FETAL HYDROPS A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES
J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS
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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1
Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Fetal Hydrops: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-497-00465-8 1. Fetal Hydrops-Popular works. I. Title.
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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.
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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on fetal hydrops. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.
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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.
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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health
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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON FETAL HYDROPS ....................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 Federally Funded Research on Fetal Hydrops................................................................................ 3 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 3 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND FETAL HYDROPS ............................................................................. 19 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 19 Finding Nutrition Studies on Fetal Hydrops .............................................................................. 19 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 20 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 20 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND FETAL HYDROPS ....................................................... 23 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 23 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 23 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 24 General References ....................................................................................................................... 24 CHAPTER 4. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON FETAL HYDROPS .......................................................... 25 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 25 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 25 Academic Periodicals covering Fetal Hydrops ............................................................................. 26 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 31 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 31 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 31 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 33 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 35 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 37 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 37 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 37 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 39 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 41 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 41 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 41 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 41 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 41 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 47 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 47 FETAL HYDROPS DICTIONARY ............................................................................................... 49 INDEX ................................................................................................................................................ 63
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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with fetal hydrops is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about fetal hydrops, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to fetal hydrops, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on fetal hydrops. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to fetal hydrops, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on fetal hydrops. The Editors
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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.
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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON FETAL HYDROPS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on fetal hydrops.
Federally Funded Research on Fetal Hydrops The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to fetal hydrops. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to fetal hydrops. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore fetal hydrops.
The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.3
2 Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH). 3 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text
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The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with fetal hydrops, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “fetal hydrops” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for fetal hydrops (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •
A clinical and epidemiological study of human parvovirus B19 infection in fetal hydrops using PCR Southern blot hybridization and chemiluminescence detection. Author(s): Wattre P, Dewilde A, Subtil D, Andreoletti L, Thirion V. Source: Journal of Medical Virology. 1998 February; 54(2): 140-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9496373
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Absent aortic and dysplastic pulmonary valves associated with ventricular septal defect in fetal hydrops. Author(s): Eronen M, Heikkila P. Source: Pediatric Cardiology. 2003 July-August; 24(4): 400-2. Epub 2002 September 25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12360386
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Albumin transfusion in non-immune fetal hydrops: Doppler ultrasound evaluation of the acute effects on blood circulation in the fetal aorta and the umbilical arteries. Author(s): Lingman G, Stangenberg M, Legarth J, Rahman F. Source: Fetal Ther. 1989; 4(2-3): 120-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2486884
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Aortic vasculopathy with aneurysm: a rare cause of fetal hydrops. Author(s): Nissen T, Silverman NH, Ursell PC. Source: Cardiology in the Young. 2000 March; 10(2): 153-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10817302
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B19 parvovirus induced fetal hydrops: rapid and simple diagnosis by detection of B19 antigens in amniotic fluids. Author(s): Gentilomi G, Zerbini M, Gallinella G, Venturoli S, Manaresi E, Morandi R, Musiani M. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 1998 April; 18(4): 363-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9602483
journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.
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B19 parvovirus-induced fetal hydrops:good outcome after intrauterine blood transfusion at 18 weeks of gestation. Author(s): Bousquet F, Segondy M, Faure JM, Deschamps F, Boulot P. Source: Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy. 2000 May-June; 15(3): 132-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10781995
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beta-Glucuronidase deficiency as a cause of fetal hydrops. Author(s): Kagie MJ, Kleijer WJ, Huijmans JG, Maaswinkel-Mooy P, Kanhai HH. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 1992 March 1; 42(5): 693-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1632440
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Cardiac rhabdomyoma presenting as fetal hydrops. Author(s): Guereta LG, Burgueros M, Elorza MD, Alix AG, Benito F, Gamallo C. Source: Pediatric Cardiology. 1986; 7(3): 171-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3543873
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Case report. Fetal hydrops associated with intrauterine supraventricular tachycardia. Author(s): Acton CM, Oats JN, Manly GA. Source: Australasian Radiology. 1983 March; 27(1): 37-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6882300
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Cervical ribs: useful marker of monosomy X in fetal hydrops. Author(s): Keeling JW, Kjaer I. Source: Pediatric and Developmental Pathology : the Official Journal of the Society for Pediatric Pathology and the Paediatric Pathology Society. 1999 March-April; 2(2): 119-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9949217
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Color flow mapping and Doppler velocimetry in the diagnosis and management of a placental chorioangioma associated with nonimmune fetal hydrops. Author(s): Hirata GI, Masaki DI, O'Toole M, Medearis AL, Platt LD. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1993 May; 81(5 ( Pt 2)): 850-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8469496
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Comparative evaluation of virological and serological methods in prenatal diagnosis of parvovirus B19 fetal hydrops. Author(s): Zerbini M, Musiani M, Gentilomi G, Venturoli S, Gallinella G, Morandi R. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1996 March; 34(3): 603-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8904423
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Congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation of the lung and fetal hydrops--a case with favourable outcome. Author(s): Entezami M, Halis G, Waldschmidt J, Opri F, Runkel S. Source: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. 1998 July; 79(1): 99-101. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9643413
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Congenital rapidly fatal form of nemaline myopathy with fetal hydrops and arthrogryposis. A case report and review. Author(s): Vardon D, Chau C, Sigodi S, Figarella-Branger D, Boubli L. Source: Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy. 1998 July-August; 13(4): 244-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9784647
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Conjugated hyperbilirubinemia in a newborn infant after maternal (transplacental) treatment with flecainide acetate for fetal tachycardia and fetal hydrops. Author(s): Vanderhal AL, Cocjin J, Santulli TV Jr, Carlson DE, Rosenthal P. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1995 June; 126(6): 988-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7776114
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Detection of human herpes virus 6 DNA in fetal hydrops. Author(s): Ashshi AM, Cooper RJ, Klapper PE, Al-Jiffri O, Moore L. Source: Lancet. 2000 April 29; 355(9214): 1519-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10801177
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Disseminated intravascular coagulation and fetal hydrops in a newborn infant in association with a chorangioma of placenta. Author(s): Jones CE, Rivers RP, Taghizadeh A. Source: Pediatrics. 1972 December; 50(6): 901-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4264147
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Do abnormal Starling forces cause fetal hydrops in red blood cell alloimmunization? Author(s): Moise KJ Jr, Carpenter RJ Jr, Hesketh DE. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1992 October; 167(4 Pt 1): 90712. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1415424
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Early prenatal sonographic diagnosis of twin triploid gestation presenting with fetal hydrops and theca-lutein ovarian cysts. Author(s): Frates MC, Feinberg BB. Source: Journal of Clinical Ultrasound : Jcu. 2000 March; 28(3): 137-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10679701
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Early-onset fetal hydrops and muscle degeneration in siblings due to a novel variant of type IV glycogenosis. Author(s): Cox PM, Brueton LA, Murphy KW, Worthington VC, Bjelogrlic P, Lazda EJ, Sabire NJ, Sewry CA. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 1999 September 10; 86(2): 187-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10449659
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Early-onset preeclampsia, triploidy and fetal hydrops. Author(s): Broekhuizen FF, Elejalde R, Hamilton PR. Source: J Reprod Med. 1983 March; 28(3): 223-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6854556
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Etiology and outcome of second trimester non-immunologic fetal hydrops. Author(s): Heinonen S, Ryynanen M, Kirkinen P. Source: Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 2000 January; 79(1): 15-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10646810
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Fetal hydrops after in utero tracheal occlusion. Author(s): Graf JL, Gibbs DL, Adzick NS, Harrison MR. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 1997 February; 32(2): 214-5; Discussion 216. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9044124
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Fetal hydrops and congenital complete heart block: response to maternal steroid therapy. Author(s): Bierman FZ, Baxi L, Jaffe I, Driscoll J. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1988 April; 112(4): 646-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3351692
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Fetal hydrops and death from sacrococcygeal teratoma: rationale for fetal surgery. Author(s): Langer JC, Harrison MR, Schmidt KG, Silverman NH, Anderson RL, Goldberg JD, Filly RA, Crombleholme TM, Longaker MT, Golbus MS. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1989 May; 160(5 Pt 1): 1145-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2658603
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Fetal hydrops and familial pulmonary lymphatic hypoplasia. Author(s): Thibeault DW, Black P, Taboada E. Source: American Journal of Perinatology. 2002 August; 19(6): 323-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12357424
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Fetal hydrops and hepatosplenomegaly in the second half of pregnancy: a sign of myeloproliferative disorder in fetuses with trisomy 21. Author(s): Smrcek JM, Baschat AA, Germer U, Gloeckner-Hofmann K, Gembruch U. Source: Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology : the Official Journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2001 May; 17(5): 403-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11380964
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Fetal hydrops associated with extralobar pulmonary sequestration. Author(s): Thomas CS, Leopold GR, Hilton S, Key T, Coen R, Lynch F. Source: Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine : Official Journal of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine. 1986 November; 5(11): 668-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3537339
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Fetal hydrops due to a tachyarrhythmia progressing to organic pulmonary stenosis. Author(s): Fesslova V, Villa L, Nicolini U. Source: Cardiology in the Young. 2000 March; 10(2): 158-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10817304
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Fetal hydrops due to right ventricular and tricuspid valve dysplasia. A case report. Author(s): Fesslova V, Bagozzi DC, Bellotti M, Stefani GS, Stefani M. Source: G Ital Cardiol. 1994 January; 24(1): 41-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8200496
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Fetal hydrops due to supraventricular tachycardia--successful outcome in a difficult case. Author(s): Doherty G, Bali S, Casey F. Source: Ir Med J. 2003 February; 96(2): 52-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12674156
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Fetal hydrops in a newborn with hypoplastic left heart syndrome: tricuspid valve "stopper". Author(s): Weinberg PM, Peyser K, Hackney JR. Source: Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 1985 December; 6(6): 1365-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3840814
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Fetal hydrops in Sardinia: implications for genetic counselling. Author(s): Galanello R, Sanna MA, Maccioni L, Gasperini D, Melis MA, Rosatelli C, Monni G, Cao A. Source: Clinical Genetics. 1990 November; 38(5): 327-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2282712
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Fetal hydrops in the first trimester associated with maternal parvovirus infection. Author(s): Smulian JC, Egan JF, Rodis JF. Source: Journal of Clinical Ultrasound : Jcu. 1998 July-August; 26(6): 314-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9641392
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Fetal hydrops secondary to a paratracheal hemangiomatous malformation. Author(s): Lenke RR, Cyr DR, Mack LA, Norwood TH. Source: Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine : Official Journal of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine. 1986 April; 5(4): 223-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3514955
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Fetal hydrops secondary to human parvovirus infection in early pregnancy. Author(s): Petrikovsky BM, Baker D, Schneider E. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 1996 April; 16(4): 342-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8734809
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Fetal hydrops, associated with maternal propylthiouracil exposure, reversed by intrauterine therapy. Author(s): Yanai N, Shveiky D. Source: Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology : the Official Journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2004 February; 23(2): 198-201. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14770404
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Fetal hydrops. Author(s): Boyd PA, Keeling JW. Source: Journal of Medical Genetics. 1992 February; 29(2): 91-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1613772
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Fetoscopy in the assessment of unexplained fetal hydrops. Author(s): Nicolaides KH, Rodeck CH, Lange I, Watson J, Gosden CM, Miller D, Mibashan RS, Moniz C, Morgan-Capner P, Campbell S. Source: British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1985 July; 92(7): 671-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2410012
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IgG/placental alkaline phosphatase complexes in Rh-incompatible pregnancy with fetal hydrops. Author(s): Grozdea J, Brisson-Lougarre A, Vergnes H, Bierme R, Alie-Daram S, Martin J, Fournie A. Source: Vox Sanguinis. 1988; 55(1): 42-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3138817
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Intermittent fetal tachycardia and fetal hydrops. Author(s): Smoleniec JS, Martin R, James DK. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1991 October; 66(10 Spec No): 1160-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1750769
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Intrauterine aplastic anemia and fetal hydrops: a case report. Author(s): Zwi LJ, Becroft DM. Source: Pediatr Pathol. 1986; 5(2): 199-205. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2876418
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Isolated cardiomegaly in the second trimester as an early sign of fetal hydrops due to intracranial arteriovenous malformation. Author(s): Henrich W, Fuchs I, Buhrer C, van Landeghem FK, Albig M, Stoever B, Dudenhausen JW. Source: Journal of Clinical Ultrasound : Jcu. 2003 October; 31(8): 445-9. Erratum In: J Clin Ultrasound. 2004 January; 32(1): 50-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14528445
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Long-term outcome in fetal hydrops from parvovirus B19 infection. Author(s): Sheikh AU, Ernest JM, O'Shea M. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1992 August; 167(2): 337-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1497035
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Management of fetal hydrops associated with parvovirus B19 infection. Author(s): Smoleniec JS, Pillai M. Source: British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1994 December; 101(12): 1079-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7826963
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Maternal hydrops syndrome following successful treatment of fetal hydrops by shunting of bilateral hydrothorax. Author(s): Deurloo K, Devlieger R, Oepkes D. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 2003 November; 23(11): 944-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14634984
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Meconium peritonitis masquerading as fetal hydrops. Author(s): Dillard JP, Edwards DK, Leopold GR. Source: Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine : Official Journal of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine. 1987 January; 6(1): 49-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3546726
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Midtrimester thoracoamniotic shunting for the treatment of fetal hydrops. Author(s): Morrow RJ, Macphail S, Johnson JA, Ryan G, Farine D, Knox Ritchie JW. Source: Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy. 1995 March-April; 10(2): 92-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7794522
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Mucopolysaccharidosis VII (Sly disease) as a cause of increased nuchal translucency and non-immune fetal hydrops: study of a family and technical approach to prenatal diagnosis in early and late pregnancy. Author(s): Geipel A, Berg C, Germer U, Krapp M, Kohl M, Gembruch U. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 2002 June; 22(6): 493-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12116312
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Mucopolysaccharidosis VII as cause of fetal hydrops in early pregnancy. Author(s): Stangenberg M, Lingman G, Roberts G, Ozand P. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 1992 September 15; 44(2): 142-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1456282
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Neurodevelopmental outcome after intrauterine red cell transfusion for parvovirus B19-induced fetal hydrops. Author(s): Dembinski J, Haverkamp F, Maara H, Hansmann M, Eis-Hubinger AM, Bartmann P. Source: Bjog : an International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2002 November; 109(11): 1232-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12452460
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Nonimmune fetal hydrops and Down syndrome. Author(s): Fujimoto A, Broom DL, Shinno NW, Wilson MG. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 1983 March; 14(3): 533-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6222652
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Nonimmune fetal hydrops and placentomegaly: diagnosis of familial WiedemannBeckwith syndrome with trisomy 11p15 using FISH. Author(s): Drut RM, Drut R. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 1996 March 15; 62(2): 145-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8882394
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Non-immune fetal hydrops associated with nuchal cystic hygroma: further evidence for an autosomal recessive subtype. Author(s): Bruni L, Maggi E, Capolino R, de Prosperi V. Source: Genet Couns. 1999; 10(3): 271-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10546099
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Nonimmune fetal hydrops caused by bilateral type III congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation of the lung at 17 weeks' gestation. Author(s): Sherer DM, Abramowicz JS, Metlay LA, Roberts M, Woods JR Jr. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1992 August; 167(2): 503-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1497057
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Non-immune fetal hydrops with hepatic hemangioendothelioma and KasabachMerritt syndrome: a case report. Author(s): Skopec LL, Lakatua DJ. Source: Pediatr Pathol. 1989; 9(1): 87-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2717502
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Nonimmune fetal hydrops with isolated premature restriction of the foramen ovale. Author(s): Porcelli PJ Jr, Saller DN Jr, Duwaji MS, Cowett RM. Source: Journal of Perinatology : Official Journal of the California Perinatal Association. 1992 March; 12(1): 37-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1560289
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Nonimmune fetal hydrops: diagnosis and obstetrical management. Author(s): Jones DC. Source: Semin Perinatol. 1995 December; 19(6): 447-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8822329
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Nonimmunologic fetal hydrops associated with hyperreactio luteinalis. Author(s): Hatjis CG. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1985 March; 65(3 Suppl): 11S-13S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3883269
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Nonimmunologic fetal hydrops wtih theca lutein cysts. Author(s): Fleming P, McLeary RD. Source: Radiology. 1981 October; 141(1): 169-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7291522
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Observational study of effect of intrauterine transfusions on outcome of fetal hydrops after parvovirus B19 infection. Author(s): Fairley CK, Smoleniec JS, Caul OE, Miller E. Source: Lancet. 1995 November 18; 346(8986): 1335-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7475774
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Ocular examination schedule for infants with fetal hydrops. Author(s): Trese MT, Batton DG. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 1989 October 15; 108(4): 459. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2801875
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Ontogeny of the fetal immune system: study on pregnancies with Rhisoimmunization and nonimmune fetal hydrops. Author(s): Noia G, Romano D, De Santis M, Gozzo ML, Colacicco L, Mariorenzi S, Straface G, Rumi C, Caruso A, Mancuso S. Source: Clinical Immunology (Orlando, Fla.). 1999 January; 90(1): 115-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9884359
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Parvovirus associated fetal hydrops: reversal of pregnancy induced proteinuric hypertension by in utero fetal transfusion. Author(s): Duthie SJ, Walkinshaw SA. Source: British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1995 December; 102(12): 1011-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8652468
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Parvovirus B19 in fetal hydrops. Author(s): Rogers BB, Over CE. Source: Human Pathology. 1999 February; 30(2): 247. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10029458
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Parvovirus B19 infection and transient fetal hydrops. Author(s): Morey AL, Nicolini U, Welch CR, Economides D, Chamberlain PF, Cohen BJ. Source: Lancet. 1991 February 23; 337(8739): 496. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1671501
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Percutaneous umbilical transfusion in severe rhesus isoimmunization: resolution of fetal hydrops. Author(s): Socol ML, MacGregor SN, Pielet BW, Tamura RK, Sabbagha RE. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1987 December; 157(6): 1369-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3122574
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Predictive value of pleural effusions in fetal hydrops. Author(s): Smoleniec J, James D. Source: Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy. 1995 March-April; 10(2): 95-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7794523
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Prenatal diagnosis of congenital Wilms' tumor (nephroblastoma) presenting as fetal hydrops. Author(s): Vadeyar S, Ramsay M, James D, O'Neill D. Source: Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology : the Official Journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2000 July; 16(1): 80-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11084972
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Prenatal diagnosis of fetal hydrops associated with Down's syndrome in a 40-year-old woman with a mosaic Turner's karyotype (45,X/47,XXX). Author(s): Acharya G, Jonsrud C, van der Hagen C, Maltau JM. Source: Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 2003 August; 82(8): 773-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12848653
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Prenatal treatment of fetal hydrops associated with the hypertelorism-dysphagia syndrome (Opitz-G syndrome). Author(s): Patton MA, Baraitser M, Nickolaides K, Rodeck CH, Gamsu H. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 1986 March-April; 6(2): 109-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3517843
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Prenatal ultrasonic diagnosis of cystic hygroma associated with fetal hydrops--report of two cases. Author(s): Meizner I, Katz M, Carmi R, Insler V. Source: Isr J Med Sci. 1989 January; 25(1): 51-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2647664
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Primary syphilis and nonimmune fetal hydrops in a penicillin-allergic woman. A case report. Author(s): ElTabbakh GH, Elejalde BR, Broekhuizen FF. Source: J Reprod Med. 1994 May; 39(5): 412-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8064710
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Pulmonary sequestration presenting as fetal hydrops. Author(s): Correa-Rivas MS, Ferra OS. Source: P R Health Sci J. 2003 June; 22(2): 187-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12866144
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Recurrent idiopathic fetal hydrops: results of prenatal therapy. Author(s): Seeds JW, Herbert WN, Bowes WA Jr, Cefalo RC. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1984 September; 64(3 Suppl): 30S-33S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6382081
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Repetitive idiopathic fetal hydrops. Author(s): Silverstein AJ, Kanbour AI. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1981 June; 57(6 Suppl): 18S-21S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7243114
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Reversible fetal hydrops associated with indomethacin use. Author(s): Pratt L, Digiosia J, Swenson JN, Trampe B, Martin CB Jr. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1997 October; 90(4 Pt 2): 676-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11770593
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Severe congenital cytomegalovirus infection with fetal hydrops in a cytomegalovirusseropositive healthy woman. Author(s): Inoue T, Matsumura N, Fukuoka M, Sagawa N, Fujii S. Source: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. 2001 April; 95(2): 184-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11301167
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Severe fetal hydrops resulting from ABO incompatibility. Author(s): Sherer DM, Abramowicz JS, Ryan RM, Sheils LA, Blumberg N, Woods JR Jr. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1991 November; 78(5 Pt 2): 897-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1923220
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Severe nonimmune fetal hydrops with fetal survival. A case report. Author(s): Lenke RR, Watchko JF, Nudelman S, Cyr DR, Hodson WA, Mack LA. Source: J Reprod Med. 1986 November; 31(11): 1051-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3543343
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Sonographic detection of fetal hydrops. A report of two cases. Author(s): Barss VA, Benacerraf BR, Greene MF, Phillippe M, Frigoletto FD Jr. Source: J Reprod Med. 1985 November; 30(11): 893-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3908672
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Sonographic diagnosis of fetal hydrops. Author(s): Kassner EG, Cromb E. Source: Radiology. 1975 August; 116(02): 399-400. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1153743
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Successful intrauterine treatment of fetal hydrops caused by parvovirus B19 infection. Author(s): Gloning KP, Schramm T, Brusis E, Schwarz T, Roggendorf M. Source: Behring Inst Mitt. 1990 August; (85): 79-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2171492
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Successful management of fetal hydrops due to congenitally complete atrioventricular block. Author(s): Sivarajah J, Huggon IC, Rosenthal E. Source: Cardiology in the Young. 2003 August; 13(4): 380-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14694963
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Successful outcome in a case of cystic adenomatoid malformation of the lung complicated by fetal hydrops, using extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Author(s): Etches PC, Tierney AJ, Demianczuk NN. Source: Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy. 1994 March-April; 9(2): 88-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8185845
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Surgically correctable fetal hydrops. Author(s): Golladay ES, Mollitt DL. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 1984 February; 19(1): 59-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6366180
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Tachyarrhythmia, cardiac rhabdomyomata and fetal hydrops in a premature infant with tuberous sclerosis. Author(s): Scurry J, Watkins A, Acton C, Drew J. Source: Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health. 1992 June; 28(3): 260-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1605981
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The changing pattern of fetal hydrops. Author(s): Wilson DC, Halliday HL, McClure G, Reid MM. Source: Ulster Med J. 1990 October; 59(2): 119-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2278106
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The effect of fetal hydrops on the rate of fall of hemoglobin after fetal intravascular transfusion for red cell alloimmunization. Author(s): Abdel-Fattah SA, Carroll SG, Kyle PM, Soothill PW. Source: Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy. 2000 September-October; 15(5): 262-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10971078
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The resolution of fetal hydrops using combined maternal digoxin and dexamethasone therapy in a case of isolated complete heart block at 30 weeks gestation. Author(s): Brackley KJ, Ismail KM, Wright JG, Kilby MD. Source: Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy. 2000 November-December; 15(6): 355-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11111217
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The severity of immune fetal hydrops is predictive of fetal outcome after intrauterine treatment. Author(s): van Kamp IL, Klumper FJ, Bakkum RS, Oepkes D, Meerman RH, Scherjon SA, Kanhai HH. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2001 September; 185(3): 668-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11568796
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Tissue iron storage patterns in fetal hydrops associated with congestive heart failure. Author(s): Silver MM, Perrin D, Smith CR, Freedom RM. Source: Pediatric Pathology & Laboratory Medicine : Journal of the Society for Pediatric Pathology, Affiliated with the International Paediatric Pathology Association. 1996 JulyAugust; 16(4): 563-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9025854
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Transient fetal hydrops and "prune belly" in one identical female twin. Author(s): Lubinsky M, Rapoport P. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1983 February 3; 308(5): 256-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6336828
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Trisomy 21, fetal hydrops, and anemia: prenatal diagnosis of transient myeloproliferative disorder? Author(s): Hendricks SK, Sorensen TK, Baker ER. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1993 October; 82(4 Pt 2 Suppl): 703-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8378020
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Turner syndrome: sonography showing fetal hydrops simulating hydramnios. Author(s): Robinow M, Spisso K, Buschi AJ, Brenbridge AN. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 1980 October; 135(4): 846-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6778125
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Two cases of atrial flutter with fetal hydrops: successful fetal drug therapy. Author(s): Won HS, Lee IS, Yoo HK, Yoo SJ, Ko JK, Lee PR, Kim A, Mok JE. Source: Journal of Korean Medical Science. 1998 December; 13(6): 676-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9886180
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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND FETAL HYDROPS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and fetal hydrops.
Finding Nutrition Studies on Fetal Hydrops The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail:
[email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.4 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “fetal hydrops” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.
4 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “fetal hydrops” (or a synonym): •
Early prenatal sonographic diagnosis of twin triploid gestation presenting with fetal hydrops and theca-lutein ovarian cysts. Author(s): Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. Source: Frates, M C Feinberg, B B J-Clin-Ultrasound. 2000 March; 28(3): 137-41 0091-2751
Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •
healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0
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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov
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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov
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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/
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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/
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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/
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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/
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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/
Nutrition
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND FETAL HYDROPS Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to fetal hydrops. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to fetal hydrops and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “fetal hydrops” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to fetal hydrops: •
Abdominal rhabdoid tumor presenting as fetal hydrops: a case report. Author(s): Castellino SM, Powers R, Kalwinsky D, DeVoe M. Source: Journal of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology. 2001 May; 23(4): 258-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11846311
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Intra-uterine tachycardia associated with multicystic encephalomalacia (MCE). Author(s): van Doornik MC, Cats BP, Barth PG, van Bodegom F, Moulaert AJ. Source: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. 1985 September; 20(3): 191-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4054415
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Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •
Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/
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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats
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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/
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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/
•
HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/
•
WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs
•
WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
•
Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/
General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.
25
CHAPTER 4. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON FETAL HYDROPS Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover fetal hydrops.
News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on fetal hydrops is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “fetal hydrops” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to fetal hydrops. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “fetal hydrops” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for fetal hydrops: •
Low Risk Of Fetal Hydrops In Parvovirus-Infected Pregnant Women Source: Reuters Medical News Date: March 26, 1998
26
Fetal Hydrops
The NIH Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “fetal hydrops” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “fetal hydrops” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to fetal hydrops, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “fetal hydrops” (or synonyms).
Academic Periodicals covering Fetal Hydrops Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to fetal hydrops. In addition to
Periodicals and News
27
these sources, you can search for articles covering fetal hydrops that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”
29
APPENDICES
31
APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.
NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute5: •
Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm
•
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/
•
National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html
•
National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25
•
National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm
•
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm
•
National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375
•
National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/
5
These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.
32
Fetal Hydrops
•
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm
•
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/
•
National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm
•
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm
•
National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/
•
National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/
•
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm
•
National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html
•
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm
•
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm
•
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm
•
National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html
•
National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm
•
Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp
•
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/
•
National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp
•
Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html
•
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm
Physician Resources
33
NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.6 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:7 •
Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html
•
HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html
•
NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html
•
Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
•
Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html
•
Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html
•
Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/
•
Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html
•
Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html
•
Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html
•
MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html
6 Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 7 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.
34
Fetal Hydrops
•
Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html
•
Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html The NLM Gateway8
The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.9 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “fetal hydrops” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total
Items Found 1495 2 651 0 45 2193
HSTAT10 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.11 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.12 Simply search by “fetal hydrops” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.
Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x. The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 10 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 11 The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/. 12 Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations. 8 9
Physician Resources
35
Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists13 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.14 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.15 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.
Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •
CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.
•
Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.
Adapted from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html. The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 15 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process. 13
14
37
APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on fetal hydrops can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.
Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to fetal hydrops. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to fetal hydrops. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “fetal hydrops”:
38
Fetal Hydrops
Birth Defects http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/birthdefects.html Dwarfism http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/dwarfism.html High Risk Pregnancy http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/highriskpregnancy.html Prenatal Testing http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/prenataltesting.html You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to fetal hydrops. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats
•
Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm
•
Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html
•
Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/
•
WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics
Patient Resources
39
Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to fetal hydrops. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with fetal hydrops. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about fetal hydrops. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “fetal hydrops” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “fetal hydrops”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “fetal hydrops” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months.
40
Fetal Hydrops
The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “fetal hydrops” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”
41
APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.
Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.16
Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.
Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of
16
Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.
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Fetal Hydrops
libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)17: •
Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/
•
Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)
•
Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm
•
California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html
•
California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html
•
California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html
•
California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)
•
California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/
•
California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp
•
California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html
•
California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/
•
California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/
•
California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/
•
California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html
•
California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/
•
Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/
•
Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/
•
Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/
17
Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.
Finding Medical Libraries
43
•
Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml
•
Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm
•
Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html
•
Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm
•
Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp
•
Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/
•
Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm
•
Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html
•
Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/
•
Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm
•
Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/
•
Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/
•
Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/
•
Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm
•
Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html
•
Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm
•
Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/
•
Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/
•
Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10
•
Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/
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•
Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html
•
Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp
•
Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp
•
Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/
•
Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html
•
Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm
•
Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp
•
Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/
•
Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html
•
Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/
•
Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm
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Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/
•
Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html
•
Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm
•
Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330
•
Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)
•
National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html
•
National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/
•
National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/
Finding Medical Libraries
45
•
Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm
•
New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/
•
New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm
•
New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm
•
New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/
•
New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html
•
New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/
•
New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html
•
New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/
•
Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm
•
Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp
•
Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/
•
Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/
•
Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml
•
Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html
•
Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html
•
Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml
•
Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp
•
Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm
•
Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/
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•
South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp
•
Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/
•
Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/
•
Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72
47
ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •
ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html
•
MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp
•
Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/
•
Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html
•
On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/
•
Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp
•
Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm
Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).
Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •
Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical
•
MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html
•
Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/
•
Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine
49
FETAL HYDROPS DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdominal Pain: Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region. [NIH] Abscess: A localized, circumscribed collection of pus. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaline Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.1. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amnion: The extraembryonic membrane which contains the embryo and amniotic fluid. [NIH]
Amniotic Fluid: Amniotic cavity fluid which is produced by the amnion and fetal lungs and kidneys. [NIH] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Aneurysm: A sac formed by the dilatation of the wall of an artery, a vein, or the heart. [NIH] Anomalies: Birth defects; abnormalities. [NIH] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]
Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Aorta: The main trunk of the systemic arteries. [NIH] Aplastic anemia: A condition in which the bone marrow is unable to produce blood cells. [NIH]
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Arrhythmia: Any variation from the normal rhythm or rate of the heart beat. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arteriovenous: Both arterial and venous; pertaining to or affecting an artery and a vein. [EU] Artery: Vessel-carrying blood from the heart to various parts of the body. [NIH] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Atresia: Lack of a normal opening from the esophagus, intestines, or anus. [NIH] Atrial: Pertaining to an atrium. [EU] Atrial Flutter: Rapid, irregular atrial contractions due to an abnormality of atrial excitation. [NIH]
Atrioventricular: Pertaining to an atrium of the heart and to a ventricle. [EU] Atrioventricular Node: A small nodular mass of specialized muscle fibers located in the interatrial septum near the opening of the coronary sinus. It gives rise to the atrioventricular bundle of the conduction system of the heart. [NIH] Atrium: A chamber; used in anatomical nomenclature to designate a chamber affording entrance to another structure or organ. Usually used alone to designate an atrium of the heart. [EU] Bilateral: Affecting both the right and left side of body. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bilirubin: A bile pigment that is a degradation product of heme. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Blastocyst: The mammalian embryo in the post-morula stage in which a fluid-filled cavity, enclosed primarily by trophoblast, contains an inner cell mass which becomes the embryonic disc. [NIH] Blood Glucose: Glucose in blood. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood transfusion: The administration of blood or blood products into a blood vessel. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Blot: To transfer DNA, RNA, or proteins to an immobilizing matrix such as nitrocellulose. [NIH]
Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up
Dictionary 51
of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiomegaly: Hypertrophy or enlargement of the heart. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in
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the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Congestive heart failure: Weakness of the heart muscle that leads to a buildup of fluid in body tissues. [NIH] Constipation: Infrequent or difficult evacuation of feces. [NIH] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Convulsions: A general term referring to sudden and often violent motor activity of cerebral or brainstem origin. Convulsions may also occur in the absence of an electrical cerebral discharge (e.g., in response to hypotension). [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Corticosteroid: Any of the steroids elaborated by the adrenal cortex (excluding the sex hormones of adrenal origin) in response to the release of corticotrophin (adrenocorticotropic hormone) by the pituitary gland, to any of the synthetic equivalents of these steroids, or to angiotensin II. They are divided, according to their predominant biological activity, into three major groups: glucocorticoids, chiefly influencing carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism; mineralocorticoids, affecting the regulation of electrolyte and water balance; and C19 androgens. Some corticosteroids exhibit both types of activity in varying degrees, and others exert only one type of effect. The corticosteroids are used clinically for hormonal replacement therapy, for suppression of ACTH secretion by the anterior pituitary, as antineoplastic, antiallergic, and anti-inflammatory agents, and to suppress the immune response. Called also adrenocortical hormone and corticoid. [EU] Cortisone: A natural steroid hormone produced in the adrenal gland. It can also be made in the laboratory. Cortisone reduces swelling and can suppress immune responses. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cytomegalovirus: A genus of the family Herpesviridae, subfamily Betaherpesvirinae, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they
Dictionary 53
produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS. [NIH] Decidua: The epithelial lining of the endometrium that is formed before the fertilized ovum reaches the uterus. The fertilized ovum embeds in the decidua. If the ovum is not fertilized, the decidua is shed during menstruation. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Dexamethasone: (11 beta,16 alpha)-9-Fluoro-11,17,21-trihydroxy-16-methylpregna-1,4diene-3,20-dione. An anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used either in the free alcohol or esterified form in treatment of conditions that respond generally to cortisone. [NIH] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diaphragm: The musculofibrous partition that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity. Contraction of the diaphragm increases the volume of the thoracic cavity aiding inspiration. [NIH] Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Dwarfism: The condition of being undersized as a result of premature arrest of skeletal growth. It may be caused by insufficient secretion of growth hormone (pituitary dwarfism). [NIH]
Dysphagia: Difficulty in swallowing. [EU] Dysplasia: Cells that look abnormal under a microscope but are not cancer. [NIH] Eclampsia: Onset of convulsions or coma in a previously diagnosed pre-eclamptic patient. [NIH]
Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Encephalomalacia: Literally, "softening of the brain", but the term is used to include degenerative diseases of the brain generally, due to a variety of causes. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]
Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Epidemiological: Relating to, or involving epidemiology. [EU] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Excitation: An act of irritation or stimulation or of responding to a stimulus; the addition of
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energy, as the excitation of a molecule by absorption of photons. [EU] Extracorporeal: Situated or occurring outside the body. [EU] Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation: Application of a life support system that circulates the blood through an oxygenating system, which may consist of a pump, a membrane oxygenator, and a heat exchanger. Examples of its use are to assist victims of smoke inhalation injury, respiratory failure, and cardiac failure. [NIH] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Flecainide: A potent anti-arrhythmia agent, effective in a wide range of ventricular and atrial arrhythmias and tachycardias. Paradoxically, however, in myocardial infarct patients with either symptomatic or asymptomatic arrhythmia, flecainide exacerbates the arrhythmia and is not recommended for use in these patients. [NIH] Foramen: A natural hole of perforation, especially one in a bone. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]
Gestation: The period of development of the young in viviparous animals, from the time of fertilization of the ovum until birth. [EU] Glucocorticoid: A compound that belongs to the family of compounds called corticosteroids (steroids). Glucocorticoids affect metabolism and have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. They may be naturally produced (hormones) or synthetic (drugs). [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Gonadal: Pertaining to a gonad. [EU] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Heart failure: Loss of pumping ability by the heart, often accompanied by fatigue, breathlessness, and excess fluid accumulation in body tissues. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemoglobin A: Normal adult human hemoglobin. The globin moiety consists of two alpha and two beta chains. [NIH] Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Herpes: Any inflammatory skin disease caused by a herpesvirus and characterized by the formation of clusters of small vesicles. When used alone, the term may refer to herpes simplex or to herpes zoster. [EU]
Dictionary 55
Herpes virus: A member of the herpes family of viruses. [NIH] Herpes Zoster: Acute vesicular inflammation. [NIH] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hyperbilirubinemia: Pathologic process consisting of an abnormal increase in the amount of bilirubin in the circulating blood, which may result in jaundice. [NIH] Hypertelorism: Abnormal increase in the interorbital distance due to overdevelopment of the lesser wings of the sphenoid. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hypoplasia: Incomplete development or underdevelopment of an organ or tissue. [EU] Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome: A condition characterized by underdevelopment of the left cardiac chambers, atresia or stenosis of the aorta or mitral valve or both, and hypoplasia of the aorta. These anomalies are a common cause of heart failure in early infancy. [NIH] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Iliac Artery: Either of two large arteries originating from the abdominal aorta; they supply blood to the pelvis, abdominal wall and legs. [NIH] Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits the enzyme cyclooxygenase necessary for the formation of prostaglandins and other autacoids. It also inhibits the motility of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. [NIH] Infancy: The period of complete dependency prior to the acquisition of competence in walking, talking, and self-feeding. [NIH] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]
Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Interorbital: Between the orbits. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH]
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Intravascular: Within a vessel or vessels. [EU] Jaundice: A clinical manifestation of hyperbilirubinemia, consisting of deposition of bile pigments in the skin, resulting in a yellowish staining of the skin and mucous membranes. [NIH]
Karyotype: The characteristic chromosome complement of an individual, race, or species as defined by their number, size, shape, etc. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Linkages: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]
Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Malformation: A morphologic developmental process. [EU]
defect
resulting
from
an
intrinsically
abnormal
Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant tumor: A tumor capable of metastasizing. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Mice Minute Virus: The type species of parvovirus prevalent in mouse colonies and found as a contaminant of many transplanted tumors or leukemias. [NIH] Mitral Valve: The valve between the left atrium and left ventricle of the heart. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Monosomy: The condition in which one chromosome of a pair is missing. In a normally diploid cell it is represented symbolically as 2N-1. [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Myopathy: Any disease of a muscle. [EU]
Dictionary 57
Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Nephroblastoma: A malignant kidney tumor made up of three cell types: blastemal, stromal, and epithelial, but not all present in every case. [NIH] Ovarian Cysts: General term for cysts and cystic diseases of the ovary. [NIH] Ovaries: The pair of female reproductive glands in which the ova, or eggs, are formed. The ovaries are located in the pelvis, one on each side of the uterus. [NIH] Ovary: Either of the paired glands in the female that produce the female germ cells and secrete some of the female sex hormones. [NIH] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Oxygenator: An apparatus by which oxygen is introduced into the blood during circulation outside the body, as during open heart surgery. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Parietal: 1. Of or pertaining to the walls of a cavity. 2. Pertaining to or located near the parietal bone, as the parietal lobe. [EU] Parvovirus: A genus of the family Parvoviridae, subfamily Parvovirinae, infecting a variety of vertebrates including humans. Parvoviruses are responsible for a number of important diseases but also can be non-pathogenic in certain hosts. The type species is mice minute virus. [NIH] Penicillin: An antibiotic drug used to treat infection. [NIH] Perforation: 1. The act of boring or piercing through a part. 2. A hole made through a part or substance. [EU] Peritoneum: Endothelial lining of the abdominal cavity, the parietal peritoneum covering the inside of the abdominal wall and the visceral peritoneum covering the bowel, the mesentery, and certain of the organs. The portion that covers the bowel becomes the serosal layer of the bowel wall. [NIH] Peritonitis: Inflammation of the peritoneum; a condition marked by exudations in the peritoneum of serum, fibrin, cells, and pus. It is attended by abdominal pain and tenderness, constipation, vomiting, and moderate fever. [EU] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Placenta: A highly vascular fetal organ through which the fetus absorbs oxygen and other nutrients and excretes carbon dioxide and other wastes. It begins to form about the eighth day of gestation when the blastocyst adheres to the decidua. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Pleura: The thin serous membrane enveloping the lungs and lining the thoracic cavity. [NIH] Pleural: A circumscribed area of hyaline whorled fibrous tissue which appears on the surface of the parietal pleura, on the fibrous part of the diaphragm or on the pleura in the interlobar fissures. [NIH] Pleural cavity: A space enclosed by the pleura (thin tissue covering the lungs and lining the interior wall of the chest cavity). It is bound by thin membranes. [NIH] Pleural Effusion: Presence of fluid in the pleural cavity resulting from excessive transudation or exudation from the pleural surfaces. It is a sign of disease and not a diagnosis in itself. [NIH]
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Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Preeclampsia: A toxaemia of late pregnancy characterized by hypertension, edema, and proteinuria, when convulsions and coma are associated, it is called eclampsia. [EU] Prenatal: Existing or occurring before birth, with reference to the fetus. [EU] Prenatal Diagnosis: Determination of the nature of a pathological condition or disease in the postimplantation embryo, fetus, or pregnant female before birth. [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Prostaglandins: A group of compounds derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway. They are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiological processes. [NIH] Prostaglandins A: (13E,15S)-15-Hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-10,13-dien-1-oic acid (PGA(1)); (5Z,13E,15S)-15-hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13-trien-1-oic acid (PGA(2)); (5Z,13E,15S,17Z)-15hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13,17-tetraen-1-oic acid (PGA(3)). A group of naturally occurring secondary prostaglandins derived from PGE. PGA(1) and PGA(2) as well as their 19hydroxy derivatives are found in many organs and tissues. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteinuria: The presence of protein in the urine, indicating that the kidneys are not working properly. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Valve: A valve situated at the entrance to the pulmonary trunk from the right ventricle. [NIH] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Respiratory failure: Inability of the lungs to conduct gas exchange. [NIH] Rhabdoid tumor: A malignant tumor of either the central nervous system (CNS) or the kidney. Malignant rhabdoid tumors of the CNS often have an abnormality of chromosome 22. These tumors usually occur in children younger than 2 years. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH]
Dictionary 59
Saponins: Sapogenin glycosides. A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycon moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose. Sapogenins are poisonous towards the lower forms of life and are powerful hemolytics when injected into the blood stream able to dissolve red blood cells at even extreme dilutions. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Septal: An abscess occurring at the root of the tooth on the proximal surface. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Smoke Inhalation Injury: Pulmonary injury following the breathing in of toxic smoke from burning materials such as plastics, synthetics, building materials, etc. This injury is the most frequent cause of death in burn patients. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Sphenoid: An unpaired cranial bone with a body containing the sphenoid sinus and forming the posterior part of the medial walls of the orbits. [NIH] Spirochete: Lyme disease. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Stenosis: Narrowing or stricture of a duct or canal. [EU] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Steroid therapy: Treatment with corticosteroid drugs to reduce swelling, pain, and other symptoms of inflammation. [NIH] Stricture: The abnormal narrowing of a body opening. Also called stenosis. [NIH] Stromal: Large, veil-like cell in the bone marrow. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other
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disease or abnormality. [EU] Supraventricular: Situated or occurring above the ventricles, especially in an atrium or atrioventricular node. [EU] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Syphilis: A contagious venereal disease caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum. [NIH]
Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. [EU] Tachyarrhythmia: Tachycardia associated with an irregularity in the normal heart rhythm. [EU]
Tachycardia: Excessive rapidity in the action of the heart, usually with a heart rate above 100 beats per minute. [NIH] Teratoma: A type of germ cell tumor that may contain several different types of tissue, such as hair, muscle, and bone. Teratomas occur most often in the ovaries in women, the testicles in men, and the tailbone in children. Not all teratomas are malignant. [NIH] Testicles: The two egg-shaped glands found inside the scrotum. They produce sperm and male hormones. Also called testes. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thymus: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system, in which T lymphocytes grow and multiply. The thymus is in the chest behind the breastbone. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Toxaemia: 1. The condition resulting from the spread of bacterial products (toxins) by the bloodstream. 2. A condition resulting from metabolic disturbances, e.g. toxaemia of pregnancy. [EU] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transfusion: The infusion of components of blood or whole blood into the bloodstream. The blood may be donated from another person, or it may have been taken from the person earlier and stored until needed. [NIH]
Dictionary 61
Tricuspid Valve: The valve consisting of three cusps situated between the right atrium and right ventricle of the heart. [NIH] Triploid: Pertaining to an organism with more than three chromosome sets in its vegetative cells. [NIH] Trisomy: The possession of a third chromosome of any one type in an otherwise diploid cell. [NIH]
Tuberous Sclerosis: A rare congenital disease in which the essential pathology is the appearance of multiple tumors in the cerebrum and in other organs, such as the heart or kidneys. [NIH] Umbilical Arteries: Either of a pair of arteries originating from the internal iliac artery and passing through the umbilical cord to carry blood from the fetus to the placenta. [NIH] Umbilical Cord: The flexible structure, giving passage to the umbilical arteries and vein, which connects the embryo or fetus to the placenta. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vegetative: 1. Concerned with growth and with nutrition. 2. Functioning involuntarily or unconsciously, as the vegetative nervous system. 3. Resting; denoting the portion of a cell cycle during which the cell is not involved in replication. 4. Of, pertaining to, or characteristic of plants. [EU] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venereal: Pertaining or related to or transmitted by sexual contact. [EU] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Ventricular: Pertaining to a ventricle. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH]
63
INDEX A Abdominal Pain, 49, 57 Abscess, 49, 59 Adverse Effect, 49, 59 Algorithms, 49, 50 Alkaline, 9, 49 Alkaline Phosphatase, 9, 49 Alternative medicine, 26, 49 Amnion, 49 Amniotic Fluid, 4, 49 Anemia, 17, 49 Aneurysm, 4, 49 Anomalies, 49, 55 Antibiotic, 49, 57 Antibody, 49, 51, 55 Antigen, 49, 51, 55 Anti-inflammatory, 49, 52, 53, 54, 55 Aorta, 4, 49, 55, 61 Aplastic anemia, 10, 49 Arrhythmia, 50, 54 Arterial, 50, 55, 58, 60 Arteries, 49, 50, 52, 55, 56, 61 Arteriovenous, 10, 50 Artery, 49, 50, 52, 61 Asymptomatic, 50, 54 Atresia, 50, 55 Atrial, 17, 50, 54 Atrial Flutter, 17, 50 Atrioventricular, 16, 50, 60 Atrioventricular Node, 50, 60 Atrium, 50, 56, 60, 61 B Bilateral, 10, 12, 50 Bile, 50, 56, 59 Bilirubin, 50, 55 Biotechnology, 3, 26, 33, 50 Blastocyst, 50, 57 Blood Glucose, 50, 54 Blood pressure, 50, 55 Blood transfusion, 5, 50 Blood vessel, 50, 61 Blot, 4, 50 Bone Marrow, 49, 50, 56, 59 C Carbon Dioxide, 51, 57 Carcinogenic, 51, 59 Cardiac, 5, 16, 51, 54, 55, 56, 59 Cardiomegaly, 10, 51
Case report, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 15, 23, 51 Cell, 6, 11, 16, 50, 51, 55, 56, 57, 59, 60, 61 Central Nervous System, 51, 58 Cerebrum, 51, 61 Cholesterol, 50, 51, 59 Chromosome, 51, 56, 58, 61 Chronic, 51, 55, 59 Clinical trial, 3, 33, 51 Cloning, 50, 51 Complement, 51, 52, 56 Complementary and alternative medicine, 23, 24, 52 Complementary medicine, 23, 52 Computational Biology, 33, 52 Congestive heart failure, 17, 52 Constipation, 52, 57 Contraindications, ii, 52 Convulsions, 52, 53, 58 Coronary, 50, 52, 56 Coronary Thrombosis, 52, 56 Corticosteroid, 52, 59 Cortisone, 52, 53 Curative, 52, 60 Cytomegalovirus, 15, 52 D Decidua, 53, 57 Degenerative, 53 Dexamethasone, 16, 53 Diabetes Mellitus, 53, 54 Diagnostic procedure, 26, 53 Diaphragm, 53, 57 Diastolic, 53, 55 Diploid, 53, 56, 61 Direct, iii, 53, 58 Drug Interactions, 53 Duct, 53, 58, 59 Dwarfism, 38, 53 Dysphagia, 14, 53 Dysplasia, 8, 53 E Eclampsia, 53, 58 Edema, 53, 58 Embryo, 49, 50, 53, 58, 61 Encephalomalacia, 23, 53 Environmental Health, 32, 34, 53 Enzyme, 49, 53, 55 Epidemiological, 4, 53 Epithelial, 53, 57
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Erythrocytes, 49, 50, 53 Excitation, 50, 53 Extracorporeal, 16, 54 Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation, 16, 54 F Family Planning, 33, 54 Fetus, 54, 57, 58, 61 Flecainide, 6, 54 Foramen, 12, 54 G Gene, 50, 54 Gestation, 5, 6, 12, 16, 20, 54, 57 Glucocorticoid, 53, 54 Glucose, 50, 53, 54, 59 Gonadal, 54, 59 Governing Board, 54, 58 H Heart failure, 54, 55 Hemoglobin, 16, 49, 53, 54 Hemoglobin A, 16, 54 Hepatic, 12, 54 Herpes, 6, 54, 55 Herpes virus, 6, 55 Herpes Zoster, 54, 55 Hormone, 52, 53, 55, 58 Hyperbilirubinemia, 6, 55, 56 Hypertelorism, 14, 55 Hypertension, 13, 55, 58 Hypoplasia, 7, 55 Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome, 8, 55 I Idiopathic, 14, 15, 55 Iliac Artery, 55, 61 Immune system, 13, 55 Immunologic, 7, 55 Indomethacin, 15, 55 Infancy, 55 Infarction, 52, 55, 56 Infection, 4, 9, 10, 12, 13, 15, 53, 55, 56, 57, 59 Inflammation, 49, 55, 57, 58, 59 Infusion, 55, 60 Interorbital, 55 Intracellular, 55 Intravascular, 6, 16, 56 J Jaundice, 55, 56 K Karyotype, 14, 56 Kb, 32, 56
L Leukocytes, 50, 55, 56 Linkages, 54, 56 Liver, 50, 52, 54, 56 Localized, 49, 55, 56 Lymph, 56 Lymph node, 56 Lymphatic, 7, 55, 56, 59, 60 M Malformation, 6, 9, 10, 12, 16, 56 Malignant, 56, 57, 58, 60 Malignant tumor, 56, 58 MEDLINE, 33, 56 Membrane, 49, 52, 54, 56, 57 MI, 47, 56 Mice Minute Virus, 56, 57 Mitral Valve, 55, 56 Molecular, 33, 35, 50, 52, 56 Monosomy, 5, 56 Motility, 55, 56 Myocardium, 56 Myopathy, 6, 56 N Necrosis, 55, 56, 57 Nephroblastoma, 14, 57 O Ovarian Cysts, 6, 20, 57 Ovaries, 57, 60 Ovary, 57 Ovum, 53, 54, 57, 58 Oxygenator, 54, 57 P Palliative, 57, 60 Parietal, 57 Parvovirus, 4, 5, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 25, 56, 57 Penicillin, 14, 57 Perforation, 54, 57 Peritoneum, 57 Peritonitis, 10, 57 Pharmacologic, 57, 60 Placenta, 6, 57, 58, 61 Plasma, 54, 57 Pleura, 57 Pleural, 13, 57 Pleural cavity, 57 Pleural Effusion, 13, 57 Pneumonia, 52, 58 Practice Guidelines, 34, 58 Preeclampsia, 7, 58 Prenatal, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11, 14, 17, 20, 38, 53, 58
65
Prenatal Diagnosis, 4, 5, 9, 10, 11, 14, 17, 58 Progesterone, 58, 59 Prostaglandins, 55, 58 Prostaglandins A, 55, 58 Protein S, 50, 58 Proteins, 49, 50, 51, 57, 58, 59, 60 Proteinuria, 58 Public Policy, 33, 58 Pulmonary, 4, 7, 8, 14, 50, 58, 59, 61 Pulmonary Valve, 4, 58 R Race, 56, 58 Refer, 1, 51, 54, 58 Respiratory failure, 54, 58 Rhabdoid tumor, 23, 58 S Salivary, 52, 58 Salivary glands, 52, 58 Saponins, 59 Screening, 51, 59 Secretion, 52, 53, 59 Septal, 4, 59 Serum, 51, 57, 59 Side effect, 49, 59, 60 Skeletal, 53, 59 Smoke Inhalation Injury, 54, 59 Specialist, 39, 59 Species, 56, 57, 58, 59 Sphenoid, 55, 59 Spirochete, 59, 60 Spleen, 52, 56, 59 Stenosis, 8, 55, 59 Steroid, 7, 52, 59 Steroid therapy, 7, 59 Stricture, 59 Stromal, 57, 59 Subacute, 55, 59 Subclinical, 55, 59
Supraventricular, 5, 8, 60 Symptomatic, 54, 60 Syphilis, 14, 60 Systemic, 49, 50, 55, 60 Systolic, 55, 60 T Tachyarrhythmia, 8, 16, 60 Tachycardia, 5, 6, 8, 10, 23, 60 Teratoma, 7, 60 Testicles, 60 Therapeutics, 60 Threshold, 55, 60 Thymus, 56, 60 Tissue, 17, 49, 50, 53, 55, 56, 57, 59, 60 Toxaemia, 58, 60 Toxic, iv, 59, 60 Toxicity, 53, 60 Toxicology, 34, 60 Toxins, 49, 55, 60 Transfection, 50, 60 Transfusion, 4, 11, 13, 16, 60 Tricuspid Valve, 8, 61 Triploid, 6, 20, 61 Trisomy, 8, 11, 17, 61 Tuberous Sclerosis, 16, 61 U Umbilical Arteries, 4, 61 Umbilical Cord, 61 V Vascular, 55, 57, 61 Vegetative, 61 Vein, 49, 50, 61 Venereal, 60, 61 Venous, 50, 58, 61 Ventricle, 50, 56, 58, 60, 61 Ventricular, 4, 8, 54, 61 Veterinary Medicine, 33, 61 Virus, 61
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67
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