Hepatitis B Vaccine - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

HEPATITIS B VACCINE A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Hepatitis B Vaccine: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-497-00535-2 1. Hepatitis B Vaccine-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on hepatitis B vaccine. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON HEPATITIS B VACCINE ............................................................................. 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Hepatitis B Vaccine....................................................................... 5 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 12 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 12 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND HEPATITIS B VACCINE .................................................................... 57 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 57 Finding Nutrition Studies on Hepatitis B Vaccine ..................................................................... 57 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 58 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 58 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND HEPATITIS B VACCINE ............................................. 61 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 61 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 61 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 64 General References ....................................................................................................................... 65 CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON HEPATITIS B VACCINE .......................................................................... 67 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 67 Patents on Hepatitis B Vaccine.................................................................................................... 67 Patent Applications on Hepatitis B Vaccine................................................................................ 71 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 71 CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON HEPATITIS B VACCINE .............................................................................. 73 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 73 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies.............................................................................................. 73 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers........................................................................................... 74 Chapters on Hepatitis B Vaccine ................................................................................................. 74 CHAPTER 6. MULTIMEDIA ON HEPATITIS B VACCINE ................................................................... 77 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 77 Video Recordings ......................................................................................................................... 77 Audio Recordings......................................................................................................................... 78 CHAPTER 7. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON HEPATITIS B VACCINE ................................................ 79 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 79 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 79 Newsletter Articles ...................................................................................................................... 82 Academic Periodicals covering Hepatitis B Vaccine.................................................................... 83 CHAPTER 8. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS .................................................................................... 85 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 85 U.S. Pharmacopeia....................................................................................................................... 85 Commercial Databases ................................................................................................................. 86 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 89 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 89 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 89 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 91 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 93 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 95 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 95 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 95 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 99 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 101 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 101

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Preparation................................................................................................................................. 101 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 101 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 101 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 107 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 107 HEPATITIS B VACCINE DICTIONARY ................................................................................. 109 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 135

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with hepatitis B vaccine is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about hepatitis B vaccine, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to hepatitis B vaccine, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on hepatitis B vaccine. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to hepatitis B vaccine, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on hepatitis B vaccine. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON HEPATITIS B VACCINE Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on hepatitis B vaccine.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and hepatitis B vaccine, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “hepatitis B vaccine” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Hepatitis B Vaccine Recommended for All Children Source: FDA Consumer. 25(5): 2-3. June 1991. Summary: All children should be vaccinated against hepatitis B, according to the Immunization Practices Advisory Committee of the U.S. Public Health Service. Immunization experts made this recommendation in February 1991, after strategies to vaccinate adults at high risk for hepatitis B failed to achieve sufficient coverage. This brief article reviews the reasons behind this decision and the potential benefits of universal immunization. 2 references. (AA-M).

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Hepatitis B Vaccine

Association Between Administration of Hepatitis B Vaccine at Birth and Completion of the Hepatitis B and 4:3:1:3 Vaccine Series Source: JAMA. Journal of the American Medical Association. 284(8): 978-983. August 2330, 2000. Summary: The association between infant age at initiation of hepatitis B vaccination and completion of the 3 dose hepatitis B vaccination series is unclear. This article reports on a study undertaken to assess the association between administration of the first dose of hepatitis B vaccine within 7 days of birth and completion of the hepatitis B vaccine series and the 4:3:1:3 vaccine series (4 doses of diphtheria tetanus pertussis vaccine, 3 doses of polio vaccine, 1 dose of measles containing vaccine, and 3 doses of Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine). The study included an analysis of data from the 1998 National Immunization Survey, a random digit dialing telephone survey (n = 34,480 complete interviews) of parents of children aged 19 to 35 months from 50 states and 28 selected urban areas in the United States that included a provider record check mail survey. Overall, 86.9 percent of children 19 to 35 months of age in 1998 received 3 or more doses of hepatitis B vaccine, and 79.9 percent completed the 4:3:1:3 vaccine series. Analysis indicated that, compared with children who received the first hepatitis B vaccine dose within 7 days of birth, odds ratios for not completing the 3 dose hepatitis B vaccine series increased as the time from birth increased. The authors hypothesize that the significant association between age at administration of the first dose of hepatitis B vaccine and completion of the 3 dose series may reflect clinician concerns about parental resistance to multiple injections during a single visit. The authors conclude that administration of the first dose of hepatitis B vaccine at birth is associated with increased likelihood of completion of the hepatitis B vaccination series. Because of this and other advantages, providers should strongly consider a hepatitis B vaccination schedule that initiates vaccination at birth. 1 figure. 2 tables. 23 references.

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Benefit-Cost Analysis of Hepatitis B Vaccine Programs for Occupationally Exposed Workers Source: Journal of Occupational Medicine. 33(6): 691-698. June 1991. Summary: The Occupational Safety and Health Administration proposed a vaccination program for workers exposed to the hepatitis B virus 12 or more times per year. This article reports on a benefit-cost analysis of the proposed regulation and an expanded rule that covers all at-risk workers, regardless of the number of exposures. The authors estimated the dollar benefit of the program using two methods. The first estimates the avoided cost of medical care, prophylaxis, and lost productivity at $124 million annually. The second approach includes the value of avoided pain and suffering from hepatitis B, thus increasing the total dollar benefit to $679 million. Although both methods indicate benefits are greater than program costs, the valuation of avoided pain and suffering substantially increases net benefits. Furthermore, providing the vaccine to all exposed workers is cost-effective if one or more cases of hepatitis B are avoided per 6500 workers annually. 1 figure. 7 tables. 12 references. (AA).

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Nonresponders to Hepatitis B Vaccine Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 107(3): 97-98. March 2000. Contact: Available from McGraw-Hill, Inc. 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10020. (612) 832-7869.

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Summary: This article is one in a series of professional consultation clinical questions to which the author responds. In this article, the questioner notes that routine testing showed a health care worker in the clinic who was nonreactive for HbsAb (antibody to the hepatitis B surface antigen) after receiving the triple dose vaccine. The questioner asks for recommendations in handling this situation, both in regular daily settings and after a high risk exposure. The author replies by stating that treatment of health care workers who do not respond to hepatitis B vaccine is an important issue, because hepatitis B is the major infectious hazard among these personnel. Between 5 and 32 percent of people receiving the vaccine are nonresponders. The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) recommends that persons who do not respond to the initial vaccine series complete a second three dose series and get tested again. Current hepatitis B vaccines contain only recombinant HBsAg. However, a third generation hepatitis B vaccine is being reviewed for licensure that also contains proteins derived from the virus envelope. The author notes that this vaccine may offer an alternative for persons who do not respond to current vaccines. Some persons remain nonresponders, even to this new vaccine, suggesting that hepatitis B vaccine response may have a genetic basis. 1 reference. •

Public's Health Unprotected: Reversing a Decade of Underutilization of Hepatitis B Vaccine (editorial) Source: JAMA. Journal of the American Medical Association. 274(15): 1242-1243. October 18, 1995. Summary: This editorial highlights and praises the progress that has been made in hepatitis B vaccination in the United States, while examining why it takes so long to apply safe, effective, and low-cost preventive modalities to improve public health. The author first reviews a success story in which, in an extremely high incidence area, HBV transmission has all but been eliminated. The author then discusses the findings of two other articles from this issue of the journal that also document advances in this area. The remainder of the editorial focuses on the length of time required to institute an aggressive vaccination program and how leaders in the biomedical, public health, and political arenas must become more cognizant of the need for vaccination programs. The author concludes with a challenge to physicians to help eliminate hepatitis B. 15 references.

Federally Funded Research on Hepatitis B Vaccine The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to hepatitis B vaccine. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to hepatitis B vaccine. 2

Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore hepatitis B vaccine. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for hepatitis B vaccine: •

Project Title: A RANDOMIZED TRIAL OF VACCINE ADHERENCE IN YOUNG IDU Principal Investigator & Institution: Lum, Paula J.; Medicine; University of California San Francisco 500 Parnassus Ave San Francisco, Ca 941222747 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 30-SEP-2003; Project End 30-JUN-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): We propose a study to examine strategies to deliver a promising preventive HIV vaccine candidate-employing a surrogate hepatitis B vaccine-to a cohort of high-risk young injection drug users (IDU) and young male IDU that have sex with men (MSM-IDU). We will screen 750 IDU aged 29 or less in San Francisco and over sample MSM-IDU, who have very high rates of HIV seroconversion. We expect that about 50% of those screened will meet eligibility criteria for prospective study and of those, that 80% will enroll. We will follow this cohort of 300 individuals for one year, administering a combined hepatitis A virus (HAV) inactivated and hepatitis B virus (HBV) recombinant vaccine (Twinrix() to study medical management and implementation issues, including: (1) adherence to multi-dose immunization schedules, (2) novel methods to minimize losses to follow-up, and (3) physiologic and behavioral factors that may alter vaccine effectiveness. The primary purpose of the study is to efficiently compare interventions to improve vaccine series adherence. In particular, we propose a randomized trial using a factorial design to compare the effects of clinical setting (syringe exchange program vs. immunization clinic) and outreach worker support (outreach vs. none) in enhancing adherence to a multiple dose immunization schedule. We have three secondary objectives. The first focuses on transience, one of the major causes of attrition in cohort studies of often-homeless IDU and other disenfranchised populations. For subjects who leave San Francisco during the study period, we will use novel technology to map their travel and achieve immunizations remotely. Secondly, we will compare vaccine effectiveness between HCV-infected and uninfected young IDU. We will measure protective antibody levels after immunizations. Finally, given the potential for reduced vaccine effectiveness in the setting of continued high-risk behavior, we will measure changes in behavior and vaccine attitudes. By testing strategies for delivering a multi-dose schedule of hepatitis vaccine and developing models for improving future HIV vaccine adherence and effectiveness, we can advance HIV vaccine development for young adult high-risk injection drug users. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: HIV VACCINE TRIALS IN WOMEN Principal Investigator & Institution: Koblin, Beryl A.; Associate Member; New York Blood Center 310 E 67Th St New York, Ny 10021 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 30-SEP-2003; Project End 30-JUN-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): The purpose of this study is to develop and test strategies for HIV risk reduction counseling and HIV vaccine education for women who use non-injection drugs (NIDU) and are at high risk of HIV infection, one of the target populations for efficacy trials of promising HIV vaccine candidates. Most risk reduction interventions developed for NIDU women are group-based and time-intensive and may be difficult to integrate into vaccine trials and distribution. The relatively low level of

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understanding of vaccine trial concepts among the NIDU women emphasizes the need for effective means to communicate complex vaccine trial concepts for the informed consent process. The specific aims of this study are to: l) determine the efficacy of an enhanced HIV risk reduction intervention delivered concurrently with a vaccination schedule to reduce the number of unprotected vaginal and anal sex acts; and 2) determine the efficacy of an enhanced vaccine education intervention delivered at baseline to increase vaccine knowledge. 400 HIV-negative high-risk, non-pregnant NIDU women will be enrolled to participate in a two-arm randomized trial of an enhanced HIV risk reduction intervention plus an enhanced vaccine education intervention compared to controls. Hepatitis B vaccine will be offered to provide a follow-up schedule which mirrors a multi-dose HIV vaccine administration schedule and to measure acceptance of a licensed vaccine and completion of vaccinations. Followup visits will coincide with the HB vaccine schedule (1 and 6 mos) with a final visit at 12 months to assess longer term effects of the interventions. The enhanced HIV risk reduction intervention will be a series of three, individually-delivered counseling sessions adapted from model involving application vignettes, with tailored condom demonstrations skills and client-initiated sexual risk reduction goals. The control group will receive the current CDC standard of care client-centered HIV counseling. Both the control and enhanced risk reduction counseling will be delivered at the baseline and at 1-mo and 6-mo follow up visits. The enhanced vaccine education component will test a two-session informed consent process combined with simplified illustrated materials delivered through flipcharts, video and individual counseling at baseline and 1 week later. The control condition, delivered at the baseline visit, will be a one-visit flip-chartbased educational approach used in previous HIV vaccine trials. The primary outcomes to be compared are measures of unprotected sex and vaccine knowledge scores. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: HUMAN IMMUNE RESPONSE TO HEPATITIS B VACCINE Principal Investigator & Institution: Alper, Chester A.; Scientific Director; Cbr Institute for Biomedical Research 800 Huntington Ave Boston, Ma 02115 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: Healthy young persons incapacitated for response to the vaccine for hepatitis B virus (nonresponders) fail to make detectable antibody to the major virus envelope protein, HbsAg, and comprise 4% of subjects. Previous work has shown nonresponse to be associated with a lack of HbsAg-specific T cell proliferation, to be recessively inherited, to be MHC-linked and associated with specific extended MHC haplotypes. From mixing experiments, it is clear that the defect in nonresponders in their T cells, not in their antigen presenting cells. We hypothesize that nonresponse is part of a continuum from total nonresponse to both a strong humoral and cellular immune response and that nonresponse is not due to a hole in the T cell repertoire. Additionally, evidence that the class I-restricted CD8+ T cell compartment is or might be functional in response to HB vaccine is extensive. Accordingly, the specific aims of this proposal are: (1) To determine whether the class I-restricted cytotoxic T cell (CTL) compartment is functional in the HbsAg-specific cellular response but defective in nonresponse; (2) To determine whether the relative Th1/Th2 response profile reflects different subclasses of response; (3) To determine whether HbsAg response can be detected soon after the first injection of antigen; and (4) To attempt to predict response and nonresponse in vitro using T cells from subjects naive to HbsAg using dendritic cells for presentation. These experiments should meet our overall objective of understanding the molecular and

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cellular bases of the human response and nonresponse of HbsAg as a model for the human immune response to vaccination in general. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: INNOVATIVE FORMULATION

SINGLE-DOSE

HEPATITIS

B

VACCINE

Principal Investigator & Institution: Kitchell, J P.; Director, Biodegradable Implants; Biotek, Inc. Woburn, Ma 01801 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-2002; Project End 31-JAN-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Hepatitis B (HBV) is a serious viral disease that can result in acute massive hepatic necrosis, chronic active hepatitis, and cirrhosis of the liver. HBV vaccines are commercially available and HBV vaccination is now recommended for all infants, adolescents, health workers and others who may be exposed to the virus through their work. Three HBV vaccine injections are required to generate protective immunity. Compliance depends on completing three visits to the healthcare provider. Incomplete vaccination is common and often attributed to scheduling difficulties. The vaccination success rate could be improved if only one dose were needed for full protection. There have been many attempts to address the need for single dose formulations for vaccines. Kitchell and Crooker (1997) studied the physicochemical properties of alum, the adjuvant used in the approved HBV vaccine, and they made an important observation about the hydration behavior of this material. Their discovery led to a simple and elegant method of formulating alum-adjuvanted hepatitis A vaccine as a single-dose injection giving multiple delayed pulses. This innovative approach to reformulation is also appropriate for the HBV vaccine. BIOTEK believes that it has gained further insight into the techniques needed to prepare a single dose HBV vaccine which provides three discrete pulses of vaccine exposure. The formulation will utilize the established HBV vaccine antigen and adjuvant, and a FDA approved biodegradable polymeric excipient. The specific aims of the Phase I project are to prepare and test in vivo both one month and four month delayed pulse formulations. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS: The technology, first directed at an improved hepatitis B vaccine formulation, could be transferred to hepatitis A vaccine and to the childhood DPT vaccination series. One important application in the future may be with an AIDS vaccine, where relaible single-dose protection for high risk populations may be especially important. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MULTICOLOR FLOW USERS NETWORK STUDY Principal Investigator & Institution: Asmuth, David M.; Internal Medicine; University of California Davis Sponsored Programs, 118 Everson Hall Davis, Ca 956165200 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-2002; Project End 30-JUN-2005 Summary: (Provided by Applicant) The identification of rare antigen-specific T cell populations in peripheral blood or tissues following vaccination can be achieved either by increasing the sensitivity of an assay or by reducing the denominator of the measured cell population in which the antigen-specific cells are located. A strategy that reduces this denominator can be achieved by using flow cytometry and choosing multiple surface or intracellular markers to accurately define the T cell subsets of interest. In addition, the definition of effector function of antigen-specific T cells will likely require multiple intracellular and surface markers. Thus, we believe that multiparameter flow cytometry (MFC), which may employ up to 11 phenotypic or

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functional markers, will be a useful tool for the study of the quantity and function of T cells induced after vaccination. The overall goal of this project is to bring together a working group of investigators to help to develop the tools, reagents and expertise needed to make the use of MFC a reliable and practical approach that can be used in HIV vaccine research. The field has a number of important roadblocks that will be addressed. These include the basic problem that there is no standard hardware configuration of lasers, filters and detectors (PMTs or photomultiplier tubes), limited commercial software for collecting and analyzing the data, and no agreement on either the surface markers, intracellular markers, fluorophores, or combinations of stains that should be used for future assessment of antigen-specific T cell populations. Lastly, the techniques developed to date have not been rigorously applied to vaccine studies, and thus the performance characteristics in settings in which the memory population may be small is unknown. The specific AIMS of this proposal are: 1) To develop a T cell anchored system of phenotyping for the analysis of rare antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ populations, and to define the performance characteristics of this system. The variability between individuals, and the inter-assay variability will be determined using both fresh and cryopreserved lymphocytes. 2) To conduct a multicenter trial of our validated panel by sending specimens from chosen vaccinated volunteers to four centers with multiparameter flow capability. We will also determine whether the samples should be stimulated on site, fixed and mailed, or whether they can be mailed, and then stimulated on site. 3) To apply this methodology to determine the CD4 and CD8 T cell responses to vaccination, with a special emphasis given to the Th1/Th2 phenotype of the responding cells. We have begun a series of adjuvant trials using hepatitis B vaccine and gp120. The panel developed in each of the AIMS above will be applied to these studies to determine whether the differences previously seen in antibody outcomes can be determined at the T cell phenotype and antigen-specific level. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: NODAVIRAL RNA VACCINE VECTOR AMPLIFIED IN YEAST Principal Investigator & Institution: Ball, L A.; Microbiology; University of Alabama at Birmingham Uab Station Birmingham, Al 35294 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 15-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a global health threat, likely to be controlled only by the development of an easily manufactured vaccine capable of eliciting strong humoral and cellular immune responses. Nodamura virus (NoV), a small positive-sense RNA virus, has many advantages for development as live vector vaccines, which are safer than attenuated or inactivated HIV vaccines, yet can elicit humoral and cellular immunity. As described in this proposal, NoV replicates to nearly the level of rRNA in the yeast S. cerevisiae, providing an inexpensive supply of RNA. A decade of hepatitis B vaccine production in yeast demonstrates the safety and cost-effectiveness of this organism. Recently, intramuscular immunization with in vitro transcribed recombinant Semliki Forest virus-derived naked RNA replicons has been shown to elicit significant levels of protection in mouse models of three economically important viruses. The goal of this pilot project is to develop an HIV vaccine based on a NoV RNA-derived, suicidal vector encoding HIV proteins. The novel feature of this proposal is that the RNA will be amplified in the yeast S. cerevisiae and introduced into mammals as naked RNA in yeast total RNA.We propose to do this by addressing the following specific aims: 1. To determine the immunologic effects of immunizing mice with yeast total RNA. 2. To characterize the replication and expression of viral RNA vectors encoding HIV genes in tissueculture. 3. To determine immunization routes,

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Hepatitis B Vaccine

schedules, and viral RNA vector formulations that induce significant immune responses to HIV gene products in mice. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS AND IMMUNE RESPONSE TO VACCINATION Principal Investigator & Institution: Marsland, Anna L.; Pathology; University of Pittsburgh at Pittsburgh 350 Thackeray Hall Pittsburgh, Pa 15260 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-SEP-2003; Project End 31-MAY-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): It is widely proposed that the influence of stress on immune function is the primary biological pathway linking stress to increased infectious disease susceptibility. However, the literature is missing empirical evidence for this pathway, in part because of a failure to focus on immune measures that are relevant for the development of host resistance. The broad objective of the proposed study is to identify pathways linking psychological stress to in vivo immune processes that are clinically relevant for the development and maintenance of resistance to infectious disease. For this purpose, a hepatitis B vaccination model is employed. This model permits the systematic exploration of behavioral and biological pathways linking stress to ability to mount and maintain primary and secondary antibody responses following exposure to a novel antigen. It also allows the exploration of the role that individual differences in the magnitude of biological responses to stress play in vulnerability to stress-immune relationship. In this regard, it has been demonstrated that individuals vary consistently in the magnitude of their cortisol and immune responses to acute stress, conceivably rending them more or less able to mount an antibody response to vaccination. One hundred and eight-two healthy males and females aged 40-60 years will be recruited to participate in the proposed longitudinal research, which includes a laboratory based physiological reactivity phase, a prospective surveillance phase and a follow-up period. In the reactivity phase, participant's immune and cortisol responses to an acute laboratory stressor will be measured to determine individual differences in the magnitude of immunologic reactivity to stress. During this phase, participants will also complete self-report measures of recent life stress and trait negative affect. In the surveillance phase, participants will be administered the three does of hepatitis B vaccine by standard protocol. They will also complete daily stress diaries for the seven days surrounding each dose of vaccine to assess levels of acute stress. Saliva samples for the assessment of cortisol levels will be collected at the time of each vaccination. Antibody responses will be measured at the time of the second and third does of vaccine and, during the follow-up period, 6 and 12 months following completion of the vaccination series. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: RESPONSE TO HEPATITIS B VACCINE IN CHILDREN W/ ASTHMA, STAGE 2 Principal Investigator & Institution: Clayton, Michael; University of New Mexico Albuquerque Controller's Office Albuquerque, Nm 87131 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: RESPONSE TO HEPATITIS B VACCINE IN CHILDREN WITH ASTHMA, STAGE 1 Principal Investigator & Institution: Mcwilliams, Bennie; University of New Mexico Albuquerque Controller's Office Albuquerque, Nm 87131 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: VITAMIN A THERAPY IN PRETERM INFANTS: VACCINE RESPONSE Principal Investigator & Institution: Ballow, Mark; Professor of Pediatrics; Pediatrics; State University of New York at Buffalo Suite 211 Ub Commons Buffalo, Ny 14228 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-SEP-1999; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: The role of vitamin A as an immune modulatory factor has been the focus of many studies both in animals and man. Epidemiologic studies emphasize that vitamin A is essential for supporting the immune system against infection. Despite many therapeutic improvements in recent years, infection still remains a major problem in very low birth weight (VLBW) pre-term infants. Pre-term infants have lower plasma vitamin A (retinol) levels and limited hepatic reserves compared to full term infants. Vitamin A deficiency may lead to increased susceptibility to infection in pre-term infants. Hepatitis B immunization in the neonatal period offers an excellent opportunity to determine what effects vitamin A supplementation has in pre-term infants on their antibody immune response to this vaccine. VLBW pre-term infants less than 1500g (less than 32 weeks gestation) will be randomized into two treatment groups: vitamin A supplemented and placebo (saline). The vitamin A treatment group will receive 2000 IU of retinyl palmitate by intramuscular injection starting on postnatal day 2 and thereafter on alternate days for 28 days. Plasma vitamin A levels will be closely monitored for toxicity. Plasma immunoglobulins and antibodies to HbsAg and tetanus toxoid will be quantified by ELISA after the second and third doses of hepatitis B vaccine. These results will be correlated with changes in CD4+ T-cell subsets as defined by their cytokine secretion profile and the proportion of naive (CD45RA) to memory (CD45R0) T-cells as analyzed by flow cytometry. Acceleration in the maturation of T-cells (naive to memory), and augmentation in the proportion of intracellular cytokine producing Tcells will provide a mechanism for the enhancement in the humoral immune responses to hepatitis B vaccine by vitamin A supplementation. Finally, the type and number of infections in the NICU and to 9 months of age will be recorded to determine if vitamin A supplementation affects the incidence and severity of infection in early infancy. Vitamin A supplementation may be useful in pre-term infants in augmenting B-cell immune responses to infectious agents and in their response to vaccines. These factors could lead to decreased morbidity and mortality of pre-term infants during early postnatal life. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Hepatitis B Vaccine

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “hepatitis B vaccine” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for hepatitis B vaccine in the PubMed Central database: •

Immunogenicity and efficacy testing in chimpanzees of an oral hepatitis B vaccine based on live recombinant adenovirus. by Lubeck MD, Davis AR, Chengalvala M, Natuk RJ, Morin JE, Molnar-Kimber K, Mason BB, Bhat BM, Mizutani S, Hung PP, et al.; 1989 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=297926

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Long-Term Pertussis-Specific Immunity after Primary Vaccination with a Combined Diphtheria, Tetanus, Tricomponent Acellular Pertussis, and Hepatitis B Vaccine in Comparison with That after Natural Infection. by Esposito S, Agliardi T, Giammanco A, Faldella G, Cascio A, Bosis S, Friscia O, Clerici M, Principi N.; 2001 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=98527

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Study design for a hepatitis B vaccine trial. by Lustbader ED, London WT, Blumberg BS.; 1976 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=336039

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with hepatitis B vaccine, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “hepatitis B vaccine” 3 4

Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print. 6 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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(or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for hepatitis B vaccine (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A 2-dose regimen of a recombinant hepatitis B vaccine with the immune stimulant AS04 compared with the standard 3-dose regimen of Engerix-B in healthy young adults. Author(s): Levie K, Gjorup I, Skinhoj P, Stoffel M. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2002; 34(8): 610-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12238579

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A high anti-HBs response in Turkish students of nursing with inexpensive, multidose vial hepatitis B vaccine. Author(s): Doganci L, Saracli MA, Guney C. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2000 August; 95(8): 2137. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10950086

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A multicentric evaluation of recombinant DNA hepatitis B vaccine of Cuban origin. Author(s): Jain A, Mathur US, Jandwani P, Gupta RK, Kumar V, Kar P. Source: Trop Gastroenterol. 2000 January-March; 21(1): 14-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10835954

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A novel, recombinant triple antigen hepatitis B vaccine (Hepacare). Author(s): Page M, Jones CD, Bailey C. Source: Intervirology. 2001; 44(2-3): 88-97. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11509870

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A pilot study on the combined therapy of granulocyte-macrophage colonystimulating factor and hepatitis B vaccine on chronic hepatitis B virus carrier children. Author(s): Wang J, Zhu Q, Zhang T, Yu H. Source: Chinese Medical Journal. 2002 December; 115(12): 1824-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12622932

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A post-marketing surveillance study of a combined diphtheria, tetanus, whole-cell pertussis, and hepatitis B vaccine in the Philippines. Author(s): Ducusin J, Dayrit E, Simbulan A, Tuazon A. Source: Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2000 September; 31(3): 487-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11289007

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A prophylactic hepatitis B vaccine with a novel adjuvant system. Author(s): Thoelen S, De Clercq N, Tornieporth N. Source: Vaccine. 2001 March 21; 19(17-19): 2400-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11257368

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A randomized controlled trial of monetary incentives vs. outreach to enhance adherence to the hepatitis B vaccine series among injection drug users. Author(s): Seal KH, Kral AH, Lorvick J, McNees A, Gee L, Edlin BR. Source: Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 2003 August 20; 71(2): 127-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12927650

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Acceptance of hepatitis B vaccine by workers in a Nigerian teaching hospital. Author(s): Fatusi AO, Fatusi OA, Esimai AO, Onayade AA, Ojo OS. Source: East Afr Med J. 2000 November; 77(11): 608-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12862107

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Adverse events associated with hepatitis B vaccine in U.S. children less than six years of age, 1993 and 1994. Author(s): Fisher MA, Eklund SA, James SA, Lin X. Source: Annals of Epidemiology. 2001 January; 11(1): 13-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11164115

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An overview on a novel adjuvanted prophylactic hepatitis B vaccine. Author(s): Thoelen S. Source: Acta Gastroenterol Belg. 2000 April-June; 63(2): 185-6. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10925458

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Analysis of T-cell receptor beta chain variable gene segment usage in healthy adult responders and nonresponders to recombinant hepatitis B vaccine. Author(s): Soroosh P, Shokri F, Azizi M, Jeddi-Tehrani M. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Immunology. 2003 May; 57(5): 423-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12753498

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Anamnestic response to administration of purified non-adsorbed hepatitis B surface antigen in healthy responders to hepatitis B vaccine with long-term non-protective antibody titres. Author(s): Dentico P, Crovari P, Lai PL, Ponzio F, Safary A, Pellegrino A, Meurice F, Di Pasquale A, Tornieporth N, Volpe A, Icardi G. Source: Vaccine. 2002 November 1; 20(31-32): 3725-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12399201

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Antibody response to hepatitis B vaccine in infants of HIV-positive mothers. Author(s): Watanaveeradej V, Samakoses R, Kerdpanich A, Aree C, Nitayabhan S, Viputtikul K, Sukwit S. Source: International Journal of Infectious Diseases : Ijid : Official Publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases. 2002 September; 6(3): 240-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12718844

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Antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs) induced by a recombinant hepatitis B vaccine consisting of subtype adr antigen is underestimated on the World Health Organization (WHO)-standardized assay. Author(s): Ogata N, Takashima S, Shimaki K, Kitajima I, Watanabe A. Source: Intern Med. 2003 May; 42(5): 446-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12793719

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Antihepatitis B response to hepatitis B vaccine administered simultaneously with tetanus toxoid in nonresponder individuals. Author(s): Sonmez E, Sonmez AS, Bayindir Y, Coskun D, Ariturk S. Source: Vaccine. 2002 December 13; 21(3-4): 243-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12450699

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Assessment of hepatitis B vaccine coverage by using the national immunization day in Chandigarh. Author(s): Bhatia V, Swami HM. Source: Indian Journal of Medical Sciences. 2000 August; 54(8): 347-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11143750

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Assessment of long-term efficacy of hepatitis B vaccine. Author(s): Ayerbe MC, Perez-Rivilla A; ICOVAHB group. Source: European Journal of Epidemiology. 2001; 17(2): 150-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11599689

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Association between administration of hepatitis B vaccine at birth and completion of the hepatitis B and 4:3:1:3 vaccine series. Author(s): Yusuf HR, Daniels D, Smith P, Coronado V, Rodewald L. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2000 August 23-30; 284(8): 978-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10944643

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Association of immune response to hepatitis B vaccine with HLA-DRB1*02, 07, 09 genes in the population of Han nationality in Guangdong Province. Author(s): Qian Y, Zhang L, Liang XM, Hou JL, Luo KX. Source: Di Yi June Yi Da Xue Xue Bao. 2002 January; 22(1): 67-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12390851

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Barrier techniques and hepatitis B vaccine policies in dental components of local health agencies. Author(s): Kuthy RA, Odom JG, Pruitt JW, Ashton JJ. Source: J Public Health Dent. 1988 Summer; 48(3): 152-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2970545

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Baseline epidemiological studies for a hepatitis B vaccine trial in Kangwane. Author(s): Prozesky OW, Szmuness W, Stevens CE, Kew MC, Harley EJ, Hoyland JA, Scholtz JE, Mitchell AD, Shabangu A, Kunene E, et al. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 1983 November 26; 64(23): 891-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6635889

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Benefit-cost analysis of hepatitis B vaccine programs for occupationally exposed workers. Author(s): Mauskopf JA, Bradley CJ, French MT. Source: J Occup Med. 1991 June; 33(6): 691-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1824040

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Booster doses of hepatitis B vaccine: responses to low-dose inoculations. Author(s): Thompson SC, Darlington R, Tallent D, Forsyth JR. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1993 March 15; 158(6): 375-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8479350

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Booster immunization of low- and non-responders after a standard three dose hepatitis B vaccine schedule--results of a post-marketing surveillance. Author(s): Clemens R, Sanger R, Kruppenbacher J, Hobel W, Stanbury W, Bock HL, Jilg W. Source: Vaccine. 1997 March; 15(4): 349-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9141203

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Booster response to recombinant yeast-derived hepatitis B vaccine in vaccinees whose anti-HBs responses were initially elicited by a plasma-derived vaccine. Author(s): Chan CY, Lee SD, Tsai YT, Lo KJ. Source: Vaccine. 1991 October; 9(10): 765-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1836920

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Booster vaccination with recombinant hepatitis B vaccine four years after priming with one single dose. Author(s): Wistrom J, Ahlm C, Lundberg S, Settergren B, Tarnvik A. Source: Vaccine. 1999 April 23; 17(17): 2162-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10367949

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Boosting properties of recombinant DNA hepatitis B vaccine. Author(s): Ambrosch F, Kremsner P, Wiedermann G, Frisch-Niggemeyer W, Kunz C, Andre FE, Safary A. Source: Lancet. 1986 May 10; 1(8489): 1101. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2871370

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Breakthrough infections and identification of a viral variant in Gambian children immunized with hepatitis B vaccine. Author(s): Fortuin M, Karthigesu V, Allison L, Howard C, Hoare S, Mendy M, Whittle HC. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1994 June; 169(6): 1374-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8195620

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Brief surface antigenemia in newborn infants vaccinated with hepatitis B vaccine. Author(s): Challapalli M, Slosar M, Vasa R, Cunningham DG. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1993 October; 12(10): 878-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8284126

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Cationic lipid DC-Chol induces an improved and balanced immunity able to overcome the unresponsiveness to the hepatitis B vaccine. Author(s): Brunel F, Darbouret A, Ronco J. Source: Vaccine. 1999 April 23; 17(17): 2192-203. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10367954

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Characterization of a human monoclonal antibody obtained after immunization with plasma vaccine and a booster with recombinant-DNA hepatitis B vaccine. Author(s): Heijtink RA, Kruining J, van Bergen P, de Rave S, van Hattum J, Schutten M, Osterhaus AD. Source: Journal of Medical Virology. 2002 March; 66(3): 304-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11793381

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Characterization of hepatitis B virus surface antigen-specific CD4+ T cells in hepatitis B vaccine non-responders. Author(s): Suzuki T, Yamauchi K, Kuwata T, Hayashi N. Source: Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2001 August; 16(8): 898-903. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11555104

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Children's age affects hepatitis B vaccine response. Author(s): Lee SS, Wong KH, Young BW. Source: Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2003 June; 18(6): 750-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12753165

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Clinical and economic impact of a combination Haemophilus influenzae and Hepatitis B vaccine: estimating cost-effectiveness using decision analysis. Author(s): Fendrick AM, Lee JH, LaBarge C, Glick HA. Source: Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. 1999 February; 153(2): 126-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9988242

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Clinical development of a combined diphtheria, tetanus, acellular pertussis, and hepatitis B vaccine in Italy. Author(s): Faldella G, Alessandroni R, Fantini MP, Salvioli GP. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1996 November; 174 Suppl 3: S298-301. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8896534

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Clinical safety and efficacy of first indigenous recombinant hepatitis B vaccine. Author(s): Kumar A, Joshi N, Sreenivas DV, Palan S, Nagarjuna Kumar YR. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 1998 July; 46(7): 620-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12152846

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Clinical trial of the intradermal administration of hepatitis B vaccine produced at the Department of Medical Research, Myanmar. Author(s): Kyi KP, Oo KM, Htun MM, Tun WM, Aye KK, Oo SS, Lwin KO, Nyunt S. Source: Vaccine. 2002 February 22; 20(11-12): 1649-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11858874

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Combination therapy with hepatitis B vaccine and interferon alfa in chronic hepatitis B. Author(s): Kaymakoglu S, Demir K, Cakaloglu Y, Tuncer I, Dincer D, Gurel S, Okten A. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1999 March; 94(3): 856-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10086686

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Combined administration of hepatitis B vaccine and hepatitis B immune globulin in children with cancer. Author(s): Kavakli K, Cetingul N, Oztop S, Nisli G, Ozacar T. Source: Pediatric Hematology and Oncology. 1996 May-June; 13(3): 295-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8735348

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Comparative immunogenicity of hepatitis B vaccine administered into the ventrogluteal area and anterolateral thigh in infants. Author(s): Cook IF, Murtagh J. Source: Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health. 2002 August; 38(4): 393-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12174003

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Comparative study of the immunogenicity and safety of two dosing schedules of hepatitis B vaccine in neonates. Author(s): Bassily S, Kotkat A, Gray G, Hyams KC, Brown FM, Imam IZ, Arthur R. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1995 October; 53(4): 419-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7485697

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Comparison of hepatitis B vaccine coverage and effectiveness among urban and rural Mongolian 2-year-olds. Author(s): Edstam JS, Dulmaa N, Nymadawa P, Rinchin A, Khulan J, Kimball AM. Source: Preventive Medicine. 2002 February; 34(2): 207-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11817916

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Comparison of intradermal and intramuscular administration of hepatitis B vaccine in neonates. Author(s): Lankarani KB, Taghavi AR, Agah S, Karimi A. Source: Indian J Gastroenterol. 2001 May-June; 20(3): 94-6. Erratum In: Indian J Gastroenterol 2001 September-October; 20(5): 212. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11400817

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Comparison of the reactogenicity and immunogenicity of a two injection combined high-dose hepatitis A and hepatitis B vaccine to those of Twinrix. Author(s): Greub G, Genton B, Safary A, Thoelen S, Frei PC. Source: Vaccine. 2000 December 8; 19(9-10): 1113-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11137246

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Comparison study of the immunogenicity and safety of 5- and 10-microgram dosages of a recombinant hepatitis B vaccine in healthy children. Author(s): Goldfarb J, Medendorp SV, Nagamori K, Buscarino C, Krause D. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1996 September; 15(9): 768-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8878218

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Comparison study of the immunogenicity and safety of 5- and 10-microgram dosages of a recombinant hepatitis B vaccine in healthy infants. Author(s): Goldfarb J, Medendorp SV, Garcia H, Nagamori K, Rathfon H, Krause D. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1996 September; 15(9): 764-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8878217

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Comparison study of the immunogenicity of different types and dosages of recombinant hepatitis B vaccine in healthy neonates. Author(s): Alikasifoglu M, Cullu F, Kutlu T, Arvas A, Tastan Y, Erginoz E, Kaypmaz A, Tumay G. Source: Journal of Tropical Pediatrics. 2001 February; 47(1): 60-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11245356

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Complex regional pain syndrome after hepatitis B vaccine. Author(s): Jastaniah WA, Dobson S, Lugsdin JG, Petty RE. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 2003 December; 143(6): 802-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14657832

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Cost-effectiveness of hepatitis A/B vaccine versus hepatitis B vaccine in public sexually transmitted disease clinics. Author(s): Jacobs RJ, Meyerhoff AS. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2003 November; 30(11): 859-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14603096

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Dangers of hepatitis B vaccine. Author(s): Youngblood J. Source: Pa Nurse. 1992 September; 47(9): 2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1388258

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Debate revived on hepatitis B vaccine value. Author(s): Marwick C, Mitka M. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1999 July 7; 282(1): 15-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10404894

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Decreased immunogenicity of recombinant hepatitis B vaccine in chronic hepatitis C. Author(s): Wiedmann M, Liebert UG, Oesen U, Porst H, Wiese M, Schroeder S, Halm U, Mossner J, Berr F. Source: Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.). 2000 January; 31(1): 230-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10613751

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Defect in Th1-like cells of nonresponders to hepatitis B vaccine. Author(s): Chedid MG, Deulofeut H, Yunis DE, Lara-Marquez ML, Salazar M, Deulofeut R, Awdeh Z, Alper CA, Yunis EJ. Source: Human Immunology. 1997 November; 58(1): 42-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9438208

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Delayed third hepatitis B vaccine dose and immune response. Author(s): Mangione R, Stroffolini T, Tosti ME, Fragapani P, Mele A. Source: Lancet. 1995 April 29; 345(8957): 1111-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7715354

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Deltoid versus buttock as preferred site of injection for hepatitis B vaccine. Author(s): Hellgren TE. Source: J Fla Med Assoc. 1989 April; 76(4): 399-402. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2529345

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Desirability and feasibility of hepatitis B vaccine in EPI. Author(s): Mittal SK. Source: Indian J Pediatr. 2001 March; 68 Suppl 1: S61-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11411388

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Development and persistence of antibody in a high risk institutionalized population given plasma-derived hepatitis B vaccine. Author(s): West DJ, Snavely DB, Zajac BA, Brown GW, Babb CJ. Source: Vaccine. 1990 April; 8(2): 111-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2336872

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Development and production aspects of a recombinant yeast-derived hepatitis B vaccine. Author(s): Stephenne J. Source: Vaccine. 1990 March; 8 Suppl: S69-73; Discussion S79-80. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2139287

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Development of a hepatitis B vaccine from transformed yeast cells. Author(s): Petre J, Van Wijnendaele F, De Neys B, Conrath K, Van Opstal O, Hauser P, Rutgers T, Cabezon T, Capiau C, Harford N, et al. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1987; 63 Suppl 2: 73-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3317362

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Diminished response to recombinant hepatitis B vaccine in homosexual men with HIV antibody: an indicator of poor prognosis. Author(s): Loke RH, Murray-Lyon IM, Coleman JC, Evans BA, Zuckerman AJ. Source: Journal of Medical Virology. 1990 June; 31(2): 109-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2143776

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Diminished Th1 and Th2 cytokine production in healthy adult nonresponders to recombinant hepatitis B vaccine. Author(s): Kardar GA, Jeddi-Tehrani M, Shokri F. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Immunology. 2002 March; 55(3): 311-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11940238

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Dinitrochlorobenzene skin testing predicts response to hepatitis B vaccine in dialysis patients. Author(s): Bramwell SP, Tsakiris DJ, Briggs JD, Follett EA, Stewart J, McWhinnie DL, Watson MA, Hamilton DN, Junor BJ. Source: Lancet. 1985 June 22; 1(8443): 1412-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2861362

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Do we need 3 doses of hepatitis B vaccine? Author(s): Wilson JN, Nokes DJ. Source: Vaccine. 1999 June 4; 17(20-21): 2667-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10418917

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Dose range study in healthy volunteers of a hepatitis B vaccine produced in yeast. Author(s): Kuwert E, Scheiermann N, Gesemann M, Paar D, Safary A, Simoen E, Hauser P, Andre F. Source: Antiviral Research. 1985; Suppl 1: 281-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2935080

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Double-dose accelerated hepatitis B vaccine in patients with end-stage liver disease. Author(s): Arslan M, Wiesner RH, Sievers C, Egan K, Zein NN. Source: Liver Transplantation : Official Publication of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases and the International Liver Transplantation Society. 2001 April; 7(4): 314-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11303291

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Drug firm compensates patients for suspected hepatitis B vaccine failure. Author(s): Durand de Bousingen D. Source: Lancet. 2001 May 19; 357(9268): 1598. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11377660

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Drugs recently released in Belgium. Recombinant DNA yeast-derived hepatitis B vaccine-terazosin. Author(s): Harvengt C. Source: Acta Clin Belg. 1988; 43(2): 163-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2899937

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Duration and efficacy of immune response to hepatitis B vaccine in high-risk Chinese adolescents. Author(s): Mintai Z, Kezhou L, Lieming D, Smego RA Jr. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1993 January; 16(1): 165-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8448295

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Duration of immunogenicity and efficacy of hepatitis B vaccine in a Yupik Eskimo population. Author(s): Wainwright RB, McMahon BJ, Bulkow LR, Hall DB, Fitzgerald MA, Harpster AP, Hadler SC, Lanier AP, Heyward WL. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1989 April 28; 261(16): 2362-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2523002

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Early immunisation with hepatitis B vaccine: a five-year study. Author(s): Belloni C, Pistorio A, Tinelli C, Komakec J, Chirico G, Rovelli D, Gulminetti R, Comolli G, Orsolini P, Rondini G. Source: Vaccine. 2000 January 31; 18(14): 1307-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10618526

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Eczematous reaction to hepatitis B vaccine. Author(s): McKenna KE. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1999 March; 40(3): 158-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10073445

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Efficacy of a high and accelerated dose of hepatitis B vaccine in alcoholic patients: a randomized clinical trial. Author(s): Rosman AS, Basu P, Galvin K, Lieber CS. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1997 September; 103(3): 217-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9316554

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Efficacy of a mass hepatitis B immunization program after switching to recombinant hepatitis B vaccine: a population-based study in Taiwan. Author(s): Hsu HM, Lee SC, Wang MC, Lin SF, Chen DS. Source: Vaccine. 2001 April 6; 19(20-22): 2825-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11282193

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Efficacy of a recombinant hepatitis B vaccine (Euvax-B) in adult patients awaiting liver transplantation: preliminary results. Author(s): Brandao A, Alvarez R, Famer S, Marroni C, Cassal A, Zanotelli ML, Cantisani G. Source: Transplantation Proceedings. 1999 November; 31(7): 3055-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10578391

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Efficacy of CHO cell derived hepatitis B vaccine in children and adults. Author(s): Qureshi H, Ahsan T, Memon M. Source: J Pak Med Assoc. 2002 March; 52(3): 128-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12071069

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Efficacy of hepatitis B vaccine in a rural community in Muranga, Kenya. Author(s): Okoth FA, Kobayashi M, Takayanagi N, Kapttich DC, Kaiguri PM, Tukei PM. Source: East Afr Med J. 1994 April; 71(4): 250-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8062773

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Efficacy of low dose intradermal hepatitis B vaccine: results of a randomized trial among health care workers. Author(s): Das HS, Sawant P, Shirhatti RG, Vyas K, Vispute S, Dhadphale S, Patrawalla V, Desai N. Source: Trop Gastroenterol. 2002 July-September; 23(3): 120-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12693152

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Efficacy of low dose intradermal recombinant hepatitis B vaccine with and without immunomodulation in end stage renal disease patients on maintenance hemodialysis. Author(s): Sirsat RA, Shah BV, Nair S, Shetty D, Rodriguest C, Mehta A. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 1995 March; 43(3): 191-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11256907

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Enhanced immunogenicity in mice with hepatitis B vaccine complexed to human hepatitis B immunoglobulin. Author(s): Wen YM, Guo SQ, Zhang W, Yan XH, Li PY. Source: Chinese Medical Journal. 1994 October; 107(10): 741-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7835099

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Enhanced immunogenicity of recombinant hepatitis B vaccine in exposed family contacts of chronic liver disease patients. Author(s): Thakur V, Guptan RC, Basir SF, Parvez MK, Sarin SK. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2001; 33(8): 618-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11525358

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Epidemiology of hepatitis B vaccine acceptance among urban paramedics and emergency medical technicians. Author(s): Lee DJ, Carrillo L, Fleming L. Source: American Journal of Infection Control. 1997 October; 25(5): 421-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9343627

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Erythema multiforme following hepatitis B vaccine. Author(s): Di Lernia V, Lo Scocco G, Bisighini G. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 1994 December; 11(4): 363-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7899194

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Ethnic differences in immune responses to hepatitis B vaccine. Author(s): Hsu LC, Lin SR, Hsu HM, Chao WH, Hsieh JT, Wang MC, Lu CF, Chang YH, Ho MS. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 1996 April 1; 143(7): 718-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8651234

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Evaluation of a new recombinant DNA hepatitis B vaccine (Shanvac-B). Author(s): Abraham P, Mistry FP, Bapat MR, Sharma G, Reddy GR, Prasad KS, Ramanna V. Source: Vaccine. 1999 March 5; 17(9-10): 1125-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10195623

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Evaluation of the response to a booster dose of hepatitis B vaccine in previously immunized healthcare workers. Author(s): Williams JL, Christensen CJ, McMahon BJ, Bulkow LR, Cagle HH, Mayers JS, Zanis CL, Parkinson AJ, Margolis HS. Source: Vaccine. 2001 July 16; 19(28-29): 4081-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11427285

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Evaluation of tolerability and antibody response after recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (rhGM-CSF) and a single dose of recombinant hepatitis B vaccine. Author(s): Tarr PE, Lin R, Mueller EA, Kovarik JM, Guillaume M, Jones TC. Source: Vaccine. 1996 September; 14(13): 1199-204. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8961505

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Evidence-based nephrology: efficacy of hepatitis B vaccine in hemodialysis patients. Author(s): Ghosh AK. Source: Int J Artif Organs. 2000 April; 23(4): 282-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10832664

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Experience of combined tetravalent diphtheria, tetanus, whole-cell pertussis and hepatitis B vaccine in Thailand. Author(s): Poovorawan Y. Source: Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 1997 September; 28(3): 496-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9561598

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Factors associated with hepatitis B vaccine response among dentists. Author(s): Cleveland JL, Siew C, Lockwood SA, Gruninger SE, Chang SB, Neidle EA, Russell CM. Source: Journal of Dental Research. 1994 May; 73(5): 1029-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8006228

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Factors associated with long-term antibody production induced by hepatitis B vaccine in patients undergoing hemodialysis: a retrospective cohort study. Author(s): Elwell RJ, Neumann M, Bailie GR. Source: Pharmacotherapy. 2003 December; 23(12): 1558-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14695036

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Factors influencing hepatitis B vaccine uptake in injecting drug users. Author(s): McGregor J, Marks PJ, Hayward A, Bell Y, Slack RC. Source: Journal of Public Health Medicine. 2003 June; 25(2): 165-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12848409

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Factors influencing the acceptance of hepatitis B vaccine by students in health disciplines in Ottawa. Author(s): Pennie RA, O'Connor AM, Garvock MJ, Drake ER. Source: Canadian Journal of Public Health. Revue Canadienne De Sante Publique. 1991 January-February; 82(1): 12-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1826226

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Factors influencing the immune response to hepatitis B vaccine, booster dose guidelines, and vaccine protocol recommendations. Author(s): Hollinger FB. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1989 September 4; 87(3A): 36S-40S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2528297

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Failure of recombinant interleukin-2 to augment the primary humoral response to a recombinant hepatitis B vaccine in healthy adults. Author(s): Rose RM, Rey-Martinez J, Croteau C, Silvestri RC, Haley K, DePamphilis J, Siber GR. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1992 April; 165(4): 775-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1532407

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Failure to deliver hepatitis B vaccine: confessions from a genitourinary medicine clinic. Author(s): Bhatti N, Gilson RJ, Beecham M, Williams P, Matthews MP, Tedder RS, Weller IV. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1991 July 13; 303(6794): 97-101. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1830505

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False positive hepatitis B surface antigen test caused by hepatitis B vaccine. Author(s): Schwarzwald H, Kline NE. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2001 November; 20(11): 1101-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11734727

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Family study of non-responsiveness to hepatitis B vaccine confirms the importance of HLA class III C4A locus. Author(s): De Silvestri A, Pasi A, Martinetti M, Belloni C, Tinelli C, Rondini G, Salvaneschi L, Cuccia M. Source: Genes and Immunity. 2001 November; 2(7): 367-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11704802

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FDA approves hepatitis B vaccine. Author(s): Maugh TH. Source: Science. 1981 December 4; 214(4525): 1113. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7302582

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Female children respond to recombinant hepatitis B vaccine with a higher titre than male. Author(s): Fang JW, Lai CL, Chung HT, Wu PC, Lau JY. Source: Journal of Tropical Pediatrics. 1994 April; 40(2): 104-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8015023

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Field evaluation of the efficacy and immunogenicity of recombinant hepatitis B vaccine without HBIG in newborn Vietnamese infants. Author(s): Milne A, West DJ, Chinh DV, Moyes CD, Poerschke G. Source: Journal of Medical Virology. 2002 July; 67(3): 327-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12116022

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First dose of hepatitis B vaccine in infants. Author(s): Mathew A. Source: Indian Pediatrics. 2002 October; 39(10): 981-2; Author Reply 982-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12428054

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Five-year follow-up of immune response to hepatitis B vaccine in juveniles. Author(s): Zhang MT, Liu KZ, Jin JH, Ding LM, Zhou SC, Yu QY, Zhang XZ. Source: Chinese Medical Journal. 1993 February; 106(2): 97-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8504700

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Flexibility in the scheduling of hepatitis B vaccine doses. Author(s): Greenberg DP. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1994 April; 13(4): 339-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8036062

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Four-year experience with a recombinant hepatitis B vaccine. Author(s): Jilg W, Schmidt M, Deinhardt F. Source: Infection. 1989 March-April; 17(2): 70-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2714860

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Frequency of adverse reactions to hepatitis B vaccine in 43,618 persons. Author(s): McMahon BJ, Helminiak C, Wainwright RB, Bulkow L, Trimble BA, Wainwright K. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1992 March; 92(3): 254-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1532114

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Further observations on the immune response to recombinant hepatitis B vaccine after administration to aboriginal and Torres Strait Island children. Author(s): Hanna JN, Faoagali JL, Buda PJ, Sheridan JW. Source: Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health. 1997 February; 33(1): 67-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9069048

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Further research on hepatitis B vaccine. Author(s): Tao QM, Wang JQ, Feng BF, Li XF, Du ZC, Liu YZ. Source: Chinese Medical Journal. 1981 May; 94(5): 329-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6788472

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Genetic basis of nonresponse to hepatitis B vaccine in hemodialyzed patients. Author(s): Pol S, Legendre C, Mattlinger B, Berthelot P, Kreis H. Source: Journal of Hepatology. 1990 November; 11(3): 385-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2290031

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Genetic prediction of nonresponse to hepatitis B vaccine. Author(s): Alper CA, Kruskall MS, Marcus-Bagley D, Craven DE, Katz AJ, Brink SJ, Dienstag JL, Awdeh Z, Yunis EJ. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1989 September 14; 321(11): 708-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2528067

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German experimental hepatitis B vaccine--influence of variation of dosage schedule, sex and age differences on immunogenicity in health care workers. Author(s): Kramer A, Sommer D, Hahn EG, Riecken EO. Source: Klin Wochenschr. 1986 August 1; 64(15): 688-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2945040

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Global control of hepatitis B through vaccination: role of hepatitis B vaccine in the Expanded Programme on Immunization. Author(s): Maynard JE, Kane MA, Hadler SC. Source: Reviews of Infectious Diseases. 1989 May-June; 11 Suppl 3: S574-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2527402

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Global control of primary hepatocellular carcinoma with hepatitis B vaccine: the contributions of research in Taiwan. Author(s): Kane MA. Source: Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention : a Publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, Cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology. 2003 January; 12(1): 2-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12540496

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Glomerulonephritis after recombinant hepatitis B vaccine. Author(s): Pennesi M, Torre G, Del Santo M, Sonzogni A. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2002 February; 21(2): 172-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11840090

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Granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor augmented hepatitis B vaccine protocol for rapid seroprotection in voluntary kidney donors. Author(s): Krishnamurthy K, John GT, Abraham P, Jacob CK. Source: The Indian Journal of Medical Research. 2004 April; 119(4): 162-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15147122

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Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor given as an adjuvant to persons not responding to hepatitis B vaccine. Author(s): Carlsson T, Struve J. Source: Infection. 1997 March-April; 25(2): 129. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9108192

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Guillain - Barre' syndrome following recombinant hepatitis B vaccine and literature review. Author(s): Sinsawaiwong S, Thampanitchawong P. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 2000 September; 83(9): 1124-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11075984

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Guillain-Barre syndrome following immunisation with synthetic hepatitis B vaccine. Author(s): Tuohy PG. Source: N Z Med J. 1989 March 8; 102(863): 114-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2522608

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Gulliane Barre syndrome following vaccination with hepatitis B vaccine. Author(s): Seti NK, Reddi R, Anand I, Sethi PK. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 2002 July; 50: 989. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12126370

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Hepatitis B vaccine -- do we need boosters? Author(s): Banatvala JE, Van Damme P. Source: Journal of Viral Hepatitis. 2003 January; 10(1): 1-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12558904

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Hepatitis B vaccine administration and communication policies in rural Colorado hospitals. Author(s): Brayden R, Pearson KA, Kempe A, Steiner JF, Berman S. Source: Clinical Pediatrics. 2000 December; 39(12): 723-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11156072

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Hepatitis B vaccine and dialysis: current issues. Author(s): Fabrizi F, Martin P. Source: Int J Artif Organs. 2001 October; 24(10): 683-94. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11817318

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Hepatitis B vaccine and first episodes of central nervous system demyelinating disorders: a comparison between reported and expected number of cases. Author(s): Fourrier A, Begaud B, Alperovitch A, Verdier-Taillefer MH, Touze E, Decker N, Imbs JL. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2001 May; 51(5): 489-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11422009

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Hepatitis B vaccine and pregnancy. Author(s): Paul Y. Source: Indian Pediatrics. 2001 March; 38(3): 301. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11255313

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Hepatitis B vaccine and risk of multiple sclerosis. Author(s): DeStefano F, Verstraeten T, Chen RT. Source: Expert Review of Vaccines. 2002 December; 1(4): 461-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12901584

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Hepatitis B vaccine at birth--just another barrier to breastfeeding? Author(s): Eales SJ. Source: Aust J Midwifery. 2003 December; 16(4): 4-5. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14730765

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Hepatitis B vaccine coverage among infants born to women without prenatal screening for hepatitis B virus infection: effects of the Joint Statement on Thimerosal in Vaccines. Author(s): Thomas AR, Fiore AE, Corwith HL, Cieslak PR, Margolis HS. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2004 April; 23(4): 313-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15071284

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Hepatitis B vaccine freezing in the Indonesian cold chain: evidence and solutions. Author(s): Nelson CM, Wibisono H, Purwanto H, Mansyur I, Moniaga V, Widjaya A. Source: Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2004 February; 82(2): 99-105. Epub 2004 March 16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15042231

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Hepatitis B vaccine immunogenicity in patients with chronic HCV infection at one year follow-up: the effect of interferon-alpha therapy. Author(s): Chlabicz S, Grzeszczuk A, Lapinski TW. Source: Medical Science Monitor : International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research. 2002 May; 8(5): Cr379-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12011781

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Hepatitis B vaccine in infants: a randomized controlled trial comparing gluteal versus anterolateral thigh muscle administration. Author(s): Alves AS, Nascimento CM, Granato CH, Sato HK, Morgato MF, Pannuti CS. Source: Revista Do Instituto De Medicina Tropical De Sao Paulo. 2001 May-June; 43(3): 139-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11452321

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Hepatitis B vaccine nonresponse and celiac disease. Author(s): Noh KW, Poland GA, Murray JA. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2003 October; 98(10): 2289-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14572581

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Hepatitis B vaccine related-myelitis? Author(s): Karaali-Savrun F, Altintas A, Saip S, Siva A. Source: European Journal of Neurology : the Official Journal of the European Federation of Neurological Societies. 2001 November; 8(6): 711-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11784358

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Hepatitis B vaccine uptake among injecting drug users. Author(s): Lawson J, Holtby I, Eynon C. Source: J Public Health (Oxf). 2004 March; 26(1): 116-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15044587

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Hepatitis B Vaccine

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Hepatitis B vaccine uptake in a high risk hospital population. Author(s): Gibbons D, Gallagher CM. Source: Ir Med J. 2001 February; 94(2): 56-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11321178

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Hepatitis B vaccine: risks and benefits of universal neonatal vaccination. Author(s): MacIntyre CR. Source: Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health. 2001 June; 37(3): 215-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11474704

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Hepatitis B vaccine: why offer boosters? Author(s): Moyes C. Source: N Z Med J. 2000 March 10; 113(1105): 87. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10855591

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High seroprotection rate induced by low doses of a recombinant hepatitis B vaccine in healthy Iranian neonates. Author(s): Shokri F, Jafarzadeh A. Source: Vaccine. 2001 August 14; 19(31): 4544-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11483282

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High-dose hepatitis B vaccine in patients waiting for lung transplantation. Author(s): Hayney MS, Welter DL, Reynolds AM, Francois M, Love RB. Source: Pharmacotherapy. 2003 May; 23(5): 555-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12741428

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Humoral immune response following hepatitis B vaccine booster dose in children with and without prior immunization. Author(s): Chongsrisawat V, Theamboonlers A, Khwanjaipanich S, Owatanapanich S, Sinlaparatsamee S, Poovorawan Y. Source: Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2000 December; 31(4): 623-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11414401

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Immune response of HLA DQ2 positive subjects, vaccinated with HBsAg/AS04, a hepatitis B vaccine with a novel adjuvant. Author(s): Desombere I, Van der Wielen M, Van Damme P, Stoffel M, De Clercq N, Goilav C, Leroux-Roels G. Source: Vaccine. 2002 June 7; 20(19-20): 2597-602. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12057618

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Immune response to hepatitis B vaccine in asthmatic children. Author(s): Masten B, McWilliams B, Lipscomb M, Archibeque T, Qualls C, Kelly HW, Schuyler M. Source: Pediatric Pulmonology. 2003 December; 36(6): 522-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14618645

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Immune response to hepatitis B vaccine of subjects with isolated antibody to hepatitis B core antigen. Author(s): Tseng KC, Lei HY, Cheng PN, Young KC, Jen CM, Wu CH, Chang TT. Source: Hepatogastroenterology. 2003 September-October; 50(53): 1474-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14571767

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Immune responses induced by two dose strengths of an yeast-derived recombinant hepatitis B vaccine in adolescents. Author(s): Kakrani AL, Bharadwaj R, Karmarkar A, Joshi S, Yadav S, Bhardwaj S, Kulkarni P, Kulkarni S. Source: Indian J Gastroenterol. 2003 March-April; 22(2): 71-2. No Abstract Available. Erratum In: Indian J Gastroenterol. 2003 May-June; 22(3): 113. Kulkarni Alka [corrected to Kulkarni Prasad]. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12696836

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Immunization with an adjuvant hepatitis B vaccine after liver transplantation for hepatitis B-related disease. Author(s): Bienzle U, Gunther M, Neuhaus R, Vandepapeliere P, Vollmar J, Lun A, Neuhaus P. Source: Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.). 2003 October; 38(4): 811-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14512868

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Immunogenicity and reactogenicity of a combined high dose hepatitis A and hepatitis B vaccine, compared to that of Twinrix in healthy Indian children. Author(s): Guptan RC, Thakur V, Safary A, Sarin SK. Source: Vaccine. 2002 May 15; 20(16): 2102-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11972979

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Immunogenicity and reactogenicity of a recombinant hepatitis B vaccine in subjects over age of forty years and response of a booster dose among nonresponders. Author(s): Das K, Gupta RK, Kumar V, Kar P. Source: World Journal of Gastroenterology : Wjg. 2003 May; 9(5): 1132-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12717874

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Hepatitis B Vaccine

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Immunogenicity and reactogenicity of DTPw-HB/Hib vaccine administered to colombian infants after a birth dose of hepatitis B vaccine. Author(s): Lopez P, Rubiano L, del Pilar Rubio M, David MP, Safary A. Source: Expert Review of Vaccines. 2002 October; 1(3): 277-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12901568

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Immunogenicity and safety of 10 mg and 20 mg doses of Genevac-B, a recombinant hepatitis B vaccine, in healthy adolescents. Author(s): Vijayakumar V, Shraddha M, Subhadra N, Saravanan S, Sundararajan T, Thyagarajan SP. Source: Indian J Gastroenterol. 2004 January-February; 23(1): 34-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15106721

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Immunogenicity and safety of yeast-derived recombinant hepatitis B vaccine (Heberbiovac HB) in South African children. Author(s): Mphahlele MJ, Burnett RJ, Kyaw T, Schoeman HS, Aspinall S. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 2004 April; 94(4): 280-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15150941

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Immunogenicity of 10 and 20 microgram hepatitis B vaccine in a two-dose schedule. Author(s): ul-Haq N, Hasnain SS, Umar M, Abbas Z, Valenzuela-Silva C, Lopez-Saura P. Source: Vaccine. 2003 July 4; 21(23): 3179-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12804846

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Immunogenicity of hepatitis B vaccine in preterm and full term infants vaccinated within the first week of life. Author(s): Freitas da Motta MS, Mussi-Pinhata MM, Jorge SM, Tachibana Yoshida CF, Sandoval de Souza CB. Source: Vaccine. 2002 February 22; 20(11-12): 1557-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11858862

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Immunologic evaluation of hepatitis B vaccine application in hospital staff. Author(s): Platkov E, Shlyakhov E, Glick Y, Khalemsky S, Fischbein A. Source: International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health. 2003; 16(3): 249-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14587538

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Impact of a birth dose of hepatitis B vaccine on the reactogenicity and immunogenicity of diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis-hepatitis B-inactivated poliovirus-Haemophilus influenzae type b combination vaccination. Author(s): Pichichero ME, Blatter MM, Reisinger KS, Harrison CJ, Johnson CE, Steinhoff MC, Senders SD, Rothstein EP, Willems P, Howe BJ. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2002 September; 21(9): 854-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12352809

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Impact of the thimerosal controversy on hepatitis B vaccine coverage of infants born to women of unknown hepatitis B surface antigen status in Michigan. Author(s): Biroscak BJ, Fiore AE, Fasano N, Fineis P, Collins MP, Stoltman G. Source: Pediatrics. 2003 June; 111(6 Pt 1): E645-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12777580

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Impact of thimerosal-related changes in hepatitis B vaccine birth-dose recommendations on childhood vaccination coverage. Author(s): Luman ET, Fiore AE, Strine TW, Barker LE. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2004 May 19; 291(19): 2351-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15150207

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Intradermal recombinant hepatitis B vaccine for healthcare workers who fail to respond to intramuscular vaccine. Author(s): Playford EG, Hogan PG, Bansal AS, Harrison K, Drummond D, Looke DF, Whitby M. Source: Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology : the Official Journal of the Society of Hospital Epidemiologists of America. 2002 February; 23(2): 87-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11894838

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Intradermal vaccination of adults with three low doses (2 micrograms) of recombinant hepatitis B vaccine. I. Seroconversion rate and adverse effects. Author(s): Baldy JL, Elisbao Mdo C, Anzai ET, Pontello R, Reiche EM, Zaha-Inouye MM, Matsuo T, Tonani PC, Ferelle A, Henriques JN, Neves J. Source: Memorias Do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. 2003 December; 98(8): 1101-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15049098

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Intradermal vaccination of adults with three low doses (2 micrograms) of recombinant hepatitis B vaccine. II. Persistence of immunity and induction of immunologic memory. Author(s): Elisbao Mdo C, Baldy JL, Bonametti AM, Reiche EM, Morimoto HK, Pontello R, Matsuo T, Ferelle A, Neves J. Source: Memorias Do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. 2003 December; 98(8): 1109-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15049099

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Is a low dose of hepatitis B vaccine enough for a rapid vaccination scheme? Author(s): Wang RX, Boland G, Guo Y, Lei SP, Yang CH, Chen J, Tian J, Wen JY, Du KH, van Hattum J, de Gast GC. Source: World Journal of Gastroenterology : Wjg. 2003 October; 9(10): 2353-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14562411

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Kaposi's sarcoma and hepatitis B vaccine. Author(s): Poleski MH. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1982 November; 97(5): 786-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7137753

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Kawasaki disease in an infant following immunisation with hepatitis B vaccine. Author(s): Miron D, Fink D, Hashkes PJ. Source: Clinical Rheumatology. 2003 December; 22(6): 461-3. Epub 2003 October 07. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14677029

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Kinetics, subtype specificity and immunoglobulin class of anti-HBs induced by hepatitis B vaccine. Author(s): Legler K, Strohmeyer H, Ritter S, Gerlich WH, Thomssen R. Source: Dev Biol Stand. 1983; 54: 179-89. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6228457

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Late failure of combined recombinant hepatitis B vaccine and lamivudine in treatment of a patient with chronic hepatitis B. Author(s): Yalcin K, Degertekin H, Bozdayi M. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 2004 April; 97(4): 407-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15108839

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Leukoencephalitis after recombinant hepatitis B vaccine. Author(s): Manna R, De Santis A, Oliviero A, Carnevale A, Caputo S, Pahor M, Laudisio A, Gasbarrini G. Source: Journal of Hepatology. 1996 June; 24(6): 764-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8835755

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Liver inflammation and acute respiratory distress syndrome in a patient receiving hepatitis B vaccine: a possible relationship? Author(s): Ranieri VM, Dell'Erba A, Gentile A, Bruno F, La Gioia V, Spagnolo A, Sacco R, Caruso G, Antonaci S, Schiraldi O, Brienza A. Source: Intensive Care Medicine. 1997 January; 23(1): 119-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9037652

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Long term persistence of anti-HBs protective levels in young patients with type 1 diabetes after recombinant hepatitis B vaccine. Author(s): Marseglia G, Alibrandi A, d'Annunzio G, Gulminetti R, Avanzini MA, Marconi M, Tinelli C, Lorini R. Source: Vaccine. 2000 November 22; 19(7-8): 680-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11115688

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Long-term antibody persistence after booster vaccination with combined tetravalent diphtheria tetanus, whole-cell Bordetella pertussis and hepatitis B vaccine in healthy infants. Author(s): Poovorawan Y, Theamboonlers A, Sanpavat S, Chumdermpadetsuk S, Safary A, Vandepapeliere P. Source: Annals of Tropical Paediatrics. 1997 December; 17(4): 301-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9578788

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Long-term efficacy of plasma-derived hepatitis B vaccine: a 15-year follow-up study among Chinese children. Author(s): Liao SS, Li RC, Li H, Yang JY, Zeng XJ, Gong J, Wang SS, Li YP, Zhang KL. Source: Vaccine. 1999 June 4; 17(20-21): 2661-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10418916

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Long-term efficacy of recombinant hepatitis B vaccine and risk of natural infection in infants born to mothers with hepatitis B e antigen. Author(s): Lee PI, Lee CY, Huang LM, Chang MH. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1995 May; 126(5 Pt 1): 716-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7751994

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Long-term hepatitis B vaccine in infants born to hepatitis B e antigen positive mothers. Author(s): Poovorawan Y, Sanpavat S, Chumdermpadetsuk S, Safary A. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. Fetal and Neonatal Edition. 1997 July; 77(1): F47-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9279183

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Long-term immunogenicity and efficacy of a recombinant hepatitis B vaccine in Egyptian children. Author(s): el-Sawy IH, Mohamed ON. Source: East Mediterr Health J. 1999 September; 5(5): 922-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10983531

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Long-term immunogenicity and efficacy of a reduced dose of plasma-based hepatitis B vaccine in young adults. Author(s): Goh KT, Oon CJ, Heng BH, Lim GK. Source: Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 1995; 73(4): 523-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7554025

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Long-term persistence of anti-HBs after vaccination with a recombinant DNA yeastderived hepatitis B vaccine: 8-year results. Author(s): Van Herck K, Van Damme P, Thoelen S, Meheus A. Source: Vaccine. 1998 December; 16(20): 1933-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9796046

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Long-term pertussis-specific immune responses to a combined diphtheria, tetanus, tricomponent acellular pertussis and hepatitis B vaccine in pre-term infants. Author(s): Esposito S, Faldella G, Giammanco A, Bosis S, Friscia O, Clerici M, Principi N. Source: Vaccine. 2002 July 26; 20(23-24): 2928-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12126904

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Long-term pertussis-specific immunity after primary vaccination with a combined diphtheria, tetanus, tricomponent acellular pertussis, and hepatitis B vaccine in comparison with that after natural infection. Author(s): Esposito S, Agliardi T, Giammanco A, Faldella G, Cascio A, Bosis S, Friscia O, Clerici M, Principi N. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2001 July; 69(7): 4516-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11401994

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Long-term survival after infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV1) among homosexual men in hepatitis B vaccine trial cohorts in Amsterdam, New York City, and San Francisco, 1978-1995. Author(s): Koblin BA, van Benthem BH, Buchbinder SP, Ren L, Vittinghoff E, Stevens CE, Coutinho RA, van Griensven GJ. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 1999 November 15; 150(10): 1026-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10568617

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Low response to hepatitis B vaccine in health care workers and medical students in Lisbon, Portugal. Author(s): Marinho RT, Ramalho F, Velosa J. Source: Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.). 1998 October; 28(4): 1166. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9841230

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Low-cost hepatitis B vaccine candidate. Author(s): Babes VT. Source: Rom J Virol. 1993 January-June; 44(1-2): 147. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9702260

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Low-dose hepatitis B vaccine for adolescents. Author(s): Middleman AB. Source: Pediatrics. 1996 June; 97(6 Pt 1): 928-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8657544

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Low-dose intradermal administration of recombinant hepatitis B vaccine in children: 5-year follow-up study. Author(s): Kurugol Z, Erensoy S, Aksit S, Egemen A, Bilgic A. Source: Vaccine. 2001 July 16; 19(28-29): 3936-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11427268

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Low-dose intradermal versus intramuscular administration of recombinant hepatitis B vaccine: a comparison of immunogenicity in infants and preschool children. Author(s): Egemen A, Aksit S, Kurugol Z, Erensoy S, Bilgic A, Akilli M. Source: Vaccine. 1998 October; 16(16): 1511-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9711797

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Lower long-term efficiency of intradermal hepatitis B vaccine compared to the intramuscular route in hemodialysis patients. Author(s): Vlassopoulos DA, Arvanitis DK, Lilis DS, Louizou KI, Hadjiconstantinou VE. Source: Int J Artif Organs. 1999 November; 22(11): 739-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10612300

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Magnitude and quality of antibody response to a combination hepatitis A and hepatitis B vaccine. Author(s): Abraham B, Baine Y, De-Clercq N, Tordeur E, Gerard PP, Manouvriez PL, Parenti DL. Source: Antiviral Research. 2002 January; 53(1): 63-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11684316

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Marketing a hepatitis B vaccine program. Author(s): Haas R, Beideman ME. Source: Infect Control. 1986 June; 7(6): 339-41. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3635497

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Minimal dose (1.25 micrograms) hepatitis B vaccine for infants and newborn babies, 4 years later. Author(s): Scaravelli C, Bianchi E, Biraghi V, Calligari GC, Mariani G, Lucchesi P, DeLeo G. Source: Lancet. 1988 January 16; 1(8577): 121. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2891963

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Misuse of hepatitis B vaccine for pre-exposure prophylaxis in health care workers. Author(s): Hutton JP. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1990 October; 89(4): 542-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2145763

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Modulation by human milk of IgG subclass response to hepatitis B vaccine in infants. Author(s): Azzari C, Resti M, Rossi ME, Lami CA, Vierucci A. Source: Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 1990 April; 10(3): 310-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2324890

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More about response to hepatitis B vaccine in hemodialysis patients. Author(s): Vagelli G, Calabrese G, Mazzotta A, Pratesi G, Gonella M. Source: Nephron. 1988; 49(2): 171. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2967921

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Motivation for hepatitis B vaccine acceptance among medical and physician assistant students. Author(s): Diekema DJ, Ferguson KJ, Doebbeling BN. Source: Journal of General Internal Medicine : Official Journal of the Society for Research and Education in Primary Care Internal Medicine. 1995 January; 10(1): 1-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7699480

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Multicentre dose range study of a yeast-derived hepatitis B vaccine. Author(s): Wiedermann G, Scheiermann N, Goubau P, Ambrosch F, Gesemann M, De Bel C, Kremsner P, Paar D, Kunz C, Hauser P, et al. Source: Vaccine. 1987 September; 5(3): 179-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3673204

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Multiple evanescent white dot syndrome after hepatitis B vaccine. Author(s): Baglivo E, Safran AB, Borruat FX. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 1996 September; 122(3): 431-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8794720

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Multiple sclerosis and hepatitis B vaccine? Author(s): Hall A, Kane M, Roure C, Meheus A. Source: Vaccine. 1999 June 4; 17(20-21): 2473-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10418891

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Myasthenia gravis after general anesthesia and hepatitis B vaccine. Author(s): Biron P, Montpetit P, Infante-Rivard C, Lery L. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1988 December; 148(12): 2685. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2973775

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Nature of immunological non-responsiveness to hepatitis B vaccine in healthy individuals. Author(s): Chiou SS, Yamauchi K, Nakanishi T, Obata H. Source: Immunology. 1988 July; 64(3): 545-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3261712

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Neonatal deaths after hepatitis B vaccine: the vaccine adverse event reporting system, 1991-1998. Author(s): Niu MT, Salive ME, Ellenberg SS. Source: Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. 1999 December; 153(12): 1279-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10591306

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Nephrotic syndrome after recombinant hepatitis B vaccine. Author(s): Macario F, Freitas L, Correia J, Campos M, Marques A. Source: Clinical Nephrology. 1995 May; 43(5): 349. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7634556

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New data on the acceptance of the hepatitis B vaccine by dental personnel in the United Kingdom. Author(s): Samaranayake LP, Scully C, Dowell TB, Lamey PJ, MacFarlane TW, Matthews RW, McDonald KC. Source: British Dental Journal. 1988 February 6; 164(3): 74-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2964251

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New hepatitis B vaccine: a breakthrough in hepatitis prevention. Author(s): Mar DD. Source: The American Journal of Nursing. 1982 February; 82(2): 306-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6915720

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New vaccination strategies for low- and non-responders to hepatitis B vaccine. Author(s): Rendi-Wagner P, Wiedermann G, Stemberger H, Kollaritsch H. Source: Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift. 2002 March 28; 114(5-6): 175-80. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12238305

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Newborn universal immunisation against hepatitis B: immunogenicity and reactogenicity of simultaneous administration of diphtheria/tetanus/pertussis (DTP) and oral polio vaccines with hepatitis B vaccine at 0, 2 and 6 months of age. Author(s): Aristegui J, Muniz J, Perez Legorburu A, Imaz M, Arrate JP, Suarez MD, Goiri MD. Source: Vaccine. 1995 August; 13(11): 973-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8525690

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Newly licensed hepatitis B vaccine. Known safety and unknown risks. Author(s): Gerety RJ, Tabor E. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1983 February 11; 249(6): 745-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6337271

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Nine-year follow-up study of a plasma-derived hepatitis B vaccine in a rural African setting. Author(s): Tabor E, Cairns J, Gerety RJ, Bayley AC. Source: Journal of Medical Virology. 1993 July; 40(3): 204-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8355018

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No benefits without use: foot-dragging on hepatitis B vaccine. Author(s): Mendelson J. Source: Can Med Assoc J. 1983 May 15; 128(10): 1163. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6404545

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No evidence of autoimmunity in 6-year-old children immunized at birth with recombinant hepatitis B vaccine. Author(s): Belloni C, Avanzini MA, De Silvestri A, Martinetti M, Pasi A, Coslovich E, Autelli M, Masanti ML, Cuccia M, Tinelli C, Rondini G, Lorini R. Source: Pediatrics. 2002 July; 110(1 Pt 1): E4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12093985

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No increased incidence of AIDS in recipients of hepatitis B vaccine. Author(s): Golden JA. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1983 May 12; 308(19): 1163-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6835342

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Nonresponders to hepatitis B vaccine can present envelope particles to T lymphocytes. Author(s): Desombere I, Hauser P, Rossau R, Paradijs J, Leroux-Roels G. Source: Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950). 1995 January 15; 154(2): 520-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7814865

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Nonresponders to hepatitis B vaccine. Author(s): Jenson HB. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 2000 March; 107(3): 97-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10728138

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Non-response to a recombinant pre-S2-containing hepatitis B vaccine: association with the HLA-system. Author(s): Vingerhoets J, Goilav C, Vanham G, Kestens L, Muylle L, Kegels E, Van Hoof J, Piot P, Gigase P. Source: Ann Soc Belg Med Trop. 1995 June; 75(2): 125-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7487199

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Nonresponse to hepatitis B vaccine in homosexual men. Author(s): Ostrow DG, Goldsmith J, Kalish SB, Chmiel JS, Hadler SC, Phair JP. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 1987 April-June; 14(2): 92-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3649963

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Nonresponsiveness to hepatitis B vaccine in health care workers. Results of revaccination and genetic typings. Author(s): Craven DE, Awdeh ZL, Kunches LM, Yunis EJ, Dienstag JL, Werner BG, Polk BF, Syndman DR, Platt R, Crumpacker CS, et al. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1986 September; 105(3): 356-60. Erratum In: Ann Intern Med 1987 January; 106(1): 174. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2943202

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Normal immune response to hepatitis B vaccine in patients with Down's syndrome. A basis for immunization guidelines. Author(s): Troisi CL, Heiberg DA, Hollinger FB. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1985 December 13; 254(22): 3196-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2933533

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Novel approaches to hepatitis B vaccine development. Author(s): Zuckerman AJ. Source: The Journal of Hospital Infection. 1988 February; 11 Suppl A: 82-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2896752

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Novel perspectives on hepatitis B vaccine in dialysis population. Author(s): Fabrizi F, Lunghi G, Poordad FF, Martin P. Source: Int J Artif Organs. 2002 March; 25(3): 174-81. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11999189

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Occupational exposure to hepatitis B virus. Analysis of indications for hepatitis B vaccine. Author(s): Lohiya G, Lohiya S, Caires S, Reesal MR. Source: J Occup Med. 1984 March; 26(3): 189-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6232354

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Ocular sensitivity to thimerosal: a problem with hepatitis B vaccine? Author(s): Kirkland LR. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1990 May; 83(5): 497-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2140468

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One year evaluation of immunogenicity conferred by a Chinese hamster ovary cell recombinant hepatitis B vaccine in a French Polynesian newborn immunization programme. Author(s): J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1993 Sep;92(3):498 Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1991 November-December; 85(6): 783-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8360402

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OSHA says hepatitis B vaccine must be offered free to workers. Author(s): Miller C. Source: Rdh. 1992 June; 12(6): 17, 62. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1410633

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Over a decade of experience with a yeast recombinant hepatitis B vaccine. Author(s): Assad S, Francis A. Source: Vaccine. 1999 August 20; 18(1-2): 57-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10501235

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Overview of a 5-year clinical experience with a yeast-derived hepatitis B vaccine. Author(s): Andre FE. Source: Vaccine. 1990 March; 8 Suppl: S74-8; Discussion S79-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2139288

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Overview of clinical studies with hepatitis B vaccine made by recombinant DNA. Author(s): Zajac BA, West DJ, McAleer WJ, Scolnick EM. Source: The Journal of Infection. 1986 July; 13 Suppl A: 39-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2943814

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Pancytopenia after recombinant hepatitis B vaccine--an Indian case report. Author(s): Ashok Shenoy K, Prabha Adhikari MR, Chakrapani M, Shenoy D, Pillai A. Source: British Journal of Haematology. 2001 September; 114(4): 955. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11564093

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Persistence of antibody and immunologic memory in children immunized with hepatitis B vaccine at birth. Author(s): Seto D, West DJ, Ioli VA. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2002 August; 21(8): 793-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12233715

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Persistence of hepatitis B surface antibody levels after vaccination with a recombinant hepatitis B vaccine: a 3-year follow-up study. Author(s): Ozaki T, Mochizuki H, Ichikawa Y, Fukuzawa Y, Yoshida S, Morimoto M. Source: J Oral Sci. 2000 September; 42(3): 147-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11111325

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Persistence of immunity and seroprotection 4 years after a primary vaccination schedule with a Hansenula polymorpha recombinant hepatitis B vaccine. Author(s): Lepetic A, Biscayart C, Seigelchifer M, Arduino R, Stamboulian D. Source: Vaccine. 2003 October 1; 21(27-30): 4481-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14505931

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Persistence of immunologic memory for 13 years in recipients of a recombinant hepatitis B vaccine. Author(s): Watson B, West DJ, Chilkatowsky A, Piercy S, Ioli VA. Source: Vaccine. 2001 April 30; 19(23-24): 3164-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11312012

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Persistence of immunologic memory in long-term hemodialysis patients and healthcare workers given hepatitis B vaccine: role of a booster dose on antibody response. Author(s): Peces R, Laures AS. Source: Nephron. 2001 October; 89(2): 172-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11549899

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Poor hepatitis B vaccine coverage in injecting drug users: England, 1995 and 1996. Author(s): Lamagni TL, Davison KL, Hope VD, Luutu JW, Newham JA, Parry JV, Gill ON. Source: Commun Dis Public Health. 1999 September; 2(3): 174-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10491870

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Preadolescent non- and hyporesponders following three doses of hepatitis B vaccine need only one more dose. Author(s): Duval B, Boulianne N, De Serres G, De Wals P, Masse R, Trudeau G. Source: Vaccine. 2002 November 1; 20(31-32): 3632-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12399188

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Primary and booster vaccination with DTPw-HB/Hib pentavalent vaccine in Costa Rican children who had received a birth dose of hepatitis B vaccine. Author(s): Faingezicht I, Avila-Aguerro ML, Cervantes Y, Fourneau M, Clemens SA. Source: Revista Panamericana De Salud Publica = Pan American Journal of Public Health. 2002 October; 12(4): 247-57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12431356

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Progress in coverage with hepatitis B vaccine among US children, 1994-1997. Author(s): Yusuf HR, Coronado VG, Averhoff FA, Maes EF, Rodewald LE, Battaglia MP, Mahoney FJ. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 1999 November; 89(11): 1684-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10553389

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Prospective analysis of the factors influencing the antibody response to hepatitis B vaccine in hemodialysis patients. Author(s): Peces R, de la Torre M, Alcazar R, Urra JM. Source: American Journal of Kidney Diseases : the Official Journal of the National Kidney Foundation. 1997 February; 29(2): 239-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9016896

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Protection provided by hepatitis B vaccine in a Yupik Eskimo population--results of a 10-year study. Author(s): Wainwright RB, Bulkow LR, Parkinson AJ, Zanis C, McMahon BJ. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1997 March; 175(3): 674-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9041341

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Protection provided by hepatitis B vaccine. Author(s): Paul Y. Source: Indian Pediatrics. 2001 March; 38(3): 301-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11255315

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Protective effect of hepatitis B vaccine in chronic hemodialysis patients. Author(s): Miller ER, Alter MJ, Tokars JI. Source: American Journal of Kidney Diseases : the Official Journal of the National Kidney Foundation. 1999 February; 33(2): 356-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10023650

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Protective efficacy and antibody follow-up of hepatitis B vaccine within the South African expanded programme on immunisation. Author(s): Mphahlele MJ, Tshatsinde EA, Burnett RJ, Aspinall S. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 2002 August; 92(8): 612-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12244619

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Protective efficacy of hepatitis B vaccine without HBIG in infants of HBeAg-positive carrier mothers in Thailand. Author(s): Lolekha S, Warachit B, Hirunyachote A, Bowonkiratikachorn P, West DJ, Poerschke G. Source: Vaccine. 2002 November 1; 20(31-32): 3739-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12399203

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Protective level of antibody induced by hepatitis B vaccine. Author(s): Subramanyam V, Ramesh S. Source: Indian Pediatrics. 1998 August; 35(8): 800-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10216582

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Quality and safety of human hepatitis B vaccine. Author(s): Hilleman MR, McAleer WJ, Buynak EB, McLean AA. Source: Dev Biol Stand. 1983; 54: 3-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6228470

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Quantification of hepatitis B vaccine-induced antibodies as a predictor of anti-HBs persistence. Author(s): Gesemann M, Scheiermann N. Source: Vaccine. 1995 April; 13(5): 443-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7639012

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Rapid and frequent induction of protective immunity exceeding UK recommendations for healthcare settings by MF59-adjuvated hepatitis B vaccine. Author(s): Lewis DJ, Eiden JE, Goilav C, Langenberg AG, Suggett F, Griffin GE. Source: Commun Dis Public Health. 2003 December; 6(4): 320-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15067859

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Real versus theoretical: assessing the risks and benefits of postponing the hepatitis B vaccine birth dose. Author(s): Shete PB, Daum RS. Source: Pediatrics. 2002 April; 109(4): 701-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11927717

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Reasons hospitals give for not offering hepatitis B vaccine to low-risk newborns. Author(s): Aiken KD, Clark SJ, Cabana MD. Source: Clinical Pediatrics. 2002 November-December; 41(9): 681-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12462318

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Recombinant hepatitis B vaccine (Engerix-B): a review of its immunogenicity and protective efficacy against hepatitis B. Author(s): Keating GM, Noble S. Source: Drugs. 2003; 63(10): 1021-51. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12699402

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Response to hepatitis B vaccine in HBsAg/anti-HBs negative and anti-HBc positive subjects. Author(s): Sunbul M, Leblebicioglu H, Esen S, Eroglu C, Barut S. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2000; 32(3): 315-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10879605

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Response to hepatitis B vaccine in preterm babies. Author(s): Sood A, Singh D, Mehta S, Midha V, Kumar R. Source: Indian J Gastroenterol. 2002 March-April; 21(2): 52-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11990326

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Response to hepatitis B vaccine in preterm infants: four-dose schedule. Author(s): Ballesteros-Trujillo A, Vargas-Origel A, Alvarez-Munoz T, AldanaValenzuela C. Source: American Journal of Perinatology. 2001 November; 18(7): 379-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11731891

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Response to recombinant hepatitis B vaccine in children and adolescents with chronic renal failure. Author(s): Watkins SL, Alexander SR, Brewer ED, Hesley TM, West DJ, Chan IS, Mendelman P, Bailey SM, Burns JL, Hogg RJ; Southwest Pediatric Nephrology Study Group. Source: American Journal of Kidney Diseases : the Official Journal of the National Kidney Foundation. 2002 August; 40(2): 365-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12148110

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Revaccination of healthy nonresponders with hepatitis B vaccine and prediction of seroprotection response. Author(s): Kim MJ, Nafziger AN, Harro CD, Keyserling HL, Ramsey KM, Drusano GL, Bertino JS Jr. Source: Vaccine. 2003 March 7; 21(11-12): 1174-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12559795

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Routine booster doses of hepatitis B vaccine for health care workers are not necessary. Author(s): Datta SD, Fiore AE, Mast E, Bell B, Margolis H. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 2000 November 13; 160(20): 3170-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11074755

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Safety and immunogenicity of a combination diphtheria-tetanus toxoids-acellular pertussis-hepatitis B vaccine administered at two, four and six months of age compared with monovalent hepatitis B vaccine administered at birth, one month and six months of age. Author(s): Greenberg DP, Wong VK, Partridge S, Howe BJ, Ward JI. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2002 August; 21(8): 769-77. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12192167

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Safety and immunogenicity of a yeast-derived recombinant hepatitis B vaccine in Bulgarian newborns. Author(s): Kojouharova M, Teoharov P, Bahtchevanova T, Maeva I, Eginlian A, Deneva M. Source: Infection. 2001 December; 29(6): 342-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11787837

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Safety of neonatal hepatitis B vaccine administration. Author(s): Lewis E, Shinefield HR, Woodruff BA, Black SB, Destefano F, Chen RT, Ensor R; Vaccine Safety Datalink Workgroup. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2001 November; 20(11): 1049-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11734710

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Serologic response to hepatitis B vaccine in HIV infected and high-risk HIV uninfected adolescents in the REACH cohort. Reaching for Excellence in Adolescent Care and Health. Author(s): Wilson CM, Ellenberg JH, Sawyer MK, Belzer M, Crowley-Nowick PA, Puga A, Futterman DC, Peralta L; Adolescent Medicine HIV/AIDS Research Network. Source: The Journal of Adolescent Health : Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine. 2001 September; 29(3 Suppl): 123-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11530313

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Seroprotection rates after late doses of hepatitis B vaccine. Author(s): Duval B, Deceuninck G. Source: Pediatrics. 2002 February; 109(2): 350-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11826227

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Serum sickness and hepatitis B vaccine including review of the literature. Author(s): Arkachaisri T. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 2002 August; 85 Suppl 2: S607-12. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12403239

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Some questions to be raised about the hepatitis B vaccine. Author(s): Poirriez J. Source: Vaccine. 2002 March 15; 20(13-14): 1696-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11906753

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Specific hepatitis B vaccine therapy in inactive HBsAg carriers: a randomized controlled trial. Author(s): Yalcin K, Acar M, Degertekin H. Source: Infection. 2003 August; 31(4): 221-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14562945

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Strengthening immunization systems and introduction of hepatitis B vaccine in central and eastern Europe and the newly independent states. Author(s): FitzSimons D, Van Damme P, Emiroglu N, Godal T, Kane M, Malyavin A, Margolis H, Meheus A. Source: Vaccine. 2002 February 22; 20(11-12): 1475-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11858851

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Subtype specificity of anti-HBs antibodies produced by human B-cell lines isolated from normal individuals vaccinated with recombinant hepatitis B vaccine. Author(s): Shokrgozar MA, Shokri F. Source: Vaccine. 2002 May 22; 20(17-18): 2215-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12009275

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Ten-year serological follow up of hepatitis B vaccine recipients. Author(s): Chadha MS, Arankalle VA. Source: Indian J Gastroenterol. 2000 October-December; 19(4): 168-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11059182

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The delivery of hepatitis B vaccine. Author(s): Chislett L. Source: Nurs Times. 2003 February 18-24; 99(7): 50-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12655755

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The effect of age on immunologic response to recombinant hepatitis B vaccine: a meta-analysis. Author(s): Fisman DN, Agrawal D, Leder K. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2002 December 1; 35(11): 1368-75. Epub 2002 November 12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12439800

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The hepatitis B vaccine: sorting through the B.S. about M.S. Author(s): Zucker SD. Source: Gastroenterology. 2001 June; 120(7): 1880-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11375973

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The immunogenicity and reactogenicity profile of a candidate hepatitis B vaccine in an adult vaccine non-responder population. Author(s): Jacques P, Moens G, Desombere I, Dewijngaert J, Leroux-Roels G, Wettendorff M, Thoelen S. Source: Vaccine. 2002 November 1; 20(31-32): 3644-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12399191

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The long-term efficacy of plasma-derived hepatitis B vaccine in babies born to carrier mothers. Author(s): Young BW, Lee SS, Lim WL, Yeoh EK. Source: Journal of Viral Hepatitis. 2003 January; 10(1): 23-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12558908

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The relationship between nonresponse to hepatitis B vaccine and HLA genotype/haplotype. Author(s): Li M, Li R, Huang S, Gong J, Zeng X, Li Y, Lu M, Li H. Source: Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2002 May; 36(3): 180-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12410952

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The response of isolated anti-HBc positive subjects to recombinant hepatitis B vaccine. Author(s): Ural O, Findik D. Source: The Journal of Infection. 2001 October; 43(3): 187-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11798257

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Thrombocytopenic purpura after hepatitis B vaccine: case report and review of the literature. Author(s): Nuevo H, Nascimento-Carvalho CM, Athayde-Oliveira CP, Lyra I, Moreira LM. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2004 February; 23(2): 183-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14872193

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Thrombocytopenic Purpura after Recombinant Hepatitis B Vaccine. A rare association. Author(s): Conesa V, Nunez Mf, Navarro JF, Mompel A, Ruiz J, Gomez A. Source: Haematologica. 2001 March; 86(3): E09. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11255296

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Ultrapure dialysis fluid and response to hepatitis B vaccine. Author(s): Schiffl H, Wendinger H, Lang SM. Source: Nephron. 2002 July; 91(3): 530-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12119493

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Underestimation of cost of hepatitis B vaccine in India. Author(s): Agarwal K. Source: Indian J Gastroenterol. 2002 March-April; 21(2): 87; Author Reply 87. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11990343

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Understanding and enhancing compliance with the second dose of hepatitis B vaccine: a cohort analysis and a randomized controlled trial. Author(s): Sellors J, Pickard L, Mahony JB, Jackson K, Nelligan P, Zimic-Vincetic M, Chernesky M. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 1997 July 15; 157(2): 143-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9238142

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Undervaccination with hepatitis B vaccine: missed opportunities or choice? Author(s): Jiles RB, Daniels D, Yusuf HR, McCauley MM, Chu SY. Source: American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2001 May; 20(4 Suppl): 75-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11331136

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Unexplained fever in neonates may be associated with hepatitis B vaccine. Author(s): Linder N, Raz M, Sirota L, Reichman B, Lubin D, Kuint J, Cohen AH, Barzilai A. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. Fetal and Neonatal Edition. 1999 November; 81(3): F206-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10525025

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Universal immunization of infants with low doses of a low-cost, plasma-derived hepatitis B vaccine in South Africa. Author(s): Schoub BD, Matai U, Singh B, Blackburn NK, Levin JB. Source: Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2002; 80(4): 277-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12075363

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Universal immunization with hepatitis B vaccine- what it will cost. Author(s): Puliyel JM. Source: Indian Pediatrics. 2000 January; 37(1): 107-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10745402

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Update: hepatitis B vaccine "the FDA approved the new vaccine on November 17, 1981". Author(s): Miller PJ. Source: Infect Control. 1982 January-February; 3(1): 76-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6915903

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Use of hepatitis B vaccine alone or in combination with hepatitis B immunoglobulin for immunoprophylaxis of perinatal hepatitis B infection. Author(s): Sehgal A, Sehgal R, Gupta I, Bhakoo ON, Ganguly NK. Source: Journal of Tropical Pediatrics. 1992 October; 38(5): 247-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1433451

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Use of immunomodulators (thymopentine) in hepatitis B vaccine in elderly patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis. Author(s): Melappioni M, Baldassari M, Baldini S, Radicioni R, Panichi N, Saldini S. Source: Nephron. 1992; 61(3): 358-9. Erratum In: Nephron 1992; 62(4): 485. Saldini S[corrected to Baldini S]. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1386910

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Vaccination of children with malignant diseases with alum-absorbed hepatitis B vaccine--Immunogenicity studies. Author(s): Arnold W, Baumann W. Source: Scand J Infect Dis Suppl. 1983; 38: 33-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6580724

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Vaccination of newborns of HBsAg-positive carrier mothers with a recombinant DNA hepatitis B vaccine. Author(s): Cadranel S, Zeghlache S, Fernandez S, Safary A, Andre F. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1987; 63 Suppl 2: 159-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3317355

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Validation of an in vitro potency test for the Cuban hepatitis B vaccine. Author(s): Landys Chovel Cuervo M, Reyes Huerta N. Source: Dev Biol (Basel). 2002; 111: 305-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12678254

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Varying antibody response in dental health care workers vaccinated with recombinant hepatitis B vaccine. Author(s): Aspinall S, Hauman CH, Bos P, Zulch RN. Source: J Dent Assoc S Afr. 1991 June; 46(6): 321-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1962318

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Vasculitis related to hepatitis B vaccine. Author(s): Cockwell P, Allen MB, Page R. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1990 December 1; 301(6763): 1281. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2148701

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Very-low-dose hepatitis B vaccine in newborn infants: an economic option for control in endemic areas. Author(s): Moyes CD, Milne A, Dimitrakakis M, Goldwater PN, Pearce N. Source: Lancet. 1987 January 3; 1(8523): 29-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2879101

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Visual loss and eosinophilia after recombinant hepatitis B vaccine. Author(s): Brezin A, Lautier-Frau M, Hamedani M, Rogeaux O, Hoang PL. Source: Lancet. 1993 August 28; 342(8870): 563-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8102709

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Vitamin K and hepatitis B vaccine. Author(s): O'Bryant C. Source: Midwifery Today Int Midwife. 2001 Spring; (57): 66; Author Reply 66-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12596416

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What high-risk personnel need to know about the hepatitis B vaccine. Author(s): Poland V. Source: Aorn Journal. 1984 September; 40(3): 372-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6242812

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When should at-risk infants be boosted with hepatitis B vaccine? Author(s): Viladomiu L, Genesca J, Esteban JI, Esteban R, Hernandez JM, Guardia J. Source: Lancet. 1987 January 3; 1(8523): 49. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2879136

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When should at-risk patients with thalassaemia be boosted with hepatitis B vaccine? Author(s): Matsaniotis N, Kattamis C, Laskari S, Tzeti M, Markosoglou D. Source: Lancet. 1987 June 6; 1(8545): 1321. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2884443

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Why isn't the hepatitis B vaccine being used? Author(s): Hardie J. Source: Journal (Canadian Dental Association). 1988 November; 54(11): 821-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2974316

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Why the lower conversion rates with the hepatitis B vaccine? Author(s): Bafna S. Source: Indian J Gastroenterol. 1998 July-September; 17(3): 116-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9695405

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Yeast recombinant hepatitis B vaccine in perinatal hepatitis B virus transmission: a preliminary report. Author(s): Stevens CE, Taylor PE, Tong MJ, Toy PT, Vyas GN. Source: The Journal of Infection. 1986 July; 13 Suppl A: 13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2943810

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Yeast recombinant hepatitis B vaccine. Author(s): Hilleman MR. Source: Infection. 1987 January-February; 15(1): 3-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2437037

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Yeast-derived hepatitis B vaccine and yeast sensitivity. Author(s): Brightman CA, Scadding GK, Dumbreck LA, Latchman Y, Brostoff J. Source: Lancet. 1989 April 22; 1(8643): 903. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2564981

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Yeast-derived hepatitis B vaccine in dental students. A three-year follow-up study. Author(s): Zanetti AR, Tanzi E, Pozzi A, Romano L, Bergamini F. Source: Vaccine. 1990 June; 8(3): 205-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2194379

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Yeast-derived hepatitis B vaccine in thalassaemic patients: a preliminary report. Author(s): Giammanco G, De Grandi V, Pignato S, Dolci C, Congia M, Pisu C, De Virgiliis S. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1987; 63 Suppl 2: 151-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3317353

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Yeast-recombinant hepatitis B vaccine. Efficacy with hepatitis B immune globulin in prevention of perinatal hepatitis B virus transmission. Author(s): Stevens CE, Taylor PE, Tong MJ, Toy PT, Vyas GN, Nair PV, Weissman JY, Krugman S. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1987 May 15; 257(19): 2612-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2952812

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Yusuf, H. R., Coronado, V. G., Averhoff, F. A., Maes, E. F., Rodewald, L. E., Battaglia, M. P., & Mahoney, F. J. (1999). Progress in coverage with hepatitis B vaccine among US children, 1994-1997. American Journal of Public Health, 89 (11), 1684-1689. Author(s): Carlson PA. Source: Clin Excell Nurse Pract. 2000 September; 4(5): 322-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11858456

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND HEPATITIS B VACCINE Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and hepatitis B vaccine.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Hepatitis B Vaccine The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “hepatitis B vaccine” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

7 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “hepatitis B vaccine” (or a synonym): •

A randomized, controlled study in adults of the immunogenicity of a novel hepatitis B vaccine containing MF59 adjuvant. Author(s): Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, St. Louis University, MO 63110-0250, USA. Source: Heineman, T C Clements Mann, M L Poland, G A Jacobson, R M Izu, A E Sakamoto, D Eiden, J Van Nest, G A Hsu, H H Vaccine. 1999 July 16; 17(22): 2769-78 0264-410X

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

Nutrition

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND HEPATITIS B VACCINE Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to hepatitis B vaccine. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to hepatitis B vaccine and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “hepatitis B vaccine” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to hepatitis B vaccine: •

A plant-derived edible vaccine against hepatitis B virus. Author(s): Kapusta J, Modelska A, Figlerowicz M, Pniewski T, Letellier M, Lisowa O, Yusibov V, Koprowski H, Plucienniczak A, Legocki AB. Source: The Faseb Journal : Official Publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology. 1999 October; 13(13): 1796-9. Erratum In: Faseb J 1999 December; 13(15): 2339. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10506582

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A survey on community perceptions of jaundice in east Delhi: implications for the prevention and control of viral hepatitis. Author(s): Singh J, Shakya N, Jain DC, Bhatia R, Bora D, Pattanayak PK, Gupta S, Datta KK, Sokhey J.

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Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2000 MayJune; 94(3): 243-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10974987 •

AM3 (Inmunoferon) as an adjuvant to hepatitis B vaccination in hemodialysis patients. Author(s): Perez-Garcia R, Perez-Garcia A, Verbeelen D, Bernstein ED, Villarrubia VG, Alvarez-Mon M. Source: Kidney International. 2002 May; 61(5): 1845-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11967036

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Awareness campaigns: experience in Mexico. Author(s): Hernandez Tepichin G. Source: Vaccine. 2000 February 18; 18 Suppl 1: S90-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10683560

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Drug abuse and the accident and emergency department. Author(s): Redmond AD. Source: Arch Emerg Med. 1985 June; 2(2): 55-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2861828

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Effect of lymphatic and splenic pump techniques on the antibody response to hepatitis B vaccine: a pilot study. Author(s): Jackson KM, Steele TF, Dugan EP, Kukulka G, Blue W, Roberts A. Source: J Am Osteopath Assoc. 1998 March; 98(3): 155-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9558831

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Epidemiology of hepatitis B virus infection in the Asia-Pacific region. Author(s): Chen CJ, Wang LY, Yu MW. Source: Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2000 May; 15 Suppl: E3-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10921373

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Hepatitis B vaccination in the skin penetration industry. Author(s): Bouwman R, Cannata S, Fett MJ. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1994 February 7; 160(3): 165. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8295594

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Immunogenicity and safety of low doses of recombinant yeast-derived hepatitis B vaccine. Author(s): Tan KL, Oon CJ, Goh KT, Wong LY, Chan SH.

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Source: Acta Paediatr Scand. 1990 June-July; 79(6-7): 593-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2143619 •

Influence of perceived psychological stress and distress on antibody response to low dose rDNA hepatitis B vaccine. Author(s): Jabaaij L, Grosheide PM, Heijtink RA, Duivenvoorden HJ, Ballieux RE, Vingerhoets AJ. Source: Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 1993 May; 37(4): 361-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8510062

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Modulation of immune response to rDNA hepatitis B vaccination by psychological stress. Author(s): Jabaaij L, van Hattum J, Vingerhoets JJ, Oostveen FG, Duivenvoorden HJ, Ballieux RE. Source: Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 1996 August; 41(2): 129-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8887826

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Obstacles to hepatitis B vaccine uptake by health care staff. Author(s): Briggs MJ, Thomas J. Source: Public Health. 1994 March; 108(2): 137-48. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8183969

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Parenteral and mucosal prime-boost immunization strategies in mice with hepatitis B surface antigen and CpG DNA. Author(s): McCluskie MJ, Weeratna RD, Payette PJ, Davis HL. Source: Fems Immunology and Medical Microbiology. 2002 February 18; 32(3): 179-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11934561

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Potent synergistic effect of sho-saiko-to, a herbal medicine, during vaccine therapy in a murine model of hepatitis B virus carrier. Author(s): Akbar SM, Yamamoto K, Abe M, Ninomiya T, Tanimoto K, Masumoto T, Michitaka K, Horiike N, Onji M. Source: European Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1999 September; 29(9): 786-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10469167

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Prevention and therapy of hepatitis B. Author(s): Tao Q, Feng B. Source: Chinese Medical Journal. 1999 October; 112(10): 942-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11717982

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Prevention in liver disease. Author(s): Arguedas MR, Fallon MB.

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Source: The American Journal of the Medical Sciences. 2001 February; 321(2): 145-51. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11217817 •

Primary prevention: HBV vaccination in hemodialysis unit. Author(s): Sapio C, Bonifati A, Confessore A, Gatti M, Maimone I, Minella MP, Scarpino L, D'Alessandro C. Source: Nephron. 1992; 61(3): 360-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1386911

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Vaccines, viruses, and voodoo. Author(s): Borchers AT, Keen CL, Shoenfeld Y, Silva J Jr, Gershwin ME. Source: J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2002; 12(3): 155-68. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12530114

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Zinc supplementation and hepatitis B vaccination in chronic haemodialysis patients: a multicentre study. Author(s): Brodersen HP, Holtkamp W, Larbig D, Beckers B, Thiery J, Lautenschlager J, Probst HJ, Ropertz S, Yavari A. Source: Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation : Official Publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association. 1995; 10(9): 1780. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8559509

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to hepatitis B vaccine; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

General Overview Hemophilia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON HEPATITIS B VACCINE Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.8 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “hepatitis B vaccine” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on hepatitis B vaccine, we have not necessarily excluded nonmedical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Hepatitis B Vaccine By performing a patent search focusing on hepatitis B vaccine, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. 8Adapted

from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

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The following is an example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on hepatitis B vaccine: •

Lyophilized hepatitis B vaccine Inventor(s): Hamada; Fukusaburo (Kumamoto, JP), Mizokami; Hiroshi (Kumamoto, JP), Mizuno; Kyosuke (Kumamoto, JP), Ohtomo; Nobuya (Kumamoto, JP) Assignee(s): Juridical Foundation The Chemo-Sero-Therapeutic Research Institute (Kumamoto, JP) Patent Number: 4,710,378 Date filed: March 8, 1985 Abstract: Lyophilized preparation of hepartitis B vaccine, which comprises a purified hepatitis B virus surface antigen produced by a recombinant organism being capable of producing HBs antigen, which is adsorbed on aluminum gel in the lyophilized state in the presence of a stabilizer, said lyophilized preparation being prepared by the steps of adding an aluminum gel and a stabilizer to a purified recombinant-origin HBs antigen and lyophilizing the mixture. Said lyophilized preparation being able to be stably kept for a long period of time without losing its antigen titer and being useful for the prophylaxis of infection of hepatitis B virus. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a lyophilized preparation of hepatitis B vaccine. More particularly, it relates to a lyophilized preparation of hepatitis B vaccine which is prepared by subjecting a purified product obtained from HBs antigen to lyophilization in the presence of aluminum gel and a stabilizer, said HBs antigen being expressed by a transformed organism being capable of producing HBs antigen which is prepared by a conventional DNA recombination technique. Hepatitis B is a disease which is induced by a hepatitis B virus (hereinafter, referred to as "HBV") and includes immunologically and clinically very serious problems, but there has never been found any effective therapeutic method therefor, and hence, prophylactic method has mostly been studied. Suitable prophylaxis is a method of applying a vaccine comprising as an effective ingredient HBs antigen to persons who are afraid to be infected by HBV. A vaccine has already been in practical use, which is prepared by highly purifying an HBs antigen obtained from a blood plasma of latent virus carriers who are usually called as merely "carrier", and inactivating the purified HBs antigen. However, the blood-origin vaccine is obtained from blood plasma of HBs antigen-positive persons, and hence, it has various problems for the preparation thereof, such as difficulty to get a sufficient amount of the starting blood plasma; necessity of safety test in chimpanzee in order to prove no remaining of infectious factors such as hepatitis B virus or any other bloodorigin viruses in the preparation; and difficulty to get sufficient chimpanzees for the test. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04710378__

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Method for purification of HBs antigen Inventor(s): Adachi; Satoshi (Kumamoto, JP), Hamada; Fukusaburo (Nishigoshi, JP), Mizokami; Hiroshi (Kikuchi, JP), Shiosaki; Kou-ichi (Kumamoto, JP), Sugahara; Keishin (Kumamoto, JP) Assignee(s): Juridical Foundation The Chemo-Sero-Therapeutic Research Institute (Kumamoto, JP) Patent Number: 4,738,926 Date filed: March 8, 1985 Abstract: Industrially useful method for the purification of HBs antigen produced by a recombinant organism being capable of producing HBs antigen which is prepared by means of DNA recombination technique, which comprises subjecting an HBs antigencontaining material produced by a recombinant organism to an adsorption chromatography with a silica, optionally followed by a gel filtration and further an adsorption chromatography with a hydroxyapatite, and then eluting the HBs antigen, preferably, with a buffer having a pH 9 or more which is incorporated with urea. The purification method can give a highly pure HBs antigen suitable for the preparation of hepatitis B vaccine in a large scale from recombinant organisms prepared by DNA recombination technique. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method for the purification of hepatitis B virus surface antigen (hereinafter referred to as "HBs antigen"). More particularly, it relates to an industrially useful method for the purification of HBs antigen produced by recombinant organisms by means of DNA recombination technique. Hepatitis B is a disease which is induced by a hepatitis B virus (hereinafter, referred to as "HBV") and includes immunologically and clinically very serious problems, but there has never been found any effective therapeutic method therefor. This disease has been observed worldwidely, particularly in Asia and Africa areas. Against the disease, prophylactic method has mostly been studied. Suitable prophylaxis is a method of applying a vaccine comprising as an effective ingredient HBs antigen to persons who are afraid to be infected by HBV. A vaccine has already been in practical use, which is prepared by highly purifying an HBs antigen obtained from a blood plasma of latent virus carriers who are usually called as merely "carrier", and inactivating the purified HBs antigen. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04738926__

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Pre-S gene coded peptide hepatitis B immunogens, vaccines, diagnostics, and synthetic lipide vesicle carriers Inventor(s): Kent; Stephen B. H. (Pasadena, CA), Neurath; Alexander R. (New York, NY) Assignee(s): California Institute of Technology (Pasadena, CA), New York Blood Center, Inc. (New York, NY) Patent Number: 4,847,080 Date filed: February 5, 1985 Abstract: A hepatitis B vaccine containing a peptide with an amino acid chain of at least six consecutive amino acids within the pre-S gene coded region of the envelope of hepatitis B virus. The vaccine being free of an amino acid sequence corresponding to the naturally occurring envelope proteins of hepatitis B virus and a physiologically acceptable diluent. The peptide being free or linked to a carrier. The carrier being a

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conventional carrier or a novel carrier including a lipid vesicle stabilized by crosslinking and having covalently bonded active sites on the outer surface thereon. Such novel carrier being useful not only to link the novel peptide containing an amino acid chain with amino acids within the pre-S gene coded region of the surface antigen of hepatitis B virus, but can also be used to bind synthetic peptide analogues of other viral proteins, as well as bacterial, allergen and parasitic proteins of man and animals. The peptides of the invention can be utilized in diagnostics for the detection of antigens and antibodies.V Excerpt(s): The present invention concerns pre-S gene coded hepatitis B immunogens, vaccines and diagnostics. More especially, this invention concerns novel pre-S gene coded peptides and novel carriers, particularly carriers for pre-S gene coded peptides. Even more especially, the present invention relates to synthetic pre-S gene coded peptides covalently linked to lipid vesicle carriers. There are approximately 600,000 persistent carriers of hepatitis B virus (HBV) in the United States; the estimated total number of carriers in the world is 200 million. A considerable portion of HBV carriers have chronic liver disease. The involvement of HBV in liver cancer has been demonstrated (W. Szmuness, Prog. Med. Virol. 24, 40 (1978) and R. P. Beasley, L.-Y. Hwang, C.-C. Ling, C.-S. Chien, Lancet Nov., 21, 1129 (1981)). The biology, structure and immunochemistry of HBV and the genetic organization of its DNA genome have been reviewed (B. S. Blumberg, Science, 197 17, (1977)). The cloning and sequencing of the genome of several hepatitis virus (HBV) isolates led to the elucidation of the genetic structure of the viral DNA (P. Tiollais, P. Charnay, G. N. Vyas, Science, 213, 406, (1981)). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04847080__ •

Pres2+S hepatitis B vaccine derived from plasma Inventor(s): Bertland, II; Alexander U. (Lansdale, PA), Miller; William J. (North Wales, PA) Assignee(s): Merck & Co., Inc. (Rahway, NJ) Patent Number: 5,030,720 Date filed: September 1, 1988 Abstract: Hepatitis B PreS2+S antigen is isolated from plasma by adsorption on an affinity chromatography column, elution with a chaotropic agent and treatment with concentrated urea at an elevated temperature. The process retains all or substantially all of the preS2+S antigen. Excerpt(s): The isolation of hepatitis B surface antigen from plasma and its purification and use in a vaccine to immunize against hepatitis B is known and is described, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,636,191 and 4,017,360. Current vaccines isolated from plasma, however, do not contain the preS2 component of the hepatitis B surface antigen. An antigen containing the pre-S region would have enhanced immunogenicity relative to antigens produced by current techniques which lack this region of HBsAg. It is, accordingly, an object of the present invention to provide a method to isolate the intact preS2+S molecule Another object is to provide a method for isolating HBsAg which does not truncate the preS2+S molecule These and other objects of the present invention will be apparent from the following description. Hepatitis B preS2+S antigen is isolated from plasma by a process that comprises passing the plasma through an affinity chromatography column adapted to adsorb preS2+S antigen, eluting the adsorbed antigen from the column with a chaotropic agent, treating the eluted antigen with

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concentrated urea at an elevated temperature, and removing the urea from the treated antigen. The process retains all or substantially all of the preS2+S antigen. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05030720__

Patent Applications on Hepatitis B Vaccine As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.9 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to hepatitis B vaccine: •

HEPATITIS B VACCINE Inventor(s): Desmons, Pierre; (Nivelles, BE), Garcon, Nathalie Marie-Josephe Claude; (Wavre, BE), Hauser, Pierre; (Chaumont Gistoux, BE) Correspondence: Smithkline Beecham Corporation; Corporate Intellectual Property Uw2220; P.O. Box 1539; King OF Prussia; PA; 19406-0939; US Patent Application Number: 20020192224 Date filed: December 6, 2000 Abstract: A novel vaccine formulation is provided, comprising a hepatitis B component, particularly hepatitis B surface antigen, in combination with aluminum phosphate and 3 de-O-acylated monophosphoryl lipid A. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to novel vaccine formulations, methods for preparing them and to their use in therapy. In particular the present invention relates to novel formulations for treating Hepatitis infections and to combination vaccine formulations including a Hepatitis B vaccine component. Viral hepatitis, caused by the A, B, C, D, and E hepatitis viruses, is a very common viral illness. Via the B and C viruses, in particular, it is also responsible for many cases of liver cancer. Thus the development of effective vaccines is critical and, despite notable successes, is still an ongoing task. A review on modern hepatitis vaccines, including a number of key references, may be found in the Lancet, May 12, 1990 at page 1142 ff (Prof A. L. W. F. Eddleston). See also `Viral Hepatitis and Liver Disease` (Vyas, B. N., Dienstag, J. L., and Hoofnagle, J. H., eds, Grune and Stratton, Inc. (1984) and `Viral Hepatitis and Liver Disease` (Proceedings of the 1990 International Symposium, eds F. B. Hollinger, S. M. Lemon and H. Margolis, published by Williams and Wilkins). As used herein the expression `hepatitis B antigen` is used to refer to any antigenic material derived from a hepatitis B virus which may be used to induce immunity to the virus in humans. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with hepatitis B vaccine, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued 9

This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

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Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “hepatitis B vaccine” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on hepatitis B vaccine. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning hepatitis B vaccine. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

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CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON HEPATITIS B VACCINE Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to hepatitis B vaccine. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on hepatitis B vaccine include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “hepatitis B vaccine” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on hepatitis B vaccine: •

Hepatitis B Immunization in a STD Clinic: Lessons Learned in San Diego County: A Practical Guide Contact: Us Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Division of AIDS STD and TB Laboratory Research, 1600 Clifton Rd A12, Atlanta, GA, 30333, (404) 639-4581, http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dastlr/default.htm. Summary: This monograph provides guidelines for the provision of hepatitis B immunizations in sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinics. The monograph discusses the facts about hepatitis B and its vaccine and outlines the components of an effective program to provide hepatitis B immunizations in STD clinics. It explains how a trial program fared in San Diego and evaluates the benefits of having hepatitis B vaccines in STD clinics.

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First Year Hepatitis B: An Essential Guide for the Newly Diagnosed Source: New York, NY: Marlowe and Company. 2002. 264 p. Contact: Available from Marlowe and Company. 161 William Street, 16th Floor, New York, NY 10038. PRICE: $15.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1569245339. Summary: Viral hepatitis B (liver infection) is one of the most preventable medical conditions due to the availability of a hepatitis B vaccine, yet an estimated 100,000 people in the United States are infected each year, and 6,000 die from complications. When the author of this book was diagnosed in 1993, he decided to be proactive in his quest to understand and manage his illness. In this book, the author walks readers stepby-step through everything they need to do and learn each day of their first week after diagnosis, each subsequent week of the first month, and the following eleven months of the first year. In nontechnical language, the author covers a wide range of practical, medical, and lifestyle issues, beginning with coming to terms with the diagnosis and then continuing with strategies for accomplishing necessary lifestyle changes; guidelines and tips for diet modification; how to discuss the condition with family, friends, and coworkers; how to choose a medical team; stress management and exercise; current medical research and medications; how to handle sexual and social relationships; effective alternative therapies; and support group resources. The book concludes with a glossary of terms, a list of resources, and a subject index.

Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “hepatitis B vaccine” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “hepatitis B vaccine” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “hepatitis B vaccine” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •

When Your Doctor is Wrong, Hepatitis B Vaccine and Autism by Judy Converse; ISBN: 1401029736; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1401029736/icongroupinterna

Chapters on Hepatitis B Vaccine In order to find chapters that specifically relate to hepatitis B vaccine, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and hepatitis B vaccine using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “hepatitis B vaccine” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on hepatitis B vaccine:

Books

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Treatment for Hepatitis B: Interferon, Lamivudine, and Adefovir Source: in Everson, G.T.; Weinberg, H. Living with Hepatitis B: A Survivor's Guide. Long Island, NY: Hatherleigh Press. 2002. p.139-174. Contact: Available from Hatherleigh Press. 5-22 46th Avenue Suite 200, Long Island City, NY 11101. (800) 528-2550. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: http://store.yahoo.com/hatherleighpress/index.html. PRICE: $15.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1578260841. Summary: Chronic hepatitis B can lead to cirrhosis (liver scarring), liver cancer, and the need for liver transplantation. This chapter on drug therapy is from a book that helps readers diagnosed with hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection educate themselves about the disease and its treatment. The authors first offer an overview of general guidelines for patients with acute hepatitis B, chronic hepatitis B, and monitoring issues for patients with chronic infection. The authors then discuss drug therapy, including interferon, lamivudine, thymosin-alpha1 (Zadazin), famciclovir (Famvir), ganciclovir (Cytovene), and adefovir dipovoxil. For each drug, the authors describe the therapy, consider administration and dosage issues, and address side effects that may be encountered. The chapter concludes with information about nonresponders, the hepatitis B vaccine, the hepatitis A vaccine, and hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG). Throughout the chapter the authors include quotes from real people who are living with hepatitis. 6 figures. 1 reference.

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Day One: Condemned to. Taking Care of Yourself Source: in Green, W.F. First Year: Hepatitis B. New York, NY: Marlowe and Company. 2002. p. 1-12. Contact: Available from Marlowe and Company. 161 William Street, 16th Floor, New York, NY 10038. PRICE: $15.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1569245339. Summary: Viral hepatitis B (liver infection) is one of the most preventable medical conditions due to the availability of a hepatitis B vaccine, yet an estimated 100,000 people in the United States are infected each year, and 6,000 die from complications. When the author of this book was diagnosed in 1993, he decided to be proactive in his quest to understand and manage his illness. In this introductory chapter, the author summarizes the steps of everything they need to do and learn each day of their first week after diagnosis, each subsequent week of the first month, and the following eleven months of the first year. In nontechnical language, the author introduces the concepts of stress management, depression, self care, and coping with chronic disease. The second section of the chapter answers common questions that patients may have on the first day they learn of their diagnosis. Topics include the vaccine for hepatitis B, transmission, prognosis, and alcohol consumption and the need for complete abstinence. The author summarizes the chapter in one sentence, encouraging patients to choose how their lives will be with HBV and to proactively manage their energy, diet, treatment, and feelings.

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CHAPTER 6. MULTIMEDIA ON HEPATITIS B VACCINE Overview In this chapter, we show you how to keep current on multimedia sources of information on hepatitis B vaccine. We start with sources that have been summarized by federal agencies, and then show you how to find bibliographic information catalogued by the National Library of Medicine.

Video Recordings An excellent source of multimedia information on hepatitis B vaccine is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to “Videorecording” and “hepatitis B vaccine” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find video productions, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Videorecording (videotape, videocassette, etc.).” Type “hepatitis B vaccine” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for video recordings on hepatitis B vaccine: •

Silent Stalker: A Video Promoting Prevention of Hepatitis and Substance Abuse Source: Cedar Grove, NJ: Hepatitis Foundation International. 2000. (videocassette). Contact: Available from Hepatitis Foundation International. 30 Sunrise Terrace, Cedar Grove, NJ 07009-1423. (800) 891-0707. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.hepfi.org. PRICE: $35.00 plus shipping and handling. Summary: This health promotion video describes hepatitis, a viral infection of the liver. The program begins in black and white, with spooky music, and introduces hepatitis as the Silent Stalker; various people are shown running in fear from a mysterious assailant. Then, young adult narrators stress that knowledge is power, which can be used to prevent hepatitis. The anatomy and physiology of the liver is briefly reviewed; the liver's roles as the body's chemical power plant, storage for energy supply, protein manufacturer (to build and repair muscles), and protector against germs, viruses, and poisons from alcohol and drugs. The program notes that the body usually offers pain to

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indicate damage or disease, however, the liver is an uncomplaining organ, so it can be under great stress or damage without symptoms. Hepatitis B and hepatitis C are reviewed, and viewers are encouraged to get the hepatitis B vaccine. The narrators then review the strategies to prevent hepatitis C, including avoiding shared injectable drug equipment (needles), making sure that body piercing or tattooing needles used are sterilized, and practicing safe sex by using a condom. The narrators stress that they are not judging peoples' activities, just providing information and encouraging viewers to make healthy decisions for themselves. The theme of 'you've got the power' (to prevent infection) is reiterated. The program concludes with the same people that were shown fleeing at the beginning; the ending is filmed in color, with upbeat music and smiling faces. Contact information for the Hepatitis Foundation International is also provided (www.hepfi.org; 800-891-0707).

Audio Recordings The Combined Health Information Database contains abstracts on audio productions. To search CHID, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find audio productions, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Sound Recordings.” Type “hepatitis B vaccine” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for sound recordings on hepatitis B vaccine: •

Plenary Session: Vaccine Development and Testing: Global View - Hepatitis and AIDS Source: 3rd National Forum on AIDS and Hepatitis B. Washington, DC, November 2122, 1988. Contact: National Foundation for Infectious Diseases, 4733 Bethesda Ave Ste 750, Bethesda, MD, 20814-5228, (301) 656-0003, http://www.nfid.org. Sound Solution, PO Box 566074, Dallas, TX, 75356, (214) 258-6144. Summary: This sound recording contains proceedings of the 3rd National Forum on AIDS and Hepatitis B held in Washington, DC on November 21-22, 1988. It discusses the history of the Hepatitis B vaccine and relates it to the ongoing efforts to develop a vaccine for the Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). What retroviruses are, how the antigenic response occurs, and how the Hepatitis B surface antigen was discovered are recounted. The difficulty surrounding effective vaccine development for Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is emphasized. The cost-effectiveness of vaccines and their applications to improving the quality of human life are explored.

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CHAPTER 7. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON HEPATITIS B VACCINE Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover hepatitis B vaccine.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on hepatitis B vaccine is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “hepatitis B vaccine” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to hepatitis B vaccine. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “hepatitis B vaccine” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for hepatitis B vaccine: •

China launches hepatitis B vaccine project Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: June 03, 2002

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US Institute of Medicine finds hepatitis B vaccine safe Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: May 31, 2002

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Immunologic response to hepatitis B vaccine diminishes with increasing age Source: Reuters Medical News Date: December 27, 2002

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Nabi to begin shipment of hepatitis B vaccine from newly finished plant Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: March 27, 2002

•

Corixa adjuvant performs well in phase III hepatitis B vaccine study Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: January 09, 2002

•

Adjuvant performs well in phase III hepatitis B vaccine study Source: Reuters Medical News Date: January 09, 2002

•

Intradermal hepatitis B vaccine can cut costs by 80% Source: Reuters Medical News Date: June 05, 2001

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DNA hepatitis B vaccine promising in nonresponders to licensed vaccines Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: April 25, 2001

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Powderject has early success in hepatitis B vaccine trial Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: April 24, 2001

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GlaxoSmithKline's hepatitis B vaccine recalled Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: March 21, 2001

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Plant-derived oral hepatitis B vaccine generates antibody response in mice Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: October 31, 2000

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Experts recommend hepatitis B vaccine for newborns Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: August 23, 2000

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Annual booster schedule for hepatitis B vaccine as effective as shorter intervals Source: Reuters Medical News Date: June 08, 1999

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Patients, public health officials dispute hepatitis B vaccine risks Source: Reuters Medical News Date: May 19, 1999

•

SmithKline, Ribi report positive phase III hepatitis B vaccine study Source: Reuters Medical News Date: December 15, 1998

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The NIH Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “hepatitis B vaccine” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “hepatitis B vaccine” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to hepatitis B vaccine, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “hepatitis B vaccine” (or synonyms).

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Newsletter Articles Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “hepatitis B vaccine” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on hepatitis B vaccine: •

Here's the Score!: Hepatitis B Vaccine is Safe and Effective Source: Needle Tips and the Hepatitis B Coalition News. 9(1): 6. Spring-Summer 1999. Contact: Available from Immunization Action Coalition. Hepatitis B Coalition. 1573 Selby Avenue, Suite 234, St. Paul, MN 55104. (651-) 647-9009. Fax (651) 647-9131. Website: www.immunize.org. Summary: Hepatitis B vaccines provide protection against serious and life threatening liver diseases, including cancer of the liver. This article reviews the safety and efficacy of hepatitis B vaccine. The author notes that recent news items have questioned the safety of hepatitis B vaccines and suggested associations between the vaccine and multiple sclerosis (MS) and other autoimmune disorders. The author emphasizes that these news reports have not included the results of expert panels who have carefully reviewed the data and found no scientific evidence of a causal relationship between hepatitis B vaccine and MS and other disorders. The author describes this review process and refers readers to numerous vaccine safety resources (telephone numbers and websites). The author stresses that parents should not be misled by the occasional inflammatory reports in the press. Hepatitis B vaccines are very safe and effective and should continue to be given to all children as part of their routine vaccination schedule.

•

Be As Sure As You Can Be!: Give Babies Hepatitis B Vaccine at Birth Source: Needle Tips and the Hepatitis B Coalition News. 10(1): 3. Spring-Summer 2000. Contact: Available from Hepatitis B Coalition. Immunization Action Coalition, 1573 Selby Avenue, Suite 229, St. Paul, MN 55104. (612) 647-9009. Fax (612) 647-9131. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.winternet.com. Summary: In the past year, the successful strategy of initiating hepatitis B immunization at birth has been interrupted by concerns regarding thimerosal, the commonly used vaccine preservative. This article briefly reviews the concerns with thimerosal, then notes that vaccine manufacturers now have sufficient supplies of preservative free hepatitis B vaccine to meet the vaccination needs of all children in the United States. Advisory groups have recommended that routine newborn vaccination policies be reintroduced in hospitals where they were discontinued. In addition, both advisory groups (the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or CDC, and the American Academy of Pediatrics, AAP) have emphasized that hepatitis B vaccination should not be delayed for infants born to HBsAg negative mothers as was recommended by the AAP in July 1999. The article lists and discusses five reasons that infant vaccine is critical: prevention of perinatal hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection; hepatitis B vaccination at birth provides a safety net; infants and children are exposed to HBV even though their mothers are HBsAg negative; infant immunization is part of the nation's strategy to

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eliminate HBV transmission; and the birth dose of hepatitis B vaccine increases completion of the three dose series and other childhood vaccines. 1 reference.

Academic Periodicals covering Hepatitis B Vaccine Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to hepatitis B vaccine. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering hepatitis B vaccine that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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CHAPTER 8. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.

U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for hepatitis B vaccine. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a non-profit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI Advice for the Patient can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with hepatitis B vaccine. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.).

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The following drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to hepatitis B vaccine: Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis, Hepatitis B, Poliovirus Vaccine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Pediarix http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500447.html

Hepatitis B Vaccine Recombinant •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Engerix-B; Recombivax HB; Recombivax HB Dialysis Formulation http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202281.html

Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.

Mosby’s Drug Consult Mosby’s Drug Consult database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/. PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html. Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee. If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute10: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

10

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

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National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

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National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

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National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

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National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.11 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:12 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

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Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

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Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

11

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 12 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway13 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.14 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “hepatitis B vaccine” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 5640 41 673 208 4 6566

HSTAT15 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.16 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.17 Simply search by “hepatitis B vaccine” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

13

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

14

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 15 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 16 17

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists18 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.19 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.20 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

18 Adapted 19

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 20 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on hepatitis B vaccine can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internetbased services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to hepatitis B vaccine. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to hepatitis B vaccine. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “hepatitis B vaccine”:

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Childhood Immunization http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/childhoodimmunization.html Hepatitis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hepatitis.html Hepatitis A http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hepatitisa.html Hepatitis B http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hepatitisb.html Hepatitis C http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hepatitisc.html You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on hepatitis B vaccine. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •

Get Your Hepatitis B Vaccine: It Takes 3 Shots Source: Trenton, NJ: New Jersey Department of Health and Senior Services. 1998. [2 p.]. Contact: Available from New Jersey Department of Health and Senior Services, Immunization Program. P.O. Box 369, Trenton, NJ 08625-0369. (609) 588-7512. Fax (609) 588-7431. PRICE: Single copy free; limited quantities available. Summary: Hepatitis B is a serious disease that affects the liver. Some people who become infected with the virus later develop serious liver disease, such as liver cancer. This brochure familiarizes teenagers with hepatitis B and the vaccine available to prevent the disease. The hepatitis B virus (HBV) is found in blood and body fluids such as sexual secretions. It is spread from one person to another after coming in contact with even the smallest amount of infected blood or body fluids. HBV can cause many different symptoms of sickness (including flu like symptoms, jaundice, loss of appetite) or no symptoms at all. Many infected persons do not feel sick and may not know they have the disease unless they get a blood test for hepatitis B. Since they have no idea they are infected with the virus, they can unknowingly infect others. Hepatitis B is also considered a sexually transmitted disease (STD). The hepatitis B vaccine, given in a series of 3 shots over a period of 6 months, can protect against infection. The brochure

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concludes by recommending other immunizations that teenagers should have, including MMR (measles, mumps, rubella), Td (tetanus, diphtheria), and varicella (chickenpox). •

Hepatitis B Shots Now Recommended for All New Babies: Hepatitis B Vaccine Helps Protect Your Baby's Future! Source: St. Paul, MN: Hepatitis B Coalition. 1996. 2 p. Contact: Available from Hepatitis B Coalition. 1573 Selby Avenue, Suite 229, St. Paul, MN 55104. (612) 647-9009. PRICE: $1.00 per copy. Summary: The American Academy of Pediatrics, American Academy of Family Physicians, and the United States Public Health Service Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices all recommend that every baby born in the United States be vaccinated against hepatitis B. This illustrated patient education brochure reviews this recommendation and explains the importance of vaccination. Topics include a description of hepatitis B and how it is spread, statistics on the numbers of people who get hepatitis B, how many shots are in the hepatitis B series and when they should be given, the safety of the hepatitis B vaccine, and the cost of the vaccine. The brochure explains that the vaccination is also recommended for teens and pre-teens who have not been vaccinated. The brochure is available in English, Spanish, Hmong, Cambodian, Laotian, Vietnamese, Russian, Chinese, or Korean.

•

Information About Hepatitis B Vaccine Source: Trenton, NJ: New Jersey Department of Health. 199x. 1 p. Contact: Available from Refugee Service Center, Center for Applied Linguistics. Attention: Health Education Materials. 1118 22nd Street, NW, Washington, DC 20037. (202) 429-9292. Fax (202) 659-5641. PRICE: Free. Item numbers: C2.8 (Cambodian), V2.17 (Vietnamese). Also available from New Jersey Department of Health, Refugee Health Program, Communicable Diseases, Cn 360, Trenton, NJ 08625. (609) 588-7500. Summary: This brief fact sheet provides information about hepatitis B vaccine. The brochure covers a definition of hepatitis B, symptoms, potential complications, the hepatitis B vaccine and indications for its use, and possible side effects from vaccination. The fact sheet includes a form for the patient to fill out indicating that he or she has read the fact sheet and gives consent for receiving the vaccination. The fact sheet is available in English, Vietnamese, and Cambodian.

•

Recommended Dosages and Schedules of Hepatitis A Vaccines. Recommended Dosages of Hepatitis B Vaccines Source: St. Paul, MN: Immunization Action Coalition. 1997. 1 p. Contact: Available from Hepatitis B Coalition. 1573 Selby Avenue, Suite 234, St. Paul, MN 55104. (612) 647-9009. Fax (612) 647-9131. PRICE: $1.00. Summary: This fact sheet consists of two charts designed to guide clinic workers who are administering vaccinations. The first chart lists recommended dosages and schedules of hepatitis A vaccines; the second lists recommended dosages of hepatitis B vaccines. The first chart (hepatitis A) notes the vaccine brand, the group of patients in whom it is used, ages, dose, volume, number of doses, and schedule. Two vaccine brands are noted: Havrix (SmithKline Beecham) and VAQTA (Merck and Co.). The hepatitis B chart notes HBV risk group or age group and the dosages for two different brands: Engerix-B (SmithKline Beecham) and Recombivax HB (Merck and Co.). The

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chart reminds users that different vials contain different concentrations of vaccine. In addition, once one brand is started, the same brand should be used to complete the series. An end note provides recommendations for adult patients on dialysis. •

Important Information About Hepatitis B, Hepatitis B Vaccine, and Hepatitis B Immune Globulin Source: Olympia, WA: Washington State Department of Health. 1992. 2 p. Contact: Available from Refugee Service Center, Center for Applied Linguistics. Attention: Health Education Materials. 1118 22nd Street, NW, Washington, DC 20037. (202) 429-9292. Fax (202) 659-5641. PRICE: Free. Item numbers: R2.4 (Russian), C2.3 (Cambodian), V2.7 (Vietnamese). Also available from Washington State Department of Health, Mailstop 7890, Olympia, WA 98504-7890. (206) 705-6000. Summary: This fact sheet provides information about hepatitis B, hepatitis B vaccine, and hepatitis B immune globulin. Written in question and answer format, the brochure covers a definition of hepatitis B, transmission, symptoms, potential complications, hepatitis B in children, the hepatitis B vaccine, the use of hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG) in infants and adults, and possible side effects from vaccination or HBIG. The fact sheet includes space for the health care provider's phone number in case of questions or reactions, and a form for the patient to fill out indicating that he or she has read the fact sheet. The fact sheet is available in English, Vietnamese, Cambodian, and Russian. The NIH Search Utility

The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to hepatitis B vaccine. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

Patient Resources

•

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to hepatitis B vaccine. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with hepatitis B vaccine. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about hepatitis B vaccine. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “hepatitis B vaccine” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “hepatitis B vaccine”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “hepatitis B vaccine” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months.

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The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “hepatitis B vaccine” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.21

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

21

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)22: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

22

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

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•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

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•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

109

HEPATITIS B VACCINE DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Adenocarcinoma: A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization. [NIH] Adenovirus: A group of viruses that cause respiratory tract and eye infections. Adenoviruses used in gene therapy are altered to carry a specific tumor-fighting gene. [NIH] Adjuvant: A substance which aids another, such as an auxiliary remedy; in immunology, nonspecific stimulator (e.g., BCG vaccine) of the immune response. [EU] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adsorption: The condensation of gases, liquids, or dissolved substances on the surfaces of solids. It includes adsorptive phenomena of bacteria and viruses as well as of tissues treated with exogenous drugs and chemicals. [NIH] Adsorptive: It captures volatile compounds by binding them to agents such as activated carbon or adsorptive resins. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Affinity Chromatography: In affinity chromatography, a ligand attached to a column binds specifically to the molecule to be purified. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Allergen: An antigenic substance capable of producing immediate-type hypersensitivity (allergy). [EU] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Alum: A type of immune adjuvant (a substance used to help boost the immune response to a vaccine). Also called aluminum sulfate. [NIH] Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98. [NIH] Amino acid: Any organic compound containing an amino (-NH2 and a carboxyl (- COOH)

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group. The 20 a-amino acids listed in the accompanying table are the amino acids from which proteins are synthesized by formation of peptide bonds during ribosomal translation of messenger RNA; all except glycine, which is not optically active, have the L configuration. Other amino acids occurring in proteins, such as hydroxyproline in collagen, are formed by posttranslational enzymatic modification of amino acids residues in polypeptide chains. There are also several important amino acids, such as the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid, that have no relation to proteins. Abbreviated AA. [EU] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antigen-presenting cell: APC. A cell that shows antigen on its surface to other cells of the immune system. This is an important part of an immune response. [NIH] Antiseptic: A substance that inhibits the growth and development of microorganisms without necessarily killing them. [EU] Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Artery: Vessel-carrying blood from the heart to various parts of the body. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU]

Dictionary 111

Attenuated: Strain with weakened or reduced virulence. [NIH] Autoimmune disease: A condition in which the body recognizes its own tissues as foreign and directs an immune response against them. [NIH] Autoimmunity: Process whereby the immune system reacts against the body's own tissues. Autoimmunity may produce or be caused by autoimmune diseases. [NIH] Autonomic: Self-controlling; functionally independent. [EU] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Basophils: Granular leukocytes characterized by a relatively pale-staining, lobate nucleus and cytoplasm containing coarse dark-staining granules of variable size and stainable by basic dyes. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile Pigments: Pigments that give a characteristic color to bile including: bilirubin, biliverdine, and bilicyanin. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bone Marrow Cells: Cells contained in the bone marrow including fat cells, stromal cells, megakaryocytes, and the immediate precursors of most blood cells. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bronchiseptica: A small, gram-negative, motile bacillus. A normal inhabitant of the respiratory tract in man, dogs, and pigs, but is also associated with canine infectious tracheobronchitis and atrophic rhinitis in pigs. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]

Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual

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patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Causal: Pertaining to a cause; directed against a cause. [EU] Celiac Disease: A disease characterized by intestinal malabsorption and precipitated by gluten-containing foods. The intestinal mucosa shows loss of villous structure. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Cell Size: The physical dimensions of a cell. It refers mainly to changes in dimensions correlated with physiological or pathological changes in cells. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH] Chickenpox: A mild, highly contagious virus characterized by itchy blisters all over the body. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Disease: Disease or ailment of long duration. [NIH] Chronic renal: Slow and progressive loss of kidney function over several years, often resulting in end-stage renal disease. People with end-stage renal disease need dialysis or transplantation to replace the work of the kidneys. [NIH] Cirrhosis: A type of chronic, progressive liver disease. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Cognitive restructuring: A method of identifying and replacing fear-promoting, irrational beliefs with more realistic and functional ones. [NIH] Cohort Studies: Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the

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high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Compliance: Distensibility measure of a chamber such as the lungs (lung compliance) or bladder. Compliance is expressed as a change in volume per unit change in pressure. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Consultation: A deliberation between two or more physicians concerning the diagnosis and the proper method of treatment in a case. [NIH] Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU]

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Continuum: An area over which the vegetation or animal population is of constantly changing composition so that homogeneous, separate communities cannot be distinguished. [NIH]

Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Control group: In a clinical trial, the group that does not receive the new treatment being studied. This group is compared to the group that receives the new treatment, to see if the new treatment works. [NIH] Controlled study: An experiment or clinical trial that includes a comparison (control) group. [NIH]

Coordination: Muscular or motor regulation or the harmonious cooperation of muscles or groups of muscles, in a complex action or series of actions. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Cortisol: A steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex as part of the body's response to stress. [NIH] Crossing-over: The exchange of corresponding segments between chromatids of homologous chromosomes during meiosia, forming a chiasma. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytomegalovirus: A genus of the family Herpesviridae, subfamily Betaherpesvirinae, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS. [NIH] Cytomegalovirus Infections: Infection with Cytomegalovirus, characterized by enlarged cells bearing intranuclear inclusions. Infection may be in almost any organ, but the salivary glands are the most common site in children, as are the lungs in adults. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Deamination: The removal of an amino group (NH2) from a chemical compound. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Dendritic: 1. Branched like a tree. 2. Pertaining to or possessing dendrites. [EU] Dendritic cell: A special type of antigen-presenting cell (APC) that activates T lymphocytes. [NIH]

Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Dentists: Individuals licensed to practice dentistry. [NIH]

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Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Dialyzer: A part of the hemodialysis machine. (See hemodialysis under dialysis.) The dialyzer has two sections separated by a membrane. One section holds dialysate. The other holds the patient's blood. [NIH] Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Diphtheria: A localized infection of mucous membranes or skin caused by toxigenic strains of Corynebacterium diphtheriae. It is characterized by the presence of a pseudomembrane at the site of infection. Diphtheria toxin, produced by C. diphtheriae, can cause myocarditis, polyneuritis, and other systemic toxic effects. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Discrete: Made up of separate parts or characterized by lesions which do not become blended; not running together; separate. [NIH] Disease Susceptibility: A constitution or condition of the body which makes the tissues react in special ways to certain extrinsic stimuli and thus tends to make the individual more than usually susceptible to certain diseases. [NIH] Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Dosage schedule: A scheme set up to determine and regulate size, frequency and number of doses. [EU] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Emergency Medical Technicians: Paramedical personnel trained to provide basic emergency care and life support under the supervision of physicians and/or nurses. These services may be carried out at the site of the emergency, in the ambulance, or in a health care institution. [NIH] Empirical: A treatment based on an assumed diagnosis, prior to receiving confirmatory laboratory test results. [NIH] Endemic: Present or usually prevalent in a population or geographical area at all times; said

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of a disease or agent. Called also endemial. [EU] End-stage renal: Total chronic kidney failure. When the kidneys fail, the body retains fluid and harmful wastes build up. A person with ESRD needs treatment to replace the work of the failed kidneys. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Eosinophil: A polymorphonuclear leucocyte with large eosinophilic granules in its cytoplasm, which plays a role in hypersensitivity reactions. [NIH] Eosinophilia: Abnormal increase in eosinophils in the blood, tissues or organs. [NIH] Epidemiological: Relating to, or involving epidemiology. [EU] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Excipient: Any more or less inert substance added to a prescription in order to confer a suitable consistency or form to the drug; a vehicle. [EU] Excitation: An act of irritation or stimulation or of responding to a stimulus; the addition of energy, as the excitation of a molecule by absorption of photons. [EU] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Eye Infections: Infection, moderate to severe, caused by bacteria, fungi, or viruses, which occurs either on the external surface of the eye or intraocularly with probable inflammation, visual impairment, or blindness. [NIH] Facial: Of or pertaining to the face. [EU] Facial Expression: Observable changes of expression in the face in response to emotional stimuli. [NIH] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Filtration: The passage of a liquid through a filter, accomplished by gravity, pressure, or vacuum (suction). [EU] Flow Cytometry: Technique using an instrument system for making, processing, and displaying one or more measurements on individual cells obtained from a cell suspension. Cells are usually stained with one or more fluorescent dyes specific to cell components of interest, e.g., DNA, and fluorescence of each cell is measured as it rapidly transverses the excitation beam (laser or mercury arc lamp). Fluorescence provides a quantitative measure of various biochemical and biophysical properties of the cell, as well as a basis for cell sorting. Other measurable optical parameters include light absorption and light scattering, the latter being applicable to the measurement of cell size, shape, density, granularity, and stain uptake. [NIH]

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Fluorescence: The property of emitting radiation while being irradiated. The radiation emitted is usually of longer wavelength than that incident or absorbed, e.g., a substance can be irradiated with invisible radiation and emit visible light. X-ray fluorescence is used in diagnosis. [NIH] Fluorescent Dyes: Dyes that emit light when exposed to light. The wave length of the emitted light is usually longer than that of the incident light. Fluorochromes are substances that cause fluorescence in other substances, i.e., dyes used to mark or label other compounds with fluorescent tags. They are used as markers in biochemistry and immunology. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Ganciclovir: Acyclovir analog that is a potent inhibitor of the Herpesvirus family including cytomegalovirus. Ganciclovir is used to treat complications from AIDS-associated cytomegalovirus infections. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Gene Therapy: The introduction of new genes into cells for the purpose of treating disease by restoring or adding gene expression. Techniques include insertion of retroviral vectors, transfection, homologous recombination, and injection of new genes into the nuclei of single cell embryos. The entire gene therapy process may consist of multiple steps. The new genes may be introduced into proliferating cells in vivo (e.g., bone marrow) or in vitro (e.g., fibroblast cultures) and the modified cells transferred to the site where the gene expression is required. Gene therapy may be particularly useful for treating enzyme deficiency diseases, hemoglobinopathies, and leukemias and may also prove useful in restoring drug sensitivity, particularly for leukemia. [NIH] Genetic Engineering: Directed modification of the gene complement of a living organism by such techniques as altering the DNA, substituting genetic material by means of a virus, transplanting whole nuclei, transplanting cell hybrids, etc. [NIH] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Germ Cells: The reproductive cells in multicellular organisms. [NIH] Gestation: The period of development of the young in viviparous animals, from the time of fertilization of the ovum until birth. [EU] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glottis: The vocal apparatus of the larynx, consisting of the true vocal cords (plica vocalis) and the opening between them (rima glottidis). [NIH] Gluten: The protein of wheat and other grains which gives to the dough its tough elastic character. [EU] Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of health-

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related institutions and organizations. [NIH] Gp120: 120-kD HIV envelope glycoprotein which is involved in the binding of the virus to its membrane receptor, the CD4 molecule, found on the surface of certain cells in the body. [NIH]

Granulocyte: A type of white blood cell that fights bacterial infection. Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils are granulocytes. [NIH] Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor: An acidic glycoprotein of MW 23 kDa with internal disulfide bonds. The protein is produced in response to a number of inflammatory mediators by mesenchymal cells present in the hemopoietic environment and at peripheral sites of inflammation. GM-CSF is able to stimulate the production of neutrophilic granulocytes, macrophages, and mixed granulocyte-macrophage colonies from bone marrow cells and can stimulate the formation of eosinophil colonies from fetal liver progenitor cells. GM-CSF can also stimulate some functional activities in mature granulocytes and macrophages. [NIH] Gravis: Eruption of watery blisters on the skin among those handling animals and animal products. [NIH] Haemodialysis: The removal of certain elements from the blood by virtue of the difference in the rates of their diffusion through a semipermeable membrane, e.g., by means of a haemodialyzer. [EU] Haplotypes: The genetic constitution of individuals with respect to one member of a pair of allelic genes, or sets of genes that are closely linked and tend to be inherited together such as those of the major histocompatibility complex. [NIH] Haptens: Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response. [NIH] Health Promotion: Encouraging consumer behaviors most likely to optimize health potentials (physical and psychosocial) through health information, preventive programs, and access to medical care. [NIH] Hemodialysis: The use of a machine to clean wastes from the blood after the kidneys have failed. The blood travels through tubes to a dialyzer, which removes wastes and extra fluid. The cleaned blood then flows through another set of tubes back into the body. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic alterations of hepatocytes. [NIH] Hepatitis A: Hepatitis caused by hepatovirus. It can be transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water. [NIH] Hepatitis Viruses: Any of the viruses that cause inflammation of the liver. They include both DNA and RNA viruses as well viruses from humans and animals. [NIH] Hepatocellular: Pertaining to or affecting liver cells. [EU] Hepatocellular carcinoma: A type of adenocarcinoma, the most common type of liver tumor. [NIH] Hepatocytes: The main structural component of the liver. They are specialized epithelial cells that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules. [NIH] Hepatovirus: A genus of Picornaviridae causing infectious hepatitis naturally in humans and experimentally in other primates. It is transmitted through fecal contamination of food

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or water. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH]

Homogeneous: Consisting of or composed of similar elements or ingredients; of a uniform quality throughout. [EU] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Humoral: Of, relating to, proceeding from, or involving a bodily humour - now often used of endocrine factors as opposed to neural or somatic. [EU] Humour: 1. A normal functioning fluid or semifluid of the body (as the blood, lymph or bile) especially of vertebrates. 2. A secretion that is itself an excitant of activity (as certain hormones). [EU] Hydration: Combining with water. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hyperbilirubinemia: Pathologic process consisting of an abnormal increase in the amount of bilirubin in the circulating blood, which may result in jaundice. [NIH] Hyperreflexia: Exaggeration of reflexes. [EU] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Immune adjuvant: A drug that stimulates the immune system to respond to disease. [NIH] Immune function: Production and action of cells that fight disease or infection. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immune Sera: Serum that contains antibodies. It is obtained from an animal that has been immunized either by antigen injection or infection with microorganisms containing the antigen. [NIH] Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunization Schedule: Schedule giving optimum times usually for primary and/or

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secondary immunization. [NIH] Immunochemistry: Field of chemistry that pertains to immunological phenomena and the study of chemical reactions related to antigen stimulation of tissues. It includes physicochemical interactions between antigens and antibodies. [NIH] Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunodeficiency syndrome: The inability of the body to produce an immune response. [NIH]

Immunoglobulin: A protein that acts as an antibody. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunologic Memory: The altered state of immunologic responsiveness resulting from initial contact with antigen, which enables the individual to produce antibodies more rapidly and in greater quantity in response to secondary antigenic stimulus. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incontinence: Inability to control the flow of urine from the bladder (urinary incontinence) or the escape of stool from the rectum (fecal incontinence). [NIH] Incubation: The development of an infectious disease from the entrance of the pathogen to the appearance of clinical symptoms. [EU] Incubation period: The period of time likely to elapse between exposure to the agent of the disease and the onset of clinical symptoms. [NIH] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infancy: The period of complete dependency prior to the acquisition of competence in walking, talking, and self-feeding. [NIH] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Informed Consent: Voluntary authorization, given to the physician by the patient, with full comprehension of the risks involved, for diagnostic or investigative procedures and medical and surgical treatment. [NIH]

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Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Insulator: Material covering the metal conductor of the lead. It is usually polyurethane or silicone. [NIH] Interferon: A biological response modifier (a substance that can improve the body's natural response to disease). Interferons interfere with the division of cancer cells and can slow tumor growth. There are several types of interferons, including interferon-alpha, -beta, and gamma. These substances are normally produced by the body. They are also made in the laboratory for use in treating cancer and other diseases. [NIH] Interferon-alpha: One of the type I interferons produced by peripheral blood leukocytes or lymphoblastoid cells when exposed to live or inactivated virus, double-stranded RNA, or bacterial products. It is the major interferon produced by virus-induced leukocyte cultures and, in addition to its pronounced antiviral activity, it causes activation of NK cells. [NIH] Interleukin-2: Chemical mediator produced by activated T lymphocytes and which regulates the proliferation of T cells, as well as playing a role in the regulation of NK cell activity. [NIH] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestinal Mucosa: The surface lining of the intestines where the cells absorb nutrients. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intramuscular: IM. Within or into muscle. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Jaundice: A clinical manifestation of hyperbilirubinemia, consisting of deposition of bile pigments in the skin, resulting in a yellowish staining of the skin and mucous membranes. [NIH]

Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Laceration: 1. The act of tearing. 2. A torn, ragged, mangled wound. [EU] Lamivudine: A reverse transcriptase inhibitor and zalcitabine analog in which a sulfur atom replaces the 3' carbon of the pentose ring. It is used to treat HIV disease. [NIH] Latent: Phoria which occurs at one distance or another and which usually has no troublesome effect. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Liver cancer: A disease in which malignant (cancer) cells are found in the tissues of the liver. [NIH]

Liver Transplantation: The transference of a part of or an entire liver from one human or animal to another. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH]

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Lung Transplantation: The transference of either one or both of the lungs from one human or animal to another. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]

Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Macrophage: A type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms, removes dead cells, and stimulates the action of other immune system cells. [NIH] Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor: A mononuclear phagocyte colony-stimulating factor synthesized by mesenchymal cells. The compound stimulates the survival, proliferation, and differentiation of hematopoietic cells of the monocyte-macrophage series. M-CSF is a disulfide-bonded glycoprotein dimer with a MW of 70 kDa. It binds to a specific high affinity receptor (receptor, macrophage colony-stimulating factor). [NIH] Major Histocompatibility Complex: The genetic region which contains the loci of genes which determine the structure of the serologically defined (SD) and lymphocyte-defined (LD) transplantation antigens, genes which control the structure of the immune responseassociated (Ia) antigens, the immune response (Ir) genes which control the ability of an animal to respond immunologically to antigenic stimuli, and genes which determine the structure and/or level of the first four components of complement. [NIH] Malabsorption: Impaired intestinal absorption of nutrients. [EU] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Meiosis: A special method of cell division, occurring in maturation of the germ cells, by means of which each daughter nucleus receives half the number of chromosomes characteristic of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning,

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(2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to mercury poisoning. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing. [NIH] Mesenchymal: Refers to cells that develop into connective tissue, blood vessels, and lymphatic tissue. [NIH] Meta-Analysis: A quantitative method of combining the results of independent studies (usually drawn from the published literature) and synthesizing summaries and conclusions which may be used to evaluate therapeutic effectiveness, plan new studies, etc., with application chiefly in the areas of research and medicine. [NIH] Metaphase: The second phase of cell division, in which the chromosomes line up across the equatorial plane of the spindle prior to separation. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microgram: A unit of mass (weight) of the metric system, being one-millionth of a gram (106 gm.) or one one-thousandth of a milligram (10-3 mg.). [EU] Milligram: A measure of weight. A milligram is approximately 450,000-times smaller than a pound and 28,000-times smaller than an ounce. [NIH] Mitochondrial Swelling: Increase in volume of mitochondria due to an influx of fluid; it occurs in hypotonic solutions due to osmotic pressure and in isotonic solutions as a result of altered permeability of the membranes of respiring mitochondria. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Monocyte: A type of white blood cell. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Multidose: Occurring in, or using multiple doses. [EU] Multiple sclerosis: A disorder of the central nervous system marked by weakness, numbness, a loss of muscle coordination, and problems with vision, speech, and bladder

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control. Multiple sclerosis is thought to be an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system destroys myelin. Myelin is a substance that contains both protein and fat (lipid) and serves as a nerve insulator and helps in the transmission of nerve signals. [NIH] Myelin: The fatty substance that covers and protects nerves. [NIH] Myelitis: Inflammation of the spinal cord. Relatively common etiologies include infections; autoimmune diseases; spinal cord; and ischemia (see also spinal cord vascular diseases). Clinical features generally include weakness, sensory loss, localized pain, incontinence, and other signs of autonomic dysfunction. [NIH] Myocarditis: Inflammation of the myocardium; inflammation of the muscular walls of the heart. [EU] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU] Neonatal Hepatitis: Irritation of the liver with no known cause. Occurs in newborn babies. Symptoms include jaundice and liver cell changes. [NIH] Neonatal period: The first 4 weeks after birth. [NIH] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Nephrology: A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with the anatomy, physiology, and pathology of the kidney. [NIH] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neurotransmitter: Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin. [EU] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Odds Ratio: The ratio of two odds. The exposure-odds ratio for case control data is the ratio of the odds in favor of exposure among cases to the odds in favor of exposure among noncases. The disease-odds ratio for a cohort or cross section is the ratio of the odds in favor of disease among the exposed to the odds in favor of disease among the unexposed. The prevalence-odds ratio refers to an odds ratio derived cross-sectionally from studies of

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prevalent cases. [NIH] Ovary: Either of the paired glands in the female that produce the female germ cells and secrete some of the female sex hormones. [NIH] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Paramedic: An emergency medical technician (EMT) who received further training for the delivery of some aspects of advanced life support (ALS) care. [NIH] Parasite: An animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrition from that other organism. [NIH] Parasitic: Having to do with or being a parasite. A parasite is an animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrients from it. [NIH] Paroxysmal: Recurring in paroxysms (= spasms or seizures). [EU] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Perinatal: Pertaining to or occurring in the period shortly before and after birth; variously defined as beginning with completion of the twentieth to twenty-eighth week of gestation and ending 7 to 28 days after birth. [EU] Peripheral blood: Blood circulating throughout the body. [NIH] Pertussis: An acute, highly contagious infection of the respiratory tract, most frequently affecting young children, usually caused by Bordetella pertussis; a similar illness has been associated with infection by B. parapertussis and B. bronchiseptica. It is characterized by a catarrhal stage, beginning after an incubation period of about two weeks, with slight fever, sneezing, running at the nose, and a dry cough. In a week or two the paroxysmal stage begins, with the characteristic paroxysmal cough, consisting of a deep inspiration, followed by a series of quick, short coughs, continuing until the air is expelled from the lungs; the close of the paroxysm is marked by a long-drawn, shrill, whooping inspiration, due to spasmodic closure of the glottis. This stage lasts three to four weeks, after which the convalescent stage begins, in which paroxysms grow less frequent and less violent, and finally cease. Called also whooping cough. [EU] Phagocyte: An immune system cell that can surround and kill microorganisms and remove dead cells. Phagocytes include macrophages. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Physicochemical: Pertaining to physics and chemistry. [EU] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH]

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Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Polyneuritis: Inflammation of several peripheral nerves at the same time. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postnatal: Occurring after birth, with reference to the newborn. [EU] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Prenatal: Existing or occurring before birth, with reference to the fetus. [EU] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Primary vaccination: First or principal vaccination ( = introduction of a vaccine into the body for the purpose of inducing immunity). [EU] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Prophase: The first phase of cell division, in which the chromosomes become visible, the nucleus starts to lose its identity, the spindle appears, and the centrioles migrate toward opposite poles. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein Conformation: The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. Quaternary protein structure describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain). [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino

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acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]

Purifying: Respiratory equipment whose function is to remove contaminants from otherwise wholesome air. [NIH] Purpura: Purplish or brownish red discoloration, easily visible through the epidermis, caused by hemorrhage into the tissues. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Randomized clinical trial: A study in which the participants are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments; neither the researchers nor the participants can choose which group. Using chance to assign people to groups means that the groups will be similar and that the treatments they receive can be compared objectively. At the time of the trial, it is not known which treatment is best. It is the patient's choice to be in a randomized trial. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Recombination: The formation of new combinations of genes as a result of segregation in crosses between genetically different parents; also the rearrangement of linked genes due to crossing-over. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Respiratory distress syndrome: A lung disease that occurs primarily in premature infants; the newborn must struggle for each breath and blueing of its skin reflects the baby's inability to get enough oxygen. [NIH] Retinoids: Derivatives of vitamin A. Used clinically in the treatment of severe cystic acne, psoriasis, and other disorders of keratinization. Their possible use in the prophylaxis and

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treatment of cancer is being actively explored. [NIH] Retinol: Vitamin A. It is essential for proper vision and healthy skin and mucous membranes. Retinol is being studied for cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] Retinyl palmitate: A drug being studied in cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] Retrospective: Looking back at events that have already taken place. [NIH] Rickettsiae: One of a group of obligate intracellular parasitic microorganisms, once regarded as intermediate in their properties between bacteria and viruses but now classified as bacteria in the order Rickettsiales, which includes 17 genera and 3 families: Rickettsiace. [NIH]

Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Risk patient: Patient who is at risk, because of his/her behaviour or because of the type of person he/she is. [EU] Rubella: An acute, usually benign, infectious disease caused by a togavirus and most often affecting children and nonimmune young adults, in which the virus enters the respiratory tract via droplet nuclei and spreads to the lymphatic system. It is characterized by a slight cold, sore throat, and fever, followed by enlargement of the postauricular, suboccipital, and cervical lymph nodes, and the appearances of a fine pink rash that begins on the head and spreads to become generalized. Called also German measles, roetln, röteln, and three-day measles, and rubeola in French and Spanish. [EU] Safe Sex: Sex behavior that prevents or decreases the spread of sexually transmitted diseases or pregnancy. [NIH] Saline: A solution of salt and water. [NIH] Sarcoma: A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant. [NIH] Sclerosis: A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Segregation: The separation in meiotic cell division of homologous chromosome pairs and their contained allelomorphic gene pairs. [NIH] Self Care: Performance of activities or tasks traditionally performed by professional health care providers. The concept includes care of oneself or one's family and friends. [NIH] Sensory loss: A disease of the nerves whereby the myelin or insulating sheath of myelin on the nerves does not stay intact and the messages from the brain to the muscles through the nerves are not carried properly. [NIH] Sequencing: The determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA chain. [NIH] Seroconversion: The change of a serologic test from negative to positive, indicating the development of antibodies in response to infection or immunization. [EU] Serologic: Analysis of a person's serum, especially specific immune or lytic serums. [NIH] Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Diseases due to or propagated by sexual contact. [NIH]

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Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Skin test: A test for an immune response to a compound by placing it on or under the skin. [NIH]

Smiling: A facial expression which may denote feelings of pleasure, affection, amusement, etc. [NIH] Sneezing: Sudden, forceful, involuntary expulsion of air from the nose and mouth caused by irritation to the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract. [NIH] Social Support: Support systems that provide assistance and encouragement to individuals with physical or emotional disabilities in order that they may better cope. Informal social support is usually provided by friends, relatives, or peers, while formal assistance is provided by churches, groups, etc. [NIH] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Spasmodic: Of the nature of a spasm. [EU] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spinal Cord Vascular Diseases: Hypoxic-ischemic and hemorrhagic disorders of the spinal cord. Arteriosclerosis, emboli, and vascular malformations are potential causes of these conditions. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Stabilizer: A device for maintaining constant X-ray tube voltage or current. [NIH] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation. [EU]

Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH]

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Stress management: A set of techniques used to help an individual cope more effectively with difficult situations in order to feel better emotionally, improve behavioral skills, and often to enhance feelings of control. Stress management may include relaxation exercises, assertiveness training, cognitive restructuring, time management, and social support. It can be delivered either on a one-to-one basis or in a group format. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]

Suction: The removal of secretions, gas or fluid from hollow or tubular organs or cavities by means of a tube and a device that acts on negative pressure. [NIH] Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight 32.066. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine. [NIH] Supplementation: Adding nutrients to the diet. [NIH] Support group: A group of people with similar disease who meet to discuss how better to cope with their cancer and treatment. [NIH] Synergistic: Acting together; enhancing the effect of another force or agent. [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Tetani: Causal agent of tetanus. [NIH] Tetanic: Having the characteristics of, or relating to tetanus. [NIH] Tetanus: A disease caused by tetanospasmin, a powerful protein toxin produced by Clostridium tetani. Tetanus usually occurs after an acute injury, such as a puncture wound or laceration. Generalized tetanus, the most common form, is characterized by tetanic muscular contractions and hyperreflexia. Localized tetanus presents itself as a mild condition with manifestations restricted to muscles near the wound. It may progress to the generalized form. [NIH] Tetravalent: Pertaining to a group of 4 homologous or partly homologous chromosomes during the zygotene stage of prophase to the first metaphase in meiosis. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thigh: A leg; in anatomy, any elongated process or part of a structure more or less comparable to a leg. [NIH] Thimerosal: A topical antiseptic used on skin and mucous membranes. It is also used as a preservative in pharmaceuticals. [NIH] Thymosin: A family of heat-stable, polypeptide hormones secreted by the thymus gland. Their biological activities include lymphocytopoiesis, restoration of immunological competence and enhancement of expression of T-cell characteristics and function. They have therapeutic potential in patients having primary or secondary immunodeficiency diseases, cancer or diseases related to aging. [NIH] Thymus: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system, in which T lymphocytes grow and

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multiply. The thymus is in the chest behind the breastbone. [NIH] Thymus Gland: A single, unpaired primary lymphoid organ situated in the mediastinum, extending superiorly into the neck to the lower edge of the thyroid gland and inferiorly to the fourth costal cartilage. It is necessary for normal development of immunologic function early in life. By puberty, it begins to involute and much of the tissue is replaced by fat. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Titre: The quantity of a substance required to produce a reaction with a given volume of another substance, or the amount of one substance required to correspond with a given amount of another substance. [EU] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxin: A poison; frequently used to refer specifically to a protein produced by some higher plants, certain animals, and pathogenic bacteria, which is highly toxic for other living organisms. Such substances are differentiated from the simple chemical poisons and the vegetable alkaloids by their high molecular weight and antigenicity. [EU] Toxoid: The material resulting from the treatment of toxin in such a way that the toxic properties are inactivated whilst the antigenic potency remains intact. [NIH] Transcriptase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of a complementary mRNA molecule from a DNA template in the presence of a mixture of the four ribonucleotides (ATP, UTP, GTP and CTP). [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transfer Factor: Factor derived from leukocyte lysates of immune donors which can transfer both local and systemic cellular immunity to nonimmune recipients. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Urea: A compound (CO(NH2)2), formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids. [NIH] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Vaccination: Administration of vaccines to stimulate the host's immune response. This includes any preparation intended for active immunological prophylaxis. [NIH] Vaccines: Suspensions of killed or attenuated microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi,

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protozoa, or rickettsiae), antigenic proteins derived from them, or synthetic constructs, administered for the prevention, amelioration, or treatment of infectious and other diseases. [NIH]

Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginal: Of or having to do with the vagina, the birth canal. [NIH] Varicella: Chicken pox. [EU] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] VE: The total volume of gas either inspired or expired in one minute. [NIH] Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Vial: A small bottle. [EU] Villous: Of a surface, covered with villi. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Viral Hepatitis: Hepatitis caused by a virus. Five different viruses (A, B, C, D, and E) most commonly cause this form of hepatitis. Other rare viruses may also cause hepatitis. [NIH] Viral Proteins: Proteins found in any species of virus. [NIH] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Whooping Cough: A respiratory infection caused by Bordetella pertussis and characterized by paroxysmal coughing ending in a prolonged crowing intake of breath. [NIH] Whooping Cough: A respiratory infection caused by Bordetella pertussis and characterized by paroxysmal coughing ending in a prolonged crowing intake of breath. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Zalcitabine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The

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compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication at low concentrations, acting as a chainterminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase. Its principal toxic side effect is axonal degeneration resulting in peripheral neuropathy. [NIH]

135

INDEX A Adenocarcinoma, 109, 118 Adenovirus, 12, 109 Adjuvant, 8, 9, 13, 29, 32, 33, 58, 62, 80, 109 Adrenal Cortex, 109, 114 Adsorption, 69, 70, 109 Adsorptive, 109 Adverse Effect, 35, 109, 129 Affinity, 70, 109, 122 Affinity Chromatography, 70, 109 Algorithms, 109, 111 Allergen, 70, 109 Alternative medicine, 81, 109 Alum, 8, 53, 109 Aluminum, 68, 71, 109 Amino acid, 69, 109, 110, 117, 125, 126, 130, 131 Amino Acid Sequence, 69, 110 Ammonia, 110, 131 Anaesthesia, 110, 120 Anal, 7, 110 Analog, 110, 117, 121 Anatomical, 110, 128 Anesthesia, 41, 110 Antibodies, 11, 47, 50, 70, 110, 118, 119, 120, 122, 126, 128 Antigen-presenting cell, 110, 114 Antiseptic, 110, 130 Antiviral, 22, 39, 110, 121 Anus, 110 Arteries, 110, 114, 123 Artery, 110, 114, 127, 132 Assay, 8, 15, 110 Attenuated, 9, 111, 131 Autoimmune disease, 111, 124 Autoimmunity, 42, 111 Autonomic, 111, 124 B Bacteria, 109, 110, 111, 116, 123, 128, 131 Basophils, 111, 118, 121 Benign, 111, 124, 128 Bile, 111, 119, 121, 129 Bile Pigments, 111, 121 Biochemical, 111, 116 Biotechnology, 12, 81, 91, 111 Bladder, 111, 113, 120, 123 Body Fluids, 96, 111 Bone Marrow, 111, 117, 118, 119, 122

Bone Marrow Cells, 111, 118 Bowel, 110, 111 Bronchiseptica, 111, 125 C Carcinogenic, 111, 121, 129 Carcinoma, 111 Case report, 45, 52, 111 Causal, 82, 112, 130 Celiac Disease, 31, 112 Cell Division, 111, 112, 122, 123, 126, 128 Cell proliferation, 7, 112 Cell Size, 112, 116 Central Nervous System, 30, 112, 123 Cervical, 112, 128 Chickenpox, 97, 112 Chromatin, 112 Chronic, 8, 13, 18, 20, 24, 31, 36, 47, 48, 53, 64, 70, 75, 112, 116, 120, 130 Chronic Disease, 75, 112 Chronic renal, 48, 112 Cirrhosis, 8, 75, 112 Clinical trial, 6, 18, 91, 112, 114, 127 Cloning, 70, 111, 112 Cognitive restructuring, 112, 130 Cohort Studies, 6, 112 Collagen, 110, 112 Complement, 113, 117, 122 Complementary and alternative medicine, 61, 65, 113 Complementary medicine, 61, 113 Compliance, 8, 52, 113 Computational Biology, 91, 113 Connective Tissue, 111, 112, 113, 116, 122, 123, 128 Consultation, 5, 113 Contamination, 113, 118 Continuum, 7, 114 Contraindications, ii, 114 Control group, 7, 114 Controlled study, 58, 114 Coordination, 114, 123 Coronary, 114, 123 Coronary Thrombosis, 114, 123 Cortisol, 10, 114 Crossing-over, 114, 127 Curative, 114, 130 Cytokine, 11, 21, 114 Cytomegalovirus, 114, 117

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Cytomegalovirus Infections, 114, 117 Cytoplasm, 111, 114, 116 Cytotoxic, 7, 114 D Deamination, 114, 131 Degenerative, 114, 118 Dendrites, 114 Dendritic, 7, 114 Dendritic cell, 7, 114 Density, 114, 116 Dentists, 25, 114 Diagnostic procedure, 67, 81, 115 Dialyzer, 115, 118 Diffusion, 115, 118 Digestion, 111, 115, 121 Diphtheria, 4, 12, 13, 18, 25, 35, 37, 38, 42, 49, 86, 97, 115 Direct, iii, 85, 115, 127 Discrete, 8, 115 Disease Susceptibility, 10, 115 Dissociation, 109, 115 Dosage schedule, 28, 115 Drug Interactions, 86, 115 E Effector, 8, 113, 115 Efficacy, 6, 12, 15, 18, 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, 37, 38, 47, 48, 51, 56, 82, 115 Embryo, 115, 120 Emergency Medical Technicians, 24, 115 Empirical, 10, 115 Endemic, 54, 115 End-stage renal, 112, 116 Environmental Health, 34, 90, 92, 116 Enzymatic, 110, 113, 116 Enzyme, 115, 116, 117, 131, 132 Eosinophil, 116, 118 Eosinophilia, 54, 116 Epidemiological, 16, 116 Epidermis, 116, 127 Excipient, 8, 116 Excitation, 116, 124 Exogenous, 109, 116 Eye Infections, 109, 116 F Facial, 116, 129 Facial Expression, 116, 129 Family Planning, 91, 116 Fat, 111, 116, 121, 124, 131 Fetus, 116, 126 Fibrosis, 116, 128 Filtration, 69, 116 Flow Cytometry, 8, 11, 116

Fluorescence, 116, 117 Fluorescent Dyes, 116, 117 Fungi, 116, 117, 123, 131, 132 G Ganciclovir, 75, 117 Gas, 110, 115, 117, 119, 130, 132 Gene, 10, 14, 69, 70, 109, 111, 117, 128 Gene Therapy, 109, 117 Genetic Engineering, 111, 112, 117 Genotype, 51, 117, 125 Germ Cells, 117, 122, 125 Gestation, 11, 117, 125 Gland, 109, 117, 122, 128, 129, 131 Glottis, 117, 125 Gluten, 112, 117 Glycine, 110, 117, 124 Glycoprotein, 117, 118, 122 Governing Board, 117, 126 Gp120, 9, 118 Granulocyte, 13, 25, 29, 118 Granulocyte-Macrophage ColonyStimulating Factor, 13, 25, 118 Gravis, 41, 118 H Haemodialysis, 64, 118 Haplotypes, 7, 118 Haptens, 109, 118 Health Promotion, 77, 118 Hemodialysis, 24, 25, 39, 40, 45, 46, 47, 53, 62, 64, 115, 118 Hemorrhage, 118, 127 Hepatic, 8, 11, 118 Hepatitis A, 77, 96, 97, 118 Hepatitis Viruses, 71, 118 Hepatocellular, 29, 118 Hepatocellular carcinoma, 29, 118 Hepatocytes, 118 Hepatovirus, 118 Heredity, 117, 119 Heterogeneity, 109, 119 Homogeneous, 114, 119 Homologous, 114, 117, 119, 128, 130 Hormone, 114, 119 Humoral, 7, 9, 11, 26, 32, 119 Humour, 119 Hydration, 8, 119 Hydrogen, 119, 123, 132 Hydroxyproline, 110, 112, 119 Hyperbilirubinemia, 119, 121 Hyperreflexia, 119, 130 Hypersensitivity, 109, 116, 119

137

I Immune adjuvant, 109, 119 Immune function, 10, 119 Immune response, 7, 9, 10, 11, 15, 20, 22, 24, 26, 27, 28, 32, 33, 38, 43, 63, 109, 110, 111, 118, 119, 120, 122, 129, 130, 131, 132 Immune Sera, 119 Immune system, 11, 110, 111, 119, 120, 122, 124, 125, 132 Immunization Schedule, 6, 119 Immunochemistry, 70, 120 Immunodeficiency, 9, 38, 78, 120, 130 Immunodeficiency syndrome, 78, 120 Immunoglobulin, 24, 36, 53, 110, 120, 123 Immunologic, 9, 10, 34, 35, 45, 51, 80, 119, 120, 131 Immunologic Memory, 35, 45, 120 Immunology, 14, 20, 21, 41, 43, 58, 63, 109, 117, 120 In vitro, 7, 9, 54, 117, 120 In vivo, 8, 10, 117, 120 Incontinence, 120, 124 Incubation, 120, 125 Incubation period, 120, 125 Induction, 35, 47, 120 Infancy, 11, 120 Infarction, 114, 120, 123 Inflammation, 36, 116, 118, 120, 124, 126 Informed Consent, 7, 120 Initiation, 4, 121 Insight, 8, 121 Insulator, 121, 124 Interferon, 18, 31, 75, 121 Interferon-alpha, 31, 121 Interleukin-2, 26, 121 Intestinal, 112, 121, 122 Intestinal Mucosa, 112, 121 Intracellular, 8, 11, 120, 121, 128 Intramuscular, 9, 11, 19, 35, 39, 121 Intrinsic, 109, 121 Ischemia, 121, 124 J Jaundice, 61, 96, 119, 121, 124 K Kb, 90, 121 L Laceration, 121, 130 Lamivudine, 36, 75, 121 Latent, 68, 69, 121 Leukocytes, 111, 121 Lipid, 17, 70, 71, 121, 124

Liver, 8, 22, 23, 24, 33, 36, 63, 70, 71, 74, 75, 77, 82, 96, 111, 112, 114, 118, 121, 124, 131 Liver cancer, 70, 71, 75, 96, 121 Liver Transplantation, 22, 23, 33, 75, 121 Localized, 115, 120, 121, 124, 130 Lung Transplantation, 32, 122 Lymph, 112, 119, 122, 128 Lymph node, 112, 122, 128 Lymphatic, 62, 120, 122, 123, 128, 129, 130 Lymphatic system, 122, 128, 129, 130 Lymphocyte, 110, 122 Lymphoid, 110, 122, 131 M Macrophage, 29, 118, 122 Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor, 29, 122 Major Histocompatibility Complex, 118, 122 Malabsorption, 112, 122 Malignant, 53, 109, 121, 122, 124, 128 Mediator, 121, 122 MEDLINE, 91, 122 Meiosis, 122, 130 Membrane, 113, 115, 118, 122 Memory, 9, 11, 122 Meninges, 112, 123 Mental, iv, 5, 90, 92, 115, 122, 123, 127 Mental Health, iv, 5, 90, 92, 123, 127 Mercury, 116, 123 Mesenchymal, 118, 122, 123 Meta-Analysis, 51, 123 Metaphase, 123, 130 MI, 107, 123 Microbe, 123, 131 Microgram, 19, 34, 123 Milligram, 123 Mitochondrial Swelling, 123, 124 Modification, 74, 110, 117, 123, 132 Molecular, 7, 91, 93, 111, 113, 123, 131 Molecule, 70, 109, 110, 113, 115, 116, 118, 123, 127, 131, 132 Monoclonal, 17, 123 Monocyte, 122, 123 Mononuclear, 122, 123 Multidose, 13, 123 Multiple sclerosis, 30, 41, 82, 123 Myelin, 124, 128 Myelitis, 31, 124 Myocarditis, 115, 124 Myocardium, 123, 124

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Hepatitis B Vaccine

N Necrosis, 8, 120, 123, 124 Neonatal, 11, 32, 37, 41, 49, 52, 124 Neonatal Hepatitis, 49, 124 Neonatal period, 11, 124 Neoplasm, 124, 128 Nephrology, 25, 41, 48, 64, 124 Nerve, 110, 114, 122, 124, 128, 129 Nervous System, 112, 122, 124, 130 Neural, 119, 124 Neurotransmitter, 110, 117, 124, 130 Nuclear, 124 Nuclei, 117, 124, 128 Nucleus, 111, 112, 114, 122, 123, 124, 126 O Odds Ratio, 4, 124 Ovary, 44, 125 Ovum, 117, 125 P Palliative, 125, 130 Paramedic, 24, 125 Parasite, 125 Parasitic, 70, 125, 128 Paroxysmal, 125, 132 Patient Education, 96, 97, 102, 104, 107, 125 Peptide, 69, 110, 125, 126 Perinatal, 53, 55, 56, 82, 125 Peripheral blood, 8, 121, 125 Pertussis, 4, 12, 13, 18, 25, 35, 37, 38, 42, 49, 86, 125, 132 Phagocyte, 122, 125 Pharmacologic, 110, 125, 131 Phenotype, 9, 125 Physicochemical, 120, 125 Physiologic, 6, 125, 127 Physiology, 77, 124, 125 Pilot study, 13, 62, 125 Plasma, 11, 16, 17, 21, 37, 38, 42, 51, 53, 68, 69, 70, 110, 125, 126 Plasma cells, 110, 126 Pneumonia, 114, 126 Polyneuritis, 115, 126 Polypeptide, 110, 112, 126, 130 Polysaccharide, 110, 126 Posterior, 110, 126 Postnatal, 11, 126 Practice Guidelines, 92, 126 Precursor, 115, 116, 126 Prenatal, 31, 115, 126 Prevalence, 124, 126 Primary vaccination, 38, 45, 126

Progressive, 112, 124, 126 Prophase, 126, 130 Prophylaxis, 4, 40, 68, 69, 126, 127, 131 Prospective study, 6, 126 Protein C, 110, 126, 131 Protein Conformation, 110, 126 Protein S, 111, 126 Proteins, 5, 9, 69, 110, 112, 113, 123, 125, 126, 132 Protocol, 10, 26, 29, 127 Protozoa, 127, 132 Public Health, 3, 5, 13, 15, 25, 26, 31, 32, 46, 47, 56, 63, 80, 92, 97, 127 Public Policy, 91, 127 Publishing, 12, 127 Pulse, 8, 127 Purifying, 68, 69, 127 Purpura, 52, 127 R Randomized, 6, 7, 11, 14, 23, 24, 31, 50, 52, 58, 115, 127 Randomized clinical trial, 23, 127 Receptor, 14, 110, 118, 122, 127 Recombination, 68, 69, 117, 127 Refer, 1, 71, 113, 117, 127, 131 Regimen, 13, 115, 127 Respiratory distress syndrome, 36, 127 Retinoids, 127, 128 Retinol, 11, 128 Retinyl palmitate, 11, 128 Retrospective, 25, 128 Rickettsiae, 128, 132 Risk factor, 126, 128 Risk patient, 55, 128 Rubella, 97, 128 S Safe Sex, 78, 128 Saline, 11, 128 Sarcoma, 36, 128 Sclerosis, 124, 128 Screening, 31, 112, 128 Secretion, 11, 119, 128 Segregation, 127, 128 Self Care, 75, 128 Sensory loss, 124, 128 Sequencing, 70, 128 Seroconversion, 6, 35, 128 Serologic, 49, 128 Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 20, 43, 128 Side effect, 75, 85, 97, 98, 109, 129, 131, 133 Skin test, 21, 129 Smiling, 78, 129

139

Sneezing, 125, 129 Social Support, 129, 130 Somatic, 119, 122, 129 Spasmodic, 125, 129 Specialist, 99, 129 Species, 122, 123, 125, 129, 131, 132 Specificity, 36, 50, 109, 129 Spinal cord, 112, 123, 124, 129 Spinal Cord Vascular Diseases, 124, 129 Spleen, 114, 122, 129 Stabilizer, 68, 129 Steroid, 114, 129 Stimulant, 13, 129 Stimulus, 116, 120, 129 Stress, 10, 63, 74, 75, 77, 114, 129, 130 Stress management, 74, 75, 130 Subacute, 120, 130 Subclinical, 120, 130 Substance P, 128, 130 Suction, 116, 130 Sulfur, 121, 130 Supplementation, 11, 64, 130 Support group, 74, 130 Synergistic, 63, 130 Systemic, 86, 115, 120, 130, 131 T Tetani, 130 Tetanic, 130 Tetanus, 4, 11, 12, 13, 15, 18, 25, 35, 37, 38, 42, 49, 86, 97, 130 Tetravalent, 25, 37, 130 Therapeutics, 86, 130 Thigh, 18, 31, 130 Thimerosal, 31, 35, 44, 82, 130 Thymosin, 75, 130 Thymus, 119, 122, 130, 131 Thymus Gland, 130, 131 Tissue, 110, 111, 113, 119, 122, 123, 124, 129, 131 Titre, 27, 131 Topical, 130, 131 Toxic, iv, 115, 131, 133

Toxicity, 11, 115, 123, 131 Toxicology, 92, 131 Toxin, 115, 130, 131 Toxoid, 11, 15, 131 Transcriptase, 121, 131, 133 Transfection, 111, 117, 131 Transfer Factor, 119, 131 Translation, 110, 131 Transplantation, 22, 23, 64, 112, 119, 122, 131 Trauma, 124, 131 U Urea, 69, 70, 71, 131 Urinary, 120, 131 V Vaccines, 5, 8, 9, 11, 30, 31, 34, 42, 64, 69, 70, 71, 73, 78, 80, 82, 83, 97, 131, 132 Vagina, 132 Vaginal, 7, 132 Varicella, 97, 132 Vascular, 120, 129, 132 VE, 39, 78, 132 Vector, 9, 132 Ventricle, 127, 132 Veterinary Medicine, 91, 132 Vial, 13, 132 Villous, 112, 132 Viral, 8, 9, 17, 30, 51, 61, 70, 71, 74, 75, 77, 132, 133 Viral Hepatitis, 30, 51, 61, 71, 132 Viral Proteins, 70, 132 Virulence, 111, 131, 132 Vitro, 132 Vivo, 132 W White blood cell, 110, 118, 121, 122, 123, 126, 132 Whooping Cough, 125, 132 Y Yeasts, 117, 125, 132 Z Zalcitabine, 121, 132

140

Hepatitis B Vaccine