Images, Iconoclasm, and the Carolingians (The Middle Ages Series)

I MAGES, I CONOCLASM, and tile C AROLINGIANS

Thomas F. X. Noble

I

n [he year 726 c. E., the BYLantine emperor

Leo

III issued an edict declaring images to be idols,

forbidde n by Exodus, and ordering all such images in churches co be destroyed . Thus was set

011' the

first wave of Byzamim: ico noclasm, which ran its "iolene course um J ;8;, when the underlying issues

were temporarily resolved at [he Second Counci l of Nicaca. In 815, a seco nd great wave of iconoclasm was set 0([, only

to

were rescored

[he churches of the East and the

to

end in 842, w hen (he icons

iconoclasts exco mmunicated. The iconoclast concroversies have lo ng been undcrsrood as marking majo r hssures between

the \Vcsrcrn and Eastern churches. In Images,

Iconoclasm. alId rill: Carolinglans, Thomas F. X. Noble reveals (hat the lin es of di\~sion wc rc not so dear.

It is t raditionally maintained that the

Caro lingians in the 790S did not understand the basic issues involved in the Byzantine dispute. Noble contends that th ere was, in fact., a signihcant Carolingian controversy about visual an and, if its tics

to

Byzantine iconoclasm were tenuous, they

were also compl ex and deeply rooted in central co ncerns of the Carolingian court. Furc.hc rmore, he asserts that the Caro lingians made distinctive and o riginal co ntribut ions

to

the whole debate over

rel igious an .

Imagr$. Iconoclasm, alld dll! ClirolillbrillllS is the first book

to

provide a comprehensive study of the

\Vesrern response co Byzantine iconoclasm.

By

comparing art-texts with laws, leners, poems, an d other sou rces, Noble reveals the power and magnitude of the key discourses of the Carolingian wo rld during its most dynamic and creative decades.

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bg:oin>< (;l. udi..,: 11""",kmil. ,he.bbo< of Psalmody and Du~!;>I . the chief .. hoolm,n in PaY;'. mo>1 promi. n.mly. AgoIurd 0( 1.yon , m .. n...-hile, ,,~ighed in on his'l",n " 'i,h . ,<e>ti .. ,h .. .. p~ f'CS Eloban.l . anJ W.I.hfrid S, .. '0 mcmion ,he ,h= mm< plOminen, on-,",'..". On ." ,,., bu, dOl '"' i" ,e,nu o>ole .pp",.;ng ,ha" ,h.,.. • • I'...... d by A&>ba,d .tld CbuJiu •. )'Ct quite diffi:rcnt o n ku;, ,h. Pi",,, S"nd" d "'Oft.. un Catolinp.n .n hinory "rely discu .. the t«:ot,lricJ by "'me probl<m Iuving '" 00 wi.h an rurnod in[o ""';Or .""cmen .. of or .rd> """'.ml"'.. ...,. m.... [Iu[ did nO! Iu", Ch,i,,;'n.n .. ,hci. p,im • ...,. .... bjrdr-gc ilod.,n, "-.. '''~ '' . opi. lOdic .nd tIC\'cr as dcvos['lIing in hulllitlt or lllittcriol 'erml . 1 for me,j), bdinnl. Proctdi ng tho Carulingi.>.n "",rlJ wi.h ,hi. n.... undemanding of Byun,ium in mind will help ILl '0 i t t ,ha, we .n: not d",ling wi,h ,he bi.... no and inntp!ico. bit as)'m mttl)" of . ,i";liu,ion') .bock at ono ond of ,he M",li,.,r.no.n ,hOI pruduetxl only . ,ipplo" 'ho o,h .. ond. Fin.lly, ano«.I. Ch'p'e' J p""'ides .. ,1i>C\WKln o f rh. \I:'""",n h>d:SIOI,nd ,h. Op~ , Carli. T ho Angio.S;uon Ik
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h",1sm . nd ClIp licit!y objected '" it On num.4: of Clupl< Fr.mlu on B)'z.1min. ,digiou> poli UIO<wed w;,h ... . How " ... • n .< Fr.mk.i.h wo,ld. in Rom •• • nd in Byun,ium! In ",h ..

..... yo d id ,h. F... nim.p"p"1 .lIi,,,,,,, oondi[;"n ,h. p""n.,' ''''00", '0 ''', jlCCilic rom ... t of ,he Carolingi.on COItl! du,ing ,he moot deci,ive. c,... ,ive , f""'dn"';"" yn" of the reign of Ch .. lom.gne. The d"pte, kgin' wi,h • diocu .. ion of tl>< mak.ing or 'he 0"... c..roG th.. depend. hvily On the m.gi"nial wotk of Ann Freeman h,,' ,ho, .dds ,,, kr findi"S> ""nc pet1peaivd .nd in'< In witll ,I>< 81\ Pni. CoIk>qu)~fOr it W1> " ' " • "",uncil, a< i. u. u.Jly m.im .ined . n.. chop«r ... mind the cent rol th.me> in ,h.:t[ dos.ier on th.ir own «rm. md [h .... oomp''''' ,ho.< [he"...,. '0 .:o.",mpo"'ntlne Idu. .nd pne'K'" .... d to

Of-"

-4'

P'''''''''' F",,.,ki.h po.i,ion>.

Chapt« 7 thon p:t$$Q in "",iew the m.io, f"lni,ip. n" in tl>< nin,h«ntUfY ;m"l;< qu. rtd in the F,.,nk;,h ....."Id . nd toll< h..w th concl".io" by interp ..,jnS chose ,he",.. in light of ""noe of th< m.;Or p'C<XCUp",iom ..,.ltm in . he fOf the .. is'' of lo"i. the piou •. A. with ,h. OP~I in Ch. rl.m:agn.·s tim •. nOW ,h. P~ri! doosi.r . nd ,h. mnn.nts of [h. Carolingi.n l"Il"m> of.•od pc,hap> "", ian.< mbih=Ilty, ,,,,,, ...1 m.,.,i,l, ,k. , .... « no, n""""""ily k"o>w" dirOf)' wid uridtndy .mi_Brun.in •. WIlik [h. [.:oJi[io",,1 dUcoun< i. ,h. powe.fUl on. in ,he c"roh. i, b " ..... CO"""""

Ii",.

0,..,

0,,,,

mo"

" 'hy Clurl.m'l;[lC "'.. , tI" ngln kind of rukt " 'hile Bru",ine 'm",,"''' rouId no, 1>gian bi,hops "',:re 1""1"" chu«h"",n ",'k"". T..... i"., , ..... p",;, «h of C.""'.ntinopl,. was nOl, Ordt, waJ a nujot th ....... fa. TheJulf. """'nd (01). '0 ,.-..lition, hut it became ,I>< m.jo, ,hom •• t Pali, in 8'j . Rd .. ion. wi,h Bp.ln';um and with the P"I""'J' we« discu,..,J .. I.ngth, . Ioog wi[h ,h. kgi[inucy 01 roneil;., acoion and I""blem. of """",n.", . nd di_m, Oo-d .. . ..room .iou '0 ..",cd)' di...,.-Jc" Th. C.",I;ngi.n ;m'~ t""" iome in'ing ,he m with b,.... 1 book ,,·ill h,,-. • ...,,;"n d""",,,,, " a" .he. "'!loth" . nd ." r b~ nl".1 ..... "10', T ,h. ",.. n, ,Iu. 'hq focu,..! n the m." .. of " 'hieh im.1;; for " .1... ;, WON.;ped • ..d .tIu
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,1,,,

!>Or rep,cscn' living ~Ii'y. H e;' nuking the poi nt ,!.at no im.ge can be "luivakn' wi, h ,.h~, i, Ktlu to p,mr.y. ["",billS', p not c;ump~dy ironophobic. In hi! Lift t{Q"",mliM he mentioned. with no nptc$.omom. art i. p<ussing ..... ue of ,he wom.n " ,;th • hemorrh.ap: (Mark j.1j- J-oI). Eu«bill> call. it a "wondCTfu l memori. 1 of ,h. bene~, the S,vior co"f;: ... cd Ul'On ~.,. "" Se.:.:md , w!oik "'" aacdy 'PI''''''· ;ng "f pic,,"'" "f Ch,;". 1'.«'" innuntly .nout;!> while "''''''' ough, '0 know be"c" Pcrn.p>, '00, he .. ulking .oou, ,h.c i",cn,ion,. The C"n",,,,i . i•• _~d de ,u ~n>< ,nd unde ..tanding." AmQbiu, oI'Si= (fl. t..'e ,loin! =,uryl. L.", n,i.

,..ac"",.

y,', ""k....! wi,h grim humot ""'«10... if ,)"',.,. war no "'.. gco. 'I>i" [hose who do so. P"""m, who emb",,,,, the myth impu'" ,hoi, po,ition [0,]1 ">o"> . ", ironic. '" [0 opak.., OfQ< m.gician could h"e pla~ • role." Munifi«ncr: b)' membe .. of the "ppe,.lu.rcs who """t< ";,,,.-,,omal .0 • richly ..!curt.,'" cn.i"""",,,,, '''''y h ••e heen , f>c,o,." I mp"',i,1 .h.. 'p".. k;ng in ..,rn. of· ·m.gni"'=", '" . nd " abundancc:' ""')' apl.in oom. docoratcd eovilOl1",eo"." Simibrly. ,he f"'t ,hoc Ch,;sti.", 'PPrJI,i"", m."y gen"" of cI ..."'al litCT.ture m.y ptuvid~ • due .. '" why ,hey .... ntwlly n '0 uk< .h.pe ' gainst 'he boek(>1OunJ of ."i"ie p""h",,,,o on the h.nJ .nd ,mbiv· . Ieno: o. honility On the ",her, T he f... ""h .nd forth «"""i.. wo"l,t . Iso wi.· n"",, mUle cohe"'"' ' rgytnenl:S "I>"i"".ft tI .. " the w< 1».... encount,red '"

,,,I
honiw, E"", mindful of cccklimicaJ ".dillon!. )hn ...,m, .o h,,,,, fd, ,h .. Epipluniu. vi.IU.,lly . L,n, in "I'I""ing im>gc< .nd could he ccily ignorro: '"one .""lIow dI»p ofAdi.. (Adi. Capi. rolin. i, jeru.km), I::pipluni u, "'pl. ined ,ha, h. Iu.d dioeov Alb,iu" ,heir Ii", wi,o., includW ,hem .lonB wi,h ,he n... fly une thou«"",,1 .n ""'""Phobic o.,undl "f 714 ,.f "' ...·'''';ng , ....... 1. "C! im"l\ m. y n=l t0",

"",«n icul... AnthroJ>Ornorphic "'p.elCn.. lio", W',. ifh. """e in ,he buer'. I"=n« . n..."..,. Ch 'cpn:scnt>t;"n, bo,u .,td...t tlu, he permitted the "",.. hip of p>mtings but not of statun. Hypatiu. goes through. "".dUl cumina,ion of ",hy the Sctiprur ...y IIttmingly mn, .. diaory things .oou. images . nd he ~ th" "",ml wri,ings. implicitly both Sctiprutcs.nd .. in •• Ii,..... " " ,ul"" "". "We u l e nPpIOP';"C ow preci .. ly!>ow (".. >r «rtru of «f1< w>y to [hOI< who , rc "ill ",her imptrfct:< ""mon is os, .. . J i.logu llut they ko:p ""ny ",.n"f;lC1Utcd ,hi ng> fot ,ho,- glof)"'..J memory of God: 'ho ".ff of M""". ,he ",bIcs of ,he uw. the bum ;ng huw. ,he nunn •. b. wh~ 00 Jew> """""'.. 1M wood~n aI ..,. the urn wi,h mon"". the ",hie ond light> in,idi-----wh.cther !.romiu•. 5,-.nd ""'".] Jew>? No the t" all, let al""< in ""nn"""io" ..-ith ;"'>gd? [ ,-.n ,hough .... know cmp, ... tivdy 10,,1 0 .bout ,h< Jew> on tho ,i"h ."d ", ~,i.w

"bc"

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.'0

.,"i .........

'p"n'"

,ha,

".t.fo... htoutofully d«cn,«I Gospel book. ,hey do not ,h. preciow ,... bu, ,he won! of Cod. If

,.,0.,).

m"""""

p.ol." .....iI •.• ho. 0 ''''' >I. ,h. ,'tr' ol. s->II. and Kun, whkh m.I« ,ht ink with "hieh tht Scrip,ur.. ar. ,,~ill.n , lIu. M;tlUlir raint i. m>do from milk. CW. ", one!".......... rncountm.. At .00'"

,hr:..,... tim no< ..... .1 , hi&h~" ,Ji,hoologial.p iiIuc." M."y of ch.t >Ufcmc:nU by ,hot w,i ........ by ""'" f.mil .. , to .... B", ," .... _ ""'.. h.l"" .nund ,hot music. Fint. Ag>.h~ .. Iks • ..,I>t< im the: I.......x..A~ ... .,. euIy Jix'h..omnuy ,a' d..... dtq> d..m from ,he ..-&O of Ntopl.a,,,,,ie tl.""gI". Poeu-I)en)'l ooid. " 1)1'. l i t ltd up . .. f.... posoible .• hrouglt ....'hi. imagco to tIM: ro'"empb,,,,,,, of ,hot Ji........·... For I<WI'IC J>« and i",c~ion "'.r< eh.nn.1td oo,..'nwa.d, A pictUl' 'hu. benm< apabl< no, m< "Ie> ,Iu, im'l;< I"'rticip:o.ed (ItWr;t.;) in. ur .h.f "nly in ,he nin.h ""'>!"I)'. Scrond, Lron.i", .nd. bs explicitly. V,t.nes reft, to mi t:ld« ><sociatcd with im.ses. Thi, 'opic ,",'ililt,,,m brge • • nd b'l;« in br •• di>ru»inm o( im.. gc>. Fo. nOW. it i. worth noting tlu, twO ¥cry difft.ent ",ri.... rould p>« ovrt !hi• • ubject ... ith compl«c «tuonimity. Thi,d, Hyp.. iu. in f"rticul.tr do no. '" mn.1> dd "",n by ,hei, .uwort." .. " .. ful in 'C'OChing b". here w< bm who ~ to be .. ught by them- flO' .he whole communi!)- bu, only it> humN« mcml:>en. Th. impli"""", i, ,bat ,I:>e beTt .. 50" of 1>«>1'1, ........ ble ,,, rik .. oo.e "'c'" I'l by dcwlopinS ,ho .. me ..sumem w;,h "'PCC' '0 ,"1;liu$ of S;n .. ttArocd on im .. gcs In the 1,,< I, .boot Chri ..·, fuli hum.:znity. Ho .. id. defeooing dcp"'ion. of ,ho crucifixion, ,ba, ",ho tx., ruk: of ,h. wi ..., mon ;, ch'" nu,e,i.1 refut:Hion, ."d "'pr...,n,,· ,iom .. ", ",,,ngt' .nd "''''e heliev.. hle ,,>u. who rufferOO 10d di«l!' Th. Lu, p~ia)flod,,'i~ ,,~i.inll' on ;m>.g _;n >om< .~ ,hoe impo''''''_ In 692 .1>< cuncil '"in Trullo" (oftdd«l • kng. h~ .... of di.ddtes>om~ connection to ,h~ kind of 'hinking .h., b'er ",,,,.. ion«l ,~c imerpob. i"", in . ho loner of S, _Nil .... of Sin.i (_ >bov< p_ ,8) who,..,. .1Imb, ~nd .hi.~ .. been .><e
thot d.pth .< ,w) n«<m",ion•. n.c Trull... f.,hm ,,"" in God ·, "wk. lm.:lg we'" ;Jol •. 0< '" ,'cry mu< ,,,,,,,ue';,,n "f d", ;sor." •. " " " ;muh,e1 h wltox example «. m.ined , continu ing P'ClCnC< .nd «>mfOf!. An helped to!O.;U\ ,nd to rny ploco. SUlci)' ,hi, helped '0 ",,,,hlilh ,heir

OOn'' '

w'"

",ked

_ rd,

k$irim>q . fifully, im'geI of eh,;,r h~lpd.>i'" rft< docrr;n. "f ,he inc:IIn... ion," Ernst Ki!l!ingg<s. If. for .",mple,.n im.g< rouJd be "",0->tc . T I>< eighth «ntul}'.

,0 ....

T he Rise and

~unction

ofS.cred Icon"

Be(o", I could wri .. th ... word. I 'ook in lund . mou"".nd clicked on • ",ric>

of ico .... These iro.... of o;ou .... arc me", ')'10001. dc>igned ro wnvry ". me ... iou. ""Ii, i,bilitics hidden dcq> in tl>< dc-cuonOa of my comput we .nd wh. .. prople hoelicvcd i, '0 Ix_ An icon i•• d""".«1, to dol. The« OfC r",my problem. in ,hi, 'P!'~ tOO, "". the Ie..t of wh"h i•• h" ,holi,."')'so",,,,,,.tId ,ho ." .... iying.n annot ... rule be b,,,...W" i",,,direct co"nlU p'c-iconoclaSf" ieom pta«rvcd in ,h. mo""",), ofS, . Cuh"ine in Sin,i" A. , II< " me ,ime, . ;nu. II,· . 1I .... nt li«r:t')' allu,;"n, to icon. ",I>" ." paiming> .h" h... long .i,\Cc ... ni,h«l, On one poin' moOt amho.i,i .. or. "II'o:eJ, An iron i", ,...,.l of . n befpeeihc cult "'u wo", I"',fnrm«l." M"ic-f .. n« ...... >Cpr oar> that "i, is bcc. ...'" «nJ .., memo,i.1 image.o. cult of ligure i, no,," IOUgh[ b)' .Il. • nd i, discovcud and .ub;":... ,mong m.n . nd women, .mong vi ' gin. and m.rried, .mong .Ia"'" and Ire< , r" .. \Ctm. '0 be cdro,:ued ...·erywhcr •. in houses. in ,he fOrum. in des" among '«"'p' of .un"". in communi,;., of ,h. '>«fie. £>-el),,"e >e m. rvdou, gift, i.. in.xpraoibk g"ce . . .. No one . lfccu ,h. m. or hlu.hco wkn he ...1· i... ,h" ,hi. i•••ymJ,.)1 of . damn~hl. de"h : ,", ,..lorn, him .. lf even mOl< wi,h it"

0"

""II

,h.

Ch,i"",,, .11 ov. Cosm... nd D.m"' '' in. »de undc. I,;" .mo." Su. dy he ..... ""' un"lu" The cemury saw • rompreh~rui.., refiguring o( imptri.1 ",remoRial d",ig»al'o >ehi""" . .... yI. of Il""""rning which '[)."S.-. [o:d .he ' ", pe,,,,J g<wommen' wi,h ron.ompor:>ry [e" '" n.." W'e w>s religiou•. And i, w>s cuhiv"o:d in • world ,h" w;u being '"Ii,urgifial. '" :>mid p.""""", "whereby 'he ft II pl>eal in",8"" "f Christ on his coin •. • n :oct of Chri.tomimcoi. 1 prOlOClion of ,he Vitgin .nd of Christ. By ","n,io n. ,hen. cvnyune in the tmpi.. roior«J ,he .. me p>["""ll" , nd pro ..." i"". The rdigiou. ~I ...[io n of .h. impe.i>1 oRi", .nd regime "..... n in'"gr."i .... force in ... Iy BY',,"t;n. society, On, k'o [h< obj«" of [heir gou. t im>g< '" ,hOI prot«.ed if> in j.4. o,.he do,h in Mcmplri, wi,h • ponr.i, nfCh,;" \of, wh." Hc h.d .....,hcd Hi, f"",'''' ~whooe ,""urCC .nd Imtc,i.!, could no, be ~ld God oPI''< iron. if He lI im.df made [h<m for p«>pl of Jesu. ond the _po"les. ,... ThC$C pictures "",e PO"" ix,h and S("IICmh Ct"murio no, only IlW [he prolifcr.ulon of lrorits .t,..,.... iwh' "hOt m.de by h,,,~,,, h.~d"· bu, .1", wi,~C>Scd. ,,,,,,h,,,,,,,,i"8 of ><xounu of .... nf 1g. icon•.• nd [heir "icwc" in ps].. ""ologian~.nd spi'i'u.>lIy romple.

H.,

w.)~. '"

Irons ""n: ,"""'" ' 0 f'in.cr. to po""y ehri", PCICf . • nd hul t"l!ethcr .. if thq Iud bKn contern"" .. ri .... ' " Aug,mi[\( dc>rly Iud J""b .. ,bout ,he >bili.y of picout .igtt~ Asti"i, r Him. "'And ""h." i. i• •" know Goo, c:U>g< in On,~ 1,;~"'",

.bou.

_"Is

a..

WIoo Ito,ing ond or beard « 0.ry. >od ch .. i[ Iud [0 .... pp<m i, pc"",i,""" 1:»' ,,[ing bodily inugn in ou, ..,ul. Thn< migh[ b< ,n« 'nugec, u,lIy 'r< mind ,hi, lOY< i, $Un mofe dearl)' b)' OI>C .0.1 kso [wl" .igh, .,,,,),«1 in 0 p'ce;« hic",,,,hic.! o,rk,

whe.~.k CO'f"O •."J ... h. I~ ...""II.n. >tI,I. k ""neep«"". ,f.c m"".'" Au· gm,in ....,.nded ,hi, lin. o( , houglll in hi, SI'ggcs wbich ..< 1\0( . . . 0 u~. ro h< bdi=!. Now ... ,cpro.. .n".. whom foU)" .... made SO ",,,,iI"I}'1t.. ,h.. 1'1..... ,he 'piriuw. no. ,he h "",,~ . ..,.... There should be "" pi« ... ,,,,, at ,.11 and wohhip ,h. w>y of lift of ' n",h., >I,d, Ih. , if any im.g< (i""'fl' qlNUli/Kt) is bei ng ~rd«l i.. «n. f h.. con'eml"""''''''' a.nd ~ ....... rncn,ion n~mlixth· and ....·.."h-an,,,ry iconl in 'M ...... m Medim~. then i, ..... y be mo, ........ _100 inH...n« ..." iiobk.o.he""", , .... n .... b«n tlt.ou&h' um~ now. ttIO bdie-'os WI St. MdCfiw in An,ioch rould no< h.ve bc.:n moIC differen, f inally. 'be imc.il"ion in Tou .. may "dl ... eal .." of w<mhip coOOuacd hd'orc ... image t,,,, i, ...,m, ,ha, culo of t-bnin i, more impon>m h~ thOJ[ .... cult ofi m"ll"" n.. im>g'Okt inugco-no ma" .. ""'" n< "";ml> to ...Itt ,ha, VI'ORl_in tho mind, nf ttodttt. n...~ is ........, ,han ...tuff t..", nf Augu'; ..... wri[;ng obou, "'" "mind', ~," flu, ,his ........... Pin"" rnm> th< d~ with "'" ... u•• ",*""""", CttgotY wcd. lint nf .11. 'Cltu.ol ......po: " Ruhcr dun "Y r/u., Cr<J!l>l'TofT...... 'housl" ,n i,,"'P 1""",1 hord to ,oll. lIu, n< an COpIr did no< k .... wuh. pb. .... hen ...... )'OU ...... ....,d of .ny ptieoc rloin, ,,'ha,1"" did~" CK!"'Y"Y' opin [... , it ;. wrong '0 ~ pier"","),u, ,ho, in piau"'" ...... can..,. ..... ,;, to be odomd. Crq;o no< ' 0 ..,... nd.:tli"" ,he ".. ntile." wt.o ho ..< " _ .• m;nd.. Gtct"innul halth '" ,t..1Iodo. ...., J.... bono en"""N '" his CO"'- Pia",.. can be htlpful ' " ~nu. in a"yi"B .... ' hi, ~,""" ""P"""ibili,ico. Ii... hy ~ ,be .. ntd"C"N :and o«ottd by dicK;ng toml"'lKtion.'" Mr.och ,IIa, Gf'I"tO'Y so)'l nt'n o;""pl •• o ill"" ... ,. ,he I"'ior , Ie, hin> Of h., in"ginc.n oNi· rulry Cn';""n ,unding hlnh. in ,he Eo" ,hom: d<x:. k<m t h.ve b«n.n i"cipien' cult of iron •. Even if . mInt :tdmit ,har •• ,Ii« ",hola.. cogg!i!! .. k ,..h..,h ... {I>. icon. o:k/il>«l nO! .. . picture evincing 1 crt... in ,~ic bu, ., .n obi«"< or locus of cui ........ <W,. Ugni~c,", k.uuro of.1>. .pi.i.u.1 bndK""" of _ 10 in ,ho La.in 'X'",. In '" fot .. icunod" m ,,~ m ."uk on Kn'. we h.YO rfiSn to "..,ndo, wh:o An,"n", Mum"';

TH. lEAR"." AN" g."rulous M~"'tot, (167)-171"0) in.rodoccs. '1"'" fwm hi' pgain" ,h.m. by des'roying' grco[ 'l,-"n. iry of ''' . ."d by pet> '"",ng ,hem. In d", 780>, ImI. , ruling .. ';m '0 .",hen,", ,...Jirion, i, Ius. in "I<w of ,he ironophik triumph ,Iw W1I only fcmPOr::lfily in'errupred by. rc--

'a'-

"",ro

n..wed ouromok of iwnod .. m be[wo:cn So, .nd 841, betn "'-'}' to . S>ume th" ""'"oph;li. 'ep"""''''' ,he wI< .0"';""'" ,r>oli,ion ofd,", Eo".,n Churn::bsm of L:o III . nd hi< drn .. ty 'WC>". on the ront .... ty. to be. punling . I>nocwm. II it impo"~nt to note that where .. Gco'K" FlolO'o'.ky . nd Ge,h. rt Ladner-"w ""nocwm in ,irtu,II)' '1"OC"Ip),ic ,ern-u. Avc,il 0."..,'00. > kade, in ,he mod· ,h. M""I~".mi>" f"""i« bu, ",,,o>d a new ."d ... "'" d,n~."'o, ,,",l.ugh' h-om ,he fenio ..... 'heir ...... lw:irdow in ,he .. In .bon. _ can now be- """" conl>dtn' know ""'" Lo ••• ico-nodulkept;"'1 of ..·h •• ,h. SOUrU> Ny CS. S,irring mouia .",1 frc:.cocs of La,c. annu;'.. had noc 1ft ;oppeucd. 'The """-w;'" for i..........., did no< achirw in ""1 • •he ""'" fa"""", d urd. of 8yuntium. H";' Sophia. _ wi . ....... b,II""""1o pKl'U .... bcfon: 1M 1600. n.. iconoJ """"",,n... ion. ..... y not bren oO;errin~." icon. per 1< .. m..do ..." .nr ~!l'lalltpmnl{J,ion ,hll ~.o .;ob •• ,h. E.wdus prolub;.ion. And SOOW' of ,...... ",1>0 """,icd about "'p"D.i,iow I'l3l'Io.:c-mOl' f which ""om ..p.... n"'ion, ...uch. Th. chol>" ", inm- from. Ixk of pc,.;,i"" ion of Onhodo>lock of ...1, Chri""n .... ching. YSCU'l, who w"''' in ,h. 1¥» ond 70400 .£.., ,h. imag< qu:m,,], weI'< " .. II und .. w.ty. Mo,"':...... john'. 'ching "-,,, .., I Jull .egu., ddibet.. dy'" ""ide .. Nicx •. Some of what eUlTent OnhOOo' "";«11 .. y .ho", im . £"" an i>e found in ,h. w,i,ing< ,,( ,h. nin,h-cen,uf)' ou,ho .. P... "«h 1'>:ihoru. of (".o"I:Inrin""l •• nd Abbot Th1"Itic them", . nJ "yies lI"'t Nico.. cuulJ h.-e rofutro. Mo,",,,, ... ,he 787 council meant b..it, [hat i., l(}Ok [ 0 ' lime I.... thon.he iconod ..,i, C". iod of m tho, we ",II icon. Receot thcoJog;.n •• pc~k mo .. of 'l'iritu.1 m ..n;ng [han ,hey do of >cv.>rn of d ... iai llyun'i .... rdigiou. ",,",gr.n contribu,ion '0 moJrlh O,thodo. inugc do"",';;"di>. at. ""'-Illy Cllp«ted to ..w fl ..."" .nd < one do,CI' in ,im< '0 'he ""en" i, ,h. S;"',., H;"O? .,r Nif N, ,,,,ki. who W:H filbl wi,h ...,.,.. kiod of impu.ity '0.1 livd in .imi!'. boo,;.hn ...... Th.n, .ft.. a g.;orble< ")~' ",I>< impiou, .mpc'''' Lou ",n«l m, king pronoun"'m.n" (l\o'fioO... ).6yov) abou, ,h. ",mo..1of ,h. holy .0.1 ven."bk icon,. \'('hcn G...go'l"'. ,he pop< of Rome, h.d been informed f ,hi" h. withheld the u . C'S of 1... ly,nd of Rome,nd wro« leo. docftin,llctt.. '0 ,h••If«, [Iu, 1n .mp"'o. oug)" not 10 m,k< prono,,,,ccm: ' Und« ,h< )'C • • 7'1- .6 n..:q,1",,,,. "'I'''''' .10. ,,,,,-,,n", erup,ion. on Th .... . nd Th ........"d, like N'eepho,u ••• dd, ,h.. leo ",hinkin~ ,hOI G"d', wr.,h .... , in I,i. ('VOUf i""e.d ofb hcyond Niceph",u. in odding [Iu, ,h. "popu);,«" of ,h. imPhtd in .... "'.... of .... ' .... f .. d. by m",!b!;"", Wha, bon .............. nd firco. npm he tnd ofJ.nowy An .......... Cc-' .... n ...·.':1""-IIM(p. n.-, ~.'7) ...... n• ......J ...,ri.",h . C~. D'Y ,ma..J ,1> r«"S""" A .... w.i"'. WYUte Ict'm conde-mning wha, had happenni, .nd O<J"l",ro Home: and 1t>ly f,om impe,;,,1 au,hority. Lro W21 infuri .. .... , G~ "'P"iuod '11""'1. ,II< iconoda" . • nd "",, cri,Ocionu '" Leo" 0nrIy tho..: .......nu of ,.... ""'Y had bKome: fi .... ,n n..... "'Y. 1M ... iJ.nce tha, i< con .. mpot>'Y m~""""""",,, be ~"N in'o ,hi . ..... i< ..."Iin., 11,. ""u,"" i. ,II< Uvn af G f I"~">J ,"""', "'1.1. ...."" "~J" 1'"'" "'i' ,o,>dW)~' ", .." '" In.> "1' 01 """1 ,U>I" III .(Jolb'9 ·..... 1!1 ,~, ·,-=~d ,,~ "In '''OOS>J''Ul P'" >~, II' P'" "'I'rod. "1"'1 '~I ·"~,,,w AI"'I '.1"",) '''!''D snf 1""1 ,n,,)o .,g.W! fUl"'" '~')O "O!,,,,,,I!' I"'¥ ,~, ro; Fll'" .,,~, "OUll»Il>d ,~, ~u,~.., ''''' )"~' 1J "'i' )~p.>I"""~J~ '" fUSlY'" ",olbl~ ""1' fAts pm U,,!,!SOl,~ ... >J;M\ "~JJn~J '~I U. ,.~, 'PI" so'l. '~I '" 1", .d>Jd "Iq'qN. """'Indoo '.A'" J" .Ill.", ¥.I"'S··· .,(", '~'JO '11'1"'" ,~, '" "'''I' u,nq '" '''O!,,,,W I~"!W '! '''I''' '1'''' '"!" "'I' 11'1"" "q'ow "I"q '!q ·,no!,. s >'p J" '""" ""~, ';),'>J'~," ~:n,u, """'f' ' ''I"' ", """.n"",1 P'" '" ""Iodw", 'I""l Aq '100U!'U"'uo:) U! ~"!"!I ),,0.{,= uO A.." '!q 'JJ~ ''''I' ,w"""'l JJ!'...,d ,~, ,,,.=>>d w,~ ,,~, N>up.>, '!"" s,iOJ",hu' .Its o. uo ,,..,s 4q ,,0:> l.ql "u,wd"p.,p ~U!"IUI!P "IJ\' 'bi pu. hi "~ pou>o:l '~I ", I"u~"', "'i II' "nu, ,,, •....1 ,,~, 01 dn p$I!~'" "",, "q pu. >doxl " 1' ~" ..... ~. ~1''1 "' '(0"," "~I '= ..,!,JJ> u. "",,,,. .. ,,,,>p.. P' '''' ''! ",oi>,~ 'I'~doxl "I' PI'" " qUlY IOJ>dW' ''U ,:1""""" II' w>ql PO' ''''I' 'f.! ' ~JJn~J ' '" IJnr "I Plno~. 1;lI", ," I~'''''' '"".. .Iu'J" iii,,"! "U .. ~, p»J"p iOJ>:»oJ '>l u' "' .11"1 '>l ,d.>I>f'

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'''''!'.., 'u" IOJ> "'U ",'''' '' S"!""'IIOJ WUlJ ")W '?lduu!,u.>." ,h .... ''''' wet• .. ;>«1 by ,he .mpt"'t" hencbmen, On. 'ime. the Lifo "Y" Grego.y wro<e to the empero •• ,nd '0 Cgo ,nd ,hi. "1'1"";';"" p,,,mptcd John ', lett .., I'un,,,n, '" Joh" '. I.u••• Ge.m.",,, .«,ml"'«1 '0 ",'''rc h;.nrchic diocipli"" He wro« if he d i..! n(>C m in his leuen. Germanul' •• ddi.io", to On Hnnu-. ,,"" S" ,<x/< .uggcs. th.. he "'.. ci,k, di"""", or i~"u,.,,1t , o."".",io< ... virruaUy dUmi...,!: Tnom.lS ,u'r,iS«l him: .nd ~ [here was. ·· ..... f... 1....... i. 0"" ",he. ron«mpo':"y ..,"'ce. [he ,hrtt Qr,.,j,>I1' (or ApoltJtin or AAdft"fUj1 of St. John of D,ma5CUI Alaim' TIxu. \1"1.0. Atrar.t ,IN Dh';nr /""'l"'," D .. ing ,h..., to" i, not y< upon ""'yv . Oe",..nl'6.t(~v) =n:i.. terro. 0 .... ' hiJ .ubjion> John ~ aplicitl~ .., o. about leo. "It ;, DQt foremp<m1S to Iogiobte ,I>< < ""1"'ro •. John """,k> ClCplipk of GOO"" but docs not .eli u, where o. when ,hoo< p«>pk werc g.. her«!. John WU , mnk " S" S,h. """ide Jd quite "idely, .,,01 f.idy q"ielly if.he ~ ... two o.~.iMs ar< (0 h< .t.,<J .."",..! 7}o. W'h.o,. ",,,,,Iy. did Jul,,' ~nd ooj«.lole------o.l'.n h om impe.i.1 int«fern bu. i. w» no. .h •• ;n Leo', .;m.... 1n. m«1ing that .l. Germanu" "'Pla<culp'" ,h. ",ling h""se ... time when a I.." member of ,h.t hou>c ..... «ing in defcn>< of rtligiou. i""g. None of [hi, lUgg~;d~. tdb of dcsu uct;"n of ,he image but pl..« it in the time of P...ucch ....... "";u •. [hi[ i,. aha ]JoY No sou,.ks .nd p,ophI, . .d,", H:oMph""". Thtophon .. k...,.... of pc........"iO bnwc< ,1 ..... I" -",,,,,,,k,n,. J"h., of 1>.0'1"""" I'""WJeo no I,in, of new "'"""d..,ic compoig-,,> in hi, ,hird ,ru., peth.ps do,es fron> ,h. HOS. In R[ llyun[i...,konacl .. m OI~ ...... .,,~ic. contin-,>.

"'"

Byzantine k onod •• ", Under ConMan[ine V

Mm • Auny of ....ill dnou",i1rioru of 1...0 III , ,ht ........ lIyun.i .... ch"",iekn. Nicc-phoNs and ThtopIwI, co...., thri. _nU fQn,,-.rd"'" nuny Y""" "';,b no men'''''' .. all of any con, ............ mating '0 illUfP- II ~ Ix-m rcnurl.t.;l only .bo.n 10 p1;~ " .. ,b ie_bun, but ,bit '[m o.nd ha, a,,_ II< .~ 10 obocu", m. fxt rIu.•• in reali.,.. tc«lfdcd ......... ";'[n, /fum dllputd "'-c- icon...... e f....· . nd fat be .....ftn. n.. ......" of eo.,....",i ... V iH'-7!) ill ...... ,.. ,his darty. "

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m' eo.....

The ..,.,.".. nrin... ,.i5" n' the pn>pI< ""'l"«1 tho ~·bo ...... p ,h.......,....,..! tht city ....... £arl ... >ehoI. 1fI. _h ... o.."'B"'>ky, -... ,nclined '0 ..xq>t of... h;""rUn,' ...... of Aoubosdoo," bu, i, _ ""'"" lik...,. th.!, ,tq " ......."'«1 Itgf the OUtkt of hi' reign, In hi, >«:oun, of ,he ~.. 745- 41> Th«>ph.n.s """,,,. an ea"h~ ... k< in P.lesli"•. jord.n, and S)',ia as .... 11 .. ~ pbS"< ,h., ...ached ,,,," B,lb", from Sicily . nd G.lobri:o. Oddl)', h< ")" II... [hc.t di ... , ... '"= ",incd "'" flHY" 01 Con".",i"" >g>;n., leon, .nd ,h. church ..... Thi, .. CI";OU' for ,wo ,..""'.. ~i ..... ;, .... ".I,l . pf'f nm Con,..",;n. ,,~, k .nr "",ion in obo." 746 . ,he fi .... hin n,g>inst th< M~ im ' .. the Um .~ Caliplutc cl">Ckd '1'''' bctwcys d:tnS"",,,. fulk.m frontier .• nd m.jor fin.no.1 «fom... Const. ntine ;;mply did not pm ;m.!", ., ,hc 'OJ> of hi, ...... ki"f; ~nd •. If ,hi, .... pl"""j"" i, ,.. liJ. ,hen it h'!;hli!;h" the du' ,hi< ,imgond. v.surly m.ntioned by Throph>n«. 0' .n .ctual ",onod.. m. S'oph.n·. biogr.phr. ><em. '0 ",~, wi,h ,&,. 'n«"'0 ,hi, pre-HiCT.i. p. iougn wel< ..... roygin.,i," punk solv ing In ,he.. " ' ''nlloty I\""'" ..... nction. ddini,dy ""uned in ,he 760 •.• nd ""< con"", be con~. J.n. ,h., I.... ""ri«" JHl no, "ttojct, ~.n " fi-om .h>. p~ ... Thc "r .i it,.,. pt'I>"id< ,he ~DI cuncn:t< ."d offici.oI ~ for >n icon in ,lit 8Y"'n.il'l< 10m",,,,. 'n.. council named .00 .,..,....... Wn1 n.o; and Gctg.: t>f

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.uo

Cypnu. m. kty fip'''' .n m. AJMniril ..." 1ftio io no! a ""'C'hy I;" of iwnopIo. Ok.,,<min of m. ~ ",." ,he council obo ..ld dccn:t: OA;lJl;' m t>f!he ChM .......... This d«m: doa "'" all bplicidl ,ho dauuction of ico .... " He ,,'00 fium now yo ,he counal. i'" nuh an icon. or k> .-. ..."', • .-, or to "" one up in. ehllf"Ch or in. pn... .. bornt, of to hide onbyt ... or like ,he grimly d....· minN of religiou . . ... r.d ' hc mtte,l ... pcnd(rn u.w.l1r port .. y. ~or ocycroi J'C''' Hi ..... ,h. -"",tea >gain Dli ,ilm".part ffOm. bfid" f,

om..

policy intu onc otto of .h. mon ..,cty uf S,. Amhmia and II< n.moxl "n. of hi. d.ugh •• " .~ of ,hat ho ..... In 771 I..,., IV . ppoime.J "","'0",1 n'guu,=n. '0 b'.h"",;", ... p,omin.", monb ""'to >.. Ewidondy 8nhynu .......... all i"'l"""'ibit plao< icooophib dnf>i •• CO,....",i .... of Na.roku. and. ~ ....... of hi> opiocopal coIltaguco. So , ill" ,h •• yn<W A"A, Srrphon «flUcl .nd ...... pbced under t.ou« ut"" bu, f •.."j ....... k w., booo .... ~ broke au, "';,h ,he ··Scy.h"n•.~ 'The .nd lIun •. ",on"'etio, 'cligiow l"-"ph«o.I'" . nd boolu. All ,he>< he ",Id .nd ,,,,"o.m;II«I the pt«,ro , he I"-«....,h', loyalty md [0 luve u ken . 0 opponuni,), '" bcli,,1c moo" ,ici,m 0"", 'll-'io. Shonly [hesc proo:cro iog«in", Hi .nd .. i..ing ",me mon""i< P"'f'C"Y. Co"'IOm·

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iM ..... "templin, '0 put hi> ......... ;" orda. I"""" pL.)'Cd onIy •• nuIl role- in th .. ,U;ft,_ Mom>m-•• t.. ..13Ck "" .t.. monks ..... no< to m..da "" ..13Ck "" _,.,...., i .... f .. . pm:;:.. carn~ ....-J >pi .... ~ who .... '" .......ifa,1y d~ ...ho ,hra.ened "'" N:iW. V...-;I \hroosh doe 1m. of ...,.. ironophile ,n.u, .ppeMOnccs .re .."ry &a-;.;", U\ ,~ (';,01 yeo ...... F.tap< (nt • few "",Ks.

.,«1 ,I,c (une...1o...ion of ,he ""nophil. Pl.o,o of S. kioudiun ,how. Ih.. he

W1!I

oble 10"""" . bout qlli .. (""'!y ,nd ,hoo t I,c I,ckl offici.1 roo;,;"n, HOund m'In ,h. end. ,h.,. ,..•• • p"'iod of in«n.., "nti·mon .. ,jc " ,h'il)" t..-tw«n 76") .nd 767.nd , I,cn "Pin in nJ-71 in ,h. Throlc.. ion oJ .. me. Nn< 0f,hi, .... ivi~·" obviowly or n«csw"ily COfInea..J ...i,h 'h< ""ng< in [he .i"", of Len III Tho f.,h ... of II Niata ,.id ""'ni,hingly 1i.1I•• "","[ ,,,i,,ed ", work.. 0 ". ,pt".h, mentioned . book with «I"" im'gOth« . pc:okcr ",id he h.d.n Old T.."ment with. Sf"hofium on im.gc< ,hOI hod """'0 erased .Ibei, "'" .IOcompletely ,h.. it ,ould 00' "ill be....w. Two other 'I""'hr> ooml'loi"ed of boob f,om which I"'g hod bccn CUI com.ining• .....pcc'ivtiy. KCount> of the Grnol"'n. iron . nd the Abt;o' im'l; h.d impo"'''' """"i.,m",. ,.. Fo, in,,,oc"t the i"'>g< of CI,,;n 0" I,i. cuin. " it..,... l.co Ill. Comuntin, V. • nd Uo IV put .m. 1I c"""'" on .hei, roim. Thi ...... I.... n ... of iron"d.. m. ht)WC>.. " ,h.n. ,eturn to rli.... h.m", of ",,,,,i,n,,,i, ico""U'phy_' .. Ni.:ct .. >.I"" sc .... j.cd "if ""n< "",.,,.,., L..., IV.

,..!w,

rei~cd

only umil 780. from >om. rema.k. by TltIU .ny < Iconocbom 7' pr«i.tly .nd '" 00 .."'" ¥try cotdUlly who, .he actu. lly did. fo, ins"n,e, Thcph.ne .... Y' ,ha, .nc, r .ul w,.. consccr.urrieul. rly iro!lOphile, .i,hcr befo" 0' ju>! .f.., ]80, h iI, .her .11. hard '0 heliOY< "ml"'.e h.i, «, h"" m. rried. k"o",,, im. g< "",,,hi peT, 5
,I,,,

tI,.

COrne was pmhobl)' .i«un < ,,,,,,I,cd in • " .. ful [ru", in ;rti, where .., in ,he B.llan. henc', k>''''f >J' thot [",n. ,,'" prq»rcd '" ttdr ,0 Ch. rI"" ond ' 0 hi, p.ap.al pm becou« of ",he «igoing heresy" mud> ring< trite in the ' and ,inu p ... io",h Ni«u5 hod cov. '" O"'''I\ol P.ml did W:ln' • council 1I\J h< 1I\d I",ne migh' h,,'< h«n .. Iking "",oring im>gel. holding. cooncil. . nJ idtl '" bc ""hed ,hrough ,h. d.rial g.. des befOtc heing """"",.. «,.''' It nuy he oigni~an, ,ho, H._ d,;,n did no[ .,,,> wh" i, going on in ,he wt. The East ...n k.rning how ro .....Jk "" ~hell" A council ..... i"t"n ,burc h.. "..... l"ging 1""" ...., tho ",.d t the F.aom< d;,,,,= "'''''«n htIed, 1.'1;" ",,,sen,,,., One hundmJ ,nd thirty-o,1< ", ''''u.....Uy "i!;h " ""'...., . I,.".. "'red ',...y bu. w» ,on .. ,he """neil f. ,h ... had . ""mbled in ,h. Chureh of S" Sophi. , ,h. bi.hop. of Sicily nomi· n.. ed Tar";... to "I'1. 10, ,i>« bow "nth the wcmhkd bi,hops .od [h. dubiou, newl)' admi"cJ ""'''' ""'00 [ 0 ' d . .. ...«m.n[ ,Iu, [he rouncillud m« with impc,ial .",oo,_ ioy. 11'0"" and Con«. n,i". ,pc.k of h"'" ,hry w.re dly dimary deli,. to "hi"". "unity '00 concord. " '0 !CStore "Iu. m"ny in t .... pric>tfto,.,J," tOt «, 8 .. ,1 of An')..." Theodo,< "f My... . nd l1>eodosiu, of A"""ion , wer< l>rougl>, 10,·

....1'olic Church ('OO7O-,o" B) , fusil theo "",d 0'" • Ioog .od qui ...... di,iorul p""""ion of f.i,h ,,,,,,,,,rd ,I>< end of which I>< emhnca! im>g of ,he inc.." .. e jc.~., of M.')'. mgvin .. ,h.osc wi", "d.,>dc. Ch,i«i. "," (,hot is., Ocooocb,;u) ... "..,11 as >pin" a series of ... ,hct demen",), irooophobic .... """'. for iru""", that im.g« are idols. n.: """ponded '0 B.,il wi,h " Thank., be '0 Gvi"" im:ogcs lite mjodmi"rtl '0 ,he prie>sion of tho: council. prob.ahly to procuim that the-if culp'biliry ..... S"''''' ,h,n ,h .. of [h. [h"", bUMps who were r«sa), ;",.gin. ,]'" tI,. Bruntin« would h>ve pr&rml I.tt." "'ith , little Ie» "'... on 'he I"P>C0pl • .,.-.:r .«u,lIy h.<med for ,heir iconophili,?_i, w:u d I< culT .,r .h. "'''''", and ,hen tho cui. of imogu, n......;.,n mndodc. wi, h ,I>< wbscripple S"I",,,,II~ 14OIIb-il-4A). Th<s< I",." go OU' of ,heir W>~ ,,, ptoli .. I",.'" ",I, in ""lIing ,he council ,nd """"1'« ,he collllcil", ;l
\1Vh.,.

w.,

below to ... h.:., II NiCK> .,iJ

.bu." lIy",,,,i,,,"', O:o"od.., ",Io-no "" 0 .1;..,

.. td prestn, was bbm..! IUr ;,. Con,,,,n,in. of N..,..,I.i ...... ,urn..! ;n,o ,I>< I>«n oion •. to 'J>< monks. n.tural ,uppo" group for their pblLl..nd ..:>toting imag waJ 01>< effec.i.. way of winning ..... « . "'-';oriry of .h. mo ..... '" ckrg> n-.:n .hough not .11 monk.! ....,f< ;"-'n,.:Iol... Y« T ... ,i ... k~ ~Iy wdl ,ho, he onb h..·•• ";.ibk rok in the council ... hid> conde",,,w tht;,x,~ .. hich had I>«n , hollm:uk of .h< imperial . nd . piscop>l ~mc .ho. hod h. rried .htm "'«cil""ly 00" leas • ..,me """'-""n,. I.;. .1", «mp[i ng .o .""",1 . «. link 00 ,ho IWtn,y·.wo "0< [ho. 'r< .pp 110,1.. 'h< )'e. tl ..., ... hU:h sccu"'" '0 ,h.", ,he lV",i,,,de of.1I ,n.,; ••"bjccn" hJ: Jill." '" Thi, i. ",,;,h« ,II< vicw no. the ling",!!" of rho 'hree mid«mury trc:o,i!<S '" of til< Lift .fS~p- II.< Y ... np. ·h ....iu ••• hi ...od • nod ra:oneikd ,he bi>hopo , 00 .ppca.>«l ,h. h. ",hit~hod ,II< imptri.1 rok in iconocl.. m. lcun""I"m ~ i", ... n to pi'" wi ..,d.. Muslim 1'guM!od bi.hop. Rulers """,e ",,,,.how infccr. f""n one »Oi'" of ,....... "'~ to uAdo ,he w.m>gc WlOUgh t~· 'hc council of;l ... "Tha, d",~,,~ ""rcfully .rt,ihutod [0 • $nUll oumi)(r of ""'~"I .. h"n ... fmm ""i,hin 01 oddh:.lls fmm wid,o", ,I>< <mpif< , "';'< n ... ,1""Jy s«n th .. ,I>< .. n..y "...,. h, .. been limn.1 iconocw.ic odic1 i" 7JO or " .ny o[her ,im .... '" ,h<m .. lvcs p,inurily .bou, ;m.g .... ," li p ,hi, accouo< uf lIyu",;um ;" ,h, /; ... ,,, of ico,>I>C4sm, So"'' ",;,ici.", W2.< I' rdgvin" ;m"l\e< b)' 1.0:0 111 in .b, we lnow . bo",. h'rrenod ""'il ,!>our 75' ,,·hen Co"",,,,ine V h< 'giu,,,,,, ,I", Ied hy ironod,, "m, bu, i, i. no'ewn hy ,h.. 'he _'en do not .plie'tly '''Kh I'.ul', .trgu',b '0 By 78, Itenc .. >d ,hen T,,,,,;u" '''porb m","!;Cmen, of'he rouncil in 787 .11"",0' ,ioo:: Con"'ntine 'he C ..... J .."'nded on .. 0 .... empu .. ,wo empt"'''' bid ""ne ".-= On it on at ....., . f.... But iron .... I.. O\ i, nOf 'h< "ory of eigl"h·un rury Byu",ium. in An .. Iio ..d th< B. llan, "'C'" mOf< ,mp""'o', l.cpl . .J",ini",..~,Ovc .• nJ ~sc>1 ,""',"" .... '" mo", im· pomn!. Th< kinds of ,.n,ion, ,h>, led '0 m up .".mp" in 7~" in ,he mid ·

h."

,m,....,

10 '''''0'''

,b.,

n"..

h,,,,,

y

W.,.

OGCa.n.! 710. oIooZ wi,h ,II< kx>II iruirk. '" >« ,.fu, ltindo of thinp _ .... id.oo.., rdipo........ '" 'WI> ,pin to ,be kinds of ......ds.n.! conctpU "" on«>wt,.,...j in 0..1"''' ,. Tho ,i"", ollto III is cri.icoI in m>Oy ~ bu, from I.ro ~im..,l( MIl • won:! ........; ..... Qu, .....;.d....:c r.,.. ......oiy irooo-

cbom in

m.

pl>obo pooirion mus, II< infmopo. Ao...., ..w ... rlia. I""P'" wroo ...... ro.Ila,." but rl>cs< do tIOI • , ko" "'" in .....,i, ",i,inai Ii",,,. Ni\:"(I'Iw..... ;m~ l "hwr/J;u>a r~ly II..,... m;t..,me .au... ", inhuma,ion hut ir i. h.rd ro ..-p;ar... tbei, embroidery f""" tho pb;" th ... " wh ich ,hoy pu, It. G .",... "u, >Ion lcotn to Constanti ... hirrudf. Gnmoa .... rtp" tht bi!I>op of N..:okaa·, 'n .... ma ,Itot no c"'"'to:d thi", be- toOOttipcd (IOI D )• ...tUdo .. .-n,i,tIly ,It.c .. me p Gt .......... " ...........,. knphy dJe.... ............... of idolatry

(1"9I1-E. ,uC-D. 11711-1>10. I"-Ie) '''''' II< bdiewd 1< w< ore m,d.: of Re.h ,00 1.1"""' ...... or. fo,crd '0 know more cly. ,I.... ,he imnpboks h,d ... iscd ,he i"u •. no"d in Clupre, I. of ,he "'re,imi
so much", odvoncing .n . rgumem or h i, 0 .." . In , b,ief p~e in 'he 1.

,I." ""

,I."

Firs" he "," . prophet" and .. im. (,o,A_ D. "M). Thi,d, ~rm.n'" im;'" ,h., d.:pict;on. of Ch,in ,>I of the gee>l 6gure. of ,h. Scriptum . nd rhe

,I."

ch " tCh iMpire i",i",i"" and u'Se pwplc '0 P'" glory to G ",l (10' D. "JS--u6A. "711). In ",he, "",,,Is. imag
,I."

1L4D-nsA. IlsA-E). Firully. Gcrnu nu, pl..d, wi.h hi, ron"l"'ndcn" no'

'0

•

C""TU

'w.,

c''''''' Oft 011 IGndo of ground>; H • ..,..~b, ", g;oin w ;on~ ..., ""'«ific colI«tion doe. no< "I'\'C" to ~ Iud .ny inH""""" in ,II< E.nt • • Ib.;, F~tn\ wti .......... >wan of anol ..,..,..;""" ' ... n' ...... , i,cd ~ fo..nd in R...... n """orW, ''''

u..

s..fo: f", .., Byu ... ;"m ·, ..ad. in p, ks.;ndf", the Chri " i.n J>k, hut jm, which Ch,i"i.n cnmmunity he hul in mind w< do no, know, Evid . '" pol.mia of high in..",i,),. Thus i, i< in,.ra,ing [0 not< [h. [hird Orlit""" probably w,itten during the when John ..... "",,,ing • good uf h" "..Ii., ",o.b. ,~, lik< ......,.,., . nd [«hnial ,hoologial ,,,,,,i,,,," 'Q uS< ,It< W1t;c. John point> out tho, m.ny .. ":gul>rly used by Chri"im\-"Trinity," "co"",b... ,,,;.I." ".our< of tI,< Godh,-.d," """e. "one ,"lSOn w;,h [WQ n.""""'_,,, "n, fo",,,J ;" ,h. Sc';p,u.o bu, h..-. been i""'1're,ed try. the ti.. he .... nd those ". an .. he""'ti"'" who ",fu« '0 UCotp[ ,hem (pr), '" So ' 00, John "')~' G od him>Clf romm.ndcd im'Ol" ' 0 be m.odo: .nd rh ... imag hoY< long bIt circumS(fibcd and h>v< (01n' .imply ' l< nOl idoi.,." aod those woo "'-y tru., thCJI .re i"" do no< know how '" ,cad ,he S«ip"''''' (1.4. I , 8, '--I: 1.•• 7, 8). In.1I ' hingo< 'he ,,.,di,i,,,,, "f ,he ch uICh ' IC '0 he m .. in"incd (,." ' j , ,6: 1.,6. >0) . Finally, John .",,1« angrily .oou< ,h. e"'pc""', in,c,re«n« in dogm .. ic W,.., 1'1>«, ,,..... mind tl .. , in l,i. ti""" 1..-0 , I, .. w.re n"". of hi. COne'''" i" tho III wu p«i.olly in effor (1.1: 1,4, 11, ,6: j .• , ) Wri« .. h,d '-n .. ~ins lOt • Inns ,ime ,h" imag of Ch,;" "",,1.1 be

...,.l.,

1';",

9'

C HH"O TWO

p>.m'od bea .... Chri .. Iwl.waml .s . ..... ~ on.d Hi< hun,ani,!, ~ ",.,abl. of dacription. Thi..... an old a'W' m. n ' br John's ,ime. 8 u, John " ... a good ,non '0 know ,Iu, 0."" ....., "",. "m< imag< ··w.. daooca,ed in ,h. ,•.,jm "f ,h. mru, fundomd m.n. ",.. P.,ri.k Hen.,. argued 'hot ico""cla." ic ron,,,,,"",,)" .... , <sson nf 'hrolgio.1 pmd [h", ""lied ;n,o qUc>'ion ,h.< cem,.,1 mrs'''1' of til< Ch,;"i." f..i,h ."d 'h< ...-holt d' ... i"" omy "f .. k .. ,iOft. John hod . "cit", ,Ii""""",,, in'o • _ I.:or. He m>d< ,he- Jch,,~ ""'" im. gcs int. Ch, .... ological .n,t<Wrhir: {I)) ,,-,uteeS 'M' Jhn .... n,b1cd.''' John m.y h,y< 11""" .... ching ju.. r on. of ,he cUs.icol i.... ,..... """' .. d......U.k""..... pauago from &.il Of G~ of Nyssa. John ............... rulkd '''V' ....... n .. npr .my .. oIog P'" 'gelhe-. in Rom< \xtwcal 7.6 and 7) '. Rfit of no. pc.h. p. a. e",en ko. ,he ''''''' c;'ro .. Nicacll in 787.'" In . 1l "'p«. $.ill. WI: 'ft j\I.d '0 h>vt 10m. of hi. '!,wi",; ...,./.t.'" Fin.!ly. ,h.

.htn,

"""i...

N~"thm4 • •h. M",,,,,, CMsl''''''~''''' c",!>.JUin ..",. and .h. ,mo .... M · ....,.,.'" 1..-"",,,,.'" .J'hUglt ioonphik and pokmi.-..l. "'Wly ..,m• ... l""bk

inf.,rmo.io ...

n......,.... compJ...- ..b.ion,hip Ixtwc.:n ,h. Pnnri, and ,h. 1,0,.,.,. Let ,.. begin ...-i,h the fOrma. n.c Ii", I'_i, pCN by ""nbling ,h" ,ho C.,hoiic o.urcl\.nd all i" m<mlxn hold pu. CIt,.;,. '0 be on. I"'no. I I" di vinity....l humonity .... "'"& t-n joino:d '.'00 "'ithou, """fUMOn (f'"l' •• ,). An image. Conwan,if\t uy.. mWl be one;n bc-in~...-ith ..... ' i, rq> ......... (frot- '41. >wi .i xW..WII image of • t..;ns ",ho has """ ... , ....... on< lpIri....aI.nd on< .......w (fn.gs.. ,... -~ . No image .. pouibk. the <mp.1one. If . pain .. , nuI. '< only proper ,nd po<Sibk im.g< fur th< b.... d .nd win. arc tho bOOr . nd blood ofChri" (f"g:>. '66- 67\. N",.II b.kc lip CAn.ton,inc', ide' ,~,." im.1I< ""sIo' ,,, ... ;,1, " ,1", ;, "l'<e>. ". I,,>,d, the bi)hops developed CoR~'lO';nc 'I Chri\rologiul rdkoion). ThOle who milundtk sal" rh .. ,h .... i> no p .. ye, to d mmin ..... "",h ,.,8. H7 . • nd (>.BoE-lAta. In oclt .. ""rd ••• ny ",.ightfu"""rd .pplication of the Mu..'" p",,"il»,ion ~» I>«n , ... 'd«l. r«h,!" odhcrmct .0 .ndi.ion.'" A, ,he- council . bilhops "lked ",",... ndy ahom ,ndi.

" ..... 10...... pai n. ' 0 orgy
eIJ......-d ,.... pD' Trinoun... .nd lop::ol iuun of .n.iq....,. ......... " - ,hey 'C'ft"d "'''h ,be- ~ndi"P of ""- cour>cils. This rncwt .......... i" full ...."ni", whm i. io uUn in c counc,[', pC"iI >f>1>tr.ndcd ,...., ;"..,. ..... of 0"";"" ....".. and .......... m.ny 'hon8' in , ... uncik Iuod .ffi,.,...J i"" n",,,, l""i, i.d1'" ,h ,IK- .atho. of AJ....... "oJ C.~"'IN'InM'" C.b.llinM "'. """""tt>. like. 'pt ,h.y "",'e g.,iity (If ci """',,e.ihih~ God .. divi"i,y ,,' of "'I"m,ng Hi. """teS. but ,hoy did "'" .d,...,,«: • I""i,;,.. duettin. of [h.i. GWn. If ,hey 'Iltttd oe di .. g~ wi.h John of D.maKU" ",,1,« d.. ing 'IGIr''''' ' of ,h. Christiologial impli",'i"'" of in,'Il"". ,her did no, say..,.'" The ironoph iles did objec, to ,h. >d .. ,I,.. Hie",i, ..... «"menial, bo,h be· cuse it Iud no l""u,d",1 I<pra<m..ion .nd because i[ d . It i, e»)· '0 >"'f4n';n"m put . hom ,he ""ty ,b., ,he empc[o,

,,,,,,,i..,

go, his ni cTi,iciting

'0 •

I~iari.a·, in'.'p.... ,;... I<m""~ Xlwlly bd~ .bout images. In ,I>< mido' of K»ion 01>do of .n.. hem .. (IOI~IOlllJ). 1~ anathom... ,., re$I;"'" foOl' and 6",. ,I>< .... which m-iownl ,ho: Bibk IlI'Hl ,he churdo fo."",,, '" .,fll .. ,ho: """;,ings of ancien. I>&,,>, Th< .n.. h.m •• in .... ioo right .1", ,IWK wlt.o .. fw.. to .cccp' .11 ... ,;"t" .nd ~nwri".n tradi[ion. of ,he chucch ...... n .. ,ho« who < ...... h... piau ....,., ......pi,i,.. < .ftet Ni""",', hi,hop.> dcmon, ....,,«l how • p"»>go h,d hccn .. ken OUI of li'e,,')' or hi"oe< of . h" wri'er'. ,..,imony ,old tOr .nd no •• g:>in" imag. In lhe ..", of. ",riter like £u5 no' h.... 'he circa of .ul>
""

CHH'" ' ' ' 0

'0 wm i""" ......nd liyn, ....... II.. p;ow "'"om of ,i>< ..,Iy (O>,is,illUI; fO< ",lit to)< icort .............. h),!,,,,,,,,;, of .... r-oon dopitt..! on M. unD·F~ """•. s.tu .. p . 1791

,t... if......, -.. to Ix- i........ ,hen dq >houId Ix-lip.nl """ "'" .ymbolic. Nicat.
h.>d ......,...!t ..;.1

did no! '"'lui ... ,t.. ptnnlC< o(i..... and did no! ... fotu worship ( .....ruion)

'" """'. s.r.- .....,...;n'

in """. dcui! ,hi< k.y...ction "' .... ___ 10. ... "", •• hot

,""e."... of ,t.. ..... IS • ...no/t. ,.... ddj"M..... bcpru by ..yi"A .t... Chris!

ddivncd hi> propIc from idoh •.,. """ ,hen """,,;.cd .0 Ix- wi.h ,I>tm fO< aU " ..... Some people dev .. m:I (rom m,nkin, """ from ,ndition:and int..,.. d...:cd he....,. by f..iL", to dJ .. i"'u.... I>erweon ,he .........t and ,he prof.ne. f~ eon.ran,i". and h .... alltd ,"!".he •• council"" th..,. by O>irur tl>c ..... hing> f ,h. rou,.eil" n"h of ... hKh mel TO ".nie,d •• , .... lting ,h •• h.d bun .It.d...!. TI>c bUhops ,hen say ,b.,. in .... m. ,hey pme ..... . 11 ,I>< II.d;,ion. of ,I>< < hi,hops >pc ,hoolutdy ~n."" '< ~ .. of w E.ud oro. •. T......... ,old G.tt , ''', lho: poin,in8 of imasa bac~ .0 ,t.. .poo i. is • nu"., .. f ' .... i,i .. " fi n •. Bm i. i, no .... d",i.cly. m." .. .,( ,,.,d i,in. ,,,.. is, im.W" or< . 1«> .. lid for «n,in d id."ie muol\S.'" Th.y h.l p to ""II '0 mind .h. ocrn.. of ,he Bible, ,I>< "",g&I.. of ,I.. nwry .... nd .hl I,b" .. of.h< "in". Im>go> "",ngfhJ>I< in ,fte;r wily Inv.il, (1;', ... mplc. lot~C- D. 9 D--E.

9£-''''-' 17F.-wD. 'WF.-llIA, uy. .•" B. lSIIC-D. JooC. JOIe. J.O.4A.. ~IIC-D.)6o(:: ,,,",,, ..... menu or< "" common ,h .. it .......Jd Ix otio. tNl is. r..m;:al1 wIw. .... uhn piau" (u,A). 1""fP . r< ,h ... l~rio«t of wit .. thcy rq>l'ex.... not in rnpd, sough[ '0 limi[ r.uh« """.-.:Iy ,he ch.nnd. . 10,,& ""'ich di.ine 1\"'" ,,",uld flow' " F..... n,i.lly , only ooe me1O, of "orily ,h< mos, '"'PO'''.' one.'" The coun(ies pteo, '" J"" " N;"""', bi,hop.< ...."" ...,;ou; tpiiti()n on worship in the co~nc~',lc" .. "op>. I.." US "". ~ ,h. b.. ie point. ,hey kft ,hi, "~u"'en, .. ide. More impomnt i. the .... y "i=. de.1t with Chri"oIogial ' 'llumOme fo,kio~. to ,..'~.J-and pe,h. p' too to pn'callOluccs-john i, not n.. ,,,ioncr< J"~ n 's t=~ing ""'y ru.Y< made • rnI rom. ibut"'n is in ,he """ion, d•• I;ng ",;,h ,t.. kinds of ",,,,,,hip prope,ly ocro,J"" ut t'gh,. "' F,,' .... know Chris, to bc of!WO naru,,,, .• nod in ,wo ""'ut",. ,ho, i, . d",n< .nd . I..,,,,." Onoblt and ,II< _ ,,'hich a n bt ci,curl\lCribcd ilrt " ' " in the ..... C hrisc ImynnptoJis], 1l>t K'OfI ........ bIa the prow/YPo< circum"',nccs of ,Itt: mid·711t> ,hat wt:ro done .nd said durinll. lIyt>n,illm ·. "Vuh.,;.mllry enro,m «. wi,h images. Th. follo ....ing cllap'''' "'ill "'m In ,h. W.., OIl ,he 1:»... of.n u".Itd i""noduli ....... ""h.. ",«m and "0 ro~· ""i~' pa'""" had .... hr." /i:",,,,,I,,ed On ,hi. cl",ge-d topic. La"" ironopltik wri .... dcpK"lclas< ... p'''''''''' who b rol< wi,h 'he .uthe"rie ,...ditio". of d.. church. I n fact, ,h"", who opf"'-"'d ,he pn. h:t •• 'igh' reuli n~ of h"u)f)", But that hi,,,,,}" louls diffe, ·

.ncihip .nd . mong typ! »)' ,h .. for John ,h'r< pl"""}nus ..... . m>n . nd ronld b< depicoed li ke my m.n. Yet john. ide.. wer the ontology of im>gn. For the ioo·

h"" ..

,h.. ,

odd,,,,,

'00

,h"

""phib i, wa. .. ... m .. '" i"". gao .... '. kW,i"" .. just b.:e>u!C ,hoy we«: different ftom ,he penon they rep .... nt..!, F", ie""phobc$.n im>go hod '" bc like. no, ju" look like. itS , uhioc'oCtwJly '" romplic>ted in

,boo,

i" :>C!~"U .nJ ",miv..i"", ,h.., i, " h.. ... ,J"'.. '" ""Y ...1.,,, l""I"""'~'n i< objec.ion. "f ioonnphoo... Sc>nlJl though i, i., none of ,Iu, ""ido""", I""""'P .nyon< remiling i" ho.ror bcf"ore of p«>plc b.:"hillS irons, scr.oping ,hei, surf..",..o OO",in hling I,.",--d.,. Or ba"ging them {lutlido that .OOps. 00 the {I,h.. 'ido. iroophilc!...,,,, mOO· e« in .. So i[ .tan'" to tnSOn ,h>, ,hc Western dio<m"~,," wa.! '''!Iend'totl'gQ $OundotIt ,nd ,h,.. f",. p,... ides at I".,,, on. gauge ofWc.tcrn vi ..... on th.. gener.rI ,,,bjc< •. Fin. lly. hi. wri.ing> ,no,!), info,m,n, on RomM ,If,i", No,hdm.' .... I'rg . n in«rnting ""'~'m>.[ion of ,I>< rd>liv.n ""'r. 11K p.inting is m..." intct""· ing. but it i. iml"' .. ihl. '" say .n)"thing it: where it wa> m.de. wh., ir loolotl like. where ir Iud h«n bcfm. Aug ...... ine 1I\d «l mot""," of God md .... er virgin M.ry md likcwioc of 'hr twel", ' 1"',,1inting of ,he I..,rd "",tying hi. el'OlS: . nothrr p. ir of hi"", holding up .he b",.. n >« 1 .h ipwr<eked pilgrim ,..ho h..d m>J>k. " c.:oen'i... ,ion, >p>n .......~" Bed., rou""y"'en P'.Y«l . decisive m'e in ,he .... isi"'" . .. d in,dkc.,.. l 'ife or C
4'

,hi, ch>p
ct,.

8igni~",,,,,"

in , hi\- prl)Ca., ,,>ction, '" .nd ""n,inning ;nt< 760s. no< . •nd 780< with those: th .. .!UM" frum .he period dO" 'n to about mid-71O of < middl. of.n <x«ndcd di .." .. inn of in",,>< in Con". n, in"pl. to toke down im;tgco "wt.crcvc:r ,hey .... f... _ in ch' p'ef '7 onl)' im. g! raging (h. pr/. em .... 'i« .... '" unabk: ". pt"OCO cont.. t. it .... m. ccft.in .hot ,hoe Ilorikgium pr~,ed in ronn«.ion with.he council of 731 i. m",nl here. With. liuk Jet«.i,'e wock. i, .. po"ible to rcronstruct .. Ic>sl ",me o( Ihot !Iorilrgium.'"' T....,Ive uui"",n;". r),ree hihlie>l.nd nine 1",,;,.

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•. uoolw 'J.'-U; Dc:scriptioo of"'" .d",nrnrn, of'M Trmpk. II"",;.,,,~ ...... II. p.• 9. I. ) Kings 6.').)1: Da-triptln of'M cherubim on ,h. An: ICUlp.al (ron. oli .. W<XI .nd ,he cherubim CI~ in", 'M doo.. of ,he

Tempi •. Hlliw ,be: A~.e, Efu""" X d ,""",,_ Y",bk .hins> an lad on< '0 invioibk ohinll" 1/.uI,u""m, •. )6. p. ) •. J. p.IaJdo·I)~"')~iuJ on. A~tc. n. ",,/n.' h,",,""i~ 1",>1\"> can "IcY.... mind. from.he co'P",.,.j '" ,he inco"", ••• 1. I {,u/";"""",. 1. j.6. pp. •. Cpil of Alo:.nd,u. "".(1"" "'", ...."...tWi Tri"j",,,, looimnuoodro(> wi,h.t.... mt: ..... ''llY: If WIIKOI>< 'it« E..odu> 10,4 Wi"Sf i",,,go ,h.n cit< b.d win" him o,he, p"' .. gcs ",-he" God oontm.nded itn.gc. '0 be m.d.. "The I>.",i" i, p>ss>g.:> bro~ghl fQrw:trd in 7,' , I", ,.i.cd If...!i,;"n.1 ,rgo _ me"". n,,,,,, m.)' b.: Y"ureJ im(> 5 the "'pic of impcrial imag.. rum .. up .... ui"hle """logy f", thinking . bout Ou;'t;.n

i""g, The old 1'"" i. "'.... , ... , " "'J.< "'" ,he ''''''S' " f ,he en,pc"" ,h .. ...... honma! nUl ,he em(><m' wh"", 'm>g< i, w>,. Although ~ onl)' know of R"m" ..,iog Ih" point Ji=l)' by m",,,. of ,he l>«oli", p.."do-A, ... "",i,o I." .nd indi.-.:cdy by .~ a'",C' from C)'Iil, i, "",' . n old . rgumrnt 'hot a,"ld h.", b«n huumocd by ""'"r .. Ie",m p. ""P G,egory'OO Cyril. .hhough in qui« JilT.""" .... y>, .. y tt .., im.gcs can .=11 '0 mil>p [hen" Pm . liftle d iff:rn SOme d;.c.,,,,ioon "f ,he on'oIogy of i~.., h ,h",.. weI< ci[ro '" shw inl1g<s ,henuclveo weI< "'" hooly 1>g>in" ,hat. on """,,n. "f ""'n •. '" 1""I"p> bca.~1e of du.:us..;.,n f ,hem. a bad .i.... t;.,n does nut grow WOlle . "d sonl< "cusscd in Brun,iom.., pe ..... !>' the«: 'Cltt! opc:n up, V1' On 0" i ..... unatt .... «1 In aUnt Us .. '" $OU.as. Yet

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>. Pseudo-A,h. n»i", ..Y' [har a demon promi"'" [0 "or rorm.ming peopl. if [h0' would ce:ue honoring . n im.ge of.loscar in mind :IS we cun,ide, I.. e, 1"1'.1 .nJ F.. nki.h I""i,iom ;n ,he image conrr"'........ Second. ,h. lansuage in ,,,,,",, (taSmen, ... "n .he very oubjec, uf what SO" of ml' "'"' ofr.m:! to imag. i. complcrdy inromi".n" Th. """d. ,&,,,,,,, . nd ,'m",m.re u..,J i,,, ...I,.III;n>«:ro,cr! .nd i",,,Hcr!. In .ny co ... I.."dr.ry wro ••• o ,he mrs,,/' of Co,,,,.n.i,,,,pl •. if til< [.iIK. f'qn.ifi word '" .pa.. abonr h.reti,ori",1 i<Sud inl'Ol~ in .he iconocl ... ic comrovctsy. ,he papalliva .1", provide .igni6am .... idence . bou. p.pal pallon>&e "f work> f.II ~nd dc.cnk some ""Oft.. of.n in •• rying d~ of d".il , Qui« olion ,he . n WI"k, ,hem ... l= and pi"""" .. h• ..., 'M ""I'" put ,hem "",,,,I im""tUn< "-'porn of the !"PKY', 'OPO"« to Byzantine iconod.. m. h i, ,rue ,h... he Rc.m.n =""m~ "'~ imp""ing """"'" ,he .igh,h "~''''Y .nd .h.. , ,h • ....ro... so",••"in;e cnd"".o,. "",re """ible ,ho. which would t., •• "cceded ,h. me>rt. of ""'" ""', ,n,h-an'uty ""pes,

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S,ill, ,h1 =I>Omi, """m of ,h. «n'''f)' foll"",'«1 ,he dim in.. ion of .h. lomb...l kingdom in n j - 74 . nd m.ni(.ou i«elf mO" ~i'iblr in ,he I>on,i~a, .. f.om Hod. i." 1'1 '0 L«lIV, (nt- 8n) .... Th •• n ,.Ik of ,t.. POP.vi",. Hi, hoi)' moth ... , ,he holy 'J>O>d .., . nd . 11 'h< holy m".)' ... nd ron(...., ... ",..,ing in pcocc ,hfOug/>ou, ,he wndd:' Th. f..", of ,he p',,"'n' ,h.f< romm<mo.-.,ro ""' ... '0 be ",kb""ro "';,h .igil> ~ • ." by ,h. monk. of the IoaI mon. " ....... "d m"""," w of ,h.i, dd" whcn ,hey WCf< "00"''' imo, n"", lifc in h..,vc n. 11m, (" ,hc only "'iking 'h ing ,hi. unwry is ,h. brcaJd, of it< droi, .. inn: ,,, .n ...;"" rem.ps ,h. P"I" .... d . iming , ... , '" h"J .. ken c"''l!' oflooking aft•• • 11 'he ... in" j... , as, in hi. OIronlmunic,,,iun. ,he p... i""" NMgeth« ,h •• ynod . nd o .... ory ,h. impkmrn .. ,ion in Rome of ,he nd o.lrn.a,i. our of ' h< pnp.o,cd and "pa imed" Mari. in Mjuiro. H. «buill . "d p. in,cd tho .......bi_pmb. bly ,h. "". S,. f in.oUy. he ..... in,cd the .po< and commoda,ion 10, ,h. do""fro • gold imag M.,i. :"h~n: d.piCfi,,~ Mary .... . ed 0" a tl""" ....J i>oldinl>J«l i, wi,h je-w.:l< and piKed i, be,,,,-..:,, t"",olde. im.gn of M.ry in h. gildtde by hond." i, m, ,im< '00, Almo" «n ainly 'hi> i> [hc r,mnu, \.>."",,, ;Wn ,,,b....-..I.o Im"ll"" " I"" ""d, by hum'" ha"d." h>d '1'l'<ared fmn, ,ime '0 ,i",. in &:0 ..", ""'ten br 75' bu, [his is ,h.ir ~ ... , 0(' p5iib!y """,nd, "",h m1I.dium' The Li~ hntiji'''{;' doe. «lnn"'" thi. pcocc .. iun wi.h [h. image to Ai""I,. dad ,1>< ....,....." s.. I'..or'. gnv • . copies of.1>< F.."k... lotnh."d pua ".>ties .nd m:ords of the .. tbm"'''''' of ""'''y of r..ly·, cit'" .a Rame .nd ,he poplJI(>W iJ1U3< ,,·kick ",... lIy ( """ic..J.,lr 'n,; .... t. ",4,;"n, wi,h " .u>d ill pltyoi« to .ttemp" hi story of 1"'1',1 .fti"ie p",on'g< in .igh,h_ century Rom< '"M"ia R£gin.>" i""'ge in ,he eighth century .nd on wh" ,h" im.g... y> .bottt Rom •• nd ,he pope. in ,Itp>ge ~ This i. an imag< of. crowned ,1> .;It fateI '" ~.

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the . , b untu'Y MofU IVgIn& inuga we« pUad ,n St, P....'.. San.. M .... in Trast~, San.. Maria Anliqua. San a.......,., San LotrtUO fuori Ie MuD, and San.. Susatuu.... It ;......alIy.fIUr filih at"uf)'. 0... depict;"., of MI.,. on ,ho ardt ...,rn..,,,,, &'ma.."icil"'t«. in a ony publit pbu • ..,.... I'ntionabk Maria Itt>gitu ..... painted ..... hot ~ pilimpoat ....u in San .. M..u. An'iquo In thc ~.rfy dradeo of ,,,.. "',h un.Uf)'. By 171 ,.... " .... had ~ po.inotd .,..... 10 ;.. i"... was _ _ ibN< ;a a modd to John \11. W1ut .. _ . thc M.n. Rqi... was pIxed in ,h" buildin, ~ it beam. a . ...."'... It nuy haw ~ trtul .. oIIW::U.h ..ho -..: IQpn>ibI< lOr ;., 1M ~n.h crnfU.,. _ no """he, M., t. ROJi ... i""F' in Rumc, Tho .. i>. PY' from Grado .....,.. cow. bnn ,h~ image ~OO an iJol.,cd cumpk from Du"a (.",ion, DyTf-..:hiumj ." The p",&,. m on San .. M .... Maggio ..·• ,,;um · ph;.I .",h ..,.....lIr cmph.o.t"", Ch. i>" I""","",. no< Ma.,..·' MOI'
n....

In ,he .... h.oo ~[h un, urin f.he cuI, of .he Virgin .. ~! "",1 ""~p!.., '''' '4'OZ P"o 'lod'4' '!~ ~U!"u"" JF""'!~ ... ,,'" """u 'I,d,'f' '!4' r>'''''FI' ,m°l""'ll '''Q~'' 0' ",.W «" ''''!l''f I"" '''''!'!'ib ",,!n w'''] "1-1"' " pu, ''lI'''~U"H .u,~}! 'puy >110 '>lIn,,,")o "" ~'l '''I' 4'1»1] ""I'>Su"", '4')0 'I"'I"'"".~ FI'""''''''' '"»I """y!,nn ,s,'I' . 04 II"" '!'lI. pd' 4> '!U0f'W'U ''I.' J" II"" DldwflOl "l' " 0 ·'j/.hun> ,~ ·.."i>nuV "1"1'1 ''''rs UI .... "'~'" """1"'-': -""",I In,,,!'!p'" "'"'' U! "'''!~ 'P!'" "'p' -w'4' P>'"!>««' <xIoJ '''"'''»-4'qS" '''l'O ,i"!""'4'" '0 .(I"'"'~ '"mlly AUo "":P'I ,,,,,rod, 4,n, y, r>J:Kd»\ JI"""'4 1'''1 "":P'I , .." 1"'1 xlod "N .:.olIo:) """1'1 .»' '4"U)[ "1',." ,,"f',,,, >'II' "."4( '! "11"->1 """,w'IJ "II»' oU<J()P ,0W ''I.' J[ .. ,.'n'i''''-'lo~e SI}l nO"i'~~ no""90[" . 1'''" .."'!'r' lI'I: ,or'I,["oIS I' I""""S ''''''"4''r.. ·.(F'... ,,~I.l -$'''11' ''''''~ f'I" '''''''1 '1""-1 u, ,,,,,,,,,,,,.,,, ,h, ",'.) !>(] ""'''' .. gU!p." ""!,d!,,,,,! '" p¥.>'I'!'" >q ,ou""" .. >J"l' ~.,.,! ,~, ,na ... ~ ' !4 J" I"""" u'4' pu. "'Iur "4.1 u~ OJ"'" ,m .... ">lll -.n,.,,"!) ~'.II" "nl $O!I 4''''4' "4.L ''''''I,d 1,,!,>dW! "'[, '" '''''''''lU' >q' J" u«l ~J"" , .... "'1"')0 ,00!].IOO U! I"">.IJ "»q I'"'~ ,,~, 4"'''~' ° ''''b!'''v '!" I'! "D'S '" >.In,,!" D,"" "4 m" "-'1M.! 1"1' "4( ,nil ''''''''"1 "'Id,"", IU'WW'.uS "l,g"!P"«I,,, pm ....!'I'!'I'''P')O """"",d guol ''I.' u-.fu.:t " ' 4JOZ '''''''l' r>'ou JUri! ""'!"'\ ''I.' '" .U! ..... " '! J" ,"'w~J .) -'S U! '\'0'''''' """u '!q U! J!<SOw • 0' ~! "q

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rich,h-anfUry Rome bu, inugri.a Anu'lw .... iudf ~ deoconry •• food d .... ribution ,Iu, diJpm...l ,ho prod"", of "'" ",pol ",'rimon;"''' BoWnninK...ith GKKOry 11 pop PI'Of«l..! ,ho Romans from till

=.lc 'n ,hom '0 ,(II ,he R""",n. ,h_ .hingo. Fin,. M.ry..,.. n,ad< the p. ""ne.. of R"mc and. by .... n.i"". Com... n,inpl . ..... d Ii"" .he 0. i5io.1s ,he .."'" v.rsi"", "." ·n,,,.. ' ... the im,S« of , he I'.nth..,o, of the MO""'t. They '00 'pe.k ,he l.nS"ag< of ;010,0",100." Thor wet< .it of pri~.. e ,nd pe"",n. 11'''''''1' ."d do",io" .nd .... m to lack 'he politi""l.nd cceJcsjologi. cal ro"" ...... tion. ~i.t«l with the Regi"". No .......ce tdt. m if ,h... iJrulgt> were if ","dl... nd ince"", we .. oIlOCUti()n. Quirirus ".,., the tnr«.)",,-oId m.rtyr«l ,on of Juli, ... . Their ";'4 w., known in Rnme hy ,be co rly righth century when ,he .. ints were in",ned into ,h. ",Icnd"." It

no
ck. ao if ,......,..j ,he.w--r. bu. arnWIy ..,.....rd .ht cruciIi.ion JaIIC .... ,ho OfIPO'i.. ..-.II aaou the mom. "Throdot... ... in other """d.. oppaIl"IlO O"i" ,,, ,ho ...w. of hio «n "qui,i .. when n...... T hey will Iu.. b.cn moving no' I~, beau... hey ro,nme,no'''N ,Ktnt (V i.... ofS.. Michael on which. or like ........... .,., which. "" ..... ...."n ~Iesi,nu .., .... kin&- ,OJ Tho Ii... poi'" 10 be made ... ha, ,h" is ,t.. only "01')' ~ke ,hi. ,n pour, ..,bn IonS h... "'Y. Ju.d to. ,db ,he ...1e .. i,boo, rom"",n,. He P" hi, .""""'..... opponunit of,,,,, l.on>h.rd. "'(I)'ing an in>'llt of S., MichKI in,o h.... I... a f"lladi ~m. Thi •. "8"il> . ..,.,nd, llyun'iuc. If ,h. I.. ,.. I..... ibili'y i. '0 be coruide.cd. ,h.n we ha,.. h•••• unique "'.. in ,h. W in h;,

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Long ,nd .ub".mi.llrellmem of R:ovenru du,ing ,he <wo pvoid the whuk i!.;uc. ' .. The ~ .. , of Agndlu", ',",'0 ,w,i.. an bt t .. K1, «)'>on lent hi. godf.uh, ,nd rcp>id h;' debt. '" Both of ,h....toci .. depeoo onolde,. E...,e,n pnm,.ypes, II i, difficull know how Agndl '" cam< hy ,hem, Pemap. 'h not ..y the im>.g< of Ch,i" wi,h H i, 'igh' "m ..,e"ded """indy gu'I'1n,eed debt1----O' did 'n)'tJti"g .I.., fOf 11... m."c,_,od ,h. i.,,"1;< ...f Ch,i"" C~ th" "'.... adored by > dexn bermi. doe< not. on Agncllu" ,elling. "",i.e .""h Jevu<edly know 'nY'hin~ . !,.m, Ocon.! Of i""Dod... m. One dor; not loom from this 'ex' that th.re w" . ny.tH'f< of Brun' ,i"e ieooocwm , Or i, moy be I:>liq".... ide"", Slll'l"",ing d,,: vi ....... of tho.!< .. hob" wh" invi", u. '0 qu"",io" how wid"'prm im.g< v.",,,,,ion "",,,,,Uy vm in the pt. 0' S. n... AS'" d.i Goti-,:rOO , ht i,in~"''Y "Y' "jbi i~fK> P~~/i" Sc«r.tc «1 0' 1"''''l4anhly. • "",,,,,I ann....! ~' . wt.rn he dccid< {o."",. "'• • «>nU.nv> come up in.he Fnnki,h """ k! in ]67! WhO! is the meaning of • diopulC ""M Tn";,",,,"! An ....... tu the ond ocwnd ufthcs< q .... tions .... m to lie within the at ... n>cly ""'mplio;:" ........"""'" of dipiom.o." ini,i.,; ....."",, "''''''e .ogether .Ire impb rxilln who", rhey levncd ,Iw Pippin Iud alrcody nI doOne .11 h< "",,1gIU'" ,ul\&cu th .. ,ho B)'UIltin CWTi..! my;tl fHOU' by .ul>p1ying tho ..... n. '" magnify a n.OCtn, mon.",hy:·'" IIranti ... rd.,ion, wi,h ,h. p.p.ocy bod Iwn .lmO>l unrtli."...Jly OOU' fo< """c [birty )'tars. Brun, iu", .. ill h>d imp'",.n, in, .... u in h.ly .nd. bcaurc of scriou< [hm1l> in [h. s..lbn,.nd An .. oIl1. f...... rat)'cn to 'P'''' in adv.ncing , lItrn_ A Fnnki&l. alli=u moy ....," h..... ruck II.... uthoriti in Con.uminop1c ... I""'ibl< n.... " of .. ~li"n8 ,he " , ,,,,,,,,n in 1" ly and p go-< him to «tum ro ItaI~ or to bring nnd"" p""'u,.,." br on.ho now l"mb.,J kinS Dnidnius. '" It i> true tlur PipJ>in had Dlhtr priOfitia in rht )"60 r< hol ... ""m of Gundl>. W. now know tho, in 766 . n <mn...y t1u, probably h:od i" Qrigi ... in ,he F,.nkish court . nd ,h.. nuy ho¥e bc-cn connected wi,h ,he I',,,]>ood ",omage all;'"c< = OUt lOr Byu".ium . Mo.""" .., ,,', how t ~" p,ap,al ""COl . I""g '00. In oddi.ion. we . ,., ",Id , h., ,1>ftn dr.ling ",roi,lIy wi,h

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Rome . nd franc .. , [hen [ho>< dunn< coIl.bomion wi,h Choclem. gntUnd 7'1'>, ,hen i[ rould bt: th .. the bu.i ...... bo", • d.h..te "rb "'''''II Trin;'llu" in 767 is • I. te, confection designed '0 :uId hi.!Ocicol pr=dcn' [" ,he [heologicol ""no:tn. "f • Ute, ,im •. '» In 'urn. in the mid .. of . Fr.mk"h Ul<mb1r that ...... d" ling ...ith imrorunt nl1t ..... of diplom.cy con""ming ,h~ Byumin... p. pal env")'> roised the issue of inugco .nd po.. iblr '00 ,h. "'uc of ,h. Trini!)'. 0 . of ,he procasion of ,he Holy Spiri' ........ y of reining the bond bctwcr:n the F.. nk'R of ,he .genda of 'he council 'in« ,I.e .. rife of767-68 wos 'he prim. !}" iuue! Rq;a,J_ kss of whether o. not imogc: wet< On the Wnd. ftom ,he bq;inning, how moch . • nd cue wetc ",formed "f . nr [,< <mphui. i. Qn ,heir p rudot>« .nd ""p.c, ,h. di"in«i"" of i .. I""icir.n, .. • nd g«>g ... phia l nng< of itS . nrodce., ,hi, ..... p'h century. ' " The fin' twO w Y'dealt with v.n".nt· ini. a.st . r> 1"'1"". D.y four oddrkd im.g«. Th. u,," f'(ffIriji,,,liJ "Y' that "d i"Cf "nd prophro .nd marty.. ,nd ronfnorn-. (KS. ,h. "formul>") "'ef< I>id btfO.. ,hat .::ooncil." ·In. teJ!, goes on '0 "'y d .. ,.11 do< 1"'1'" ."d r.. I"".~ d ... , i.... ~ -'''' to bo: >.n.n.,cJ • .t.... hey .. t"Yry . OO c·.-oked rompun_ llt" .. i, otc:m, li~dy ,h" i, ...... ,he F"'nks ... oo bid im>g<S Qn , he .. bIc 1' generally did n", "It< SO I""iri .... "iow of irn,ges " Ron .. did ,Old ccn,inly h.>d "'" worked out theology of SKmlart. Thu •• Lnge roun .hle 10 p, ... m [he R"m.n as< mo ... fl\lIy th." would h".. been po",ibl. at Gentilly. What d,d 'he cuuncil .. yon the ,ubject af imag.' Fi.., of .11. it 'ppc>IJ [ha, [h. pani"ic pass>g_ 111.: kClet ,,( the tl"", F... tcrn p>tti.,ch. hrinp forth no[hing ...... but don .dJ '0 ,h. Western Ji..:""ion On< point thot had ""t betn , he .. beforc.'" The .",hOl f [he lenet .• fr .. ~",,'ing ,,,," end of jIlcd .. j f ,b< wodt of hwtl2n Nrwl. and ye< """,hy of ... n......... , ,I>< tat .... on to dd.nd inus wbiot:h .~ "I ... madt by hu"...... Prt
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m..... in .... m ",hid< ...~n.n,cd. Th. """" good mpIc but .hen on ". bond. ""'t>C, and oil. H...., Stephen', poin. I•• ha. pcrl'ec.ly oroino')' .hin" an .... ron...,,,,,",, to boIy pUfpO and thu. bcwm. """'hy of. "'p"" •• hey could ncvn d.im in .heir ..... nu1 There .f< two point> in..J frum .1>< Rom. n J)"TIOd. Th••yood said l\O.hing new on .... ntrs of doer,; ........ ile in,rndu holding> pic.u", of ~bl)'."·lkfor. j~"'l'in~ '0 ",,,d... ,,,,, lh... hi. >ehcropsita." ,h~ " ........ I>< • at lhi< early d.a .. fo. mir.:ulowt i...."... in Rome. By7fi9. .I>! likely ;.,uto< fo' the "",«m.,," on im.gt:O con tained in Hod,i." ', 1< kHe,. provide.n =dlen. v:on"'S< point for ...... ing the ~utb"ri .. ti.. papal vic.... on im.gt:O on the ;-8os .nd 790S, lIu, tit. florilegi. ,1t<tru< forme. SOUK< wu w.itt.n in i 8,. before Nit::lc:o. Mo""' .... ,here is no.hi"l\ in Irene . nd Cons .. n.ine. in.i ... ion ro H.drian .ha. called fut . p;op. I.ru..emlly "' ... '" uI.ed

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prinwilr from • f.iluu in ,he Eo.. '0 .Ill< .".n,Oon ". tho poptS. It i. ~;"Iy in ,hi. 0>1"'" ,ho, Had,;'n ;tICodrion ..... not ,dl this ""')' as. p."ft)' ''''0''1. 110m hor SO'" on y ,.... , under ~ pudana II... '" ,bei. I""'''' pi"", of oonu, and '''']>«1. H. '"Y' -","u. an be I"-i,,,ed ":>eP
,ha, bea",y """-

chu.rd.a.

Tho he-an of HaJ ..... ', HI""""" io bu,lt up "" ....... 00 ... ~ni"B papal .... thori.,. and it. ......001 oC ,he- chwm', "aditlOlU.. Sam. fat this .....1 ofin,npm'ns liaJri.on ', ............... fi.oon hi> ............ in.he- Inn i'Mnjiat/iL Oflbdrian'. con,ribu.ion '0 II ~ian, me biog>phIT;III' of the .mpoura .and .he- ....:;!i.ion of 'h< ~ h,t..n ftom olden li..... '0 cht ptaotn .... ' '"' ' ....d''ion had """ •• [... «>r< of all d~ of i""B'" ftorn 'h< founh , ....",)". Si_ .. bot [t.. prchrnilWia '0 .hot Council of Chaittdon (41' ), the pope> IW horn ..anti", [M' >pma/ rok OJ k«p.....and suardi.... of :u"... .raJillOll. Wha, is ...... in HaJn..n', k"... i1 mrtcIr.ho: I"'\'nd.d i"'age« '" b< ",.d. on ""calion •. Ilc:.u,iful d.n ohm , i":1 Grq;orr of Nyst:o twi«, 1M ~n. cian"" is ,t.. familiar on< about Gregory', W«pInS di,ion. of .t.. . hurch wi, h rapc< • •o " honoting, .oorin~ and VftIobli!b [he .........1 equi ... kocc of ",in.'" or wri".n ."'..... John Chl')"'O'lom ;. , ...... quotcJ twice in y c..... """ "''''''',. oong<m. H>drian 00I'I_ dude. ..;,h. from}1> cooJd h. ", bent ottn •. I I< ...... odcaie>n of ~ from 71' ...d 761. M......,..".. Itt often noska. fO ci .. ,t.. ~ ..... _1d,w•• ICtUc of ,he temll of .... "" ..y. I[e idrn,ificd ,he old Ot ri,,~ ...r l on i""'tjQ

_.ton.

tal,,,,,,,

"""'*

in both ito lO.m" Th aUII\C>ri,y.o b< rccosni...,j and he wan ttd ... luc he ,001< w be ,h• ....,., mo,,,,,,,,,, of iconocl..m to be dimin,u ed. If ,his way of in' OnIb/y ""'" •. n... pope ..... no, png to be d...... n in'o .....""..,.,.. ow. i ...... HoJ';"o ·. lUnd casu . ... .., ligln OIl ,Itt ..,Itt • ...00... po.ri ..", IIorDcgi. pne in ,I>< IWO Rom.t.n counctb. the fxt rcmoins w, the limited ... of ....,;.uc "'''_''' p«O .nd hi' idr"'. Hadri.n w. wi,h im.go •. to.1I the 'itl, church .., deaconlit:s .• nd ,",o"",,,,i... vei], ",ith cw»on, i• • m...... J>f"ll",m of dtw, .. ion . Givrn H>d,i,n', OW" ,..,;mo.,y in his I.... , !O Ifdri. n ynd<nook th .. ,do'nm,n' on' gnnd $COIr. H, octrd on , mo", ""j""ie l",eI beaUlt h, had ,h. pracc. rutbility . • nd fi""oc;"1 ",. """"'" '0 do "'_ Proud Rom.n ,h" h. was. Hadri • ., ,,,hancrd ,hr branl)' aDd .ppeal "fhi. city. Tndirion had 0' .. iJ " .11 . It i. juSt p""ibl< ,h .. ,hr,....... some ""Iing ,hat .. , im.g< might confirm a vi.ion h," ",h,,,,,i,,, mir;a,lu .... ,>t ··..,ivc:· imag maio . Im"" no '1'1'hly leu prev:.knr in the F"" th,n here,ofore ..."mct ha .. botn tho p ....... n...... fo, .ht do for ,he Fr:onko. Thi< ...... ,he ,im< when ,he ruo>< .ignifiCln, of Ch"lem"I\M·s ""'tn ""hoi . ... g:"hallu'"'tipts ,,·c rt produced. .",t ,he ~ '.nkj.Jt fCSl",n.., to them took pl.cc in • ,im< or inten> ,hcy in,i ...:d th .. booh destroying .nd ,,-orShiping image> weI< forbidden. Cha'kmagn< "t [W(I of hi, most t"'!ted tltcologic-.l .d" ;",,. the Anglo-Saxon Alruin .nd ,he Goth Throdulf. to "udy ,he Ni«ne .uta. The r"",l" of a prelimi"'tr)" Fr-ankiolt ....,.,men, of NiCl«l" I"'rcci"cd ,""o" mming:>. ,he Capi"'''''' ,,,'Mum,

,,,I,,",,,,

,Oo c ....... ,O u o

...... n, to Rome in 79'. M .. n",hil< . ., ,Ite O>lm, l"htodulf con,inual '0 """rI< ott his 0pIu c..t.. /Uti, ....lTi Sptt>Ju". . • ",...;"" ai,iql.lt of Nioc:... In 79) . .". pos.>tbiy 794. I'""" Ihd,w• • Ien~hy .nd den... ....;..:non of tht Copt"""" ~ awlo"'"g:npiciow ofCharlt""£ll
"n,

1M immtdi:l., oIinmarn of Nieoimply ... umro ,Iu[ hi> ond<m<mem of II ~ic>«;"oo f ranki,h (»fl . Olr,..ncgrm<m o Thi, ""]ue1l« of ..... n" >!., .u.dy. one of ,he I... li'ing J»";,:ipan,, in the Itoman S)...oo of]6. I-I. rook! ru.ve b«n a ",-I"able ..... "'" of inlOnna.ion." Finally...h"La .. detC'Cl Akuin', hand in ,he dr.n ing of,ho kg>,ine "'po,," of %6-" If, .. Don. ld SuUough .... "'Ilt...ed, Akuin bee>",.. • fUll· .ime merube. of Clurlemogn.·, ro"n cirde only after JU. and 00' fro m 71'" i. u......lIy ....,med," ,nd ,inee Alwin did indeed m"", wi,h C""'W of Os ... in Engbnd in ;86. ,hen he tOO m.gt.. be ken .. a ",-1""hIp>laffaiB ",hen he ...,kd in Fl>nc;,_ Mich,d McCo.mick·, prodigiously dWliled demon" .... ;"n "f the (.Cd .n"", bo:-tw«n tho 1"1,,1,.00 fnnki,h _kw> o n images wi.h,m. propl. in < p.-cf..ce 'Q ,he Op"i C",,1i The.:.d"lf cdc,. ,,,. council ,h .. " .ook place roughly .ht« )-ca,. ~."" ft«m,n bell...,. ,Iu, .his .. mock da' a .he ptef"", to 790 o. 7')1,." So ,h. ,h ..." of .h. ""ry em be picked up in Francia . Iready goins on in .hc dawning 7']0>. Some of ,he ...-o.k of .-cfuting Nicac. fo. Thrutlulf h.d begun dnning ,he Op", Ot",/; under unknwn circum' , .. ncn. " But .he en.'!' for 7'1' in.he y..... An ... /s ci.ed abov",.)'O 'hat Ch,.-l •. m>gn< ",n' .h. ",fa '0 E"gbnd. E""" if we "'ppose ,h" ,hi, .,mock is ft'''', ir d"", no. «II u, when .he docum.n" were di'pa.ched '" Engbnd : ...." only kn ...... th .. the .."'",..,"'", Y"rk """,Ii,, rho.< '0 record .hi, infQcnu.ion undc. ,he yeo. 7'1'. \Vhy would Ch. tI.mognc Iu"" b~t, unfonumtcir, th.t """U",..,,, va",,~ctl ~I"l "'" ..I" '"'' kroow ,""h.n h. it, Wh Cfl he scnt i" if it "rivctl, 0' wh.n,.oo.1>< fin ... poe' of 'he C.rolingl.1" .g•. h i. nO! ...11 ""I'."i"g ,h .. .., .. kn,ctl • m,n ",me '0 a"rlem'Sn.-, """,ion 0' ,h .. hi, ulen" w.tO '1'I'1;c.J [0 ,h. rompli. ",-ted "",n.. of ,ponding to By"mtium, Th. probkm 1[ "'hoi . ... i. th ... " (or .. i, known, 'Throdulf .ppe>red ou, of no"'~.re .nd immctli"d)' , .."mctl. l...ding col." ,h. Cuoliogl.1n roun, It .hould not bo: forgon.n tho. the .... d, oW}' p lOS<m '0 U.d,;'n in Rom •. ,,,. Op,,-, Gz."Jj ..... ! r:v.n""lIy ..... mblctl in fo". hook< 'Q(.>li"g tlo ,h,!" ..... Th'I'",,'o,ioool work. which is "'S'"itctl differently, Iw . ishty·r. .. II,n.ion? W. wililUm '0 [he .nival ofth. ~po~­ ,~'" ill. prob.hly, 793 iu>' below. For now. I men,;"n i, only .. cviden .. for tl>< Cltpi""/"" of 792_ As [hey WO[W 'hrU{;h 'he Nicen. """ ,he F.. "iIS m,d. who, mu" h.~ I:>«n , d iStrrt rg e~he,.. in ,he Ni«nc """'. "mally in /U"ti(} IV. • nd ,hen ... i""cd ,he 01f,ndin5 I<moth to th .. On a ~ """",ion, [hey ,i mply made vag,.. ,efete"... wi,h"", 'p«:ifyinS an acriD, Som«imd .... hen H.. lri.n h..1 .ircd one ",. , by.n aUlho. lhe F.. nks. tef«red '0 , ",bsequcn, N;';'nc ,i".ion of. cmpl«c dubious ci,.,ion •• nd qu[ion, blc ,cachinif. Aftc..Jl. onoor of ,he pass::ogc< in [he of 78j rei .... t«l ci"';un' fro nl [h< 'nching of ,h. Synod of 7)" Onc< ,hc-y $;>W ,he N;';'ne ""'4. hW W1.> .dopred ... .on by (;00 rho hd"" at the mom.n' of hi, hapti.m in tho Ri,'" Jord," by John ,he B' p,ist-" W. will m«t Fdi. md hi. ",·he","' EJip:tnd", of Toledo .go;n .honl)·. for no ... i, i, imp", .. n, to n(~< ',..0 f""IS' the F",,,ki,h ",,"Cd ",.l. i, 'I're" th .. ..!optioni,,,, W1.> the ...U1 >criou, thrologial problem .[ thi. tim., .nd Fdix ......... nt to IW"", with Angilbert, on< "fCrulfl<m'gnt ,,'" ",cd ,,, doH"" cri,;,ism (",m Hod,i.n him,« lfl If ,h. ,.."ful .pproa"'SC', mnning '0 dro~n, oflin .., ...... e;,be, cro>1H. II,,, "",he,, did it gok> ,h= ,nd fom of ,I>< Op"'. Book mm CinOl be inro'P"""ed .. ,hi. point in'" p«>rgdy de...otcd '" cri,ici,ing Nic.'" bibli",1 rd"crcncn. Almi o him "f.1>< 0,. ,.10 poin' ", .... n.inued , .. i>ion.

,h.

'0

no.""

0,,,,

,ex,

,h. 0,,,,

th.,,,,,.

wa'

it," ,h.

.Iu,

,h.,

I".

.Iu,

'a'

n" .....rrttion. in tI« V..icon m'n"""ip' ..II .... 1... " ..,i... Eve" .1o""gI, '''' con"",. """"1,,.;,,,,1)· ,,·Iu ..... go: ,he Op", h.d ",,,,hcd ,,"I.howed ,he Fr.lnb just how ",Mle • chasm "'P"tated ,hem from 1"1'.1 Rome:.

The 0,,,,

W>.I

brough' ,,, romploti"", '" ..

'"r n" V...

Lo ,. 7107 w» rom _

pined lu.tily. wi,h"", ,he 0 ......1 polill!. lhc: ....rio .. 'uch could no' be "'hi to , he I"'P oot • new d>roty rq;ardins m. univcnolicy of cou.nc~l- 'n..- d,ffn.ncn ~ ,100 .... rna,,« found ,ho:i ....., i.. to tho: Opws. All of th ... "orin ho:lp ... to .it\la,. tl>t 0,1OJ .nd ,he- ,m.- oon'''''""'y wi.h ... the ~n" of the yar 791 .. pianni", (Onllnucd fo, Fnn~fU"."

..

,ha, .UwoI"'"

ro,

11>< ",+0,,10 .i,u. ,i"" " ,,,ounding ,h. Council of ""mkfU" UU!1< 79~) i• ....., . nigm,.. ic. This i. '"'' d,. pl.lCC" fOr . full.unom.n, of ,h. p.obkm. ,u""Kmd. ing.oo .he occom pli' hmcn" of ' h" cooneil." I ,h.II •• p!o •• •h ..... ' ' ' <s. How d id ,h. cooncil " ... , ,h. ,ubi«:< of II Nico.. . nd of im'lId? \1('h" ""'" .h. roundl , .......1 Cbo,lemagno, .. Io,io'll ,..i,), 1''-'1''" H-.d.ian? \I('h" ki"d of

.boo,

• council ...... i.? in 79J 1'-'1'-'1 e'''"", ",.h.> wt ... "p"""'n,...! wi.h 8"''' ~ifu" n.., Ourk. nugnt in ..... 'hwfi' '''n Gfrm. ny .......,Iy bcf",. ho: .... n' fO S' .· tGlli:rn·, in Wan· burs f", Chri ...ru. ... ou....""""" .hen mo"ed r-,.nkfu" ...-he... ho: >p ..i>oIc klngdom:' am)t,.

'0

D<W kption w'" ..... , br Hadri.n. n.. 0,"' ..... already..-cy fat >", fOr.he . hird ,in ... ,he hcTay of Foli•. The ,hen di'rying .iu.t .b. Grtt'" bad OtrugglcJ with all . hei, might to men from he, roooemn •• ion. If .h..,.. Iud lookc-d .h. f.ult), Latin ...,nion of ,h.,uu .h..,.. would h..,. been .bl. to n.. 11m "'''' of ,ho .m.. ingly amhiguou. Lo,;n .,{ conon """,1 The las, d ....« can be rnJ ... I did .1,,,,,[Oon, .nd by p.l «I.,ion, in ",,,,. detoi1. For now, I wi.CUt;.,n. wit h 'M Ca.nlingi . .., goi .. g .igh' bo.:k to Cl".k,napto'. "'''''1V''ndf.. h••. rif>"" pin 1I. who .Iowly ..... t ... rely in,inw,cd ,hi, Ron,." p< aut ho.ity of 1M re'glling 1"'1>p>1 .u,ho.ity. Thi' i""" of how '" dnl"';,h Ro .... only.rne. in the fi .., platt 1>«:>_ of.n agr-olcltcndcncy in rh. ochol.r>hip "n ,hi'p the ....... Franko-I"poi ronru,rcnce. it 1ooIu .. .t.ougt. ,Iv: F.. nlu tlot""""'" real!}" tooIt ,ho: lad i" OOIing .... ,10 ..Jop< inre"""i"g '0 know if ,h" i"dtpt. I<mpt to COme in'o line wi,h Rm",m. p>p>1 t.. ching. Ei,her ""')'. the hcic ]Ouncrd .. N"=:o becom. he .. id ,he "'Hoi)' Spi,i, ptoccW' from ,h" F.,he, th~ulh ,he Son" (emph.,;, :tdd«l). Hod,.;,"'. rq>ly, 0'>< of ,he I.:"'S"'[ in ,he H4po",um, defend< ,he Brun,ine ro,i,i,," " " [he .uth",i~' of numerouS p. ";,,i< orne point rhe Fr.,"". h.d i"",,,ed ioro ,heif fcc; .. ,;"n of ,he .rood- ,h e '"Ni«n'> Crtt
"'".,.n

or ,n

5.0""""

fi'''''

.he H oly Spirit pn>I ,....,i"" we", pt

m.I defendi ng ,h. F.. nkish .... ion of ,h. crtt
ulI< dm"" out, little mOI'Ct}' pc",,",1 I. Bu, gi"cn Akuin',

'0

fom •. """"ea;""•.• "d ;"""Ivenl,,,, wi,h 01 .. leg;o,;,,,, ,Icc"",~ of :;!I6. ;, migh, havc b.l, I"'",i ... n, '0 ,he im.ge con,"""''')' . ... "~ in , hi< w.y. the" they rom"" ... f."",.,bly. in oo.h qu.miry and circumll''''''''' of roml""'ition. tn the setS of ,,ti>n produced hefon:: .nd .fie, Fr,,,,kru,, in conDC «lition ,i. coll.o«.1 'In,i..,. or 'pi>oJy of ",.......1 .. _ ", nmilied Romo th., • probl.m h.J .n«n . nJ .pdled o u' his pl'n! for po>tlie ,.... hno. k< "'"" of ",ben ..."hid> 0..00 could ..(ely .>b.ontlon. '0.... Had.i... Did t/u, if ..... By,,...Ii.... did "'" soon ',""un • f• ..,.,..,k dodoion "" ,I>< _"Cf nf hi> "'" p.>trimoo .... pt'O""inao. and t< pnwn •. K io C1>OtJ&h to .... pIt.a.iu t/u•. on .... "1'1
,hose council •. E""" ""hen .... bn.f in mind ,hI' 'M fi ....ix «umenia.] ",uneib only p>«<prod teach;." ,Iu, tndt..d b.dr. 'hmush tho ehu«h to ,lot Bibk. n..: hot, .......I _ .....11. ' of "i<w. He co","ntly ,ckr. '" ,ht 8il ... and ,ht f.. ~ "'nually .ho."}~ to orgu< tlut , .... FI2f1h. Ind ..... Iht llyunt'n ... ale , .... '0 , .... " ''mial'' mdi,ion. ln 4.JJ., orip ... lly inln ,,, ,ht ...... k Throdulf tpdlN "'" "'hy II Niaeo (;QUid ..... boo O>
no'

been romp:[f..! 'Fins, ocrip,,,,", In 4.1 he p"",idc •• detaikd . n.l)"i, of . letter of S,. Sym""" S,yli, ... A look .. ~ ... m.n '. ;,>de' ,,"d.....d, "",.d, . , ;"""g,";. n l.roJ"lr. pr< "IJ.'· Bu. Op~14.11. ,hc I.. t ch'l'te ,he bisllops ofSp:t'n . " "'ri 00' ." im pon.n', 'eolly. wh«he, ,h. 0,... ..... in ""',. .1o" polemie of whi .... ht iotcn,ilY, The au,bor . nd hi.

4co• . The", >t< "'" ''''' m'''r ",d, cas.. and beau« "'C do no' h;,,,, tho had La,i" , .rgomen.. com.i,..,.j in ,he Nicene """,,,b .nd th" hi' pmbl<m. m.y be ."ribunJ,,u.. ble ei[hcr to • ,,,,,,,,,,«1 •• "i'm of the ""~. to • ptni"'"' f,ilur< ... nd ,h. G«ck di>tinc. On ,h. on. h.nd. , hen. ,h. E:.......... good ""'I 1< co",i> otv hi< CUg1 in'e""... nd ...... ogO .. i"" hd~w. bt" f~, now we mu.. in,i", ,I.. t he knew tnaly wh.. """ going on in .he CWO,. ,110 iu!-'9 ' diI""'I <Wd"'f' ~"""!~':>R> l"o "! '! ~"!11"..wo >11'1' od"'P >If',noop-~, ........... "'" "'l"I.14"J >

q "1.u.1~' 'P!'"" .mol.,!' JO , ... wn""" In,!'~ p:>q ~:>Q ·p""!uw»p .... IOU""" '"'I' ,~, "!I 'IXJ " 1 ...,>W II<J:>AO "! "~I -1J!»Y' JO 'U01I "'!"''''''J'~' P"P!""d .... ~ "TI"Y" ,(u,"" '""" "'I 01. '''!I!w,) .I1. 1>!"' '0" "U»"o:> pur '''''!''''''''''o '»nl:)"", "! '''''I''I'u", " ! p"• "A> ... tIj

..,.IJ.

,J
""'''' "'I' .. ~UUlll1"1"" p" ........'" n! w.~ Pu< """"!N II JO IJO!IIll.

C.',i'.I.0" ..... not only. p,dimin. ry d..f, bm .1", tlla, i.. o'Pni.,,,ion .nd con,,,,,,, pro'o'ide f.w clu .. Th.oo,l«1ion.,.nd cO$>I, or et.. ..,uhes>" wo.k more cLos.ly wirh p.. ri"ic P"'''''W''', thwlOf;icol con",,,.., ..... 'nS '" do wi,h ''''''8''', .~d "I>fed problems ,ho, ~11 ~p book.< [hltt.nJ fQu., Or, os. mrollo.,. to thi. 1""'ibility, .n.. Throdulf h.d m. ,ked ou' tI,e mol< poni. I.dtin~ in .J' .1.....,010. ,ruI;'ion." Chlp .., fou, .nocl« • ~ in the impe ... II ..,,,[ of 78j ",ncr. ,he rul." .. id, "We as!< your pa«rnity, .nd eop«:i. lly God ..b." Prcdic.. bly, Throdulf w<s , hi. ro me>n th .. the G ...... k.s, in .ddirio" 10 king ""'I\,n" .i mply dv not k,""w how begins with to .. Ibbou. God. God doc. not "",k, " T hroJulf .. )~. So the • .<e>,iog coooenlll.>r;,," of llrunrium', ruk ... H.-ing ""-.bl .... ed r" hi, ..[i.f..",ion rrun the Byz..;omium·, rulcr•• t< un~[ '0 ........ , Throdulf ,urn, ." four ,,,,o,ir;",,,,1 ch.p[.... (1-j-8) ,ru., kuI him on from. m. jot ,hem. in the ptrf.~ to .h. ""n...1 ,,,bjrct mot.er of b.Iy • • nd ,IK Suon •. Ch.p«r > F ... ~"«I from uni> ••n.........,.. f().nd dupby of r:odIy vi"ueo--Ic1>,.. j....;u, .......f>tt. mildn ..... "ncrno.ity. mc«y. "l'I>«>dulf ...." ci,n AUf;U>li ... ton !>ow .ho ..,... ea. Th,. pn>vid Throdulf in (hopt'" "";.h an oppununity ' 0 dioctm i""'S", lik........ nd «j,w"y. II. bdk>-c> ........ It.. GICd. ,hi"" , ...... f() be .....,.i>l1y «jui..",,,, bu, .hey mUll be d;"' ngui.htd .. """"......... 'Y'hing .. hid. i. >J\ imag< ... lih1x:l.l "'"tf)1hing ,ha, ;, • Ii"""" .. an imag< .inc• • n imag. ~r Ix'" Ii ........ bu •• like ..... of«n I..d".n im>g< and qui« of,... i>oth an ;m... and 0 lih ......... known .0 Ixk «j.wity'" (pp. 146- 47). To npl.in c",.. pin< TI......J"lf si ..... on ..... n'pk: " Evny cJ by i•. • nd i. i,"", i., "'lu.1 beau.. i, i. , m.II., a"d co ..... frOlll. dilf....", ki".d "f onim.I" (pI" '47- 48) . In >il"tt, Thwdulf "')~ ,h.. ,h. Bibl. mU>l b< noad """"'lly. ,10" tI .....fa, gui.d. '0 "'...,,' fading i. ,he Rom.n , ...IiI inn, ,h.. IU""t\"' «. l la,in...' forth ,h. ruk,. h. "')~' we CUI now ru,n 10 >(rip'u",I .."", qUotN by ,h. C"",b. 1.." fhi> ruin .-.quire .mplwi •. n.. >piri,,,,,1 meaning i•• I..... )'> mot
"'~.

N.,h.n', ""..... 'ion of D.vid io "'" 10k< , .... >
"".tm ........Jd .....,. "",nl .... pen.... '" hu ...... «XI"", by. bd;.."..t his boIoo<J - . '" bo"" bct-n &vo..«d by bns... 11K IS...,. """". Iw "")'flUng II) do ""... i~ mud! .... wi,h kiui»s Do" ............, '" , ...... . M.... I"" up hi, bnun "''P'"'' II) ...nl oK .ouk-bi ...... Thnloulf ..yo.. bca .... tho lin,.,..... ....,... no< .. fUns enough to place- th.i.

f.,.... ""'"

hope in ",hing. not ""n" (Rom.n. 8."..). The bl">ltn "'I"n, i, .. lf "'os • m""., of indiff'i~'" "" ,IN I/,p"",m, Ipp. ,6. ~ .. " ,h .. ,h. "I igh, of Gnd'" i, ,he Son of GOO 'hmugh wh"", it ;, l"""i),l" ti> have. gli",p'" "f di¥i"ity , B"t then. he ~ on, the ligh' of ,I>< lord .igne-.:! upon", i, "no' ." I>< ","ught in materi.1 i"",gcodulf turru to .h.... m'" Old T........ n' pauaga ..-hich. t.: in,;.... poo>geo of OJIen ...d lion> in tht T..... pk, hoe"Y' """ ............. by If>( lUng M"I)l'" Iigu .... ...d .... rej«. thc:i< ...d __ ....... ,har ....... "'p"'",i.iow odontioon. vrIoich ... can_ PIOI discover ....... ,,, 1\0 ... bHn i ..... lUtcd br prophify tlu. H.

,hi.

.<cu'

......' ,nookn,.

"",,w.bs.

woukl all ,,,," >JlO',b wh". in ,hoi, p»,onI mini.,'Y. would dUplar ct!m... "'" K. ~I •• i, .. ,h. ' 101)' ' h" Pop< 5)1'''''''' h,oush' im. get' of Prt« .nd Pml ' 0 Con"' n,in. 10 ,h•• """ rould I'KO\In'" .h<m .. ,I,. "1)' ligu,,, It" had ..... in • d.... m. TIIi, Pil"""'!..' P""'II" i. Oil< or ,,,,,," ,h.. "".u.U), dori....! from H.dri:on·, k,m .nd which lock< on)' .. ("",nco '" il> ",iJin. H. Ic.d< .. ith .. b.uic point: " \1('• • ", of... rnmp< ,,,,", i, i, "'" IOrbidJ.n ," US '0 ~ .... ,h<m. bu, '" odot ..... .hrink from -'"I .... m .. fo.. O,. ",. 1"'1'" did 10 ' 0 ......... ,,,",, <mpcror', mind from thin&, koown ", ,hi"", unknown . from .hi"l> ";>ibk to ,hint' ;,.. i>ibk. fo,. Com, ... ,· in< was at - 11.. prot:aO " ... r.. hn like- ..ki", Ccttu.un,in< from miUt '" ootid fOod. em.. nly S)"........ had no in .. n.ion 0( d,..ng «! to b. "",.. hiped i. i, inco""".,blo ,h" thoy ""'old h,ve ..J tI •• "",,,h,p of , hoi. in"S" Ch'ptcn twc:nty.ji. ro .hi, ty dC>"tlop .p ,h., i re """",1_ ' nS "n"" h Th .. .,j"I'. ,lee!"", "" ."",n, ."d rl' ... k. Firs. he , ... n, .he

"f

difl'rha! ques.;"n: If .h"", who do not .....,.. hip i""ll'" "'ill .11 pc,,,,, , ",Iu, i. to be said .bo", child«n who ..-t« hap,i"d in ,h. Lord but who ha", no. )'Cl h.d • dunce to "",,,hip .n im>g .h. longes' i" ,he 0,,,,, .... nding some """''''y~. Jus ... l"'..,d "lf .nda! I:>ook On. wi,h > "'''m.n' 'he suJ> in boo!< ,h .... b..... in realiI)'. ,hi. boo!< ;, In. cosmdy o""niud ,han boolu Me

.nod twO. nu" i.. l"hcodul f dc.al. wi,h _largt 'hcolosial p d.., _ both bani to tha,"""cri .. and difficult ,,, G, to identify • ochcmt in boo!< ,hon. The G", duprcr of boo/< ,It .......1"""" fi"" """" lone. iJ a proIn " .. cd in.. n,ion of adhe"", '0 I'"","i. tnching. >nO cn.ro .nd rU" urolingian onh""""1 "n."",iI.hly on ,h. «cord . lIy in'pl""ion. the pcnon. ,,·hom the C.rolingianI•• 0 .ht p.. " .. th ... (. poin, ...·hieh ht hod .I.....ty 1.19

uy

mod< in ...0). Th.n Th.oouJf'l""''' 1'",1 Oft .... ba. kin< G .... ,·. f'-' lI.k .... ,he: fOr any "",,.or or II. .ny bisI>op-co ba,.. ~ through .II ,he ccclniasrial grad<s in d ... onIer. In ).J TIorod~lf B''''' ,I>< ...... of rh.fi/~ and >or> .ba, . ...... ~. '" iI "'" ... <prioi"l\ ,ba, • pmon like Tlt.a.iw ......Jd ... m;""nd..i< O".U.WO .coa.ing. ,lot V. So.Icp ..,,,,, ~ h.1"" Iwn >Cn' '" ""'W>boring churcheo '" OImd 0......... Ih.n~i"," ..". """'... f., ...... kill of .... uti>! Of , ... val ... of .... m.. trUh in. pinu...? If.n i.... ;, potIy rrudr, Of is m..x of ""'" .....crUk, dcta " dat"", .... devttow ,"'nt.e. f ", tho: Ii"" bu. "'" ,It.. w., ,ime n.-lulf he", in" ,hose ""'" ..r'" wi.lwu< n>minlS • ""'.c • •hq ot< goin~ ,,, take arg~m~n" fn>m ,h. COIl" or ,he forum 'v ,uppon imago """"'ip. then why dorI ·. ,hey tok•• hem ftom ,he , .... ,... 0' glodi, tori.I,Mws? Nowhere, in.h< s ...~ ~ from impd in on i ..... d', I"""~' and ~ ... '0 b< ..,..,g., in pure be.ru ...d pieJua mindo nor in picrurcs. 'The only propInod hi. )'OlOnl ."n. who Iud ""'" ,.,.. ""Iuired ,...

a"""..

,Ita, ,''''''

=-

"raw"

'M Fronk..n.! NOcooI

'9't

power of domina,ion, m"''' ..... '1'2lIlmlltcd by ''''0 0100 kingdom.- .. rut"'" Wt i. Maoodon and Pm .." (p. 404). T he O>m'II, of Chri .. u.o..ld """" ondi, co",'11 ..u .ucIo AI ,lit !wi" of _,-oIic ,.. Chop ..... m>.,..~ nd ....·.nty·.;~ ... bon .fgtlmcnu.o .h•• tft.:t tho, mi,· ",I< of thio dionuooon Tlt.oodulf pullo • jolt.. (rum ,he dcd:. Aft". ho"inK .h........ ,he Dyun" .... in _Ii.. . lupton lOr ..u.nj", .., I"V" oundoni>. ...d luvi"l.l>own ,ha. r..jMr bnng> ~mi,..! . uoco< .0 an &On 10 und .... and ... Thoodulf b.>MaIly ..yo ,........Yins dwlcnsd thei. ,a,;",.",;.,..nd .. t1Chd ,..... """.hia. he...,.. nc.d> ,,, 'urn'" "'Y ran.aining bin of """""".. con iden.ify in ........... i,inp;o. F.it ."""",: bu, "''''''' of ......, is in booIt ~ is lik. in ........ na. ,hemes,.nd moOn of ... gurnm .... •ion, tha. which ..... oJ.~ .pp:ami i" boob on< thlt'C. Ffvc here.n unpolish«l d,ol•. BuoI< four ope'" with . $eMu of rdlcoion. on ,he "'fUre of God and of ,he ....,..hip ,h", i, '0 H im .• nd ro H im .1",... n.- .re. of cout>V hoIJi .. 1-.:, Of of Rd>t>oc.. and .Ja.o, oJ .., "" J rinkins -.d •. .;Ik." 11'''.....", ... ot......, carpets. A.. Ib .... . hing> to be odornl? And if any ;""s< of. WO"''''' holding It« chil.! i. [0 I._ ..tor«!. how ' he . "inon, ill tbe pic." .. ? Th i. Ic.... '0 .he di,,,,,,,i,,,, in ( h'p'tt .,,"Cn[y·..,....n whe .. Throdulf NY' < uid .,r.be poor who. if ,hey an aIfurd i""P" .. aU. will only l>,mcn. ~ .so.... of ,w..".., -.... b.,,:dto ...... """" "f'J>ot~ .bom, Su.

u...c

me

...a.

i, "

.!>ou.

i, .

n..n

dt:>c""".,.

.dot.

..Iu. ,hen of >ilk>. clorhing.

d"d.. nwk for hum ... w< >nd odo,rw:d "i,h im2ga> Are ,hont '" he odmJ ,O! The 1m ch'l"e, in ,bis 11"""1' to be diocu.sa:I.. ~'a:n . ;' mainly concCfrw:d '0 1'10'" th" tht g=. ng.,'01 of ,f... Old T.........., did no< ;"'1"'" "n,il< pt.",..c.. ,nd II ,toeh .... "\c: p.4Ct>Cn >hould ...... b«n loid"""'. The .. m.;nint; clupu .. Of. "''1 difficult to X-I'. F.... in"."", ..... nrr-lOur ."..b • IUfffIIad. Ch. iI, ,he h..d of ,he,. cou",il. Of «>Untly ,t.. had. ,t.. ttflk"r. ,he Inde. of.1I ,Iu, Hi, pepk < "cl>osfn by God" {uI. I>< ait... • nd i,..", diWlIi4 (t.jl. 0 ....... "dl,;n. ra .... (4.\). ChAp'", (""netn i. full of 8",mm., Iaooo. benu .. TnroJulf emnO' undt .... "d tI,. «" in flOn. ofhim. ,0,1 chop.c. """0· ,,,,,n i, ",,,ked by • COm;' err",. ·n",...,],M ""y h,,·. ",i.und... tood ,Iu. >OmI d .." .. rs. ,hinccn.nd ",·oo,y..-;gh., ....... m.y """"I"de he.., ,hi, k-ng_ I M'cJ ,h. handful of in",.nces whe .. ci,h.. ,rom.pI ,.., '" M, own mi,.,nOO· . nnding k'" ",OeM" "'" Again" ,hi. ~kground. Ch"lem .gne and hi, kc)' advi .... k.rn«l of II Nica ... obuincJ it> nd .mbarW upon a m.",ivc , a produga,n TO com",,,,cl ,h.i. ,,,, .. hip, Sow"d. i","U" p
,h.

'R'

,,,II
'Nt tho n. Ikfo .. II>< Ch,iSli.m na ,hen 01;,,«1 an ."ci.nt 1"""('1< of b,..1.nd tho kingdom. of the ""tid ",,«nding f...,,,, Babylon !O Rome. N"", ,hn. i. a "..,.. ptopk of b ....1 .tld I n.li" ,hink· ing illu" .... how hi. hi"orinJ ...... ~ ~ .... y> .f 'M ~n, .. of hi' thinking. Aw< ..y>. in tdU'ing 0""' pin, Of tooth ... tho, w< luve n..., I>ca,d 0( 1"',,.;,,,,,1>•• P"'I"'"" .... n~i .... ."...,1odoIogicaI ugwn« of &by. Ion" (p. _ ). n.. 8,Ylan'itK. thcnuill council>. and ". oIont.•nd only ,lot Frank> ad ....., '" ,"""', on. Brun,;.......... cmo,ttl. _,..,d Mmocd...,..ia: Rimi,,;, Hi<m.•• nd II Ni8" of , ... chureh. 11>< Now Tn ..mcn. unltxkcd .... on:. ru of til. Old .nd ,... OIJ prtwNn end .nd I-Ii, proplpk , Ev'"Vlim _re d ord. •. They displayed ·' Rom ... "", .

,,,mod ,h.

'.ICCuIa.

,"'i,

.. n",. ion" (I.' pooi."", . fka ..... T......"'·. CUm:nt ......ion ..;.,u,.. ,"" " norm of «e1coi.ut;a.J ",It," bra" ... M .... Cotto< '" hio ofIiu " 'rongjy, he: con"", lead comedy." For luv •• In:aty Kat, T• .-w 1101 only ........ """'_ .m>Od ,Io.t """". 1 doCIri .... of ,"" Tn"il}' br.o, aho promo«d ,ho ......... ip of inuga and I.d ~'''.y , , - ,n h.. t2 • gr. m""r I«oon . Somctimc:o hc rompb ined that they did ...,t ,,,,dt,,,,nd ,h. n,,-,"il'g< of "", ..,k Soon«im.. th.i, ",1I.l'std. Som«im« 'hey f.iled [" undt .... nd thc propct uk of figu"", "f 'p«o. immty ... "h mod.str. "........ i,y wi,h cn...ity . • "';,h cq...lly in J..'~ ",hen ... apw,.. .... tuIn 01 dd,b.n,i ... rhetoric and .... an 01 pmu:otion > :as '" p...... ,........ Grub ""nnOl p bono Of .. a pgy. ,h. Grab "Iud put th • ...."u of hu"..." ~ 'ind • ..wi ...nd. ., ,he: «nte' of liLi.h ... .. Cdi. Cluulk c ... raa ....a l'Mod ulf • ..;.w dFec,; .. Iy: ",Jd,ough , ......... ri';"" term. p=id," bm a ",nu,k groUl..!cd in f.im and <XI'fC>Od in ,h. 1'''gu.S'' of f.i[h. " %..., Th""ibilit)' of . ny .. , ...... image of. pu,dy 'l'i,im.1 I>me ,he eucha'is<J.,h. Ark of tho Ctwtn." •. • nd church ..... W. ha'" oc ""Y" . .."I ",UeJ ,hen' buk ..·h. by good p~icc .• nd by ",,,,lUI 'pplia,,;'," of ,he imdlce,wJ [00" ,h.[ m.y ~y be: called ,h. libet.1 .lthough 'h")' "'e'" .nciently .pdkJ Out in .h. SCTip.mcs. Thc God who i. [h. beginning .nd .nd of [hi, >t"'y i, ,Ite only lteing in .he uni,..... ro whom rul, . nd > ,h. pI« 1 .ke"h'" wh" I tak be [he cen,..1 'rgumentS of .h e Ot'" Go,",;. In ,he p'«eding 00\:, I included "",ion,,)O wr..[ I h" e b«n COIlling ..... ulk:' meaning.he ~ .nd concept.! which w,i«" emplo)..J '0 ul ~ .bou, .It. From ,he founh cen,u!), ,hro.. gh , .... .;gIl,h, I Iu'e .hown. 'I..., .... 0 .... ' ..... "'.. ' im.oges, ovcr icon" " .... ofren I"" .hout .ft prope' [h.n .hom .hoologic:ll. w;1.,;"'[i",l , poli,;"'I, .nd ",'en ideolusial i<sues, N... < Iw .... objtctoon to J;pu:.1 on p< from ,I>< rirUtS of do< iwnophob< pcnod ,n B)"UI'ti ...... nd in amiquioy. But i. is.a.o impon2l1t to nac< duo llKod .. If.-\opt •• po»t ..... of Ituditd ,ndifl"u.n<e.o mipom Mt. H. no .."""'..,.. tN' 'h.... ""f/!< '" I>< .,t in < c.,;"""". IW,-s... , 00 o,....s oft~n 'f>p'i .... ")~ ,h.. ,hoe '"eneS h.... >I",,).. bttn rnd as .... rming '" "" .....10 ,nd ,h., lxa".. J...., .nd Con.unun< .... ,~ "n,inly "" ... ,10. NOcan. ..... conca in cinng thoe~ .. 11M: FI2RIu :01.0 rompbincd ,1>.>, "ruin 'hillp could "'" b.- found in ,he Bi!.k. H..trian 00 .... ,apondtd '" ,h .. c""'F by :wen'ng ,l> '" b.- btI....-.d ;, con, ..n.>, ..., not rn:otdcd in ,h" booIt·").·, I" ,.king HoJ,;"'·, •..,imony on i..up:>. , ......IOK. 01>e."in ing!O ,I>< im~ ofPok ..... n and of ,he wum. " ,,·i,h ,he A,,,.. of blood. ,nd '" litO Ai'l:'" in"gr. ,he P"I>e nnly "Y' Ih;o, 'hac .... ,ie> f ..... "'rough d .... nl ,h,m.. I... ,h ...... drrnanJcJ. H.dri ... dodged ,I><Scripy _ His .."... b =d Ii~. liuny. Hc .1"" mentio ... "'P''''tdy. evgf oU' holy C.,holi< .nd "P"O,oLc dou,do WoO> IUlJ is th.t whd,i.n ,e_ '1""ode-d '" C1u,iouily 10 Fronkish "";ee,io... '0 "ori.. ahout wor>dnan cumpk.ed G •.,.,n..n ano:doIc by m..ti,,!;'1u!

ni.,,'· .Ixi.

' '1>

an«. mir;oclc occurttd in a fu<mn1r A, .. n douch (Su . Apu &i Goo) wfoich ht bad purified. ht put Im.- ,n d>( ~. Hadrian 00.. no< connca .hose

ilJUfP wi,h ,lot m;rod work "'. _II_known S•. M"k .h. fvangel;" in Spolcd ............1dco of bibliale>cpio: IWI ofbook fuu •. In i .' t.. "J~ en...f .n,..,.... ......... "I""'W' ala" ... andlOYS it .. ,.,. So.. of GOO. h~ I.... !'«! could . void ,top' ",hen I"". yinr; belOn: imago. II..... i. I< in .....lIk. s... in n..odulf ........!. ""'" ond lOt all h.. thinlcinB on bj ""cn,ion '0 • ~e in .,,.... wI, ••• n ....,.j"lf ,uggc>" .hat i!hoses ,,j'~, dO'i'i ... uprnoiofl. in [he c",wi fUt,uron«.ning inup .b<w• • 11 bccoult~. as ", ... <Witt ... rd,o in.'" "",tit. im.gco'R .... gn.ed. ,eaching lU na"",,'''' I ,hink .h.. on ,I>< balm« of ru. ,...imony wt: n,US< .:ondudc ,...., he _ unwilling '0 ....ign '0 im>£. P ,lut I"rfumled mi,.d..... He di>mWcd ""h ""coon" .. ri,"', di.abo!il 0 . OO>ibk. I( I am ..... mill ........ lloro.lulr~ irui>,.nu "" ,he >lien nutniaJiry of '..up. .,., .heit ··rnmuf......rtd·· lfU.1Iiry. "h.. moo, dg< .... ru.ru..;.", of h" iokas ia 10............... rd..ocd in ....~ waydulf do.. no< >« wh)' polin ..... .boold bot held in hp. Dt<em ,Ian ."y othc. kind,. of .n;"ru or .nfumm. AIlha~ ntyin' .......... of skill .00 all can ...n., WOndcl ' ful obj«u. lmaca CItl ... pain,cd bu, lhey ClfI aloo oppev on cloth. cIothi .. g. alI"'I>. 01. plbm... bly .•1...... , .np....... Im.tfP an he """u.iful 01 ugly. 1m· ages ca .. ~leOO'Uli'l" In Oup«< • I tyC"."

quOloo Augusti",,', W< 'f'irittW 'f'hries I>tuted ad infinitum his :w.;on he ehida ,h< B)'L'",in.. for b,ing church". f.1I in,,, di''''l''i, while ...ring .Iu, "wc" odo.n ehutene> wi.h ""'ry ..... utiful ,hing." I. "Ifue .Iu, hi.< Bib!co arc ."iconic .nd ,h., ;n d«""i"g hi, < Ark .nd ,he cherubim." Thi....,n.in, ,dls u. >on,,,,hin& . hou, Throtlulf h;",,,,lf .nd I,i, Own p.-.:-f.to:ne..km.gtle. Alo""",.., MS Vati",,,o. b"inus 7lO7. ,he origin.1 " 'orki ,,); m."o ..,i!>, f the 0,,,, ",ar in«nded h••• a mmple«.• nd stunning. ... ofooutiful ",,,,m<med '-00 rolQ. ed ini,,,b, In hcr edi,ion. F.«· m." ft proJ uo:s,.Ib.i, in bl>clc .nd whi ••. n.. rl~ one hundred nttadi",

'0

lea" .

at'"

T".I"....,. UrJn.•no! WotWp "7

m. , n ' \tic I'rodOlOioo af tM a,:e. In hi. j>OO!l. M """"~ 'M WI>< rtliO>mp.nyone: of his Bibb .. y .tt., i • .hinD. on ,Iv ...... ide. ,,';,h ;"'-ds. ~Id . • nd purplr.'" tt. ... "f'Okn af n.e..dulr. principkd i",!Jff'~'1(} rdogiou• • n . T" him ouch an .... p<Jl .. IOmnimQ. bi< ...+"-udly. p ....... , ,heir boob 10 I..... ~ ..... in<j>CCtion. In.!.on. in <Wry -.w." io , .... word " ..,lOla ~ nn..,;...... Thi., opn, io noaly l"h D..id ean......... ImUIbblund unpanlldcd <mp .... sis on .he pMticuW ......., 0( nch Pl'c. II«m '0 ... "" .....ed hi. rductm",. ,r Figl"h. ,nd fin.lly. nO! one f ,he.. hook. con"in. an im.go of Cho.lem.gnc Ind=!, 'PO" from coin•. ,h" i, if ,I>< impe,iol hu"' po"",i, On •. ,hel< • ..., no comempo ....y im.g« of C"'rkm.gn ... • nd ,he bu"' port"';' win, cla .. b'e in ,I>< "ign. betwten 804 ,nd 8IL.'" This. on« roo .... ,""rd, well wi,h Throdulf •• bho,"'n'" fut ,h. Rom.n md Brun ,i". iml"',iol im'g«. M'rt-H.rti,,); h.. h"" ivory CO",,,. Some It:u! cove" wi[h pruiou, me", I, .nd j....d •.• nd ",me probahly h.d no fin, em"" 11 . 11. II =m, likely t"'[. in ,he>< .,.-1ic;, yea" of C.ruli ngi,o "'. h.""oolo", p.-ogr>m' 'ncom~ing both hook> mJ eo,'CI' had not y...,. 01". n<W h..... brv" "';,h A.J.n. and E....nd "",,'inucd to tho ~L ..... he "·,i,inp of Euod>ttu .nd 0"""..... On ,h. one lund, .....J ........ '" Aus-'

.,..Jut

lnC. on ,he ",,,,=,. ,how "e; Brun,i"", ,nd ,he IsI,n,iBi'hop Arnulf w•• >«n .. on •• n=,,,, of ,he C.,olingi.n f.mily->.nd bctwttn M1"1 I.nm '"

.boo,

,h.

'0

u...

'l'

C "Mt . . " " .

«,

Fnn.i •. Th< F,.nki>h lette" k> Rm< and Om". ntinori.l1", ,ha. io. ,hei' m.,or;,] ......,. ta}< N< l'O"'p~I.' and '"""''' ,w,.,.m '0 help him " . rang< 'ime rnr"""lr in hi, ....,rld .'" S"r-i>cJ earlier by Willibrur. 1 r>CW centu ry. ,nd , n",,' millennium. S""h rhough" WCTscmin.,ion of Eu,"",iu" "pinion tlu, Chri" ..... born in pao. Some. like Bc:otu> of Ueb.ii>, the third r«h< Ape>ln'" CornmCnks , nd rhe Jeween no I:ing iii" Clurl~m>s"e. 'J> If o..,le","I)"< romp....xl oim.sdf '0 }o,i.h on 'hi' oce.,;"'", h',do"s i" kind}M 13... ,h. dk ....,. ........ 1x<W«1l Ch.tI.m.!S" • • "d D•• iJ w.u ",,,,,,, [0 .",ibUle [" .he gte>[ F....,k JOm. "f O..id·, pnop/le[;" wisdom and "'«"go h io dck .... of ,h. f. i,b. Ubiqui'''''' ",f~.J>CcS '" Ch.[km"S". as Da.id J>C>,I< in • ),[11'" w"''',,,., 1'''1''' 1',,,1 I had calk of 789 .nd 79' Ch.,knul1'e "'ok «- S'. · IXnis, S,.·~J.u,icc J'Ag:oungn< ch,pel .. Axhen .•r< "uJied io

Jcwi'"

t'"

,It.

n. ,

,.,,,oa of D.vid" :II ",t.., "",,iul of ,t.., ",,,,Id. " .., I'u •• link ditklCntly, rcqualing hooIo..o f,um IW""" '" bW!.Jing """",.... " ""'~. was no, mnn, '0 r~..,im.'~ a < in .. ' ..... f.i,hfully in ,he 0"", by hi. co",,"n, cvoca,;"n, uf I,""i. i"", biblicll. I" lrin;c,

1.0""."",,"1

.nd Ito ..... n. Alld h...Reus Ihem in ~""Ih., woy. On. of ,h. m",,' powerful up«rs of hi' ",nging pokmic is in nnhlul . tt.ml'l '0 writ< ,h. lIyun, inQ QU'

ofhi"O.IaIlik and i_i,u,""'" .hou'-""CUt... and «o ~ic:ally drfmd n«: ,he h;'""ie>.1 ",.Ii"",;"n of, .up •.hi,. turinl, th .. i, di~in., comm.nd," '" Turnmg I pop< bcn.f}' W""C '0 I\onif.", ""d urged him '0 ,dh.« 'n ,he " ...""" ""i,""· i~;'.·· '" llx ph"'" then turned up in Fronki,), document>. llx Synoo of V.r in 71\ colkd fO, • ro,u,n co ,he """"" " ',,,,, ...""":... , Ch,oou. " Tironi. n not .. ,en u> that a..,b fum ,imes ad.. im«l "R«u"' .. ,he Op'" wu !> for. Prover ruler. AocoKiingly. Charlenugoe waJI a "",;~it­ In Dri," a I"',,.,n ... igned an a"'esme «S(>O!>,ihilil}' held in """ fur Othe". ,t> Ch,,1a wa.\ mean' «, be humbl •. peaceful, gcn.lo. in .!wn .•11 ,1.01< .hi,,&, ,h. Brun,in.. we« nOf. By ""«nding ,h•• rgom.", we can I t t Ch...lenugne ~ .he rigb, kind of fUk& wi,h hi, prnpk."d II" bcm:""I_ In ,h. grc>I ch..pd .. A..n.n, ,hron< waJI in ,he Wc polemical "",","'m'. The irnpIIiklirms .. Con" . nrinopl< pl>Ct i, -"""" Holy ,Iu, ,hO)-' """,Id" I~, h,~ h.od ,."mc '''1'0'''. Thc clupd" A.:>v« of ,hc ""1.01', ",pol>' fi n,lIy. Ein .... rJ "minJ" us Clu,Iou, .hc 'igh' kind. of d,rg)o·. C. roling"" in, '''"'''1''«1 '0 inll"'''' ,he book on h;, "'h........ Im. Hi< dfort ,,~un ... CCC<Sfu1 but did 'p• ..-n • gr.,.[.r liturgic:ol uniformity th ... h.d «n as deeply embedded in the tradition as the Nicene fa thers insisted. We have seen, too, that a small amount of ambiguous evidenct hints at cult practias associated with works of art in Merovingian Gau l and lombard Italy. In the world of Theodulf and Charlemagne, such practias were either unknown or unrecorded. Imagts. ItI alone icons, playtd no rolt in worship.

Conclusion Modern writtrs inttrpret tht Opus in a number of dilTert nt ways. Schmand[, as nOled, called it a "Staatn(hriji" (poli tical trC3tise) whilt Gt ro prefers "Strd t-

Tradition,

Ord~r. ~nd

Worship

l4}

schrift" (polemic).107 For 5taubach what was at stake was nothing less than the " Wtltsullung" (place, or rank, in the world) of the Carolingians. 2"" Cha-zelle insists that it is more than merely a polemic because of its profound theological foundations. 109 Folz sees the Opus as "a doctrinal manifesto on the part of the Frankish church,"'!'o and Jeck appears ro agree, saying that however political the work may appear. all of its arguments are carefully grounded in theology.ZII So Berndt sees the Opus as a "basic Carolingian course in theology,"'! ''! while Freeman, who knows the work bener than anyone cise, calls it a "summa" of Carolingian thought}1l Mitalaite sees the work as a sophisticated meditation on Trinitarian theology.lI4 50 we have an oddity: a bare-knuckled political polemic cast as a course in theology. I contend that each of these scholars has grasped an important part of the truth about the Opus. It was political and polemical. One need read only a page or two to see that. But the polemic was not generalized ranting but instead minutely focused dismantling. What was dismantled? Byzantium's claims to biblical and Christian tradition. to au thentic rulership. to ap propriate ecclesiastical organi7.ation. T his process of deconstruction was done with small, sharp instruments, not with messy explosives. T hus, indeed, every mincing argument was accompanied by biblical proof-texts. by patristic authorities, and by methodological disquisitions. Moreover, it was not enough to show that the Greeks were always wrong, il was also important to build strong. new thi ngs where the old ones had been pulled down . So the Franks unde rstood the Bible, the great commentators on the Bible, and Ihe intellectual tools necessary to careful and correct study. The Franks alone held a place within the lines of biblical and Christian traditions. The Franks had Ihe right kinds of rulers, the right kind of church and churchmen , and the right spiritual attitudes with respect to relationships between the here and the he reafter. T here was indeed something " basic," someth ing "su mma"-like about the Opus. In closing it is worth reiterating how important and creative were the years between, roughly. 785 and 795. These years witnessed major military and diplomatic successes, the issuance of the most important legislatio n of Charlemagne's royal period, the real beginnings of Carolingian an and architecture, and the explosion of Carolingian courtly literature. The Opur was discussed in open court more than once in these years. It is. therefore, hardly surprising that the work talks of more than just II Nicaea and images. The combination of a thorny issue, a creative moment, and a brilliant autho r produced a hook that opens broad vistas on a decisive time in European history.

CHAPTE R S I X

The Age of Second Iconoclasm

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,I>< ,ough·minded L= V ,he Anncni.n. Uo rrin,e"a! ironocl ..m in &, ).nd i, i. he« ,h" ,hi. char'O' pick.< up ,he ""')' in .""",.. 1'>in. yc>n . fter Uo V ,ocsuhlis!.a! imnod.. m .. ,h. offi.;;.1 imr ,ucc himself mu,dcra! in 8lo_ Mich:u:1 II "TO!' '0 lou;, ,I>< rioo., CharkmagJ'c', ">o.oJ H c i"f"rmod him ,bo o' tI,. gcy of II Nic.a ... The r",oh '0 !';oris in 8.j from Fronk"", .nd Nicl .. go ,hrough Con ... n';n~ • • nd Rom< bu, tak[ I.. lna! , 000, i[.

The ..,oni>hiRgly .. pid collip'" of iroRocwm Ix,,,,cen 78\, ...men [fOOPS hro~ up Irene. G", "'emp' ". hold. O"I,,"«i T.,wu. wirh. ""ro",r;"n ofiro~m ifh. would n(K 'g'oc to rf.: emp. 7~I!O-or. 81012\, one-,;me monk of Sr. Sob.>. bridly biJhop of H.,,,,,, . and > p.....lil>c ,,,,ho.) .......... ;n A",b" . ,....,. ;n dcf"" .. of im.g« .n,l th.i. «n.,."ioo ' He ...... Jee.ply indebo..J to John D,muc.n.I' in ,digion. " %.n l .t Ihe hi.oly iaon'.'j Anothor """"" .: m.mho" unde, rho leork .. hip of ,ho ,"-,di« ./h n H)~ibgQ WCIW . nd pla.;q. Nicrphoru. ,ofuoed. 1-< iennophile group '0 ,h" JUUce . In . pli..-.,. rnrtn imag< on on .1",. clo,h. 00 Epiphany. however. !.ro did not vco.r:o", ,II< ... m • • 1",< d oth ."d hr bcpn mtimiJ,'ing d .. men,be" of the I"""uch', 'col)0l'hil. group. '1", empero, won over . good nuo~ of,hem .od btc,jou , -' nd in """I I"u,,,,yp. hul '0 be ""t'I>ul""",ul .nd ,h", ->nlingl)', only ,h • ...:h. , i" was . ,rue and P"'P« i~, In 8,\. ,he bi.h!"omifted ,h •• rgum.n, i"",gc> were idok l"hiJ h.d been refut«l rcccntly 1:»- Ni"""....,,,.. ,n" w.u .J,,-.ys ' """"k .,gum.n,. I.ik<wi ..., . nd g~, The hi""",,,, in 8, ! , ,h.n, "id 1i,,1•• bou( ,h. old Ch,i,,,,logic:ol J eh .. ~ .n" .... ",.,.j ,,,",, of ,h.i, 'or< ,h • ..,urr« •...:1 gk>ry of ,he ..,in" or conl'J c-.mcd ,he .. in' , ""i ng~ ... in h..... n. On ,he [lO>i,;,~ .ide, only in _,d>-preached or ,..d----«< ,!Kir d.nl! and ,h",. image i. a Chris,ian «>pring in hi. 0' he, Ii(. ,h. "",ion. of ,h...in". " lLo.oJ hi, .bial a.....,"" Iud procttd< dfea ,h" ,h. bishops .. Hi ...", Iud WQ,Iu:d from ""'.. ··pi,. la~"··----cJI'r.>CtS. probohly in a iIorikgium-r.nhe, .hon from full ,af>. Th ... •hey UO. < eJ.!es." "..,

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,I>0: n>os< ~IOWlI icnn""l"m ,od ,h" ,,r ,h".. who .-..d ..iI. '" ",h" ".... -1,dle,J fmm ,hei' olli,,, "'.... punished for A.unting ,heir f'Olitial "prruOt«>n ,,, the em· r«or. The f"", i. th .. t..ge numbers of people .... nt .Iong wi,h the empe"". Tni. Iud . 1", h.ppcne,J in ,he .igill" «mu..,.. " Religiou • • rt h.d once 'I\'in berorne, ,un"""l" ofBrun'ine roli,;". II w .. roop«:Ui.[ion ,IL" OI««loci Tn ,h.,.. of John of D""...:m who wu. in .ny c>sf Bruntinc 'hcoIogiaJ rcAca;"" "" the qUdow. I( 0"" ~ • J "d,..... ,hi. poin .. inevi,.b1y body. So. rhen .• n im,S" of Chr'" poim. ro Chr;' .. Funh.,morc . • ina . n im>g< h.. ""li,y onlr in i", P"',o,YJ>eo>r«-...,.. ,lI... did n,-,t exist .p. n from t heir prkon "f i""!!,, .nd P"""'Yp< by m""n, of ,h. "'9!"ry ,,( 1imCIilx .nrono in ,hi. w.y: ,h •• ubj«1 of a p.oin, illg i. 1101 p""'n';~ ,h. poin'ing and r>h vicwr. ,,, n"k. hi. "'.. in thc moo' .nnen", ,.'m. Micl, ..tl ,hen "",n' on '''''y ,..., >orne """"\CO who rInl)' lOr more m.n • decad'bly .i"o: 767. In ;O)';ng ,I. .. h. hold '0 ,h. fix "",n'C:\ .1"...,., .. ",,,,,h un ... id .. i, "')'S, II i. diplo ..... ,"'.n.1l >en"" of ,h.., WOld, And it did not ~k. a howl of pro'C:I' from ,h. F"miu. To s« who, impac' ,h. l.tI" d.d ho.e. ,,"'e mu,. turn to ,h. m«'ing ,h" I"""i. ,h. Pi""" ","'moned '" < ... me ord«." Th. «lit ion p"""n" Ii.. i, .. ~., Th. 1 in N""ember of that )"el' (pp . .. 75- 110): the Libtll~I 5,""""!;' (h • f&fml to .. the LiMlus). whOch con,.i", ,he hem of , he F,.,,,ki,h ochol . .... ip and «A .... io" on im.S'" (pI" .,So- n'), • )en.r of l.ou;' '0 h., in ,h. popd« <wo .ddi,io",,1 i' en" embedded in ,h'''in of . kn" ....hieh ,h. 1',,;, bi>hops hoped ,h. pup< ",'ould .. tid to ",;oopk (pp,

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I>J-J» , Wi,h;n ,hi> I."",, mOJ'tOVd.i;e,. '0 .... mhk in r.ri, in".od of...y. in Aay WlOl. in 0.,mou.loatio"., \l;'htn i," noticed ,Iu. [h. souren "" bn . nd . mbiguou. whon ,htv n.me [he m«[· ing [hat [ook pu.;., in I', ri" we m.y be on ,ho .... y '0 unJ.",,,,nding one impr_ "", "'1"n)' ""y fo, pe,mi .. iOft (0 all 'ogo< '0 [h. pope ." Thi. ronstit.,,,, mong p,eump[ivc ""id.ne< for ,heir P""""" in I'"i •. The Ii" of lilrcndy Bishop C1:m di... ofTuri", [0 wh.om I ""II rum hw, ...... oummonoo [0 . " . <we, fo.. h;' ;.",.,,,,,,..[ic amp>ipl in """h..n Ig< ron,,ve"Y "fI,n nly T'hcW"lf "od Aku,,, an aonfidc,,,ly ho n.n>, s.n •. (Au,un). Q,. bnl_ Bu. nu"" of thesc bishop.llud t() m;rk • • long 0'. in 1.« 0< •. p>"icuI.rly . rdUOU! journey. We •• ,,[he .. in,olv«! ... ""'" n. ..... w< do nl kno ... , fOr cnmpk bi,ho p' rtOm ,ingle d ... In . ny e»pa.k of 0 "d;"",,,.;.,"" wi.h the po~ for ,ho, i•• ucdr wh •• h. pppp i, i, mudo ~ ............,.. ,b.n tht kngthy ~ th.on o.... IOunh .. 10"8-,00 i, .. jt.u, ",>or .. ~ .. the ~I;' th.o, ..... tad "'" .."" n./,_" in ,ht Pf"I'""Ce 01 p...... loro III in 8.0. I ,hink ,ho E,;_ _ in,.ncicd fit, or:oI I""""">lion in Rome. I....... conclude. II.. In, ... co J=m'" on.d Joruo by ;......'nK ,b., F~li>h m<mbtn bt indudcd in any",p;d kp,ion '0 Ryun,;um I..,.,i, h,mself...,.,.. '0 ~:..vn"" in 0 >pi.i, 01 om;.,. and ooopa"ion. H< In ,ht pop< k"",,' ,b., ht hod .. ,~ ""Iy OIl' 01 . dcti", to b< htlplUl on.d ,ho, ht hupn .he: ...... ht "I. and Am ....... th him ... ,hey couItl lit ind...Jnl in any 1"1"1

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ning of ti>< """ bowmG • link murky. 1 qUOl' on .",.nlO: Funh.tmoT< wheT! yuut f,,,he. ofhly memory had lins:i>" ..,,,,,', .i.... of ,he im>l\tli5tH: fto,ikgi"," in ,I>< I.iM/~, ""le> i, •• i,,,,,1 ",,",inry' · TIl< of ....... ":,,. ;., of so"", ,mptl".nc< t.:c.u5< . • ' "'~ ",ill .... noueh of ,ho I.ibt-U... oon,.", of lengthy ",i,,1I" of !'l'N';': '1"o,.tOon, ,.,i, bi.hops go< .i.he, .he Kt",,1 .a .hey ci,cd
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C tt AP TER SI X

188 S(:pa ra t~ ex.tracts relating to th ~ four th~mcs just enumerated. n The ttcatiS(: bq;ins and ends, howev~r, with ~xp[anatory and interpretiv~ material that provid~s the reader with not only the Frankish v i~w of what they were doing and why, but also a series of statements that permit historians to form their own judgments about the Libel/us and its place in Carolingian culture. The bishops rarely int~ rve ne p~rsonally in their Aorilcgium. They cont~nt themS(:lvcs with saying, " Now we will cite the fathers against thoS(: who think thiJ ... " and " That is enough about rhoS(: who thi nk that. . .. " On only a few occasions, which we will not~ as w~ move along, do the bishops pauS(: to teAcet a little on th~ topic at hand . Th~ir m a nd a t~ was to provide raw material. The compilers say that because a certain reve r~nc~ should be shown to those who occupy the chair of Peter, th~y will commence with a discussion of how it is that images are permissible and why it is wrong to destroy them .9j In documents intended for the pope's ~y~s, this was a rdatively safe way to start because the papacy had defended images and resolutely opposed iconoclasm ever since the early eighth century. " We judge it fitt ing and n«essary to begin," they say, " by collecting the opinions of the hol y F.l.lhers agai nst thoS(: who presume indiscriminately to remove images no t only from buildings but even from sacred vessels."'" A first group defends images. Fourteen patristic passage follow , all of them fa mil iar to us by now in o ne context or another.''' The opening citation is th~ passag~ in EuSC'bius's Ecciuiasri(aJ History about th~ statue at Pan ~as of woman with the Aow of blood who was healed by touching the hem of C hrist's garment. The next passage is the olle from the Acts ofSyiuuttrconcernin g the images of Peter and Paul that were shown to Constantine. Then come John C hrysostom on all the things that painters can depict, Paulinus of Nola on th~ va lu~ of looking at scenes from the Old Tesrament, Gregory of Nyssa on how an image makes him shed rears, the same author on how images can make on~ think deeply about what is d~pi cted , and th~ n Augustine on how pictures an~ not real but can bring rcal things to mind and incite people to compunction. Up to this poin t, the au thors built a very traditional case for the permissibility of images. The bishops then con ce ntrar~ on why it is wrong to d~stroy images. They quote Augustine to the effect that a person would bear injury to God by damaging his image. Then they cite Cassiodorus who himself told of St. Paul destroying altars of the pagan gods. Next they cite Cassiodorus again on how Julian d~s Hoyed the image at Paneas and replaced it with his own only to S(:e it deStroyed by fire from heaven . The point is made subtly but eff« tively: C hristian images arc of wmerhing and destrve respect but pagan alta rs, and by ext~ns ion images, a r~ of nOlhingand can be destroyed with impunity. Then, as if to clinch the caS(:, and perhaps to impress th~ pope, there follow four S(:parat~ citations

s.o>nJ I ... h.re tt.e r,,,I,,,, ""tu>lly condentn«l ti>< g, So.hq >goniu: the 1I)"'.n,i ..... Th" del;':'1< b>ung<sJ .nd adore ,htm wi,h • =us< H< i. «<mal, No tnc" ru«om i, hop< ""'nl ,,, bt ackno" 'k<j19"g ,h. worship o(image> h., ix '0 .p«ific p'actien whid , d"r consitl.. obj«tioor . • bk Th~' .. y ,h .. >io« ,ruly holy moo . nd angd, did 00' ";,h '0 be .dom! h~' fO h< I"'id , oflo"" .ncl ,inc< ,.mpl.. (,h" i.. ""utth.. ) . nJ _rio ficcs .." no, in"im,edlO. ,Itt m.>rrp. but only fo' God, ,h.n 01>< wond",. how i, i. ,h" ,ho: G"",k, ' I",.k i" Ii.. " k,,,., '0 1"",. of ,h. -aJ..,n,L". 1'v.I>. inc""", . • od '" on. wh ich.tt offem! '" irnoga'" T h< Holy. C u h"l;'; Chu«h M' bid .. ide ev< bi>h"p •• Iso ,i" '''''Y oj Epiph.niu, .. AI\.bbtlu, .11>< h"hop had .m.m! • '''''''' ,old f"'Jn.l • ch .. rclt ""il booring on im.g< of Ch,i" o. of 1Offl< .,im_ i, nOt cl .. , which , Epipluoius ttm<m Winb"l'" ;n ,hc Row of ,h. Aorikgium. 'Ibc b~h"l" " .., off by .ddr ",. rounding i, ore mostly in di •.." in the scwnd-pct!OfI ';ngub,. This migh' be .. i«n .... ddiber.udy rude w:ty of -IJ>g< in ,hei, ,n ",Ik '" 1"i, is ,he Ionges' sct« images, rm;ogo:s can ,,,,,,h , an dt~ mind, from ,hi. "",tld to ,he ,nd ",n rdi:, "".... ip perfunnrd hcfo« ,hem 00 ,he person whom ,!try «pta ~ .. ;, hel.. 'n~ innoo""""" ttUtO,i>.l , ... , m;gh, ..... phctd i, in,o co,,,,.,... N """ will SOt: .honly. 1-,,«:. "n,1 mncord . No 0 " , ,,'ho f,;I, ro .. ruW< wi,h .11 hi, might in 'h" 1\"'''.«0" """ ... ,< .ny hp< of .". io; ng I.:. ",n. Th.ry '" ",mo.., ,h. i~ bccaUI< ,Ixy W I ~ It< " I:en .. ind".,ing """ ,hing< I"-'pe wi, h I,i, k.....t>< C:oroJinsian ""''' Iud COme t" rcg:.rtl ",['ti"n, with BY'-'n,i ... m" bcing On • 1"" with ",lo,ion, ,,·ith Rome, Th. I.., documen' in ,he 8'1 dtmi~, i, ,he [pitu"". Thi, ... 1.I:mi'" len .. to Je"" "'i.... >«1ion of ,he librll.,. namely ,he 0"'" ""'ling wi,h ,he p-a,riSlic ju"inca,ion, fOr inug.. _ Wi[hout thi, >< tpilQ",d 7l- On" Ie.., 'hret OOOUiOlll 'he (ompik' of ,1>< Epiw.... >bb"",i"e..! .pt! ' .. 'e< qu it< clco~y hc ,h""i;h' ,h>t t hey ,h"!lld d"-"",, '1" ,,,.«li,1 ("'In tho: l.iIKU", fut I'«:>C II "''''n [he JX>I' be.,•.-«. 'k f.pi"'M, .nJ ,It< UMI", ,,1Ieluded b«::a .."" " >howo thaI u.ug.,. _ ". be ~ fuo- ~ and ""- bu[ ......" fo. odora,ion. tho IWS"~ "" Sylw$t«, Con.tun;n•. and tho i",. S" , .........·h" .; .... i,_ ...hy is h. con'ooi«r:d by hi, disciplnt' A!tt, • d ..,;"." of P.uTinu. __ ~"" "BdooId hoI" n,,,",,, hd;, i, """kroN by """,.,..., of 10;...,'1'" , ,,,. cpiNmu. .. II", of P.u1 dmrori"l! 1"&''' 01= .rod "1' "0.-. ,,"',... of ' ..... """'-Id fuIkow 'h" «m to "'" 10 C1< [0 moun[ and ""in an a'l"",.nt- . di,I" ".'ion-

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Second Iconoclasm

285

with the pope. But Louis expected "stubbornness" and "obstinacy" and, as far as we know, his expectations were mer. No more is heard of the subject of images from the papal or Frankish courtS. As far as we know, there was neither a joint embassy nor an individual papal or Frankish embassy. As in the 7905, the image controversy of824-25 tells us some interesting things about Frankish views on images but also permits us to listen in on other concerns that were just then important to the Franks. The Paris colloquy evoked both protests and defences. To these we turn in the next chapter in order to create a full context fo r interpretation.

Conclusion As in the eighth century so toO in the ninth controversy over images emerged in the Byzantine Ease We are better informed about the inception of the ninthcentury st ruggle than we are about its eight h-century predecessor, but in both cases we are poorly informed about JUSt why the problem actually arose. It took a long time for the eighth-century controversy in the East to reach a high level of theological sophistication on the iconophobe side whereas, in the writings of John of Damascus, the iconophiles reached a high standard very quickly. The Second Council of Nicaea was theologically moderate. In 81S the Byzantine iconophobes were likewise moderate, returni ng to some aspec[S of the theology of H iereia but mainly contenti ng themselves with reining in some practices deemed superstitious or irreverent by their opponents. The iconophiles, especially Patriarch Nicephorus and Theodore of Stud ion. however, fa r outstripped earlier iconophiles and their contemporary iconophobes in the philosophical rigor and profundity of their argumentation. Much of what Nicerphorus and T heodore said became orthodoxy on the subject of images. But linle or nothing of what they said reached the WeSL The earl iest Western reaction to renewed iconoclasm was papal. Paschal I wrote to Leo V in te rms that-as far as can be judged from his fragmentarily preserved letter- hewed closely to traditional papal teaching on the subject of images. T he Franks had continuous and intensive relations with Paschal but nothing in the surviving sources permits an assessment of whether the image question played any role at all in Fran ko-papal relations. The Franks became embroiled in Second Iconoclasm when Michael II sent Louis a letter in November of824. Louis respcC[fully requested papal permission to investigate the matter. Perhaps he was mindful of the difficulties occasioned by his fath er's earlier independent initiative after Nicaea. Louis selected a small group of Frankish

.u

CHAP". >I X

bi,hop' ,nd i,.."UCI.J. 'hem ", met' in P.,i! ~nd look in,,, ,he imag< qUCI;':' in dealing with doc,';",,1 ;\o"nlprch.. .,d ",'plti,,;"',;on of F•."ki.h ....."'n;"1l on ,Ire ....".' "I" in,'5"". F..IO... if ~nyon. ;n ,he Wes, Iud augh' ",ind of Nicq>hotui • • nd Throdo..o·, ''1\ume''" ,Iu. im. gu nry. The Fr'lnics .rgucd "S"in ,Iu, imogn ,,"etc nei,he. '" b< dts.f
CHA P TER

S EVEN

Art and Argument in the Age of Louis the Pious

AI. ,1.;",;"" . I.." _ 11.p I ."

CONCU " RENT WITII rilE Paris Colloquy tt.:: F='" diwwcmJ . homc-grown inugr '1""1'. GIll ttU WI.hour tt.:: of tr.idit""'. Rie •• >nJ """"";p_ Firu.lly ...~ stull ~"'" fur $ill''' of " ' - .hem.. in ",hOI oon<en>· pr.II)" "";'ing:I and ion «in.1

'" h! """'" ""pli., I. ", .. ,hoc PKJu.< .:0 .. """..",,«.1 ,..... throIogi.R.!,}o!U.I of Orl '0 holy !O 10\« .,..." Ihe ( ~""'8' h< n",nd ",II ,hoc b;uili, fill. wonhy of >n .. h."" . •nd bid cui, to ,hcm (cp/ffl,Mj l!repn '0 d.moy ,hem 011 by myself." Sr>me cvidenu ,ugg<S" ,h." pc,h.p> rb'lOj-ing ... ho, h< MI,,;d. Cb,!di,,, .... d n..... ",ulpto,.." 1'.... l"'cJ fu, ,he li,u.pc.1 ~ in hisc:a,hcJ..J .nd ,h.. ,h= item, had o;u.",dy in,,;,,,,. I!"'>me" ic ..... ign' in which c........ymbol .....i.,imani>n 0' Ib.r;. n, H • .a:ms !< Pio .... nd ..,,1«1 in >< ,h. ""luiui" i.n king', 1"1:>« " C ...... nn "',i,ing • long «ric> of bibli",1 o> ",,, .. nl>l'" (vi"""Uy .11 un«li,«I .nd unpub[i.h.Jj .nd '...:hing >om. m.mbot< of ,t.< «'gi"n.[ I.... ui • • ppoimro him bi.hop of Turin som«im. l>ng.d wi, h hi. f(mn« pupil Th.u'mi" [h •• bbo[ of r .. lmody 0' Nim ... • In ' 00"[ 8.0 Cl, ud iu. publi.h«l • com men ... ')' on Fi", Coein,hi.", . nd The",mi. ",n. i••0 .he p>1"" .0 ... i,,'f'CCI.d by ,h •• mp< cll:op.. ng imo :oct;"". He.nd his m:!.n n,r>1 "f ,he kin~""" ..." depu.«I '0 " .. kc 0'" or ,he ffi.,;.J m;pon ... '" Cb..Ji u~ .1< C~" l-:n in 8'7 ,..b,n be ho.1d of Claudi". .. f>clum did .• nd he did not teet;VC Ihe pun_ i,J,n>"id, >till mort .",in..,nr .oou. ,h •• h.,..,«.i"", c.rulin&i.n """~ of de.linS ",i.h doc"in.1 di,putes, But my fi>Cu! i. now Of[ the aeap"- Sets of =. CI.udi· u" .wem~nt m.y be re~d .. signifying Ih.1 he was ."'llre of lerminologietl wrongling .nd [h.[ he was h.ving non. of it: .11 "f these words .ua~hed '0 beliefs .nd behaviors which he d..,nted obj.",ion.bl •. Bur il m.y .Iso be

,I,,,

...~ .!>""k! read O."ning i.o ",.reedy ek1f md he . voids.U "'Ph""ies conn< "",k of n·.,," lunds. H. uktl hut,,!,I. r"ut..,lf b.f"", f.!.., in"!!,,,) Why do y"" benJ J">u' body lik •• "'ptiY< boful< ....Icsc I«1 in H i, lik he had m>
I ob ..",eJ du, ,hftt hroad rhemes an be di"",,,,eJ io ,h< Apo/bfy. Jt> .. cok.. rhem up in order in Q,. Ii!< Cw/, ~fl""'t", dt-vc,ri"g • "'>ok ,0 .,ch , In hi, ·· p",f..,.,." w,itt,n for 0,,1.. ,he B..ld, Joo .. p",.id", • b,i.f hi""ey of ,he ,,-b.>k .fl'i" Th" ""urn'; concoin' only One .urpri.. (J07A-R, JoIU\- B): Jon ... ', .... n ion rh., h.: h,d • "edible repor< ' ,h" "m only h:od ,It., old "" .. y (ihame ,b., w. kno ... eothing of rh.., rcpon 0' W"') nude i, At ,h. coo. Jon .. .,Y" thar he ;, .. nding ,hi, prrt>«. hi, OpUlCU/"", • • nd ,he (. It., A~) '1'1'",,,,1 ,,' di"'f'pmv..l , Once: Ol\>in. WI: ....... confo'm"io" of ,he uru(;ngio" ",...Ju. "I""",,,j; III the "".. of. thcok>j;i cal «>n,..-.",,,y. The ".in. Th< _, ...... geno",1 p~ UOIB---JOII do roo. p....... it , When T h"u,m" !fiegtS, /on .... )'5 indig'''ndy no on. in G.ul or (""' ...... ny docs >0, . nd th" ""SOn . • nd I"',icncc:' .t>d h.... b,ong/u &.hon"r "n YO"' p , .... , .ny likeD"'" i. owro ,he ".., ..... ip ,ho,

',,"e

,ho,

.ha.

,ho,

,ho,

.ho.

,he"' ...

ho,

An and Argument

297

is owed only TO God; third, Moses put cherubim on the tabernacle and Solomon PUt li kenesses in the Temple. Surely these were likenesses of things on the earth, above the earth , and so on. But, Jonas says-in fact he says it twice-these images were made, and we now make images, for decoration and commemoration (3 ISA-319B). Jonas goes on at some length giving C laudius grammar lessons and thm turns to a lesson that is at once grammatical and theological. He accuses Claudius of sloppy usage and fl awed understanding in his deploymelll of terms for worship. He draws attemion TO Book 10 of the City of God (as Paris had done), to the Bible, Origen, other works of Augustine, and Fulgentius. H e offers points that we have encoulliered many times: temples are nOt dedicated to the martyrs but to the God for whom the martyrs died; priests who officiate at the altars of the martyrs serve in the name of God and not of the martyr. He quotes Augustine: " It does nOI seem to us that a man ought ro adore what he makes for it is rightly held that the maker is ro be adored by what he has made, and nOi what has been made by its maker." Angels, finally, do not love it if we adore them, but love it when we adore whom they ado re. [n OIher words, this sections lays OUt the rules and terminology of proper worship (319B-}24D ). Jonas now changes the subject and proceeds by a slightly crooked path ro a discussion of the sai nts. He says that Claudi us's " highest and most pre-emi nent self-flatt ery" is his claim that he rem m>r ,,(.hi, P"""8< '0'1,1 """"s [0 t«ognizc .Iu• ..,mcthing Iu. go< .,in" brings him .round ." • di ..""ion of .hei, ,die>. He:w: ..... CI. udiu, of odl",'ing ' 0 ,ht, ,...,hi"g of F.", ••• hi", . nd Vigih",iu." .nd of td'udored, 'O .. of a.udi",·, Jon .. ru,,,, .0 .h. bishop of Turin', faulty un.dc',,"nJing of 1 Co.in,h ians \.,6. Of mu"". Jonas 1 hoII i",~ ....,..e. H. ""1' ..... , i. iI ...... f31 '0 the hunun condirian to do ...n....-;... th.n God com .... nded ....., is. .0 ..... H.:u.Ir; Clrudi ... "Si............ ,.... _y the hwrud

o.rr-< F..ith ...d ",,,hoIiot discipl, ...: Abhour;h "'" do no< _m ...,...ty '" tbt U\I< ... thoIiot (,i< Uible 1>..,. ...... , .. _ ..riolly "",~I ". iump ohad in Ct.ud;u,·. '''-'''. n... . ... '<e." ,ho ""'"'

tI,. A""""

P"'IIndlld« ,,·i,h ,It.: ·T.ke up rou' ."'.... ",1'.:,«« no< mili,," . g.>in" the Icgitim>p«jfic.lIy from 0 ... of JC). lbcn h. quOlC$ John Chry>m. In US ple who wiib '" visi, ,h .... I;c, of ,he .. in" evg>irut ,h .... Ii", of ,he ., in". The nerrt few columnl provide some of how Jon. ....'Sum"" " ... ... wlly boilt op-- of ,ht church h.,." . lway> dc,idcd [h"i, , implici,y ."J rllJW roo', CLo,,· di.,. .• ho.n enemy of the I" giv< P"""" is hdd ;ointiy hy.1I bi"'"", n" ••; .Ii,": ",;n 0 .« no,hins" ,II ."d ""'"hy of no tokenl < bishop of Tunn. wi,h hi> «>rkJ)" 'pin,u.li=! f.i,h, m. y ..-dln.... 00" •. The ",'y I.., .... i"n ofBuok Tht«, ,,·hioh oddrses o...ucliu", rcsc!VO.,ion' .bo", .10 • • ",ho,ity of ,100 R",,,,,n Sec, mm' be inoomplete in ..........1 1 ,h" ,I>< pop< h.d d ",ic'","" hod no forer. r • .dt.1 , ... nsl.,ed 1 hUg< numl> '0 Olmll'''"ia... 'pi,i,uaI "",h,ie> ,n. All of this i, famil .. , from booh Cl>uJ iu" ~ .nd Jon"". 0" ,/", C~I, of'-&"- On • • bo ~~pid , ..""".,10 of ,he A~ .nd ,loon .mb down '0 an Ofd«l~ rdu" fion. Hi. inifi. 1 g>mhi' i, i",."",ing. He ""~ ,hat the whol. is.<w: of imag.. W:ll int<ns1 .hen ci[......·...1 ",Iibi'ion Iu. 1>«n rduOO. In tXt. Cod H im",lf ""moundOO />1.,... to pu, , hcrubim on thc T.b<m. de and Solomon '0 put im.gcs in ,b< Temple. It .. cbl. h< "'Yl< [ho[ p«>pk "'ho ho". picm "" o nly ~Ik i[ would .. ~ him [00 long 10 d i.lCu!.l.1I !Iu[ n« discu!.ling in [I.. hcmic.ol book. Then hc ""min .... wi,h Cl>udiu',. ins"TCnu ,ho, propk who wor>hip ;nugcs 'f< de""", "'o,",,,il"''' who h..... merely chongcd ,hc n.m .. of .hc obJ«" of ,f>t ,h" clurg< i. n ..""",,,, '0 ,...;'-i08 tht h.:ltef,,1 do,,,,;n,,, of Vigibn.ius . nd (unom;u," . nd .hei. follm>'." ",1m bIuphcn",J ,he Co.hoIic>. ailing ,hem idob ...... _rdtipo" of dn.d n",n .• 00 iust Iii< ,I>.: p>g>.> .. bccaUI< ,hcy .-cne ... ,cJ , hc «Iia of tit, du d m. rtyn who had. .... ffi:[ro €o, C it,; ... Cbudi ... h.d nt men,i""OO ,dia but Dungal join< im.ges. .. ints . • nd .die> ;n." """ i""c. Then hc ..1"> "W, on ,he ~,h .. hond ~"d ,h .. ow< impudent ",Iumn"[or 'd .. ing one . Oung>1 addresscs tdio; (c. '7l), ,h,; .... ("" '71), and pilgri""W" ("" .n-;rlI) brtawc. he "y>. o.udiu, "",h. A ... ... of clupttt .. culm'n .. ing in • I"t of mi,"OCko (cc. ,88- 89). dimh hi, CO« th .. tI....in ..... ..,~. moch . li,'< .nd well in .lw:ir ,<m.i ... ,nJ ,n th. ;, ,hrin«.• oo thot they rontinue." in«r« ,h.. j, h.. <Wo,h of [hi, world .nd n'o,ion =ro,.".iJy >hown to ,hc .. i,.". OungaJ ""JetS,,.,,,, Claudi"" '0 bc:IiII, toolc up hi, ptn rwic:., 0""" in .bout 817 and th.n .pin in, prohal>ly, a.- $h "",lr-it Ih world in ?II' and '" Iu", .m.«I ;" l)'O'l by 79', Ho fdl under ,he ;"8"""",, of Ardrbiohop lrid.-.d (79·11•• ,6). O<doine< ;... ,,«1 p,m;c' p>t< in ,he I'.,is;." dd ilx r.ltion. of 8.\, i. i, no. >oy ",hy 0' ",hen he ",ro" i,. 1100 ,.... It •• no p< 1:J.calog... i., ,,·;,It God Iti.....-l( ...... king. 'I.m ..... Lo.-J God ",ho IrdI"',~u>li"" u~ ""let .... unde .... ..,d God. if"", COn . .. f.... "'" COn." V •. bu...i,hou. qwn,ity ... Cr• .,,,,. bu, wi,h"", nood of ~nf'hins." prn<m. bur withour loeuion ... Ccnd him '" rou."" Then ...., find ' he wo,d. of Augus,ine apJ.ining t/u[ Iud JU[ [.lIL1inM behind. H .. d""ipl« would only h;o..., known Him nznuJj"" whern> i[ W1I impo"' "' fo, [bern to begin k> know Him spi.i'",,/;"", Spking in hi, own l'Oi«. "gOO.>rd .. yo' ptl rhe CI,t. ,h .. i, d,t< [0 God, .nd "'PP""" du, ","ceilia[i"" m;gh' com, from 'uch im>g«. "liMon! docs not. like O . "J'"'' cite l c..ri~,h;,", S, ,I> b u, he " m.k· ing [h... me ""K poino: Wo .... ip is [0 be in 'pi ri' ~nd in ,ru,h. M .."i:o! 'hings annot be ..."nhipcd .nd , as I>< «piu"Ru~n"". [he CIt.< of ,he nunyr_ don> of Polyco.rp. ~rd ..Y' ,h.. ,bi, i, how ,he ch,,< Polyc>rp'. body 1\" br [h .. ,he Ch';',i.n, would . h.ndon Chri" .nd ".n '0 "".... ip ("""") I'olyarp

'0

i".I'1,....

ci,,,,,

ir... d. Hi< .Ji!ICipics. in EuKbiui. ,dling, insi",·J ,h .. 'hry co"IJ "'"'"". ,I>.n · don C h rist. nOf "'o"hip (",/nt) .nync d ... Tho ,hey .... id ... W< I"", {JiI,p.",,,,, .nd , ..""".tc (.........'mu" .. d"-I",d bo, of p>in' ..... . fO,m .m.. r«l wi,h ,..,ioo.< ",k>". ,he oigln of which >in'ed '!O$$d On

'IX"'..

m ,he 'po" lc> .nd m ,he Lord Him$Clf W C'o"'Y kneoo ml'"

Ixnd in ,h. Ix"'ens,.,n ,he eo.n h, 1n
!lUI Jnu> Ch,is,

i, Lord : No holy .ngci, no hoIr man, m'r usurp ro ' him,dr ,hi, "'''''', """",h is '00"" I"'nicil"',ed in ,Ix inugc dioru\Sion. of [h • .... Iy M iddle Ages. cbirned ,h .. h. ~ 1 ".di,,,, ... li,,. H. bd;c..ro .nd .."gII[ only".... ,Ix whol. dmrch h.J .I ..... )~ t1..y. •.

Einl"m/

,h;o,

(inh.rd is .!ilfme o... .,r rhe king', doses, f.ie",1.< .,>J co"fi,\• .,,, .nd, of cou,.... ",mre his biogphy, He ..... en;"yed 7]0.

",,,,Co""",,,

.1>< of Lo,," ,I>< l'ir,u. who SO" him "" "'" 11ng< of cufT<spndtn~ in March and Apnl of aj6 «a wholt pe. iod " ~ '. n",ed .00... ,h... round 8.."./..,. of O,lbn, bol..,.",1 ,h" CI."Ji"" had f"II",,·. rs. Gi •• n ,h .. Jo"aJ ."d D"ngal dir«ty on tI,. '''Pic. Enlu.d ixgirt5 wi,h p.. yer. Ue !omgo qu,,,,.ls of rho eatiy Middle Agn. In f.ct ... _ h•..., .Iso no,..! lt P'" I..", ... id , hot eoch ;,. dj'posi,ion of mind .nd th .. " p"'I".l y di!p< I." ... vtner.t,i" . But , to rcp< .I".. nor go on to n\rely audible [hump. ,h"mp, ,huml' OCCl,;'.ncd tyPO'" queI)'. E'nh.rd put> 0'"" more .....,.,. in oy, do,.iI. kis>;ng .• nd Ein ...[d.cld. ,,,,io,,' h.nd ~'ut", '(''''0 poin" befure ukin& our bv, of Einh.ro: h•• h""" u. the wi", . nd pt"K,ical b)·tn.:," [tyi ng to gn>p d«p ........ oJ cutcinS 'igh' '0 ,he han of ,h. m",e" h. «mi"J, '" 'S"n ,h.. Garolingi>n 'hou!;I" i• • t OnC di"""il)'

'0

,ha,

_"'t.

}14

CHAPTER SEVEN

Walahfrid Strabo Walahfrid Strabo was born in about 808, received his early education at Reichenau, and then went on, as so many of his contemporaries did, for a period of study (827-29) with Hrabanus Maurus at Fulda. w In 829 Louis the Pious summoned Walahfrid to court to serve as tutOr ro Charles, his youngest son. In 838, as a reward for services rendered, this son of a poor Swabian father was made abbot of the great monastery of Reichenau. His abbacy was not easy. The Reichenau monks resented the rapid promotion of this thir£),-year-old fraur and when Louis died in 840 his son Louis the German adva nced inro Swabia and drove our his father's appointee. Only in 842 did Walahfrid make his peace with his brother monks and Louis the German. He drowned in the Loire while on a diplomatic mission in 849. His brief life comes to our aHemion because, during his period of exile, he wrote what Alice Harti ng-Correa calls "the first handbook of liturgical history." Chapter 8 of that book, On Pictum and Imagn, is a brief history of and commentary upon the image quarrels of the immediate past. 60 Walahfrid was highly intelligent, superbly educated, and well connected. His views are valuable in their own right, coming as they do from a liturgical expert, and also helpful as an indication of how one more member of the elite, this one a monk, thought abou t and reacted to the image quarrels. Walahfrid begins thus: "Some thi ngs should now be said about the images and pictures which increase the splendour of churches. They should not be worshiped (coknda (Sf) in their various forms with a kind of excessive fervour, as some fool ish people do, bur on the other hand their splendour should not be scorned with a kind of contempt, as some defenders of nothingness think. " The Libt llus is a long, detailed, and carefully structured work. We may confidenc1y assume that what is true of the whole is also true of the pans. Chapter 8 reveals Walahfrid's priorities. H ence, images are beautiful. They make churches more beautiful. Jonas has some of this too, but for the most part the decoration element of the "decoration and commemoration" formu la vanished in the ninth century. Walahfrid not only brings it back but purs it in the privileged position. In another fundamental way he adheres to the Carolingian via media: Do not worship images and do not suppress them. H e continues by citing the Exodus prohibition followed by an unambiguous statement that neither Moses nor Solomon Aouted God's word. Moreover, he says that Moses decorated veils and vestments with pictures and that Solomon "adorned nearly the entire fabric of the temple with pictures and carvings." With these words, Walahfrid lends explicit app roval to pUHing images anywhere. He says that Moses and Solomon understood perfectly well, as we still do, that rhe "cult and honor" (cultibus tt

N"";b.,) p. id .0 God ought not 10 IX" ""id (1rM.. ..,,) .0 .hinl\' m:uk by hum." h,nd>-,h< ''''''(.. or >pi.i,"-,I w.,.,hip'" n" ... i.1 .hinS'-W.I.hf,id an,,,ip" " ..,o,1>
I"

'.,mo,

m,lo. P< "bligat 'u 'u ,h. wo,l "fGt>< he", in ....." gui""•. By .h. onc. they by dcrg; wh" ough' to know.n
,h",

.hcr "''''y.

'1'bomion. W. l>hfriJ ... umes ,h. ,.,Iidity of the old «f""ntia! .rgum.n" ..:« "f "",,«n >h",,1d I>< .. 1".... »«1 ."d I""ed" (""""..Ju D""'",W" 50 dr.t th.i, "",filln'" i> not nted by d..,ro);ng ,hem or hy "cord ins ,hem ,upemiti"". bono", And dom. ging im:lS'" I>g. i> no,hins more ,h.n ,he "",«i." from "'hieh it i. mad •. W.I.hfriJ\ """ ,,( I.ngu>g< i, as ,Iippe'y" .lut of everyone d", "" Iu,'. mot. H< tt.!C>. a!mm. imm:h.ngc>bly. ,"""".,.. ",,,,-.• nd ,,,,,,,,,",, u •• dd, a"",,, ",d m. kes f u'" of adoratioo jus, migh ' impl)' ph)">;",I.CIS in Einlu,J', ..ns.lIy.U llgh llrrodulf'. grcot book. It WU po>$ible to dctcc! thoWn on rhe '''Pic or inug. The '''''IS whieel, •

'beoi.:.g uf h;.",'Y. ""Iy kgi. irn .. e hei, .0

Hi •• jrn ..... Ii) nlake ,,,,= !I<W f ranki,h " b rad" ,,,,= biblical. "",,[olie, papal . • nd Roman (undentood in • dig the F"'nkilh elite about tb.ir o,,'n pi"'" in thc gr.nd <weep of tim< .nd "aditi .... . Th. Carolingian. ""... u.utp
Imlf

prop< rul ....... \1('h«cas in tl>< eigh, h .'"

,..,.,.rb

,h~ im. g< qu"",K.n

",ess, .. f.... "'" COn ,,,,der>ugh, 1:>< I"'l>ct. In ",het word •. the C.rolingi.n ...,ite" view om.... implicit in the ".Jit":>o . ntl m..ely ."",i,ing • .,,,,«;on . nd p"""",,,ion. Il", ,h,)· , oo 0« otdc, ... ..... " .. ofbeing .. pen. or le"ing ,he .. pcn' prono"",," on key i... ,es. I" lish' of thi. line of "'11"""'0.. ,100. one can k"dl~ Out of omec. Throdulf !!"v< ,I .. G""ks "'I"",ed I..... n' in s",mm,c >ow v"",.bul.f")'. T h... I.....", wet. ctn, ,,,1 ro bo,h ho. JKllemic:ol purJKl"" 1nd hi, mtCiK..a. oflm.: , ... rd, i, "",m., f.. of the
.dkc"

rurrentS f pinion in hi> d.y. then theft .... "'m, dn-doprn,n' in c..rolingi.n ,hinking. Bu, it ;hould be lCmember.-d ,Iu, C\audi", .nd J\gb>nJ am,jnued

mmu

"r """'rt"" .ho",n to, 'ny m"~'l. c=.ed obi of >ebi "",m '0 b.: ..... pondiog ptC;'lIy ,he """)'''' .. "",dd. "f ,n.: holy lif. ,nd ...is'', off.i ,h in God. Jnuga .n ....U '" memory ,h,o d...... ((0>,,) of ,h,o .. in .. and can 'eaeh the "nle"W>. d im.W". The"""", is diffi:'cn' , To be: ,Uf'•• io"" .ign' of tnflCnCC, The cui, of 'he '''''" .... gtowi"l; in ,ignifiullC< ,igh, ""roo> ,h. Carolingian I"=,ioo, B)' nimh crnm l)'. ,h.« majn' limrg;Cli ccle-bro.ioon, N ,h •• ign of th. c..... of him by ~ ",ed .. ,nd -"'y " f, .. . uk. in defending ,h. cui, of ,h. eros< ,h, n in ~,I"ing p~ic_ turn! objrn_ .nd '" tel;"" as wel l, h ut thn hr: • fO,m

...f scfVicc «trnru.igl'On l"'in'ing m,,.n' the imaga tn., wt .. painted into book •. "n.. dcliglnflll "n,.,. d"""i,.., C..uk":"''' P4i",i"l hy Fl"",n,in< M ~,h.rich .ad Jxhirn G .. hclc P' . Walll"'intingty. w« < I"'blic, visible to . 11. Tbctcfore. m"" of 'he an .. Ik "'hich wt h.ve .nCOltn,."'" m. kcs ,he m"" ....'" ... hea ",ance,ed with ..... 11 paia,ing< 0' wi,h m"",ic'. Untt,nu>utdy. n", much .... 11 pain,ing .u,,·i..... Or. '" 1"" ,hi , • li"k J ifferently. the wall p>in,ins ,n., d ..... "'IVivc is hur • por hia, of the .lmo«

,ha,

unimagin.ble "i,u,1 ,ichn .... confron,«l ,00.. who .n«nod C.mlingi,n church.. and p.I""". lis &mI' , ..,hol...s Wolfgang Braunfd. onc< ;aid ,hoc 'he C.rolingi.n. would luve rcg>,ded.., un~n;, hcd .n, church who,. ime";", w." no' plin,«l, indrd juS! "'holly p. im«l. '" A gr ... Guolingi. n ""'01 ... H .. b, nw M.urns. ,ook f'olimcd w.J1> in ch,chtic churcha. Thi. ,"ident doc> nOO m.. n that only mon k, '" nun, ,hos< P'intings. Mony ",,,n.utic h..,ilieu = "",,,>,,,,1 the "",;hip of gd_,iuJ IU'r(Kr...ding p"pul..,ion,. SU[ the . Im",[ inbly oon"cd by ,!.e . mbi,i"", duh of s..... ria of .uch ivory o. goIde" only wlren book, wer< p>radcd put t!.em in lilUrpal pr<Jo:<SSion" The play of candle liglrt On Wolviniu" mu«rful .I,a. in Milon h"" ,ouch«! off. million >p>rkk>. b", could prople ",m;idc ,he I>nc",.'Y haY< made o u, ,he i""l!'" On. Ie' US ...y. ,he twenty-one p>ng>in. San Ikncdeno 1'0, ·lb. New Tcs .. tnCn. was Iq)'''''''rcd by an .m... '''! p'c",,,, of r.ul bo.ng Iowtrcd from t!.e woIl of I:hnu>< «pun.uion fo. thi, change i, '0 b< tOund in ,It< h","Y .".,""''' ,h., ,,.. n;n,h. «",u!), «m occoru 10 d,e cult of the .. in ... a,1t! to .. indy in' ...... "'n , Agub.ru ockn">l'lOOges ,ha, imoges ""'''' < '".plendo,'" (tknos) nf chu.ch . nd ,ha, '"be. u!),·· ('f«Uni",,).lwuld by "" m",ns be: """",us< Gnd h>tl ClUalo",rience. II _m. 00" fin.lly, th .. PrudcntiWl [dh [h. ''''ry II> bu[[ n,,,, Como [n., gim>'ed fo.- "'" days in 8.}. The inugt of M,ry .nd.l.......... m.donn.>, pcrlups. rcgin_",,;'h ,he M~ offering gin.. The M,gi did not glow, Tk SlOry is ..bred in ,he fWpl Franltish .mid • Iu[ of 1"''''''''' 'M"1'1>< .""dcr i. "." told [I>< ""'I« fo, [he "ory, No a pb"".i"" is offcfed. "bu'" as wdl as ,I>< Ofl< ftom C""edona.• t< «mini ...", of [he OIl'" ,""",un,.. ed ",,,

An"""

"s rcgubfly Irad them. Ti,.1i mi&h' ' ppr in conn«'lion wi,h f[«con and mosaics. or wj,h im>gn in books., l ...., vessels. ivori .... nd "" Ca,-ol;"gi." 1;1"", ,I,., 1"'.. incd '0 f«<m, Th.: """ m.jo";.,. of ",,,,i"ing Ii"," at, .. un, ""Iy be-

,,",,fi,,,,

.!.a,

aUI< "'","""e w'o« ,hem down. Ir i• .,fe.o 1»' only, .iny f",,,ion of C>ml;ngi." ,i,wI; '~n';"', .. i, &>fI"i n of work. of.n th.,.re I"'t fo ...... r. It i. onl)· .light romp«." A fow ''-'wli b~ r . ul the Dcutm. Aleuin .• nd Angilbctt ,ul"iv. from the reign of Clurkm.gne thel> .'" rno", difficult 10 """"iol< ..-ith p.rti,ub., places. w .l.hfrid St...bo composed. ,i",I", .. S,. G.II fot. ch:orming iCCll< of the .. in t feeding Ind to > 1> beginning .. ith ,he .ngel"•• W"'r>n« '" ueh.ry. '" He .1", l'fC"p>,ed for Archbishop Gunt"", of CoIotnc (850-6 of Ch,i" in m.~ry_ One ... , 100»', .... ', p"""y< lion'. den .·.., T he n>on .."'~' of SIS. r«« .00 r.ul in WsJ ou, ..· "'0 .hi, .... · ·'to <j>.ltklc"· and · "0 g1eant." Here, I th;nk. are J",,,, md 'p!mJ",. In otllet word .. the ...,sa ."icula.. tbe Caloling"n '.,>le of"d<e.tion .·' I ha ... .J,.m. .. ,ha, ni",h-c.n,,,,), ""rite,. aJded "k>.~" to ,"" ,,,,clition.l O;)upkl of ucommc,,,,,,,,,ion and d«o~.. ion:' Thcsc ....... confirm ,hi. ~ d ;,inn . W ~ li". I'u in", Gu ~ , h ~"', mou,h ,hese wo,d. BeaU,. ,he poem. wefC difficult . • nd tlKir meonin!;' 1 "f ,h. volum .. ofGrol_ ingi.n pot:'ry, he ""'" di.p.raging in ~i •• ...,.,mon, ofH .. l»n .... wnn .0 ICCci.. the ",reful . "cn.ion 'hcy .I"" y. d<S ,,;fial cdit;"" only in '9'17.'" hon'" .nd oddi,'" .nrnd H,..b.nu" work .. . • od ,II< C.roli"ll'>" l"&,,ma (847- S6). conlii ... f)N,,~m. t.wILI) "f .h. holy R;vu ....y .his is qui« diff."", fU)m the imen.ions of hi! f"..,ff ",odel, Opt.,i." ... ('","fyliu., "'1.. 0 compo..,d . ... of figum:! po<m< ." "'1.....« Coo· .... n,inc. Wm""Ii~. IktwS., b u. non. achicwd ,he: "'1)h'''~.~>n o. compl«"y of Hrah>",,', won: , H.. b.>ou.< « ..,e.! /'ou. ligu..ro image< drpiCling Ch.i " (no. oj.• ngelo (n o. 41• • Lamb .00 ,h. ev>.ngdi« j. l..jl H .. b.anu, wro .imple but ekpm gromge of ,he f>ther, .. the one wlo " t" ""m' , » tI" "". wh" anI< in fulfil" ..", of the pmphcci, .nd ... the one who..: d th .nd mun ,h to m.m",y .00 """11",,,;"n ~OO eommemo,",io" m ony ,imes but n of ,ocwing. rtogn< ,r.idi,ion wo.! • motter of SUI'< iml"'n.ncr. o,dcr «b[i,d)' unimpo''''''' as. «",,,,I pr«>e"dy .• nd wonhip no?>tion. T.. Ji,wn """",;"ned . ",icl)' .nd pkmic .. ,h~ C,lIolingi.n, tried turJ di"""..,r .nd . nicul ... t heir pl>o< in ,he " .... m o(hi"o')', Argum "'Y ,,,

ond legi'im . .. in"'1'ming, Wonhip pl~r«l. modc.nncJ ,he wo rl as • wholo in '''"0 p>ru. .he .....,00 ,,,,,"inS frun, d l< inm Il. j. ll): ,he dt:cd. of Pope Bonifou Ixt...uy he """lWa Bonifxe111 .60]. and IV, 6011_ ' 1) wfto Itttt....J 0 d«r..,!Tom F..mpctOt Phocu aipuLa, 'n, ,he Rttm.n ......... " the ....Id of aU mun:n.. .. and ,,'00 ,.. rned m. P>ntftron. ,he kmpk ." 01' Ron.. .• ~ g>d>. in'o m. murdo of Sr. M>ttyn It. j. "l: and. 'nally, • I... .,( .he ,;,,; tatmmicol """ncil! runnillfj from NtCI. Fm:ulf ",.. the Ii... lot pcrI\o!" ,... , ... oftct Ioidon:) medi ..... wrikT to "'" th< p..... Rom.n "",rid .. ..""..hins new. Wha, k,,'od of ...... Ih,t>g _ ~

.,·.,ut,

.ha,

eon.....

An .00 kpo.,.",

III

provides > :oc lrnowledgcd .hor Rome w.u .he hcad of .n eJ, ol"(h.... Ir w.u ("->rholie. The ftlr"'~ of rhe W..r "''-' ..fd y in rhc h,nd. of Gr.holie F",nk>.nd l.ombmh (h •• n.icil"'gI'e .nd (>Cdc, .hmugh ... hich Ch,;, ... ch"teh co" IJ grnw. R",,,. ;,,,,If hod "'" p;ou«! .w>.y. """..... ,. I.... ing hchi "..! ""I)" .h. ~hu'c~ .".1 th. fi'1ln ",hOch had .uccmkd Rom •• od .mbr.>Cm:'- [,mold", with a d"""iptioo of < i»bce chureh. Th< lof, "",II prd N ih"', " .=n,e.! in eh"'''''logical o,d .., ,"'-"lnt fi" the.nd . nd the beginning uI" Babyloo ,,·hieh hod "i.. n in eruelty .nd .nded in fu1}" But invok· ing Ninu • • nJ lI.hylon would, ro, ,he 1",.n«.l .. >«1 hi>1".;.,.1 d'.'''~'Pme'''. fum"ld",', ,,'" of d", 1"'" i, ""tit ,imila. '0 . nd dilfc: .. nt from the .Im"" cxxtly con«mpor>ty Frr:culf ,. Nn, . • nd h• ..., .... Tho: \"Cry ....... g< f",m Oln""""ni .. w~ieh .'" no< ou, ron"",n ~ .• po.or.cub,ly gih od fO'go, .nd Toulou ... ' " Lilui. had .. n, hi, own ",wi thmughout tl>< empi .. to 100\.0 into .... c", i, • goo,. 0",cili.. co,>on, rypieolly ""nw, of ",la· tivdy !hun. dcuilod. ,od precis< ', Tho p" i. cono,", .t< lI,m.",lly kngthy, lofty. ,nod e=ion.oll)" . 1",.. «. Th. Citnoru'l< uuddod with hiblicol ",(.r .nol. j..., """",;"n. lly. w;,h I"'"i"", .,io,,' . VKwrtl .. . wt,"kw uf h;'tOfOe object> migh' be holy and ,ha[ ",me ""moo."" ,' pt>C.ica migh' be 101«.· bk Thel'< Wl.i more ' Y1IlI",h)" for ,he ide. that an could [g< O""ct,oing an. ,he ....... , prufu"'n of ,pca-acuh' work> of:tn. Two insu n"", nu)' .und fot m,ny. Tout>. in the d=d .. ~r.er dca,h, p,,,du=iI'<w, uok•• >.nJ mO "oem. uplift ,hem. in.pi .. ,hem' We do no' know. Th~· did no' ,dl u•.

""'* '"

Conclusion

A" ;, ~

IN",. ",1* . _.

-aifford c."nr.. " An ... Cul"".1 S,...<m»

T .. , c~ RV7..... "T'U . . ...... O'ul> ,h. r",,,ic.< in ronllo ..... ;.,. fl',,' im.£. wanted blood. Amid ,hao: difficul · .i.. Ign.>''''' w.>.< deroood in 8j8 ,,,d by ,h. letlned laynun l'hOfios. Phi";,,, , nn",,,>O:Ore< • • mpe." ..... nd B)... n,ine i ntd th., h.tt0 wro •• ' 0 ,he .... md ~, Fr:tnkilh bi.hop .. to Ourl.. ,he Ihl,1. .nd.n,inllplc who .. si"h conon ,imply embf1t., .nd much of hi. > '0 Niclwb ... mjUl for """J not on< of them ")~' wmd . bout i""~." The Fr>nks h:ul .. iJ.U ,h ... hey ""'.. going to .. y on , he .ubjt ,he founh century wi,h ,he ..::>1e acep, ,,,n of ,he philo.!ophical pmpunaion. Only 0«:0>"'0' . lIr ..lid . n·, «Iuca.i,,, and rommem"",,'vc f"netio, .. >pawn .. ~caio ... o n cbc ",10,;,." c.cdkncc of hooring (0. reading) vc" ... _ins- Th" wonl ..... '"perio. ro ,he ;rolingi.n, h:.d li"l. ,o ...y OIl ,h, (11«1-) PI' lOnic. I\Ony>i.n p",!",roIingi . n Chri.!01ogy migh' hd p '" cl>rify [h.i, . ni[uJr to [M 'roling"n wriw dcfrndcd ... go"",,1 p,opositinn dt. Br the mid_nim h ""nrury. how" .nd inu n"": 'hI , ..., ......... , I:>o:furc boen ifUdKd .ogrthc,. J ~ .he- PU>tian and Bywntinr Art. pp. 9-61. 14. Mango. Thr Art of tlu Bywntinr Empiu, p. 47 (PG 32: 149). Thummel, Frnhgrsrhirhu, pp. 53- 55 thinks Basil expressed himself in similes and did no! really diKuss art F'C'r

". 35. PG 26: JJ2 B. }6. Mango, Tiu Art oftlu Bywntinr Empirr, p. 14 (Dr kitotr Filii rt Spiritus Saneti, PC 46: 57 2Cl. 37. Homi/ia in quodraginto martym. PG 31: j08C-D. 38. Homilia (nromialtira in patwn nOIlrum Mrktium, PG jO: 516: Kal ltavraxou ri]v dKOVU tiJv aytuv hEtVI]V btaXci()Cl~uV J1oMOl. 39. Frcedberg. Thr POW(r of lmagrs. pp. t62-64: Magui re. Art arut Efaqurna. 40. Mango, Tiu Art of tlu Bywnrinr Empi.r, p. 37 (Oraril1 laudatoria saneri magni mar· tyris Thrruil1ri, PG 46: 737D- 740B). The first portion of the trans lation is Mango's, the SCi:ond, my own. 41. Maguire, Art and Efaqutna in ByY,llnt;um, pp. 9-t2. 42. A subja:1 brilliantly treated by Cameron, Christianity and tlu RJutorir of Empiff. Stt ~Iso n. j l ~bove. • 43. On Epiphanius 5«": ThOmmd, Frnhg(Schirhu. pp. 6j-7J; Maraval, "Epiphanc." pp. jt-62: Kittinger, "Icons," pp. 91-9j; Baynes, " Idolatry and the early Church." pp. 126- 28; Mus, "Die ikonoklastisc he Episode in de m Brief Epiphanios und Johannes," pp. 279-86; HolI, "Die $chriften des Epiphanius grgen die Bildervcrehrung," pp. }'j1-64. Re-cently Spa:k has, on the grounds of alleged textual an~chrQn isms. argued that what we rc:ld is an eigh th. century confection, F'C'rhaps by another Hypatius: 'TPAA Il: H rAYAIl:: Zu dem Fragment dcs Hypati(»," pp. 211-72. esp. 22t- 41. I follow the traditional ascription of thesc fragments to Epiphanius: Thummel. FrnhgtJrhirhu, pp. 10}-12; S~nsterre, "La parok.1e texte

NO T ES TO rAGES 17- H

375

el I'image selon les auteurs byzantins," pp. 104-~. Brubaker and Haldon. Bpmium in tlu !conodmti. Era. p. In say Ihat the matter " remains a subjeci for fUriher discussion." 44· O!frogorsky, Studim zur Gm-birhu dts bpntinisrlx" Bildcmreitts. pp. 67-71. 45. Oratio Lt5, 11.18. 46. Mango, Tht Art oftht Bpmill( Empire, p.•p. 47. [bid., PP' 41-42. 48. !bid., pp. 42-43. 49. Mansi, Concilia, 13: 32C-He. 36A-D. Mango, Tlu Art oftlu Bpmiru Empi", pp. 32-33, has uanslations of [he interpolated versions. 50. Thummel, "Neilos von Ankyra uber die Bilder," pp. 10- 21 and Friihgtschichu, pp. 78-79. Sanstette accepts Thummel's interpretalion: " Parole." p. 204. 51. Mango. Tht Art of flu Bpmi,,' Empire, pp. 4J-44. ~l. Dumeige, Nic;c II. p. 41. S). Clark, Tht Origmill Controvmy. pp. 43- [04: Schonborn. L 'icone de ChriJt pp. 21- 85. esp. 7-85; Matht"Ws, Clml} ofGodJ, pp. 17-)3. j4. Mango, Tht Art oftlu Bpminr Empi", p. [[ 4. )). !bid .. p. 115. 56. Hypa!ius of Ephesus. Summikta ilumata, ttans. Alexander, "Hypalius of Ephesus." pp. [78- 81. The remainder of [his arlicle (181- 84) consli!U[es a briefbUl areful asses.sment of Ihe thought of Hypalius. S« also Thiimmel. Friihgmhiclm. pp. t03 -6; Kilzinger, " Icons." pp. 94, 138: Baynes, "Icons Before Iconoclasm,"' pp. 93-9~: Lange, Bild und Wort. pp. +1-60; Gero, " Hypatius of Ephesus," pp. 108-16. 57. PG 93= [597B-1609A. There is a new edition (pp. 66-72) with a French Iransblion (pp. 72-78) in the second of Deroche's articles cited below. I neat this text at $Orne length because it has not bttn nansialed inlo English. On Leonlius. sec Thummel, Friihgnchi,bu, pp. 117- 36, 233- 36; Lallge, Bild und Wort, pp. 6t- 76; Baynes, "Icons Before Iconoclasm," pp. 97--98. Speck ails into queslion Ihe aUlhent icity of this 100t: "Gtaphais f Glyphais," pp. 242-48; "Anthologi~ I'abtina i.1 and des Apsismosaik der Hagia Sophia," pp. 315-22; "SchweinReisch ulld Bilderku!t." pp. 367ff. Once again I follow Speck's critics: Deroche, 'T~ ulhenlicite de I'Apologie contre les Ju i~ de Liomi05 de Neapolis," pp. 6\5-69; idem. "L'Apoiogit rontrt fnJuifi," pp. 45-104: Sanmrre. "Parole," p. 205; Mango, "A Byzanline Hagiographer at Work: Lrontios of Neapolis," pp. l4-41. Mallgo dales Lronti05'S work 10 61O-~0. Thummc! messes lromius's laler inRuence. Most recemly, see Weilmann, Suj,wsion

und Gtgtnwart, Pl" 128-32; Barber, "The Truth in Painting,"' esp. PI" 102~-J}; Brubaker and Haldoll, Bp",ium in tlx Jconotlmr Era, pp. 151-)3. 5S. Thiimmd, Friihgeschithtt, pp. Jl8- 48. 59. Stephen apparently wrote la[e in Ihe sevemh century. In Rome in about 73t his wri lillg, or some portion of it, was translaled imo Ladn. In, perhap~, Ihe 7605 Ihe work was lranslated back into Greek. possibly ill conncction with a council of three Oriemal patriarchs in Jerusalem. T he fragmems Ihemselves survive in Pari~ BNF MS Gr. Jl15, an icotlophile Rorilegium [hal was probably prepared in Rome in the early 10 lace 7705. See Alexakis, "Some Remarks on the Colophon of the Codex PariIinur GratcUS lIt5,"' pp. 131- 43 alld "Stephen of 8oma. Fragmtnta Comra judatoS". A New Edition,"' pp. 45-60. wilh {he edilion PI" 5t- 55·

)76

Non. TO tAG" .)_,6

f~Mb< mul nudy of i...... &yn ... "Irono fkfoo: IlJltIOnf""" . ......, was P""";""'" . nd eoo,,,,,,,,,;. 1 io tht ........ th ern,,,,), .... Zh""". -Tilt M)~ '" M..;m .. til< pp. » 9-76. 61, M. nsi. Con.

q.......

'.<mp and ""d.om1:'

,,,•.

I!oyo< 10« ""h-«n'WJ 1'U<m... Papim', 7.....b p.... Pw_ ""'~, "- "". aI . • 04 \Vo1~i"~'n. p. l6. ,06. Tho- H.9 N..m. '-'0. aI . ............ Wd~; ....... p. ?8 'en. V"" DubosmA (>",'.",,(: mo>cI< """""'" ,,... ,I>< i""t" «," !'P. ')6 - "" KoUwi ... ··Friibgt>dti< f.na:!;,h '''m .. ';....... at.:..-. R. '''I. "J- s..- h . rounJ 600. ~'"

"0. s..- $''1 .... ,, ', F,"P-"""

.H.

td. Aknki> (.. in n.'9 .bov.).I'I" "I · This ~. """,illy..,..lU"" Th"m",,'" ,,,,,", ;n ~kh", .r'hous/> I .. ,och rge of Cyprus. NOUIMill tt"'ntM pni Ion

alion ~ilronon, ed. Mdioranskij. I have nOI had acctlS 10 this edition. Dumeigc, Nick II, discusses this text (p p.1I8-90) and provides extracts in a French Innsblion (pp. 1j2-}6). For additional discussion see: Gem, Comlantillt V, pp. 25-36; Speck, Bin 's lIirbl. pp. 565-67. Tradit io nally the work is dated to around 754 and held 10 be a source for no. 1 below. Aluakis. CAdn: Parisinus G.a«w, pp. nO- IS. shows thaI Ihese cwo tOIS arc intcrdep!'ndcnl and Ihat ,hc Naur~ia is a "cUI-and-pulc" job that dr~ eit her on No.2 or on a common sourcc and Ihat it probably dales from the late 760s. (2) AdvnsUJ u,nrtanlinum C.""Uinum.

PC \15: )09- 44. The prinred version is wrongly allribuled

John Damascene. "fhc, tex , is composile: At ils ~ is p!'rhaps a synodical 1eller of Patriarch john of jerusalem (cc. t, 1';) (0

wrillen in 7)0. This was turned into a shorl version, p!'rhaps al Rome. shordy beforc 769 (cc. 1-7. 9, II, '7, 15). The longer version w:u prepared jusl before [I NiCica in 787. This is ,he rcconmuCiion of Auzepy, ''L'Adversus Conmnlinum Caballinum," pp. }Ij- jll, which 1 accep' ucerl Ihat she Ihinks Ihe long version was p~parcd in ' :otrasius's enlO urage whereas I thi nk that the texI's biller denund alio n of Conslantine V fi ts beuer in the ycars before Tarasius became palriarch because, as we will 5« below, he handled Constantine very taCI· fully. Speck. Bill S lIithl, pp. Ij9-90 anempts to make a on the same sourcelsl u!icd by Ihe

Noul~ia

ClSC

for an early section dep!'nding

and Ihen expanded redaclions in Ihe early nimh

century and again after "4}. Th is is aU quile ingenious but unconvincing. For further discussion 5«: Gero, u,mtantint V, p. 17; Dumdge, Nick II. pp. 95--97; Dagron, '" I.e christianisme byunlin." p. tl7; L:.ngc, BiU und WOn, pp. "U-57. (j) john of jerusalem, AJvnsuJ iconq-

rimtm, I'G 96: IHSC-I}61D. This work , which may nm Ix by John of Jerusalem. appears to datt from about 770. It is mainly a theological p:utich~ and contains fcwc:r del3ib ,han Ih~ first !Wo. For discussion 5« D U I1\~ig~, p. 95 and Dagron, p. 117. 59. Stephen the D~acon. Lift of SltplNII Ihr You"gtr, ~d. A llZ~PY' pp. 117-178, wit h an e~ten $ivcly annotated French lramlalion, pp. 179- 177. In addition 10 Auzkpy'$ " Introduction " and annOlalions, there are sevenl good diKussionl of thi, tex l; Gill, "The life of Stephen the Younger by Slephen the IXacon," pp. 114-'9; Scvecnko , "Hagiography of the Iconoclast Period," pp. 11,-)1, a p. 115-16; Huxley, "On Ihe Vita ofSI. S,,~phen Ihe Younger." pp. 97-108; and the ankle by Rouan (., Auzipy) in n. 56 above. The Lift w;u written in aboulllo9 but could dale from 807.

60. The so-called Ptusris ulracled by Omogorsky, Sludim. from thc ninlh ditional 741- 4110 7-41- 41. Sec also Rochow. "AnastasiOli," pp. 4 - 19. 66. Chronirlr, anno 61}S, lrans. Mango, p. 5115 (ed. de Boor, pp. 4Z2- lj).

NOTES TO "AGES

6 1-67

J81

67. Shorr History, c. 67, ed. Mango, pp. 1}9-41. 68. Bin s nicht, pp. 94- 101 on ConSI'lnli ne V and pp. 98-104 where he suggem Ihal Anaslasius may have iSiiUed some SOrl of decree againsl images. Rochow, ··An:asu.'liw," p. Z7.

nOla [hal [h is is:ill w njeclUrc. For my pari, I observe how J[riking i[ is that later iconophile wri[en did nOI anribllle iwnod:asm 10 An:aslasius. 6,..,i",, V i" 7\< up '" .

L,u~.,

......."'" ,,,,",,, elm . nd M't"i«. ··H_.phic>l To,,:' '" BruI:>ak'

•

~~ ~ r t j. " : ~ ¥ ¥ ~ [~ ~ ~ l ~ ~ £ t i 'i ~ j ~; ~~. i ~ ~ ~ f ~ ,: f j

V

c o "~.

_

,i"'~ z-

~_

t,·.","

~t.,.~

its);), " "'-

• _:.

-

id l~[

1

f tr}

-. ~ ~

,,-!\.O!-

",

t~ I'

J,. f

t:::~· l'

-i,.

!l;

..

:-;.

;;' a~i"

5)

e

t

I"'!'

..

~;

~

a'f;;.;

l;'

II" I,a.

1t Il

r"J, l;f~~ J

~ft f t~ f1f~;

"

't' .d. -I' · ., ,-., .

... -

Ii" ..... _

l;'!r ;,fi l,t! hl,, !f ~l~~

~

.~-. ~ ,.;!:

"l'

f'

~

l1-

, . fr-i

,

itl 111~!r' Z,l ,-l_ llr flzi ;llt ;~li~1 i!"r! ~ ~ rt;. · ""'1" '1[lr~1 ~!"'!!.~ ~ ..~ .)(' ~'" :: t~l rtJ~~ ~ft~ I·~li f" ~-~~Ji~ ~j_i~Jii fIlii! dl~ •. • t , ,,'...-. '......

c.- eM.. < tm""rih'Y of II""....... 1'1'- )-!" AkuIo,;,. c.J,. I'.",,"", G,.....,

pp

U1-JJ "" ..... ,lui. d.opi« '" .. p!O:" dUm ,Iu, " oS0 • ..3 "'" "'I> whok t..;.;,4 ""J Ik>.-;~' ""'" uor. """ _'" o -"="'" "r "'""",,', II Concilio.li Nic.," W. 141-s;'

"OIk'.~

"",h.,.J, on.! ........ p. " F~kloo-,,,~"

-£.in. ........,

~ ,h . . .1 of oIt>poi,. "t. Th" ~ "'"""', ....,;".1, _ ... io< _tor< ..,..i,;" on

;c"".

ond ",lie>

»0.

~ 1Wboo-. f1pw _ G ......... J"'"l"of.... V......

un-.. PI' ,6-)7. p.,.

ltL Au..'py, "L·...I..oo. dol·",",..d. f..,., ... ",u.d.1 Byt.u>«." p.)I. n,. V", "'" V,n. "1',,';,,_:' PI' J";-)l.,.o, " .... matk.hl< - ,loa< JoIu< i, .., con· ",OO>OUOIY oI:>o-

'"!"':' p. ))1. M'~ . "A• .a.b;I"1 of 8004" p . )0. at';"" " • ~ip.d, diIfn.n, ,,"'ru. '" n.u...v."'L,~ du o.n. ,00;'"" """ .... " ... du 1'",""': p . foj.

«. A ........., "" ;.... .......... ~ ... y b< ,!,.o, !I.d. toa.l • fulk, ....,;." ' . F", ,,", ,h"",,*v "" 1101""" " Now T"""",, ond 01:tge from Gregory of Nyssa is included. )5. l[> I. 4)1. )6. l[> t. 46), 464; trans. Davis, pp. 80, 81. 37. Codrx Caro/inus, no. J6. cd. Gundlach, pp. 544-45. 38. Noble, "[>aradoxes and [>ossibilities in Ihe Sources for Roman Society in the urly Middle Ages," Pl" H-81. )9. lr I, 41 7; trans. Davis, pp. 12- 2). 40. Mordek, " Rom. Brum und die Franken im 8. Jahrhundert," pp. ll)- \6; textllJ46, edilion 147-56; date device, p. t47, left column. Hartm~nn. Synodrn, p. 42 n. 17 says Mordek should nOI be so certain bcause only the MS has any kind of date device and perh~ps the copyisl left OUI the emperor's regnal years. It may be signific:.ulI Ihal the Roman Synod of 745 again dated by imIXrial years: MG H, Cone.. 2, no. \. p. 37. The Synod of 769 then dated " reB"ante Domino noStro JtSU Ch risto": ibid .. no. 14. p. 79. 41. Mordek, "Rom. Brum and die Franken." p. 1l7. 41. This was Ihe position I took in T/)r Rrpubf;r oj St. P(t(r even before Mordek published his impomnt article on the synod of 732. The chief rep reselllativc of the old view that Ihe papacy in (his period remained fundament~lIy loyal 10 Ihe empire is llewellyn, "The Popes and the Conslitution in the Eighth Cemury," pp. 42-67 and also in an "Afterword" 10 a 1994 reprint of his book Ramr in I/)r Dark Agrl.

398

NOTE S TO PAG F. S 113~[30

43. LI' I. 418-19: "piclUra'i." 44. Mdograni, .ole pillUrc," pp. 161- 78. 45. Andaloro, " la dauzione." p. 168. 46. ll' l. 4[7-[8, 419-20, 4u. 47. O~bornc. "Court Culture. PI" Zl7- 18; KrnUlhemer, Rom~, PI" 110- 2[; Haldon and Ward- Perkins, "Evidence from Rome," PI" 186-96; Speck, Uo JIl, PI" 604-5, 6[6-17· 48. Herklotz, "Campu~ laternncn~is," p. 38; Ficthlenau, " Brunt und die Pf312 tU Aachen," p. 43· 49. lP I. 431; see also Davi~'~ notes, Eighrh--Cmtu'} POj>(s, PI" 44-45; Osborne, "Papal Court Culture," PI'. 213- 29, 50. lP I. 376. Sec Palazzo and Johansson, "Jalonsliturgiqucs," pp. 15-34· 51. On this image sec !kiting, Imagt and Lilunns, PI'. 64-68; Wolf, Sa/ItS Populi Romani, PI" 38- 44: Grisar, SanctD Sanctorum, PI" 14, 39-54· 52, A pilgrim's guidc from Ihe period 635-45 (flinn-aria Rlmwna IV: Ecriniat QlUlt infUS &mlU habmtur, p. 321) says, "Basilicae quac appelblUr Sancia Maria Trnmtibelis; ibi CSI imago sanClac Mariae quae per se facta CSI." Andoloro and Barber (sec below n. 76) ta ke this seriously as documcming an early dale for Ihe "Madonna della Cle menz;l," although Barber allows that Ihe exlant image could be a copy whereas Andoloro Ihinks Ihe image ilself must be from Ihe sixlh cenml)' and [hal Ihe pilgrim reference merely proves that the image was alrcady in place in Ihe 640S. I am dubious about the proba[ivc value of [he pilgrim Icrerencc becausc it is so starkly isolated and, 3$ far 3$ I know. unique before 753. 53. lP

I.

464-65. 54. Angenendt, "Anti- lkonoklasmus," PI" 207-8. 55. Andoloro, " II 'liber PomificaJis' e la qucslione delle immagini." PI'. 70-72. 56. Ulunns and Pmm{(, pp. 47-48. 57. Andoloro, "II' liber Pontificalis' c la qUCSlionc delle immagini," PI'. 73- 76; C roquison, " l 'iconogrnphie chrilienne ii Rome," PI" 535- 606. 58. God and Gold in Llt( Antiquity. 59. See above p. IS, and p. 374 n. 31. 60. lawrence, "Maria Regina"; Cccchelli, Maltr Christi, vol. I, PI'. 80-83, 309-12; Nilgen, "Maria Regina"; Osborne, "Early Medi~1 Painting in San Clemente"; Ihm, Dir Programm -ur chmrlichm Apsismahri, PI" 51-68; Stroll, " Maria Regina." 61. Dated to the mid-eigh[h cenmry on paleographical ground~: C ray, " Paleography of latin Inscriptions," p. H. 62. Sec s.v. "Mappa," Oxford Dictionary of Byumtium, 2: 1294. 63. Osborne, "[mages oflhe Mother of God," p. 140. 64. Wolf, Salus Populi Romani, p. 119 with the older literature. 65. Osborne, "MothcrofGod," p. 136. 66. Wolf, Sa/ItS Populi Romani, p. 120: Osborne, "MOIher of Cod." p. 140. 67. Brenk, SantD Man'a Maggiort. 68. Klauser, " Rom und der Kul! dcr GottcsmUller Maria"; Cameron. "Th~ Early Cult of the Virgin," pp. j -t5.

69· l1'

I.

317.

NOTES TO rAGES

I}O-I}I

399

70. LP I. 376. 71. Osborne, "MmherofGod," p. 139. 72. In Lau&m IU$tini, I. jl-B, ed. C~mcron, p. 49 (u:ans. p. 95). Cf. the prob~bly sixth...::emury "Akathistos Hymn,"" trans. Geanakoplos. Bywlllium. pp. 193-95: " To Thee. protn: tr c~ . . .. 73· Mango. "Constantinople as Theowkoupolis," pp. 17-25: Frolow. "Di-diCice de Constantinople," pp. 69-72, 89-IOt; Baynes. "Superna!Ural Defenders of Constantinople"; Cameron, "Images of Authori!),." 74. Belting. Ulrmm and Prmncr. p. 63. 7\. I conclude this from a survey of the images in Ladner. I'apstbildnissr. Sec also Osborne. 'The Portrait of Pope 1..tO IV." The last example before John VII is the image of Honorius I (61\-38) in the apse of Sant'Agnese. 76. Bertdli, Trtl1uwrr, pp. 80- 86 remains the authoritative view but Cecchelli, Maltr Christi, vol. I, pp. 54-\5 had already argued for John VII. Wolf. Salus Populi Romani, pp. 120-21 adheres to Bertelli's view. Amato, Effigir, pp. 2j-}2 is more cautious and docs 11m take a firm stand. Andoloro, "La datazione della tavola di S. Maria in Trasteverc" pp. 139-2t5 holds (or a si ~th-century date. Barber, "Early Representations of the Mother of God," pp. 258-59 docs not rejn:t Andoloro's arguments bur docs say that the extant image could be 3 copy and that early medieval viewers would not have been puzzled or diStre~ed by a supposcd lack o( authentici!),. For my part, I think that Ihe fOmparllluia put the picture in the eighth century and point to John VlJ as the pope represented. This issue has nOt yet been setlled. 77. Romadli and Nordhagcn. Santa Maria ;" 7'tl1uvcrr. pp. }1-}6 for a survey of th e history of the paintings in th is building. 78. LP I. }85. 79. Wolf, Salw Pop uli Romani, pp. 120, m ; also, SanStcrre, "Jean VII," pp. )77- 88. 80. Ladner, Papslbildniru, p. 90; Romanelli and Nordhagen, Santa Mana Allliqua. p.

..

,6. 8t. Ltdner,l'apslbildnwt . pp. 90-94: Wolf. Salus Populi Romani, p. tn: Belting. "Commissions," p. t5: Lawrence. "MariJ Regina," p. 161. 82. "Anti- I konoklasmu~," pp. 201-9. 83. On th e deacronrics, Noble, Rtpubfir o[S,. Pmr, pp. 2)I- H. 84. Some example~ from Lt U1rrl1mrmdir~ gri1pnm, ed. Deshusse~: PutifiCition (February 2): nO. tI6, p. 124: "intercedentc be:ata semper virginc Mari~e. " Annunci~tion (March Ij): no. t40, p. 128: "ut qui vere earn genetriccm dei crcdimus eius apud Ie imerce~ionibus adiuvcmur." Assumption (Augusl J\): no. 660, p. 262: "imereessionis eius auxilio ~ nomis iniquitatibus rc~urgamus " ; nO. 662, p. 262: "genetficis filii tui domini nost ri intercessione salvcmur": no. 663. p. 26}; "subveniat domine plebei tuac dei gcnetrici$ or::uio": no. 664, p. 263: "a malis immincntibus cius interccssione libremur." Nativi!), of Mary (September 8): no. 680, p. 268: "eius imerccssionibu$ complacatlls Ie de if1$tantibus pe riculis eruamul." 8\. Belting. "Commissions," pp. t4- J\. 86. Miles, Imag~ tl1 InIiglJt, pp. )I-H, noting that the image might dircct thollgh($ to Mary, to Christ. or {Q the pope and that where the pope;5 concerned it ;s either his subjn:tion to Mary or his intercession with her that might be not iced. She quotes the phr::l5l' "detachahle conclusion" from Frary, "Logic of Icons," p. }98.

_

NOT . . TO PAG . . l Jl- 'J 7

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411

lm~ge." Fr t .I!'"" '"_ '.l1_o....g'l ~-i"':-" ls _ ... ' ~J""' Ii,,", ..,",b~ ..t.'. --.I -! . "~j""" j-g ?:s'" '=! - . -- , - t·o -- """"' ~. ll... l !•1 ~ tl' § __ ., ,,.t _ ~_.! 1,.:0

414

NOTF.S TO PAGES 127-230

from , or arc modificollions of, Koehler, MinillfU"n. vol. 2. pp. 9-16, with his sub.scq uenl oommenu on each of Ihe manuscripts. 97. MiniaturOl, vol. 3, pp. 7-21. Set' MOlherich and Gaehde, Carolingiall Painting. pp. 10-11. 48-j l for a broad affirmation of Koehlcr's views. 98. Disc usso:d by Nus. "Arl and Archite1anlf scriplaf, no. 7, MG H. Epp. 4. 50}.

13].

[39. MGH , PLAC,

I.

51.

140 . MG H , PLAC,

I.

90--91.

14[. MGH , I'LAC,

I.

360-6}.

142. Ep. No. 41 . MGH, Epp. 4. 84. 143. T he mo~t rc' ,ca. «I. f-< "pop<J...

I)"i··· MGH, Epp_ ........ 7. Pr. 10H'I_ ' .... AkYin. V;", W,u.. _ . ilof "..;i ....... mon."' 11>< Sola"""';" ...r",...." b.od """id.ru,., . -o.m."'"5". MGH. SS. 'J-'. P

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'>6 . .\iQ'd.k. "Kirrh«u«lul>ob< A"",';"",n."· 11.. fi", filo Rr.i..! of I'MIy o.,~.;." AK/oI«ou",." ,6._

G,''''_. ·N".... COo".o'i ....... ~ . u. 1140- aderoorn 799." pp. 74-78. For a slightly different way of assessi ng the subjecr and of eval uati ng A1cuin's inR uence: l..:onardi, "Alcuino." t95. Bibfr, p. 1 0. Sec also Com re"i, "Carol ingian Biblical Stud ies" and "Carolingian Bib lical C ulture": Hartmann, " Die karolingischc reform und die Bibel"; Gorman, " Wigbod and Biblical Studies under C harlemagne. " 196. MG H, Cap. t, no. 19: Martin, " Bemerkungcn." t97. MGH , Cap. [, no. 11, p. 60. Sec, in general, Hen, R~form tlftlN LiruTl and Vogel, "l.cs echangC$ liturgiques. " 198. DC$hu$$CS, Lr lIllTammlai"gligofim; idem, " u supplemefll au ucramefllai re gr(go. " rtenne. t99. MG H, Cap. L, no. )0. 100. Annaln rrgni Franl'OTJlm, anno 791, cd. Kuru: , p. 88. 101. For some examples: MG H, Cap. t, no. 19, c. 6, p. 45, no. 11, c. 6S, pp. 58-19, no. 16, ce. 6, 7, 9, pp. 68-69, no. Jj, ce. j, 40, 41, pp. 101,104. 101. MG H, Cap. I, no. 11, c. 78, p. 60. 20}. G rierso n and Blackburn, Coinagf, pp. 101 , 209-10, j14-15. 104. Fallon, " lm()Crial Symool i~m," pp. 111- 1): Nces, Tainrrd Man/fr, p. I} I. 105· Staubach, "Cultu5 Divinus," pp. 561-61, S67-71.

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NOTES TO PACES HS - HO

171. Discussed by Amulr. Vt'l'JNJ lid PiCfUrIlJ. pp. 148-51. 171. MGH. PLAC, I. nos. 44. 48. 60. 61. pp. lIl. II}. 210, HI.

MG H. PLAC, 1. no. Sj. p. 400. t74. MG H. ['LAC, 1. nos. 18. 10. pp. 547. 548. 175. MGH. PLAC, 3. no. 48. p. 110. 176. MG H, pu.C, 3. no. 8t. p. 131. In· MGH. PLAC,}. nos. 7-10. 14. IjO-jl, 154, 155. PI'. 196. 197. 147. 348. j59· 178. MGH. PLAC, 4, pp. 1047--10. 179. MG H. PLAC, 1. PI" 4110--81. ISo. MGH. PlAC. j. p. Ij l . 181. MG H. ['LAC. 1. p. 1'}6. 18:. Fttr:l.ti. II "liM SIlncfll.. Cf14ris." pp. 1-7 summarizes Ihe older scholan.hip. 18}. I4b;m us Maurus. In ho"ort"m SIll/tlllt tnlcis, ed. Perrin. Perrin has also published a fine filcsimile along with helpful introductory material (now largely superceded by the "I ntroduction" to his edition). transc ript ions of the wnw intna;. and French tr:anslations: u,utlllgn d.. fa lIlint.. (TfIix. [t may be observed that [ use Perri n's lille In Honor of lIN Holy Cross. In his "Introduction:' Pl" uvi -ui~ he nplains why the preponder:ance of evidence argues for honort"m inste:ld of the more familiar faoukm. 184. The cop)' for louis was made hcfWtc'n 8jl (it alludes to Ihat year's "['ellian" embassy to Ihe court) and louis's death in 840. &.trs. "louis the Pious as Miln Christt' makes an impressive C und l!rrbrtilulIg, J vok

4J4

NOTES TO PAGES

)17- )61

119. Boshof. Ludwig dr, F"mnu. pp. In-81.

Comtitulio dr synodi,. MGH. Conc .. I. pt. 1. no. ~oA. pp. 596-97. 211. Hludowici rt Lotha,;; rpisMIa tt"tralis. MG H . Conc .. I, pI. 1, no. soB, pp. 597-601. H1. Concilium parisi",sr. MGH. Conc" I. pt. 1, no. 50D. pp. 605-80. On the cou ncil generally: Hartma nn, KOllzilirngrllhirllft . pp. 179-87. 2l). Duo q"Jppr sunt, cd. Schw~rtt; Eng. [r,tI1$. T ierney, Crisis ofChurrh alld Stair. pp. 1'-[4. Kn~~, Zt«ittwaltrnthrorit. 22.4. urolingian Rrlliliwlnrr. pp. fll-H· uS. That issu~ h~ve bttn di$CU5Sd endlessly. Fundamental still is Arquillihe, L ;'u~ tw'inilmr po/itiqur. See also Mohr, Rnchsiri«; Morrison, TIN Tu..'tI Kingdoms; Nelson. " King110.

sh ip and Empirt." 116. MGH, up. I, nO. ISO, C.). p. JOJ. 217. ThCS( i$.!u~ an: now brilliantly discusstd in Booker. Past umuicliolll. forthcoming.

u8. Astronome r. Vila Hludowiri. c. 48. cd. Trem p. p. 474. 119. Dr pri/Jilrgio aposlo/ira, srdil. cd. Van Acker, pp. 304-6. quotalions p. J05. 1JO. Apud Agobaldi cpis[olae. no. 16. MG H . Epp. 5. pp. U8-Jl. IJ I. Smaragd us. Via &gia. PL 101: 931- 70: Ermoldus. Ad PippimM R'KnII I. II. cd. Faral, pp. 101-)1; Jonas. Ad Pipp;num "l'm L..dO/J;rii Pii ilUguSli ftlium admonilio 'I OPIlJC'll110m dr mun," "lio (Dr institution, "fia). cd. DubrcuOj. The basic study of Ihex leXIS is Amon, Fiintnupi'l,I. pp. [)1--93. 1)1. Dr institution, lairali. PL 106: 111-178. 13). Amalar. Oprra lilurgira omllia. cd. Hanssc:n.s, vol. J . pp. )61-6). 114. lkncdict o( Aniane. um('(},dia rrgularum. cd. Bonnerue; Smaragdu5, &f'I'1itio in rrgulam S. 8mrdi"i, cd. Szpannagcl: Hi ldemar, &polition rtgUlar. cd. MittermllUe r; Gri ml aicus, Rrgula Sfl/ilariorum. 135. Slaubach. "Cultu$ Divinu5." 1)6. Nd$On, "The Lord's Anointed and the People's Choice"; McCo rmick. Elrmal

Vi"ory. pp. j61-84. 117. AWonomer, Vita Hludowiri. c. I). cd. Trtmp. pp. )18-10. 118. flrmal Vir/ory. p. )75. See also Hen. Royal Pal10lIiltt of I}" Litu'll' pp. 108-9. 1)9. 813: ATinain"l"i F'ilnrorum, rd. Kuru. p. 138; Etmoldus. ea,..",..n. ed. Far;J.1. vv. 651-735; Thcgan. Grrta Hludowiri. c. 6, cd. Trcmp. pp. 180-84; AloirollOmer. Vila Hilldowiri. c. 10. ed. Tremp. pp. }40-44. 816: Anllaln rrgni FrIlTl('(}rum. ed. Kuru, p. 144; Etmoldus, Canntn, cd. Faral, vv. 848-1131; Th~n. Gnta Hludowici. ce. [6. [7. cd. Tremp, pp. 196-98: Asrronomer. Vitll HI"dowici. c. :6, ed. Tremp, pp, J64-68. 140. A nod, but not a bow, [0 Bue. Dangm of Ritual. 141. Gmlltn • .:d. Faral. w. 1164-)5[. Sec Hen. Royal PlIl10lIlIgr ofIIII Litll",. pp. 115-16. 41. Annaln rrgni Franrorum. anno 8[8. cd. Kuru. p. 148. 14). MGH, Gp, 1, no, 197. c. 6, p. SJ. 4-4. MGH. up., [, no. 1}6. Praif.. p. 171. 45, MGH . Conc.. I, pl. 1, nO. soB. p. 601. 146. Kttfe, Wat" ilnd tlK Word, vol. 1. pp. 126- 17. prividcs a li51 or Ihe manuscriplJ containing thCS( txpmirionn missal.

NOTES TO rAGES ) 62 - 370

4lj

147. Hen. &yal P'lIronagi of"" Liturgy, pp. 101-1 wilh Ihe older lilerature and sources.

Carmm, ed. Faral, VY. I,)so-B, 1014- '47, un- 17. 14'). ~ t;ra'ldi'li if 'ollirruiJ, cd. Van Acker. EsKntial extracu (rans. Duuon, GlrolingiJIII Ci"ilitA,ioll , pp. nO-l}. IjO. DUI{Qn, " Fi rt and Hail"; Ric!.c: , " La magit i I'Cpoque carolingieont." There is much of value in Flinl, Risr of Magi(, apccially pp. IIO-IS on Agobard, but I disagree with the fundamental premiiiCli of the book. 151. MGH. Cone .• I, 1'1. 1, p. 669. 1S!. McNei ll and Game r, cds., Halldboolu of Pm"" «, pp. jO'j-6. ljj. Libn duo Jr rylloJa/ibus (llUSU, 2. }H-n, ed. Hartmann, pp. 412-2S. IH. Krnkr, lIIus"aud Biblnjrom Thurs. lSS. C~ulle, "Utrechl p$;1llt •." 148 .

CO NCLU SION I.

B;uic deuils: T.cadgold, Bpnti'li S,art IIIId 5«i,ry, pp. 446-p; Oslro>gouky. Hi.-

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