar ratio) in a sealed tube 140°C (see text) WCl, + Sb,S, (3:l molar ratio) at 140°C for 3 d WF, + Sb2Y, (3:l molar ratio) at 300-350°C for 3 h (Y = S, Se) WF, + B,S, (3:l molar ratio) at 260°C followed by sublimation WBr, + Sb,Y, (3: 1 molar ratio) 120-140°C

7

WCl, + Sb2Y, (3:l molar ratio) at 120°C for 7 d WCl, + Sb,S, (3: 1 molar ratio) in CS, solution WBr, + Sb2Se, (3:l molar ratio) at 140°C for 14 d WSC1, + Sb2S, (3: 1 molar ratio) in CS, WSCl, + Sb,O, (3:l molar ratio) in CS, WSeCl, + Sb,S, (3: 1 molar ratio) in CS2 ReF, + Sb2S, or B2S3 ReF, Sb,S,

+

4 4 3 8 8 8 9, 10 10 8 8 8 3 3 3 11 11

2.9.15. Synthesis of Metal Carbonyl Halides and Nitrosyl Halides 2.9.15.1. Synthesis of Metal Carbonyl Halides 2.9.15.1.1. Preparation of Transition-Metal Carbonyl Halides.

243

The complications that can arise are illustrated by the NbCl,-Sb,S, system. A 3: 1 molar ratio of NbCl, and Sb2S, in CS, at RT readily yields the Nb(V) compound, NbSCl,,; a 2 : l ratio in CS, at 45°C for 10d forms the Nb(1V) compound C12Nb-~-(S,)-p-(S)-NbC12 '. Similar complications may occur in the formation of MoSCl, and MoSeCl,, for although samples having analyses close to those required for MoSCl, and MoSeCl, can be obtained, the possibility of reduction cannot be excluded. Finally, no definite route to TiSCl, exists. However, its MeCN adduct TiSCl,.(NCMe), is isolated by treating TiCl, with (Me,Si),S in MeCN '. (E.M. PAGE, D.A. RICE)

1. I. S. Morozov, N. P. Dergacheeva, USSR Pat. 430,064 (1974); Chem. Abstr., 82,61,374 (1975). 2. A. J. Benton, Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. Reading, 1981. 3. G. W. A. Fowles, R. J. Hobson, D. A. Rice, K. J. Shanton, J. Chem. SOC.,Chem. Commun., 552, (1976). Dalton Trans., 417 (1985). 4. M. G. B. Drew, D. A. Rice, D. M. Williams, J. Chem. SOC., Dalton Trans., 1697 (1979). 5. L. S. Jenkins, G. R. Willey, J. Chem. SOC., 6. A. 0. Baghlaf, MSc. Thesis, Univ. Manchester, 1972. 7. A. 0. Baghlaf, A. Thompson, J. Less-Common Met., 53, 291 (1977). 8. D. Britnell, G. W. A. Fowles, D. A. Rice, J. Chem. SOC., Dalton Trans., 2191 (1974). 9. M. J. Atherton, J. H. Holloway, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 424 (1977); Znorg. Nucl. Chem. Lett. 14, 121 (1978). 10. J. H. Holloway, G. M. Stanton, private communication, 1982. 11. J. H. Holloway, D. C. Puddick, G. M. Staunton, D. Brown, Znorg. Chim. Acta, 64, L209 (1982).

2.9.15. Synthesis of Metal Carbonyl Haiides and Nitrosyl Halides from the Metal Carbonyls and Their Derivatives 2.9.15.1. Synthesis of Metal Carbonyl Halides

Metal carbonyl halides, in which both CO and halogen are bonded to the central metal atom, are known for all elements of groups VIA-VIII and the group-IB metals. One method of preparation involves treating of the metal halide with CO, and another, the halogenation of the metal carbonyl itself. Since this section is concerned with forming transition-metal to halogen bonds, only carbonyl halides that are prepared by the second method are discussed. Two reviews cover the transition-metal carbonyl halides's2; another covers the carbonyl halides of the rarer platinum metals3. (E.M. PAGE, D.A. RICE)

1. F. Calderazzo, R. Ercoli, G . Natta, Organic Syntheses via Metal Carbonyls, Vol. 1, Wiley, New York, 1968, p. 216. 2. F. Calderazzo, in Halogen Chemistry, Vol. 3, V. Gutmann, ed. Academic Press, New York, 1968, p. 383. 3. W. P. Griffith, The Chemistry of the Rarer Platinum Metals, Interscience, New York, 1967. 2.9.15.1.1. Preparation of Transition-Metal Carbonyl Halides from the Metal Carbonyl.

Many metal carbonyl halides can be prepared directly from the carbonyl (see Table l), especially those of groups VIA, VIIA and VIII. The element must possess a stable and

Inorganic Reactions and Methods, Volume4 Edited by J.J. Zuckerman, A.P. Hagen Copyright 0 1991 by VCH Publishers, Inc. 2.9.15. Synthesis of Metal Carbonyl Halides and Nitrosyl Halides 2.9.15.1. Synthesis of Metal Carbonyl Halides 2.9.15.1.1. Preparation of Transition-Metal Carbonyl Halides.

243







Inorganic Reactions and Methods, Volume4 Edited by J.J. Zuckerman, A.P. Hagen Copyright 0 1991 by VCH Publishers, Inc. 2.9.15. Synthesis of Metal Carbonyl Halides and Nitrosyl Halides 2.9.15.1. Synthesis of Metal Carbonyl Halides 2.9.15.1.1. Preparation of Transition-Metal Carbonyl Halides.

243







Carbonylhalide

Carbonyl

Halogenating agent

CH,CI, CHZCI, CCl,

CH,CI, CH,Cl, Petether CHZCI, CH,Cl, CH,Cl, Hexane

HF

Solvent

0

75min

20 min

Orange yellow Light orange yellow Yellow

RT RT

RT RT

Dark brown

Orange Yellow

Color

Yellow soh Red soln Orange Orange

5h

Time

-78

-78 -78 RT

T ("C)

TABLE 1. PREPARATION OF TRANSITION-METAL CARBONYLHALIDES FROM THE METALCARBONYL

PA)

31 31 64

Yield

6, 9

15 15

23 4 3 3 23 4

L

1

5, 21

Refs.

+

x, (=) x, (xs) uv uv

X, 1, XeF, XeF, (1:4.5)

12

ReF, XeF, ReF, ReF, XeF, X, I, hv

1,

Br, CL Br,

RT RT -40 RT RT

CCI, CCI,

RT 130

RT RT RT

100

40 25 25

THF Genetron 113 or HF Genetron 113 or HF heptane

HF CCIF,CCI,F or HF HF HF HF Inert solvent

~

CCI, CCI, CCI,

long

2-3 h

Ih lh lh

White Yellow Buff Yellow

Colorless

Orange Orange yellow Brown Brown Brown

Yellow 73

19 19

6 7 7 7 13 14 11,12 11,12 12 8 8 9 16,17 20,21 22 22 18

246

2.9. Formation of the Halogen-Transition-Metal Bond 2.9.15. Synthesis of Metal Carbonyl Halides and Nitrosyl Halides 2.9.15.1. Synthesis of Metal Carbonyl Halides ~

~

~~~~~~

readily obtainable carbonyl, a criterion not met by Pt, Pd, Cu and Au. For Ni, Co and V the metal carbonyl reacts so rapidly with halogens that total loss of CO occurs with oxidation of the metal to the metal halide. For this reason reactions of carbonyls with C1, are carried out at low T to reduce the rate of reaction and maintain the low oxidation state. Reaction of Mo(CO), with C1, at -78°C yields Mo(CO),CI, as a thermally unstable yellow solid'. The corresponding bromo derivative is less stable, as it is only obtained in solution from which derivatives are precipitated by addition of the appropriate ligand'. Tungsten reactions have been attempted, but pure compounds are not isolated3. The dimeric iodides [M(CO),I], (M = Mo, W) are prepared by irradiation of solutions of the hexacarbonyl and SiI,, Me,SiI,, HgI,, etc4. The Mo compound, [Mo(CO),I], , is an iodine-bridged dimer. The carbonyl fluoride, Mo(CO),F,, is prepared by an involved route in which anhyd H F is condensed onto Mo(CO), and small successive additions of MoF, are made. A mixture of Mo(CO),F,, MoF, and MoOF, is formed, which is separated by use of the differing solubilities of the components in WF,. The orange Mo(CO),F, is polymeric5. The monomeric species M(CO),X (M = Mn, Tc, Re; X = C1, Br, I) are best prepared by treating of the metal carbonyl with halogens6-10. In preparing Mn carbonyl halides some decomposition occurs, giving the metal halide, which can be removed by sublimation. The reactions of Tc,(CO),, with C1, and I, yield mixtures of the desired Tc(CO),X and the dimeric [Tc(CO),X],. Treatment of the products with CO at 6.9 x 10, N m-, at 100°C for 40 h converts the dimer to the monomeric Tc(CO),X '. Rhenium carbonyl halides are prepared from Re,(CO),, and X, (X = C1, Br) in inert solvents'. The iodide is best prepared by UV irradiation of mixtures of Re,(CO),, and I, at RT in the absence of solvent*. There are conflicting reports about the fluorination of Re,(CO),,. The reaction between Re,(CO),, and ReF, in anhyd H F yields a mixture of products including Re(CO),F, Re(CO),F,, ReF, and CO'1v'2, but Re(CO),F, ReF, and [Re(CO),][Re,F, 1] are also ~ b t a i n e d ' ~The . complex Re(CO),F.ReF, is also prepared by the reaction between Re,(CO),, and XeF, (1:3 molar ratio) in CCIF,CCl,F or anhyd HF at RT',: Re,(CO),,

+ 3 XeF,

Brown Re(CO),F is formed',: Re,(CO),,

-

[Re(CO),F.ReF,]

+ XeF,

2 Re(CO),F

+ 5 CO + 3 Xe + Xe

(a)

(b)

Carbonyl fluorides of Mn(III), Mn(CO),F,, and Mn(I), [Mn(CO),F],, are prepared by halogen exchange between Mn(CO),Br and AgF in varying stoichiometric amount^'^. The action of halogens on Fe(CO), yields Fe(CO),X, (X = C1, Br, I)'6317.The iodide Fe(CO),I, is purified by sublimation, but the bromide and chloride are recrystallized because of their lower thermal stabilities. Although Ru carbonyl halides Ru(CO),X, (X = Br, I) are prepared from RuX,, they can be obtained by the action of the halogen on Ru,(CO),, at -40 "C in heptane". The UV irradiation of Os,(CO),, in CCl, at RT produces Os(CO),CI,. Prolonged photolysis of the solution yields [Os(CO),Cl,], 19. Reaction of the corresponding iron carbonyl, Fe,(CO),,, with I, in THF yields the dimeric Fe,(CO),I, 20,21 as a white solid, which melts at - 5°C to give a red liquid. The products formed from fluorination of Ru,(CO),, by XeF, in CCIF,CCl,F or

2.9.15. Synthesis of Metal Carbonyl Halides and Nitrosyl Halides 2.9.15.1. Synthesis of Metal Carbonyl Halides 2.9.1 5.1.2. Preparation of Anionic Carbonyl Halides.

247

H F depend upon the ratios of reactants. Using a 1:3 molar ratio, the yellow solid [( Ru(CO),F,),], is obtained :

+ 4 XeF,

$ Ru,(CO),,

-

[Ru(CO),F,],

+ 4 Xe + 4 CO

(c)

When the molar ratio of XeF, is greater than 4:5, buff colored Ru(CO),F, is formed,': Ru,(CO),,

+ 4.5 XeF,

3 Ru(CO),F,

+ 4.5 Xe + 3 CO

(4


1. R. Colton, I. B. Tomkins, Aust. J. Chem., 19, 1143 (1966). 2. R Colton, I. B. Tomkins, Aust. J. Chem., 19, 1519 (1966). 3. M. W. Anker, R. Colton, I. B. Tomkins, Aust. J. Chem., 20, 9 (1967). 4. G. Schmid, R. Boese, E. Welz, Chem. Ber., 108, 260 (1975). 5. T. A. ODonnel, K. A. Phillips, Inorg. Chem., 9, 2611 (1970). 6. E W. Abel, G. Wilkinson, J. Chem. SOC.,1501 (1959). 7. J. C. Hileman, D. K. Huggins, H. D. Kaesz, Inorg. Chem., I , 933 (1962). 8. H. C. Lewis, B. N. Storhoff, J. Organomet. Chem., 43, l(1972). 9. E. 0. Brimm, M. A. Lynch, W. J. Sesny, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,76, 3831 (1954). 84, 2495 (1962). 10. R. J. Angelici, F. Basolo, J. Am. Chem. SOC., 11. T. A. ODonnell, K. A. Phillips, Inorg. Chem., 11, 2563 (1972). 12. T. A. ODonnell, K. A. Phillips, A. B. Waugh, Inorg. Chem., 12, 1435 (1973). Chem. Commun., 321 (1973). 13. D. M. Bruce, J. H. Holloway, D. R. Russell, J. Chem. SOC., 14. D. M. Bruce, A. J. Hewitt, J. H. Holloway, R. D. Peacock, I. L. Wilson, J. Chem. SOC.,Dalton Trans., 2230 (1976). 15. M. K. Chaudhuri, M. M. Kaschani, D. Winkler, J. Organomet. Chem., 113,387 (1976). 16. W. Hieber, G. Bader, Chem. Ber., 61, 1717 (1928). 17. A. Mittasch, Angew. Chem., 41, 827 (1928). 18. F. Calderazzo, F. L. 'Eplattenier, Inorg. Chem., 6, 1220 (1967). 19. D. R. Tyler, M. Altobelli, H. B. Gray, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,102, 3022 (1980). 20. F. A. Cotton, B. F. G. Johnson, horg. Chem., 6, 2113 (1967). 21. F. A. Cotton, J. G. Dunne, B. F. G. Johnson, J. S. Wood, Proc. Chem. SOC.,175 (1964). 22. A. J. Hewitt, J. H. Holloway, R. D. Peacock, J. B. Raynor, I. L. Wilson, J. Chem. SOC.,Dalton Trans., 579 (1976). 2.9.15.1.2. Preparation of Anionic Carbonyl Halides from the Metal Carbonyl or Its Derivative.

Table 1 lists carbonyl halide anions prepared directly from the metal carbonyl or carbonyl halide. Salts of the [Cr(CO),I]- ion can be prepared by treating ice-cold solutions of Na,[Cr,(CO),,] in acetic acid with KI-I, mixtures. Addition of a cation, e.g., [Me,N] +,precipitates the salts as orange solids. Iodine oxidation of Na[Cr(CO),I] yields Cr,(CO),,I and Cr(CO),I depending upon the amount of I, used'. The series [MX(CO),]- (M = Cr, Mo, W; X = C1, Br, I) is prepared by reacting of the hexacarbony1 with tetraaIkyIammonium halide or KI in diglyme2v3: R4NX

+ M(CO)6

-

R,N[MX(CO),]

+ CO

(a) The kinetics and mechanism of these reactions are known4. Excess tetraalkylammonium salt [M(CO),:R,NX > 1:2.9] gives dimeric [(CO),M(p-X),M(CO),]~- ions having a triple halogen bridge596. The anions [Mn(CO),X,]- (X = C1, Br, I) are isolated as [R4N]+ salts by the action of halide ions on the pentacarbonylhalide Mn(CO),X at elevated T ','. The


2.9.15. Synthesis of Metal Carbonyl Halides and Nitrosyl Halides 2.9.15.1. Synthesis of Metal Carbonyl Halides 2.9.1 5.1.2. Preparation of Anionic Carbonyl Halides.

247

H F depend upon the ratios of reactants. Using a 1:3 molar ratio, the yellow solid [( Ru(CO),F,),], is obtained :

+ 4 XeF,

$ Ru,(CO),,

-

[Ru(CO),F,],

+ 4 Xe + 4 CO

(c)

When the molar ratio of XeF, is greater than 4:5, buff colored Ru(CO),F, is formed,': Ru,(CO),,

+ 4.5 XeF,

3 Ru(CO),F,

+ 4.5 Xe + 3 CO

(4


1. R. Colton, I. B. Tomkins, Aust. J. Chem., 19, 1143 (1966). 2. R Colton, I. B. Tomkins, Aust. J. Chem., 19, 1519 (1966). 3. M. W. Anker, R. Colton, I. B. Tomkins, Aust. J. Chem., 20, 9 (1967). 4. G. Schmid, R. Boese, E. Welz, Chem. Ber., 108, 260 (1975). 5. T. A. ODonnel, K. A. Phillips, Inorg. Chem., 9, 2611 (1970). 6. E W. Abel, G. Wilkinson, J. Chem. SOC.,1501 (1959). 7. J. C. Hileman, D. K. Huggins, H. D. Kaesz, Inorg. Chem., I , 933 (1962). 8. H. C. Lewis, B. N. Storhoff, J. Organomet. Chem., 43, l(1972). 9. E. 0. Brimm, M. A. Lynch, W. J. Sesny, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,76, 3831 (1954). 84, 2495 (1962). 10. R. J. Angelici, F. Basolo, J. Am. Chem. SOC., 11. T. A. ODonnell, K. A. Phillips, Inorg. Chem., 11, 2563 (1972). 12. T. A. ODonnell, K. A. Phillips, A. B. Waugh, Inorg. Chem., 12, 1435 (1973). Chem. Commun., 321 (1973). 13. D. M. Bruce, J. H. Holloway, D. R. Russell, J. Chem. SOC., 14. D. M. Bruce, A. J. Hewitt, J. H. Holloway, R. D. Peacock, I. L. Wilson, J. Chem. SOC.,Dalton Trans., 2230 (1976). 15. M. K. Chaudhuri, M. M. Kaschani, D. Winkler, J. Organomet. Chem., 113,387 (1976). 16. W. Hieber, G. Bader, Chem. Ber., 61, 1717 (1928). 17. A. Mittasch, Angew. Chem., 41, 827 (1928). 18. F. Calderazzo, F. L. 'Eplattenier, Inorg. Chem., 6, 1220 (1967). 19. D. R. Tyler, M. Altobelli, H. B. Gray, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,102, 3022 (1980). 20. F. A. Cotton, B. F. G. Johnson, horg. Chem., 6, 2113 (1967). 21. F. A. Cotton, J. G. Dunne, B. F. G. Johnson, J. S. Wood, Proc. Chem. SOC.,175 (1964). 22. A. J. Hewitt, J. H. Holloway, R. D. Peacock, J. B. Raynor, I. L. Wilson, J. Chem. SOC.,Dalton Trans., 579 (1976). 2.9.15.1.2. Preparation of Anionic Carbonyl Halides from the Metal Carbonyl or Its Derivative.

Table 1 lists carbonyl halide anions prepared directly from the metal carbonyl or carbonyl halide. Salts of the [Cr(CO),I]- ion can be prepared by treating ice-cold solutions of Na,[Cr,(CO),,] in acetic acid with KI-I, mixtures. Addition of a cation, e.g., [Me,N] +,precipitates the salts as orange solids. Iodine oxidation of Na[Cr(CO),I] yields Cr,(CO),,I and Cr(CO),I depending upon the amount of I, used'. The series [MX(CO),]- (M = Cr, Mo, W; X = C1, Br, I) is prepared by reacting of the hexacarbony1 with tetraaIkyIammonium halide or KI in diglyme2v3: R4NX

+ M(CO)6

-

R,N[MX(CO),]

+ CO

(a) The kinetics and mechanism of these reactions are known4. Excess tetraalkylammonium salt [M(CO),:R,NX > 1:2.9] gives dimeric [(CO),M(p-X),M(CO),]~- ions having a triple halogen bridge596. The anions [Mn(CO),X,]- (X = C1, Br, I) are isolated as [R4N]+ salts by the action of halide ions on the pentacarbonylhalide Mn(CO),X at elevated T ','. The

sr

N

ca

Anion

Carbonyl or carbonyl halide

TABLE 1. PREP~RATION OF CARBONYL HALIDE ANIONS Reactant

6

I I

RT Reflw 45-50°C

EtOH CH,Cl, MeOH

1

1

2 12 6-12

Yellow Yellow

Yellow

3 5 5 6

1 2

Reflux Reflux Reflux

Orange/yellow

> 100 "C

Refs.

Diglyme Dioxan Dioxan EtOH

Color

Ice 120°C

Yield (%)

I2-U (a4 Diglyme

Time (h)

T ("C)

Solvent

Ether/DMF

THF

EtOH Diglyme CH,CI, 50-60°C 0°C Reflux

2 1 3-4

18

Reflux

Decalin EtOH EtOH

5

4

Reflux

+ hv

140°C

70 80

19 91 (CI) 93 (Br) 77 ( a ) 68 (Br), 78 (I)

Yellow Violet

Colorless Colorless White

Cream (Br) Yellow (I) Yellow (Cl) Red (1) Yellow

120°C reflux 3 4

Yellow/red

120°C

CHCI, CHCI,

Glycol

Diglyme/EtOH

Diglyme

17

13 14 15 16

12 13

9 9 8 8 11 10 10 10

8

250

2.9. Formation of the Halogen-Transition-Metal Bond 2.9.15. Synthesis of Metal Carbonyl Halides and Nitrosyl Halides 2.9.15.1. Synthesis of Metal Carbonyl Halides

analogous Re anions, [Re(CO),X,]- (X = Br, I), can be obtained from similar reactions starting with Re(CO),X '. Treatment of the dimeric carbonyl, Mn,(CO),,, with 2 mol of [R,N]X yields salts7 of [Mn,(C0),X,IZ-.

2 [R,NIX

+ Mn,(CO),,

-

[R,NI,CMn,(CO),X,I

+ 2 CO

(b)

Triply bridged dimeric anions [Mz(CO)6(p-X)3]- (M = Mn, Re; X = C1, Br) obtained from M(CO),X and R,NX in a 2: 1 mol ratio by refluxing for long periods". The Mn anion [Mn,(CO),(p-Cl),]- can also be obtained by UV irradiation of mixtures of Mn,(CO),, and [Et,N]Cl in CHCl, The reactions of ' I , with the hydrido Re carbonyl cluster anions [H,Re,(CO),,]-, [H,Re,(CO),,]Z- and [H,Re,(C0),,]2incorporate iodide ions into the metal cluster, which remains i n t a ~ t l ~ , ' ~ . The nitrosylcarbonyls of Co are used to synthesize anionic carbonyl halides. Reaction of Co(NO)(CO), with [Bu,N]X in diglyme yields the salts. The anion [CO,(CO),~I]- is obtained in good yield from [Co,(CO),,] and [Et,N]I at 0°C 15. Analogous salts of Ir, e.g., [Ph,P][Ir,(CO),,X] (X = C1, Br, I), are prepared from Ir,(CO),, and [Ph,P]X in THF. The structure of the orange [PPh,][Ir(CO),,Br] is known and is depicted below. The anion contains a tetrahedral cluster bearing eight terminal and three edge bridging carbonyl groups. The bromine atom is terminally bonded to one of the iridium atomsI6. 0

The [Ni(CO),X]- anion is prepared by reaction of Ni(CO), with [Bu,N]I, decomposition of the product occurs on purification17.

but


1. H. Behrens, H. Zizlsperger, 2. Naturforsch., Teil B, 16, 349 (1961). 2. E. W. Abel, I. S. Butler, J. G. Reid, J. Chem. SOC.,2068 (1963). 3. E. W. Abel, M. A. Bennet, G. Wilkinson, Chem. Znd. (London), 442 (1960). 4. J. E. Pardue, M. N. Memering, G. R. Dobson, J. Organomet. Chem., 71,407 (1974). 5. F. Hohmann, H. Tom Dieck, J. Organomet. Chem., 118, C35 (1976). 6. J. F. White, M. F. Farona, J. Organomet. Chem., 37, 119 (1972). 7. R. J. Angelici, Znorg. Chem., 3, 1099 (1964). 8. E. W. Abel, I. S. Butler, J. Chem. SOC.,434 (1964). 9. E. W. Abel, I. S. Butler, M. C. Ganorkar, C. R. Jenkins, M. H. B. Stiddard, Znorg. Chem., 5,25 (1966). 10. B. J. Brisdon, D. A. Edwards, J. W. White, J. Organomet. Chem., 161,233 (1978).

2.9.15. Synthesis of Metal Carbonyl Halides and Nitrosyl Halides 2.9.15.1. Synthesis of Metal Carbonyl Halides 2.9.15.1.3. Halogenation of Substituted Metal Carbonyls.

251

11. J. L. Cihonski, M. L. Walker, R. A. Levenson, J. Organomet. Chem., 102, 335 (1975). 12. G. Ciani, G. DAlfonso, M. Freni, P. Romiti, A. Sironi, J. Organomet. Chem., 170, C15 (1980). 13. G. Ciani, G. DAlfonso, M. Freni, P. Romiti, A. Sironi, J. Organomet. Chem., 186, 353 (1980). 14. M. Foa, L. Cassar, J. Organomet. Chem., 30, 123 (1971). 15. G. Longoni, S. Campanella, A. Ceriotti, P. Chini, V. G . Albano, D. Braga, J. Chem. SOC.,Dalton Trans., 1816 (1980). 16. P. Chini, G. Ciani, L. Garlaschelli, M. Manassero, S. Martinengo, A. Sironi, F. Canziani, J. Organomet. Chem., 152, C35 (1978). 17. L. Cassar, M. Foa, Inorg. Nucl. Chem. Lett., 6, 291 (1970).

2.9.15.1.3. Halogenation of Substituted Metal Carbonyls.

Table 1 lists some of the better characterized substituted metal carbonyl halides prepared by halogen oxidation of the substituted carbonyl. Bromides and iodides are more common than chlorides because C1, promotes further oxidation and total displacement of CO groups. The group-VIA substituted metal carbonyl halides are reviewed'. Oxidation of Cr(CO),(diars), by Br, or I, leads to seven-coordinated Cr(I1) complexes', [Cr(CO),(diars),X]X. Analogous Mo(I1) and W(I1) complexes can be prepared similarly3. Reaction of [Os,(CO),,H,] in methanol with KOH gives [OS~(CO)~,H~]-. Treatment of this ion with 1 mol of I, in methanol yields a yellow precipitate of [Os,(CO),,(p~-I)(~2-H)(p3-H),]. The structure of this complex has been determined by x-ray and neutron diffraction4s5. Although no stable, uncharged carbonyl halide of Co is known, halogenation of [Co(PPh,)(CO),] - with CF31gives the triphenylphosphine-substitutedcarbonyl halide, CoI(PPh,)(CO), '. The analogous complexes, [CoX(PPh,),(CO) (X = Br, I), are also prepared'. (E.M. PAGE, D.A. RICE)

1. 2. 3. 4.

5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19.

R. Colton, Coord. Chem. Rev., 6, 269 (1971). J. Lewis, R. S.Nyholm, C. S. Pande, S. S. Sandhu, M. H. B. Stiddard, J. Chem. Soc., 3009 (1964). J. Lewis, R. S. Nyholm, C. S. Pande, M. H. B. Stiddard, J. Chem. Soc., 3600 (1963). B. F. G. Johnson, J. Lewis, P. R. Raithby, G . M. Sheldrick, K. Wong, M. McParltin, J. Chem. SOC.,Dalton Trans., 673 (1978). B. F. G. Johnson, J. Lewis, P. R. Raithby, K. D. Rouse, J. Chem. SOC.,Dalton Trans., 1248 (1980). W. Hieber, H. Duchatsch, Chem. Ber., 98, 2530 (1965). A. Sacco, Gazz. Chim. ItaL, 93, 542 (1963). C. D. Cook, R. S. Nyholm, M. L. Tobe, J. Chem. SOC.,4194 (1965). J. Lewis, R. Whyman, J. Chem. Soc., 5486 (1965). J. G. Dunn, D. A. Edwards, J. Organomet. Chem., 36, 153 (1972). M. H. B. Stiddard, J. Chem. Soc., 4712 (1962). H. C. E. Mannerskantz, G . Wilkinson, J. Chem. Soc., 4454 (1962). R. B. King, M. S. Saran, S . P. Anand, Inorg. Chem., 13, 3038 (1974). J. P. Collmann, W. R. Roper, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,88, 3504 (1966). G. G. Aleksandrov, G. P. Zol'nikova, I. I. Kritskaya, Y .T. Struchov, Koord. Khim., 6,626 (1980). B. F. G. Johnson, J. Lewis, D. Pippard, J. Organomet. Chem., 145, C4 (1978). M. J. Ash, A. Brookes, S. A. R. Know, F. G. A. Stone, J. Chem. SOC.,458 (1971). J. P. Candlin, K. K. Joshi, D. T. Thompson, Chem. Znd. (London), 1960 (1966). L. Vaska, J. Diluzio, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,84, 679 (1962).


2.9.15. Synthesis of Metal Carbonyl Halides and Nitrosyl Halides 2.9.15.1. Synthesis of Metal Carbonyl Halides 2.9.15.1.3. Halogenation of Substituted Metal Carbonyls.

251

11. J. L. Cihonski, M. L. Walker, R. A. Levenson, J. Organomet. Chem., 102, 335 (1975). 12. G. Ciani, G. DAlfonso, M. Freni, P. Romiti, A. Sironi, J. Organomet. Chem., 170, C15 (1980). 13. G. Ciani, G. DAlfonso, M. Freni, P. Romiti, A. Sironi, J. Organomet. Chem., 186, 353 (1980). 14. M. Foa, L. Cassar, J. Organomet. Chem., 30, 123 (1971). 15. G. Longoni, S. Campanella, A. Ceriotti, P. Chini, V. G . Albano, D. Braga, J. Chem. SOC.,Dalton Trans., 1816 (1980). 16. P. Chini, G. Ciani, L. Garlaschelli, M. Manassero, S. Martinengo, A. Sironi, F. Canziani, J. Organomet. Chem., 152, C35 (1978). 17. L. Cassar, M. Foa, Inorg. Nucl. Chem. Lett., 6, 291 (1970).

2.9.15.1.3. Halogenation of Substituted Metal Carbonyls.

Table 1 lists some of the better characterized substituted metal carbonyl halides prepared by halogen oxidation of the substituted carbonyl. Bromides and iodides are more common than chlorides because C1, promotes further oxidation and total displacement of CO groups. The group-VIA substituted metal carbonyl halides are reviewed'. Oxidation of Cr(CO),(diars), by Br, or I, leads to seven-coordinated Cr(I1) complexes', [Cr(CO),(diars),X]X. Analogous Mo(I1) and W(I1) complexes can be prepared similarly3. Reaction of [Os,(CO),,H,] in methanol with KOH gives [OS~(CO)~,H~]-. Treatment of this ion with 1 mol of I, in methanol yields a yellow precipitate of [Os,(CO),,(p~-I)(~2-H)(p3-H),]. The structure of this complex has been determined by x-ray and neutron diffraction4s5. Although no stable, uncharged carbonyl halide of Co is known, halogenation of [Co(PPh,)(CO),] - with CF31gives the triphenylphosphine-substitutedcarbonyl halide, CoI(PPh,)(CO), '. The analogous complexes, [CoX(PPh,),(CO) (X = Br, I), are also prepared'. (E.M. PAGE, D.A. RICE)

1. 2. 3. 4.

5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19.

R. Colton, Coord. Chem. Rev., 6, 269 (1971). J. Lewis, R. S.Nyholm, C. S. Pande, S. S. Sandhu, M. H. B. Stiddard, J. Chem. Soc., 3009 (1964). J. Lewis, R. S. Nyholm, C. S. Pande, M. H. B. Stiddard, J. Chem. Soc., 3600 (1963). B. F. G. Johnson, J. Lewis, P. R. Raithby, G . M. Sheldrick, K. Wong, M. McParltin, J. Chem. SOC.,Dalton Trans., 673 (1978). B. F. G. Johnson, J. Lewis, P. R. Raithby, K. D. Rouse, J. Chem. SOC.,Dalton Trans., 1248 (1980). W. Hieber, H. Duchatsch, Chem. Ber., 98, 2530 (1965). A. Sacco, Gazz. Chim. ItaL, 93, 542 (1963). C. D. Cook, R. S. Nyholm, M. L. Tobe, J. Chem. SOC.,4194 (1965). J. Lewis, R. Whyman, J. Chem. Soc., 5486 (1965). J. G. Dunn, D. A. Edwards, J. Organomet. Chem., 36, 153 (1972). M. H. B. Stiddard, J. Chem. Soc., 4712 (1962). H. C. E. Mannerskantz, G . Wilkinson, J. Chem. Soc., 4454 (1962). R. B. King, M. S. Saran, S . P. Anand, Inorg. Chem., 13, 3038 (1974). J. P. Collmann, W. R. Roper, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,88, 3504 (1966). G. G. Aleksandrov, G. P. Zol'nikova, I. I. Kritskaya, Y .T. Struchov, Koord. Khim., 6,626 (1980). B. F. G. Johnson, J. Lewis, D. Pippard, J. Organomet. Chem., 145, C4 (1978). M. J. Ash, A. Brookes, S. A. R. Know, F. G. A. Stone, J. Chem. SOC.,458 (1971). J. P. Candlin, K. K. Joshi, D. T. Thompson, Chem. Znd. (London), 1960 (1966). L. Vaska, J. Diluzio, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,84, 679 (1962).

252 ~

~~

Substituted carbonyl"

~~

Halogenating agent

PREPARATION OF SUBSTITUTED METALCARBONYL HALIDES

Derivativea

TABLE 1. Solvent T ("C)

Time

Yield (%)

Color

Ref.

m

x"

m m m

cnm

G

u

ux ux

n

5

5

v 3 3

SSx"

n

mc"

xN2

w

VI

h)

Ether DME

HCl HCl

"TTAS = bis-(0-dimethylarsinophenylmethylarsine; dpea = bis(2-pyudylethy1)amine.

a 2

12

12

CF31 12

hexane

Chlorocarbon Chlorocarbon THF Acetone

XZ

12

MeOH

Chlorobenzene

XZ

2 Bromonaphthalene HX

THF

HX

12

12

Benzene CHzaz

Benzene

x2

ONCl

CHCl3-CCl4

XZ

25°C

25°C 84°C

-70°C

0-5°C

Warm

10 min

5-15 min

15 min

35

19

Orange Yellow Dark brown Maroon

Yellow

Yellow

Yellow

Orange yellow

19

19

7

18 18 6

17

4

16

15

14

13 13 10 14

12

11


254

2.9. Formation of the Halogen-Transition-Metal Bond 2.9.15. Synthesis of Metal Carbonyl Halides and Nitrosyl Halides 2.9.15.2. Preparation of Metal Nitrosyl Halides.

2.9.15.2. Preparation of Metal Nltrosyl Halldes.

This section is restricted to syntheses of nitrosyl halides that involve reaction of the metal carbonyl, carbonyl halide or substituted metal nitrosyl. Metal carbonyls are especially used to prepare Mo and W nitrosyl halides. The ability of NOCl and NOBr to effect simultaneously nitrosylation and halogenation permits the formation of M(NO),X, from M(CO), (M = Mo, W; X = C1, Br). Carbon monoxide is displaced in reactions at RT. The solvent and excess metal carbonyl are removed by vacuum di~tillation'-~.There are several modes of reaction of NOCl with substituted metal carbonyls and nitrosyls4. Reaction of NOCl with [(q5-Cp)M(C0),], (M = Mo, W) yields an equimolar mixture of carbonyl halide, [(qS-C5Hs)M(CO),Cl], and nitrosyl halide, [(q5-Cp)M(NO),Cl]. With (0-xylene)Mo(CO), the major product is the nitrosyl halide, [Mo(NO),Cl,],. Similarly reaction of NOCl with (q5-Cp)Co(CO), yields [Co(NO),Cl], as the only identifiable product. Nitrosyl metal carbonyls are used to prepare nitrosyl halides by halogenation. Treating (qS-Cp)Mo(NO)(CO), with C1, in CCl, yields the orange [(q5-Cp)Mo(NO)C1,], . The analogous reaction with Br, yields the brown C(? 5-CP)Mo(NO)Br,l 2 * Reaction of gaseous NO with metal carbonyl halides provides an alternative route to nitrosyl halides (see Table 1). Reaction involves displacement of CO by N O and is therefore accompanied by a decrease in oxidation state. Partial replacement of the CO in such carbonyl halides can lead to nitrosyl metal carbonyl halides. The complex Re,(NO)(CO),Cl, is prepared6 by passing NO through [Re(CO),Cl], in boiling CCl, for 11 h. Halogenation of substituted metal nitrosyls provides a further route to metal nitrosyl halides. The hydrido derivative ReH,(NO)(PPh,), reacts with both halogens and hydrogen halides to give ReX,(NO)(PPh,), '. Reaction of [Ir(NO),(PPh,),]ClO, with LiX in EtOH gives the complexes [IrX(NO),(PPh,),]. Reaction with hydrohalic acids yields the dihalo complexes [IrX,(NO)(PPh,),] Complexes containing both NO and CO bonded to a transition metal are prepared by partial displacement of CO by NO in metal carbonyls. Halogenation of these complexes or their derivatives yields nitrosyl metal carbonyl halides. Reaction of HW,(CO),NO with NOCl in benzene gives [trans-W(CO),(NO)Cl]. The iodide can be prepared by reaction of HW,(CO),NO with I, in CH,Cl, '.

'.


1. F. A. Cotton, B. F. G. Johnson, Znorg. Chem., 1609 (1964). 2. B. F. G. Johnson, K. H. Al-Obadi, Znorg. Synth., 12,264 (1970). 3. B. F. G. Johnson, J. Chem. SOC.,A , 477 (1967). 4. B. W. S. Kolthammer, P. Legzdins, J. T. Malito, Znorg. Chem., 16, 3173 (1977). 5. D. Seddon, W. G. Kita, J. Bray, J. A. McCleverty, Znorg. Synth., 16, 28 (1976). 6. G. Dolcetti, J. R. Norton, Znorg. Synth., 16, 35 (1976). 7. D. Giusto, G. Ciani, M. Manassero, J. Organomet. Chem., 105, 91 (1976). 8. L. Malatesta, M. Angoletta, G. Caglio, Angew. Chem. Znt. Ed., Engl. 2, 739 (1963). 9. R. B. King, M. S. Saran, S. P. Anand, Inorg. Chem., 13, 3038 (1974). 10. W. Hieber, H. Tengler, 2.Anorg. Allg. Chem., 318, 136 (1962). 11. W. Hieber, W. Beck, Z . Naturforsch., Teil B, 13, 194 (1958). 12. W. Hieber, K. Heinicke, 2. Naturforsch., Teil B, 14, 819 (1959).

Nitrosyl halide

+

+

+

('J~-C,H,)CO(CO),+ NOCl Co(CO),(NO) Xz CRh(CO),XI, + NO (g)

cRe~co)4cllz+ NO (8) Fe(CO),X, + Fe + 6 NO (g)

+

M(CO), + NOCl M(CO), + NOBr + NOCl C(~~-CsH5)M(C0)3lz OxyleneMo(CO), + NOCl ('15-C5H5)M~(NO)(CO)z C12 (q5-C5H5)Mo(MO)(CO), Br, ('J5z5H5)Mo(NO)(CO)z + 1, Mn(CO),L,X NO (g)

Reaction

TABLE 1. PREPARATION OF TRANSITION-METAL NITROSYL HALIDES ~~

-~

CC1,-pet. ether

CH2CIz

CCl,

CH,Cl, CH,Cl, CHzClz CH,Cl, CCI, CCI, CH,Cl, CfiHt5

Solvent

11 h

I1 - 78

10min 30min 15 h lh

1h

Time

RT RT Soxhlet 80

RT RT RT

T("C)

~~~

Brown black

Black

Orange

Dark green Dark green Green Brown Green Orange Brown Purple black

Color

~

51

51

86 92

12

4

11 11

5 5 5

4

4 35

76

1, 2 3

90

Refs.

_ _ _ _ ~ -

Yield CA)

2.9. Formation of the Halogen-Transition-Metal Bond 2.9.15. Synthesis of Metal Carbonyl Halides and Nitrosyl Halides 2.9.15.2. PreDaration of Metal Nitrosvl Halides. 255


2.10. The Formation of the Halogen-Group 0

Element Bond 2.1 0.1. Introduction. The halides are the noble-gas compounds most readily preparable from the elements and other noble-gas element bonds are derived from them, by ligand exchanges. The first ionization potentials of the noble gases, listed in Table 1, indicate that the removal of the outermost electrons increases as the size of the atom increases with increased atomic number. It is the increasing availability of electrons as group 0 is ascended from He to Rn that provides for the formation of bonds to highly electronegative atoms such as the halogens. Since fluorine is the smallest and most electronegative halogen, fluorine is most effective in withdrawing electrons from the noble-gas atoms to form bonds. Fluorine therefore forms the greatest range of noble-gas compounds and fluorides of Rn, Xe and Kr are known. There are no known compounds (other than transient cationic species) of He, Ne or Ar. The total bond energies of the difluorides of Kr and Xe, and what is believed to be Rn difluoride, are listed, together with the ionization potentials of the noble-gas atoms, in Table 1. The total bond energies increase monotonically with decrease in ionization potential. This is in accord with the rationale' that bond formation depends upon the net transfer of one electron from the noble-gas atom to the two fluorine ligands. This can be expressed by a formulation of the noble-gas difluoride GF, as a resonance hybrid of the canonical forms [F-G]+F- and F-[G-F]' or as a noble-gas atom, single-electron bonded to each of the two F ligands. The latter simplistic representation, like the first, implies a formal charge of $- for each F ligand, viz: '/2-F*G'.F'/2-. Much evidence supports this view2p3.It is therefore possible to think of the formation of GF,(g), from G(g) 2 F(g), in terms of the following sequence of steps:

+

Step (1) is the ionization potential and is increasingly unfavorable to GF, formation as the G atom becomes smaller (lighter). Step (2) is common to all GF,, as is step (5), since the latter (the resonance energy) can be represented as the energy gained by delocalizing the electron given to the F atom in step (2) over two atoms instead of one. Step (3) is the electron-pair bond energy for the pseudo-halogen-fluoride diatomic. The bond energies for I-F, Br-F and C1-F are4, respectively, 251, 247 and 247 kJ mol-'. Since these values are close to one another, the isoelectronic [G-F]+ species similarly shows small variation. The electrostatic energy involved in the formation of the ion pair ([G-F]+F-)(g) is also likely to be approximately constant, since the bigger the atom G, 256

257

2.10. The Formation of the Halogen-Group 0 Element Bond 2.10.1. Introduction.

TABLE 1.

IONIZATION POTENTIALS FOR NOBLE-GAS ATOMS"AND TOTALBOND ENERGIES FOR KrF,", XeFZi6AND RnF,"

Noble gas I(kJ-mol - I)"

He 2373

Ne 2081

Total bond energy (kJ mol) Ref. 14,

Ref. 15,

Re!. 16,

Ar 1521

Kr 1351 10Ob

Xe 1171 268"

Rn 1037 187"C), C F 3 0 F (220-250°C) or F S 0 3 F (170-180°C). All are consistent with formation of XeF, from Xe and F, derived from the other reagent, as is the interaction of Xe with IF, at 200°C; here, however, the formation of XeF, is also aided by maintaining part of the reaction vessel cool enough for the 1:1 adduct XeF,.IF, (mp 98°C) to condense: Xe

-

+ IF,

XeF,.IF,

(b)

The formation of XeF, by p a ~ s i n g a' ~high-voltage discharge through Xe-CF, mixtures may again represent interaction of Xe with F,, but other reaction modes are possible. Thus XeF, is reported', to be formed via interaction of excited xenon (3P1) with perfluorocyclobutane : Xe

+ c-C,F,

XeF,

+ c-C,F6

(c)

The high bond polarity of XeF, which approximates to 1/2F-Xe1+ - F1jz- is respon~ible'~ for the high enthalpy of sublimation of XeF, (AH:ub = 55.2 kJ mol-')16 and for the formation of a d d ~ c t s " - ' ~ with XeF,, IF,, [XeF,]'. These represent serniionic interactions. When such interactions are symmetrical about XeF, the molecule resembles that in crystalline XeF,. Thus in XeF,-2 XeF,AsF,, where XeF, is coordinated centrosymmetrically to two [XeF,]' species the XeF, system is linear and symmetrical (Xe-F = 2.01 A), but in XeF,.XeF,AsF,, where only one [XeF,]' is coordinated (via a bridging XeF, fluorine ligand), the molecule is unsymmetrical = 1.99 A, Xe-F(bridging)= 2.05 A)". The molecule in the latter situa(Xe-F(nonbrldging) tion is in transition towards [F-Xe] + . . . F-. Strong fluoride ion acceptors such as SbF, The cation shows a shorter, and AsF, abstract F- from XeF, to give [XeF]' salts21s22. stronger bond (Xe-F = 1.81A in [XeF][Sb,F,,]; force constant = 3.7 mdyn A-') than in XeF,. It is representable as a classical electron-pair-bound species. Its stretching frequency (621 cm- ') is similar' to that of the isoelectronic I F (610 cm-'). Because of its charge and high electron affinity, it is more reactive than XeF, itself and is exploitedz3 in the substitutive fluorination of aromatics. The interaction of Xe with more than 1 mol of PtF, yields [XeF][PtF,] 24:

'

Xe

+ 2 PtF,

-

[XeF][PtF,]

+ PtF,

(4

Warming the product formed at RT to ca. 60°C gives the salt [XeF][Pt,F,,]. A mechanism for the formation of [XeF][PtF6] supposes that the cation of first formed (1:1) compound, [Xe][PtF,], abstracts F- from the anion: [Xe][PtF,]

XeF

+ PtF,

(e)

262

2.10. The Formation of the Halogen-Group 0 Element Bond 2.10.2. Direct Synthesis 2.10.2.2. of Xenon Halides

and that the XeF radical is oxidized by a second PtF, molecule-these processes could be concerted. Displacement with strong fluorobases recovers XeF, from these and related salts. Pyrolysis can involve further oxidation of the Xe, e.g.:

-

2 [XeF][PtF,] The Xe-F

XeF,

+ XeZ+Pt$'F1,

(f)

radical is sufficiently well bound to favor disproportionation': XeF,

2 XeF rather than F, formation: XeF

-

Xe

+F

(g)

+ f F,

(h)

The radical (which is violet) can be studiedz5 in a crystal of XeF, y-irradiated at 77 K. It is an intermediate in reactions of XeF, as well as in its synthesis. The Xe(I1) compounds, AXeF (where A is a highly electronegative ligand)', are derived from XeF, and are dealt with elsewhere (see $3.9 and 4.8). The Xe(I1)-F bonds in these compounds are intermediate between those in [XeF]' and XeF,. The compounds are prepared from XeF, by ligand exchange, which eliminates one of the F ligands as HF, BF, or another thermodynamically favored molecule, e.g.: XeF,

+ HOS0,F

-

FXeOS0,F

+ HF

(i)

Short, terminal Xe-F bonds also occurz6in the cations [Xe,F,]+ and [(XeF),E]+ (where E is a strong acid anion species, e.g., [SO,F]-). These cations can be approximately described as [FXe]+E-[XeF] '. They are derived from [XeF]' and FXeE. (ii) Xenon Tetrafluoride. Although XeF, is formed by direct interaction of Xe with F, (1:5 mol ratio) at 400°C in a Ni reactorz7,that and related syntheses yield XeF, contaminated by the other fluorides. A quantitative conversion is claimed" for a F,-Xe mixture in mole ratio 2:l (at an operating pressure of 2-15 mm) in a reaction vessel at - 78°C subjected to an electric discharge and is continuously produced. The tetrafluoride is also made using a F,:Xe mole ratio of 3: 1 and a furnace T of 560°C ". Unless flow rate, T and partial pressure are controlled, such continuous production methods give a product of variable composition, Fractionation yields XeF, of high The stability of the adduct17 XeF,.XeF, means that the synthesis should be carried out to favor XeF, rather than XeF, as the major contaminant. Purification is best made3' by exploiting the inferior fluoride ion donor ability of XeF, relative to XeF, and XeF,. Thus the impure XeF,, contaminated with XeF, or XeF, or both, is dissolved in BrF, and xs AsF, is condensed upon the mixture. The XeF, and XeF, form salts of low volatility and the solvent and AsF, may be removed in vacuum at O"C, thus leaving a mixture of [Xe,F,]+[AsF,]-, [XeF,]+[AsF,]- and XeF,, from which the last can be obtained by vacuum sublimation at 20 "C. Pure tetrafluoride is also formedz4by the pyrolysis of [XeF] + salts of high oxidation state transition-element salts: 2 [XeF][PtF,](CrySt)

160°C(vac.)

300°C (vac.)

XePt,F,,(cryst)

+

+ XeF,(g)

(j)

XePd,F,,(cryst) Pd,F,(cryst) XeF,(g) (k) The square-planar XeF, molecule possesses high bond polarity, which contributes to the formation of the 1:l adduct with XeF,I7. In combination with the fluoroacid

2.10.2. Direct Synthesis 2.10.2.2. of Xenon Halides 2.10.2.2.1. Xenon Fluorides:

263

~

SbF,, [XeF,]+[SbF,]- 32 and [XeF3]+[Sb2F,J- 3 3 salts are formed. The T-shaped cation shows one short, strong electron-pair bond (Xe-F = 1.83 A). The remaining XeF bonds (approximately trans to one another, Xe-F = 1.89 A) are more like the bonds in XeF, itself (Xe-F = 1.91 A). (iii) Xenon Hexafluoride and Other Xe(Vl) Fluorospecies'. High-yield syntheses of the hexafl~oride~, employ xs F, at high pressure at ca. 300°C. A 95 % conversion to XeF, is obtained with F,:Xe ratios of 20: 1 at 50 atm7. An electric discharge of a 3: 1 F,-Xe mixture with the product trapped at - 78°C also yields35XeF,, and XeF, is also formed from XeF, by the action of O,F, - 133 and - 78°C. In keeping with its low bond energy, KrF, oxidizes Xe to XeF, at RT or below3,. The impurities in XeF, prepared from Xe-F, mixtures are the tetrafluoride and XeOF,. The latter derives from the facility with which XeF, interacts with oxides. The hexafluoride is purified via its complex with NaF formed at 50°C. The complex is decomposed at 125°C to evolve XeF, 34. The XeF, product is colorless as a solid (mp 49.48"C) but the liquid and vapor are yellow green. It is more volatile than XeF, or XeF,. Of the two crystalline forms, the cubic form contains both tetrameric and hexameric units in the same unit cell. Each oligomer species is an F--bridged assembly of [XeF,]' and F- ions. Each structural arrangement is consistent with the location of the nonbonding valence electron pair of Xe(V1) in a spatially directed orbital on the fourfold axis of each [XeF,]' ion. In the gas phase, XeF, is a monomer. Vibrational spectroscopy and electron diffraction studies indicate the difference from the 0, TeF,. Electrostatic-deflection molecular-beam experiments show that the dipole moment (if present) must be less than 0.03 D. The electron diffraction data provide an Xe-F bond distance of 1.890 A. Thus if the ground-state geometry is Oh, there must be low-lying non-0, geometries that are populated at ordinary T (see the molecular orbital diagram shown in Figure l)37.Thus the non-0, and fluxional behavior of XeF, can be understood in terms of a pseudoJahn-Teller effect. This occurs because the a & orbital (which is fully populated in the ground vibrational state) is accidentally degenerate with the t:, orbitals in certain higher vibrational states. The t symmetry deformational modes have maximum influence in bringing about the pseudo-degeneracy of the a:, and tT, orbitals. The partial occupancy of the latter destroys their degeneracy and further accentuates the departure from Oh symmetry. The mean thermochemical bond energy of XeF, (125 kJ mol- ') is close to the values for XeF, and XeF, (130 and 132 kJ mol-', respectively-see Table 1, 52.10.2.2 for enthalpies of formation), yet the bond length is shorter than in XeF, or XeF,. The hexafluoride is a more powerful oxidizer and fluorinator than either XeF, or XeF, and has little of the kinetic stability of XeF, and XeF,. Thus, unlike XeF, and XeF,, it is not possible to store XeF, in glass or quartz. There are sequential reactions:

-

+ SiO, 2 XeOF, + SiO, 2 XeO,F, + SiO, 2 XeF,

+ SiF, 2 XeO,F, + SiF, 2 XeO, + SiF,

2 XeOF,

(1) (m) (n)

Interaction with H,O similarly yields XeOF,, XeO,F, and XeO,. Hydrolysis of XeF, in strong base leads to the formation of perxenate, the idealized disproportionation being: 2 XeF,

+ 16 NaOH

-

Na,XeO,

+ Xe + 0, + 12 NaF + 8 H,O

(0)

264

2.10. The Formation of the Halogen-Group 0 Element Bond 2.10.2. Direct Synthesis 2.10.2.2. of Xenon Halides

I

*I”

\

5P

I\

/

I

2po 5s t’’

Xe

I

XeF,

6F’s

Figure 1. Schematic correlation diagram illustrating MO energy levels for an 0, molecule.

Hydrolysis in the presence of 0, generates perxenate more efficiently. The hexafluoride interacts violently with H, to yield H F and Xe and with Hg to give Xe and HgF,, and both are used in analytical procedures for XeF,. As a fluoride-ion donor XeF, with fluoride-ion acceptors form salt^^^,^^. Those of formulation [XeF,][MF,] are typified by the structures of [XeF,][AsF,] and [XeF,][RuF,] shown in Figure 2. For M = Au the former structure is adopted, but for M = Pt, Ir, Rh, Tc, Nb, Ta, Sb, the latter is preferred. The 2:l salts4’ are formulated [Xe,F,,][MF,]. The cation is a combination of two [XeF,]’ bridged by an F- ligand. The [XeF,][M,F, salts also exist. Structures have also been characterized for 41,[XeF,],[NiF,] and [Xe,F,,],[NiF,] 42. [XeF,],[PdF,] Strong fluorobases such as alkali fluorides and nitrosyl fluoride (ONF) form complexes with XeF, in which fluoroxenate(V1) anions occur; e.g., (NO),XeF, is a salt, [NO+],[XeF,]’43, with a Xe atom surrounded by an approximate antiprism of F ligands. The Xe atom is on the pseudo-fourfold axis, but closer to four fluorine atoms than to the other four. This noncentrosymmetry is again indicative of steric activity of the nonbonding Xe(V1) electron pair, although the steric effect is subtle in this case, perhaps as a consequence of the increase in coordination number. iv. Xenon Oxide Tetrafluoride. This colorless volatile compound may be made44 by the controlled hydrolysis of XeF, using the stoichiometric H,O:

XeF,

+ H,O

-

XeOF, -t2 H F

(PI

2.10.2. Direct Synthesis 2.10.2.2. of Xenon Halides 2.10.2.2.1. Xenon Fluorides:

265

266

2.10. The Formation of the Halogen-Group 0 Element Bond 2.10.2.Direct Synthesis 2.10.2.2. of Xenon Halides

It is liquid at RT. The characteristic Xe-0 stretching frequency provides for identification (vibrational 920 cm- ', infrared 926 cm- '). Microwave and electron-diffraction studies establish C,, symmetry, the four F ligands being almost coplanar with the Xe atom (angle 0-Xe-F = 91.8"). The Xe-F bond length (1.900 8)is comparable to that in XeF,, whereas the Xe-0 bond length (1.703 A) is shorter than observed in either XeO, (1.76 A) or XeO, (1.74 A)'. ESCA studies show4, that the 0 ligand withdraws approximately twice the electron density from the Xe atom that each F ligand does. The XeOF, behaves as a fluoride ion donor toward strong F- acceptors such as SbF,, but the weakness of its complex with AsF, and the stability of [XeF,][AsF,] provides for the removal of XeF, impurity in XeOF,. The [XeOF,]' ion is a pseudo-trigonal bipyramid with the oxygen atom equatorial. Good F- donors (although not NaF) form salts with XeOF,, and [XeOFJ- may occur in such complexes. v. Xenon Dioxide Difluoride. Hydrolysis of XeOF, 46 or interaction of XeOF, with XeO, gives XeO,F,. Vibrational spectroscopy indicates C,, symmetry, the molecule being structurally akin to [IO,F,]-, which is a pseudo-trigonal bipyramid with F ligands axial and 0 ligands equatorial. (N. BARTLETT)

1. For a detailed account see N. Bartlett, F. 0.Sladky, in Comprehensive Inorganic Chemistry, A. F. Trotman-Dickenson, ed., P e r g h o n Press, Oxford, 1975, Vol. 1, p. 213. 2. E. H. Appelman, J. G. Malm, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,86,2297 (1964). 3. J. L. Weeks, M. S. Matheson, in Noble Gus Compounds, H. H. Hyman, ed., Chicago Univ. Press, Chicago, 1963, p. 89. 4. R. Hoppe, W. Dahne, H. Mattauch, K. M. Rodder, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 1,599 (1962). 5. W. E. Falconer, W. A. Sunder, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 29, 1380 (1967). 6. L. V. Streng, A. G. Streng, Znorg. Chem., 4, 1370 (1965). 7. E. E. Weaver, B. Weinstock, C. D. Knop, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,85, 111 (1963). 8. S. M. Sinel'nikov, I. V. Nikitin, V. Y. Rosolovskii, Izu. Akad. Nuuk, Ser. Khim., 2655 (1968). 9. S. I. Morrow, A. R. Young, 11, Inorg. Chem., 4, 759 (1965). 10. D. R. Mackenzie, R. H. Wiswall Jr., Inorg. Chem., 2, 1064 (1963). 11. G. L. Gard, F. B. Dudley, G. H. Cady, in Noble Gus Compou?tds,H. H. Hyman, ed., Chicago Univ. Press, Chicago, 1963, p. 109. 12. D. E. McKie, Ph.D. Diss., University of California at Berkeley, 1974; LBL Report No. 1814. 13. D. E. Milligan, D. R. Sears, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 85, 823 (1963). 14. G. H. Miller, J. R. Dacey, J. Phys. Chem., 69, 1434 (1965). ir 15. J. Jortner, E. G. Wilson, S. A. Rice, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 85, 814 ( 1 9 6 ) . 16. F. Schreiner, G. N. McDonald, C. L. Chernick, J. Phys. Chem., 72, 1162 (1968). 17. J. H. Burns, R. D. Ellison, H. A. Levy, Actu. Crystallogr., 18, 11 (1965). 18. G. R. Jones, R. D. Burbank, N. Bartlett, Inorg. Chem., 9,2264 (1970). 19. N. Bartlett, M. Wechsberg, 2. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 385, 5 (1971). 20. B. Zemva, A. Jesih, D. H. Templeton, A. Zalkin, A. K. Cheetham, N. Bartlett, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 109,7420 (1987); see also J. Burgess, C. J. W. Fraser, V. M. McRae, R. D. Peacock, D. R. Russel, Inorg. Nucl. Chem., H.H.Hyman Mem. Vol., 183 (1976). 21. V. M. McRae, R. D. Peacock, D. R. Russell, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 62 (1962); see also J. Burgess, C . J. W. Fraser, V. M. McRae, R. D. Peacock, D. R. Russel, Inorg. Nucl. Chem., H.H. Hyman Mem. Vol., 183 (1976). 22. F. 0. Sladky, P. A. Bulliner, N. Bartlett, J. Chem. SOC.,A, 2179 (1969); see also N. Bartlett, M. Gennis, D. D. Gibler, B. K. Morrell, A. Zalkin, Inorg. Chem., 12, 1717 (1973); A. Zalkin, D. L. Ward, R. N. Biagioni, D. H. Templeton, N. Bartlett, Inorg. Chem., 17, 1318 (1978). 23. R. Filler, Israel J. Chem., 17, 71 (1978). 24. N. Bartlett, B. Zemva, L. Graham, J. Fluorine Chem., 7, 301 (1976). 25. W. E. Falconer, J. R. Morton, Proc. Chem. SOC.,95 (1963). 26. M. Wechsberg, P. A. Bulliner, F. 0.Sladky, R. Mews, N. Bartlett, Inorg. Chem., 11,3063 (1972). 27. H. H. Claasscn, H. Selig, J. G. Malm, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,84, 3593 (1962).

2.10. The Formation of the Halogen-Group 0 Element Bond 2.10.2. Direct Synthesis 2.10.2.3. of Radon Halides 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45.

267

A. D. Kirshenbaum, L. V. Streng, A. G. Streng, A. V. Grosse, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 85,360 (1963). E. Schumacher, M. Schaefer, Helu. Chim. Acta, 47, 150 (1964). F. Schreiver, G. N. McDonald, C. L. Chernick, J. Chem. Phys., 72, 1162 (1968). N. Bartlett, F. 0. Sladky, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,90, 5316 (1968). P. Boldrini, R. J. Gillespie, P. R. Ireland, G. J. Schrobilgen,Znorg. Chem., 13, 1690 (1974). D. E. McKee, A. Zalkin, N. Bartlett, Znorg. Chem., 12, 1713 (1973). C. L. Chernick, J. G. Malm, S. M. Williamson, Znorg. Synth., 8, 258 (1966). A. G. Streng, A. D. Kirshenbaum, L. V. Streng, A. V. Grosse, in Noble Gas Compounds, H. H. Hyman, ed., Chicago Univ. Press, Chicago, 1963, p. 73. B. Frlec, J. H. Holloway, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 370 (1973). L. S. Bartell, R. M. Gavin, J. Chem. Phys., 48, 2466 (1968). N. Bartlett, B. G. DeBoer, F. J. Hollander, F. 0. Sladky, D. H. Templeton, A. Zalkin, Znorg. Chem., 13, 780 (1974). C. J. Adams, N. Bartlett, Israel J. Chem., 17, 114 (1978). K. Leary, A. Zalkin, N. Bartlett, Inorg. Chem., 13, 775 (1974). K. Leary, D. H. Templeton, A. Zalkin, N. Bartlett, Znorg. Chem., 12, 1726 (1973). B. zemva, Croat. Chem. Acta, 61, 163 (1988); Chem. Abstr., 109,65,734 (1988). S. Peterson, J. H. Holloway, J. Williams, B. Coyle, Science, 173, 1238 (1971). D. F. Smith, Science, 140, 899 (1963). T. X. Carroll, R. W. Shaw Jr., T. D. Thomas, C. Kindle, N. Bartlett, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,96, 1989

(1974). L. Huston, J. Phys. Chem., 71, 3339 (1967). 46. .I.

2.10.2.2.2. Xenon Chlorldes.

Infrared spectroscopy establishes that the passage of a Xe-CI, mixture (- 100:1) through a microwave discharge yields XeCl, when the gases are condensed at 20 K o r by photolysis of C1,-Xe mixtures with 4880 A e~citation'.~.Higher chlorides are not detected in direct Cl-Xe interactions, although XeCl, and other halides are nuclear y-ray resonance fluorescence detected in studies of lZgIundergoing p decay4. The XeCI, is a linear symmetrical molecule3 characterized by a n IR band (v3) at 312 cm- and a Raman band at 254 cm- (vJ The low value of the stretching force constant (f, = 1.3mdyn A-' compared with 2.6 for XeF,) indicates that the bonding in XeCI, is weak. This is also indicated by the failure to prepare or retain the chloride other than at low T. Thus XeCl, ought to be an effective reagent for the syntheses of high oxidation state chlorides. The major practical difficulty is to provide a reaction medium at a T low enough to prevent simple thermal decomposition of the dichloride.

',

'

'

(N. BARTLETT)

1. L. Y. Nelson, G. C. Pimentel, Znorg. Chem., 1758 (1967). 2. D. Boal, G. A. Ozin, Spectrosc. Lett., 4, 43 (1971). 3. I. R. Beattie, A. German, H. E. Blayden, S. B. Brumbach, J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 1659 (1975). 4. G. J. Perlow, M. R. Perlow, J. Chem. Phys., 48,955 (1968).

2.10.2.3. of Radon Halides Fluorine is the only halogen knownla to form bonds to Rn. There is a low volatility Rn fluoride', probably RnF,. A more volatile fluoride has been claimed3 but it and the oxide reported to be derived from it have been deniedlb (see $3.9). O n the basis of the hydrolytic behavior the more volatile fluoride could be either RnF, or RnF,.



267





',

'

'

(N. BARTLETT)





267





',

'

'

(N. BARTLETT)



268

2.10. The Formation of the Halogen-Group 0 Element Bond 2.10.2.Direct Synthesis 2.10.2.3. of Radon Halides

The low volatility fluoride is prepared' by heating the longest-lived isotope, ",Rn, in F,. Millicurie amounts of Rn react with liq F, at -195"C, the activation being provided by the c1 radiation,. The low-volatility fluoride could be RnF or RnF, la. This fluoride is stable to H, at 200°C, but at 500°C (PH2ca. 1 atm) reduction is complete in 15 min. Radon can also be oxidized at 25°C and lower by the halogen fluorides ClF, ClF,, ClF,, BrF,, BrF, and IF, and by mixed solvent oxidant pairs HF-BrF,, HF-BrF,, IF,-BrF, and K,NiF6 in H F la. Removal of volatiles leaves an involatile Rn fluoride (RnF,) or complex fluoride. Electromigration studies of the "'Rn in those solutions shows it to be cationic, consistent with [RnF]' or Rn2+ (or even Rn') in solutionLa. With added K F or CsF there species such as [RnF,]- or [RnF,]'- form. On the basis of the interaction of "'Rn with the halogen fluorides, the free energy of formation of the postulated RnF, lies between -29 and -51 kcal mol-'. Solids containing the oxidizing cations [ClF,]', [BrF,]', O i , [N,F]+ and [IF,] + oxidize 222Rn.By analogy with the behavior of Xe in like reactions, [RnF]' salt formation is postulatedla. These salts have been recommended as scrubbers for the removal of Rn from air in, e.g., uranium mines. Hydrolysis of the postulated RnF, or [RnF] salts yields "'Rn quantitatively'". Fluorination of a Xe-Rn mixture with 100-fold xs F, (100 atm) at 300°C forms a nonvolatile Rn fluoride6 but also a trace of another Rn product, which distills with XeF,. This suggests the existence of a higher Rn fluoride. Given the greater ionicity of Rn-F relative to Xe-F bonds, fluoride ion donors (NaF) in BrF, are used to keep the RnF, from forming cationic ([RnF]') complexes, which are resistant to further fluorination3. Since Ni(1V) salts can act as fluorinating intermediates, NiF, is used as a catalyst. With 400 mg NiF, and 0.5 mL BrF,, microquantities of "'Rn mixed with Xe and F, in 1: 100 mole ratio at 15-20 x 10, Pa are heated to 250°C for 40 h. Volatiles are removed in vacuo at - 30°C. Alternatively, Xe, Rn and F, in the same quantities as above are condensed upon 300-350 mg NaBr, and the mixture is heated to 250°C for up to 90 h, with fluorine added periodically to ensure complete conversion: +

NaBr

+ 3 F,

-

NaF + BrF,

(a)

Excess F, and BrF, are removed under vacuum at RT, then at 80°C for 3 h. Hydrolysis of the residual products indicates formation of an aqueous species, which is reduced by iodide to liberate Rn. Approximately 70 % of the dissolved Rn is co-reprecipatated with BaXeO,, suggesting that the original aqueous solution species is RnO,. This is presented as evidence for either RbF, or RnF,. The question of which fluoride yielded the RnO,, RnF, or RnF,, is not answered, and evidence has been presentedlb to refute all of these claims for higher oxidation state radon compounds. (N. BARTLETT)

1. (a) L. Stein, Radiochim. Actu 32, 163 (1983); (b) Znorg. Chem., 23, 3670 (1984). 2. P. R. Fields, L. Stein, M. H. Zirin, in Noble Gus Compounds, H . H. Hyman, ed., Chicago Univ. Press, Chicago, 1963, p. 113. 3. A. V. Arrorin, R. N. Krasinova, V. D. Nefedov, M. A. Toropova, Radiochemiyu, 23,879 (1981). 4. L. Stein, Chemistry, 47, 15 (1974). 5. K. S . Pitzer, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 760 (1975). 6. M. H. Studier, E. H. Appelman, Abstracts, Great Lakes Regional Meeting, American Chemical Society, June, 1966, p. 23.


2.11. The Formation of the High Oxidation

State Group-IB, -118, and Transition- and InnerTransition-Metal Fluorides 2.1 1.1. Introduction This chapter surveys the preparation of transition-metal fluorides in which the transition metals exist in their highest formal oxidation state. The concept of high formal oxidation (or valent) state includes not only the maximum state obtained for a given periodic grouping but unusual high formal oxidation states. Emphasis is given here to the TABLE 1. BINARYFLUORIDES IN HIGHEST OXIDATION STATE IIIA

IVA

VA

VIA

VIIA

ScF,

TiF,

VF,

MnF,

FeF,

CoF,

YF,

ZrF,

NbF,

CrF," CrF, MoF,

TcF,

RhF,

LaF,b

HfF,

TaF,

WF,

ReF,

RuF," RuF, OsF," OsF, a OsF,

VIII

IrF,

NiF, NiF, PdFsa PdF, PtF,

IB

IIB

CuF, AgF, AgF, AuF," AuF,

ZnF, CdF, HgF,

AcF, ' Only stable at low T. bLanthanidesLaF,, CeF,, PrF,, NdF,, PmF,, SmF,, EuF,, GdF,, ThF,, DyF,, HoF,, ErF,, TmF,, YbF,, LuF, . ' Actinides AcF,, ThF,, PaF,, UF,, NpF,, PuF,, AmF,, CmF,, BkF,, CfF,, EsF,, Fm, Md, No, Lr, Rf, Ha.

a

TABLE 2. REPRESENTATIVE OXIDEFLUORIDES TRANSITION METALS (FIRST,SECOND, THIRD SERIES) IIIA

IVA

ScOF

TiOF,

VOF, VO,F

YOF

ZrOF,

NbOF, Nb0,F Nb,O,F

LaOF"

HX,OF, HX,O,F,

TaOF, Ta0,F Ta,O,F

AcOFb a

VA

VIA

VIIA

CrO,F, CrOF, CrOF, MoOZF, MoOF,

Mn0,F

FeOF

-

-

TcO3F TcOF, Tc, 05 F4 TcO,F, ReOF, Re0,F ReO,F, ReOF,

RuOF,

-

-

OsO,F, OsOF,

-

PtOF,

WO,F, WOF,

VIII

IB

IIB

Lanthanides: MOF (M = La-Lu) Actinides: AcOF, ThOF,, Pa,OF,, UO,F,, UOF,; NpO,F,, NpOF,; PuO,F,, PuOF,; AmO,F,.

269

0

Iu -I

IIIA

WA

VA

VIA

TABLE 3. REPRESENTATIVEOXYFLUORO/FLUOROCOMPLEXES VIIA

-

[RhF,]-

[RuF,]-

[PdF,][PdF,]’

[COF,]~- [NiFJ[CoF,I3- WiF6I3[CoF4]-

[FeF4][FeF,IZ[FeF6I3-

VIII

[ZnF,]’ [ZnF3]-

[CuF,]’ LCuF,I3LCuF,] [CuF,l4-

’

IIB

IB

2.11. Formation of Group-IB, -IIB, and Transition-Metal Fluorides 2.11.2. of the First Transition Series (Sc through Zn) 2.1 1.2.1. Synthesis of Fluorides and Fluorocomplexes.

271

transition-metal fluorides that (1) contain the transition metal in high formal oxidation states and/or (2) are considered to be exceptionally strong oxidizers. Table 1 lists the transition-metal fluorides in which the metal is in the highest oxidation states. Since CrF,, OsF,, OsF,, RuF,, PdF, and AuF, are only stable at low T their chemistry is almost nonexistent and as a consequence, their lower binary fluorides are discussed. In Tables 2 and 3, many of the oxyfluorocomplexes (oxide fluoride complexes) and fluorocomplexes are listed; the coverage is not comprehensive or complete but is illustrative of the great many possible deri~ativesl-~. CAUTION: Preparative reagents such as Fz, CIF,, IF,, anhyd HF, COF, and SF, are commonly used to prepare high oxidation state fluorides and require special care in handling. (J.M. CANICH, G.L. GARD)

1. In order to appreciate the safety and toxic aspects of these and other reagents, the reader is advised to consult the following text and references contained therein. W. A. Sheppard, C . M. Sharts, Organic Fluorine Chemistry, W.A. Benjamin, New York, 1969. 2. Various types of fluorination procedures for preparing solid fluorides are reviewed by J. Grannec, L. Losano, in Inorganic Solid Fluorides, P. Hagenmuller, ed., Academic Press, New York, 1985, Ch. 2, pp. 17-76. 3. A review concerning preparation of oxide fluorides is J. H. Holloway, D. Laycock, Advances in Inorganic Chemistry and Radiochemistry, Vol. 28, H. J. Emelbus, A. G. Sharpe, eds., Academic Press, New York, 1969, pp. 73-79. 4. The author would like to thank Dr. Boris Zemva, Jozsf Stefan Institute, Ljubljara, Yugoslavia for helping to update and review this material.

2.1 1.2. of the First Transition Series (Sc through Zn) 2.11.2.1. Synthesls of High Valent Fluorides, Oxide Fluorides and Fluorocomplexes of Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn.

-

The trifluoride of scandium can be prepared' : Sc(OH),

+ 3 HF

ScF,

+ 3 H,O

(a)

Other methods include direct reaction of Sc,O, with [NH,][HF,] or fluorination of the metal2. The oxyfluoride ScOF is prepared, by partial hydrolysis of ScF, in moist air at elevated T. Fluorosalt complexes containing [ScF,] - and [SCF,I3 - ions are prepared from melts of ScF, with metal fluorides; for example, melts of NaF with ScF, give two compounds4: 3 NaF-ScF, and NaF-ScF,. The adduct XeF,.ScF, is prepared by reacting N,H,.ScF, with xs XeF, '. Titanium reacts with F, above 150°C with conversion to the TiF, being complete at 200°C; using TiO, in place of Ti requires higher T (350°C) for complete c o n v e r ~ i o n ~ It* ~ . is also prepared by reacting H F and TiCl, but extremely pure anhyd H F is required*. Other methods include the use of ClF, in a flow system with Ti (350°C) or reacting TiO, with SF, at 300°C (10 h) in a pressure reactorg3". The following derivatives of TiF, are known": TiF,Cl, TiF,Cl,, TiF,Br, TiF,[NO,].N,O, and TiO(0H)F.



271

transition-metal fluorides that (1) contain the transition metal in high formal oxidation states and/or (2) are considered to be exceptionally strong oxidizers. Table 1 lists the transition-metal fluorides in which the metal is in the highest oxidation states. Since CrF,, OsF,, OsF,, RuF,, PdF, and AuF, are only stable at low T their chemistry is almost nonexistent and as a consequence, their lower binary fluorides are discussed. In Tables 2 and 3, many of the oxyfluorocomplexes (oxide fluoride complexes) and fluorocomplexes are listed; the coverage is not comprehensive or complete but is illustrative of the great many possible deri~ativesl-~. CAUTION: Preparative reagents such as Fz, CIF,, IF,, anhyd HF, COF, and SF, are commonly used to prepare high oxidation state fluorides and require special care in handling. (J.M. CANICH, G.L. GARD)

1. In order to appreciate the safety and toxic aspects of these and other reagents, the reader is advised to consult the following text and references contained therein. W. A. Sheppard, C . M. Sharts, Organic Fluorine Chemistry, W.A. Benjamin, New York, 1969. 2. Various types of fluorination procedures for preparing solid fluorides are reviewed by J. Grannec, L. Losano, in Inorganic Solid Fluorides, P. Hagenmuller, ed., Academic Press, New York, 1985, Ch. 2, pp. 17-76. 3. A review concerning preparation of oxide fluorides is J. H. Holloway, D. Laycock, Advances in Inorganic Chemistry and Radiochemistry, Vol. 28, H. J. Emelbus, A. G. Sharpe, eds., Academic Press, New York, 1969, pp. 73-79. 4. The author would like to thank Dr. Boris Zemva, Jozsf Stefan Institute, Ljubljara, Yugoslavia for helping to update and review this material.

2.1 1.2. of the First Transition Series (Sc through Zn) 2.11.2.1. Synthesls of High Valent Fluorides, Oxide Fluorides and Fluorocomplexes of Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn.

-

The trifluoride of scandium can be prepared' : Sc(OH),

+ 3 HF

ScF,

+ 3 H,O

(a)

Other methods include direct reaction of Sc,O, with [NH,][HF,] or fluorination of the metal2. The oxyfluoride ScOF is prepared, by partial hydrolysis of ScF, in moist air at elevated T. Fluorosalt complexes containing [ScF,] - and [SCF,I3 - ions are prepared from melts of ScF, with metal fluorides; for example, melts of NaF with ScF, give two compounds4: 3 NaF-ScF, and NaF-ScF,. The adduct XeF,.ScF, is prepared by reacting N,H,.ScF, with xs XeF, '. Titanium reacts with F, above 150°C with conversion to the TiF, being complete at 200°C; using TiO, in place of Ti requires higher T (350°C) for complete c o n v e r ~ i o n ~ It* ~ . is also prepared by reacting H F and TiCl, but extremely pure anhyd H F is required*. Other methods include the use of ClF, in a flow system with Ti (350°C) or reacting TiO, with SF, at 300°C (10 h) in a pressure reactorg3". The following derivatives of TiF, are known": TiF,Cl, TiF,Cl,, TiF,Br, TiF,[NO,].N,O, and TiO(0H)F.

272

2.1 1. Formation of Group-16, -116, and Transition-Metal Fluorides 2.11.2. of the First Transition Series (Sc through Zn) 2.11.2.1. Synthesis of Fluorides and Fluorocomplexes.

-

The oxyfluoride TiOF, is prepared by the following method":

+ C1,O

TiF,CI,

4°C

TiOF,

+ 2 C1,

Titanium tetrafluoride forms numerous adducts with a variety of different ligands',. Salt-like fluorocomplexes containing [TiF,]' - can be prepared by reacting, in aq HF, the appropriate alkali-metal fluoride and TiO, in correct stoichiometric amounts14. In solutions, complex ions [TiF,.ROH]- with R = CH,, CH,CH,, i-C,H, are knownI5. Difluorobis(acstylacetonato)titanium(IV) is prepared by reacting acetylacetone and TiF, in CH,CI, solution". The salt [NO],[TiF,] is prepared by reacting BrF, with Ti metal in the presence of nitrosyl chloride; sublimation of the complex (180°C) in vacuo results in a pure product''. The novel dioxygenyl salt'', [0,],[Ti7F3,,], is prepared by reacting TiO, with a mixture of F, and 0, (300-450°C) under higher pressure (3.04 x lo7 - 3.55 x 10' N m-' or 300-3500 atm)". The peroxyfluorotitanate saltIg, K,[TiO,F,] is prepared by treating K,[TiF,] with an excess of 30% H,O, in the presence of a slight excess of KOH. A number of xenon fluoride complexes" have been prepared (3 XeF,.2 TiF,, XeF,. TiF,, XeF,.2 TiF,, 4 XeF,.TiF,, XeF,-TiF,, XeF6.2 TiF,) by reacting TiF, or [N,H,][TiF,] with XeF, or XeF,. In liq HF, the oxonium complex is formed": TiF,

+ H F + H,O

HF

[H,O][TiF,]

(c)

Passing F, over powdered vanadium heated to 300°C forms VF,". In a static system, V,O, is fluorinated to VF, (PF2= 1.01 x 106-5.07 x 10' N rn-' or 10-50 atm, 200-475°C) with fluorinez3. The oxyfluoride can be prepared by reacting V,O, with F, (at 475°C)': 2 V,O,

+ 6 F,-4

or by reacting with COF, at 210°C V,O,

+ 3 COF,

415°C

VOF,

2 10°C

2 VOF,

+ 3 0, + 3 0,

(4

(e)

Also known is VO,F which is prepared by passing a F,-N, (1:l) mixture over V0,CI (75-80"C)24.The following oxyfluorides are prepared from solution or solid-state reactionz5: M,[VO,F,] (M = Na, K), M,[VO,F,] (M = K, Rb, Cs), M,[V,O,F,] (M = Rb, Cs) and M,M'[VO,F,] (M = K, Rb, Cs; M' = Na, K, Rb). The salts, [Ph,P][VO,F,] and [Ph,As][VO,F,] containing the anion [VO,F,] - (isoelectronic with CrO,F,), are prepared by first reacting a solution of sodium metavanadate(V) with 40% aq HF; addition of the [Ph,P]+ or [Ph,As]+ cations results in precipitation of either productz6. The salt CsVOF, is prepared by reacting V , 0 5 with CsF in H F (-30"C)27. The reaction of NF, with V,O, (400°C) gives" both VOF, and [NO][VOF,]. The salt K,[VOF,] is prepared by cooling a mixture of V,O, and K F in aq HF; treating K,[VOF,] s o h with KOH gives K,[V,O,F,] upon evaporation". The reaction of Ba[VO,F,] with KOH in water gives Ba[VO,F] as the product30. The graphite complex C,,VOf, is prepared" from VOF, and pyrographite in HF. Fluorocomplexes of VF,, such as VF,.SbF,, [No,][vF6], [NO][VF,], 2 XeOF,.VF,, 2 XeF,.VF,, XeF,*F,, XeF6.2 VF,, XeF,-VF, and KrF,*VF, are


278

known; in most cases the complexes are prepared by simply adding the reactants together in correct molar proportion^^'-^*. The reaction of O,F, with VF, gives at RT the unstable [O,][V,F,,] compound39. The highest known fluoride of Cr is the unstable CrF,; it is prepared by reacting Cr with F, (2.03 x lo7N m-, or 200 atm) at 400°C in a Ni pressure vessel; addition of small amounts of Mn and higher pressure (3.55 x lo7 N m-, or 350 atm) increases the yield,'. It is unstable above - 100"C, decomposing according to: CrF,

>-1Oo"C

CrF,

+

F,

Due to the instability of CrF,, the chemistry of high-valent chromium fluoride is the chemistry of CrF,, which is prepared by heating CrF, with F, (4.6 x lo6 N-m-, or 45 atm at RT) in a Monel pressure vessel for 3 h at 300°C; xs F, is vented at -78°C and any HF is pumped away (6 h),,; NiF, is an effective catalyst in this system,,. Three high-valent oxidizing oxyfluorides are known: CrO,F,, CrOF, and CrOF,; CrO,F, is prepared according to4,-,,: CrO,CI,

+ 2 ClF

CrO,

+ xs ClF

+ COF, CrO, + WF, CrO, + MoF,

CrO,

-78°C 0°C

185°C

125°C

125°C

CrO,F, CrO,F,

CrO,F, CrO,F, CrO,F,

+ 2 C1,

+ 0, + CI0,F + CO, + WOF, + MoOF,

(g) (h) (9

(3 (k)

Other reagents such as SF,, COF, and IF, can also be used to prepare CrO,F,,,; another route involves reacting nitryl fluoride (N0,F) with chromium45. Although CrOF, can be prepared by fluorinating heated Cr metal in a flow system4,, it is reported that fluorination of CrO, (220°C, 70 h) in a pressure Monel vessel, with a water-cooled tap, is also an effective method4?. The reaction of CrO,F, with KrF, in HF at RT gives CrOF, in quantitative yield48349. Also, CrOF, can be prepared from CrO,F, and xs F, in the presence of CaF at 200°C 5 0 . Pure CrOF, 5 1 can be prepared by fluorinating (120°C) the brick-red solid CrOF,.x CIF (x = 0.10-0.21), obtained from reacting CrO, with CIF (110°C) or by fluorinating chromyl fluoride with xenon difluoride5': XeF,

+ 2 Cr02F,

-

2 CrOF,

+ Xe + 0,

(1)

A number of oxyfluorocomplexes of CrO,F, and CrOF, are k n ~ ~ n ,~e.g.,~ * ~ ~ CrO,FTaF,, CrO,FSbF,, Cr02FSb2F,,; M,CrOF, (M = Ag, K, Et,N). Salts containing the trioxofluorochromate anions (Cr0,F-) are prepared by reacting dichromate salts with 40% HF (as) or metal carbonates and CrO, with H F (M = NH,, Rb, K, Cs),,-,'. The complexes KrF,-CrOF, [NO][CrF,O] and CrOF,.SbF, are kno~n~~,~'. Fluorocomplexes such as Cs[CrF,] and [NO][CrF,] have been prepared58. The strongly oxidizing and stable salt [NF,][CrF,] is known; in this report, attempts at preparing CrF, as described previously were not s u c c e s s f ~ l ~ ~ .

274

2.1 1. Formation of Group-18, -IIB, and Transition-Metal Fluorides 2.11.2. of the First Transition Series (Sc through Zn) 2.1 1.2.1. Synthesis of Fluorides and Fluorocomplexes.

Crystalline MnF, is prepared by heating MnF, with F, (a3 x lo8 N m-' or =3000 atm) and in the presence of small amounts of BrF, and 0, for 5-6 d at ~ 4 0 0 ° C ; after heating, the autoclave is slowly cooled to RT (10°C per day). This method6' produces dark blue needles of MnF,. Also, MnF, is quantitatively prepared by reacting Mn powder with F, in a fluidized bed at very high temperatures6'. Pure MnF, is also prepared from MnF, and KrF, in H F at RT 62. Permanganyl fluoride, MnO,F, is unstable above 0°C but can be prepared,, by reacting KMnO, with either HSO,F or HF; KMnO, KMnO,

+ 2 HF

+ 2 HSO,F

-

Mn0,F Mn0,F

+ KF + H,O + KS0,F + H,SO,

(m) (n)

In addition to using HSO,F or HF, IF, may be used6,; interestingly, Mn0,F is stable in IF, solution under reflux. In all preparations the Mn0,F needs to be further purified by vacuum distillation; if H F is present then a second treatment is needed using either xs KMnO, or KF, which reacts with the H F to form Mn0,F or KHF,, re~pectively~~. Fluorosalts of Mn(1V) are known,,; K,MnF, is prepared: 1. by reduction of KMnO, with diethyl ether or H,O in aq H F 2. by electrolytic oxidation of MnF, in a solution of KHF, in aq H F

For example, a MnF, solution in aq H F is electrolyzed (2-3 V with current of 0.75 A) until a clear red-brown color is obtained, at which time solid K[HF,] or a saturated soln of K[HF,] in 40% aq H F is added; this solution is further electrolyzed with the formation of the yellow crystalline K,[MnF,]. After the reaction solution is decanted the product is washed with a small amount of 40 % aq H F and then with alcohol and ether66. The [NH,],MnF, salt is prepared analogously except that the initial washing with 40 % aq H F is omitted6,. 3. by treating an equimolar mixture of KMnO, and KCl with bromine trifluoride,,.

A general method for preparing not only K,[MnF,] but other alkali metals and alkaline-earth metal salts involves fluorinating appropriate mixtures of manganese and alkali-metal salts at high T 67968. Moreover, K,[MnF,], Rb,[MnF,] and Cs,[MnF,], prepared by fluorinating MMn[SO,], salts (M = K, Rb, Cs) at 350"C, are air-stable solids; in earlier reports, apparently impurities have been responsible for the decomposition of these compounds in air69*70. It should be noted that dissolution of K,MnF6 in H F solutions containing AsF, gives7':

K,[MnF,] K,[MnF,]

+ AsF,

+ 2 SbF,

HF

150°C

MnF,

2 KSbF,

+ K[AsF6]

+ MnF, + K,F,

(0)

(PI The pentafluoromanganates(1V) salts67, MMnF, (M = K, Rb, Cs) are formed by fluorinating MrMnF,] salts at 450-500°C. The interesting dioxygenyl salt [O,][Mn,F,] is prepared by reacting MnO, or MnF, (x = 2,3,4) with a mixture of F, and 0, (PF2,02x 3 x lo7to 3.6 x lo8 N m-' or

2.11. Formation of Group-16, -IIB, and Transition-Metal Fluorides 2.11.2. of the First Transition Series (Sc through Zn) 2.1 1.2.1. Synthesis of Fluorides and Fluorocomplexes.

275

=300-3500 atm) at 350-500°C 7 3 . Also, a second dioxygenyl salt, [O,][MnF,], is known74375. The reaction of MnF, with xs XeF, (120°C) or xs XeF, (60°C) gives n XeF,.MnF, (n = 1, 0.5) and n XeF,.MnF, (n = 4, 2, 1, 0.5), re~pectively~~. The complex [NF,] [MnF,] has been reported7',' '.

,

(J.M. CANICH, G.L. GARD)

1. G. Brauer, Handbook ofpreparative Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 1,2nd ed., Academic Press, New York, 245-246, 1963. 2. D. Brown. ed.. Halides o f the Transition Elements. Halides o f the Lanthanides and Actinides,John Wiley and Sons, London, 1968, p. 79; and references coniained therein. 3. D. Brown, ed., Halides of the Transition Elements.Halides of the Lanthanides and Actinides,John Wiley and Sons, London, 1968, p. 99; and references contained therein. 4. R. E. Thoma, R. H. Karraker, Inorg. Chem., 5, 1933 (1966). 5. B. Zemva, Croat. Chem. Acta, 61, 163 (1988) and refs. therein; Chem. Abstr., 109,65,734 (1988). 6. H. M. Haendler, S. F. Bartram, R. S. Becker, W. J. Bernard, S. W. Bukata, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,76, 2177 (1954). 7. S. P. Mallela, 0. D. Gupta, J. M. Shreve, Inorg. Chem., 27, 208 (1988). 8. D. T. Meshri, C. B. Lindahl, Kirk-Othmer Encycopedia of Chemical Technology,M. Grayson, ed., Vol. 10, 3rd ed., Wiley and Sons, New York, 821, 1980. 9. R. W. Murray, H. M. Haendler, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 14, 135 (1960). 10. A. L. Oppegard, W. C . Smith, E. L. Muetterties, V. A. Engelhardt, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,82, 3835 (1960). 11. R. Colton, J. H. Canterford, eds., Halides of the Transition Elements. Halides of the First Row Transition Metals, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1969 pp. 39-40. 12. K. Dehnicke, Naturwissenschaften,52, 660 (1965). 13. R. J. H. Clark, W. Errington, J. Chem. SOC.A, 258 (1967) and references contained therein. 14. B. Cox, A. G. Sharpe, J. Chem. SOC.,1783 (1953). 15. R. 0. Ragsdale, B. B. Stewart, Inorg. Chem., 2, 1002 (1963). 16. R. C. Fay, R. N. Lowry, Inorg. Chem., 6, 1512 (1967). 17. A. A. Woolf, J. Chem. Soc., 1053 (1950). 18. B. G. Miiller, J. Fluorine Chem., 17, 489 (1981). 5248 (1964). 19. W. P. Griffith, J. Chem. SOC., 20. B. Zemva, J. Slivnik, M. Bohinc, J . Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 38, 73 (1976). 21. S. Cohen, H. Selig, R. Gut, J. Fluorine Chem., 20, 349 (1982). 22. H. C. Clark, H. J. Emeleus, J. Chem. Soc., 2119 (1957). 23. A. Smalc, Monatsh. Chem., 98, 163 (1967). 24. J. Weidlein, K. Dehnicke, Z . Anorg. Allg. Chem., 348, 278 (1966). 25. G. Pausewang, K. Dehnicke, Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 369, 271 (1969). 26. E. Ahlborn, E. Diemann, A. Miiller, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 378 (1972). 27. J. A. S. Howell, K. C. Moss, J. Chem. SOC.,A , 270 (1971). 28. 0.Glemser, J. Wegener, R. Mews, Chem. Ber., 100,2474 (1967). 29. P. Slota, G. Mitra, J. Fluorine Chem., 5, 185 (1975). 30. P. Slota, W. Sunday, R. Rakshapal, G. Mitra, J. Fluorine Chem., 6, 181 (1975). 31. R. Vasse, G. Fundin, J. Melin, A. Herold, Carbon, 19, 249 (1981). 32. W. Sawodny, R. Opferkuch, W. Rohlke, J. Fluorine Chem., 12, 253 (1978). 33. H. C . Clark, H. J. Emeleus, J. Chem. SOC.,190 (1958). 34. A. G. Sharpe, A. A. Woolf, J. Chem. SOC.,798 (1951). 35. G. J. Moody, H. Selig, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 28, 2429 (1966). 36. B. Zemva, J. Slivnik, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 33, 3952 (1971). 37. B. Zemva, J. Slivnik, A. Smalc, J. Fluorine Chem., 6, 191 (1975). 38. A. Jesih, B. Zemva, J. Slivnik, J . Fluorine Chem., 19, 221 (1982). 39. J. E. Griffiths, A. J. Edwards, W. A. Sunder, W. E. Falconer, J. Fluorine Chem., 11, 119 (1978). 40. 0. Glemser, H. Roesky, K. H. Hellberg, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 2, 266 (1963). 41. S. D. Brown, M.S. Thesis, Portland State University, 1975, pp. 27, 28. 42. G. A. Yagodin, E. G. Rakov, S . V. Khaustov, S. Yu. Kovalev, Russ. J. Inorg. Chem., 23, 460 (1978). 43. S. D. Brown, P. J. Green, G. L. Gard, J. Fluorine Chem., 5, 203 (1975). "

_

276

44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78.

2.1 1. Formation of Group-IB, -llB, and Transition-Metal Fluorides 2.11.2. of the First Transition Series (Sc through Zn) 2.11.2.2. Synthesis of Fluorocomplexes of Fe, Co, Ni.

P. J. Green, G. L. Gard, Inorg. Chem., 16, 1243 (1977) and references contained therein. E. E. Aynsley, G. Hetherington, P. L. Robinson, J. Chem. Soc., 1119 (1954). A. J. Edwards, Proc. Chem. Soc., 205 (1963). A. J. Edwards, W. E. Falconer, W. A. Sunder, J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 541 (1974). K. 0. Christe, W. W. Wilson, R. A. Bougon, Inorg. Chem., 25, 2163 (1986). W. W. Wilson, K. 0. Christe, J. Fluorine Chem., 35, 531 (1986). J. Huang, K. Hedburg, J. M. Shreeve, S. P. Mallela, Inorg. Chem., 27, 4633 (1988). P. J. Green, B. M. Johnson, T. M. Loehr, G. L. Gard, Inorg. Chem., 21, 3562 (1982). H. B. Davis, M.S. Thesis, Portland State University, 1984, p. 34. P. J. Green, G. L. Gard, Inorg. Nucl. Chem. Lett., 14, 179 (1978). H. C. Clark, Y . N. Sadana, Can. J. Chem., 42,702 (1964). 0. V. Ziebarth, J. Selbin, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 32, 849 (1970). H. Stammreich, 0. Sala, D. Bassi, Spectrochim. Acta, 19, 593 (1963). W. Granier, S. Vilminot, J. D. Vidal, L. Cot, J. Fluorine Chem., 19, 123 (1981). S. D. Brown, T. M. Loehr, G. L. Gard, J. Fluorine Chem., 7, 19 (1976). R. Bougon, W. W. Wilson, K. 0. Christe, Inorg. Chem., 24, 2286 (1985). R. Hoppe, B. Miiller, J. Burgess, R. D. Peacock, R. Sherry, J. Fluorine Chem., 16, 189 (1980). H. W. Roesky, 0. Glemser, K. H. Hellberg, Angew Chem. Int. Ed. Engl., 4, 1098 (1965). K. Lutan, A. Jesih, B. 2emva, Polyhedron, 7, 1217 (1988). A. Englebrecht, A. V. Grosse, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 76, 2042 (1954). E. E. Aynsley, J. Chem. Soc., 2425 (1958). R. Colton, J. H. Canterford, eds., Halides of the Transition Elements. Halides of the First Row Transition Metals, John Wiley and Sons, London, 1969 pp. 235-236. B. Cox, A. G. Sharpe, J. Chem. SOC.,1798 (1954). R. Hoppe, W. Liebe, W. Dahne, Z . Anorg. Allg. Chem., 307, 276 (1961). R. Hoppe, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 8, 437 (1958). R. Hoppe, K. H. Wandner, J. Fluorine Chem., 23, 589 (1983). F. Bukovec, R. Hoppe, J. Fluorine Chem. 38, 107 (1988). T. L. Court, M. F. A. Dove, J. Chem. SOC.,Chem. Commun., 726 (1971). K. 0. Christe, Inorg. Chem., 25, 3722 (1986). B. G. Muller, J. Fluorine Chem., 17, 409 (1981). R. Hoppe, Israel J. Chem., 17, 48 (1978). R. A. Bougon, K. 0. Christe, W. W. Wilson, J. Fluorine Chem., 30, 237 (1985). M. Bohinc, J. Grannec, J. Slivnik, B. Zemva, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 38, 75 (1976). K. 0. Christe, C. J. Schack, W. W. Wilson, R. D. Wilson, J. Fluorine Chem., 16, 646 (1980); abstract from 7th European Symposium on Fluorine Chemistry (1980). B. 2emva, J. Slivnik, J. Fluorine Chem., 17, 375 (1981).

2.11.2.2. Synthesis of High-Valent Fluorides, Oxide Fluorides and Fluorocomplexes of Fe, Co, Ni.

The preparation of FeF, is achieved by reacting FeCI, with F,, BrF,, ClF, or H F 1-3. , e.g., FeCl, in a Ni boat is gradually heated to 300°C in a stream of CIF, and is removed, ground and then reheated to 550°C (1 h) in ClF,. This process is repeated until no FeC1, is left. Fluorination4 of FeF, with F, under pressure (3.6 x lo6 N m-' or 35 atm at 20°C) at 300°C gives FeF,. Interestingly, FeS, reacts with SF, (350°C) under pressure to form FeF, and S,; the S, is extracted with CS, A trihydrate of iron(II1) fluoride is known'. The oxyfluoride (FeOF) is prepared by heating a mixture of FeF, and Fe,O, at 800-900°C in 0, '. Fluorocomplexes containing [FeF6I3-, [FeF,]'- and [FeF,] - may be prepared from melts or from aq H F soln'. The ammonium salt complex [NH,],[FeF,] is prepared by reacting FeBr, with [NH,]F in MeOH, whereas [NH4][FeF4] is prepared

'.


276

44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78.

2.1 1. Formation of Group-IB, -llB, and Transition-Metal Fluorides 2.11.2. of the First Transition Series (Sc through Zn) 2.11.2.2. Synthesis of Fluorocomplexes of Fe, Co, Ni.

P. J. Green, G. L. Gard, Inorg. Chem., 16, 1243 (1977) and references contained therein. E. E. Aynsley, G. Hetherington, P. L. Robinson, J. Chem. Soc., 1119 (1954). A. J. Edwards, Proc. Chem. Soc., 205 (1963). A. J. Edwards, W. E. Falconer, W. A. Sunder, J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 541 (1974). K. 0. Christe, W. W. Wilson, R. A. Bougon, Inorg. Chem., 25, 2163 (1986). W. W. Wilson, K. 0. Christe, J. Fluorine Chem., 35, 531 (1986). J. Huang, K. Hedburg, J. M. Shreeve, S. P. Mallela, Inorg. Chem., 27, 4633 (1988). P. J. Green, B. M. Johnson, T. M. Loehr, G. L. Gard, Inorg. Chem., 21, 3562 (1982). H. B. Davis, M.S. Thesis, Portland State University, 1984, p. 34. P. J. Green, G. L. Gard, Inorg. Nucl. Chem. Lett., 14, 179 (1978). H. C. Clark, Y . N. Sadana, Can. J. Chem., 42,702 (1964). 0. V. Ziebarth, J. Selbin, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 32, 849 (1970). H. Stammreich, 0. Sala, D. Bassi, Spectrochim. Acta, 19, 593 (1963). W. Granier, S. Vilminot, J. D. Vidal, L. Cot, J. Fluorine Chem., 19, 123 (1981). S. D. Brown, T. M. Loehr, G. L. Gard, J. Fluorine Chem., 7, 19 (1976). R. Bougon, W. W. Wilson, K. 0. Christe, Inorg. Chem., 24, 2286 (1985). R. Hoppe, B. Miiller, J. Burgess, R. D. Peacock, R. Sherry, J. Fluorine Chem., 16, 189 (1980). H. W. Roesky, 0. Glemser, K. H. Hellberg, Angew Chem. Int. Ed. Engl., 4, 1098 (1965). K. Lutan, A. Jesih, B. 2emva, Polyhedron, 7, 1217 (1988). A. Englebrecht, A. V. Grosse, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 76, 2042 (1954). E. E. Aynsley, J. Chem. Soc., 2425 (1958). R. Colton, J. H. Canterford, eds., Halides of the Transition Elements. Halides of the First Row Transition Metals, John Wiley and Sons, London, 1969 pp. 235-236. B. Cox, A. G. Sharpe, J. Chem. SOC.,1798 (1954). R. Hoppe, W. Liebe, W. Dahne, Z . Anorg. Allg. Chem., 307, 276 (1961). R. Hoppe, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 8, 437 (1958). R. Hoppe, K. H. Wandner, J. Fluorine Chem., 23, 589 (1983). F. Bukovec, R. Hoppe, J. Fluorine Chem. 38, 107 (1988). T. L. Court, M. F. A. Dove, J. Chem. SOC.,Chem. Commun., 726 (1971). K. 0. Christe, Inorg. Chem., 25, 3722 (1986). B. G. Muller, J. Fluorine Chem., 17, 409 (1981). R. Hoppe, Israel J. Chem., 17, 48 (1978). R. A. Bougon, K. 0. Christe, W. W. Wilson, J. Fluorine Chem., 30, 237 (1985). M. Bohinc, J. Grannec, J. Slivnik, B. Zemva, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 38, 75 (1976). K. 0. Christe, C. J. Schack, W. W. Wilson, R. D. Wilson, J. Fluorine Chem., 16, 646 (1980); abstract from 7th European Symposium on Fluorine Chemistry (1980). B. 2emva, J. Slivnik, J. Fluorine Chem., 17, 375 (1981).

2.11.2.2. Synthesis of High-Valent Fluorides, Oxide Fluorides and Fluorocomplexes of Fe, Co, Ni.

The preparation of FeF, is achieved by reacting FeCI, with F,, BrF,, ClF, or H F 1-3. , e.g., FeCl, in a Ni boat is gradually heated to 300°C in a stream of CIF, and is removed, ground and then reheated to 550°C (1 h) in ClF,. This process is repeated until no FeC1, is left. Fluorination4 of FeF, with F, under pressure (3.6 x lo6 N m-' or 35 atm at 20°C) at 300°C gives FeF,. Interestingly, FeS, reacts with SF, (350°C) under pressure to form FeF, and S,; the S, is extracted with CS, A trihydrate of iron(II1) fluoride is known'. The oxyfluoride (FeOF) is prepared by heating a mixture of FeF, and Fe,O, at 800-900°C in 0, '. Fluorocomplexes containing [FeF6I3-, [FeF,]'- and [FeF,] - may be prepared from melts or from aq H F soln'. The ammonium salt complex [NH,],[FeF,] is prepared by reacting FeBr, with [NH,]F in MeOH, whereas [NH4][FeF4] is prepared

'.

2.11. Formation of Group-16, -116, and Transition-Metal Fluorides 2.11.2. of the First Transition Series (Sc through Zn) 2.11.2.2. Synthesis of Fluorocornplexes of Fe, Co, Ni.

277

by heating a mixture (3:l mole ratio) of [NH,]F and FeF, in a Ni boat to 180°C in a stream of extra-dry N, and with a second boat containing [NH,]F upstream from the sample. The sample is heated for several days to constant weightg. The reaction of [N,H,][FeF,] with xs XeF, at RT gives XeF,.FeF, '. Strongly oxidizing CoF, is prepared in 90-95 % yields by passing F, (g) over CoCl, or Co,O, (heated from RT to 300"C)'0 or by treating CoC1, with ClF, in a flow system at 250°C l l . Also XeF, fluorinates CoF,, CoCl, or Co to CoF, A blue hydrate, c 0 F ~ ~ 3 OH,, . 5 is obtained by the electrolytic oxidation of CoF, in hydrofluoric acid; once dry this solid can be stored almost indefinitely in a desiccator without d e c o m p ~ s i t i o nAlso, ~ ~ . the compound CoF,*3 H,O has been reported',. Fluorosalts M,[CoF,] and M[CoF,] containing Co(II1) are known: M,[CoF,] salts are prepared by the fluorination of a 3:l mixture of MCl:CoCl, at 400°C or, preferably, M,[Co(CN),] with M = Li, Na, K at 300-350°C (5-7 h)',; Ba,[CoF,], is also prepared in a similar manner but an attempt at preparing La[CoF,] via fluorinating La[Co(CN),] has been unsu~cessful'~. The M[CoF,] salts are synthesized by fluorinating M[CoF,] (M = Na, K) or M[CoCI,] (M = Li, Rb, Cs) between 250°C and 500°C also, these salts can be prepared by fluorinating mixtures of MCl (M = Li, Na) or M,CO, (M = K, Rb, Cs) with [Co(NH,),]Cl, at 400-430°C for 7-8 h17. In addition to Co(II1) fluorocomplexes, higher oxidation state Co(1V) salts are known and are prepared by fluorinating Co(I1) salts such as Cs,[CoCl,] or Cs,Co[SO,], at (300°C) to Cs,[CoF,]; Rb,[CoF,] has also been The interesting complex, [Coen,F,][HF,] is obtained by air oxidation of a CoF, soln in aq en followed by addition of aq H F and subsequent evaporation to dryness". Another complex, [Co(NH,),J[CoF,]-OS H,O, is formed by gently heating [Co(NH,),]F, ". The complex XeF,-CoF, is prepared from CoF, and xs XeF, (60°C, 5 d); in place of CoF,, [N,H,][CoF,] can be used (RT, 1 d),. The highest binary fluoride of nickel is NiF,. It is prepared" by bubbling gaseous AsF, into a [XeF,],[NiF,] s o h in anhyd HF. The next highest fluoride is NiF,, prepared by reacting K,[NiF,] with AsF, in H F (- 80°C); this reaction is carriedz3 out at 20°C when BF, is used instead of AsF,. The Ni(II1) fluoride salts, M,[NiF,] (M = K, Na) are prepared by fluorinating 3: 1 mixtures of alkali-metal chlorides and NiCl, or NiSO, (300-400°C); Ba[NiF,] is prepared by fluorinating Ba[Ni(CN),] at 300°C. A brown modification of BaCNiF,] results upon further reaction at 500°C 24. The salts of M,[NiF,] (M = Na, K, Rb, Cs) are known and prepared byz5: 2 MCl

+

NiCl, or M,[NiCI,]

+ F,

275°C

M,[NiF,]

(a)

or by fluorination of M,[Ni(CN),] with M = K, Rb in a flow system at 425°C followed by a static F, treatment (3 x lo5 N m-' or 3 atm, 425"C, 24 h) and then refluorination (static) after remixing',. The high-pressure fluorination of Na,[Ni(CN),J.3 H,O at 3 x lo7 N m-' pressure (300"C, 18 h) gives pure Na,[NiF,]; with Ba[Ni(CN),].4 H'O, Ba[NiF,] is formed (300"C, 5 x lo9 N m-2)27,28. In the presence of K F the potassium salt K,NiF, decomposes: 2 K,[NiF,]

+ 2 KF

400°C

2 K3[NiF6](s)

+ F, (g)

(b)

278

2.1 1. Formation of Group-IB, -IIB, and Transition-Metal Fluorides 2.11.2. of the First Transition Series (Sc through Zn) 2.11.2.2. Synthesis of Fluorocomplexes of Fe, Co, Ni.

This decomposition reaction, assumed to proceed as written, can be used to generate fluorine with a purity > 99.7 Z z 9 .Additional salts such as Sr[NiF,], Ba[NiF,], CsRbCNiF,] and RbKCNiF,] can be prepared by high-pressure fluorination reactions30. The highly unusual and stable [NF,],NiF, is prepared by31: CS,[NiF,]

+ 2 [NF,][SbF,]

HF

[NF,],[NiF,]

+ 2 Cs[SbF,]

(4

The CsCSbF,] is removed by filtration at -78°C. Novel [NO],[NiF,] is prepared by treating NiF, with a mixture of F, (4.1 x lo5 N m-’ or 4.1 atm) and xs NOF ( e 3 . 4 x 10’ N m-’ or 3.4 atm) in a Ni reactor (200°C); pyrolysis of this salt in F, (4.8 x lo5 N m-’ or 4.8 atm) at -350°C results in the following d e c o m p o s i t i ~ n ~ ~ :

N

[NO],[NiF,]

350°C F2

NOF,

+ NOF + NiF,

(4

The complexes [XeF,],[NiF,] and [Xe,F, 1]2[NiF,] are prepared33 from NiF,, KrF, and XeF,. The complex [O,],[NiF,] is prepared3,:


1. K. Knox, D. W. Mitchell, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 21, 253 (1961). 2. D. B. Shinn, D. S. Crocket, H. M. Haendler, Inorg. Chem., 5, 1927 (1966). 3. R. Colton, J. H. Canterford, eds., Halides of the Transition Elements. Halides of the First Row Transition Metals, John Wiley and Sons, London, 1969 p. 272. 4. J. Slivnik, B. zemva, M. Bohinc, D. Hanzel, J. Grannec, P. Hagenmuller, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 38, 997 (1976). 5. A. L. Oppegard, W. C. Smith, E. L. Muetterties, V. A. Engelhardt, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 82, 3835 (1960). 6. D. T. Meshri, Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, Vol. 10, 3rd ed., Wiley and Sons, New York, 1980, p. 754. 7. R. Colton, J. H. Canterford, eds., Halides of the Transition Elements. Halides of the First Row Transition Metals, John Wiley and Sons, London, 1969 p. 273. 8. R. Colton, J. H. Canterford, eds., Halides of the Transition Elements. Halides of the First Row Transition Metals, John Wiley and Sons, London, 1969 p. 293-296, and references contained therein. 9. H. M. Haendler, F. A. Johnson, D. S. Crocket, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,80,2662 (1958). 10. E. T. McBee, et al., Ind. Eng. Chem., 39, 310 (1947). 11. E. G. Rochow, I. Kukin, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 74, 1615 (1952). 12. V. V. Nikulin, A. I. Popov, I. G. Zaitseva, M. V. Korobov, Yu. M. Kiselev, L. N. Sidorov, Zh. Neorg. Khim., 29, 38 (1984). 13. B. Cox, A. G. Sharpe, J. Chem. Soc., 1798 (1954). 14. R. Colton, J. H. Canterford, eds., Halides of the Transition Elements. Halides of the First Row Transition Metals, John Wiley and Sons, London, 1969, p. 328. 15. M. D. Meyers, F. A. Cotton, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,82, 5027 (1960). 16. A. J. Edwards, R. G. Plevey, I. J. Sallomi, J. C. Tatlow, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1028 (1972). 17. T. Fleischer, R. Hoppe, 2. Naturforsch., Teil B, 37, 1132 (1982). 18. W. Klemm, W. Brandt, R. Hoppe, 2. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 308, 179 (1961). 19. J. W. Quail, G. A. Rivett, Can. J. Chem., 50, 2447 (1972). 20. W. R. Matoush, F. Basolo, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,78, 3972 (1956). 21. W. Levason, C. A. McAuliffe, Coord. Chem. Rev., 12, 158 (1974). 22. B. Zemva, K. Lutar, A. Jesih, W. J. Casteel, N. Bartlett, J. Chem. SOC.,Chem. Commun., 346 (1989).

2.11. Formation of Group-IB, -IIB, and Transition-Metal Fluorides 2.11.2. of the First Transition Series (Sc through Zn) 2.1 1.2.3. Synthesis of Fluorocomplexes of Cu and Zn.

279

23. T. L. Court, M. F. A. Dove, J. Chem. SOC., Dalton Trans., 1995 (1973). 24. W. Levason, C. A. McAuliffe, Coord. Chem. Reo., 12, 167 (1974) and references contained therein. 25. W. Levason, C . A. McAuliffe, Coord. Chem. Rev., 12, 171 (1974) and references contained therein. 26. N. A. Matwiyoff, L. B. Asprey, W. E. Wageman, M. J. Reisfeld, E. Fukushima, Inorg. Chem., 8, 750 (1969). 27. T. Fleischer, R. Hoppe, 2. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 490, 7 (1982). 28. T. Fleischer, R. Hoppe, Z . Anorg. Allg. Chem., 489, 7 (1982). 29. L. B. Asprey, J. Fluorine Chem., 7 , 359 (1976). 30. R. Hoppe, T. Fleischer, J. Fluorine Chem., 11, 251 (1978). 31. K. 0. Christe, Inorg. Chem., 16, 2238 (1977). 32. N. Bartlett, J. Passmore, J. Chem. SOC.,Chem. Commun., 213 (1966). 33. A. Jesih, K. Lutar, I. Leban, B. Zemra, Inorg. Chem., 28, 2911 (1989). 34. R. A. Bougon, K. 0. Christe, W. W. Wilson, J. Fluorine Chem., 30, 237 (1985).

2.11.2.3. Synthesis of High-Valent Fluorides, Oxide Fluorides and Fluorocomplexes of Cu and Zn.

Fluorination of Cu and CuBr,, CuCl, and CuSO, is effective in preparing CuF, I. The reaction of CuS with SF, (190°C) in an autoclave is useful' as is the reaction of CuO with HF: CuO

+ 2 HF

-

CuF,

+ H,O

(4

The product is dehydrated at 400°C in a completely dry H F stream3. The hydrate of CuF,, CuF,.2 H,O, is prepared by adding Cu(OH),.CuCO, to a twofold excess of 40% aq HF. The precipitated hydrate is filtered, washed with EtOH and air dried. The hydrate is unstable, with decomposition proceeding according to4: 2 [CuF,-2 H,0]

132T

Cu[OH]F*CuF,

Cu(OH)F*CuF,

420°C

+ H F + 3 H,O

CuO + CuF,

+ HF

(b)

(c)

The basic fluoride Cu[OH]F is prepared by boiling an aqueous solution of the dihydrate; the filtered product is washed with alcohol and ether and air dried. Salts containing [CuF,I4-, [CuF,]'and [CuF3]- are prepared by fusing stoichiometric amounts of CuF, and metal fluoride'; the complexes CuF,(CH3CN),*4 IF,, CuCSbF,], and Cu[AsF,], are known6-8. The complex K,[CuF,] is prepared by fluorinating a 3: 1 mixture of KCl and CuCl, (250°C) in a flow system'; the Na complex Na,[CuF,] is prepared under pressure at 450°C lo. There are only a few copper(1V) fluorosalts; Cs,[CuF,] is prepared by highpressure fluorination (Monel autoclave; 3 d, 410"C, 3.55 x lo7 N m-' or 350 atm) of prefluorinated mixtures of Cs[CuCl,] and CsCl (15 h, 370"C, F, stream)". Zinc fluoride is prepared by dissolving ZnCO, in hot conc aq HF, evaporating the solution to dryness and then drying the product at 800°C It is also obtained by fluorinating Zn, ZnO, ZnBr, or ZnS. With Zn dust at 250°C only 50% conversion is obtained; multiple fluorination at 550°C with ZnO resulted in a 93 % conversion; ZnBr, (500°C) produces pure ZnF, (repeated fluorinations) with less than 0.1 % bromide; ZnS


2.11. Formation of Group-IB, -IIB, and Transition-Metal Fluorides 2.11.2. of the First Transition Series (Sc through Zn) 2.1 1.2.3. Synthesis of Fluorocomplexes of Cu and Zn.

279

23. T. L. Court, M. F. A. Dove, J. Chem. SOC., Dalton Trans., 1995 (1973). 24. W. Levason, C. A. McAuliffe, Coord. Chem. Reo., 12, 167 (1974) and references contained therein. 25. W. Levason, C . A. McAuliffe, Coord. Chem. Rev., 12, 171 (1974) and references contained therein. 26. N. A. Matwiyoff, L. B. Asprey, W. E. Wageman, M. J. Reisfeld, E. Fukushima, Inorg. Chem., 8, 750 (1969). 27. T. Fleischer, R. Hoppe, 2. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 490, 7 (1982). 28. T. Fleischer, R. Hoppe, Z . Anorg. Allg. Chem., 489, 7 (1982). 29. L. B. Asprey, J. Fluorine Chem., 7 , 359 (1976). 30. R. Hoppe, T. Fleischer, J. Fluorine Chem., 11, 251 (1978). 31. K. 0. Christe, Inorg. Chem., 16, 2238 (1977). 32. N. Bartlett, J. Passmore, J. Chem. SOC.,Chem. Commun., 213 (1966). 33. A. Jesih, K. Lutar, I. Leban, B. Zemra, Inorg. Chem., 28, 2911 (1989). 34. R. A. Bougon, K. 0. Christe, W. W. Wilson, J. Fluorine Chem., 30, 237 (1985).

2.11.2.3. Synthesis of High-Valent Fluorides, Oxide Fluorides and Fluorocomplexes of Cu and Zn.

Fluorination of Cu and CuBr,, CuCl, and CuSO, is effective in preparing CuF, I. The reaction of CuS with SF, (190°C) in an autoclave is useful' as is the reaction of CuO with HF: CuO

+ 2 HF

-

CuF,

+ H,O

(4

The product is dehydrated at 400°C in a completely dry H F stream3. The hydrate of CuF,, CuF,.2 H,O, is prepared by adding Cu(OH),.CuCO, to a twofold excess of 40% aq HF. The precipitated hydrate is filtered, washed with EtOH and air dried. The hydrate is unstable, with decomposition proceeding according to4: 2 [CuF,-2 H,0]

132T

Cu[OH]F*CuF,

Cu(OH)F*CuF,

420°C

+ H F + 3 H,O

CuO + CuF,

+ HF

(b)

(c)

The basic fluoride Cu[OH]F is prepared by boiling an aqueous solution of the dihydrate; the filtered product is washed with alcohol and ether and air dried. Salts containing [CuF,I4-, [CuF,]'and [CuF3]- are prepared by fusing stoichiometric amounts of CuF, and metal fluoride'; the complexes CuF,(CH3CN),*4 IF,, CuCSbF,], and Cu[AsF,], are known6-8. The complex K,[CuF,] is prepared by fluorinating a 3: 1 mixture of KCl and CuCl, (250°C) in a flow system'; the Na complex Na,[CuF,] is prepared under pressure at 450°C lo. There are only a few copper(1V) fluorosalts; Cs,[CuF,] is prepared by highpressure fluorination (Monel autoclave; 3 d, 410"C, 3.55 x lo7 N m-' or 350 atm) of prefluorinated mixtures of Cs[CuCl,] and CsCl (15 h, 370"C, F, stream)". Zinc fluoride is prepared by dissolving ZnCO, in hot conc aq HF, evaporating the solution to dryness and then drying the product at 800°C It is also obtained by fluorinating Zn, ZnO, ZnBr, or ZnS. With Zn dust at 250°C only 50% conversion is obtained; multiple fluorination at 550°C with ZnO resulted in a 93 % conversion; ZnBr, (500°C) produces pure ZnF, (repeated fluorinations) with less than 0.1 % bromide; ZnS

280

2.11. Formation of Group-IB, -IIB, and Transition-Metal Fluorides 2.11.3. of the Second Transition Series (Y through Ag) 2.11.3.1. Pre-Platinum Metals: Fluorocomplexes of Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Tc.

reacts vigorously with F, even at RT-refluorination at 500"C, after grinding, gives ZnF, free of sulfur13.The treatment of ZnS with SF, (60°C) under pressure forms ZnF, 14. Zinc fluoride forms a tetrahydrate, ZnF,-4 H,O, via reaction of ZnO with aq H F 15. Slow dehydration of the hydrate in a stream of H F also gives anhyd ZnF, 15. Phase studies obtained from melts of ZnF, and metal fluorides show the existence of salt complexes containing [ZnF,]- and [ZnF,]'- ions; however, a phase study of AgF and ZnF, showed the existence of only one compound, Ag[ZnF,] (J.M. CANICH,

G.L.GARD)

1. H. M. Haendler, L. H. Towle, E. F. Bennett, W. L. Patterson, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 76,2178 (1954). 2. A. P. Kostyuk, L. M. Yagupol'skii, Ukr. Khim. Zh., 48, 437 (1982); Chem. Abstr., 96,-209,710 (1982). 3. G. Brauer, Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 1,2nd ed., Academic Press, New York, 1963, p. 239. 4. C. M. Wheeler, H. M. Haendler, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,76, 263 (1954). 5. R. Colton, J. H. Canterford, eds., Halides of the Transition Elements. Halides of the First Row Transition Metals, John Wiley and Sons, London, 1969, p. 526-529, and references contained therein. 6. J. A. Berry, D. W. A. Sharp, J. M. Winfield, Inorg. Nucl. Chem. Lett., 12, 869 (1976). 7. M. J. Baillie, D. H. Brown, K. C. Moss, D. W. A. Sharp, J. Chem. Soc., A, 104 (1968). 8. C. D. Desjardins, J. Passmore, J. Fluorine Chem., 6, 379 (1975). 9. W. Klemm, E. Huss, 2. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 258, 221 (1949). 10. J. Grannec, J. Portier, M. Pouchard, P. Hagenmuller, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., H. H. Hyman Memorial Volume,119 (1976). 11. W. Harnischmacher, R. Hoppe, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 12, 582 (1973). 12. G. Brauer, Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 1,2nd ed., Academic Press, New York, 1963, pp. 242-243. 13. H. M. Haendler, W. L. Patterson, W. J. Bernard, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 74, 3167 (1952). 14. A. L. Oppegard, W. C. Smith, E. L. Muetterties, V. A. Engelhardt, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 82, 3835 (1960). 15. C. B. Lindahl, Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia Chemical Technology,Vol. 10,3rd ed., Wiley and Sons, New York, 826 (1980). 16. R. C. DeVries, R. Roy, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 75,2479 (1Y53). 17. W. L. W. Ludekens, A. J. E. Welch, Acta Crystallogr., 5, 841 (1952).

2.11.3. of the Second Transition Series (Y through Ag) 2.1 1.3.1. Pre-Platinum Metals: Synthesis of High-Valent Fluorides, Oxide Fluorides and Fluorocomplexes of Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Tc.

Some useful methods for preparing YF, include (1) passing a dry H,-HF mixture over Y,O, (100°C) contained in a Pt crucible for 2 h or (2) adding aq HF to a heated solution prepared by dissolving Y,O, in HC1, neutralizing with [NHJOH and reacidifying with aq HCl. The precipitate is dried in air at 100-150°C and then dried in vacuo at 1000-1400°C (1 h)'. With heating [NH,][HF,] reacts directly with Y,O, ':

Y,O,

+ 6 [NH,][HF,]

-

2 YF,

+ 6 [NHJF + 3 HZO

The oxyfluoride YOF is prepared by heating Y,O,-YF, ratios (1:1)3:

Y,O,

+ YF,

A

3 YOF

(4

mixtures in correct molar (b)


280

2.11. Formation of Group-IB, -IIB, and Transition-Metal Fluorides 2.11.3. of the Second Transition Series (Y through Ag) 2.11.3.1. Pre-Platinum Metals: Fluorocomplexes of Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Tc.

reacts vigorously with F, even at RT-refluorination at 500"C, after grinding, gives ZnF, free of sulfur13.The treatment of ZnS with SF, (60°C) under pressure forms ZnF, 14. Zinc fluoride forms a tetrahydrate, ZnF,-4 H,O, via reaction of ZnO with aq H F 15. Slow dehydration of the hydrate in a stream of H F also gives anhyd ZnF, 15. Phase studies obtained from melts of ZnF, and metal fluorides show the existence of salt complexes containing [ZnF,]- and [ZnF,]'- ions; however, a phase study of AgF and ZnF, showed the existence of only one compound, Ag[ZnF,] (J.M. CANICH,

G.L.GARD)

1. H. M. Haendler, L. H. Towle, E. F. Bennett, W. L. Patterson, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 76,2178 (1954). 2. A. P. Kostyuk, L. M. Yagupol'skii, Ukr. Khim. Zh., 48, 437 (1982); Chem. Abstr., 96,-209,710 (1982). 3. G. Brauer, Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 1,2nd ed., Academic Press, New York, 1963, p. 239. 4. C. M. Wheeler, H. M. Haendler, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,76, 263 (1954). 5. R. Colton, J. H. Canterford, eds., Halides of the Transition Elements. Halides of the First Row Transition Metals, John Wiley and Sons, London, 1969, p. 526-529, and references contained therein. 6. J. A. Berry, D. W. A. Sharp, J. M. Winfield, Inorg. Nucl. Chem. Lett., 12, 869 (1976). 7. M. J. Baillie, D. H. Brown, K. C. Moss, D. W. A. Sharp, J. Chem. Soc., A, 104 (1968). 8. C. D. Desjardins, J. Passmore, J. Fluorine Chem., 6, 379 (1975). 9. W. Klemm, E. Huss, 2. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 258, 221 (1949). 10. J. Grannec, J. Portier, M. Pouchard, P. Hagenmuller, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., H. H. Hyman Memorial Volume,119 (1976). 11. W. Harnischmacher, R. Hoppe, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 12, 582 (1973). 12. G. Brauer, Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 1,2nd ed., Academic Press, New York, 1963, pp. 242-243. 13. H. M. Haendler, W. L. Patterson, W. J. Bernard, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 74, 3167 (1952). 14. A. L. Oppegard, W. C. Smith, E. L. Muetterties, V. A. Engelhardt, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 82, 3835 (1960). 15. C. B. Lindahl, Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia Chemical Technology,Vol. 10,3rd ed., Wiley and Sons, New York, 826 (1980). 16. R. C. DeVries, R. Roy, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 75,2479 (1Y53). 17. W. L. W. Ludekens, A. J. E. Welch, Acta Crystallogr., 5, 841 (1952).

2.11.3. of the Second Transition Series (Y through Ag) 2.1 1.3.1. Pre-Platinum Metals: Synthesis of High-Valent Fluorides, Oxide Fluorides and Fluorocomplexes of Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Tc.

Some useful methods for preparing YF, include (1) passing a dry H,-HF mixture over Y,O, (100°C) contained in a Pt crucible for 2 h or (2) adding aq HF to a heated solution prepared by dissolving Y,O, in HC1, neutralizing with [NHJOH and reacidifying with aq HCl. The precipitate is dried in air at 100-150°C and then dried in vacuo at 1000-1400°C (1 h)'. With heating [NH,][HF,] reacts directly with Y,O, ':

Y,O,

+ 6 [NH,][HF,]

-

2 YF,

+ 6 [NHJF + 3 HZO

The oxyfluoride YOF is prepared by heating Y,O,-YF, ratios (1:1)3:

Y,O,

+ YF,

A

3 YOF

(4

mixtures in correct molar (b)

2.11. Formation of Group-IB, -IIB, and Transition-Metal Fluorides 2.11.3. of the Second Transition Series (Y through Ag) 2.11.3.1. Pre-Platinum Metals: Fluorocomplexes of Y, Zr,Nb, Mo, Tc.

281

Stable trivalent complexes containing [YF,]- and [YF6I3- are prepared from melts of metal fluorides with YF,; from NaF and YF, melts two compounds, NaF-YF, and the complex 5 NaF-9 YF,, are [XeF,][YF,] is also known5. Fluorine reacts with Zr metal above 190°C but fluoride coating of the metal prevents complete conversion to ZrF,; a maximum yield of 90% is obtained at 420°C; Zirconium(1V) oxide is converted to ZrF, at 400°C (80% yield) and at 525°C is complete6. Other methods include: (1) halogen exchange with ZrC1, and H F (300°C)738;and (2) thermal decomposition of [NH4],[ZrF7]. Zr

+ 2 F,

ZrO,

+ 2 F, + 4 HF

ZrC1,

420°C

ZrF,

525°C

ZrF,

+ 0,

(4

300°C

ZrF,

+ 4 HCl

(el

ZrF,

+ 3 [NH,JF

(f)

-

[NH4I3[ZrF71

500°C

Derivatives of ZrF,, from hydrates (ZrF,.3 H,O and ZrF,*H,O), to oxide fluorides (Zr,O,F,, ZrOF,*2 H,O), to fluorocomplexes car? be prepared7-". One general method to prepare fluorocomplexes involves melting alkali-metal fluorides with ZrF,; e.g., in a phase equilibria study of CsF with ZrF,, three intermediate compounds were isolated and identified: Cs,[ZrF,], Cs,[ZrF,], Cs[ZrF,] lo. Another general method for preparing [ZrF,]'- complexes is by the evaporating saturated 40% aq H F soln containing stoichiometric amounts of ZrO, and the appropriate alkali-metal fluoride","; XeF,-ZrF, is also knowni3. The pentafluoride of niobium is prepared either by using H F with the pentachloride or by fluorinating the metal in a Ni reactor (300"C)14915.The yield ofNbF, is sensitive to oxygen in the fluorine stream, which causes the formation of an oxyfluoride16.Also NbF, is prepared from H F with powdered Nb in a Ni reactor at 250°C; progress of the reaction . reaction: is followed by measuring the volume of H, e ~ o l v e d ' ~The 2 Nb

+ 5 SnF,

375-500°C

5 Sn

+ 2 NbF,

is convenient since it involves the use of easy to handle chemicals". Another convenient preparation uses' COF, : Nb,O,

-

+ 5 COF,

200°C

2 NbF, 5 CO,

(h)

An oxide fluoride (Nb0,F) is formed by dissolving NbzO, in 48% aq H F 'O. It decomposes as follows2': 4 Nb0,F

700°C

Nb,O,F

+ NbOF,

(0

Additional ternary oxyfluorides are knownz0. The oxysalts K,[NbOF,] and [NHL],[NbOF6]2 are prepared by brominating Nb in MeOH followed by the addition of K F or [NH,]F in MeOH ". Complexes such as K,[NbOF,], K,[NbO,F], Kmb,O,F] and M,[NbOF,] (M = K, NH,) are also knownz3, as well as K,[NbO,F,]-H,O, a peroxyfluorocomplex24.

282

2.11. Formation of Group-IB, -IIB, and Transition-Metal Fluorides 2.1 1.3. of t h e Second Transition Series (Y through Ag) 2.11.3.1. Pre-Platinum Metals: Fluorocomplexes of Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Tc.

Numerous complexes of NbF, with NH,, py, SO,, Et,O, EtCN, (CH,),SO, XeF,, XeF, and BrF, exi~t'~-'~. In addition, other complexes with ClOF, and KrF,, among others, can be prepared28,29;with tetra-n-butylammonium (TBA) fluoroborate and NbF,, fluorocomplexes such as [TBA][NbF,] and [TBA][Nb,F, '1 can be prepared and characterized in solution30; other complex systems such as [NbFJ3- and [NbF,]'- are known3'. The reaction of NbF, with SeF, at RT produces an adduct SeF,.2 NbF,, formulated as the ionic complex [SeF,][Nb,F,,], with substantial interaction between ions through fluorine bridging,'. However, with SbF, a 1:1 adduct is formed; in this case, the structure has an endless chain arrangement with a major contribution from the ionic system [NbF,][SbF,] 3 3 . The salts O,[NbF,] and O,[Nb,F,,] are prepared by reacting powdered Nb at 330°C with 5 x lo5 N m-, or 5 atm of a (10:3) F,-0, mixture in a Monel reactor with a water-cooled top; this method fails to prepare the individual O,[NbF,] and O,[Nb,Fll] salts in pure form3,. The oxonium salt [H,O][NbF,] is prepared by reacting H,O and NbF, in aq H F 3 5 . Molybdenum hexafluoride is prepared by direct fluorination of the powdered metal in a Cu vessel. It is purified by trap to trap vacuum distillation and stored over dried NaF 36, The reaction of MOO, with SF, in a bomb (350°C) is an alternate useful method37.The more reactive interhalogens (ClF,, BrF,, IF,) form MoF, from MOO, 38. Also, a convenient and easy preparation involves reacting MO or MoS, with ClF at 25"C39:

MoS,

+ 14 ClF

25°C

MoF,

+ 2 SF, + 7 C1,

High yields of MoF, can be achieved by the electrical explosion of the metal in SF, The oxyfluorides MoO,F, and MoOF, are prepared by'9*36341-45 : MoO,Cl,

280-300°C

+ 2 HF

MoO,F,

-

+ CrO, 3 MoF, + B,O,

MoF,

MOO, + 2 COF,

+ CrO,F, 3 MoOF, + BF,

MoOF,

190°C

MoOF,

40.

+ 2 HCl

0°C + XeF, 7 MoO,F, + Xe + C1, Mo + 0,-F, mixture MoOF, Si02 MoF, + H,O 7MoOF, + 2 H F

MoO,Cl,

(k)

+ 2 CO,

( 4

(n> (0)

(P) (9)

0.1

Reaction of MoO,F, with equimol XeF, in H F gives MoOF, High yields of MOF, (M = Mo, W) arepbtained,' by reacting MF, with SiO, at 120°C. The reaction of NF, with MOO, (430°C, 10 h) gives NO[MoO,F,], which can also be prepared by reacting NOF and MoF, 46,47. Additional complexes such as NO[Mo,O,F,], ClOF,[MoOF,],

2.1 1. Formation of Group-IB, -IIB, and Transition-Metal Fluorides 2.1 1.3. of the Second Transition Series (Y through Ag) 2.11.3.1. Pre-Platinum Metals: Fluorocomplexes of Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Tc.

283

[NO],[MoOF,], XeF,*n MoOF, (n = 1,2), KrF,.n MoOF, (n = 1,3), among others, are The thio- and selenofluorides of Mo(V1) are prepared according to5’: 3 MoF,

+ Sb,X,

-

3 MoXF,

+ 2 SbF,

6)

where X = S , Se. The peroxyfluorosalts K,[MoO,F,].H,O and K,[MoO,F,].H,O are known5’. Additional oxyfluoro salts containing groups such as [MoO,F,] -, [Mo,O,F,]-, [Mo0,F41Z- and [Mo,O,,F]~- groups have also been r e p ~ r t e d ~ ’ - ~ ~ . Numerous fluorocomplexes are known; for example, NOF and NO,F react with MoF, to give NO[MoF,] and NO,[MoF,], re~pectively~~. While MO and M F in BrF, gives the M,[MoF,] complexes (M = K, Rb, C S ) ~ ,the , compound K,[MoF,] can be prepared by reacting K F with MoF, in liq SO, 5 7 . The reaction of sodium or potassium molybdates with CIF at 300°C gives the expected 2 MF-MoF, (M = Na, K) complexes39. Trifluoroethoxymolybdenum(V1) fluorides are prepared by reacting CF,CH,OSi(CH,), with MoF, in CHFC1, solution5*;with B(OTeF,),, compounds of the types [MoF,,(OTeF,),-,] form5’. The adduct MoOF,.SbF, is prepared by reacting MoOF, with xs SbF, Fluorination of Tc in a Ni reactor (400°C) gives TcF,; this reaction can be carried out in a flow system (350°C) Pertechnyl fluoride (TcO,F), or technetium trioxide fluoride, is prepared by passing F, gas over TcO, heated to 150°C 63. The [NH,][TcO,] complex dissolves slightly in H F to give Tc0,F in solution64.The blue oxide tetrafluoride, TcOF,, is formed as a minor product by fluorinating Tc metal in a flow system6’. In HF soln, the two oxyfluorides, Tc,05F, and TcO,F,, are prepared and tentatively identified; with TcO,F and XeF, or xs KrF, the following equations are proposed65:

,’-,’.

2 Tc0,F

+ XeF,

-

2 TcO,F

+ KrF,

Tc,05F,

+ KrF,

HF

+ XeF, + 0.5 0,

(t)

Tc,05F4

+ Kr + 0.5 0,

(u)

2 TcO,F,

+ Kr + 0.5 0,

(v)

Tc,O,F,

HF

HF

The fluorocomplexes [NO],[TcF,] chlorofluorocarbon vessel,,: 2 NOF

+ TCF,

NO,F

+ TcF,

and [NO,][TcF,]

are prepared in an Ni or

l h

[NO],[TcFJ

(w>

[NO,][TcF,]

(4

0.5 h 70°C

(J.M. CANICH, G.L GARD)

1. A. Zalkin, D. H. Templeton, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,75, 2453 (1953). 2. R. E. Thoma, G . M. Hebert, H. Insley, C . F. Weaver, Znorg. Chem., 2, 1005 (1963). 3. D. Brown, ed., Halides of the Transition Elements. Halides of the Lanthanides anddctinides, John Wiley and Sons, London, 1968, p. 99 and references contained therein. 4. D. Brown, ed., Halides of the Transition Elements. Halides of the Lanthanides and Actinides, John Wiley and Sons, London, 1968, pp. 89-98 and references contained therein. 5. B. gemva, Croat. Chem. Acta, 61, 163 (1988) and refs. therein.

284

2.1 1. Formation of Group-IB, -116, and Transition-Metal Fluorides 2.1 1.3. of the Second Transition Series (Y through Ag) 2.11.3.1. Pre-Platinum Metals: Fluorocomplexes of Y, Zr,Nb, Mo, Tc.

6. H. M. Haendler, S. F. Bartram, R. S. Becker, W. J. Bernard, S.W. Bukata, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,76, 2177 (1954). 7. D. T. Meshri, Kirk-Othmer. Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology,Vol. 10, 3rd ed. Wiley, New York, 1980, p. 827 and references contained therein. 8. G. Brauer, Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 1,2nd ed., Academic Press, New York, 251, 1963. 9. J. H. Canterford, R. Colton, eds., Halides of the Transition Elements. Halides ofthe Second and Third Row Transifion Metals, John Wiley and Sons, London, 1968, p. 114 and references contained therein. 10. G. D. Robbins, R. E. Thoma, H. Insley, J. Znorg. Nucl. Chem., 27, 559 (1965). 11. I. W. Forrest, A. P. Lane, Inorg. Chem., 15, 265 (1976). 12. J. H. Canterford, R. Colton, eds., Halides of the Transition Elements. Halides of the Second and Third Row Transition Metals, John Wiley and Sons, London, 1968, pp. 126-130 and references contained therein. 13. B. Zemva, S. MiliCev, J. Slivnik, J. Fluorine Chem., 11, 545 (1978). 14. G. Brauer, Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 1,2nd ed., Academic Press, New York, 254, 1963. 15. J. H. Junkins, R. L. Farrar, E. J. Barber, H. A. Bernhardt, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 74, 3464 (1952). 16. R. D. Peacock, Advances in Fluorine Chemistry, Vol. 7, M . Stacey, J. C. Tatlow, A. G. Sharpe, eds., Butterworths, London, 1973, p. 120. 17. A. P. Brady, 0. E. Myers, J. K . Clauss, J. Phys. Chem., 64, 588 (1960). 18. F. P. Gortsema, R. Didchenko, Znorg. Chem., 4, 182 (1965). 19. S. P. Mallela, 0. D. Gupta, J. M. Shreeve, Znorg. Chem., 27, 208 (1988). 20. J. H. Canterford, R. Colton, eds., Halides of the Transition Elements. Halides of the Second and Third Row Transition Metals, John Wiley and Sons, London, 1968, p. 150 and references contained therein. 21. J. H. Canterford, R. Colton, Halides of the Transition Elements. Halides of the Second and Third Row Transition Metals, John Wiley and Sons, London, 1968, p. 191 and references contained therein. 22. A. E. Baker, H. M. Haendler, Znorg. Chem., 1, 127 (1962). 23. J. H. Canterford, R. Colton, Halides of the Transition Elements. Halides of the Second and Third Row Transition Metals, John Wiley and Sons, London 1968, pp. 180-183 and references contained therein. 24. W. P. Griffith, J. Chem. Soc., 5248, 1964. 25. R. D. Peacock, Advances in Fluorine Chemistry, 7, Butterworths, London, 123, 1973. 26. J. C. Fuggle, D. W. A. Sharp, J. M. Winfield, J. Fluorine Chem., 1, 427 (1971/72). 27. B. Zemva, J. Slivnik, J. Fluorine Chem., 8, 369 (1976). 28. R. Bougon, T. Bui Huy, A. Cadet, P. Charpin, R. Rousson, Znorg. Chem., 13, 690 (1974). 29. B. Frlec, J. H. Holloway, J. Chem. SOC.,Chem. Commun.,370 (1973). 30. S. Brownstein, Inorg. Chem., 12, 584 (1973). 31. D. Bizot, J. Fluorine Chem., 11,497 (1978). 32. A. J. Edwards, G. R. Jones, J. Chem. Soc., A, 1491 (1970). 33. A. J. Edwards, J. Chem. SOC.,Chem. Cornmun., 820(1970). 34. A. J. Edwards, W. E. Falconer, J. E. Griffiths, W. A. Sunder, M. J. Vasile, J. Chem. SOC.,Dalton Trans., 1129 (1974). 35. H. Selig, W. A. Sunder, F. C. Schilling, W. F. Falconer, J. Fluorine Chem., 11, 629 (1978). 36. G. H. Cady, G. B. Hargreaves, J. Chem. SOC.,1568 (1961). 37. A. L. Oppegard, W. C. Smith, E. L. Muetterties, V. A. Engelhardt, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,82, 3835 (1960). 38. J. H. Canterford, R. Colton, Halides of the Transition Elements, Halides of the Second and Third Row Transition Metals, John Wiley and Sons, London, 1968, p. 207 and references contained therein. 39. J. J. Pitts, A. W. Jache, Inorg. Chem., 7, 1661 (1968). 40. R. L. Johnson, B. Siegel, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 31, 955 (1969). 41. M. J. Atherton, J. H. Holloway, J. Chem. SOC.,Chem. Commun., 254 (1978). 42. V. D. Butskii, M. E. Ignatov, B. V. Golovanov, Russ. J. Inorg. Chem., 30,455 (1985). 43. P. J. Green, G. L. Gard, Inorg. Chem., 16, 1243 (1977). 44. R. T. Paine, R. S. McDowell, Inorg. Chem., 13, 2366 (1974). (5. R. C. Burns, T. A. ODonnell, A. B. Waugh, J. Fluorine Chem., 12, 505 (1978).

2.1 1. Formation of Group-IB, -IIB, and Transition-Metal Fluorides 2.11.3. of the Second Transition Series (Y through Ag) 2.11.3.2.Platinum Metals: Fluorocomplexes of Ru, Rh and Pd. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66.

285

0. Glemser, J. Wegener, R. Mews, Chem Ber., 100, 2414 (1967). R. Bougon, T. Bui Huy, P. Charpin, Inorg. Chem., 14, 1822 (1975). J. H. Holloway, G. J. Schrobilgen,Inorg. Chem., 19, 2632 (1980). J. H. Holloway, G. J. Schrobilgen,Inorg. Chem., 20, 3363 (1981). J. H. Holloway, D. C. Puddick, Inorg. Nucl. Chem. Lett., 15, 85 (1979). W. P. Griffith, J. Chem. Soc., 5248 (1964). R. Mattes, G. Muller, H. J. Becher, 2. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 389, 177 (1972). A. Beuter, W. Sawodny, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., I I , 1020 (1972). Yu. A. Buslaev, R. L. Davidovich, Russ. J. Inorg. Chem., 10, 1014 (1965). J. R. Geichman, E. A. Smith, P. R. Ogle, Inorg. Chem., 2, 1012 (1963). B. Cox, D. W. A. Sharp, A. G. Sharpe, J. Chem. Soc., 1242 (1956). G. B. Hargreaves, R. D. Peacock, J. Chem. Soc., 4390 (1958). L. B. Handy, J. Fluorine Chem., 7, 641 (1976). K. Schroeder, F. Sladky, 2. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 477, 95 (1981). J. Fawcett, J. H. Holloway, D. R. Russell, J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 1212 (1981). H. Selig, C. L. Chernick, J. G. Malm, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 19, 377 (1961). D. Hugill, R. D. Peacock, J. Chem. Soc., A, 1339 (1966). H. Selig, J. G. Malm, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 25, 349 (1963). J. Binenboym, U. El-Gad, H. Selig, Inorg. Chem., 13, 319 (1974). K. J. Franklin, C. J. L. Rock, B. G. Sayer, G. J. Schrobilgen,J. Am. Chern. Soc., 104,5303 (1982). J. H. Holloway, H. Selig, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 30, 473 (1968).

2.11.3.2. Platinum Metals: Synthesis of High-Valent Fluorides, Oxide Fluorides and Fluorocomplexes of Ru, Rh and Pd. Heating Ru metal in a quartz reactor with F, produces RuF, which is quickly cooled with the cold finger; the product is purified by fractional distillation'. Even though RuF, is unstable it can be stored for weeks at RT in a Ni vessel with only slight decomposition to RuF, and F, I . There is a report for preparing RuF, by fluorinating Ru or RuO,; the compound is handled at very low temperatures (- 100°C)2. The compound RuF, is extremely reactive; it is prepared by fluorinating the metal (- 300°C) in a flow system3. Fluorocomplex salts containing [RuF,] - are prepared by fluorinating (350°C) the mixture MCl and RuC1, (M = K, Rb, Cs) in a flow system or by the reaction of Ru metal with KBr, CsCl, or AgBr in BrF, solvent4. The adducts, RuF,.SF,, XeF,*RuF,, XeF,.2 RuF,, 2 XeF,.RuF,, 2 XeF,*RuF, and XeF,.RuF, are known5-'. Impure RuOF, results when Ru metal reacts with a mixture of BrF, and Br, at 20°C. The removal of volatile unused reactants leaves behind the colorless RuOF, contaminated with a small amount of green material; complete separation of RuOF, from the green impurity was not achieved3. The hexafluoride of ruthenium reacts not only with dried glass' but also with N O or N O F to give [NO][RuF,] as the product8. With 0,, the dioxygenyl complex, O,[RuF,], is prepared by heating (300"C, 14 h) the mixture, F,-0,-Ru (molar ratio 8:2:1) in a Monel reactor with a water-cooled topg. The oxonium salt is prepared as follows~0: RuF,

+ H,O

HF

[H,O][RuF,]

(4

Rhodium hexafluoride is prepared by burning the metal in F, and quickly cooling the product on a surface cooled with liq N,. It is a reactive material and dissociates to F, and RhF, at RT"; RhF, reacts with Xe or 0,, giving XeRhF, and O,[RhF,], respecti~ely~,~~.

Inorganic Reactions and Methods, Volume4 Edited by J.J. Zuckerman, A.P. Hagen Copyright 0 1991 by VCH Publishers, Inc. 2.1 1. Formation of Group-IB, -IIB, and Transition-Metal Fluorides 2.11.3. of the Second Transition Series (Y through Ag) 2.11.3.2.Platinum Metals: Fluorocomplexes of Ru, Rh and Pd. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66.

285

0. Glemser, J. Wegener, R. Mews, Chem Ber., 100, 2414 (1967). R. Bougon, T. Bui Huy, P. Charpin, Inorg. Chem., 14, 1822 (1975). J. H. Holloway, G. J. Schrobilgen,Inorg. Chem., 19, 2632 (1980). J. H. Holloway, G. J. Schrobilgen,Inorg. Chem., 20, 3363 (1981). J. H. Holloway, D. C. Puddick, Inorg. Nucl. Chem. Lett., 15, 85 (1979). W. P. Griffith, J. Chem. Soc., 5248 (1964). R. Mattes, G. Muller, H. J. Becher, 2. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 389, 177 (1972). A. Beuter, W. Sawodny, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., I I , 1020 (1972). Yu. A. Buslaev, R. L. Davidovich, Russ. J. Inorg. Chem., 10, 1014 (1965). J. R. Geichman, E. A. Smith, P. R. Ogle, Inorg. Chem., 2, 1012 (1963). B. Cox, D. W. A. Sharp, A. G. Sharpe, J. Chem. Soc., 1242 (1956). G. B. Hargreaves, R. D. Peacock, J. Chem. Soc., 4390 (1958). L. B. Handy, J. Fluorine Chem., 7, 641 (1976). K. Schroeder, F. Sladky, 2. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 477, 95 (1981). J. Fawcett, J. H. Holloway, D. R. Russell, J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 1212 (1981). H. Selig, C. L. Chernick, J. G. Malm, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 19, 377 (1961). D. Hugill, R. D. Peacock, J. Chem. Soc., A, 1339 (1966). H. Selig, J. G. Malm, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 25, 349 (1963). J. Binenboym, U. El-Gad, H. Selig, Inorg. Chem., 13, 319 (1974). K. J. Franklin, C. J. L. Rock, B. G. Sayer, G. J. Schrobilgen,J. Am. Chern. Soc., 104,5303 (1982). J. H. Holloway, H. Selig, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 30, 473 (1968).

2.11.3.2. Platinum Metals: Synthesis of High-Valent Fluorides, Oxide Fluorides and Fluorocomplexes of Ru, Rh and Pd. Heating Ru metal in a quartz reactor with F, produces RuF, which is quickly cooled with the cold finger; the product is purified by fractional distillation'. Even though RuF, is unstable it can be stored for weeks at RT in a Ni vessel with only slight decomposition to RuF, and F, I . There is a report for preparing RuF, by fluorinating Ru or RuO,; the compound is handled at very low temperatures (- 100°C)2. The compound RuF, is extremely reactive; it is prepared by fluorinating the metal (- 300°C) in a flow system3. Fluorocomplex salts containing [RuF,] - are prepared by fluorinating (350°C) the mixture MCl and RuC1, (M = K, Rb, Cs) in a flow system or by the reaction of Ru metal with KBr, CsCl, or AgBr in BrF, solvent4. The adducts, RuF,.SF,, XeF,*RuF,, XeF,.2 RuF,, 2 XeF,.RuF,, 2 XeF,*RuF, and XeF,.RuF, are known5-'. Impure RuOF, results when Ru metal reacts with a mixture of BrF, and Br, at 20°C. The removal of volatile unused reactants leaves behind the colorless RuOF, contaminated with a small amount of green material; complete separation of RuOF, from the green impurity was not achieved3. The hexafluoride of ruthenium reacts not only with dried glass' but also with N O or N O F to give [NO][RuF,] as the product8. With 0,, the dioxygenyl complex, O,[RuF,], is prepared by heating (300"C, 14 h) the mixture, F,-0,-Ru (molar ratio 8:2:1) in a Monel reactor with a water-cooled topg. The oxonium salt is prepared as follows~0: RuF,

+ H,O

HF

[H,O][RuF,]

(4

Rhodium hexafluoride is prepared by burning the metal in F, and quickly cooling the product on a surface cooled with liq N,. It is a reactive material and dissociates to F, and RhF, at RT"; RhF, reacts with Xe or 0,, giving XeRhF, and O,[RhF,], respecti~ely~,~~.

286

2.11. Formation of Group-IB, -IIB, and Transition-Metal Fluorides 2.11.3. of the Second Transition Series (Y through Ag) 2.11.3.2. Platinum Metals: Fluorocornplexes of Ru, Rh and Pd.

The pentafluoride RhF, is an extremely powerful oxidizing and fluorinating agent; it is prepared by reacting F, (9.1 x 10, N m-' or 90 psi) with RhF, (400"C)'3. The salt CsCRhF,] is prepared by reacting CsF with RhF, in IF, according to',:

IF5

+ [IF,][RhF,]

CS[IF,]

+ 2 IF,

Cs[RhF,]

(b)

Also, by reacting M,[CO,] (M = Na, K, Rb, Cs) with RhC1, under high F, pressure (4-7 d) and at T 400-500°C, M[RhF,] complexes can be prepared',. The complexes 2 XeF,.RhF,, XeF,.RhF, and XeF,.2 RhF, are prepared7. The highest fluoride of palladium, PdF,, is formed by fluorinating palladium with fluorine atoms',; it decomposes at an appreciable rate at 0°C. The dioxygenyl complex, O,[PdF,], is prepared by the oxyfluorination of Pd powder (320°C, 4.13 x 10' N m-' or -4100 atm)16. Fluorination17 of "PdF," (Pd,F,), which is Pd2+[PdF,IZ-, under 7 x lo5 N rn-' or 7 atm F, (300°C) produces PdF,, which is also prepared by the fluorination (F,, 5.37 x 10, N m-' or 780 psi at -20°C) of Pd[GeF,] at 280°C (-58 h); the latter method" gives material with little or no Pd,F,. The fluorocomplexes containing Pd(1V) can be prepared either by dissolution in BrF, or by fluorinating (200-300°C) the hexachloropalladates(1V) of K, Rb, C S ; ' ~ ~ ~ ~ mixing KSeF, with (SeF,),PdF, in refluxing SeF,, gives":

-

2 K[SeF,]

+ [SeF,],[PdF,]

-

K,[PdF,]

+ 4 SeF,

(c)

The reaction of Pd,F, with XeF, (140-150°C) gives XePd,F,,; which is unstable at 280°C '': Pd,F,

-

+ 3 XeF,

2 XePdF,

140 -150°C

140-150°C

XePd,F,,

280°C

2 XePdF,

XePd,F,, Pd,F6

+ Xe

+ XeF,

+ XeF,

(f)

It is worth noting that the net effect of summing Eqs. (d)-(f) provides for the conversion of XeF, to XeF,. The complexes 4 XeF,.PdF, and 2 XeF,*PdF, are known". (J.M. CANICH, G.L. GARD)

1. H. H. Claassen, H. Selig, J. G. Malm, C. L. Chernick, B. Weinstock, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,83,2390 (1961). 2. C. Courtois, T. Kikindai, C . R. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci. Ser. C., 283, 679 (1976). 3. J. H. Holloway, R. D. Peacock, J. Chem. SOC.,527, 1963. 4. J. H. Canterford, R. Colton, eds., Halides of the Transition Elements. Halides of the Second and Third Row Transition Metals, John Wiley and Sons, London, 1968, p. 333 and references contained therein. 5. N. Bartlett, P. L. Robinson, J. Chem. SOC.,3417 (1961). 6. J. H. Holloway, J. G. Knowles, J. Chem. SOC.,A, 756 (1969). 7. B. Zemva, Croatica Chem. Acta, 61, 163 (1988) and refs. therein. 8. W. A. Sunder, A. L. Wayda, D. Distefano, W. E. Falconer, J. E. Griffiths, J. Fluorine Chem., 14, 299 (1979). 9. A. J. Edwards, W. E. Falconer, J. E. Griffiths, W. A. Sunder, M. J. Vasile, J. Chem. SOC.,Dalton Trans., 1129 (1974). 10. H. Selig, W. A. Sunder, F. A. Disalvo, W. E. Falconer, J. Fluorine Chem., 11, 39 (1978). 11. C. L. Chernick, H. H. Claassen, B. Weinstock, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 83, 3165 (1961).

2.1 1. Formation of Group-IB, -118, and Transition-Metal Fluorides 2.1 1.3. of the Second Transition Series (Y through Ag) 2.1 1.3.3. Post-Platinum Metals: Fluorocomplexes of Ag and Cd.

287

12. N. Bartlett, N. K. Jha, Noble Gas Compounds, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1963, p. 23. 13. J. H. Holloway, P. R. Rao, N. Bartlett, J. Chem. Social Chem. Comwun., 306 (1965). 14. V. Wilhelm, R. Hoppe, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., H. H. Hyman Memorial Volume, 113 (1976). 15. A. A. Timakov, V. N. Prusakov, Yu. V. Drobyshevskii, Russ. J. Inorg. Chem., 27, 1704 (1982). 16. W. E. Falconer, F. J. Disalvo, A. J. Edwards, J. E. Griffiths, W. A. Sunder, M. J. Vasile, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., H.H. Hyman Memorial Volume, 59 (1976). 17. N. Bartlett, P. R. Rao, Proc. Chem. SOC,393 (1964). 18. N. Bartlett, B. Zemva, L. Graham, J. Fluorine Chem., 7, 301 (1976). 19. A. G. Sharpe, J. Chem. SOC.,197 (1953). 20. R. Hoppe, W. Klemm, 2.Anorg. Allg. Chem., 268, 364 (1952). 21. N. Bartlett, J. W. Quail, J. Chem. Soc., 3728 (1961). 22. K. Leary, D. H. Templeton, A. Zolkins, N. Bartlett, Inorg. Chem., 12, 1726 (1973).

2.11.3.3. Post-Platinum Metals: Synthesis of High-Valent Fluorides, Oxide Fluorides and Fluorocomplexes of Ag and Cd.

The highest fluoride known, AgF,, can be prepared' by adding AsF, to a XeF,AgF, soln in H F at 20°C; another route using KRF, has been reported,. Silver difluoride is obtained by fluorinating the metal3 or AgCl as the starting reagent4: AgCl + F,

200°C

AgF,

+ 0.5 C1,

(a)

Treating AgCl with ClF, (250°C) is also a useful method3. It is possible6 to oxidize AgF in HF with F,. Ternary fluorides of divalent silver-AgCMF,],, with M = Nb, Ta; Ag3M,F,,, with M = Zr, Hf-and a new complex fluoride, NaAgZr,F,,, are known7-'. Fluorocomplexes of Ag(III), M[AgF,] (M = Na, K, Rb, Cs), are prepared by direct '. fluorination of equimol AgN0,-alkali-metal chloride mixtures at 200-400°C The complex Cs,[AgF,] is prepared at high F, pressurel2: Cs2[AgF41

+ F2

400°C

Cs2[AgF61

(b)

The complex Cs,Ga,,,Ag,,,F, is also known',; [XeF,][AgF,] is prepared13 by treating AgF, with xs KrF, and XeF, at RT in HF. Cadmium(I1) fluoride is obtained by the fluorination of cadmium or cadmium salts14:

-

+ F, 250°C CdF, 450°C CdCl, + F, CdF, + C1, CdF, + SF, CdS + 4 F, Cd

(e)

High yields of CdF, are obtained with CdCl, or CdS. Fluorocomplexes of cadmium such as KCCdF,] are prepared by either precipi.tation or fusion of alkali-metal fluoride with CdF, in the correct molar ratioI5. (J.M. CANICH, G.L. GARD)

1. B. Zemva, K. Lutar, A. Jesih, W. J. Casteel, N. Bartlett, J. Chem. SOC.,Chem., Commun., 346 (1989). 2. R. Bougan, T. B. Huy, M. Lance, H. Abazli, Inorg. Chem., 23, 3667 (1984).


2.1 1. Formation of Group-IB, -118, and Transition-Metal Fluorides 2.1 1.3. of the Second Transition Series (Y through Ag) 2.1 1.3.3. Post-Platinum Metals: Fluorocomplexes of Ag and Cd.

287

12. N. Bartlett, N. K. Jha, Noble Gas Compounds, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1963, p. 23. 13. J. H. Holloway, P. R. Rao, N. Bartlett, J. Chem. Social Chem. Comwun., 306 (1965). 14. V. Wilhelm, R. Hoppe, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., H. H. Hyman Memorial Volume, 113 (1976). 15. A. A. Timakov, V. N. Prusakov, Yu. V. Drobyshevskii, Russ. J. Inorg. Chem., 27, 1704 (1982). 16. W. E. Falconer, F. J. Disalvo, A. J. Edwards, J. E. Griffiths, W. A. Sunder, M. J. Vasile, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., H.H. Hyman Memorial Volume, 59 (1976). 17. N. Bartlett, P. R. Rao, Proc. Chem. SOC,393 (1964). 18. N. Bartlett, B. Zemva, L. Graham, J. Fluorine Chem., 7, 301 (1976). 19. A. G. Sharpe, J. Chem. SOC.,197 (1953). 20. R. Hoppe, W. Klemm, 2.Anorg. Allg. Chem., 268, 364 (1952). 21. N. Bartlett, J. W. Quail, J. Chem. Soc., 3728 (1961). 22. K. Leary, D. H. Templeton, A. Zolkins, N. Bartlett, Inorg. Chem., 12, 1726 (1973).

2.11.3.3. Post-Platinum Metals: Synthesis of High-Valent Fluorides, Oxide Fluorides and Fluorocomplexes of Ag and Cd.

The highest fluoride known, AgF,, can be prepared' by adding AsF, to a XeF,AgF, soln in H F at 20°C; another route using KRF, has been reported,. Silver difluoride is obtained by fluorinating the metal3 or AgCl as the starting reagent4: AgCl + F,

200°C

AgF,

+ 0.5 C1,

(a)

Treating AgCl with ClF, (250°C) is also a useful method3. It is possible6 to oxidize AgF in HF with F,. Ternary fluorides of divalent silver-AgCMF,],, with M = Nb, Ta; Ag3M,F,,, with M = Zr, Hf-and a new complex fluoride, NaAgZr,F,,, are known7-'. Fluorocomplexes of Ag(III), M[AgF,] (M = Na, K, Rb, Cs), are prepared by direct '. fluorination of equimol AgN0,-alkali-metal chloride mixtures at 200-400°C The complex Cs,[AgF,] is prepared at high F, pressurel2: Cs2[AgF41

+ F2

400°C

Cs2[AgF61

(b)

The complex Cs,Ga,,,Ag,,,F, is also known',; [XeF,][AgF,] is prepared13 by treating AgF, with xs KrF, and XeF, at RT in HF. Cadmium(I1) fluoride is obtained by the fluorination of cadmium or cadmium salts14:

-

+ F, 250°C CdF, 450°C CdCl, + F, CdF, + C1, CdF, + SF, CdS + 4 F, Cd

(e)

High yields of CdF, are obtained with CdCl, or CdS. Fluorocomplexes of cadmium such as KCCdF,] are prepared by either precipi.tation or fusion of alkali-metal fluoride with CdF, in the correct molar ratioI5. (J.M. CANICH, G.L. GARD)

1. B. Zemva, K. Lutar, A. Jesih, W. J. Casteel, N. Bartlett, J. Chem. SOC.,Chem., Commun., 346 (1989). 2. R. Bougan, T. B. Huy, M. Lance, H. Abazli, Inorg. Chem., 23, 3667 (1984).

288

2.1 1. Formation of Group-16, -116, and Transition-Metal Fluorides 2.11.4. of the Third Transition Series (Hf through Hg) 2.11.4.1. Pre-Platinum Metals: Fluorocomplexes of Hf,Ta, W, Re.

3. G. Brauer, Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry,Vol. 1,2nd ed., Academic Press, New York, 1963, p. 241, 242. 4. H. H. Priest, in Inorganic Synthesis, Vol. 3, L. F. Audrieth, ed., McGraw Hill, New York, 1950, pp. 176-7. 5. G. Rochow, I. Kukin, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 74, 1615 (1952). 6. A. W. Jache, G. H. Cady, J. Phys. Chem., 56, 1106 (1952). 7. B. G. Miiller, 2. Anorg. Allg. Chern., 553, 196 (1987). 8. B. G. Miiller, 2. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 553, 205 (1987). 9. B. G. Miiller, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 26, 689 (1987). 10. R. Hoppe, Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 292, 28 (1957). 11. R. Hoppe, R. Homann, 2. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 379, 193 (1970). 12. P. Sorbe, J. Grannec, J. Portier, P. Hagenmuller, J. Fluorine Chem., 11, 243 (1978). 13. K. Lutar, A. Jesih, B. zemva, Reu. Chirn. Min. 23, 565 (1986). 14. H. M. Haendler, W. J. Bernard, J. Am. Chern. SOC.,73, 5218 (1951). 15. A. G. Sharpe, in Advances in Fluorine Chemistry, Vol. 1, M. Stacey, J. C. Tatlow, A. G. Sharpe, eds., Butterworths, London, 1960, p. 59.

2.1 1.4. of the Third Transition Series

(Hfthrough Hg)

2.11.4.1. Pre-Platinum Metals: Synthesis of High-Valent Fluorides, Oxide Fluorides and Fluorocomplexes of Hf, Ta, W, Re. The most interesting HfF, has been synthesized by (1) fluorination of the metal', (2) fluorination of HfC (300°C) or HfJ3, (350-550°C)2 (3) and reaction of H F with Hf (225"C),. The oxyfluoride Hf,OF, is prepared by heating HfF,.3 H,O to 200°C in vacuo; further heating (350°C) of Hf,0F6 gives4 Hf,O,F,. Fluorocomplexes containing [HfF7I3- and [HfF61Z- can be prepared by reacting HfF, with M F in aq H F The pentafluorohafnates are prepared by reacting M F and HfF, as a melt'. The complex XeF,.HfF, has been prepared6. A good method for preparing TaF, is by direct fluorination of the metal, which is then purified by sublimation7:

'.

Ta

+ 2.5 F,

300°C

TaF,

Another method uses H F (250"C),. Although interhalogens such as ClF, and BrF, can be used, it is difficult to obtain a pure productg.Pure product can be prepared by reacting SnF, with Ta according to": 2 Ta

+ 5 SnF,

A

2 TaF,

+ 5 Sn

(b)

Anhydrous TaF, is also prepared by treating a H F soln of Ta,O, with a dehydrating agent" or by reacting Ta, 0, with COF, at 210°C The oxyfluoride TaOF, is formed by reacting TaF, with silica at elevated temperature^'^. Dissolution of Ta in 48 % aq H F gives Ta0,F Decomposition of Ta0,F (850"C)'4 gives Ta,O,F and TaF,. The oxysalt K,[TaOF6] or [NH,],[TaOF,] is prepared by brominating the metal in MeOH followed by the addition of K F or NH,F in MeOH complexes containing [TaOF,]'- are also known, as well as the peroxyfluorocomplex K,[TaO,F,] 15916.


288

2.1 1. Formation of Group-16, -116, and Transition-Metal Fluorides 2.11.4. of the Third Transition Series (Hf through Hg) 2.11.4.1. Pre-Platinum Metals: Fluorocomplexes of Hf,Ta, W, Re.

3. G. Brauer, Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry,Vol. 1,2nd ed., Academic Press, New York, 1963, p. 241, 242. 4. H. H. Priest, in Inorganic Synthesis, Vol. 3, L. F. Audrieth, ed., McGraw Hill, New York, 1950, pp. 176-7. 5. G. Rochow, I. Kukin, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 74, 1615 (1952). 6. A. W. Jache, G. H. Cady, J. Phys. Chem., 56, 1106 (1952). 7. B. G. Miiller, 2. Anorg. Allg. Chern., 553, 196 (1987). 8. B. G. Miiller, 2. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 553, 205 (1987). 9. B. G. Miiller, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 26, 689 (1987). 10. R. Hoppe, Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 292, 28 (1957). 11. R. Hoppe, R. Homann, 2. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 379, 193 (1970). 12. P. Sorbe, J. Grannec, J. Portier, P. Hagenmuller, J. Fluorine Chem., 11, 243 (1978). 13. K. Lutar, A. Jesih, B. zemva, Reu. Chirn. Min. 23, 565 (1986). 14. H. M. Haendler, W. J. Bernard, J. Am. Chern. SOC.,73, 5218 (1951). 15. A. G. Sharpe, in Advances in Fluorine Chemistry, Vol. 1, M. Stacey, J. C. Tatlow, A. G. Sharpe, eds., Butterworths, London, 1960, p. 59.

2.1 1.4. of the Third Transition Series

(Hfthrough Hg)

2.11.4.1. Pre-Platinum Metals: Synthesis of High-Valent Fluorides, Oxide Fluorides and Fluorocomplexes of Hf, Ta, W, Re. The most interesting HfF, has been synthesized by (1) fluorination of the metal', (2) fluorination of HfC (300°C) or HfJ3, (350-550°C)2 (3) and reaction of H F with Hf (225"C),. The oxyfluoride Hf,OF, is prepared by heating HfF,.3 H,O to 200°C in vacuo; further heating (350°C) of Hf,0F6 gives4 Hf,O,F,. Fluorocomplexes containing [HfF7I3- and [HfF61Z- can be prepared by reacting HfF, with M F in aq H F The pentafluorohafnates are prepared by reacting M F and HfF, as a melt'. The complex XeF,.HfF, has been prepared6. A good method for preparing TaF, is by direct fluorination of the metal, which is then purified by sublimation7:

'.

Ta

+ 2.5 F,

300°C

TaF,

Another method uses H F (250"C),. Although interhalogens such as ClF, and BrF, can be used, it is difficult to obtain a pure productg.Pure product can be prepared by reacting SnF, with Ta according to": 2 Ta

+ 5 SnF,

A

2 TaF,

+ 5 Sn

(b)

Anhydrous TaF, is also prepared by treating a H F soln of Ta,O, with a dehydrating agent" or by reacting Ta, 0, with COF, at 210°C The oxyfluoride TaOF, is formed by reacting TaF, with silica at elevated temperature^'^. Dissolution of Ta in 48 % aq H F gives Ta0,F Decomposition of Ta0,F (850"C)'4 gives Ta,O,F and TaF,. The oxysalt K,[TaOF6] or [NH,],[TaOF,] is prepared by brominating the metal in MeOH followed by the addition of K F or NH,F in MeOH complexes containing [TaOF,]'- are also known, as well as the peroxyfluorocomplex K,[TaO,F,] 15916.

2.11. Formation of Group-IB, 416, and Transition-Metal Fluorides 2.11.4. of the Third Transition Series (Hf through Hg) 2.11.4.1. Pre-Platinum Metals: Fluorocomplexes of Hf, Ta, W, Re.

289

Numerous complexes of TaF, with py, SO,, Et,O, Me,SO, EtCN, XeF,, XeF, and I, exist6v18.In addition, other complexes with ClOF,, CrO,F, and KrF,, among others, can be prepared6,'9-21. Fluorocomplexes of [TaF,]- and [Ta,F, J - can be prepared and studied in CH,C1, ". Interesting complexes such as [PH,][TaF,] and mixtures of [H,S][TaF,]-[H,S][TazFl '1 and [AsH,][TaF,]-[AsH,][Ta,Fl '1 are prepared by reacting PH,, H,S and ASH, respectivelyz3,with TaF, in HF. Complexesz4containing [TaF8I3- and [TaF71Z- are prepared by fusing appropriate amounts of alkali-metal fluoride and TaF,. The dioxygenyl salt O,[Ta,F, '1 is prepared by reacting powdered Ta at 375°C with 5 x lo5 N m-, or 5 atm of a 9:3 F,-0, mixture in a Monel reactor with a water-cooled top2,. The oxonium salt [H,O][TaF,] is prepared by2,: TaF,

+ HF(aq)

-

HF(aq)[H,O][TaF,]

(4

The highest binary fluoride of tungsten (WF,) is prepared by treating pure W with F, in a tube (350-400°C); the product is purified by distillation and stored over K F 27. The reaction of W with C1, and H F in a Monel cylinder (200°C) is a useful way of preparing WF, in high yieldsz6.Sulfur tetrafluoride reacts with WO, (350°C) in a bomb giving WF, in high yieldsz7.A convenient method involves the reaction2*:

The C1, is easily removed at - 78°C. Other methods include reacting WO, with ClF,, ClF, BrF, and IF,, or reacting WBr, with H F in a flow system (550"C), or by the electrical explosion of W in SF, or CF, 29-31. Reacting TiCl, with xs WF, (5°C) forms WF,Cl 32. The oxyfluorides WOF, and WO,F, are prepared by'2935-38: W

-

+ an 0,-F, mixture A WOF, 525°C WO, + CF,Cl, WOF, + H,O 7WOF, + 2 COF, WOF, + 2 CO,

WOF,

(f)

Si02

WF,

WO,

(el

+ H,O

HF

WO,F,

+ 2 HF

(h) (9

The reaction,' of NF, with WO, gives [NO][WOF,], while the reaction,' of KF, WO, and SeF, gives K[WOF,]; Cs[WOF5] is prepared,' by reacting W(CO), and moist CsI in IF,. Adducts such as [NO],WOF,, XeF,.WOF,, XeF,.2 WOF,, KrF,*WOF,, among others, are known19*42,43. Additional salts containing [WO,F,]-, [WO,F,I2-, [WO,F]-, [W,O,F,]- and [WOFJ have been reported as well as the peroxyfluorocomplexes K,[W0,F,]44-46,'7. The oxonium salts [H,O][WOF,] and [H,O][W,O,F,] are prepared by47: 2 H,O 3 H,O

+ WF,

+ 2 WF,

HF

HF

[H,O][WOF,]

[H,O][W,O,F,]

+ HF + 3 HF

(j)

(k)

290

2.11. Formation of Group-IB, -118, and Transition-Metal Fluorides 2.11.4. of the Third Transition Series (Hf through Hg) 2.11.4.1. Pre-Platinum Metals: Fluorocomplexes of Hf, Ta, W, Re.

The following a~cordingly~~:

perfluoroammonium

+ WOF,

-

[NF,][HF,]

180°C

3 [NF,][WOF,]

fluorotungstate

HF

[NH,][WOF,]

+ 2 NF,

[NF,][W,O,F,]

salts

are

prepared

+ HF + WF, + OF,

(1) (m)

The adduct WOF,.SbF, is prepared,' from WOF, and xs of SbF,. Numerous fluorocomplexes of WF, are known; e.g., N O F and NO,F react with WF, to give [NO][WF,], [N0],[WFs] and [NO,][WF,], respectively4', while KI and W(CO), in IF, give K,[WF,] as the product4'. The reaction,' of Na,[WO,] with ClF at 300°C (2 h) gives Na,[WF,]; this compound can also be prepared by heating a mixture of WO,, NaF and SF, in a pressure vessel*'. The reaction of xs WF, with (CH,),SiN, gives,': xs WF,

+ (CH,),SiN,

-

WF,N,

+ (CH,),SiF

(n)

The alkoxyl fluorocomplexes (RO),WF,-, have been reported, as well as n-alkylimidofluorotungstates51.52. Thio and seleno derivatives of WF, are prepared as follows53~54:

where X = S , Se. With B(OTeF,),, cis-F,W(OTeF,), are prepared,,: xs WF, WF6

+ B(OTeF,),

+ xs B(OTeF,),

the compounds cis-F,W(OTeF,), 65"C,3 d

cis-F,W(OTeF,),

60°C4 wks

and

(P)

cis-F,W(OTeF,),

The highest fluoride of rhenium, ReF,, is obtained by fluorinating Re at 400°C under pressure; reaction of ReF, with Re metal gives56957 pure ReF,. It is also possible to prepare ReF, in a fluidized-bed process at high T with F, 5 8 . The complexes ReF,SbF, and ReF6Sb,F,, are formed from ReF, and SbF, in a fluorine atmosphere5'. Perrhenyl fluoride (Re03F) or rhenium trioxide fluoride is prepared,' by reacting Re0,Cl with HF. It is also prepared in good yield by reacting KReO, with IF, and is purified by vacuum sublimation at 140°C More recently, a method involving heating ReF, with Re,O, (150"C, 20 h) in a Monel reactor, followed by sublimation in a quartz tube (65"C), is used6'. The high-valent oxide fluoride ReOF, is obtained from the fluorination (flow system) of KReO, or ReO,; also produced is ReO,F,, which is easily recovered by ~ u b l i m a t i o n ~Static ~ . f l ~ o r i n a t i o n of ~ ~ReO, , ~ ~ gives better yields of ReOF,. Other methods include the static fluorination of ReOF, (300°C) in 50 % xs F, or fluorination of ReO, at 200°C (17 h),,. The oxyfluoride ReOF, is conveniently prepared by the slow hydrolysis of ReF, with quartz wool in H F (2-4 h),,. Another good route6' is by the oxyfluorination of Re. In addition to preparing ReO,F, from ReO, or KReO,, fluorination of ReO, or Re,O, is used6'.

2.1 1. Formation of Group-IB, -IIB, and Transition-Metal Fluorides 2.1 1.4. of the Third Transition Series (Ht through Hg) 2.11.4.1. Pre-Platinum Metals: Fluorocomplexes of Hf, Ta, W, Re.

291

The oxyfluoro complexes MReO,F, (M = Rb, Cs, Ag) are prepared,, by dissolving MReO, in BrF,. Partial hydrolysis of salts containing [ReF8I3- produce salts containing the [ReOFJ3- ions6’. The a d d ~ c tReOF,.SbF, ~~, is prepared from the reaction of xs SbF, with ReOF,. Fluoro complexes of ReF, are known; for example48,NOF reacts with ReF, in a chlorofluorocarbon vessel (RT, 1 h) to give [NO],[ReF,]. Additional complexes containing [ReF,]’- and [ReF,]- ions are known68. The unique c o m p l e ~ e s ReF,(NCl) ~~, and ReF,(NF), which contain Re in the 7 state, are prepared from ReF, and (CH,),SiN, followed by treatment with ClF,. CAUTION: The initial reaction between ReF, and (CH,),SiN, in CClF,CCl,F is violent and detonation is possible even if maximum control is exercised by repeated cooling with liquid nitrogen.

+


E. Greenberg, J. L. Settle, W. N. Hubbard, J. Phys. Chem., 66, 1345 (1962). A. K. Kuriakose, J. L. Margrave, J. Phys. Chem., 68,2343 (1964). E. L. Muetterties, J. E. Castle, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 18, 148 (1961). C. E. F. Rickard, T. N. Waters, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 26, 925 (1964). J. H. Canterford, R. Colton, eds., Halides of the Transition Elements. Halides of the Second and Third Row Transition Metals, John Wiley and Sons, London, 1968, pp. 126-130 and references contained therein. 6. B. pemva, Croat. Chem. Acta, 61, 163 (1988) and refs. therein. 7. J. H. Canterford, T. A. ODonnell, Inorg. Chem., 5, 1442 (1966). 8. A. P. Brady, 0. E. Myers, J. K. Clauss, J. Phys. Chem., 64, 588 (1960). 9. V. Gutmann, H. J. Emeleus, J. Chem. Soc., 1046 (1950). 10. F. P. Gortsema, R. Didchenko, Znorg. Chem., 4, 182 (1965). 11. C. J. Kim, D. Farcasiu, U.S. Pat. 4,124,692 (1978); Chem. Abstr., 90, 5 7 , 3 8 9 ~(1978). 12. S. P. Mallela, 0. D. Gupta, J. M. Shreeve, Inorg. Chem., 27, 208 (1988). 13. J. H. Canterford, R. Colton, eds., Halides of the Transition Elements. Halides of the Second and Third Row Transition Metals, John Wiley and Sons, London, 1968, p. 150 and references contained therein. 14. J. H. Canterford, R. Colton, eds., Halides of the Transition Elements. Halides of the Second and Third Row Transition Metals, John Wiley and Sons, London, 1968, p. 191 and references contained therein. 15. A. E. Baker, H. M. Haendler, Znorg. Chem., I , 127 (1962). 16. P. Pausewang, R. Schmitt, K. Dehnicke, 2. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 408, 1 (1974). 17. W. P. Griffith, J. Chem. Soc., 5248 (1964). 18. R. D. Peacock, Advances in Fluorine Chemistry, Vol. 7, M. Stacey, J. C. Tatlow, A. G. Sharpe, eds., Butterworth, London, 123, 1973. 19. R. Bougon, T. Bui Huy, A. Cadet, P. Charpin, R. Rousson, Inorg. Chem., 13, 690 (1974). 20. S. D. Brown, P. J. Green, G. L. Gard, J. Fluorine Chem., 5, 203 (1975). 21. B. Frlec, J. H. Holloway, J. Chem. SOC.,Chem. Commun., 370 (1973). 22. S. Brownstein, Znorg. Chem., 12, 584 (1973). 23. R. Gut, Znorg. Nucl. Chem. Lett., 12, 149 (1976). 24. J. H. Canterford, R. Colton, eds., Halides of the Transition Elements. Halides of the Second and Third Row Transition Metals, John Wiley and Sons, London, 1968, pp. 177-178 and references contained therein. 25. A. J. Edwards, W. E. Falconer, J. E. Griffiths, W. A. Sunder, M. J. Vasile, J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 1129 (1974). 26. H. Selig, W. A. Sunder, F. C. Schilling, W. E. Falconer, J. Fluorine Chem., 11, 629 (1978). 27. E. J. Barber, G. H. Cady, J. Phys. Chem., 60, 505 (1956). 28. J. L. Russell, A. W. Jache, J. Fluorine Chem., 7, 205 (1976). 29. A. L. Oppegard, W. C. Smith, E. L. Muetterties, V. A. Engelhardt, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,82, 3835 (1960). 30. J. J. Pitts, A. W. Jache, Znorg. Chem., 7, 1661 (1968). 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

292

2.11 . Formation of Group-IB, -IIB, and Transition-Metal Fluorides 2.11.4. of the Third Transition Series (Hf through Hg) 2.1 1.4.2. Platinum Metals: Fluorocomplexes of Os,Ir, Pt.

31. J. H. Canterford, R. Colton, eds., Halides of the Transition Elements. Halides of the Second and Third Row Transition Metals, John Wiley and Sons, London, 1968, p. 207 and references contained therein. 32. H. J. Emeleus, V. Gutmann, J. Chem. Soc., 2115 (1950). 33. R. L. Johnson, B. Siegel, J. Znorg. Nucl. Chem., 31, 955 (1969). 34. B. Cohen, A. J. Edwards, M. Mercer, R. D. Peacock, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 322 (1965). 35. G. H. Cady, G. B. Hargreaves, J. Chem. Soc., 1568 (1961). 36. A. D. Webb, H. A. Young, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,72, 3356 (1950). 37. R. T. Paine, R. S. McDowell, Znorg. Chem., 13,2366 (1974). 38. M. J. Atherton, J. H. Holloway, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 254 (1978). 39. 0. Glemser, J. Wegener, R. Mews, Chem. Ber., 100, 2474 (1967). 40. N. Bartlett, P. L. Robinson, J. Chem. Soc., 3549 (1961). 41. G. B. Hargreaves, R. D. Peacock, J. Chem. Soc., 2170 (1958). 42. J. H. Holloway, G. J. Schrobilgen, Znorg. Chem., 19, 2632 (1980). 43. J. H. Holloway, G. J. Schrobilgen, Znorg. Chem., 20, 3363 (1981). 44. R. Mattes, G. Miiller, H. J. Becher, 2. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 389, 177 (1972). 45. G. Pausewang, R. Schmitt, K. Dehnicke, 2. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 408, l(1974). 46. Yu. A. Buslaev, R. L. Davidovich, Russ. J. Znorg. Chem., 10, 1014 (1965). 47. W. W. Wilson, K. 0. Christe, Znorg. Chem., 20, 4139 (1981). 48. J. Fawcett, J. H. Holloway, D. R. Russell, J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 1212 (1981). 49. J. R. Geichman, E. A. Smith, P. R. Ogle, Inorg. Chem., 2, 1012 (1963). 50. J. Fawcett, R. D. Peacock, D. R. Russell, J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 2294 (1980). 51. L. B. Handy, F. E. Brinckman, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 214 (1970). 52. 0.R. Chambers, D. S. Rycroft, D. W. A. Sharp, J. M. Winfield, Inorg. Nucl. Chem. Lett., 12,559 (1976). 53. M. J. Atherton, J. H. Holloway, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 424 (1977). 54. M. J. Atherton, J. H. Holloway, Znorg. Nucl. Chem. Lett., 14, 121 (1978). 55. V. P. Huppmann, H. Labischinsky, D. Lentz, H. Pritzkow, K. Seppett, 2. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 487, 7 (1982). 56. J. G. Malm, H. Selig, S. Fried, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 82, 1510 (1960). 57. J. G. Malm, H. Selig, J. Znorg. Nucl. Chem., 20, 189 (1961). 58. H. W. Roesky, 0. Glemser, K. H. Hellberg, Angew., Chem. Znt. Ed. Engl., 4, 1098 (1965). 59. E. Jacob, M. Faehule, Angew. Chem., Znt. Ed. Engl., 15, 159 (1976). 60. A. Engelbrecht, A. V. Grosse, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 76, 2042 (1954). 61. E. E. Aynsley, M. L. Hair, J. Chem. Soc., 3747 (1958). 62. W. A. Sunder, F. A. Stevie, J. Fluorine Chem., 6, 449 (1975). 63. E. E. Aynsley, R. D. Peacock, P. L. Robinson, J. Chem. Soc., 1622 (1950). 64. J. H. Holloway, H. Selig, H. H. Claassen, J. Chem. Phys., 54,4305 (1971). 65. N. Bartlett, S.Beaton, L. W. Reeves, E. J. Wells, Can. J. Chem., 42, 2531 (1964). 66. R. D. Peacock, J. Chem. Soc., 602 (1955). 67. J. H. Canterford, R. Colton, eds., Halides of the Transition Elements. Halides of the Second and Third Row Transition Metals, John Wiley and Sons, London, 1968, p. 296 and references contained therein. 68. N. Bartlett, S. P. Beaton, N. K. Jha, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 168 (1966). 69. A. Beuter, W. Kuhlmann, W. Sawodny, J. Fluorine Chem., 6,367 (1975). 70. J. Fawcett, R. D. Peacock, D. R. Russell, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 958 (1982).

2.11.4.2. Platinum Metals: Synthesis of High-Valent Fluorldes, Oxide Fluorides and Fluorocomplexes of Os, Ir, Pt.

The highest stable fluoride in this group is OsF, (only limited evidence exists for the unstable OsF,) and it is prepared from 0 s at high pressures of fluorine (3.55 x lo7 to 4.05 x 107 N m-’ or 350-400 atm) at 500-600°C in a Ni bomb’; it decomposes above -100°C into OsF, and F,. Due to the instability of OsF,, the chemistry of OsF, is covered here. The hexafluoride of osmium is prepared by passing F, (g) at a pressure of 250 mm over osmium metal heated in a borosilicate glass furnace tube; the material was purified by trap-to-trap distillation under high-vacuum conditions’.


2.11 . Formation of Group-IB, -IIB, and Transition-Metal Fluorides 2.11.4. of the Third Transition Series (Hf through Hg) 2.1 1.4.2. Platinum Metals: Fluorocomplexes of Os,Ir, Pt.

31. J. H. Canterford, R. Colton, eds., Halides of the Transition Elements. Halides of the Second and Third Row Transition Metals, John Wiley and Sons, London, 1968, p. 207 and references contained therein. 32. H. J. Emeleus, V. Gutmann, J. Chem. Soc., 2115 (1950). 33. R. L. Johnson, B. Siegel, J. Znorg. Nucl. Chem., 31, 955 (1969). 34. B. Cohen, A. J. Edwards, M. Mercer, R. D. Peacock, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 322 (1965). 35. G. H. Cady, G. B. Hargreaves, J. Chem. Soc., 1568 (1961). 36. A. D. Webb, H. A. Young, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,72, 3356 (1950). 37. R. T. Paine, R. S. McDowell, Znorg. Chem., 13,2366 (1974). 38. M. J. Atherton, J. H. Holloway, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 254 (1978). 39. 0. Glemser, J. Wegener, R. Mews, Chem. Ber., 100, 2474 (1967). 40. N. Bartlett, P. L. Robinson, J. Chem. Soc., 3549 (1961). 41. G. B. Hargreaves, R. D. Peacock, J. Chem. Soc., 2170 (1958). 42. J. H. Holloway, G. J. Schrobilgen, Znorg. Chem., 19, 2632 (1980). 43. J. H. Holloway, G. J. Schrobilgen, Znorg. Chem., 20, 3363 (1981). 44. R. Mattes, G. Miiller, H. J. Becher, 2. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 389, 177 (1972). 45. G. Pausewang, R. Schmitt, K. Dehnicke, 2. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 408, l(1974). 46. Yu. A. Buslaev, R. L. Davidovich, Russ. J. Znorg. Chem., 10, 1014 (1965). 47. W. W. Wilson, K. 0. Christe, Znorg. Chem., 20, 4139 (1981). 48. J. Fawcett, J. H. Holloway, D. R. Russell, J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 1212 (1981). 49. J. R. Geichman, E. A. Smith, P. R. Ogle, Inorg. Chem., 2, 1012 (1963). 50. J. Fawcett, R. D. Peacock, D. R. Russell, J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 2294 (1980). 51. L. B. Handy, F. E. Brinckman, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 214 (1970). 52. 0.R. Chambers, D. S. Rycroft, D. W. A. Sharp, J. M. Winfield, Inorg. Nucl. Chem. Lett., 12,559 (1976). 53. M. J. Atherton, J. H. Holloway, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 424 (1977). 54. M. J. Atherton, J. H. Holloway, Znorg. Nucl. Chem. Lett., 14, 121 (1978). 55. V. P. Huppmann, H. Labischinsky, D. Lentz, H. Pritzkow, K. Seppett, 2. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 487, 7 (1982). 56. J. G. Malm, H. Selig, S. Fried, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 82, 1510 (1960). 57. J. G. Malm, H. Selig, J. Znorg. Nucl. Chem., 20, 189 (1961). 58. H. W. Roesky, 0. Glemser, K. H. Hellberg, Angew., Chem. Znt. Ed. Engl., 4, 1098 (1965). 59. E. Jacob, M. Faehule, Angew. Chem., Znt. Ed. Engl., 15, 159 (1976). 60. A. Engelbrecht, A. V. Grosse, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 76, 2042 (1954). 61. E. E. Aynsley, M. L. Hair, J. Chem. Soc., 3747 (1958). 62. W. A. Sunder, F. A. Stevie, J. Fluorine Chem., 6, 449 (1975). 63. E. E. Aynsley, R. D. Peacock, P. L. Robinson, J. Chem. Soc., 1622 (1950). 64. J. H. Holloway, H. Selig, H. H. Claassen, J. Chem. Phys., 54,4305 (1971). 65. N. Bartlett, S.Beaton, L. W. Reeves, E. J. Wells, Can. J. Chem., 42, 2531 (1964). 66. R. D. Peacock, J. Chem. Soc., 602 (1955). 67. J. H. Canterford, R. Colton, eds., Halides of the Transition Elements. Halides of the Second and Third Row Transition Metals, John Wiley and Sons, London, 1968, p. 296 and references contained therein. 68. N. Bartlett, S. P. Beaton, N. K. Jha, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 168 (1966). 69. A. Beuter, W. Kuhlmann, W. Sawodny, J. Fluorine Chem., 6,367 (1975). 70. J. Fawcett, R. D. Peacock, D. R. Russell, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 958 (1982).

2.11.4.2. Platinum Metals: Synthesis of High-Valent Fluorldes, Oxide Fluorides and Fluorocomplexes of Os, Ir, Pt.

The highest stable fluoride in this group is OsF, (only limited evidence exists for the unstable OsF,) and it is prepared from 0 s at high pressures of fluorine (3.55 x lo7 to 4.05 x 107 N m-’ or 350-400 atm) at 500-600°C in a Ni bomb’; it decomposes above -100°C into OsF, and F,. Due to the instability of OsF,, the chemistry of OsF, is covered here. The hexafluoride of osmium is prepared by passing F, (g) at a pressure of 250 mm over osmium metal heated in a borosilicate glass furnace tube; the material was purified by trap-to-trap distillation under high-vacuum conditions’.

2.1 1. Formation of Group-IB, -IIB, and Transition-Metal Fluorides 2.11.4. of the Third Transition Series (Hf through Hg) 2.11.4.2. Platinum Metals: Fluorocomplexes of Os, lr, Pt.

293

The interesting Os03F, [Os(VIII)] is prepared3 by either the reaction of OsO, with BrF, (-50°C) or by heating 0 s with a 2:l mixture of 0, and F,. Also, it is possible to fluorinate OsO, (2: 1) at 300°C (- 50 h)4. In the (VII) state, the oxyfluoride of osmium OsOF, is prepared by the fluorination of OsO, [Os(VII)] (25OoC) or by passing an 0,-F, mixture (1:2) over 0 s (250°C); the product is purified by trap-to-trap transfer,. Static oxyfluorination of osmium, is also a good method for preparing OsOF,. The reaction4 of an equimol OsO, and OsF, mixture (15OoC, 17 h) in a Monel reactor produces OsO,F,. The salts M[OsO,F,], with M = alkali metal or Ag', are prepared by reacting OsO, with MBr (M = alkali metal) in BrF,; for the silver salt, AgIO, is used3. More recently, M[Os0,F3] salts (M = Cs, Rb, K) have been prepared by reacting Os?,F, directly with the appropriate alkali-metal fluoride; also the salts M,[OsO,F,] (M Cs, 1 Rb) are produced by reacting OsO, with M F in an aqueous solution7. The fluorosalt [NO],[OsF,] is prepared by reacting NOF with OsF, (in a chlorofluorocarbon reactor)ss9;above -30°C it loses NOF and forms [NO][OsF,]. The interesting complex Br,OsF, is formed from Br, and OsF,, while the complex [N,H,][OsF,], is prepared from OsF, and N,H,F, in H F 'Ogl'. Iridium hexafluoride is prepared" by passing fluorine over Ir metal heated to 300-400°C. IrF, is an extremely reactive compound; for example, with N O a mixture of [No][IrF,] and [NO],[IrF,] f o r r n ~ ~ with " ~ ; N O F the following reaction occurs:

-

3 N O F + 2 IrF, 2 [NO][IrF,] + NOF, (a) A little F, is also present',. Apparently because of its extreme reactivity, no oxyfluorides or fluorocomplexes of Ir in 6+ state are known. Fluorocomplexes of Ir5+ are known and are preparedI4 by reaction of alkali-metal bromides with IrBr, in BrF,. The pentafluoride of iridium is prepared by reacting a stoichiometric mixture of the elements at 350-380°C in a Monel reactor',. The complex [ClO,][IrF,] is prepared as follows16: -25°C

+ IrF6 sapphire [C10ZI[1rF61

FC1oZ

reactor

In liq BrF,, XeF, and XeF, react with IrF, in the appropriate molar ratios to give Xe,F,IrF,, XeFIrF,, XeFIr,F,, and Xe,F,,IrF, or XeF,IrF,, re~pectivelyl~. The reactive PtF, is prepared by igniting a Pt wire in F, with an electric current and purified by vacuum distillation". Also, reaction of Pt sponge with F, (1.5 x 10, N m-' or 15 atm at 22°C) at 200°C gives good yields of PtF, 19. Platinum hexafluoride is one of the most powerful oxidizing agents; it reacts with 0, and Xe to give O,[PtF,] and Xe(PtF,),,,,,, respectivelyzosz1.It is so reactive that molecular fluorine is liberated in the following reactions at low T 16,22-24:

NO,F

+ PtF, + PtF,

KrF,

+ PtF,

NOF

2 CIF30

+ 2 PtF,

-

+ 0.5 F, NO,[PtF,] + 0.5 F, 0°C KrFCPtF,] + 0.5 F, 2 ClF,O[PtF,] + F,, (ClF,, FClO,)

25°C

NO[PtF,]

Attempts to prepare [PtF,]- complexes have failed even in the presence of xs F,.

(c) (4 (el (f)

294

2.1 1. Formation of Group-16, -IIB, and Transition-Metal Fluorides 2.11.4. of the Third Transition Series (Hf through Hg) 2.1 1.4.3. Post-Platinum Metals: Fluorocomplexes of Au and Hg.

The next lower fluoride, PtF, is prepared by reacting F, with PtCl, (-350"C)25. The oxyfluoride, PtOF,, is formed by fluorinating PtO, (200"C)25. The complex XeF,PtF, is prepared by reacting Xe with PtF, in the presence of F, at 5.5 x lo5 N m-' or 80 psi (200"C)26;with IF, the complex PtF,.IF, is formedz5.Other known xenon fluoride complexes are" 2 XeF,.PtF,, XeF,-PtF,, XeF,.2 PtF,, 2 XeF,*PtF, and XeF,.PtF,. The salt K[PtF,] is prepared', by reacting K F with O,[PtF,] in IF,, while Rb[PtF,] and Cs[PtF,] are prepared,' by first mixing PtF,, Xe and M F (RbF or CsF) in a silica vessel at RT and then adding IF,. Additional complexes of PtF, i n ~ l ~ dClF,PtE,, e ~ ~ ClF,PtF,, ~ ~ ~ ClF,PtF, ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ and ClO,F,PtF,. The oxonium salt H,OPtF, is prepared by": PtF, With xs H,O [H,O],[PtF,]

+ HZO

HF

[H,O][PtF,]

(8)

is formed.


1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30.

0. Glemser, H. W. Roesky, K. H. Hellberg, H. U. Werther, Chem. Ber., 99, 2652 (1966). B. Weinstock, J. G. Malm, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,80, 4466 (1958). M. A. Hepworth, P. L. Robinson, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 4, 24 (1957). W. A. Sunder, F. A. Stevie, J. Fluorine Chem., 6, 449 (1975). N. Bartlett, N. K. Jha, J. Trotter, Proc. Chem. SOC.,277 (1962). J. H. Holloway, H. Selig, H. H. Claassen, J. Chem. Phys., 54,4305 (1971). P. J. Jones, W. Levason, M. Tajik, J. Fluorine Chem., 25, 195 (1984). N. Bartlett, S . P. Beaton, N. K. Jha, J. Chem. SOC.,Chem. Commun.,168, (1966). J. H. Holloway, H. Selig, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 30, 473 (1968). D. K. Padma, R. D. Peacock, J. Fluorine Chem., 17, 539 (1981). B. Frlec, H. Selig, H. H. Hyman, Inorg. Chem., 6, 1775 (1967). P. L. Robinson, G. J. Westland, J. Chem. SOC., 4481 (1956). N. Bartlett, J. Passmore, E. J. Wells, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun.,213 (1966). M. A. Hepworth, P. L. Robinson, G. J. Westland, J. Chem. SOC., 4269 (1954). N. Bartlett, P. R. Rao, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl., 5, 428 (1966). K. 0. Christe, Inorg. Chem., 12, 1580 (1973). N. Bartlett, F. 0. Sladky, J. Am. Chem. Sac., 90, 5316 (1968). B. Weinstock, J. G. Malm, E. E. Weaver, J. Am. Chem. SOC., 83, 4310 (1961). J. Slivnik, B. Zemva, B. Druzina, J. Fluorine Chem., 15, 351 (1980). N. Bartlett, D. H. Lohmann, J. Chem. SOC.,5253 (1962). N. Bartlett, N. K. Jha, Noble Gus Compounds,University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1963, pp. 23-30. N. Bartlett, S. P. Beaton, J . Chem. SOC.,Chem. Commun., 167 (1966). F. P. Gortsema, R. H. Toeniskoetter, Inorg. Chem., 5, 1217 (1966). R. J. Gillespie, G. J. Schrobilgen, Inorg. Chem., 15,22 (1976). N. Bartlett, D. H. Lohmann, J. Chem. SOC.,619 (1964). N. Bartlett, F. Einstein, D. F. Stewart, J. Trotter, J. Chem. SOC.,Chem. Commun.,550 (1966). B. zemva, Croat Chem. Acta, 61, 163 (1988) and refs. therein. F. P. Gortsema, R. H. Toeniskoetter, Inorg. Chem., 5, 1925 (1966). K. 0. Christe, R. D. Wilson, E. C. Curtis, Inorg. Chem., 12, 1358 (1973). H. Selig, W. A. Sunder, F. A. Disalvo, W. E. Falconer, J. Fluorine Chem., 11, 39 (1978).

2.11.4.3. Post-Platinum Metals: Synthesis of High-Valent Fluorides, Oxide

Fluorides and Fluorocomplexes of Au and Hg. The highest fluoride of gold is AuF,, prepared' by reacting AuF, with atomic F. The next highest fluoride of gold, AuF,, is prepared by the pyrolysis reactionzs3: KrFAuF,

60-65°C

AuF,

+ Kr + F,

(4


2.1 1. Formation of Group-16, -IIB, and Transition-Metal Fluorides 2.11.4. of the Third Transition Series (Hf through Hg) 2.1 1.4.3. Post-Platinum Metals: Fluorocomplexes of Au and Hg.

The next lower fluoride, PtF, is prepared by reacting F, with PtCl, (-350"C)25. The oxyfluoride, PtOF,, is formed by fluorinating PtO, (200"C)25. The complex XeF,PtF, is prepared by reacting Xe with PtF, in the presence of F, at 5.5 x lo5 N m-' or 80 psi (200"C)26;with IF, the complex PtF,.IF, is formedz5.Other known xenon fluoride complexes are" 2 XeF,.PtF,, XeF,-PtF,, XeF,.2 PtF,, 2 XeF,*PtF, and XeF,.PtF,. The salt K[PtF,] is prepared', by reacting K F with O,[PtF,] in IF,, while Rb[PtF,] and Cs[PtF,] are prepared,' by first mixing PtF,, Xe and M F (RbF or CsF) in a silica vessel at RT and then adding IF,. Additional complexes of PtF, i n ~ l ~ dClF,PtE,, e ~ ~ ClF,PtF,, ~ ~ ~ ClF,PtF, ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ and ClO,F,PtF,. The oxonium salt H,OPtF, is prepared by": PtF, With xs H,O [H,O],[PtF,]

+ HZO

HF

[H,O][PtF,]

(8)

is formed.


1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30.

0. Glemser, H. W. Roesky, K. H. Hellberg, H. U. Werther, Chem. Ber., 99, 2652 (1966). B. Weinstock, J. G. Malm, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,80, 4466 (1958). M. A. Hepworth, P. L. Robinson, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 4, 24 (1957). W. A. Sunder, F. A. Stevie, J. Fluorine Chem., 6, 449 (1975). N. Bartlett, N. K. Jha, J. Trotter, Proc. Chem. SOC.,277 (1962). J. H. Holloway, H. Selig, H. H. Claassen, J. Chem. Phys., 54,4305 (1971). P. J. Jones, W. Levason, M. Tajik, J. Fluorine Chem., 25, 195 (1984). N. Bartlett, S . P. Beaton, N. K. Jha, J. Chem. SOC.,Chem. Commun.,168, (1966). J. H. Holloway, H. Selig, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 30, 473 (1968). D. K. Padma, R. D. Peacock, J. Fluorine Chem., 17, 539 (1981). B. Frlec, H. Selig, H. H. Hyman, Inorg. Chem., 6, 1775 (1967). P. L. Robinson, G. J. Westland, J. Chem. SOC., 4481 (1956). N. Bartlett, J. Passmore, E. J. Wells, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun.,213 (1966). M. A. Hepworth, P. L. Robinson, G. J. Westland, J. Chem. SOC., 4269 (1954). N. Bartlett, P. R. Rao, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl., 5, 428 (1966). K. 0. Christe, Inorg. Chem., 12, 1580 (1973). N. Bartlett, F. 0. Sladky, J. Am. Chem. Sac., 90, 5316 (1968). B. Weinstock, J. G. Malm, E. E. Weaver, J. Am. Chem. SOC., 83, 4310 (1961). J. Slivnik, B. Zemva, B. Druzina, J. Fluorine Chem., 15, 351 (1980). N. Bartlett, D. H. Lohmann, J. Chem. SOC.,5253 (1962). N. Bartlett, N. K. Jha, Noble Gus Compounds,University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1963, pp. 23-30. N. Bartlett, S. P. Beaton, J . Chem. SOC.,Chem. Commun., 167 (1966). F. P. Gortsema, R. H. Toeniskoetter, Inorg. Chem., 5, 1217 (1966). R. J. Gillespie, G. J. Schrobilgen, Inorg. Chem., 15,22 (1976). N. Bartlett, D. H. Lohmann, J. Chem. SOC.,619 (1964). N. Bartlett, F. Einstein, D. F. Stewart, J. Trotter, J. Chem. SOC.,Chem. Commun.,550 (1966). B. zemva, Croat Chem. Acta, 61, 163 (1988) and refs. therein. F. P. Gortsema, R. H. Toeniskoetter, Inorg. Chem., 5, 1925 (1966). K. 0. Christe, R. D. Wilson, E. C. Curtis, Inorg. Chem., 12, 1358 (1973). H. Selig, W. A. Sunder, F. A. Disalvo, W. E. Falconer, J. Fluorine Chem., 11, 39 (1978).

2.11.4.3. Post-Platinum Metals: Synthesis of High-Valent Fluorides, Oxide

Fluorides and Fluorocomplexes of Au and Hg. The highest fluoride of gold is AuF,, prepared' by reacting AuF, with atomic F. The next highest fluoride of gold, AuF,, is prepared by the pyrolysis reactionzs3: KrFAuF,

60-65°C

AuF,

+ Kr + F,

(4

2.1 1. Formation of Group-IB, -IIB, and Transition-Metal Fluorides 2.11.4. of the Third Transition Series (Hf through Hg) 2.1 1.4.3. Post-Platinum Metals: Fluorocomplexes of Au and Hg.

295

It is also prepared by decomposing O,[AuF,] at 160-200°C in a fused silica sublimation apparatus with a cold finger4;

-

O,AuF,

AuF,

+ 0, + 0.5 F,

(b)

Another reactive fluoride of gold is AuF,; it is prepared by direct fluorination of AuCl,.x H,O at 200°C .' Salts of Au(V) are prepared as follows2,6-8 2 Au

20°C

+ 7 KrF,

2 KrFAuF,

+ 5 Kr

(c)

1 ) heatto400"C, 1.01 x 1 0 8 N m - *

4- XeF6

+

xs Fz

+ M F 110"~.MAuF, + 2 XeF, N2

Xe,F,,AuF,

350°C, 1000 psi

+ F,

where M = K, Cs, NO;

4 O,[AuF,]

+ 3 IF,

(4 (el

-

where M = K, Cs, NO; MAuF,

'Xe,F,,AuF6

2) cool to 20"Covernight

M[AuF,]

-

3 IF,AuF6

+ 4 0, + AuF,

(h)

If the Xe,F, [AuF,] salt is heated to 110°C under vacuum, the new salt, XeF,[AuF,], is obtained7. The krypton complex KrF-AuF, reacts with XeF, and NOF, giving Xe,F,[AuF,] and NO[AuF,], respectively; also reported are NaF. AuF, and BrF,-AuF, complexes3. Salts or adducts of Au(II1) are prepared by9-": Au

AuF,.BrF, AuF,.BrF,

-

+ BrF,

180-300°C

+ SeF,

+ XeF, Au + BrF, BrF,[AuF,] + NOCl AuF,.BrF,

AuF,.BrF,

(9

+ BrF, AuF,.SeF, + BrF, XeF,.AuF, + BrF,

(k)

AuF,

BrF,[AuF,]

NO[AuF4]

+ [BrF,Cl]

(1)

(m) (n)

The salts M[AuF,] (M = K-Cs) and FCu[AuF,] are k n ~ w n ' ~ , ' ~ . The series M[AuF,],, with M = Mg, Ni, Zn, Ba, Cd, Hg, Pd, is also r e p ~ r t e d ' ~ . Mercury(I1) fluoride is prepared by reacting Hg or its salts with F, in a flow system or under mild pressurei6,". HgC1,

+ F,

-

HgF,

+ C1,

(0)

A convenient method involves heating HgO with SF4 (15O"C, 10h) in a pressure vessel' 8 . The dihydrate, HgF,-2 H,O is obtainedIg by treating HgO several times with 50% aq HF.

296 2.1 1 . Formation of Group-IB, -IIB, and Transition-Metal Fluorides 2.11.5. of the Lanthanides and Actinides 2.11.5.1. Synthesis of Lanthanide Fluorides and Fluorocomplexes (La-Lu).

The pyridinium salt, [C5H6N],[HgF,], is prepared" from HgO, py and H F in MeOH. The novel mercury(I1) hydroxide fluoride is prepared2' from an HgO soln in aq HF. (J.M. CANICH, G.L. GARD)

1. A. A. Timakov, V. N. Prusakov, Y. V. Drobyshevskii, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 291,125 (1986); Chem. Abstr., 106, 190 (1986). 2. J. H. Holloway, G. J. Schrobilgen, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Cornmun., 623 (1975). 3. V. B. Sokolov, V. N. Prusakov, A. V. Ryzhkov, Yu. V. Drobyshevsku, S . S. Khoroshev, Dokl. Akad. Nauk. SSSR,229, 884 (1976). 4. M. J. Vasile, T. J. Richardson, F. A. Stevie, W. E. Falconer, J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 351 (1976). 5. L. B. Asprey, F. H. Kruse, K. H. Jack, R. Maitland, Znorg. Chem., 3, 602 (1964). 6. K. Leary, N. Bartlett, J. Chem. SOC.,Chem. Commun., 903 (1972). 7. N. Bartlett, K. Leary, Rev. Chim. Min. 13, 82 (1976). 8. A. J. Edwards, W. E. Falconer, J. E. Griffiths, W. A. Sunder, M. J. Vasile, 3. Chem. SOC.,Dalton Trans., 1129 (1974). 9. A. G. Sharpe, J. Chem. SOC.,2901 (1949). 10. N. Bartlett, P. L. Robinson, J. Chem. SOC.,3417 (1961). 11. A. A. Woolf, J. Chem. Sac., 1053 (1950). 12. B. Zemva, Croat. Chem. Acta, 61, 163 (1988); Chem. Abstr., 109,65,734 (1988), and refs. therein. 13. R. Hoppe, W. Klemm, 2. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 268, 364 (1952). 14. B. G. Miiller, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 26, 688 (1987). 15. B. G. Muller, 2. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 555, 57 (1987). 16. G. Brauer, Handbook ofpreparative Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 1,2nd ed., Academic Press, New York, 244, 1963. 17. K. Lutar, D. Gantar, B. Frlec, Vestn. Slov. Kem. Drus., 32,37 (1985); Chem. Abstr., 104, 160,873 (1985). 18. A. L. Oppegard, W. C. Smith, E. L. Muetterties, V. A. Engelhardt, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 82, 3835 (1960). 19. D. T. Meshri, Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, Vol. 10, 3rd ed., Wiley, New York, 763 (1980). 20. A. Meuwser, R. Dotzer, Angew. Chem., 67, 616 (1955). 21. R. Dotzer, A. Meuwsen, 2. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 308, 79 (1961).

2.1 1.5. of the Lanthanides and Actinides 2.115.1. Synthesis of the High-Valent Lanthanide Fluorides and Fiuorocompiexes (La-Lu).

Stable trifluorides are known for all the Lanthanides, and, for all except cerium, praseodymium and terbium represent the highest valent state. The trifluorides are easily prepared by one or more of the following methods"2:

1. dehydration of hydrates or heating ammoniates 2. M,O, with F,, HF, NH,F, ClF,, BrF,, SF,, SF,, CClF, and CC1,F 3. fluorination of metal or metal chlorides Additional interesting methods include: (1) the thermal decomposition of rare-earth trifluoromethylsulfonates M[CF,SO,],, with M = La, Pr, Gd, Eu and Y 3; (2) exchange reaction in KNO, melts with rare-earth nitrates M(NO,),, with M = La, Pr, Nd, Er and


296 2.1 1 . Formation of Group-IB, -IIB, and Transition-Metal Fluorides 2.11.5. of the Lanthanides and Actinides 2.11.5.1. Synthesis of Lanthanide Fluorides and Fluorocomplexes (La-Lu).

The pyridinium salt, [C5H6N],[HgF,], is prepared" from HgO, py and H F in MeOH. The novel mercury(I1) hydroxide fluoride is prepared2' from an HgO soln in aq HF. (J.M. CANICH, G.L. GARD)

1. A. A. Timakov, V. N. Prusakov, Y. V. Drobyshevskii, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 291,125 (1986); Chem. Abstr., 106, 190 (1986). 2. J. H. Holloway, G. J. Schrobilgen, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Cornmun., 623 (1975). 3. V. B. Sokolov, V. N. Prusakov, A. V. Ryzhkov, Yu. V. Drobyshevsku, S . S. Khoroshev, Dokl. Akad. Nauk. SSSR,229, 884 (1976). 4. M. J. Vasile, T. J. Richardson, F. A. Stevie, W. E. Falconer, J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 351 (1976). 5. L. B. Asprey, F. H. Kruse, K. H. Jack, R. Maitland, Znorg. Chem., 3, 602 (1964). 6. K. Leary, N. Bartlett, J. Chem. SOC.,Chem. Commun., 903 (1972). 7. N. Bartlett, K. Leary, Rev. Chim. Min. 13, 82 (1976). 8. A. J. Edwards, W. E. Falconer, J. E. Griffiths, W. A. Sunder, M. J. Vasile, 3. Chem. SOC.,Dalton Trans., 1129 (1974). 9. A. G. Sharpe, J. Chem. SOC.,2901 (1949). 10. N. Bartlett, P. L. Robinson, J. Chem. SOC.,3417 (1961). 11. A. A. Woolf, J. Chem. Sac., 1053 (1950). 12. B. Zemva, Croat. Chem. Acta, 61, 163 (1988); Chem. Abstr., 109,65,734 (1988), and refs. therein. 13. R. Hoppe, W. Klemm, 2. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 268, 364 (1952). 14. B. G. Miiller, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 26, 688 (1987). 15. B. G. Muller, 2. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 555, 57 (1987). 16. G. Brauer, Handbook ofpreparative Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 1,2nd ed., Academic Press, New York, 244, 1963. 17. K. Lutar, D. Gantar, B. Frlec, Vestn. Slov. Kem. Drus., 32,37 (1985); Chem. Abstr., 104, 160,873 (1985). 18. A. L. Oppegard, W. C. Smith, E. L. Muetterties, V. A. Engelhardt, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 82, 3835 (1960). 19. D. T. Meshri, Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, Vol. 10, 3rd ed., Wiley, New York, 763 (1980). 20. A. Meuwser, R. Dotzer, Angew. Chem., 67, 616 (1955). 21. R. Dotzer, A. Meuwsen, 2. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 308, 79 (1961).

2.1 1.5. of the Lanthanides and Actinides 2.115.1. Synthesis of the High-Valent Lanthanide Fluorides and Fiuorocompiexes (La-Lu).

Stable trifluorides are known for all the Lanthanides, and, for all except cerium, praseodymium and terbium represent the highest valent state. The trifluorides are easily prepared by one or more of the following methods"2:

1. dehydration of hydrates or heating ammoniates 2. M,O, with F,, HF, NH,F, ClF,, BrF,, SF,, SF,, CClF, and CC1,F 3. fluorination of metal or metal chlorides Additional interesting methods include: (1) the thermal decomposition of rare-earth trifluoromethylsulfonates M[CF,SO,],, with M = La, Pr, Gd, Eu and Y 3; (2) exchange reaction in KNO, melts with rare-earth nitrates M(NO,),, with M = La, Pr, Nd, Er and

297 2.11. Formation of Group-16, -116, and Transition-Metal Fluorides 2.11.5. of the Lanthanides and Actinides 2.11.5.1. Synthesis of Lanthanide Fluorides and Fluorocomplexes (La-Lu). K F in a correct stoichiometric ratio,; (3) high T reaction5 between M,03 (M = La, Pr, Nd, Tb) and SF,. Oxyfluorides (MOF) for many of the lanthanides have been prepared by partial hydrolysis of the trifluorides in moist air or ammonia vapor at 800°C Numerous salt complexes containing [MF,]-, [MF6I3- are known and have been prepared by melting together stoichiometric amounts of component fluorides or have been identified by phase studies7. The complexes 4 XeF,-MF, and XeF,*MF, (M = Ce, Pr, Nd), XeF,*4 PrF, and 3 XeF,-MF, (M = Dy, Ho) are also prepared*. The tetrafluorides of Ce, Pr and Tb can be prepared according to the following methodsg-' ,:

'.

CeF, Na,PrF,

--

+ 0.5 F,

300-350°C

CeF,

+ 2 H F Fzatm PrF, + 2 Na[HF,] 320°C TbF, + 0.5 F, TbF, LnX, + XeF, LnF,

where n = 2,4, 6 ; LnX,

+ KrF,

-

LnF,

(b) (c) (4

(e)

where Ln = Ce, Pr, Tb; X = C1, F. The reaction of ClF, with CeO, or CeF, (400-450°C), and with Tb,O, or TbF, (30O-35O0C), and with Pr,O, and NaCl(400-500°C) followed by H F treatment produces the respective tetra fluoride^'^. Also, CeF, is prepared by the fluorination of CeO, (350-500"C)'4. Many alkali-metal compounds containing Ce(IV), Pr(1V) and Tb(1V) are prepared by fluorination of stoichiometric mixtures of MCl (M = alkali metals) with CeO,, Pr,O, or Tb,07 or with MCI, (M = Ce, Pr, Tb) at 200-500°C 15-19. The oxidizing alkalineearth fluorocomplexes BaPrF, and SrPrF, have been prepared"; in order to prepare Ba[PrF,], BaCPrCl,] is first prefluorinated with F, (4WC, 12 h) and then treated with F, under pressure (PF2= 3.04 x lo7N m-' or 300 atm, 500"C, 24 h), while for Sr[PrF,] an intimate mixture of SrF, and PrF, is first heated (looOOC, 7 d, in vacuo), ground and then treated with F, (PF2= 3.04 x lo7 N m-' or 300 atm, 500"C, 24 h). Although MF, for M = Nd and Dy are unknown, salts containing tetravalent lanthanides are known; XeF, (n = 2, 4, 6 ) or KrF, with Cs,[LnF,] or Cs,[LnCl,] (Ln = Ce, Pr, Nd, Tb, Dy, Tm) produces the corresponding salt, Cs,[LnF,] in high purity' ,. (J.M. CANICH, G.L. GARD)

1. J. Burgess, J. Kijowski, Advances in Inorganic Chemistry and Radiochemistry, Vol. 24, H . J. Emelkus, A. G. Sharpe, eds., Academic Press, New York, 1981, pp. 58-59 and references contained therein. 2. D.Brown, ed., Halides of the Transition Elements. Halides of the Lanthanides and Actinides, John Wiley and Sons, London, 1968, pp. 79-80 and references therein. 3. K. F. Thom, US.Pat. 3,796,738 (1974); Chem. Abstr. 81, 13,114n (1974). 4. A. K. Kupriyanova, V. K. Val'tsev, L. R. Batsansva, Zzv. Sib. Otd. Akad. Nank. SSSR, Ser. Khim. Nauk, 1, 45 (1968); Chem. Abstr., 69, 70,775 (1968).

298

2.1 1. Formation of Group-IB, -IIB, and Transition-Metal Fluorides 2.1 1.5. of the Lanthanides and Actinides 2.1 1.5.2. Synthesis of Actinide Fluorides and Fluorocomplexes (Ac-Ha).

5. A. A. Opalovskii, E. U. Lobkov, B. G. Erenburg, Yu. V. Zakharbv, V. G. Shingarev,Izu. Akad. Nauk. SSSR,Neorg. Mater., 8, 1877 (1912); Chem. Abstr., 78, 37,298 (1972). 6. D. Brown, ed., Halides of the Transition Elements, Halides of the Lanthanides and Actinides, John Wiley and Sons, London, 1968, pp. 99 and references contained therein. I. D. Brown, eds., Halides of the Transition Elements. Halides of the Lanthanides and Actinides, John Wiley and Sons, London, 1968, pp. 89-99 and references contained therein. 8. B. Zemva, Croat. Chem. Acta, 61, 163 (1988); Chem. Abstr., 109, 65,734 (1988). 9. C. Von Wartenberg, 2. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 244, 229 (1940). 10. L. B. Asprey, J. S. Coleman, M. J. Reisfeld, in LanthanidelActinide Chemistry. Advances in Chemistry Series, Vol. 71, P. K. Fields, T. Moeller, eds., Academic Press, New York, 1967, p. 122. 11. B. B. Cunningham, D. C. Feay, M. A. Rollier, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 76, 3361 (1954). 12. B. A. Gusev, A. M. Kozlov, K. A. Lindt, V. Mashirev, Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 495, 39 (1982). J. Inorg. Chem., 18,476 (1973). 13. L. R. Batsonova, Yu. V. ZakharBv, A. A. Opalovskii, RMSS. 14. W. J. Asker, A. W. Wylie, Aust. J. Chem., 18, 959 (1965). 15. D. Brown, ed., Halides of the Transition Elements. Halides of the Lanthanides and Actinides, John Wiley and Sons, London, 59-78, 1968 and references contained therein. 16. R. Hoppe, W. Liebe, 2. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 313, 221 (1961). 17. R. Hoppe, K. M. Rodder, 2. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 312, 271 (1961). 18. R. Hoppe, K. M. Rodder, Z . Anorg. Allg. Chem., 313, 154 (1961). 19. L. B. Asprey, T. K. Keenan, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 16, 260 (1961). 20. R. Hoppe, Israel J. Chem., 17, 48 (1978).

2.115.2. Synthesls of the High-Valent Actinide Fluorldes, Oxide Fluorides and Fluorocomplexes (Ac-Ha). The highest reported binary fluoride of Ac is AcF,. I t is prepared by treating Ac(OH), (s) with HF (g) at 700°C in a P t hydrofluorination apparatus’. The same product was obtained by adding aq HF to a solution of Ac and drying the precipitate at

70°C 2 .

Actinium oxide fluoride is prepared by the partial hydrolysis of the trifluoride in the presence of NH, (8) at 900-1000°C ,: AcF,

-

+ 2 NH, + H,O

AcOF

+ 2 [NH4]F

(4

It was possible to monitor the progress of this reaction by observing the formation of [NH,]F during hydrolysis. Thorium forms a tetrafluoride either by reaction of the elements at 500°C or by4: Tho,

+ 4 HF,,,

600°C

ThF,

+ 2 H,O

(b)

ThF, can be precipitated from an aqueous solution and dehydrated with heat in an H F atmosphere,. Thorium oxide difluoride, ThOF,, is formed when ThF, and T h o , react at 900°C in an inert atmosphere’. Numerous salt complexes containing fluorocomplex ions such as [ThF,] -, [ThF,]’-, [ThF,I3- and [ThFSl4- are known6. The pentafluoride of protactinium can be prepared7 by slowly passing F, over PaF, at 700°C or by fluorinations of Pa, P a C or PaC1,. The interesting oxide fluoride7 Pa,OF, can be formed by heating Pa,O, with F, or with an equimolar mixture of H F (g) and 0,. Thermal decomposition of the hydrate’ PaF,.2 H,O at 160°C also produces

Pa,OFs.


298

2.1 1. Formation of Group-IB, -IIB, and Transition-Metal Fluorides 2.1 1.5. of the Lanthanides and Actinides 2.1 1.5.2. Synthesis of Actinide Fluorides and Fluorocomplexes (Ac-Ha).

5. A. A. Opalovskii, E. U. Lobkov, B. G. Erenburg, Yu. V. Zakharbv, V. G. Shingarev,Izu. Akad. Nauk. SSSR,Neorg. Mater., 8, 1877 (1912); Chem. Abstr., 78, 37,298 (1972). 6. D. Brown, ed., Halides of the Transition Elements, Halides of the Lanthanides and Actinides, John Wiley and Sons, London, 1968, pp. 99 and references contained therein. I. D. Brown, eds., Halides of the Transition Elements. Halides of the Lanthanides and Actinides, John Wiley and Sons, London, 1968, pp. 89-99 and references contained therein. 8. B. Zemva, Croat. Chem. Acta, 61, 163 (1988); Chem. Abstr., 109, 65,734 (1988). 9. C. Von Wartenberg, 2. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 244, 229 (1940). 10. L. B. Asprey, J. S. Coleman, M. J. Reisfeld, in LanthanidelActinide Chemistry. Advances in Chemistry Series, Vol. 71, P. K. Fields, T. Moeller, eds., Academic Press, New York, 1967, p. 122. 11. B. B. Cunningham, D. C. Feay, M. A. Rollier, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 76, 3361 (1954). 12. B. A. Gusev, A. M. Kozlov, K. A. Lindt, V. Mashirev, Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 495, 39 (1982). J. Inorg. Chem., 18,476 (1973). 13. L. R. Batsonova, Yu. V. ZakharBv, A. A. Opalovskii, RMSS. 14. W. J. Asker, A. W. Wylie, Aust. J. Chem., 18, 959 (1965). 15. D. Brown, ed., Halides of the Transition Elements. Halides of the Lanthanides and Actinides, John Wiley and Sons, London, 59-78, 1968 and references contained therein. 16. R. Hoppe, W. Liebe, 2. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 313, 221 (1961). 17. R. Hoppe, K. M. Rodder, 2. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 312, 271 (1961). 18. R. Hoppe, K. M. Rodder, Z . Anorg. Allg. Chem., 313, 154 (1961). 19. L. B. Asprey, T. K. Keenan, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 16, 260 (1961). 20. R. Hoppe, Israel J. Chem., 17, 48 (1978).

2.115.2. Synthesls of the High-Valent Actinide Fluorldes, Oxide Fluorides and Fluorocomplexes (Ac-Ha). The highest reported binary fluoride of Ac is AcF,. I t is prepared by treating Ac(OH), (s) with HF (g) at 700°C in a P t hydrofluorination apparatus’. The same product was obtained by adding aq HF to a solution of Ac and drying the precipitate at

70°C 2 .

Actinium oxide fluoride is prepared by the partial hydrolysis of the trifluoride in the presence of NH, (8) at 900-1000°C ,: AcF,

-

+ 2 NH, + H,O

AcOF

+ 2 [NH4]F

(4

It was possible to monitor the progress of this reaction by observing the formation of [NH,]F during hydrolysis. Thorium forms a tetrafluoride either by reaction of the elements at 500°C or by4: Tho,

+ 4 HF,,,

600°C

ThF,

+ 2 H,O

(b)

ThF, can be precipitated from an aqueous solution and dehydrated with heat in an H F atmosphere,. Thorium oxide difluoride, ThOF,, is formed when ThF, and T h o , react at 900°C in an inert atmosphere’. Numerous salt complexes containing fluorocomplex ions such as [ThF,] -, [ThF,]’-, [ThF,I3- and [ThFSl4- are known6. The pentafluoride of protactinium can be prepared7 by slowly passing F, over PaF, at 700°C or by fluorinations of Pa, P a C or PaC1,. The interesting oxide fluoride7 Pa,OF, can be formed by heating Pa,O, with F, or with an equimolar mixture of H F (g) and 0,. Thermal decomposition of the hydrate’ PaF,.2 H,O at 160°C also produces

Pa,OFs.

2.11. Formation of Group-IS, -IIB, and Transition-Metal Fluorides 2.11.5. of t h e Lanthanides and Actinides 2.1 1.5.2. Synthesis of Actinide Fluorides and Fluorocomplexes (Ac-Ha).

299

It is possible to prepare the complex fluorides M[PaF,], M,[PaF,] and M,[PaF,] (M = alkali-metal cation) from an aq H F s o h containing M F and prota~tinium(V)~. Anhydrous preparations can be made by grinding weighed amounts of alkali-metal fluorides with PaF, (in 1:1, 2: 1, 3: 1 stoichiometric ratios) in an inert atmosphere and then fluorinating the mixture in a sapphire dish (400°C)9. The volatile UF,, first prepared" by Ruff and Heinzelmann via the reaction of U with F, can also be prepared from uranium oxides with F, or halogen fluorides''~'2:

> 600°C

+ 9 F,

U,O,

3 UF,

-

+ 4 0,

In place of uranium or unanium oxides, uranium tetrafluoride can be ~ s e d ' ~ - ' ~ : UF4

+ F,

UF,

(4

The rate of oxidation of UF, by 0, is enhanced by the addition of a platinum catalyst on a l ~ m i n a ' ~Another . preparation of UF, involves treating UO,, U,O, or U 0 2 F , with SF, at 300-400°C in a Ni reactor',: UO,

300°C

+ 3 SF,

UF,

+ 3 SOF,

(f)

Also treatment of U, UO,, U,O,, UO,F, or UF, with XeF, (57-150T) gives UF, in quantitative yields',. A photochemical reaction of UF, with F, give^'^^'^ U F6' The oxide, UO,F,, 2 0 , 2 1 can be obtained by treating UO, with H F or F,. The synthesis of UOF, is accomplished from the combination of xs UF, and quartz wool (SiO,) in HF; the slow reaction isz2: 4 HF

-

+ SiO,

SiF,

+ 2 H,O

(g)

and provides for a one-step, controlled, partial hydrolysis of the starting hexafluoride: 2 UF,

+ 2 H,O-2

HF

UOF,

+ 4 HF

(h)

Numerous uranyl complexes are known as well as M[UO,F] (M = Na, K) saltsz3.The complexes K,[UO,F,] and [NH4],[U0,F,] are prepared', by bromination of uranium in MeOH followed by addition of K F or NH,F. The complexes [NF,][UOF,], UF,O.X SbF, (x = 1-3) and UF,O,.4 SbF, are known25-27. Various complexes, e.g., MCUF,], M,[UF,] (M = Na, K, NO, NO,), XeF,*UF,, 2 XeF,.UF,, XeF,*UF,, have been r e p ~ r t e d ~The ~ , alkali-metal ~~. heptafluorouranates decompose on heating in vacuo: 2 NaCUF,]

> 100T

UF,

+ Na,[UF,]

> 300°C

Na,[UF,] 2 NaF + UF, The methoxyfluorouranium(V1) complexes, U(OCH,),F, pared as follows3o: UF,

+ n (CH,),SiOCH,

C H ~ C IU(OCH,),F,-,, ; -78°C

-,(n = 1-5) can be pre-

+ n (CH,),SiF

(k)

300

2.1 1. Formation of Group-IB, -IIB, and Transition-Metal Fluorides 2.11.5. of the Lanthanides and Actinides 2.1 1.5.2. Synthesis of Actinide Fluorides and Fluorocomplexes (Ac-Ha) ~~

~~~

~

~

~~~

The high-valent fluoride of plutonium, PUF,, is prepared by fluorinating a mixture of lower fluorides of plutonium (predominantly PuF,) at 500-550°C (1 h) in a stainless steel reactor equipped with an external cooling trough (- 78°C); the PuF, is condensed as formed in the cooled (-78°C) region of the reactor31. High yields of PuF, are obtained by treating PuF, with O,F, at RT for only a few minutes32 (KrF, has also been used); other Pu compounds (oxides, oxyfluorides) are also converted to PuF,. Irradiation of a mixture of solid PuF, with F, at RT gives PuF, as a The hexafluoride of Np is prepared by reacting F, with a lower fluoride of Np13. It has been shown that KrF, converts NpOF, in H F to NpF, 34, The oxyfluorides NpO,F, and PuO,F, have also been prepared and ~haracterized,~; NpO,F, can be obtained by heating NpO, with gaseous H F or F,; PuO,F, is formed by treating with HF, the precipitate obtained by adding MeOH and gaseous H F to an Pu(V1) aq soln. The oxide tetrafluorides can be prepared by the controlled hydrolysis of the hexafluoride; for e ~ a m p l e ~ ~ , ~ ~ MF,

+ H,O

HF

MOF,

+2 HF

(1)

where M = Pu, Np. The plutonium oxyfluoride rearranges in HF: 2 PuOF,

HF

PuF,

+ PuO,F,

(m)

The oxyfluorides salts Cs[NpO,F,], Cs,[NpO,F,] and [C,H,NH][PuO,F,].3 H,O are knownz3. Attempts to prepare a Np(V1) salt with CsF and NpF, lead only to CsCNpF,] 34. CAUTION: Great care must be exercised in handling the actinium hexafluorides (UF,, NpF,, PuF,): (1) they must be handled in thoroughly dry borosilicate glass or quartz containers; (2) NpF, and PuF, undergo photodecomposition; (3) solid PuF, undergoes extensive decay via u-emission and should be stored in the gaseous state; (4) plutonium is extremely toxic and must be handled with extreme care3'. The highest valent binary americium, californium, berkelium and curium fluorides known are the respective tetrafluorides. For Am, Cm and Cf, the tetrafluorides are prepared by fluorinating, with heat, their respective t r i f l u o r i d e ~ ~ For ~ - ~ ~example, . treatment of CfF, (or Cf,O,, CfC1,) with F, (3 x lo5 N rn-' or 3 atm, 400-450°C) gives CfF,. In order to prepare BkF,, it is necessary to fluorinate a ion-exchange bead containing berkelium in a sapphire crucible (400°C with F, pressure up to 2 x lo5 N m-' or 2 atm for 16 h),l. The oxyfluoride AmO,F, and salts such as KAmF,, RbAmO,F,, Rb,AmF, are k n o ~ n ~Americyl ~ , ~ fluoride ~ , ~ was ~ obtained by evaporating an americium(V1) solution in H F (8) followed by treatment with HF. The rubidinium salts were obtained by treating RbAmO,CO, with xs RbF; at first RbAmO,F, is formed but then is slowly (overnight) converted to Rb,AmF,. Einsteinium trifluoride and tetrafluoride are known43944. (J.M. CANICH, G.L. GARD)

1. S. Fried, F. Hagemann, W. H. Zachariasen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 72,771 (1950). 2. A. G. Sharpe, in Advances Fluorine Chemistry, Vol. 1, M. Stacey, J. C . Tatlow, A. G. Sharpe, eds., Butterworths, London, 1960, p. 60. 3. D. Brown, ed., Halides of the TruprsitionEfements.Hufidesof the Lanthanides and Actinides, John Wiley and Sons, London, 1968, p. 99.

2.1 1. Formation of Group-IB, -116, and Transition-Metal Fluorides 2.11.5. of the Lanthanides and Actinides 2.1 1.5.2. Synthesis of Actinide Fluorides and Fluorocomplexes (Ac-Ha).

301

4. D. Brown, ed., Halides of the Transition Elements. Halides of the Lanthanides and Actinides,John Wiley and Sons, London, 1968, p. 51 and references contained therein. 5. R. W. M. D’Eye, J . Chem. SOC.,196 (1958). 6. D. Brown, ed., Halides of the Transition Elements. Halides of the Lanthanides and Actinides,John Wiley and Sons, London, 1968, pp. 59-78 and references contained therein. 7. L. Stein, Znorg. Chem., 3, 995 (1964). 8. D. Brown, B. Whittaker, J. A. Berry, J. H. Holloway, J. Less-Common Met., 86, 75 (1982). 9. L. B. Asprey, F. H. Kruse, A. Rosenzweig, R. A. Penneman, Znorg. Chem., 5, 659 (1966). 10. 0. Ruff, A. Heinzlemann, 2. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 72, 63 (1911). 11. H. J. Emeleus, A. G. Maddock, G. L. Miles, A. G. Sharpe, J. Chem. SOC.,1991 (1948). 12. G. Brauer, Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 1,2nd ed., Academic Press, New York, 1963, p. 262. 13. D. Brown, ed., Halides of the Transition Elements. Halides ofthe Lanthanides and Actinides,John Wiley and Sons, London, 1968, p. 21 and references contained therein. 14. L. M. Ferris, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,79, 5419 (1957). 15. J. Janov, B. G. Charlton, A. H. LePage, V. K. Vilkaitus, AAEC/E-518 Report, 1982. Chem.Abstr. 98, 80,032y, 1982. 16. C. E. Johnson, J. Fischer, M. J. Steindler, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,83, 1620 (1961). 17. C. Goekcek, German Pats., DE 2,626,427 and DE 2,626,428 (1977); Chem. Abstr., 88, 193,886 (1977); 88, 193,885 (1977). 18. J. Slivnik, K. Lutar, A. Smalc, J. Fluorine Chem., 9, 255 (1977). 19. J. Slivnik, K. Lutar, J. Fluorine Chem., 11, 643 (1978). 20. D. Brown, ed., Halides of the Transition Elements. Halides of the Lanthanides and Actinides,John Wiley and Sons, London, 1968, p. 31. 21. S. P. Mallela, 0. D. Gupta, J. M. Shreeve, Znorg. Chem., 27, 208 (1988). 22. R. T. Paine, R. R. Ryan, L. B. Asprey, Znorg. Chem., 14, 1113 (1975). 23. D. Brown, ed., Halides of the Transition Elements. Halides of the Lanthanides anddctinides, John Wiley and Sons, London, 1968, p. 33-35 and references contained therein. 24. A. E. Baker, H. M. Haendler, Znorg. Chem., 1, 127 (1962). 25. K. 0. Christe, C. J. Schack, W. W. Wilson, R. D. Wilson, J. Fluorine Chem., 16, 646 (1980); abstract from 7th European Symposium on Fluorine Chemistry. 26. R. Bougon, J. Fawcett, J. H. Holloway, D. R. Russell, J. Chem. SOC.,Dalton Trans., 1881 (1979). 27. J. H. Holloway, D. Laycock, R. Bougon, J. Chem. SOC.,Dalton Trans., 1635 (1982). 28. J. G. Malm, H. Selig, S. Siegel, Znorg. Chem., 5, 130 (1966). 29. B. zemva, Croatica Chem. Acta, 61, 163 (1988) and refs. therein. 30. E. A. Cuellar, T. J. Marks, Znorg. Chem., 20, 2129 (1981). 31. R. C. Burns, T. A. ODonnell, C . H. Randall, J. Znorg. Nucl. Chem., 43, 1231 (1981). 106, 2726 (1984). 32. J. G. Malm, P. G . Eller, L. B. Asprey, J. Am. Chem. SOC., 33. L. E. Trevorrow, T. J. Gerding, M. J. Steindler, Znorg. Nucl. Chem. Lett., 5, 837 (1969). 34. R. D. Peacock, N. Edelstein, J. Znorg. Nucl. Chem., 38, 771 (1976). 35. D. Brown, ed., Halides of the Transition Elements. Halides of the Lanthanides and Actinides,John Wiley and Sons, London, 1968, p. 31 and references contained therein. 36. R. C. Burns, T. A. O’Donnell, Znorg. Nucl. Chem. Lett., 13, 657 (1977). 37. D. Brown, ed., Halides of the Transition Elements. Halides of the Lanthanides anddctinides, John Wiley and Sons, London, 1968, p. 24. 38. L. B. Asprey, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,76,2019 (1954). 39. R. G. Haire, L. B. Asprey, Znorg. Nucl. Chem. Lett., 9, 869 (1973). 40. L. B. Asprey, F. H. Ellinger, S. Fried, W. H. Zachariasen, J. Am. Chem. SOC.,79, 5825 (1957). 41. L. B. Asprey, T. K. Keenan, Znorg. Nucl. Chem. Lett., 4, 537 (1968). 42. F. H. Kruse, L. B. Asprey, Znorg. Chem., 1, 137 (1962). 43. D. D. Ensor, J. R. Peterson, R. G. Haire, J. P. Young, J. Znorg. Nucl. Chem., 43, 1001 (1981). 44. G. Bouissieres, B. Jouniaux, Y.Legoux, J. Merinis, C. R. Seances Acad. Sci., Ser. C, 290, 381 (1980).


3. Formation of Bonds to

Group-VIB (0,S, Se, Te, Po) Elements (Part I )

3.1. Introduction

Formation of bonds between the group-VIB elements and hydrogen is described in Volume 1, $1.4. Bonds to halogens are described in Volume 3, $2.3. This volume describes formation of group-VIB element bonds to group-IA, -IIA, -IIIB, -IVB, -VB and -VIB elements. Volume 6 completes the description of the formation of group-VIB bonds.

2

3.2. Formation of Group-VIB

(0,S, Se, Te, Po)-Group-VIB ( 0 ,S, Se, Te, Po) Element Bond

3.2.1. Introduction In this chapter are found the reactions used to prepare bonds between chalcogens.

3.2.2. Formation of the Oxygen-Oxygen Bond Numerous compounds contain oxygen-oxygen bonds’-’, which range in formal bond orders from unity to 2.5 (Table lI4. Covalent peroxides with an 0-0 bond order of 1 and structure R O O R are most common; H,O, is the most notable of these. Related to these are the polyoxides, chains of divalent oxygen atoms terminated by an atom or g r o ~ p ~ , ~ . Most compounds containing oxygen-oxygen bonds are prepared’-’ from species already containing such linkages, such as H,O,, 0,, ROOH, but here only reactions in which 0-0 bonds are formed from species not previously containing such

TABLE1. OXYGEN-OXYGEN BONDS Speciesa

Name

Bond order

Refs.

LO,]-

Oxygwl Dioxygen Superoxide Peroxide (ionic) Peroxide (covalent) Trioxide Tetraoxide Ozone Ozonide

3.5 2.0 1.5 1 1 1 1 1.5 1.25

4 4 4 4 1-4 334 3, 4 4 4

R

organic group, perfluoro moiety, H,or F.

~

LO,]+ 0 2

ROOR ROOOR ROOOOR 0 3

a

=

3

4

3.2.2. Formation of the Oxygen-Oxygen Bond 3.2.2.1. by Reactions Involving Free Radicals 3.2.2.1.2. in the Formation of Compounds with -OR

Groups.

linkages are described. It is important to note that owing to the instability of the

0-0 single bond, many covalent peroxides and polyoxides are unstable and unpredictably explosive’ - 5 .

(L. B. PETER)

1. W. M. Weigert, A. Kleeman, P. Kleinschmitt, H. Offermans, 0. Weiberg, in Methodicum Chimicum, F. Korte, ed., Vol. 5, Academic Press, New York, 1978, p. 691. Comprehensive survey of organic peroxides. 2. W. M. Weigert, P. Kleinschmitt, Chem.-Ztg., 98, 583 (1974). Organic peroxide review. 3. D. Swern, Organic Peroxides, 3 vols., Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1970-1972. 4. E. A. V. Ebsworth, J. A. Connor, J. J. Turner, in Comprehensive Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 2, A. J. Trotman-Dickenson, ed., Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1973, p. 685. 5. S . Patai, ed., The Chemistry of the Peroxides, Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1983.

3.2.2.1. by Reactions Involving Free Radicals 3.2.2.1 .l.In the Formation of Compounds with -OH

Groups.

hydro peroxide^'-^, ROOH, with an alkyl, aryl, acyl or organometallic’ group, are prepared either from the insertion of 0, into the corresponding hydride, R H , o r by the reaction of the parent H,O, with R X , X being a halogen, a sulfate or a similar No important preparative routes actually involve 0-0 bond formation. The low molecular weight hydroperoxides are particularly explosive395. Hydrogen tri- and tetrooxides, studied spectroscopically a t low temperatures, are produced by electrical discharges of H,O or H,O-H,O, mixtures, by electron beams o n H,O and 0, o r by the reaction of atomic hydrogen and liquid ozone. Alkyl hydrotrioxides are short-lived intermediates in the low-temperature ozonation of some saturated organic compounds6. (L. 8. PETER)

1. W. M. Weigert, A. Kleeman, P. Kleinschmitt, H. Offermans, 0. Weiberg, in Methodicum Chimicum, F. Korte, ed., Vol. 5, Academic Press, New York, 1978, p. 691. Comprehensive survey of organic peroxides. 2. 0. L. Magelli, C. S . Sheppard, in Organic Peroxides, Vol. I, D. Swern, ed., Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1970, p. 1. 3. R. Hiatt, in Organic Peroxides, Vol. 11, D. Swern, ed., Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1971, p. 1. Organic hydroperoxides. 4. G. Sosnovsky, J. H. Brown, Chem. Rev., 66, 529 (1966). Organometallic peroxides. 5. R. A. Seldon, in The Chemistry of the Peroxides, S . Patai, ed., Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1983, p. 161. 6. B. Plesnicar, in The Chemistry of the Peroxides, S. Patai, ed., Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1983, p. 483. 3.2.2.1.2. in the Formation of Compounds with -OR

Groups.

The covalent peroxides ROOR’, in which R and R’ can b e alkyl, aryl, acyl or organometallic m o i e t i e ~ l - ~are, , like their hydroperoxide counterparts, generally



Groups.



(L. B. PETER)



Groups.



Groups.




Groups.



(L. B. PETER)



Groups.



Groups.


3.2.2. Formation of the Oxygen-Oxygen Bond 3.2.2.1. by Reactions Involving Free Radicals 3.2.2.1.3. in the Formation of Compounds with -OR,

5 Groups.

formed from reagents already containing 0-0 most often 0,, H,O,, or ROOH. Unlike their sulfur analog, most alcohols, alkoxides, phenols and phenoxides cannot be oxidized to their corresponding peroxides. An important exception is the dehydro~xidation~ of certain phenols with [Fe(CN>,I3-. The phenolic moieties can stabilize intermediate RO. free radicals to allow coupling. Some phenols can be oxidized to stable free radicalsss9,which dimerize only slowly in the solid phase, e.g., in the oxidation of substituted phenanthrolenes. Catenation in oxygen with more than two atoms is rare, but t-butyl trioxide'", t-Bu000Bu-t, and tetraoxide", t - B u 0 0 0 0 B u - t are synthesized at low T. The trioxide is produced by low-T oxidation of t-BuOOH in CH,Cl, by lead tetraacetate". The tetraoxide comes from the dimerization at - 110°C of t-BuOO. radicals generated from the photolysis of di-t-butyl peroxycarbonate'", and the photolysis of a 1 : 2 CFCl3-CF,C1, solution of t-Bu,N, and 0, also at low T 12. (L. 6.PETER)

1. S. Patai, ed., The Chemistry of the Peroxides, Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1983. 2. W. M. Weigert, A. Kleeman, P. Kleinschmitt, H. Offermans, 0. Weiberg, in Methodicum Chimicum, F. Korte, ed., Vol. 5, Academic Press, New York, 1978, p. 691. Comprehensive survey of organic peroxides. 3. 0. L. Magelli, C. S. Sheppard, in Organic Peroxides, Vol. I, D. Swern, ed., Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1970, p. 1. 4. R. Hiatt, in Organic Peroxides, Vol. 111, D. Swern, ed., Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1972, p. 1. ROOR' compounds. 5. G. Sosnovsky, J. H. Brown, Chem. Reu., 66, 529 (1966). Organometallic peroxides. 6. A. G. Davies, in Organic Peroxides, Vol. 11, D. Swern, ed., Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1971, p. 337. Organometallic peroxides. 7. R. Criegee, in Houben-Weyl Methoden der Organischen Chemie, Vol. VIII, Georg Thieme, Stuttgart, 1952, p. 61. 8. E. Muller, in Houben-Weyl Methoden der Organischen Chemie, Vol. IV, Georg Thieme, Stuttgart, 1975, pp. 311, 738. 9. R. Plummerer, G. Schmidutz, H. Seifert, Chem. Reu., 85, 535 (1952). 10. P. D. Bartlett, P. Gunther, J . Am. Chem. Soc., 88, 3288 (1966). 11. P. D. Bartlett, G. Guardi, J . Am. Chem. SOC., 89, 4799 (1967). 12. T. Mill, R. S. Stringham, J . Am. Chem. Soc., 90, 1062 (1968).

3.2.2.1.3. in the Formation of Compounds with -OR,

Groups.

The perfluoroalkyl peroxides, which are analogous to the organic dialkyl peroxides, are structurally similar to the hydrocarbon peroxide counterparts, but they are prepared differentl~l-~. The simplest member of this group is the bis(trifluoromethy1)peroxide' CF,OOCF,, prepared by the reaction of CF30F and COF, at 290°C in a nickel vessel. Several other methods' are listed in Table 1. Methods 1, 2, and 4 are useful for producing large quantities of the compound, whereas method 6 is for relatively small amounts. Additional procedures of varying efficiency are known'. Fluorination, especially oxyfluorination reactions, can proceed explosively. Adequate shields and safety equipment should be employed. Additionally, both reactants and products should not come in contact with standard vacuum line materials such as mercury, hydrocarbon grease or other reducing substance^'^^.


3.2.2. Formation of the Oxygen-Oxygen Bond 3.2.2.1. by Reactions Involving Free Radicals 3.2.2.1.3. in the Formation of Compounds with -OR,

5 Groups.

formed from reagents already containing 0-0 most often 0,, H,O,, or ROOH. Unlike their sulfur analog, most alcohols, alkoxides, phenols and phenoxides cannot be oxidized to their corresponding peroxides. An important exception is the dehydro~xidation~ of certain phenols with [Fe(CN>,I3-. The phenolic moieties can stabilize intermediate RO. free radicals to allow coupling. Some phenols can be oxidized to stable free radicalsss9,which dimerize only slowly in the solid phase, e.g., in the oxidation of substituted phenanthrolenes. Catenation in oxygen with more than two atoms is rare, but t-butyl trioxide'", t-Bu000Bu-t, and tetraoxide", t - B u 0 0 0 0 B u - t are synthesized at low T. The trioxide is produced by low-T oxidation of t-BuOOH in CH,Cl, by lead tetraacetate". The tetraoxide comes from the dimerization at - 110°C of t-BuOO. radicals generated from the photolysis of di-t-butyl peroxycarbonate'", and the photolysis of a 1 : 2 CFCl3-CF,C1, solution of t-Bu,N, and 0, also at low T 12. (L. 6.PETER)

1. S. Patai, ed., The Chemistry of the Peroxides, Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1983. 2. W. M. Weigert, A. Kleeman, P. Kleinschmitt, H. Offermans, 0. Weiberg, in Methodicum Chimicum, F. Korte, ed., Vol. 5, Academic Press, New York, 1978, p. 691. Comprehensive survey of organic peroxides. 3. 0. L. Magelli, C. S. Sheppard, in Organic Peroxides, Vol. I, D. Swern, ed., Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1970, p. 1. 4. R. Hiatt, in Organic Peroxides, Vol. 111, D. Swern, ed., Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1972, p. 1. ROOR' compounds. 5. G. Sosnovsky, J. H. Brown, Chem. Reu., 66, 529 (1966). Organometallic peroxides. 6. A. G. Davies, in Organic Peroxides, Vol. 11, D. Swern, ed., Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1971, p. 337. Organometallic peroxides. 7. R. Criegee, in Houben-Weyl Methoden der Organischen Chemie, Vol. VIII, Georg Thieme, Stuttgart, 1952, p. 61. 8. E. Muller, in Houben-Weyl Methoden der Organischen Chemie, Vol. IV, Georg Thieme, Stuttgart, 1975, pp. 311, 738. 9. R. Plummerer, G. Schmidutz, H. Seifert, Chem. Reu., 85, 535 (1952). 10. P. D. Bartlett, P. Gunther, J . Am. Chem. Soc., 88, 3288 (1966). 11. P. D. Bartlett, G. Guardi, J . Am. Chem. SOC., 89, 4799 (1967). 12. T. Mill, R. S. Stringham, J . Am. Chem. Soc., 90, 1062 (1968).

3.2.2.1.3. in the Formation of Compounds with -OR,

Groups.

The perfluoroalkyl peroxides, which are analogous to the organic dialkyl peroxides, are structurally similar to the hydrocarbon peroxide counterparts, but they are prepared differentl~l-~. The simplest member of this group is the bis(trifluoromethy1)peroxide' CF,OOCF,, prepared by the reaction of CF30F and COF, at 290°C in a nickel vessel. Several other methods' are listed in Table 1. Methods 1, 2, and 4 are useful for producing large quantities of the compound, whereas method 6 is for relatively small amounts. Additional procedures of varying efficiency are known'. Fluorination, especially oxyfluorination reactions, can proceed explosively. Adequate shields and safety equipment should be employed. Additionally, both reactants and products should not come in contact with standard vacuum line materials such as mercury, hydrocarbon grease or other reducing substance^'^^.

6

3.2.2. Formation of the Oxygen-Oxygen Bond 3.2.2.1. by Reactions Involving Free Radicals 3.2.2.1.3.in the Formation of Compounds with -OR,

Groups.

TABLE1. PREPARATION OF CF,OOCF,

No.

Reagents

Conditions

Yield (%I

Refs.

1 2 3 4

CO+F, COF,+ CF,OF F, + Metal oxalates CIF, COF, CF,OF+ Xe + CF3OC1

180°C, AgF,-coated Cu 265"C, Ni-lined autoclave 80-90"C, flow reaction 250"C, group-IA fluorides XeF, + CF,OOCF, RT photolysis

60 93

1 1 1 1 1 1-6

5

6

+

92

90

In addition to CF,OOCF,, several other symmetrical fluorinated alkyl or aryl peroxides are found in low yields as side products in the preparations of other fluoroxy compounds, but a useful general method is that similar to 6 in Table 1, i.e., the photolysis followed by dimerization of the perfluoroalkyl hyp~chlorite~,': RFOCI

-%

RFOORF

(a)

Temperature and lamp power used depend on the species involved, but this method is not universally applicable. Symmetrical fluorinated peroxides can also be prepared in I 80% yields by dehydrooxidation of fluoroalkyl alcohols, R,OH, by ClF,. These reactions proceed at R T for totally fluorinated alkyl groups, but reactions involving partially hydrogenated alkyl group must be carried out at low T Bis(pentafluoropheny1)peroxide is prepared' by the oxidation of the corresponding phenol with XeF,:

'.

2 C 6 F 5 0 H + XeF,

MeCN

Xe

+ 2 H F + C,F500C6F,

(b)'

There are no general methods for synthesizing unsymmetrical peroxides, RFOORF,, but ethylmethylperoxide, CF,OOC,F,, is a side product of the fluorination of trifluoroacetate salts. The compound CF,OOC(CF,), is a side product (8%) of the reaction of OF, and Na[OC(CF,),] in a bomb reactor. Five-membered ring, cyclic perfluoroalkyl peroxides are also prepared in < 5% yield by the fluorination of Cu(I1) or Ni(I1) hexafluoroacetylacetonates of 1-hydroxy-3-trichloroacetoxypropane: CI,CCO,C,H,OH

+ F,

-

F,C

\

CF2

I

0-0

Of the unsymmetrical fluorinated alkyl peroxides, the RFOOF, only CF,OOF is synthesized by methods appropriate for discussion here. This methyl compound is prepared as a side product (along with C,F,OOF) in the fluorination of sodium trifluoroacetate', but in much better yield by's': OF, The OF,/CsOCF,

+ Cs[OCF,]

3

CF,OOF

+ CF,OOCF,

(d)

ratio should be about 4 : 1, and the products are separated by

3.2.2. Formation of the Oxygen-Oxygen Bond 3.2.2.1. by Reactions Involving Free Radicals 3.2.2.1.4. in the Formation of Compounds with -OF

7 Groups.

fractional condensation. This general method is not worthwhile in preparing higher R,OOF compounds'. Related to CF,OOF is the hydroperoxide CF,OOH. It is prepared in 80% yield by the hydrolysis of fluoroformyl(trifluoromethyl)peroxide, CF,OOC(O)F, or (CF,OO),CO, bis(trifluoromethy1peroxy)carbonate': CF,OOC(O)F

+ H20

glass

CF,OOH

+ CO, + SiF,

(e) Liquid-phase reactions using xs H,O afford better yields and easier separation. The product can be used as a reagent in the production of CF,OOF and CF,OOCl, the chlorine analog'. Just as the perfluoroalkyl peroxides are in general more stable than the corresponding hydrocarbon peroxides, a like situation exists for the trioxides. In 03.2.2.1.3 the low-T preparations of some unstable dialkyl polyoxides are described. A few perfluortrioxides are remarkably stable at RT and above's5. The fluorination of metal trifluoroacetates produces low yields of CF,OOOCF,, CF,000C2F5 and C,F5000C,F5, the last only in trace amounts'; CF,OOOC,F, and C2 F 5 0 0 0 C2 F 5 are also isolated from the reaction of OF, with CsOC,F5, and CF,OOOCF, is prepared in I90% yields by the RT reaction of OF, and COF, over a CsF catalyst',lo. Other less efficient, but useful, methods of preparing the bis(perfluor0methyl) compound include photolyzing a mixture of (CF,),CO, F, and 0,, which produces this trioxide in 60% yield'. The perfluoroalkyl tetraoxide, CF,OOOOCF, lS5, may be prepared by the low-T oxidation of CF,OOH with XeF,: XeF, + 2 CF,OOH Xe + 2 HF + CF,OOOOCF, (f)

-

(L. B. PETER)

1. R. A. DeMarco, J. M. Shreeve, in Adcances in Inorganic Chemistry and Radiochemistry, Vol. 16, H. J. EmelCus, A. G. Sharp, eds., Academic Press, New York, 1974, p. 110. Excellent review.

2. A. E. Croce, E. Castellano, J . Photochem., 1 9 , 303 (1982).

3. W. M. Weigert, A. Kleeman, P. Kleinschmitt, H. Offermans, 0. Weiberg, in Methodicum Chimicum, Vol. 5, F. Korte, ed., Academic Press, New York, 1978, p. 691. Comprehensive survey of organic peroxides. 4. R. Hiatt, in Organics Peroxides, Vol. 111, D. Swern, ed., Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1972, p. 1. ROOR' compounds. 5. E. A. V. Ebsworth, J. A. Connor, J. J. Turner, in Comprehensiue Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 2, A. J. Trotman-Dickenson, ed., Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1973, p. 685. 6. L. Dicelio, H. J. Schumacher, An. Asoc. Quim. Argen., 66, 283 (1978). 7. L. Dicelio, H. J. Schumacher, J . Photochern., 11, 1 (1979). 8. L. N. Nikolenko, T. L. Yurasova, A. A. Menko, J . Gen. Chem. USSR (Engl. Transl.), 40, 920 (1970). 9. I. J. Slornan, A. J. Kacmarek, W. K. Sumida, J. K. Raney, Inorg. Chem., 11, 195 (1972). 10. L. R. Anderson, D. E. Gould, W. B. Fox, Inorg. Synth., 12, 312 (1970). 11. B. Plesnicar, in The Chemistv of the Peroxides, S. Patai, ed., Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1983, p. 483. 3.2.2.1.4. in the Formation of Compounds with -OF

Groups.

The formation of the symmetric di- and polyoxygen fluorides, compounds consisting of divalent oxygen chains terminated at both ends by fluorine, is described here'-,. Similar compounds with one end terminated by other groups are covered in 03.2.2.1.3 and 3.2.2.1.6.


3.2.2. Formation of the Oxygen-Oxygen Bond 3.2.2.1. by Reactions Involving Free Radicals 3.2.2.1.4. in the Formation of Compounds with -OF

7 Groups.

fractional condensation. This general method is not worthwhile in preparing higher R,OOF compounds'. Related to CF,OOF is the hydroperoxide CF,OOH. It is prepared in 80% yield by the hydrolysis of fluoroformyl(trifluoromethyl)peroxide, CF,OOC(O)F, or (CF,OO),CO, bis(trifluoromethy1peroxy)carbonate': CF,OOC(O)F

+ H20

glass

CF,OOH

+ CO, + SiF,

(e) Liquid-phase reactions using xs H,O afford better yields and easier separation. The product can be used as a reagent in the production of CF,OOF and CF,OOCl, the chlorine analog'. Just as the perfluoroalkyl peroxides are in general more stable than the corresponding hydrocarbon peroxides, a like situation exists for the trioxides. In 03.2.2.1.3 the low-T preparations of some unstable dialkyl polyoxides are described. A few perfluortrioxides are remarkably stable at RT and above's5. The fluorination of metal trifluoroacetates produces low yields of CF,OOOCF,, CF,000C2F5 and C,F5000C,F5, the last only in trace amounts'; CF,OOOC,F, and C2 F 5 0 0 0 C2 F 5 are also isolated from the reaction of OF, with CsOC,F5, and CF,OOOCF, is prepared in I90% yields by the RT reaction of OF, and COF, over a CsF catalyst',lo. Other less efficient, but useful, methods of preparing the bis(perfluor0methyl) compound include photolyzing a mixture of (CF,),CO, F, and 0,, which produces this trioxide in 60% yield'. The perfluoroalkyl tetraoxide, CF,OOOOCF, lS5, may be prepared by the low-T oxidation of CF,OOH with XeF,: XeF, + 2 CF,OOH Xe + 2 HF + CF,OOOOCF, (f)

-

(L. B. PETER)

1. R. A. DeMarco, J. M. Shreeve, in Adcances in Inorganic Chemistry and Radiochemistry, Vol. 16, H. J. EmelCus, A. G. Sharp, eds., Academic Press, New York, 1974, p. 110. Excellent review.

2. A. E. Croce, E. Castellano, J . Photochem., 1 9 , 303 (1982).

3. W. M. Weigert, A. Kleeman, P. Kleinschmitt, H. Offermans, 0. Weiberg, in Methodicum Chimicum, Vol. 5, F. Korte, ed., Academic Press, New York, 1978, p. 691. Comprehensive survey of organic peroxides. 4. R. Hiatt, in Organics Peroxides, Vol. 111, D. Swern, ed., Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1972, p. 1. ROOR' compounds. 5. E. A. V. Ebsworth, J. A. Connor, J. J. Turner, in Comprehensiue Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 2, A. J. Trotman-Dickenson, ed., Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1973, p. 685. 6. L. Dicelio, H. J. Schumacher, An. Asoc. Quim. Argen., 66, 283 (1978). 7. L. Dicelio, H. J. Schumacher, J . Photochern., 11, 1 (1979). 8. L. N. Nikolenko, T. L. Yurasova, A. A. Menko, J . Gen. Chem. USSR (Engl. Transl.), 40, 920 (1970). 9. I. J. Slornan, A. J. Kacmarek, W. K. Sumida, J. K. Raney, Inorg. Chem., 11, 195 (1972). 10. L. R. Anderson, D. E. Gould, W. B. Fox, Inorg. Synth., 12, 312 (1970). 11. B. Plesnicar, in The Chemistv of the Peroxides, S. Patai, ed., Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1983, p. 483. 3.2.2.1.4. in the Formation of Compounds with -OF

Groups.

The formation of the symmetric di- and polyoxygen fluorides, compounds consisting of divalent oxygen chains terminated at both ends by fluorine, is described here'-,. Similar compounds with one end terminated by other groups are covered in 03.2.2.1.3 and 3.2.2.1.6.

8

3.2.2. Formation of the Oxygen-Oxygen Bond 3.2.2.1, by Reactions Involving Free Radicals 3.2.2.1.5. in the Formation of Compounds with -0S0,F

Groups.

Dioxygen difluoride, O,F,, the simplest and most intensively studied member of this family, is commonly prepared by passing an electrical discharge through a e.g., with a total gas low-pressure gaseous 1 : 1 mixture of 0, and F, at low T pressure of 90 N rn-, (12 torr), temperature of 90 K, power 25-30 mA at 2.1-2.4 kV. The yield depends on reaction ratio, pressure, temperature and electrical power. Other preparative methods include'-, low-T photolysis of either liquid or gaseous mixtures of 0, and F,, photolysis of a 2 : 1 mixture of 0, and F, at - 150°C and electrical discharge of an OF,-0, gaseous mixture. The conditions of the last reaction are an OF,/O, ratio of 2 : 1, pressure of 130-1300 Pa (1 to 10 torr), temperature of -183°C and discharge power of 44-65 W. The procedure that reportedly produces the purest O,F, sample involves irradiating liquid mixtures of 0, and F, with a 3 MeV Bremsstrahlung for 1-4 h at - 196 K. Dioxygen difluoride and other 0 - F compounds are strong oxidizing and fluorinating agents. They react explosively even under cryogenic conditions! Inadvertent contact with organic material and other reducing substances must be scrupulously avoided, and reactions should be done under low-temperature conditions! Although perfluorinated alkyls are stable at RT, no procedure exists for the corresponding fluoride, O,F,. Earlier reports of its synthesis have since been disproved'-,. The compound O,F,, however, exists at low T It is prepared similarly to O,F,; i.e., an electrical discharge of 4.6 m A and 0.8-1.5 kV is passed through a 2 : 1 0,-F, gaseous mixture at 35-115 N rn-, (5-15 torr) and 60-70 K. The discharge conditions are milder than those used in the preparation of O,F,. Discharge of OF,-0, mixtures and radiolysis of 0,-F, mixtures also lead to O,F, formation. When higher O,/F, ratios are used, total gas pressure is lower and electrical discharge conditions are milder O,F, and O,F, are f ~ r r n e d ~but , ~ conclu, sive characterization has not been accomplished.

'-,.

(L. B. PETER) 1. I. J. Solomon, Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 3rd ed., Vol. 10, WileyInterscience, New York, 1980, p. 773. 2. E. A. V. Ebsworth, J. A. Connor, J. J. Turner, in Comprehensiue Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 2, A. J. Trotman-Dickenson, ed., Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1973, p. 685. 3. R. A. DeMarco, J. M. Shreeve, in Advances in Inorganic Chemistry and Radiochemistry, Vol. 16, H. J. EmelCus, A. G. Sharpe, eds., Academic Press, New York, 1974, p. 110. Excellent review. 4. A. Smalc, K. Lutas, J. Slivnik, J . Fluorine Chem., 6 , 287 (1975). 3.2.2.1.5. in the Formation of Compounds with -0S0,F

Groups.

An intensely studied inorganic compound containing an 0-0 bond is S,O,F, (or FSO,OOSO,F), bis(fluorosulfury1)peroxide (or peroxodisulfuryl difluoride), which consists of two .OSO,F groups connected by an 0-0 single bond. It is prepared in 2 90% yield in large quantities by a flow reaction of F, and SO, at 160°C in the presence of an AgF, catalyst. Small amounts of explosive FS0,F are also formed, so caution is advised. The peroxide itself is a powerful oxidizing agent and caution should be exercised to prevent its exposure to organic materials or other reducing agents'. Good yields of S,O,F, can also be produced by the static reaction of SO, and F, at 170°C, S,O,F, being the primary side product. It is also a product in the fluorination of metal fluorosulfates, the reaction of the xenon fluorides, XeF,, n = 2,4,6, with H S 0 , F or SO,, and other reactions involving sulfur-oxygen-fluorine


8

3.2.2. Formation of the Oxygen-Oxygen Bond 3.2.2.1, by Reactions Involving Free Radicals 3.2.2.1.5. in the Formation of Compounds with -0S0,F

Groups.

Dioxygen difluoride, O,F,, the simplest and most intensively studied member of this family, is commonly prepared by passing an electrical discharge through a e.g., with a total gas low-pressure gaseous 1 : 1 mixture of 0, and F, at low T pressure of 90 N rn-, (12 torr), temperature of 90 K, power 25-30 mA at 2.1-2.4 kV. The yield depends on reaction ratio, pressure, temperature and electrical power. Other preparative methods include'-, low-T photolysis of either liquid or gaseous mixtures of 0, and F,, photolysis of a 2 : 1 mixture of 0, and F, at - 150°C and electrical discharge of an OF,-0, gaseous mixture. The conditions of the last reaction are an OF,/O, ratio of 2 : 1, pressure of 130-1300 Pa (1 to 10 torr), temperature of -183°C and discharge power of 44-65 W. The procedure that reportedly produces the purest O,F, sample involves irradiating liquid mixtures of 0, and F, with a 3 MeV Bremsstrahlung for 1-4 h at - 196 K. Dioxygen difluoride and other 0 - F compounds are strong oxidizing and fluorinating agents. They react explosively even under cryogenic conditions! Inadvertent contact with organic material and other reducing substances must be scrupulously avoided, and reactions should be done under low-temperature conditions! Although perfluorinated alkyls are stable at RT, no procedure exists for the corresponding fluoride, O,F,. Earlier reports of its synthesis have since been disproved'-,. The compound O,F,, however, exists at low T It is prepared similarly to O,F,; i.e., an electrical discharge of 4.6 m A and 0.8-1.5 kV is passed through a 2 : 1 0,-F, gaseous mixture at 35-115 N rn-, (5-15 torr) and 60-70 K. The discharge conditions are milder than those used in the preparation of O,F,. Discharge of OF,-0, mixtures and radiolysis of 0,-F, mixtures also lead to O,F, formation. When higher O,/F, ratios are used, total gas pressure is lower and electrical discharge conditions are milder O,F, and O,F, are f ~ r r n e d ~but , ~ conclu, sive characterization has not been accomplished.

'-,.

(L. B. PETER) 1. I. J. Solomon, Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 3rd ed., Vol. 10, WileyInterscience, New York, 1980, p. 773. 2. E. A. V. Ebsworth, J. A. Connor, J. J. Turner, in Comprehensiue Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 2, A. J. Trotman-Dickenson, ed., Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1973, p. 685. 3. R. A. DeMarco, J. M. Shreeve, in Advances in Inorganic Chemistry and Radiochemistry, Vol. 16, H. J. EmelCus, A. G. Sharpe, eds., Academic Press, New York, 1974, p. 110. Excellent review. 4. A. Smalc, K. Lutas, J. Slivnik, J . Fluorine Chem., 6 , 287 (1975). 3.2.2.1.5. in the Formation of Compounds with -0S0,F

Groups.

An intensely studied inorganic compound containing an 0-0 bond is S,O,F, (or FSO,OOSO,F), bis(fluorosulfury1)peroxide (or peroxodisulfuryl difluoride), which consists of two .OSO,F groups connected by an 0-0 single bond. It is prepared in 2 90% yield in large quantities by a flow reaction of F, and SO, at 160°C in the presence of an AgF, catalyst. Small amounts of explosive FS0,F are also formed, so caution is advised. The peroxide itself is a powerful oxidizing agent and caution should be exercised to prevent its exposure to organic materials or other reducing agents'. Good yields of S,O,F, can also be produced by the static reaction of SO, and F, at 170°C, S,O,F, being the primary side product. It is also a product in the fluorination of metal fluorosulfates, the reaction of the xenon fluorides, XeF,, n = 2,4,6, with H S 0 , F or SO,, and other reactions involving sulfur-oxygen-fluorine

3.2.2. Formation of the Oxygen-Oxygen Bond 3.2.2.1. by Reactions Involving Free Radicals 3.2.2.1.6. in the Formation of Compounds with OEF, Groups

9

compounds'. It can also be produced electrochemically from solutions of HS03F and KS0,F at 193 K. Peroxo derivatives of S,O,F,, e.g., the stable, simple fluoro derivative FSO,OOF, can be prepared by the near-UV photolysis of a mixture of OF, and SO3. A 6 : 1 molar xs of OF, and radiation of wavelengths higher than 365 nm are needed for good yields. Higher energy radiation leads to other products'. Analogous perfluoroalkyl compounds, e.g., the simplest, FSO,OOCF,, can be prepared by reacting CF,OF with SO, at 245-260°C, reacting S,O,F, with CF30F, and reacting S206F2with COF, in the presence of dry powdered KF. The latter two reactions proceed smoothly at RT. Reactions analogous to the latter two are also used to prepare higher perfluoroalkyl derivatives'. Much of the rich reaction chemistry of S20,F, proceeds by mechanisms dominated by .OSO,F radical formation, e.g., in the photolytic reaction used in the formation' of the peroxo derivative FSO,OOSF,. When equimolar amounts of SF,OOSF, and S,0,F2 are photoreacted, nearly identical amounts of FSO,OOSO,F, SF,OOSF, and FSO,OOSF, result. The mixed peroxide is prepared in low yield by the reaction of SF,OF and SO, at 210°C and in 40% yield in the R T reaction of S,O,F, and SOF, in the presence of dry, finely divided KF. (L. 6.PETER)

1. R. A. DeMarco, J. M. Shreeve, in Advances in Inorganic Chemistry and Radiochemistry, Vol. 16, H. J. EmelCus, A. G . Sharpe, eds., Academic Press, New York, 1974, p. 110. Excellent

review.

2. C. T. Ratcliffe, A. J. Melvegar, L. R. Anderson, W. B. Fox, Appl. Specrrosc., 26, 381 (1972). 3. S. Singh, R. D. Verma, Indian J . Chem., A , 25, 51 (1986). 3.2.2.1.6. in the Formatlon of Compounds with OEF, Groups (E

= S,

Se or Te).

The parent of many substances containing an 0-0 bond is SF,OOSF,. This stable symmetrical molecule is synthesized by several procedures', generally with low to moderate yields and with several other sulfur-oxygen-fluorine compounds produced simultaneously. One of the higher yield static methods reacts SF,OF with SOF, in a copper vessel under high pressure and 168°C. After 12 h the peroxide is recovered in 33% yield. This compound is also obtained by reacting SF,OF with SOF,, reacting SF,OF with SF,, the photolysis of SF,OF, and the photolysis of SF,CIO, mixtures. The highest yields are obtained ( > 70%) when the S,O,F,, is continuously removed to prevent secondary reactions. The best conditions are a circulation system in which a 3 : 1 SF,Cl-0, mixture is photolyzed over a period of 40 h, and the peroxide is trapped at -80°C. Peroxide derivatives of this compound include' SF,OOF, SF,OOCF, and SF500H. The unstable SF500F is a product of the low-T reaction of SF, and O,F,, but it is not well characterized. The more stable SF,OOCF, can be prepared by photolysis of a I : 1 molar mixture of the parent SF,OOSF, and CF,OOCF,. This radical coupling system also leads to substantial amounts of the reformed parents'. Other lower yield methods are also known'. The hydroperoxide SF,OOH is prepared by a method analogous to that for CF,OOH. It is prepared2 from the hydrolysis of SF,OOC(O)F at 0°C. When just stoichiometric amounts of water are used, the yield is nearly quantitative. This stable


3.2.2. Formation of the Oxygen-Oxygen Bond 3.2.2.1. by Reactions Involving Free Radicals 3.2.2.1.6. in the Formation of Compounds with OEF, Groups

9

compounds'. It can also be produced electrochemically from solutions of HS03F and KS0,F at 193 K. Peroxo derivatives of S,O,F,, e.g., the stable, simple fluoro derivative FSO,OOF, can be prepared by the near-UV photolysis of a mixture of OF, and SO3. A 6 : 1 molar xs of OF, and radiation of wavelengths higher than 365 nm are needed for good yields. Higher energy radiation leads to other products'. Analogous perfluoroalkyl compounds, e.g., the simplest, FSO,OOCF,, can be prepared by reacting CF,OF with SO, at 245-260°C, reacting S,O,F, with CF30F, and reacting S206F2with COF, in the presence of dry powdered KF. The latter two reactions proceed smoothly at RT. Reactions analogous to the latter two are also used to prepare higher perfluoroalkyl derivatives'. Much of the rich reaction chemistry of S20,F, proceeds by mechanisms dominated by .OSO,F radical formation, e.g., in the photolytic reaction used in the formation' of the peroxo derivative FSO,OOSF,. When equimolar amounts of SF,OOSF, and S,0,F2 are photoreacted, nearly identical amounts of FSO,OOSO,F, SF,OOSF, and FSO,OOSF, result. The mixed peroxide is prepared in low yield by the reaction of SF,OF and SO, at 210°C and in 40% yield in the R T reaction of S,O,F, and SOF, in the presence of dry, finely divided KF. (L. 6.PETER)

1. R. A. DeMarco, J. M. Shreeve, in Advances in Inorganic Chemistry and Radiochemistry, Vol. 16, H. J. EmelCus, A. G . Sharpe, eds., Academic Press, New York, 1974, p. 110. Excellent

review.

2. C. T. Ratcliffe, A. J. Melvegar, L. R. Anderson, W. B. Fox, Appl. Specrrosc., 26, 381 (1972). 3. S. Singh, R. D. Verma, Indian J . Chem., A , 25, 51 (1986). 3.2.2.1.6. in the Formatlon of Compounds with OEF, Groups (E

= S,

Se or Te).

The parent of many substances containing an 0-0 bond is SF,OOSF,. This stable symmetrical molecule is synthesized by several procedures', generally with low to moderate yields and with several other sulfur-oxygen-fluorine compounds produced simultaneously. One of the higher yield static methods reacts SF,OF with SOF, in a copper vessel under high pressure and 168°C. After 12 h the peroxide is recovered in 33% yield. This compound is also obtained by reacting SF,OF with SOF,, reacting SF,OF with SF,, the photolysis of SF,OF, and the photolysis of SF,CIO, mixtures. The highest yields are obtained ( > 70%) when the S,O,F,, is continuously removed to prevent secondary reactions. The best conditions are a circulation system in which a 3 : 1 SF,Cl-0, mixture is photolyzed over a period of 40 h, and the peroxide is trapped at -80°C. Peroxide derivatives of this compound include' SF,OOF, SF,OOCF, and SF500H. The unstable SF500F is a product of the low-T reaction of SF, and O,F,, but it is not well characterized. The more stable SF,OOCF, can be prepared by photolysis of a I : 1 molar mixture of the parent SF,OOSF, and CF,OOCF,. This radical coupling system also leads to substantial amounts of the reformed parents'. Other lower yield methods are also known'. The hydroperoxide SF,OOH is prepared by a method analogous to that for CF,OOH. It is prepared2 from the hydrolysis of SF,OOC(O)F at 0°C. When just stoichiometric amounts of water are used, the yield is nearly quantitative. This stable

10

3.2.2. Formation of the Oxygen-Oxygen Bond 3.2.2.2. by Oxidation of 0 3.2.2.2.1. In Solution.

substance may be useful in the formation of higher polyoxides, which are currently unknown; e.g., the corresponding tetraoxide might be produced in a low-T reaction: 2 SF,OOH + XeF, Xe + 2 HF + SF,OOOOSF, (€9 Selenium and Te analogs of S,O,F,, are known; e.g., SeF,OOSeF, is prepared by a flow reaction between SeO, and F, (diluted by N,) at 110°C catalyzed by silver-plated copper', the fluorination of Hg(OSeF,), with a yield3 of 47% or the photolysis of Xe(OSeF,),. The last method yields nearly quantitative amounts of the peroxide, but the starting material is exotic. The somewhat less stable TeF,OOTeF, can also be prepared quantitatively from the photolytic decomposition of Xe(OTeF,), or higher coordinated xenon compounds of the same ligand'. The trioxide SF,OOOSF, is a product' of the low-T reaction of SF,, F, and 0,.

-

(L. B. PETER)

1. R. A. DeMarco, J. M. Shreeve, in Advances in Inorganic Chemistry and Radiochemistry, Vol. 16, H. J. EmelCus, A. G. Sharpe, eds., Academic Press, New York, 1974, p. 110. Excellent review. 2. D. D. DesMarteau, J . A m . Chem. SOC.,94, 8933 (1972). 3. K. Seppelt, Chem. Ber., 106, 157 (1973). 4. K. Seppelt, D. Nothe, Inorg. Chem., 12, 2727(1973). 5. D. Lenz, K. Seppelt, Angew Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 18, 66 (1979). 6. J. H. Holloway, D. Laycock, in Advances in Inorganic Chemistry and Radiochemistry, Vol. 27, H. J. Emelkus, A. G. Sharpe, eds., Academic Press, New York, 1983, p. 157. 7. A. C. Gonzalez, H. J. Schumacher, Z. Phys. Chem., 127, 167(1981).

3.2.2.2. by Oxidation of 0'-

Compared to the number of compounds prepared under the conditions described in 03.2.2.1, oxygen-oxygen bond formation under the conditions discussed in the following sections is relatively unfruitful. Nevertheless, some important chemical species are prepared routinely by these methods. (L. 8. PETER) 3.2.2.2.1. In Solution.

Oxide or, more accurately, species containing oxygen in the 2 - oxidation state can be oxidized in solution by chemically reacting the substance with a strong chemical oxidizing agent, such as F,, or by an electrolytic process, examples of which follow. In aqueous solution, F, is the strongest chemical oxidizing agent known. The following is a summary of substances oxidized by F, in aqueous solution and the oxygen-oxygen products': (i) Pure H,O produces H,O,, 0, and 0,; (ii) cold HNO, produces N,O,, which decomposes yielding H,O,; (iii) [SO,]2- or [HSO,]- produces [s2O8l2-; (iv) B(OH), produces perborate; (v) [C0,]2- produces percarbonate and (vi) cold H,PO, or [HPO,]*- produces H,P,C8 or its anions. Besides H,O,, 0, and 0,, only alkali-metal salts of [ s 2 0 8 ] z - and [P2O8l4- of the above products are isolated. Because of the toxicity and corrosive behavior of fluorine compounds, aqueous oxidation by F2 is often replaced by electrolysis. Large quantities of ammonium and potassium salts of the peroxoanion [s208]2- are prepared routinely by electrolyzing


3.2.2. Formation of the Oxygen-Oxygen Bond 3.2.2.2. by Oxidation of 0 3.2.2.2.1. In Solution.

substance may be useful in the formation of higher polyoxides, which are currently unknown; e.g., the corresponding tetraoxide might be produced in a low-T reaction: 2 SF,OOH + XeF, Xe + 2 HF + SF,OOOOSF, (€9 Selenium and Te analogs of S,O,F,, are known; e.g., SeF,OOSeF, is prepared by a flow reaction between SeO, and F, (diluted by N,) at 110°C catalyzed by silver-plated copper', the fluorination of Hg(OSeF,), with a yield3 of 47% or the photolysis of Xe(OSeF,),. The last method yields nearly quantitative amounts of the peroxide, but the starting material is exotic. The somewhat less stable TeF,OOTeF, can also be prepared quantitatively from the photolytic decomposition of Xe(OTeF,), or higher coordinated xenon compounds of the same ligand'. The trioxide SF,OOOSF, is a product' of the low-T reaction of SF,, F, and 0,.

-

(L. B. PETER)

1. R. A. DeMarco, J. M. Shreeve, in Advances in Inorganic Chemistry and Radiochemistry, Vol. 16, H. J. EmelCus, A. G. Sharpe, eds., Academic Press, New York, 1974, p. 110. Excellent review. 2. D. D. DesMarteau, J . A m . Chem. SOC.,94, 8933 (1972). 3. K. Seppelt, Chem. Ber., 106, 157 (1973). 4. K. Seppelt, D. Nothe, Inorg. Chem., 12, 2727(1973). 5. D. Lenz, K. Seppelt, Angew Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 18, 66 (1979). 6. J. H. Holloway, D. Laycock, in Advances in Inorganic Chemistry and Radiochemistry, Vol. 27, H. J. Emelkus, A. G. Sharpe, eds., Academic Press, New York, 1983, p. 157. 7. A. C. Gonzalez, H. J. Schumacher, Z. Phys. Chem., 127, 167(1981).

3.2.2.2. by Oxidation of 0'-

Compared to the number of compounds prepared under the conditions described in 03.2.2.1, oxygen-oxygen bond formation under the conditions discussed in the following sections is relatively unfruitful. Nevertheless, some important chemical species are prepared routinely by these methods. (L. 8. PETER) 3.2.2.2.1. In Solution.

Oxide or, more accurately, species containing oxygen in the 2 - oxidation state can be oxidized in solution by chemically reacting the substance with a strong chemical oxidizing agent, such as F,, or by an electrolytic process, examples of which follow. In aqueous solution, F, is the strongest chemical oxidizing agent known. The following is a summary of substances oxidized by F, in aqueous solution and the oxygen-oxygen products': (i) Pure H,O produces H,O,, 0, and 0,; (ii) cold HNO, produces N,O,, which decomposes yielding H,O,; (iii) [SO,]2- or [HSO,]- produces [s2O8l2-; (iv) B(OH), produces perborate; (v) [C0,]2- produces percarbonate and (vi) cold H,PO, or [HPO,]*- produces H,P,C8 or its anions. Besides H,O,, 0, and 0,, only alkali-metal salts of [ s 2 0 8 ] z - and [P2O8l4- of the above products are isolated. Because of the toxicity and corrosive behavior of fluorine compounds, aqueous oxidation by F2 is often replaced by electrolysis. Large quantities of ammonium and potassium salts of the peroxoanion [s208]2- are prepared routinely by electrolyzing

~~

3.2.2.Formation of the Oxygen-Oxygen Bond 3.2.2.2. by Oxidation of 023.2.2.2.2. in Heterogeneous Reactions.

11

the corresponding sulfate solutions using Pt electrodes2. Ozone and 0, are generated as side products. Hydrogen peroxide is also obtained by electrolyzing aq H,SO, using high current densities3. The potassium salt of peroxydiphosphate can be made in 80% yield by electrolyzing alkaline phosphate solutions to which K,CrO, has been added4. Electrolysis is also performed in nonaqueous ionizing solvents; e.g., the molecular peroxocompound FSO,OOSO,F can be obtained by electrolyzing solutions of [S03F]- in HS03F 5,6. Conditions vary considerably depending on the solvent, solute and desired product. (L. 8 . PETER)

1. “Fluor,” Gmelins Handbuch der Anorganischen Chemie, Syst. 5, Suppl. Vol. 1, Verlag Chemie, Weinheim, 1959. 2. F. Feher, in Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, 2nd ed., Vol. 1, G . Brauer, ed., Academic Press, New York, 1963, p. 390. 3. G. Sosnovsky, J. H. Brown, Chem. Rev., 66, 529 (1966). Organometallic peroxides. 4. R. Klement, in Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, 2nd ed., Vol. 1, G. Brauer, ed., Academic Press, New York, 1963, p. 562. 5 . R. A. DeMarco, J. M. Shreeve, in Advances in Inorganic Chemistry and Radiochemistry, Vol. 16, H. J. EmelCus, A. G. Sharpe, eds., Academic Press, New York, 1974, p. 110. Excellent review. 6. S . Singh, R. D. Verma, Indian J . Chem., A , 25, 51 (1986).

3.2.2.2.2.in Heterogeneous Reactions.

Oxidation of 0’- by heterogeneous reactions to form substances containing an oxygen-oxygen bond is not frequently observed. In the area of transition-metal chemistry, 0, is frequently captured in heterogeneous reactions to produce complexes containing 0-0 bonds, but no new 0-0 linkages are formed. However, 02-oxidation coupling does occur in the following examples. Depending on conditions, 0, combines with alkali and alkaline-earth metals to form either oxides, peroxides, superoxides or mixtures of two of these’-,. Heterogeneous reactions between gaseous 0, and solid oxides or hydroxides of these metals form the corresponding peroxides; Na,O, SrO and BaO undergo this reaction most readily, with BaO, formation being the most important3s4. Barium oxide converts smoothly, although slowly, to the peroxide in air, and despite the slowness, BaO is sometimes used as an oxygen scavenger. Ozone also can act as a 0’- oxidizer in heterogeneous reactions, e.g., in the reaction of 0, with solid hydroxides to form the ozonides:

5 0, + 2 K O H

-

5 0, + 2 K 0 ,

+ H,O

(a) Production of 0, from formal O’--containing substances by thermal reactions is common on a laboratory scale, e.g., the HgO decomposition to the elements, and the thermal decomposition of KCIO, in the presence of MnO, as a catalyst. Finally, molecular 0, itself can be produced in laboratory-scale amounts by the thermal decomposition of HgO or KCIO, in the presence of MnO,. The 0, can be converted partially to 0, by exposing it to intense UV radiation or passing a silent electric discharge through it5. (L. 6.PETER)

1. E. A. V. Ebsworth, J. A. Connor, J. J. Turner, in Comprehensive Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 2, A. J. Trotman-Dickenson, ed., Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1973, p. 685.


~~

3.2.2.Formation of the Oxygen-Oxygen Bond 3.2.2.2. by Oxidation of 023.2.2.2.2. in Heterogeneous Reactions.

11

the corresponding sulfate solutions using Pt electrodes2. Ozone and 0, are generated as side products. Hydrogen peroxide is also obtained by electrolyzing aq H,SO, using high current densities3. The potassium salt of peroxydiphosphate can be made in 80% yield by electrolyzing alkaline phosphate solutions to which K,CrO, has been added4. Electrolysis is also performed in nonaqueous ionizing solvents; e.g., the molecular peroxocompound FSO,OOSO,F can be obtained by electrolyzing solutions of [S03F]- in HS03F 5,6. Conditions vary considerably depending on the solvent, solute and desired product. (L. 8 . PETER)

1. “Fluor,” Gmelins Handbuch der Anorganischen Chemie, Syst. 5, Suppl. Vol. 1, Verlag Chemie, Weinheim, 1959. 2. F. Feher, in Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, 2nd ed., Vol. 1, G . Brauer, ed., Academic Press, New York, 1963, p. 390. 3. G. Sosnovsky, J. H. Brown, Chem. Rev., 66, 529 (1966). Organometallic peroxides. 4. R. Klement, in Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, 2nd ed., Vol. 1, G. Brauer, ed., Academic Press, New York, 1963, p. 562. 5 . R. A. DeMarco, J. M. Shreeve, in Advances in Inorganic Chemistry and Radiochemistry, Vol. 16, H. J. EmelCus, A. G. Sharpe, eds., Academic Press, New York, 1974, p. 110. Excellent review. 6. S . Singh, R. D. Verma, Indian J . Chem., A , 25, 51 (1986).

3.2.2.2.2.in Heterogeneous Reactions.

Oxidation of 0’- by heterogeneous reactions to form substances containing an oxygen-oxygen bond is not frequently observed. In the area of transition-metal chemistry, 0, is frequently captured in heterogeneous reactions to produce complexes containing 0-0 bonds, but no new 0-0 linkages are formed. However, 02-oxidation coupling does occur in the following examples. Depending on conditions, 0, combines with alkali and alkaline-earth metals to form either oxides, peroxides, superoxides or mixtures of two of these’-,. Heterogeneous reactions between gaseous 0, and solid oxides or hydroxides of these metals form the corresponding peroxides; Na,O, SrO and BaO undergo this reaction most readily, with BaO, formation being the most important3s4. Barium oxide converts smoothly, although slowly, to the peroxide in air, and despite the slowness, BaO is sometimes used as an oxygen scavenger. Ozone also can act as a 0’- oxidizer in heterogeneous reactions, e.g., in the reaction of 0, with solid hydroxides to form the ozonides:

5 0, + 2 K O H

-

5 0, + 2 K 0 ,

+ H,O

(a) Production of 0, from formal O’--containing substances by thermal reactions is common on a laboratory scale, e.g., the HgO decomposition to the elements, and the thermal decomposition of KCIO, in the presence of MnO, as a catalyst. Finally, molecular 0, itself can be produced in laboratory-scale amounts by the thermal decomposition of HgO or KCIO, in the presence of MnO,. The 0, can be converted partially to 0, by exposing it to intense UV radiation or passing a silent electric discharge through it5. (L. 6.PETER)

1. E. A. V. Ebsworth, J. A. Connor, J. J. Turner, in Comprehensive Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 2, A. J. Trotman-Dickenson, ed., Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1973, p. 685.

12

3.2. Formation of Group-VIB-Group-VIB Element Bond 3.2.3. Formation of the Oxygen Bond with Other Group-VIB Elements 3.2.3.1. from the Elements. ~~

~

2. T. P. Whaley, in Comprehensice Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 1, A. F. Trotman-Dickenson, ed., Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1973, p. 369. 3. R. D. Goodenough, V. A. Stengev, in Comprehensive Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 1, A. F. Trotman-Dickenson, ed., Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1973, p. 591. 4. N. G. Vannerberg, Prog. Inorg. Chem., 4 , 142 (1962). 5. M. HorvLth, I. Bilitzby, J. Huethner, Ozone, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1984.

3.2.3. Formation of the Oxygen Bond with Other Group-VIB Elements There are two types of bonding between oxygen and the other group-VIB elements: one involves dicoordinated oxygen forming single bonds, but a terminal oxygen bond with an order > 1 is more common.

(L.B. PETER) 3.2.3.1, from the Elements.

Elemental sulfur burns with a blue flame to yield SO, and SO,, the latter of which occurs in various physical forms. Under most conditions SO, production is overwhelmingly favored’. Nearly pure SO, can be made by sealing stoichiometric amounts of sulfur and 0, into a borosilicate glass vessel and heating to > 250°C for several hours. Care must be taken that the 0, and/or SO, gas pressures are not so high as to explode the vessel at the higher temperatures. This slow method is particularly useful in preparing isotopically labeled’ SO,. Sulfur trioxide can be obtained by direct reaction between the elements, but the conditions must be carefully controlled to obtain even modest yields, and larger amounts of SO, are simultaneously produced’. The most effective process for SO, from the elements is a smooth flow reaction involving sulfur vapor and 0,, using N, as a carrier gas. Dry HC1 is added to stabilize the SO,, which forms in yields > 40%, SO, being the other product. In the gas phase SO, is trigonal planar, but it trimerizes in an electron-pair donor-acceptor acid-base manner to S,O, if condensed’s3 at temperatures < -80°C. Liquid SO, is unstable and it, as well as the trimer, readily polymerizes to either of two distinctly different modifications, especially if trace amounts of water are present'^^. Most methods of producing SO, start with SO, rather than elemental sulfur and various catalysts, such as metal oxides, have been used’ (see 53.2.3.2). The Se, Te and Po dioxides can be obtained by burning the elements in air4. For more controlled oxidation, the elements can be sealed with a small excess of 0, and heated above their mp for several hours. Like the analogous reaction with sulfur, this latter method is particularly useful when isotopically pure products are desired. (L. B. PETER) 1. “Schwefel Oxide,” Gmelins Handbuch der Anorganischen Chemie, Erzsbd. 3, Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1980. 2. B. Meyer, L. Peter, C . Shasky-Rosenlund, Spectrochim. Acta, 3.54 345 (1979). 3. M. Schmidt, W. Siebert, in Comprehensive Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 2, A. F. TrotmanDickenson, ed., Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1973, p. 795.


12

3.2. Formation of Group-VIB-Group-VIB Element Bond 3.2.3. Formation of the Oxygen Bond with Other Group-VIB Elements 3.2.3.1. from the Elements. ~~

~

2. T. P. Whaley, in Comprehensice Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 1, A. F. Trotman-Dickenson, ed., Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1973, p. 369. 3. R. D. Goodenough, V. A. Stengev, in Comprehensive Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 1, A. F. Trotman-Dickenson, ed., Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1973, p. 591. 4. N. G. Vannerberg, Prog. Inorg. Chem., 4 , 142 (1962). 5. M. HorvLth, I. Bilitzby, J. Huethner, Ozone, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1984.

3.2.3. Formation of the Oxygen Bond with Other Group-VIB Elements There are two types of bonding between oxygen and the other group-VIB elements: one involves dicoordinated oxygen forming single bonds, but a terminal oxygen bond with an order > 1 is more common.

(L.B. PETER) 3.2.3.1, from the Elements.

Elemental sulfur burns with a blue flame to yield SO, and SO,, the latter of which occurs in various physical forms. Under most conditions SO, production is overwhelmingly favored’. Nearly pure SO, can be made by sealing stoichiometric amounts of sulfur and 0, into a borosilicate glass vessel and heating to > 250°C for several hours. Care must be taken that the 0, and/or SO, gas pressures are not so high as to explode the vessel at the higher temperatures. This slow method is particularly useful in preparing isotopically labeled’ SO,. Sulfur trioxide can be obtained by direct reaction between the elements, but the conditions must be carefully controlled to obtain even modest yields, and larger amounts of SO, are simultaneously produced’. The most effective process for SO, from the elements is a smooth flow reaction involving sulfur vapor and 0,, using N, as a carrier gas. Dry HC1 is added to stabilize the SO,, which forms in yields > 40%, SO, being the other product. In the gas phase SO, is trigonal planar, but it trimerizes in an electron-pair donor-acceptor acid-base manner to S,O, if condensed’s3 at temperatures < -80°C. Liquid SO, is unstable and it, as well as the trimer, readily polymerizes to either of two distinctly different modifications, especially if trace amounts of water are present'^^. Most methods of producing SO, start with SO, rather than elemental sulfur and various catalysts, such as metal oxides, have been used’ (see 53.2.3.2). The Se, Te and Po dioxides can be obtained by burning the elements in air4. For more controlled oxidation, the elements can be sealed with a small excess of 0, and heated above their mp for several hours. Like the analogous reaction with sulfur, this latter method is particularly useful when isotopically pure products are desired. (L. B. PETER) 1. “Schwefel Oxide,” Gmelins Handbuch der Anorganischen Chemie, Erzsbd. 3, Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1980. 2. B. Meyer, L. Peter, C . Shasky-Rosenlund, Spectrochim. Acta, 3.54 345 (1979). 3. M. Schmidt, W. Siebert, in Comprehensive Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 2, A. F. TrotmanDickenson, ed., Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1973, p. 795.

3.2.3. Formation of the Oxygen Bond with Other Group-VIB Elements 3.2.3.2. Sulfur Oxides 3.2.3.2.2. Sulfur Trioxides

13

4. K. W. Bagnall, in Comprehensive Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 2, A. F. Trotman-Dickenson, ed., Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1973, p. 935.

3.2.3.2. Sulfur Oxides The following sulfur oxides are known: SO, SO,, SO,, SO,, S,O, S,O,, S,O,, S,O, S,O, S,O, S,,O, S,O,, S,O, S,,O,, polymeric forms of SO,, and several other nondistinct (S,O, S,O,; x = 5-10) polymeric formslS2.The binary oxides SO, SO,, S,O,, S,O exist as short-lived intermediates, low-T matrix species or only in mixtures and are not discussed here. S,O, S,O,

(L. B. PETER) 1. “Schwefel Oxide,” Gmelins Handbuch der Anorganischen Chemie, Erzsbd. 3, Springer Verlag,

Berlin, 1980. 2. R. Steudel, Phosphorus Sulfur, 23, 33 (1985). 3.2.3.2.1. Sulfur Dioxide

Sulfur dioxide is the most easily obtainable sulfur oxide’. Thousands of tons annually are produced by design or by accident by industry,. It is the primary combustion product of both organic and inorganic sulfur-containing compounds as well as in the combustion of elemental sulfur itself. The most convenient method of preparation is combining the elements as described in 03.2.3.1. (L. B. PETER) 1. “Schwefel Oxide,” Gmelins Handbuch der Anorganischen Chemie, Erzsbd. 3, Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1980. 2. B. Meyer, Sulfur, Energy and Environment, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1977. 3.2.3.2.2. Sulfur Trioxides

Small amounts of SO, are normally produced along with SO, during the combustion of sulfur, and the SO, yield can be increased to I40%l (see 03.2.3.1.2). Usually, however, SO, is obtained by the 0, oxidation of SO, SO,

+ $0,

-

SO, (9)

(a>

a reaction that is thermodynamically favored, but slow even at 1000°C, and requires a catalyst such as the metal oxides, V,O,, Fe,O,, etc. Commercially the reaction is crucial in the production of H2S0, where NO is used as a homogeneous catalyst495. Laboratory amounts of SO, can be obtained by thermal decomposition of anhyd Fe,(SO,), or from fuming sulfuric acid. Preparation of SO, trimer and polymers is discussed in 03.2.3.1. (L. B. PETER)

1. “Schwefel Oxide,” Gmelins Handbuch der Anorganischen Chemie, Erzsbd. 3, Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1980. 2 . M. Schmidt, W. Siebert, in Comprehensiue Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 2, A. F. TrotmanDickenson, ed., Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1973, pp. 795-933.



13







+ $0,

-

SO, (9)

(a>





13







+ $0,

-

SO, (9)

(a>





13







+ $0,

-

SO, (9)

(a>



14

3.2.3. Formation of the Oxygen Bond with Other Group-VIB Elements 3.2.3.2. Sulfur Oxides 3.2.3.2.4. Cyclopolysulfur Oxides

3. “Schwefel,” Gmelin Handbuch der Anorgankchen Chemie, Teil A, Verlag Chemie, Weinheim, 1953. 4. B. Meyer, Sulfur, Energy and Environment, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1977. 5. U. H. F. Sander, H. Fischer, U. Rothe, R. Cola, in Sulphur, Sulphur Dioxide, and Sulphuric Acid, A. I. More, ed., British Sulphur Corporation, London, 1984. 3.2.3.2.3. Dlsulfur Monoxide

The unstable triatomic gas, S 2 0 , can be kept for several days if it is prepared and stored at low pressures’, i.e., < 130 Pa (1 torr). Several preparative reactions are known’,2 including the reaction of SOCl, with metal sulfides, the reaction of H,S and SOC1, at 200-360°C and the reaction of either S,Cl, or elemental sulfur with metal oxides at 100-400”C, conditions depending on the identity of the reactants. The low-pressure reaction of SOC1, vapor with Ag,S at 160°C is the most successful’. It is found among the decomposition products of some of the cyclopolysulfur oxides’, but these decompositions are not recommended as preparative routes to S,O. (L. B. PETER)

1. “Schwefel Oxide,” Gmelins Handbuch der Anorganischen Chernie, Erzsbd. 3, Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1980. 2. M. Schmidt, W. Siebert, in Comprehensiue Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 2, A. F. TrotmanDickenson, ed., Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1973, p. 795. 3.2.3.2.4. Cyclopolysulfur Oxides

Monomeric SO, and SO, have been known since antiquity, and the polymeric oxides and S,O are decades old. However, a whole new class of sulfur oxides has been discovered, the cyclopolysulfur S,O, (x = 6-12, y = 1 o r 21, consisting of divalent rings with one or two oxygens. They are analogous to cyclic organic sulfoxides or disulfoxides; e.g., S,O is prepared in low yield by the reaction of SOCI, with a mixture of H,S, compounds, called crude sulfanes’. This oxide can be obtained in

TABLE1. PREPARATIVE CONDITIONS FOR CYCLOPOLYSULFUR OXIDES3

Compound

a-S,O P-S,O s70 S80 s90

SIOO S60

s7°2

s120, a

S ,/CF,CO ratio 1 : 1.2 1 : 2.2 1 : 1.5 1 : 1.5 1:2 1:3 S81 : 5

H Solvent CH2CIz CH,CI, CH2C1, CH,CI,

cs2 cs2

CHZCI, CHZCI,

cs2

T (K)

Yield

253 263 253 263 243 243

5 1.5 45 20 10 14

263 223

11

(%I

a A d d u c t with 2 SbCI,, not prepared directly from CF,CO,H.








Compound

a-S,O P-S,O s70 S80 s90

SIOO S60

s7°2

s120, a

S ,/CF,CO ratio 1 : 1.2 1 : 2.2 1 : 1.5 1 : 1.5 1:2 1:3 S81 : 5


cs2 cs2

CHZCI, CHZCI,

cs2

T (K)

Yield

253 263 253 263 243 243

5 1.5 45 20 10 14

263 223

11

(%I









Compound

a-S,O P-S,O s70 S80 s90

SIOO S60

s7°2

s120, a

S ,/CF,CO ratio 1 : 1.2 1 : 2.2 1 : 1.5 1 : 1.5 1:2 1:3 S81 : 5


cs2 cs2

CHZCI, CHZCI,

cs2

T (K)

Yield

253 263 253 263 243 243

5 1.5 45 20 10 14

263 223

11

(%I


3.2.3. Formation of the Oxygen Bond with Other Group-VIB Elements 3.2.3.3. Sulfur Oxyacids 3.2.3.3.1. Sulfurous Acid Systems

15

better yield by the oxidation in CS, or CH,Cl, solns of the stable S, with CF,CO,H, peroxytrifluoroacetic acid3: s8

+ CF,CO,H 7 SSO + CF,CO,H CS, or CH,CI,

This method has been to prepare S 6 0 (two modifications), S 7 0 , S 8 0 , S,O and Sl,O; the conditions for these syntheses are summarized in Table 1. With excess peroxyacid, the disulfoxides can be isolated; e.g., S , 0 2 can be prepared7 from S, by: s8

+ 4 CF,CO,H

-

S702

+ 4 CF3COzH + SO,

(c>

The hexasulfur dioxide is also known6. The largest cyclosulfur oxide, S,,O, is prepared stabilized as a SbCl adduct by the slow dimerization of S 6 0 in the presence of SbCI, in CS, solution*: 2 S 6 0 + 2 SbCl,

cs 2

Sl2O2.2 SbC15*2CS,

(4 (L. 6.PETER)

1. “Schwefel Oxide,” Gmelins Handbuch der Anorganischen Chemie, Erzsbd. 3, Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1980. 2. E. Fluck, Chem.-Ztg., 104, 206 (1980). 3. R. Steudel, Phosphorus Sulphur, 23, 33 (1985). 4. R. Steudel, in Sulfur: Its Significance for Chemistry, for the Geo-, Bio-, and Cosmosphere and Technology, A. Miiller, ed., Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1984. 5. R. Steudel, Comments Inorg. Chem., 1, 313 (1982).

3.2.3.3. Sulfur Oxyacids Sulfur forms more oxyacids than most other elements. Sulfuric acid, H,SO,, is produced in greater amounts industrially than any other substance. Most sulfur-oxygen bond formation occurs in aqueous solution. In some cases sulfur-sulfur bond formation is of equal or greater importance than S - 0 formation, but these procedures are discussed here for continuity. The formation of peroxydisulfuric acid is discussed in $3.2.2.2. (L. 6.PETER)

3.2.3.3.1.Sulfurous Acid Systems

When SO, is dissolved in water it produces a weak acidic solution often referred to as sulfurous acid, H 2 S 0 3 being the hypothetical formula. These solutions are mostly just dissolved SO, with tiny amounts of hydrolysis products, and no H,SO, has been detected. However, three series of salts’-,, which are nominally neutralization products of sulfurous acid, can be prepared by reacting SO, with aqueous hydroxides or carbonates. These are ionic compounds of sulfite [SO3],-, hydrogen sulfite [HSO,]- and dislufite [S20,l2-. Nearly quantitative yields of the simple or hydrated sulfites are produced when the cations are divalent or the base is in excess. These sulfites are easily precipitated from solution. Compounds of [HS0,I2- or [Sz0,l2- and univalent cations can be obtained at p H 2-7, the identity of the sulfoxy


3.2.3. Formation of the Oxygen Bond with Other Group-VIB Elements 3.2.3.3. Sulfur Oxyacids 3.2.3.3.1. Sulfurous Acid Systems

15

better yield by the oxidation in CS, or CH,Cl, solns of the stable S, with CF,CO,H, peroxytrifluoroacetic acid3: s8

+ CF,CO,H 7 SSO + CF,CO,H CS, or CH,CI,

This method has been to prepare S 6 0 (two modifications), S 7 0 , S 8 0 , S,O and Sl,O; the conditions for these syntheses are summarized in Table 1. With excess peroxyacid, the disulfoxides can be isolated; e.g., S , 0 2 can be prepared7 from S, by: s8

+ 4 CF,CO,H

-

S702

+ 4 CF3COzH + SO,

(c>

The hexasulfur dioxide is also known6. The largest cyclosulfur oxide, S,,O, is prepared stabilized as a SbCl adduct by the slow dimerization of S 6 0 in the presence of SbCI, in CS, solution*: 2 S 6 0 + 2 SbCl,

cs 2

Sl2O2.2 SbC15*2CS,

(4 (L. 6.PETER)

1. “Schwefel Oxide,” Gmelins Handbuch der Anorganischen Chemie, Erzsbd. 3, Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1980. 2. E. Fluck, Chem.-Ztg., 104, 206 (1980). 3. R. Steudel, Phosphorus Sulphur, 23, 33 (1985). 4. R. Steudel, in Sulfur: Its Significance for Chemistry, for the Geo-, Bio-, and Cosmosphere and Technology, A. Miiller, ed., Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1984. 5. R. Steudel, Comments Inorg. Chem., 1, 313 (1982).

3.2.3.3. Sulfur Oxyacids Sulfur forms more oxyacids than most other elements. Sulfuric acid, H,SO,, is produced in greater amounts industrially than any other substance. Most sulfur-oxygen bond formation occurs in aqueous solution. In some cases sulfur-sulfur bond formation is of equal or greater importance than S - 0 formation, but these procedures are discussed here for continuity. The formation of peroxydisulfuric acid is discussed in $3.2.2.2. (L. 6.PETER)

3.2.3.3.1.Sulfurous Acid Systems

When SO, is dissolved in water it produces a weak acidic solution often referred to as sulfurous acid, H 2 S 0 3 being the hypothetical formula. These solutions are mostly just dissolved SO, with tiny amounts of hydrolysis products, and no H,SO, has been detected. However, three series of salts’-,, which are nominally neutralization products of sulfurous acid, can be prepared by reacting SO, with aqueous hydroxides or carbonates. These are ionic compounds of sulfite [SO3],-, hydrogen sulfite [HSO,]- and dislufite [S20,l2-. Nearly quantitative yields of the simple or hydrated sulfites are produced when the cations are divalent or the base is in excess. These sulfites are easily precipitated from solution. Compounds of [HS0,I2- or [Sz0,l2- and univalent cations can be obtained at p H 2-7, the identity of the sulfoxy

16

3.2.3. Formation of the Oxygen Bond with Other Group-VIB Elements 3.2.3.3. Sulfur Oxyacids 3.2.3.3.3. Dithionic Acid

anion being dependent on the identity of the cation',2. Among the alkali metals, Na' and K + crystallize with [S2O5I2-, and R b and Cs' produce [HSO,]- compounds. The R b and Cs hydrogen sulfites can be converted to the disulfites by gentle heating in vacuum1X2.Sulfites and unstable disulfites, e.g., Li,S,O, and T12S,05, are prepared by direct reaction of the oxides or hydroxides with xs liq SO, and a trace of (L. B. PETER) 1. L. B. Peter, Ph.D. dissertation, University of Washington, 1979; University Microforms Int., No. 8013581, Diss. Abstr., Int. B., 40, 5664 (1980); Chem. Abstr., 93, 84,158 (1980). 2. B. Meyer, L. Peter, C. Shasky-Rosenlund, Spectrochim. Acta, 35A, 345 (1979). 3. M. Schmidt, W. Siebert, in Comprehensiue Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 2, A. F. TrotmanDickenson, ed., Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1973, p. 795. 4. L. Peter, B. Meyer, Inorg. Chem., 24, 3071 (1985).

3.2.3.3.2.Sulfuric Acid Systems

Sulfuric acid is formed by the vigorous reaction of SO, and water'-4. It is the parent of two series of salts, the sulfates with [S0,l2- and the hydrogen sulfates, which can be prepared by neutralizing the acid with an oxide, hydroxide or carbonate of the desired cations3,,. The [HSO,]- compounds can only be crystallized with univalent cations, but these substances can be thermally dehydrated to compounds with [S,O,I2-, pyrosulfate:

2 MHSO,

2 M,S,O, + H,O

(a>

When xs SO, is dissolved in pure H,S 04, an oily liquid, commonly called oleum, is produced. Polysulfate species such as [S,010]2- and [S4OI3l3- exist in these solutions, and some have been isolated5. Finally, sulfates are the most stable of the oxysulfur compounds and can be made as the final oxidation product of any of the other oxysulfur acids or anions. (L. B. PETER)

1. U. H. F. Sander, H. Fischer, U. Rothe, R. Cola, in Sulphur, Sulphur Dioxide, and Sulphuric Acid, A. I. More, ed., British Sulphur Corporation, London, 1984. 2. B. Meyer, Sulfur, Energy and Encironment, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1977. 3. M. Schmidt, W. Siebert, in Comprehensice Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 2, A. F. TrotmanDickenson, ed., Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1973, p. 795. 4. M. Schmidt, in Sulfur in Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 2, A. Senning, ed., Marcel Dekker, New York, 1971, p. 71. 5 . P. H. Law, in Sulfur in Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 3, A. Senning, ed., Marcel Dekker, New York, 1972, p. 92. 3.2.3.3.3. Dithionic Acid

Intermediate between the sulfuric acid system (sulfur oxidation state 6 + ) and the sulfurous acid system (oxidation state 4 +) is H 2 S 2 0 6 ,dithionic acid (average oxidation state 5+). Salts of this acid are prepared from carefully oxidized SO, or sulfite solutions'-3, with MnO, as oxidizing agent

',*:

MnO,

+ 2 [SO,]'- + 4 H+-

Mn2+ + [S,O,]'-

+ 2 H,O

(a)


16





2 MHSO,

2 M,S,O, + H,O

(a>




',*:

MnO,

+ 2 [SO,]'- + 4 H+-

Mn2+ + [S,O,]'-

+ 2 H,O

(a)


16





2 MHSO,

2 M,S,O, + H,O

(a>




',*:

MnO,

+ 2 [SO,]'- + 4 H+-

Mn2+ + [S,O,]'-

+ 2 H,O

(a)

3.2.3. Formation of the Oxygen Bond with Other Group-VIB Elements 3.2.3.3. Sulfur Ox acids 3.2.3.3.5. Thiosul uric Acid’i2

Y

~~

~

17

~

The dithionate ion is often isolated initially in the form of its barium salt, BaS,O,. 2 H,O, as it is the only appreciably water-soluble oxysulfur compound, therefore facilitating separation from oxidation side products. The unstable free acid is produced by adding stoichiometric amounts of H,S04 to aqueous solutions of the barium compound’,2. It decomposes by disproportionation to H 2 S 0 4 and sulfur dioxide. (L. B. PETER)

1. M. Schmidt, W. Siebert, in Comprehensive Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 2, A. F. TrotmanDickenson, ed., Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1973, p. 795. 2. M. Schmidt, in Sulfur in Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 2, A. Senning, ed., Marcel Dekker, New York, 1971. 3. W. Black, E. A. H. Griffith, B. E. Robertson, Acta Crystallogr., Sect. B , 31, 615 (1975). 3.2.3.3.4. Dithionous Acid

Free dithionous acid H2S,04 (oxidation state 3 +) is also unstable and is known only in the form of salts of active metals’-4. The compounds are usually prepared by the reduction of neat liquid4, aqueous or alcoholic SO, or the sulfites in solution by the metallic dusts, powders or amalgams, the conditions being dependent on the reducing agents and the solvent^',^,^, e.g.: Zn

+ 2 SO,

EtOH

ZnS,04

Other methods are the electrolytic reduction of SO, in DMF, DMSO or other nonaqueous solvents5 and the heterogeneous reaction of SO, with saline hydrides yielding the dithionite and H, as the only products’. Dithionites are oxidized by air to sulfates and sulfites and decompose in the absence of air to sulfites and thiosulfates. (L. 8.PETER) 1. L. B. Peter, Ph.D. dissertation, University of Washington, 1979; University Microforms Int., No. 8013581, Diss. Abstr., Int. B., 40, 5664 (1980); Chem. Abstr., 93, 84,158 (1980). 2. M. Schmidt, W. Siebert, in Comprehensive Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 2, A. F. TrotmanDickenson, ed., Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1973, p. 795. 3. M. Schmidt, in Sulfur in Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 2, A. Senning, ed., Marcel

Dekker, New York, 1971. 4. A. Magnusson, L.-G. Johansson, Acta Chem. Scand., A , 36, 429 (1982). 5. R. P. Martin, D. T. Sawyer, Znorg. Chem., 11, 2644 (1972). 3.2.3.3.5. Thlosulfuric Acid’,’

Ionic compounds containing the thiosulfate ion, [S20312-, are obtainable by boiling a suspension of sulfur in aqueous sulfite, reacting alkaline sulfide or polysulfides or polythionates with sulfite, and 0, oxidation of polysulfides:

-

s, + 8 [so3],-

8 [s2O3l2-

The anion is stable, but the aqueous acid readily decomposes to elemental sulfur and a multitude of other oxysulfur species. The free acid, HS,O,H, can be made in



Y

~~

~

17

~




+ 2 SO,

EtOH

ZnS,04




-

s, + 8 [so3],-

8 [s2O3l2-




Y

~~

~

17

~




+ 2 SO,

EtOH

ZnS,04




-

s, + 8 [so3],-

8 [s2O3l2-


18

3.2.3. Formation of the Oxygen Bond with Other Group-VIB Elements 3.2.3.3. Sulfur Oxyacids 3.2.3.3.6. Sulfane Mono- and Disulfonic Acids

anhydrous ether at 195 K by the reaction of H,S and ClSO,H, and it is the first of a series of sulfane monosulfonic acids, HS,SO,H. (L. B. PETER) 1. M. Schmidt, W. Siebert, in Comprehensive Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 2, A. F. TrotmanDickenson, ed., Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1973, p. 795. 2. M. Schmidt, in Sulfur in Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 2, A. Senning, ed., Marcel Dekker, New York, 1971, p. 71. 3. R. Steudel, G. Holdt, R. Nagarka, 2.Naturforsch., Teil B , 41, 1519 (1985).

3.2.3.3.6.Sulfane Mono- and Disulfonic Acids

The free sulfane mono- and disulfonic (HO,SS,SO,H) acids are unstable under most conditions but can be synthesized at low temperatures's2. Both the mono- and diacids can be prepared in dry ether at 195 K by the kinetically controlled reactions of the sulfanes and SO, or chlorosulfonic acid: H2S, H,S,

-

+ SO, (or ClS0,H)

+ 2 SO, (or 2 ClS0,H)

HS,SO,H (+HCI)

(a)

H0,SS,S03H ( + 2 HCl)

(b)

In addition, larger diacids can be prepared by I, oxidation of the monoacids to dimers: 2 HS,SO,H

+ I,

H03SS2,S03H + 2 HI

(c)

The sulfane disulfonic acids are usually found as active metal salts of the conjugate anions and are referred to as p~lythionatesl-~. The anions exist together in aqueous solution as being among the decomposition products of the reaction of H,S and aq SO,, and in the acidification of [S20,l2- solutions. Compounds of [S,(SO,),]*-,x = 1-4, can be prepared individually. Methods of preparation unique to each anion are known, but a general method is the shaking together of solutions of dichlorosulfanes in inert solvents with aqueous sulfite or thiosulfate solutions3: S,Cl, S,CI,

+ 2 [so,]'-

-

+ 2 [s,o,]2-

[ s 2 ( s o 3 ) 2 ] 2 -+ 2

c1-

s,+,[so,]2-+ 2 c1-

(dl (el

High-pressure liquid chromatography studies i n d i ~ a t e that ~ , ~ a mixture in solution of higher order sulfane disulfonates (with up to 22 S atoms) by an extension of Eq. (el. (L. B. PETER) 1. M. Schmidt, W. Siebert, in Comprehensive Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 2, A. F. TrotmanDickenson, ed., Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1973, p. 795. 2. M. Schmidt, in Sulfur in Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 2, A. Senning, ed., Marcel Dekker, New York, 1971, p. 71. 3. F. Fehr, in Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 1, G. Brauer, ed., Academic Press, New York, 1963, p. 398. 4. R. Steudel, G. Holdt, J . Chromatogr., 361, 379 (1986). 5. R. Steudel, G. Holdt, T. Gobel, W. Hazeu, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 26, 151 (1987).


Author Index

The entries of this index were derived directly by computer program from the lists of references. The accuracy of the references was the sole responsibility of the authors. No editorial check, except for format and journal-title abbreviation, was applied. Consequently, errors occurring in authors’ names in the references will recur in this index. Each entry in the index refers to the appropriate section number.

A Abad, M. 2.8.5 Abayli, H. 2.8.2 Abazli, H. 2.8.3.1.2 2.8.7.1 2.8.10 2.11.3.3 Abdelaziz, D. 2.8.10 Abegg, R. 2.8.22 Abel, E. W. 2.6.10.1 2.9.15.1.1 2.9.15.1.2 Abel, G. 2.9.2.3 Abele, R. 2.9.12.6 Abicht, H.-P. 2.8.23.2 Abormyan, L. 0. 2.8.6.2 Abraham, M. H. 2.8.23.2 Abramova, L. V. 2.8.23.2 Adams, C. J. 2.10.1 2.10.2.1

2.10.2.2.1 Adams, E. Q. 2.8.21.2 Adams, H. N. 2.8.4.1 Adams, R. W. 2.9.10 Ader, M. 2.10.1 Adhikari, S. K. 2.9.13.1.1 Adler, B. 2.6.8.3 Afanasova, 0. B. 2.8.6.1 Agermund, K. 2.6.6.3 Agrestini, A. 2.8.21.2 Ahlborn, E. 2.9.13.2 2.1 1.2.1 Aksenov. Y. S. 2.7.9 Albano, V. G . 2.9.15.1.2 Albert, H. 2.6.13.1 2.6.13.2 2.6.13.3 Aleksandrov, G. G. 2.9.15.1.3 Alexander, K. M. 2.9.2.2

2.9.2.3 2.9.2.4 Allamagny, P. 2.9.2.2 Allen, E. A. 2.9.2.3 2.9.10 2.9.1 3.3.1 Allen, G. C. 2.8.10 Allen, J. F. 2.9.13.1.2 2.9.13.2 Al-Obadi, K. H. 2.9.15.2 Altnau, G. 2.6.11.2 2.6.11.3 Altobelli, M. 2.9.15.1.1 Amman, E. 2.9.2.3 Ammlung, R. L. 2.8.20.1 Anand, S. P. 2.9.15.1.3 2.9.15.2 Anderson, D. N. 2.8.10 Anderson, G. A. 2.6.5.3 Anderson, J. W. 2.6.7.3 2.6.9.3

309

310 Anderson, S. 2.8.12 Andra, K. 2.6.7.3 Andrascheck, H. J. 2.6.11.2 Andre, J. 2.8.20.1 Andres, K. 2.8.13 Andrews, T. D. 2.6.4.1 Andrianova, L. V. 2.9.2.4 Angelici, R. J. 2.9.15.1.1 2.9.15.1.2 Angell, F. G. 2.9.13.1.2 Angoletta, M. 2.9.15.2 Anker, M. W. 2.9.15.1.1 Antolini, L. 2.8.10 Appelman, E. H. 2.6.17 2.7.4 2.10.2.2.1 2.10.2.3 Appelt, A. 2.6.9.3 Apple, E. F. 2.6.16 Arbusov, B. A. 2.8.23.6 Arcus, A. 2.8.5 Areay, G. 2.8.22 Argay, G. 2.8.13 Argue, G. R. 2.9.2.4 Arkhangel’skaya, E. A. 2.6.1 1.1 Armitage, D. A. 2.6.10.3 Arnott, R. C. 2.7.2 2.7.3.1 2.7.3.2.1 Arrorin, A. V. 2.10.2.3 Arthus, C. D. 2.7.4 Artigao, M. 2.8.5 Ascher, E. 2.9.2.1

Author Index Ash, M. J. 2.9.15.1.3 Ashby, E. C. 2.6.5.1 2.7.2 2.1.3.1 2.7.3.2.2 Asker, W. J. 2.11.5.1 Asplund, M. 2.8.12 Asprey, L. B. 2.8.3.1.3 2.8.3.1.5 2.11.2.2 2.1 1.4.3 2.1 1.5.1 2.11.5.2 Aten, Jr., A. H. W. 2.7.9 2.7.10 2.9.16 Atherton, M. J. 2.9.14.4 2.1 1.3.1 2.1 1.4.1 Attwood, B. 2.8.15.3 Auerbach, R. A. 2.8.23.2 Augustyn, W. 2.7.1 Auld, J. R. 2.8.7.1 Aurorin, V. V. 2.10.1 Austin, T. E. 2.9.4.1 2.9.4.6 Axtell, D. T. 2.8.12 Aynsley, E. E. 2.8.14.4 2.9.4.1 2.9.11.2 2.9.12.1 2.9.12.3 2.1 1.2.1 2.1 1.4.1

B Baar, W. K. 2.9.12.1 Babcock, K. R. 2.6.6.3 Babel, D. 2.8.10 2.9.2.2 Bader, G. 2.9.15.1.1

Baev, A. K. 2.9.4.6 Baghlaf, A. 0. 2.6.7.3 2.9.14.4 Baglio, J. A. 2.8.12 Bagnall, K. W. 2.9.4.5 2.9.10 Bahlau, G. 2.8.14.1 2.8.18 2.8.20.1 2.8.20.2 Baier, H. 2.8.23.2 Bailer Jr., J. C. 2.7.2 Baillie, M. J. 2.1 1.2.3 Baker, A. E. 2.11.3.1 2.11.4.1 2.1 1.5.2 Baker, W. A. 2.9.2.4 Bakum, S. I. 2.9.10 Balaban, A. T. 2.7.2 Bales, S. E. 2.7.3.2.2 Ball, M. C. 2.8.9 2.8.1 1.2 Balthis, J. H. 2.6.4.1 Bandoli, G. 2.8.6.1 Banerjee, A. K. 2.9.13.2 Banerjee, N. 2.9.13.2 Banewicz, J. J. 2.9.2.4 Banister, A. J. 2.6.3.1 2.6.5.2 2.6.6.3 2.6.14.1 2.6.14.2 Banks, R. E. 2.7.1 2.7.5 Bannister, E. 2.9.7 Barabas, E. 2.7.2 Barber, E. J. 2.1 1.3.1

Author index 2.11.4.1 Bardawil, A. B. 2.9.5 2.9.12.4 Bardawil, A. 0. 2.9.4.6 Barker, T. V. 2.8.22 Bartell, L. S. 2.10.2.2.1 Bartlett, N. 2.8.2 2.8.3.1.1 2.9.2.1 2.9.3.4 2.9.10 2.9.12.3 2.9.13.1.1 2.10.1 2.11.2.2 2.11.3.2 2.1 1.3.3 2.1 1.4.1 2.11.4.2 2.11.4.3 2.10.2.1 2.10.2.2.1 Barton, J. L. 2.8.14.1 Bartram, S. F. 2.9.2.1 2.9.4.1 2.9.12.1 2.11.2.1 2.1 1.3.1 Basalgina, T. S. 2.6.11.2 Basile, L. J. 2.1.4 Basolo, F. 2.9.15.1.1 2.11.2.2 Bassett, J. Y. 2.9.4.6 Bassi, D. 2.1 1.2.1 Batsanov, S. S. 2.6.16 2.8.8.1 2.9.13.1.1 Batsonova, L. R. 2.1 1.5.1 Battaglia, L. P. 2.8.10 Bauer, S. 2.6.8.3 2.6.9.1 2.6.9.2 2.6.9.3

Baukova, T. V. 2.8.5 Baxter, G. P. 2.8.14.1 2.9.2.3 2.9.4.1 Bayer, E. 2.8.4.1 Bayer, K. J. 2.8.15.1 Beachley, Jr., 0. T. 2.6.2 2.6.5.3 Beall, H. 2.6.5.1 Beamish, J. C. 2.6.14.1 Beaton, S. P. 2.9.10 2.11.4.1 2.11.4.2 Beattie, I. R. 2.10.2.2.2 Becher, H. J. 2.6.8.3 2.9.13.1.1 2.11.3.1 2.1 1.4.1 Beck, T. M. 2.8.5 Beck, W. 2.8.4.2 2.9.15.2 Becker, P. 2.8.23.2 Becker, R. S. 2.9.2.1 2.9.4.1 2.9.12.1 2.11.2.1 2.1 1.3.1 Becker, W. 2.6.9.1 2.6.9.2 Beerman, C. 2.8.23.5 Behrens, H. 2.9.15.1.2 Behrman, A. S. 2.7.4 Beketoff, N. N. 2.8.14.2 2.8.14.4 Beletskaya, I. P. 2.8.23.3 Bellati, M. 2.8.22 Bellut, H. 2.6.10.3 Belyaev, I. N. 2.8.22

31 1 Benedikt, G. 2.6.10.3 Bennett, E. F. 2.8.2 2.8.7.1 2.8.8.1 2.8.8.2 2.11.2.3 Bennett, M. A. 2.8.6.1 2.9.15.1.2 Benton, A. J. 2.9.14.4 Bereman, R. D. 2.9.10 Bereslavtseva, L. F. 2.8.19 Bergareche, B. 2.8.6.2 Berge, K. 2.8.21.2 Bergman, A. G. 2.8.22 Bergmann, E. 2.8.23.1 Bermejo, M. R 2.6.16 Bernal, I. 2.8.22 Bernard, J. 2.8.20.1 Bernard, W. J. 2.8.15.1 2.8.16.1 2.9.2.1 2.9.4.1 2.9.12.1 2.1 1.2.1 2.11.2.3 2.11.3.1 2.11.3.3 Berndt, K. H. 2.8.8.2 2.8.14.4 2.8.15.3 Bernhardt, H. A. 2.1 1.3.1 Berry, J. A. 2.11.2.3 2.11.5.2 Bersch, W. 2.8.15.3 Berthellot, C. L. 2.8.14.1 Berthelot, M. 2.8.14.2 2.8.21.3 2.8.22 Berthemot, J. B. 2.8.14.1

312 2.8.14.5 2.8.21.1 2.8.21.2 2.8.21.3 Bertinotti, A. 2.8.4.2 Bertinotti, C. 2.8.4.2 Berzelius, J. J. 2.8.14.3 2.8.22 Besson, J. A. 2.7.3.1 2.7.5 2.8.14.4 Beurskens, P. T. 2.8.6.2 Beuter, A. 2.1 1.3.1 2.1 1.4.1 Beyer, H. 2.6.12.3 Beyersdorfer, K. 2.7.2 Bhadrui, I. 2.8.21.3 Bhattacharjee, M. N. 2.8.10 Bhaumik, B. B. 2.9.13.1.1 2.9.13.2 Biagioni, R. N. 2.10.2.2.1 Biedermann, G. 2.8.17.2 Biela, Z. 2.8.10 Biffar, W. 2.6.8.3 2.6.11.1 2.6.11.3 Bigalke, K. P. 2.8.12 Bijvoet, J. M. 2.8.22 Bikkineev, R. K. 2.6.4.1 Biltz, W. 2.8.14.1 2.9.3.2 Bindal, S. R. 2.6.6.3 Binenboym, J. 2.9.12.1 2.11.3.1 Binnendijk, N. F. 2.8.12 Binshtoi, B. M. 2.7.4

Author Index Birk, E. 2.9.3.2 Birnhaum, C. 2.9.4.3 Birnkraut, W. 2.8.14.4 Biswas, A. 2.8.16.1 Bizot, D. 2.1 1.3.1 Blaauw, H. J. A. 2.8.6.2 Blachnik, R. 2.6.14.1 Black, D. St. C. 2.7.3.2.2 Blasse, G. 2.9.1 1.1 2.9.16 Blayden, H. E. 2.10.2.2.2 Bleyer, B. 2.9.12.1 Blitz, W. 2.7.2 2.8.14.1 2.9.2.2 Blocher, J. M. 2.9.2.3 2.9.2.4 Block, B. P. 2.8.4.1 Block, H-D. 2.6.7.2 Blomstrand, C. W. 2.9.5 Bloodworth, A. J. 2.8.23 2.8.23.2 2.8.23.3 Bloom, H. 2.8.14.1 Bloshtein, I. I. 2.7.6 Blumental, W. B. 2.9.2.2 2.9.4.5 2.9.4.7 Boal, D. 2.10.2.2.2 Bobol, D. 2.8.10 Bochkarev, M. N. 2.6.1 1.1 2.6.11.2 2.6.13.3 Bodroux, F. 2.8.17.3 Bodunova, G. G. 2.9.4.1

Boersma, J. 2.8.5 2.8.23 Boese, R. 2.9.15.1.1 Boet, E. 2.8.7.1 Bogdanov, I. F. 2.8.23.5 Bohinc, M. 2.1 1.2.1 2.11.2.2 Boldrini, P. 2.10.2.2.1 Bollig, R. 2.8.1 1.2 2.8.17.3 Bolz, A. 2.6.8.2 Bonamartini, C. A. 2.8.10 Bonamico, M. 2.8.4.1 Boo, W. 0. J. 2.9.3.2 Boocock, S. K. 2.6.13.1 Booth, H. S. 2.6.6.3 2.6.12.2 2.6.12.3 Booth, R. B. 2.6.10.2 Borchers, W. 2.8.16.1 Borisov, A. E. 2.8.23.5 Borodaevskii, V. E, 2.8.8.1 Borovkova, N. I. 2.9.4.6 Bottger, G. L. 2.8.12 Bottjer, W. G. 2.8.10 Bougon, R. 2.8.2 2.8.3.1.2 2.8.7.1 2.8.10 2.1 1.2.1 2.11.2.2 2.1 1.3.1 2.11.3.3 2.1 1.4.1 2.1 1.5.2 Bouissieres, G. 2.11.5.2 Boukhari, A. 2.9.13.1.1

313

Author Index Boullay, P. F. G. 2.8.22 Bowles, J. C. 2.8.4.1 Bowmaker, G. A. 2.8.12 Boyd, G. E. 2.9.2.2 Boyer, D. 2.6.8.3 Braamcamp, M. 2.8.15.1 Bradley, D. C. 2.6.6.1 2.6.6.3 Brady, A. P. 2.11.3.1 2.1 1.4.1 Braga, D. 2.9.15.1.2 Brain, F. H. 2.8.5 2.8.6.2 Brand, H. 2.8.22 Brandt, W. 2.1 1.2.2 Brann, B. F. 2.8.14.1 Brasted, R. C. 2.1.5 2.7.1 Brauer, G. 2.6.6.1 2.6.7.1 2.6.14.1 2.6.14.2 2.8.18 2.8.19 2.8.21.1 2.9.2.2 2.9.2.3 2.9.2.4 2.9.3.2 2.9.4.1 2.9.4.3 2.9.4.5 2.9.4.8 2.9.6 2.9.1 2.9.9.1 2.9.10 2.9.12.1 2.9.12.2 2.9.12.5 2.9.12.6 2.9.13.1.2 2.9.13.2 2.11.2.1 2.11.2.3

2.1 1.3.1 2.11.3.3 2.1 1.4.3 2.1 1.5.2 Braundl, A. 2.6.8.3 Braunstein, P. 2.8.4.1 2.8.5 2.8.12 Brautigarn, G. 2.6.3.3 Bray, J. 2.9.15.2 Breck, D. W. 2.6.12.2 Bregadze, V. I. 2.6.9.1 2.6.1 1.1 2.6.1 1.2 2.6.13.1 Breitbach, H. K. 2.9.2.4 Bremser, W. 2.8.23.2 Brencic, J. V. 2.9.10.3 Brendel, C. 2.9.2.2 2.9.10 Brendel, G. 2.6.9.2 Brendel, W. 2.9.10 Brenner, A. 2.7.2 2.7.7 Breusov, 0. N. 2.7.5 Brewer, L. 2.8.1.2 2.8.1 1.1 2.9.3.6 Briggs, T. S. 2.9.12.5 Bright, N. H. F. 2.9.10.4 Brignole, A. B. 2.9.10 Brill, T. B. 2.6.10.1 2.6.10.2 2.6.15 2.8.20.1 Brim, E. 2.9.2.2 Brimm, E. 0. 2.9.15.1.1 Brinckman, F. E. 2.8.23.5

2.1 1.4.1 Brink, C. 2.8.12 Brinkman, G. A. 2.1.9 2.7.10 Briscoe, H. V. A. 2.9.10 2.9.10.2 Brisdon, B. J. 2.9.2.3 2.9.10 2.9.13.3.1 2.9.15.1.2 Bristol, H. S. 2.8.22 Britnell, D. 2.9.14.4 Brockner, W. 2.8.4.1 Brodersen, K. 2.8.14.1 2.9.2.3 2.9.2.4 Broll, A. 2.9.10 Bromberg, A. V. 2.7.4 Brookes, A. 2.9.1 5.1.3 Broomhead, J. A. 2.9.13.1.2 Brotherton, R. J. 2.6.6.3 2.6.8.2 2.6.8.3 2.6.9.2 2.6.14.1 Brown, D. 2.9.4.5 2.9.5 2.9.9.2 2.9.10 2.9.13.1.2 2.9.13.3.1 2.9.14.4 2.1 1.2.1 2.1 1.3.1 2.1 1.5.1 2.11.5.2 Brown, D. H. 2.11.2.3 Brown, F. E. 2.9.12.1 Brown, H. C. 2.6.8.2 2.6.9.2 2.8.23.2 Brown, M. H. 2.8.7.1

Author Index

314 Brown, P. E. 2.8.7.1 Brown, S. D. 2.1 1.2.1 2.1 1.4.1 Brown, T. M. 2.9.8 2.9.10 Brownstein, S. 2.11.3.1 2.1 1.4.1 Brubaker, C. H. 2.9.3.2 2.9.10 Bruce, D. M. 2.9.15.1.1 Brudgam, I. 2.8.12 Brukl, A. 2.9.12.6 Brumbach, S. B. 2.10.2.2.2 Bruncks, N. 2.6.1 1.3 Brunner, E. 2.8.22 Bryan, R. F. 2.6.4.1 Bryant, B. E. 2.8.13 Buchanan, D. N. E. 2.9.3.2 Bucort, R. 2.8.23.1 Bui Huy, T. 2.8.3.1.2 2.8.10 2.11.3.1 2.11.4.1 Buifluy, T. 2.8.7.1 Bukata, S. W. 2.9.2.1 2.9.4.1 2.9.12.1 2.1 1.2.1 2.1 1.3.1 Bukharin, K. V. 2.8.3.1.2 2.8.4.1 2.8.8.1 Bukner, K. K. 2.9.2.4 Bukovec, F. 2.11.2.1 Bulliner, P. A. 2.10.2.2.1 Buorion, F. 2.8.15.3 Burawoy, A. 2.8.5

Burbank, R. D. 2.10.2.2.1 Burg, A. B. 2.6.9.2 Burger, H. 2.6.1 1.1 Burgess, J. 2.10.1 2.11.2.1 2.11.5.1 2.10.2.2.1 Burk, G. A. 2.7.4 Burlitch, J. M. 2.6.13.3 2.8.23.3 Burmeister, J. L. 2.8.6.1 2.8.6.2 Burns, J. H. 2.10.2.2.1 Burns, R. C. 2.9.2.1 2.1 1.3.1 2.11.5.2 Buslaev, Yu. A. 2.11.3.1 2.1 1.4.1 Bustos, L. A. 2.8.12 Butera, R. A. 2.9.3.3 Butler, A. Q. 2.9.2.3 2.9.4.1 Butler, I. S. 2.9.15.1.2 Butler, J. A. V. 2.8.14.2 Butskii, V. D. 2.9.12.7 2.1 1.3.1 Bystrova, Z. P. 2.7.4

C Cadet, A. 2.1 1.3.1 2.1 1.4.1 Cadmus, E. 2.8.14.1 Cady, G. H. 2.8.8.1 2.8.8.3 2.9.2.1 2.9.1 1.2 2.9.12.1 2.11.3.1

2.11.3.3 2.1 1.4.1 2.10.2.2.1 Caglio, G . 2.9.15.2 Calabro, D. C. 2.8.6.2 Calderazzo, F. 2.8.3.1.2 2.8.8.1 2.9.15.1 2.9.15.1.1 Caldwell, B. P. 2.8.22 Campanella, S. 2.9.15.1.2 Campbell, G. F. 2.8.22 Campbell, I. E. 2.9.2.3 2.9.2.4 Camus, A. 2.8.12 Candlin, J. P. 2.9.1 5.1.3 Canterford, J. H. 2.6.12.1 2.6.16 2.8.8.3 2.8.9 2.9.2 2.9.2.1 2.9.2.3 2.9.2.4 2.9.4.4 2.9.4.6 2.9.10 2.1 1.2.1 2.11.2.2 2.11.2.3 2.11.3.1 2.11.3.2 2.1 1.4.1 Cantor, S. 2.9.10.4 Canziani, F. 2.9.15.1.2 Capece, F. M. 2.8.4.1 Capella, L. 2.8.11.2 Caputo, R. E. 2.8.10 Carlston, R. C. 2.6.14.1 Carrick, W. L. 2.8.23.5 Carroll, P. 2.9.13.2 Carroll, T. X. 2.10.1

315

Author Index 2.10.2.2.1 Carter J. H. 2.7.2 2.7.3.2.2 Carty, A. J. 2.6.2 2.6.3.1 Case, J. R. 2.6.12.3 Casey, A. T. 2.9.10 Cason, J. 2.8.23 2.8.23.4 Cassar, L. 2.9.15.1.2 Casteel, W. J. 2.11.2.2 2.11.3.3 Castineiras, A. 2.6.16 Castle, J. E. 2.8.14.2 2.9.3.2 2.1 1.4.1 Cattalini, L. 2.8.6.1 Caughman, H. D. 2.8.12 Cavell, R. G. 2.9.2.1 Ceriotti, A. 2.9.15.1.2 Chaigneau, M. 2.7.7 2.8.14.5 2.8.15.3 2.8.16.2 2.8.21.3 2.9.4.6 2.9.4.8 2.9.5 2.9.12.4 Chaillot, B. 2.8.10 Chakravorti, M. C. 2.9.13.1.1 Chaleroux, C. 2.8.15.2 Chamberland, B. L. 2.6.4.2 2.6.6.3 Chambers, 0. R. 2.11.4.1 Chaminade, J. P. 2.9.13.1.1 Chan, L. Y.Y. 2.8.12 Chao, L. C. 2.6.3.2

Charlton, B. G. 2.11.5.2 Charpin, P. 2.1 1.3.1 2.1 1.4.1 Chastagnier, M. 2.8.15.3 2.8.16.2 2.9.4.8 2.9.5 Chatt, J. 2.9.10 Chaudhuri, M. K. 2.8.10 2.9.15.1.1 Chaus, I. S. 2.6.3.1 2.6.3.3 2.6.6.1 2.6.6.3 2.6.7.1 2.6.10.1 2.6.10.2 Chauvenet, E. 2.8.16.2 Cheetham, A. K. 2.10.2.2.1 Chernick. C. L. 2.9.2.1 2.11.3.1 2.11.3.2 2.10.2.2.1 Chernov, N. F. 2.8.23.2 Chetham-Strode, A. 2.9.13.1.1 Chia, Y.T. 2.6.4.1 Chicote, M. T. 2.8.5 Chini, P. 2.9.15.1.2 Chmiel-Pela, J. 2.7.1 Chretien, A. 2.9.2.1 2.9.3.4 2.9.4.6 Christe, K. 0. 2.1 1.2.1 2.11.2.2 2.1 1.4.1 2.1 1.4.2 2.1 1.5.2 2.9.12.7 Christian, J. D. 2.9.4.2 Christie, J. H. 2.8.12 Chumakov, V. G. 2.8.10

Chuvaev, V. F. 2.8.4.1 Ciani, G. 2.9.15.1.2 2.9.15.2 Cihonski, J. L. 2.9.15.1.2 Cirulis, A. 2.8.22 Claassen, H. H. 2.9.2.1 2.11.3.2 2.1 1.4.1 2.1 1.4.2 2.10.2.2.1 Clark, G. L. 2.9.2.4 Clark, G. R. 2.8.12 Clark, H. C. 2.9.2.1 2.9.10 2.9.12.3 2.1 1.2.1 Clark, J. H. 2.7.9 Clark, R. J. H. 2.6.14.1 2.8.4.1 2.8.5 2.8.12 2.9.2.2 2.9.2.4 2.9.10 2.1 1.2.1 2.9.13.3.1 Clarke, C. M. 2.6.5.1 Clarke, F. W. 2.8.22 Clausen, C. A. 2.9.10 Clauss, J. K. 2.1 1.3.1 2.11.4.1 Clemente, D. A. 2.8.6.1 Clifford, A. F. 2.9.12.1 Coates, G. E. 2.6.1 2.6.8.1 2.6.9.3 2.6.10.2 2.6.10.3 2.6.15 2.1.3.2.2 Coetzer, J. 2.8.12

316 Cohen, A. 2.7.6 Cohen, B. 2.11.4.1 Cohen, S. 2.1 1.2.1 Coic, L. 2.9.12.6 Coleman, J. S. 2.1 1.5.1 Colin, A. 2.6.7.1 Collenberg, 0. 2.9.13.1.2 2.9.13.2 Colles, W. M. 2.8.5 Collier, F. N. 2.9.4.6 2.9.5 2.9.10 2.9.12.4 Collmann, J. P. 2.9.15.1.3 Colton, R. 2.8.8.3 2.8.9 2.9.2 2.9.2.2 2.9.2.3 2.9.2.4 2.9.4.4 2.9.4.5 2.9.4.6 2.9.10 2.9.11.2 2.9.12.1 2.9.12.5 2.9.13.3.1 2.9.15.1.1 2.9.15.1.3 2.1 1.2.1 2.11.2.2 2.1 1.2.3 2.11.3.1 2.11.3.2 2.11.4.1 Contreras, J. G. 2.6.14.1 2.8.12 2.8.22 Cook, C. D. 2.9.15.1.3 Cook Jr., C. M. 2.9.12.6 Cook, N. C. 2.9.12.1 Cook, T. G. 2.7.5 Cooper, T. A. 2.6.16

Author Index Cope, A. C. 2.8.15.2 Copley, D. B. 2.9.10 Corbett, J. D. 2.6.2 2.6.14.1 2.9.2.2 2.9.2.4 Corbridge, D. E. C. 2.6.9.2 Cornec, E. 2.8.22 Corradi, A. B. 2.8.10 Costes, J-P. 2.6.8.3 cot, L. 2.11.2.1 Cotton, F. A. 2.7.7 2.8.7.3 2.9.10 2.9.10.2 2.9.10.3 2.9.10.5 2.9.15.1.1 2.9.15.2 2.11.2.2 Cotton, J. D. 2.6.7.3 Cottrell, T. L. 2.6.2 Coughlin, J. P. 2.9.2.2 Coulson. C. A, 2.10.1 Coultard, R. F. M. 2.8.9 2.8.1 1.2 Court, T. L. 2.11.2.1 2.11.2.2 Courtois, B. 2.8.14.1 Courtois, C. 2.1 1.3.2 Cousseins, J. J. 2.8.22 Cowley, A. H. 2.6.8.3 2.6.11.1 2.9.2.3 2.9.3.2 2.9.12.1 Cowper, R. 2.8.14.1 Cox, B. 2.9.3.4 2.9.10

2.1 1.2.1 2.11.2.2 2.1 1.3.1 Coyle, B. 2.10.2.2.1 Crabtree, J. M. 2.8.2 2.8.7.1 2.8.7.2 2.8.8.1 2.8.8.2 2.8.8.3 2.8.9 Cragg, R. H. 2.6.7.2 2.6.7.3 Crama, W. J. 2.8.10 Crane, H. I. 2.6.10.1 Cras, J. A. 2.8.6.2 Crenshaw, J. L. 2.8.1 5.2 Crociani, B. 2.9.10 Crocket, D. S. 2.6.12.3 2.8.8.1 2.8.10 2.11.2.2 Croft, H. 2.8.22 Croft, W. J. 2.9.4.2 Cros, G. 2.6.8.3 Crosbie, K. D. 2.6.9.3 Crouch, P. C. 2.9.12.6 2.9.12.7 Crousier, J. P. 2.8.7.1 Crut, G. 2.9.2.3 2.9.9.1 Crymble, C. R. 2.8.22 Cueilleron, J. 2.6.5.1 Cuellar, E. A. 2.1 1.5.2 Culpin, D. 2.8.12 Cunningham, B. B. 2.1 1.5.1 Curtis, E. C. 2.1 1.4.2 Curtis, N. F. 2.9.10.3

317

Author Index Czempik, H. 2.8.23.5

D Dacey, J. R. 2.10.2.2.1 Dahne, W. 2.1 1.2.d 2.10.2.2.1 DAlfonso, G. 2.9.15.1.2 d’Amour, H. 2.8.4.1 Daoud, A. 2.8.10 Das, M. K. 2.6.5.1 Dasgupta, H. S. 2.9.13.1.1 Dash, K. C. 2.8.5 2.8.6.2 Davan, T. 2.6.14.1 David, J. 2.6.7.1 Davidovich, R. L. 2.9.13.1.1 2.1 1.3.1 2.1 1.4.1 Davidson, J. M. 2.9.10 Davidson, N. 2.6.8.2 2.6.9.2 Davies, J. E. D 2.6.14.1 Davies, N. 2.6.9.2 Davis, H. B. 2.1 1.2.1 Dawson, J. W. 2.6.8.2 Day, P. 2.8.12 de Ahna, H. D. 2.8.12 de Boer, J. H. 2.6.8.1 de Graaf, P. W. J. 2.8.5 De Lang, W. B. 2.8.7.2 De Long, W. B. 2.8.7.1 de Marignac, J. C. G. 2.8.19 de Preez, J. G. H. 2.9.4.5

de Stefano, N. J. 2.8.6.1 De Witt, E. L. 2.6.10.3 Deacon, G. B. 2.6.12.2 2.6.14.2 2.6.16 DeBoer, B. G. 2.10.2.2.1 Debray, H. 2.8.21.1 Dehnicke, K. 2.6.16 2.8.3.1.1 2.9.4.5 2.9.11 2.9.12.7 2.9.13.1.1 2.1 1.2.1 2.1 1.4.1 Deigner, P. 2.9.2.2 Dekina, T.A. 2.8.23.2 Delinskaya, E. D. 2.8.23.2 Dell’Amico, D. B. 2.8.3.1.2 2.8.5 2.8.8.1 Demazeau, G. 2.6.6.3 Demidova, G. V. 2.8.4.2 Demircan, B. 2.8.4.1 Denner, W. 2.8.4.1 Dennis, L. M. 2.8.23.5 Denniston, M. L. 2.6.4.1 Derbeneva, S.S. 2.8.8.1 Dergacheeva, N. P. 2.9.14.4 Deroualt, J. 2.6.15 Desio, P. J. 2.8.23 2.8.23.4 Desjardins, C. D. 2.1 1.2.3 Dessy, G. 2.8.4.1 Dessy, R. E. 2.8.23.2 2.8.23.3 Devi, M. 2.8.10

DeVries, R. C. 2.11.2.3 deWilde, J. H. 2.8.22 DEye, R. W. M. 2.1 1.5.2 Diamond, H. 2.8.13 Dianoux, A. 3. 2.8.8.1 Dickerson, R. N. 2.9.10 Didchenko, R. 2.9.3.6 2.11.3.1 2.1 1.4.1 Dieck, T. H. 2.9.15.1.2 Diemann, E. 2.9.13 2.9.13.2 2.1 1.2.1 Dietz, R. 2.8.19 Dillon, K. B. 2.8.4.1 Diluzio, J. 2.9.15.1.3 Disalvo, F. A. 2.11.3.2 2.1 1.4.2 Disalvo, F. J. 2.9.5 2.1 1.3.2 Distefano, D. 2.8.2 2.1 1.3.2 Djordjevib, C. 2.9.6 Dobryshin, K. D. 2.7.6 Dobson, G. R. 2.9.15.1.2 Dobson, J. 2.6.5.1 Dodd, R. E. 2.7.1 2.7.3.1 2.7.8 Dolcetti, G. 2.9.15.2 Dorochov, W. A. 2.6.8.2 Dorsemagen, A. 2.8.16.1 Dotzer, R. 2.8.22 2.1 1.4.3 Douglass, R. M. 2.7.2

318 2.7.8 Dove, M. F. A. 2.6.15 2.11.2.1 2.11.2.2 Dovlyatshina, R. A. 2.9.2.3 Dozycka, D. 2.7.1 Drake, J. E. 2.6.5.3 2.6.7.3 2.6.9.3 2.6.13.1 2.9.13.3.1 Drew, M. G. B. 2.9.14.4 Dreyer, H. 2.6.3.1 Drobyshevskii, Yu. V. 2.9.2.1 2.1 1.3.2 2.1 1.4.3 Druce, J. G. F. 2.8.21.1 Druce. P. M. 2.6.6.3 2.6.12.2 2.7.9 2.8.8.1 2.8.15.3 2.8.18 2.8.20.1 2.9.12.5 Druzina, B. 2.9.2.1 2.11.4.2 Dubey, B. L. 2.6.16 2.8.20.1 Dubinskii, V. I. 2.8.4.2 Duboin, A. J. 2.8.22 Duchatsch, H. 2.9.15.1.3 Duckworth, M. W. 2.9.2.2 2.9.2.3 2.9.4.5 Dudin, A. S. 2.9.2.1 2.9.2.3 Dudley, F. B. 2.10.2.2.1 Dudley, J. 0. 2.8.12 Duncan, J. F. 2.8.7.1

Author Index Dunn, J. G. 2.9.15.1.3 Dunne, T. G. 2.9.15.1.1 Duran, A. B. 2.9.2.3 Durand, C. 2.9.2.3 Dwiggins, C. 2.8.10 Dwyer, F. P. 2.9.10.2 2.9.13.1.2 Dyadchenko, V. P. 2.8.4.2 Dzhalavyan, A. V. 2.9.2.1 2.9.2.3 Dzhashiashvili, T. K. 2.6.1 1.1 2.6.1 1.2

E

Earnshaw, A. 2.6.2 2.6.9.1 2.6.1 1.1 2.6.12.3 2.6.16 Easley, C. W. 2.8.14.1 Eaton, D. R. 2.6.4.1 Eberly, K. C. 2.9.2.4 Ebert, F. 2.8.2 Ebsworth, E. A. V. 2.6.11.2 2.6.11.3 Eckerlin, P. 2.9.11.3 Edelstein, N. 2.11.5.2 Eder, J. M. 2.8.22 Edgell, W. F. 2.6.13.3 Edhem-Bey, H. 2.8.22 Edwards, A. J. 2.9.2.1 2.9.6 2.9.10 2.9.1 1.1 2.9.12.1 2.9.10.3 2.11.2.1 2.1 1.2.2

2.1 1.3.1 2.11.3.2 2.1 1.4.1 2.11.4.3 Edwards, D. A. 2.9.10 2.9.13.3.1 2.9.15.1.2 2.9.15.1.3 Edwards, P. R. 2.8.12 Edwin, J. 2.6.12.2 Eerdmann, M. 2.8.2 1.2 Efimenko. A. F. 2.8.14.4 2.8.16.2 Efimov, A. I. 2.9.4.6 Egorov, A. M. 2.8.16.2 Ehrlich, P. 2.8.15.3 Eick, H. A. 2.6.7.2 Einstein, F. W. B. 2.8.2 2.8.3.1.1 2.11.4.2 Eisch, J. J. 2.6.10.2 2.6.15 Eisner, F. 2.9.2.1 Elding, L. I. 2.8.4.1 El-Gad, U. 2.9.12.1 2.9.12.2 2.9.12.6 2.11.3.1 Elguero, J. 2.6.8.3 Elias, H. 2.6.3.3 2.9.12.5 2.9.12.6 Elisser, S. S. 2.9.12.7 Eller, P. G. 2.1 1.5.2 Ellialkioglu, R. M. 2.6.3.2 Ellinger, F. H. 2.11.5.2 Ellison, R. D. 2.10.2.2.1 Elmanova, N. A. 2.9.12.6

319

Author Index Elson, R. F. 2.9.12.4 Elving, P. J. 2.9.3.5 Emeleus, H. J. 2.6.12.3 2.7.2 2.8.4.1 2.8.8.1 2.8.8.2 2.9.2.1 2.9.2.2 2.9.2.3 2.9.3.2 2.9.3.4 2.9.10 2.1 1.2.1 2.1 1.4.1 2.1 1.5.2 Emons, H-H. 2.6.3.3 Engel, R. 2.8.22 Engel, W. 2.8.15.3 2.9.12.7 Engelbrecht, A. 2.9.12.2 2.11.2.1 2.11.4.1 Engelhardt, V. A. 2.9.4.4 2.9.4.5 2.9.5 2.1 1.2.1 2.11.2.2 2.1 1.2.3 2.11.3.1 2.1 1.4.1 2.11.4.3 Englin, M. A. 2.8.8.2 Engst, P. 2.6.16 Ensor, D. D. 2.11.5.2 Ensslin, F. 2.6.3.1 Ephraim, F. 2.8.22 2.9.2.3 Epperson, E. R. 2.6.6.3 2.9.12.4 Epstein, E. F. 2.8.22 Erb, W. 2.6.11.2

2.6.11.3 Ercoli, R. 2.9.15.1 Erenberg, B. G. 2.8.14.4 2.11.5.1 Erlenmeyer, H. 2.8.23.2 Erlich, P. 2.9.3.2 2.9.12.7 Ermanson, L. V. 2.8.23.3 Ernst, W. 2.9.3.2 Errington, W. 2.11.2.1 Ershora, A. T. 2.8.15.3 Estes, W. E. 2.8.10 Etard, A. 2.8.19 Evans, C. A. 2.6.14.1 Evans, D. F. 2.8.23.1 Evans, U. R. 2.8.7.3 Evdokimov. V. I. 2.6.3.3 Everest, D. A. 2.7.1 2.7.5 2.7.7 2.7.8

F Faehule, M. 2.1 1.4.1 Fainberg, A. N. 2.8.23.1 Fairbrother, F. 2.9.2.1 2.9.2.2 2.9.2.3 2.9.2.4 2.9.3.2 2.9.4.1 2.9.1 1 2.9.12.1 Fajer, J. 2.10.2.1 Falconer, W. E. 2.8.2 2.9.12.1 2.1 1.2.1

2.1 1.3.1 2.11.3.2 2.1 1.4.1 2.1 1.4.2 2.11.4.3 2.10.2.1 2.10.2.2.1 Faltens, M. 0. 2.8.2 2.8.3.1.1 2.8.4.1 2.8.4.2 2.8.1 1.2 Farcasiu, D. 2.1 1.4.1 Fardi, H. Z. 2.8.12 Farona, M. F. 2.9.15.1.2 Farrar, R. L. 2.9.4.4 2.1 1.3.1 Fast, J. D. 2.9.2.4 Fatuwo, E. 2.8.22 Favez, R. 2.8.12 Fawcett, J. 2.1 1.3.1 2.1 1.4.1 2.11.5.2 Fawkes, B. 2.9:4.6 Fay, R. C. 2.9.2.4 2.1 1.2.1 Feay, D. C. 2.1 1.5.1 Feder, H. M. 2.6.8.1 Feigl, F. 2.8.14.5 Feil, S.E. 2.9.10 2.9.12.4 Feild, G. B. 2.7.6 Feldl, K. 2.8.4.2 Fenn, F. 2.9.10.2 Ferguson, W. S. 2.7.5 Fergusson, J. E. 2.9.4.1 2.9.4.3 2.9.5

320 2.9.13.1.2 2.9.13.2 Fernandez, J. R. M. 2.9.2.3 Ferrari, A. 2.8.4.1 Ferris, L. M. 2.1 1.5.2 Fichter, F. 2.6.8.1 Fiederer, M. 2.9.13.1.2 Field, F. 2.8.16.1 Fielder, M. 2.8.13 Fields, P. R. 2.10.2.3 Filhol, E. 2.8.16.1 2.8.18 Filler, R. 2.10.2.2.1 Finch, A. 2.6.7 2.8.4.1 Fineberg, H. 2.6.2 Finholt, A. E. 2.6.9.3 Finkelstein, N. 2.8.15.2 Finkener, R. 2.8.15.2 2.8.19 2.8.21.1 Fischbach, W. 2.9.4.5 2.9.4.6 Fischer, J. 2.11.5.2 Fischer, W. 2.9.3.2 Fleischer, M. 2.9.10.3 Fleischer, T. 2.6.16 2.8.4.1 2.11.2.2 Flengas, S. N. 2.9.10 Flesch, G. D. 2.9.12.3 2.9.12.5 Fletcher, J. M 2.9.2.2 Fletcher, R. 2.8.10 Floreanciy, A. 2.8.17.2

Author Index Foa, M. 2.9.15.1.2 Fogelsong, J. E. 2.8.21.2 Foldesi, I. 2.6.6.3 Folmer, J. C. W. 2.8.2 2.8.3.1.1 2.8.11.2 Fomin, V. K. 2.7.9 Fonberg, J. 2.8.15.3 Foote, H. W. 2.8.22 Ford-Smith, M. H. 2.8.4.2 Forel, M. T. 2.6.15 Forkl, H. 2.8.5 Forrest, I. W. 2.1 1.3.1 Foster, H. S. 2.8.22 Foster, J. J. 2.9.10 Foster, L. S. 2.6.14.1 Fowles, G. W. A. 2.9.2.2 2.9.2.3 2.9.2.4 2.9.4.5 2.9.10 2.9.12.6 2.9.12.7 2.9.13.3.1 2.9.14.4 Fox, W. B. 2.6.14.1 Fraiman, I. B. 2.7.5 Frais, P. W. 2.9.3.6 2.9.12.6 Franceschi, G, 2.8.21.2 Francis, B. R. 2.7.3.2.2 Francois, M. 2.8.20.1 2.8.21.1 2.8.20.2 Frankland, E. 2.8.23 2.8.23.1 Franklin, K. J. 2.1 1.3.1

Franks, M. L. 2.9.13.3.1 Frary, S. G. 2.6.12.2 2.6.12.3 Fraser, C. J. W. 2.10.1 2.10.2.2.1 Fredenhagen, H. 2.8.17.1 Freeland, B. H. 2.6.14.1 Freeland, G. H. 2.6.14.1 Freeman, J. H. 2.8.9 Freni, M. 2.9.3.3 2.9.15.1.2 Frenkel, A. 2.8.23.6 Frenkin, E. I. 2.6.3.2 Frenkin, E. J. 2.6.16 Freundlich, W. 2.6.14.2 Frevel, L. K. 2.9.12.2 Fried, S. 2.9.2.1 2.11.4.1 2.11.5.2 Friedman, A. H. 2.9.3.2 Frith, W. C. 2.9.2.1 Fritz, G . 2.6.9.2 2.6.9.3 Fritz, P. 2.6.8.2 Frlec, B. 2.11.3.1 2.1 1.4.1 2.11.4.2 2.1 1.4.3 2.10.2.1 2.10.2.2.1 Fromm, E. 2.8.14.4 Frye, H. 2.9.12.4 Fuchs, J. 2.8.12 Fuggle, J. C . 2.11.3.1 Fujiwara, Y. 2.7.3.2.2 Fukushima, E. 2.1 1.2.2

Author Index Full, R. 2.6.8.3 2.6.12.2 Funaki, K. 2.9.12.1 Fundin, G. 2.11.2.1 Funk, H. 2.8.8.2 2.8.14.4 2.8.15.3 2.9.4.5 2.9.12.6 Furlani, C. 2.8.4.1 Furukawa, J. 2.8.23

G Gaebell, H.-Ch. 2.8.12 Gaines, D. F. 2.6.1 1.1 Galinos, A. G. 2.8.22 Gall, M. 2.8.23.2 Gallais, F. 2.8.22 Gallak, V. M. 2.7.2 Galy, J. 2.9.13.3.1 Gamble, E. L. 2.6.12.2 Gandemar, M. 2.8.23.1 Ganorkar, M. C. 2.9.15.1.2 Gantar, D. 2.11.4.3 Garcia, J. 2.8.6.1 Gard, G. L. 2.9.12.3 2.9.12.4 2.11.2.1 2.1 1.3.1 2.1 1.4.1 2.10.2.2.1 Garde, G. M. 2.8.14.1 2.8.15.1 Gardner, J. B. 2.8.21.2 Gardner, P. J. 2.6.7 Garlaschelli, L. 2.9.15.1.2

Gassend, R. 2.6.8.3 Gast, E. 2.6.7.1 2.6.7.3 Gateo, P. N. 2.8.4.1 Gaudemar, M. 2.8.23.2 Gaudreau, B. 2.9.2.1 2.9.3.4 Gaur, D. P. 2.6.6.1 2.6.6.3 Gavin, R. M. 2.10.2.2.1 Gavrilov, G. M. 2.6.3.3 Gavrilova, L. A. 2.6.5.3 Gay-Lussac, J. L. 2.8.14.1 Gazo, J. 2.8.10 Geballe, T. H. 2.8.13 Gedansky, L. M. 2.8.3.1.1 Geddes, A. L. 2.8.12 Geichman, J. R. 2.11.3.1 2.11.4.1 Geiger, P. L. 2.8.14.5 2.8.21.3 Geilmann, W. 2.9.2.2 Geiser, H. 2.8.10 Geiser, U. 2.8.10 Gelinek, J. 2.8.4.1 Geller, S. 2.8.12 Gennis, M. 2.10.2.2.1 Gentile, P. S. 2.8.8.3 2.8.17.3 2.9.7 Gerding, T. J. 2.11.5.2 Gerhardt, W. 2.9.2.2 Gerkin, R. 2.9.11.3 2.9.11.4

321

2.9.12.6 Gerlach, H. 2.9.2.2 2.9.4.2 2.9.4.3 German, A. 2.10.2.2.2 Gerrard, W. 2.6.6.3 2.6.10.1 Gerratt, J. 2.9.10 Gewehr, R. 2.9.3.2 Ghosh, S. K. 2.9.13.1.2 Giaugue, W. F. 2.9.3.3 Gibler, D. D. 2.10.2.2.1 Gibson, C. S. 2.8.5 2.8.6.2 Giese, M. 2.8.7.3 2.8.8.2 Gilbert, J. K. 2.6.8.2 Gilbert, K. B. 2.6.13.1 Gill, N. S. 2.8.10 2.9.10 Gillard, M. 2.8.16.2 Gillespie, R. J. 2.11.4.2 2.10.2.1 2.10.2.2.1 Gilman, H. 2.8.5 2.8.23.2 2.8.23.4 Gilmore, C. J. 2.8.12 Giusto, D. 2.9.15.2 Gladyshev, E. N. 2.6.1 1.1 Glass, G. E. 2.8.5 Gleichman, J. R. 2.9.10 Gleizes, A. 2.9.13.3.1 Glemser, A. 2.9.11.1 Glemser, 0. 2.6.8.1 2.6.8.2

322 2.8.8.1 2.8.8.2 2.9.2.1 2.1 1.2.1 2.11.3.1 2.1 1.4.1 2.1 1.4.2 Glidewell, C. 2.6.8.3 2.6.9.3 Glockling, F. 2.6.11.2 Glukov, I. A. 2.9.12.5 2.9.12.6 Godeffroy, R. 2.8.22 Godovikov, N. N. 2.6.9.1 2.6.11.1 2.6.11.2 2.6.13.1 Godwin, L. M. 2.6.3.2 Goekcek, C. 2.1 1.5.2 Goetze, U. 2.6.11.1 Goggin, P. L. 2.8.4.1 Goldfield, S. A. 2.8.10 Goldschmidt, H. 2.8.14.4 Goldwhite, H. 2.7.1 2.1.5 Golovanov, B. V. 2.9.12.7 2.11.3.1 Goltyere, A. 2.8.11.1 Goltzene, A. 2.8.11.2 Golubera, E. I. 2.8.23.5 Gomm, P. S. 2.8.4.1 Goncharov, A. I. 2.7.4 Gonzalez, V. R. 2.8.17.3 Good, B. W. 2.8.12 Good, M. L. 2.9.10 Goodenough, R. D. 2.7.5 Goodgame, D. M. L. 2.9.10

Author Index Goodwin, H. A. 2.9.13.1.2 Gorin, E. 2.8.14.2 Gortsema, F. P. 2.1 1.3.1 2.1 1.4.1 2.1 1.4.2 Gossard, A. C. 2.8.13 Govtsema, F. P. 2.9.3.6 Graf, H. 2.8.14.4 Graff, W. S. 2.8.13 Grafflin, M. W. 2.8.23.3 Graham, L. 2.11.3.2 2.10.2.2.1 Grailich, J. 2.8.22 Gramp. F. 2.8.18 Grandberg, K. I. 2.8.5 2.8.6.1 Granger, P. 2.6.15 Granier, W. 2.1 1.2.1 Grannec, J. 2.6.6.3 2.6.14.2 2.8.2 2.1 1.2.1 2.11.2.2 2.1 1.2.3 2.11.3.3 Grant, L. R. 2.7.4 2.7.9 Graulier, M. 2.8.18 Gray, H. B. 2.8.4.1 2.9.15.1.1 Gray, J. L. 2.6.15 2.6.16 Graybill, B. M. 2.6.4.1 Grays, J. 2.8.10 Green, J. H. S. 2.6.12.2 2.6.16 Green, M. L. H. 2.6.10.2

2.6.10.3 Green, P. J. 2.9.12.3 2.11.2.1 2.1 1.3.1 2.1 1.4.1 Greenaway, A. M. 2.9.13.1.2 Greenberg, E. 2.9.2.1 2.1 1.4.1 Greene, M. J. 2.7.6 Greene, P. T. 2.6.4.1 Greenwood, N. N. 2.6.2 2.6.3.1 2.6.5.1 2.6.5.2 2.6.6.2 2.6.9.1 2.6.1 1.1 2.6.12.2 2.6.12.3 2.6.14.1 2.6.15 2.6.16 Gregory, B. J. 2.8.23.2 Gregory, N. W. 2.8.2 2.8.7.1 2.8.8.1 2.8.11.1 2.8.11.2 2.9.2.3 2.9.2.4 2.9.3.2 2.9.4.1 2.9.4.2 Grey, I. E. 2.9.10 Griffith, W. P. 2.9.2 2.9.13 2.9.13.1.1 2.9.13.1.2 2.9.13.2 2.9.13.3.1 2.9.15.1 2.1 1.2.1 2.11.3.1 2.1 1.4.1 Griffiths, J. E. 2.8.2 2.1 1.2.1 2.1 1.3.1 2.11.3.2 2.1 1.4.1

323

Author Index

2.11.4.3

Griffitts, F. A.

2.9.12.1

Grim, S.0. 2.6.11.1 Grimes, R. N.

2.6.4.1 2.6.5.1 2.6.5.3 2.6.11.2

Grishkin, Y.A.

2.6.4.2 Griswold, E. 2.6.14.1 Grobelny, M. 2.7.i

Gunther, I.

2.6.3.3 Gupta, 0. D. 2.11.2.1 2.11.3.1 2.11.4.1 2.11.5.2 Gurd, T.H.

2.8.23.6

Gurev, N. I.

2.6.13.3

Gurskii, M. E.

2.8.23.2

Gusev, B.A.

2.11.5.1

Gut, R.

2.11.2.1 2.11.4.1

Groeneveld. W. L.

2.8.9 Gromov, 0. G . 2.7.4 2.7.5 Grosse, A. V.

2.9.12.2 2.11.2.1 2.11.4.1 2.10.2.1 2.10.2.2.1 Grossman, R. A. 2.8.8.1 2.8.10

Gutbier, A.

2.9.2.2

Guthe, A.

2.9.13.1.2 Gutlich, P. 2.8.4.1 Gutman, V. 2.8.11.1

2.8.14.4 2.9.2 2.9.2.1 2.9.2.2 2.9.2.3 2.9.3.2 2.9.3.4 2.9.10 2.11.4.1

Grossmann, H.

2.8.22

Gruder, H. J.

2.6.16

Griinauer, H.

2.8.14.5

Guy, J. J.

2.8.8.2

Gverdtsiteli, M. G.

2.8.4.1

Gruner, E. Guen, L.

2.8.23.2

2.8.12

Guenther, K. F.

2.9.10

Guerchais, J. E.

2.8.10 2.9.13.3.1

Guest, A.

2.9.3.6

Guggenberger, L.J.

2.6.4.1

Guggenheim, H. J.

2.9.3.2

Guichard, F.

2.8.23.5

Guidoboni, R.

2.9.4.2

Gunn, S.R.

2.10.1 2.10.2.1

Giinter, K.

2.8.3.1.4

H Habeeb, J. J.

2.6.3.2 2.6.14.1 2.8.4.1 2.8.4.2 2.8.7.1 2.8.10 2.8.11.1 2.8.23.1 2.9.3.7 2.9.10.4 Hachmeister, K. 2.8.22

2.8.2 2.8.7.1 2.8.8.1 2.8.8.2 2.8.9 2.8.10 2.8.15.1 2.8.16.1 2.9.2.1 2.9.3.4 2.9.4.1 2.9.12.1 2.11.2.1 2.11.2.2 2.11.2.3 2.11.3.1 2.11.3.3 2.11.4.1 2.11.5.2

Haeseler, H.

2.6.8.1 2.6.8.2

Hagemann, F.

2.11.5.2

Hagen, H.

2.9.2.3 2.9.11.2

Hagenmuller, P.

2.6.6.3 2.6.7.1 2.6.14.2 2.8.2 2.11.2.2 2.11.2.3 2.11.3.3 Has, G. 2.8.19 Hair, M.L.

2.9.12.3 2.11.4.1 Haire, R. G. 2.11.5.2 Hajnoci, S.

2.8.22

Hakansson, A.

2.8.12

Hale, A. J.

2.8.22

Hale, P.K.

2.8.10

Hall, D.

2.8.4.1

Hall, J. L.

2.6.2

Hall, J. W.

2.8.10

Hadenfeldt, C.

Hallack, R. B.

Haendler, H. M.

Halpern, J.

2.7.3.2.1 2.6.12.3

2.6.2

2.8.21.2

324 Haltiwanger, R. C. 2.6.11.1 Hamilton, R. T. 2.8.14.2 Hammer, R. R. 2.8.2 2.8.7.1 2.8.8.1 2.8.1 1.1 2.8.1 1.2 Hampson, G. C. 2.8.5 Hancock, K. G. 2.6.13.3 Handy, L. B. 2.1 1.3.1 2.1 1.4.1 Handy, L. L. 2.9.2.4 2.9.3.2 Hanecken, E. 2.6.5.1 Hann, R. M. 2.8.22 Hans, A. 2.8.12 Hansen, J. J. 2.8.10 Hanzel, D. 2.11.2.2 Harding, A. 2.8.14.3 Hardt, H. D. 2.8.8.3 2.8.11.2 2.8.12 2.8.17.3 Hargreaves, G. B. 2.9.2.1 2.9.6 2.9.10 2.9.1 1.1 2.9.11.2 2.9.12.1 2.9.13.3.1 2.11.3.1 2.1 1.4.1 Harnischmacher, W. 2.8.2 2.9.10.5 2.11.2.3 Harris, C. M. 2.8.4.1 2.8.6.1 2.8.12 Harris, J. 2.6.8.1 Harrison, B. A. 2.8.6.2 Harrison, H. 2.8.13

Author Index Hartd, H. D. 2.9.10.3 Harth, T. 2.8.18 2.8.22 Hartl, H. 2.8.12 Hartman, H. 2.8.23.5 Hartman, J. S. 2.6.15 Haskew, C. A. 2.6.3.1 Hatfield, W. E. 2.8.10 Hathaway, B. J. 2.8.10 Hausen, H. D. 2.6.10.3 2.6.16 Hawbold, W. 2.6.12.2 Hawthorne, M. F. 2.6.4.1 2.6.7.3 Hayden, J. H. 2.9.10.5 Hayter, R. G. 2.6.7 Heaton, B. J. 2.8.6.1 Hebert, G. M. 2.11.3.1 Hecht, H. 2.8.9 2.9.4.5 2.9.12.5 Heckmann, I. 2.9.13.1.1 Hedburg, K. 2.11.2.1 Hedin. R. 2.9.4.6 Heinicke, K. 2.9.15.2 Heintz, E. A. 2.9.10.2 Heinzlemann, A. 2.1 1.5.2 Heisig, G. B. 2.9.4.6 Helgesson, G. 2.8.12 Hellberg, K. H. 2.9.2.1 2.9.1 1.1 2.1 1.2.1 2.1 1.4.1 2.11.4.2 Heller, W. 2.9.11.2

2.9.12.1 Helling, C. 2.6.9.3 Helmolz, L. 2.9.10 Helvenstan, E. P. 2.9.7 Helvenston, E. P. 2.8.8.3 2.8.17.3 Helwig, H. 2.9.2.3 Hemmings, R. T. 2.6.7.3 Hempel, C. W. 2.8.21.2 Hencher, J. L. 2.6.13.1 2.6.14.1 Henne, A. L. 2.8.15.2 2.8.18 2.8.19 2.8.21.1 Henry, 0. 2.8.21.3 Hensgen, C. 2.8.17.1 Henze, G. 2.8.8.2 2.8.14.4 2.8.15.3 Hepler, L. G. 2.8.3.1.1 Hepworth, M. A. 2.9.2.1 2.9.3.4 2.9.1 1.2 2.9.12.3 2.9.13.1.1 2.11.4.2 Herdtweck, E. 2.8.10 Herlinger, A. W. 2.8.22 Hermanek, S . 2.6.7.2 2.6.7.3 Hermann, G . 2.8.22 Hermannsdorfer, K-H. 2.6.11.1 2.6.11.2 Herold, A. 2.1 1.2.1 Hertwig, K. A. 2.6.8.2 Hetfrich, G. F. 2.9.10.4

325

Author Index Hetherington, G 2.1 1.2.1 Hettich, A. 2.8.13 Hewitt, A. J. 2.9.1 5.1.1 Hewkin, D. 2.9.13.1.2 Hieber, W. 2.9.6 2.9.15.1.1 2.9.15.1.3 2.9.15.2 Hileman, J. C. 2.9.15.1.1 Hill, L. 2.6.12.2 Hiller, W. 2.8.12 Hindermann, D. K. 2.8.13 Hindman, J. C. 2.10.2.1 Hitchcock, P. B. 2.8.6.1 Hobson, R. J. 2.9.14.4 Hodges, 3. R. 2.8.14.1 Hodgson, D. J. 2.8.10 Hodosan, I. 2.7.5 Hoffman, J. W. 2.8.19 Hoffmann, G. G. 2.6.7.1 2.6.7.2 2.6.7.3 Hofmeister, P. 2.8.23.2 Hogarth, J. W. 2.9.10.2 Hohmann, F. 2.9.15.1.2 Hollander, F. J. 2.10.2.2.1 Hollerer, G. 2.6.1 1.1 2.6.11.2 Holloway, J. H. 2.6.6.3 2.9.2.1 2.9.4.6 2.9.10 2.9.14.4 2.9.15.1.1 2.11.3.1. 2.11.3.2 2.11.4.1

2.11.4.2 2.1 1.4.3 2.1 1.5.2 2.10.2.1 2.10.2.2.1 Holmberg, B. 2.8.11.1 Holt, E. M. 2.8.12 Holt, M. L. 2.9.2.2 Homann, R. 2.8.4.1 2.8.22 2.11.3.3 Hones, W. J. 2.9.2.4 Honigschmid, 0. 2.8.14.1 2.8.14.2 2.8.17.1 2.8.19 Hoodless, R. A. 2.9.2.2 2.9.2.3 2.9.4.5 Hooper, E. W. 2.9.2.2 Hope, E. G. 2.9.4.1 2.9.12.1 2.9.12.3 Hoppe, R. 2.6.16 2.8.2 2.8.4.1 2.8.10 2.8.12 2.8.22 2.9.10.5 2.11.2.1 2.11.2.2 2.11.2.3 2.11.3.2 2.11.3.3 2.11.4.3 2.1 1.5.1 2.10.2.2.1 Horak, M. 2.6.16 Homer, S. M. 2.6.6.3 2.9.10 2.9.13.3.1 Homer, W. W. 2.9.10 Hoskins, K. 2.8.6.1 House, H. 0. 2.8.23.2

Howard-Lock, H. E. 2.9.12.6 Howe, D. V. 2.6.4.1 Howe, J. L. 2.9.13.1.2 Howell, J. A. S. 2.9.13.1.1 2.1 1.2.1 Hsieh, A. T. T. 2.6.13.1 2.6.13.2 2.6.13.3 2.6.16 Huang, J. 2.1 1.2.1 Hubbard, W. N. 2.6.8.1 2.9.2.1 2.10.1 2.1 1.4.1 2.10.2.2 Huckel, W. 2.8.14.4 Hudson, H. R. 2.6.8.2 Huffman, J. C. 2.8.5 Huggins, D. K. 2.9.15.1.1 Hugill, D. 2.9.2.1 2.9.10 2.11.3.1 Huglen, R. 2.6.16 Hulett, G. A. 2.8.14.5 Hunseler, F. 2.8.22 Huntington, 0. W. 2.8.17.1 2.8.19 Huppmann, V. P. 2.1 1.4.1 Hurd, L. C. 2.9.2.2 Hush, N. S. 2.8.10 Huss, E. 2.8.2 2.1 1.2.3 Hussain, M. S. 2.8.4.1 Hussey, C. L. 2.6.6.3 Huston, J. L. 2.10.2.2.1 Hutchinson, W. E. 2.6.7.2

326 Hiittel, R. 2.8.5 Huttig, G. F. 2.7.2 Huttlinger, A. 2.9.2.2 Huy, T. B. 2.8.2 2.11.3.3 Hyatt, D. E. 2.6.4.1 2.6.4.2 Hyde, K. R. 2.7.5 2.7.6 2.7.7 2.9.2.2 Hyman, H. H. 2.11.4.2

I Ignatov, M. E. 2.9.12.7 2.11.3.1 Il'yasov, I. I. 2.8.22 Il'vukevich, L. A. 2.8.10 Imhof, V. 2.6.9.3 Immerwahr, C. 2.8.22 Ingold, C. K. 2.8.23.2 Insley, H. 2.9.10 2.1 1.3.1 Iorns, T. V. 2.6.11.1 Ip, D. P. 2.7.4 Ippolitiv, E. G. 2.9.3.4 Ireland, P. R. 2.10.2.2.1 Isakhanvan. A. L. 2.8.k.j Isbell, H. S. 2.8.5 Ishikawa, T. 2.9.5 Issleib, K. 2.8.23.2 Itoh, K. 2.8.6.2 Ivashentsev, Ya. I. 2.6.6.3 2.8.15.3 2.9.4.1

Author Index 2.9.4.6

J Jache, A. W. 2.8.8.1 2.8.8.3 2.11.3.1 2.1 1.3.3 2.1 1.4.1 Jack, K. H. 2.8.3.1.3 2.8.3.1.5 2.9.2.1 2.9.3.2 2.11.4.3 Jacob, E. 2.1 1.4.1 Jacob, P. 2.6.12.2 Jacobs, J. J. 2.7.9 Jacobson, E. 2.6.9.3 Jacobson, G. B. 2.6.4.2 2.6.5.3 Jacobson, R. A. 2.8.10 Jacox, M. E. 2.9.2.2 Jagner, S. 2.8.12 James, B. D. 2.6.6.3 James, R. G. 2.9.13.1.2 2.9.13.2 Jander, F. 2.8.22 Jander, G. 2.8.3.1.4 2.8.14.1 2.9.4.5 2.9.12.5 Janecke, E. 2.8.22 Janov, J. 2.11.5.2 Janssen, E. M. W. 2.8.2 2.8.3.1.1 2.8.11.2 Jardine, F. H. 2.8.2 Jarvis, J. A. J. 2.8.6.2 Jeffery, E. A. 2.6.3.2 2.6.5.1

2.6.5.2 2.6.10.1 2.6.10.3 2.6.15 Jelus, B. L. 2.6.10.1 Jenker, H. 2.6.10.3 Jenkins, C. R. 2.9.15.1.2 Jenkins, L. S. 2.9.14.4 Jenkins, W. A. 2.9.12.6 Jenne, H. 2.6.12.3 Jesih, A. 2.11.2.1 2.11.2.2 2.11.3.3 2.10.2.2.1 Jha, N. K. 2.9.10 2.11.3.2 2.1 1.4.1 2.1 1.4.2 Jimenez, R. 2.8.5 Jocobi, K. R. 2.8.23.2 Johannesen, R. B. 2.9.12.5 Johansson, L. 2.8.12 Johnson, B. F. G. 2.9.10.3 2.9.15.1.1 2.9.15.1.3 2.9.15.2 Johnson, B. M. 2.11.2.1 Johnson, C. E. 2.11.5.2 Johnson, F. A. 2.6.12.3 2.11.2.2 Johnson, G. K. 2.10.1 2.10.2.2 Johnson, G. L. 2.6.17 2.8.4.1 2.8.24 2.9.11.1 2.9.16 Johnson, R. E. 2.7.2 2.7.8 Johnson, R. L. 2.1 1.3.1

327

Author Index 2.1 1.4.1 Johnson, W. C. 2.6.3.1 Johnson, W. H. 2.9.2.3 Johnston, W. H. 2.9.12.1 Johnston, W. V. 2.8.12 Joly, R. 2.8.23.1 Jonassen, H. B. 2.7.9 2.9.10.4 Jones, G. R. 2.7.4 2.1 1.3.1 2.10.2.2.1 Jones, H. C. 2.8.22 Jones, K. 2.6.9.2 Jones, L. H. 2.8.4.2 Jones, P. G . 2.8.3.1.4 2.8.4.1 Jones, P. J. 2.9.4.1 2.9.12.1 2.9.12.3 2.1 1.4.2 Jones, P. R. 2.8.23 2.8.23.4 Jortner, J. 2.10.1 2.10.2.2.1 Josefsson, M. 2.8.12 Joshi, K. K. 2.9.15.1.3 Jotham, R. W. 2.6.5.1 Jouini, N. 2.8.12 Jouniaux, B. 2.1 1.5.2 Junkins, J. H. 2.11.3.1

K Kabbani, R. M. 2.6.14.1 Kabesh, A. 2.8.12 Kaesz, H. D. 2.9.15.1.1 Kagawa, M. 2.8.11.2

Kahlenberg, F. 2.9.12.6 Kaigoradov, T. D. 2.8.23.2 Kaiser, R. 2.9.11.3 Kalinina, G. S . 2.6.11.1 2.6.11.2 2.6.1 1.3 Kampel, V. Ts. 2.6.9.1 2.6.1 1.1 2.6.11.2 2.6.13.1 Kane, J. 2.6.14.1 Kane-Maguire, L. 2.9.13.1.2 Kao, C. H. 2.6.7.3 Karaivanov, S. 2.7.7 2.8.14.4 2.8.15.3 Karraker, R. H. 2.1 1.2.1 Karsch, H. H. 2.6.9.3 Kaschani, M. M. 2.9.15.1.1 Kataev, E. G. 2.8.23.6 Kauffman, G. B. 2.8.1 1.2 Kavaliunas, A. V. 2.9.3.8 Kawabata, N. 2.8.23 Keavney, J. K. 2.9.2.3 Kebler, E. A. 2.8.22 Keenan, T. K. 2.11.5.1 2.1 1.5.2 Kees, F. 2.8.23.2 Keller, 0. L. 2.9.13.1.1 Keller, R. N. 2.8.11.2 Kelly, H. C. 2.6.5.3 Kelsey, R. J. 2.8.6.1 Kemmitt, R. D. W. 2.9.10 Kennedy, C. D. 2.9.10

Kent, R. A. 2.8.2 Kepert, D. L. 2.9.2 2.9.2.2 2.9.4.6 2.9.10 2.9.11 2.9.13 2.9.13.3.1 Kestigian, M. 2.9.4.2 Ketelaar, J. A. A. 2.9.13.2 Ketov, A. N. 2.1.5 2.8.15.2 2.8.15.3 Kharasch, M. S. 2.8.5 2.8.23.2 2.8.23.3 Khasrov, L. N. 2.6.13.1 Khaustov, S. V. 2.11.2.1 Khidikel. M. L. 2.8.6.2 Khlebnikova, G. A. 2.8.3.1.1 Khoroshev, S. S. 2.11.4.3 Khrishnaswamy, N. 2.7.9 Khristov, D. 2.1.7 2.8.14.4 Khundkar, M. H. 2.8.16.1 Kidd, R. G. 2.6.12.2 2.6.15 2.6.16 Kijowski, J. 2.11.5.1 Kikindai, T. 2.1 1.3.2 Kilpi, S. 2.8.22 Kilty, P. A. 2.9.10 2.9.13.1.2 2.9.13.2 Kim, C. J. 2.1 1.4.1 Kim, J. Y. 2.8.23.2 2.8.23.3 Kinberger, K. 2.6.12.2 4

E'Z6'Z 2.8'8'5 I'P'8'Z 2'8'2

Z'L'Z

Z'Z'I I'Z 9'P'6Z

ZZ'OT'Z 'd '3 'doux

Z'E'TI'Z E'Z'IT'Z Z'Z'I I'Z

329

Author Index 2.9.4.2 2.9.4.3 2.9.1 3.1.1 Krauss, H. L. 2.9.12.2 2.9.12.3 2.9.12.5 Krebs, B. 2.9.2.4 2.9.10 Kreevoy, M. M. 2.8.14.1 Kremers, H. C. 2.9.9.1 Krenev, V. A. 2.8.3.1.1 Krepelka, J. H. 2.9.4.2 Kressin, 1. K. 2.8.4.2 Kreuzbichler, L. 2.6.1 1.2 Kristov, D. 2.8.15.3 Kritskaya, I. I. 2.9.15.1.3 Krockert, B. 2.6.8.1 Kroese, H. A. S. 2.8.12 Kroto, H. W. 2.6.16 Kriiger, C. 2.6.12.2 Kruger, G. J. 2.8.12 Kruger, N. 2.6.16 Kruglaya, 0. A. 2.6.9.1 2.6.1 1.1 2.6.11.2 2.6.11.3 2.6.13.1 2.6.13.2 Kruh, R. F. 2.8.10 2.9.10 Krupa, S. 2.8.16.2 Kruse, F. H. 2.8.3.1.3 2.8.3.1.5 2.11.4.3 2.11.5.2 Kudryashov, N. S. 2.8.22 Kuebler, N. A. 2.8.13 Kueknl, H. 2.9.3.2

Kuhlmann, W. 2.11.4.1 Kuhn, R. 2.8.12 Kuhn, S. 2.6.16 Kuhnl, H. 2.6.16 Kukenthal, H. 2.9.4.3 Kukin, I. 2.8.7.1 2.8.8.1 2.1 1.2.2 2.11.3.3 Kukushkina. L. B. 2.6.11.1' 2.6.1 1.2 Kupriyanova, A. K. 2.1 1.5.1 Kuriakose, A. K. 2.1 1.4.1 Kuriyama, 0. 2.6.3.2 Kurosawa, H. 2.6.10.1 2.6.12.2 2.6.14.2 2.6.16 Kurtenaker, H. 2.8.18 Kushtanov, L. 2.9.3.2 Kuznetsov, N. T. 2.6.4.2 Kyker, G. S. 2.6.8.3

L Labischinsky, H. 2.1 1.4.1 Laboure, L. 2.8.21.1 Ladenburg, A. 2.8.23.5 Lagow, R. J. 2.6.5.1 Lagowski, J. J. 2.6.5.3 Laguna, A. 2.8.5 2.8.6.1 2.8.6.2 Laguna, M. 2.8.5 Laitinen, H. A. 2.7.5 Lamure, J. 2.8.21.2

Lance, M. 2.8.2 2.8.3.1.2 2.8.7.1 2.8.10 2.1 1.3.3 Lane., A. P. 2.11.3.1 Lanthier, G. F. 2.6.14.1 Lappert, M. F. 2.6.6.3 2.6.7.2 2.6.7.3 2.6.8.1 2.6.8.2 2.6.10.1 2.6.12.2 2.6.10.3 2.6.15 2.7.9 2.8.8.1 2.8.15.3 2.8.18 2.8.20.1 2.9.12.5 Larrenter, I. P. 2.8.6.2 Larson, J. W. 2.10.1 Laubengayer, A. W. 2.6.5.3 Lauder, I. 2.8.19 Laurent, J-P. 2.6.8.3 Laves, G. 2.8.10 2.8.12 Laycock, D. 2.6.6.3 2.11.5.2 Le Neindre, B. 2.6.7.1 Leary, K. 2.8.2 2.1 1.3.2 2.11.4.3 2.10.2.2.1 Leary, K. M. 2.10.1 Leban, I. 2.11.2.2 Lebedev. 0. V. 2.7.9 Lebedev, Yu. 0. 2.7.9 Leder, M. 2.9.12.5

330 Leditschke, H. 2.8.23 2.8.23.2 Lee, A. G. 2.6.3.1 2.6.5.2 2.6.6.1 2.6.6.3 2.6.11.2 2.6.11.3 2.6.10.2 2.6.10.3 2.6.14.2 2.6.15 2.6.16 Lee, Y. K. 2.8.23.2 Leech, H. R. 2.6.12.1 Lees, C. S. 2.8.2 2.8.7.2 2.8.8.1 2.8.8.2 2.8.8.3 2.8.9 Leffler, A. 2.9.2.3 Lefrancois, R. 2.8.17.2 Legoux, Y. 2.11.5.2 Legzdins, P. 2.9.15.2 Lehner, V. 2.8.16.2 Lehnis, B. 2.8.4.1 Leicester, H. M. 2.8.23.5 Leininger, R. F. 2.6.17 2.8.4.1 2.8.24 2.9.11.1 2.9.16 Leipzig, F. D. 2.9.4.2 Lemenovskii, D. A. 2.8.5 Lenher, V. 2.6.7.3 Lentz, D. 2.1 1.4.1 Leonova, E. V. 2.6.4.1 Leonova, I. I. 2.9.13.3.1 LePage, A. H. 2.1 1.5.2

Author Index L’EPlattenier, F 2.9.15.1.1 Levason, W. 2.9.4.1 2.9.12.1 2.9.12.3 2.9.12.5 2.1 1.2.2 2.11.4.2 Levenson, R. A. 2.9.15.1.2 Levy, H. A. 2.10.2.2.1 Levy, L. H. 2.8.22 Lewis, H. C, 2.9.15.1.1 Lewis, J. 2.8.12 2.9.2.4 2.9.15.1.3 Lewy, R. 2.9.2.3 Liddle, K. S. 2.8.5 Liebe, W. 2.1 1.2.1 Lieser, K. H. 2.6.3.3 Lietzke, M. H. 2.9.2.2 Lifits, A. L. 2.7.4 2.7.5 Ligane, J. J. 2.7.5 Lilich, L. S. 2.8.15.2 Lincke, G. 2.8.10 Lind, M. D. 2.8.12 Lindahl, C. B. 2.1 1.2.1 2.11.2.3 Lindt, K. A. 2.11.5.1 Lingafelter, E. C. 2.8.10 Linhart, G. A. 2.8.21.2 Lipatova, N. P. 2.9.13.3.1 Lippmann, E. 2.8.15.1 Lipscomb, W. N. 2.6.4.1 Lister, R. L. 2.9.10 Little, K. 2.8.2

2.8.7.2 2.8.8.1 2.8.8.2 2.8.8.3 2.8.9 Livermore, J. 2.8.10 Livingstone, J. G. 2.6.9.3 Lobkov, E. U. 2.8.14.4 2.1 1.5.1 Lock, J. L. 2.9.3.6 2.9.12.6 Lockhart, J. C. 2.6.15 Loehr, T. M. 2.11.2.1 Loessberg, R. 2.9.4.5 Loffredo, R. E. 2.6.11.1 Lofgren, N. L. 2.8.7.2 2.8.1 1.1 Lohman, K. H. 2.9.10.4 Lohmann, D. H. 2.1 1.4.2 Lokshin, E. P. 2.7.5 Lokstin. E. P. 2.7.4 Long, J. R. 2.9.4.3 Long, T. V. 2.8.22 Longoni, G. 2.9.15.1.2 Love, J. L. 2.9.13.2 Low, J. Y. F. 2.8.23.1 Low, M. 2.8.22 Lowe, J. L. 2.9.10.2 Lowig, C. 2.8.15.2 2.8.17.2 2.8.21.2 2.8.22 Lowry, E. 2.8.23.1 Lowry, R.N. 2.9.2.4 2.1 1.2.1 Lozano, L. 2.6.14.2

c.

331

Author Index Lucchini, V.

2.8.23.1

Ludekens, W. L. W.

2.11.2.3

Luhrs, A.

2.9.4.3

Lukas, S.

2.6.8.2

Lunde, G.

2.8.21.3

Lutar, K.

2.11.2.1 2.11.2.2 2.11.3.3 2.11.4.3 2.11.5.2 2.10.2.1

2.8.3.1.5 2.11.4.3 Makarov, S. P. 2.8.8.2 Makarova, L. G. 2.8.23 2.8.23.2 2.8.23.4 2.8.23.5 Maki, Y. 2.6.3.2

Makitova, D.D.

2.8.6.2

Makower, S.

2.8.23.3

Makowski, H.S.

2.6.12.3

2.6.14.1

Manfredini, T.

2.8.10

Mann, F. G.

2.8.6.1

Mannerskantz, H. C. E.

2.9.15.1.3

Mantescu, C.

2.7.2

Marangoni, G.

2.8.6.1

Marassi, R.

2.6.16

Marchetti, F.

2.8.8.1

Marcotrigiano, G.

2.8.10 2.8.22

Malatesta, L.

Mareot, M.

2.7.5

Malcic, S. S.

Maresca, L.

2.9.13.3.1

Malhotra,

Margrave, J. L.

2.9.15.1.1

Malhotra, K. C.

Lutton, J. M.

2.9.4.1

Lutugina, N. V. Lux, G .

Lynch, M. A.

2.9.3.3 2.9.15.2 2.8.22

2.6.8.2 2.6.16

Malito, J. T,

2.9.15.2

M MacGillavry, C. H.

2.8.12 2.8.22

Machin, D. J.

2.8.10 2.9.2.4

Maciel, G. E.

2.6.15 2.6.16

Mackay, R.A.

2.9.10

MacKenzie, D. R.

2.10.2.1 2.10.2.2.1 MacLaren, R.0. 2.9.2.3 Maddock, A. G. 2.11.5.2 Magomedov, G. K. I. 2.8.23.6

Mahdjour-Hassan-Abadi, F.

2.8.12

Maier, N. A.

2.8.23.3

Mailhe, L.

2.8.20.1 2.8.21.1 Maire, J. C. 2.6.8.3

Maitland, R.

2.8.3.1.3

Mallela, S. P.

2.11.2.1 2.11.3.1 2.11.4.1 2.11.5.2 Malm, J. G. 2.9.2.1 2.9.12.1 2.11.3.1 2.11.3.2 2.11.4.1 2.11.4.2 2.11.5.2 2.10.2.1 2.10.2.2 2.10.2.2.1

Malysheva, L. E.

2.9.12.6 2.9.12.7 Mamantov, G. 2.6.16

Manassero, M.

2.9.15.1.2 2.9.15.2 Mandal, S.S. 2.9.13.1.2 Mandalia, B. T. 2.7.9

Mandyczewsky, R.

2.9.13.3.1

Manesevit, H.M.

2.6.6.3

2.8.22

2.9.10

2.6.5.1 2.6.8.1 2.8.2 2.11.4.1

Mariategui, J. F.

2.6.5.1

Maringgele, W.

2.6.8.3

Markl, G.

2.8.23.2

Marks, T.J.

2.11.5.2

Markwell, A. J.

2.6.12.2

Marauet-Ellis, H.

i.8.8.1

Marsh, W. C.

2.8.12

Marsich, N.

2.8.12

Martin, R.L.

2.8.10

Martin, R. R.

2.8.19

Martinengo, S.

2.9.15.1.2

Maruca, R.

2.6.5.3

Mashirev, V.

2.11.5.1

Mashkovtreva, S. A.

2.7.4

Mason, R.

2.8.6.1

Mason, W. R.

2.8.4.1 2.8.4.2

332 Massey, A. G. 2.6.12.2 2.6.14.1 Matheson, M. S. 2.10.2.2.1 Mathur, V. K. 2.6.6.3 Matignon, C. 2.8.15.3 Matoush, W. R. 2.11.2.2 Matson, M. S. 2.9.10 Matsui, T. 2.8.12 Mattauch, H. 2.10.2.2.1 Mattes, R. 2.9.13.1.1 2.9.13.3.1 2.1 1.3.1 2.1 1.4.1 Matthews, R. W. 2.6.15 Matthies, W. 2.8.21.2 Mattleson, D. A. 2.8.23.2 Matwiyoff, N. A. 2.11.2.2 Mau, C. 2.8.14.1 Maulbecker, D. 2.6.3.3 Mawby, R. J. 2.6.2 Maynard, J. L. 2.1.5 2.1.1 Mays, M. J. 2.6.1 3.1 2.6.13.2 2.6.13.3 2.6.16 McAuliffe, C. A. 2.8.6.1 2.11.2.2 McBee, E. T. * 2.11.2.2 McCarley, R. E. 2.9.2.3 2.9.6 McCleverty, J. A. 2.9.15.2 McCloskey, A. L. 2.6.6.3 2.6.14.1 McClure, R. E. 2.8.23.1 McCrae, V. M. 2.10.1

Author Index McCusker, P. A. 2.6.12.3 McDermott, J. 2.7.2 McDonald, G. N. 2.10.2.2.1 McDonald, J. D. 2.8.2 McDowell, R. S. 2.11.3.1 2.1 1.4.1 McGarvey, B. R. 2.6.15 McGee, H. A. 2.10.2.1 McGookin, A. 2.8.15.3 McKee, D. E. 2.10.1 2.10.2.1 2.10.2.2.1 McKinlev. J. D. 2.9.i2 McMullan, R. K. 2.6.2 2.6.14.1 McParltin, M. 2.9.15.1.3 McRae, V. M. 2.10.2.2.1 McWhan, D. B. 2.8.13 Meadows, G. E. 2.9.3.6 Meerburg, P. A. 2.8.22 Mehrotra, R. C. 2.6.6.1 2.6.6.3 Melin, J. 2.1 1.2.1 Meller, A. 2.6.8.3 Mellies, J. 2.8.16.1 Mellor, J. W. 2.6.2 2.6.3.1 2.6.3.2 2.6.6.1 2.6.6.2 2.9.2.4 2.9.3.2 2.9.3.3 2.9.4.3 Melnik, M. 2.8.10 Melnikov, N. N. 2.8.23.5 Memering, M. N. 2.9.15.1.2

Menabue, L. 2.8.10 2.8.22 Meneghelli, B. J. 2.6.5.1 Mercer, M. 2.1 1.4.1 Merinis, J. 2.11.5.2 Merlino, S. 2.8.8.1 Meshri, D. T. 2.11.2.1 2.1 1.2.2 2.11.3.1 2.1 1.4.3 Messerknecht, C. 2.8.14.1 Meuwsen, A. 2.8.22 2.1 1.4.3 Mews, R. 2.11.2.1 2.1 1.3.1 2.11.4.1 2.10.2.2.1 Meyer, G. 2.6.14.1 2.8.12 Meyer, J. 2.8.21.2 Meyer, J. B. 2.8.16.2 Meyer, J. L. 2.9.10 Meyers, M. D. 2.11.2.2 Mhiri, T. 2.8.10 Michael, A. 2.9.4.6 Michaelis, A. 2.8.23.2 2.8.23.5 Midgley, T. 2.8.1 5.2 2.8.18 Mieg, W. 2.8.23.5 Miklailov, B. M. 2.8.23.2 Miles, G. L. 2.11.5.2 Miles, M. G. 2.8.5 MiliCev, S. 2.1 1.3.1 Millar, F. A. 2.9.12.1 Miller, G. H. 2.10.2.2.1

Author Index Miller, H. C. 2.6.4.1 Miller, J. M. 2.6.15 Miller, S.B. 2.6.10.1 2.6.10.2 2.6.15 Miller, V. H. 2.6.4.2 Miller, V. R. 2.6.5.3 Miller, W. T. 2.8.23.1 Milligan, D. E. 2.9.2.2 2.10.2.2.1 Millikan, M. B. 2.6.6.3 Mills, W. 2.8.18 Mink, J. 2.8.4.1 Miranda, L. I. 2.8.14.5 Mironov, K. E. 2.8.22 Mitchell, A. D. 2.8.21.2 Mitchell, C. M. 2.8.6.1 Mitchell, D. W. 2.11.2.2 Mitchell, H. L. 2.7.3.2.2 Mitra, G. 2.9.13.2 2.11.2.1 Mitrofanova, E. V. 2.6.11.3 Mittasch, A. 2.9.15.1.1 Mityureva, T. T. 2.6.3.1 2.6.3.3 2.6.6.1 2.6.6.3 2.6.7.1 2.6.10.1 2.6.10.2 Moers, F. 2.9.2.4 Moeys, E. G. 2.8.14.3 Moguel, M. K. 2.8.6.2 Mohn, J. 2.8.3.1.4

Mohr, F. 2.8.17.1 Moissan, H. 2.8.2 2.8.14.1 2.8.15.1 2.8.17.1 2.8.18 Moldovan, S. 2.7.5 Mole, T. 2.6.3.2 2.6.5.1 2.6.5.2 2.6.10.1 2.6.12.2 2.6.10.3 2.6.15 Mongeot, H. 2.6.5.1 Montignie, E. 2.8.3.1.2 2.8.8.2 2.8.20.1 2.8.21.1 Moody, G. J. 2.1 1.2.1 Mooney, E. F. 2.6.8.2 Morette, A. 2.9.2.4 Mori, S. 2.6.3.2 Morosin, B. 2.8.10 2.9.2.2 Morozov, A. I. 2.9.12.7 2.9.13.3.1 Morozov, I. S. 2.9.10 2.9.12.7 2.9.13.3.1 2.9.14.4 Morrell, B. K. 2.10.2.2.1 Morris, J. H. 2.6.4.2 2.6.5.3 Morrison, J. A. 2.6.14.1 Morrow, S. I. 2.10.2.2.1 Morton, J. R. 2.10.2.1 2.10.2.2.1 Moss, K. C. 2.9.13.1.1 2.1 1.2.1

333 2.11.2.3 Mosteim, C. E. 2.7.3.1 Motori, A. 2.8.10 Muetterties, E. L. 2.6.2 2.6.4.1 2.6.4.2 2.6.6.1 2.6.6.3 2.6.12.3 2.8.14.2 2.8.15.2 2.9.3.2 2.9.4.4 2.9.4.5 2.9.5 2.11.2.1 2.1 1.2.2 2.11.2.3 2.11.3.1 2.1 1.4.1 2.11.4.3 Mui, J. Y.-P. 2.8.23.3 Miiller, A. 2.9.13 2.9.13.1.2 2.9.13.2 2.11.2.1 Muller, B. G. 2.8.2 2.8.4.1 2.8.7.1 2.8.10 2.8.1 1.1 2.1 1.2.1 2.1 1.3.3 2.11.4.3 Muller, C. 2.9.4.5 Muller, F. 2.9.2.3 Miiller, G. 2.9.13.1.1 2.11.3.1 2.1 1.4.1 Muller-Schiedmayer, G. 2.6.5.3 Mundorf, T. 2.8.3.1.1 Mundy, T. F. 2.9.2.2 2.9.2.4 Munster, G. 2.9.12.5 Murdock, T. 0. 2.8.23.1

334 Murgulescu, I. G. 2.8.19 Murphy, A. 2.9.4.6 Murray, R. W. 2.9.3.4 2.1 1.2.1 Murzakhanova. L. M. 2.9.13.1.1 Muszkat, K. A. 2.6.5.1 2.6.12.2 Myers, 0. E. 2.11.3.1 2.1 1.4.1 Myers, W. R. 2.8.7.2 Mylius, F. 2.8.19

N

Nag, K. 2.8.12 Narath, A. 2.9.2.2 Naray-Szabo, I. 2.8.13 Natta, G . 2.9.15.1 Nefedov, V. D. 2.10.1 2.10.2.3 Neilson, L. 2.8.4.1 2.8.7.1 2.8.10 2.8.1 1.1 2.9.3.7 2.9.10.4 Nekrasov, Yu. D. 2.7.4 Nelson, C. M. 2.9.2.2 Nelson, J. F. 2.8.23.2 2.8.23.4 Nelson, L. V. 2.10.1 Nelson, L. Y. 2.10.2.2.2 Nelson, R. A. 2.9.2.3 Nemecek, A. M. 2.8.4.1 Nenov, N. 2.8.14.4 2.8.15.3 Nernst, W. 2.8.14.3

Author Index Nesmeyanov, A. N. 2.8.6.1 2.8.23 2.8.23.2 2.8.23.5 Neumann, G. 2.8.22 Neumann, H. M. 2.6.1 i.2 2.9.12.1 2.9.13.1.2 2.9.13.2 Newton, M. G. 2.8.12 Nguyen-Nghi, 2.8.8.1 Nicholas, S.D. 2.6.3.3 Nicholls, D. 2.9.2.3 2.9.2.4 2.9.10 2.9.12.1 2.9.13.1.2 2.9.13.2 Nichols, M. L. 2.8.22 Nichols, R. 2.8.'14.4 2.9.12.3 Nicholson, D. G . 2.6.2 Nicolardot, P. 2.8.14.4 Niedenyu, K. 2.6.5.1 Niedenyu, P. M. 2.6.5.1 Niedenzu, K. 2.6.8.2 2.6.12.2 2.6.12.3 Nieder-Vahrenholz, H. G. 2.9.3.2 Niehues, K. J. 2.9.3.2 Nielsen, L. 2.6.9.3 Nielson, A. J. 2.9.12.5 Nifontova, G. A. 2.8.6.2 Nijland, L. M. 2.9.2.1 Nikitin, I. V. 2.10.2.2.1 Nikolaev, N. S. 2.9.3.4 2.9.4.4 2.9.13.3.1

Nikulin, V. V. 2.1 1.2.2 Nilsson, M. 2.8.12 Noh, H. 2.6.5.1 Noller, C. R. 2.8.23.1 Noltes, J. G. 2.8.23 Nooteboom, G. 2.9.1 1. I 2.9.16 Nordine, P. C. 2.6.8.1 Norman, A. D. 2.6.9.3 Norman, V. 2.9.4.6 North, H. B. 2.8.14.4 Norton, J. R. 2.9.15.2 Noth, H. 2.6.5.2 2.6.5.3 2.6.7.3 2.6.8.2 2.6.8.3 2.6.9.1 2.6.9.2 2.6.9.3 2.6.1 1.1 2.6.1 1.2 2.6.1 1.3 2.6.12.2 2.6.13.1 2.6.13.2 2.6.14.1 Novikov, G. I. 2.9.2.3 Novoselova, A. V. 2.7.5 2.7.6 Nowicky, D. H. 2.9.2.3 Nowitski, J. 2.9.2.2 Noyikov, G. I. 2.9.4.6 Nuka, P. 2.8.17.2 2.8.19 Nutzel, K. 2.8.23 Nyholm, R. S. 2.6.12.2 2.6.16 2.7.2

335

Author Index 2.8.6.1 2.8.10 2.8.12 2.9.2.4 2.9.6 2.9.10 2.9.10.2 2.9.15.1.3 Nyman, F. 2.6.12.3

0 Obert, T. 2.8.10 OConnor, D. J. 2.7.5 2.7.6 2.7.7 Odenthal, R.-H. 2.8.10 Odinets, Z. K. 2.8.16.2 Odom, J. D. 2.6.10.3 ODonnell, P. M. 2.8.2 2.8.7.1 ODonnell, T. A. 2.6.12.1 2.6.12.3 2.6.16 2.9.2.1 2.9.15.1.1 2.11.3.1 2.1 1.4.1 2.11.5.2 Oechsel, G. 2.9.4.6 Oetting, F. L. 2.9.2.4 Ogden, J. S. 2.9.4.1 2.9.12.1 2.9.12.3 2.9.12.5 Ogle, P. R. 2.9.10 2.11.3.1 2.1 1.4.1 OHare, P. A. G. 2.10.1 Okawara, R. 2.6.10.1 2.6.12.2 2.6.10.3 2.6.16 Oki, T. 2.7.7 Ol’dekop, Yu.A. 2.8.23.3

2.8.23.5 Oliva, S. 2.8.15.1 Oliver, J. P. 2.6.1 1.1 Olsen, F. P. 2.6.4.1 Olsson L. F. 2.8.4.1 2.8.12 O’Malley, R. F. 2.6.8.1 Onak, T. 2.6.5.1 2.6.1 1.2 Onak, T. P. 2.6.10.1 ONeill, G. J. 2.8.23.3 ONeill, M. E. 2.6.10.1 Opalovskii, A. A. 2.8.14.4 2.9.13.1.1 2.9.13.3.1 2.11.5.1 Opalovskii, A. Z. 2.9.3.4 Opferkuch, R. 2.1 1.2.1 Opgenhoff, P. 2.9.13.1.1 Oppegard, A. L. 2.9.4.4 2.9.4.5 2.9.5 2.11.2.1 2.1 1.2.2 2.11.2.3 2.11.3.1 2.11.4.1 2.1 1.4.3 Opperman, V. H. 2.9.12.1 Oppermann, H. 2.9.4.1 2.9.12.6 Orndorff, W. K. 2.8.23.5 Orvschkewitsch, J. 2.1.2 Osipova, M. A. 2.8.23.5 Osman, A. 2.8.23.1 Ossko, A. 2.6.8.3 Osteryoung, R. A. 2.7.5 Osthoff. R. C. 2.9:2.2

Oswalt, H. R. 2.9.3.2 Ott, w. 2.8.12 Owens, B. B. 2.8.12 Owston, P. G. 2.9.10.2 Ozin, G. A. 2.10.2.2.2

P

Padma, D. K. 2.1 1.4.2 Paetzold, P. 2.6.8.1 Page, E. M. 2.9.2.2 2.9.12.7 Page, H. 2.8.1 5.3 Page, T. H. 2.8.4.1 Pagel, D. J. 2.6.8.3 Paget, W. E. 2.6.5.3 Paic, M. 2.8.1 7,l Paine, R.T. 2.1 1.3.1 2.1 1.4.1 2.1 1S.2 Paleeva, I. E. 2.8.23.2 Palkin, A. 2.8.14.4 Palkin, A. P. 2.8.16.2 Palmer, G. T. 2.8.6.2 Palvadeau, P. 2.6.7.1 2.6.7.3 2.6.16 2.9.12.6 Pande, C. S. 2.9.6 2.9.15.1.3 Pandey, N. K. 2.6.16 Pandit, S. C. 2.9.13.1.1 Pankratov, L. V. 2.6.13.3 Pardue, J. E. 2.9.15.1.2 Parish, R. V. 2.8.6.1

336 Parkin, C. 2.8.5 Parrott, J. C. 2.6.14.2 2.6.16 Parry, R. W. 2.9.4.1 Partier, J. 2.6.14.2 Partington, J. R. 2.6.3.3 Pascal, P. 2.6.6.2 2.6.6.3 2.6.7.1 2.6.7.2 Passmore, J. 2.11.2.2 2.11.2.3 2.1 1.4.2 Pasto, D. J. 2.6.5.3 Patterson, W. L. 2.8.2 2.8.7.1 2.8.8.1 2.8.8.2 2.9.2.1 2.9.4.1 2.11.2.3 Paul. K. K. 2.6.16 Paul, R. C. 2.6.16 Pauling, P. 2.9.2.4 Paus, D. 2.8.10 Pausewang, G. 2.9.13.1.1 2.1 1.2.1 2.11.4.1 Pausewang, P. 2.1 1.4.1 Paushkin, Y. M. 2.6.3.2 2.6.16 Peach, M. E. 2.6.12.1 2.6.16 Peacock, R. D. 2.9.2.1 2.9.3.3 2.9.3.4 2.9.4.1 2.9.5 2.9.6 2.9.10 2.9.11.1 2.9.11.2

Author Index 2.9.12.1 2.9.10.3 2.9.13.3.1 2.9.15.1.1 2.10.1 2.11.2.1 2.1 1.3.1 2.11.3.2 2.1 1.4.1 2.11.4.2 2.11.5.2 2.10.2.1 2.10.2.2.1 Pearn, E. J. 2.6.7 Pearson, R. G. 2.6.2 Pearson, R. K. 2.6.3.3 Pechkovskii, V. V. 2.8.15.2 2.8.15.3 Peet, N. P. 2.8.23.2 Pellacani, G. C. 2.8.10 2.8.22 Pelter. A. 2.6.7.1 Penfold, B. R. 2.9.13.1.2 Pengue, R. 2.9.2.3 Pennella, F. 2.8.23.5 Penneman, R. A. 2.8.4.2 2.11.5.2 Perevalova, E. G. 2.8.5 2.8.6.1 Perkins, P. G. 2.6.10.1 2.6.10.2 Perlow, G. J. 2.10.1 2.10.2.2.2 Perlow, M. R. 2.10.1 2.10.2.2.2 Perman, E. P. 2.8.18 Pernot, M. 2.8.22 Perret, R. 2.8.10 Persoz, J. F. 2.8.17.2 Persson, K. 2.8.1 1.1

Perutz, M. F. 2.8.6.1 Peters, E-M. 2.6.16 Peters, K. 2.6.16 2.8.12 Peterson, J. R. 2.1 1.5.2 Peterson, S. 2.10.2.2.1 Petillon, F. 2.9.13.3.1 Petriashvili, M. V. 2.6.11.1 2.6.11.2 Petrova, I. K. 2.6.16 Petz, W. 2.6.13.1 Pfab, F. 2.6.8.2 Phillips, D. J. 2.8.12 Phillips, K. A. 2.9.15.1.1 Phillips, R. F. 2.8.6.2 2.8.23.1 Pickhardt, J. 2.6.11.3 Pierron, P. 2.8.15.1 Pietruck, C. 2.9.4.6 Pietzka, G. 2.9.3.2 Pilling, R. L. 2.6.4.1 Pimentel, G. C. 2.10.1 2.10.2.1 2.10.2.2.2 Pina-Perez. C. 2.8.22 Pinnell, R. P. 2.8.1 1.2 Pintchovski, F. 2.9.13.2 Pippard, D. 2.9.15.1.3 Pitirimov, B. Z. 2.9.4.6 Pitts, A. D. 2.6.4.1 Pitts, J. J. 2.11.3.1 2.11.4.1 Pitzer, K. S. 2.10.1

337

Author Index

2.10.2.3 Planche, L. A. 2.8.21.1 Plesek, J. 2.6.7.2 2.6.1.3 Plevey, R. G. 2.11.2.2 Pohl. S. 2.6.16 Pohlmann, F. 2.8.2 2.8.3.1.1 Pola, J. 2.6.16 Pommerening, H. 2.6.8.3 2.6.14.1 Ponomareva, 0. B. 2.6.1 1.1 2.6.11.2 Pope, W. J. 2.8.5 Popov, A. I. 2.8.3.1.2 2.8.4.1 2.8.8.1 2.11.2.2 POPP,K. 2.8.13 Portal, P. J. 2.6.12.2 Porter, M. W. 2.8.22 Porter, R. F. 2.9.3.2 Porterfield, W. W. 2.8.12 Portier, J. 2.6.6.3 2.8.2 2.9.12.6 2.11.2.3 2.11.3.3 Potilizin, A. 2.8.18 Pouchard, M. 2.9.13.1.1 2.11.2.3 Poulenc, C. 2.8.14.2 2.8.15.2 2.8.18 2.8.22 Poulson, F. W. 2.6.16 Pourand, M. 2.9.4.6 2.9.12.4 Powell, H. M. 2.8.5

2.8.6.2 2.8.22 Powell, M. G. 2.9.2.2 Powell, P. 2.1.1 Power, P. P. 2.6.8.1 2.6.8.2 Poyer, L. 2.8.13 Prandtl, W. 2.9.12.1 Pray, A. P. 2.9.9.2 Pray, A. R. 2.8.9 2.8.19 Priest, H. F. 2.7.1 2.7.4 2.8.2 2.8.7.1 2.9.2.1 2.9.12.2 Priest, H. H. 2.11.3.3 Prijs, B. 2.8.23.2 Pristoupl, V. 2.8.16.2 Pritzkow, H. 2.11.4.1 Prokai, B. 2.9.12.5 Prokhorova, A. A. 2.6.3.2 2.6.16 Prosen, E. J. 2.9.2.3 Prozorovskaya, 2.N 2.8.4.1 Prusakov, V. N. 2.9.2.1 2.1 1.3.2 2.11.4.3 Puche, F. 2.9.2.2 Puddephatt, R. J. 2.8.4.1 2.8.6.1 2.8.7.3 2.8.11.2 Puddick, D. C. 2.9.14.4 2.11.3.1 Pungor, E. 2.8.20.1 Purdie, D. 2.8.6.1

Q

Quail, J. W. 2.11.2.2 2.11.3.2

R

Raab, G . 2.6.11.1 Raddle, A. 2.6.6.3 Rademaker, W. J. 2.6.4.1 Ragland, C. D. 2.8.15.2 Ragsdale, R. 0. 2.1 1.2.1 Raithby, P. R. 2.9.15.1.3 Rakov, E. G. 2.9.2.1 2.9.2.3 2.1 1.2.1 Rakshapal, R. 2.1 1.2.1 Rammelsberg, C. F. 2.8.22 Randall, C. H. 2.11.5.2 Randall, P. D. 2.8.6.1 Rankin, D. W. H. 2.6.8.3 Rao, P. R. 2.8.2 2.8.3.1.1 2.9.2.1 2.9.3.4 2.9.10 2.1 1.3.2 2.11.4.2 R a w , B. 2.6.5.3 Raschig, F. 2.8.16.2 Rastogi, R. P. 2.6.16 2.8.20.1 Rath, N. P. 2.8.12 Rattay, W. 2.6.8.3 Rausch, M. D. 2.8.23.2 2.8.23.6 Rawsthorne, J. H. 2.8.4.2 Ray, A. K. 2.8.12

338 Ray, P. C. 2.8.21.1 Raymond, K. N. 2.8.10 Raynor, J. B. 2.9.15.1.1 Razuvaev, G. A. 2.6.9.1 2.6.1 1.1 2.6.1 1.2 2.6.1 1.3 2.6.13.1 2.6.13.2 2.6.13.3 2.8.23.3 2.8.23.5 Reece, I. H. 2.8.4.1 Reeves, L. W. 2.1 1.4.1 Regnault, H. V. 2.8.16.2 Reichelt, W. 2.6.16 Reichle, W. T. 2.8.23.5 Reid, I. 2.9.13.1.2 Reid, J. G. 2.9.15.1.2 Reinitzer, B. 2.8.14.4 Reintjes, M. 2.6.4.1 Reisfeld, M. J. 2.11.2.2 2.11.5.1 Remy, H. 2.8.10 2.8.12 2.9.4.3 Renner, T. 2.6.8.1 Rennol, M. W. 2.8.21.1 Resch P. 2.6.7.3 Respess, W. L. 2.7.3.2.2 Rest, A. J. 2.9.12.5 Reutov, 0. A. 2.8.23.3 Revelli, J. F. 2.9.5 Rice, D. A. 2.9.14.4 2.10.1 2.10.2.2.1 Richards, N. E. 2.8.14.1

Author index Richards, T. W. 2.7.4 2.8.15.2 Richardson, T. J. 2.8.2 2.1 1.4.3 2.10.2.1 Richert, H. 2.8.8.1 2.8.8.2 Rickard, C. E. F. 2.11.4.1 Riddle, C. 2.6.5.3 Riegel, F. 2.6.7.1 2.6.7.2 2.6.7.3 2.6.16 Rieke, R. D. 2.6.3.2 2.1.3.2.2 2.8.23.1 2.9.3.8 Riley, P. N. K. 2.7.9 Rimbach, E. 2.8.22 Rinn, H. W. 2.9.12.2 Rising, W. B. 2.8.16.2 Ritter, R. L. 2.8.8.2 Rittig, F. R. 2.6.16 Rivett, G. A. 2.11.2.2 Robbert, R. L. 2.8.6.2 Robbins, G. D. 2.9.10 2.11.3.1 Roberts, E. R. 2.1.2 2.1.5 Roberts, J. D. 2.8.23.2 Robertson, G. B. 2.8.6.1 Robin, M. B. 2.8.13 Robinson, B. H. 2.9.4.1 2.9.4.3 Robinson, P. L. 2.7.1 2.7.3.1 2.7.8 2.8.14.4

2.9.2.1 2.9.3.4 2.9.4.1 2.9.10 2.9.1 1.2 2.9.10.2 2.9.12.1 2.9.12.3 2.9.1 3.1.1 2.1 1.2.1 2.11.3.2 2.1 1.4.1 2.11.4.2 2.1 1.4.3 Robinson, R. E. 2.9.6 Robinson, W. R. 2.6.13.3 2.9.10.3 Rochev, V. Y. 2.6.1 1.1 2.6.11.2 Rochow, E. G. 2.8.7.1 2.8.8.1 2.11.2.2 2.11.3.3 Rock, C. J. L. 2.1 1.3.1 Rodder, K. M. 2.11.5.1 2.10.2.2.1 Roddy, J. W. 2.9.2.3 Rodin, V. I. 2.7.7 Rodruguez, A. 2.6.16 Roesky, H. W. 2.9.2.1 2.9.1 1.1 2.11.2.1 2.1 1.4.1 2.11.4.2 Rogan, R. 2.8.15.2 Rogers, D. A. 2.8.12 Rogers, E. F. 2.8.15.2 Rogers, R. J. 2.7.3.2.2 Rohlke, W. 2.1 1.2.1 Rokitskaya, M. S. 2.8.23.5 Rollier, M. A. 2.11.5.1 Rolsten, R. F. 2.9.2.3

339

Author Index 2.9.2.4 Romanese, R. 2.8.22 Romberg, E. 2.9.6 Romhild, K. 2.8.4.1 Romiti, P. 2.9.15.1.2 Romming, C. 2.8.12 Roper, W. R. 2.9.4.1 2.9.4.3 2.9.15.1.3 Rosch, L. 2.6.1 1.2 2.6.11.3 Rose, H. 2.9.4.1 Rosenberg, R. 2.6.14.1 Rosenheim, A. 2.9.2.3 Rosenzweig, A. 2.11.5.2 Rosolovskii. V. Y. 2.6.5.3 2.6.16 2.10.2.2.1 Roulet, R. 2.8.12 Rouse, K. D. 2.9.1 5.1.3 Rousson, R. 2.11.3.1 2.1 1.4.1 Rouxel, J. 2.6.7.1 2.6.7.3 2.6.16 2.9.12.6 Rowe, K. 2.6.7.1 Roy, R. 2.1 1.2.3 Rudge, A. J. 2.9.10.2 Riidorff, W. 2.8.10 Ruf, W. 2.6.8.3 Ruff, J. K. 2.6.8.3 Ruff, 0. 2.8.7.3 2.8.8.2 2.8.14.1 2.8.14.4 2.8.18

2.8.20.1 2.8.20.2 2.9.2.1 2.9.4.3 2.9.4.6 2.9.12.4 2.11.5.2 Ruffs, C. L. 2.9.3.5 Rule, L. 2.8.2 Rumpel, H. 2.8.3.1.4 Rundle, R. E. 2.8.10 Russ, B. J. 2.9.10 Russell, D. R. 2.9.10 2.9.15.1.1 2.10.1 2.10.2.2.1 2.1 1.3.1 2.1 1.4.1 2.11.5.2 2.10.2.2.1 Russell, J. L. 2.1 1.4.1 Ryabov, A. N. 2.9.2.1 2.9.2.3 2.9.2.4 Ryan, J. L. 2.8.4.1 2.9.10 2.9.10.2 2.9.10.5 Ryan, R. R. 2.1 1.5.2 Rycroft, D. S. 2.1 1.4.1 Ryschkewitsch, G . E. 2.6.4.2 2.6.5.2 2.6.5.3 2.6.11.1 Ryumin, A. I. 2.8.10 2.8.1 I. 1 Ryzhkov, A. V. 2.1 1.4.3

S Saaski, Y. 2.9.13.2 Sacco, A. 2.9.15.1.3 Sadana, Y. N. 2.9.10

2.9.12.3 2.1 1.2.1 Sadzhaya, D. N. 2.6.11.1 2.6.11.2 Safonov, V. A. 2.9.10 Saha, H. K. 2.9.13.1.2 2.9.13.2 Said, A. 2.9.10 Said, F. F. 2.6.3.2 2.8.12 Said, S. F. 2.9.3.7 Saillant, R. 2.9.10 Sala, 0. 2.11.2.1 Sallomi, I. J. 2.1 1.2.2 Samartzis, T. 2.9.10 Samuel, E. 2.8.23.2 San Filippo, J. 2.9.10.3 Sander, A. 2.8.21.2 Sanders, D. C. 2.7.4 Sanders, J. R. 2.1.3.2.2 Sandhu, S. S. 2.9.15.1.3 Sandrolini, F. 2.8.10 Sands, D. E. 2.9.12.4 Sanger, A. R. 2.6.8.1 2.6.8.'2 Sanina, L. P. 2.6.11.1 Santarromana, M. 2.8.15.3 2.8.21.3 Saran, M. S. 2.9.15.1.3 2.9.15.2 Sasnovskaya, V. D. 2.6.5.3 Sauer, J. C. 2.6.4.1 Saunders Jr., J. R. .3v*

L. I.L

Savitsky, A. V. 2.8.23.3

340 Savory, C. G. 2.6.4.1 Sawanoto, K. 2.7.7 Sawodny, W. 2.1 1.2.1 2.1 1.3.1 2.1 1.4.1 Sayer, B. G. 2.11.3.1 Schaal, R. 2.9.2.3 Schack, C. J. 2.1 1.2.1 2.1 1.5.2 Schaefer, M. 2.10.2.2.1 Schaeffer, R. 2.6.5.1 Schafer, H. 2.6.9.3 2.6.11.1 2.9.2.2 2.9.2.4 2.9.3.2 2.9.4.2 2.9.4.6 2.9.11.3 2.9.11.4 2.9.12.6 Schafer, H. L. 2.9.2.3 Schafer, H. N. S. 2.8.12 Schafer, V. H. 2.9.12.6 Schafer-Stahl, H. 2.9.12.6 Schcherbina, T. M. 2.6.1 1.1 Scheele, C. W. 2.8.21.1 Schilling, F. C. 2.1 1.3.1 2.11.4.1 Schlapmann, H. 2.9.4.5 2.9.12.5 Schlee, R. 2.8.14.1 2.8.17.1 2.8.19 Schlegel, E. 2.7.5 Schleich, D. 2.9.12.6 Schlemper, E. 0. 2.8.4.1 Schlessinger, G. G. 2.8.14.1

Author Index 2.8.14.3 2.8.15.2 2.8.17.1 2.8.18 Schlueter, A. W. 2.8.10 Schmeisser, M. 2.8.23.2 Schmid, G. 2.6.1 1.1 2.6.13.1 2.6.13.2 2.9.15.1.1 Schmid, H. 2.8.14.5 Schmidbaur, H. 2.8.5 2.8.6.1 2.8.6.2 Schmidt, M. 2.6.5.3 2.6.7.1 2.6.7.2 2.6.7.3 2.6.16 Schmidtke, H. H. 2.9.2.3 Schmitt, R. 2.1 1.4.1 Schmitz-Dumont, 0. 2.9.13.1.1 Schneider, R. F. 2.9.10 Schneider, S. 2.8.2 Schnering, H. G. 2.9.3.2 2.9.10 Schoenherr, S. 2.8.21.2 Scholder, R. 2.8.13 Scholer, F. R. 2.6.4.1 2.6.4.2 Schoonmaker, R. C. 2.9.3.2 Schrader, R. 2.8.21.2 Schragle, W. 2.6.9.2 2.6.9.3 Schram, E. P. 2.6.8.3 Schreiner, F. 2.10.2.1 2.10.2.2.1 Schreiver, F. 2.10.2.2.1 Schretzmann, H. 2.8.12

Schrobilgen, G. J. 2.11.3.1 2.1 1.4.1 2.11.4.2 2.11.4.3 2.10.2-1 2.10.2.2.1 Schroder, H. 2.6.5.1 Schroeder, J. 2.9.2.1 Schroeder, K. 2.11.3.1 Schuierer, E. 2.8.4.2 Schukareav, S. A. 2.9.2.1 Schulek. E. 2.8.20.1 Schultz, H. 2.8.4.1 Schulze, E. 2.8.3.1.4 Schumacher, E. 2.10.2.2.1 Schumb, W. C. 2.6.8.1 2.6.10.1 2.9.12.2 Schumb. W. E. 2.6.i2.2 Schurab, C. 2.8.1 1.1 2.8.1 1.2 Schussler, D. P. 2.6.13.3 Schuyten, M. C. 2.8.18 2.8.20.1 Schwab, C. 2.8.1 1.2 Schwartzbach, F. 2.9.12.3 Schwarz, W. 2.6.16 Schwarzmann, E. 2.8.3.1.4 Schweitzer, G. K. 2.9.10.2 Schweizer, E. E. 2.8.23.3 Schwerthoffer, R. 2.6.1 1.1 2.6.1 1.2 Scott, M. 2.8.23.1 Scott, N. 2.9.2.3 2.9.3.2 2.9.12.1

341

Author Index Scovell, W. M. 2.8.5 Sears, D. R. 2.10.2.2.1 Secco, E. A. 2.8.19 Seddon, D. 2.9.15.2 Seddon, K. R. 2.9.12.1 Seel, F. 2.8.14.4 Segel, E. I. 2.8.19 Segre, E. 2.6.17 2.8.24 2.9.11.1 2.9.16 Seibert, F. M. 2.8.14.5 Seidenspinner, H.-M. 2.8.12 Seifert, H. J. 2.8.10 2.9.3.2 2.9.10 Selbin, J. 2.9.13.1.2 2.1 1.2.1 Selig, H. 2.9.2.1 2.9.12.1 2.9.12.2 2.9.12.6 2.1 1.2.1 2.11.3.1 2.11.3.2 2.1 1.4.1 2.11.4.2 2.11.5.2 2.10.2.1 2.10.2.2.1 Semenenko, K. H. 2.7.6 Semenov, I. N. 2.9.2.2 2.9.2.3 Sen, J. 2.8.20.2 Sengupta, A. K. 2.9.13.1.1 2.9.13.2 Seppett, K. 2.1 1.4.1 Serebryakava, B. S. 2.7.4 Serebryakova, L. N. 2.7.4 Sergienko, V. I. 2.9.13.1.1

Sergrb, E. 2.8.4.1 Serwalowski, J. 2.6.6.3 Sesny, W. J. 2.9.15.1.1 Sessa, P. A. 2.10.2.1 Settle, J. L. 2.9.2.1 2.10.1 2.11.4.1 Seyferth, D. 2.6.11.1 2.8.23.3 Shafer, E. 2.8.16.1 Shagisultanova, G. A. 2.8.10 Shanton, K. J. 2.9.14.4 Shapkin, P. S . 2.9.4.6 2.9.10 Sharp, D. W. A. 2.9.3.4 2.9.10 2.1 1.2.3 2.11.3.1 2.11.4.1 Sharpe, A. G . 2.6.12.3 2.8.3.1.2 2.8.3.1.5 2.8.4.1 2.8.4.2 2.8.8.1 2.9.3.4 2.9.10 2.9.13.2 2.1 1.2.1 2.11.2.2 2.1 1.3.1 2.11.3.2 2.11.3.3 2.11.4.3 2.1 1.5.2 Sharrocks, D. N. 2.6.7.1 Sharts. C. M. 2.11.1 Shaw, Jr., R. W. 2.10.1 2.10.2.2.1 Shcherbina. T. M. 2.6.11.2 Shchukarev, S. A. 2.9.2.3 2.9.2.4 2.9.4.6

2.9.6 Shchupak, E. A. 2.6.11.1 2.6.1 1.3 Sheka, I. A. 2.6.3.1 2.6.3.3 2.6.6.1 2.6.6.3 2.6.7.1 2.6.10.1 2.6.10.2 Sheldon, J. C. 2.9.2.4 Sheldrick, G. M. 2.6.9.3 2.6.11.2 2.6.11.3 2.6.10.3 2.8.3.1.4 2.8.4.1 2.9.15.1.3 Shelton, R. A. J. 2.8.1 1.1 2.8.15.3 Shenk, W. J. 2.8.11.1 Sheppard, W. A. 2.8.6.1 2.11.1 Shereshkova, V. I. 2.8.19 Sheridan, C. W. 2.9.4.3 Sherry, R. 2.1 1.2.1 Sheverdina, N. I. 2.8.23 2.8.23.2 Shevtsova, Z. N. 2.9.10 Shingarev, V. G. 2.8.14.4 2.1 1.5.1 Shinn, D. B. 2.1 1.2.2 Shirley, D. A. 2.8.2 2.8.3.1.1 2.8.4.1 2.8.4.2 2.8.1 1.2 2.8.23 2.8.23.4 Shore, S . G. 2.6.5.1 2.6.13.1 Shreeve, J. M. 2.11.2.1 2.1 1.3.1

342 2.1 1.4.1 2.11.5.2 Shreyer, R. C. 2.9.4.6 Shuler, K. E. 2.9.2.2 Shurginov, E. A. 2.8.22 Shutov, Yu. M. 2.9.2.2 Sibbing, E. 2.9.1 1.4 2.9.12.6 Sidgwick, N. V. 2.8.8.3 2.8.9 2.9.2.3 Sidorov, L. N. 2.1 1.2.2 Sidorova, L. G. 2.7.4 Siebert, W. 2.6.7 2.6.7.1 2.6.7.2 2.6.7.3 2.6.8.3 2.6.12.2 2.6.16 Siegel, A. 2.8.23.6 Siegel, B. 2.6.12.3 2.6.16 2.11.3.1 2.1 1.4.1 Siegel, S. 2.1 1S.2 Sievers, W. 2.8.17.3 Sieverts, A. 2.9.2.3 2.9.11.2 Sillen, L. G. 2.8.17.2 Simarov, Yu. P. 2.7.5 Sime, R. J. 2.9.2.3 2.9.3.2 Simon, A. 2.6.16 2.9.10 Simon, J. P. 2.9.1 3.1.2 2.9.13.2 Simonick, A. V. 2.9.10 Simons, J. H. 2.8.19

Author Index 2.9.2.2 Simonsen, J. L. 2.8.5 Simpson, J. 2.6.5.3 Sinel’nikov, S. M. 2.10.2.2.1 Singh, H. 2.9.13.2 Singleton, D. L. 2.9.12.5 Sinram, D. 2.9.2.4 2.9.10 Sironi, A. 2.9.15.1.2 Sisler, H. H. 2.6.11.1 2.9.2.3 2.9.2.4 2.9.12.2 Skarstad, P. M. 2.8.12 Skoldinov, A. P. 2.8.23.4 Sladky, F. 2.11.3.1 Sladky, F. 0. 2.11.4.2 2.10.2.2.1 Slavutskaya, G. M. 2.9.2.4 Slivnik, J. 2.9.2.1 2.1 1.2.1 2.1 1.2.2 2.1 1.3.1 2.11.4.2 2.11.5.2 2.10.2.1 Slota, P. 2.1 1.2.1 Slotta, K. H. 2.8.23.2 Smalc, A. 2.9.4.1 2.10.2.1 2.1 1.2.1 2.11.5.2 Small, R. W. H. 2.9.2.1 2.9.6 Smirnov, I. I. 2.8.10 2.8.11.1 Smirnova, E. K. 2.9.4.6 Smith, D. F. 2.10.2.2.1 Smith, D. W. 2.8.10

Smith, E. A. 2.9.10 2.11.3.1 2.1 1.4.1 Smith, H. A. 2.8.8.2 2.9.4.4 Smith, J. D. 2.6.8.2 2.6.12.3 Smith, J. J. 2.8.23.5 Smith, J. M. 2.8.4.2 Smith, K. 2.6.5.3 2.6.7.1 Smith, M. L. 2.8.9 Smith, N. 0. 2.9.2.3 Smith, P. W. 2.9.2.4 2.9.10 Smith, W. C. 2.6.6.3 2.9.4.4 2.9.4.5 2.9.5 2.1 1.2.1 2.1 1.2.2 2.11.2.3 2.11.3.1 2.1 1.4.1 2.11.4.3 Smith, W. L. 2.6.5.1 Smith, W. T. 2.9.2.2 Smynl, N. R. 2.6.16 Smythe, J. A. 2.8.20.1 Sneed, M. C. 2.7.5 2.7.1 Sniadoch, H. J. 2.9.10.3 Sokolov, V. B. 2.1 1.4.3 Soled, S. 2.9.13.2 Solleiko, E. 2.6.16 Solntsev, K. A. 2.6.4.2 Soper, C. 2.8.23.2 Sorbe, P. 2.8.2

Author Index 2.1 1.3.3 Sorkinova, G. A. 2.8.10 2.8.1 1.1 Souchay, P. 2.92.3 2.9.13.1.2 2.9.13.2 Sowerby, D. B. 2.6.15 Spakowski, A. E. 2.8.7.1 Spalding, T. R. 2.8.23.2 Speeckaert, Ph. 2.7.9 Spengel, A. 2.6.8.1 Spitsyn, V. I. 2.8.4.1 Spitzin, V. I. 2.9.3.2 Spring, W. 2.8.14.3 Springer, S. E. 2.6.16 Srivastava, R. C. 2.6.8.1 2.6.8.2 Srivastava, R. D. 2.9.4.6 Stadelmaier, H. H. 2.8.13 Stafford, F. E. 2.9.12.5 Stammreich, H. 2.1 1.2.1 Stanko, V. I. 2.6.5.1 Stanton, G. M 2.9.14.4 Staritzky, E. 2.7.2 2.7.8 Starke, K. 2.8.9 2.9.12.2 Staude, E. 2.6.11.2 Staudigl, R. 2.6.7.3 2.6.12.2 Staunton, G. M. 2.9.14.4 Stecher, 0. 2.6.11.2 Steger, - A. 2.8.22 Steggarda, J. J. 2.8.6.2

Stein, L. 2.6.16 2.10.1 2.11.5.2 2.10.2.3 Steinberg, H. 2.6.6.1 2.6.6.3 2.6.8.2 2.6.8.3 2.6.9.2 2.6.15 2.9.2.3 Steindler, M. J. 2.1 1.5.2 Steinkopf, W. 2.8123.5 SteDhenson, T. A. 2.9.1 Stevie, F. A. 2.8.2 2.1 1.4.1 2.1 1.4.2 2.1 1.4.3 Stewart, B. B. 2.1 1.2.1 Stewart, D. F 2.9.2.1 2.11.4.2 Stibr, B. 2.6.7.2 2.6.7.3 Stiddard, M. H. B. 2.9.6 2.9.15.1.2 2.9.1 5.1.3 Stocco, G. c. 2.8.5 Stomberg, R. 2.8.12 Stone, F. G. A. 2.8.6.1 2.8.23.5 2.9.15.1.3 Storhoff, B. N. 2.9.15.1.1 Stout, J. W. 2.9.3.2 Strahle, J. 2.8.4.1 2.8.12 Straub, H. 2.8.23 2.8.23.2 Straumanis, M.’ 2.8.22 Streicher, S. 2.9.2.2 Streng, A. G 2.10.2.1

343 2.10.2.2.1 Streng, L. V. 2.10.2.1 2.10.2.2.1 Stroman, A. 2.8.20.1 Struchov, Y. T. 2.9.15.1.3 Stucky, G. D. 2.8.10 Studdart, C. M. 2.9.10 Studier, M. H. 2.10.2.3 Sturm, B. J. 2.9.3.6 2.9.4.3 Sturm, W. 2.6.7.3 Subrahmanyam, C. 2.6.7.1 Sudborough, J. J. 2.8.14.4 Suffolk, R. J. 2.6.16 Sukhoverkhov, V. F. 2.8.4.1 2.8.3.1.2 2.8.8.1 2.9.3.4 2.9.4.4 Sun, I-W. 2.6.6.3 Sunday, W. 2.1 1.2.1 Sunder, W. A. 2.8.2 2.9.12.1 2.11.2.1 2.1 1.3.1 2.1 1.3.2 2.1 1.4.1 2.11.4.2 2.11.4.3 2.10.2.2.1 suss, P. 2.8.21.3 Sutcliffe, T. 2.6.8.1 Suter, H. A, 2.8.14.5 Suvorov, A. V. 2.9.4.6 Svarc, J. 2.8.14.1 2.8.14.2 Svec, H. J. 2.9.12.3 2.9.12.5 Swan, J. M. 2.7.3.2.2

344 Swan, J. N. 2.8.22 Swoboda, P. 2.8.4.2 Sykes, A. G. 2.9.13.2 Syrkin, V. G. 2.8.23.6 Szabo, P. 2.8.13

T Tabereaux, A. 2.6.11.2 Tabern, D. L. 2.8.23.5 Taeger, T. 2.6.7.3 Tajik, M. 2.9.4.1 2.9.12.1 2.9.12.3 2.11.4.2 Tamai, Y. 2.6:3.2 Tamborski, C. 2.7.3.2.2 Tammann, G. 2.8.21.3 Tan, K. H. 2.6.14.1 Tanaka, K. 2.8.6.2 Tanaka, N. 2.8.11.2 Tanaka, T. 2.8.6.2 Tani, M. E. 2.8.4.1 Tanikawa, J. 2.7.7 Tapper, S . P. 2.6.14.1 Tarasenkov, D. N. 2.9.12.1 Tarr, B. R. 2.9.2.2 Tarsey, A. R. 2.9.10.4 Tatlow, J. C . 2.11.2.2 Taylor, A. 2.9.3.8 Taylor, F. B. 2.8.10 2.9.10 Taylor, H. S . 2.8.14.5 Taylor, M. D. 2.7.4

Author Index 2.7.9 Taylor, M. J. 2.6.13.1 2.6.13.2 2.6.14.1 2.6.15 Taylor, R. C. 2.8.12 Taylor, R. S . 2.9.13.2 Tchirch, F. W. 2.9.2.1 Templeton, D. H. 2.10.1 2.1 1.3.1 2.11.3.2 2.10.2.2.1 Tengler, H. 2.9.15.2 Teodoru, A. 2.7.5 Terent’eva, E. I. 2.7.5 Terrey, H. 2.8.13 Tevebaugh, A. D. 2.10.1 Thackeray, M. M. 2.8.12 Thackrey, B. A. 2.9.2.3 Thamer, B. J. 2.9.3.6 Theyson, T. W. 2.6.13.3 Thiele, G. 2.9.2.4 Thorn, K. F. 2.1 1.5.1 Thoma, R. E. 2.9.10 2.1 1.2.1 2.1 1.3.1 Thomas, B. S . 2.6.6.2 2.6.15 Thomas, F. 2.9.4.6 2.9.12.4 Thomas, T. D. 2.10.1 2.10.2.2.1 Thompson, A. 2.6.7.3 2.9.14.4 Thompson, D. T. 2.9.15.1.3 Thompson, J. 2.9.10.2 Thompson, P. J. 2.8.6.1

Thompson. R. C. 2.7.4 Thorne, P. C. L. 2.7.2 2.7.5 Thrierr-Sore], A. 2.8.10 Tiedeman, G. T. 2.8.12 Tillack, J. 2.9.11.3 2.9.11.4 2.9.12.6 Tilley, B. P. 2.6.7.3 Timakov, A. A. 2.8.3.1.2 2.8.4.1 2.8.8.1 2.9.2.1 2.1 1.3.2 2.11.4.3 Timms, P. L. 2.6.3.1 2.6.3.2 2.6.3.3 2.6.14.1 2.6.16 2.7.7 2.9.3.8 Ting-I Li, 2.8.10 Titov, L. V. 2.6.5.3 Titova, K. V. 2.6.16 Tkachev, V. I. 2.7.4 2.7.5 Tobe. M. L. 2.9.15.1.3 Tobias, R. S. 2.8.5 Todd, L. J. 2.6.4.1 2.6.4.2 2.8.23.3 Todd, S . S. 2.9.2.2 Toeniskoetter, R. H. 2.11.4.2 Tolmacheva, T. A. 2.9.2.4 Tolpin, E. I. 2.6.4.1 Tomkins. I. B. 2.9.2.2 2.9.2.3

345

Author Index

2.9.11.2 2.9.12.1 2.9.12.5 2.9.12.6 2.9.12.1 2.9.15.1.1 Tomovic, J. 2.8.10 Topchiev, A. V. 2.6.3.2 2.6.16 Topol, L. E. 2.6.3.1 2.7.2 2.7.3.1 2.8.1 1.1 2.8.14.1 2.8.14.2 2.8.19 Toropova, M. A. 2.10.1 2.10.2.3 Torp., B. A. 2.9.10 Tournoux, M. 2.8.12 Towl, A. D. C. 2.8.6.1 Towle, L. H. 2.8.2 2.8.7.1 2.8.8.1 2.8.8.2 2.11.2.3 Tracy, V. L. 2.6.16 Tran Qui, D. 2.8.10 Traulsen, K. 2.8.13 Treadwell, W.D. 2.1.6 Trevorrow, L. E. 2.1 1.5.2 Tripathy, P. B. 2.8.23.2 Tronev, V. G. 2.9.2.3 Trotter, J. 2.8.2 2:8.3.1.1 2.8.12 2.1 1.4.2 Truax, D. R. 2.6.12.2 2.6.15 2.6.1-6 Trudell, C. 0. 2.6.15

Tsintsius, V. M. 2.9.2.4 Tuck, D. G. 2.6.2 2.6.3.1 2.6.3.2 2.6.10.3 2.6.13.1 2.6.13.3 2.6.14.1 2.6.15 2.6.16 2.8.4.1 2.8.7.1 2.8.10 2.8.11.1 2.8.12 2.8.22 2.8.23.1 2.9.3.1 2.9.10.4 Tucker, P. A. 2.8.12 Tullock, C. W. 2.6.2 2.6.6.1 2.6.6.3 2.6.12.3 Turco, A. 2.9.10.2 Turff, J. W. 2.9.4.1 2.9.12.1 2.9.12.3 2.9.12.5 Turner, J. J. 2.10.2.1 Turner, J. M. 2.6.5.3 Turney, T. W. 2.9.3.8 Turova, N. Ya. 2.1.6 Turtle, P. C. 2.9.13.3.1 Twentyman, M.'E. 2.6.10.1 2.6.10.2 Twiss-Brooks, A. B. 2.6.5.3 Tyabji, A. 2.8.6.2 Tyler, D. R. 2.9.15.1.1 Tyree, S. Y. 2.6.6.3 2.1.1 2.9.4.1 2.9.4.6

2.9.5 2.9.8 2.9.10 2.9.12.4 2.9.1 3.3.1

U Uchimura, K. 2.9.12.1 Ucko, D. A. 2.9.10.5 Udy, M. J. 2.9.5 Uhleman, E. 2.9.4.5 2.9.4.6 Uhlir, A. 2.8.14.1 Uhlir, Z. 2.8.14.2 Under, K. 2.9.2.3 Underhill, A. E. 2.8.4.1 Ungermann, C. B. 2.6.1 1:2 Urbain, G. 2.8.22 Uriarte, A. K. 2.6.13.3 Urry, G. 2.6.6.3 2.6.13.1 2.6.14.1 Usiatinskii, A. Y. 2.6.13.1 Uson, R. 2.8.5 2.8.6.1 2.8.6.2 Ustynyuk, Y. A. 2.6.4.2

V v. Arkel, A. E. 2.6.8.1 Vagutova, N. M. 2.1.5 Vahrenkamp, H. 2.6.1.3 Valenti, V. 2.9.3.3 Val'tsev, V. K. 2.11.5.1 van Aubel, E. 2.8.14.3

346 van de Linde, J. 2.8.12 van de Vondel, D. F. 2.8.6.1 van der Kelen, G. P. 2.8.6.1 van der Kerk, G. J. M. 2.8.5 Van der Meulen. P. A. 2.6.6.3 Van der Muhll, R. 2.6.6.3 van Leeuwen, P. W. N. M. 2.8.9 Van Mater, H. L. 2.6.6.3 Varet, R. 2.8.22 Varshavkii, Yu S. 2.8.15.2 Vasile, M. J. 2.8.2 2.1 1.3.1 2.11.3.2 2.1 1.4.1 2.1 1.4.3 Vasil’kova, I. V. 2.9.2.3 2.9.4.6 2.9.10 Vaska, L. 2.9.15.1.3 Vaskoboinikov, N. B. 2.7.5 Vasse, R. 2.1 1.2.1 Vaughan, L. G. 2.8.6.1 Vaughan, P. A. 2.8.12 Vauquelin, L. N. 2.8.20.1 Vavilova, I. P. 2.6.16 Vavoulis, A. 2.9.4.1 Veenboer, J. Th. 2.7.9 2.7.10 Vekins, J. E. 2.9.13.3.1 Venien, J. P. 2.9.12.6 Vereshchagin, L. I. 2.8.23.2 Vicario, A. 2.8.22 Vicente, J. 2.8.5 2.8.6.1

Author Index Victoriano, L. 2.6.13.1 2.6.15 Vidal, J. D. 2.1 1.2.1 Vidic, E. 2.9.4.3 Vilkaitus, V. K. 2.11.5.2 Villasden, J. 2.9.3.2 Vilminot, S. 2.1 1.2.1 Vinarov, I. V. 2.7.5 Vlasse, M. 2.9.13.1.1 Vogel, A. 2.8.17.2 Vogel, R. C. 2.10.1 Voghdaera, E. E. 2.9.12.6 Vohra, A. G. 2.8.2 Volkov, Y . E. 2.8.10 von Barner, J. H. 2.6.16 von Bonsdorff, P. A. 2.8.22 von Bronswyk, W. 2.9.10 von Hauer, K. 2.8.22 Von Mack, M. 2.8.14.2 von Schnering, H. G. 2.8.10 2.8.12 2.9.2.3 2.9.2.4 von Schrotter, A. R. 2.8.14.1 Von Wartenberg, C. 2.11.5.1 von Wartenberg, H. 2.8.2 2.9.2.1 Voronkov, M. G. 2.8.23.2 Voskoboinikov, N. B. 2.7.4 Vovsi. B. A. 2.7.5 Vukosavovich, M. J. 2.8.10 Vulikh, A. I. 2.7.4 Vursuc, G. 2.7.5

Vyazankin, N. S. 2.6.9.1 2.6.11.1 2.6.1 1.2 2.6.1 1.3 2.6.13.1 2.6.13.2

W Waddington, T. C. 2.6.7.3 2.6.12.1 2.6.16 Wade, K. 2.6.3.1 2.6.5.2 2.6.6.3 2.6.10.1 2.6.10.2 2.6.12.2 2.6.10.3 2.6.14.1 2.6.14.2 2.6.15 Waerstad, K. 2.8.12 Wageman, W. E. 2.11.2.2 Wagner, C. 2.8.2 2.8.7.2 2.8.11.1 Wagner, F. E. 2.8.6.1 Wagner, J. B. 2.8.2 2.8.7.2 2.8.11.1 2.8.12 Wagner, R. 2.8.16.1 2.8.22 Wait, E. 2.7.5 2.7.6 2.7.7 Wakefield, B. J. 2.8.23 2.8.23.2 Walden, P. T. 2.8.22 Walker, M. L. 2.6.8.3 2.9.15.1.2 Wallbridge, M. G. H. 2.6.4.1 2.6.9.2 Walther, B. 2.6.8.3

Author Index 2.6.9.1. 2.6.9.2 2.6.9.3 2.6.13.1 2.6.13.2 2.6.13.3 Walton, R. A. 2.6.15 2.9.10 2.9.11 2.9.12.6 2.9.12.7 2.9.13 2.9.10.5 Wandner, K. H. 2.11.2.1 Ward, B. G. 2.9.12.5 Ward, D. L. 2.10.2.2.1 Ward, E. H. 2.6.6.3 Wardlaw, W. 2.9.2.2 2.9.13.1.2 2.9.13.2 Warlaw, W. 2.8.20.1 Warner, G. 2.8.22 Warner, J. L. 2.6.4.1 2.6.4.2 Warner, K. R. 2.6.5.1 Warren, L. F. 2.6.4.1 Warrick, P. 2.8.14.1 Wartenpfuhl, F. 2.9.12.6 Wartik, T. 2.6.14.1 2.6.16 Wasmuht, R. 2.9.12.1 Wasson, J. R. 2.8.10 Waters, J. 2.9.2.2 Waters. T. N. 2.ii.4.i Waterworth, L. G. 2.6.14.1 Watt, G. W. 2.8.8.3 2.8.17.3 2.9.2.4 2.9.7

2.9.10.2 Waugh, A. B. 2.6.16 2.9.15.1.1 2.11.3.1 Wayda, A. L. 2.8.2 2.11.3.2 Weaver, C. F. 2.1 1.3.1 Weaver, E. E. 2.9.2.1 2.11.4.2 2.10.2.2 2.10.2.2.1 Webb, A. D. 2.11.4.1 Webb, H. W. , 2.9.2.2 Webb, T. J. 2.8.14.1 Weber, R. 2.8.15.1 Wechsberg, M. 2.10.2.2.1 Wedd, A. G. 2.9.10 Weeks, J. L. 2.10.2.2.1 Wegelius, H. 2.8.22 Wegener, J. 2.11.2.1 2.1 1.3.1 2.11.4.1 Wegerif, E. 2.9.13.2 Wegner, P. A. 2.6.4.1 Weibel, A. T. 2.6.1 1.1 Weidenbruch, M. 2.8.23.2 Weidlein, J. 2.6.10.3 2.1 1.2.1 Weil, T. 2.8.23.2 Weinhouse, S. 2.8.23.3 Weinland, R. F. 2.9.13.1.2 Weinstock, B. 2.9.2.1 2.11.3.2 2.11.4.2 2.10.2.2 2.10.2.2.1 Weise, E. 2.9.12.6

347 Weiss, A. 2.8.2 2.8.11.1 Weiss, W. 2.9.4.5 2.9.12.6 Weissberger, A. 2.7.9 Weisz, 0. 2.8.6.1 Welch, A. J. E. 2.9.3.3 2.11.2.3 Wells. A. F. 2.8.22 Wells, E. J. 2.1 1.4.1 2.11.4.2 Wells, H. L. 2.8.4.1 2.8.22 Wells, P. R. 2.8.23.1 Welz, E. 2.9.15.1.1 Wendell, C. B. 2.7.6 Wentworth, R. A. D. 2.9.10 2.9.10.5 Wentzky, 0. 2.8.21.1 Werner, D. 2.8.14.4 Werner, W. 2.8.4.1 Wernet, J. 2.9.4.5 Wertheim, G. K. 2.9.3.2 Werther, H. U. 2.9.2.1 2.1 1.4.2 West, R. C. 2.9.2.2 Westland, G. J. 2.9.2.1 2.1 1.4.2 Wewerka, E. M. 2.8.14.1 Wheeler, C. M. 2.8.9 2.11.2.3 Whitcornbe, R. A. 2.6.1 White, H. W. 2.6.3.2 White, J. F. 2.9.15.1.2 White, J. W. 2.9.15.1.2

348

Author index

Whitesides, G. M. 2.1.3.2.2

Whittaker. B. 2.11.5:2

Whyman, R. 2.9.15.1.3

Whynes, A. L. 2.6.3.3

Wiaux, J. P. 2.6.16

Wiberg, E. 2.6.5.2 2.6.5.3 2.6.1.3 2.6.8.2 2.6.1 1.2

Wickins, T. D. 2.9.13.1.1 2.9.13.2 2.9.13.3.1

Widler, H. J. 2.6.10.3 Wiegers, G. A. 2.8.2 2.8.3.1.1 2.8.11.2

Wiese, U. 2.9.2.2

Wiggins, J. W. 2.6.5.2

Wilber, S.A. 2.8.12

Wilhelm, D. L. 2.9.10.2

Wilhelm, H. A. 2.9.4.3

Wilhelm, V. 2.11.3.2

Wilkin, D. 2.9.1 3.1.1

Wilkinson, D. N. 2.9.13.1.2 Wilkinson, G. 2.1.1 2.8.1.3 2.9.1 2.9.10.2 2.9.10.5 2.9.15.1.1 2.9.1 5.1.2 2.9.15.1.3

Wilkinson, M. 2.6.3.2 2.6.14.1

Willett, R. D. 2.8.10

Willey, G . R. 2.9.14.4

Willgerodt, C . 2.8.23.5

'

Williams, D. M. 2.9.14.4

Williams, H. J. 2.9.3.2

Williams, J. 2.10.2.2.1

Williams, R. G. 2.9.10 2.9.13.3.1

Williams, R. J. P. 2.8.12

Wintrebert, L. 2.9.13.1.2

Wise, S.S. 2.6.8.1

Wiseman, E. L. 2.9.4.1

Wiswall Jr., R. H. 2.10.2.2.1

Wohler, L. 2.9.2.2 2.9.2.3

Williamson, S.M.

Wohlleben, A.

Willits, C . 0.

Wohlleben-Hammer, A.

2.10.2.2.1 2.8.22

Willson, K. S. 2.6.6.3

Wilson, E. G. 2.10.1 2.10.2.2.1

Wilson, I. L. 2.9.15.1.1

Wilson, L. F. 2.9.3.3

Wilson. P. W. 2.6.12.3 2.9.12.5

Wilson, R. 2.8.21.2

Wilson, R. D. 2.1 1.2.1 2.11.4.2 2.11.5.2

Wilson, W. W. 2.9.12.1 2.1 1.2.1 2.11.2.2 2.1 1.4.1 2.1 1.5.2

Winans, R. E. 2.1.4

Winborne, D. A. 2.6.8.1

Winfield, J. M. 2.9.13 2.11.2.3 2.1 1.3.1 2.1 1.4.1

Wingeleth, D. C. 2.6.9.3

Winkler, D. 2.9.15.1.1

Winokur, M. 2.8.23.2

Winter. P. K. 2.6.2

Winterhalder. E. 2.8.14.1

Winther, C . 2.8.21.2

2.8.6.1 2.8.6.1

Woitinek, H. 2.8.2

Wold, A. 2.9.13.2

Wolf, L. 2.8.14.4

WOlK 0. 2.8.21.2

Wolfram, T. 2.6.3.2

Won Choi, Q. 2.8.13

Wong, E. H. 2.6.14.1

Wong, K. 2.9.15.1.3

Wood, G. B. 2.1.2 2.7.7

Wood, J. S. 2.9.13.3.1 2.9.15.1.1

Woods, L. A. 2.8.5

Woodward, P. 2.8.12

Woolf, A. A. 2.8.4.1 2.8.8.2 2.9.13.2 2.1 1.2.1 2.1 1.4.3

Woolf, C. J. 2.9.12.1

Worral, L.J. 2.6.3.2

Worrall, I. J. 2.6.2 2.6.14.1

Wrigge, F. W. 2.9.2.2

Wright, G. F. 2.8.23.4

Wurm, J. G . 2.9.10.4

349

Author Index Wycoff, H. D. 2.8.11.2 Wylie, A. W. 2.11.5.1

Y

Yagodin, G. A. 2.11.2.1 Yagupol'skii, L. M. 2.11.2.3 Yakubovich, A. Ya. 2.8.8.2 Yashina, 0. G. 2.8.23.2 Yasuda, K. 2.6.10.3 Yasui, S. C. 2.6.5.3 Yatirajam, V. 2.9.13.2 Yeh, S. 2.10.2.1 Yeh, S . M. 2.10.2.1 Yeoh, T.-K. 2.8.10 Yoke, J. T. 2.8.12 Yoshida, H. 2.10.1 Yoshizawa, S. 2.9.5 Yosim, S. J. 2.7.2 2.6.3.1 2.7.3.1 2.8.11.1 2.8.14.1 2.8.14.2 2.8.19 Youinou, M.-T. 2.9.13.3.1 Young, A. R. 2t10.2.2.1 Young, D. C. 2.6.4.1

Young, H. A. 2.1 1.4.1 Young, J. P. 2.11.5.2 Young, R. C. 2.9.3.2 2.9.4.1 2.9.10.4 Yuen, D. K. P. 2.8.12

Z Zachariasen, W. H. 2.11.5.2 Zado, F. 2.9.12.4 Zaitseva, I. G. 2.11.2.2 Zaitseva, N. D. 2.9.4.6 2.9.10 Zakharkv, Yu.V. 2.11.5.1 Zakharkin, L. I. 2.6.4.1 2.6.5.1 Zalivina, E. N. 2.8.8.1 Zalka, L. 2.9.12.6 Zalkin, A. 2.8.2 2.9.12.4 2.10.1 2.10.2.1 2.10.2.2.1 2.1 1.3.1 Zara, T. V. 2.8.23.2 Zeller, K. P. 2.8.23 2.8.23.2 zemva, B. 2.9.2.1 2.10.2.1

2.10.2.2.1 2.11.2.1 2.1 1.2.2 2.1 1.3.1 2.11.3.2 2.11.3.3 2.1 1.4.1 2.11.4.2 2.1 1.4.3 2.11.5.1 2.11.5.2 Zhukov, V. M. 2.7.9 Zhukova, N. A. 2.6.4.2 Ziebarth, 0. V. 2.9.13.1.2 2.1 1.2.1 Ziegler, E. 2.6.10.3 Ziegler, K. 2.9.12.6 Zimma, T. N. 2.9.10 Zimmer, H. S . 2.8.23.3 Zirin, M. H. 2.8.14.1 2.10.2.3 Zizlsperger, H. 2.9.15.1.2 Zolkins, A. 2.11.3.2 Zol'nikova, G. P. 2.9.15.1.3 Zschunke, A. 2.6.8.3 Zshbv, E. C. 2.7.3.2.1 Ziirrer. T. 2.7.6 Zylka, L. 2.9.11.3 2.9.11.4 Zyryanov, M. N. 2.8.3.1.1


Compound Index This index lists individual, fully specified compositions of matter that are mentioned in the text. It is an index of empirical formulas, ordered according to the following system: the elements within a given formula occur in alphabetical sequence except for C, or C and H if present, which always come first. The formulas are ordered alphanumerically without exception. The index is augmented by successively permuted versions of all empirical formulas. As an example, C,H,AlO, will appear as such and, at the appropriate positions in the alphanumeric sequence, as H,AlO,*C, , AlO,*C,H, and O,*C,H,Al. The asterisk identifies a permuted formula and allows the original formula to be reconstructed by shifting to the front the elements that follow the asterisk. Whenever an empirical formula does not show how the elements are combined in groups, it is followed by a linearized structural formula, which reveals the connectivity of the compound(s) underlying the empirical formula and serves to distinguish substances which are identical in composition but differ in the arrangement of elements. The nonpermuted empirical formulas are followed by keywords. They describe the context in which the compounds represented by the empirical formulas are discussed. Section numbers direct the reader to relevant positions in the book.

Ac Ac Reaction with HF: 2.11.5.2 AcFO AcOF Formation: 2.1 1.5.2 AcF, AcF, Formation: 2.11.5.2

Parital hydrolysis in aq NH,: 2.1 1.5.2 AcH,O, Ac(OH), Reaction with HF: 2.11.5.2 Ag A€! Fluorination: 2.11.3.3 Reacts with At: 2.8.4.1

351

352

Compound Index

AgAt AgAt Formation: 2.8.4.1 AgAtO, AgCAtO3l Formation: 2.8.4.1 AgAuCI6Cs2 CS,[AgAUCI6] Structure: 2.8.4.1 AgAuF, AgCAuF4I Formation: 2.8.4.1 AgAu31,Rb2 Rb,CAgAu31,1 Formation: 2.8.4.1 AgBaF, BaCAgF41 Formation: 2.8.10 AgBaF, BaCAgF51 Formation: 2.8.4.1 AgBa2F6 Ba2[AgF61 Formation: 2.8.10 AgBr AgBr Formation: 2.8.2, 2.9.8. Precipitation from Ag* solutions: 2.8.1 1.1 Reaction with Ga: 2.6.3.3 AgBr,N*C,H AgBr2P*C24H20 AgBr4P3*C,,H54 AgCaF, CaCAgF41 Formation: 2.8.10 AgCdF, CdCAgF4I Formation: 2.8.10 AgCl AgCl Fluorination: 2.1 1.3.3 Formation: 2.8.2, 2.9.8 Precipitation from Ag' solutions: 2.8.11.1 Reactions with F, and CIF,: 2.8.8.1 Reaction with Ag,Te: 2.9.14.2 Reaction with Al: 2.6.3.3 Reaction with CIF,: 2.11.3.3 AgC1,Cs CsCAgCI21 Formation: 2.8.12

AgCI2N*C4Hl2 AgCI,Cu AgCCuC131 Formation: 2.8.10 AgCsF, CsCAgF,I Formation: 2.8.10 AgCsF, CsCAgF4I Formation: 2.8.4.1 AgCs2F. Cs2CAgF41 Fluorination: 2.11.3.3 Formation: 2.8.10 Cs,CAgF,I Formation: 2.8.2, 2.11.3.3 AgCs,F,K Cs,KCAgF,l Thermal decomposition: 2.8.4.1 Cs,CAgI,I Formation: 2.8.12 AgF AgF Fluorinating agent: 2.6.12.3 Formation: 2.8.2, 2.9.8. Formation from Ag,O or Ag,CO,: 2.8.11.1 Formation from the metal: 2.8.11.1 Reactions with F, and CIF,: 2.8.8.1 Reaction with B: 2.6.3.3 Reaction with F,-HF 2.11.3.3 Reaction with Hg,CI,: 2.8.21.1 Reduction of AgF,: 2.8.11.1 AgF, AgF, Formation: 2.8.2, 2.8.7.1, 2.8.8.1, 2.8.8.2, 2.11.3.3 Oxidation of H,O: 2.8.7.3 A@, AgF3 Formation: 2.8.2, 2.8.3.1.2 A@,K KCAgF31 Formation: 2.8.10 AgF,NO "OICAgF,I Formation: 2.8.10 AgF,Rb RbCAgF3I Formation: 2.8.10

Compound Index AgF,Zn AgCZnF31 Formation: 2.11.2.3 AOF4HI HgCAgF41 Formation: 2.8.10 KCAgF41 Formation: 2.8.4.1, 2.9.10.5 AgFAK2 K2CAgF4I Formation: 2.8.10 AgF4Na NaCAgF41 Formation: 2.8.4.1 Ak!F,O, CO2ICAgF4I Decomposition: 2.8.3.1.2 Formation: 2.8.4.1 AgF4Rb RbCAgF41 Formation: 2.8.4.1 AgF4Rb2 Rb2CAgF4I Formation: 2.8.10 AgF,Sr SrCAgF41 Formation: 2.8.10 Ad AgI Coprecipitates At: 2.8.4.1 Formation: 2.8.2 Precipitation from Ag' solutions: 2.8.11.1 Reaction with Ag2S: 2.9.14.2 Ag12N*C4H12 '4gI3K, K,"W,I Formation: 2.8.12 Structure: 2.8.12 Agr3P2*C38H36 AgN*C AgNO*C Am03

&NO3 Fluorination: 2.1 1.3.3 Reaction with F,: 2.8.8.2 Ag2As3C15*C72H60 Ag2Au3C1,7H24N6 [NH416CAgZAu3C1171 Structure: 2.8.4.2 Ag~Br,Cu12N4*C4H,,

353

Ag2Br3N*C8H20 Ag2Br4N4Ni*C4H16 Ag2Br4P2*C48H40 Ag2C13N*C8H20 Ag2C14P2*C48H40 Ag2Csr3 CsCAg,I,I Structure: 2.8.12 AgzF Ag2F By cathodic reduction of AgF solution: 2.8.13 Decomposition: 2.8.13 Formation: 2.8.2 From reaction of AgF with Ag: 2.8.13 Structure: 2.8.13 Ag,FH,IO Ag,IF* H,O Formation: 2.8.1 1.1 Afz,H,J4O*Sr C~r(H,O),lCAgI2I2 Formation: 2.8.12 Structure: 2.8.12 Ag2Hg14 Ag2CHgI4I Formation: 2.8.22 Reaction with Mo(CO),, W(CO),: 2.9.15.1.1 Ag2r3N*C4H 10 A&r3N*C4H12 AgzO Ag,O Reactions with X2: 2.8.11.1 Reactions with hydrohalic acids: 2.8.1 1.1 Reaction with F,: 2.8.8.2 Ag*S Ag2S Reaction with AgX 2.9.14.2 Ag2Te AgzTe Reaction with AgX: 2.9.14.2 Ag314N*C16H36 Ag415Rb RbCAg4Ll Formation: 2.8.12 Structure: 2.8.12 Ag7F2HOil CAg,O,lCHF21 Electrolytic formation from AgF solution: 2.8.13 Structure: 2.8.13 Ag7F5H51202.5 Ag71,F52.5 H 2 0 Formation: 2.8.1 1.1

354

Compound Index

Ag31139N8*C32H88 Al A1 Reaction with HgX,, PbX,, Cu,X,, AgX: 2.6.3.3 Reaction with RX: 2.6.3.2 Reaction with HX: 2.6.3.1 Reaction with X,: 2.6.2.1 AIAs,H,Li Li[Al(AsH,),] Reaction with R,SiX, R,GeX: 2.6.9.3 Reaction with R,SnBr: 2.6.9.3 ‘4IB,H,* AKBH,), Formation: 2.6.5.3 AIBr AlBr Formation: 2.6.14.1 AIBr*C,H , AIBrH, AIH,Br Formation: 2.6.5.3 AlBrS AlSBr Formation: 2.6.7.3 AlBrSe AlSeBr Formation: 2.6.7.3 AlBrTe AlTeBr Formation: 2.6.7.3 AIBr,H AlHBr, Formation: 2.6.5.3 AIBr, AlBr, Formation: 2.6.2.1, 2.6.6.2, 2.6.7.3 Reaction with AIH,: 2.6.5.3 Reaction with AI,Y,: 2.6.7.3 Reaction with BF,: 2.6.12.2 Reaction with M O 2.9.4.8 Reaction with NH,F: 2.6.12.3 AI*C,H, AI*C,H,, Al*C,H,, AI*Cl8H15 AlCl AlCl Formation: 2.6.14.1 AlCI*C,H AICIH, AlH,Cl Formation: 2.6.5.3

,

AICIH,Li Li[AlH,CI] Formation: 2.6.5.3 AICIKSi,*C,,H,, AlClO AlOCl Formation: 2.6.7.1 AIC1O2*C,H1, AICI0,*C,,H14 AlClS AlSCl Formation: 2.6.7.3, 2.6.16 Reaction with X,: 2.6.7.1 AlClSe AlSeCl Formation: 2.6.7.3 AlClT AlTeCl Formation: 2.6.16 AlClTe AlTeCl Formation: 2.6.7.3 AICI,H AlHC1, Formation: 2.6.5.3 AICI,N*C,H, AICI, AIC1, Catalyst in acylation: 2.8.23.4 Formation: 2.6.2.1, 2.6.3.1, 2.6.3.2, 2.6.3.3, 2.6.6.2, 2.6.6.3, 2.6.6.4, 2.6.7.1, 2.6.7.3, 2.6.8.1, 2.6.8.2 Halogenation reagent: 2.9.12.5 Metathesis: 2.6.12.1 Reaction with AlH,: 2.6.5.3 Reaction with Al,Y,: 2.6.7.3 Reaction with BX,: 2.6.12.2 Reaction with BF,: 2.6.12.2 Reaction with CdS: 2.8.16.2 Reaction with HgS: 2.8.16.2 Reaction with OPX,: 2.6.12.2 Reaction with MO: 2.9.4.8 Reaction with ZnS: 2.8.16.2 AIC1,NO “OICA1C141 Formation: 2.6.3.3 AICl,P*C,H, AICI,S, Cl,A1*S2Cl2 Formation: 2.6.6.2 AICI,S IS~~,lCA~C~,I Formation: 2.6.6.4

355

Compound Index AICI,P ~PCl,lCA~~~,I Formation: 2.6.6.4 AIF AlF Formation: 2.6.14.1 AIF*C,Hlo AIF, AIF, Fluorinating agent: 2.6.12.3 Formation: 2.6.12.3 AIHI, AlHI, Formation: 2.6.5.3 AIHJ AIHJ Formation: 2.6.5.3 AIH, AlH, Reaction with BX,: 2.6.5.3 Reaction with PX,: 2.6.5.3 Reaction with AIX,: 2.6.5.3 AIH,Li Li[AIH,] Reaction with RPH,: 2.6.9.3 Reaction with X,: 2.6.5.1 Reaction with CCl,: 2.6.5.3 Thermal stability: 2.6.5.1 AIH,LiN, Li[AI(NH,),I Reaction with RX 2.6.9.3 AIH,LiP, Li[AI(PH,),I Reaction with RX: 2.6.9.3 Reaction with H,SiX, H,GeX: 2.6.9.3 AII A11 Formation: 2.6.14.1 AII*C,H, AlIS AlSI Formation: 2.6.7.3 AlISe AlSeI Formation: 2.6.7.3 AlITe AlTeI Formation: 2.6.7.3 A11,*C,H5 AII, AH, Formation: 2.6.2.1

Reaction with Al,Y,: 2.6.7.3 Reaction with Cd: 2.8.14.5 Reaction with Cr,S,: 2.9.5 Reaction with Hg: 2.8.14.5 Reaction with MO: 2.9.4.8, 2.7.7 Reaction with AIH,: 2.6.5.3 Reaction with CX,: 2.6.12.2 Reaction with Zn: 2.8.14.5 AI1,P CPI4ICAII41 Formation: 2.6.16 AILiN,*C,H,, AILiP3*C,Hl, AILiS4*C,H,, A1LiSe,*C,4H20 AILiTe,*C,H AIN AIN Reaction with X,: 2.6.8.1 Reaction with HX: 2.6.8.2 AlP*C,H,, AlP6Si,*C,,H,, A1P9*C21H54 AISe,*Cl,H,, A1213*C6H15 AI,I,Li Li[AI,I,] Formation: 2.6.5.1 AWg MgAI, Reaction with RX 2.6.3.2

,,

Catalyst for the reaction of UF, with 0,: 2.11.5.2 Reaction with MF,: 2.6.6.4 Reaction with PCI,: 2.6.6.4 Reaction with S,Cl,-CI,: 2.6.6.2 Reaction with C-X,: 2.6.6.2 Reaction with F,, CI,: 2.6.6.1 Reaction with CC1,: 2.6.6.4 Reaction with ag HX: 2.6.6.3 AI,S, A12S3

Formation from ZnS and AlCI,: 2.8.16.2 Reaction with AlX,: 2.6.7.3 Reaction with Se,CI,: 2.6.7.3 Reaction with HX: 2.6.7.2 AI,Se, AI,Se, Reaction with Se,Cl,: 2.6.7.3 Reaction with AIX,: 2.6.7.3

356

Compound Index

AI,Te3 AI,Te, Reaction with AIX,: 2.6.7.3 A14C13006P6

[A1(0pc13)61 [A1C141 3 Formation: 2.6.12.2 AmF,O, AmO,F, Formation: 2.11.5.2 AmF,O,Rb Rb[AmO,F,] Formation: 2.11.5.2 AmF, AmF, Fluorination: 2.1 1.5.2 Formation: 2.11.5.2 AmF,Rb, Rb,[AmF,I Formation: 2.11.5.2 AmO,Rb*C AsAuBr,*C,,H,, AsAuBr,F,*C,,H, AsAuBr,NO*C, ,H, AsAuBr,N,O,*C,,H,, AsAuBr,*C, ,H1 AsAuC1, *C2,H2 AsAuCI,N,O,*C,,H,, AsAuCI,*C,,H,, AsAuC1,*C,,Hl, AsAuCI,*C,,H15 AsAuF,*C,,H,, AsAuI*C, 8H AsAuI,*C,,H,, AsAuI,*C,,H, AsAuNO*C,,H, AsAuN,O,*C,,H,, AsBN,*C,H,, AsB,,C1,*C2H1 AsBr,*C,H, AsBr,In*C,H,, AsBr, AsBr, Reaction with Au-0,: 2.8.3.1.4 Reaction with R,NBX-NR’BX,: 2.6.8.3 AsCI, AsCI, Reaction with Au: 2.8.3.1.2 m Reaction with R,NBXNRBX,: 2.6.8.3 AsCu31,*C,,H,, AsF,O,V*C,,H,, AsF, AsF, Reaction with BX,: 2.6.12.2

,

,

, ,

,,

,

AsF, AsF, Reaction with Zn: 2.8.14.4 AsF6H,Ta Formation: 2.11.4.1 AsF,,H,Ta, “4~H4l~Ta,FllI Formation: 2.11.4.1 AsF,,Xe

[XeFSl[AsF61 Formation: AsGe*CH, AsGe*C,H AsGeH, H,GeAsH, Formation: AsGe,H, Ge,H,AsH, Formation: AsH,Si H3SiAsH, Formation: AsH,Si, (H,Si),AsH Formation: Si,H,AsH, Formation: AsI, AsI, Formation: AsSi*CH, AsSi*C,H,, AsSn*C,H,, As,AuI,*C,,H,, As,CI,Re,*C,,H,, As203

2.10.2.2.1

,

2.6.9.3 2.6.9.3

2.6.9.3 2.6.9.3 2.6.9.3 2.6.12.2

Reaction with Tic],, VOCl,: 2.9.12.7 As3C15*C72H60Ag2 As,AuI*C,,H, As4Au212*C20H32 As,H,Li*AI At*Ag AtCsI, Cs[IAtI] Coprecipitates with CsI,: 2.7.9 AtIPd PdAtI Formation: 2.9.11.1 AtI,TI Tl[IAtI] Formation: 2.6.14.2

Compound Index AtK KAt Formation of alkali and alkaline earth salts: 2.7.9 AtO,*Ag AtTl TlAt Formation: 2.6.14.2 Au Au Adsorbs At: 2.8.4.1 Reaction with KrF,: 2.11.4.3 Reaction with Se-X,, Te-X,: 2.9.14.1.2 Reaction with F,-0,: 2.11.4.3 Reaction with BrF,: 2.11.4.3 AuBr AuBr Formation: 2.8.2, 2.8.11.2 AuBrCIN,*C,H AuBrCI,P*C,H, AuBrCI,P*Cl8H1, AuBrF,N*C,,H,, AuBrF, AuF,-BrF, Formation: 2.11.4.3 Reaction with SeF,: 2.11.4.3 Thermal decomposition: 2.11.4.3 CBrF21CAuF41 Formation: 2.11.4.3 Formation and thermal decomposition: 2.8.3.1.2,2.8.3.1.5 Reaction with NOC1: 2.11.4.3 AuBrF,,N*C,,H,, AuBrFeP*C,,H,, AuBrKN,*C, AuBrP*C,H, AuBrP*C,H,, AuBrP*C,H,, AuBrP*C,,H, AuBrP*C,,H,, AuBrP*C, ,H, AuBrS AuSBr Formation: 2.9.14.1.2 AuBrS*C,,H,, AuBrTe, AuTe,Br Formation: 2.9.14.1.2 AuBr,*C,6H,,As AuBr,CLP*C,H,, AuBr,ClP*C,,H, AuBr,F,*C,,H,,As

,

, ,

,

357

AuBr,F,P*C,,H,, AuBr,F,S*C,,H, AuB~,F,,N*C,,H,~ AuBr,KN,*C, AuBr,N*C,H,, AuBr,N*C,,H,, AuBr,NO*C, ,H ,As AuBr ,NOP*C ,H, AuBr,NS,*C,H,, AuBr,NS2*C,Hl, AuBr,N,O,*C,,H,,As AuBr, AuBr, Formation: 2.8.2, 2.8.3.1.1,2.8.3.1.4 Reaction with (CH,),CCH,MgCI: 2.8.5 Reaction with HBr: 2.8.4.1 Reaction with dialkyl gold bromides: 2.8.5 AuBr,*C,,H,,As AuBr,F,N*C,,H,, AuBr,FeP*C,,H,, AuBr,P*C,H, AuBr,P*C,H AuBr,P*C, ,H, AuBr,P*C,,H, AuBr,P*C,,H,, AuBr,S*C,H, AuBr,S*C,,H,, AuBr,H,O, H[AuBr,l.4 H,O Formation: 2.8.4.1 AuBr,K KCAuBr,] Formation: 2.8.4.1 AuBr,N*C,H,, AuBr,O,*H, AuBr,Rb RbCAuBr,] Thermal decomposition: 2.8.4.1 Au*C,H AuCl AuCl Formation: 2.8.2 Formation by chlorination of Au: 2.8.11.1 Formation from AuCI,: 2.8.11.2 Reaction with F,: 2.8.3.1.3 AuClF, ,N*C, 7H5 AuCIIZP*C,H, 5 AuCIKN,*C, AuClO AuOCl Formation: 2.8.3.1.4

, , ,

,,

,

,

358

Compound Index

AuCIO*C AuCIP*C,H,, AuClP*C,H, AuClP*C,,H, AuClSe AuSeCl Formation: 2.9.14.1.2 AuCITe, AuTe,CI Formation: 2.9.14.1.2 AuCI,*C,,H,,As AuCl,Cs*C,H, AuCI,F,S*CloHs AuCI,FloN*C,,H,, AuCI,KN,*C, AuCl,KN,O*C,H, AuCl,N*C,H,o AuCI,N*C,,H,, AuCI,N,0,*C,,H2,As AuC1,N3O4*C,,H,, AuCI,N,O,*C,,H,, AuCI, AuCI, Fluorination: 2.1 1.4.3 Formation: 2.8.2, 2.8.3.1.1, 2.8.3.1.2 Reaction with Au(C0)Cl: 2.8.8.1 Reaction with PCI,: 2.8.4.1 Reaction wlth F,: 2.8.3.1.5 Reaction with BrF,: 2.8.3.1.5 Reaction with KI: 2.8.3.1.5 Reaction with HC1: 2.8.4.1 Reaction with arenes: 2.8.5 Reaction with but-2-yne: 2.8.5 AuCI,H,N AuCI,-NH, Formation: 2.8.4.1 AuCI3N*C,HS AuCl3N*C,H5 AuCI,P*C,H,, AuCI,P*C,,H,, AuCl,*C,,H,,As AuC1,Cs Cs[AuCl,] Formation: 2.8.4.1 AuCI,H,KO, K[AuCI,].2 H,O Formation: 2.8.4.1 AuCI,H,N "H4I CAuC141 Thermal decomposition: 2.8.4.1 AuCI,H,NaO, Na[AuCI,].2 H,O Formation: 2.8.4.1

,

AuCI,HPO, H[AuCI,].4 H,O Formation: 2.8.4.1 Reaction with SOC1,: 2.8.3.1.2 Reaction with N, N-dimethylacetamide: 2.8.4.1 Reaction with KI or [NH,]I: 2.8.4.1 Thermal decomposition: 2.8.3.1.1 AuCI,K KCAuCI,] Reaction with (C,H,),AsCI: 2.8.4.1 Thermal decomposition: 2.8.4.1 AuCI,N*C,H, AuCl,N*C,H,, AuC1,N202*C,H19 AuC1,Na Na[AuCI,] Reaction with CsCI: 2.8.4.1 AuCI,*C,,H ,As AuCl,Cs,*Ag AuCl,*C,,H,,As AuCI,S CSCI,I[AuCI,I Formation: 2.8.4.1 AuCI,Se [SeCI,][AuCI,] Formation: 2.8.4.1 AuC1,Te [TeCl,] [AuCI,] Formation: 2.8.4.1 AuCI,P CPCI,I"4uCI,I Formation: 2.8.4.1 AuCsF, Cs[AuF,] Fluorination: 2.11.4.3 AuCsF, Cs[AuF,] Formation: 2.8.2, 2.1 1.4.3 AuF AuF Non-existence: 2.8.2 AuF, AuF, Formation: 2.8.2, 2.8.3.1.1, 2.8.3.1.2, 2.8.3.1.3, 2.8.3.1.5, 2.11.4.3 Reaction with XeF-F,: 2.11.4.3 AuF,*Ag AuF,K KCAuF4I Fluorination: 2.11.4.3 AuF,NO CNOICA'JFJ Fluorination: 2.1 1.4.3

359

Compound Index Formation: 2.8.4.1, 2.11.4.3 AuF,NO,

"01 2 WF,I Formation: 2.8.4.1 AuF, AuF, Formation: 2.11.4.3 Formation from AuF6-: 2.8.2 AuF,*C,,H,,As AuF,P*C2,H,, AuF,S*C,,H, AuF,K KCAuF61 Formation: 2.1 1.4.3 AuF,NO

[NoI[AuF61 Formation: 2.11.4.3 AuF,No [NOIIAuFJ Formation: 2.11.4.3 AuF,O,

[oZ1[AuF61 Formation: 2.8.2, 2.11.4.3 Reaction with IF,: 2.11.4.3 Thermal decomposition: 2.8.2, 2.1 1.4.3 AuF,Kr CKrFICAuF,I Formation: 2.8.2, 2.1 1.4.3 Pyrolysis: 2.11.4.3 Reaction with XeF,: 2.11.4.3 Reaction with O N F 2.11.4.3 Thermal decomposition: 2.8.2 AuF,Se AuF, SeF, Formation: 2.11.4.3 AuF,Xe, [XQ 3 1 [AuF 61 Formation: 2.1 1.4.3 AuF ,Xe [XeF,lCAuF61 Formation: 2.11.4.3 AuF,,I

,

[rF61[AuF61 Formation: 2.1 1.4.3 AuF,,Xe, lXe,F, 11LA'JFsI Formation: 2.8.2, 2.1 1.4.3 Heating: 2.11.4.3 Reaction with CsF, KF, or N O F 2.11.4.3 AuI AuI Formation: 2.8.2

Formation from Au: 2.8.11.1 Formation from H[AuCI,]: 2.8.11.2 Reaction with F,: 2.8.3.1.3 AuI*C,,H16As, AuI*C,,H,,As AuIP*C6H, AuITe AuTeI Formation: 2.9.14.1.2 AuITe, AuTe,I Formation: 2.9.14.1.2 AuI,*C,,H,,As AuI,KN,*C, AuI,N*C,H,, AuI,N*C,,H,, AuI, AuI, Non-existence: 2.8.2 Non-formation: 2.8.3.1.5 AuI,*C,OH,~ASZ AuI,*C,,H,,As AuI,N*C,,H,, Au13P*C6H,, AuI,N*C,H,, AuKN,*C, AuKN,*C, AuN*C AuNO*C,,H, ,As AuNOP*C,,H, AuNS, *C,H AuNS,*C9H,, AuN,O,*C,,H,,As AuN3SzSe,*C,H,o AuN,S,*C,H AuO,*C,H,, AuP*C,,H,, Au,BaCI, BaCAuCl,] Reaction with F,: 2.8.4.1 Au,BaF, Ba[AuF,l, Formation: 2.8.4.1 Au2Br,*C,HI2 Au,Br,*C,H,, Au2Br,*CloH,o Au2Br,'C,,Hz, Au2Br2*C20H44 Au2Br2F20*C24 Au2BrzNzS,*CioHm Au,Br,*C,H, Au,Br,CI,PZ*C2,Hz,

,

,

,

,

360

Compound Index

Au,Br,Rb, RbzCAu2Br61 Formation and thermal decomposition: 2.8.4.1 Au,Br,,Cs3 Cs3[AuBr412Br3 Formation and decomposition: 2.8.4.1 Au,CaF,, CaCAuF,I2 Formation: 2.8.2 AuzC12*C4H, Au2CIzFzo*C24 A'2C12F20N2*C34H8 Au2C12F20N2*C36H8 AuzC12NP,*C24H21 A ~ ~ C I ~ N ~ * oC I O H ~ A'2C'2N2*C14H20 Au2C12N2*C16H20 Au2C12P2*C25H22 Au2C12P2*C2,H26 Au2C14*C12H1 0 Au2C16*C4H6 Au,CI,Cs, Cs2[Au2C161 Effect of pressure: 2.8.4.1 Formation: 2.8.4.1 Au2C16NPz*C,4H2, A'2C16P2*C25H2Z Au2C16P2*C27H26 Au2C17*C4H6 Au2C18H1

IN,',

[NH4]2[Au2C1,]*1.5 H 2 0 Formation: 2.8.4.1 Au,Cs,I, Cs2CAu2'61 Formation: 2.8.4.1 Au2F2*C4H12 Au,F, ,Sr SrCAuF612 Formation: 2.8.2 Au2F20N2S2*C26 Au2F20N6*C24 A'2F2004*C34H14 AU2F2604*C28 Au,Hd& CNH~I~CAUZI~] Formation: 2.8.4.1 Thermal decomposition: 2.8.4.1 Au212*C4H12 Au212*C,H20 AuZ12*C20H32As4 '4u2I2N2*C,oH10

AuZ12N2S4*C10H20 Au,I,K, K2CAu2161 Formation: 2.8.4.1 Structure: 2.8.4.1 Au,I,Rb, RbzCAu161 Formation: 2.8.4.1 RbzCAuz161 Thermal decomposition: 2.8.4.1 Au,K,I, K2CAu2161 Thermal decomposition: 2.8.4.1 Au2N4S4Se2*Cl,H20 A~~N&*CI~H~O Au202*C4H14 Au203

Au203

Reaction with AsBr,: 2.8.3.1.4 Au3Br8Rb, Rb3CAu3Brsl Formation and thermal decomposition: 2.8.4.1 A~~CI~,H,~N,*A~Z 2 'EN,

"H413CAu3I,I Formation: 2.8.4.1 AU318K3 K~CA~~ISI Formation: 2.8.4.1 Au31,Rbz*Ag Au,I,Rb, Rb,[AhIr~l Formation: 2.8.4.1 Au,CI, Au4CI, Formation: 2.8.8.1 Au512K5N1002*C10H4 B B Reaction with AgX, CuX 2.6.3.3 Reaction with PCI,: 2.6.3.3 Reaction with R X 2.6.3.2 Reaction with GeCI,: 2.6.3.3 Reaction with C,H,-Br,: 2.6.16 Reaction with HX: 2.6.3.1 BBr*C12Hl BBrCI, BC1,Br Formation: 2.6.15 BBrFeN04*C8Hlo BBr,*C,H,

Compound Index BBr,CI BBr,C1 Formation: 2.6.15 BBr, BBr, Formation: 2.6.3.1, 2.6.3.2, 2.6.5.1, 2.6.6.2, 2.6.7.1, 2.6.10.1, 2.6.12.2, 2.6.13.1 Halogenation agent: 2.9.12.5 Metathesis: 2.6.12.1 Reaction with BX,, R,B 2.6.15 Reaction with [B(SH)S],: 2.6.7.3 Reaction with B,H,,, B,H,: 2.6.5.3 Reaction with CdCI,: 2.8.18 Reaction with HgO: 2.8.20.1, 2.8.15.3 Reaction with M X 2.7.9 Reaction with (RSB),S,: 2.6.7.3 Reaction with (R,N),B, (R,N),AI: 2.6.8.3 Reaction with M,03: 2.6.6.4 Reaction with AlX,, SnX,, TiX,, COX,, CuX,: 2.6.12.2 B*C3H9 B*C6H1 5 B*Cl,H,, BCI BCI Formation: 2.6.14.1 BCl*C,H, BC1*C4H BC1*C6H14 BCl*C,H BCIF, BF,CI Formation: 2.6.16 BC1N*C8Hl BCINO*C,H BClNP*C,H,, BCIN,*C,H BC102*C,H BClP2Pt*C2,H,, BClS*C,H8 BCl,*CH, BCl,*C,H, BCI,F BC1,F Formation: 2.6.16 BCI,MnO,*C, BCI2N*C,H, BCI,N*C,H,, BCl,N,*C,H,, BCl,O*C,H, BCl2P*C,Hl,

,

361

BCI, BCI3 Formation: 2.6.3.1, 2.6.3.3, 2.6.5.1, 2.6.6.2, 2.6.6.4, 2.6.7.2, 2.6.13.1, 2.6.13.2 Metathesis: 2.6.12.1 Reaction with AlH,: 2.6.5.3 Reaction with BX,, R , B 2.6.15 Reaction with (R,N),B 2.6.8.3 Reaction with (R2N),B, (R2N),A1: 2.6.8.3 Reaction with [B(SH)S],: 2.6.7.3 Reaction with M,O,: 2.6.6.4 Reaction with R,Hg 2.6.15 Reaction with (ROBO),: 2.6.6.4 Reaction with R,B: 2.6.16 Reaction with (R,NBNH),: 2.6.8.3 Reaction with Z n O 2.8.15.3 Reaction with C,F,: 2.6.16 Reaction with CaF,: 2.6.12.2 Reaction with C,H,: 2.6.16 BC1,N*C4Hl, BCl,N*C,H BC13N*C,Hll BCI,N,*C,H,, BCI,P CPCl,I[BC~,I Formation: 2.6.9.1 BF BF Formation: 2.6.8.1, 2.6.14.1 BF*C,H,j BF, BF2 Formation: 2.6.8.1 BF2N*C4Hlo BF3 BF3 Fluorinating agent: 2.6.12.3, 2.9.13 Formation: 2.6.6.3, 2.6.8.1, 2.6.12.3 Metathesis: 2.6.12.1 Reaction with LiAI[N(CH,),],: 2.6.8.3 Reaction with AlX,: 2.6.12.2 Reaction with BX,, R,B: 2.6.15 Reaction with (R,N),B, (R,N),AI: 2.6.8.3 Reaction with CIF,: 2.6.15 Reaction with K X 2.6.12.2 BF,H4N “H,ICBF,I Formation: 2.6.8.2 BF4K K[BF,I Reaction with AlX,: 2.6.12.2

,

362

Compound Index

BF4N0 “OICBF4I Formation: 2.6.16 BF4N,S*C,H18 BFgS,*C3 BFe,N0,S2*C8H, BH4K KCBH4I Reaction with X,: 2.6.5.1 BH4Li Li[BH4] Reaction with X,: 2.6.5.1 Thermal stability: 2.6.5.1 BIN2*C4H, BIN,P*CgH,, BI,N*C4Hlo BI3 BI, Formation: 2.6.3.1,2.6.5.1 Reaction with B,C1,: 2.6.12.2 Reaction with B,H,,, B$,: 2.6.5.3 Reaction with M,O,: 2.6.6.4 BLiSi4*C,,H3, BMnN,05*CgH12 BMn04P*C3,H2, BMoO,*C,,Hl, BN BN Reaction with X,: 2.6.8.1 Reaction with HF: 2.6.8.2 BNP2*C12H30 BN,*C,H,,As BN,P*C8H2, BN,Si*C,H,, BN,Sn*C,,H,, BN,T1*C6H18 BN3*C6H18 BN;*c~,H~, BO BO Reaction with SF,: 2.6.6.4 B03*C3Hg B03*C12H27 BP BP Reaction with X,: 2.6.9.1 BS*C2Hg BS*C3H9 BSe3*C18H15 B,BrH, B,H,Br Formation: 2.6.5.2. 2.6.5.3

BZBr4 B2Br4

Formation: 2.6.14.1 B,Br,S,*C,H, BZCI, B2C14

Formation: 2.6.14.1 Reaction with BX,: 2.6.12.2 Reaction with SbF,, TiF,: 2.6.14.1 Reaction with X,: 2.6.13.1 B2C14S,*C2H, B,FFeIO,S*CgHl, B2FZS3 (FB),S, Formation: 2.6.7.3 B2F4 B2F4

Formation: 2.6.6.4, 2.6.14.1 B,FeI,O,S*C,Hl,

B,W B2HJ Formation: 2.6.5.3 BZH, B2H6

Formation: 2.6.5.1 Reaction with X,: 2.6.5.1 Reaction with H X 2.6.5.2 B,Hf HfB2 Fluorination: 2.11.4.1 ‘2’4

B214 Formation: 2.6.12.2,2.6.14.1 B2N2*C16H22 BZ03

B203 Reaction with SF,: 2.6.6.4 Reaction with PX,: 2.6.6.4 Reaction with BrF,: 2.6.6.4 Reaction with CCI,: 2.6.6.4 B2°4*C4H12 B2O4*CsH2O B*S3

B,S3 Reaction with VC1,, NbCI,, ReF,, WF,: 2.9.14.4 Reaction with WCI,, NbCI,, MoCI,: 2.6.7.3 Reaction with X,: 2.6.7.1 Reaction with HX: 2.6.7.2 B2S5*C4H10 B2% B7.% Reaction with H X 2.6.7.2

Compound Index B,Br,N3*C3H, B3Br3S3 (BBrS), Formation: 2.6.7.3 B,CI,N,*C,H, B3C1303 (CIBO), Formation: 2.6.6.4 B3CI3S3

WW,

Formation: 2.6.7.3

B,Fs Formation: 2.6.14.1 B3H3S6 [B(SH)SI3 Reaction with BX,: 2.6.7.3 B,H,,*AI B,N,Si,*C,,H,, B3°6*C12H27 B,BrH, 2-BrB4Hg Formation: 2.6.5.1 B4C4 B4CI4 Formation: 2.6.14.1 B4F1 ZNaZo

Na,0.4 BF3 Reaction with H2S04: 2.6.6.3 B4H10 B4H10

Reaction with HX: 2.6.5.2 B4NaZ07

Na2[B40,] Reaction with HF: 2.6.6.4 Reaction with HX: 2.6.6.3 B,*CZH? BsC1*C,H6 B,BrH9 B6H9Br Formation: 2.6.5.3 B6H91 B6H91

Formation: 2.6.5.3 B6H10

B6H10

Reaction with BX,: 2.6.5.3 B7Br7 B,Br7 Formation: 2.6.14.1 B8Bh Formation: 2.6.12.2, 2.6.14.1

B8CI8 B8C18 Formation: 2.6.14.1 B8FlZ B8F1, Formation: 2.6.14.1 B8I8 B*I* Formation: 2.6.14.1 B9Br9 B9Br9 Formation: 2.6.12.2, 2.6.14.1 B9CI9 B9CI9 Formation: 2.6.14.1 B9I9 B919 Formation: 2.6.14.1 B10Br10 B 10Br 10 Formation: 2.6.14.1 BloC1,*C,Hl ,As B,OC~lO Bl OC110 Formation: 2.6.14.1 B10H14 B10H14

Reaction with X,: 2.6.5.1 B,oSn*C2H1, BIlC41 BllC111 Formation: 2.6.14.1 BIZCL Bl2C112 Formation: 2.6.14.1 B14F8 B14F8

Formation: 2.6.14.1 Ba Ba Reaction with X2: 2.7.2 Reaction with HX: 2.7.3.1 BaBr, BaBr, Formation: 2.7.2 BaBr4CdHz0 Ba[CdBr4] *H,O Formation: 2.8.22 BaBr4Hg BaCHgBr41 Formation: 2.8.22 BaCdCI,H1608 Ba[CdC14]*8 H,O Formation: 2.8.22

363

364

Compound index

-~

BaCdH,,I,O, Ba[CdI,]*5 H,O Formation: 2.8.22 BaCd,CI,H,,O, Ba[Cd,C1,].5 H,O Formation: 2.8.22 BaCI, BaC1, Formation: 2.7.2 BaCI,H,O,Zn Ba[ZnC1,]4 H,O Formation: 2.8.22 BaCI,H,,O,Zn Ba[ZnC1,]*6 H,O Formation: 2.8.22 BaCI,Zn Ba[ZnCI,] Formation: 2.8.22 BaCI,Pr Ba[PrCI,] Fluorination: 2.11.5.1 BaCI,&Hg&& Ba[Hg,CI,].6 H,O Formation: 2.8.22 BaCl 8* Au BaF0,V Ba[VO,F] Formation: 2.11.2.1 BaF, BaF, Formation: 2.7.2, 2.7.5 BaF,O,V BaWO zF31 Reaction with KOH: 2.11.2.1 BaF,*Ag BaF,*Ag BaF,Ni BaCNiF,] Formation: 2.11.2.2 BaF,Ni Ba[NiF,] Formation: 2.11.2.2 BaF6Pr Ba[PrF,] Formation: 2.1 1.5.1 BaF,*Au, BaH, BaH, Reaction with CNH,]X 2.7.9 BaH,CI,Hg,O, Ba[Hg,CI,]*2 H,O Formation: 2.8.22

,

BaI, BaI, Formation: 2.7.2 Reaction with Zn[SO,]: 2.8.17.2 BaN4Ni*C4 BaN,Ni04*C4H8 BaO BaO Reaction with HX. 2.7.5 Ba0,S Ba[SO,I Formation from BaI, and Zn[SO,]: 2.8.17.2 Ba0,Xe Ba[XeO,] Formation: 2.10.2.2.2 Ba2CIIF6 Ba,[CuFd Formation: 2.8.10 Ba,F,*Ag Be Be Safety: 2.7.1 BeBr, BeBr, Formation: 2.7.2, 2.7.6, 2.7.8 Formation R,Be: 2.7.3.2.2 Be*C4Hlo Be*C,,H,* BeCI*CH, BeCl, BeC1, Formation: 2.1.2, 2.7.3.1, 2.7.6 Safety: 2.7.1 BeF, BeF, Formation: 2.7.5 BeF,H,N CNH,ICBeF,I Formation: 2.7.5 BeF,H*N2 CNHJ zCBeF41 Formation: 2.7.5 BeH202 Be(OH), Reaction with HX: 2.7.5 Bell BeI, Formation: 2.7.2,2.7.3.1,2.7.8 Reaction with SiO,: 2.7.2 Be0 Be0 Reaction with X,: 2.7.6

365

Compound Index Reaction with X,-C: 2.7.6 Reaction with HX: 2.7.5 Be,*C &F,H*N, “H,I,CB~,F,I Formation: 2.7.5 BIF, BiF, Reaction with Cr: 2.9.3.6 Bi,O, Bi,O, Reaction with TiCl,, VOCl,: 2.9.12.7 Bk Bk Fluorination: 2.11.5.2 BkF, BkF, Formation: 2.11.5.2 Br*Ag Br*Al Br*Au Br * C 4H ,A1 Br*C,H, Br*C,,H,,B BrCdCI,N*C,2H28 BrCdHO CdOHBr Formation oE 2.8.14.1 BrCdI,N*C H,, BrCeS CeSBr Formation: 2.9.14.1.1 BrClCu CuBrCl Formation: 2.8.8.1 BrCIF2*C BrClHg HgClBr Formation from Hg,CI, and Br,: 2.8.20.1 BrClN,*C,H, ,Au BrCl,*B BrCI,H,HgN CNHJCHgBrCIJ Formation: 2.8.22 BrCl,Hg*C,H, BrCI2P*C,H, ,Au BrC12P*C,,H, ,Au BrCl,CuN,*C,H, BrC1,MoO [MoOBrCl,l2Formation: 2.9.13.4

,,

,

BrCrS CrSBr Formation: 2.9.14.2 BrCs CsBr Formation: 2.7.3.1 BrCu CuBr Electrochemical formation: 2.8.1 1.1 Formation: 2.8.2, 2.8.7.3, 2.9.8. Formation from CuCOAc],: 2.8.11.2 Formation from CuBr,: 2.8.11.2 Formation from the metal: 2.8.11.1 Reaction with C d 2.8.14.5 Reaction with HgBr,: 2.8.21.2 Reaction with X,: 2.8.8.1 Reaction with Zn: 2.8.14.5 Reaction with elemental Te, Se: 2.9.14.3 BrCuIN*C,H, BrCuSe, CuSe,Br Formation: 2.9.14.3 BrDyS DySBr Formation: 2.9.14.1.1 BrErS ErSBr Formation: 2.9.14.1.1 BrFHg HgBrF Formation from Hg,F, and Br,: 2.8.20.1 BrF, BrF, Fluorinating agent: 2.6.12.3 Reaction with Au: 2.8.3.1.2 Reaction with M,O,: 2.6.6.4 Reaction with WO,, MOO,: 2.9.4.4 Reaction with transition-metals: 2.9.3.4 BrF, BrF, Formation: 2.10.2.2.2 BrF,N*C,,H,,Au BrF,*Au BrF,,Ru RuF,-BrF, Formation: 2.9.12.3 BrF,,TI*C, BrF,,N*C,,H,,Au BrFeNO,*C,H ,B BrFeP*C,,H,,Au BrGdS GdSBr Formation: 2.9.14.1.1

,

,

366

Compound Index

BrGe*CH, BrGe*C,H BrGeH, H,GeBr Reaction with Li[Al(AsH,),]: 2.6.9.3 Reaction with Li[AI(PH,),]: 2.6.9.3 BrGe,H, Ge,H,Br Reaction with Li[Al(AsH,),]: 2.6.9.3 BrH HBr Metathesis: 2.6.12.1 Reaction with Group IIIB-Group IVB bonds: 2.6.11.2 Reaction with B, Al, Ga, In TI: 2.6.3.1 Reaction with [B,HJ: 2.6.4.2 Reaction with CdCO,: 2.8.17.1 Reaction with H,Ga.NR,: 2.6.5.2 Reaction with Hg: 2.8.14.2, 2.8.14.3 Reaction with HgO: 2.8.15.2 Reaction with MO, MOH, MCO,: 2.7.5 Reaction with M,O,: 2.6.6.3 Reaction with R,B . . . R,TI: 2.6.10.2 Reaction with Zn: 2.8.14.1 Reaction with ZnO: 2.8.15.2 Reaction with group-IA and group-IIA metals: 2.7.3.1 Reaction with transition-metal oxides: 2.9.4.3 Reaction with transition-metals: 2.9.3.2, 2.9.14.1.1 Use as reducing agent: 2.9.13.2 BrHHgI, HHgBrI, Formation: 2.8.22 BrHO HOBr Formation from Hg[NO,], and Br,: 2.8.17.3 BrH,*Al BrH,Si H,SiBr Reaction with Li[AI(AsH,),]: 2.6.9.3 Reaction with Li[AI(PH,),]: 2.6.9.3 Reaction with LiAl[N(CH,),],: 2.6.8.3 BrH,N NH,Br Reaction with Mg: 2.7.3.2.1 BrH,*B, BrH,Si, Si,H,Br Reaction with Li[Al(AsH,),]: 2.6.9.3

,

BrH,*B, BrH,*B, BrHg*C,H, BrHgI HgIBr Formation from Hg,Br, and I,: 2.8.20.1 BrHgIN*CH, BrHoS HoSBr Formation: 2.9.14.1.1 BrI IBr Formation from HgBr, and ICI: 2.8.18 Reaction with Hg: 2.8.14.4 BrIn InBr Formation: 2.6.14.1 BrInMn,O,,*Cl, BrK KBr Reaction with HgCNO,],: 2.8.17.2 Reaction with Hg,[NO,],: 2.8.21.1 Reaction with Hg,Cl,: 2.8.21.1 BrKN,*C,Au BrLaS LaSBr Formation: 2.9.14.1.1 BrLuS LuSBr Formation: 2.9.14.1.1 BrMg*C,H, BrMnO,*C, BrMoS MoSBr Formation: 2.9.14.1.2 BrNO ONBr Reaction with Mo(CO),, W(CO),: 2.9.15.1.2 BrNa NaBr Reaction with HgSO,: 2.8.17.2 BrNdS NdSBr Formation: 2.9.14.1.1 BrO*C,H, BrO,Re*C, BrO,Tc*C, BrP*C,H,Au BrP*C,H,,Au BrP*C,H, ,Au BrP*C,,H, ,Au

Compound Index BrP*C,,H,,Au BrP*C2 ,H,,Au BrPrS PrSBr Formation: 2.9.14.1.1 BrS*Al BrS*Au BrS*C,,H,,Au BrSSrn SmSBr Formation: 2.9.14.1.1 BrSTb TbSBr Formation: 2.9.14.1.1 BrSY YSBr Formation: 2.9.14.1.1 BrSYb YbSBr Formation: 2.9.14.1.1 BrSe*Al BrSi*CH5 BrSi*C, 8Hi BrSi,Sn*C,,H,, BrSn*C,H, BrSn*C,H, BrTe*Al BrTe,*Au BrTl TlBr Formation: 2.6.13.3 BrTI*C,H, BrTI*C,H,, Br, Br2 Formation from Hg,Br, and I,: 2.8.20.1 Reaction with Al, Ga, In, TI: 2.6.2.1 Reaction with (HBNR),: 2.6.5.1 Reaction with B,X,: 2.6.13.1 Reaction with B,,H,,: 2.6.5.1 Reaction with [Bl2Hl2I2-: 2.6.4.1 Reaction with Cd: 2.8.14.1 Reaction with $-CpMoNO(CO),: 2.9.15.1.2 Reaction with Fe(CO),, Ru(CO),: 2.9.1 5.1.1 Reaction with Group IIIB-Group IVB bonds: 2.6.11.1 Reaction with Hg[NO,],: 2.8.17.3 Reaction with HgCI,: 2.8.18 Reaction with Hg: 2.8.14.1 Reaction with HgO: 2.8.15.1

,

367

Reaction with HgS: 2.8.16.1 Reaction with Hg,F,: 2.8.20.1 Reaction with Hg,Cl,: 2.8.20.1 Reaction with Mn,(CO),,, Tc,(CO),,: 2.9.15.1.1 Reaction with MoTe,, ReSe,, Re,Te,: 2.9.14.2 Reaction with MCBH,]: 2.6.5.1 Reaction with MOH: 2.7.4 Reaction with M(CO),: 2.9.6 Reaction with MO: 2.7.6 Reaction with M,S,: 2.6.7.1 Reaction with M,O,: 2.6.6.2 Reaction with R,BSH: 2.6.7.1 Reaction with R,B , . . R,TI: 2.6.10.1 Reaction with U,O,S,: 2.9.5 Reaction with Zn: 2.8.14.1 Reaction with group-IA and -1IA metals: 2.7.2 Reaction with transition-metal oxides: 2.9.4.1 Reaction with transition-metals: 2.9.2.3 Br,*Ba Br,*Be Br,*C Br,*C,H,As Br,*C,H,,Au, Br,*C,H,B Br,*C,H,,Au, Br,*C, oH20Au2 Br,*C,,H,*Au, Br2*C20H44Au2 Br,*C,,H,,AsAu Br,Ca CaBr, Formation: 2.7.2 Br,Cd CdBr, Anhydrous: 2.8.19 Formation From Cd and CuBr: 2.8.14.5 Formation from Cd[OAc], and AcBr: 2.8.17.3 Formation from CdCO, and HBr: 2.8.17.1 Formation from Cd and Br,: 2.8.14.1 Formation from CdO and CF,BrCI: 2.8.15.3 Formation from CdC1, and BBr,: 2.8.18 Reaction with (CH,),Cd: 2.8.23.2 Br,CdCIN*C ,H,, Br,CdH,O CdBr,.H,O Stability: 2.8.19

368

Compound Index

Br,CdH,O, CdBr,.4 H,O Stability: 2.8.19 Br2CdIN*C,,H,, Br,CI*R Br2CIHg*C,H5 Br2ClP*C,Hl,Au Br,CIP*C, ,H ,Au Br2CI,H,HgN, “H,I,CHgBr,C1,1 Formation: 2.8.22 Br,CI,HgK, KzCHgBr2C1zI Formation: 2.8.22 Br2CI,HgNa, Na,lHgBr,C1,1 Formation: 2.8.22 Br,CI,TI, T1[TIC1,Br2] Formation: 2.6.16 Br CI, Cs, Hg Cs,CHgC1,Br,l Formation: 2.8.22 Br,Co CoBr, Electrochemical formation: 2.9.3.7 Formation: 2.9.3.2, 2.9.7, 2.9.9.1 Br,Cr CrBr, Formation: 2.9.3.2, 2.9.7 Br,CrO, CrO,Br, Formation: 2.9.12.2 Br,Cu CuBr, Fluorination: 2.11.2.3 Formation: 2.8.2, 2.8.7.1, 2.8.8.1, 2.8.8.2, 2.8.8.3, 2.8.9, 2.9.7 Formation from HgBr, and CuBr: 2.8.21.2 Reactions with F, and CIF,: 2.8.8.1 Br,CuH,O, CuBr,.4 H,O Formation: 2.8.8.3 Br,CuI,N4*C,H,,Ag2 Br,CuK K[CuBr,] Formation from Cu2+:2.8.12 Br,CuN*C,,H,, Br,CuP*C,,H,, Br,CuP*C, H,, Br,CuP*C,,H,,

,

,

Br,CuP*C,,H,, Br,F,*C,,H, ,AsAu Br,F,P*C,,H,,Au Br,F,S*C,,H,Au Br,F,Os

[Br21[osF61 Formation: 2.11.4.2 Br,F,,N*C,,H,,Au Br2F20*C24Au2 Br,Fe FeBr, Electrochemical formation: 2.9.3.7 Formation: 2.9.2.3, 2.9.3.2, 2.9.3.8, 2.9.4.2 Br,FeO,*C, Br,Ga, Ga,Br, Reaction with RX: 2.6.13.3 Br,H*AI Br,H,O,Zn ZnBr2*2H,O Stability: 2.8.19 Br,H,O,Zn ZnBr,.3 H,O Stability: 2.8.19 Br2Hg Hm.2 Formation from Hg[NO,], and KBr: 2.8.17.2 Formation from Hg[NO,], and Br,: 2.8.17.3 Formation from HgCl, and Br,: 2.8.18 Formation from Hg and PBr,: 2.8.14.4 Formation from Hg and OSBr,: 2.8.14.4 Formation from Hg and IBr: 2.8.14.4 Formation from Hg and HBr: 2.8.14.2 Formation from Hg and Br,: 2.8.14.1, 2.8.14.3 Formation from HgO and BBr,: 2.8.15.3, 2.8.20.1 Formation from HgO and HBr: 2.8.15.2 Formation from HgO and Br,: 2.8.15.1 Formation from HgS and Br,: 2.8.16.1 Formation from Hg,F, and Br,: 2.8.20.1 Formation from Hg,Br,: 2.8.20.2 Formation from Hg,Br, and SO,: 2.8.20.1 Formation from Hg,CI, and Br,: 2.8.20.1 Formation from HgCSO,] and NaBr: 2.8.17.2 Reaction with CuBr: 2.8.21.2

369

Compound Index

Br,MoO,*C, Reaction with Hg: 2.8.21.2 Reaction with LiC,H4CH,P(C,H,),: Br,MoS, MoS,Br, 2.8.23.2 I Formation: 2.9.14.1.2 Reaction with R,NBX-NR'BX,: Br,N*C,H,,Ag 2.6.8.3 Br,N*C,H,,Au Reaction with ICI: 2.8.18 Br,N*C,,H,,Au Reaction with H,: 2.8.21.2 Br,NO*C,,H, ,AsAu Reaction with H,S: 2.8.21.2 Br,NOP*C,,H, ,Au Br,HgIN*CH, Br,NS,*C,H,,Au Br,HgI,N,*C,H 1 2 Br,NS,*C,H ,Au Br,HgI,Rb, Br,N,O,*C,,H,,AsAu Rb,CHgBr,I,I Br,N,O,W Formation: 2.8.22 W(NO),Br, BrzHgO, Formation: 2.9.1 5.1.2 HgCBrO31, Br2N2S4*C10H20Au2 Formation from HgO and Br,: 2.8.15.1 Br,NbS, BrzHg, NbS,Br, Hg2Br2 Formation: 2.9.14.1.2 Disproportionation: 2.8.20.2 Br,Nb&, Formation from HgBr, and CuBr: NbSe,Br, 2.8.21.2 Formation: 2.9.14.1.2 Formation from HgBr, and Hg: 2.8.21.2 Br,Ni Formation from HgBr, and H,: 2.8.21.2 NiBr, Formation from HgBr, and H,S: Electrochemical formation: 2.9.3.7 2.8.21.2 Formation: 2.9.2.3, 2.9.3.2, 2.9.7, 2.9.9.1 Formation from Hg,[NO,], and KBr: Br,OS 2.8.21.1 OSBr, Formation from Hg,CI, and KBr: Reaction with Hg metal: 2.8.14.4 2.8.21.1 Reaction with MO: 2.7.7 Formation from Hg and CBr,: 2.8.21.3 Br,OV Reaction with SO,: 2.8.20.1 VOBr, Reaction with KI: 2.8.21.1 Formation: 2.9.12.5 Reaction with I,: 2.8.20.1 Br,OW Br,In*C,H, ,As WOBr, Br,InMnO,*C, Formation: 2.9.1 1.3 Br,Ir Br,O,TI*C,H, IrBr, Br,O,W Formation: 2.9.4.2 WO,Br, Br,KN,*C,Au Formation: 2.9.11.2, 2.9.11.3, 2.9.12.4 Br,Mg Br,O,Ru*C, MgBr, Br,O,W*C, Formation: 2.7.2, 2.7.3.1, 2.7.3.2.1 Br,O,Sr Br,Mn SrCBrO312 MnBr, Formation: 2.7.4 Electrochemical formation: 2.9.3.7 Br,O,Tc,*C, Formation: 2.9.7 Br2P*C24H20Ag Br,Mo Br,Pb MoBr, PbBr, Formation: 2.9.2.3 Reaction with Ga: 2.6.3.3 Br,MoO, Br,Pt MoO,Br, PtBr, Formation: 2.9.1 1.2, 2.9.12.5 Formation: 2.9.2.3

,

370

Compound Index

Br,Ra RaBr, Formation: 2.7.2 Br,ReS ReSBr, Formation: 2.9.14.3 Br,ReSe ReSeBr, Formation: 2.9.14.3 Br,S, S,Br, Reaction with MoS,: 2.9.14.2 Reaction with MO: 2.1.1 Reaction with transition-metals: 2.9.14.1.2 Br,Sr SrBr, Formation: 2.7.2, 2.7.4 Br,V VBr, Electrochemical formation: 2.9.3.7 Br,W WBr, Reaction with HF: 2.11.4.1 Br Zn ZnBr, Anhydrous: 2.8.19 Fluorination: 2.11.2.3 Formation from Zn and HBr: 2.8.14.3 Formation from Zn and Br,: 2.8.14.1 Formation from ZnO and CF,BrCl 2.8.15.3 Formation from ZnO and HBr: 2.8.15.2 Reaction with HF: 2.8.18 Stability in H,O: 2.8.19 Br,*A1 Br,*As Br,*Au Br,*B Br,*C,,H,,AsAu Br,CdCs Cs[CdBr,] Formation: 2.8.22 Br,CdCu Cu[CdBr J Formation from melt: 2.8.22 Br,CdH,KO K[CdBr,]-H,O Formation: 2.8.22 Br3CdH4N “H,I[CdBr,l Formation: 2.8.22

Br,CdRb Rb[CdBr,] Formation: 2.8.22 Br,CI,CrCuH,,N, CCr(NH,),ICCuBr,C1,1 Formation: 2.8.10 Br,Cr CrBr, Electrochemical formation: 2.9.3.7 Formation: 2.9.2.3 Reaction with Cr,S,: 2.9.14.2 Br,CsCu Cs[CuBr,] Formation: 2.8.10 Br,CsCu, Cs[Cu,Br,] Formation: 2.8.12 Br,CsHg Cs[HgBr,I Formation: 2.8.22 Br,CuN,*C,,H,, Br,CUP,*C&,, Br,Cu,N,*C,H, Br,Cu,N,*C,H Br,F,N*C,,H,,Au Br,Fe FeBr, Formation: 2.9.2.3 Reaction with [NH,]F: 2.11.2.2 Br,FeP*C,,H,,Au Br,Ga GaBr, Formation: 2.6.2.1,2.6.3.3 Br,GaN*C,H, Br,H,HgKO K[HgBr,]*H,O Formation: 2.8.22 Br,H,NaOZn NaCZnBr,] * H,O Formation: 2.8.22 Br,H,HgKO, K[HgBr3].2 H,O Formation: 2.8.22 Br,H,HgN CNH,I[H@r,l Formation: 2.8.22 Br,H,HgNaO, Na[HgBr3]*2 H,O Formation: 2.8.22 Br,H,KO,Zn KCZnBrJ.2 H,O Formation: 2.8.22

37 1

Compound index Br,H,,NO,Zn [NH,][ZnBr,].3 H,O Formation: 2.8.22 Br,HgK KCHgBr,l Formation from melt: 2.8.22 Br,HgNa NaCHgBr31 Formation from melt and solution: 2.8.22 Br,In InBr, Formation: 2.6.2.1, 2.6.13.1, 2.6.14.1 Reaction with NH,F: 2.6.12.3 Br,In, In,Br, Formation: 2.6.14.1 BrJr IrBr, Reaction of MBr in BrF,: 2.11.4.2 Br,Mo MoBr, Formation: 2.9.2.3, 2.9.6 Reaction with CsBr: 2.9.10.1 Reaction with elemental S: 2.9.14.3 Br,Mo,S, Mo,S,Br, Formation: 2.9.14.2, 2.9.14.3 Br3N*C8H2LlAg2 Br,N,*C,H9B3 Br,NbO NbOBr, Formation: 2.9.12.1, 2.9.12.4, 2.9.12.5 Br,NbS NbSBr, Formation: 2.9.14.4 Br,NbSe NbSeBr, Formation: 2.9.14.4 Br,Nd NdBr, Formation: 2.9.7 Br,OTa TaOBr, Formation: 2.9.12.4 Br,OTc TcOBr, Formation: 2.9.12.1 Br,OV VBr,O Formation: 2.9.2.3 VOBr, Formation: 2.9.12.1

Br,OW WOBr, Formation: 2.9.11.3, 2.9.12.7 Br,P PBr, Reaction with R H : 2.8.23.5 ,&---Reaction with R,NBX-NRBX,: 2.6.8.3 Reaction with Hg: 2.8.14.4 Br,P*C,H,Au Br,P*C,H, ,Au Br,P*C,,H,,Au Br,P*C,,H,,Au Br,P*C,,H,,Au Br,Ru RuBr, Formation: 2.9.2.3, 2.9.4.3 Br,S*C,H,Au Br,S*C,,H,,Au Br,S,*B, Br,Sb SbBr, I Reaction with R,NBX-NRBX,: 2.6.8.3 Br,SeW WSeBr, Formation: 2.9.14.4 Br,Sm SmBr, Formation: 2.9.7 Br,TI TIBr, Formation: 2.6.2.1 Br,V VBr, Formation: 2.9.2.3 Br,*B2 Br,*C Br,C CBr, Use as halpgenating agent: 2.9.12.4 Br,*C,H,Au, Br,CdCs, Cs2CaBr41 Formation: 2.8.22 Br,CdH,O*Ba Br,CdH,N, CNHJzCCdBr41 Formation from melt: 2.8.22 Br,CdK, K2CCdBr41 Formation from melt: 2.8.22 Q

372

Compound Index

Br,CdNa, Na,[CdBr,] Formation from melt: 2.8.22 Br,C12P2*C25H22Au2 Br,CoN,*C 6H,0 Br,Cs,Hg Cs2CHgBr41 Formation: 2.8.22 Br,Cs,Zn Cs,[ZnBr,] Formation: 2.8.22 Br,CuN,*C,,H,, Br4Cu2N2*C16H40 Br,FeN*C,H,, Br,H,K,O,Zn K2[ZnBr,].2 H 2 0 , Formation: 2.8.22 Br4H8HgN2 "H4I zCHgBr41 Formation: 2.8.22 Br,H,N,Zn "H4I 2 CZnBr41 Formation: 2.8.22 Br,H,O,*Au Br,H, ,N,OZn "H,I,CZnBr,l *H2O Formation: 2.8.22 Br,Hf HfBr, Electrochemical formation: 2.9.3.7 Formation: 2.9.4.1 Br,Hg*Ba Br,HgK, K2CHgBr4l Formation from melt and solution: 2.8.22 Br,HgNa, Na,CHgBr,l Formation from melt and solution: 2.8.22 Br,HgSr SrCH@r,l Formation: 2.8.22 Br,Ir IrBr, Formation: 2.9.4.3 Br,K*Au Br,Mo MoBr, Formation: 2.9.6 Br,MoO [MoOBr,]Formation: 2.9.13, 2.9.13.2

Br,Mo,S, Mo,S,Br, Formation: 2.9.14.3 Br,Mo,Se, Mo,Se,Br, Formation: 2.9.14.3 Br,N*C,H,,Au Br,N,Ni*C,,H,, Br,N,Ni*C,H, ,Ag2 Br,Nb,S, Nb,S,Br, Formation: 2.9.14.4 Br,ORe ReOBr, Formation: 2.9.1 1.2, 2.9.12.1 Br,OV [VOBr,] Formation: 2.9.13.4 Br,OW WOBr, Formation: 2.9.11.2, 2.9.12.4, 2.9.12.5, 2.9.12.7 Reaction with WBr,: 2.9.11.3 Br,O,Os [OsO,Br J 2 Formation: 2.9.13 Br,O,Ru [RuO,Br,] Formation: 2.9.13 Br,O,*H,Au Br,Os OsBr, Formation: 2.9.2.3 Br4PZ*C48H40Ag2 Br,P,*C,,H,,Ag Br,Pt PtBr, Formation: 2.9.2.3 Br,Rb*Au Br,SW WSBr, Formation: 2.9.14.4 Br,S2*C2H,B, Br,Se SeBr, Reaction with R,Hg: 2.8.23.5 Br,SeW WSeBr, Formation: 2.9.14.4 Br,Si SiBr, Reaction with M X 2.7.9

Compound Index Br,Ti TiBr, Electrochemical formation: 2.9.3.7 Formation: 2.9.2.3, 2.9.4.1 Br,TI, TI[TlBr,] Formation: 2.6.6.1 Br,U UBr, Formation: 2.9.5 Br,W WBr, Formation: 2.9.6 Br,Xe XeBr, Formation: 2.10.1 Br,Zr ZrBr, Electrochemical formation: 2.9.3.7 Formation: 2.9.4.1 Br,CdCs3 Cs,[CdBr,] Formation: 2.8.22 Br,CrCuH,,N, CCr(NH3)61[CuBr51 Formation: 2.8.10 Br,CrO [CrOBr512Formation: 2.9.13.2 Br,Cs3Hg Cs,CHgBr,l Formation: 2.8.22 Br,Cs3Zn Cs, [ZnBr 5] Formation: 2.8.22 Br5CuN3*C,,H,, Br5Cu2N3*C12H36 Br,H,,N,OZn “H4I 3 CZnBr,l .H2O Formation: 2.8.22 BrsHgzK KCHg2Br5l Formation from melt: 2.8.22 Br,MoO [MoOBr5l2Formation: 2.9.13, 2.9.13.2, 2.9.13.3 Br,NNb*C2H3 Br,Nb NbBr, Formation: 2.9.2.3, 2.9.4.1, 2.9.4.6, 2.9.4.8 Reaction with [R,N]X: 2.9.10.1 Reaction with Sb,Y3: 2.9.14.4

373

Br,NbO [NbOBr512Formation: 2.9.13.3 Br,OW [WOBr,] Formation: 2.9.13.4 [WOBr,]’Formation: 2.9.13.3 Br,P PBr, Reaction with M20,: 2.6.6.4 Br,Re ReBr Formation: 2.9.2.3 Br,Ta TaBr, Formation: 2.9.2.3, 2.9.3.2, 2.9.4.1, 2.9.4.6, 2.9.4.8 Reaction with [R,N]X 2.9.10.1 Reaction with Sb,S3: 2.9.14.4 Br,W WBr, Formation: 2.9.2.3, 2.9.6 Reaction with Sb,Y,: 2.9.14.4 Reaction with WOBr,: 2.9.11.3 Reaction with M(CO),: 2.9.6 Br,CdK, K,CCdBr.sl Formation: 2.8.22 Br,CdRb4 Rb,[CdBr,] Formation: 2.8.22 Br,Ga, Ga,Br, Formation: 2.6.13.3 Br,H,N,Os “%]2[OSBr61 Formation: 2.9.10.2 Br6H16HgN4 “H4]4[HgBr.s] Formation from melt: 2.8.22 Br,K,Re K2CReBr61 Formation: 2.9.10.2 Br,K,Ru K,CR~B~,I Formation: 2.9.10.2 Br,NNb*C,H,, Br,NTa*C,H,, Br,N,Th*C,,H,, Br,N2Ti*Cl,H,, Br6N2U*C16H40

,

374

Compound Index

Br,N,Zr*Cl,H,o Br,Nb, Nb,Br, Reaction with Nb-CsBr: 2.9.10.1 Br,Rb,*Au, Br,W WBr, Formation: 2.9.4.6,2.9.11.3 Reaction with Sb,Y,: 2.9.14.4 Br,*B, Br7Cu5N2*C10H12 Br,In, In,Br, Formation: 2.6.14.1 Br,*B, Br8Fe3H32016

Fe,Br,.16 H,O Reaction with MCO,: 2.7.9 Br,Nb, Nb,Br, Reaction with RbBr: 2.9.10.1 Br,Rb,*Au, Br,*B, Br,Cs,Mo, CsdM02Brgl Formation: 2.9.10.1 Br9Cu6N3*C21H54 Br,Re, Re,Br, Formation: 2.9.2.3 Reaction with ReSe,: 2.9.14.2 Reaction with elemental S, Se: 2.9.14.3 Br,o*B 10 Br10Cu4N20*C10H30 Br,,MoTe, MoTe,Br Formation: 2.9.14.2 Br, ,CsNb, Cs"b,Br,,l Formation: 2.9.10.1 Br,,Cs,*Au, Br12M0, [Mo6Br81Br4

Reaction with elemental S, Se: 2.9.14.3 Br, ,Nb,Rb, Rb4[(Nb6Br1 2IBr61 Formation: 2.9.10.1 CAgN AgCN Reaction with F,: 2.8.8.2 CAgNO AgOCN Reaction with F,: 2.8.8.2

CAm0,Rb RbAmO,CO, Reaction with R b F 2.11.5.2 CAuClO Au(C0)Cl Reaction with AuCl,: 2.8.8.1 CAuN AuCN Reaction with F,: 2.8.3.1.3 CBe, Be,C Reaction with X,: 2.7.8 Reaction with H X 2.7.8 CBrCIF, CF,BrCI Reaction with CdO: 2.8.15.3 Reaction with ZnO: 2.8.15.3 CBr, CBr, Formation: 2.8.23.3 C*Br, CBr, CBr, Reaction with Hg: 2.8.21.3 Reaction with MX: 2.7.9 Reaction with MO: 2.9.4.6 CCdO, CdCO, Reaction with HC1: 2.8.17.1 Reaction with HI: 2.8.17.1 Reaction with HBr: 2.8.17.1 Reaction with HF: 2.8.17.1 CCI, CCI, Formation: 2.8.23.3 CCI,O COCI, Reaction with MO: 2.7.7 Reaction with (HBNR),: 2.6.5.3 Reaction with MO: 2.9.4.6 Reaction with (R,N),B: 2.6.8.3 Reaction with ZnO: 2.8.15.3 Reaction with ZrO,: 2.9.4.7 CCI,S SCCI, Reaction with (R,N),B: 2.6.8.3 CCI, CCl, Reaction with Al: 2.6.3.2 Reaction with FeS,, FeS: 2.9.5 Reaction with MO: 2.9.4.6 Reaction with MX: 2.7.9

Compound Index Reaction with MO: 2.7.7, 2.9.4.6 Reaction with Os,(CO) 2: 2.9.15.1.1 Reaction with Ph,Hg: 2.8.23.5 Reaction with Hg: 2.8.21.3 Reaction with WS,, MoS,, Re,S,: 2.9.5 Reaction with ZnO: 2.8.15.3 Use as halogenating agent: 2.9.12.4 CCSO, csco, Reaction with X,-N,H,: 2.7.4 CCUO, cuco, Reactions with hydrohalic acids: 2.8.8.3 CFO COF Fluorinating agent: 2.9.12.3 CF,& SeCF, Formation: 2.6.7.3 CHCI, CHCl, Reaction with MO: 2.9.4.6 CH,Cu,O, Cu(OH),*CuCO, Reaction with HF: 2.11.2.3 CH,BCI, CH,BCI, Formation: 2.6.16 CH,BeCI CH,BeCI Formation: 2.7.3.2.2 CH,CI,Si CH,SiCI, Reaction with K,[R,Ga,]: 2.6.10.3 CH,CI,Ti CH,TiCI, Formation: 2.6.10.3 CH,GsI, CH,GaI, Formation: 2.6.10.1 CH,GaI,S I,GaSCH, Reaction with I,: 2.6.7.3 CHJ CH,I Reaction with Hg[CH,C(O)O],: 2.8.17.3 Reaction with HgC1,: 2.8.18 Reaction with HgI,: 2.8.22 Reaction with elemental Hg: 2.8.23.1 CH,BrGe CH,GeH,Br Reaction with Li[AI(AsH,),]: 2.6.9.3

375

CH,BrSi CH,SiH,Br Reaction with Li[AI(AsH,),]: 2.6.9.3 CH,P CH,PH, Reaction with LiCAIH,]: 2.6.9.3 CH,BrHgIN CCH~NH~IW~B~IZI Formation: 2.8.22 CH,Br,HgIN CCH3NH,ICHgBrzII Formation: 2.8.22 CH,GeS CH,SGeH, Formation: 2.6.7.3 CH,SSi CH,SSiH, Formation: 2.6.7.3 CH,AsGe CH,GeH,AsH, Formation: 2.6.9.3 CH,AsSi CH,SiH,AsH, Formation: 2.6.9.3 CH,PSi CH,P(H)SiH, Formation: 2.6.9.3 CH,SSi, Si,H,(SCH,) Formation: 2.6.7.3 CHP HfC Fluorination: 2.1 1.4.1 CH%7,03

Hg,CCO,I Reaction with HF: 2.8.21.1 CL CI, Formation: 2.6.12.2 Reaction with Hg: 2.8.21.3 Reaction with MX: 2.7.9 CNa,O, Na,CCO,I Reaction with X,: 2.7.4

cos ocs

Formation from HgS and COCI,: 2.8.16.2 C0,Zn ZnCCO,] Reaction with HF: 2.8.17.1 Reaction with HCI: 2.8.17.1

376

Compound Index

Reaction with H F 2.11.2.3 CPa PaC Fluorination: 2.11.5.2 C,AuBr,KN, KCA4CN)zBrzl Formation: 2.8.4.2 Reaction with C1-: 2.8.4.2 C,AuCI,KN, KCAu(CN),CIzI Formation: 2.8.4.2 C,AuI,KN, K"WCN),I,l Formation: 2.8.4.2 C,AuKN, KCAu(CN),I Reaction with I,: 2.8.4.2 Reaction with halogens: 2.8.4.2 C,CI, CZC1, Reaction with B: 2.6.3.2 C,H,AuCI,KN,O K[Au(CN),CI,] *H,O Structure: 2.8.4.2 C,H,BrO CH,C(O)Br Reaction with CdCOAc],: 2.8.17.3 C,H,Br,O,TI TI[O,CCH,]Br, Formation: 2.6.6.1 C,H,Br,NNb CH ,CNNbBr Reaction with [R,N]X 2.9.10.1 C,H,CIHg CH,CHHgCI Formation: 2.8.23.5 C,H,CIO CH ,C(O)Cl Reaction with Hg[NO,],: 2.8.17.3 Reaction with MO: 2.9.4.6, 2.7.7 Reaction with Cd[OAc],: 2.8.17.3 Reaction with Zn: 2.8.14.4 Reaction with ZnO: 2.8.15.3 C,H,CI,Si CH,CHSiCl, Formation: 2.8.23.5 C,H,CI,NNb CH,CNNbCI, Reaction with [R,N]X: 2.9.10.1 C,H,O,TI TI[O,CCH,] Reaction with X,: 2.6.6.1

C,H,AII, C,H,AlI, Formation: 2.6.3.2 C2H51 C2H51

Reaction with Hg,[NO,],: 2.8.21.1 Reaction with elemental Zn: 2.8.23.1 C,H,AICI,N (CH,),NAICI, Formation: 2.6.8.3 C,H,AuBr,S AuBr[S(CH,)z] Formation: 2.8.6.2 C,H,AuCI,Cs CsC(CH,),AuC~,I Formation: 2.8.5 C,H,Au,Br, [CH&Brzlz Formation: 2.8.5 Structure: 2.8.5 C,H,BCI (CH3)2BC1 Formation: 2.6.7.3 C,H,BCI,N (CH3)ZNBC12 Formation: 2.6.8.3 C,H,BF (CH3)2BF Formation: 2.6.8.3 C2H6B2Br4S2

(Br2BSCH3)2 Formation: 2.6.7.3 C2H6B2C1dS2

(C12BSCH3)2 Formation: 2.6.7.3 C,H,BSCI 543-2, 4-C,B5H,j Formation: 2 . 6 5 1 C,H,BrTI (CH,),TlBr Formation: 2.6.8.3 Reaction with X,: 2.6.10.1 C,H,Cd (CH3)2Cd Reaction with CdBr,: 2.8.23.2 C,H,CITI (CH,),TICl Formation: 2.6.8.3, 2.6.9.2, 2.6.13.2, 2.6.13.3 C,H,CI,NP (CH,),NPCI, Formation: 2.6.8 3

Compound Index C,H,GaI (CH3)2Ga1 Formation: 2.6.10.1 C,H,ITI (CH3)2T11 Formation: 2.6.9.3, 2.6.10.2, 2.6.13.3 C,H,I,Si (CH3)2Si12 Reaction with Mo(CO),, W(CO),: 2.9.15.1.1 C2H604

(CH3C00)Z Initiator in aryl exchange: 2.8.23.5 C2H7B5

2,4-C2B,H, Reaction with X2-A1C1,: 2.6.5.1 C,H7CISi (CH,),Si(H)CI Reaction with M(SeR),: 2.6.7.3 C,H7Ga (CH3)2GaH Formation: 2.6.5.2 C2H7P

C2H5PH2 Formation: 2.6.9.3 C,H,AICI,P C(CHJzPHzI[AIC141 Formation: 2.6.9.2 C,H,BCIS H,ClB*S(CH,), Formation: 2.6.5.3 C,H,CI,Cu,N C(CH3)2NH,lCCuzC~,I Formation: 2.8.12 C,H,Ge (CH3)2GeH2 Formation: 2.6.9.3 C,H,BS H3B'S(CH3)2 Reaction with CCI,: 2.6.5.3 C,H,PSi (CH,),PSiH, Formation: 2.6.9.3 C,H,rlGe, (CH3GeH2)2 Formation: 2.6.9.3 CZHl ,AsB,oCI, (~-C,H,B,,H,)ASCI, Reaction with X2: 2.6.9.1 C,H,,BrCI,CuN, [CH,NH,],[CuCI,Br] Formation: 2.8.10

377

C,H, ,Br,HgI,N, C(CH,NH,I,HgBr,I, Formation: 2.8.22 C,H, ,C~,HOI,N, CCH,NH,12HgCI,I, Formation: 2.8.22 C,H,,CI,CuN, CCH,NH,I,CCuCI,l Oxidation by Br,: 2.8.10 C,H,,B,oSn (CH3)2SnB10H12 Reaction with X2: 2.6.11.1 C,AuBrKN, K[Au(CN),Br] Formation: 2.8.4.2 C,AuCIKN, K[Au(CN),Cl] Formation: 2.8.4.2 Reaction with KBr: 2.8.4.2 C,BF,S, B(SCF,), Reaction with K F 2.6.7.3 C,CoNO, Co(CO),NO Reaction with [R,N]X or X2: 2.9.15.1.2 Reaction with X2: 2.9.15.1.2 C,F,MnO, Mn(CO),F, Formation: 2.9.15.1.1 C,F,O,Re Re(CO),F, Formation: 2.9.15.1.1 C,F,O,Ru Ru(CO),F, Formation: 2.9.15.1.1 C,H,CINO (CH3)2NC(0)C1 Formation: 2.6.8.3 C,H,CINS (CHJ2NC(S)CI Formation: 2.6.8.3 C,H,AsBr, (CH3)3AsBr2 Reaction with R,In: 2.6.10.3 C,H,Au (CH,),Au Reaction with AuBr,: 2.8.5 Reaction with HCI: 2.8.5 C,H,AuBrP AuBr P(CH,), Reaction with X,: 2.8.6.1 C,H,AuBr,P AuBr,.P(CH,), Formation: 2.8.6.1

-

370

Compound Index

C3H9B (CH,),B Reaction with BX,: 2.6.16 C,H,BO, B(OCH,), Reaction with Cl,: 2.6.6.1 C,H,BS (CH3)2BSCH3 Reaction with BX,, SbC1,: 2.6.7.3 C,H,B,Br,N, (BrBNCH,), Formation: 2.6.1 1.1 C,H,B,C',N, (CIBNCH,), Reaction with TiF,: 2.6.12.3 C,H,B,F,N, (FBNCH,), Formation: 2.6.12.3 C,H,BrSn (CH,),SnBr Reaction with Li[AI(AsH,),]: 2.6.9.3 C,H,Br,GaN Br,Ga.N(CH,), Formation: 2.6.5.2 C,H,CIGe (CH,),GeCl Reaction with Li[AI(SCH,),]: 2.6.7.3 C,H,CISi (CH,),SiCl Formation: 2.6.11.2 Reaction with Li[Al(SCH,),]: 2.6.7.3 C,H,CISn (CH,),SnCI Reaction with Li[Al(SCH,),]: 2.6.7.3 C,H,CI,GaN Cl,Ga*N(CH,), Formation: 2.6.5.2 C,H,Cu,I,S ~(CH,),Sl~C~2~,1 Structure: 2.8.12 C H F Si (CH,),SiF Reaction with R,Ak 2.6.10.3 C,H,FSn (CH,),SnF Reaction with R,Ga: 2.6.10.3 C,H,Ga (CH,),Ga Reaction with X,: 2.6.10.1 Reaction with H X 2.6.10.2 C,H,GaI,S C(CH,),SICGaI,I Formation: 2.6.7.3

,,

C,H,Ge (CH,),Ge Reaction with Li[AI(AsH,),]: 2.6.9.3 C,H,In (CH,),In Reaction with R,AsX,: 2.6.10.3 Reaction with R,SnX: 2.6.10.3 C,H,Si (CH,),Si Reaction with Li[AI(A,H,),]: 2.6.9.3 C,H,TI (CH,),Tl Reaction with H X 2.6.10.2 C,H,,Si (CH,),SiH Formation: 2.6.11.2 C,H,,AsGe (CH,),GeAsH, Formation: 2.6.9.3 C,H, ,ASS (CH,),SiAsH, Formation: 2.6.9.3 C,H, , A s h (CH,),SnAsH, Formation: 2.6.9.3 C,H,,GeP (CH,),GePH, Formation: 2.6.9.3 C,H,,PSi (CH,),SiPH, Formation: 2.6.9.3 C,H,,GaN H,Ga*N(CH,), Reaction with H X 2.6.5.2 C,H,,AILiP, Li[HAl(HPCH,),] Formation: 2.6.9.3 Reaction with H,SiX: 2.6.9.3 C,AuKN, K[Au(CN),] Reaction with KCAuCl,]: 2.8.4.2 Reaction with Cl,: 2.8.4.2 C,BaN,Ni BaNi(CN), Fluorination: 2.11.2.2 C,Br,FeO, Fe(CO),Br, Formation: 2.6.13.1, 2.9.15.1.1 C,Br,MoO, Mo(CO),Br, Formation: 2.9.15.1.1 C,Br,O,Ru Ru(CO),Br, Formation: 2.9.15.1.1

Compound Index C,Br,O,W W(C0)4Br2 Formation: 2.9.15.1.1 C,CI,FeO, Fe(CO),CI, Formation: 2.9.15.1.1 C,CI,MoO, Mo(CO),Cl, Formation: 2.9.15.1.1 c,cl,o,os os(co),cI, Formation: 2.9.15.1.1 C,CI,O,Ru Ru(CO),CI, Formation: 2.9.15.1.1

c,cI,o,w

w(c0)4c12 Formation: 2.9.15.1.1 C,CoO,TI TI[Co(CO),I Reaction with R,SnX: 2.6.13.3 C,F,MoO, Mo(C0)4F2 Formation: 2.9.15.1.1 C,FeI,O, Fe(C0)412 Thermal decomposition: 2.9.6 C,H,BrMg C,H,MgBr Reaction with CdC1,: 2.8.23.2 C,H,CdCI C,H,CdCI Formation from CdC1,: 2.8.23.2 C,H,CIHgSe C,H,HgClSe Formation: 2.8.23.6 C,H,Se C,H,Se Mercuration oE 2.8.23.6 C,H,Au,CI, [Au,CI,(CH,CECCH,)] Rearrangement: 2.8.5 C,H,Au,CI, {Au,Cl,[CH,C~C(CI)CH,]} Formation: 2.8.5 C,H,CdO, Cd[CH,C(O)OI, Reaction with CH,C(O)X: 2.8.17.3 Reaction with X,: 2.8.17.3 C4H6C12H& (CH3)2C2(HgC1)2 Formation: 2.8.23.2

379

C4H6Hg (C2H3)ZHg Reaction with SiCI,: 2.8.23.5 C4H6Hg04 HgCCH,C(O)OI, Reaction with tf-C,H,Cr(CO),: 2.8.23.6 Reaction with ($-C,H,),Fe: 2.8.23.6 Reaction with $-C,H,Mn(CO),: 2.8.23.6 Reaction with I,: 2.8.17.3 Reaction with CH,I: 2.8.17.3 C,H,N,Na,NiO, Naz[Ni(CN),].3 H,O Fluorination: 2.11.2.2 C,H,BaN,NiO, Ba[Ni(CN),].4 H,O Fluorination: 2.1 1.2.2 C,H,BCI,O n-C,H,OBCI, Formation: 2.6.6.3, 2.6.6.4 C4H 1 0Ag213N CCH,NH=C(CH,),ICAgzI,l Formation: 2.8.12 C,H,,AIBr (C2H5)2A1Br Formation: 2.6.5.1 C4HioAICI (C,H,),AIC1 Formation: 2.6.5.2 C,H,,AIF (C,H,),AIF Formation: 2.6.10.3 C,H,,AII (CzH,)#I Formation: 2.6.3.2, 2.6.10.1 C,H,,BCI (C2H5)2BC1 Formation: 2.6.10.3 C,H,,BCI,N (C2H5)2NBC12 Formation: 2.6.8.2, 2.6.9.2 C,H,,BCI,P C12BP(C2H5)Z Formation: 2.6.9.3 C4H10BF2N

(C2H5)2NBF2 Formation: 2.6.8.3 C4H10B12N

(C,H,),NBI, Formation: 2.6.9.3 C4H10B2S5

(C2H5SB)2S3 Reaction with BX,, AsX,: 2.6.7.3

380

Compound Index Reactions with 2,2'-bipyridine and 1, 10-phenanthroline: 2.8.5 Reaction with [(C,H,),As]CI: 2.8.5

C4H10Be

(C,H,),Be Reaction with BeX,: 2.7.3.2.2 C4H,,BrTI (C2H5)2T1Br Reaction with X,: 2.6.10.1 C4Hl,GaIS2 (C,H,S),GaI Formation: 2.6.7.1 C4HloITI (C2H.5)2T11 Formation: 2.6.13.3

C4H12Au2F2

[(CH3)2AuF], Non-existence: 2.8.5 C4H12Au2r2

[(CH,),AuII, Formation: 2.8.5 Reaction with AgNO, and HNO,: 2.8.5 C4H,,BCIN, [(CH,),NI,BCI Formation: 2.6.8.2, 2.6.8.3, 2.6.9.3

C4H11A1

(CZH,),AlH Reaction with X,: 2.6.5.1 Reaction with HCI: 2.6.5.2 C,H1,BCI3N (C,H,),HN*BCI, Formation: 2.6.8.2

C4H12BC13N2

~C~,w"H3)2I,IC~ Formation: 2.6.9.2 C4H12BxN2

[(CH3)2NI2BI Formation: 2.6.9.3

C4H11P

C4H12B204

(C,H,),PH Formation: 2.6.9.2

B2(°CH3)4 Reaction with SF,: 2.6.14.1 C,HI2CI,Cu2N ~(CH,),NI~C~,C~,I Formation from Cu[OAc]: 2.8.12 Structure: 2.8.12 C4HI2CI,Cu2P ~(cH,)4pl~c~,~~,l Structure: 2.8.12

C4H I ZAgBrZN

C(CH,),NlCAgBr,l Structure: 2.8.12 C4H12AgC12N C(CHd."AgC121 Formation: 2.8.12 Structure: 2.8.12 C4H12Agr2N C(CH3)4NI "%I21 Formation: 2.8.12

C4H12Cu2r3N

~(CH,),"C~,I,1 Formation from Cu: 2.8.12

C4H12Ag213N

C4H,2GeS

[(CH d4NI "%,I31 Formation from Ag,O and CH,I 2.8.12 C4H,,AILiS4 Li[AI(SCH,),] Reaction with H,SiX, H,GeX, R,SnX: 2.6.7.3 C4H,,AILiTe4 Li [Al(TeCH,),I Disproportionation: 2.6.7 C,H,,AIP (CH3)2A1P(CH3)2 Reaction with H X 2.6.9.2

(CH,),GeSCH, Formation: 2.6.7.3 C4Hl,NTI (CH3)2T1N(CH3)2 Reaction with RX: 2.6.8.3 Reaction with R,SnX: 2.6.8.3 C4H12SSi (CH,),SiSCH, Formation: 2.6.7.3

C4H12Au2Br2

[(CH,),AuBrl, Formation: 2.8.5 Reaction with [(C,H,),As]Br: C4H12AU2C12

[(CH,)&C112 Formation: 2.8.5

2.8.5

C4H12SSn

(CH,),SnSCH, Formation: 2.6.7.3 C,H,,Si (CH,),Si Formation: 2.6.10.3 C4H14Au202

[(CHd2AuOHI4 Reaction with CsCk 2.8.5 Reaction with HI, (C,H,),AsCI

2.8.5

Compound Index C,H,,BCI,N “(CH,)*NHl,BC~2IC~ Formation: 2.6.8.2 C~HI~A~ZB~~C~IZN~ CCU(NH~CH~CH,NH~)~ICA~IB~I~ Formation: 2.8.12 C,H ,Ag,Br,N,Ni

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ , ~ ~ , ~ ~ StrucLture: 2.8.12 C4H16Br3CU2N4

[Cu(NH,CH,CH,NH,),][CuBr,] Formation: 2.8.12 C,H,,CoF,N, ICoen,F,ICHF,l Formation: 2.11.2.2 C4I204W W(CO),I2 Formation: 2.9.15.1.1 C,NiO, Ni(CO), Reaction with [R,N]X or X,: 2.9.15.1.2 C,BCI,MnO, Cl,BMn(CO), Formation: 2.6.13.2 Reaction with HX: 2.6.13.2 C,BrMnO, Mn(CO),Br Formation: 2.6.13.3,2.9.15.1.1,2.9.15.11 Reaction with [R,N]X or X,: 2.9.15.1.2 C,BrO,Re Re(CO),Br Formation: 2.9.15.1.1 Reaction with [R,N]X or X,: 2.9.15.1.2 C,BrO,Te Tc(CO),Br Formation: 2.9.15.1.1 C,Br,InMnO, Br,InMn(CO), Formation: 2.6.13.1 C,CIMnO, Mn(CO),CI Formation: 2.6.13.2,2.9.15.1.1 Reaction with [R,N]X or X,: 2.9.15.1.2 C,CIO,Re Re(CO),CI Formation: 2.9.15.1.1 Reaction with [R,N]X or X,: 2.9.15.1.2 C,CIO,Tc Tc(CO), C1 Formation: 2.9.15.1.1 C,C121nMn0, Cl,InMn(CO), Formation: 2.6.13.1

381

cSc16

CSCI, Halogenation reagent: 2.9.12.4 C,CI* C,C1Ll Halogenation reagent: 2.9.12.4 Reaction with MO: 2.9.4.6 , C,FO,Re ~ ~ , ~ , I C ~ ~ Re(CO),F Formation: 2.9.15.1.1

~ ~ , l ,

C5F605Re2

Re(CO),F. ReF, Formation: 2.9.15.1.1 C,FeO, Fe(CO), Halogenation: 2.9.15.1.1 C,HMnO, HMn(CO), Formation: 2.6.13.2 C,H,AuC13N [AuCl,*C,H,N] Reaction with RMgBr: 2.8.5 Reaction with BrMg(CH,),MgBr: 2.8.5 C,H,CIHg C,H,HgCl Formation from ($-C,H,),ZrCl,: 2.8.23.2 C,H,CIMoN202 ~5-C,H,M~(NO)2Cl Formation: 2.9.15.1.2 C,H,AuCI,N CC,H,NHlCAuCI,I Formation: 2.8.4.1 C,H,BrCuIN [C,H,NH][CuBrI] Formation: 2.8.12 C,H,O,TI { Tl[OC(Me)CHC(Me)O] 1 Reaction with dialkyl gold bromides: 2.8.5 C,H,,AuBr,NS, Au[%CN(C&),IBrz Formation: 2.8.6.2 C,H, ,AuNS, CAu(S,CN(C,H,),I Reaction with halogens: 2.8.6.2 C,Hl,BC~,N2 “(cH3)2NHl,B(CH3)C11C1 Formation: 2.6.8.2 CJMnO, Mn(CO),I Formation: 2.9.15.1.1

382

Compound Index

Reaction with [R,N]X or X,: 2.9.15.1.2 C,IO,Re Re(CO),I Formation: 2.9.15.1.1 Reaction with [R,N]X or X,: 2.9.15.1.2 C,IO,Tc Tc(CO),I Formation: 2.9.15.1.1 C,MnO,TI TlCMn(CO),I Reaction with R,SnX: 2.6.13.3 c,cl,o,os, [os(co),cI2I2 Formation: 2.9.15.1.1 c6c16

c6c16

Reaction with MO: 2.9.4.6 C,CrF,,Sb, C ~ F ~ ( C ~ F ~1)S ~ , F I Formation: 2.11.2.1 C,CrO, Cr(C0)6 Reaction with [R,N]X or X,: 2.9.15.1.2 Reaction with X,: 2.9.6 C6F51

C6F51

Reaction with elemental C d 2.8.23.1 C,F,INi C,F,NiI Formation: 2.9.3.8 C6F6 C6F6

Reaction with BX,: 2.6.16 C6Fl

CRe(CO),ICRe,F, 11 Formation: 2.9.15.1.1 C,H,MnO, CH,Mn(CO), Formation: 2.6.13.3 C,H,BBr, 6,H,BBr, Formation: 2.6.3.2 C,H,BCI, C,H,BCI, Reaction with SbF,: 2.6.12.3 C,H,Br C,H,Br Formation: 2.8.23.5 C,H,BrHg C,H,HgBr Formation: 2.8.23.3, 2.8.23.5 C,H,Br,Cu,N, C6H5N2[Cu2Br31

Structure: 2.8.12

C,H,CI C,H,Cl Formation: 2.8.23.5 C,H,CIHg C,H,HgC1 Formation: 2.8.23.3, 2.8.23.5 C,H,CI,Ga C,H,GaCI, Formation: 2.6.10.2 C,H,CI,I C,H,ICI, Reaction with (C,H,),Hg: 2.8.23.5 C,H,CI,OV C,H,VOCI, Formation: 2.8.23.5 C,H,CI,TI C6H,T1Cl, Reaction with HgX,: 2.6.10.3 C,H,CI,V C,H,VCI, Formation: 2.8.23.5 C6H7P

C6H5PH2

Formation: 2.6.9.2 C,H,CuI,N C(C,H,NCH,)ICCuI21 Formation from Cu: 2.8.12 C,H,,AuBrCIN, (CH,),N[Au(CN),CIBr] Formation: 2.8.4.2 C,Hl4AICIO2 (i-C,H70)2A1Cl Formation: 2.6.6.3 C,H,,BCI (n-C,H7),BC1 Formation: 2.6.7.3 C6H15A'

(C2H5)3A1 Reaction with SnX,: 2.6.10.3, 2.6.15 Reaction with HX: 2.6.10.2 C6H1 SA1Zr3

(c2H5)3A1213 Formation: 2.6.3.2 C,H, ,AuBrCI,P AuBrC1,*P(C2H,), Formation: 2.8.6.1 C,H, ,AuBrP AuBr.P(C,H,), Reaction with X,: 2.8.6.1 C,H ,AuBr,CIP AuBr,Cl*P(C,H,), Formation: 2.8.6.1

Compound Index C,H,,AuBr,P AuBr, * P(C,H,), Formation: 2.8.6.1 C,H,,AuCII,P AuCII, * P(C,H,), Formation: 2.8.6.1 C,H, ,AuCIP AuCI*P(C,H,), Reaction with X,: 2.8.6.1 C,H,,AuCI,P AuCI,*P(C,H5), Formation: 2.8.6.1 C,H,,AuIP AuI.P(C,H,), Reaction with ICI: 2.8.6.1 C,H,,Au13P AuI, * P(C*H5)3 Formation: 2.8.6.1 ‘aSHlSB

(C2H5)3B Reaction with SbX,: 2.6.10.3 Reaction with ONX: 2.6.16 C,H,,BCINO “OICC1B(C,H,),I Formation: 2.6.16 C,H,,BrGe (C2H5)3GeBr Formation: 2.6.11.3 C,H,,BrSn (C,H,),SnBr Formation: 2.6.10.3 C,H,,CISn (C2H5)3SnCI Formation: 2.6.10.3, 2.6.11.1 C,H,,C14Cu,P [(C,H,),PCII[Cu,C1,1 Formation: 2.8.12 C6H15Ga

(C2H5)3Ga Reaction with R,SnX: 2.6.10.3 C,H,,ISn (C2H5)3Sn1 Formation: 2.6.10.3 C,H,,CI,CuN C(C,H,),NHl[CuC~,l Formation: 2.8.12 C,H ,AsBN, [(CH3)2NI2B=As(CH3)2 Reaction with X,: 2.6.9.1 C,H,,AsBr,In C(CHd4Asl C(CHd2InBr21 Formation: 2.6.10.3

383

C6H18BF4N3S

“(CH3),NI,~ICBF,I Formation: 2.6.8.3 C,H,,BN,TI C(CH,),NI,B=T~(CH,)2 Reaction with X,: 2.6.9.1 C6H18BN3

[(CH,),N]$ Reaction with Reaction with Reaction with C,H,,CISi,TI [(CH,),Si],TICI Reaction with

SF,: 2.6.8.3 YCCI,: 2.6.8.3 H X 2.6.8.2 HX: 2.6.11.2

C6H18Ga2K2

K2C(CH3)6Ga21 Reaction with RSiX,: 2.6.10.3 C,H,,ISi,TI [(CH,)$i],T11 Formation: 2.6.11.2 C6H21JC~10CU4N2

C ( C H ~ ) ~ N H I ~ C 01 C~~C~I Formation: 2.8.10 C,MoO, Mo(C0)6 Halogenation: 2.9.15.1.1 Reaction with MoF,, MoBr,: 2.9.6 Reaction with [R,N]X or X,: 2.9.15.1.2 Reaction with X,: 2.9.6 Reaction with O N X 2.9.15.1.2 c606w

W(W6 Halogenation: 2.9.1 5.1.1 Reaction with ReF,, IF,: 2.9.6 Reaction with [R,N]X or X,: 2.9.15.1.2 Reaction with WCI,, WCI,, WBr,: 2.9.6 Reaction with ReF,: 2.9.6 Reaction with X,: 2.9.6 Reaction with ONX: 2.9.15.1.2 Reaction with KI in IF,: 2.11.4.1 Reaction with moist CsI in IF,: 2.11.4.1 C,H,MnO, CH, C(O)Mn(CO), Formation: 2.6.13.3 C,H,AuCI,N AuCI,(C,H,CN) Formation: 2.8.5 C,H,BrCI,Hg C6H,HgCC1,Br Reaction with HCI: 2.8.23.3 C,H,Br,CIHg C6H5HgCBr,C1 Decomposition: 2.8.23.3

384 C,H,CIO C6H,C(0)C1 Reaction with HgO: 2.8.15.3 C7HSCI3 C6H5CC13 Reaction with MO: 2.9.4.6 C7Hd33Hg C,H,HgCCI, Decomposition: 2.8.23.3 C7H10AuN3S2Se2

Au[SzCN(C,H,)zl(SeCN), Formation: 2.8.6.2 C7H I 0AuN3S4

AuCS2CN(C,H5),I(SCN)z Formation: 2.8.6.2 C,H,,TI (CH3)2T1C,H, Reaction with HX: 2.6.10.2 C7H13Au02

{(CH,), Au[OC(Me)CHC(Me)O]} Reaction with bromine: 2.8.5 C,H,,BN,Si C(CH,),NI,BSi(CH,), Reaction with X,: 2.6.11.1 C,Br,O,Tc, [Tc(CO)4Brl, Formation: 2.9.15.1.1 C,CI,O,Tc, CTc(CO),CII, Formation: 2.9.15.1.1 C,CI,O,Re, CRe(CO),C112 Reaction with NO: 2.9.15.1.2 C,F,Mn,O, [Mn(CO)4FIz Formation: 2.9.15.1.1 C,Fe,I,O, Fe,(CO)fJI, Formation: 2.9.15.1.1 C,H4CIHgMn0, (q5-C,H4HgC1Mn(CO), Formation: 2.8.23.6 C8H4C16

C8H4C16 Reaction with MO: 2.9.4.6 C,H,CIHgMoO, v5-C,H5Mo(C0),HgC1 Formation: 2.6.13.3 C,H,IMoO, v5-C,H,Mo(CO)31 Formation: 2.6.13.3 C,H,IO,W q5-C,H, W(CO),I Formation: 2.6.13.3

Compound Index C,H,Mn03 q5-C5H5Mn(C0.)3 Mercuration oE 2.8.23.6 C,H6BFe,N0,S, (CHd,NBS,Fe,(CO)6 Reaction with BX,: 2.6.8.3 C,H6M0O3 q5-C,H,MoH(CO), Formation: 2.6.13.2 C,H,,BBrFeNO, (C,H,),NB(WFe(CO), Reaction with X,: 2.6.13.1 C,H,,AuBrP AuBr*P(CH3),C6H5 Reaction with X,: 2.8.6.1 C,H,,AuCIP AuCl P(CH,),C,H, Reaction with X,: 2.8.6.1 C,H,,BCIN (CH~),ZN(C~H,)BCI Formation: 2.6.13.3 C,H, ,CIOZn C,H,ZnCI.C,H,OH Formation from ZnC1,: 2.8.23.2 C8HIlP C2H5P(H)C6H5 Formation: 2.6.9.3 C,H,,PTI (CH3),TIP(H)C&5 Reaction with R X 2.6.9.3 Reaction with HX: 2.6.9.2 C,H,,SeSi (CH ,),Si(H)SeC,H Formation: 2.6.7.3

.

C8H16Cu2010

[Cu(O,CCH,),(HzOII, Reactions with RC(0)X 2.8.8.3 C,H,,BCI (C,H,)zBC1 Formation: 2.6.10.2 C,H,,BCIO, (n-C,H,O),BCI Formation: 2.6.6.3 C,H,,AuCI,N,O, C{(CH3)2NC(CH,)O~,HlCAuC~41 Formation: 2.8.4.1 C,H,oAg,Br,N C(C,H,),NICAg,Br31 Formation: 2.8.12 Structure: 2.8.12 C8H20Ag2C13N C(CzH,),NlCAg,C~,l Formation: 2.8.12

385

Compound Index Structure: 2.8.12 C,H,,AuBr,N C(C,H5),NICAuBr2l Formation: 2.8.12 C,H,,AuBr,N (CzH5)4"AuBr41 Formation: 2.8.4.1 C(C2H5),NICAuBr,l Formation: 2.9.10.4 C,H,,AuCI,N C(C,H5),NICAuC121 Formation: 2.8.12 C,H,,AuCI,N (CzH 5)4"AuCI41 Reaction with HI: 2.8.4.1 C,H,,AuI,N C(C2H 5)4N1"4uIzI Formation: 2.8.12 C,HzoAuI,N (C2Hd4NCAuI41 Formation: 2.8.4.1 C,HzoAuzBr, [(C,H,),AuBrIz Formation: 2.8.5 Structure: 2.8.5 C,HzoAuJ, C(CzH5)zAuIIz Formation: 2.8.5 C,H,,BCINP (C2H5)2NB(C1)P(C2H5)2 Formation: 2.6.9.2 C,H,,BzO, BZ(°C2H5)4 Reaction with SF,: 2.6.6.4 C,H,,Br,FeN C(CzH,),NICFeBr,l Formation: 2.9.10.4 C,H,,Br,NNb [(C2H5)4Nl[NbBr61 Formation: 2.9.10.1 C,H,,Br,NTa [(C2H5)4NI[TaBr61 Formation: 2.9.10.1 C,H,,CI,Cu,N C(C2H 5)4NICcu2cI3I Electrochemical formation: 2.8.12 C,H,,CI,NTi C(C,H5),NICTiC151 Formation: 2.9.10.1 C,H,,CI,NNb [(C2H5)4NI[NbC161 Formation: 2.9.10.1

C,H,,CI,NTa [(C2H5)4NI[TaC161 Formation: 2.9.10.1 C,H,,CI,NTi, [(C2H5)4v[Ti,C191 Formation: 2.9.10.1 C,H,,CuI,N C(C,H,),NICCuI,I Electrochemical formation: 2.8.12 C,H,OPb (C2H5)4Pb Reaction with HgCI,: 2.8.23.2 C,Hz,BN,P C(CH,)zNI,BP(C&&z Reaction with RX 2.6.9.3 Reaction with H X 2.6.9.2 Reaction with BX,: 2.6.9.3 C,H,,AILiN, LiAl"(CH3)2]4 Reaction with BX,: 2.6.8.3 C,I,MO,O, [MO(CO))d12 Formation: 2.9.15.1.1 C,IzOsTCz [Tc(CO),I]z Formation: 2.9.15.1.1 C,I,O,WZ [w(cO)4112 Formation: 2.9.15.1.1 C,H,CICrHgO, C,H,HgClCr(CO), Formation: 2.8.23.6 C,H,CrO, q6-C,H6Cr(CO), Mercuration of: 2.8.23.6 C,H,MoO, q5-C5H5Mo(CO)3CH, Formation: 2.6.13.3 C,H,,B,FFeI03S 1 [C,H,CC(CzH,)B(I)SBF]Fe(CO), Formation: 2.6.12.2 C,H,,B,FeI,O,S [C2H5CC(C2H5)B(I)SBI]Fe(CO), Reaction with AsF,: 2.6.12.2 C,H,,BCI,N (CH3)ZN(C6H5)BCC13 Formation: 2.6.13.3 C,H,,BMnN,O, [(CH~ZN]~BM~(CO)~ Reaction with HX: 2.6.13.2 C,H,,AuBr,NS, AuBrz[SzCN(C4H9)21 Formation: 2.8.6.2

-

Compound Index

386

C,H,,AuNS, Au[S,CN(C,H&I Reaction with X,: 2.8.6.2 C9HZlAI (CBH,),Al Reaction with X,: 2.6.10.1 C,Hz,BIN,P “

~

~

~

3

~

2

~

1

~5-C5H5M~(CO)3TI(CH3), Reaction with HCI: 2.6.13.2 C10H1103T1W

2

~

~

~

~

Formation: 2.6.9.3 C,H,,Si,TI C(CH3),Si13T1 Reaction with RX. 2.6.11.3 Reaction with HX: 2.6.11.2 C, ,BrInMn,O BrIn[Mn(CO),], Formation: 2.6.13.1 C,oCIInMn,O,, ClIn[Mn(CO),], Formation: 2.6.13.1 CloH4A~s~zK,NloO* K,[A~,(CN)IOI,I.~H2O Formation and structure: 2.8.4.2 CloH,AuBrzF,S Au(C,F,)Br, * SC,H, Formation: 2.8.6.2 ClOH,AuCIzF,S Au(C,F,)Cl,.SC,H, Formation: 2.8.6.2 C ,H,AuF,S Au(C,F,). SC,H, Reaction with halogens: 2.8.6.2 c,oH*CIzFeHgz (? c5H4HgCh Fe Formation: 2.8.23.6 C10H8M003

q6C,H,CH,Mo(CO), Reaction with [R,N]X or X,: 2.9.15.1.2 CloHloA~zC~zNz ~Au(C,H,N),ICAuCl,I Structure: 2.8.12 CloH,oA~zIzNz CAu(C,H,N),lCAuI,I Structure: 2.8.12 CloHloC~z~r (C5H5)2ZrC12 Reaction with HgCI,: 2.8.23.2 C10H1oFe W-C,H,),Fe Mercuration oE 2.8.23.6 CloH, ,MoO,TI (CH3),T1Mo(CO),C,H,-$ Reaction with RI, R,SnCI, HgCI,, ICI: 2.6.13.3

2

~

(CH~)~TIW(C~)~C,HS-?’ Reaction with ICI: 2.6.13.3 CIOHI IT1 (CH,),TICECC,H, , ~Reaction , ~ ~ with 3 HX: 1 ~ 2.6.10.2 CloHl,Br,CusN~ CC,H,NHl,CCu,Br,l Formation: 2.8.12 1OH, ZF4HgN2 (C.5H6N)2HgF4 Formation: 2.1 1.4.3 C10H1,GaSz C6H.5Ga(SC2H5)2 Reaction with I,: 2.6.7.1 C10H16AsZAur3

CA~~,~C,H,CA~(CH3),12~1~

Formation: 2.8.6.1 C ,HI ,As,AuI

C ~ ~ ~ ~ , ~ , C ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ , ~ , l , Reaction with X,: 2.8.6.1 C10H16FZ04Ti

TiF,CCH,(COCH3)21, Formation: 2.11.2.1 C10H16F4HgNZ02 [C,H,NH],HgF,*2 H,O Formation: 2.8.22 CloHzoAuzB~z [(CH,)&Brl, Formation: 2.8.5 CloHzoAuzB~zNzS, {AuCS,CN(C,H,),IBrl, Formation: 2.8.6.2

CAuCS,CN(C,Hs),IzICAuBr,l Formation: 2.8.6.2

C10H20AuZ1ZNZS4

{Au[S2CN(CzH,)zII}2 Formation: 2.8.6.2

CAUCSZCN(C,H,)~I~ICAUI,~

Formation: 2.8.6.2 ClOHZ2Be C(CH,),CCH,I,Be Reaction with BeX,: 2.7.3.2.2 C10Hz,BNzSn C(CH3)2Nl,BSn(C,H,), Reaction with X,: 2.6.11.1 CloH,oBrloCu,NzO ~(~,H,)2NH21,CCu3Br,1-CuBr,.C,H,OH Formation: 2.8.10

387

Compound Index C10Mn2O10

Mn,(CO),o Halogenation: 2.9.15.1.1 Reaction with [R,N]X or X,: 2.9.15.1.2 ~10O10Re2

Re,(CO),, Halogenation: 2.9.15.1.1

c,0010Tc2

Tc,(CO),o Halogenation: 2.9.15.1.1 C H ,Mo03Sn q5-C5H5Mo(CO),Sn(CH,), Formation: 2.6.13.3 C, ,BrF ,TI (C,Fs),TIBr Reaction with [(C6F5)AuBr]-: 2.8.5 Cl2CIFl0TI (C6F5)2T1C1 Formation: 2.6.14.2 C12CoF,o (C6F5)2Co Formation: 2.9.3.8 c12c04012

c04(c0)12 Reaction with [R,N]X or X,: 2.9.15.1.2 C12F8012Ru4

[RuF,dCOhI, Formation: 2.9.15.1.1 C12F10Fe (C6F5)2Fe Formation: 2.9.3.8 CIZF,ONi (C6F5),Ni Formation: 2.9.3.8

c 1 ZFe3012 Fe3(C0)12 Halogenation: 2.9.15.1.1 Cl2HCIFlOGe (C,F,),GeHCI Formation: 2.6.11.2 C12H5Mn06

C6H5C(0)Mn(C0)5 Formation: 2.6.13.3 I 2 H I OAu2 c14

[(C6H5)AuC1212 Formation and analogs: 2.8.5 Reaction with C1-: 2.8.5 C12H10BBr

(C6HdzBBr Formation: 2.6.13.1 Reaction with X,: 2.6.10.1 Cl2Hl0CIGa (C6H5),GaC1 Formation: 2.6.10.2

Cl2HIOHk!

(C6H5)2Hg Reaction with SeBr,: 2.8.23.5 Reaction with TiC1,: 2.8.23.5 Reaction with VOCI,: 2.8.23.5 Reaction with VCI,: 2.8.23.5 Reaction with C,H,ICI,: 2.8.23.5 Reaction with CCI,, CHCI,: 2.8.23.5 CI *H,oIIn (C,&s),InI Formation: 2.6.3.2 C12H10~2

(C6H5Se)2 Formation: 2.6.7.3 C12H10Zn

(C6H5)2Zn Reaction with ZnC1,: 2.8.23.2 CI2Hl,MoO,TI (C,Hs)zTIMoiCO),C,Hs-q5 Reaction with RI: 2.6.13.3 CI2H1,NbO (q5-C5H5)2NbOC,H5 Formation: 2.6.13.3 C12H16Cur2N8

[Cu12(C3H4N2)41 Stabilization of CuI, in: 2.8.2 C12H20AU2N4S4Se2

{AuCS2CN(C2H5),ISeCN), Formation: 2.8.6.2 ~

~

C

~

2

~

~

Formation: 2.8.6.2

~

~

2

~

C12H20AU2N4S6

IAuCS,Cn(C,H,),ISCN}, Formation: 2.8.6.2 CA~C~,CN(C,H,),I,I “WSCN),I Formation: 2.8.6.2 C12H24Cu1ZK06

[K(C12HZ406)l[Cu121 Formation: 2.8.12 Structure: 2.8.12 C12H27B

C,H9)3B Reaction with H X 2.6.7.2 (C,H9)3B Reaction with H X 2.6.10.2, 2.6.7.1 C12H27B03

(n-C4H90)3B Reaction with HX. 2.6.6.3 C12H27B306

(n-C4HgOBO), Reaction with BCl,: 2.6.6.4 C12H2,.4u,Br, C(n-C,H,),AuBrl, Formation: 2.8.5

5

~

2

1

2

1

C

300

ComDound Index

C,,H,,BrCdCI,N C(C3H7)4NICdCIzBr Formation: 2.8.22 C,,H,,BrCdI,N C(C3H7),NICdI,Br Formation: 2.8.22 C,,H,,Br,CdCIN C(C3H7),NlCdBr2C1 Formation: 2.8.22 C, ,Hz,Br,CdIN C(C&,),NICdBr,I Formation: 2.8.22 C,,H,,CdCII,N C(C,H7)4NICdI,CI Formation: 2.8.22 C,,H,,CdCI,IN C(C3H7)4NICdCIJ Formation: 2.8.22 C,,Hz,CI,CuN C(n-C,H,),NICC~C~,I Structure: 2.8.12 c1 2H28Cu314N

C(n-C3H7)4NICCu,I,I Formation from Cu: 2.8.12 Cl,H,OBNP, (CzH5)2NBCP(C2H5)z12 Reaction with RX: 2.6.9.3 Reaction with HX: 2.6.9.2 C12H30BN3

C(CzHshNI3B Reaction with BCl,, YPCl,: 2.6.8.3 Reaction with H X 2.6.8.2 C, ,H,,BrSi,Sn [(CH,),SiCH,],SnBr Formation: 2.6.11.3 C,,H,,Si,SnTI {C(CH,),SiCHzl,Sn}Tl Reaction with X,: 2.6.11.1 C ,H,,BLiSi, Li{B[Si(CH3)3]4} Reaction with R,SiCl, RX, R,BX, AIX,: 2.6.1 1.3 C12H36Br5Cu2N3

C(CH,)4NI,CC~,Br51 Structure: 2.8.12 C, ,H,,GaLiSi, Li(GaCSi(CH,),I,} Reaction with HX: 2.6.11.2 C,2H48C~loCo,CuZNl2

CCo(NH,CH,CH,NH,),I2CCu,CI,IC1,

Formation: 2.8.10 C,20,20~3 0s3(c0)12

Halogenation: 2.9.15.1.1

1'

Z0

I 2RU3

Ru3(C0)12 Halogenation: 2.9.15.1.1 Cl,H,F, ,&TI (C6F5)ZGeT1C2H5 Reaction with HX: 2.6.11.2 CI4HlOO3 CC6H 5c(0)1 2 0 Formation from HgO and RC(0)X: 2.8.15.3 CI4HlOO4 (C6H5C00)2 Initiator in aryl exchange: 2.8.23.5 C,,H,,AICIO, (C6H,CH,O),A1CI Formation: 2.6.6.3 Cl4HI4AuBrS AuBr.S(CH,Ph), Reaction with X,: 2.8.6.2 C,,H,,AuBr,S AuBr,.S(CH,Ph), Formation: 2.8.6.2 1'

4H20Au&1ZN,

C(CW2ANCi oHt3NJ1C(CHd&GI Formation: 2.8.5 C,*InMn,O,5 InCMn(CO)s] J Reaction with X,: 2.6.13.1 Reaction with H X 2.6.13.2 C1S1n2Mn3015

InCMn(C0)d 3 Formation: 2.6.13.3 C15Mn3015T1

T1CMn(CO),I3 Reaction with RX: 2.6.13.3 Reaction with HX: 2.6.13.2 Reaction with GaX, InX, SbX,: 2.6.13.3 C16H10H~MoZo6

CtlS-CJsMo(CO)J2Hg Formation: 2.6.13.3 C16H10MoZo6

Ct15-C,H,Mo(CO),I, Reaction with ONX: 2.9.15.1.2 CI,HI,Hg02 HgCCH2C(O)C,HJ, Reaction with HgI,: 2.8.23.2 C16H20AuCi2N304

C(CH3)4NlCo-o,NC6H4)2AuC1,1

Formation: 2.8.5 C1,H,0-4uzC~,N,

C(CH,)2Au(Ci,H,N2)IC(CH,),AuCl,I Formation: 2.8.5

Compound Index C16H22B2N2

389

C16H40Br6N2Zr

C(CzHs),NlzCZrBr6l Formation: 2.9.10.1

(CH,),N(C,H,)BBB(C,H,)N(cH3)2

Reaction with RX: 2.6.13.3 C16H32CU416K208

LK('gH 16O4)I2 CCu4I6I Formation: 2.8.12 C16H36Ag314N [(C4H9)4N"!33~41 Formation from AgOAc: 2.8.12 C H, ,AuBr, N C(C,H9)4NlCAuBr21 Formation: 2.8.12 C,6H36AuCI,N C(C4H,)4NIt-AuC1,1 Formation: 2.8.12

,

C16H36Au12N

C16H40C1S1nN2

[(CzH5)4NIzInC15 Formation: 2.6.3.2 C16H40C16N2Th

[(CZHS)~N]~[T~C&I Formation: 2.9.10.1 C,6H40C16N2Ti [(CZHS)4NIZ[TiC161 Formation: 2.9.10.1 C16H40C16N2U

[(cZH5)4N1Z[uc161 Formation: 2.9.10.1 C16H40C16N2Zr

C(C4H9)4NICAUI,I Formation: 2.8.12 CI6H3,Br,CuN C(n-C4H9),NICCuBr,l Structure: 2.8.12 C16H36CI,CuN C(n-C4H9)4NICCuC1,1 Structure: 2.8.12 C16H36F6"b

[(C4H9)4NINbF, Formation: 2.11.3.1 C16H36F11"b2

[(C, H,)4N12CZrCI,I Formation: 2.9.10.1

C16H40Cu214N2

C(C,H,)4Nl,CCu,I41 Formation from Cu: 2.8.12 C16H40r6N2Ti

[(CZH 5)4N12CTi161 Formation: 2.9.10.1 C, ,H5AuCIFloN (C6Fd2AQC5H5N) Formation: 2.8.5 C18C1F15Ge

[(C4H9)4NINb2Fi 1 Formation: 2.11.3.1 C16H40Br3CuN2

C(C2H,),NI,CCuBr,l Electrochemical formation: 2.8.12 C16H40Br4CoN2

(C,F,),GeCl Formation: 2.6.13.3 c 1 m 1S G e

(C6F5),GeH Formation: 2.6.13.3

'1

C(CZHJ4NIzCCoBr41 Formation: 2.9.10.4

gH1

(C6H5)3A1 Reaction with HgCI,: 2.6.15

C16H40Br4CuN2

C18H15A1Se3

C(CP 5)4N12CCuBr4l Electrochemical formation: 2.8.10 CI~H~OB~~C~,N, C(C2H,)4NI,CCu,Br,l Structure: 2.8.12 C,6H,oBr4N,Ni C(C,H,)4NI,"iBr41 Formation: 2.9.10.4

(C6H&)& Reaction with MCI,: 2.6.7.3 C ,HI ,AsAuBr, AuBr,.As(C,H,), Formation: 2.8.6.1 C, ,H, ,AsAuI AuI *As(C6H&, Formation: 2.8.6.1 C, ,H1 ,AsAu13 AuI, As(C6H5), Formation: 2.8.6.1 C, ,Hl ,AuBrCI,P AuCI,Br.P(C,H,), Formation: 2.8.6.1 C,,H,,AuBrP AuBr*P(C6H5), Reaction with X,: 2.8.6.1

C16H40Br6N2Th Z'([

HS 14N12

CThBr 6 1

Formation: 2.9.10.1 C16H4,Br6N,Ti [(CzH5)4NIz[TiBr61 Formation: 2.9.10.1 CI~H~OB~~NZU [('ZH 5)4N12 CUBr6i Formation: 2.9.10.1

,

-

390

ComDound Index

C,,H,,AuBr,CIP AuCIBr, * P(C,H,), Formation: 2.8.6.1 C,,H,,AuBr,P AuBr, .P(C,H,), Formation: 2.8.6.1 C, ,HI ,AuCIP AuCl*P(C,H,), Reaction with X,: 2.8.6.1 C,,H,,AuCI,P AuCI, * P(C,H,), Formation: 2.8.6.1 CISHI sBSe3 (C,H,Se),B Reaction with HX: 2.6.7.2 C, ,H,,BrSi (C,H,),SiBr Formation: 2.6.11.1 C, ,H,,CISn (C6H5)3SnC1 Reaction with Tl[Co(CO),]: 2.6.13.3 C18H15Ga

(C6H5)3Ga Reaction with GaX,: 2.6.15 Reaction with HX: 2.6.10.2 C18H24AuC12N304

[(CH,),N] [(Z-CH,-~-NO,C~H~),AUC~,] Formation: 2.8.5 C ,H2 ,CI,CuNOP ~( C,H,),P(o)(CH,) ,NH( ~~~5~,1 CCUC1,l Formation: 2.8.12 C,,H4sGe,TI C(C,H,),Gel,TI Reaction with RX: 2.6.11.3 C, ,H ,AsAuBr,NO Au(NCO)Br,As(C,H,), Formation: 2.8.6.1 C, ,H,,AsAuNO Au(NCO)As(C,H,), Reaction with X,: 2.8.6.1 C,,H, ,AuBr,NOP Au(NCO)Br,P(C,H,), Formation: 2.8.6.1 CI9HI,AuNOP Au(NCO)P(C,H5), Reaction with X,: 2.8.6.1 C,,H,,LIP LiC,H,CH,P(C,H,), Reaction with HgBr,: 2.8.23.2

,

C19H18AsCU314

C(C,H,),(CH,)ASIlCU,I4I Formation: 2.8.12

C,,HI,C~2I,P ~ ( ~ ~ Formation: 2.8.12

~

~

C20H1 SBMoo3

(C,HS)ZBM~(CO),C,H,-~~ Reaction with X,: 2.6.13.1 C,,H,,AuBrP AuBr[(C,H,),PC,H,CH=CH,] Reaction with X,: 2.8.6.1 C,,H,,AuBr,P 1 1 AuBr,[(C,H,),PC,H,CHCH,Br] Formation: 2.8.6.1 C,oH,oBr2CuP [(c6H5),(C2H5)P1[CuBr21 Formation: 2.8.12 C20H32As4Au212

[Au(o-C6H4{As(CH3)2}2)1LAu12I Formation: 2.8.12 C20H40Cu416K2010

[K(C,oH,,oS)IZ[Cu4161 Formation: 2.8.12 C20H44Au2Br2

{[(CH3)3CCH212AuBr}z Formation: 2.8.5 C,,H, AuBrP AuBr[(C,H,),PC,H,CH,CH=CH,] Reaction with X,: 2.8.6.1 C,,H,gAuBr,P

,

AuBr,[(C6H,),PC,H,CH2kHCH,Br] 1

Formation: 2.8.6.1 C,, H,,Br,CuP [(CcjH5)3(n-C,H,)PI [CuBr,] Formation: 2.8.12 C21H54A1P9

A1{C[P(CH,),I,}3 Formation: 2.6.9.3 C21H54Br9Cu6N3

[(C2HS)3(CH,)N13[Cu6Br,l

Formation: 2.8.12 C,,H, ,Co04Sn (C6H5)3SnCo(Co)4 Formation: 2.6.13.3 C, ,H AuBrFeP

,,

AuBr.P(C,H,),(q5C,H,FeC,Hsq5)

Reaction with X,: 2.8.6.1 C,,H,,AuBr,FeP AuBr,.P(C,H,),(q5 -C5H,FeC5H5q5) Formation: 2.8.6.1 C,,H,4Br,CuP

[(C,H,),(n-C,H,)PICCuBr,l Formation: 2.8.12

C22H24Cu216N4

C(CSHSN)ZCH212[Cu,161 Formation: 2.8.12

)

~

(

~

Compound Index C22H2502Sb

(C6H5)3Sb(0C2H5)2 Formation: 2.6.13.3

C22H36AuBrF,N [(n-C4H9)4Nl[C6F5AuBrl Reactions with Br, and (C6F5),TlBr: 2.8.5 C22H36AuBr3F,h [(n-C4H,)4NlCC6F5AuBr31 Formation: 2.8.5 C22H41Aur3N

[(n-C4H,)4Nl[C6H5Au131 Formation: 2.8.5 C24AU2Br2F20

[(C6F5)2AuBr12 Formation: 2.8.5 C24Au2C12F211

[(C6F5)2AuC112 Formation: 2.8.5 C24Au2F20N6

[(C6F5)2AuN312 Formation: 2.8.5 C,,H,,AsAuBr2F5 Au(C6F5)Br2 'As(C6H5)3 Formation: 2.8.6.1 C2,H,,AsA~CIS Au(C6C15)*As(C6H5)3 Reaction with TIC], or C1,: 2.8.6.1 C2,H,,AsAuCI, Au(C,Cl5)C1, .As(C6H5), Formation: 2.8.6.1 C,,Hl5AsAuF, Au(C6F5)'As(C6H5)3 Reaction with X,: 2.8.6.1 C2,H,,AuBr2F,P Au(C6F5)Br2' P(C6H5)3 Formation: 2.8.6.1 C24H15AUFSP

Au(C6F5)'P(C6H5)3 Reaction with X,: 2.8.6.1 C24H20AgBr2P

[(C6H5)4Pl[AgBr21 Formation: 2.8.12 C2,H2,AILiSe4 LiAI(SeC6H5), Reaction with R,SiX: 2.6.7.3 C24H20AsA~C14 [(C6H5)4AsI[AUCI41 Formation: 2.8.4.1 C24H20AsF202V

[(C6H5)4AslV02F2 Formation: 2.11.2.1

C24H20AUP

Au(C6H5)'P(C6H5)3 Reaction with X,: 2.8.6.1 C,,H,,Br,CuP [(C6H5)4PI[CuBr21 Formation: 2.8.12 Structure: 2.8.12 CZ4H2,CI2CuP [(C6H5)4Pl[CuC121 Structure: 2.8.12 C24H20CI,CuP [(c6H5)4p1[cuc131 Formation: 2.8.10 C24H20F20ZPV

C(C,H5)4PIVO,F, Formation: 2.11.2.1 C24H20Se4Ti

Ti(SeC6H5), Formation: 2.6.7.3 C24H20Se4Zr

Zr(SeC6H5)4 Formation: 2.6.7.3 C24H21Au2C12NP2

Au2C1,[lr-(C6H5)2PNHp(c~H5)~l

Reaction with X,: 2.8.6.1 C24H21Au2C16NP2 AuZC16[fiu-(C6H5)2PNHp(c6H5)21

Formation: 2.8.6.1

C,,H,,BCIP,Pt (C6H5)2BPtC1[P(C2H5)312 Reaction with X,: 2.6.13.1 C24H56CU2r4N2

C(n-C,H,)4NI,CCu,I,I Formation: 2.8.12 Structure: 2.8.12 C24H56Cu5r7N2

C(n-C3H,)4NI,ICu5I,I Formation: 2.8.12 C24H60Br5CUN3

C(C,H5),NI,CCuBr51 Formation: 2.9.10.4 C24H60C15Cu2N3

C(C2 H d4N13 [CU,C151

Electrochemical formation: 2.8.12 C24H60CUr4N3

C(C,H5)4NI,CCuI41 Electrochemical formation: 2.8.12 C2,H6,AIP6Si, AI{CCP(CH,)212Si(CH,),)3 Formation: 2.6.9.3 C24H72C13CU2N1.9P6

[N6P6{N(CH3)2} 12cuc11[cuc121 Formation: 2.8.12

39 1

392

Compound Index

C25H22Au2Br4C12P2

A'2Br4C12~~(-(C6H5)2PCH2P(C6H5)21

Formation: 2.8.6.1 ~25Hz2AUzCI2P2 Au2C12~~~(C6H5)~FCH2p~c6H5~2~

Reactions with C1, and Br,: 2.8.6.1 C25H22AU2C16P2 Au~C16~~~(C6H5)~PCH2P(C6H5)21

Formation: 2.8.6.1 CZ6Au2F20N2S2

[(C~F~)ZA'J(SCN)I~ Formation: 2.8.5 Cz6H20AsAuBr2N202 [(C6H5)4Asl CAu(CNO)zBrzl Formation: 2.8.4.2 C26H20AsAuC12N202 C(C,H5)4AslCAu(CNO)2C1,1 Formation: 2.8.4.2 C26H20AsAuN202 [(c6HS)4Asl[Au(CNo)ZI Reaction with halogens: 2.8.4.2 Cz6Hz6AsAuBrz ~(C6HS)4As~~(CH3)ZAuBrZl

Formation: 2.8.5 C26H26AsA~C12 [(c6H5)4Asl[(CH3),AuC1ZI

Formation: 2.8.5 CZ,H2,AsAuI2 [(c6HS)4Asl[(CH3)ZAu1ZI Formation: 2.8.5 C27H26Au2C12P2

AuzC1z[~-(C6H~)zP(CH2)~p(~6~5)z1 Reaction with X,: 2.8.6.1 C27H26AU2C16P2

Au2C16[~(C6H5)2P(CH2)3P(C6H5)21

Formation: 2.8.6.1 C28Au2F2604

[(C6F5)2Au(02CCF3)12 Formation: 2.8.5 C28H36AuBr2F10N

[(n-C4H,)4NI[(C6F5)ZAuBrZl

Reactions: 2.8.5

C28H36AUC'2F10N

[(n-C4H,)4N1[(C6F5),AuC1Z1

Reactions: 2.8.5

C32H72CU214N2

[(n-C4H9)4Nl,[Cu,I41 Structure: 2.8.12 C32H80C112CU4N4

~(C2H5)4NI4~Cu4C~,,I Formation: 2.8.10 C32H88Ag31139N8 ~(CH3)3N(CH2)2N(CH3)314~Ag3~~391

Formation: 2.8.12

C34H8Au2C12F20N2

[(C6F5)2Au(Cl ,H,N2)l[(C6F5)ZAuc121 Formation: 2.8.5 C34H14Au2F2004

[(C6F5)2Au{ oC(CH3)CHC(CH3)o}~ Formation: 2.8.5 C,,H,,BMnO,P (C6HS)2BMn(C0)4P(C6H5)3 Reaction with X,: 2.6.13.1 C34H36AuBrF,5N [(n-C4H9)4NI[(C6FS)3AuBrl

Formation: 2.8.5 C36F30Ge2Hg [(C6F5)3GelZHg Formation: 2.6.13.3 C36H8Au2C12F20N2

[(C6F5)2Au(Cl 2H,N2)I[(C6F5)ZAuC1Z1 Formation: 2.8.5 C,6Hg,Si,Sn3TI { [(CH3)3SiCH,I 3SnJ3T1 Reaction with RX: 2.6.11.3 C38H36Ag13P2 [(C6H5)3(CH3)P12[Ag131 Structure: 2.8.12 C38H36Br3CuP2

~(C6H5)3(CH3)P1Z~CuBr3~ Formation: 2.8.12 Structure: 2.8.12 C38H36CUr3P2

[(C6H 5)3(CH3)P12[cu131 Formation: 2.8.12 Structure: 2.8.12 C48H40Ag2Br4P2 [(C6H5)4PIZ[AgZBr41 Formation: 2.8.12 Structure: 2.8.12 C48H40Ag2C14P2 [(C6H5)4PIZ[Ag2C141 Formation: 2.8.12 Structure: 2.8.12 C48H40As2C18Re2

[(C6H5)4AslZ[ReZC181 Formation: 2.9.10.3 C48H64Cu4r6K2016

[K(CZ4H3Z08)IZ[Cu4161 Formation: 2.8.12 C48H1 2OcU6I 1 Z N 6

[(CZH5)4N16[Cu611111 Formation from Cu: 2.8.12 C,4H45AICIKSi3

K[C~H,A~[S~(C~H,)~~[(C~H~),S~ZIC~~ Reaction with HX 2.6.11.2

Compound Index Cs4H4sCUFP3 CuF[(C6H5)3P13 Stabilization of C u F 2.8.2 CS4H48C16LnP3

[(C6HS)3 3 CLnC16i Formation: 2.9.10.2 C,,Hs,AgBr,P3 C(C6.H 5)3CH3PI3 CAgBr4l Formation: 2.8.12 C,,HS,B3N3Si3 [(C6H5)3SiBNCH313 Reaction with X,: 2.6.11.1 C72H60Ag2As3C15 [(C6H5)4As13[Ag,C1Sl Formation: 2.8.12 C84H12CrF60Ge4Hg

[Cr(C6H6)21{[(C6FS)3Ge14Hg}

Formation: 2.6.13.3

C108CoF90Ge6H~2

Co{[(C6FS)3Ge13Hg}Z Formation: 2.6.13.3 C1118F90Ge6Hg2Mn Mn{[(C6FS)3Ge13Hg}Z Formation: 2.6.13.3 C108F90Ge6Hg2Ni

Ni{[(C6FS)3Ge13Hg}2 Formation: 2.6.13.3

c,08H20F90Ge6H~2TiZ (q5-CSH5)2Ti{[(C6F5)3Ge13Hg}2 Formation: 2.6.13.3 C120H144Cu36160N24

[(C,H5NH)241[Cu3615631, Formation: 2.8.12 Structure: 2.8.12 Ca

Ca Reaction with X,: 2.7.2 Reaction with H X 2.7.3.1 Ca*Br, CaCd,CI6HI4O, CaCd,C1,.7 H,O Formation: 2.8.22 CaCI, CaCI, Formation: 2.7.2, 2.7.5 Reaction with ZnSO,: 2.8.17.2 CaF, CaF, Fluorinating agent: 2.6.12.3 Formation: 2.7.2, 2.7.5 CaF4*Ag CaF, ,*Au,

393

CaI, CaI, Formation: 2.7.2 CaO CaO Reaction with HX:2.7.5 Cd Cd Fluorination: 2.1 1.3.3 Reaction with CuI: 2.8.14.5 Reaction with CuBr: 2.8.14.5 Reaction with Hg,CI,: 2.8.14.5 Reaction with SF,: 2.8.14.4 Reaction with S,CI,: 2.8.14.4 Reaction with AH3: 2.8.14.5 Reaction with ONF.3 HE: 2.8.14.4 Reaction with I,: 2.8.14.1 Reaction with F,: 2.8.14.1 Reaction with IF,: 2.8.14.4 Reaction with Br,: 2.8.14.1 Reaction with C1,: 2.8.14.1 Reaction with H F 2.8.14.3 Reaction with HI:2.8.14.3 Cd*Br, Cd*C2H6 CdCI*C,H3 CdCII,N*C,,H,, CdCIN*C,,H,,Br, CdCI, CdCI, Anhydrous: 2.8.19 Dehydration by OSCI,: 2.8.19 Fluorination: 2.11.3.3 Formation: 2.8.23.4 Formation from Cd[OAc], and AcCI: 2.8.17.3 Formation from Cd[N03], and HCI: 2.8.17.1 Formation from Cd[C03] and HCI: 2.8.17.1 Formation from Cd and HCI: 2.8.14.2 Formation from Cd and Cl,: 2.8.14.1 Formation from CdO and S,Cl,: 2.8.15.3 Formation from CdO and NH,CI: 2.8.15.3 Formation from CdO and CF,BrCI: 2.8.15.3 Formation from CdO and HC1: 2.8.15.2 Formation from CdO and C1,: 2.8.15.1 Formation from CdS and AlCI,: 2.8.16.2 Reaction with BBr,: 2.8.18

Compound Index

394 ~~

~

Reaction with RMgX: 2.8.23.2 Reaction with NH,F: 2.8.18 CdCI,H,O CdCl, * H,O Stability: 2.8.19 CdCI,H,O, CdCl,*4 H,O Stability: 2.8.19 CdCI,IN*C1 2H28 CdCI,I,K, K,CCdClJ,I Formation: 2.8.22 CdC12N*C,,H,8Br CdCI,Cs Cs[CdCl,] Formation from melt and solution: 2.8.22 CdCI,H,KO K[CdCI,] *H,O Formation: 2.8.22 CdCI,H,N “H,ICCdCl,I Formation from melt and solution: 2.8.22 CdCI,K K[CdCl,] Formation: 2.8.22 CdCI,Rb RbCCdCl,] Formation: 2.8.22 CdCI,Cs, Cs,[CdCl,] Formation from melt and solution: 2.8.22 CdCI,H,,O, H2[CdC1,]*7 H,O Formation: 2.8.22 CdC1,Hl6O,*Ba CdCI,Na, Na,[CdCl,] Formation from melt: 2.8.22 CdCI,CoH,,N, [Co(NH3)61[CdC151 Formation: 2.8.22 CdCI,Cs, Cs,[CdCI,] Formation from melt: 2.8.22 CdCI,Cu,H,O, Cu,CdC16*4 H,O Formation: 2.8.22 CdCI,H,,N, [NH414[CdC161

Formation from melt and solution: 2.8.22

CdCI,K, K4[CdC161

Formation from melt and solution: 2.8.22 CdCI,Rb, Rb,[CdC16] Formation: 2.8.22 CdCs*Br, CdCsH,I,O Cs[CdI,]*H,O Formation: 2.8.22 CdCsI, Cs[CdI,] Formation: 2.8.22 CdCs,*Br, CdCs,F, C%[CdF,I Formation from melt: 2.8.22 CdCs,I, C%[CdI,I Formation from melt and solution: 2.8.22 CdCs,*Br, CdCs,I, C%[CdI5I Formation: 2.8.22 CdCu*Br, CdF, CdF, Anhydrous: 2.8.19 Formation: 2.11.3.3 Formation from Cd[CO,] and H F 2.8.17.1 Formation from Cd and S,Cl,: 2.8.14.4 Formation from Cd and ONF.3 HF: 2.8.14.4 Formation from Cd and F,: 2.8.14.1, 2.8.14.3 Formation from Cd and IF,: 2.8.14.4 Formation from Cd and H F 2.8.14.2 Formation from CdO and F,: 2.8.15.1 Formation from CdS and F,: 2.8.16.1 Formation from Cd and SF,: 2.8.14.4 Formation from CdO and CF,BrCI: 2.8.15.3 Formation from CdO and HF:2.8.15.2 Formation from CdCl, and [NH,]F 2.8.18 Reaction with MF: 2.11.3.3 Reaction with Re: 2.9.3.6 CdF,H,O, CdF,-2 H,O Dehydration: 2.8.19

Compound Index Formation from Cd[NO,], and NH,F 2.8.17.2 CdF,H,N CNH,I[CdF,I Formation: 2.8.22 CdF,K K[CdF,I Formation: 2.8.22, 2.1 1.3.3 CdF,Rb Rb[CdF,] Formation: 2.8.22 CdF,TI TI [CdF ,] Formation: 2.8.22 CdF,*Ag CdF,K, K,[CdF,] Formation from melt: 2.8.22 CdF,Rb, RbzCCdFJ Formation from melt and solution: 2.8.22 CdHO*Br CdH,KO*Br, CdH,O*BaBr, CdH,O*Br, CdH,N*Br, CdH,N,*Br, CdH,O,*Br, CdH,,I,O,*Ba CdH1Z14N202

"H,I,[CdI,I * 2 H2O Formation: 2.8.22 CdH, ,I,Na,O, Na,[CdI,].6 H,O Formation: 2.8.22 CdH,,I,O,Sr Sr[CdI,]*8 H,O Formation: 2.8.22 CdHgI, Cd"d41 Formation: 2.8.22 CdIN*C,,H,,Br, CdI, CdI, Anhydrous: 2.8.19 Formation from Cd[OAc], and I,: 2.8.17.3 Formation from CdCO, and H I 2.8.17.1 Formation from Cd and C u I 2.8.14.5 Formation from Cd and I,: 2.8.14.3

Formation from CdO and HI: 2.8.15.2 Formation from Cd and AII,: 2.8.14.5 Formation from Cd and I,: 2.8.14.1 Formation from KI and Cd[SO,]: 2.8.17.2 Cd12N*C12H,,Br CdI,K K[CdI,] Formation: 2.8.22 CdI,K, K,[CdI,I Formation from melt and solution: 2.8.22 CdI,K, K4[Cd161

Formation from melt: 2.8.22 CdK,*Br, CdK,*Br, CdN,O, Cd"0 312 Reaction with AcX: 2.8.17.3 Reaction with NH,F: 2.8.17.2 Reaction with HC1: 2.8.17.1 CdNa,*Br, CdO CdO Reaction with HI: 2.8.15.2 Reaction with F,: 2.8.15.1 Reaction with HC1: 2.8.15.2 Reaction with C1,: 2.8.15.1 Reaction with H F 2.8.15.2 Cd03*C CdO,*C,H, Cd0,S CdCSO4I Reaction with KI: 2.8.17.2 CdRb*Br, CdRb,*Br, CdS CdS Fluorination: 2.1 1.3.3 Reaction with AIC1,: 2.8.16.2 Reaction with F,: 2.8.16.1 Cd,CI,H,N "H,ICCd,C151 Formation from melt: 2.8.22 Cd,Cl,H,,O,*Ba Cd2C16H,,07*Ca Cd,CI,H,,O,Sr Sr[Cd,C1,].7 H,O Formation: 2.8.22 Cd,F,Rb, Rb,[Cd,F,I Formation from melt: 2.8.22

395

396

Compound Index

Ce Ce Reaction with HX: 2.9.14.1.1 CeClS CeSCl Formation: 2.9.14.1.1 CeCI, CeCI, Fluorination of MC1 mixture: 2.11.5.1 Formation: 2.9.9.1 CeFS CeSF Formation: 2.9.14.1.1 CeFSe CeSeF Formation: 2.9.14.2 CeF, CeF, Fluorination: 2.11.5.1 Reaction with Ce,S,, Ce,Se,: 2.9.14.2 Reaction with CIF,-HF: 2.11.5.1 CeF, CeF, Formation: 2.11.5.1 CeIS CeSI Formation: 2.9.14.1.1 CeO, CeO, Fluorination of MCI mixture: 2.11.5.1 Reaction with CIF,-HF: 2.11.5.1 CeS*Br Ce,F4Se CezCSeF4I Formation: 2.9.14.2 CfF, cfF3 Fluorination: 2.11.5.2 cfF4 cfF4 Formation: 2.11.5.2 C1

c1 Reaction with Zn: 2.8.14.1 CI*Ag CI*Al CI*Au CI*B CI*BBr, CI*CH,Be CI*C,H,B CI*C,H,B,

C1*C4H,Cd CI*C4H,,A1 Cl*C4H,,B CI*C,H, Cl*C,H,LB CI*C8H,,B CICrHgO,*C,H, ClCrO CrOCl Formation: 2.9.12.6 CICrO, [CrO,CI] Formation: 2.9.13.4 CICrO, [CrO,CI] Formation: 2.9.13.2 ClCU CUCl Formation: 2.8.2, 2.8.7.2, 2.9.8. Formation by reduction of CuZf: 2.8.11.2 Formation from Cu[OAc],: 2.8.11.2 Formation from Cu: 2.8.11.1 Formation from CuC1,: 2.8.11.2 Reaction with X,: 2.8.8.1 Reaction with Zn: 2.8.14.5 Reaction with F,: 2.8.8.1 Reaction with BrF,: 2.8.8.1 Reaction with elemental Te, Se: 2.9.14.3 ClCu*Br ClCUI CUICl Formation: 2.8.8.1 CICUse, CuSe,Cl Formation: 2.9.14.3 ClCuTe CuTeCl Formation: 2.9.14.3 CICuTe, CuTe,Cl Formation: 2.9.14.3 CIF ClF Fluorinating agent: 2.9.12.3 ClF,*B ClF,*CBr CIF, ClF, Reaction with BX,: 2.6.15 Reaction with Hg: 2.8.14.4 Reaction with MO: 2.7.7

Compound Index Reaction with WO,, MOO,, NiO,: 2.9.4.4 Reaction with transition-metals: 2.9.3.4 CIF,NRe ReF,(NCI) Formation: 2.1 1.4.1 CIF,W WF,CI Formation: 2.11.4.1 CIFJrO, WO,ICIrF,I Formation: 2.11.4.2 CIF,OPt [CIF,O]PtF, Formation: 2.11.4.2 CIF,,Ge*C,,H CIF, ,,N*C, ,H,Au CIF,,T1*C1, CIF,,Ge*C,, ClFeO FeOCl Formation: 2.9.12.6 ClGa GaCl Formation: 2.6.14.1 CIGa*C,,H,, ClGe GeCl Formation: 2.6.3.3 CIGe*C,H, CIGeH, H,GeCI Reaction with Li[AI(SCH,),]: 2.6.7.3 CIH HCI Metathesis: 2.6.12.1 Reaction with B, Al, Ga, In, T1:2.6.3.1 Reaction with H,Ga.NR,: 2.6.5.2 Reaction with HgSO,: 2.8.17.1 Reaction with [B,H,]-: 2.6.4.2 Reaction with Cd[NO,],: 2.8.17.1 Reaction with CdCO,: 2.8.17.1 Reaction with Cd: 2.8.14.2 Reaction with CdO: 2.8.15.2 Reaction with Group IIIB-Group IVB bonds: 2.6.11.2 Reaction with Hg: 2.8.14.2, 2.8.14.3 Reaction with H g O 2.8.15.2 Reaction with Hg2(N0,),: 2.8.20.1 Reaction with Hg,O: 2.8.21.1 Reaction with MO, MOH, MCO,: 2.7.5 Reaction with M,S,, M,Se,: 2.6.7.2

397

Reaction with M,O,: 2.6.6.3 Reaction with (RO),B: 2.6.6.3 Reaction with R2A1PR,: 2.6.9.2 Reaction with R,NBPR,: 2.6.9.2 Reaction with R,TIPR,: 2.6.9.2 Reaction with R,B . . R,Tk 2.6.10.2 Reaction with ZnSO,: 2.8.17.1 Reaction with ZnCO,: 2.8.17.1 Reaction with Zn: 2.8.14.1, 2.8.14.2 Reaction with ZnO: 2.8.15.2 Reaction with ZnS: 2.8.16.2 Reaction with group-IA and group-IIA metals: 2.7.3.1 Reaction with transition-metal oxides: 2.9.4.3 Reaction with transition-metals: 2.9.3.2, 2.9.3.3, 2.9.14.1.1 Use in dehydration: 2.8.19 ClHHgI, HHgCII, Formation: 2.8.22 ClHMgO Mg(0H)Cl Formation: 2.7.5 CIHO HClO Reaction with Hg: 2.8.14.1 CIHOZn ZnOHCl Decomposition with heat: 2.8.19 CIH0,S HS0,CI Halogenation agent: 2.9.12.5 CIHO, HCC1041 Reaction with Au,O,: 2.8.3.1.4 CIH,*Al CIH,HgN NH,HgCI Conversion to salts: 2.8.22 CIH,Li*AI CIH,OS H,SOCI Reaction with Li[AI(SCH,),]: 2.6.7.3 CIH,N “H4lC1 Reaction with C d O 2.8.15.3 Reaction with ZnO: 2.8.15.3 CIH,N, N,H,*HCl Reaction with HgCI, and x-rays: 2.8.21.2

.

398

Compound Index

CIH,Si, Si,H,Cl Reaction with Li[AI(SCH,),]: 2.6.7.3 ClHg*Br CIHg*C,H, ClHg*C,H, CIHg*C,H, ClHg*C,H,Br, ClHgMnO,*C,H, CIHgMoO,*C,H, CIHgSe*C,H, CII IC1 Reaction with Au: 2.8.3.1.2 Reaction with HgBr,: 2.8.18 CII,N*C ,H,,Cd CII,P*C,H,,Au CIInMn,O,,*C,, CIK KC1 Reaction with BX,: 2.6.12.2 CIKN,*C,Au CIKO, KCIO, Use in formation of [RuOC~,,]~-: 2.9.13 C1KSi3*C,,H,,AI ClLaS LaSCl Formation: 2.9.14.1.1 CIMnO, Mn0,CI Formation: 2.9.12.5 CIMnO,*C, CIMoN,O,*C,H, CIMoO, [MOO,C1] Formation: 2.9.13 ClMoS MoSCl Formation: 2.9.14.1.2 ClN*C,H,,B CIN*C,,H,,Br,Cd ClNO ONCl Reaction with Al, Ga, In, TI: 2.6.3.3 Reaction with ko(CO),, W(CO),: 2.9.15.1.2 Reaction with R,B: 2.6.16 Reaction with Hg: 2.8.14.4 Reaction with R3B: 2.6.10.3 C1NO*C,H6

,

ClNO*C,H, ,B CINP*C,H,,B ClNS*C,H, CIN,*C,H12B CIN,*C,H,,AuBr ClNa NaCl Reaction with HgSO,: 2.8.17.2 Reaction with Hg, MnO, H,SO,: 2.8.21.3 Reaction with Hg, and HgSO,: 2.8.21.3 Reaction with HgO: 2.8.15.3 Reaction with Hg,[NO,],: 2.8.21.1 Reaction with ZnS: 2.8.16.2 C10*A1 CIO*Au CIO*CAu CIO*C,H3 CIO*C,H, ClOTi TiOCl Formation: 2.9.12.6 ClOV VOCl Formation: 2.9.12.6 CIOZn*C,H,, ClO,*C,H,,AI CIO,*C,H,,B CIO,*C, ,H,,AI CI0,Ta Ta0,CI Formation: 2.9.12.4 CI0,V 0,VCl Fluorination: 2.11.2.1 CI0,Re Re0,CI Formation: 2.9.12.1 Reaction with HF: 2.11.4.1 ClO,Re*C, ClO,Tc*C, CIP*C,H ,Au CIP*C,H,,AuBr, ClP*C8H1,Au CIP*C,,H,,Au ClP*C,,H,,AuBr, CIP,Pt*C,,H,,B ClS*AI CIS*C,H,B CIS*Ce ClSV VSCl Formation: 2.9.14.4

,

Compound Index ClSe*A1 ClSe*Au CISi*C2H7 ClSi*C,H, CISi,TI*C,H ClSn*C,H, ClSn*C,H, ClSn*C, ,H ClT*AI ClTe*AI CITe,*Au ClTl TlCl Formation: 2.6.3.1, 2.6.13.2 Reaction with X,: 2.6.14.2 CIT1*C2Hs CI,CrF, +xO CrOF,*X C1F (X=O.lO-0.21) Fluorination: 2.1 1.2.1 Formation: 2.1 1.2.1 CI,

,

c 1 2

Reaction with Al, Ga, In, TI: 2.6.2.1 Reaction with AIN: 2.6.8.1 Reaction with HgCNO,],: 2.8.17.3 Reaction with B,X,: 2.6.13.1 Reaction with B,H,: 2.6.5.1 Reaction with [Bl2Hl2I2-:2.6.4.1 Reaction with Cd: 2.8.14.1 Reaction with CdO: 2.8.15.1 Reaction with q5-CpMoNO(CO),: 2.9.15.1.2 Reaction with Fe(CO),: 2.9.15.1.1 Reaction with Group IIIB-Group IVB bonds: 2.6.11.1 Reaction with HgI,: 2.8.18 Reaction with Hg: 2.8.14.1, 2.8.21.3 Reaction with HgO: 2.8.15.1 Reaction with HgS: 2.8.16.1 Reaction with HgO.HgC1,: 2.8.14.1 Reaction with Hg,F,: 2.8.20.1 Reaction with Hg,CI,: 2.8.20.1 Reaction with Mn,(CO),,, Tc,(CO),,: 2.9.15.1.1 Reaction with MoY,: 2.9.14.2 Reaction with Mo: 2.9.11.1 Reaction with MCBH,]: 2.6.5.1 Reaction with M(CO),: 2.9.6 Reaction with MO: 2.7.6 Reaction with M,O,: 2.6.6.2 Reaction with R,AlH: 2.6.5.1 Reaction with R,B , . . R,T1: 2.6.10.1

399

Reaction with ZnS: 2.8.16.1 Reaction with MoS,, Fe,S, FeS: 2.9.5 Reaction with WS,, Re,S7, ReS,: 2.9.5 Reaction with Zn: 2.8.14.1 Reaction with ZnO: 2.8.15.1 Reaction with group-IA and -1IA metals: 2.7.2 Reaction with transition-metal oxides: 2.9.4.1 Reaction with transition-metals: 2.9.2.2 Safety: 2.7.1 Use in dehydration: 2.8.19 Cl,*BBr CI,*Ba Cl,*Be CI,*C CI,*CH, B Cl,*C,H,,AsB,, Cl,*C,H,,Au, Cl,*C,H,B CI,*C,,H,,AsAu Cl,*Ca CI,*Cd CI,CO coc1, Fluorination: 2.1 1.2.2 Formation: 2.9.3.3, 2.9.4.3, 2.9.4.6, 2.9.7, 2.9.9.1, 2.9.9.2 Reaction with BX,: 2.6.12.2 Reaction with XeF,: 2.11.2.2 Reaction with ClF,: 2.11.2.2 CI,Cr CrCI, Formation: 2.9.3.2, 2.9.7 C1,CrCuH1,N,*Br, CI,CrO, CrO,CI,: 2.9.12.2 Formation: 2.9.12.5 Reaction with C1F: 2.11.2.1 Cl,Cs*Ag CI,Cs*C,H,Au CI,CU CUCl, Fluorination: 2.1 1.2.3 Formation: 2.8.2, 2.8.7.1, 2.8.8.1, 2.8.8.2, 2.8.8.3, 2.8.9, 2.9.7, 2.9.9.2 Reactions with BBr,: 2.8.8.1 Reactions with F, and ClF,: 2.8.8.1 Reaction with BX,: 2.6.12.2 Reaction with ZnS: 2.8.16.2 CI,CuH,O, CuC1,*2 H,O Dehydration by SOCI,: 2.8.9

400

Compound Index

Dehydration by HCI: 2.8.9 Dehydration by triethylorthoformate: 2.8.9 Dehydration by 2,2-dimethoxypropane: 2.8.9 Formation: 2.8.7.1, 2.8.7.3, 2.8.8.3 Thermal dehydration: 2.8.9 C1,CuK KCCuCI,] Formation from Cu2+:2.8.12 CI,CuN*C,H,, C1,CuN*C12H,, CI,CUN*C,,H~~ Cl,CuNOP*C,,H,, C1,CUP*C,~Hzo CI,Cu, CU,Cl, Reaction with Al: 2.6.3.3 CI,F*B CI,F,Ti TiF,CI, Reaction with C1,O: 2.11.2.1 CI,F,S*Cl0H,Au CI,F,oN*C,,H3,Au C12F20*C24Au2 C12F20N2*C34H8Au2 C12F20N2*C36H8Au2 CI,Fe FeCI, Electrochemical formation: 2.9.3.7 Formation: 2.9.3.2 Formation from FeCI, and Hg: 2.8.21.3 Reaction with HgCI,: 2.8.21.2 CI,FeHg,*C,,H, C1,Fe04*C4 CI,Ga*C,H, CI,Ge GeCI, Formation: 2.6.3.3 CI,H*AI CI,H,O*Cd CI,H,OZn ZnCI,*H,O Stability: 2.8.19 CI,H,HgN*Br CI,H,O,Zn ZnC1,.3 H,O Stability: 2.8.19 CI,H,HgN,*Br, CI,H,O,*Cd CI,H,O,Zn ZnC1,*4 H,O Stability: 2.8.19

CIZH, H,CI, Reaction with (HBNR),: 2.6.5.3 C~*H,,O,Zn, ZnC1,.4 Zn(OH),-H,O Decomposition with heat: 2.8.19 CI,H,,O,Zn ZnC1,.7 H,O Dehydration: 2.8.19 CI,H% HgCI, Fluorination: 2.1 1.4.3 Formation from HgSO, and NaCI: 2.8.17.2 Formation from Hg[NO,], and HCI: 2.8.17.1 Formation from Hg[NO,], and C1,: 2.8.17.3 Formation from HgBr, and ICI 2.8.18 Formation from HgI, and CI,: 2.8.18 Formation from Hg, MnO and NaCk 2.8.14.5 Formation from Hg and PCI,: 2.8.14.4 Formation from Hg and OSCI,: 2.8.14.4 Formation from Hg and O,SCI,: 2.8.14.4 Formation from Hg and S,CI,: 2.8.14.4 Formation from Hg and NOCk 2.8.14.4 Formation from Hg and C1,: 2.8.14.1, 2.8.14.3 Formation from HgO and TiCI,: 2.8.15.3 Formation from HgO and NaCI: 2.8.15.3 Formation from HgO and HCI: 2.8.15.2 Formation from HgO and Cl,: 2.8.15.1 Formation from HgO and C,H,C(O)* CI: 2.8.15.3 Formation from HgS and AICI,: 2.8.16.2 Formation from HgS and OCCI,: 2.8.16.2 Formation from HgS and C1,: 2.8.16.1 Formation from HgS and S,CI,: 2.8.16.2 Formation from Hg,[NO,], and HCI: 2.8.20.1 Formation from Hg,F, and C1,: 2.8.20.1 Formation from Hg,CI,: 2.8.20.1, 2.8.20.2, 2.8.21.2 Formation from Hg,CI, and HCI: 2.8.20.1 Formation from Hg,CI, and CI,: 2.8.20.1

Compound Index Formation from Zn and Hg,CI,: 2.8.14.5 Formation from HCI and Hg: 2.8.14.2 Reaction with Al: 2.6.3.3 Reaction with Fe[SO,] and HISO,: 2.8.21.2 Reaction with FeCI,: 2.8.21.2 Reaction with Hg: 2.8.21.2 Reaction with H,PO,: 2.8.21.2 Reaction with H,PO,: 2.8.21.2 Reaction with RTlX,: 2.6.10.3 Reaction with R,AI 2.6.15 Reaction with R,NBX-NRBX,: 2.6.8.3 Reaction with R,B: 2.6.10.3 Reaction with C,H,Se: 2.8.23.6 Reaction with SnCI,: 2.8.21.2 Reaction with SO,: 2.8.21.2 Reaction with (q5-C5H5),ZrCI2:2.8.23.2 Reaction with N,H,*HCI and x-rays: 2.8.21.2 Reaction with F,: 2.8.18 Reaction with IF,: 2.8.18 Reaction with KI: 2.8.18 Reaction with Mg: 2.7.3.2.1 Reaction with Br,: 2.8.18 Reaction with I,: 2.8.18 Reaction with CH,I: 2.8.18 Reaction with HI: 2.8.18 Cl,Hg*C,H,Br CIzHgI, N2 *c, HlZ Cl,HgK,*Br, CI,HgNa,*Br, CJzHgO, HgCC1031, Formation from HgO and C1,: 2.8.15.1 CJf HgO, HgCC1041, Reaction with KI: 2.8.17.2 CWgz HgzCI, Disproportionation: 2.8.20.1, 2.8.20.2 Formation from FeCI, and Hg: 2.8.21.3 Formation from HgCI,, Fe[SO,] and H,SO,: 2.8.21.2 Formation from HgCl,, N,H,*HCI and x-rays: 2.8.21.2 Formation from HgC1, and FeCI,: 2.8.21.2 Formation from HgCI, and Hg: 2.8.21.2 Formation from HgCI; and HiPo,: 2.8.21.2

-

40 1

Formation from HgCI, and H,PO,: 2.8.21.2 Formation from HgCl, and SO,: 2.8.2 1.2 Formation from HgCI, and Li,SO,: 2.8.21.2 Formation from HgCI,*2 HgS: 2.8.21.2 Formation from Hg, MnO, NaCl and H,SO,: 2.8.21.3 Formation from Hg, HCI and 0,: 2.8.21.3 Formation from Hg and CI,: 2.8.21.3 Formation from Hg and CCI,: 2.8.21.3 Formation from Hg,SO, and NaC1: 2.8.21.1 Formation from Hg,(NO,), and NaCI: 2.8.21.1 Formation from Hg2[N0,], and NaCI: 2.8.21.1 Formation from Hg,O and HCI: 2.8.21.1 Formation from SnCl, and HgCI,: 2.8.21.2 Formation from Hg, HgSO,, and NaCI: 2.8.21.3 Reaction with AgF 2.8.21.1 Reaction with KBr: 2.8.21.1 Reaction with KI: 2.8.21.1 Reaction with Br,: 2.8.20.1 Reaction with HCI: 2.8.20.1 Reaction with CI,: 2.8.20.1 Reaction with I,: 2.8.20.1 C12Hg,*C,H, ~~2HgzO HgO.HgC1, Reaction with CI,: 2.8.14.1 Cu-wz HgCI,*2 HgS reaction of heating: 2.8.21.2 Cl,I*C,H, CI,IN*C,,H,,Cd CI,I,K,*Cd CIJn InC1, Formation: 2.6.3.1 CI,InMnO,*C, CI,KN,*C,Au CI,KN,O*C,H,Au CIzMg MgCl, Formation: 2.7.3.1, 2.7.3.2.1, 2.7.5 CI,Mn MnCI, Formation: 2.9.2.2, 2.9.3.3, 2.9.4.6, 2.9.7

402

ComDound Index

CI,MnO, MnO,Cl, Formation: 2.9.12.5 C12Mn0,*C,B CI,Mo MoC1, Formation: 2.9.7 C1,MoO MoOC1, Formation: 2.9.12.6 CI,MoO, MoO,Cl, Formation: 2.9.11.2,2.9.12.1,2.9.12.4, 2.9.12.5 Reaction with XeF,: 2.11.3.1 Reaction with HF: 2.11.3.1 C1,Mo0,*C4 CI,MoS MoSCl, Formation: 2.9.14.2 CI,MoS, MoS,Cl, Formation: 2.9.14.1.2 Cl,Mo,S, Mo,S,Cl, Formation: 2.9.14.1.2 Cl2N*C2H6AI CI,N*C,H,B Cl,N*C,H,,B CI,N*C,H,,Ag Cl,N*C,H,,Au CI,N*C,,H,,BrCd Cl,N*C,,H,,Au Cl,NP,*C,,H,,Au, Cl,N,*C,H ,B C12N,*C,oH1oAu, C12N2*C14H20Au2 C12N2*C16H20Au2 C1,N,O2*C,,H,,AsAu CI,N,02W W(NO),CI, Formation: 2.9.15.1.2 C1,N,0,*C16H,oAu CI,N,O,*C,,H,,Au CI,NbO NbOC1, Formation: 2.9.11.4 CI,NbS NbSC1, Formation: 2.9.14.3 CI,NbS, NbS,Cl, Formation: 2.9.14.1.2

,

CI,NbSe, NbSe,CI, Formation: 2.9.14.1.2 CI,Nd NdC1, Formation: 2.9.9.2 CI,Ni NiC1, Electrochemical formation: 2.9.3.7 Fluorination: 2.1 1.2.2 Formation: 2.9.2.2, 2.9.4.2, 2.9.7, 2.9.9.2 CI2O*C Cl,O*C,H,B CI,ORe ReOC1, Formation: 2.9.12.6

c1,os

OSCl, Halogenation agent: 2.9.12.5 Reaction with (HBNR),: 2.6.5.3 Reaction with Hg: 2.8.14.4 Reaction with MO: 2.7.7 Reaction with Ta,O,, CrO,, ReO,: 2.9.4.5 Use as dehydrating agent: 2.8.19 CI,OSW

wosc1,

Formation: 2.9.14.4 C1,OTa TaOC1, Formation: 2.9.11.4 CI,OTi TiOCI, Formation: 2.9.12.7 Formation from HgO and TiC1,: 2.8.15.3 CI,OV voc1, Formation: 2.9.12.6, 2.9.12.7 CI,OV*C,H,

c1,ow

WOCI, Formation: 2.9.11.4 CI,O,S O,SCl, Reaction with Hg: 2.8.14.4 Reaction with Zn: 2.8.14.4 CI,O,Ta [TaO,CI,] Formation: 2.9.13.3 CI,O,V

cvo,c1,1-

Formation: 2.9.13.2

Compound Index CI,O,W WO,CI, Formation: 2.9.12.1,2.9.12.4,2.9.12.6, 2.9.12.7 c120,0s*c, C1,0,Ru*C4 C1,O,Tc,*Ca c120,w*c, CIZO, c120,

Reaction with VO,, V,O,, Nb,O,: 2.9.4.5 CI,O,Zn Zn[ClO 31z Formation with ZnO and Cl,: 2.8.15.1 CI,O,Re,*C, CI,P*C,HloB CI,P*C,H,,AuBr CI,P*C, aH ,AuBr C~,P,*C2*H,,Au, Cl,P,*C,,H,,Au,Br, CI,P,*C,,HZ,Au, CI,Pb PbCI, Reaction with A1 2.6.3.3 Reaction with Zn: 2.8.14.5 CI,Pd PdC1, Formation: 2.9.2.2 CI,Pt PtCl, Fluorination: 2.11.4.2 Formation: 2.9.2.2,2.9.4.2 CI,Ra RaC1, Formation: 2.7.2 C1,ReS ReSC1, Formation: 2.9.14.3 C1,ReSe ReSeC1, Formation: 2.9.14.3 CI,S

sc1,

Formation: 2.9.12.5 Formation from Hg and OSCI,: 2.8.14.4 Reaction with OsO,: 2.9.4.5 CI2S*C

c1,ssew

WSSeCI, Formation: 2.9.14.4 C12SZ SZC4 Formation from HgS and C1,: 2.8.16.1

403

Halogenation agent: 2.9.12.5 Reaction with Cd: 2.8.14.4 Reaction with CdO: 2.8.15.3 Reaction with Hg: 2.8.14.4 Reaction with MoS,: 2.9.14.2 Reaction with MO: 2.7.7 Reaction with M,O,: 2.6.6.2 Reaction with Re: 2.9.3.5 Reaction with ZnO: 2.8.15.3 Reaction with Zn: 2.8.14.4 Reaction with ZnS: 2.8.16.2 Reaction with ZrO,, HfO,, V,O,: 2.9.4.5 Reaction with transition-metals: 2.9.14.1.2 CI,S,Ta TaS,CI, Formation: 2.9.14.3 CI,S,W

ws,c1,

Formation: 2.9.14.4 CI,Se2 Se,CI, Reaction with AI,Y,: 2.6.7.3 CI,Sn SnCI, Reaction with HgCI,: 2.8.21.2 CI,Sr SrCI, Formation: 2.7.2 CI,Te TeCl, Formation: 2.6.7.1 CI,TI TIC], Formation: 2.6.14.2 CI,TI*C,H, Cl;TI,*Br, CI,V VCI, Electrochemical formation: 2.9.3.7 Formation: 2.9.3.2 CI,Xe XeC1, Formation: 2.10.1, 2.10.2.2,2.10.2.2.2 CI,Zn ZnC1, Anhydrous: 2.8.19 Dehydration by OSCI,: 2.8.19 Formation from ZnSO, and CaC1,: 2.8.17.2 Formation from ZnSO, and HCI: 2.8.17.1

404

Compound Index Formation from ZnOHCl: 2.8.19 Formation from ZnCO, and HCI: 2.8.17.1 Formation from ZnC1,-4 Zn(OH),-H,O: 2.8.19 Formation from Zn and CuBr: 2.8.14.5 Formation from Zn and CuI: 2.8.14.5 Formation from Zn and CuC1,: 2.8.14.5 Formation from Zn and HgI,: 2.8.14.5

Formation from Zn and PbCI,: 2.8.14.5 Formation from Zn and POCI,: 2.8.14.4 Formation from Zn and SiCI,: 2.8.14.4 Formation from Zn and SO,Cl,: 2.8.14.4 Formation from Zn and S,CI,: 2.8.14.4 Formation from Zn and CH,COCI: 2.8.14.4 Formation from Zn and HCI: 2.8.14.2, 2.8.14.3 Formation from Zn and CI,: 2.8.14.1 Formation from ZnO and BC1,: 2.8.15.3 Formation from ZnO and S,CI,: 2.8.15.3 Formation from ZnO and [NH,]CI: 2.8.15.3 Formation from ZnO and CF,BrCI: 2.8.15.3 Formation from ZnO and HCI: 2.8.15.2 Formation from ZnO and C1,: 2.8.15.1 Formation from ZnO and CCI,: 2.8.15.3 Formation from ZnO and CH,C(O)CI: 2.8.15.3 Formation from ZnO and COCI,: 2.8.15.3 Formation from ZnS and AICI,: 2.8.16.2 Formation from ZnS and CuCI,: 2.8.16.2 Formation from ZnS and FeCI,: 2.8.16.2 Formation from ZnS and NaCl: 2.8.16.2 Formation from ZnS and HCI: 2.8.16.2 Formation from ZnS and Cl,: 2.8.16.1 Formation from ZnS and S,Cl,: 2.8.16.2 Reaction with Zn(C6H,),: 2.8.23.2 Reaction with RMgX: 2.8.23.2 Reaction with R,B: 2.6.10.3 Reaction with NH,F: 2.8.18 Reaction with HF: 2.8.18 Stability in H,O: 2.8.19 CI,Zr*C,,H,,

CI,*Al CI,*As Cl,*Au Cl,*B CI,*CH CI,*C,H, CI,*Ce CI,Cr CrCI, Formation: 2.9.2.2, 2.9.4.2, 2.9.4.5, 2.9.4.6, 2.9.5, 2.9.6, 2.9.1, 2.9.9.2 Reaction with CsCl: 2.9.10.1 CI,CrO CrOCI, Formation: 2.9.12.5 Cl,Cs*Cd CI,CSCU CS[CUC1,] Fluorination: 2.8.4.1, 2.11.2.3 Formation: 2.8.10 Reaction with F,: 2.9.10.5 CI,CSCU, CS[CU,Cl,] Formation: 2.8.12 Structure: 2.8.12 CI3CSCU,I, CS[CU4C1,I,] Formation: 2.8.12 CI,Cs,Hg*Br, CI,Cu*Ag CI,CuH,N NH4[CuC1,] Formation: 2.8.10 CI,CuK K[CuCI,] Formation: 2.8.10 CI,CuK, K,dCuCI,I Formation: 2.8.12 Structure: 2.8.12 CI,CuN, *C,H Cl,CuN,*C,H,,Br Cl,CuP*C,,H,, CI,CuRb, Rb,[CuCl,] Formation from CuCOAc]: 2.8.12 CI,Cu,N*C,H, Cl,Cu,N*C,H,, CI,CU,N*C~H~~ C13Cu2N18P6*C24H72 C13Cu,P*C,H,, CI3DY DYCl, Formation: 2.9.9.1

,

Compound Index CI,Fe FeCI, Fluorination: 2.11.2.2 Formation: 2.9.4.2, 2.9.4.6, 2.9.5, 2.9.9.2 Formation from HgCI, and FeCI,: 2.8.21.2 Reaction with Hg: 2.8.21.3 Reaction with BrF,: 2.11.2.2 Reaction with ZnS. 2.8.16.2 Reaction with CIF,: 2.1 1.2.2 Reaction with HF: 2.11.2.2 CI,Ga GaCI, Formation: 2.6.2.1, 2.6.3.1, 2.6.6.3, 2.6.6.4 Reaction with R,Ga: 2.6.15 CI,GaN*C,H, CI,HORu Ru(OH)Cl, Formation: 2.9.4.3 CI,H,HgKO K[HgCI,]*H,O Formation: 2.8.22 CI,H,KO*Cd Cl,H,N*Au CI,H,HgKO, K[HgC1,]*2 H,O Formation: 2.8.22 CI,H,HgN "H,ICHgC~,I Formation from melt and solution: 2.8.22 CI,H,HgNaO, Na[HgC1,]*2 H,O Formation: 2.8.22 CI,H,KO,Zn K[ZnC1,]*2 H,O Formation: 2.8.22 CI3H,N*Cd C13H,0,V [VOCI,]-*2 H,O Formation: 2.9.13 CI,H,OZn H[ZnC1,].2 H,O Formation: 2.8.22 CI,H,LiO,Zn Li[ZnC1,].6 H,O Formation: 2.8.22 CI,Hg*C,H, C1,HgK KCHgC4I Formation: 2.8.22 CI,HgRb RbCHgCI,I Formation: 2.8.22

405

CI,Ho HoCI, Formation: 2.9.9.1 CI,I ICI, Formation from HgCI, and IF,: 2.8.18 CIJn InCI, Formation: 2.6.2.1, 2.6.6.3, 2.6.13.1, 2.6.13.2 CI,In, In,CI, Formation: 2.6.14.1 Cl,K*Cd CI,La LaC1, Formation: 2.9.9.1 CI,Mn MnCI, Formation: 2.9.4.2 CI,Mo MoCI, Reaction with CsC1: 2.9.10.1 Reaction with elemental S, Se: 2.9.14.3 CI,MoO MoOCI, Formation: 2.9.12.4, 2.9.12.5, 2.9.12.7 CI,MoS MoSCI, Formation: 2.6.7.3, 2.9.14.4 CI,MoSe MoSeCI, Formation: 2.9.14.4 CI,Mo,S, Mo,S,CI, Formation: 2.9.14.3 C13N*C4HllB CI,N*C,H,,B Cl,N*C,H,Au CI,N*C,H,Au C13N*C8H20Ag2 CI3N*C9Hl1B CI,NP*C,H, CI,N,*C,H ,B CI,N,*C,H,B, CI,NbO NbOCI, Formation: 2.9.12.1, 2.9.12.4, 2.9.12.5, 2.9.12.6 CI,NbS NbSCI, Formation: 2.6.7.3, 2.9.14.4

406

Compound Index

CI,Nd NdCI, Formation: 2.9.7, 2.9.9.1 CI,OP OPCI, Reaction with AIX,: 2.6.12.2 Reaction with (R,NBNH),: 2.6.8.3 Reaction with (R,N),B: 2.6.8.3 Reaction with Zn: 2.8.14.4 CI,OTa TaOCI, Formation: 2.9.12.6 CI,OTc TcOCI, Formation: 2.9.12.1 CI,OV VOCI, Formation: 2.9.12.1, 2.9.12.4, 2.9.12.5 CI,OW woc1, Formation: 2.9.11.4, 2.9.12.7 CI,O,*B, CI,O,Re [Re0,C1,J2 Formation: 2.9.13.4 CI,P PCI, Formation from Hg and PCI,: 2.8.14.4 Reaction with AIH,: 2.6.5.3 Reaction with R,Hg: 2.8.23.5, Reaction with R,NBX-NR’BX,: 2.6.8.3 Reaction with (R,NBNH),: 2.6.8.3 CI,P*C,H,,Au Cl,P*C,,H,,Au CI,PS SPCI, Reaction with (R,N),B: 2.6.8.3 CI,Pr PrC1, Fluorination of MCI mixture: 2.11.5.1 Formation: 2.9.9.1 CI,Rb*Cd CI,Re ReCI, Formation: 2.9.2.2, 2.9.3.5 C1,Rh RhCI, Formation: 2.9.2.2 CI,Ru a-RuC1, Formation: 2.9.2.2

RuCI, Fluorination: 2.11.3.2 fi-RuC1, Formation: 2.9.2.2 CI,STa TaSCI, Formation: 2.6.7.3, 2.9.14.4 CI,SW WSCI, Formation: 2.9.14.4 CI,S,*B, CI,Sb SbC1, Formation: 2.9.3.6 1

Reaction with R,NBX-NR’BX,: 2.6.8.3 CI,SeWY WYSeCI, Formation: 2.9.14.4 CI3Si*CH, Cl,Si*C2H3 CI,Sm SmCI, Formation: 2.9.7, 2.9.9.1 CI,Tb TbCI, Fluorination of MCI mixture: 2.1 1.5.1 C1,Ti NC1, Formation: 2.8.23.5 Reaction with CsC1: 2.9.10.1 CI3Ti*CH, CI,Tl TICI, Formation: 2.6.2.1, 2.6.6.3, 2.6.10.3, 2.6.11.2, 2.6.13.2, 2.6.14.2 Reaction with HMn(CO),: 2.6.13.2 Reaction with R,Hg: 2.8.23.5 CI,Tm TmCl, Formation: 2.9.9.1 CI,V VCI, Formation: 2.9.4.5, 2.9.4.6 Reaction with CsC1: 2.9.10.1 Cl,V*C,H, CI,Yb YbCI, Formation: 2.9.9.1 Cl,*B, CI,*B, Cl,*C

Compound index CI,*C2 c14*c1 2H10Au2 CI,*C2,H2,AsAu CI,COCS, CS2[COC1,] Fluorination: 2.1 1.2.2 CI,CrO [CrOCl,] Formation: 2.9.13, 2.9.13.4 Cl,Cs*Au CI,Cs,*Cd CI,CS,CU CS2[CUC1,] Formation: 2.8.10 CI,Cs,Hg Cs,[HgC1,1 Formation: 2.8.22 CI,Cs,Zn Cs2[ZnC1,] Formation: 2.8.22 CI,CuH,N, "H,I,[CuC1,1 Formation: 2.8.10 Cl,Cu,P*C,H, C14Cu3H12N4

CCu(NH,),ICCuC1,12 Formation: 2.8.12 Structure: 2.8.12 CI,Cu,Rb Rb[Cu,CI,] Formation: 2.8.12 C1,Ge GeCI, Reaction with (C,H,),Hg: 2.8.23.5 Reaction with B: 2.6.3.3 Reaction with R,AI: 2.6.10.3 CI,H,HgK20 K,[HgCI,I. H,O Formation: 2.8.22 CI,H,KO,*Au CI,H,N* Au CI,H,NaO,*Au CI,H,O,V [VOC1,]2-*2 H 2 0 Formation: 2.9.13, 2.9.13.2,2.9.13.3 CI,H,Na,O,Zn Na2[ZnC1,]*3 H 2 0 Formation: 2.8.22 C14H8HgN2 "H,I,CHgC~,I Formation from melt: 2.8.22 CI,H,N,Zn "H4I 2 CZnC~,I Formation: 2.8.22

CI,H,O,Zn*Ba Cl,H,O,*Au CI,H,,MgO,Zn Mg[ZnC1,].6 H 2 0 Formation: 2.8.22 C1,H120,Zn*Ba C1,H ,O,*Cd C1,H ,O,*BaCd CI,Hf HfC1, Electrochemical formation: 2.9.3.7 Formation: 2.9.2.2, 2.9.4.1, 2.9.4.5 C14HgK2 K2WgC141 Formation: 2.8.22 CI,HgRb, Rb2[HgC141 Formation: 2.8.22 CI,In, In,CI, Formation: 2.6.14.1 Cl,K*Au CI,K,Zn K2[ZnC141 Formation: 2.8.22 CI,Mo MoC1, Formation: 2.9.4.6 CI,MoO MoOC1, Contamination of MoCI,: 2.9.1 1.1 Formation: 2.9.11.2, 2.9.12.5 [MoOCI,]Formation: 2.9.13.3 CI,MoO*Br CI,MoO, [MoO,CI,]~Formation: 2.9.13.2 CI,Mo,Y, Mo,Y ,CI, Formation: 2.9.14.3 CI,N*C,H,Au CI,N*C,H,,Au Cl,NO*AI C1,N,O2*C,H,,Au CI,Na*Au C1,Na2*Cd CI,NbO [NbOCI,] Formation: 2.9.13.3, 2.9.13.4 CI,NbzS, Nb2S,CI, Formation: 2.9.14.4

407

408

Compound Index

c1,oos osoc1, Formation: 2.9.11.2 C1,ORe ReOCI, Formation: 2.9.12.6 CI,OTa [TaOCI,12 Formation: 2.9.13.3 CI,OTi [TiOCl,]’ Formation: 2.9.13.4 CI,OV [VOCI,] Formation: 2.9.13, 2.9.13.4 [VOC1,]2 Formation: 2.9.13.4

[vocI,]3-

Formation: 2.9.13.3 CI,OW WOCI, Formation: 2.9.12.1, 2.9.12.4, 2.9.12.5, 2.9.12.6, 2.9.12.7 C140Zr [ZrOC1,]2Formation: 2.9.13.3 Cl,O,OS [OSO,C1,]2 Formation: 2.9.13 CI,O,Ru [RuO,Cl,] Formation: 2.9.13 CI,O,W

[wo2c1,]2-

Formation: 2.9.13.2, 2.9.13.3 CI,O,Ru*H,, c1,0,0s2*c, Cl,OS OSCI, Formation: 2.9.2.2 Cl,P*C,H,Al CI4PZ p2c14

Formation: 2.6.3.3 C14P2*C48H40Ag2 CI,Pt PtC1, Formation: 2.9.2.2 CI,RbZZn Rb2[ZnC1,] Formation: 2.8.22 CI,Re ReCI, Formation: 2.9.3.6, 2.9.4.5

CI,Re,S, Re,S,CI, Formation: 2.9.14.3 CI,SW WSCI, Formation: 2.6.7.3, 2.9.14.3, 2.9.14.4 Reaction with Sb,Y,: 2.9.14.4 CI,S,*C,H6B2 CI,S,W, w2s3c14

Formation: 2.9.14.1.2 CI,Se SeCI, Formation: 2.6.7.1 CI,SeW WSeC1, Reaction with Sb,Y,: 2.9.14.4 CI,Si SiCI, Reaction with (C,H,),Hg: 2.8.23.5 Reaction with MX: 2.7.9 Reaction with Zn: 2.8.14.4 CI,Sn

SnC1, Formation from SnC1, and HgC1,: 2.8.21.2 Reaction with BX,: 2.6.12.2 Reaction with (HBNR),: 2.6.5.3 Reaction with R,AI: 2.6.10.3, 2.6.15 CI,Tc TcC1, Formation: 2.9.2.2 CI,Te TeCI, Formation: 2.9.4.6 CI,Th ThCI, Formation: 2.9.9.2 CI,Ti TiC1, Electrochemical formation: 2.9.3.7 Formation: 2.9.2.2, 2.9.4.1, 2.9.4.6 Reaction with BX,: 2.6.12.2 Reaction with HgO: 2.8.15.3 Reaction with R,Ak 2.6.10.3 Reaction with (R,NBNH),: 2.6.8.3 Reaction with H F 2.11.2.1 CI,V

vc1,

Formation: 2.9.2.2, 2.9.4.1, 2.9.4.6 CI,W WCI, Formation: 2.9.6. 2.9.12.4

Compound Index CI,Xe XeCI, Formation: 2.10.1, 2.10.2.2, 2.10.2.2.2 CI,Zn*Ba CI,Zr ZrC1, Electrochemical formation: 2.9.3.7 Formation: 2.9.2.2, 2.9.4.1, 2.9.4.5, 2.9.4.7 Formation from (q ,-C 5H,),ZrCl,: 2.8.23.2 Reaction with HF: 2.11.3.1 CI,*C,,H,,AsAu C15*C72H60Ag2As3 C1,CoH,,N6*Cd CI,CrO [CrOCI,]’ Formation: 2.9.13 CI,CS,CU, C~,~C~,C151 Formation from CuC0Ac-J: 2.8.12 CI,Cs,Zn Cs,[ZnCI,] Formation: 2.8.22 C15Cu2N3*C24H60 Cl,H,N*Cd, CI,H,O,Zn, HZn,C1,*2 H,O Formation: 2.8.22 CI,H,,N,Zn ~NH,I,[ZnCIsI Formation: 2.8.22 CI,InN,*C 6H40 CI,MO MoC1, Formation: 2.9.5 CI,Mo MoCl, Formation: 2.9.2.2, 2.9.4.6, 2.9.11.1, 2.9.12.5 Reaction with B,S,: 2.6.7.3 Reaction with [R,N]X, MX: 2.9.10.1 Reaction with Sb,Y,: 2.9.14.4 CI,MoO [MOOCI,]~Formation: 2.9.13, 2.9.13.2, 2.9.13.3, 2.9.13.4 CI,Mo,S, Mo,S,Cl, Formation: 2.9.14.2 Cl,NNb*C,H, C1,NTi*C,H20 CI,Nb NbCI, Formation: 2.9.2.2, 2.9.4.1, 2.9.4.5, 2.9.4.6

409

Reaction with B,S,: 2.6.7.3 Reaction with Nb-Nb,O,: 2.9.1 1.4 Reaction with [R,N]X. 2.9.10.1 Reaction with Sb,Y,, B,S,: 2.9.14.4 Reaction with HF: 2.11.3.1 Reaction with elemental S: 2.9.14.3 CI,NbO [NbOC1,IZFormation: 2.9.13.3, 2.9.13.4 CI,ORe [ReOCI,] Formation: 2.9.13.2, 2.9.13.3 [ReOC1,I2 Formation: 2.9.13.2, 2.9.13.3, 2.9.13.4 CI,OV [VOC1,]2 Formation: 2.9.13.4 CISOW

[wocI,-j-

Formation: 2.9.13.4

[wocI,]z-

Formation: 2.9.13, 2.9.13.2, 2.9.1 3.3 Cl,OS OSCI, Formation: 2.9.4.5 CI,P PC1, Reaction with Hg:2.8.14.4 Reaction with M O 2.7.7 Reaction with M,O,: 2.6.6.4 Reaction with AuCI,: 2.8.4.1 Reaction with ZrO,, HfO,: 2.9.4.5 CI,Pa PaCI, Fluorination: 2.1 1.5.2 Cl,Pr*Ba CI,Re ReC1, Formation: 2.9.2.2, 2.9.4.6, 2.9.5 Reaction with elemental S:2.9.14.3 C1 S *A1 CI,Sb SbCI, Reaction with R,B, R , h 2.6.10.3 CI,Ta TaC1, Formation: 2.9.2.2, 2.9.3.2, 2.9.4.1, 2.9.4.5, 2.9.4.6, 2.9.4.8, 2.9.12.4 Reaction with Al-KC1: 2.9.10.1 Reaction with B2S,: 2.6.7.3 Reaction with [R,N]X 2.9.10.1 Reaction with Sb,S,: 2.9.14.4

,

Compound Index

410

Reaction with Ta-SiO,: 2.9.11.4 Reaction with Ta-Ta,O,: 2.9.11.4 Reaction with elemental S: 2.9.14.3

CI,V VCI, Reaction with B,S,: 2.9.14.4 CI,W

wc1,

Formation: 2.9.6 Reaction with M(CO),: 2.9.6 Reaction with Sb,Y,: 2.9.14.4 Cl,*C,H,Au, Cl,*C, Cl,*C, C1,*C,H4 C1,CsNb Cs[NbCl,] Reaction with HI: 2.9.10.1 CI,CsTa Cs[TaCI,] Reaction with HI: 2.9.10.1 Cl,Cs,*AgAu C16Cs,*Au, CI,Cs,Pd Cs,[PdCI,] Fluorination: 2.1 1.3.2 CI,Cs,Ta Cs,[TaCI,] Formation: 2.9.10.1 CI,CS,W C~,~WC~,I Formation: 2.9.10.5 CI,Cs,*Cd Cl,Cu,H,O,*Cd CI,Ga,K, K2[Ga2C161

Formation: 2.6.10.3 CI,H,N,Os [NH412[osC161

Formation: 2.9.10.2 Cl,H,,O,*BaCd, C16H1ZHg2Mg06 Mg[Hg2C161*6 H2° Formation: 2.8.22 Cl6H,,Hg2O,*Ba C16H140,*CaCd, C1,HI4O,Sr*Cd, C16H16HgN4 [NH414HgC16 Formation from melt: 2.8.22 C1,H,,N4*Cd CI,IrK, K2CIrC161 Formation: 2.9.10.2

C1,KW KCWC~,I Formation: 2.9.10.1 CI,K, Mn K,CMnCl,I Formation: 2.9.10.3 CI,K,Mo K,[MOCI,I Formation: 2.9.10.1 CI,K,Pd K2CPdC1,I Fluorination: 2.11.3.2 CI,K,Re K,[ReCl,l Formation: 2.9.10.2 CI,K,W K,[WCl,I Formation: 2.9.10.5 CI,K,Mo K3[MoC161

Formation: 2.9.10.4 Cl,K,*Cd Cl,LnP,*C,,H,, CI,MoRb, Rb,[MoCl,] Formation: 2.9.10.3 C16NNb*C8H2, C1,NP,*C,4H,,Au, Cl,NTa*C,H,, C1,N,Th*C16H,, CI,N,Ti*C,,H,, C16N2U*C16H40 C1,N,Zr*Cl,H40 C16P2*C25H22Au2 C16P2*C27H26Au2 CI,PdRb, Rb, [PdCI,] Fluorination: 2.11.3.2 C1,Rb4*Cd CI,Re ReCl, Formation: 2.9.2.2 CI,Tc TcC1, Formation: 2.9.2.2 CI,W

wc1,

Formation: 2.9.2.2, 2.9.4.6, 2.9.5, 2.9.12.4 Reaction with B,S,: 2.6.7.3 Reaction with M(CO),: 2.9.6 Reaction with MI: 2.9.10.1 Reaction with Sb,S,: 2.9.14.4

Compound Index Reaction with W-WO,: 2.9.11.4 Reaction with elements: 2.9.14.3 CI,*C~H~AU~ Cl,*C,,H,,AsAu CI,Cu,Rb, Rb3CCu,C1,1 Formation: 2.8.10 CI,Nb,Se, Nb3Se,C1, Formation: 2.9.14.1.2 Cl,S*Al C1 S *Au Cl,Se*Au Cl,Te*Au Cl,*Au,Ba C1,*Au4 C1,*B8 Cl,*C, CI,H,Hg,SrO, SrHg3C1,*7H,O Formation: 2.8.22 CI,H I oHgN,O ~NH~IzCH~CI~I*H~O Formation: 2.8.22 CI,H, 1N,03*Au, Cl,Hg,O,*BaH, C1,P* A1 Cl,P*Au CI,P*B C1,Re,*C4,H4,As, C19*B, CI,Cr,Cs Cs[Cr,C19] Formation: 2.9.10.1 CI,CsTi, Cs[Ti,CI,] Formation: 2.9.10.1 CI,CSV,

,

cS[vzc191 Formation: 2.9.10.1 CI,Cs,In, Cs,CIn,C191 Formation: 2.6.14.1 CI,Cs,Mo, Cs3CMozC191 Formation: 2.9.10.1 CI,In, In,CI, Formation: 2.6.14.1 CI,K,W, K,[WzC1J Formation: 2.9.10.4

41 1

CI,K,W, K3[W3C19I Formation: 2.9.10.2 Cl,NTi,*C,H,, CI,Re, Re,Cl, Reaction with ReSe,: 2.9.14.2 Reaction with elemental S, Se: 2.9.14.3 C4o*B,o ~ ~ 1 0 ~ ~ , ~ ~ 2 ~ 1 ~ * ~ , 2 ~ 4 , C110Cu4N2*C6H20 CI,,ORu [RuOCl, ,I4Formation: 2.9.13 CI,,ORu, [Ru,OCl Formation: 2.9.13.3 CI,,OZr, CZr,OC1,,1,Formation: 2.9.13.4 c111*Bl1 C112*B12 c l l 2Cu4N4*C,ZH80 C4*Mo, [Mo6C181C14

Reaction with elemental S: 2.9.14.3 Mo,C11, Formation: 2.9.7 C117H24N6*Ag2Au3 CI,*K,Ta, Kd(Ta6C1idC161 Formation: 2.9.10.1 C13,06P6*A14 CmF, CmF, Fluorination: 2.11.5.2 CmF, CmF, Formation: 2.11.5.2 co co Reaction with XeF,: 2.11.2.2 Reaction with I,: 2.9.2.4 Reaction with C6F,X 2.9.3.8 Reaction with ag HX: 2.9.3.3 Co*Br, CO*Cl, COCS,*C1, CoCs,F, CsZ[CoF61 Formation: 2.11.2.2 cocs,o,s, C~,COC~04I, Fluorination: 2.11.2.2

Compound Index

412

CoF, CoF, Air oxidation in aq en followed by addition of H F 2.11.2.2 Electrolytic oxidation in H F 2.1 1.2.2 Formation: 2.9.3.2 Reaction with XeF,: 2.1 1.2.2 Reaction with XeF,: 2.11.2.2 CoF, CoF, Fluorinating agent: 2.9.12.3 Formation: 2.11.2.2 CoF,H,N, ~NzHsICoF, Reaction with XeF,: 2.1 1.2.2 CoF,H,*N, [Co(NH3)61F3 Heating: 2.1 1.2.2 CoF303,S*H7 CoF,N,*C,H,, CoF,Xe XeF6*CoF3 Formation: 2.1 1.2.2 CoF,,*C,, CoF%?Ge6Hg,*C1 08 CoH,,N,*CdCI, COI, COI, Formation: 2.9.2.4, 2.9.3.2, 2.9.3.8, 2.9.4.8, 2.9.1 CoNO,*C, CoN,*C,,H,,Br, CoO,Sn*C,,H CoO,TI*C, Co2Cu2N 12*cl 2H48C110 Co,F6H,,N,Oo.s [Co(NH,),][COF,]'0.5 H,O Formation: 2.11.2.2

,

c0203

COA Fluorination: 2.1 1.2.2 c030, c0304

Reaction with AM,: 2.9.4.8 Reaction with RX: 2.9.4.6 Reaction with ag HX. 2.9.4.3 c04012*c12 Cr Cr Fluorination: 2.1 1.2.1 Fluorination in a flow system: 2.11.2.1 Reaction with NO,F: 2.11.2.1

Reaction with HX: 2.9.3.2 Reaction with F,: 2.9.11.1, 2.9.2.1 Reaction with Br,: 2.9.2.3 Reaction with Cl,: 2.9.2.2 Reaction with I,: 2.9.2.4 Cr*Br, Cr*Br, Cr*C1, Cr*CI, CrCuH,,N,*Br,CI, CrCuH *N,*Br, CrF, CrF, Formation: 2.9.3.2, 2.9.3.6 CrF,O, CrO,F, Formation: 2.9.12.1, 2.9.12.2, 2.9.12.3, 2.9.12.6 From fluorination of CrO,: 2.9.12.3 Preparation: 2.11.2.1 Reaction with XeF,: 2.11.2.1 CrF, CrF, Fluorination: 2.1 1.2.1 Formation: 2.9.3.2 CrF,K K[CrF,I Formation: 2.9.10.3 CrF,O CrOF, Formation: 2.1 1.2.1 CrF,O CrOF, Formation: 2.9.11.1, 2.9.12.1 [CrOF,] Formation: 2.9.13.2 CrOF, Formation: 2.11.2.1 CrF.0, [CrO,F,IZ Formation: 2.9.13.4 CrF, CrF, Formation: 2.9.2.1, 2.9.4.2, 2.11.2.1 CrF,+,O*CI, CrF. CiF, Formation: 2.9.2.1, 2.9.4.2, 2.11.2.1 Thermal decomposition: 2.11.2.1 CrFIsO,Sb, 0,[CrF41[Sb2F1

11

Formation: 2.11.2.1

Compound Index CrF, $b, CrF4CSb2Flll Reaction with Xe: 2.11.2.1 Reaction with 0,: 2.11.2.1 Reaction with C,F,: 2.11.2.1 CrF,,Sb,*C, CrF60Ge4Hg*C84H12 CrHgO,*C,H,CI CrISe CrSeI Formation: 2.9.14.2 CrI, CrI, Formation: 2.9.2.4 CrI, CrI, Formation: 2.9.2.4, 2.9.7 Reaction with C r y 2.9.14.2 CrO*Br, CrO*CI CrO*CI, CrO*Cl, CrO*CI, CrO,*Br, CrO,*CI, CrO, CrO, Fluorination: 2.11.2.1 Reaction with MoF,: 2.11.2.1 Reaction with MoF,, WF,: 2.9.12.6 Reaction with RC1: 2.9.4.6 Reaction with SOX,, AIX,: 2.9.12.5 Reaction with SOCl,, S,C1,: 2.9.4.5 Reaction with SF,: 2.11.2.1 Reaction with WF,: 2.11.2.1 Reaction with X,: 2.9.12.1 Reaction with X, or C-X,: 2.9.4.2 Reaction with CoF,: 2.11.2.1 Reaction with COF,: 2.11.2.1 Reaction with CIF, OCF,, CIF,, BrF,, BrF,: 2.9.12.3 Reaction with IF5: 2.11.2.1 Reaction with CIF: 2.11.2.1 Reaction with H F 2.9.12.2 CrO,*C,H, CrO,*CI Cr0,X [CrO,F] Formation: 2.9.13.2 CrO *Cl CrO,*C, CrS CrS Reaction with CrI,: 2.9.14.2

,

CrS*Br CrSe CrSe Reaction with Cr13: 2.9.14.2 CrTe CrTe Reaction with CrI,: 2.9.14.2 Cr,Cs*CI, Cr,F,,Sb,Xe Xe(CrF4SbzFlJZ Formation: 2.11.2.1 Cr,O, Cr203

Reaction with CrC1,: 2.9.12.6 Cr2S3 Cr2S3

Reaction with AH,: 2.9.5 Reaction with CrBr,: 2.9.14.2 Reaction with C1,: 2.9.5 cs cs Reaction with X,: 2.7.2 Reaction with HX: 2.7.3.1 Cs*AgCI, Cs*AuCl, Cs*Br Cs*Br,Cd Cs*C,H,AuCI, Cs*CdCI, Cs*C1,Crz CsCu*Br, cscu*c1, CsCuF, Cs[CuF,] Formation: 2.8.4.1 CSCUI, CS[CUI,] Structure: 2.8.12 CsCu,*Br, cscu,*c1, CSCU,I,*C1, CsF CsF Formation: 2.7.2 CsF0,S Cs[S04F] Formation: 2.7.4 CsF,*Ag CsF,*Ag CsF,*Au CsF,OV CsCVOF,] Formation: 2.11.2.1

413

414

Compound Index

CsF,OW Cs[WOF,] Formation: 2.11.4.1 CsF5Zr CsCZrF,] Formation: 2.11.3.1 CsF,*Au CsF,Np Cs[NpF61 Formation: 2.1 1.5.2 CsF,Pt CsCPtF,] Formation: 2.1 1.4.2 CsF,Rh Cs[RhF,] Formation: 2.11.3.2 CsH,I,O*Cd CsHg*Br, CsHgI, Cs CHgI 31 Formation: 2.8.22 CsHg215 CsCHg,I,I Formation from melt and solution: 2.8.22 CSI CSI Formation: 2.7.4 CSI, CS[I31 Coprecipitates At: 2.7.9 CsI,*Ag, CsI,*At Cs13*Cd CsNb*CI, CsNb,*Br, cso3*c CsTa*Cl, CsTi,*Cl, CSV?*Cl, Cs,*AgAuCI, Cs,*Au,CI, Cs,*Br,Cd Cs,+CdCl, cs,*c1,co CS,CU*CI, Cs,CuF, Cs,CCuF,I Formation: 2.8.2, 2.9.10.5 Cs,F,*Ag Cs,F,*Cd Cs,F,*Ag

Cs,F,*Co Cs,F,K*Ag Cs,F,Ni Cs,[NiF,] Reaction with [NF,][SbF,]: Cs,F,Zr Cs,CZrF,l Formation: 2.11.3.1 Cs,HfI, cs2CHn61

Formation: 2.9.10.1 Cs,Hg*Br, Cs,Hg*Cl, CszHgI, Cs,CHgI,I Formation: 2.8.22 Cs2Hg318 c%L-Hg,I,l Formation: 2.8.22 Cs,I,*Ag Cs,I,*Cd Cs,I,Zn CszCZnI,] Formation: 2.8.22 Cs,I,*Au, Cs,I,Nb CsZ[Nb161 Formation: 2.9.10.1 Cs,I,Ti Cs,[TiI,] Formation: 2.9.10.1 Cs,I,Zr

CsZCZr161 Formation: 2.9.10.1 Cs,Mo,*Br, cs,o,s C~, C~ O , I Reaction with F,: 2.7.4 cs,o,s,*co Cs,Pd*Cl, Cs,Ta*Cl, CS,W*Cl, Cs,Zn*Br, Cs,Zn*Cl, Cs,*Au,Br,, Cs,*Br,Cd Cs,CuF, Cs3CCuF.51 Formation: 2.11.2.3 cs3cu,*c1, Cs,Cu,I, CS,CCU,I,I Formation: 2.8.12

2.11.2.2

Compound Index Cs,F,Zr Cs,[ZrF,] Formation: 2.11.3.1 Cs,Hg*Br,CI3 Cs,Hg*Br, Cs3HgIs Cs,[HgI,I Formation: 2.8.22 Cs,I,*Cd Cs,I,Zn Cs,CZnI,l Formation: 2.8.22 Cs,In,*Cl, Cs ,M o * C1 Cs,Zn*Br, Cs,Zn*CI, Cs4*CdC1, Cs4Cu3F10 C~~CC’J~FIOI Formation: 2.8.10 Cs7Cu6F

19

Cs,[ChF191 Formation: 2.8.10

cu cu Fluorination: 2.11.2.3 Cu*AgCI, Cu*Br Cu*BrCl Cu*Br2 Cu*Br,Cd Cu*Br,Cs cu*c1 CU*CI, cu*c1,cs CU*C1,CS, CuF CuF Non-existence: 2.8.2 CuFHO Cu(0H)F Formation: 2.11.2.3 CuFP3*C,4H4, CuF, CuF, Formation: 2.8.2, 2.8.7.1, 2.8.7.2, 2.8.8.1, 2.8.8.2, 2.8.8.3, 2.11.2.3 Reaction with Cr: 2.9.3.6 Reaction with metal fluorides: 2.11.2.3 CuF,H40 CuF,*2 H,O Thermal decomposition: 2.1 1.2.3

415

CuF,H,O, CuF,*2 H,O Boiling in aq solution: 2.11.2.3 Dehydration by HF: 2.8.9 Formation: 2.8.7.3, 2.11.2.3 Thermal decomposition: 2.8.9 CuF,O,*H, CuF,H,N “H41CuF3 Formation: 2.8.10 CuF,K K[CuF,I Formation: 2.8.10 CuF,Rb RbCCuF,] Formation: 2.8.10 CuF4*Cs CuF,H,N, “H4IzCuF4 Formation: 2.8.10 C~F4HIZNZO2 [NH4],CuF4.2 H,O Formation: 2.8.10 CuF,*Ba, CuF,*Cs, CuF,*Cs, CuF,K,Na NaK,[CuF,] Formation: 2.8.2 CuF,K, KdCuFtjI Formation: 2.8.2, 2.11.2.3 CuF,Na, Na,CCuF,I Formation: 2.11.2.3 CuH,O, Cu(OH), Reactions with hydrohalic acids: 2.8.8.3 CuH4N*C1, CuH,O,*Cl, CuH,N,*CI, CuH,O,*Br, CuHl,N,*Br,C1,Cr CuH,,N,*Br,Cr CUI CUI Formation: 2.8.7.3, 2.9.8. Formation by addition of I - to Cu2+: 2.8.1 1.2 Formation from Cu[OAc]: 2.8.11.2 Formation from Cuz+: 2.8.2 Formation from the elements: 2.8.2

416

Compound index

Formation from the metal: 2.8.11.1 Reaction with C d 2.8.14.5 Reaction with Zn: 2.8.14.5 Reaction with F,: 2.8.8.1 Reaction with elemental Te, Se: 2.9.14.3 CuI*C1 CuIN*C,H6Br CuISe, CuSeJ Formation: 2.9.14.3

Reaction with F;: 2.8.8.2 CuP*C,,H,,Br, CuP*C,,H,,Br, CuP*C,,H,,Br, CUP*C,~H,,B~, CUP*C,~H,,C~, CUP*C~~H,OCI~ CuP,*C,,H36Br3 CuRb,*CI,

cur,

cus Formation from ZnS and CuCI,: 2.8.16.2 Reaction with SF,: 2.11.2.3 Reaction with F,: 2.8.8.2 CuSe,*C1 CuSe *Br CuTe*Cl CuTe,*CI Cu,*Br,Cs CU,*Cl, CU,*C1,CS c u *CI5 c s 3 Cu,F3H0 Cu(OH)F*CuF, Formation: 2.8.9, 2.11.2.3 Thermal decomposition: 2.1 1.2.3

CUI, Formation: 2.9.7 CuI,K KCCuI2I Formation from Cu2+:2.8.12 CUI~KO,*C~~H,~ CuI,N*C6H, Cu12N*CaH2, CuI,N,*C4Hl,Ag2Br2 CuI&,*C, ,H 6 CUI,*CS CUI;P,*C3,H36 Cu14N3*C24H60 CuK*Br, CuK*C12 CuK*CI, CuK,*CI, CuN*C6HI6C1, CuN*CI2H2,CI2 CuN*C,,H,,Br, CUN*C16H,6C1, CUNOP*C,,H,~CI, CuN2*C,H12BrCI, CuN,*C,H ,CI, CuN,*C,,H4,Br, CUN,*C,~H~OB~~ CUN~*C,~H~OBI'~ CUO CUO Reactions with CIF, and BrF,: 2.8.8.2 Reaction with S2C1,: 2.8.8.2 Reaction with HF: 2.11.2.3 Reaction with F,: 2.8.8.2 Reaction with HF: 2.8.8.3 Reaction with aq HCI: 2.8.8.3 Reaction with aq HBr: 2.8.8.3 Reaction with aq HF: 2.8.8.3 CUO,*C CU0,S CUSO, Fluorination: 2.1 1.2.3

cus

,

Cu2F7K3

K 3 r.Cu2F71 Formation: 2.8.10 CU,H,O4*CdC16 Cu,HgI, Cu2CHgI41 Formation: 2.8.22 C U , I ~ N * C ~1 zH Cu213P*C19H18 CU,I~S*C,H~ Cu,I4Nz*C16~40 Ck?14N2*C24H56 Cu~I4~2*C32~72 CU,I,*CS, Cu2I6N4*C2zH24 CU,N*C,H,CI~ Cu,N*C,H 1,CI3 Cu,N*C,H,,C13 Cu,N2*C6H5Br, C~,NZ*CI~H~OB~~ Cu2N3*C12H36Br5 Cu2N3*C24H60C15 Cu,N4*C,Hl6Br3 C~,N~,*C~,H~~CI~OCO~ CU~NIEP,*CZ~H,,CI~

Compound Index

cu,o

cu,o

Reaction with X,: 2.8.8.2 Reaction with F,: 2.8.8.2 Reaction with aq HF: 2.8.8.3 Cu,05*CH, Cu2010*C8H16 Cu2P*C4H12Cl, Cu,P*C6H15C14 Cu,Rb,*CI,

cu,s cu,s

Reaction with F,: 2.8.8.2 Cu,Flo*Cs, Cu,H, ,N4*C14 Cu,I4*C1SH1& Cu314N*C12H28 Cu,Rb*CI4 CU4I,*C1,CS Cu416K208*C16H32 Cu416K2010*C20H40 Cu416K20 16*'4SH64 Cu4N2*C6H20C~10 Cu4N20*C10H30Br10 Cu4N4*C32H80C112 Cu5r7N2*C24H56 Cu,N,*C,oH,,Br, Cu,F,,*Cs, Cu6112N6*C48H120 Cu6N3*C21H54Br9 Cu36160N24*Cl20H 144

DY

DY Reaction with HX 2.9.14.1.1 Dy*C1, DyS*Br Er Er Reaction with HX: 2.9.14.1.1 ErFS ErSF Formation: 2.9.14.1.1 ErFSe ErSeF Formation: 2.9.14.2 ErF, ErF, Reaction with Er,S,, Er,Se,: 2.9.14.2 ErS*Br Eu Eu Reaction with HX: 2.9.14.1.1

417

EuFS EuSF Formation: 2.9.14.1.1 F*Ag F*&, F*A1 F*Au F*B F*BCI, F*C,H6B F*C4HlOAl F*Cl F*Cs F*Cu FFeIO,S*C,HloB, FFeO FeOF Formation: 2.11.2.2 FFr FrF Formation: 2.7.2 FGa GaF Formation: 2.6.14.1 FGdSe GdSeF Formation: 2.9.14.2 FH HF Fluorinating agent: 2.6.12.3 Metathesis: 2.6.12.1 Reaction with BN: 2.6.8.2 Reaction with B, Al, Ga, In, TI: 2.6.3.1 Reaction with Cd: 2.8.14.2,2.8.14.3 Reaction with CdO: 2.8.15.2 Reaction with HgO. 2.8.15.2 Reaction with Hg,CO,: 2.8.21.1 Reaction with MO, MOH, MCO,: 2.7.5 Reaction with M,O,: 2.6.6.3 Reaction with group-IA and group-IIA metals: 2.7.3.1 Reaction with R,B . . . R,TI: 2.6.10.2 Reaction with Group IIIB-group IVB bonds: 2.6.11.2 Reaction with ZnCO,: 2.8.17.1 Reaction with ZnBr,: 2.8.18 Reaction with ZnC1,: 2.8.18 Reaction with Zn: 2.8.14.2 Reaction with Z n O 2.8.15.2 Reaction with transition-metal oxides: 2.9.4.3, 2.9.13.1.1 Reaction with transition-metals: 2.9.3.2, 2.9.14.1.1

418

Compound Index

Safety: 2.7.1 FHHgO Hg(OH)F Formation: 2.1 1.4.3 Formation from HgF,.2 H,O and heat: 2.8.19

FHO*Cu FHO,S HS0,F Halogenation agent: 2.9.12.5 FH210*Ag2 FH,N “H4IF Fluorinating agent: 2.6.12.3 Reaction with Cd[NO,],: 2.8.17.2 Reaction with CdC1,: 2.8.18 lNH4IF Reaction with MO: 2.7.7 “H4IF Reaction with ZnC1,: 2.8.18 FH,N06V, NH4[V,O,FI Formation: 2.9.13.2 FH6M04016

[ M o , O , , F ] ~ - * ~H,O Formation: 2.9.13 FHg*Br FHoS HoSF Formation: 2.9.14.1.1 FIn InF Formation: 2.6.14.1 FInO InOF Formation: 2.6.6.4 FK KF Fluorinating agent: 2.6.12.3, 2.9.13 Formation: 2.7.2 FKr KrF Formation: 2.10.2 FLaS LaSF Formation: 2.9.14.1.1 FLaSe LaSeF Formation: 2.9.14.2 FLi LiF Formation: 2.7.2

FLUS LuSF Formation: 2.9.14.1.1 FLuSe LuSeF Formation: 2.9.14.2 FMnO, Mn0,F Formation: 2.9.12.3, 2.9.12.5, 2.11.2.1 FNO ONF Reaction with MF,: 2.9.10.1 FNa NaF Fluorinating agent: 2.6.12.3 Formation: 2.7.2 Reaction with Hg,[NO,],: 2.8.21.1 FNbO, Nb0,F Formation: 2.9.12.2, 2.11.3.1 Thermal decomposition: 2.1 1.3.1 FNdSe NdSeF Formation: 2.9.14.2 FO*Ac FO*C FOSc ScOF Formation: 2.11.2.1 FOTl TlOF Formation: 2.6.6.3 FOY YOF Formation: 2.11.3.1 F0,Ta Ta0,F Decomposition: 2.1 1.4.1 Formation: 2.9.12.2, 2.11.4.1 FO,V 0,VF Formation: 2.11.2.1 F0,Os Os0,F Formation: 2.9.12.3 F0,Re Re0,F Formation: 2.9.12.2, 2.9.12.3, 2.11.4.1 FO,Tc Tc0,F Formation: 2.9.12.1, 2.11.3.1 Reaction with KrF,: 2.11.3.1

Compound Index Reaction with XeF,: 2.11.3.1 FO,V*Ba FO,S*Cs FO,Re*C, FOLVJ [V,O,FI Formation: 2.9.13.2 FO,Ta, Ta,O,F Formation: 2.11.4.1 FP,*CS4H4,Cu FPrSe PrSeF Formation: 2.9.14.2 FRb RbF Formation: 2.7.2 FRn RnF Formation: 2.10.2.2.2. FS*Ce FS*Er FS*Eu FSY YSF Formation: 2.9.14.1.1, 2.9.14.2 FSYb YbSF Formation: 2.9.14.1.1 FSe*Ce FSe*Er FSeSm SmSeF Formation: 2.9.14.2 FSeTm TmSeF Formation: 2.9.14.2 FSeY YSeF Formation: 2.9.14.2 FSeYb YbSeF Formation: 2.9.14.2 FSi*C,H, FSn*C,H, FTI TIF Formation: 2.6.3.1, 2.6.14.2 F, F2

Reaction with B N 2.6.8.1 Reaction with CdO: 2.8.15.1

Reaction with Cd: 2.8.14.1 Reaction with CdS: 2.8.16.1 Reaction with Group IIIB-Group IVB bonds: 2.6.1 1.1 Reaction with HgCI,: 2.8.18 Reaction with Hg: 2.8.14.1 Reaction with M(CO),: 2.9.6 Reaction with MO. 2.7.6, 2.7.7 Reaction with M,S,: 2.6.7.1 Reaction with M,O,: 2.6.6.1 Reaction with Os, Cr: 2.9.11.1 Reaction with R,B . . . R,TI 2.6.10.1 Reaction with group-1.4 and -1IA metals: 2.7.2 Reaction with Xe: 2.10.2.2 Reaction with ZnS: 2.8.16.1 Reaction with Zn: 2.8.14.1 Reaction with Z n O 2.8.15.1 Reaction with transition-metal oxides: 2.9.4.1 Reaction with transition-metals: 2.9.2.1 Safety: 2.7.1 Fz*Ag F,*B F,*BCl F,*Ba F,*Be F,*CBrCI F2*C4H12Au2 F,*Ca F,*Cd F,*Co F2*Cr F,*Cu F,Fe FeF, Fluorination: 2.1 1.2.2 Formation: 2.9.3.2, 2.9.4.2 F,HK KHF, Fluorinating agent: 2.9.13 F,HO**Ag, F,H,MoO, [MoO,F~]~--H,O Formation: 2.9.13 F,H,Hg02 HgF,*2 H,O Formation: 2.1 1.4.3 Formation from HgO and aq H F 2.8.15.2 F,H,O*Cu F2H40,*Cd

419

420

Compound Index

F,H,O,*Cu F,H,O,Zn ZnF,.2 H,O Dehydration: 2.8.19 F,H,N “H,ICHF,I Reaction with MO: 2.7.7 F,H,O,Zn ZnF,.4 H,O Dehydration: 2.8.19 F,H,O,Zn ZnF,.4 H,O Formation: 2.1 1.2.3 FzHg HgF, Formation: 2.1 1.4.3 Formation from HgF,.2 H,O and heat: 2.8.19 Formation from HgO and H F 2.8.15.2 Formation from Hg and ONF.3 HF: 2.8.14.4 Formation from Hg and F,: 2.8.14.1 Formation from Hg and ClF,: 2.8.14.4 Formation from HgCl, and F,: 2.8.18 Formation from HgC1, and IF,: 2.8.18 Formation from Hg and ONF.3 HF: 2.8.14.4 Formation from Hg,F,: 2.8.20.2 Formation from Hg,F, and Br,: 2.8.20.1 Formation from Hg,F, and C1,: 2.8.20.1 F,HgH,O, HgF,*2 H,O Reaction of heating: 2.8.19 FzHg, H%P, Disproportionation: 2.8.20.2 Formation from Hg and ONF.3 H F 2.8.14.4 Formation from Hg,[NO,], and NaF: 2.8.21.1 Formation from Hg,Cl, and AgF 2.8.21.1 Formation from H F and Hg,CO,: 2.8.21.1 Reaction with Br,: 2.8.20.1 Reaction with Cl,: 2.8.20.1 F,KO,Re K[ReO,F,I Formation: 2.11.4.1 F,Kr KrF, Formation: 2.10.2

Total bond energy: 2.10.1 AH6 2.10.2 F,MO MgF, Formation: 2.7.2, 2.7.5 F,Mn MnF, Electrolytic oxidation in KHF,-HF(aq): 2.1 1.2.1 Fluorination: 2.1 1.2.1 Formation: 2.9.3.2 Reaction with XeF,: 2.11.2.1 Reaction with XeF,: 2.1 1.2.1 Reaction with F,-0,: 2.11.2.1 F,Mn,08*C, F,MoO, CMoO,F,I Formation: 2.9.13.3 MoO,F, Formation: 2.11.3.1 Reaction with XeF, in HF: 2.11.3.1 F,MoO, [MoO,F,I2Formation: 2.9.13.3 F,MoO,*C, F2N*C,HloB F,NaO,Re NaReO,F, Formation: 2.1 1.4.1 F,NbO, “bO,F,IFormation: 2.9.13.4 F,Ni NiF, Catalyst for the fluorination of CrF,: 2.11.2.1 Formation: 2.9.2.1, 2.9.3.2, 2.9.4.2, 2.9.4.4 Reaction with F,-NOF: 2.11.2.2 FZNPO, NPO2F2 Formation: 2.11.5.2 F,OSW WOSF, Formation: 2.9.14.1.2 F,OTh ThOF, Formation: 2.11.5.2 F,OTi TiOF, Formation: 2.1 1.2.1 F,OW WOF, Formation: 2.9.12.2

Compound Index F,O,*Am F,O,*Cr F,O,*H,Cu F,O,PV*C,,H,rJ F,O,Pu PuO,F, Formation: 2.11.5.2 F,O,Rb*Am FZOZU UO2F2 Formation: 2.11.5.2 Reaction with SF,: 2.11.5.2 Reaction with XeF,: 2.11.5.2 F,O,V CVO,F,IFormation: 2.9.13.2 F,O,V*C,,H,,As F,O,W WO,F* Formation: 2.11.4.1 F,O,Xe XeO,F, Formation: 2.10.2.2.1 F,O,Os OsO,F, Formation: 2.9.11.2, 2.11.4.2 Reaction with M F 2.11.4.2 F,O,SXe FXeOS0,F Formation: 2.10.2.2.1 F,O,Os [OSO,F,]~Formation: 2.9.13 F204Ti*C,,H 16 F,Pb PbF, Reaction with Cr: 2.9.3.6 F,Ra RaF, Formation: 2.7.2, 2.7.5 F,Rn RnF, Formation: 2.10.2.2.2 Total bond energy: 2.10.1 F,SW WSF, Formation: 2.9.14.1.2 F2S3*B2 F,Se*C F,Sn SnF, Reaction with Cr, N b 2.9.3.6

42 1

F,Sr SrF, Formation: 2.7.2, 2.7.5 F,Ti*Cl, FZV VF, Formation: 2.9.3.2 F,Xe XeF, Formation: 2.10.2.2 Reaction with MO: 2.7.7 Reaction with Re,(CO),,, Ru,(CO),,: 2.9.15.1.1 Reaction with HOS0,F: 2.10.2.2.1 Reaction with H , O 2.10.2.2.1 Total bond energy: 2.10.1 F,Zn ZnF, Formation: 2.1 1.2.3 Formation from ZnS and F,: 2.8.16.1 Formation from ZnCO, and HF: 2.8.17.1 Formation from ZnBr, and H F 2.8.18 Formation from ZnC1, and NH,F 2.8.18 Formation from ZnC1, and HF: 2.8.18 Formation from Zn and NOF.3 HF: 2.8.14.4 Formation from Zn and F,: 2.8.14.1 Formation from ZnO and PF,: 2.8.15.3 Formation from Zn and H F 2.8.14.2 Formation from ZnO and CF,BrCl 2.8.15.3 Formation from ZnO and F,: 2.8.15.1 Formation from ZnO and H F 2.8.15.2 Reaction with A g F 2.11.2.3 Reaction with M F 2.11.2.3 F,*Ac F,*Ag F,*AgCs F3*A1 F,*As F,*Au F3*B F3*Bi F,*Br F,*Ce F,*Cf F,*CI F,*Cm F,*Co F,*Cr

422

Compound Index

F,*Er F,Fe FeF, Formation: 2.9.2.1, 2.9.5, 2.11.2.2 Reaction with Fe,O,-0,: 2.1 1.2.2 Reaction with NH,F: 2.11.2.2 F,Ga GaF, Formation: 2.6.3.1, 2.6.7.1 F,Gd GdF, Reaction with Gd,S,, Gd,Se,: 2.9.14.2 F,HO*Cu, F,H,MoO, [MoO,FJ*H20 Formation: 2.9.13 F,H,MoO, [MoO,F,]~-*H,O Formation: 2.9.13 F,H,O,Ti [TiOF,]-.H,O Formation: 2.9.13 F3H203W

[W0,F,]-*H20 Formation: 2.9.13.2 F,H,HfO, [HfOF,]-*2 H,O Formation: 2.9.13.3 F,H,N*Be F,H,N*Cd F,H,N*Cu F,H,NZn CNHJZnF, Formation: 2.8.22 F,H,O,Zr [ZrOF,]-.2 H,O Formation: 2.9.13.3 FSH,N,*Co F,H,O,V VF,.3 H,O Formation: 2.9.4.3 F,H,,N,*Co F,H@ KCHgFJ Formation: 2.8.22 F3I IF, Reaction with HgC1,: 2.8.18

F,In InF, Formation: 2.6.12.3 F,K*Ag F,K*Cd F,K*Cr F,K*Cu F,KZn KCZnF,I Formation: 2.8.22 F,La LaF, Reaction with La,S,, La,Se,: 2.9.14.2 F,Lu LuF, Reaction with Lu,S,, Lu,Se,: 2.9.14.2 F,Mn MnF, Formation: 2.9.4.1, 2.9.4.2 Reaction with F,-0,: 2.11.2.1 F,MnO,*C, F,Mo MoF, Formation: 2.9.3.2 F, MONO NO[MoO,F,] Formation: 2.11.3.1 F,MoO, [MoO,F,I Formation: 2.9.13 [MoO,F,] *Formation: 2.9.13.3 F3NO*Ag F,N,*C,H,B, F,NaZn NaCZnF,] Formation: 2.8.22 F,Nb NbF, Formation: 2.9.3.2 Reaction with Nd,S,, Md,Se,: 2.9.14.2 F,Ni NiF, Formation: 2.11.2.2 F,O*Cr F,OPt PtOF, Formation: 2.11.4.2

,

Compound Index F,OTa TaOF, Formation: 2.11.4.1 F,OV OVF, Formation: 2.1 1.2.1 F,O,Os OsO,F, Formation: 2.1 1.4.2 F,O,Re ReO,F, Formation: 2.9.12.1, 2.11.4.1 F,O,Tc TcO,F, Formation: 2.11.3.1 F,O,V*Ba F,O,Os COsO,F,I Formation: 2.9.13 F,O,Re*C, F,O,Ru*C, F,O,.,*H,Co F3P PF, Reaction with ZnO: 2.8.15.3 F,Pr PrF, Fluorination of a SrF, mixture: 2.11.5.1 Reactlon with Pr,S,, Pr,Se,: 2.9.14.2 F,Pu PuF, Fluorination: 2.11.5.2 F,Rb*Ag F,Rb*Cd F,Rb*Cu F,ReS ReF,S Formation: 2.9.14.4 F,Rh RhF, Fluorination: 2.11.3.2 Formation: 2.9.2.1 F,SW WSF, Formation: 2.9.14.1.2 F,Sb SbF, Fluorinating agent: 2.6.12.3 Reaction with B,C1,: 2.6.14.1 Reaction with RBX,: 2.6.12.3 Reaction with R,B: 2.6.10.3 F,Sc ScF, Formation: 2.1 1.2.1

423

Partial hydrolysis: 2.1 1.2.1 Reaction with M F 2.11.2.1 F,Sm SmF, Reaction with Sm,S,, Sm,Se,: 2.9.14.2 F,Ta TaF, Formation: 2.9.3.2 F3m TbF, Fluorination: 2.11.5.1 Reaction with C F - H F : 2.1 1.5.1 F,Ti TiF, Formation: 2.9.3.2 F,TI TIF, Formation: 2.6.14.2 F,TI*Cd F,Tm TmF, Reaction with Tm,S,, Tm,Se,: 2.9.14.2 F3V VF, Formation: 2.9.3.2 F,Y YF, Formation: 2.11.3.1 Reaction with M F 2.11.3.1 Reaction with Y,S,, Y,Se,: 2.9.14.2 Reaction with Y,O,: 2.11.3.1 Reaction with NaF: 2.11.3.1 F,Yb YbF, Reaction with Yb,S,, Yb,Se,: 2.9.14.2 F,Zn*Ag F,*AgAu F,*AgBa F,*AgCa F,*AgCd F,*AgCs F,*AgCs, F,*Am F,*AuCs F,*BZ F,*Bk F,*CdCs, F,*Ce F,*Cf F,*Cm F,*CsCu F,H,MoO, [MoO,F,]~-.H,O Formation: 2.9.13

424

F,H,NO ONF.3 HF Reaction with Cd: 2.8.14.4 Reaction with Hg: 2.8.14.4 Reaction with Zn: 2.8.14.4 F,H,N*B F,H6Hf0, HfF,*3 H,O Heating: 2.1 1.4.1 F4H,N,*Be F,H,N,*Cu F,H ,N,O,*Cu F,H,,N,O&n [NH,],ZnF,-2 H,O Formation: 2.8.22 F,Hf HfF, Formation: 2.9.2.1,2.9.3.2,2.9.4.1, 2.1 1.4.1 Reaction with MF-HF 2.11.4.1 Reaction with an M F 2.11.4.1 F,Hg*Ag F4HgN2*C10Hl 2 F4HgN202*C10H16 F,K*Ag F,K*Au F,K*B F4K2*Ag F,K2*Cd F,K,Zn Kz[ZnF,I Formation: 2.8.22 F,La,Se La,[SeF,] Formation: 2.9.14.2 F,MO MoF, Formation: 2.9.5 F,Mn MnF, Formation: 2.9.2.1,2.11.2.1 Reaction with F,-0,: 2.11.2.1 F,Mo MoF, Formation: 2.9.6 Reaction with ONF: 2.11.3.1 F,MoO MoOF, Formation: 2.9.11.2,2.11.3.1 Reaction with SbF,: 2.11.3.1 F,MoS MoSF, Formation: 2.11.3.1

Compound Index F,MoSe MoSeF, Formation: 2.1 1.3.1 F4Mo204 [Mo2O4F,l2Formation: 2.9.13.3 F,NO*Au F,NO*B F,NO,*Au F,NO,V NO[VOF,] Formation: 2.11.2.1 F,N,S*C,H *B F,N,*C,H,,Co F,Na*Ag F,NaSc NaF. ScF, Formation: 2.11.2.1 F,NaY NaF. YF, Formation: 2.11.3.1 F,Nd,Se Nd,SeF, Formation: 2.9.14.2 F4NPO NPOF, Reaction with KrF, in H F 2.11.5.2 F,O*Cr F,OOs OsOF, Formation: 2.9.11.1 F,OPu PuOF, Rearrangement in HF: 2.1 1.5.2 F,ORe ReOF, Fluorination: 2.1 1.4.1 Formation: 2.11.4.1 Reaction with SbF,: 2.11.4.1 F,ORu RuOF, Formation: 2.11.3.2 F,OTc TcOF, Formation: 2.1 1.3.1 F,OTi [TiOF,]’Formation: 2.9.13 F,OU UOF, Formation: 2.11.5.2 F,OV CVOF41Formation: 2.9.13

Comoound Index [VOF,]’Formation: 2.9.13, 2.9.13.2 F,OV*Cs F,OW WOF, Formation: 2.9.11.2, 2.1 1.4.1 Reaction with SbF,: 2.11.4.1 Reaction with [NF,][HF,] in HF: 2.11.4.1 Reaction with H,O-HF: 2.11.4.1 F,OXe XeOF, Formation: 2.10.2.2.1 Reaction with SiO,: 2.10.2.2.1 F4° 2 * Ag F,O,*Cr F4°2V

[VOzF413Formation: 2.9.13 F,O,Xe XeO,F, Reaction with SO,: 2.10.2.2.1 F4°5Tc2 Tc205F4

Formation: 2.11.3.1 Reaction with KrF,: 2.11.3.1 F409Ta4 [Ta4O&I2Formation: 2.9.13 F,Pa PaF, Fluorination: 2.11.5.2 F4Pd PdF, Formation: 2.1 1.3.2 F,Pr PrF, Formation: 2.11.5.1 F,Pr,Se Pr,SeF, Formation: 2.9.14.2 F,Pu PuF, Irradiation in F,: 2.11.5.2 Reaction with O,F,: 2.1 1.5.2 F,Rb*Ag F,Rb2*Ag F,Rb2*Cd F,ReS ReF,S Formation: 2.9.14.3 F,Rn RnF, Formation: 2.10.2.2.2

425

F4S SF, Fluorinating agent: 2.9.12.3 Reaction with B,(OR),, BO: 2.6.14.1 Reaction with MoS,, FeS,: 2.9.5 Reaction with MOO,: 2.9.4.5 Reaction with MOO,, WO,: 2.9.4.4 Reaction with M,O,: 2.6.6.4 Reaction with [R,N],B: 2.6.8.3 F,SW WF,S Formation: 2.9.14.3 WSF, Formation: 2.9.14.4, 2.11.4.1 F4Se SeF, Fluorinating agent: 2.9.12.3, 2.9.13 F,Se*Ce, F,SeW WF,Se Formation: 2.9.14.3 WSeF, Formation: 2.1 1.4.1 F,SeWY WYSeF, Formation: 2.9.14.4 F,Si SiF, Fluorinating agent: 2.6.12.3 F,Sr*Ag F,Tb TbF, Formation: 2.11.5.1 F,Th ThF, Formation: 2.1 1.5.2 Reaction with Tho,: 2.1 1.5.2 F,Ti TiF, Fluorinating agent: 2.6.12.3 Formation: 2.9.2.1, 2.9.3.2, 2.9.3.4, 2.9.4.1, 2.11.2.1 Reaction with B,CI,: 2.6.14.1 Reaction with XeF,: 2.11.2.1 Reaction with XeF,: 2.11.2.1 Reaction with K F 2.9.10.1 Reaction with acetylacetone: 2.1 1.2.1 Reaction with aq H F 2.11.2.1 F4U F4U Reaction with XeF,: 2.11.5.2 UF, Fluorination: 2.1 1.5.2

Compound Index

426 ~~~~

~

Reaction with 0,: 2.11.5.2 F4V VF4 Formation: 2.9.2.1 F,Xe XeF, Formation: 2.10.2.2 Reaction with H,O: 2.10.2.2.1 F,Zr ZrF, Formation: 2.9.2.1, 2.9.3.2, 2.9.3.4, 2.9.4.1 Reaction with MF: 2.11.3.1 F,*AgBa F,*As F,*Au F,*% F,*Br F,*C,,H ,AsAu FS*C2,HI ,AsAuBr, F,*Cr FSH302W CH 3 0 1CWOF,I Formation: 2.11.4.1 F,H,O,Pa PaF,-2 H,O Thermal decomposition: 2.11.5.2 F5H51202.5*Ag7 F,H,N,*Be, F5H12N302U

“H,I,CUO,F,I Formation: 2.11.5.2 FSI IF, Fluorinating agent: 2.9.12.3 Reaction with Cd: 2.8.14.4 Reaction with M(CO),: 2.9.6 Reaction with WO,, MOO,: 2.9.4.4 Reaction with WO,, MOO,, V,O,: 2.9.12.3 F,I*C6 F,INi*C, F,Ir IrF, Formation: 2.9.2.1, 2.11.4.2 Reaction with XeF,-BrF,: 2.1 1.4.2 Reaction with XeF,-BrF,: 2.1 1.4.2 F,KOW KCWOF51 Formation: 2.11.4.1 F5K,0V KzW O F J Formation: 2.11.2.1

Reaction with KOH: 2.11.2.1 F,K30,Ti K3[TiO,F,I Formation: 2.11.2.1 F9K302U

KJ[UO,F,I Formation: 2.11.5.2 FSK,O,V, K,[V,O,Fd Formation: 2.9.13 FsMnXerJ.5 0.5XeF2* MnF, Formation: 2.11.2.1 F5Mo MoF, Formation: 2.9.6 F5Mo0 [MoOF,]Formation: 2.9.13.3 [MoOF,]’Formation: 2.9.13.3 F,N*C,,H,,AuBr F,N*C,,H,,AuBr, F,NO,W [NO] WOF, Formation: 2.11.4.1 F,NRe*CI F5N3W WFJ, Formation: 2.11.4.1 F,NaPr NaCPrF,] Formation: 2.9.10.5 F5Nb NbF, Fluorinating agent: 2.6.12.3 Formation: 2.9.2.1, 2.9.3.2, 2.9.3.4, 2.9.3.6, 2.11.3.1 Reaction with [R,N][BF,]: 2.1 1.3.1 Reaction with SbF,: 2.1 1.3.1 Reaction with SeF,: 2.11.3.1 Reaction with KF: 2.9.10.1 Reaction with aq HF: 2.11.3.1 F,Ni*Ba F500s OsOF, Formation: 2.1 1.4.2 F50Re ReOF, Formation: 2.9.11.2, 2.9.12.1, 2.11.4.1 F,OTi [TiOF,I3Formation: 2.9.13.3

Compound Index F,OV [VOFJFormation: 2.9.13 [VOF,I3 Formation: 2.9.13 F,OW [WOF,IFormation: 2.9.13 F,OW*Cs F,O,V, [V2O4F,I3Formation: 2.9.13 F,P*C,,H, ,Au F,P*C,,H, ,AuBr, F,Pa PaF, Formation: 2.1 1.5.2 F,Pt PtF, Formation: 2.1 1.4.2 Reaction with Xe-F,: 2.1 1.4.2 Reaction with IF,: 2.11.4.2 F,Re ReF, Formation: 2.9.6, 2.9.15.1.1 Reaction with Sb,S,: 2.9.14.4 F,ReS ReF,S Formation: 2.9.14.4 F,Rh RhF, Formation: 2.11.3.2 Reaction of CsF-IF,: 2.11.3.2 F,Ru RuF, Formation: 2.9.2.1, 2.9.3.4, 2.11.3.2 F,S*C,,H,Au F,S*C,,H,AuBr, F,S*C,oH,AuCI, F,Ta TaF, Fluorinating agent: 2.6.12.3 Formation: 2.9.2.1, 2.9.3.2, 2.9.3.4, 2.11.4.1 Reaction with ASH, in HF: 2.11.4.1 Reaction with MF: 2.11.4.1 Reaction with PH, in HF: 2.11.4.1 Reaction with KF: 2.9.10.1 Reaction with H,S in HF: 2.11.4.1 Reaction with aq HF: 2.11.4.1 Reaction with silica: 2.1 1.4.1 F,Tc TcF, Formation: 2.9.2.1

427

F5V VF, Formation: 2.9.2.1, 2.9.4.1, 2.11.2.1 Reaction with BX,: 2.6.12.3 Reaction with O,F,: 2.11.2.1 F5W WF, Formation: 2.9.6 F,W*C1 F, +,O*Cl,Cr F,Zr*Cs F,*AgBa, F6*AgCs, F,*AuBr F,*AuCs F,*Ba,Cu F6*C6 F,*CoCs, F,*Cr F,*Cs,Cu F,*Cs,Cu F6FeH,

ZN3

CNH41

3CFeF61

Formation: 2.1 1.2.2 F,GePd PdCGeF,] Fluorination: 2.1 1.3.2 F,H,NbO

[H301[NbF61 Formation: 2.11.3.1 F,H,OPt

CH301CPtF61 Formation: 2.1 1.4.2 F,H,ORu CH301 CRuF6i Formation: 2.1 1.3.2 F,H,OTa H3°[TaF61

Formation: 2.11.4.1 F,H,OTi C H 3 0 1 CTiF6i

Formation: 2.11.2.1 F,H,STa [H3S][TaF,I Formation: 2.1 1.4.1 F,H,PTa

[PH41[TaF61 Formation: 2.1 1.4.1 F,H,Ta* As F,H,N,Ti

[N,H61[TiF61 Reaction with XeF,: 2.11.2.1

428

Reaction with XeF,: 2.11.2.1 F,H,O,Pt [H3012[PtF61

Formation: 2.11.4.2 F,H,,N,NbO [NH413[NboF61

Formation: 2.1 1.3.1 F,H,,N,OTa [NH413[TaoF61

Formation: 2.11.4.1 F6H19N600.5*Co2 F,Hf,O Hf20F, Formation: 2.1 1.4.1 Heating: 2.1 1.4.1 F,Ir IrF, Formation: 2.9.2.1, 2.11.4.2 Reaction with ONF: 2.11.4.2 Reaction with NO: 2.11.4.2 Reaction with CIO,: 2.1 1.4.2 F,IrNO [NOIIrF, Formation: 2.11.4.2 F,IrN,O, CNO121rF6 Formation: 2.11.4.2 F,IrO,*Cl F6K*AgCs, F,K*Au F,KPt KCP~F,I Formation: 2.11.4.2 F,KV

KCWI Formation: 2.9.10.1 F,KW KCWI Formation: 2.9.10.1 F,K,Mn K,CMnF,I Dissolution in HF-AsF,: 2.11.2.1 Formation: 2.9.10.1, 2.11.2.1 F,K,Na*Cu F,K,Ni K,[NiF,I Decomposition: 2.1 1.2.2 Reaction with AsF,-HF: 2.11.2.2 Reaction with BF,-HF: 2.11.2.2 F6K,Pd K,CP~F,I Formation: 2.11.3.2

Compound Index F,K,Ti K,[TiF,I Formation: 2.9.10.1 Reaction with H,O, KOH: 2.11.2.1 F,K,*Cu F,K,NbO K,[NbOF,I Formation: 2.11.3.1 F,K,Ni K3[NiF61

Formation: 2.11.2.2 F,K,OTa K3[Ta0F61

Formation: 2.1 1.4.1 F,K,Ti K 3 CTiF6i

Formation: 2.9.10.4 F,MnN,*H, F,MnXe XeF, MnF, Formation: 2.1 1.2.1 F6MnXe0.5

0.5XeF4.MnF, Formation: 2.11.2.1 F,Mo MoF, Fluorinating agent: 2.6.12.3 Formation: 2.9.2.1, 2.9.3.4, 2.9.4.4, 2.9.4.5, 2.9.6, 2.11.3.1 Reaction with BX,: 2.6.12.3 Reaction with CrO,: 2.11.3.1 Reaction with M(CO),: 2.9.6 Reaction with Sb,Se,: 2.11.3.1 Reaction with Sb,S,: 2.11.3.1 Reaction with CF,CH,OSi(CH,),: 2.11.3.1 Reaction with N O F 2.11.3.1 Reaction with NO,F 2.11.3.1 Reaction with FNO: 2.9.10.1 Reaction with K F in SO,(]): 2.11.3.1 Reaction with H , O 2.11.3.1 F,MoO,Se MoO,F, SeF, Formation: 2.9.12.3 F6M0204

[M0,04F,12Formation: 2.9.13.3 F,NNb*C,,H,, F,NO*Au F,NOPt "OICPtF,I Formation: 2.11.4.2

Compound Index F,NORu

[Nol[RuF61 Formation: 2.1 1.3.2 F,NO,Pt

[No21[PtF61 Formation: 2.1 1.4.2 F,NRe ReF,(NF) Formation: 2.11.4.1 F,N,NiO,

CNol2 CNiF6i Formation: 2.11.2.2 Pyrolysis in F,: 2.11.2.2 F,N,O,Ti

CNO12CTiF61 Formation: 2.1 1.2.1 F,Na,Ni Na,[NiF6] Formation: 2.11.2.2 F,Na,Pr Na,CPrF,I Reaction with H F 2.11.5.1 F,Na,*Cu F,Na,Sc 3 NaFeScF, Formation: 2.1 1.2.1 F,NbO [NbOF,I3Formation: 2.9.13 F,NbO, [021[NbF61

Formation: 2.1 1.3.1 F, Ni * Ba F,Ni*Cs, F,No*Au F6NP

NpF6 Formation: 2.11.5.2 Reaction with C s F 2.11.5.2 Reaction with aq H F 2.11.5.2 F,Np*Cs F,OTa [TaOF,13Formation: 2.9.13 F,O,*Au F,O,Pd

[oZI[PdF61

Formation: 2.11.3.2 F,O,Pt

[021[ptF61

Formation: 2.11.4.2 Reaction with KF-IF,: 2.1 1.4.2

429

F,O,Rh

[oZI[RhF61 Formation: 2.11.3.2 F,O,Ru

[021[RuF61 Formation: 2.11.3.2 F,O,SeW WOF,*SeOF, Formation: 2.9.12.3 F,O,Re,*C, F,Os OsF, Formation: 2.9.2.1, 2.11.4.2 Reaction with OsO,: 2.11.4.2 Reaction with ONF: 2.11.4.2 Reaction with N,H,F, in H F 2.11.4.2 Reaction with Br,: 2.11.4.2 F,Os*Br, F,Pd PdF, Formation: 2.9.2.1, 2.11.3.2 F,PdXe XeCPdF,] Formation: 2.11.3.2 Heating: 2.11.3.2 F,Pd, PdZF6

Fluorination: 2.1 1.3.2 Reaction with XeF,: 2.11.3.2 F,Pr*Ba F,PrSr Sr[PrF,] Formation: 2.11.5.1 F,Pt PtF, Formation: 2.9.2.1, 2.11.4.2 Reaction with KrF,: 2.11.4.2 Reaction with Xe: 2.11.4.2 Reaction with Xe and CsF; addition of IF,: 2.11.4.2 Reaction with Xe and RbF; addition of IF,: 2.11.4.2 Reaction with ONF: 2.11.4.2 Reaction with NO,F 2.11.4.2 Reaction with 0,: 2.11.4.2 Reaction with ClF,O: 2.11.4.2 Reaction with aq HF: 2.11.4.2 F,Pt*Cs F,PtRb Rb[PtF,] Formation: 2.11.4.2 F,PtXe Xe[PtF,] Formation: 2.10.2.2.1, 2.11.4.2

430

Compound Index

F,Pu PuF, Formation: 2.1 1.5.2 Reaction with aq HF: 2.11.5.2 F,Rb,*Am F,Re ReF, Formation: 2.9.2.1, 2.9.3.4, 2.1 1.4.1 Hydrolysis with quartz wool in HF: 2.1 1.4.1 Reaction with M(CO),: 2.9.6 Reaction with Re,(CO),,: 2.9.15.1.1 Reaction with Sb,Y3, B,S,: 2.9.14.4 Reaction with (CH&SiN, followed by treatment with ClF,: 2.11.4.1 Reaction with ONF: 2.11.4.1 Reaction with FNO: 2.9.10.1 Reaction with elemental S: 2.9.14.3 F,Rh RhF, Formation: 2.9.2.1, 2.1 1.3.2 Reaction with Xe: 2.11.3.2 Reaction with 0,: 2.11.3.2 Thermal decomposition: 2.1 1.3.2 F,Rh*Cs F,RhXe Xe[RhF,] Formation: 2.1 1.3.2 F,Rn RnF, Formation: 2.10.2.2.2 F,Ru RuF, Formation: 2.9.2.1, 2.11.3.2 Reaction with ONF: 2.11.3.2 Reaction with NO: 2.11.3.2 Reaction with aq HF: 2.11.3.2 Reaction with dried glass: 2.11.3.2 Thermal decomopsition: 2.1 1.3.2 F6S

SFi, Fluorinating agent: 2.6.12.3 Reaction with Cd: 2.8.14.4 Reaction with Zn: 2.8.14.4 F,Tc TcF, Formation: 2.9.2.1, 2.11.3.1 Reaction with ONF: 2.11.3.1 Reaction with NO,F: 2.11.3.1 F,TiXe XeF, .TiF, Formation: 2.1 1.2.1

F6U

UF, Fluorinating agent: 2.6.12.3 Formation: 2.11.5.2 Reaction with AlC1,: 2.6.12.3 Reaction with (CH3),SiOCH3: 2.11.5.2 Reaction with H,O from SiO, in H F 2.1 1.5.2 F6W WF6

Fluorinating agent: 2.6.12.3 Formation: 2.9.2.1, 2.9.3.4, 2.9.4.4, 2.9.6, 2.1 1.4.1 Reaction with B(OTeF,),: 2.11.4.1 Reaction with M(CO),: 2.9.6 Reaction with MI: 2.9.10.1 Reaction with Sb,Se3: 2.11.4.1 Reaction with Sb,S,: 2.11.4.1 Reaction with Sb,Y3, B,S,: 2.9.14.4 Reaction with (CH3),SiN3: 2.11.4.1 Reaction with Si0,-HF: 2.11.4.1 Reaction with TiCl,: 2.11.4.1 Reaction with N0,F: 2.11.4.1 Reaction with NOF: 2.11.4.1 Reaction with FNO: 2.9.10.1 Reaction with aq HF: 2.11.4.1 Reaction with elemental S, Se: 2.9.14.3 F,Xe XeF, Formation: 2.10.2.2 Reaction with SiO,: 2.10.2.2.1 Reaction with NH,OH: 2.10.2.2.1 Reaction with H,O: 2.10.2.2.1 F,Zr*Cs, F,H,,N,Zr "H4I 3 CzrF71 Thermal decomopsition: 2.11.3.1 F7I IF7 Reaction with Xe: 2.10.2.2.1 F,IXe XeF,.IF, Formation: 2.10.2.2.1 F,IrXe CXeFl[IrF,] Formation: 2.11.4.2 F,K,*Cu, F,Kr*Au F,KrPt

[KrFI[PtF61 Formation: 2.11.4.2 F,KrSb

[KrFI[SbF61

Formation: 2.10.1

Compound Index F,MoNO “OI[MoF,I Formation: 2.9.10.1, 2.11.3.1 F,MoNO, “01 2 CM O F , ] Formation: 2.1 1.3.1 F,NOOs “~lCOSF,l Formation: 2.11.4.2 F,NORe “OICReF,] Formation: 2.9.10.1 F,NOW “OlCWF,I Formation: 2.9.10.1 “OIWF, Formation: 2.11.4.1 F,NO,Tc “o,lCTcF,I Formation: 2.1 1.3.1 F,NO,W “OZIWF, Formation: 2.11.4.1 F,NaU NaCUF,I Thermal decomposition: 2.11.5.2 F7°2V2

[V202F113Formation: 2.9.13 F,Os OsF, Formation: 2.9.2.1, 2.11.4.2 Thermal decomposition: 2.1 1.4.2 F,PtXe [XeFI[PtF6] Formation: 2.10.2.2.1 F,Rb,*Cd, F,Re ReF, Formation: 2.9.2.1, 2.11.4.1 Reaction with M F 2.9.10.1 Reaction with Re: 2.11.4.1 Reaction with Re,O,: 2.11.4.1 Reaction with SbF,-F,: 2.1 1.4.1 F,SbXe

[XeFl[SbF61 Formation: 2.10.1 F,Se*Au F,Zr*Cs, F8*Au2Ba F**%, F8Hf302

Hf302F8 Formation: 2.1 1.4.1

F,KRe

KCR~F,I Formation: 2.9.10.1 F,K,Mo K C M0 F8I Formation: 2.1 1.3.1 F,KZW K2CWF81 Formation: 2.11.4.1 F,K,Nb

K,CN~F,I Formation: 2.9.10.1 F,K,Ta K,[TaFsI Formation: 2.9.10.1 FnK403Vz K, [Vz 0 3Fsl Formation: 2.1 1.2.1 F8MnXe XeF,.MnF, Formation: 2.11.2.1 F,MoNa, NazCMoFsI Formation: 2.1 1.3.1 F,NzO,Os “01 2 COSFSI Formation: 2.11.4.2 Thermal decomposition: 2.1 1.4.2 F,N,O,Re “OIzCReFsl Formation: 2.9.10.1, 2.11.4.1 F,N,O,Tc “01 2 CTcFsl Formation: 2.1 1.3.1 F,NzOzW “01 2 CWFsl Formation: 2.9.10.1, 2.11.4.1 F,Na,U NazCUFsI Formation: 2.1 1.5.2 Thermal decomposition: 2.11.5.2 F,Na,W Na2WFsI Formation: 2.11.4.1 F,OPa, Pa20F8 Formation: 2.11.5.2 F,OPt*CI F,OSeW WOF,.SeF, Formation: 2.9.12.3 F8°12Ru4*C12

43 1

432

Compound Index ~~

F,Ru RuF, Formation: 2.11.3.2 F,FeXe XeF,.FeF, Formation: 2.11.2.2 F9H303WZ

C H ~ O I W Z ~ ~ ~ ~ Formation: 2.11.4.1 F91rXe2 [Xe2F31[1rF61

Formation: 2.11.4.2 F9Mn202

O*Mn,F, Formation: 2.11.2.1 F,MoOSb MoOF,*SbF, Formation: 2.11.3.1 F,NOW "F,ICWOF,I Formation: 2.11.4.1 Heating: 2.11.4.1 F,OReSb ReOF, SbF Formation: 2.11.4.1 F,OSbW WOF,*SbF, Formation: 2.11.4.1 F9S,*C,B F,SbXe CXeF,I [SbFd Formation: 2.10.1 F,Xe*Co F,Xe,*Au F,o*C1,Co F,,*Cs,Cu, F. 'e*C,, FIoGe*C,,HC1 F, ,GeTl*C, ,H5 F,,IPt PtF,*IF, Formation: 2.11.4.2

. ,

10 1 2 0 3

W 0 , * 2 IF, Formation: 2.9.12.3 FloN*Cl,H,AuCI F,oN*C,,H,6AuBr2 FloN*C2,H,,AuCI, F,,NbSb [NbF,I[SbF61 Formation: 2.11.3.1 FIoNi*Cl2

F,,Pd,Xe XePd2F, Formation: 2.1 i.3.2 Thermal decomposition: 2.1 1.3.2 FloRu*Br F, ,TiXe XeF,.TiF, Formation: 2.1 1.2.1 F,,Ti,Xe XeF,*2 TiF, Formation: 2.11.2.1 F,,Tl*C,,Br FloTI*C1,C1 F,,H,STa, CH$I P a , F 1 11 Formation: 2.11.4.1 F, ,H,Ta,*As F, ,IrXe [XeF,ICIrF61 Formation: 2.11.4.2 F1 l"b2*C16H36 FIlNbZO2 CO,I"b,F, I1 Formation: 2.11.3.1 F11OzTaz CO21CTa2F111 Formation: 2.11.4.1 FllOZ"2 LO21CV2FllI Formation: 2.1 1.2.1 F11°6Re3*C6 F, ,PtXe [XeFJPtF, Formation: 2.1 1.4.2 F,,RuXe [XeF,ICRuF,I Formation: 2.10.2.2.1 F,,SbXe CXeF,l[SbF,I Formation: 2.10.1 F, ,Xe*As F,,Xe*Au F,,*Au,Ca F,2*B, F,zH6NzOsz [N,H6I[OsF6]2 Formation: 2.1 1.4.2 F,,I*Au FI2Ir,Xe CXeFICIr2Fl11 Formation: 2.1 1.4.2 Fl2KrSbZ CKrFICSb2F111 Formation: 2.10.2

Compound Index F,,MnXe, 2XeF,.MnF, Formation: 2.11.2.1 F12Na,0*B, FlZPdSe, [SeF312PdF6

Reaction with KSeF, in SeF,: 2.11.3.2 F1,Pt2Xe CXeFICPtzF,11 Formation: 2.10.2.2.1 XeCPtF612 Formation: 2.11.4.2 F ,ReSb CReF6ICSbF61 Formation: 2.11.4.1 F12Sr*Au2

,

F13N02W2

"F,ICW,O,F91 Formation: 2.11.4.1 F,4K503V, K5[V303Fi41

Formation: 2.9.13 FI,N2Ni CNF412CNiF61

Formation: 2.1 1.2.2 F,,Nb,Se [SeF3l"b2Fi 11 Formation: 2.11.3.1 F14OzTezW cis-F,W(OTeF,), Formation: 2.1 1.4.1 F14O3V3 [V303F1415Formation: 2.9.13 F,,Ti,Xe XeF,.2 TiF, Formation: 2.11.2.1 F,,Ti,Xe3 3 XeF2.2 TiF, Formation: 2.11.2.1 F, ,Ge*C,,CI Fl,Ge*C18H

F,,PdXe, [XeFS12[PdF61 Formation: 2.10.2.2.1 F,,Sb,Xe CXeF51CSb2F111 Formation: 2.10.2.2.1 F,,IrXe, [XeZF1 ll[IrF61 Formation: 2.1 1.4.2 F, ,ReSb, CReF61CSb2F1 Formation: 2.1 1.4.1 F,,SbXe,

l1CSbF6I

[Xe2F1

Formation: 2.10.2.2.1 F,,Xe2*Au F,,*Cs,Cu, F20*C24Au2Br2 F20*C24Au2C12

F,,MnXe, 4XeF,.MnF, Formation: 2.11.2.1 F20N2*C34H8Au2C12 F20N2*C36H8Au2C12 F20N2S2*C26Au2 F20N6*C24Au2 F20°4*C34H14Au2 F211305V2

2VOF3-3 IOF, Formation: 2.9.12.3 Fz1Sb,*C6Cr F22°4Te4W

cis-F,W(OTeF,), Formation: 2.11.4.1 F26°4*C28Au2 F,,NiXe, [Xe2F

1

112CNiF6I

Formation: 2.10.2.2.1 F,,TiXe, 4 XeF,.TiF, Formation: 2.11.2.1 F30Ge2Hg*C36 3 Oo 2%

FIS13M0206

2Mo03*3IF, Formation: 2.9.12.3 F,,N*C,,H,,AuBr F, ,02Sb2*Cr F,,Sb,*Cr F,,NiXe,

[XeF51

433

2 CNiF6i

Formation: 2.10.2.2.1 F,,03Ti [Ti03F,6]6Formation: 2.9.13

02Ti,F30

Formation: 2.1 1.2.1 F,,Sb,Xe*Cr, F60Ge4Hg*C84H12Cr F ~ O G ~ ~ H ~ ~ * C I O ~ C ~ F90Ge6Hg2Mn*C108 F90Ge6Hg2Ni*C108 F90Ge6Hg2Ti2*C108H20 Fe Fe Reaction with Br,: 2.9.2.3

434

Compound Index

Reaction with F,: 2.9.2.1 Reaction with C,F,X: 2.9.3.8 Reaction with I,: 2.9.2.4 Fe*Br, Fe*Br, Fe*C,oH10 Fe*C,zF1, Fe*C1, Fe*Cl, Fe*F, Fe*F, FeH,,N,*F, FeHg,*C, ,HHCl, FeIO,S*C,H,,B,F FeI, FeI, Electrochemical formation: 2.9.3.7 Formation: 2.9.2.4, 2.9.3.8, 2.9.4.8, 2.9.6 FeI,O,S*C,H,,B, FeI,O,*C, FeN*C,H,,Br, FeNO,*C,H,,BBr FeO*Cl FeO*F FeO,*C,Br, FeO,*C,Cl, Fe0,S FeCSO'J Reaction with HgC1, and H,SO,: 2.8.21.2 FeO 5*C FeP*C,,H,,AuBr FeP*C,,H,,AuBr, FeS FeS Reaction with CCl,, C1,: 2.9.5 FeS, FeS, Reaction with SF,: 2.9.5, 2.11.2.2 Reaction with CC1,: 2.9.5 FeXe* F, Fe,I,O,*C, Fe,NO,S,*C,H,B FeP3 Reaction with AlI,: 2.9.4.8 Reaction with FeF,-0,: 2.11.2.2 Reaction with FeC1,: 2.9.12.6 Reaction with RX: 2.9.4.6 Reaction with HX: 2.9.4.2 Fez01 $3 Fez[SO,I, Formation from HgCl,, FeSO, and H,SO,: 2.8.21.2

Fe,S Fe,S Reaction with Cl,: 2.9.5 Fe3H320 16*BrH Fe3012*C12 Fr Fr Reaction with X,: 2.7.2 Reaction with HX: 2.7.3.1 Fr*F Ga Ga Reaction with AgBr, PbBr,: 2.6.3.3 Reaction with RX 2.6.3.2 Reaction with HX: 2.6.3.1 Reaction with X,: 2.6.2.1 Ga*Br, Ga*C,H, Ga*C,H, Ga*C6H,C1, Ga*C,H, Ga*C ,Hi $1 Ga*CIHHl 5 Ga*Cl Ga*Cl, Ga*F Ga*F, GaH,Li LiCGaH,] Thermal stability: 2.6.5.1 Gal GaI Formation: 2.6.3.2 GaI*C,H6 GaIS,*C,Hl0 GaI,*CH, GaI,S*CH, GaI, GaI, Formation: 2.6.2.1, 2.6.10.1, 2.6.10.2 Ga14S*C,H, GaLiSi,*C,,H,, GaN*C,H,Br, GaN*C,H,Cl, GaN*C,H,, GaS,*C,oH, 5 Ga,*Br, Ga,*Br, Ga,K2*C,Hi, Ga,KZ*CI, G a A Ga203

Reaction with BX,: 2.6.6.4

Compound Index Reaction with MF,: 2.6.6.4 Reaction with F,, C1,: 2.6.6.1 Reaction with CCl,: 2.6.6.4 Reaction with CC14-C1,: 2.6.6.2 Reaction with ag H X 2.6.6.3 Ga2S3 Ga2S3

Reaction with X,: 2.6.7.1 Gd Gd Reaction with HX: 2.9.14.1.1 Gd*F3 GdIS GdSI Formation: 2.9.14.1.1 GdS*Br GdSe*F Ge*CH,Br Ge*CH,As Ge*C,H, Ge*C,Hg Ge*C,HgC1 Ge*C,H ,As Ge*C6H ,Br Ge*C,,HC1Fl0 Ge*C &IF Ge*C,,HF, Ge*Cl Ge*C1, Ge*Cl, GeH,*Br GeH * C1 GeH, GeH, Formation: 2.6.9.3 GeH,*As GeP*C,H,, GePd*F6 GeS*CH6 GeS*C,H,, GeTI*C,,H,F,, Ge,*C,H,o Ge,H,*Br G%H,

,

,

,

,

Ge2H6

Formation: 2.6.9.3 Ge,H,*As Ge&*C36F,o Ge,TI*C,,H,, Ge4Hg*Ca4Hi2CrF.50 Ged%*C10&oF90 Ge6Hg,Mn*CioaF,o

435

Ge6Hg2Ni*C O P ~ O G~~H~~T~z*CIO&~OF~O H*AlBr, H*AICI, H*Br H*CI HC1Fl0Ge*Cl2 HCl,*C H*F HF, 5Ge*C,, HHgI,*Br HHgI,*C1 HHgO*F HI HI Metathesis: 2.6.12.1 Reaction with B, Al, Ga, In, T l 2.6.3.1 Reaction with [B,H,]-: 2.6.4.2 Reaction with CdCO,: 2.8.17.1 Reaction with C d 2.8.14.3 Reaction with CdO: 2.8.15.2 Reaction with HgC1,: 2.8.18 Reaction with Hg,I,: 2.8.20.1 Reaction with MO, MOH, MCO,: 2.7.5 Reaction with R,B . . . R,T1: 2.6.10.2 Reaction with Group IIIB-Group IVB bonds: 2.6.11.2 Reaction with H X 2.7.3.1 Reaction with Z n O 2.8.15.2 Reaction with Be,C: 2.7.8 Reaction with transition-metal oxides: 2.9.4.3 Reaction with transition-metals: 2.9.3.2, 2.9.3.3, 2.9.14.1.1 Use as reducing agent: 2.9.13.2 HI,*AI HK*F2 HLi LiH Reaction with X,: 2.7.4 HMgO*Cl HMnO,*C, HNO, HNO, Formation from Hg[NO,], and Br,: 2.8.17.3 HNaO NaOH Reaction with X,: 2.7.4 HO*Br HO*BrCd HO*Cl

436

Compound Index

HO*CuF HO*Cu,F, HORu*CI, HOZn*CI HO,S*CI HO,S*F HO,*CI HO**Ag,F, HZ H2 Reaction with HgBr,: 2.8.21.2 H,*AIBr H,*AICI H,AuCI,KN,O*C, H,*Ba H,Cu,O,*C H,HgI,KO KCHgI31.H,O Formation: 2.8.22 H,H& H,CHgI,I Formation: 2.8.22 H,HgKO*Br, H2HgKO*CI, H,HgK,O*CI, H,HgN*CI H,I*AI H210*Ag,F H,I,O*CdCs HJrO, IrO, * H,O Reaction with HX 2.9.4.2 H,KO*Br,Cd H,KO*CdCI, H,MoO,*F, H,MoO,*F, H,MoO,*F, H,MoO,*F, H,NaOZn*Br, H,O*BaBr,Cd H,O*Br,Cd H,O*CdCl, H,OZn*CI, H,O,*Be H,O,*Cu H,O,Sr Sr(OH), Reaction with X,: 2.7.4 H,O,Ti*F, H,O,W*F, H,S H2S Formation from ZnS and HCI: 2.8.16.2

Reaction with HgBr,: 2.8.21.2 HZS H,Se Formation: 2.6.7.2 H3*AI H3BCl2*C H,BeCI*C H,*BrGe H,BrMg*C, H,BrO*C, H,Br,O,TI*C, H,Br,NNb*C, H3CdC1*C, H *ClGe H,CIHg*C, H,CIHgSe*C, H3C10*C, H,CI,Si*C H,Cl,Si*C, H3C13Ti*C H,CI,NNb*C2 H,GaI,*C H,GaI,S*C HJ*C H,Li*AICI H,MnO,*C, H,MnO,*C, H,N*AuCI, H3NO*F, H,NbO*F, H30Pt*F, H,ORu*F, H,OS*CI H,OTa*F, H,OTi*F,

,

WW H3P02

Reaction with HgC1,: 2.8.21.2 H30,TI*C, H,O,W*F, H,O,*Ac H3OP HW3 Formation from HgCI, and H,PO,: 2.8.21.2 Reaction with HgC1,: 2.8.21.2 H,O,Sc WOH), Reaction with H F 2.11.2.1 H3°3W2*F9 H3OP WO4 Formation from HgCl, and H,PO,: 2.8.21.2

437

Compound Index

H P PH, Formation: 2.6.5.3, 2.6.9.3 H,STa*F, H,STa,*F, H3S6*B3 H,Si*Br H,AusI,KsNio02*C1o H,CIHgMnO,*C, H,C16*C8 H,C18Hg,0,*Ba H,CuF,O, CuF,*2 H,O Formation: 2.8.8.3 H,*Ge H,HfO,*F, H,HgKO,*Br, H,HgKO,*CI, H,HgN*BrCI, H,HgN*Br, H4HgN*CI3 H,HgNaO,*Br, H,HgNaO,*CI, H,HgO,*F, H4H021,N “H4I CHg2I5 1 Formation: 2.8.22 H,Hg,SrO,*Cl, H,I,O,Zn ZnI,.2 H,O Dehydration: 2.8.19 H,InLi Li[InH,] Thermal stability: 2.6.5.1 H,K*B H,KO,*AuCI, H,KO,Zn*Br, H,KO,Zn*CI, H,K,O,Zn*Br, H,Li*Al H,Li*B H,Li*Ga H,LiTI Li[TIH,] Thermal stability: 2.6.5.1 H,N* AuCl, H,N*BF4 H,N*BeF, H,N*Br H,N*Br,Cd H,N*CdCI3 H,N*CdF,

,

H,N*Cd,CI, H,N*Cl H,N*Cl,Cu H,N*CuF, H,N*F H,NO,Tc “H4I CTco4l Reaction with HF: 2.11.3.1 H,NO,V,*F H,NZn*F, H,NaO,*AuCI, H,O*CuF, H,O,*CdF, H,O,*CI,Cu H,O,*CuF, H4°2*F2Hg H,O,Pa*FS H,O,V*CI, H,O,Zn*Br, H,0,Zn*F2 H,O,V*CI, H,O,Zr*F, H,PTa*F, H,Se*C, H,Si SiH, Formation: 2.6.9.3 H,Ta*AsF, H,Ta,*AsF,, H,AII,*C, H,*AsGe H,AUCIF,~N*C, H,AuCl,N*C, H,AuCl3N*C, H,BBr,*C, H,BCl2*C, H,*B,Br H,Br*C, H,BrCI,Hg*C, H,BrGe*C H,*BrGe, H,BrHg*C, H,BrSi*C H,Br,CIHg*C, H,Br,Cu,N,*C, H,CI*C, H,CICrHgO,*C, H,CIHg*C, H3ClHg*C,j H&IHgMoO,*C, H~CIMoN,0,*C5 H,ClO*C,

,

438

HSCI,Ga*C, H,C121*C6 HSC1,OV*C, H,Cl,Tl*C, H,C13*C, H,CI,Hg*C, H,Cl,V*C, H,F, ,GeTI*C,, H,I*B, HSI*C, H,IMo03*C, H,IO,W*C, H51202,5*Ag7F5 H,MnO,*C, H,MnO,*C,, H,N*F, H,N,*Cl H,N,*CoF, H,OZn*Cl, H,O,Zn,*Cl, H,P*C H,PSi H,SiPH, Formation: 2.6.9.3 H,Si*As H,Si,*Br H,Si2*CI H,AICI,N*C, H,AuBr,S*C, H,AuCI,Cs*C, H,AuCl,N*C, H,Au,Br,*C, H,Au,C1,*C4 H,Au,Cl,*C, H,BCl*C, H,BCl,N*C, H,BF*C, H,BFe,NO,S,*C, H6*B2, H,B,Br,S,*C, H,B,Cl,S,*C, H,B,Cl*C2 H,BrCuIN*C, H,BrHgIN*C H,BrTI*C, H,Br,HgIN*C H,Cd*C2 H,CdO,*C, H,ClNO*C, H,CINS*C, H,CITl*C, H6C12Hg2*C4

Compound Index H,CI,NP*C, H,Cr0,*C9 H,GaI*C, H,GeS*C H,*Ge, H,HfO,*F, H6Hg*C4 H,HgI,NO "H41 "&I *H,O Formation: 2.8.22 H6Hg04*C4 H61T1*C, H,I,Si*C, H,I,NaO,Zn Na[ZnI,]*3 H,O Formation: 2.8.22 H,LiO,Zn*Cl, H,MoO,*C, H,Mo,O,,*F H6N20s2*F12 H6N2Ti*F, H,N,Na,NiO,*C, H,Na,O,Zn*C1, H,O,Pt*F, H60,V*F3 H60,Zn*Br, H,O,Zn*Cl, H6°4*C2 H,P,Si H2Si(PH,), Formation: 2.6.9.3 H,SSi*C H,AsGe*C H,*AsGe, H,AsSi*C H7B5*C2 H7CISi*C, H,CoF,O,., CoF,*3,5 H,O Formation: 2.11.2.2 H,Ga*C, H,O,Tl*C, H,P*C2 H,P*C6 H,PSi*C H,Si,*As H8A1CI,P*C, H,AuBr,F,S*C,, H,AuC~~F,S*C,, H,AuFsS*Cl, H8Au2C12F20N2*C34 H8Au2C12F20N2*C36

439

Compound index

H,BCIS*C, H,BaN,NiO,*C, H,CI,FeHg,*Clo H,CI,Cu,N*C, H,CuI,N*C, H,F,MnN, [NH412[MnF61

Formation: 2.11.2.1 H,Ge*C, H8Hd4N2

“H,I,CHgI,I Formation: 2.8.22 H8Hg14Na204 Na,[HgI,].4 H,O Formation: 2.8.22 H,HgN,*Br,CI, H,HgN,*Br, H,HgN,*CI, H,1204Zn ZnI,.4 H,O Dehydration: 2.8.19 H,I,N,Zn “H,I,L-Zn~,I Formation: 2.8.22 H,I,N,*Au, H,Li*AIAs, H,LiN,*AI H8LiP4*AI H,MoO,*C, H,MoO,*C,, H,N,*BeF, H,N,*Be,F, H,N2*Br,Cd H,N,*CI,Cu HI,N2*CuF, H,N,Os*Br, H8N,0s*C16 H,N,Zn*Br, H8N,Zn*C1, H,O,*Br,Cd H,O,*Br,Cu H,O,*CdCI, H,O,*CdCI,Cu, H,O,Zn*BaCI, H,O,Zn*CI, H,O,Zn*F, H,SSi,*C H,AsBr,*C, H,AuBrP*C, H,AuBr,P*C, H,AuBr,O, H[AuBr,].4 H,O Reaction with RMgBr: 2.8.5

H,Au*C, H,B*C3 H,BCl,O*C, H,BO,*C, H,BS*C, H,BS*C, H,B,Br,N,*C, H,B3C1,N3*C, H,B,F,N,*C, H,*B,Br H,*B6Br H,BrSn*C, H,Br,GaN*C, H,CIGe*C, H,CISi*C, H,CISn*C, H9*C1, H,Cl,GaN*C, H,Cu,I,S*C, H9FSi*C, H,FSn*C, H G a *C H,GaI,S*C, H,Ge*C, H,I*B6 H,In*C, H,O,*AuBr, H,O,*AuCI, H,PSi*C, H9Si*C3 H,TI*C, 10Ag213N*C4 H,,AIBr*C, H ,,AlCI*C, H,,AIF*C, H,,AII*C, H,,AuBr,NS,*C, H ,AuNS,*C, H,,AuN3S2Se,*C, H,,AuN,S,*C, H,,~~,C~,N,*C,O H10Au2C14*C12 H,0~~2I,N,*C,O H,,BBr*C,, H ,BBrFeNO,*C, H,,BCI*C, H ,,BCI,N*C, H,,BCI,P*C, H,,BF,N*C, H,oBI,N*C, H,,B,FFeIO,S*C, HI ,B,FeI,O,S*C,

,

,

Compound index

440 -

H10B2S5*C4 H10*B4 H10*B6 HloBe*C4 H ,BrT1*C4 H ,,CIGa*C, H ,,CI,Zr*C H,,CI,O,Ru RuC1, * 5 HzO Formation: 2.9.4.3 H ioFe*C~o H ,,GaISz*C4 H,oGez*C2 HinHg*Ci2 HI O HA N * CNH4IzCHgLI*H2O Formation: 2.8.22 HioHgMoz06*C16 H,oHgN20*C& H ,IIn*C, HlnIT1*C4 H, ,1405*BaCd H10M02°6*C16 H ,,NO,Zn*Br, H ,,N ,OZn*Br, H10°3*C14 HlO04*'l4 H ,o05*BaCd2C16 H,,O,Zn,*C1z H 1oSe2*C12 H, ,Si*C, H 1 oZn*C12 H I ,A1*C4 H1,AsB,oC12*C2 H AsGe*C, H1,AsSi*C3 H, ,AsSn*C, H,,AuBrP*C, H,,AuClP*C, HllBCIN*Cs H,,BCI,N*C4 H, ,BCI,N*C, H, ,CIOZn*C, H, ,GeP*C, HI ,MoO,Tl*C,, H, ,N,03*Au,C1, H, ,O,TlW*C,, H l lP*'4 H,,P*Cf3 H,,PSi*C, H,,Tl*C, H,,TI*C,O

,

,

,

,

Compound H13AILiP3*C3 H 1~ A u O ~ * C , H14A1a02*C6 H14AlC10~*C,4 H14AuBrS*C14 H ,,AuBr,S*C14 H14Au2F2004*C34 H14Au202*C4 H14BCI*C6 H ,BCI,N*C4 14*B10 H14Hg02*C16 H,,MoO,Sn*C, H14N30Zn*Br, H ,,07*CaCd2C16 H140,Sr*Cd2C& Hl4O7Zn*CI2 Hl,AI*C6 HisAl*Cl, Hl,AISe3*C18 H 15A1213*C6 H ,AsAuBr2F,*C2, HI ,AsAuBr,NO*C,, H, ,AsAuBr3*Cl, H, ,AsAuCI,*C~~ H,,AsAuCI,*C~~ H ,AsAuF,*C,, H ,AsAuI*C 18 H1,AsAuI,*C, 8 H,,AsAuNO*C,, H ,,AuBrC1,P*C6 H, ,AuBrCI,P*C,, H,,AuBrP*C, H,,AuBrP*C, 8 Hl,AUBr,CIP*C6 Hl,AuBr2C1P*C18 H, ,AuBr,F,P*C,, H, ,AuBr,NOP*C 19 Hl,AuBr,P*C6 H ,AuBr,P*C18 H, ,AuC112P*C6 Hl,AuCIP*C6 Hl,AUCIP*C,8 Hl,AUC13P*C6 Hl,AuC1,P*C,8 HlsA~F,P*C2k H, ,AuIP*C6 H ,AuI,P*C, H,,AuNOP*C19 H15B*C6 Hl,BCINO*C6 H l ,BMoO,*C20

,

, ,

,

,

441

442

H,,N6*Br,CrCu Hl,N6*CdCI,Co Hl,N6*CoF3 H19AuBrFeP*C2, H,,AuBrP*C,, H1,AuBr3FeP*C2, H 19AuBr3P*C2 Hl,AuC1,N202*C, H lgN6O0,5*Co2F6 H2,AgBr2P*C2, H20Ag2Br3N*C8 H20Ag2C13N*C8 H2,A1LiSe4*C2, H,,AsA~B~,N,O,*C~~ H2,AsAuC1,N2O2*CZ6 H2,AsAuC14*C2, H,,A~AuN,O~*C~~ H2,AsF202V*C2, H,,AuBr,N*C, H2,AuBr,N*C, H,,AuCI,N*C, H2,AuC1,N3O,*Cl 6 H2,AuC14N*C, H~,AUI~N*C, HzoAuI,N*C, HzoAuP*C2, H2,Au2Br2*C, H,,Au2Br,*C10 H20Au2Br2N2S4*C10 H20Au2C12N2*C14 H20Au2C12N2*C16 H20Au212*C8 H20Au212N2S4*C10 H20Au2N4S4Se2*C12 H20Au2N4S6*C12 H2,BCINP*C8 H20B204*C8 H,,Br2CuP*C2, H,,B~,CUP*C~~ H,,Br,FeN*C, H,,Br,NNb*C, H,,Br,NTa*C, H,OCI~CUP*C~~ H,,C1,CuP*CZ4 H,,CI,Cu,N*C, HzoCISNTi*Cs HZ,Cl6NNb*CS HZ0C1,NTa*C, Hz,CIgNTi2*C8 H20C110Cu4N2*C6 H2,Cu12N*C, HZ0F202PV*C24

Compound Index H2,F,oGe6Hg2Ti2*Clo~ H2,Pb*Cs H2,Se,Ti*C2, H,,Se,Zr*C,,

H27B03*C12 H27B306*C12 H2,Si3Tl*Cg H2,Au2Br2*C12 H2,BrCdC1,N*C1, H,,BrCdI,N*C,, H2,Br2CdCIN*C12 H2,Br2CdIN*C12 H2,CdCI12N*C12 H2,CdC121N*C12 H2,CI2CuN*Cl2 H28Cu314N*C12 H30BNP2*C12 H30BN3*C12 H3,Brl0Cu4N2O*C1~ H32As4Au212*C20 H?.2Cu4I6K2O8*C16 H32016*Br8Fe3 H,,BrSi3Sn*Cl2 H3,Si3SnTl*C12

Compound Index H,6Cu517N2*C24 H~oA~&,C~,*C~Z H,,Br,CuN,*C,, H60C15Cu2N3*C24 H60Cu14N3*C24 H63AIP6Si,*C24 H64Cu416K20 16*'48 H~,C~~C~,NI~P~*C.U H72Cu214N2*C32 H8oCli2Cu4N4*C,2 H8SAg31139NS*C32 Hg9Si9Sn,T1*C,, Hl 2OCU6I1 2N6*C48 H~~~CU~~I~ON,~*CI,O H804Zn*F, Hf Hf Fluorination: 2.11.4.1 Reaction with HF: 2.11.4.1 Reaction with F,: 2.9.2.1 Reaction with Cl,: 2.9.2.2 Reaction with HX: 2.9.3.2 HfCB, HrBr, HfCC HTCI, HPF, HfI, Hfi4 Reaction with CsI: 2.9.10.1 HfI6*Cs2 HfO, HfO, Reaction with S,CI,, PCI,: 2.9.4.5 Reaction with X, or C-X,: 2.9.4.2 Hf03*F3H4 Hf03*F4H6 HfZO*Fb Hf,02*F8 Hg Hi3 Fluorination: 2.11.4.3 Formation from Hg2F,: 2.8.20.2 Formation from Hg,Cl,: 2.8.20.1, 2.8.20.2 Formation from Hg,I,: 2.8.20.2 Formation from Br,: 2.8.20.2 Reaction with FeCl,: 2.8.21.3 Reaction with HgCSO,] and NaCk 2.8.21.3 Reaction with HgBr,: 2.8.21.2 Reaction with HgCI,: 2.8.21.2

443

444

Compound Index

Reaction with HgI,: 2.8.21.2 Reaction with PBr,: 2.8.14.4 Reaction with PC1,: 2.8.14.4 Reaction with PI,: 2.8.14.4 Reaction with OSBr,: 2.8.14.4 Reaction with OSC1,: 2.8.14.4 Reaction with O,SCI,: 2.8.14.4 Reaction with S,CI,: 2.8.14.4 Reaction with ONCI: 2.8.14.4 Reaction with ONF.3 HF: 2.8.14.4 Reaction with F,: 2.8.14.1 Reaction with CIF,: 2.8.14.4 Reaction with KI,: 2.8.21.3 Reaction with NaCI, MnO,, H,SO,: 2.8.21.3 Reaction with IBr: 2.8.14.4 Reaction with HBr: 2.8.14.3 Reaction with Br,: 2.8.14.1 Reaction with CBr,: 2.8.21.3 Reaction with HCl 2.8.14.2,2.8.14.3 Reaction with HCI and 0,: 2.8.21.3 Reaction with CI,: 2.8.14.1,2.8.21.3 Reaction with CCI,: 2.8.21.3 Reaction with I,: 2.8.14.1,2.8.21.3 Reaction with CI,: 2.8.21.3 Hg*AgF, Hg*BaBr, Hg*BrCl Hg*BrF Hg*Br, Hg*Br,Cl,Cs, Hg*Br,Cs Hg*Br,Cs, Hg*Br,Cs, Hg*C,H3CI Hg*C4H6 Hg*C,H5C1 Hg*C,H,Br Hg*C,H5CI Hg*C,H,BrCl, Hg*C,H,Br,CI Hg*C,H,CI, Hg*C,,H,o Hg*C36F30Ge2 Hg*C84H12CrF60Ge4 Hg*C12 Hg*Cl,Cs, Hg*F, HgH402*F2 HgI*Br HgIN*CH,Br HgIN*CH,Br,

--

Formation from HgCOAc], and I,: 2.8.17.3 Formation from Hg[CH,C(O)O], and CH,I: 2.8.17.3 Formation from HgCI, and KI: 2.8.18 Formation from HgCI, and I,: 2.8.18 Formation from HgCl, and HI: 2.8.18 Formation from Hg and AI13: 2.8.14.5 Formation from Hg and PI,: 2.8.14.4 Formation from Hg and I,: 2.8.14.1 Formation from HgO and I,: 2.8.15.1, 2.8.20.1 Formation from HgS and I,: 2.8.16.1 Formation from Hg,[NO,], and I,: 2.8.20.1 Formation from Hg,Br, and I,: 2.8.20.1 Formation from Hg,CI, and I,: 2.8.20.1 Formation from Hg,I,: 2.8.20.2 Formation from Hg,I, and H I 2.8.20.1 Formation from CH,I and HgCI,: 2.8.18 Reaction with Hg[CH,C(O)C,H,],: 2.8.23.2 Reaction with Hg: 2.8.21.2 Reaction with Mo(CO),, W(CO),: 2.9.15.1.1 Reaction with R,NBX-NRBX,: 2.6.8.3 Reaction with Zn: 2.8.14.5 Reaction with CI,: 2.8.18 I2Hg Formation from Ki and HgCClO,],: 2.8.17.2 HgI,*BrH HgI,*CIH HgI,N,*C,H,,Br, HgI2N,*C,H,,CI, HgI,O, HgCIO31, Formation from HgO and I,: 2.8.15.1 HgI,Rb,*Br, Hg13*Cs W3K KCHgI31 Formation: 2.8.22 HgI,KO*H, Hg13NO*H6 Hg13Rb RbCHgIsI Formation: 2.8.22

-

Comoound Index Hg14*Ag2 HgI,*Cd HgI,*Cs2 HgI,*Cu, Hg14*H2 W 4 K 2

K,CHgI,I Formation: 2.8.22 Hg14N 2*H8 Hg14N2*H10 Hg14Na2 Na,CHgI,I Formation from melt and solution: 2.8.22 HgI,Na,O,*H, Hg14Rb2 RbzCHgI4I Formation: 2.8.22 Hg14Zn ZnCHgI41 Formation: 2.8.22 HgI,*Cs, HgI,Rb4 Rb4[Hg161 Formation from melt: 2.8.22 HgK*Br3 HgK*Cl, HgK*F, HgKO*Br,H, HgKO*Cl,H, HgKO,*Br,H, HgK0,*C13H4 HgK,*Br,Cl, HgK,*Br, HgK,*Cl, HgK,0*C1,H2 HgMnO,*C,H,Cl HgMoO,*C,H,Cl HgMo206*C16H10 HgN*BrC1,H4 HgN*Br,H, HgN*ClH, HgN*Cl,H4 HgN,*Br,Cl,H, HgN,*Br,H, HgN2*C10H12F4 HgN,*C1,H8 HgN,O*C1,H,o HgN202*C 1OH 1gF4 HgN,O, Hg"O,I, Reaction with X,: 2.8.17.3

445

Reaction with CH,C(O)CI: 2.8.17.3 Reaction with KBr: 2.8.17.2 Reaction with HCI: 2.8.17.1 HgN,*Br,H 16 HgN4*C16H16 HgNa* Br HgNaO,*Br,H, HgNaO2*Cl3H4 HgNa,*Br,CI, HgNa,*Br, HgO HgO Formation from HgF-2 H,O and heat: 2.8.19 Reaction with BBr,: 2.8.15.3, 2.8.20.1 Reaction with SF,: 2.11.4.3 Reaction with TIC],: 2.8.15.3 Reaction with C6H,C(0)Cl: 2.8.15.3 Reaction with NaCI: 2.8.15.3 Reaction with HF(g): 2.8.15.2 Reaction with HBr: 2.8.15.2 Reaction with Br,: 2.8.15.1 Reaction with HCI: 2.8.15.2 Reaction with C1,: 2.8.15.1 Reaction with I,: 2.8.15.1, 2.8.20.1 Reaction with HF: 2.11.4.3 Reaction with py-HF 2.11.4.3 Reaction with aq HF: 2.11.4.3,2.8.15.2 HgO*FH Hg02*C1 gH 14 Hg02*F2H4 HgO,*C,H,ClCr Hg04*C4H6 H&?O,S HgSO, Formation from Hg,Br, and SO,: 2.8.20.1 Reaction with HgCNO,],: 2.8.17.1 Reaction with Hg, and NaCl: 2.8.21.3 Reaction with NaBr: 2.8.17.2 Reaction with NaCI: 2.8.17.2 HgO,*Br, HgO,*CI, HgO,*CI, HgRb*Cl, HgRb2*C1, HgS HgS Formation from HgCl,.2 HgS 2.8.21.2 Reaction with AlCl,: 2.8.16.2 Reaction with Br,: 2.8.16.1 Reaction with Cl,: 2.8.16.1

,

446

Compound Index

Reaction with I,: 2.8.16.1 HgSe*C,H,Cl HgSr*Br, Hg,*Br, Hg2*C4H6C12 Hg,*CloH,CI,Fe Hg2*Cio8CoF,oGe6 Hg,*C12 Hg,*F2 HgA Disurouortionation: 2.8.20.2 . _ Formation from HgI, and Hg: 2.8.21.2 Formation from Hg and KI,: 2.8.21.3 Formation from Hg and I,: 2.8.21.3 Formation from Hg and CI,: 2.8.21.3 Formation from Hg,[NO,], and KI: 2.8.21.1 Formation from Hg,[NO,], and EtI: 2.8.21.1 Formation from Hg,Br, and KI: 2.8.21.1 Formation from Hg,Cl, and KI: 2.8.21.1 Formation from Hg,O and KI: 2.8.21.1 Formation from SnCl,, HgC1, and KI: 2.8.21.2 Reaction with SO,: 2.8.20.1 Reaction with HI: 2.8.20.1 Hg,I,*Cs Hg215N*H4 HszWb, Rb3CHg2171 Formation from melt: 2.8.22 Hg,K*Br, Hg2Mg06*C16H12 Hg2Mn*C108F90Ge6 H%,N,O, Hg,"O,I, Reaction with Etl: 2.8.21.1 .Reaction with KBr: 2.8.21.1 Reaction with KI: 2.8.21.1 Reaction with NaC1: 2.8.21.1 Reaction with NaF: 2.8.21.1 Reaction with HCl 2.8.20.1 Reaction with I,: 2.8.20.1 Hg2Ni*C108F90Ge6 HgzO Hg2O Reaction with HCl 2.8.21.1 Reaction with with KI: 2.8.21.1 Hg,O*Cl,

Hg2°3*C Hg206*BaC16H,, Hg2Ti2*C108H20F90Ge6 Hg318*Cs2 Hg,O,*BaH,Cl, Hg3S2*C12 Hg,Sr0,*C1,H4 Ho Ho Reaction with HX: 2.9.14.1.1 Ho*CI, HoS*Br HoS*F I*Ag I*A1 I*AlH, I*Au I*AuF,, I*B,HS I*B6H, I*Br I*BrHg I*CH3 I*C2H5 I*C,H6Ga I*C4HlOA1 I*C6F, I*C6H,C1, I*Cl0H,,As,Au I*C18H1,AsAu I*CI I*CICu I*CI, I*Cs I*Cu I*F, I*F, I*F7 I*Ga I*H IIn*C,,H,o

IK KI Reaction with Hg[ClO,],: 2.8.17.2 Reaction with HgCl,: 2.8.18 Reaction with Hg,[N03],: 2.8.21.1 Reaction with Hg,Cl,: 2.8.21.1 Reaction with CdSO,: 2.8.17.2 ILaS LaSI Formation: 2.9.14.1.1 ILi LiI Formation: 2.7.4

ComDound Index IMnO,*C, IMoO,*C,H, IMoS MoSI Formation: 2.9.14.1.2 IN*CH,BrHg IN*CH,Br,Hg IN*C,H,BrCu IN*C,,H,,Br,Cd IN*Cl,H,,CdC12 IN2*C,H,,B IN,P*C,H,,B INaO, NaCIO,] Formation: 2.7.4 INbO NbOI Formation: 2.9.14.1.2 INi*C6F5 IO*Ag,FH, I0,W W0,I Formation: 2.9.11.3 I0,S*C9H,,B,FFe IO,W*C,H, IO,Re*C, IO,Tc*C, 10s

OSI Formation: 2.9.4.3 IP*C,H,,Au IPd*At IPt*F,, IS*A1 IS*Ce IS*Gd ISSm SmSI Formation: 2.9.14.1.1 IS,*C,H,,Ga ISe*AI ISe*Cr ISe *Cu ISi2T1*C6H ISn*C,H,, ITe*AI ITe*Au ITe,*Au IT1 TI1 Formation: 2.6.14.2 Reaction with HX: 2.6.11.2

,

447

ITI*C,H, IT1*C,Hlo IXe*F, 12

I*

Reaction with LiAlH,: 2.6.5.1 Reaction with Al, Ga, In TI: 2.6.2.1 Reaction with Bl,H,,: 2.6.5.1 Reaction with [B12H12]2-:2.6.4.1 Reaction with Cd[CH,C(O)O],: 2.8.17.3 Reaction with Cd: 2.8.14.1 Reaction with q5-CpMoNO(CO),: 2.9.15.1.2 Reaction with I,Fe(CO),: 2.9.6 Reaction with Fe(CO),, Ru(CO),: 2.9.15.1.1 Reaction with Group IIIB-Group IVB bonds: 2.6.11.1 Reaction with HgCOAc],: 2.8.17.3 Reaction with HgC1,: 2.8.18 Reaction with Hg: 2.8.14.1,2.8.21.3 Reaction with HgO: 2.8.15.1,2.8.20.1 Reaction with HgS: 2.8.16.1 Reaction with Hg,[NO,],: 2.8.20.1 Reaction with Hg,Br,: 2.8.20.1 Reaction with Hg,Cl,: 2.8.20.1 Reaction with Mn,(CO),,, Tc,(CO),,, Re,(CO), ,: 2.9.15.1.1 Reaction with MOH: 2.7.4 Reaction with M(CO),: 2.9.6 Reaction with MH: 2.7.4 Reaction with Nb-Nb,O,: 2.9.11.3 Reaction with R,BSeH: 2.6.7.1 Reaction with RGa(SR),: 2.6.7.1 Reaction with R,B . . . R,TI 2.6.10.1 Reaction with ZnS: 2.8.16.1 Reaction with TaS,: 2.9.5 Reaction with group-IA and -1IA metals: 2.7.2 Reaction with Zn: 2.8.14.1 Reaction with metal carbonyl anions: 2.9.15.1.2 Reaction with transition-metal oxides: 2.9.4.1 Reaction with transition-metals: 2.9.2.4 12*A1H I,*Ba I,*Be I,*BrHHg I,*CH,Ga I,*C,H,AI

Compound Index

448

1z A u 2

I,*C,H,oAu2 12*C20H32As4AU2 I,*C,,H,,AsAu I,*Ca I,*Cd I,*CIHHg I,*Cl,CSCU, I,*CO I,*Cr IZ*CU I,*Fe b*Hg I,*&, I,K*Cu I,KN,*C,Au I,KO,*C,,H,,Cu I,K2*CdC1, 1~K5N100~*C10H4Au5 I,MO MgI, Formation: 2.7.2, 2.7.3.1 1,Mn MnI, Formation: 2.9.2.4, 2.9.4.8, 2.9.7 1,Mo MoI, Formation: 2.9.4.8 I,Mo,O,*C, I,N*C,HloB 12N*C4H 1ZAg I,N*C,H,Cu I,N*C,H,oAu I,N*C,H,oCu I,N*C,,H,,BrCd I,N*C ,H,,CdCl I,N*C,,H,,Au I,Nz*C,HizBrzHg I,N,*C,H,,C1,Hg I,N,*C1oH10'4u, 12N2S4*C10H20Au7. I,N,*C,H,,Ag,Br,Cu 12N8*C12H16Cu 1,NbO NbOI, Formation: 2.9.11.3 I,NbS, NbS,I, Formation: 2.9.14.1.2 I,NbSe, NbSe,I, Formation: 2.9.14.1.2

I,Ni NiI, Electrochemical formation: 2.9.3.7 Formation: 2.9.3.8, 2.9.4.8, 2.9.7 I,O,W WOZI, Formation: 2.9.1 1.3 I,O,Zn*H, 1202.5*Ag7F5H5 I,03S*C,HloB,Fe 1203W*F10 I,O,*C,Fe I,O,W*C, I,O,Zn*H, I,Os*Hg I,O,*C,Fe, I,O,Tc,*C, 1208W,*C8 1,os OSI, Formation: 2.9.4.3 12P*C,H ,AuCl 1,Pd PdI, Formation: 2.9.11.1 Reaction with elemental Se: 2.9.14.3 1,Ra RaI, Formation: 2.7.2 I,Rb,*Br,Hg 1,Re ReI, Formation: 2.9.4.2 I,S*CH,Ga I,Si*C,H, 1,Sr SrI, Formation: 2.7.2 1,Ti TiI, Formation: 2.9.2.4 I,Tl*At I,V VI, Formation: 2.9.3.7, 2.9.4.8 I,Zn ZnI, Formation from ZnO and HI: 2.8.15.2 Formation from Zns and I,: 2.8.16.1 Formation from Zn and AlI,: 2.8.14.5 Formation from Zn and I,: 2.8.14.1 Formation from Zn and HI: 2.8.14.3

Compound Index Formation from BaI, and Zn[SO,]: 2.8.17.2 Stability: 2.8.19 I,*AgCs2 I,*Ag,Cs I,*Al I,*As I,*AtCs I,*Au I,*B 13*C6H15A12 I,*C,oH,6As2Au I,*C, ,Hl ,AsAu I,*CdCs I,*Cr I,*CS I,*CSCU I,*CsHg I,*Ga IJn InI, Formation: 2.6.2.1 1,Ir IrI, Formation: 2.9.4.3 I3K

KI, Reaction with Hg: 2.8.21.3 I,K*Cd I,K*Hg 13KO*H,Hg I,K2*Ag 1,Mo MoI, Formation: 2.9.2.4, 2.9.6 13M0206*F15 I,Mo,S, Mo2S513

Formation: 2.9.14.3 13N*C4H10Ag2 I~N*C~HI~A~~ 13N*C4H12C~2 I,N*C,,H,,Au 13NO*H6Hg I,NaO,Zn*& 1,Nb NbI, Formation: 2.9.4.8 1,NbO NbOI, Formation: 2.9.11.3 1,Nd NdI, Formation: 2.9.7

I,0*CdCsH2

PI3 Reaction with Hg: 2.8.14.4 I,P*C,H,,Au 13p*c1 9 H l SCu2 13P2*C38H36Ag 13P2*C38H36Cu I,Pd,Se Pd2SeI, Formation: 2.9.14.3 I,Rb*Hg 1,Re ReI, Formation: 2.9.3.3 I,S*C,HgCu, 1,Sm SmI, Formation: 2.9.7 1,Ti TiI, Formation: 2.9.2.4 13m TII, Formation: 2.6.2.1, 2.6.14.2 I," VI, Formation: 2.9.2.4 I3W WI, Formation: 2.9.6 I,*AgzHg 14*B2 14*C 14*ClgH,,AsCu3 14*CdCs2 14*CdHg 14*Cs,Hg I,*Cu,Hg I;*H2Hg I,*Hf

449

450

Compound Index

,

I,N,O,*CdH I,N,Zn*H, 14N3*C24H60Cu I,Na,*Hg I,Na,O,*H,Hg I,Na,O,*CdH,, I,O,*BaCdHlo 1408Sr*Ag2H16 I,O,Sr*CdH,, 1,Pt PtI, Formation: 2.9.2.4 14Rb,*Hg 1,Re ReI, Formation: 2.9.3.3 I,S*C,H,Ga I,SeTI, Tl,SeI, Formation: 2.6.16 1,Si SiI, Formation: 2.7.2 Reaction with Mo(CO),, W(CO),: 2.9.15.1.1 1,Ta TaI, Formation: 2.9.5 1,Th Thl, Reaction with MI: 2.9.10.1 I,Ti TiI, Formation: 2.9.2.4, 2.9.4.8 Reaction with CsI: 2.9.10.1 I,W WI, Formation: 2.9.4.8 I,Zn*Cs, I,Zn*Hg 1,Zr ZrI, Formation: 2.9.2.4, 2.9.4.8 Reaction with CsI 2.9.10.1 I,*CdCs, I,*CsHg, I,*CS,CU, I,*Cs,Hg 15N*H4Hg2 1,Nb NbI, Formation: 2.9.2.4

I,Rb*Ag, I,Ta TaI, Formation: 2.9.2.4,2.9.4.8 I,Zn*Cs, I,*Au,Cs, I,*Au2K, I,*Cs,Hf 1,KRe K[ReI,I Formation: 2.9.10.2 I,K,*Au, 16K208*C16H3~Cu4 I f i K 2 0 10*C20H40Cu4 16K~016*C48H64Cu4 I,K,Os K,[OsI,I Formation: 2.9.10.2 I,K,Th K,CThI€.I Formation: 2.9.10.1 I,K,*Cd I,N,*Au,H, I,N2Ti*C16H,o 16N4*C22H24Cu2 I,Nb*Cs, I,Rb,*Au, I,Rb,*Hg I,Ti*Cs, I,Zr*Cs, 17Li*A12 17N2*C24H56Cu5 17Rb3*Hg2 I8*B, 18*Cs2Hg3 18K,*Au, 18N3*Au3H12 I,P*Al I,Rb,*AgAu, I,Rb,*Au, I9*B, 11ZMo6

CMo,I,II, Reaction with elemental S: 2.9.14.3 I12N6*C48H1ZOcu6 139N8*C32H88Ag31 160N24*C120H144Cu36

In

In Reaction with RX 2.6.3.2 Reaction with H X 2.6.3.1 Reaction with X,: 2.6.2.1

Compound Index ~~~

45 1

~~

In*Br In*Br, In*C,H, In*C,H,,AsBr, In*C,,H,,I In*C1, In*Cl, In*F In*F, In*I, InLi*H, InMnO,*C,Br, InMnO,*C,Cl, InMn,O,,*C,,Br InMn,O,,*C,,C1 InMn,O,,*C,, InN InN Reaction with H X 2.6.8.2 InN,*C,6H,,C1, InO*F In,*Cl, In,*Cl,Cs, 1n2Mn3015*C15 In203

In,', Reaction with MF,: 2.6.6.4 Reaction with C-X,: 2.6.6.2 Reaction with BX,: 2.6.6.4 Reaction with F,: 2.6.6.1 Reaction with ag HX: 2.6.6.3 In,*Cl, In,*Br, In,*Cl, In,*Br, Ir Ir Fluorination: 2.11.4.2 Reaction with F,: 2.9.2.1 Ir*Br, Ir*Br, Ir*Br, Ir*F, Ir*F, Ir*I, IrK,*Cl, IrNO*F, IrN202*F, IrO, IrO, Reaction with HX: 2.9.10.2 Reaction with aq H X 2.9.4.3

IrO,*ClF, IrO,*H, IrXe*F, IrXe*F,, IrXe,*F, IrXe,*F,, Ir,Xe*F,, K K Reaction with HX: 2.7.3.1 Reaction with X,: 2.7.2 K*AgCs,F, K*AgF, K*AgF, K*At K*AuBr, K*AuCl, K*AuF, K*AuF, K*BF, K*BH, K*Br K*Br,Cu K*Br,Hg K*Br,Hg, K*CdCl, K*CdF, K*CdI, K*C1 K*CI,Cu K*CI,Cu K*Cl,Hg K*CrF, K*CuF, K*CuI, K*F K*F,H K*F3Hg K*HgI, K*I K*I, KMnO, K[MnO,l Reaction of a KCI mixture with BrF,: 2.11.2.1 Reaction with HS0,F: 2.11.2.1 Reaction with HF: 2.11.2.1 Reaction with H,O,X 2.9.12.5 Reaction with IF,: 2.11.2.1,2.9.12.3 Reduction by Et,O or H,O in H F 2.1 1.2.1 KNO, KCNO,] Formation from HgCNO,], and KBr: 2.8.17.2

452

Compound Index

KN,*C,Au KN,*C,AuBr, KN,*C,AuCl, KN,*C,AuI2 KN,O*C,H,AuCl, KN,*C,AuBr KN,*C,AuCl KN,*C,Au KO*Br,CdH, KO*Br,H,Hg KO*CdCl,H, KO*CI,H,Hg KO*H,HgI, KOW*F, KO,*AuCl,H, KO,*Br,H,Hg KO,*Cl,H,Hg KO,Re*F, KO,Zn*Br,H, KO,Zn*Cl,H, KO,*Cl K0,Re KCReO,] Fluorination: 2.11.4.1 Reaction with BrF,: 2.11.4.1 Reaction with IF,: 2.9.12.3,2.11.4.1 Reaction with HX: 2.9.10.2 KO,*C,,H,,CuI, KPt*F, KRe*F, KRe*16 KSi,*C5,H,,A1C1 KV*F, KW*CI, KW*F, KZn*F, K2*AgF4 K2*Ag13 K,*Au,I, K,*Br,Cl,Hg K,*Br,Cd K,*Br,Hg K2*C6H18Ga2 K,*CdCl,I, K2*CdF, K,*Cd14 K,*Cl,Cu K2*C1,Hg K,*Cl,Ga, K,*Cl,Ir K2*Hg14 K,Mn*Cl,

K,Mn*F, K,Mo*CI, K,Mo*F, K,Mo04 K2 CMo0,l Reaction with C1F: 2.11.3.1 K,Na*CuF, K,Ni*F, K,O*Cl,H,Hg K,OV*F, K,O,Zn*Br,H, K,O,S K2CSO.J Formation from KI and Cd[S041: 2.8.17.2 KP4W K2 [WO,] Reaction with HX: 2.9.10.2 K208*C16H32Cu416 ~ ~ ~ 1 0 * ~ 2 0 ~ 4 0 ~ ~ 4 ~ 6 K2016*C48H64CU416 K,OS*I, K,Pd*Cl, K,Pd*F, K,Re*Br, K,Re*Cl, K,Ru*Br, K2Th*16 K,Ti*F, K,W*C& K,W*F, K,Zn*Cl, K,Zn*F, K,*Au,18 K,*CuF, K,*Cu,F, K,MO*Cl, K3Nb*F, K3NbO*F6 K,Ni*F6 K,OTa*F, K,O,Ti*F, K302U*F, K3°4V2*F5 K,Ta*F, K,Ti*F, K,W2*Clg K,W,*Clg K,*Br,Cd K,*CdCl, K4*CdI, K4°3V2*F8

453

Compound index ~

~

K,Ta,*Cl, K,NioOz*CioH,AuA K5°3V3*F14 K,I,*Au, Kr*AuF, Kr*F Kr*F, KrPt*F, KrSb*F, KrSb,*F,, La La Reaction with HX: 2.9.14.1.1 La*C1, La*F, LaS*Br LaS*Cl LaS*F LaS*I LaSe*F Reaction with LaF,: 2.9.14.2 La,Se*F, La,&, La2Se, Reaction with LaF,: 2.9.14.2 Li Li Reaction with X,: 2.7.2 Reaction with HX: 2.7.3.1 Li*AlAs,H, Li*AlClH3 Li*A1H4 Li*AI,I, Li*BH, Li*F Li*GaH, Li*H Li*H,In Li*I LiN,*AlH8 LiN,*C,H,,AI LiO3Zn*CI3H6 LiP*CI9H16 LiP,*C,H,,AI LiP4*A1H8 LiS,*C,H,,AI LiSe4*C,,H,,A1 LiSi,*C,,H,,B LiSi,*C,,H,,Ga LiTe4*C,H I ,A1

LiTl*H, Li,03S Li,CSO,I Reaction with HgC1,: 2.8.21.2 LnP,*C,,H4&16 Ln203

Ln203

LU

Reaction with HX: 2.9.10.2

Lu Reaction with H X 2.9.14.1.1 Lu*F, LuS*Br LuS*F LuSe*F MO*Cl, MO*F4 Mg Mg Reaction with RX 2.7.3.2.2 Reaction with HX. 2.7.3.1 Reaction with [NH,]X: 2.7.3.2.1 Reaction with HgX,: 2.7.3.2.1 Reaction with X(CH,),X: 2.7.3.2.1 Mg*Al, Mg*Br, Mg*C,H,Br Mg*Cl, Mg*F, Mg*I, MgO MgO Reaction with H X 2.7.5 Reaction with X,-CO: 2.7.6 MgO*ClH MgO,*ClsHi2H& MgO,Zn*C1,H1 Mn Mn Catalyst for the fluorination of Cr: 2.11.2.1 Fluorination: 2.11.2.1 Fluorination of alkali metal salt mixtures: 2.11.2.1 Reaction with F,: 2.9.2.1 Reaction with C1,: 2.9.2.2 Reaction with I,: 2.9.2.4 Reaction with H X 2.9.3.2 Reaction with ag HX: 2.9.3.3 Mn*Br, Mn*Cio,FwGe,H& Mn*Cl,

,

454

Compound index

Mn*C1, Mn*Cl,K, Mn*F, Mn*F, Mn*F, Mn*F,K, Mn*I, MnN,*H,F, MnN20,*C,Hl,B MnO, MnO, Reaction with Hg, NaCI, H,SO,: 2.8.21.3 Reaction with RCI: 2.9.4.6 Reaction with AH,: 2.9.4.8 Reaction with X, or C-X,: 2.9.4.2 Reaction with F,-0,: 2.11.2.1 Reaction with HX: 2.9.4.2 MnO,*CI, MnO,*C,F, MnO,*C,H,CIHg MnO,*C,H, MnO,*Cl MnO,*F MnO,*K MnO,P*C,,H,,B Mn0,S MnCSO4I Formation from Hg, MnO,, NaCl and H,SO,: 2.8.21.3 MnO,*C,BCI, MnO,*C,Br MnO ,*C ,Br,In MnO,*C,Cl MnO,*C,Cl,In MnO,*C,H MnO,*C,I MnO,*C,H, MnO,Tl*C, MnO$*C,H, MnO,*C,,H, MnXe*F, MnXe*F, MnXe,,,*F, MnXeo,,*F, MnXe,*F,, MnXe,*F,, Mn,O,*F, Mn,O,*C,F, Mn,O 1O*Cl 0 Mn,Ol,*C1,~BrIn Mn,O ,,*C1,CIIn

Mn,O, ,*C, ,In Mn3015*C1 51n2 Mn,O, ,Tl*C, Mo Mo Electrical explosion in SF,: 2.11.3.1 Flourination: 2.11.3.1 Reaction with MF in BrF,: 2.11.3.1 Reaction with HX: 2.9.3.2 Reaction with S,X,, S 2.9.14.1.2 Reaction with X,-0,: 2.9.11.2 Reaction with 0,-F,: 2.11.3.1 Reaction with Cl,: 2.9.2.2 Reaction with F,: 2.9.2.1 Reaction with CIF,, BrF,: 2.9.3.4 Reaction with Br,: 2.9.2.3 Reaction with CLF 2.11.3.1 Reaction with CI,: 2.9.11.1 Reaction with I,: 2.9.2.4 Mo*Br, Mo*Br, Mo*Br, Mo*CI, Mo*C1, Mo*CI, Mo*CI, Mo*CI,K, Mo*Cl,K, Mo*F, Mo*F, Mo*F, Mo*F6 Mo*F,K, Mo*I, Mo*I, MoNO*F, MoNO,*F, MoNO,*F, MoN2O2*CSH,C1 MoNa,*F, MoNa,O, Na,CMoO,l Reaction with ClF: 2.11.3.1 MoO*BrCI, MoO*Br, MoO*Br, MoO*CI, MoO*CI, MoO*Cl, MoO*CI, MoO*F, MoO*F,

Compound Index MoOSb*F, MOO, MOO, Reaction with RCI: 2.9.4.6 Reaction with X,: 2.9.12.1 MoO,*Br, MoO,*CI, MoO,*CI, MoO,*F, MoO,*F, MoO,Se*F, MOO, MOO, Reaction with AII,: 2.9.4.8 Reaction with MoCI,: 2.9.12.6 Reaction with RCI: 2.9.4.6 Reaction with SOX,, S,X,, BX,: 2.9.12.5 Reaction with SF,: 2.9.4.4, 2.9.4.5, 2.11.3.1 Reaction with XeF,: 2.11.3.1 Reaction with CX,: 2.9.12.4 Reaction with NF,: 2.11.3.1 Reaction with BrF,: 2.11.3.1 Reaction with BrF,, CIF,, IF,: 2.9.4.4 Reaction with CIF,: 2.11.3.1 Reaction with IF,: 2.9.12.3, 2.1 1.3.1 Reaction with Cl,: 2.9.11.2 Reaction with aq HE 2.9.13.1.1 MoO,*C,H,CIHg MoO,*C,H,I MoO,*C,H, MoO,*C,H, MoO,*C,,H, MOO~*C~~H,,B MoO,*Cl MoO,*F, Mo03*F,H, MoO,*F,H, MoO,Sn*C,,H,, MoO3TI*ClOHl1 MoO,TI*C,,H,, MoO,*C,Br, MoO,*C,Cl, MoO,*C,F, MoO,*F,H, MoO,*F,H, Mo0,*K2 MoO,*C, MoRb,*CI, MoS*Br MoS*CI

MoS*Cl, MoS*CI, MoS*F, MoS*I MoS, Mk, Reaction with SF,: 2.9.5 Reaction with Cl,: 2.9.5 Reaction with CIF: 2.11.3.1 Reaction with Cl,: 2.9.14.2 MoS,*Br, MoS,*CI, MoS, MoS, Reaction with S,X,: 2.9.14.2 Reaction with CCI,: 2.9.5 MoSe*CI, MoSe*F, MoTe, MoTe, Reaction with Br,: 2.9.14.2 MoTe, *Br Mo,*Br,Cs, Mo,*Cl,Cs, Mo,O,*F, Mo,O,*F, Mo,O6*C16H,o Mo2O6*Ci6HioHg Mo2°6*F1513 Mo,O,*C,I, Mo,S,*CI, Mo,S,*Br, Mo,S,*CI, Mo,S,*13 Mo3S,*Br, Mo,Se,*Br, Mo,Y ,*C1, Mo,O,,*FH, Mo,*BrI2 Mo,*CI,, Mo6*112 Mo,S,*CI, N*AI N*AuCl,H, N*AuCI,H, N*B N*BF,H4 N*BeF,H, N*BrCI,H,Hg N*BrH, N*Br,CdH, N*Br,H,Hg

455

456 N*CAg N*CAu N*CH,BrHgI N*CH,Br,HgI N*C,H,AICI, N*C,H,BCl, N*C,H,C13Cu2 N*C,H,Br,Ga N*C3H,C13Ga N*C,H,,Ga N*C,HioAg,I, N*C,HloBCl2 N*C,H,,BF, N*C,H,,BI, N*C,H,,BCl, N*C,H,,AgBr, N*C,H,,AgCl, N*C,Hi,AgI, N*C,Hi,AgJ, N*C,H,,C13Cu, N*C,H,,Cu,I, N*C,H,,BCl, N*C,H,AuC13 N*C,H,AuCI, N*C,H,BrCuI N*C,H,CuI, N*C,H,,CI,Cu N*C,H,AuC13 N*C,H,,BCI N*C8H20Ag2Br3 N*C8H20Ag2C13 N*C,H,,AuBr, N*C,H,,AuBr, N*C,H,,AuCl, N*C,H,,AuCl, N*C,H,,AuI, N*C,H,oAuI, N*C,H,,Br,Fe N*C,H,,C13CU, N*C,H,,CuI, N*C9H1,BCl3 N*C,,H,,BrCdCl, N*C,,H,,BrCdI, N*C, ,H,,Br,CdCI N*C,,H,,Br,CdI N*C,,H2,CdCl12 N*C,,H,,CdCl,I N*Cl2H,,C1,Cu N*C12H2&!Cu314 N*C16H36Ag314 N*C,,H,,AuBr, N*C1,H3,AuC12

Compound Index N*Cl ,H~,AuI, N*C,,H3,Br2Cu N*C,,H,,CI2Cu N*C,,HSAuCIFl, N*C,,H,,AuBrF, N*C,,H3,AuBr3F, N*C22H,,AuI, N*C,,H3,AuBr,FlO N*C,,H~,AUC~,F,O N*C,,H,,AuBrF,, N*CdCI,H, N*CdF3H4 N*Cd,Cl,H, N*ClH,Hg N*C1H4 N*Cl,CuH, N*Cl,H,Hg N*CuF,H, N*FH, N*F2H5 N*H4Hg215 N*In NNaO, NaCN031 Formation from Hg,[NO,], 2.8.21.1 NNb*C,H3Br5 NNb*C2H3C15 NNb*C,H,,Br, NNb*C,H,,CI, NNb*C,6H,,F, “~~*CI~~,FII

NO

and N a F

NO Reaction with M(CO),L,: 2.9.15.1 .2 NO*AgF, NO*A1Cl4 NO*AuF, NO*AuF, NO*BFI NO*Br NO*CAg NO*C,H,CI NO*C6H15BC1 NO*C,,H, ,AsAu NO*C ,H ,AsAuBr, NO*C1 NO*F NO*F4H3 NO*F,Ir NO*F,Mo NO*H,HgI3

, ,

Compound Index NOOs*F, NOP*C1,H,,Cl,Cu NOP*ClgH15Au NOP*C19H ,AuBr2 NOPt*F6 NORe*F, NORu*F, NOW*F, NOW*Fg NO,*AuF, NO,*F,Mo N0,Pt*F6 NO,Tc*F, N0,V*F4 NO,W*F, N02W*F, N02W2*F13 NO,*Ag NO,*F,Mo NO,*H NO,*K NO,Zn*Br,H, N04*C3Co NO,*C,HloBBrFe NO,Tc*H, NO,S,*C,H,BFe, N0,V,*FH4 NP*C,H,Cl, NP*C,H,,BCl NP2*C12H30B NP,*C,,H,,Au,C1, NP,*C,,H,1AU,C16 NRe*C1F5 NRe*F, NS*C3H,C1 NS,*C,H loAu NS,*C,HloAuBr, NS2*CgH ,Au NS2*C,Hl ,AuBr, NTa*C,H,,Br, NTa*C,HZoCI, NTi*C8HZoC1, NTi,*C,H,,CIg NTl*C4H NZn*F,H, N~*Au,H,I, N,*BeF,H, N,*Be,F,H, N,*Br,Cl,H,Hg N,*Br,CdH8 N,*Br,H,Hg N,*C,AuBr,K

,

N,*C2AuC1,K N,*C,AuI,K N,*C,AuK N,*C2H,,BrC1,Cu N,*C2Hl,Br,HgI, Nz*CzHizClzHgIz N,*C,H,,Cl,Cu N2*C,Hl,BCl N,*C,Hi 2BCI3 N2*C4Hl,BI N,*CSHl,BCl, N,*C6H5Br,Cu, N,*C6H18AsB NZ*C6H20C11OCu4 N~*C~~H~~AUZC~Z Nz*CioHioAuzIz N2*C10H12Br7Cu5 N2*C10H12F4Hg N2*C14H20Au2C12 N,*C~,HZOA'J~C~Z N2*C16H22B2 N2*C1,H,,Br,Cu N2*C,,H4,Br4Co N,*C,,H,,Br,Cu N2*C16H40Br4Cu2 N,*Cl&~C151n N,*C~,H~OCUZI, N2*C24H56Cu214 N2*C24H56Cu517 N2*C32H72Cu214 N2*C34H8Au2C12F20 N2*C36H8Au2C12F20 N,*ClH, N,*CI,CuH, N,*Cl,H,Hg N,*CoF ,H N,*CuF,H, N,*H,F,Mn N2*H8Hg14 N2*H10Hg14 N,Ni*C ,H,,Br, N2Ni*F14 N,NiO,*F, N20*C2H,AuC1,K ~2~*~10H30Br10Cu4 N,O*Cl,HloHg N,OZn*Br,H N,O,*C,H,CIMo N~O~*C,H~,AUCI, N,O,*CioHiJ,Hg N,O,*C,,H,,AsAu N 2 0 2*C,gH 2 OAsAuBr,

457

xepul punodwo3

B ~ ~ H ~ ~ * I L ~ N 9H9d*!.LzN 9 O t 91 I H 3*!.LZN 9~30*~913*!~z 9J80*H913*!LZN

899

Compound Index Reaction with HX: 2.7.3.1 Na*AgF, Na*AuCI, Na*Br Na*Br,Hg Na*CI Na*CuF,K, Na*F NaO*H NaOZn*Br,H, NaO,*AuCI,H, NaO,*Br,H,Hg Na02*C1,H,Hg NaO,Re*F, NaO,*I NaO,*N Na0,V Na[VO,I Reaction with HF: 2.11.2.1 NaO,Zn*H,I, Na0,Re NaCReO,] Reaction with BrF,: 2.11.4.1 NaPr*F, NaSc*F, NaU*F, NaY*F, NaZn*F, Na,*Br,CI,Hg Na,*Br,Cd Na,*Br,Hg Na,*CdCI, Na,*F,Mo Na,*HgI, Na,Ni*F, Na,NiO3*C4H6N, Na,O*B,F,, Na,O,*C Na2O,Zn*C1,H, Na,O,*H,HgI, Na,O,*Mo Na,O,S Na,CSO,I Formation from Hg, HgSO,, and NaCL: 2.8.21.3 Formation from Hg, MnO,, NaCl and H,SO,: 2.8.21.3 Na,O,W Na,CWO,l Reaction with CIF: 2.11.4.1 Na,O,*CdH,,I, Na,O,*B,

459

Na,Pr*F, Na,U*F, Na,W*F, Na,*CuF, Na,Sc*F, Nb Nb Bromination followed by the addition of KF or NH,F 2.11.3.1 Fluorination: 2.11.3.1 Reaction with Nb,0,-X2: 2.9.11.3 Reaction with Nb,O,-NbCI,: 2.9.11.4 Reaction with Se-NbCI,, Se-I,: 2.9.14.1.2 Reaction with SnF,: 2.1 1.3.1 Reaction with S-NbCI,, S,CI,, S-I,: 2.9.14.1.2 Reaction with F,-0,: 2.11.3.1 Reaction with CIF,, BrF,: 2.9.3.4 Reaction with F,: 2.9.2.1 Reaction with Br,: 2.9.2.3 Reaction with C1,: 2.9.2.2 Reaction with I,: 2.9.2.4 Reaction with HF: 2.11.3.1 Reaction with HX: 2.9.3.2 Nb*Br, Nb*C,H,Br,N Nb*C,H,CI,N Nb*C,H,,Br,N Nb*C,H,,CI,N Nb*C,,H3,F,N Nb*CI, Nb*CI,Cs Nb*Cs,I, Nb*F, Nb*F, Nb*F,K, Nb*13 Nb*I, NbO*Br, NbO*Br, NbO*Cl2H1 NbO*Cl, NbO*CI, NbO*CI, NbO*CI, NbO*F, NbO*F,H, NbO*F6H,,N, NbO*F,K, NbO*I NbO*I,

460

Compound Index

NbO*I, NbO,*F NbO,*F, Nb02*F6 NbS*Br, NbS*CI2 NbS*CI, NbS,*Br, NbS2*C1, NbS,*I, NbSb*Fl NbSe*Br, NbSe,*Br, NbSe,*CI, NbSe,*I, Nb2*C16H36F11N Nb,O,*Fll NW, Nb205 Reaction with AIX,: 2.9.4.8 Reaction with NbCI,: 2.9.12.6 Reaction with RCI: 2.9.4.6 Reaction with SOX,, BX,: 2.9.12.5 Reaction with SOCL,: 2.9.4.5 Reaction with C-X,: 2.9.12.1 Reaction with X, or C-X,: 2.9.4.2 Reaction with CX,: 2.9.12.4 Reaction with H F 2.11.3.1,2.9.12.2 Reaction with ag H,O,: 2.9.13.1.1 Nb,S,*Br, Nb,S,*Cl, Nb,Se*F,, Nb3*Br6 Nb,*Br, Nb,Se,*CI, Nb,*Br, ,Cs Nb,Rb,*Br,, Nd Nd Reaction with H X 2.9.14.1.1 Nd*Br, Nd*C1, Nd*C1, Nd*I, NdS*Br NdSe*F Nd,Se*F, Ni Ni Reaction with F,: 2.9.2.1 Reaction with Br,: 2.9.2.3 Reaction with C1,: 2.9.2.2

Ni*BaF, Ni*BaF, Ni*Br, Ni*C,BaN, Ni*C,H ,,Ag,Br,N, Ni*C,F,I Ni*C12F10 Ni*C ,H,,Br,N, Ni*Cl,8F,oGe6Hg2 Ni*CI, Ni*Cs,F6 NPF, Ni*F, Ni*F6K2 Ni*F6K3 Ni*F,Na, Ni*F,,N2 Ni*I, NiO NiO Reaction with X,: 2.9.4.1 NiO, NiO, Reaction with CLF,: 2.9.4.4 NiO,*F,N, NiO,*C,H,N,Na, Ni04*C4 NiO,*C,H,BaN, Ni0,S Ni[SO,] Fluorination: 2.11.2.2 NiXe,*F NiXe,*F,, Ni,O, Ni,O, Reaction with A&: 2.9.4.8 No*AuF, Np*CsF, Np*F6 NpO*F, NPO,*F,

NPO,

NPO, Fluorination: 2.1 1.5.2 Reaction with HF: 2.11.5.2 O*AcF O*AgF3N O*Agz O*Ag,FH,I O*AICI OnAlC1,N O*AuCI

Compound Index

461 ~~

O*AuF,N O*AuF,N O*B O*BF,N O*B,F, ,Na, O*Ba O*BaBr,CdH, O*Be O*BrCdH O*BrCl,Mo O*BrH O*BrN O*Br,CdH, O*Br,CdH,K O*Br,H,HgK O*Br,Nb O*Br,Mo O*Br,Cr O*Br,Mo O*Br,Nb O*CAgN O*CAuCl O*CCl, O*CF O*C,H,AuCl,KN, O*C,H,Br O*C,H,Cl O*C,H,ClN O*C,H,BCl, O*C,H,,BClN O*C,H,Cl O*'l OH30Br 10Cu4N2 O*C, ,H1 ,Nb O*C,,H,,AsAuBr,N O*C, ,H, ,AsAuN O*Ca O*Cd O*CdCl,H, O*CdCI,H2K O*CdCsH,I, O*ClCr O*ClFe O*ClH O*ClHMg O*ClN O*CIxCrF,+x O*C12Hg, O*Cl,Mo O*CI,Nb O*Cl,Cr O*Cl,H,HgK O*CI,Mo

O*CI3Nb O*CI,Cr O*Cl,H,HgK, O*Cl,Mo O*C14Nb O*Cl,Cr O*Cl,M O*CI,Mo O*Cl,Nb O*Cl,Hl0HgN, O*CrF, O*CrF, o*cu O*CuFH O*CuF,H, o*cu, O*Cu,F,H O*FFe O*FHHg O*FIn O*FN O*F,H,N O*F,M O*F,Mo O*F,Np O*F,Mo O*F,H,Nb O*F,H,,N,Nb O*F,Hf, O*F,IrN O*F,K3Nb O*F,Nb O*F,MoN O*HNa O*H,HgI,K O*H,Hg13N O*Hg o*m2 O*INb O*I,Nb O*13Nb O'Mg O*N O*Ni OOs*Cl, OOs*F, OOs*F, OOs*F,N OP*C,,H,,Cl,CuN OP*C,,H,,AuBr,N OP*C1,H, ,AuN OP*Cl,

Compound Index

462 OPa,*F, OPt*CIF, OPt*F, OPt*F,H3 OPt*F,N OPu*F, ORa RaO Reaction with HX: 2.7.5 ORe*Br, ORe*CI, 0Re *C14 ORe*CI, ORe*F, ORe*F, ORe*F,N OReSb*F, ORu*Cl,H ORu*CI,, ORu*F, ORu*F,H, ORu*F,N ORu,*CI,, OS*Br, os*c OS*CIH, OS*Cl, OSW*Cl, OSW*F, OSb*F,Mo OSbW*F, OSc*F OSeW*F, OSr SrO Reaction with HX 2.7.5 OTa*Br, OTa*Cl, OTa*CI, OTa*CCCI, OTa*F, OTa*F, OTa*F6H3 OTa*F,Hl2N3 OTa*F,K, OTc*Br OTc*CI, OTc*F, OTh*F, OTi*CI OTi*CI, OTi*CI,

,

OTi*F, OTi*F, OTi*F5 OTi*F,H, OTl*F OU*F, OV*Br, OV*Br, OV*Br, OV*C,H,CI, OV*Cl ov*c1, OV*CI, OV*CI, 0V*Cl5 OV*CsF, OV*F, OV*F, OV*F, OV*F,K, OW*Br, OW*Br, OW*Br, OW*Br5 0W*Cl2 OW*CI, OW*Cl, OW*Cl, OW*CsF, OW*F2 OW*F, OW*F5 OW*F,K OW*F,N OW*F9N OXe*F, OY*F OZn

ZnO Fluorination: 2.11.2.3 Formation from Zn(0H)Cl: 2.8.19 Formation from ZnC1,*4 Zn(OH),.H,O: 2.8.19 Formation in ZnF, dehydration: 2.8.19 Reaction with BC1,: 2.8.15.3 Reaction with PF,: 2.8.15.3 Reaction with S2C1,: 2.8.15.3 Reaction with [NHJCI: 2.8.15.3 Reaction with CH,C(O)Cl 2.8.15.3 Reaction with OCCI,: 2.8.15.3 Reaction with HF: 2.11.2.3 Reaction with HI: 2.8.15.2

Compound Index Reaction with CF,BrCl: 2.8.15.3 Reaction with F,: 2.8.15.1 Reaction with HBr: 2.8.15.2 Reaction with HC1: 2.8.15.2 Reaction with Cl,: 2.8.15.1 Reaction with CC1,: 2.8.15.3 Reaction with HF: 2.8.15.2 OZn*Br,H,Na OZn*Br4Hl,N2 OZn* Br H ,N3 OZn*C8H,,C1 OZn*ClH OZn*CI,H, OZn*CI,H, OZr*Cl, OZr,*Cl, 00.5*Co2F6H19N6 O,*AgF, O,*AmF, O,*AuCl,H,K O,*AuCI,H,Na O,*AuF,N O,*AuF, 0,*BaH,C1,Hg3 O,*BeH, O,*Br,Cr O,*Br,Mo O,*Br ,H,HgK O,*Br,H,HgNa 02*C4H14Au2 0,*C5H,C1MoN, O,*C,H,,AlCI O,*C,H,,Au O,*C,H,,BCl O,*C,H 19AuCI,N,

,

O,*CI,Mo O,*CI,H,Hg,Sr O,*CrF, O,*CrF, O,*CuF,H, O,*CuF,H, ,N, O,*CuH, O,*FNb 02*F,H,Hg 02*F2HgH4 O,*F,Mo 0,*F2Nb 02*F,NP O,*F,Mo O,*F,IrN, O,*F,N,Ni O2*F,Nb O,*F,MoN 0,*F8Hf, 0,*F9Mn, O,*FllNb, O,*H,CuF, O,*Hf O,*Ir O,*Mn O,*Mo O,*Ni

0,os

oso,

Fluorination: 2.11.4.2 O,Os*Br, o,os*c14 O,Os*F, O,Os*F,N, 0,P*H3

02*C10H4Au512K5N10

02PV*C24H20F2

02*C10H16F4HgN2 02*C ,H ,AlCl 02*C16H14Hg O,*C,,H,,AsAuBr,N, O,*C,,H,,AsAuCI,N, O,*C,,H,~A~AUN, O,*CdF,H, O,*CdH,,I,N, O,*Ce O,*CIF,Ir O,*CI,Cr OZ*C1,CuH, O,*Cl,Mn O,*Cl,Mo O,*CI,H,HgK O,*Cl,H,HgNa

O,Pa*F,H, O,Pd*F, 0,Pt PtO, Fluorination: 2.11.4.2 Reaction with X,: 2.9.4.1 O,Pt*F, O,Pt*F,H, 0,Pt*F6N O,Pu*F, O,Rb*AmF, 0,Re ReO, Fluorination: 2.11.4.1 Reaction with SOCI,: 2.9.4.5 Reaction with X,: 2.9.12.1

,

463

464

Compound Index

Reaction with HX 2.9.10.2 O,Re*F,K O,Re*F,Na 0,Re*F3 O,Re*F,N, 02Rh*F,

0,Ru

RuO, Fluorination: 2.11.3.2 O,Ru*Br, O,Ru*CI, O,Ru*F,

0,s so2

Formation from Hg and O,SCI,: 2.8.14.4 Formation from ZnO and S,Cl,: 2.8.15.3 Reaction with HgCI,: 2.8.21.2 Reaction with Hg,Cl, and HCl: 2.8.20.1 Use as reducing agent: 2.9.13.2 O,S*CI, 02S4U3 u3°2s4

Reaction with Br,: 2.9.5 02Sb*C22H25 O,Sb,*CrF, 0,Se

SeO, Reaction with Hg,CI, and HCk 2.8.20.1 O,Se*F,Mo O,SeW*F, 0,Si SiO, Reaction with Ta-TaC1,: 2.9.11.4 Reaction with BeI,: 2.7.2 O,Sr*H, O,Ta*Cl O,Ta*Cl, O,Ta*F O,Ta,*F,, 0,Tc TcO, Fluorination: 2.11.3.1 Reaction with X,: 2.9.12.1 0,Tc*F3 02Tc*F7N O,Tc*F,N, O,Te,W*F,, 0,Th Tho,

Reaction with ThF,: 2.11.5.2

Reaction with flF: 2.11.5.2 0,Ti TiO, Fluorination: 2.11.2.1 Formation from HgO and TiCI,: 2.8.15.3 Reaction with Al13: 2.9.4.8 Reaction with MF-HF: 2.11.2.1 Reaction with RCI: 2.9.4.6 Reaction with SF,: 2.11.2.1 Reaction with TiCI,: 2.9.12.6 Reaction with X, or C-X,: 2.9.4.2 Reaction with F,-0,: 2.11.2.1 Reaction with ag HF: 2.9.13.1.1 02Ti*F3H2 O,Ti*F,K, O,Ti*F,N, O,Ti,*F,, O,TI*C,H, 0,T1*C,H3Br, O,TI*C,H, O,U*F, 02U*F gH 1PN 3 O,U*F,K, 0,V vo2

Reaction with SOC1,: 2.9.4.5 Reaction with ag H F 2.9.13.1.1 0,V*BaF3 O,V*C,,H,,AsF, O,V*CI O,V*CI, 0,V*C13H4 O,V*F O,V*F, O,V*F, O,V*F,N 02V2*F7 02V,*F, 1 0,W WO, Reaction with X,: 2.9.12.1 Reaction with CF,CI,: 2.11.4.1 Reaction with HF: 2.9.12.2 O,W*Br, O,W*Br,N, O,W*CI, 0,W*C12N2 02W*CI, O,W*F, 02W*F5H3 02W*F,N

Compound Index OZW*F7N 02W*F,N2 O,W*I O,W*I, 02W2*F13N 0,Xe*F2 O,Xe*F, O,Zn*Br,H, O,Zn*Br,H,K O,Zn*Br,H,K, O,Zn*CI,H,K O,Zn*F,H, O,Zn*F,H,,N, O,Zn*H,I, O,Zn,*Cl,H, 0,Zr ZrO, Fluorination: 2.11.3.1 Reaction with AlI,: 2.9.4.8 Reaction with MF-HF: 2.11.3.1 Reaction with S,CI,, PC1,: 2.9.4.5 Reaction with X, or C-X,: 2.9.4.2 Reaction with COCI,: 2.9.4.7 02,5*Ag7F5H512 O,*AcH, O,*AgAt O,*AgN O,*Al, O,*As, O,*Au, O,*Au,CI,H, ,N, 03*B2 0,*B,C13 03*Bi, O,*CCd o,*ccs O,*CCU O,*CHg2 O,*CNa, O,*C,F,Mn O,*C,H,B O,*C,H,N,Na,Ni O,*C,H,CIHgMn O,*C,H,ClHgMo O,*C,H,IMo O,*C,H,Mn O,*C,H,Mo O,*C,H,ClCrHg O,*C,H,Cr O,*C,H,Mo O,*C,,H,Mo 03*C12H27B

03*C14H10 O,*C,,H,,BMo 0 *CICr O,*ClMn O,*ClMo o,*co, 03*Cr O,*Cr, O,*FMn O,*F,Mo O,*F,H,Mo O3*F3H,Hf O,*F,MoN O,*F,H,Mo O,*F,H,Hf O,*Fe, O,*Ga, O,*HN O,*H,Ir O,*INa O,*In, O,*KN O,*Ln, O,*Mo O,*NNa O,*Ni, O,*NP O,Os*F O,Os*F, O,Os*F, O,P*H, 0,Re ReO, Fluorination: 2.1 1.4.1 Reaction with ReCI,: 2.9.12.6 Reaction with X,: 2.9.12.1 O,Re*C,F, O,Re*CI O,Re*Cl, O,Re*F 0,Rn RnO, Formation: 2.10.2.2.2 O,Ru*C,F,

,

03s so3

Reaction with Hg,Br,: 2.8.20.1 O3S*C,H1,B2FFeI O,S*C,H,,B,FeI, O,S*CIH O,S*FH 03S*Li2

465

Compound Index

466

O,SXe*F, O3Sb2 Sb203

Reaction with ReF,: 2.9.14.4 Reaction with TiCl,, VOCL,: 2.9.12.7 O,Sc*H, 03%

SC20, Reaction with [NH,][HF,]: O,Sn*C,,H,,Mo O,Tc*F O,Ti*F,, O3TI*CloHl,Mo O,T1*Cl,H,,Mo 03T1W*C,,H1 O3T4

2.11.2.1

,

Reaction with BrF,: 2.11.4.1 Reaction with BrF,, CIF,, IF5: 2.9.4.4 Reaction with CIF,: 2.11.4.1 Reaction with IF,: 2.9.12.3, 2.11.4.1 Reaction with KF and SeF,: 2.11.4.1 Reaction with CIF 2.11.4.1 Reaction with CCI,: 2.9.12.1 0,W*C8H,I 03W*F3H, 03W*F1012 03W2*F9H3 O,X*Cr 03Xe XeO, Formation: 2.10.2.2.1 O32' y2°3

Reaction with BX,: 2.6.6.4 Reaction with F,: 2.6.6.1 Reaction with BrF,: 2.6.6.4 Reaction with ag HX: 2.6.6.3 03u uo3

Fluorination: 2.11.5.2 Reaction with XeF,: 2.11.5.2 Reaction with SF,: 2.11.5.2 Reaction with HF: 2.11.5.2 O,V*BaF O,V*CI,H, O,V*F,H, O,V*Na O3"2 '2O3

Reaction with AH,: 2.9.4.8 Reaction with SOCI,: 2.9.4.5 Reaction with VC1,: 2.9.12.6 03V2*F8K4 03V3*F14

03V3*F14K5 03w

wo,

Reaction with AII,: 2.9.4.8 Reaction with RCI: 2.9.4.6 Reaction with SOX,, BX,: 2.9.12.5 Reaction with SF,: 2.9.4.4, 2.11.4.1 Reaction with NaF-SF,: 2.11.4.1 Reaction with W-Br,: 2.9.11.3 Reaction with WCl,: 2.9.12.6 Reaction with W-WCI,: 2.9.11.4 Reaction with CX,: 2.9.12.4 Reaction with NF,: 2.11.4.1 Reaction with C1,: 2.9.11.2

Reaction with YF,: 2.11.3.1 Reaction with [NH,][HF,]: 2.11.3.1 Reaction with HF in HCI: 2.11.3.1 Reaction with HF: 2.11.3.1 O,Zn*Br,H, O,Zn*Br ,H ,N O,Zn*C O,Zn*Cl,H, O,Zn*CI3H,Li O,Zn*CI,H,Na, O,Zn*H,I,Na O,Zr*F,H, O,.,*H,CoF, O,*AuBr,H, O,*AuCI,H, O,*Br,CdH, O,*Br,CuH, 04*C2H6 O,*C,CoN O,*C,Br,Fe O,*C,Br,Mo O,*C,CI,Fe O,*C,CI,Mo O,*C,F,Mo O,*C,FeI, O,*C,H,Cd 04*C4H6Hg 0,*C4H,BaN,Ni O,*C4Hl,B, O,*C,Ni O,*C,H,,BBrFeN 04*C8H20B2 04*C14H10 0,*Cl,H2,AuCl,N, O,*Cl,H,,AuCI,N,

Compound Index 04*C28AU2F26 04*C34H14Au2F20 O4*CdC1,H8 0,*CdC16Cu,H, O,*ClH O,*CIK o,*co, O,*F,H,Mo O,*F,H,Mo O,*F,Mo, O,*F,Mo, 0,*H8HgI,Na, O,*H,AuBr, O,*KMn O,*K,Mo O,*MoNa, 0,OS

oso,

Fluorination: 2.11.4.2 Reaction with AgI0,-BrF,: 2.11.4.2 Reaction with BF,: 2.9.13.1.1 Reaction with MBr-BrF,: 2.11.4.2 Reaction with M F 2.11.4.2 Reaction with OsF,: 2.11.4.2 Reaction with SCl,: 2.9.4.5 Reaction with BrF,: 2.9.12.3,2.11.4.2 Reaction with CsF: 2.9.13.1.1 Reaction with HX. 2.9.10.2 Reaction with ag H X 2.9.4.3 o,os*c,c1, O,Os*F, O,P*C,,H,,BMn O,P*H, OP,

Pr@, Fluorination of MC1 mixture: 2.11.5.1 0,Re ReO, Reaction with X, or C-X,: 2.9.4.2 O,Re*K O,Re*Na 0,R u RuO, Reaction with BrF,, BrF,: 2.9.12.3 Reaction with H X 2.9.10.2 Reaction with aq HX: 2.9.4.3 O,Ru*C,Br, O,Ru*C,CI, O,S*Ba O,S*Cd O,S*CsF o,s*cs,

467

o,s*cu O,S*Fe O,S*Hg 04S*K, O,S*Mn O,S*Na, O,S*Ni 0,SZn ZnCS041 Reaction with BaI,: 2.8.17.2 Reaction with CaCI,: 2.8.17.2 Reaction with HCI: 2.8.17.1 O,S,Zn ZnCS2041 Formation from Zn and SO,Cl,: 2.8.14.4 O,Sn*C,,H,,Co O,Tc*H,N O,Tc,*C,CI, O,Te,W*F,, O,Ti*CloHl,F, O,TI*C,Co 04V2*F5 04V2*F5K3 O,W*C,Br, o,w*c,cI, 0,w*c41, O,W*K, O,W*Na, O,Xe*Ba 0,Zn* BaC1,H O,Zn*Cl,H, O,Zn*F,H, O,Zn*H,I, 0,*BaCdH ,I, 0,*BaCd,Cl,H O,*CH,Cu, O,*C,BCI,Mn O,*C,BrMn O,*C,Br,InMn O,*C,ClMn O,*C,Cl,InMn O,*C,Fe O,*C,HMn O,*C,IMn O,*C,H,Mn O,*C,H,,BMnN, O,*ClCr 0,*Cl2 0,*Nb2 O,Rb*CAm O,Re*C,Br

,

,,

468

COmDOUnd

O,Re*C,Cl O,Re*C,F O,Re*C,I O,Re,*C,F, O,Ru*H,,CI, O,Ta, Ta20, Reaction with AIX,: 2.9.4.8 Reaction with RCI: 2.9.4.6 Reaction with SOC1,: 2.9.4.5 Reaction with TaCI,: 2.9.12.6 Reaction with TaC1,-Ta: 2.9.11.4 Reaction with X, or C-X,: 2.9.4.2 Reaction with HF: 2.11.4.1,2.9.12.2 Reaction with aq H F 2.9.13.1.1 O,Tc*C,Br O,Tc*C,Cl O,Tc*C,I O,Tc,*F, O,Tl*C,Mn O,V, v20,

Fluorination: 2.11.2.1 Reaction with RC1: 2.9.4.6 Reaction with SOX,, AlX,, BX,: 2.9.12.5 Reaction with S,Cl,: 2.9.4.5 Reaction with VCl,, VOCl,: 2.9.12.6 Reaction with X, or C-X,: 2.9.4.2 Reaction with NF,: 2.11.2.1 Reaction with KF-HF: 2.11.2.1 Reaction with CsF-HF: 2.11.2.1 Reaction with IF,: 2.9.12.3 Reaction with C,CI,, C,Cl,: 2.9.12.4 Reaction with ag HX 2.9.4.3 Reaction with ag HF: 2.9.13.1.1 05V2*F2113 0,*BaCl,H,2Hg, O,*Br,Hg O,*C,Cr O,*C,Mo O,*C,HSMn O,*C,,H,Mn O6*C,,H2,CuI,K 06*C12H27B3 O6*Ci,HioHgMO, 06*C16H10M02 O,*CdH, ,I,Na, O,*CdN, O,*Cl,Hg 06*C16HlZHg2Mg 06*F 1

Index 06*Hg12 06*HgN2 06*Hg2N2 0,0s,*c,c1, O,P,Zn, Zn,CPO,I, Formation from ZnO and PF,: 2.8.15.3 O,P,*Al,CI,, 06Re3*C6F11 O,S,*C,H,BFe,N O,Sr*Br, 06V3*F 0,V3*FH,N o,w*c, O,Zn*BaCl,H,, O,Zn*Cl, O,Zn*Cl,H,,Mg O,*B,Na, 07*CaCd,Cl,H,, O,*CdCI,H, 07Re2

Fluorination: 2.11.4.1 Reaction with ReF,: 2.11.4.1 Reaction with ReCl,: 2.9.12.6 Reaction with RCI: 2.9.4.6 Reaction with H F 2.9.12.2 O,Sr*Cd,Cl,H,, O,Ta,*F 07%

Tb407 Fluorination of MCI mixture: 2.11.5.1 Reaction with ClF,-HF 2.11.5.1 07Zn*C1,H,, 08*Ag7F2H O,*BaCdCl,H,, O,*C,F,Mn, O,*C,Fe,I, O,*C,I,Mo, 08*C16H32Cu416K2 O,*CI2Hg O,Re,*C,CI, o,s,*cocs, 08Sr*Ag2Hi614 O,Sr*CdH,,I, O,Tc,*C,Br, O,Tc,*C,I, OF& U308

Fluorination: 2.11.5.2 Reaction with SF,: 2.11.5.2 Reaction with XeF,: 2.11.5.2

Compound Index

469

Os*F303 Os*F,O Os*F,O Os*F, Os*F, Os*F,NO Os*F,N,O, ..

Pa2O10 Reaction with HF-0,: 2.11.5.2 Reaction with F,: 2.11.5.2 O,oRe,*C,o O10Tc,*C,o O,,Pr, Pr6011

Reaction with CIF, and NaCI-HF 2.11.5.1 oi2*c12c04 012*C12Fe3

0120s3*c12 012Ru3*C12 Ol 2Ru4*C1 012S3*Fe2 O15*C,,InMn3 015*c1 O,,TI*C,,Mn, Oi6*Br8Fe3H32 016*C48H64Cu416K2 O,,*FH,Mo, 0s

0s Fluorination: 2.11.4.2 Reaction with X,-O,: 2.9.11.2 Reaction with 0,-F,: 2.11.4.2 Reaction with F,: 2.9.2.1, 2.9.11.1 Reaction with Br,: 2.9.2.3 Reaction with CI,: 2.9.2.2 Os*Br,F6 Os*Br, Os*Br,O, Qs*Br,H,N, 0s*c4c1,0, OS*Cl, OS*C1,0 os*c1,o, OS*Cl, Os*CI,H,N, Os*FO, Os* F,O

,

Os*F,04 Os*F,O,

Os*I OS*I, Os*I,K,

os*o, os*o, os2*C6c1406 Os,*F,,H,N, 0s3*c12012 P'AICl, P*AII, P*AuCI, P*B P*BCl, P*Br, P*Br5 P*CH, P*C,H,CI,N P*C2H7 P*C,H,AICI, P*C,H,AuBr P*C,HgAuBr, P*C,H,,Ge P*C,H 1oBC12 P*C4H11 P*C,H,,AI P*C,H ,CI,Cu, P*C,H, P*C,H,,AuBr P*C6H1,AuBrCI, P*C6H1,AuBr,CI P*C,H,,AuBr, P*C,H,,AuCI P*C6Hl,AuClI, P*C,H,,AuCI, P*C,H,,AuI P*C,H,,AuI, P*C,H,,CI,Cu, P*C,Hl 1 P*C,H,,AuBr P*CBH,,AuCL P*C,H,,BClN P*C,H,,BN, P*CgH,,BIN, P*C,,H,,AuBr P*C1,H ,AuBrC1,

,

,

470

Compound Index

~

P*Cl8Hl5AuBr,CI P*Cl 8H1,AuBr, P*Cl ,H,,AuCI P*C~~H~,AUCI, P*C18H,,C1,CuN0 P*C19H1,AuBr,NO P*C, ,H ,AuNO P*ClgH16Li P*C19H18Cu2r3 P*C2,H1,AuBr P*C,,H ,AuBr, P*C,,H,,Br,Cu P*C,,H,,AuBr P*C2,H,,AuBr, P*C,,H,,Br,Cu P*C,,H,,AuBrFe P*C,,H ,AuBr,Fe P*C,,H,,Br,Cu P*C,,H,,AuBr,F, P*C,,H,,AuF, P*C,,H,,AgBr, P*C2,H,,Au P*C,,H,,Br,Cu P*C,,H,,Cl,Cu P*C,,H,,CI,Cu P*C,,H,,BMnO, P*C1, P*Cl30 P*CI, P*F, P*H3 P*H302 P*H303 P*H304 P*I, PS*CI3 PSi*CH, PSi*C,H, PSi*C,Hl, PSi*H, PTa*F,H, PTI TIP Reaction with X,: 2.6.9.1 PTI*CeH12 PV*C24H,,F202 pZ*c 1ZH30BN P2*C24H,lAu,CI,N P2*C2,H,lAu,C16N P,*C2,H,,Au,Br,C12 P2*C25H22Au2C12 P2*C25H22Au2C16

P2*C27H26Au2C12 P,*C,,H,6Au2C16 P2*C38H36Ag13 P,*C,,H,,Br,Cu P2*C38H36Cu13 P2*C48H40Ag2Br4 P2*C&,oAg.$L P,*C14 P2Pt*C2,H4,BC1 P,Si*H, P*Zn, zn3p2

Formation from ZnO and PF,: 2.8.15.3 P,Zn3*0, P3*C3Hl,A1Li P,*C,,H,,CuF P,*C,,H,8Cl,Ln P3*C,,H,,AgBr, P,*AIH,Li P6*A1,C13,0, P~*C,,H,,C~~C~ZNI~ P,Si,*C,4H63AI P9*C21H54A1 Pa Pa Fluorination: 2.1 1.5.2 Pa*C Pa*CI, Pa*F4 Pa*F, Pa*F,H,O, Pa,*F,O Pa,*O10 Pb*Br2 Pb*C8H,, Pb*CI, Pb*F, Pd Pd Oxyfluorination: 2.1 1.3.2 Reaction with F atoms: 2.11.3.2 Reaction with F,: 2.9.2.1 Reaction with Br,: 2.9.2.3 Reaction with Cl,: 2.9.2.2 Pd*AtI Pd*Cl, Pd*C1,Cs2 Pd*CI,K, Pd*F, Pd*F6 Pd*F6Ge Pd*F6K,

Compound Index Pd*F602 Pd*12 PdRb2*C16 PdSe,*Ft PdXe*F, PdXe2*F,, Pd2*F6 Pd,Se*I, Pd,Xe*F,, Pr Pr Reaction with HX: 2.9.14.1.1 Pr*BaCI, Pr*BaF, Pr*CI, Pr*F, Pr*F, Pr*F,Na Pr*F,Na, PrS*Br PrSe*F PrSr*F, Pr,Se*F, Pr,*O, Pr,*Ot 1 Pt Pt Adsorbs At: 2.9.11.1 Catalyst for the reaction of UF, with 0,: 2.11.5.2 FluorinationL: 2.1 1.4.2 Ignition in F, with an electrical current: 2.1 1.4.2 Reaction with F,: 2.9.2.1 Reaction with Br,: 2.9.2.3 Reaction with C1,: 2.9.2.2 Reaction with I,: 2.9.2.4 Pt*Br, Pt*Br, Pt*C2,H,,BCIP2 Pt*ClF,O Pt*CI, Pt*C1, Pt*CsF6 Pt*F,O Pt*F, Pt*F, Pt*F,H30 Pt*F,H,O, Pt*F,K Pt*F,NO Pt*F,NO,

,

47 1

Pt*F,O, Pt*F,Kr Pt *F ,I Pt*I, Pt*02 PtRb'F, PtXe*F, PtXe*F, PtXe*F,, Pt,Xe*F, Pu*F,O, Pu*F, Pu*F, Pu*F,O Pu*F, Ra Ra Reaction with X,: 2.7.2 Reaction with HX: 2.7.3.1 Ra*Br, Ra*CI, Ra*F, Ra*I, Ra*O

,

Rb

Rb Reaction with X,: 2.7.2 Reaction with HX: 2.7.3.1 Rb*AgF, Rb*AgF, Rb*Ag,I, Rb*AmF,O, Rb*AuBr, Rb*Br,Cd Rb*CAmO, Rb*CdCI, Rb*CdF3 Rb*CI,Hg Rb*CI,Cu, Rb*CuF, Rb*F Rb*F,Pt Rb*HgI, Rb,*AgAu,I, Rb2*AgF, Rb,*AmF, Rb,*Au,Br, Rb,*Au21a Rb,*Br,HgI, Rb,*CdF, Rb,*Cl,Cu Rb,*CI4Hg

472

Rb,*CI,Pd Rb,*HgI, Rb,Zn*CI, Rb,*Au,Br, Rb,*Au,I, Rb,*Cd,F, Rb,*Cl,Mo Rb,*CI,Cu, Rb,*Hg,I, Rb,*Br,Cd Rb,*Br,,Nb, Rb,*CdCI, Rb,*HgI, Re Re Fluorination: 2.11.4.1 Oxyfluorination: 2.11.4.1 Reaction with ReF,: 2.11.4.1 Reaction with S,CI,: 2.9.3.5 Reaction with X,-0,: 2.9.11.2 Reaction with F,: 2.9.2.1 Reaction with CIF,: 2.9.3.4 Reaction with Br,: 2.9.2.3 Reaction with C1,: 2.9.2.2 Reaction with H X 2.9.3.2 Reaction with aq HX: 2.9.3.3 Re*Br,O Re*Br, Re*Br,K, Re*C,F,O, Re*C,BrO, Re*C,CIO, Re*C,FO, Re*C,IO, Re*CIF,N Re*CIO, Re*Cl,O Re*CI, Re*CI,O, Re*CI, Re*CI,O Re*CI, Re*CI,O Re*CI, Re*CI,K, Re*FO, Re*F,KO, Re*F,NaO, Re*F,O, Re*F,O Re*F, Re*F,O

Compound Index Re*F, Re*F,N Re*F, Re*F,NO Re*F,K Re*F,N,O, Re*I, Re*I, Re*I, Re*I,K Re*KO, Re*NaO, Re*O, Re*O, Re*O, ReS*Br ReS*Cl, ReS*F, ReS*F, ReS*F, ReS, ReS, Reaction with X,: 2.9.14.2 Reaction with C1,: 2.9.5 ReSb*F,O ReSb*F, ReSb,*F,, ReSe*Br, ReSe*CI, Re&, ReSe, Reaction with X,: 2.9.14.2 Re,*C,F,O, Re,*C,Cl,O, Re2*Cl0O10 Re,*C,,H,oAs,C~8 Re,*O, Re,S,*CI, Re,% Re,% Reaction with X,: 2.9.14.2 Reaction with CI,: 2.9.5 Reaction with CCl,: 2.9.5 Re,*Br, Re3*C,Fl1O, Re,*C1, Rh Rh Fluorination: 2.11.3.2 Reaction with F,: 2.9.2.1 Reaction with CI,: 2.9.2.2 Rh*CI,

,

,

Compound Index Rh*CsF, Rh*F, Rh*F5 Rh*F, Rh*F602 RhXelF,

Rn

Rn Reaction with F,: 2.10.2.2.2 Reaction with interhalogens: 2.10.2.2.2 Rn*F Rn*F, Rn*F, Rn*F, Rn*O,

Ru

Ru Fluorination: 2.1 1.3.2 Fluorination in a Row system: 2.11.3.2 Reaction with AgBr-BrF,: 2.11.3.2 Reaction with F,-0,: 2.11.3.2 Reaction with F,: 2.9.2.1 Reaction with BrF,: 2.9.3.4 Reaction with BrF,-Br,: 2.11.3.2 Reaction with CsC1-BrF,: 2.1 1.3.2 Reaction with KBr-BrF,: 2.11.3.2 Reaction with Br,: 2.9.2.3 Reaction with Cl,: 2.9.2.2 Ru*BrF,, Ru*Br, Ru*Br,O, R u *Br K Ru*C,F,O, Ru*C,Br,O, RuaC,C1204 Ru*CI, Ru*CI,HO Ru*CI,O, Ru*CI,,O Ru*F,O Ru*F, Ru*F, Ru*F,H,O Ru*F,NO Ru*F,O, Ru*F, Ru*H loC1405 Ru*O, Ru*O, RuXe*F, Ru,*CI,,O Ru3*C12012

,

473

%*C 12FsOx2

S

S

Reaction with [Mo,X,]X,, MoX3: 2.9.14.3 Reaction with NbCl,, TaCI,: 2.9.14.3 Reaction with Rex,: 2.9.14.3 Reaction with Re,X,: 2.9.14.3 Reaction with WX,: 2.9.14.3 Reaction with transition-metals: 2.9.14.1.2 S*Ag, S*AIBr S*AICI S*AICI, S*AII S*AuBr SaAuC1, S*BaO, S*BrCe S*BrCr S*BrDy S*BrEr S*BrGd S*BrHo S+BrLa S*BrLu S*BrMo S*BrNd S*BrPr S*Br,O S*Br,Re S*Br,Nb SCCl, S*CH3GaI, S*CH,Ge

sac0

S*C,H,AuBr, S*C,H,BCl S*C2H,B S*C,H,CIN S*C,H,B S*C,H,Cu,I, S*C,H,GaI, S*C,H,,Ge S*C,H,,BF,N, S*C9H,,B,FFeI0, S*C,H,,B,FeI,O, S*C,,H,AuBr,F, S+C,,H8AuC1,F, S*C,,H,AuF, Sac, ,H ,AuBr

474

S*C,,H,,AuBr, S*Cd S*CdO, S*CeCI S*CeF S*CeI S*CIH03 S*CIH,O S*CILa S*ClMo s*c1, S*CI,Mo S*Cl,Nb S*CI,O S*CI,O, S*CI,Re S*CI,Mo S*CI,Nb S*CI,P S*Cr S*CsFO, s*cs,o, s*cu s*cuo, s*cu, S*ErF S*EuF S*FHO, S*FHo S*FLa S*FLu S*F,Re S*F, S*F,Mo S*F,Re S*F,Re S*F6 S*Fe S*FeO, S*Fe, S*GdI S*H, S*Hg S*HgO, S*ILa S*IMo S*K204 S*Li203 S*MnO, S*Na,O, S*NiO, S.0,

Compound Index

s*o, SSeW*C1, SSi*CH, SSi*C,H SSi,*CH, SSm*Br SSm*I SSn*C,H,, STa*CI, STa*F,H, STa,*F,,H, STb*Br sv*c1 SW*Br, SW*CI,O SW*CI3 SW*CI, SW*F2 SW*F20 SW*F, SW*F, SXe*F,O, SY*Br SY*F SYb*Br SYb*F

,,

SZn

.

ZnS Fluorination: 2.11.2.3 Formation from Zn and S,Cl,: 2.8.14.4 Reaction with A1C1,: 2.8.16.2 Reaction with CuC1,: 2.8.16.2 Reaction with FeCI,: 2.8.16.2 Reaction with SF,: 2.11.2.3 Reaction with S,CI,: 2.8.16.2 Reaction with F,: 2.8.16.1 Reaction with NaCl 2.8.16.2 Reaction with HCl 2.8.16.2 Reaction with Cl,: 2.8.16.1 Reaction with I,: 2.8.16.1 SZn*O, S,*AlCI, S,*Br, S2*Br,Mo S,*Br,Nb S,*C,H,B,Br, S2*C,H,B,Cl, S,*C,H, ,GaI S2*C,H,,AuBr,N S,*C,H,,AuN S,*C,H,BFe,NO, S,*C,H,,AuBr,N

Compound Index S,*C,H,,AuN S2*C10H1 5Ga S2*C26Au2F20N2 S2*CI, S,*ClzHg, S,*Cl,Mo S,*C12Nb s,*cocs,o, S,*Fe S,*I,Nb S,*Mo S,*Re S,Se,*C,H,,AuN, S,Ta TaS, Reaction with I,: 2.9.5 S,Ta*CI, SZW ws2

Reaction with CX,: 2.9.5 S,W*Cl, S,Zn*O, S3*AI, S3*B2 S3*B2F2 S,*B,Br, S,*B,CI, S3*Br,Nb, S,*C,BF, S,*CI,Nb, S,*CI,Re, S,*Cr, S3*Fe2012 S,*Ga, S,*La, S,*Mo S3Sh Sb2S3

Reaction with NbX,, Tax,, MoCl,: 2.9.14.4 Reaction with WSCl,, ReF,, ReF,: 2.9.14.4 Reaction with WX,, WX,, WSC1,: 2.9.14.4

s3w WS, Reaction with CI,: 2.9.5 s,w,*c1, '3'2

y2s3

Reaction with YF,: 2.9.14.2 S,*C,H,,AlLi

475

S,*C,H, OAuN, S.+*C,oHmAu,Br2N2 S,*CioH,oAuzb,N, S,*CI,Mo, S,Se,*C, 2H20Au~N4 S4u3*O2

S,*Br,Mo, S5*C4H1OBZ S,*Cl,Mo, S,*13M02 S6*B3H3 S,*Ci,H,oAu,N, SC*CI,Mo, S,*Br,Mo, S,*Re, Sb*Br, Sb*C22H2502 Sb*Cl, Sb*CI, Sb*F, Sb*F,Kr Sb*F,MoO Sb*F,ORe Sb*F],Nb Sb*F,,Re SbW*F90 SbXe*F, SbXe*Fg SbXe*FI SbXe,*F,, Sb,*C,CrF,, Sb,*CrF,, Sb,*CrF,,O, Sb,*F,,Kr Sb,*F,,Re Sb,*O3 Sb,*S3 Sb&3 Sb2Se, Reaction with NbX,, MoCl,, wx,: 2.9.14.4 Reaction with WSeCI,: 2.9.14.4 Reaction with WX,, WSCl,, WSeC1,: 2.9.14.4 Sb,Xe*F,, Sb,Xe*Cr,F,, sc sc Fluorination: 2.11.2.1 Sc*FO Sc*F, Sc*F,Na

476

Compound Index

Sc*F,Na, Sc*H,O, Sc,*O, se Se Reaction with CuX: 2.9.14.3 Reaction with [Mo,X,]X,, MoX,: 2.9.14.3 Reaction with PdX,: 2.9.14.3 Reaction with Re,X,: 2.9.14.3 Reaction with WX,: 2.9.14.3 Reaction with transition-metals: 2.9.14.1.2 Se*AIBr Se*AlCI Se*AII Se*AuCl Se*AuCI, Se*AuF, Se*Br,Re Se*Br,Nb Se*Br, Se*CF, Se*C,H,CIHg Se*C,H, Se*CeF Se*Ce,F, Se*Cl,Re Se*CI,Mo Se*C1, Se*Cr Se*CrI Se*ErF Se*FGd Se*FLa Se*FLu Se*FNd Se*FPr Se*F, Se*F,La, Se*F,Mo Se*F,Nd, Se*F,Pr, Se*F,MoO, Se*F,,Nb, Se*H, Se*I,Pd, &*O, SeSi*C,H,, SeSm*F SeTI,*I, SeTm*F

SeW*Br, SeW*Br, SeW*CI,S SeW*CI, SeW*F, SeW*F,O, SeW* F 8O SeWY*C13 SeWY *F, SeY*F SeYb*F Se,*Br,Nb Se,*C,H,,AuN,S, Se,*Cl2H10 Se2*C12H20AuzN4S4 Se,*CICu Se,* C1 Se,*CI,Nb Se,*F,,Pd Se,*I,Nb Se,*Re Se,*AIj Se,*B, Se,*BrCu Se3*C18HlSAI %*C,,HI$ Se,*CuI Se,*La, Se,*Sb,

,

%Y,

Y,Se, Reaction with YF,: 2.9.14.2 Se,*C,,H20A1Li Se,Ti*C,,H,, Se,Zr*C,,Hz0 Se,*CI,Nb, Se,*Br,Mo, Si*AsH, Si*BrH, Si*Br, Si*CH,CI, Si*CH,Br Si*CH6S Si*CH,As Si*CH,P Si*C,H,C1, Si*C,H,I, Si*C,H,CI Si*C,H,P Si*C,H, Si*C,H,CI Si*C,H,F

Compound Index Si*C,H,, Si*C,H,,As Si*C3H,,P Si*C,H,, Si*C,H,,S Si*C,H, ,BN, Si*C,H ,,Se Si*C,,H,,Br Si*CI, Si*F, Si*H, Si*H,P Si*H,P, %*I, Si*O, Si,*AsH, Si,*BrH, Si,*CH,S Si,*CIHS Si,Tl*C,H, ,C1 Si,Tl*C,H, ,I Si,*C,,H,,AIP, Si3*C,,H4,A1C1K Si,*C,,H,,B,N, Si,Sn*C,,H,,Br Si,SnTI*C,,H,, Si,T1*C,HZ7 Si,*C,,H,,BLi Si,*C,,H,,GaLi Si9Sn,T1*C36H9g Sm

Sm Reaction with HX: 2.9.14.1.1 Sm*BrS Sm*Br, Sm*Cl, Sm*FSe Sm*F, Sm*IS Sm*I,

Sn

Sn Use as reducing agent: 2.9.13.2 Sn*C,H18B10 Sn*C,H,Br Sn*C,H,CI Sn*C,H,F Sn*C,H,,As Sn*C,H,,S Sn*C,H,,Br Sn*C,H,,CI Sn*C,H,,I

477

Sn*C ,H, ,BN, Sn*C, ,H,,MoO, Sn*C,,H,,BrSi, Sn*C,,H,,CI Sn*C2,H,,Co04 Sn*Cl, Sn*Cl, Sn*F, SnTl*C,,H,,Si, Sn,Tl*C,,H,,Si, Sr Sr Reaction with H X 2.7.3.1 Reaction with X,: 2.7.2 Sr*AgF, Sr*A&Hi&Os Sr*Au,F,, Sr*Br, Sr*Br,O, Sr*Br,Hg Sr*CdH, ,1408 Sr*Cd,CI,H,,O, Sr*CI2 Sr*F, Sr*F,Pr Sr*H,O, Sr*I, Sr*O SrO,*Cl,H,Hg, T*AlCI Ta Ta Bromination: 2.11.4.1 Dissolution in H F 2.11.4.1 Fluorination: 2.1 1.4.1 Reaction with SnF,: 2.11.4.1 Reaction with TaCI,-SiO,: 2.9.11.4 Reaction with TaC1,-Ta,O,: 2.9.11.4 Reaction with F,-0,: 2.11.4.1 Reaction with BrF,: 2.9.3.4,2.11.4.1 Reaction with CIF,: 2.11.4.1 Reaction with F,: 2.9.2.1 Reaction with Br,: 2.9.2.3 Reaction with Cl,: 2.9.2.2 Reaction with I,: 2.9.2.4 Reaction with H F 2.11.4.1 Reaction with HX: 2.9.3.2 Ta*AsF,H4 Ta*Br,O Ta*Br, Ta*C,H,,Br,N Ta*C,H,,CI,N

478

Compound Index

Ta*CIO, Ta*C1,0 Ta*C1,0, Ta*CI,S, Ta*CI,O Ta*CI,S Ta*C1,0 Ta*CI, Ta*CI,Cs Ta*Cl,Cs, Ta*FO, Ta*F, Ta*F,O Ta*F, Ta*F,H,O Ta*F,H,S Ta*F,H,P Ta*F,H,,N,O Ta*F,K,O Ta*F,O Ta*F,K, Ta*I, Ta*I, Ta*S, Ta,*AsF,,H, Ta,*F,,H,S Ta,*F,,O, Ta,*O, Ta,*FO, Ta,*F,O, Ta,*Cl, ,K,

Tb

Tb Reaction with HX. 2.9.14.1.1 Tb*BrS Tb*Cl, Tb*F, Tb*F, Tb,*O, Tc , Tc Fluorination: 2.11.3.1 Fluorination in a flow system: 2.11.3.1 Reaction with F,: 2.9.2.1 Reaction with HX: 2.9.3.2 Reaction with C1,: 2.9.2.2 Tc*Br,O Tc*C,BrO, Tc*C,CIO, Tc*C,IO, Tc*Cl,O Tc*CI,

Tc*CI, Tc*FO, Tc*F302 Tc*F,O Tc*F, Tc*F, Tc*F,NO, Tc*F,N,O, Tc*H,NO, Tc*O, Tc,*C,Br,O, Tc,*C,Cl,O, Tc,*C,I,O, Tc,*C,,O,o Tc,*F,O, Te Te Reaction with CuX: 2.9.14.3 Reaction with transition-metals: 2.9.14.1.2 Te*Ag, Te*AlBr Te*AICI Te*AlI Te*AuCl, Te*AuI Te*ClCu Te*Cl, Te*Cl, Te*Cr Te,*AuBr Te,*AuCI Te,*AuI Te,*Br,,Mo Te,*CICu Te,*Mo Te, W*F,,02 Te,*AI, Te,*C,H,,AILi T~,w*F,,~, Th Th Fluorination: 2.11.5.2 Th*C,,H,,Br6N2 Th*C, ,H,,CI,N, Th*CI4 Th*F,O Th*F, Th*I, Th*I,K, Th*02

Ti

Ti Fluorination: 2.11.2.1

479

Compound index Reaction with : 2.9.2.3 Reaction with CIF,: 2.9.3.4 Reaction with BrF,-NOCI: 2.11.2.1 Reaction with F,: 2.9.2.1 Reaction with CIF,: 2.11.2.1 Reaction with C1,: 2.9.2.2 Reaction with I,: 2.9.2.4 Reaction with HX 2.9.3.2 Ti*Br, Ti*CH,CI, Ti*C,H,,Cl,N Ti*ClOHl6F,O4 Ti*C,,H,,Br6N2 Ti*C,,H,oC~,N, Ti*C ,H4,16N Ti*C,,H,,Se, Ti*C10 Ti * C1 F, Ti *C1 0 Ti*CI, Ti*C1, Ti*C1,0 Ti*Cs,I, Ti*F,O Ti*F, Ti*F,H,O, Ti*F, Ti*F,O Ti*F,K,O, Ti*F,O Ti*F6H,0 Ti*F,H,N, Ti*F,K, Ti * F,K Ti*F,N,O, Ti*F,,O, Ti*I, Ti*I, Ti*I, Ti*O, TiXe*F, TiXe*F, TiXe,*F,, Ti,*C,HZoC1,N Ti2*C108H20F9@Ge6Hg2 Ti2*C1,Cs Ti,Xe*F,, Ti,Xe*F,, Ti,Xe,*F Ti,*F,,O, TI T1 Reaction with HX 2.6.3.1

,

,

,

,

,,

Reaction with X,: 2.6.2.1 TI*At TI*AtI, Tl*Br TI*Br, Tl*C,H,Br,O, TI*C,H,O, TI*C,H,Br TI*C,H,CI TI*C,H,I T1*C3H9 TI*C,CoO, TI*C,H,,Br Tl*C,H,,I Tl*C,H12N TI*C,H,O, Tl*C,MnO, T1*C6H,CI, TI*C,H,,BN, TI*C,H,,CISi, TI*C,H,,ISi, T1*C,Hl, T1*C8H,,P Tl*C9H2,Si, TI*C,oH11 Tl*C1OH 11MOO3 Tl*C,,BrF,, T1*C1,ClF TI*C12H,,Mo0, T1*Cl2H,,Si,Sn TI*C,,H,F,,Ge TI*C15Mn,0,, T1*ClsH,,Ge, TI*C,6H,,Si,Sn, T1*CdF, TI*C1 TI*CI, T1*C13 Tl*F TI*FO TI*F3 TI*H,Li Tl*I TI*I, TI*P T1W*C1,H,,O3 TI, *Br,CI, TI,*Br, TI,*I,Se TI2*0, Tm*Cl, Tm*FSe

,

480

Compound Index

Tm*F, U U Bromination followed by the addition of NH,F: 2.11.5.2 Bromination followed by the addition of KF: 2.11.5.2 Fluorination: 2.11.5.2 Reaction with XeF,: 2.11.5.2 U*Br, U*C16H40Br6N2 U*C16H40C16N2 U*F,02 U*F, U*F,O U*F5H12N302 U*F,K302 U*F, U*F,Na U*F,Na, u*03 u3*02s4 u3*0*

V V

Fluorination: 2.11.2.1 Reaction with : 2.9.2.3 Reaction with F,: 2.9.2.1 Reaction with C1,: 2.9.2.2 Reaction with I,: 2.9.2.4 Reaction with HX: 2.9.3.2 V*BaFO, V*BaF,O, V*Br, V*Br20 V*Br, V*Br30 V*Br,O V*C6H5CI,0 V*C6H,C1, V*C,,H,,AsF,O, V*C24H20F202P

v*c10

V*ClO, V*CIS V*CI, V*CI,O V*CI,O, V*CI, V*CI,H,O, V*Cl30

v*c1,

V*CI,H403 V*CI,O v*c1, V*CI5O V*CsF,O V*F02 V*F, V*F,O, V*F, V*F,H,03 V*F,O V*F, V*F,NO, V*F,O V*F,02 V*FS V*F5K20 V*F,O V*F,K V*I, V*I, V*NaO, v*o, V,*CL,Cs V2*F5K304 V**F,O, V,*F,O, V2*F8K403 V,*Fl,02 V2*F211305 '2*O3 v2*0, V,*FH,NO, V,*F06 V,*F,,KSO, V3*F1403 W W Electrical explosion in SF, or CF,: 2.11.4.1 Fluorination: 2.11.4.1 Reaction with SF,, S,X,: 2.9.14.1.2 Reaction with W0,-X,: 2.9.11.3 Reaction with W0,-WCI,: 2.9.11.4 Reaction with X,-0,: 2.9.11.2 Reaction with 0,-F,: 2.11.4.1 Reaction with C1,: 2.9.2.2 Reaction with BrF,: 2.9.3.4 Reaction with F,: 2.9.2.1 Reaction with Br,: 2.9.2.3 Reaction with C l F 2.11.4.1 Reaction with C1,-HF: 2.11.4.1

Cornpound Index Reaction with HX: 2.9.3.2 W*Br, W*Br,N,O, W*Br,O W*Br,O, W*Br,O W*Br,Se W*Br, W*Br,O W*Br,S W*Br,Se W*Br, W*Br,O W*Br, W*C,Br,O, w*c,c1,0, W*C,I,O, w*c,o, W*C,H,IO, W*Cl,Hl103TI W*CIF, W*CI,N202 W*CI,O w*c1,os W*C1,0, W * C1,SSe w*c1,s2 W*CI3O W*CI,S W*CI, W*CI,O w*c1,02 W*CI,S W*CI,Se W*CI, W*CI,O W*CI, W*CI,CS, W*CI,K W*C1,K2 W*CsF,O W*F,O W*F20S W*F,O, W*F2S W*F,H,O, W*F,S W*F,O W*F,S W*F,Se W*F, W*F,H302

481

W*F,KO W*F,N02 W*F,N, W*F50 W*F6 W*FGK W*F,O,Se W*F,NO W*F,N02 W*F&KZ W*F,N,O, W*F,Na, W*F,OSe W*F,NO W*F,OSb W*F101203 W*F,,O,Te, W*F,,O,Te, W*IO, W*I,O, W*I, W*I, W*K204 W*Na,O, w*o, w*03 w*s, w*s3 WY *C13Se WY*F,Se W,*C,I,08 W,*CI,S, W,*CI,K, W2*F9H303 W2*F 1 W,*C19K, XCrF, +xO*C1 *CrO, ffO*Cl,CrF, + xexe Reaction with PtF,: 2.10.2.2.1 Reaction with OF,, O,F,: 2.10.2.2.1 Reaction with F,: 2.10.2.2 Reaction with IF,: 2.10.2.2.1 Reaction with c-C,F8: 2.10.2.2.1 Reaction with C1,: 2.10.2.2.2 Xe*AsF, Xe*AuFi, Xe*BaO, Xe*Br, Xe*CI,

Compound Index

482

Xe*CI, Xe*CoF, Xe*Cr,F,,Sb, Xe*F, Xe*F,O, Xe*F,O,S Xe*F, Xe*F,O Xe*F,O, Xe*F, Xe*F,Mn Xe*F,Pd Xe*F,Pt Xe*F,Rh Xe*F,Ti Xe*F,I Xe*F,Ir Xe*F,Pt Xe*F,Sb Xe*F,Mn Xe*F,Fe Xe*F,Sb Xe*F,,Pd, Xe*F,,Ti Xe*F ,Ti, Xe*F ,Ir Xe*F, ,Pt Xe*F,,Ru Xe*F,,Sb Xe*F,,Ir, Xe*F,,Pt, Xe*F,,Ti, Xe*F,,Sb, Xe*O, Xe,,,*F,Mn Xe,,,*F,Mn Xe,*AuF, Xe,*AuF,, Xe,*F,Ir Xe,*F,,Mn Xe,*F ,Ni Xe,*F ,Pd Xe,*F,,Ir Xe,*F,,Sb Xe,*F 4Ti2 Xe,*F,,Mn Xe,*F,,Ni Xe,*F,,Ti

, ,

,

,

,

Y

Y Reaction with HX. 2.9.14.1.1 Reaction with transition-metals: 2.9.14.1.2

Y*BrS Y*CI,SeW Y*FO Y*FS Y*FSe Y*F3 Y*F,Na Y*F,SeW y2*03 Y,*% Y2*Se, Y ,*Cl,Mo

Yb

,

Yb Reaction with HX: 2.9.14.1.1 Yb*BrS Yb*CI, Yb*FS Yb*FSe Yb*F3 Zn

Zn Fluorination: 2.11.2.3 Reaction with AsF,: 2.8.14.4 Reaction with CuI: 2.8.14.5 Reaction with CuBr,: 2.8.14.5 Reaction with CuC1,: 2.8.14.5 Reaction with PbC1,: 2.8.14.5 Reaction with OPC1,: 2.8.14.4 Reaction with SiCl,: 2.8.14.4 Reaction with 02SCI,: 2.8.14.4 Reaction with SF,: 2.8.14.4 Reaction with S,CI,: 2.8.14.4 Reaction with AlI,: 2.8.14.5 Reaction with ONF.3 H F 2.8.14.4 Reaction with CH,COC1: 2.8.14.4 Reaction with HI: 2.8.14.3 Reaction with F,: 2.8.14.1 Reaction with HBr: 2.8.14.3 Reaction with Br,: 2.8.14.1 Reaction with C1: 2.8.14.1 Reaction with HCI: 2.8.14.2,2.8.14.3 Reaction with C1,: 2.8.14.1 Reaction with I,: 2.8.14.1 Reaction with HF: 2.8.14.2 Zn*AgF, Zn*BaCI, Zn*BaCI,H,O, Zn*BaCI,H ,o, Zn*Br, Zn*Br,H,O, Zn*Br,H,O,

Compound Index Zn*Br,H,NaO Zn*Br,H,KO, Zn*Br,H,,NO, Zn*Br,Cs, Zn*Br,H,K,O, Zn*Br ,H ,N Zn*Br4HloN20 Zn*Br,Cs, Zn*Br ,H ,N ,O Zn*CO, Zn*C,H, ,C10 Zn*C,zH 10 Zn*ClHO Zn*C1, Zn*Cl,H,O Zn*C1,H,O3 Zn*Cl,H,O, Zn*C1,H140, Zn*C1,0, Zn*CI,H,KO, Zn*CI,H,O Zn*Cl,H,LiO Zn*Cl,Cs, Zn*Cl,H,Na,O, Zn*C1,H,N2 Zn*C1,H,,Mg06 Zn*CI,K, Zn*CI,Rb, Zn*Cl,Cs, Zn*Cl,H,,N, Zn*Cs,I, Zn*Cs,I, Zn*F, Zn*F,H,O, Zn*F,H,O, Zn*F,H,O, Zn*F,H,N Zn*F,K Zn*F,Na Zn*F,H12N202

,

Zn*F,K, Zn*H,I,O, Zn*H,I,NaO, Zn*H,I,O, Zn*H,I,N, Zn*HgI, Zn*I, Zn*O Zn*O,S Zn*O,S, Zn*S Zn,*Cl,H,O, Zn,*O,P, Zn,*P, Zn,*C1,HIoO,

Zr

Zr

Fluorination: 2.11.3.1 Reaction with F,: 2.9.2.1 Reaction with BrF,: 2.9.3.4 Reaction with Cl,: 2.9.2.2 Reaction with H X 2.9.3.2 Reaction with I,: 2.9.2.4 Zr*Br, Zr *C ,H oC12 Zr*C,,H,,Br,N, Zr*C, 6H,+oCI,N, Zr*C,,H,,Se, Zr*Cl, Zr*C1,0 Zr*CsF, Zr*Cs,F, Zr *CS,I, Zr*Cs,F, Zr*F,H,O, Zr*F, Zr*F,H,,N, Zr*I, Zr*O, Zr ,*c1 1,o

, ,


Subject Index

This index supplements the compound index and the table of contents by providing access to the text by way of methods, techniques, reaction conditions, properties, effects and other phenomena. Reactions of specific bonds and compound classes are noted when they are not accessed by the heading of the section in which they appear. For multiple entries, additional keywords indicate contexts and thereby avoid the retrieval of information that is irrelevant to the user’s need. Section numbers are used to direct the reader to those positions in the volume where substantial information is to be found.

A Aluminum, elemental reactions with halogens 2.6.2 hydrogen halides 2.6.3.1 organohalides 2.6.3.2 Aqua regia reactions with Au metal 2.8.4.1

B Bond-lengths Xenon-fluorine 2.10.2.2.1 Borides metal reactions with halogens 2.6.2 Boron purification via BX, 2.6.2 Boron-boron bonds reactions with halogens 2.6.13.1 organohalides 2.6.13.3

Boron, elemental reactions with halogens 2.6.2 hydrogen halides 2.6.3.1 organohalides 2.6.3.2 Boron-mercury bonds reactions with halogens 2.6.13.1 Boron-oxygen bonds reactions with sulfur halides 2.6.14.1 Boron, vapor reactions with hydrogen halides 2.6.3.1 Bromination of metals 2.9.2.3

C

Carbides boron reactions with halogens 2.6.2 metal reactions with halogens 2.7.8 hydrogen halides 2.7.8

485

486 Carbonates metal reactions with halogens 2.7.4, 2.7.5 Chalcogens reactions with transition-metal halides 2.9.14.3 Chlorination of metals 2.9.2.2 Chlorine, atomic formation 2.8.14.1 Cyanides organo reactions with group-IB halides 2.8.5

D Discharge reactions of boron halides 2.6.14.1 Disproportionation of Au' 2.8.11.1 ofCu' 2.8.11.2 of Hg' 2.8.20.2

E Electrochemical formation of metal halides 2.9.10.4 of transition-metal halides 2.9.3.7 synthesis of boron halides 2.6.16 Electrochemical potentials of Cu-I, system 2.8.11.2

F Flow-system fluorination of metals 2.9.2.1 Fluorinating agents 2.6.12.3 Fluorination flow-system 2.9.2.1 of transition metals 2.9.2.1

G Gallium, elemental reactions with halogens 2.6.2 hydrogen halides 2.6.3.1 organohalides 2.6.3.2

Subject Index Gallium-gallium bonds reactions with organohalides 2.6.13.3 Glass reactions with BeI, 2.7.8 Group-IIIB-antimony bonds reactions with halogens 2.6.9.1 hydrogen halides 2.6.9.2 Group-IIIB-arsenic bonds reactions with halogens 2.6.9.1 hydrogen halides 2.6.9.2 silicon halides 2.6.9.3 Group-IIIB-carbon bonds reactions with antimony halides 2.6.10.3 arsenic halides 2.6.10.3 boron halides 2.6.10.3 halogens 2.6.10.1 hydrogen halides 2.6.10.2 indium halides 2.6.10.3 mercury halides 2.6.10.3 metal halides 2.6.10.3 nitrosyl halides 2.6.10.3 organohalides 2.6.10.3 phosphorus halides 2.6.10.3 silicon halides 2.6.10.3 sulfur halides 2.6.10.3 tin halides 2.6.10.3 titanium halides 2.6.10.3 Group-IIIB-germanium bonds reactions with halogens 2.6.1 1.1 hydrogen halides 2.6.1 1.2 organohalides 2.6.11.3 titanium halides 2.6.11.3 Group-IIIB-lead bonds reactions with halogens 2.6.11.1 hydrogen halides 2.6.1 1.2 Group-IIIB-nitrogen bonds reactions with antimony halides 2.6.8.3 arsenic halides 2.6.8.3 boron halides 2.6.8.3 halogens 2.6.8.1 hydrogen halides 2.6.8.2, 2.6.9.2 organohalides 2.6.8.3, 2.6.9.3 phosphorus halides 2.6.8.3 Group-IIIB-oxygen bonds reactions with group-IIIB halides 2.6.6.4

Subject index halogens 2.6.6.1, 2.6.6.2 hydrogen halides 2.6.6.3 organohalides 2.6.6.2, 2.6.6.4 phosphorus halides 2.6.6.4 sulfur halides 2.6.6.2, 2.6.6.4 Group-IIIB-phosphorus bonds reactions with boron halides 2.6.9.3 halogens 2.6.9.1 hydrogen halides 2.6.9.2 organohalides 2.6.9.3 Group-IIIB-selenium bonds reactions with group-IVB halides 2.6.7.3 hydrogen halides 2.6.7.1 transition-metal halides 2.6.7.3 Group-IIIB-silicon bonds reactions with halogens 2.6.11.1 hydrogen halides 2.6.11.2 metal halides 2.6.11.3 organohalides 2.6.11.3 silicon halides 2.6.1 1.3 titanium halides 2.6.11.3 Group-IIIB-sulfur bonds reactions with group-IVB halides 2.6.7.3 group-VIB halides 2.6.7.3 hydrogen halides 2.6.7.1 organohalides 2.6.7.3 transition-metal halides 2.6.7.3 Group-IIIB-tellurium bonds reactions with group-IVB halides 2.6.7.3 Group-IIIB-tin bonds reactions with halogens 2.6.11.1 hydrogen halides 2.6.11.2 organohalides 2.6.11.3 Group-IIIB-transition metal bonds reactions with halogens 2.6.13.1 hydrogen halides 2.6.13.2 organohalides 2.6.13.3

H Halides aluminum halogenation agent 2.9.4.8 metathesis 2.6.12.2 reactions with metal oxides 2.7.7

487

ammonium reactions with group-IA metals 2.7.3.2.1 group-IIA metals 2.7.3.2.1 source of HX 2.7.3.2.1 antimony reactions with group-IIIB-carbon bonds 2.6.10.3 arsenic reactions with group-IIIB-carbon bonds 2.6.10.3 boron metathesis 2.6.12.2 reactions with group-IIIB-carbon bonds 2.6.10.3 group-IIIB-nitrogen bonds 2.6.8.3 group-IIIB-phosphorus bonds 2.6.9.3 germanium reactions with thallium-mercury bonds 2.6.13.3 group-IB reactions with organohalides 2.8.5 group-IIIB fluorination 2.6.12.3 reactions with group-IIIB hydrides 2.6.5.3 group-IVB reactions with group-IIIB-selenium bonds 2.6.7.3 group-IIIB-sulfur bonds 2.6.7.3 group-IIIB- tellurium bonds 2.6.7.3 group-VB reactions with group-IIIB-nitrogen bonds 2.6.8.3 group-VIB reactions with group-IIIB-sulfur bonds 2.6.7.3 hydrogen metathesis 2.6.12.1 reactions with anionic group-IIIB clusters 2.6.4.2 group-IA metals 2.7.3.1 group-IB metals 2.8.7.2, 2.8.7.3, 2.8.11.1 group-IIB metals 2.8.14.1, 2.8.14.2, 2.8.14.3 group-IIB oxides 2.8.15.2 group-IIB oxy salts 2.8.17.1 group-IIIB-carbon bonds 2.6.10.2 group-IIIB elements 2.6.3.1 group-IIIB-group-VB bonds 2.6.9.2 groLp-IIIB hydrides 2.6.5.2

488

Subject Index

group-IIIB- nitrogen bonds 2.6.8.2 group-IIIB-oxygen bonds 2.6.6.3 group-IIIB-silicon bonds 2.6.1 1.2 group-IIIB-transition-metal bonds 2.6.13.2 metal carbides 2.7.8 metal carbonates 2.7.5 metal carboxylates 2.9.10.3 metal halides 2.7.5 metal hydroxides 2.7.5 metal oxides 2.7.5, 2.9.4.2, 2.9.4.3, 2.9.10.2, 2.9.12.1 metals 2.7.1 thallium-mercury bonds 2.6.13.3 transition-metals 2.9.3.2 reactions with group-IIIB chalcogens 2.6.7.1 indium reactions with group-IIIB-carbon bonds 2.6.10.3 krypton reactions with silver metal 2.8.3.1.2 mercury reactions with anionic group-IIIB clusters 2.6.4.2 group-IA metals 2.7.3.2.1 group-IIA metals 2.7.3.2.1 group-IIIB-carbon bonds 2.6.10.3 group-IIIB hydrides 2.6.5.3 metal reactions with group-IIIB-carbon bonds 2.6.10.3 group-IIIB elements 2.6.3.3 group-IIIB-group-IVB bonds 2.6.11.3 halogens 2.7.4, 2.7.5 thallium -mercury bonds 2.6.13.3 nitrosyl reactions with group-IIIB-carbon bonds 2.6.10.3 organo metathesis 2.6.12.2 reactions with boron-boron bonds 2.6.13.3 gallium-gallium bonds 2.6.13.3 group-IA metals 2.7.3.2.1 group-IB halides 2.8.5 group-IIA metals 2.7.3.2.1 group-IIIB-carbon bonds 2.6.10.3 group-IIIB elements 2.6.3.2 group-IIIB-group-IVB bonds 2.6.11.3 group-IIIB-group-VB bonds 2.6.9.3 group-IIIB hydrides 2.6.5.3 group-IIIB-nitrogen bonds 2.6.8.3

group-IIIB-oxygen bonds 2.6.6.2, 2.6.6.4 group-IIIB-sulfur bonds 2.6.7.3 group-IIIB- transition-metal bonds 2.6.13.3 magnesium metal 2.7.3.2.2 metal atoms 2.9.3.8 metal oxides 2.7.7 thallium-mercury bonds 2.6.13.3 transition-metal oxides 2.9.12.4 organocopper formation 2.8.5 organogold formation 2.8.5 organosilver formation 2.8.5 phosphorus metathesis 2.6.12.2 reactions with group-IIIB-carbon bonds 2.6.10.3 group-IIIB hydrides 2.6.5.3 group-IIIB-oxygen bonds 2.6.6.4 metal oxides 2.7.7 reactions with metal carbonates 2.7.4 metal halides 2.7.4 metal hydrides 2.7.4 metal hydroxides 2.7.4 metal oxalates 2.7.4 metal sulfates 2.7.4 selenium reactions with group-IIIB halides 2.6.7.3 silicon metathesis 2.6.12.2 reactions with group-IIIB-arsenic bonds 2.6.9.3 group-IIIB-carbon bonds 2.6.10.3 group-IIIB-group-IVB bonds 2.6.1 1.3 sulfur reactions with boron-oxygen bonds 2.6.14.1 group-IIIB-carbon bonds 2.6.10.3 group-IIIB-oxygen bonds 2.6.6.2, 2.6.6.4 metal oxides 2.7.7 thallium metathesis 2.6.12.2 tin reactions with group-IIIB-carbon bonds 2.6.10.3 thallium-transition-metal bonds 2.6.13.3

Subject Index titanium reactions with group-IIIB-carbon bonds 2.6.10.3 group-IIIB-group-1VB bonds 2.6.11.3 Halogenation of group-IIB metals 2.8.14.1 Halogens reactions with anionic group-IIIB clusters 2.6.4.1 boron-mercury bonds 2.6.13.1 group-IA metals 2.7.1 group-IB halide complexes 2.8.2 group-IB metals 2.8.2, 2.8.3.1.1, 2.8.7.1, 2.8.1 1.1 group-IIA metals 2.7.1 group-IIB oxides 2.8.15.1 group-IZB sulfides 2.8.16.1 group-IIIB- group-VB bonds 2.6.9.1 group-IIIB-carbon bonds 2.6.10.1 group-IIIB elements 2.6.2 group-III'B-group-IIIB bonds 2.6.13.1 group-IIIB-group-IVB bonds 2.6.1 1.1 group-IIIB hydrides 2.6.5.1 group-IIIB-nitrogen bonds 2.6.8.1 group-IIIB-oxygen bonds 2.6.6.1, 2.6.6.2 group-IIIB-transition-metal bonds 2.6.13.1 mercury 2.8.21.3 metal carbides 2.7.8 metal carbonyls 2.9.6 metal oxides 2.7.6, 2.9.4.1 transition-metal halides 2.1 1.2.2 transition-metals 2.9.2.1, 2.9.2.2, 2.9.2.3, 2.9.2.4 High-pressure fluorination 2.8.2, 2.8.4.1 reactions of CF, with AICI, 2.6.12.2 TiO, and SF, 2.11.2.1 metal sulfides with covalent halides 2.9.5 transition-metals with chalcogens 2.9.14.1.1 Hydrides group-IIIB reactions with aluminum halides 2.6.5.3 boron halides 2.6.5.3 halogens 2.6.5.1 hydrogen halides 2.6.5.2 mercury halides 2.6.5.3 organohalides 2.6.5.3 phosphorus halides 2.6.5.3

489

metal reactions with halogens 2.7.4 Hydroxides metal reactions with halogens 2.7.4, 2.7.5 H ypohalites reactions with anionic group-IIIB clusters 2.6.4.1, 2.6.4.2

1 Indium, elemental reactions with halogens 2.6.2 hydrogen halides 2.6.3.1 organohalides 2.6.3.2 Indium-indium bonds reactions with halogens 2.6.13.1 Infrared spectra of cyanhalo complexes 2.8.4.1 Interhalogens reactions with anionic group-IIIB clusters 2.6.4.1 group-IB metals 2.8.3.1.2 group-IIB metals 2.8.14.4 metal carbonyls 2.9.6 metal oxides 2.7.7, 2.11.2.1 metal salts 2.8.4.1 transition-metal oxides 2.9.4.4, 2.9.12.3 Iodination of metals 2.9.2.4

1 Laser irradiation synthesis of boron halides 2.6.16

M Mercury reactions with covalent halides 2.8.21.3 halogens 2.8.21.3 HgX, 2.8.21.2 Metal atoms formation 2.9.3.8 reactions with organohalides 2.9.3.8

490 Metal carbonyls reactions with halogens 2.9.6, 2.9.15.1 interhalogens 2.9.6 metal halides 2.9.6 Metal vaporization synthesis of boron halides 2.6.16 Metathesis fluorinating agents 2.6.12.3 of aluminum halides 2.6.12.2 of boron halides 2.6.12.2 of hydrogen halides 2.6.12.1 of metal halides 2.7.9 with aluminum halides 2.7.9 with exchange resins 2.7.9 with metal sulfates 2.7.9 with organohalides 2.7.9 of organohalides 2.6.12.2 of phosphorus halides 2.6.12.2 of silicon halides 2.6.12.2 of thallium halides 2.6.12.2 see scrambling Molecular orbital diagram for XeF, 2.10.2.2.1

N N-halogensuccinimides reactions with anionic group-IIIB clusters 2.6.4.2 Nitrides boron reactions with halogens 2.6.2

0 Organocyanides reactions with group-IB halides 2.8.5 Organogolds reactions with halides 2.8.5 Organohalides metathesis 2.6.12.2 reactions with boron-boron bonds 2.6.13.3 gallium-gallium bonds 2.6.13.3 group-IA metals 2.7.3.2.1 group-IB halides 2.8.5 group-IIA metals 2.7.3.2.1 group-IIB metals 2.8.23.1 group-IIIB-carbon bonds 2.6.10.3 group-IIIB elements 2.6.3.2

Subject Index group-IIIB-group-IVB bonds 2.6.11.3 group-IIIB hydrides 2.6.5.3 group-IIIB-nitrogen bonds 2.6.8.3 group-IIIB-oxygen bonds 2.6.6.2 group-IIIB-oxygen bonds 2.6.6.4 group-IIIB-sulfur bonds 2.6.7.3 group-IIIB-transition-metal bonds 2.6.13.3 Hg' salts 2.8.21.1 magnesium metal 2.7.3.2.2 metal oxides 2.7.7 thallium-mercury bonds 2.6.13.3 transition-metal halides 2.9.4.6, 2.9.4.7 transition-metal oxides 2.9.12.4 Organometallic halides formation 2.8.5 Oxalates metal reactions with halogens 2.7.4 Oxidative addition for formation of organohalomercury compounds 2.8.23.1 Oxides group-IIB reactions with covalent halides 2.8.15.3 halogens 2.8.15.1 hydrogen halides 2.8.15.2 metal reactions with aluminum halides 2.7.7 halogens 2.7.5, 2.7.6 hydrogen halides 2.9.10.2 interhalogens 2.7.7 metal halides 2.8.3.1.4 organohalides 2.7.7 phosphorus halides 2.7.7 sulfur halides 2.7.7 transition-metal reactions with halogens 2.9.4.1 hydrogen halides 2.9.4.2, 2.9.4.3, 2.9.12.2

P

Photo1ytic formation of Hg,C1, from HgC1, 2.8.21.2 formation of RHgX 2.8.23.1 halogenation of group-IIIB-carbon bonds 2.6.10.1 of group-IIIB hydrides 2.6.5.1 reaction of C1, with Zn metal 2.8.14.1

Subject Index reaction of Hg2 salts with halides 2.8.23.3 noble-gases and halogens 2.10.2.1, 2.10.2.2.2

R

Redistribution see metathesis see scrambling

S Safety aluminum metal reactions with organohalides 2.6.3.2 beryllium salts 2.7.1 CrO,X, 2.9.12.2 dialkylmercury compounds 2.8.23.3 elemental boron reactions with silver fluoride 2.6.3.3 fluorination of AgCN 2.8.8.2 fluorine 2.7.1, 2.8.3.1.3 reactions with halogens 2.7.4 formation of metal oxyhalides 2.9.11.3 F,, CIF,, IF, 2.11.1 halogens with metals 2.7.1 HF, COF,, SF, 2.11.1 hydrogen fluoride 2.7.1, 2.7.3.1 hydrogen halides reactions with group-IIIB hydrides 2.6.5.2 KCIO, 2.9.13.1.2 KrF, 2.10.2.1 nonmetal halides 2.7.7, 2.7.9 organo group-IIB compounds 2.8.23 organohalides with metals 2.7.3.2.2 phosgene 2.6.6.2 reaction of AgF, with organo compounds 2.8.7.1 ReF, 2.11.4.1 sulfur oxides 2.9.4.5 transition-metal oxyhalides 2.9.12.5 UF,, NpF,, PuF, 2.11.5.2 VOC1, 2.9.12.1 Scrambling of boron alkoxides with boron halides 2.6.15 of boron halides 2.6.15 with boron alkoxides 2.6.15 with gallium halides 2.6.15 with organoboranes 2.6.15

of gallium halides 2.6.15 with organoaluminiums 2.6.15 with organogallanes 2.6.15 of organoberylliums 2.7.3.2.2 of organoboranes with boron halides 2.6.15 see metathesis Sulfates metal reactions with halogens 2.7.4 Sulfides group-IIB reactions with covalent halides 2.8.16.2 halogens 2.8.16.1 metal reactions with covalent halides 2.9.5 halogens 2.9.5 organohalides 2.9.5 sulfur halides 2.9.5

T Thallium, elemental reactions with halogens 2.6.2 hydrogen halides 2.6.3.1 organohalides 2.6.3.2 Thallium-mercury bonds reactions with germanium halides 2.6.13.3 hydrogen halides 2.6.13.3 metal halides 2.6.13.3 organohalides 2.6.13.3 Thallium-transition-metal bonds reactions with tin halides 2.6.13.3 Thermochemical data Au-C1, system 2.8.11.1 bond energies boron-chalcogen 2.6.7 dihalogen 2.6.2 group-IIIB-carbon bonds 2.6.10.1 group-IIIB halide 2.6.2 group-VB halide 2.6.9.1 noble-gas-halogens bonds 2.10.1 equilibrium constants Xe-F, system 2.10.2.2 ionization potentials of noble-gases 2.10.1 AGP group-IIIB halides 2.6.3.1 AH,, A% of xenon fluorides 2.10.2.2

49 1

Inorganic Reactions and Methods, The Formation of Bonds to Halogens (Part 2) (Inorganic Reactions and Methods)

Inorganic Reactions and Methods, Formation of Bonds to O, S, Se, Te, Po (Part 2) (Zuckerman: Inorganic Reactions and Methods)

Inorganic Reactions and Methods - Formation of Ceramics

Inorganic Reactions and Methods- Reactions Catalyzed by Inorganic Compounds

Physical Inorganic Chemistry: Principles, Methods, and Reactions

Mechanisms of Inorganic Reactions

Inorganic Reactions In Water

Inorganic Reactions and Methods- Oligomerization and Polymerization Formation of Intercalation Compounds

Physical Inorganic Chemistry: Reactions, Processes, and Applications

Esterification: Methods, Reactions, and Applications

Esterification: Methods, Reactions, and Applications

Inorganic Reactions and Methods, Cumulative Index: Author and Subject Indexes (Volumes 1-18)

Esterification: Methods, Reactions, and Applications, First Edition

Esterification: Methods, Reactions, and Applications, Second Edition

Electron transfer reactions: inorganic, organometallic, and biological applications

Esterification: Methods, Reactions, and Applications, Second Edition

Ester Formation and Hydrolysis and Related Reactions

Name Reactions for Homologation, Part 2 (Comprehensive Name Reactions)

Handbook of Soil Analysis: Mineralogical, Organic and Inorganic Methods

Handbook of soil analysis: mineralogical, organic and inorganic methods

Name reactions for homologations part 2

Inorganic and Physical Chemistry

Inorganic and organometallic polymers

Inorganic and Applied Chemistry

Unimolecular Reactions 2

Organic and inorganic nanostructures

Physical and Inorganic Chemistry

Inorganic and Organometallic Polymers

Organic and Inorganic Photochemistry

Polymeric And Inorganic Fibers

Inorganic and Organometallic Polymers

Inorganic Reactions and Methods, The Formation of Bonds to Halogens (Part 2) (Inorganic Reactions and Methods)

Inorganic Reactions and Methods, Formation of Bonds to O, S, Se, Te, Po (Part 2) (Zuckerman: Inorganic Reactions and Methods)

Inorganic Reactions and Methods - Formation of Ceramics

Inorganic Reactions and Methods- Reactions Catalyzed by Inorganic Compounds

Physical Inorganic Chemistry: Principles, Methods, and Reactions

Mechanisms of Inorganic Reactions

Inorganic Reactions In Water

Inorganic Reactions and Methods- Oligomerization and Polymerization Formation of Intercalation Compounds

Physical Inorganic Chemistry: Reactions, Processes, and Applications

Esterification: Methods, Reactions, and Applications

Esterification: Methods, Reactions, and Applications

Inorganic Reactions and Methods, Cumulative Index: Author and Subject Indexes (Volumes 1-18)

Esterification: Methods, Reactions, and Applications, First Edition

Esterification: Methods, Reactions, and Applications, Second Edition

Electron transfer reactions: inorganic, organometallic, and biological applications

Esterification: Methods, Reactions, and Applications, Second Edition

Ester Formation and Hydrolysis and Related Reactions

Name Reactions for Homologation, Part 2 (Comprehensive Name Reactions)

Handbook of Soil Analysis: Mineralogical, Organic and Inorganic Methods

Handbook of soil analysis: mineralogical, organic and inorganic methods

Name reactions for homologations part 2

Inorganic and Physical Chemistry

Inorganic and organometallic polymers

Inorganic and Applied Chemistry

Unimolecular Reactions 2

Organic and inorganic nanostructures

Physical and Inorganic Chemistry

Inorganic and Organometallic Polymers

Organic and Inorganic Photochemistry

Polymeric And Inorganic Fibers

Inorganic and Organometallic Polymers

Recommend Documents