GRAPHIC
DISCOVERIES
INCREDIBLE
SPACE MISSIONS by Gary Jeffrey illustrated by Mike Lacey
•
rosen central The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc., New York
Published in 2008 by The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc. 29 East 21st Street, New York, NY 10010 Copyright © 2008 David West Books First edition, 2008 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without permission in writing from the publisher, except by a reviewer. Designed and produced by David West Books Editor: Gail Bushnell Photo credits: All photos courtesy of NASA
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Jeffrey, Gary. Incredible space missions / by Gary Jeffrey ; illustrated by Mike Lacey. — 1st ed. p. cm. — (Graphic discoveries) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-1-4042-1090-5 (library binding) ISBN-13: 978-1-4042-9596-4 (6 pack) ISBN-13: 978-1-4042-9595-7 (pbk.) 1. Astronautics—History—Juvenile literature. I. Lacey, Mike, ill. II. Title. TL793.J45 2007 629.45-dc22 2007004754
Manufactured in China
CONTENTS SPACE RACE
4
EARLY SPACE TECHNOLOGY
6
THE FIRST SPACE WALK
8
APOLLO 11 THE MOON LANDING
15
APOLLO 13
\
DISASTER IN SPACE
29
SHUTTLES AND THE ISS
44
GLOSSARY
46
FOR MORE INFORMATION
47
INDEX and WEB SITES
48
t // SPACE RACE I
fter World War II, the United States A1.and the Soviet Union took opposite
sides in a war of spying and propaganda, called the "Cold War." Both sides recruited German scientists who had worked on the V-2 rocket program and hoped to conquer space to show their nation's superiority. FIRST MAN IN SPACE
People in the U.S. believed that their technology was more advanced than that of the Soviets. It was, therefore, a great shock to the American public when, on October 4, 1957, the Soviets launched the first satellite into space. Four months later, after many failures, the U.S. finally launched a satellite, Explorer I, into space. The "Space Race" had begun. But on April 12, 1961, the U.S. suffered another dent in its national pride when a Soviet cosmonaut, Yuri Gagarin, became the first human in space. Alan Shepard, the first American astronaut, made it into space 23 days later. The Soviets continued to claim "firsts"-for the first woman in space (Valentina Tereshkova in 1963), and the first space walk (Aleksei Leonov in 1965). MAN ON THE MOON
The U.S. started the Apollo program with a plan to beat the Soviets to a first manned moon landing. The Soviets landed unmanned probes on the moon before the Americans, but they had several failures and eventually dropped out of the race. On July 20, 1969, American astronaut Neil Armstrong stepped on the moon. America had at last beaten the Soviets in the final stage of the "Space Race."
4
1. The Soviet Sputnik, the first satellite. 2. Yuri Gagarin and Valentina Tereshkova a (inset). 3. Aleksei i LLeonov, making the first space walk. 4. The first American n astronauts s (Alan SShepard is top left). 5. The Apollo 11 mission n l landed on the moon. The astronauts s were Neil A Armstrong, Michael l CCollins, and Edwin Aldrin. 6. Edwin Aldrin on the moon, taken by Neil Armstrong.
2
4
3
5
6
5
EARLY SPACE TECHNOLOGY B
oth the U.S. and the Soviets continued their space programs after the moon landing Advances in technology saw a "car" driven on the moon, and people living in space stations which orbit the Earth.
Vostok 1 Yuri Gagarin made his historic flight in the Vostok 1 spacecraft. Equipmentnt module e Reentry y capsule e
COLD WAR THAWS IN SPACE
The U.S. sent six further missions to the moon, one of which didn't land (see page 29). The last was Apollo 17, sent in December, 1972. After this, manned space missions concentrated on orbiting space stations. Having decided against manned moon exploration, the Soviets had sent a series of Salyut t space stations into orbit. Understanding the problems of living in space for long periods was essential for future long-distance, manned, space journeys. In 1973, the U.S. sent Skylab, their first space station, into orbit. Compared with the Salyuts it was massive, but from the beginning it was bugged with problems. It eventually fell to Earth in 1979. It was during the seventies that the two sides started to cooperate on joint space missions. In 1975, an Apollo and Soyuz docked together, and the crews shook hands. The Soviet Union went on to build the Mir space station. It was assembled in orbit between 1986 and 1996. Astronauts from many countries spent time on it until it finally fell to Earth in 2001.
6
Saturn V launch vehicle
(ApolloJx
Vostok 1 launchh vehiclee
Apollo 11 command/service ce mmodule The command module docked with the lunar module so that the crews could transfer. Ascent t stage
Service
module
Commandd mmodule
Lunar rover The Apollo 15 to 17 missions took a battery powered "car" to the moon. L was unfolded from the base of the descent stage and allowed the astronauts to explore much further. Descent s t a g e
Lunar module This was called the Eagle on the Apollo 11 mission. When the astronauts left the moon the ascent stage split from the base (descent stage).
O r b i t i ng sp ac e st a t i on s Skylab (left) had a set of solar panels ripped off at launch but still operated for six years. Mir (above) was very successful, despite having a spaceship crash into it and a fire on board!
7
THE FIRST SPACE WALK MARCH 18, 1905, ABOVB SOUTHBRN BUROPB...
THIS IS GROUND CONTROL TO VOSKHOD 2. HAVE YOU FINISHED EXTENDING YOUR AIRLOCK, OVER?
SO, COLONEL LEONOV, ARE YOU READY TO MAKE HISTORY?
AFFIRMATIVE. VOLGA S PRESSURIZED AND READY
8
GOOD LUCK, ALEKSEI.
AS READY AS L'LL EVER
BE,COLONEL BELYAYEN.
BEGINNING DEPRE SSURATION.
I'M CLOSING THEHATCH.
...SHOULD TAKE ABOUT TEN MINUTES.
I WILL BE THE FIRST MAN TO WALK IN SPACE...
THE ONLY THING REALLY TO FEAR IS BEING HIT
BY A PARTICLE...
...THAT WOULD
WHAT ARE THE DANGERS?
BE A PROBLEM...
I KNOW THE DANGERS.
9
...AT THOSE SPEEDS EVEN A SMALL PARTICLE WOULD PACK THE PUNCH O? A BULLET IF IT STRUCK...
AROUND THE EARTH THINGS TRAVEL AT THOUSANDS OF IILES AN HOUR...
MY SUIT WOULD INSTANTLY DEPRESSURIZE
GOING RIGHT THROUGH MY SUIT AND THEN THROUGH ME/
..THE AIR WOULD BE SUCKED VIOLENTLY FROM MY LUNGS
MY BODY WOULD SWELL AS THE FLUIDS IN MY ORGANS ESCAPE INTO THE VACUUM OF
...AIRLOCK IS DEPRESSURIZED
SPACE. IN 15 SECONDS I WOULD BE...
FOR MOTHER RUSSIA
10
...HERE I GO!
WHEEEEEE!
HNNH!THAT'S FAR ENOUGH.
WHAT A VIEW/
PAVEL, I CAN SEE PAST THE STRAITS OF GIBRALTAR, ALL THE WAY T O THE CASPIAN SEA/
11
12 MNUTBB
LATBR..
THAT WAS FANTASTIC. LEONOV, WHY DID YOU WORRY SO MUCH? HMMM, MY SUIT DOES FEEL A BIT STIFF THOUGH..
...SHHHHHHHHHHH... I 'M COMING INSIDE...
OKAY, LET ME KNOW WHEN THE HATCH IS CLOSED
L EONOV?
...SHHHHH..
LEONOV-CAN YOU READ ME, OVER?
12
BELYAYEV, I'M STUCK. MY SUIT'S BLOWN UP S O MUCH I CAN'T BEND MY LEGS IN/
LEONOV, CAN YOU READ ME? WHATS HAPPENING?
I CAN'T BELIEVE THIS/
BLEED OFFS OME AIR TODEF LATE YOUR SUIT, BUT NOT TOO MUCH
CAN YOU REACH THE SUIT
PRESS URE VALVE?
OR YOU'LL GET THE BENDS.*
YES, YES, I CAN *DECOMPORESSION SICKNESS.
UUGH/ ITS WO?KED...IU.....IN.7)
O H , M Y .. .
CLICK!
NNNNGH! 13
A L E K S E ! T H E A I R L O C K H A SN ' T F UL L Y PRESSURIZED. IT MUST BE LEAKING!
OKAY, I'M FLOODING THE AIRLOCK WITH PURE OXYGEN TO MAKE THE A R BREATHABLE, SO I CAN OPEN THE INNER HATCH...
...AND HOPE NOTHING MAKES A SPARK.
NNNNGH...
AAGH, WELCOME BACK, COMRADE/ FOR A MINUTE THERE...
WURRGH! PLEASE LET'S JUST JETTISON VOLGA.
i
m
-AND GET BACK T O EARTH.
AYE TO THAT!
THE END
14
APOLLO 1NG1 THE MOON LANDI
MAY 25, 1901
*l BELIEVE THIS NATION SHOULD COMMIT ITSELF TO ACHIEVING THE GOAL, BEFORE THIS DECADE IS OUT OF LANDING A MAN ON THE MOON AND RETURNING HIM SAFELY TO EARTH." JULY 10, 1909, LAUNCH COMPLBX 39-A, KBNNBPY SPACB CBNTBR, FLORIPA...
...T MINUS TEN MINUTI S AND COUNTING.
PROJECT GEMINI
...MILLIONS OF DOLLARS, EIGHT YEARS O^ RESEARCH AND IT BOILS DOWN TO THIS.
EARLIER TODAY .THREE MEN, PERCHED ON TOP 09 A 3,000-TON ROCKET AIMED AT THE MOON/
15
MISSION COMMANDER NEIL ARMSTRONG HAS AN ABORT HANDLE BY HIS KNEE, SO IF ANYTHING GOES WRONG DURING THE LAUNCH...
HEY, NEIL, WATCH YOUR POCKET ON THE HANDLE/
THANKS, MIKE I'VE G O T IT
MIKB COLLINS IS THB COMMANP MOPULB PILOT.
HOLDON TOYOURHATS,
WE ' RE A B OU T READ Y TO SHAKE, RATTLE, AND ROLL!
BUZZ ALPRIN IS THB LUNAR MOPULB PILOT.
09:32... ...10, ...9, ...IGNITING MAIN BOOSTER!
16
YOU DON'T WANT THE MISSION TO END PREMATURELY/
1:00 MINUTBS LATBR
THE MIGHTY ROCKET RACES UPWARD AT A RATE OF 2 5 , 0 0 0 MILES PER HOUR TO ESCAPE THE EARTH'S GRAVITY/"
ALTITUDE, 3 9 MILES. WE HAVE FIRST STAGE SEPARATION. NASA MISSION CONTROL, HOUSTON, TBXAS
11:22... TRANSLUNAR INJECTION* IN T MINUS ONE MINUTE
...ORBITAL VELOCITY WILL BE ACHIEVED IN SIX MINUTES...
FIRING THB MAIN BNGINB. E.
11, YOU ARE "GO" FOR THE MOON!
17
HOUSTON, WE HAVE NO COMPLAINT WITH ANY OF THE STAGES ON THAT RIDE...
...IT WAS BEAUTIFUL! OKAY, TIME TO TURN THIS BABY AROUND.
/4^£U£? // /£ TRAILING AT 2,100 MILBS (3,379 KILOMBTBRS) PBR HO
11, PREPARE FOR TRANSPOSITION AND DOCKING MANEUVER.
18
COLUMBIA* HAS DOCKED WITH EAGLE.** PREPARING TO JETTISON THIRD STAGE
*THB COMMANP/SBRVICB MOPULB. **THB LUNAR MOPULB. COpy THAT HOUSTON. OUT.
SEPARATION COMPLETE. THIRD STAGE IS VENTING.
LETS GET SOME SLEEP 19
JULY 19, 242,114 MILES (389,845 KILOMBTBRS) FROM BARTH
THAT IS///AMAZING!
GOOD MORNING, APOLLO 11. THIS IS THE BLACK TEAM. PREPARE FOR UNDOCKING
NEIL, y o u ARE CLEAR
DETACHING, LOOKING GOOD...
THE EAGLE HAS WINGS/
I CONFIRM THAT ALL FOUR LANDING GEARS ARE DOWN AND LOCKED. OKAY, EAGLE. ONE MINUTE...YOU GUYS TAKE CARE.
20
SEE YOU LATER
0,000 FBBT (1,828 MBTBRS) ABOMB THB LUNAR SURFACB... HOUSTON, I HAVE A PROGRAM ALARM .. .IT'S A 1202.
COPY THAT NEIL
1-14
STEVE?
IT'S JUST A COMPUTER OVERLOAD. TELL THEM TO KEEP GOING d ASTRONAUT CHARLIB PUKB IS THB PU"Y a CAPCOM (CAPSULB COMMUNICATOR)
STBVB BALBS IS A LUNAR MOPULB FLIGHT CONTROLLBR.
YOU ARE *GO" TO CONTINUE POWERED DESCENT.
JEEZ/ THE SURFACE LOOKS SO CLOSE
3,000 0 FBBT (9W MBTBRS) ABOVB THB LUNAR SURFACB
21
ANOTHER ALARM...A 1201-CAN YOU GIVE ME A READING ON THAT?
HE'S COMING IN TOO FAST WE MAY HAVE TO ABORT/
| NEGATIVE, ALL THE OTHER READINGS ARE GOOD, IT'S JUST AN OVERLOAD
HOUSTON, WE NEED TO EXTEND OUR RANGE. TAKING MANUAL CONTROL
YOU ARE *QO," ^OU ARE *GO!»
THEIR FUEL
STATUS IS CRITICAL
IF WE LAND NOW WE'RE GOING TO END UP RIGHT IN THE MIDDLE O^ THAT CRATER/
NEIL, BE ADVISED, YOU
...CONTACT LIGHT.
HAVE 30 SECONDS OF
FUEL LEFT.
THEY'RE DOWN! ALL THE DUST...! CAN'T SEE!
22
HOUSTON, TRANQUILITY BASE HERE, THE EAGLE HAS LANDED/
SOON... I AM AT THE TOP OP THE LADDER.
WOW, THERE'S JUST ABOUT EVERY SIZE AND SHAPE OP ROCK YOU COULD EVER IMAGINE.
23
OKAY, I'M GOING TO STEP OFF THE LEM* NOW.
THAT'S ONE SMALL STEP POR...ZZZT..MAN...
*LUNAR BXCURSION EXCURSION MODULE. *LUNAR MOPULB. ...ONE GIANT LEAP FOR MANKIND.
NBIL ARMSTRONGS MOON WALK IS WATCHBP BY A WORLPWIPB TV AUPIBNCB OF MORB THAN 000 0 MILLION.
15 MINUTBS LATBR..
BEAUTIFUL, BEAUTIFUL. MAGNIFICENT DESOLATION.
BETTER GET TO WORK, BUZZ.
24
I CAN'T GET THIS THING TO STAY STRAIGHT
'...AND NOW THE ASTRONAUTS PAUSE FROM THEIR EXPERIMENTS TO RAISE THE AMERICAN FLAG.
PLEASE, DON'T FALL OVER!
THE GROUND'S TOO HARD. THIS POLE WON'T STAY UPRIGHT
OKAY, THAT'LL HAVE TO DO. LET'S GET 1 A PICTURE/
21 HOURS AFTBR
LANPING...
11, WE ARE READY FOR LUNAR LIFTOFF IGNITION ERR, NEIL, I SEEM TO HAVE BROKEN THE FIRING SWITCH-
HERE, TRY JAMMING THIi PEN IN IT
25
•THERE THEY GO, THE FIRST HUMANS IN HISTORY TO WALK ON THE MOON, STARTING A NEW £POCH OP SPACE EXPLORATION/"
THRBB HOURS, BIGHT MINUTBS LATBR...
EAGLE, I HAVE 0 . 7 MILES DISTANCE, APPROACHING AT 31 FEET PER SECOND.
26
JULY 24...
SERVICE MODULE SEPARATION COMPLETE.
YOU ARE "GO" FOR REENTRY, IT
RADIO BLACKOUT COMMENCES IN 3...2...1...ZZZT
THE COMMAND MODULE IS TRAVELING AT 25,000 MILES (40,000 KILOMETHERS) PER HOUR.
*AS IT DESCENDS, THE OUTSIDE OF THE COMMAND MODULE WILL REACH MORE THAN 4 , 8 9 2 ° F . A SPECIAL HEAT SHIELD PREVENTS THE ASTRONAUTS FROM BEING BURNED ALIVE, ENABLING THEM TO..."
27
•...HOPEFULLY, SPLASH DOWN SOMEWHERE IN THE PACIFIC OCEAN."
13:45, THB NORTH PACIFIC.
WELCOME HOME, FELLAS!
T H EY ' R E AL I V E !
AFTBR SPLASHPOWN, THB ASTRONAUTS SPBNT A THRB WBBK PBRIOP IN QUARANTIN TO MAKB SURB THBY WBRB CLBAR OF ANY POSSIBLB PBAPLY SPACB BUGS.
ISOLATION UNIT
«4//^? AS HBROBS, THB CRBW WBNT ON A 45-PAY TOUR OF MAJOR WORLP CITIBS. PLANS WBRB IN PLACB FOR A FURTHBR SIX APOLLO MISSIONS TO THB MOON.
THE EN D
28 i
APOLLO 13
DISASTER IN SPACE APRIL 13, 1970, 200,000 MILBS (321,800 KILOMBTBRS) FROM BARTH 55 HOURS 40 MINUTBS INTO MISSIO
...I'D LIKE TO END OUR BROADCAST BY SAYING THAT FAR FROM BEING A SCARY PLACE, OUTER SPACE CAN ACTUALLY BE A LOT OP FUN/
COMMANDER JAMES LOVELL
THIS IS THE CREW OF APOLLO 13, WISHING EVERYBODY AT HOME A NICE EVENING...
29
THB LOVBLL RBSIPBNCB, HOUSTON, TBXAS.
...WE'RE JUST ABOUT READY TO CLOSE OUR INSPECTION OF AQUARIUS*...
DADDY/ DADDY/
THB LUNAR MOPULB. m i •"•• " '
MISSION
CONTROL. AND GET BACK FOR A PLEASANT EVENING IN ODYSSEY* GOOD NlGl
*THB COMMANP MOPULB
SMOOTH, REAL SMOOTH, CAPTAIN LOVELL.
ASTRONAUT JOB KBRWIN IS THB PUTY CAPCOM.
ASTRONAUT JACK LOUSMA ARRIVBS TO TAKB OVBR FROM KBRWIN.
NOTHING TO REPORT/ EVERYTHING ABOUT THE MISSION IS LOOKING GOOD AT THIS TIME.
HI, JOE. ANYTHING EXCITING HAPPEN WHILE I WAS AWAY?
30
L AT E R AT 2 TO 8 . . .
. . .1 3, W E' VE G O T O N E M O R E ITEM FOR YOU. WE'D LIKE YOU TO STIR UP YOUR CRYO TANKS, WHEN YOU GET THE CHAN CE.
OKAY.
I DON'T KNOW. I JUST STIRRED THE TANKS/
WHAT THE HECK WAS THAT?
JOHN SWIGERT IS THE COMMANP MOPULB PILOT.T
HEY, WE'VE GOT A
PROBLEM HERE. UH-OH, A WARNING LIGHT
FRBP HAISB IS THB LUNAR MOPULB PILOT.
THIS IS HOUSTON. SAY AGAIN, PLEASE.
31
HOUSTON, WE'VE HAD A PROBLEM. A MAIN B BUS UNDERVOLT INDICATED.*
WE'VE G O T WARNING LIGHTS FOR TWO OF THE FUEL CELLS/
*LOSS OF POWER TO OPYSSEY'S MAIN ELECTRICAL SYSTEM.
NUMBER ONE TANK'S SHOWING EMPTY..
LOOK AT THE OXYGEN LEVEL INDICATORS/
... AND NUMBER THREE'S GOING DOW N!
13 MINUTBS LATBR...
HOUSTON, IT LOOKS LIKE WE ARE VENTING SOME SORT 09 GAS OUT INTO SPACE..
O H , BO Y !
32
WITHIN MINUTBS...
OKAY, FUEL CELLS 1 AND 3 ARE SHOWING ZIP AND YOUR OXYGEN LEVEL'S GOING DOWN TO ZERO. SO, WE ARE STARTING TO THINK ABOUT..
GLYNN LUNNBY IS THB FLIGHT PIRBCTOR ON GOLP TBAM.
. . .THE LUNAR
MODULE LIFEBOAT.'
YES, WE'RE THINKING ABOUT THAT TOO.
OKAY, EVERYBODY/ THE COMMAND MODULE HAS 15 MINUTES OP OXYGEN LEFT SO WE'RE SWITCHII G SPACECRAFT POWER TO THE LUNAR MODULE
BUT BEFORE ODYSSEY SHUTS DOWN, WE NEED TO PUT ITS GUIDANCE DATA INTO AQUARIUS OR...
...WE WONT KNOW WHICH WAY WE'RE POINTING/
FRED, L'VE DONE THE MATH. I'M COMING OVER!
33
JUST WAITING FOR THE COMPUTER TO POWER UP. HOW MUCH TIME'S LEFT?
A FBW MINUTBS LATBR... 13, THOSE NUMBERS ARE GOOD.
OKAY/ LET'S PUNCH 'EM IN
1 2 MINUTES HOUSTON, I'M GONNA NEED YOU TO CHECK THESE FIGURES BEFORE WE INPUT.
IN OPYSSBY.
JACK?]
'THIS IS HOUSTON CONFIRMING CM SHUTDOWN. AQUARIUS IS NOW IN CONTROL.
1 1 HEAR YOU/
GETTING READY TO POWER DOWN/
...WE ARE NOW LOOKING AT AN ALTERNATE MISSION. SWINGING AROUND THE MOON, USING THE LUNAR MODULE POWER SYSTEMS.
THAT'S IT FRED, WE'VE LOST THE MOON...
13, WE NEED TO TALK ABOUT A COURSE CORRECTION...
...BUT YOU'RE GOING TO GET THEM HOME, RIGHT? 34
GBNB KRANZ IS FLIGHT PIRBCTOR OF WHITB TBAM
THEY HAVE ENOUGH OXYGEN, FOOD, AND WATER TO LAST THE FOUR-DAY JOURNEY
ON THIS SPACECRAFT WHAT DO WE HAVE THAT'S STILL GOOD?
I POWER IS GOING TO BE A PROBLEM.
THEY NEED TO MAKE SURE THERE'S ENOUGH CHARGE LEFT IN AQUARIUS'S BATTERIES* TO POWER ODYSSEY BACK UP WHEN THEY REACH EARTH, OR...
...WE WON'T BE ABLE TO MAKE REENTRY -UNDERSTOOD/
*UNLIKB OPYSSBY, AQUARUIS PIPNT RUN OFF RBNBWA3LB FUBL CBLLS.
HOUSTON, I WAS THINKING, WOULD IT BE POSSIBLE TO BURN THE ENGINE AFTER WE ROUND THE MOON, TO ER, YOU KNOW, SPEED US UP A LITTLE?
35
GOOD IDEA, JACK, WE'LL MAKE THE CALCULATIONS.
APRIL 14, 6:21...
BYE, BYE,. EARTH. SEE YOU
ON THE OTHER SIDE .
ZZZT...THIS IS HOUSTON. LOSS OF SIGNAL BEGINS IN FIVE SECONDS...FOUR...
MOON'S SO CLOSE, YOU CAN ALMOST TOUCH IT!
...RTHREE... TWO...ZZZZZZZZZ ...SHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH...
FEAST YOUR EYES FRED, NO ONE'S COMING BACK UP HERE FOR A LONG TIME.*
8:23...
"ACTUALLY APOLLO M PIP, NINB MONTHS LATBR.
•...OKAY WE JUST NEED YOU TO CHECK GIMBAL SETTINGS AGAINST YOUR A.O.T.*
HOUSTON, WE'RE READY TO BEGIN OUR TRANSEARTH INJECTION SEQUENCE.*
OKAY, TAKING A LOOK NOW...
"FIRING OF THB BNGlNB.
36
*ALIGNMBNT OPTICAL TBLBSCOPB -FOR SIGHTING STARS.
THERE'S SO MUCH DEBRIS, I CAN'T TELL WHAT'S A
HOUSTON, WE HAVE A E A NEGATIVE STAR FIELD/
STAR A N D W H A T I SN'T!
.OKAY..HANG ON A SECOND..
...13, WE WANT YOU TO SIGHT USING THE SUN INSTEAD.
TIMER'S SET.
WHEN YOU SEE THE SUN'S UPPER RIGHT CORNER THROUGH THE WINDOW...
READY, FRED?
YUP!
...YOU WILL BE SET ON COURSE.
...2 ...1 ...IGNITION!
MAN, THIS THING'S HARD TO STEER!
YES! T'S COMING BACK IN. JUST A SECOND...
OKAY, WE'VE GOT IT,I THINK WE'VE GOT IT.
37
YESSS!
NINE HOURS.)
WE'VE GOT IT! LET'S SEE, THAT BURN SHOULD'VE SHORTENED THEIR JOURNEY TIME BY.
OKAY, TIME TO POWER DOWN.
... MILLIONS AROUND THE WORLD ARE HOPING AND PRAYING-
GENE, AQUARIUS WAS DESIGNED TO SUPPORT TWO MEN FOR A 45-HOUR LANDING MISSION.
' IT'S ABOUT TO GET MIGHTY CHILLY UP HERE.
IT NOW HAS TO CARRY THRBB MEN FOR OVER SO HOURS. THE AIR FILTERS IN THE LUNAR MODULE ARE NOT GOING TO LAST OUT
10:30...
ZZT..THIS IS HOUSTON. JIM, COULD YOU GIVE ME THE STATUS ON YOUR CQ2 WARNING LIGHT?
SURE...
38
THE SCRUBBERS * MUST BE FULL.
ER, IT' S O N!
WHOA! *FILTBRS THAT CHBMICALLY RBMOV0 CARBON PIOWB FROM THB AIR.
IT'S OKAY. WE CAN USE THE
HOUSTON, WE NEED TO FIND A WAY 09 USING THE SPARE COMMAND MODULE SCRUBBERS. ANY IDEAS?
O N E S I T O O K F RO M O D Y S S EY .
WE COULD, EXCEPT THEIR SOCKETS ARE THE WRONG SHAPE/
WE'VE G O T SOMEONE WORKING ON IT STAND BY
WELL?
39
WE THINK IT'LL WORK...AS LONG AS THEY HAVE SOME DUCT TAPE ON BOARD.
AN HOUR LATER...
APRIL 15, 1235... JODRELL BANK* SAYS APOLLO 13 IS COMING IN AT TOO SHALLOW AN ANGLE.
...ONE DO-IT-YOURSELF, LITHIUM HYDROXIDE UNIT UP AND RUNNING/
"AN BARTH TRACKING STATION.
NT 13, WE NEED YOU TO MAKE A COURSE CORRECTION.
ON HER PRESENT COURSE, SHE WILL MISS THE EDGE OP EARTH BY 99 MILES AND SKIM OFF INTO ENDLESS HIGH ORBIT...
ROGER, HOUSTON. 1// STARTING UP COMPUTER... NEGATIVE/ WE CAN'T SPARE POWER FOR THAT. YOU'RE GOING HAVE TO DO IT MANUALLY
23:31... 15 SBCONPS OKAY 13 IGNITI0N.'..THRUST , LOOKS GOOD...
LATBR...
OKAY, SHUT IT DOWN. NICE WORK
LE T' S HO P E I T WA S.
40
APRIL 17, 10:10...
HOUSTON, ARE WE GOING TO HAVE ENOUGH AMPS FOR THE POWER-UP SEQUENCE? I MEAN YOU HAVB TESTED IT RIGHT?
THAT'S A NEGATIVE, 13. WE HAVEN'T HAD TIME FOR A HARDWARE TEST BUT THE ENGINEERS ARE SURE IT WILL WORK
IN THB CM...
"SHORT CIRCUIT
PANEL'S SO DAMP I'M MORE WORRIED ABOUT A SHORT*
OKAY 13. WE'RE READY TOGO GREAT LET'S DO IT
UNBELIEVABLE/ THE WHOLE SIDE'S GONE
FOUR MINUTBS LATBR.
SERVICE MODULE JETTISONED/
LET'S TAKE A LOOK/
FRANKLY, I'M AMAZED WE'RE ALIVE
41
...BETTER GET SOME PICTURES.
LM JETTISONED
SO LONG, AQUARIUS. YOU'VE BEEN A GREAT SPACESHIP/
HERE WE GO!
...SO MANY THINGS CAN STILL GO WRONG. THE HEAT SHIELD MAY BE DAMAGED, AND COULD CRACK UP. THE PARACHUTES COULD BE FROZEN AND PAIL T O OPEN...
.SHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH...
OH, MAN. I T S RAININ6 IN HERE/
RADIO THREE DON'T FOUR,
BLACKOUT LASTS MINUTES. IF THEY COME ON AIR AFTER THEN IT'S ALL OVER.
TWO MINUTES THIRTY...
42
T HA T ' S T HRE E MI NUT E S . . .
13, THIS IS HO I US T O N . D O YOU COPY?
SHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH...ZZZZZZT-. HELLO, HOUSTON. GOOD TO HEAR YOU AGAIN/
DO you
copy, 13?
13:53, ON THB CARRIBR IWO JIMA IN THB PACIFIC.
THB NASA BNGINBBRS ANP ASTRONAUTS HAP USBP THBIR INGBNUITY ANP TBAMWORK TO TURN PISASTBR INTO TRIUMPH.
4 VALUABLB LBSSONS WBRB LBARNBP BNSURING THAT FUTURB APOLLO MISSIONS WE R E MUCH SA FER .
43
THBBNP
I / / SHUTTLES AND THE ISS
A
s the cost of the space program increased, the U.S. looked for a cheaper alternative to getting people and satellites into space. REUSABLE SPACECRAFT
A design for a spacecraft that could be reused was given the go-ahead in the 1970s. In 1981, the space shuttle Columbia flew into Earth's orbit and returned safely. A new era in manned spaceflight had begun, and a total of five space shuttles were built. INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION (ISS) ^
The Soviet Union collapsed in 1991, and the Cold War with it. A new spirit of cooperation in space meant that the U.S.A., Russia, and other countries around the world could now work together in building the ISS. The first part went into orbit in 1998, and it is due to be completed in 2010. Already, astronauts are spending six months at a time living and working in the ISS. THE FUTURE IS ORION
After the loss of two shuttles, and because of the program's huge costs, the space shuttles will be taken out of service in 2010. A new spacecraft, called Orion, will replace them as part of Project Constellation, which will see us landing on the moon again. 44
The ISS (above) is still being assembled in Earth's orbit. Replacement n t ccrews and supplies are ferried to the ISS by space shuttles (right), and by the Russian-built i l t Soyuz TMA-7 spacecraft (inset).
Reusable shuttle
Reusable solid fuel rocket boosters External fuel tank (not reusable)
45
Artist's impression of Orion and the lunar landing module.
GLOSSARY
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abort To close down, or stop doing something, due to a p robl e m. airlock A small room with controllable air pressure and two entrances, which allows a person to pass between places with different air pressure, without air escaping. altitude Height, usually above sea level. amps Units of electrical current that produce a force between two parallel conductors placed three feet (1 meter) apart in a vacuum. C 0 2 Carbon dioxide. A gas that we breathe out, which is not good for our bodies. confirm that something something is is correct. correct. confirm To Toagree, agree, or or state state that conquer T gain possession over someone or something by force./ cosmonaut A Russiajh astronaut. crater A hole left in the ground where a meteorite has landed. cryo tank Extremely cold tanks, containing liquid oxygen under pressure. debris What remains when something is crushed or destroyed. docking Joining with another, such as one spacecraft to another. epoch A period of time. fuel cell A device that produces an electric current from a chemical reaction, using oxygen and hydrogen. gravity The force that exists between two bodies. ignition Starting an engine by lighting it, usually with a spark. jettison To throw cargo overboard in order to lighten a vehicle. particle A tiny amount of matter, such as a molecule, atom, or electron. pressurized Compressed to a certain amount to maintain, in this case, an atmosphere that humans can suirvive in. When entering space from an airlock, the air has to be let out slowly. This is called depressurization. probe An unmanned spacecraft that records and sends to Earth information about the environment it is passing through. quarantine A place where people are kept away from others, so that germs cannot be passed on. renewable Something that can replenish or replace itself. satellite A man-made device that is launched by a rocket into space. It is placed in orbit around a planet for communication purposes. transposition When two things are switched around. vacuum A space where there is nothing at all. velocity Speed. venting Discharging or blowing out something.
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FOR MORE INFORMATION
ORGANIZATIONS
Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex SR405 Kennedy Space Center FL 32889 (321) 449-4444 Web site: http://www.kennedyspacecenter.com Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum National Mall Building Independence Avenue at 6th Street, SW Washington, D.C. 20560 (202) 633-1000 E-mail:
[email protected] Web site: http://www.si.edu/visit FURTHER READING Davis, Amanda. Spaceships.
New York: PowerKids Press, 1997.
Engelhardt, Wolfgang. The International Space Station: A fourney into Space. Quadrillion Media LLC, 1998. Hibbert, Clare, The Inside and out Guide to Spacecraft. Chicago: Heinemann-Raintree, 2006. Kuhn, Betsy. The Race for Space: The United States and the Soviet Union Compete for the New Frontier. Minneapolis: Twenty-first Century Books (CT), 2006. Parker, Steve. 20th Century Science and Technology: 1960s Space and Time. Milwaukee: Gareth Stevens Inc, 2001.
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A /
/ Aldrin, Edwin,
H
INDEXo
Haise, Fred, 31, 33, 36, 37
Odyssey, 30, 32-35, 39
heat shield, 27, 42
Orion, 44, 45
Apollo program, 4
I
P
Apollo 11, 4, 7, 15-28
Iwo Jima, 43
Project Constellation, 44
^ * * "Buzz," 4, 16, 24 Apollo missions, 28, 43
1 Apollo 13, 29-43 /IpoMo 14, 36 ^4po77o 15 to 17, 7
Project Gemini, 15
J
Jodrell Bank, 40
,4po77o 17, 6 L Armstrong, Neil, 4, 16-28
B I Bales, Steve, 21 Belyayev, Colonel, Pavel, 9-14
C
K Kennedy, President, John, 15
s
Kennedy Space Center, 15
Salyut space stations, 6
Kerwin, Joe, 30
service module, 7, 19, 27, 41
Kranz, Gene, 35, 38
Shepard, Alan, 4 Skylab, 6, 7
L
Soyuz, 6, 44
Leonov, Alexei, 4, 8-14
Space Race, 4
Col;d WAr, 4, 44
Lousma, Jack, 30, 34, 35
space shuttle, 44, 45
Collins, Michael, 4, 16
Lovell, James, 29, 30, 38
space walk, 4
Columbia, 19, 44
lunar excursion module, 24
Sputnik, 4
Command module, 7, 16, 19,
lunar landing module, 45
Swigert, John, 31
27, 30, 31, 33, 39
\
R re-entry, 27, 35
lunar module, 7, 16, 19, 30, 31, 33, 34, 38
T
D
lunar module lifeboat, 33
Tereshkova, Valentina, 4
Duke, Charlie, 21
lunar rover, 7
Tranquility base, 23
E Ea gle , 7 , 19 , 20 , 23 , 26
1 Explorer I, 4
G
Lunney, Glynn, 33
V M
Volga, 8, 14
Mir space station, 6, 7
Voskhod 2, 8
Moon landing, 4, 6
Vostock 1, 6
Moon walk, 24-25
V-2 rocket, 4
Gagarin, Yuri, 4, 6
Web Sites Due to the changing nature of Internet links, the Rosen Publishing Group, Inc., has developed an online list of Web sites related to the subject of this book. This site is updated regularly. Please use this link to access the list: http://www.rosenlinks.com/gd/space
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