Fossil sharks: A pictorial review

FOSSIL SHARKS: a pictorial review

By Gerard R.Case

The right to use or reproduce the whole or any part of this book is prohibited without written permis­ sion of the author, except that refer­ ence may be made to the text or illustrations for purposes of review .

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� /(?()_.__ FOSSIL SHARKS: a pictorial review By Gerard

R.Case

© Gerard R. Case 197 3 All rights reserved First Printing May 1973

Price�:

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Order additional copies from:

l'rinlecl l>y

PIONEER LITHO CO. INC. 350 HUDSON STREET

•

Radiograph

the front half of a fossil edcstid A gassi::odus ( Campodu.1·) rariabilis Worthen. Pennsylvanian of Nebraska.

of

shark-like fish,

St. John &

NEW YORK CITY, N. Y. 10014

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Foreword: In 1967, the author published a book called "Fossil Shark and Fish Remains of North America." It was only twenty pages in length, but it was packed with large, clear photographs and drawings of fossil fish with shark fossils predominating. The book became very popular, and within a short time it was completely sold out. Plans were made to reprint it, but since the author had acquired much new in­ formation as well as many new photographs of fossil sharks, he decided to publish a completely new, updated book. This present work is the result of five years of research. It is intended to help readers identify fossil shark remains and act as a useful guide to fossil shark teeth and the fossilized hard parts of ancient sharks. The book is a picture book. It is based on some of the finest photographs ever taken of fossil shark teeth. The most striking were recently done by a French photo­ grapher who is a fossil shark enthusiast. The order of presentation is from fossils of the oldest (Devonian) formations down to recent oceanic forms. There arc sections dealing with the hard parts of sharks such as dermal denticles (ossicles), stingray barbs, cartilage masses, dorsal fin spines, cephalic (head) hooks, vertebral centrums, etc. Most important of all is a section on accidentally preserved whole sharks, a rarity in nature. Entire skel­ etons have been preserved with all the details clearly showing: delicate structures such

as

braincases, fins, claspers, eye structures and coprolites (fossilized fecal

pellets). Many of the specimens are presented for the very first time. For instance, new occurrences are shown for species from the Cretaceous of New Jersey. Some spec­ imens such as the various teeth from Morocco have previously been pictured in the works of Arambourg, Priem, etc., but new views are presented here. Where possible, the specimens were photographed from various angles to provide maximum information. Early scientists such as Cuvier, Mantell, Agassiz and later Leidy, Cope and Marsh assigned names and orders to fossil teeth. We can also thank these early pioneer fossil workers for the earliest examples of the synonomy problem which continues to plague us, i.e. different names for the same to_oth. To the best of the author's ability, this problem has been eliminated in the new book. It may still contain errors-which is natural for an evolving discipline. But there comes a time when publication of a technical or scientific work becomes im­ perative despite some possibility of error, otherwise a valuable effort can be wasted. As for the format of the book-it was designed for handiness. The author has tried to keep the presentation simple. So the book purposely has very little text, the chapters have no numbers and the illustrations generally have no captions be­ neath them. This permits maximum use of space for

photographs

and drawings.

Some of the photographs are accompanied by line drawings to emphasize signif­ icant features. The illustrations have been designed to provide utmost clarity of detail. Photographs are numbered, and their corresponding captions are found in near proximity. Captions consist of name of specimen, formation (where known) 2 ---·--····

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and general area where the specimen was recovered. Age is indicated in the sub­ chapter headings. For example, under Devonian Period-illustration number 1 is: Orodus sp., Cleveland shales, Cleveland, Ohio. New specimens of the teeth illustrated here are constantly being recovered from formations in the United States, Europe, Africa and other parts of the world. The author hopes this book will help tossil hunters identify their finds. He hopes 1 that it will be enjoyable and helpful to anyone who is interested in natural history and the study of the life that existed in prehistoric times on this wonderful earth of ours.

Contents: Foreword ......................................................p. 2 Geologic Chart .................................................p. 4 Credits

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p. 4

Devonian Period ...............................................p. 6 Carboniferous Period: (Mississippian sub-division)

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(Pennsylvanian sub-division) ....

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Permian Period .................................................p. 1 6 Triassic Period .................................................p. 1 8 Jurassic Period .................................................p. 1 8 Cretaceous Period ............................................... p. 1 9 Tertiary Period: (Paleocene epoch)

......................................p. 30

(Eocene epoch) ..

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.........................p. 31

(Miocene epoch) .......................................p. 35 Modern Sharks .................................................p. 41 Shark Hard Parts ................................................p. 48 Rare Preservation ...............................................p. 56 Bibliography

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.. ...Inside back cover _.

3

The Devonian period:

millions of years

320

Carboniferous period:

265 240

(Mississippian sub-division) (Pennsylvanian sub-division)

The Permian period:

215

Triassic - Jurassic

160

Cretaceous period:

90

(Paleocene Eocene and Miocene epoch) I

I

60-15

CREDITS Photography: Tod Fujihira, Julius Weber, Paul Menut, Gerard R. Case, Dean Wegner, Donald Baird, Michael K. Braun, William Hlavin, Jiri Zidek, and John R. Boreske, Jr. Editor: Andrew Certner Layout and drawings: Gerard R. Case Special thanks to Ms. Laura Harding of Holmdel, New Jersey for allowing the author the privilege of collecting fossil specimens on her farm property.

SHARK TOOTH MORPHOLOGY NUTRITIVE PIT

MEDIA N BOSS

LATERAL

ENTIRE MA RGIN---� (BLADE) (CROWN)

Inner face 4

DENTICLE$ (CUSPS) GROWTH CRA CKS

Profile

Outer face

The author points to seam of gravel which lies buried in Pleistocene loess. The gravel seam rep­ resents an old river bed or creek bottom. In this gravel, fossil shark teeth have been found. The teeth originally came from the underlying marls of Cretaceous age. They were leached out by water action and gravity. Holmdel, New Jersey.

The author (right) looks on while his associates ::md fellow collectors, Ted White (left) and Bill Rushlau (center) look over a geology report for the quarry they are in. They are looking for Pennsylvanian age shark fos­ sils. Richfield, Nebraska.

The author (right) and Ted White of Omaha, Nebraska, look over some shale for possible traces of shark-like fishes. Crescent, Iowa.

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The Devonian period: Devonian outcroppings are widely dispersed throughout the northeast regions of the United States, in parts of Ohio and Iowa and throughout the Appalachian mountain region. The most common deposit of Devonian age rocks is the Hamilton shales which can be found throughout most of New York State, parts of Pennsylvania and Northern New Jersey. Since this book is concerned with the fossil fish fauna found in these rocks as well as rocks of other ages, we'll discuss here the most likely Devonian deposits which contain these fossils. The Cleveland shales of the northwestern part of Pennsylvania and the northern sec­ tion of Ohio, especially around Cleveland and its suburbs, contains some of the finest fossils so far found in Devonian rocks. They far surpass the fossils collected in the Hamilton shales of New York State which at one time was the prime source for fossil fishes. The Cleveland shales of northeastern Ohio contain some of the most splendid fossil fishes and hy far the oldest known shark-like fishes found anywhere in the world today. Although fossil fishes, primarily arthrodires, and some sharks, mostly cladodontids have been collected in that region for well over 100 years by such workers as Clark, Herzer, Terrell and Hyde-there are still many specimens being collected there to this day. A particularly fortunate large find of fossil fishes was made during the excavation for the road-bed of Interstate 71 in 1965. Literally thousands of specimens were collected while work was temporarily halted on the roadway. Many of the fossils are new to science. Complete sharks such as Orodus and Cladose/ache were found along with new arthro­ dire species. The teeth of Orodus and Cladoselache as well as a new shark similar to Diademodus are fairly common in these deposits. Note: The Oroclru teeth pictured here may seem similar to A ga.1.1i;:odrrs ( Campodtt.\ l teeth pictured chewhcre in thi� book. There is no relationship. Orocltt1 is more closely related tLl the hybodonb.

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The Carboniferous period: (Mississippian sub-division) The Carboniferous period is comprised of two major subdivisions; the Mississippian and the Pennsylvanian. Mississippian and Pennsylvanian deposits are widespread throughout the world and contain the largest amounts of fossil fishes-primarily sharks. During the Mississippian, n�ost of the branchings of the various shark families oc­ curred, with an abundance of bradyodont and cochliodont types. The bradyodonts (including the petalodontids and the edestids) were very common and their respective species grew to huge sizes. The cochliodonts or pseudo-chimeroids were represented in great varieties by Coclzliodus, Psammodus, Deltodus, and Sandolodus. Their tooth plates form the majority of finds within the Mississippian. Also found were many ichthyo­ durolites in the form of clasper hooks, and dorsal fin spines, some very ornate. The petalodonts were represented by the tooth plates of Ctenoptyclzius, Petalodus, Fissodus, and Janassa, as well as Clwmatodus. The cladodonts and edestids were becoming fairly abundant at this time as well, and many crinoidal limestones (particularly in Iowa: The Keokuk and Burlington) were packed with varieties of these teeth. The large dorsal fin spines, some growing to over 1 foot or more in length, were dispersed throughout the limestones, and to this day no one knows for sure which fish type they belong to-although it seems likely that they are of cochliodontid origin.

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�:�,Srado, Kansas and western Nebraska. 1 Many of the sharks represented in today's oceans were present in the Cretaceous. The Triassic-Jurassic age was the turning point towards modern forms, and now the "true sharks" started evolving with the critical species being the hybodonts. No longer are they called "shark-like'' fishes, which are the more primitive forms found from the Devonian up through the Permian. Forms such as Scapanorhynchus (the Goblin sharks), their close cousins Odontaspis (the Sand shark), Lamna (the Porbeagle or Mackerel shark), Ginglymostoma (the Nurse shark), Notidanus (the Cow-shark), and Squatina (the Angel shark or "Monk­ fish") were now developing, and their fossilized teeth are hardly distinguishable from some of our present forms. The skates and rays were starting to evolve in this period as well, with the earliest forms of Rhinoptera (the Cow-nose ray) and Hypoloplzus. Sawfishes were developing in the forms of Ischyrlziza, Sclerorhynclws and Onclzosaurus, with varieties such as: Onchopristis, Pucapristis and Ctenopristis. These were the ear­ liest forms-ganopristines. They would be replaced in the Cenozoic by pristids, the difference being in the structure of the rostral teeth. That is, in the ganopristines the rostral teeth were a combination of bone and dentine (enamel), while in the pristines they were all bone. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60.

Helicoprion bessonowi. Karpinsky. Symphysial tooth whorl. Russia. (Cast).

Hybodus sp. Triassic of Germany.

Acrudus nobilis. (A hybodont). Jurassic of England.

Acrodus anningiae Agassiz. (A hybodont). Jurassic of England.

Myriacanthus sp. Crusher plate of a paleo-chimaeroid fish. Jurassic of England. A steracanth us omatissimus. Crusher plate. ( 3 views). Jurassic of England.

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64

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78

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61. Hybodus sp. (3 views each of two separate specimens. Side cusps missing). Navesink Formation. Holmdel, New Jersey. 62. Lamna comubica. Lamnoid tooth. Navesink Formation. Holmdel, New Jersey. 63. Lamna appendiculata Agassiz. Navesink Formation. Holmdel, New Jersey. 64. Otodus levis Gibbes. (3 views). Eagle Ford shale. Dallas, Texas. 65. Oxyrltina mantelli. (2 views). Mt. Laurel Formation. Yardville, New Jersey. 66. Scyllium sp. Woodbine Formation. Tarrant County, Texas. 67. Anomotodon plicatus Arambourg. (2 views each of two specimens. Upper row-lower jaw teeth, lower row-upper jaw teeth). Navesink Formation. Holmdel and Marlboro, New

Jersey. 68. Scapanorhynchus rhaphiodon Agassiz. (3 views of an intermediate tooth). Navesink For­ mation. Holmdel, New Jersey. 69. Scapanorhynclzus rlzaphiodon. Adult specimen. Navesink Formation. Holmdel, New Jersey. 70. Leptostyrax bicuspidatus. (3 views of a typical tooth). Austin Chalk Formation. Lake Texoma, Texas. 71. Odontaspis sp. Navesink Formation. Holmdel, New Jersey. 72. S�apanorhynchus tenuis Davis. Navesink Formation. Holmdel, New Jersey.

85

24 '

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84

73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80.

Lamna sulcata Geinitz. Woodbine Formation. Tarrant County, Texas. Lamna serrata Agassiz. Navesink Formation. Marlboro, New Jersey. Otodus appendiculatus Agassiz. Navesink Formation. Holmdel, New Jersey. Squalicorax falcatus Agassiz. Navesink Formation. Holmdel, New Jersey. Squalicorax falcatus. Thin section showing internal structure (not hollow as in carcharhinid tooth-see Fig. 159 for comparison). Squalicorax pristodontus (Morton). Navesink Formation. Holmdel, New Jersey. Ginglymostoma subafricanum Leriche. Maestrichtian. Foum-Tizi, Morocco. Rlzinoptera sp. (3 views of a pavement section). Navesink Formation. Holmdel, New Jersey.

81.

Rhinoptera sp. (4 views of a pavement section). Navesink Formation. Marlboro, New

Jersey. 82.

Rhinoptera sp. (4 views of a pavement crusher). Navesink Formation, Holmdel, New

Jersey.

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91

93 83. Squatina sp. ( 4 views of the same tooth). Navesink Formation. Holmdel, New Jersey. 84. Ptyclwdus mortoni Mantell. (5 views of a crusher tooth plate). Niobrara Chalk Forma­

tion. Russell, Kansas. 85. Ptyclwdus decurrens 86. 87. 88, 89. 90. 91. 92. 93. 94.

Agassiz. (3 views of a crusher tooth plate). Chalk. England. Ptyclzodus mammilaris Agassiz. (5 views of a crusher tooth plate). Eagle Ford shale. Dallas, Texas. Isclzyrlziza mira mira Leidy. (5 views of a sawfish rostral tooth). Navesink Formation. Holmdel, New Jersey. Isclzyrhiza mira. Taylor Formation. Ladonia, Texas. Sclerorhynchus /eptodon (Arambourg). (3 views of a sawfish rostral tooth). Maestrich­ tian. Beni-Idir, Morocco. Sclerorlzynclzus sp. (3 views of a sawfish rostral tooth). Eagle Ford shale. Dallas, Texas. Onclwpristis dunk/ei McNulty & Slaughter. Sawfish rostral tooth. Coleraine Formation. Keewatin, Minnesota. (See Case, 1965 in bibliography). Onclwpristis dunk/ei. Sawfish rostral tooth-reconstruction. Woodbine Formation. Tarrant County, Texas. (See McNulty & Slaughter, 1962 in bibliography). Ankistrorhynchus sp. Sawfish rostral tooth. Navesink Formation. Holmdel, New Jersey. Sclzizorhiza stromeri Weiler. (3 views of a sawfish rostral tooth). Maestrichtian. Beni­ ldir, Morocco.

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97 27

99

101 \

)

\

2S

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I I

(After Arambourg, 1941)

102

104

103

Note: Chimeroid jaws are usually in fragments and badly worn in most Cretaceous deposits. It is not always possible to identify them even as to genus. The jaws may occasionally be found in good condition, but it is not easy to identify the species because there is a divergence of structure in the jaws with sex and age of the individual. This has always been the biggest problem. with assigning names to fossil chimaeras.

95. Onchosaurus maroccanus Arambourg. (4 views of a sawfish rostral tooth). Maestrichtian. Foum-Tizi, Morocco. 96. lsclzyrlziza mira sp. Oral tooth of a sawfish. (4 views). Navesink Formation. Holmdel, New Jersey. 97. lschyrlziza mira. (same specimen as no. 96). Drawings. 98. Sclerorlzynchus sp. Oral tooth of a sawfish. (4 views). Austin Chalk Formation, Dallas, Texas. 99. Ctenopristis nougareti Arambourg. (3 views each of two separate specimens of a saw­ fish rostral tooth). Maestrichtian. Khouribga, Morocco. 100. lschyrhiza mira sp. Reconstruction of sawfish oral teeth in jaw. 101. Ctenopristis nougareti. Reconstruction of rostral teeth in rostrum. (After Arambourg, 1941). 102. lsclzyodus thurmanni Pictet et Campiche. Chimaera jaws. Left: 2 views of right side of the palatal plate (upper jaw) and right: 2 views of the left side of the mandibular (lower jaw) plate. Navesink Formation. Holmdel, New Jersey. 103. lschyodus thurmanni Pictet et Campiche. Chimaera jaw. Right palatal plate. Merchant­ ville Formation. St. Georges, Delaware. 29 -------· -···-----··---�--

T he Tertiary period: Paleocene epoch. Paleocene outcroppings or deposits were dispersed sparsely and in some areas are found only as stringers-small fingerings into the Cretaceous or sometimes into the following Eocene formation. The fauna is transitional from the Cretaceous to the Ter­ tiary. Certain forms such as Otodus, Squalicorax and the ganopristine sawfish, lschy­ rhiza mira, can be found in the Paleocene, but this period's fauna is dominated by far by the ever increasing odontaspids. Squalicorax was soon to evolve into a more modern form, the Basking shark. The pristid sawfishes were now evolving.

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T he Tertiary period: Eocene epoch. Eocene deposits are fairly common throughout the world, especially along the coast­ lines of North America, Europe and North Africa. The Eocene seas were transitional upon the older deposits of the Cretaceous, causing problems when collecting through several zones of deposits. A mixture of species from different ages can confuse the collector and the scientist. This phenomenon, sad to say, is common on the Atlantic Coastal Plain of North America where teeth of Eocene age have "reworked'' them­ selves (through underground waterways) into older formations. A sharp eye and a bit of knowledge based on the species of each age is necessary if one is not to be fooled by a "new" species which is really from the younger Eocene formation. , The modern forms of today's sharks were present in the Eocene except for a few which evolved later in the Miocene (such as the White shark, the Mako, etc.). The Tiger sharks were present and the odontaspids (the Sandsharks) were common. Some deposits, notably Abbey Wood in the English Eocene, are composed primarily of the remnants of Odontaspis. The pristids were present-the skates and rays were rapidly advancing-with Myliobatis and Aetobatis (the Eagle and Duck-billed rays) becoming common.

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116

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(?). Partial right palatal plate. Navesink Formation. Lumberton, New Jersey. Carcharodon landenensis Leriche. (Oral and outer views). Montian. Oued-Zem, Morocco. Notidanus ancistrodon Arambourg. (Outer and oral views). Thanatian. Oued-Zem, Morocco. Notidanion howelli Reed. Hornerstown Formation. Cream Ridge, New Jersey. Notidanus microdon Agassiz. Hornerstown Formation. Cream Ridge, New Jersey. Ging/ymostoma africanum Leriche. (5 views). Thanatian. Sidi-Daoui, Morocco. Ginglymostoma maghrebianum Casier. (5 views). Thanatian. Sidi-Daoui, Morocco. Heterodontus lerichei Casier. (2 views each of 2 specimens). Landanian. Belgium.

104. Edaphodon sp.

'

105. 106.

107. 108. 109. 110. 111. 112. Cestracion sp. (H eterodontus. 113. 114. 115. 116. 117. 118. 119. 120. 121. 122. 123. 124.

3 views each of 3 specimens). Aquia Formation. Belvedere Beach, Virginia. Syneclzodus eocaenus Leriche. (3 views). Landanian. Dormaal, Belgium. Notidanus loozi Vincent. (oral and outer views). Landanian. Dormaal, Belgium. Notidanus loozi Vincent. Landanian. Dormaal, Belgium. Lamna ob/iqua (Agassiz). Ypresian. Sidi-Daoui, Morocco. Lamna aschersoni (Stromer). (Oral and outer views). Ypresian. Sidi-Daoui, Morocco. Odontaspis e/egans. Aquia Formation. Belvedere Beach, Virginia. Odontaspis macro/a. Aquia Formation. Fairview Beach, Virginia. Odontaspis vincenti (Woodward). Ypresian. Boujniba, Morocco. Odontaspis sp. Tombigbie Formation. Malverne, Arkansas. Ging/ymostoma angolense Dartevelle and Casier. (5 . views). Ypresian. Sidi-Daoui, Morocco. Ging/ymostoma blanckenhorni Stromer. (4 views). Ypresian. Sidi-Bou-Lannour, Morocco. Myliobatis dixoni Agassiz. (Outer and oral views). Ypresian. Khouribga, Morocco.

125. Myliobatis dixoni Agassiz. (Outer and oral views). Ypresian. Sidi-Daoui, Morocco. 126. Myliobatis dixvni. Side pavement denticle-oral view to show design. 127. Myliobatis copeanus. Side pavement denticle-oral view. Similar to M. dixoni, except for its elongated shape.

128. Myliobatis copeanus. Thin section to show internal structure. Aquia Formation. Belve­ dere Beach, Virginia.

129. Myliobatis copeanus. Isolated pavement crusher plate in lateral view. Aquia Formation. Belvedere Beach, Virginia.

130. Ginglymostoma sp. (Oral and outer �iews), Castle Hayne limestone. Warsaw, North Carolina.

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126

127

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e 131

132

133

T he Tertiary period: Miocene epoch. Miocene deposits are probably the most abundant of all the fossil sedimentary deposits, with localities throughout the world in every continent. The Miocene again has a transitional sea which covered over the regressive deposits of the earlier Creta­ ceous-Eocene seas. So if care is not taken, material from one deposit can be confused with that from an older deposit and result in confusion of the species discovered. All of the modern forms were present in the Miocene. One particularly monstrous shark, Carcharodon megalodon, would be short-lived but give rise to the modern White shark. These giants were thought to have reached anywhere from 60 to 100 feet in length based on the proportions of their relics, notably their huge 6-or 7-inch teeth. If a shark of this size existed today, navigation on the high seas would be even more perilous, and bathers along the seashore would probably not go near the water at all! The transition from Miocene to the Pliocene saw not much difference in the species. Miocene species progressed to our present day living sharks. 131. Ginglymostoma sp. Same as above. Small drawing to right-is actual size of the tooth. 132. Propristis sc/zweinfurthi Dames. Marianna limestone. Clarke County, Alabama. 133. Propristis sc/zweinfurthi Dames. (3 views). Qasr el Sagha Formation. ( Birket el Qurun). El Fayum, Egypt.

134

35

135

136

137 13-t. Carclwrodon .wlcidens, Carclwrodon angustidens and Carclwrodon mcgalodun. 3 varities

of fossil white shark teeth. Hawthorne Formation. Ashley River phosphate beds. North Charleston, South Carolina. 13S

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Carclwrodon met:alodon Charlesworth. Pungo River Marl Formation. Beaufort

County,

North Carolina. 136. Carclwrodon megalodun. Lateral tooth view. Hawthorne Formation. Jacksonville, Florida. 137. Carclwrodon megaludun. Posterior tooth (rear upper). Hawthorne Formation. Charles­

ton, South Carolina. 138. Carclwrodon angustidens. Duplin marl. New Bern, North Carolina. 139. Carclwrodon angustidens. Helvetian. La Motte de Cabrieres, France. 140. Noticltllli/S sp. Pungo River Marl Formation. Beaufort County, North Carolina. 141. Heptranchias wulersoni (Notidanus). Temblor Formation. Bakersfield, California. N utidanus primigenius Agassiz. (Upper tooth-lateral). North Carolina. ( .J2. . 143. Notidanus primigcnius. (Symphysial tooth-upper jaw). North Carolina. 144. Notidanu.l· primigenius. (Lower lateral tooth). North Carolina. 14S. Hexanc/111.1 sp. Helvetian. La Motte de Cabrieres, France. 146. La1nna acutissima. Pungo River Marl Formation.

Beaufort County, North Carolina.

147. H emipri.1tis se1Ta Agassiz. (Upper lateral). Pungo River Marl Formation. North Carolina. 148. Hemipristis sam. (Lower anterior). Pungo River Marl Formation. North

Carolina.

149. Uxyrhina (henedeni) crassa Agassiz. Pungo River Marl F ormation. North Carolina. ISO. /sums lwstalis Agassiz. Temblor Formation. Bakersfield, California. lSI. Oxyrhina clesori. Calvert Formation. Scientists Cliffs, Maryland. 152. Oclontaspis sp. (var. hopei). Kirkwood Formation. Neptune, New Jersey. 153. Galeocenlo arcticus Faber. Hawthorne Formation. Kings Bay, Georgia. 154. Galeocerdo contortu.1· (procluctus). Calvert Formation. Plum Beach, Maryland. ISS. Gall'occrdo laticll'ns. Tamiami Formation. New Port Charlotte, Florida. IS6. Gall'oc