^acmulan\s ©reck Course
FIRST GREEK
M
,••
GRAMMAR
BY
W. GUNION RUTHERFORD, N
M.A.,
LLD.
HEADMASTER OK WKSTMINST...
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^acmulan\s ©reck Course
FIRST GREEK
M
,••
GRAMMAR
BY
W. GUNION RUTHERFORD, N
M.A.,
LLD.
HEADMASTER OK WKSTMINSTEK
MIL T^/ /0 ILonfcon
MACMILLAN AND AND NEW YUKK
1888 All rights resetted
CO.
First Edition 1878
New Edition iSyg Reprinted 1881, 1884, /88j, 1886
New
Edition 1888
PREFACE This Grammar has been revised and the general arrangement remains as
in part re-written, but
it
was.
To change
might have done away with something that commended teachers
for the success of a school-book is often
;
fortunate accident of one man's
work happening
this it
to
due to the
to
meet the
views of the majority. If the
idea from
book
is
which
larger, it is not that I
it first
elementary grammar out
is
have abandoned the
sprang, namely, that the part of an to state rules
and leave exceptions
many who have used matter has been made more
but in response to the criticism of
;
the book, the presentment of the
and
clear
attractive
by printing on two pages what before
wa< printed on one.
Indeed far from relinquishing the
idea I have carried
it
first
out more faithfully, omitting such
forms as occur seldom and selecting as examples of inflexion
common words that I could find. As written when men had but begun to urge
the most
which
it
was meant
to give shape, I
tunity of incorporating in a
new
the
the views to
was glad of an oppor-
edition the latest results of
the free discussion of the last ten or twelve years.
;m
opportunity came when k
Course of which this
the starting point.
grammar
And
such
was proposed to publish I First Greek Grammar should be it
PREFACE
VI
The aim
the
of
new
ground the great main
series
lines of
in short to teach the regular
sion in use at the time
had reached
its
when
is
proper place in the
into
and ordinary modes
the fore-
of expres-
the most precise of languages
Accordingly
highest precision.
sary carefully to revise the
bring
to
Greek accidence and syntax,
Grammar
if
it
it
was
was necesto take its
series.
I have to acknowledge a great deal of very generous and
valued help, not only from also
my
colleagues
and
friends,
but
from many others who in using the book had detected
ways
errors or observed
have to thank
and much
my
of
improving
colleague Mr.
it.
Heard
for
More
especially I
many
suggestions
assistance.
Perhaps I ought to add that though I have " atticized as far as possible, I have of
still
"
remembered that the compiler
an elementary grammar must be governed more or
less
by
the texts which are in use, and have retained such spellings as TcdeiKa redrjKa
and
and
clpya^ofirjv
rjpya^ofxrjv are
W.
Westminster,
1888.
even
if
stone records prove that
the true forms.
GUNION RUTHERFORD.
PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION This First Greek
Grammar
important respects.
It is
contains
differs
from others in some
compiled on a new principle, and
much matter which has
hitherto not appeared in
elementary books, and some facts that are the fruits of
independent research.
The
First Part comprises only such forms as
for a beginner to
Every
succinctly as the nature of the case allows.
made
make
it is
necessary
know, and these are put as clearly and effort
to avoid the necessity of explanations in English, in fact
the lesson for the day appear
as
memory
of the eye,
which
is
—
to
short
possible to the jealous eye of the pupil, while at the
time the local
was
as
same
so strong in youth,
might be brought as largely as possible into play. In the teaching of a synthetic language like Greek or Latin, practical schoolmasters are not likely to underestimate
importance of
the
in
drill
languages the relation
grammatical forms.
between
the
different
nee can never be clearly understood
till
becomes thoroughly familiar with the principal Familiarity with the accidence i
-itive
translation.
It
is
is
the
first
true that
In such
words of a the learner inflexions.
step towards ap-
some boys can
learn
vm
PREFACE who
inflexions with ease
but
translation,
knowledge loses
much
My book
of
grammatical forms even an intelligent boy
of the crispness of the thought.
original design for
to provide a drill
Further information each master might
But the success
impart for himself. to
was thus merely
more accurately compiled than those
beginners,
generally in use.
me
equally true that without a precise
is
it
are never able to acquire facility in
of the
book prompted
add a Second Part which should supply remarks on
the forms included in the First Part, as well as additional
In this way much has
matter of a more advanced kind.
been added which
is
not to be found in ordinary Grammars,
the relegation of the paradigms to a separate part has
and
enabled
me
to discuss interesting points of
way which would otherwise have been
Grammar
impossible.
in a
Such
Chapters as the Third, the Twelfth, and the Seventeenth will,
it
is
hoped, be specially useful in awakening an
telligent interest in a subject too apt to
Different teachers will have different
My own
the Second Part.
system
is
become
in-
dull.
methods
of teaching
gradually to impart
additional information contemporaneously with the drill in inflexions.
for
him
If this is
to learn
done the pupil finds that
when he comes
I have thought
it
digms, as few
to the Second Part.
prudent to leave unaltered
which usually, though wrongly,
find a place in
Greek texts have yet
harmony with the
latest
little is left
results
many forms Greek para-
been brought into
of critical scholarship.
I
have even retained for the sake of old association such absurd
ix
l'KKi
The time
forms as the Imperative XcXimcc
will
come when
they will disappear from Greek Grammars, but an elementary
Grammar I
is
not the place in which
regret that an accelerated
reprint the First Part before all
errors will
first
-ale
to omit them.
made
it
necessary to
any corrections were made, but
be carefully eliminated as soon as another
opportunity occurs. \V.
January 18S0.
GUNION RUTHERFORD.
CONTENTS PART batten
I.
1
First declension
declension
I
Third declension
11
Irregular forms
25
.
d of adjectives (
'oinparison of adjectives
33 51
Adverbs
.
54
Numerals
.
54
Pronouns
.
Tin- \vrl>
Verbs
.
in -11
in
i
-MI
lions
65
86 100
CONTENTS
Xll
PART Remarks on the
letters
and
Contraction, assimilation
II.
signs
and dissimilation
Dual number Vocative case
Gender
....
Accentuation
Remarks on the
first
declension
Remarks on the second declension
Remarks on the third declension Remarks on
adjectives
Remarks on comparison Adverbs
.
Numerals
.
Pronouns
.
General remarks on verbal forms
The tense-system Verbs in -MI
of regular verbs in
-12
.
List of irregular verbs
Verbs forming their tenses from different roots
Oi at
PAET I.
V
The Greek
A B r
5
K/
V
E Z
H
7
e.
r
z.
K
*
?
^/
e. tli. i.
kappa lambda
nu xi
k.
=
1.
m.
— = =
n.
x(=ks). 0.
Pi
p-
rho
rli, r.
sigma T
X a
^s
iota
omlcron
T
V
eta
theta
mu 1/
n p 5 T
(1.
zeta
??
always hard.
g.
=
epsllon
M \/
a.
b.
e
I
N 5 o
=
gamma delta
_^r K A
alpha
were twenty-four in numt
beta
A 1/
letters
I
^
s.
t;iu
t.
upsilon
ii.
9
phi
ph.
chi
kh.
*
psi
0)
omega
= —
only finiaL
ps. 0.
B
———
:
FIRST GREEK
2
Before kappa, gamma,
II.
has the sound of
e
T),
o
co,
chi,
and
xi the letter
gamma
n, as in ink, sing.
Vowels.
III.
GRAMMAR
The vowels
and into narrow,
i,
are divided into open, a,
v.
Consonants. The most important are the Mutes, IV.which are so named because we are not able to pronounce them without the help of a vowel. They are nine in number. Three are pronounced by contact of the tongue and hard palate, three
by the
lips,
and three by bringing the tongue
against the teeth.
palatals or palate-sounds
labials or lip-sounds
.
.
dentals or tooth-sounds
From
this table
sets of three,
a
we
hard
soft
aspirated
K
7
X
IT
p
i
T
8
e
see that they are again divided into
each set containing a guttural, a dental, and
labial.
The for
letters xi, psi,
f = kg, V.
English
^ = 7rcr,
Signs. h,
and zeta are
and f = 8 with a
The Greeks had no
but they had a sign
l
called double letters soft o\
letter like the
Latin or
which served instead.
— FIRST GREEK
Thus
Jj/Da
was pronounced
GRAMMAR
l«'>m,
and the sign
written over the vowel to which
it
the only consonant with which begins a
word
it is
begins a word
The
it
never without
The
letter
rho
is is
used,
and when rho
If the
vowel upsllon
is
it.
always so
has always this sign.
simply marks the absence of the
'
sign
it
is
This sign
belongs.
rough breathing.
called spiritus asper, or
3
spiritus
asper.
DECLENSION OF SUBSTANTIVES AND ADJECTIVES. VI.
—The
declension.
inflexion
The
the changeable part
The nominative
of
nouns and
is
pronouns
word
fixed part of the
called
is
called the stem,
is
called the case-ending or termination.
must never be confounded with the
case
stem.
VII. (1)
—The Greeks distinguished declension Three numbers — The singular the in
:
for one,
:
dual for
two, or a pair, and the plural for several. (2)
Five cases
:
— nominative,
vocative,
accusative,
geni-
tive, dative.
(3) Three genders
VIII.
—All
:
—masculine, feminine,
these, except the vocative
neuter.
case, are
seen in
the declension of the article " the."
Vowels long by nature, except
ij
and
«, are
tht circumflex u
pdv
fidxyv
OaXarra OdXaTTa OdXaTTav
gen.
Xd>pas
p,dxvs
OaXaTTrj?
dat.
Xa>pa
H>"XV
OaXaTTrf
n. v. a.
X a>pd
fMdX d
OaXaTTa
g.d.
yoapaiv
fxdxcuv
OaXaTTaiv
nom.
X&pai
p