A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES
J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS
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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1
Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Feet: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-497-11069-5 1. Feet-Popular works. I. Title.
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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.
Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail:
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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on feet. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.
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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.
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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes & Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health
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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON FEET .......................................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Feet................................................................................................ 7 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 15 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 15 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND FEET ................................................................................................. 49 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 49 Finding Nutrition Studies on Feet............................................................................................... 49 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 50 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 50 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND FEET .......................................................................... 55 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 55 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 55 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 58 General References ....................................................................................................................... 71 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON FEET ............................................................................................ 73 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 73 Dissertations on Feet.................................................................................................................... 73 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 73 CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON FEET ....................................................................................................... 75 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 75 Patents on Feet............................................................................................................................. 75 Patent Applications on Feet ......................................................................................................... 78 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 79 CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON FEET ........................................................................................................... 81 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 81 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies.............................................................................................. 81 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers........................................................................................... 82 Chapters on Feet........................................................................................................................... 83 CHAPTER 7. MULTIMEDIA ON FEET ................................................................................................ 85 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 85 Video Recordings ......................................................................................................................... 85 Audio Recordings......................................................................................................................... 86 CHAPTER 8. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON FEET ............................................................................. 89 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 89 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 89 Newsletters on Feet ...................................................................................................................... 90 Newsletter Articles ...................................................................................................................... 91 Academic Periodicals covering Feet ............................................................................................. 93 CHAPTER 9. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS .................................................................................... 95 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 95 U.S. Pharmacopeia....................................................................................................................... 95 Commercial Databases ................................................................................................................. 98 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES .......................................................................................... 103 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 103 NIH Guidelines.......................................................................................................................... 103 NIH Databases........................................................................................................................... 105 Other Commercial Databases..................................................................................................... 107
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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 109 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 109 Patient Guideline Sources.......................................................................................................... 109 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 117 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 119 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 119 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 119 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 119 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 119 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 125 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 125 FEET DICTIONARY...................................................................................................................... 127 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 187
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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with feet is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a nonsystematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about feet, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to feet, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on feet. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to feet, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on feet. The Editors
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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.
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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON FEET Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on feet.
The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and feet, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “feet” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •
Your Feet Are Made for Walking Source: Health. p.110-115. October 2000. Summary: Keeping feet pain free and healthy can help maintain physical fitness. This article gives an overview of common foot ailments and their home treatments. Home remedies begin with aspirin or ibuprofen and continue with RICE -- rest, ice, compression, and elevation. Fortunately, most people who suffer from foot or leg overuse injuries get some relief from wearing orthotic inserts. Studies have found that about 70 to 80 percent of those treated with orthotic devices improve.
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Four-Wheel Drive for Feet Source: Cooking Light. 12(8):50,54,56. October 1998.
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Summary: Shaffer discusses what is needed in a shoe used for walking and running on trails rather than pavement. She notes that a lugged sole, to improve the sole's grip on the running surface, is very important. Other useful features include toe guards, more ankle support and protection, less padding, and water protection. Reviews of several shoe models are provided. •
Keeping Your Feet on a Firm Footing Source: Diabetes Self-Management. 14(3): 46, 48, 50, 52. May-June 1997. Contact: Available from R.A. Rapaport Publishing, Inc. 150 West 22nd Street, New York, NY 10011. (800) 234-0923. Summary: This article explores ways for readers with diabetes to ward off the effects of many foot complications by protecting the feet's health. The author emphasizes that the foot is a complex structure that plays many roles, including shock absorber, stabilizer, and a method of mobility. The author reviews the four major longterm complications that can affect the feet: sensory peripheral neuropathy, which affects the sensation in the feet; autonomic neuropathy, which affects the moisturization of the skin on the feet; motor neuropathy, which affects the muscles in and the shape of the feet; and peripheral vascular disease, which affects the circulation to the feet. The author discusses the importance of keeping blood glucose levels in control, not smoking, and to follow guidelines of proper foot care. These include inspecting the feet, washing and drying the feet daily, protecting feet from trauma, cutting toenails safely, choosing suitable socks and shoes, and moisturizing dry feet. The remainder of the article presents suggestions for treating common foot problems, including sores, blisters, minor scratches, athlete's foot, thick toenails, ingrown toenails, bunions, flat feet, hammertoes (claw toes), corns, and calluses. The author concludes by encouraging readers to remind their health care providers of the importance of including the feet in any regular checkups. One sidebar provides information on where to get additional information and assistive supplies.
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Simple Test Saves Feet Source: Diabetes Forecast. 49(4): 28-31. April 1996. Contact: Available from American Diabetes Association. 1701 North Beauregard Street, Alexandria, VA 22311. (800) 232-3472. Website: www.diabetes.org. Summary: This article familiarizes readers with the use of a nylon filament, referred to as a monofilament, to test whether a person still has normal feeling in his or her feet. The author stresses that the test is important because if the filament shows that the person has lost some feeling, and therefore is at risk for developing a foot ulcer, that person and his or her health care team can take steps to avoid an ulcer. The author describes the Lower Extremity Amputation Prevention (LEAP) program of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, a program in which monofilament testing plays a prominent role. The article describes how monofilament testing is performed and the meaning of the different categories of results; for each category, recommendations for foot care are provided. One sidebar provides information for doctors, nurses, and diabetes educators who are interested in obtaining a LEAP package from the National Diabetes Outreach Program. 2 figures.
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Pain-Free Feet: Helpful Hints for Runners Source: The Physician and Sportsmedicine. 26(12):73-74,52. December 1998.
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Contact: The Physician and Sportsmedicine, 4530 W. 77th St., Minneapolis, MN 55435. (612) 835-3222. FAX (612) 835-3460. Summary: This article is intended for physicians to share with their patients who run. Topics covered include shoe selection, use of special insoles and other shoe inserts, and stretching before and after a run. •
Caring for Feet Source: Diabetes Forecast. Resource Guide 2000: 10-12. January 2000. Contact: Available from American Diabetes Association (ADA). 1701 North Beauregard Street, Alexandria, VA 22311. (800) 232-3472. Website: www.diabetes.org. Summary: This article offers guidelines for foot care for people who have diabetes. Diabetes is hard on feet because it can cause nerve damage and poor blood flow. For people who have diabetes, shoes and socks are medical devices, so the article presents suggestions for buying proper shoes and socks. The article outlines other steps people can take to keep their feet healthy, including washing and examining feet daily, moisturizing feet after bathing, avoiding going barefoot or using heating pads or hot water bottles on the feet, avoiding smoking, exercising, and having a doctor treat foot injuries or problems. In addition, the article explains what people should do if they develop a foot ulcer.
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Feet First Source: Diabetes Forecast. 50(6): 27-30. June 1997. Contact: Available from American Diabetes Association. 1701 North Beauregard Street, Alexandria, VA 22311. (800) 232-3472. Website: www.diabetes.org. Summary: This article reminds readers with diabetes of the importance of regular foot care to prevent foot complications and amputations. The author stresses that many people with diabetes simply don't care for their feet properly. Diabetic neuropathy, vascular disease, and altered responses to infection make people with diabetes particularly susceptible to developing the foot ulcers that so often lead to amputation. The author outlines the causes of foot complications, then discusses the loss of protective sensation (LOPS) and how it is diagnosed with a monofilament. The role of footwear is also stressed. The author notes that Medicare now provides 80 percent reimbursement to patients with diabetes for one pair of doctor prescribed, customized shoes each year and two additional pairs of insoles. One sidebar summarizes nine steps to better foot care.
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Influence of Shoe Design on Plantar Pressures in Neuropathic Feet Source: Diabetes Care. 26(2): 441-445. February 2003. Contact: Available from American Diabetes Association. 1701 North Beauregard Street, Alexandria, VA 22311. (800) 232-3472. Website: www.diabetes.org. Summary: This article reports on a study undertaken to investigate the effect of shoe design on the plantar pressure dynamics of patients with diabetic neuropathy (nerve disease associated with diabetes) during walking. Three shoe design categories were tested. Total contact area and biomechanical variables in multiple areas under the foot were measured. Shoes with a rocker bottom principle reduced pressure 35 to 65 percent underneath the heel and the central metatarsal heads. Increased contact area did not result in significant pressure reductions underneath the forefoot. Pressure dynamics
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underneath the heel and medial forefoot (first metatarsal head and hallus) on average showed no significant differences among the different shoes with a cushioning insole. The authors conclude that the most effective way to offload the forefoot of patients with neuropathic feet is through the use of the rocker sole principle. In general, the effect of an insole depends on the design characteristics of a shoe. Predicting the effect of therapeutic footwear on an individual scale, however, remains difficult. Therefore, inshoe pressure measurements seem to be necessary to evaluate a therapeutic shoe prescription in certain individuals cases. 2 figures. 1 table. 18 references. •
How to Treat Your Feet Source: Diabetes Forecast. 43(2): 17-20. February 1990. Summary: This article reviews the importance of foot care for people who have diabetes. The author stresses that most of the foot problems and complications stemming from diabetes are preventable. When complications first develop, they are often treatable and conservative treatments are available that may help prevent more serious damage. A list of ten selfcare tips for feet is included.
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Feet Treats: Buying a Shoe That Fits Right! Source: Living Well With Diabetes. 7(1): 17-18. Winter 1992. Summary: This article stresses the importance of buying shoes that fit correctly, in order to prevent some of the foot problems that can cause major trouble for people with diabetes. Topics include determining the proper shoe size, how feet change as people age, and choosing the type of shoe to buy. The author also makes some recommendations about which brands of shoes to buy.
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Healthy Feet in Diabetes Source: World Health. May-June 1991. p. 13-15. Summary: This article, from a magazine of international health, reviews the problems and prevention of foot problems for people with diabetes. Topics include the complications of diabetes, particularly in the developing world, the physiological and psychological effects of amputation, prevention of foot problems, choosing shoes, the importance of regular foot inspection, the cost-effectiveness of foot disease prevention, the role of health care practitioners in regular examination of the feet, and the vital role of all members of an interdisciplinary health care team working with the patient to prevent the foot problems of diabetes. The author also briefly discusses the role of the World Health Organization in this area.
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Treat Your Feet With Loving Care While You're Traveling Source: Diabetes in the News. 11(4): 40-42. July-August 1992. Summary: This article, written by a podiatrist, discusses the importance of good foot care while traveling. The author discusses ways to take extra care of the feet both before leaving and during the trip in order to prevent painful foot problems. The article covers different footwear for different activities; socks; and daily foot inspections. One sidebar discusses first aid for feet, including a toll-free referral service for locating a podiatrist.
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Federally Funded Research on Feet The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to feet. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to feet. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore feet. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for feet: •
Project Title: CAD-CAM TECHNOLOGY FOR DIABETIC FOOTWEAR Principal Investigator & Institution: Loomis, Joseph L.; Diapedia, Llc 200 Innovation Blvd, Ste 240 State College, Pa 16803 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 15-JUN-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Over 15% of diabetic patients will experience a foot ulcer. Foot ulcers are expensive both in terms of cost of care and work productivity lost. Foot ulcers are also the dominant contributory cause to the more than 80,000 amputations performed in the US each year in diabetic patients. In order to prevent ulcerations and amputations, at-risk patients must use special footwear for life as part of a comprehensive care and self-care program. Currently the design and manufacture of therapeutic footwear is largely based on subjective criteria. Successful shoes are usually made by experienced craftspeople and much iteration is often required. Several attempts have been made to put the design process for the critical shoe-foot interface (insole) on a quantitative basis. These products appear to have not been particularly successful because of the lack of a well-defined algorithm to translate patient attributes into insole design. We will develop an entire therapeutic shoe system for at risk DM patients that will incorporate: data collection; automatic algorithm for insole design; CAD-CAM system for manufacture; and system for shoe selection including outsole modifications. The final product will also include a means for provider and patient education and products to promote appropriate care and self-care. Phase I preliminary studies have demonstrated success in data acquisition in the areas of plantar pressure, foot shape and arch shape. Algorithms for shoe sizing and alignment of the pressure and shape data with the shoe template have been developed. A method for reproducible design of insole modifications on the computer screen, based on the shape and pressure data, now exists and virtually designed insoles can now be milled using the CAD-CAM system. A data set from patients staying healed has been acquired that for the first time provides guidance for the identification of an in-shoe pressure ulceration threshold. We have also demonstrated feasibility of the whole process by utilizing the method to reduce in-shoe pressure below threshold in a group of neuropathic high-risk feet with high pressure at
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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).
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the first metatarsal head. We now see a clear path toward further automation of the system and to a consideration of other "at-risk" regions of the foot. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: LEARNING TO REACH: CONTROL OF LIMB DYNAMICS IN INFANCY Principal Investigator & Institution: Galloway, James C.; Physical Therapy; University of Delaware Newark, De 19716 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 15-DEC-2003; Project End 30-NOV-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): The long-term goal of this research is to develop diagnostic and treatment options for infants under 6 months of age who are at risk for coordination disorders. Clinically, infants are often first diagnosed as 'at risk' at 6-12 months of age when they show delay in several skills such as reaching or walking. Early arm movements (i.e., movements before the development of reaching) offer the potential to detect movement impairments within the first 12 weeks of postnatal life. This project involves the systematic, longitudinal study of joint coordination starting when infants are 4 weeks of age and continuing through successful reaching at 24 weeks. This project is a necessary precursor to the study of young infants at risk for coordination disorders and ultimately to treatments specific to enhancing reaching development. The first aim of this project is to determine the pattern of shoulder-elbow-wrist dynamics from early arm movements through successful reaching. In adults, the appropriate combination of muscular and non-muscular moments at a joint are less complex at the shoulder than at distal points. Shoulder and elbow motion in pre-reaching infants suggests that this dynamic pattern may be present in early movements. If so, this could be an important early marker of typical development. The second aim is to determine the pattern of hipknee-ankle dynamics from early leg movements up to successful feet reaching, and compare this pattern with that of the arms. Recent work suggests that infants are able to control their legs for reaching weeks before they can control their arms for reaching. Patterns of dynamics underlying feet reaching could help identify atypical development weeks earlier than hand reaching. This project will provide the foundation data for a larger study of the effects of early training on the development of reaching in very young infants at risk for developing coordination disorders such as cerebral palsy. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: MUSCLE LOCOMOTION
ACTIVITY
INITIATION
DURING
HEMIPARETIC
Principal Investigator & Institution: Brown, David A.; Programs in Physical Therapy; Northwestern University Office of Sponsored Research Chicago, Il 60611 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 10-SEP-2000; Project End 31-MAY-2004 Summary: (adapted from Investigator's abstract) During locomotion in persons with post-stroke hemiparesis, muscle activity is initiated at inappropriate points in the cycle. As a consequence, movements are less-forceful and are slower, and movement function is impaired. The investigators propose that an interaction between two key underlying mechanisms, heightened motoneuron excitability and abnormal position-dependent modulation of motoneuron excitability, result in inappropriately-timed muscle activity. With their earlier work, the investigators have shown that paretic uniarticular knee muscles and biarticular hip and knee muscles are inappropriately activated at an earlier phase in the pedaling cycle. Since these muscles are lengthening at these points in the cycle and, since this effect is speed-dependent, they first propose that heightened
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motoneuron excitability results in muscle being activated when it is stretched at a specific threshold length and velocity. They will systematically vary the ranges of length and velocity of uniarticular knee muscles during cyclical leg motion to identify threshold muscle stretch parameters that trigger inappropriate initiation of uniarticular muscle activity. They will also systematically vary the ranges of length and velocity of uni- and biarticular muscles crossing the hip to identify muscle stretch parameters that, secondarily, contribute to inappropriate initiation of uniarticular knee muscle activity. They will use a computer model of the musculoskeletal system to calculate each muscle's length and velocity characteristics from kinematic patterns and develop a comprehensive statistical model of the relative contributions from multiple muscle stretch parameters. Also, normally during cycling, uniarticular knee extensors are activated during knee extension, regardless of hip position. However, preliminary work in post-stroke subjects has demonstrated abnormal activation that is dependent on hip position. They propose that the position of the hip can abnormally modulate motoneuron excitability and, hence, influence timing of muscle activity in uniarticular knee extensor muscles. They will systematically vary the relative position of the hip versus knee using a unique linkage attached to the feet. This experiment will result in kinematic patterns that generate more appropriate timings of uniarticlar knee extensors. The intent is that the experimental apparatus and principles developed within this study will form the basis of a new therapeutic modality that targets deficits in locomotor control, post-stroke, and with other neurologic conditions. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: NOCICEPTION ENDOTHELINS
IN
DIABETIC
NEUROPATHY:
ROLE
OF
Principal Investigator & Institution: Berti-Mattera, Liliana N.; Associate Professor; Pathology; Case Western Reserve University 10900 Euclid Ave Cleveland, Oh 44106 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 30-SEP-2003; Project End 31-AUG-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Diabetic neuropathy is one of the major complications of diabetes mellitus. Two distinct clinical manifestations of: the diabetic neuropathy include patients suffering from painful symmetrical polyneuropathy and those with insensitive, painless, feet. Morphometrical analysis shows that small sensory fiber neurons degenerate early and prominently during the course of diabetic neuropathy. Signs and symptoms associated with degeneration of small fibers vary from hyperalgesia to loss of pain and temperature sensation. The endothelins (lETs) constitute a family of vasoactive peptides interacting with different receptor subtypes to regulate blood flow, cell proliferation, muscle contraction or relaxation. Recent observations in normal rats have demonstrated the predominant localization of type A and type B endotbelin receptors (ETAR and ETBR, respectively) in small nonmyelinated sensory fibers and their satellite Schwann cells (SC), where they appear to regulate neuropathic and inflammatory pain. The regulation of pain by these receptors seems to be reciprocal, since administration of ETBR agonists counteracts ETARmediated excitation of nociceptors. We have recently demonstrated that ETs, acting through the ETBR, modulate the proliferation and phenotype of cultured SC, and have observed a decreased expression of ETBR in diabetic nerves. Based on this information, we hypothesize that in experimental diabetes, the development of mechanical hyperalgesia and tactile allodynia reflects a decreased expression of ETBR in glial cells and/or an increased expression of ETAR in neurons from nociceptive fibers. To test this hypothesis we propose: 1) To compare the expression and localization of ET-1 and ETR in nerves and dorsal root ganglia cells isolated from normal and diabetic rats 2) To study
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the effect of ETBR agonists and ETAR antagonists on the nociceptive responses in normal and diabetic rats, and to compare the nociceptive responses in control rats with those observed in rats lacking expression of ETBR This short-term exploratory project (R21) is expected to significantly advance our understanding of the role of ETs in diabetic pain, which is currently in early stages of development. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: NONLINEAR DYNAMICS AND ENHANCED SENSORIMOTOR FUNCTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Collins, James J.; University Professor; Biomedical Engineering; Boston University Charles River Campus 881 Commonwealth Avenue Boston, Ma 02215 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 27-SEP-1999; Project End 31-DEC-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): The long-term goal of this project is to develop a non-invasive, noise-based technique for enhancing somatosensation and thereby improving balance control in elderly individuals and patients with somatosensory deficits. In previous studies, we have shown that sub-sensory mechanical noise (i.e., random vibration with a small intensity) can enhance somatosensory function in healthy individuals and older adults with somatosensory deficits. Moreover, we have shown that the postural sway of both healthy young and healthy elderly individuals during quiet standing can be significantly reduced by applying sub-sensory mechanical noise to the feet using vibrating shoe insoles. Despite these promising results, we still need to determine whether the intervention is effective in improving dynamic balance control and clinical measures of balance in addition to quiet-standing balance control, whether subjects adapt to the input noise that is used as part of the intervention, and in which types of patients this intervention is effective. Thus, in this project, we plan to build upon this work and explore the effects of our noise-based technique on biomechanical and clinical measures of balance in healthy elderly individuals, diabetic patients with somatosensory deficits, and stroke patients with somatosensory deficits. The specific aims of this project are: (1) to determine the effects of noise-enhanced somatosensation at the feet on balance performance in healthy elderly individuals; (2) to assess whether adaptation occurs in noise-enhanced balance control in healthy elderly individuals; (3) to determine the effects of noise-enhanced somatosensation at the feet on balance performance in diabetic patients with somatosensory deficits; (4) to assess whether adaptation occurs in noise-enhanced balance control in diabetic patients with somatosensory deficits; (5) to determine the effects of noise-enhanced somatosensation at the feet on balance performance in stroke patients with somatosensory deficits; and (6) to assess whether adaptation occurs in noise-enhanced balance control in stroke patients with somatosensory deficits. To accomplish these aims, we will conduct quietstanding and dynamic posture experiments and clinical balance assessments on healthy elderly individual, diabetic patients with somatosensory deficits, and stroke patients with somatosensory deficits. This project could lead to the development of a novel bioengineering technique for improving balance control in older adults and patients with somatosensory deficits. The proposed work could thus serve to reduce the frequency, morbidity and cost of falling, and assist aged individuals and patients with somatosensory deficits in achieving maximal independence in activities of daily living and mobility. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: OTOLITHIC TRAJECTORIES
CONTROL
OF
HUMAN
POSTURAL
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SWAY
Principal Investigator & Institution: Black, Franklin O.; Director; Emanuel Hospital and Health Center Portland, or 972083950 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-1982; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: This project will continue studies on the contributions of vestibular otolith and semicircular canal inputs to normal and abnormal human balance control, but will be expanded to study visual contributions to postural control sensory interactions. The specific aims are to: 1) determine sources of variability of otolith-vestibulo-ocular reflexes and vestibular evoked myogenic potentials in patients with vestibular deficiencies and in an existing normal population cross-sectioned by age decade and gender, 2) determine otolith and canal contributions to postural control in normals and patients with vestibular deficits, 3) determine the role of altered otolith inputs to adaptive postural control in normal and vestibular deficient subjects, 4) determine the role of macular and peripheral retinal contributions to the sensory interaction controlling posture, and 5) study gait initiation in normals, and patients with vestibular or visual disorders under controlled head and gaze position. Studies will be performed on computer controlled rotation devices and dynamic platform systems. Vestibuloocular responses to angular, linear or combined angular and linear accelerations will be used as independent estimates of vestibular function. Eye movement responses will be recorded by conventional electro-oculography and three-dimensional infrared video techniques and analyzed for horizontal, vertical and torsional eye movements, depending on the experiments. Balance, posture and gait responses will be recorded using a forceplate and an active marker motion analysis system and analyzed for torque and force measurements of the feet and for multi-dimensional body movements (head, trunk, legs) using special purpose computer methods. Outcomes of these experiments have resulted and will likely continue to result in a better understanding of normal and abnormal vestibulo-ocular and vestibulo-spinal control mechanisms, and will contribute to the development of new methods of diagnosis, prevention, treatment and rehabilitation of human balance disorders, including falls in the elderly. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: PERIPHERAL AND CENTRAL POSTURAL DISORDERS IN THE ELDERLY Principal Investigator & Institution: Horak, Fay B.; Senior Scientist and Professor; None; Oregon Health & Science University Portland, or 972393098 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-1989; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: (adapted from Investigator's abstract) The long-term goal of this research is to understand the neurophysiological basis for central and peripheral neurological disorders of postural control in order to provide a scientific basis for the evaluation and rehabilitation of balance disorders in the elderly. The first specific aim is to investigate the extent to which compensatory stepping is controlled in a similar way to step initiation by (1) testing the hypothesis that disorders of voluntary step initiation in 10 Parkinson's patients, 10 healthy young and 10 healthy elderly controls are similar to other disorders in stepping for balance correction (Experiment 1), and (2) determining the effect that a cognitive task has on voluntary step initiation, compensatory stepping, and feet in-place responses in 10 Parkinson patients ON and OFF levodopa and 10 healthy elderly controls (Experiment 2). The second aim investigates the effects of foot placement in stance on postural stability to perturbations in multiple directions. The
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hypothesis will be tested that 10 Parkinson, 10 cerebellar and 20 healthy elderly controls will not differ in their responses to such perturbations when standing with narrow, wide and diagonal foot placements (Experiment 3). Finally, the third aim is to determine how a cane is used for stability in stance and during surface perturbations. The hypothesis will be tested that a cane can be used to stabilize sway in stance, to modify and trigger automatic postural responses in patients with 10 peripheral neuropathy patients and up to 30 healthy controls, but not in 10 Parkinson's patients (Experiment 4). A better understanding of adaptive postural behaviors such as protective stepping, alterations in foot placement in stance, and use of a cane will provide the scientific rationale for improving balance retraining programs for both neurological patients and for elderly with subclinical disorders affecting balance. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: PHOSPHORUS MRI OF THE LOWER EXTREMETIES IN DIABETICS Principal Investigator & Institution: Greenman, Robert L.; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center St 1005 Boston, Ma 02215 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: (Provided by applicant): The overall objective of this proposal is to develop a three-dimensional MR imaging protocol to investigate the phosphorus-31 metabolism in the muscle tissue in the lower extremities of diabetic patients. Fifteen million people suffer from diabetes mellitus in the United States and there are 650,000 new cases diagnosed each year. Changes in the structure of the basement membrane of capillaries and neuropathy of the autonomic nerves create an effective ischemia in localized capillary beds in the lower leg and foot. Anatomical methods exist for assessing the blood flow and nerve viability in the lower legs and feet of diabetics. However, these techniques do not provide a direct assessment of the metabolic state of the affected muscle tissue. Phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) has been used to study the metabolism of muscle tissue and assess the metabolic state of ischemic tissue in a noninvasive way in humans. The current MRS localization technique that can be used to provide a regional assessment of the lower leg and foot with the ability to identify focal areas of ischemia is chemical shift imaging (CSI). However, a scan of the lower extremities having a resolution that is high enough to identify local areas with poor blood flow using the currently available CSI technique would take more than 21 minutes making the MR examination prohibitively long. We have exploited the recent advances in high-speed magnetic resonance imaging techniques to develop a method for directly creating images of a single phosphorus metabolite (e.g. phosphocreatine) in human skeletal muscle. We have successfully acquired pure phosphocreatine images of human skeletal muscle in normal volunteers having a spatial resolution of 0.23 cm3 in 2 minutes on a whole body MR scanner. We propose to establish a protocol using a 3dimensional technique for the study of muscle viability in the lower extremities of diabetic patients who suffer from complications resulting from polyneuropathy and localized ischemia. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: SPINAL SOMESTHETIC PATHWAYS Principal Investigator & Institution: Vierck, Charles J.; Professor; Neuroscience; University of Florida Gainesville, Fl 32611 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-1979; Project End 31-MAY-2004
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Summary: (adapted from applicant's abstract): The functional consequences of spinal cord injury are often characterized in terms of motor capacities (e.g. weight support, walking, grasping). However, a variety of reflex abnormalities (generally characterized as spasticity) and somatosensory disorders (either loss or exaggeration) can result from spinal cord injury (SCI). Exaggeration of reflexes and sensations can represent the most disturbing functional consequences of SCI. Important goals of this proposal are to determine which spinal lesions are responsible for production of hyperexcitable reflexes and aversive sensations. In addition, a novel method of permanently attenuating aversive sensations (dysesthesias) after injury to a peripheral nerve or the spinal cord will be evaluated. An important feature of the proposed studies is direct comparison of reflex and sensory consequences of peripheral and spinal lesions in rats using newly developed methods for evaluating learned (operant) responses to aversive stimuli, in addition to innate (reflex) responses that are commonly evaluated. The sensory effects of restricted spinal lesions and therapeutic intervention will be tested also in primates, providing important comparisons between rodent and primate models of dysesthesia, and offering crucial tests of the therapeutic potential of spinal application of a selective neurotoxin for neurons with receptors for substance P. The neurons targeted by the substance P toxin contribute importantly to the rostral conduction of disturbing somatosensations. Selective elimination of these cells in spinal segments affected by a peripheral or spinal lesion potentially has considerable advantages over traditional ablative procedures. Ablative lesions of spinal white matter can produce dysesthesias and therefore are used in part to model this sensory abnormality in the proposed studies. Rats and monkeys will be trained to terminate (escape) thermal stimulation of their feet and then will be tested following partial injury to a peripheral nerve or restricted interruption of spinal pathways that have been implicated in production of dysesthesias. The animals will then receive an intraspinal application of substance Psaporin, the selective neurotoxin for neurons with receptors (NK-1R) for substance P. Subsequent testing will determine whether this procedure has normalized responses to thermal stimulation. The extent of surgical and neurotoxic spinal lesions will be related to effects on responses to thermal stimuli. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: TREATMENT MARINE/BOTANICAL OILS
OF
RHEUMATOID
ARTHRITIS-
Principal Investigator & Institution: Zurier, Robert B.; Professor of Medicine, Director; Medicine; Univ of Massachusetts Med Sch Worcester Office of Research Funding Worcester, Ma 01655 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-SEP-2003; Project End 31-MAY-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): The object of this proposal is to determine whether treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) with a combination of fish oil and borage seed oil is superior to treatment with either oil alone. Fish oil is rich in the antiinflammatory n3 unsaturated fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and borage oil contains gammalinolenic acid (GLA), an n6 unsaturated fatty acid with antiinflammatory and immunomodulatory properties. Administration of borage oil and of fish oil both suppress the clinical manifestations of RA. Animal studies indicate that the mechanisms whereby fish oil suppresses inflammation are both similar to and different from the means by which GLA reduces inflammation and that the combination treatment is more effective than each treatment alone. This proposal is for a multicenter, two-year, phase 3, double-masked, placebo-controlled trial of 375 patients, which includes 4 treatment groups: 1) corn oil as a polyunsaturated fatty acid control; 2) fish
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oil; 3) borage oil; 4) fish oil plus borage oil. Radiographic analysis (Sharp Scores) of hands and feet will be done at baseline, 12, and 24 months. Biochemical and molecular mechanisms whereby the fatty acid treatments influence activation of monocytes (cytokine and oxygen radical generation), and T lymphocytes (proliferation, cytokine production, Th1/Th2 skewing, signaling events) will be investigated. Results of the cell activation (ex vivo) studies will be correlated with clinical outcomes. Results of these studies should raise awareness of the usefulness of naturally occurring oils in inflammatory diseases, lead to more rational use of fatty acids in treatment of inflammatory arthritis, and provide a greater understanding of the mechanisms of action of antiinflammatory fatty acids. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: VISUALIZING DIABETIC FEET TO OPTIMIZE ORTHOTIC FITTING Principal Investigator & Institution: Mueller, Michael J.; Associate Professor; Physical Therapy; Washington University Lindell and Skinker Blvd St. Louis, Mo 63130 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-DEC-1998; Project End 30-NOV-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): People with Diabetes Mellitus (DM) and peripheral neuropathy are at high risk for skin breakdown and subsequent lower extremity amputation due to unnoticed, repeated trauma (plantar pressures) to the plantar foot during walking. Current rehabilitation methods use subjective methods to fabricate therapeutic footwear m attempts to reduce plantar pressures and prevent skin breakdown, but ulcer recurrence is high (30-57%). The long term goal of this project is to reduce the incidence of skin breakdown and subsequent amputation by designing and fabricating orthotic devices based on structure, tissue mechanics, and external stresses of the diabetic foot. This proposal will capitalize on an efficient and complementary research design that uses the same patients and many of the same measures to conduct experimental testing in Aim 1 and to develop and validate three-dimensional computational modeling methods in Aim 2. The goal of Aim 1 is to determine the effect of a total contact insert (TCI), a metatarsal pad, and metatarsal pad placement on forefoot plantar pressures and soft tissue deformation. Combining in-shoe pressure testing with spiral x-ray computed tomography (SXCT) will indicate not only if the orthotic device is effective in reducing forefoot pressures, but also why the orthotic device is effective. The goal of Aim 2 is to develop and validate three-dimensional computational models for estimating the effects of diabetic foot orthoses on peak plantar pressure and tissue deformation. Structural data from SXCT scans, material properties (plantar soft tissue and orthotic device), and external plantar pressure data from people with DM and peripheral neuropathy will be combined to develop and validate the three-dimensional computational model and methods. The validated model will be used to predict optimal characteristics of the total contact insert and metatarsal pad (i.e. material properties, size, and placement). The predicted orthotic device will be tested against the traditional orthotic device described in Aim 1 in a new set of patients for its ability to distribute forefoot plantar pressures evenly. Experimental testing will help to keep computational models realistic and valid while three dimensional computational modeling will enhance the scientific basis of orthotic design and testing. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “feet” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for feet in the PubMed Central database: •
Quantitative assessment of actin transcript number in eggs, embryos, and tube feet of the sea star Pisaster ochraceus. by Kovesdi I, Smith MJ.; 1985 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=369112
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Studies on gangrene following cold injury. Ii. General course of events in rabbit feet and ears following untreated cold injury. by Fuhrman FA, Crismon JM.; 1947 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=435662
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Studies on the course of vasomotor fibers as measured by thermic changes in the feet after arterial ligation and section of the spinal cord at various levels. by Oughterson AW, Harvey SC, Richter HG.; 1932 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=435867
The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with feet, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “feet” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for feet (hyperlinks lead to article summaries):
3 4
Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.
With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print. 6 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.
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A 46-year-old man with numbness and shock-like sensations in hands, feet, and jaw. Author(s): Polston DW, Dyck PJ, Dyck PJ, Litchy WJ, Keegan BM. Source: Lancet. Neurology. 2004 January; 3(1): 63-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14693113
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A comparison of two prosthetic feet on the multi-joint and multi-plane kinetic gait compensations in individuals with a unilateral trans-tibial amputation. Author(s): Underwood HA, Tokuno CD, Eng JJ. Source: Clinical Biomechanics (Bristol, Avon). 2004 July; 19(6): 609-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15234485
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A dissection and computer tomograph study of tarsal coalitions in 100 cadaver feet. Author(s): Solomon LB, Ruhli FJ, Taylor J, Ferris L, Pope R, Henneberg M. Source: Journal of Orthopaedic Research : Official Publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society. 2003 March; 21(2): 352-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12568969
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A spinal neurenteric cyst presenting as burning feet syndrome. Author(s): Jain RS. Source: Int J Clin Pract. 2003 November; 57(9): 846-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14686580
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A systematic review of oral treatments for fungal infections of the skin of the feet. Author(s): Bell-Syer SE, Hart R, Crawford F, Torgerson DJ, Young P, Tyrrell W, Williams H, Russell I. Source: The Journal of Dermatological Treatment. 2001 June; 12(2): 69-74. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12243661
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Acute and painful erythema of the hands and feet. Acral erythema induced by chemotherapy. Author(s): Revenga Arranz F, Fernandez-Duran DA, Grande C, Rodriguez Peralto JL, Vanaclocha Sebastian F. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1997 April; 133(4): 499-500, 502-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9126025
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Adult-onset Still's disease with vesiculopustules on the hands and feet. Author(s): Lee JB, Kim JW, Lee SS, Kim SJ, Won YH, Lee SC. Source: Journal of Korean Medical Science. 2002 December; 17(6): 852-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12483016
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Age-related changes in distribution of body weight on soles of feet for selected actions and postures. Author(s): Yanagida T, Asami T. Source: Percept Mot Skills. 1997 December; 85(3 Pt 2): 1263-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9450281
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Analysis of stresses in two-dimensional models of normal and neuropathic feet. Author(s): Patil KM, Braak LH, Huson A. Source: Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing. 1996 July; 34(4): 280-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8935493
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Arteriographic study of the arterial supply of the foot in one hundred cadaver feet. Author(s): Hamada N, Ikuta Y, Ikeda A. Source: Acta Anatomica. 1994; 151(3): 198-206. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14758853
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Arthrodesis for traumatic flat foot. Tarsometatarsal and medial longitudinal arch fusion by inlay grafting, 11 feet followed for 1.5 years. Author(s): Petje G, Steinbock G, Landsiedl F. Source: Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica. 1996 August; 67(4): 359-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8792739
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Ask the doctor. I am an 80-year-old woman who had a triple bypass many years ago. The veins of my legs have closed, and my feet and legs are swollen and painful. My doctor explained that the blood flows down the legs but does not flow back up. She also said that nothing can be done for it. Is this true? Author(s): Lee TH. Source: Harvard Heart Letter : from Harvard Medical School. 2003 July; 13(11): 8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12888483
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Assessment of ischaemic feet in diabetes. Author(s): Wall B. Source: J Wound Care. 1997 January; 6(1): 32-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9117830
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Association of verrucous skin lesions and skin ulcers on the feet in patients with diabetic neuropathy. Author(s): Sueki H, Furukawa N, Higo N, Akiyama M, Batchelor J, Iijima M. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 2004 May; 29(3): 247-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15115503
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Autosomal recessive paraparesis with amyotrophy of hands and feet and white matter lesions. Author(s): Malandrini A, Scarpini C, Villanova M, Sicurelli F, Parrotta E, DeFalco D, Guazzi GC. Source: Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. 1996 July; 94(1): 60-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8874595
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Binding feet, the living legacy of the Ching Dynasty (1644-1912), China. Author(s): Ming SK. Source: British Journal of Rheumatology. 1998 October; 37(10): 1140-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9825761
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Biomechanical comparison of the energy-storing capabilities of SACH and Carbon Copy II prosthetic feet during the stance phase of gait in a person with below-knee amputation. Author(s): Barr AE, Siegel KL, Danoff JV, McGarvey CL 3rd, Tomasko A, Sable I, Stanhope SJ. Source: Physical Therapy. 1992 May; 72(5): 344-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1631203
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Biomechanical differences among pes cavus, neutrally aligned, and pes planus feet in subjects with diabetes. Author(s): Ledoux WR, Shofer JB, Ahroni JH, Smith DG, Sangeorzan BJ, Boyko EJ. Source: Foot & Ankle International / American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society [and] Swiss Foot and Ankle Society. 2003 November; 24(11): 845-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14655889
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Blepharoclonus, pseudoasterixis, and restless feet. Author(s): Jacome DE. Source: The American Journal of the Medical Sciences. 2001 September; 322(3): 137-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11570778
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Blood contamination of the feet during orthopaedic procedures. Author(s): White A, Hoddinott C, Grant A. Source: Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. 1993 September; 75(5): 3334. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8215149
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Bone edema scored on magnetic resonance imaging scans of the dominant carpus at presentation predicts radiographic joint damage of the hands and feet six years later in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Author(s): McQueen FM, Benton N, Perry D, Crabbe J, Robinson E, Yeoman S, McLean L, Stewart N. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2003 July; 48(7): 1814-27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12847674
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Bound feet in an elderly Chinese woman. Author(s): Munk PL, Poon PY. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 1996 November; 167(5): 1216. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8911183
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Brachyphalangy, feet polydactyly, absent/hypoplastic tibiae: a further case and review of main diagnostic findings. Author(s): Faravelli F, Di Rocco M, Stella G, Selicorni A, Camera G. Source: Clinical Dysmorphology. 2001 April; 10(2): 101-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11310988
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Burn scar contractures of the feet: efficacy of bilateral simultaneous surgical correction. Author(s): Dhanraj P, Owiesy F, Phillips LG, McCauley RL. Source: Burns : Journal of the International Society for Burn Injuries. 2002 December; 28(8): 814-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12464485
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Burning feet syndrome as the presentation of spinal arterio-venous malformation. Author(s): Sethi PK, Kakar A, Sethi NK. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 2001 May; 49: 586-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11361283
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Burning feet syndrome. A clinical review. Author(s): Makkar RP, Arora A, Monga A, Gupta AK, Mukhopadhyay S. Source: Aust Fam Physician. 2003 December; 32(12): 1006-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14708150
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Burns of the feet. Author(s): Shah BR. Source: Clin Podiatr Med Surg. 2002 January; 19(1): 109-23. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11806160
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By the way, doctor. Although I've always been prone to cold hands and feet, this winter my hands began to turn blue and really ache in the cold. My doctor suspects Raynaud's phenomenon. Is this a common condition? Should I do anything more for this than wear warm gloves? Author(s): Robb-Nicholson C. Source: Harvard Women's Health Watch. 2000 February; 7(6): 8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10637039
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By the way, doctor. I have diabetes and two years ago I started to have pain in my feet with numbness and tingling. My doctors say that the problem is damage to my nerves related to the diabetes. Any ideas? Author(s): Lee TH. Source: Harvard Health Letter / from Harvard Medical School. 2003 January; 28(3): 8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12543609
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Carolyn's feet. Author(s): Resta RG. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 1997 October 3; 72(1): 1-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9295065
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Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Weekly clinicopathological exercises. Case 16-2004. A 76-year-old woman with numbness and pain in the feet and legs. Author(s): Amato AA, Oaklander AL. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2004 May 20; 350(21): 2181-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15152064
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Changes in weight distribution at the feet due to occlusal supporting zone loss during clenching. Author(s): Yoshino G, Higashi K, Nakamura T. Source: Cranio. 2003 October; 21(4): 271-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14620700
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Chevron bunionectomy with microplate and screw fixation: a retrospective follow-up of 26 feet. Author(s): Yearian PR, Brown T, Goldman F. Source: The Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery : Official Publication of the American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons. 1996 November-December; 35(6): 532-6; Dicussion 601. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8986891
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Children's feet: common worries of parents--2. Author(s): Mital M. Source: Prof Care Mother Child. 2000; 10(3): 69-70. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11216268
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Chondrosarcoma of small bones of the hands and feet. Author(s): Ogose A, Unni KK, Swee RG, May GK, Rowland CM, Sim FH. Source: Cancer. 1997 July 1; 80(1): 50-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9210708
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Chondrosarcoma of the bones of the feet. Author(s): Patil S, de Silva MV, Crossan J, Reid R. Source: The Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery : Official Publication of the American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons. 2003 September-October; 42(5): 290-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14566721
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Clinical trial: the safety of terbinafine in patients over the age of 60 years: a multicenter trial in onychomycosis of the feet. Author(s): Smith EB, Stein LF, Fivenson DP, Atillasoy ES. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 2000 November; 39(11): 861-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11123452
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Club feet with congenital perisylvian polymicrogyria possibly due to bifocal ischemic damage of the neuraxis in utero. Author(s): Kammoun F, Tanguy A, Boesplug-Tanguy O, Bensahel H, Khouri N, Landrieu P. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 2004 April 15; 126A(2): 191-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15057985
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Cold feet and prolonged sleep-onset latency in vasospastic syndrome. Author(s): Pache M, Krauchi K, Cajochen C, Wirz-Justice A, Dubler B, Flammer J, Kaiser HJ. Source: Lancet. 2001 July 14; 358(9276): 125-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11463418
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Comment: long-term follow-up of joint stabilization procedures in the treatment of fixed deformities of feet in leprosy. Author(s): Schreuder PA. Source: Lepr Rev. 1997 March; 68(1): 94. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9121339
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Common fungal infections of the feet in patients with diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Tan JS, Joseph WS. Source: Drugs & Aging. 2004; 21(2): 101-12. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14960127
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Conservative management of osteomyelitis in the feet of diabetic patients. Author(s): Venkatesan P, Lawn S, Macfarlane RM, Fletcher EM, Finch RG, Jeffcoate WJ. Source: Diabetic Medicine : a Journal of the British Diabetic Association. 1997 June; 14(6): 487-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9212316
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Contrast-enhanced MR angiography of the aorta and lower extremities with routine inclusion of the feet. Author(s): Konkus CJ, Czum JM, Jacobacci JT. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 2002 July; 179(1): 115-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12076917
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Dancing eyes-dancing feet. Author(s): Imtiaz KE, Vora JP. Source: Lancet. 1999 July 31; 354(9176): 390. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10437869
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Dermatitis of the feet. Author(s): Parkinson RW, Griffin GC. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 1997 June; 101(6): 95-8, 101-2, 107-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9194868
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Dermatophytes on the feet of HIV-infected patients: frequency, species distribution, localization and antimicrobial susceptibility. Author(s): Korting HC, Blecher P, Stallmann D, Hamm G. Source: Mycoses. 1993 July-August; 36(7-8): 271-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8114807
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Dermatophytosis of the feet. Author(s): Masri-Fridling GD. Source: Dermatologic Clinics. 1996 January; 14(1): 33-40. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8821155
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Dermatoses of the feet. Author(s): Lauritz B. Source: American Journal of Clinical Dermatology. 2000 May-June; 1(3): 181-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11702299
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Determination of heat loss from the feet and insulation of the footwear. Author(s): Kuklane K, Afanasieva R, Burmistrova O, Bessonova N, Holmer I. Source: Int J Occup Saf Ergon. 1999; 5(4): 465-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10657921
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Diabetic feet at risk: a new method of analysis of walking foot pressure images at different levels of neuropathy for early detection of plantar ulcers. Author(s): Prabhu KG, Patil KM, Srinivasan S. Source: Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing. 2001 May; 39(3): 288-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11465882
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Diagnosing common disorders of the feet. Author(s): Singh D. Source: The Practitioner. 2001 May; 245(1622): 452-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11373976
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Diagnostic value of radiographs of the hands and feet in early rheumatoid arthritis. Author(s): Devauchelle-Pensec V, Saraux A, Alapetite S, Colin D, Le Goff P. Source: Joint, Bone, Spine : Revue Du Rhumatisme. 2002 October; 69(5): 434-41. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12477226
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Diaphyseal nutrient foramina in the first metatarsals in normal and hallux valgus feet: location and surgical implications. Author(s): Monreal-Redondo D, Fernandez-Camacho FJ. Source: Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy : Sra. 2003 July-August; 25(3-4): 234-40. Epub 2003 May 16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12750846
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Diminished delayed hypersensitivity responses in the legs and feet of patients with endemic Kaposi's sarcoma. Author(s): Ziegler JL, Katongole-Mbidde E. Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1996 March-April; 90(2): 173-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8761581
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Dominant inheritance of cleft palate with minor abnormalities of hands and feet: a new syndrome? Author(s): Kirk EP, Wilson M. Source: Clinical Dysmorphology. 1999 July; 8(3): 193-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10457853
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Dorsal neuroma of the feet: a case report. Author(s): Samimi S, Enyati A. Source: Foot & Ankle International / American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society [and] Swiss Foot and Ankle Society. 1996 July; 17(7): 417-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8832250
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Dupuytren's disease in the feet causing flexion contractures in the toes. Author(s): Donato RR, Morrison WA. Source: Journal of Hand Surgery (Edinburgh, Lothian). 1996 June; 21(3): 364-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8771478
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Dynamic force distribution during level walking under the feet of patients with chronic ankle instability. Author(s): Nyska M, Shabat S, Simkin A, Neeb M, Matan Y, Mann G. Source: British Journal of Sports Medicine. 2003 December; 37(6): 495-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14665586
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Early intensive treatment of clubfoot. 75 feet followed for 6-11 years. Author(s): Stromqvist B, Johnsson R, Jonsson K, Sunden G. Source: Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica. 1992 April; 63(2): 183-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1590054
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Effects of hyperoxia on thermoregulatory responses during feet immersion to hot water in humans. Author(s): Yamashita K, Tochihara Y. Source: Journal of Physiological Anthropology and Applied Human Science. 2003 July; 22(4): 181-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12939533
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Effects of hypothermic anesthesia of the feet on vibration-induced body sway and adaptation. Author(s): Stal F, Fransson PA, Magnusson M, Karlberg M. Source: Journal of Vestibular Research : Equilibrium & Orientation. 2003; 13(1): 39-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14646023
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Effects of knee joint angle and tilt table incline on force distribution at the feet and supporting straps. Author(s): Morgan CL, Cullen GP, Stokes M, Swan AV. Source: Clinical Rehabilitation. 2003 December; 17(8): 871-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14682559
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Efficacy of antiperspirants on feet. Author(s): Darrigrand A, Reynolds K, Jackson R, Hamlet M, Roberts D. Source: Military Medicine. 1992 May; 157(5): 256-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1630659
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Efficiency of dynamic elastic response prosthetic feet. Author(s): Perry J, Shanfield S. Source: Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development. 1993; 30(1): 137-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8263824
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Elastic response feet. Author(s): Perry J, Auuappa E, Torburn L. Source: Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development. 1992 Spring; 29(2): 137. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1578389
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Elevation of the nasal mucosal surface temperature after warming of the feet occurs via a neural reflex. Author(s): Assanasen P, Baroody FM, Haney L, deTineo M, Naureckas E, Solway J, Naclerio RM. Source: Acta Oto-Laryngologica. 2003 June; 123(5): 627-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12875586
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Energy storage and release of prosthetic feet. Part 1: Biomechanical analysis related to user benefits. Author(s): Postema K, Hermens HJ, de Vries J, Koopman HF, Eisma WH. Source: Prosthet Orthot Int. 1997 April; 21(1): 17-27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9141122
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Energy storage and release of prosthetic feet. Part 2: Subjective ratings of 2 energy storing and 2 conventional feet, user choice of foot and deciding factor. Author(s): Postema K, Hermens HJ, de Vries J, Koopman HF, Eisma WH. Source: Prosthet Orthot Int. 1997 April; 21(1): 28-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9141123
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Energy storing property of so-called energy-storing prosthetic feet. Author(s): Ehara Y, Beppu M, Nomura S, Kunimi Y, Takahashi S. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 1993 January; 74(1): 68-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8420524
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Enlargement of the hands and feet in a chronic smoker. Author(s): Kirsner RS, Goodless D, Kerdel FA, Pardes JB, Falanga V. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1993 April; 36(4): 569-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8457231
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Episodic vasculitis of the hands and feet in association with Behcet's disease. Author(s): Ibbotson SH, McLelland J. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 1996 November; 21(6): 465-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9167355
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Evaluation of simple excision in the treatment of symptomatic accessory navicular associated with flat feet. Author(s): Kiter E, Gunal I, Turgut A, Kose N. Source: Journal of Orthopaedic Science : Official Journal of the Japanese Orthopaedic Association. 2000; 5(4): 333-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10982680
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Excision arthroplasty: an effective method in the management of plantar ulcers with metatarsophalangeal joint infection in anaesthetic feet. Author(s): Oommen AT, Mannam E, Partheebarajan S, Samuel S. Source: Lepr Rev. 2003 March; 74(1): 63-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12669934
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Extended neurolysis of the posterior tibial nerve to improve sensation in diabetic neuropathic feet. Author(s): Tambwekar DS. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2001 October; 108(5): 1452-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11604671
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Feet are for life. An interdisciplinary approach to foot and leg ulcer management. Author(s): Johnson E, Begg L. Source: Lamp. 1997 June; 54(5): 18-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9335754
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Feet first. Diabetes care. Author(s): Halpin-Landry JE, Goldsmith S. Source: The American Journal of Nursing. 1999 February; 99(2): 26-33; Quiz 34. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10036568
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Feet of strength. Author(s): Mousley M. Source: Nurs Times. 1998 September 23-29; 94(38): 70, 73-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9832821
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Flexible flat feet in children: a real problem? Author(s): Garcia-Rodriguez A, Martin-Jimenez F, Carnero-Varo M, Gomez-Gracia E, Gomez-Aracena J, Fernandez-Crehuet J. Source: Pediatrics. 1999 June; 103(6): E84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10353981
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Flooring & matting. Where the feet hit the floor. Author(s): White H. Source: Occup Health Saf. 2002 September; 71(9): 164-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12369357
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Foot care protocol for the older client. A guide for working with clients to improve care of the feet. Author(s): Ruscin C, Cunningham G, Blaylock A. Source: Geriatric Nursing (New York, N.Y.). 1993 July-August; 14(4): 210-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8344599
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Footprint and radiographic analysis of the feet. Author(s): Kanatli U, Yetkin H, Cila E. Source: Journal of Pediatric Orthopedics. 2001 March-April; 21(2): 225-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11242255
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Fossils, feet and the evolution of human bipedal locomotion. Author(s): Harcourt-Smith WE, Aiello LC. Source: Journal of Anatomy. 2004 May; 204(5): 403-16. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15198703
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Fractures of the hands and feet in child abuse: imaging and pathologic features. Author(s): Nimkin K, Spevak MR, Kleinman PK. Source: Radiology. 1997 April; 203(1): 233-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9122400
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Free flap coverage of bilateral frostbite of the feet. Author(s): Classen DA. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2000 November; 106(6): 1316-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11083562
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From wheels to feet: a dramatic response of severe chronic psoriatic arthritis to etanercept. Author(s): ElKayam O, Yaron M, Caspi D. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2000 October; 59(10): 839. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11203155
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Function of the windlass mechanism in excessively pronated feet. Author(s): Aquino A, Payne C. Source: Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association. 2001 May; 91(5): 245-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11359889
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Fungal infections of skin and nails of feet. Authors of meta-analysis defend their view. Author(s): Hart R, Bell-Syer SE, Crawford F, Young P, Russell I, Torgerson DJ. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1999 October 16; 319(7216): 1070. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10576854
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Fungal infections of skin and nails of feet. Pragmatic clinical trial is now needed. Author(s): Williams H. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1999 October 16; 319(7216): 1070-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10521215
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Gait analysis and energy consumption of below-knee amputees wearing three different prosthetic feet. Author(s): Huang GF, Chou YL, Su FC. Source: Gait & Posture. 2000 October; 12(2): 162-8. Retraction In: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10998614
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Gangrene localized to the feet in diabetic patients. Author(s): Lithner F, Tornblom N. Source: Acta Med Scand. 1984; 215(1): 75-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6695565
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Gangrene of the feet in Churg-Strauss syndrome. Author(s): Naschitz JE, Loberman Z, Wolffson V, Babich JP, Yeshurun D. Source: Vascular Medicine (London, England). 2003 May; 8(2): 129-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14518616
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Genetic counselling in a case of TAR syndrome where the father presented malformations of the feet. Author(s): Le Marec B, Odent S, Bracq H, Roussey M, Le Gall E, Gandon Y. Source: Clinical Genetics. 1988 August; 34(2): 104-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3191607
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Geometric data of hallux valgus feet. Author(s): Lamur KS, Huson A, Snijders CJ, Stoeckart R. Source: Foot & Ankle International / American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society [and] Swiss Foot and Ankle Society. 1996 September; 17(9): 548-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8886782
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Getting cold feet, defining "safe-enough" borders: dissociation, multiplicity, and integration in the analyst's experience. Author(s): Davies JM. Source: Psychoanal Q. 1999 April; 68(2): 184-208. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10432530
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Giant cell reaction (giant cell reparative granuloma) of the small bones of the hands and feet. Author(s): Wold LE, Dobyns JH, Swee RG, Dahlin DC. Source: The American Journal of Surgical Pathology. 1986 July; 10(7): 491-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3728789
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Giant cell reparative granuloma and other giant cell lesions of the bones of the hands and feet. Author(s): Picci P, Baldini N, Sudanese A, Boriani S, Campanacci M. Source: Skeletal Radiology. 1986; 15(6): 415-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3764467
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Giant cell reparative granuloma of the hand: case report and review of giant cell lesions of hands and feet. Author(s): MacDonald DF, Binhammer PA, Rubenstein JD, Fornasier VL. Source: Canadian Journal of Surgery. Journal Canadien De Chirurgie. 2003 December; 46(6): 471-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14680358
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Giant cell reparative granuloma of the small bones of the hands and feet: a report of three cases. Author(s): Forouhar FA, Phelan NP, Benton DC. Source: Ann Clin Lab Sci. 2000 July; 30(3): 272-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10945567
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Giant cell tumor of the small bones of the hands and feet. Author(s): Wold LE, Swee RG. Source: Semin Diagn Pathol. 1984 August; 1(3): 173-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6599927
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Giant cell tumor of the small bones of the hands and feet: metatarsal giant cell tumor. Author(s): Cavender RK, Sale WG 3rd. Source: W V Med J. 1992 August; 88(8): 342-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1514282
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Giant-cell reparative granuloma of the hands and feet. Author(s): Eck HC, Weiner SD. Source: Orthopedics. 2004 January; 27(1): 67-70. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14763535
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Giant-cell reparative granuloma of the hands and feet. Author(s): Glass TA, Mills SE, Fechner RE, Dyer R, Martin W 3rd, Armstrong P. Source: Radiology. 1983 October; 149(1): 65-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6611953
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Growth rates in skeletally immature feet after triple arthrodesis. Author(s): Kuhns CA, Zeegen EN, Kono M, Green T, Moseley CF, Otsuka NY. Source: Journal of Pediatric Orthopedics. 2003 July-August; 23(4): 488-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12826948
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Hallux valgus in children: a 5-14-year follow-up study of 30 feet treated with a modified Mitchell osteotomy. Author(s): Talab YA. Source: Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica. 2002 April; 73(2): 195-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12079019
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Hands and feet that blister and peel: dyshidrosis. Author(s): Brady M. Source: Journal of Pediatric Health Care : Official Publication of National Association of Pediatric Nurse Associates & Practitioners. 1993 January-February; 7(1): 37-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8421243
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Hardness of plantar skin in diabetic neuropathic feet. Author(s): Piaggesi A, Romanelli M, Schipani E, Campi F, Magliaro A, Baccetti F, Navalesi R. Source: Journal of Diabetes and Its Complications. 1999 May-June; 13(3): 129-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10509872
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Head-trunk coordination during hops using one or two feet in children and adults. Author(s): Assaiante C, McKinley PA, Amblard B. Source: Journal of Vestibular Research : Equilibrium & Orientation. 1997 March-June; 7(2-3): 145-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9178221
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Healthy feet for a productive workforce. Author(s): Hussein F. Source: Occup Health (Lond). 1997 January; 49(1): 18-20. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9283465
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Heat-mediated changes to the hands and feet mimicking washerwoman's skin. Author(s): Bohnert M, Pollak S. Source: International Journal of Legal Medicine. 2003 April; 117(2): 102-5. Epub 2003 January 18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12690507
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Hemimegalencephaly associated with somatic hemihypertrophy and a malformation of the feet: case report. Author(s): Calzolari F, Chirico M, Tamisari L, Di Rocco C. Source: Neuroradiology. 1996 May; 38(4): 367-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8738097
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Heterogeneous signal in bone marrow on MRI of children's feet: a normal finding? Author(s): Pal CR, Tasker AD, Ostlere SJ, Watson MS. Source: Skeletal Radiology. 1999 May; 28(5): 274-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10424334
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High altitude dives from 7000 to 14,200 feet in the Himalayas. Author(s): Sahni TK, John MJ, Dhall A, Chatterjee AK. Source: Undersea Biomed Res. 1991 July; 18(4): 303-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1887518
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Hot feet: erythromelalgia and related disorders. Author(s): Layzer RB. Source: Journal of Child Neurology. 2001 March; 16(3): 199-202. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11305688
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How often are dermatophytes present in apparently normal versus scaly feet of children? Author(s): Becerril-Chihu G, Bazan-Mora E, Lopez-Martinez R, Sosa-de-Martinez C, Ruiz-Maldonado R. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 1999 March-April; 16(2): 87-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10337668
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Human equilibrium on unstable support: the importance of feet-support interaction. Author(s): Ivanenko YP, Levik YS, Talis VL, Gurfinkel VS. Source: Neuroscience Letters. 1997 October 17; 235(3): 109-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9406881
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Hypoxia of diabetic feet with abnormal arterial blood flow. Author(s): Vogelberg KH, Konig M. Source: Clin Investig. 1993 June; 71(6): 466-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8353406
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Idiopathic multicentric osteolysis principally affecting the phalanges of the hands and feet. Author(s): Downing ND, Garnavos C, Lunn PG. Source: Journal of Hand Surgery (Edinburgh, Lothian). 1996 October; 21(5): 656-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9230956
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Idiopathic punctate necrosis of the phalanges of the feet. Author(s): Keats TE, Johnson RR, Fechner RE. Source: Skeletal Radiology. 1989; 18(1): 25-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2711207
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If your feet are cold--put on a hat. Author(s): Hough L. Source: Kans Nurse. 1985 February; 60(2): 9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3844536
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Improvement of temperature and flow in feet of subjects with diabetes with use of a transdermal preparation of L-arginine: a pilot study. Author(s): Fossel ET. Source: Diabetes Care. 2004 January; 27(1): 284-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14694013
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In vitro isolation and characterization of a calicivirus causing a vesicular disease of the hands and feet. Author(s): Smith AW, Berry ES, Skilling DE, Barlough JE, Poet SE, Berke T, Mead J, Matson DO. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1998 February; 26(2): 434-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9502467
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Incidence and management of ulcers in diabetic Charcot feet. Author(s): Larsen K, Fabrin J, Holstein PE. Source: J Wound Care. 2001 September; 10(8): 323-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12964335
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Influence of malalignment of feet on the plantar pressure pattern in running. Author(s): Sneyers CJ, Lysens R, Feys H, Andries R. Source: Foot & Ankle International / American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society [and] Swiss Foot and Ankle Society. 1995 October; 16(10): 624-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8574374
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Injury to diabetic feet by thumb tacks. Author(s): Teelucksingh S, Naraynsingh V. Source: Lancet. 1997 July 5; 350(9070): 74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9217749
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Insertion of the abductor hallucis muscle in feet with and without hallux valgus. Author(s): Brenner E. Source: The Anatomical Record. 1999 March; 254(3): 429-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10096675
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Insertion of the tendon of the tibialis anterior muscle in feet with and without hallux valgus. Author(s): Brenner E. Source: Clinical Anatomy (New York, N.Y.). 2002 May; 15(3): 217-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11948958
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In-shoe foot pressure measurements in diabetic patients with at-risk feet and in healthy subjects. Author(s): Sarnow MR, Veves A, Giurini JM, Rosenblum BI, Chrzan JS, Habershaw GM. Source: Diabetes Care. 1994 September; 17(9): 1002-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7988297
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Interdigital intertrigo of the feet due to therapy-resistant Fusarium solani. Author(s): Romano C, Presenti L, Massai L. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 1999; 199(2): 177-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10559592
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Is soft-tissue inflammation in pedal infection contained by fascial planes? MR analysis of compartmental involvement in 115 feet. Author(s): Ledermann HP, Morrison WB, Schweitzer ME. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 2002 March; 178(3): 605-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11856683
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Isolated flexor muscles of the little toe in the feet of an individual with atrophied or lacking 4th head of the M. extensor digitorum brevis and lacking the 4th tendon of the M. extensor digitorum longus. Author(s): Claassen H, Wree A. Source: Ann Anat. 2003 January; 185(1): 81-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12597131
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Itchy feet. Author(s): Bunce C. Source: Nurs Times. 1999 May 12-18; 95(19): 73-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10437499
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It's what your feet are for. Author(s): Naish J. Source: Nursing Standard : Official Newspaper of the Royal College of Nursing. 2000 July 12-18; 14(43): 16-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11974213
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Joint moment and muscle power output characteristics of below knee amputees during running: the influence of energy storing prosthetic feet. Author(s): Czerniecki JM, Gitter A, Munro C. Source: Journal of Biomechanics. 1991; 24(1): 63-75. Erratum In: J Biomech 1991; 24(3-4): 271-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2026634
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Keeping dancers on their feet. Author(s): Palmer K. Source: Minn Med. 2003 February; 86(2): 33. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12611107
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Keloid formation after surgery for release of polysyndactyly of the feet in a child. Author(s): Endo T, Nakayama Y, Uchida A, Kimata Y. Source: British Journal of Plastic Surgery. 1995 January; 48(1): 43-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7719608
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Keratoderma palmaris et plantaris with clubbing and skeletal deformity of the terminal phalanges of the hands and feet. Report of findings in two sisters. Author(s): Hedstrand H, Berglund G, Werner I. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1972; 52(4): 278-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4115879
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Lesions of the bones of the hands and feet. Author(s): Ostrowski ML, Spjut HJ. Source: The American Journal of Surgical Pathology. 1997 June; 21(6): 676-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9199646
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Lessons from hot feet: a note on tissue remodeling. Author(s): Brand P. Source: J Hand Ther. 2002 April-June; 15(2): 133-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12086023
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Let your feet do the walking: constraints on the stability of bipedal coordination. Author(s): Riek S, Carson RG. Source: Experimental Brain Research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Experimentation Cerebrale. 2001 February; 136(3): 407-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11243483
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Lichenification and enlargement of hands and feet: a sign of progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis with normal gamma-glutamyl-transpeptidase. Author(s): Ooi BC, Phua KB, Lee BL, Tan CE, Ng IS, Quak SH. Source: Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 2001 February; 32(2): 21923. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11321400
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Localized crusted scabies of the scalp and feet. Author(s): Lewis EJ, Connolly SB, Crutchfield CE 3rd, Rest EB. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1998 February; 61(2): 87-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9515214
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Long-term follow-up in diabetic Charcot feet with spontaneous onset. Author(s): Fabrin J, Larsen K, Holstein PE. Source: Diabetes Care. 2000 June; 23(6): 796-800. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10840999
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Long-term remission of two feet-one hand syndrome. Author(s): Seeburger J, Scher RK. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1998 March; 61(3): 149-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9538957
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Lower extremity function in terms of shock absorption when landing with unsynchronized feet. Author(s): Maeda A, Shima N, Nishizono H, Kurata H, Higuchi S, Motohashi Y. Source: Journal of Physiological Anthropology and Applied Human Science. 2003 November; 22(6): 279-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14646262
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Lumbar epidural sympathectomy for frostbite injuries of the feet. Author(s): Taylor MS. Source: Military Medicine. 1999 August; 164(8): 566-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10459266
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Macrodactyly of the feet and hands. Author(s): Chen SH, Huang SC, Wang JH, Wu CT. Source: J Formos Med Assoc. 1997 November; 96(11): 901-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9409124
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Macrodystrophia lipomatosa of the feet and subcutaneous lipomas. Author(s): Aydos SE, Fitoz S, Bokesoy I. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 2003 May 15; 119A(1): 63-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12707961
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Magnetic resonance imaging reveals micro-haemorrhage in the feet of diabetic patients with a history of ulceration. Author(s): Brash PD, Foster JE, Vennart W, Daw J, Tooke JE. Source: Diabetic Medicine : a Journal of the British Diabetic Association. 1996 November; 13(11): 973-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8946156
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Minor amputations on the feet after revascularization for gangrene. A consecutive series of 95 limbs. Author(s): Albrektsen SB, Henriksen BM, Holstein PE. Source: Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica. 1997 June; 68(3): 291-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9246996
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Mirror hands and feet. Author(s): van Steensel MA. Source: Journal of Medical Genetics. 1997 August; 34(8): 701-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9279770
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Modelling the effect of prosthetic feet and shoes on the heel-ground contact force in amputee gait. Author(s): Klute GK, Berge JS. Source: Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers. Part H, Journal of Engineering in Medicine. 2004; 218(3): 173-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15239568
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Molecular mapping of a translocation breakpoint at 14q13 in a patient with mirrorimage polydactyly of hands and feet. Author(s): Matsumoto N, Ohashi H, Kato R, Fujimoto M, Tsujita T, Sasaki T, Nakano M, Miyoshi O, Fukushima Y, Niikawa N. Source: Human Genetics. 1997 April; 99(4): 450-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9099832
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Monochromatic infrared energy. New hope for painful, numb feet? Author(s): Prendergast JJ, Scarborough P, Burke TJ. Source: Diabetes Self Manag. 2004 March-April; 21(2): 52, 54-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15199877
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MR imaging of osteomyelitis and neuropathic osteoarthropathy in the feet of diabetics. Author(s): Marcus CD, Ladam-Marcus VJ, Leone J, Malgrange D, Bonnet-Gausserand FM, Menanteau BP. Source: Radiographics : a Review Publication of the Radiological Society of North America, Inc. 1996 November; 16(6): 1337-48. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8946539
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Multiple acral syringomata with uniform involvement of the hands and feet. Author(s): Garcia C, Krunic AL, Grichnik J, Viehman G, Clark RE. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1997 April; 59(4): 213-4, 216. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9104545
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Neurological manifestations in chronic mountain sickness: the burning feet-burning hands syndrome. Author(s): Huang GF. Gait Posture. 2003 Dec;18(3):124 Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 2000 October; 69(4): 44752. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14667944
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Neuropathic pain and dysesthesia of the feet after Himalayan expeditions. Author(s): Ricart de Mesones A, Turon Sans J, Misiego M, Onaga Pueyo H, Real Soriano R, Botella de Maglia J. Source: High Altitude Medicine & Biology. 2002 Winter; 3(4): 395-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12631425
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Neuropsychological identification of motor problems: can we learn something from the feet and legs that hands and arms will not tell us? Author(s): Peters M. Source: Neuropsychology Review. 1990 June; 1(2): 165-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2152530
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New on-line parameters for analysis of dynamic foot pressures in neuropathic feet of Hansen's disease subjects. Author(s): Bhatia MM, Patil KM. Source: Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development. 1999 July; 36(3): 264-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10659809
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New type of synpolydactyly of hands and feet in two unrelated males. Author(s): Sugiura Y, Lenz W. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 1999 April 23; 83(5): 353-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10232741
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Nievergelt-Pearlman syndrome. Synostosis in feet and hands with dysplasia of elbows. Report of a case. Author(s): Dubois HJ. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume. 1970 May; 52(2): 325-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5445413
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No mean feet. Author(s): Singhal D, Nundy S, Sethi PK. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2004 April 3; 328(7443): 789. Erratum In: Bmj. 2004 May 29; 328(7451): 1301. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15070626
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Nomenclature for imaging planes of the feet. Author(s): Herring C. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 1997 January; 168(1): 277-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8976960
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On call. I am a 49-year-old man with diabetes. I take Glucophage and I'm careful with my diet. I also walk three miles almost every day. My blood sugar is always below 150, usually in the 130s. My problem is tingling in my fingers and pain in my feet, which often keeps me up at night. Is there anything I can do? Author(s): Simon HB. Source: Harvard Men's Health Watch. 2000 January; 4(6): 8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10594967
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On your feet! Workshop on the diabetic foot. Author(s): Assal JP, Mehnert H, Tritschler HJ, Sidorenko A, Keen H; Hellmut Mehnert Award Workshop Participants. Source: Journal of Diabetes and Its Complications. 2002 March-April; 16(2): 183-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12039404
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One pair must last a lifetime. Misshaped feet. Author(s): Phillips P, Evans AM. Source: Aust Fam Physician. 2002 July; 31(7): 645-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12143326
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Operative management of rigid congenital club feet in Bangladesh. Author(s): Hoque MF, Uddin N, Sultana S. Source: International Orthopaedics. 2001; 25(4): 260-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11561505
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Operative treatment early cavus feet. Author(s): Howard RJ. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1971 May; 64(5): 558 Passim. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5573070
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Orthoses for rheumatoid feet: does it matter what's underfoot? Author(s): Marks MB, McKendry RJ. Source: Lancet. 1996 June 15; 347(9016): 1639. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8642951
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Osteomyelitis in feet of diabetics: clinical accuracy, surgical utility, and costeffectiveness of MR imaging. Author(s): Morrison WB, Schweitzer ME, Wapner KL, Hecht PJ, Gannon FH, Behm WR. Source: Radiology. 1995 August; 196(2): 557-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7617877
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Overview of prosthetic feet. Author(s): Michael JW. Source: Instr Course Lect. 1990; 39: 367-72. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2186125
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Painful lesions on the arches of the feet. A pustular, pruritic eruption can be difficult to diagnose and problematic to treat. Author(s): Levine N. Source: Geriatrics. 2002 July; 57(7): 20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12134460
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Painful, swollen, and erythematous hands and feet. Author(s): Hart JJ. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1996 October; 39(10): 1761-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8843870
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Painless stress fractures in diabetic neuropathic feet. Author(s): Gill G, Benbow S, Tesfaye S, Kaczmarczyk E, Kaye L. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1997 April; 73(858): 241-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9156130
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Pits on the heels of the feet. Foot odor and slimy feel to the skin of the feet provide clues to diagnosis. Author(s): Levine N. Source: Geriatrics. 2002 November; 57(11): 27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12442565
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Practical management of neuropathic feet. Author(s): Warren G. Source: Trop Doct. 2002 October; 32(4): 201-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12405297
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Pressure distribution patterns under the feet of new walkers: the first two months of independent walking. Author(s): Hallemans A, D'Aout K, De Clercq D, Aerts P. Source: Foot & Ankle International / American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society [and] Swiss Foot and Ankle Society. 2003 May; 24(5): 444-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12801204
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Proximal osteotomy in hallux valgus, long-term results of 167 operated feet. A retrospective study. Author(s): Haapaniemi TM, Manninen MJ, Arajarvi EJ. Source: Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery. 1997; 116(6-7): 376-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9266045
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Pruritic rash of the hands and feet. Author(s): Levine N. Source: Geriatrics. 1997 June; 52(6): 29. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9194787
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Psychiatry in pictures. Photograph of anonymous patient's feet taken May 1998 near Mozambique-Zimbabwe border. Author(s): de Monchy R. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 2003 November; 183: A18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14650377
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Quantitative aerobic and anaerobic bacteriology of infected diabetic feet. Author(s): Sapico FL, Canawati HN, Witte JL, Montgomerie JZ, Wagner FW Jr, Bessman AN. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1980 September; 12(3): 413-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7217335
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Radiographic appearance of sesamoid bones in the hands and feet of Malawian subjects. Author(s): Msamati BC, Igbigbi PS. Source: Clinical Anatomy (New York, N.Y.). 2001 July; 14(4): 248-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11424198
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Radiographic damage in large joints in early rheumatoid arthritis: relationship with radiographic damage in hands and feet, disease activity, and physical disability. Author(s): Kuper HH, van Leeuwen MA, van Riel PL, Prevoo ML, Houtman PM, Lolkema WF, van Rijswijk MH. Source: British Journal of Rheumatology. 1997 August; 36(8): 855-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9291854
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Raynaud's phenomenon in vibration syndrome: the impact of cold feet on skin temperature and vasomotion of the hand after immersion in cold water. Author(s): Falkenbach A, Watanabe I, Hartmann B, Agishi Y. Source: Angiology. 1997 December; 48(12): 1037-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9404829
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Recognizing the feet as being at risk from pressure damage. Author(s): Bale S, Price P, Rees-Mathews S, Harding K. Source: British Journal of Nursing (Mark Allen Publishing). 2001 November 8-21; 10(20): 1320-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11873225
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Reconstruction of through-and-through gunshot wounds to the feet with free gracilis muscle flaps. Author(s): Pu LL, Medalie DA, Lawrence SJ, Vasconez HC. Source: Annals of Plastic Surgery. 2003 March; 50(3): 286-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12800906
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Recurrent nodules on the feet of a child. Author(s): Rotunda A, Schappell D, Robinson-Bostom L. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2002 September; 138(9): 1245-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12224995
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Reliability and validity of combined imaging and pressures assessment methods for diabetic feet. Author(s): Commean PK, Mueller MJ, Smith KE, Hastings M, Klaesner J, Pilgram T, Robertson DD. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2002 April; 83(4): 497-505. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11932851
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Rhythmic feet movements while falling asleep. Author(s): Wichniak A, Tracik F, Geisler P, Ebersbach G, Morrissey SP, Zulley J. Source: Movement Disorders : Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society. 2001 November; 16(6): 1164-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11748754
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Risks to feet in the top end: outcomes of diabetic foot complications. Author(s): O'Rourke I, Heard S, Treacy J, Gruen R, Whitbread C. Source: Anz Journal of Surgery. 2002 April; 72(4): 282-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11982517
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Role of first ray hypermobility in the outcome of the Hohmann and the Lapidus procedure. A prospective, randomized trial involving one hundred and one feet. Author(s): Faber FW, Mulder PG, Verhaar JA. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 2004 March; 86-A(3): 486-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14996873
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Self-care secrets. Focus on feet. Here's why people with diabetes should be obsessed with their feet. Author(s): James-Enger K. Source: Diabetes Forecast. 2003 February; 56(2): 77-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14765427
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Sexy shoes or sorry feet. Author(s): Lutter LD. Source: Foot & Ankle International / American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society [and] Swiss Foot and Ankle Society. 2004 January; 25(1): 1-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14768956
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Skeletal abnormalities of hands and feet in Laurence-Moon-Bardet-Biedl (LMBB) syndrome: a radiographic study. Author(s): Rudling O, Riise R, Tornqvist K, Jonsson K. Source: Skeletal Radiology. 1996 October; 25(7): 655-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8915050
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Sox genes find their feet. Author(s): Pevny LH, Lovell-Badge R. Source: Current Opinion in Genetics & Development. 1997 June; 7(3): 338-44. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9229109
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Spinal neurenteric cyst presenting as burning feet syndrome. Author(s): Jain RS. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 2003 September; 51: 921-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14710986
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Statue with clubbed feet: another reading. Author(s): Vasseur BG, Lerch P, Sage ML. Source: The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 2004 February; 77(2): 756; Author Reply 756. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14759491
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Surgical management of primary cutaneous melanomas of the hands and feet. Author(s): Tseng JF, Tanabe KK, Gadd MA, Cosimi AB, Malt RA, Haluska FG, Mihm MC Jr, Sober AJ, Souba WW. Source: Annals of Surgery. 1997 May; 225(5): 544-50; Discussion 550-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9193182
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Symmetrical enchondromatosis of the hands and feet in two sisters. Author(s): Mota CR, Marques L, Silva E, Fonseca M, Pinho M, Torcato M, Barbot J, Medina M, Maroteaux P. Source: Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics. Part B / European Paediatric Orthopaedic Society, Pediatric Orthopaedic Society of North America. 1997 January; 6(1): 15-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9039661
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Tenosynovial (extraarticular) chondromatosis: an analysis of 37 cases of an underrecognized clinicopathologic entity with a strong predilection for the hands and feet and a high local recurrence rate. Author(s): Fetsch JF, Vinh TN, Remotti F, Walker EA, Murphey MD, Sweet DE. Source: The American Journal of Surgical Pathology. 2003 September; 27(9): 1260-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12960811
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The appearance of the feet in Pfeiffer syndrome caused by FGFR1 P252R mutation. Author(s): Rossi M, Jones RL, Norbury G, Bloch-Zupan A, Winter RM. Source: Clinical Dysmorphology. 2003 October; 12(4): 269-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14564217
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The effect of feet position on orthostatic posture in a female sample group. Author(s): Mouzat A, Dabonneville M, Bertrand P. Source: Neuroscience Letters. 2004 July 22; 365(2): 79-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15245782
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The feet in Crouzon syndrome. Author(s): Anderson PJ, Hall CM, Evans RD, Jones BM, Hayward RD. Source: Journal of Craniofacial Genetics and Developmental Biology. 1997 JanuaryMarch; 17(1): 43-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9211121
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Tissue-derived macromolecules and markers of inflammation in serum in early rheumatoid arthritis: relationship to development of joint destruction in hands and feet. Author(s): Fex E, Eberhardt K, Saxne T. Source: British Journal of Rheumatology. 1997 November; 36(11): 1161-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9402859
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Tolls of a trek up Croagh Patrick: a case of friction/frost burns to the feet. Author(s): Mahajan AL, Regan PJ. Source: Burns : Journal of the International Society for Burn Injuries. 2004 May; 30(3): 283-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15082361
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Treatment of the hands and feet in Apert syndrome: an evolution in management. Author(s): Fearon JA. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2003 July; 112(1): 1-12; Discussion 13-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12832871
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Treatment-based classification system for assessment and care of diabetic feet. Author(s): Armstrong DG, Lavery LA, Harkless LB. Source: Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association. 1996 July; 86(7): 311-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8757481
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Two feet-one hand syndrome: a retrospective multicenter survey. Author(s): Daniel CR 3rd, Gupta AK, Daniel MP, Daniel CM. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1997 September; 36(9): 658-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9352405
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Ulcers in diabetic feet: an orthopaedic not a vascular problem. Author(s): Hardman D, Bradshaw S. Source: Anz Journal of Surgery. 2001 February; 71(2): 120. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11413589
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Ulcers in diabetic feet: an orthopaedic not a vascular problem. Author(s): Faris I. Source: Anz Journal of Surgery. 2001 February; 71(2): 119-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11413588
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Ulcers in diabetic feet: an orthopaedic not a vascular problem. Author(s): Warren G, Nade S. Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Surgery. 2000 August; 70(8): 613-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10945558
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Ultrasonographic evaluation of plantar fascia bands. A retrospective study of 211 symptomatic feet. Author(s): Vohra PK, Kincaid BR, Japour CJ, Sobel E. Source: Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association. 2002 September; 92(8): 444-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12237265
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Ultrasound detection of bone erosions in rheumatoid arthritis: a comparison to routine radiographs of the hands and feet. Author(s): Lopez-Ben R, Bernreuter WK, Moreland LW, Alarcon GS. Source: Skeletal Radiology. 2004 February; 33(2): 80-4. Epub 2003 September 27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14517699
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Uniform fat suppression in hands and feet through the use of two-point Dixon chemical shift MR imaging. Author(s): Maas M, Dijkstra PF, Akkerman EM. Source: Radiology. 1999 January; 210(1): 189-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9885606
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Uniqueness of bare feet and its use as a possible means of identification. Author(s): Kennedy RB. Source: Forensic Science International. 1996 September 15; 82(1): 81-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8828175
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Unusual combination of limb malformations in the same patient: brachydactyly with syndactyly and postaxial polydactyly of the hands and postaxial oligodactyly of the feet. Author(s): Ferda Percin E, Yilmaz S. Source: Clinical Dysmorphology. 2003 October; 12(4): 283-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14564221
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Unusual involvement of the feet in hemochromatosis. Author(s): Baker ND, Jahss MH, Leventhal GH. Source: Foot Ankle. 1984 January-February; 4(4): 212-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6714864
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Valgus deformities of the feet and characteristics of gait in patients who have rheumatoid arthritis. Author(s): Keenan MA, Peabody TD, Gronley JK, Perry J. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 1991 February; 73(2): 237-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1993719
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Verrucosis of hands and feet in a patient with combined immune deficiency. Author(s): Asadullah K, Renz H, Docke WD, Otterbach H, Wahn U, Kottgen E, Volk HD, Sterry W. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1997 May; 36(5 Pt 2): 850-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9146566
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Verrucous skin lesions on the feet in diabetic neuropathy. Author(s): Gerbig AW, Hunziker T. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1995 December; 133(6): 1011-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8547023
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Verrucous skin lesions on the feet in neuropathy. Author(s): Ichimiya M, Hamamoto Y, Muto M. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 2003 March; 30(3): 263-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12692372
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Vertical trauma: injuries to patients who fall and land on their feet. Author(s): Lowenstein SR, Yaron M, Carrero R, Devereux D, Jacobs LM. Source: Annals of Emergency Medicine. 1989 February; 18(2): 161-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2916780
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Vibration and comfort. III. Translational vibration of the feet and back. Author(s): Parsons KC, Griffin MJ, Whitham EM. Source: Ergonomics. 1982 August; 25(8): 705-19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7128576
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Warm feet promote the rapid onset of sleep. Author(s): Krauchi K, Cajochen C, Werth E, Wirz-Justice A. Source: Nature. 1999 September 2; 401(6748): 36-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10485703
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Warming of feet elevates nasal mucosal surface temperature and reduces the early response to nasal challenge with allergen. Author(s): Assanasen P, Baroody FM, Naureckas E, Naclerio RM. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1999 August; 104(2 Pt 1): 28593. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10452746
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Wax therapy for dry feet in leprosy. Author(s): Premkumar R, Solomon S. Source: Indian J Lepr. 1996 October-December; 68(4): 374-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9001908
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Wax therapy for dry feet in leprosy. Author(s): Mahajan PM, Kulkarni VN, Jadhav VH, Mehta JM. Source: Indian J Lepr. 1995 October-December; 67(4): 383-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8849915
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Weak and numb feet in a man with knobby hands. Author(s): Kaplan PW, Kerr DA, Conwit RA. Source: Archives of Neurology. 2000 February; 57(2): 271. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10681088
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Whistling face syndrome with normal hands and feet. Author(s): Toydemir PB, Toydemir R, Bokesoy I. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 2001 August 1; 102(2): 215. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11477620
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X-linked mental retardation syndrome with short stature, small hands and feet, seizures, cleft palate, and glaucoma is linked to Xq28. Author(s): Armfield K, Nelson R, Lubs HA, Hane B, Schroer RJ, Arena F, Schwartz CE, Stevenson RE. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 1999 July 30; 85(3): 236-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10398235
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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND FEET Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and feet.
Finding Nutrition Studies on Feet The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail:
[email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “feet” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.
7
Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “feet” (or a synonym): •
These feet were made for walking. Source: Schardt, D. Nutrition-action-health-letter (USA). (December 1993). volume 20(10) page 1, 5-7.
Additional physician-oriented references include: •
Accurate localization of organ representation areas on the feet & hands using the bidigital O-ring test resonance phenomenon: its clinical implication in diagnosis & treatment--Part I. Author(s): Heart Disease Research Foundation, New York. Source: Omura, Y Acupunct-Electrother-Res. 1994 Jun-September; 19(2-3): 153-90 03601293
Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •
healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0
•
The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov
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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov
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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/
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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/
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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/
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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/
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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats
Nutrition
•
Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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The following is a specific Web list relating to feet; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
Vitamins Niacin Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,892,00.html Thiamine Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin B Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10067,00.html Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin B6 Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
•
Minerals Stinging Nettle Alternative names: Urtica dioica, Urtica urens, Nettle Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
•
Food and Diet Athlete’s Foot Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Bananas Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Brazil Nuts Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Burdock Alternative names: Arctium lappa, Arctium minus, Arctium tomentosum Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Burdock Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,235,00.html Clams Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Coffee Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Crabs Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cucumbers Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,18,00.html Garlic Alternative names: Allium sativum Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Limes Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Mango Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Papaya Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,60,00.html Squid Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Turkey Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,92,00.html
Nutrition
Variety Meats Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Zucchini Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND FEET Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to feet. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to feet and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “feet” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to feet: •
“Don't bump my bed, don't touch my feet!”. Author(s): Caswell LJ, Eland JM. Source: Journal of Pediatric Oncology Nursing : Official Journal of the Association of Pediatric Oncology Nurses. 1989 October; 6(4): 111-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2574981
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A case of feet. Author(s): Wilson A. Source: Aust Coll Midwives Inc J. 1995 March; 8(1): 17-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7619012
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Accurate localization of organ representation areas on the feet & hands using the bidigital O-ring test resonance phenomenon: its clinical implication in diagnosis & treatment--Part I. Author(s): Omura Y.
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Source: Acupuncture & Electro-Therapeutics Research. 1994 June-September; 19(2-3): 153-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7863839 •
Adhesion of dermatophytes to healthy feet and its simple treatment. Author(s): Watanabe K, Taniguchi H, Katoh T. Source: Mycoses. 2000; 43(1-2): 45-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10838846
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Blistered feet. Author(s): Scgatzki SC. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 1993 January; 160(1): 32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8416640
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Bringing the feet in from the cold: thermal biofeedback training of foot-warming in Raynaud's syndrome. Author(s): Crockett D, Bilsker D. Source: Biofeedback Self Regul. 1984 December; 9(4): 431-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6537257
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Effect of biotin supplementation of a barley-wheat diet on restoration of healthy feet, legs and skin of biotin deficient sows. Author(s): Misir R, Blair R. Source: Research in Veterinary Science. 1986 March; 40(2): 212-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3704339
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Effects of acupuncture on skin temperature in children with neurological disorders and cold feet. Author(s): Svedberg L, Nordahl G, Lundeberg T. Source: Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology. 2001 May; 43(5): 358-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11368492
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Effects of acupuncture on skin temperature in children with neurological disorders and cold feet: an exploratory study. Author(s): Svedberg LE, Nordahl UE, Lundeberg TC. Source: Complementary Therapies in Medicine. 2001 June; 9(2): 89-97. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11444888
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Fetal activity following stimulation of the mother's abdomen, feet, and hands. Author(s): Diego MA, Dieter JN, Field T, Lecanuet JP, Hernandez-Reif M, Beutler J, Largie S, Redzepi M, Salman FA.
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Source: Developmental Psychobiology. 2002 December; 41(4): 396-406. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12430163 •
Limited joint mobility in the hands and feet of adolescents with Type 1 diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Duffin AC, Donaghue KC, Potter M, McInnes A, Chan AK, King J, Howard NJ, Silink M. Source: Diabetic Medicine : a Journal of the British Diabetic Association. 1999 February; 16(2): 125-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10229305
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Simultaneous palpation of the craniosacral rate at the head and feet: intrarater and interrater reliability and rate comparisons. Author(s): Rogers JS, Witt PL, Gross MT, Hacke JD, Genova PA. Source: Physical Therapy. 1998 November; 78(11): 1175-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9806622
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Soles of the Feet: a mindfulness-based self-control intervention for aggression by an individual with mild mental retardation and mental illness. Author(s): Singh NN, Wahler RG, Adkins AD, Myers RE; Mindfulness Research Group. Source: Research in Developmental Disabilities. 2003 May-June; 24(3): 158-69. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12742385
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The “Friday Mass” burns of the feet in Saudi Arabia. Author(s): Al-Qattan MM. Source: Burns : Journal of the International Society for Burn Injuries. 2000 February; 26(1): 102-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10630327
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The in vivo interaction between vincristine and radiation in a C3H mammary carcinoma and the feet of CDF1 mice. Author(s): Grau C, Hoyer M, Overgaard J. Source: International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics. 1994 December 1; 30(5): 1141-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7961023
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The scope and limitations of treatment. An interview with Ann Lett, Principle, British School--Reflex Zone Therapy of the Feet. Author(s): Lett A. Source: Complementary Therapies in Nursing & Midwifery. 2001 August; 7(3): 146-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11855511
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Thermal burns in diabetic feet. Author(s): Thng P, Lim RM, Low BY. Source: Singapore Med J. 1999 May; 40(5): 362-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10489498
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'Thermal reflex therapy' a danger for diabetic feet. Author(s): Yeap JS, Anbanandan S, Yeap JK, Borhan Tan M, Harwant S. Source: Med J Malaysia. 2001 March; 56(1): 102-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11503287
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •
Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/
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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats
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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/
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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/
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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/
The following is a specific Web list relating to feet; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
General Overview Alzheimer's Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Angioedema Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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Anorexia Nervosa Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Athlete's Foot Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Bone Marrow Disorders Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Burns Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Chronic Candidiasis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Chronic Venous Insufficiency Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Colorectal Cancer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Diabetes Mellitus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Edema Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Edema Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Endocarditis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Erythema Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Frostbite Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Gout Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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Hives Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Hyperthyroidism Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hypoparathyroidism Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hypothermia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hypothyroidism Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Intermittent Claudication Alternative names: Peripheral Vascular Disease Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Menopause Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Migraine Headache Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Myelofibrosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Myeloproliferative Disorders Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Osteoarthritis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Peripheral Vascular Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Pertussis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Polycythemia Vera Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pregnancy and Postpartum Support Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Reiter's Syndrome Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Rheumatoid Arthritis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Rheumatoid Arthritis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Roseola Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Scleroderma Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Serum Sickness Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Shock Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Sickle Cell Anemia Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Tension Headache Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Tension Headache Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Thrombocytosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Varicose Veins Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin B12 Deficiency Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Warts Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Water Retention Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Whooping Cough Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com •
Alternative Therapy Acupressure Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,662,00.html Aston-Patterning Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com
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Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10118,00.html Barefoot Shiatsu Massage Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/b.html Body Reflexology Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/b.html Chakra Energy Massage Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/c.html Didgeridoo Vibrational Healing Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/d.html Foot Analysis Alternative names: Grinberg Method Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/f.html Foot Reflexology Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/f.html Homuncular Acupuncture Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/h.html Laura Norman Method Alternative names: Laura Norman Method of Reflexology Laura Norman Reflexology Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/l.html Macrobiotics Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,714,00.html Massage Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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Massage Therapy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,716,00.html Metamorphic Technique Alternative names: metamorphosis; originally called "prenatal therapy" Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/m.html Metamorphosis Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/m.html Mind & Body Medicine Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Original Ingham Method Alternative names: Ingham method Ingham method of foot reflexology Ingham technique Original Ingham Method of Reflexology Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/o.html Polarity Reflexology Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/p.html Polarity Therapy Alternative names: Polarity polarity balancing Polarity Energy Balancing Polarity Energy Balancing system polarity energy healing polarity healing polarity system Polarity techniques Polarity Wellness Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/p.html Reflex Zone Therapy of the Feet Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/r.html Reflexology Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/r.html Reflexology Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com
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Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,730,00.html Reiki Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,731,00.html Relaxation Techniques Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Serenity Facial Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/s.html Shiatsu Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,733,00.html Tai Chi Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,737,00.html Therapeutic Touch Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Zone Therapy Alternative names: Reflex Zone Therapy reflex zone massage Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/z.html •
Chinese Medicine Dahuang Zhechong Wan Alternative names: Dahuang Zhechong Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Dongchongxiacao Alternative names: Chinese Caterpillar Fungus; Cordyceps Source: Chinese Materia Medica Huanglian Alternative names: Golden Thread; Rhizoma Coptidis Source: Chinese Materia Medica
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•
Herbs and Supplements Acanthopanax Senticosus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Allium Sativum Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Aloe Alternative names: Aloe vera, Aloe barbadensis, Aloe ferox , Aloe Vera Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Aloe Vera Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Althaea Officinalis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Apium Graveolens Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Arctium Lappa Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Arctium Minus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Arnica Alternative names: Arnica montana Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Arnica Montana Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Australian Fevertree Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Barberry Alternative names: Berberis vulgaris, Berberry Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Berberis Vulgaris Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Berberry Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Beta-Carotene Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Beta-Carotene Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com
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Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10103,00.html Betaine Alternative names: Trimethylglycine Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Bloodroot Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Carotenoids Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,763,00.html Cat's Claw Alternative names: Uncaria tomentosa Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cayenne Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca Celery Seed Alternative names: Apium graveolens Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cobalamin Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Crataegus Laevigata Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Crataegus Monogyna Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Didanosine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Docetaxel Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Eleuthero Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Eleutherococcus Senticosus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Ephedra Alternative names: Ephedra sinensis, Ma huang Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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Ephedra sinensis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Eucalyptus Alternative names: Eucalyptus globulus, Eucalyptus fructicetorum, polybractea, smithii, Australian Fevertree Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Eucalyptus globulus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com German Chamomile Alternative names: Matricaria recutita Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Ginger Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,787,00.html Ginkgo Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Ginkgo Biloba Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Ginkgo Biloba Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,788,00.html GLA (Gamma-Linolenic Acid) Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Glycyrrhiza glabra Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Goldenrod Alternative names: Solidago virgaurea Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hawthorn Alternative names: Crataegus monogyna, Crataegus laevigata Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Indian Tobacco Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Isoniazid Alternative names: Laniazid, Nydrazid Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com
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Kelp Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Kudzu Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Lapacho Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lemon Balm Alternative names: Melissa officinalis, Melissa Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Licorice Alternative names: Glycyrrhiza glabra, Spanish Licorice Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Limetree Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Linden Alternative names: Tilia cordata, Tilia platyphyllos, Limetree Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lipoic Acid Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Lobelia Alternative names: Lobelia inflata, Indian Tobacco Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lobelia Inflata Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Ma huang Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Mad-Dog Skullcap Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Maidenhair Tree Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Marshmallow Alternative names: Althaea officinalis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Matricaria Recutita Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Melissa Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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Melissa Officinalis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Mentha X Piperita Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Milk Thistle Alternative names: Silybum marianum, St. Mary's Thistle Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Mullein Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Nettle Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pau D'arco Alternative names: Tabebuia avellanedae, Lapacho Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Peppermint Alternative names: Mentha x piperita Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Red Elm Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Sabal Serrulata Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Saw Palmetto Alternative names: Serenoa repens, Sabal serrulata Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Saw Palmetto Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Scutellaria Lateriflora Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Serenoa Repens Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Siberian Ginseng Alternative names: Eleutherococcus senticosus, Acanthopanax senticosus, Eleuthero Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Silybum Marianum Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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Skullcap Alternative names: Scutellaria lateriflora, Mad-dog Skullcap Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Slippery Elm Alternative names: Ulmus fulva, Red Elm, Sweet Elm Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Solidago Virgaurea Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Spanish Licorice Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Spirulina and Kelp Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10058,00.html St. Mary's Thistle Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Sweet Elm Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Tabebuia Avellanedae Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Tanacetum Alternative names: Feverfew; Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Schultz-Bip. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Tanacetum V Alternative names: Tansy; Tanacetum vulgare (L.) Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Tea Tree Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Tilia Cordata Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Tilia Platyphyllos Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Trimethylglycine Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Ulmus Fulva Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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Uncaria Tomentosa Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Urtica Dioica Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Urtica Urens Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Valerian Alternative names: Valeriana officinalis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Walnut Leaf Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10110,00.html
General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.
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CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON FEET Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to feet. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “feet” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on feet, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical dissertations in this bibliography.
Dissertations on Feet ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to feet. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •
The effectiveness of selected educational media in disseminating knowledge of the care and prevention of injuries to insensitive feet to diabetics of different educational levels by Klesius, Stephen Edward, PhD from The Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical Col., 1968, 125 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/6904480
Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.
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CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON FEET Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.8 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “feet” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on feet, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.
Patents on Feet By performing a patent search focusing on feet, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will
8Adapted
from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.
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tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on feet: •
Exercise system comprising rocking chair and footstool Inventor(s): Barnes; Ralph W. (Winston-Salem, NC), McKinney; William M. (WinsonSalem, NC) Assignee(s): Wake Forest University (Winston-Salem, NC) Patent Number: 6,761,671 Date filed: October 16, 2000 Abstract: An exercise system comprising a rocking chair and a footstool. The rocking chair comprises a seat, a back support, a base, and rocking means. Rocking resistance means are provided for requiring that an additional force be applied to the rocking chair to maintain a rocking motion. The footstool comprises a foot rest positionable with respect to the rocking chair such that the feet of a user are supported on a foot support surface of the foot rest when the user is seated upon the rocking chair. Means for adjusting the height and angle of the foot rest are also provided. A method for selectively exercising specific muscle groups in a user's legs with the exercise system is also described. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a rocking chair and, more specifically, to a rocking chair and foot rest which provide enhanced therapeutic benefits. Although rocking chairs are typically used in social settings, the rocking motion can be beneficial as a form of exercise. In particular, rocking chairs can provide a valuable mode of exercise for residents of retirement or minimum to medium care facilities. Residents of retirement or minimum to medium care facilities often do not exercise, even moderately, due to lack of motivation, suitable exercise equipment, and/or a supportive community to encourage exercise. Although specialized exercise equipment has been used in the care of the elderly for many years, most equipment is associated with physical therapy or other scheduled exercise sessions. Exercising while relaxing in pleasant surroundings and engaging in social activities in a supportive group has advantages. Participants can exercise while not feeling exercised and can conduct their social activities at the same time. In addition, the physical exertion and the awareness of the passage of time becomes secondary, as attention is diverted away from the exercise by their social activities at the time. Further, these social activities occur daily and would therefore encourage daily exercise. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06761671__
•
Portable device for curing gel nail preparations Inventor(s): Strait; Gloria (2650 Rte. 209, Wurtsboro, NY 12790) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,762,425 Date filed: September 25, 2003 Abstract: This device utilizes UV light to cure gel nail preparations as applied to finger and toe nails. The device can be used to treat one or both hands or one or both feet with no changes or adjustments required. A housing has three horizontal openings in the front wall, each opening accessing a separate compartment containing a UV light source which is situated so as to provide radiation directly to the areas where the nails are
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placed. The compartment walls are coated with reflective material and specifically shaped to maximize the radiation to those areas. The index and three fingers of one or both hands are inserted into the uppermost compartment where the UV lamp is situated in the ceiling and the thumbs are inserted into the middle compartment where the UV lamp is situated in the floor. This arrangement permits all fingers to lie flat eliminating any distortion or pooling of the gel material and so each nail receives maximum radiation. A longitudinal hand rest is disposed between the uppermost and middle openings. The feet are placed in the lowermost compartment where the UV lamp is situated in the ceiling. The device can be powered by line current or a rechargeable battery enabling the device to be used near water or in areas where there is no accessible electric outlet. A control panel and timer enable selecting the correct lamps and time for treatment. Excerpt(s): The instant invention relates to a portable device for use in curing gel nail preparations and nail extensions applied to both fingernails and toenails. Since the use of nail enamels and polishes became widespread a number of devices have been developed to accelerate the drying process. These ranged from standing before a fan to placing the hands in a chamber with circulating air or heating bulbs. A review of some of the prior art polish drying devices provides insight as to the variety and designs developed for this purpose. In recent years acrylic and gel materials have been applied to nails to form more desirable nail shapes and lengths. Such products require exposure to a light source, usually a n ultra violet light source, to cure the gels. The prior art in this area is limited. Additionally, most of the devices designed to cure fingernail preparations would fall short when the gels are applied to toenails because most of the devices were not designed to accommodate feet. Corbett, in U.S. Pat. No. 2,374,472, designed an apparatus for drying nail enamel that consisted of a chamber with a Ushaped opening in the top that defined a hand rest. A light bulb centrally located near the interior floor of the chamber provided the heat. The hand was inserted so the fingers closed over the hand rest with all nails facing downward toward the light source. The design of this device may be considered for use with gel nail preparations, but since the gel preparations tend to flow before they are completely cured, when the nails all facing downward there could be an uneven surface due to pooling of the gel material toward the lowermost surface of the nails. This would require reshaping of all the nails after they are cured. Also, by curling the hand over the hand rest it is possible that the some fingers could contact the nails of other fingers while the gel material is still fluid. The design of this device can only accommodate one hand at a time and cannot be used to cure toenail preparations. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06762425__ •
Treadmill Inventor(s): Wang; Leao (No.1, Lane 233, sec.2, Charng Long Rd., Taiping, TW 411), Wu; Peter (No.1, Lane 233, sec.2, Charng Long Rd., Taiping, TW 411) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,749,542 Date filed: April 29, 2002 Abstract: The present invention relates to a treadmill having a base frame with a handrail. The base frame is provided with two rollers at both ends thereof. A support plate is interposed between both rollers. And a walking belt is disposed around the rollers and the support plate. The base frame has a plurality of crossbars in the position
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of the support plate, and the crossbars is provided with at least one buffer piece in the middle thereof which is in contact with the bottom face of the support plate. A support element has a bottom member on the base frame and a top member fixed on the bottom of the support plate, and both members are pivotably connected, thereby positioning the support plate indirectly on the base frame. Accordingly, the injury of the feet is avoided and the service life of the support plate is prolonged. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a treadmill, and more particularly, to a treadmill which offers buffering effect during the walking exercise while the curved extent of the support plate can be counteracted. When the operator walks on the treadmill, the feet exert pressure on the walking belt 11 for a cyclic movement. While the support plate 14 is pressed down, the buffer pieces 13 are simultaneously pressed downward. Therefore, the loading of the support plate 14 can be divided; meanwhile, a reactive force for cushioning is created in order to avoid the exercise injury of the feet. Most of the loading of the support plate 14 is concentrated in the middle thereof so that the middle part thereof is easily crooked and deformed. However, the buffer pieces 13 at the side of the support plate 14 can't effectively reduce or even remove the concentrating stress, thereby deforming or breaking the support plate 14. On the other side, the buffer pieces 13 can be broken, thereby being separated from the support plate 14. Accordingly, the service life of the treadmill 10 is reduced. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06749542__
Patent Applications on Feet As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.9 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to feet: •
Device for person's muscular exercise Inventor(s): Talo, Jean-Louis; (Menton, FR) Correspondence: Young & Thompson; 745 South 23rd Street 2nd Floor; Arlington; VA; 22202 Patent Application Number: 20040132588 Date filed: November 4, 2003 Abstract: The invention concerns a device in particular for use in the field of sport practice and body-building, for a person's muscular exercise. Said device enables the development of quadriceps and of the gluteal muscles and comprises a support surface for the feet and means for applying a force of resistance to the movements of the person's legs to shift from a bent position to an extending position by unfolding the knees. The invention is characterised in that the force applying means comprise a harness pressing on the upper side of the thighs. The invention is applicable to the manufacture of body-building machine. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a device for the muscular exercise of an individual. More particularly, it is usable for developing the quadriceps and the
9
This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.
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buttocks muscles. The invention will find its application in the field of the production and use of machines for muscular develoment. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Muscular training apparatus Inventor(s): Go, Hwa Seag; (Uiwang City, KR), Yeo, In Cheoul; (Incheon City, KR) Correspondence: Cantor Colburn Llp; 55 Griffin Road South; Bloomfield; CT; 06002; US Patent Application Number: 20040142799 Date filed: June 3, 2003 Abstract: There is provided a muscular training apparatus that can be utilized without any limitation of a place, in which wires accumulating an elastic energy are repeatedly withdrawn and released, in order to train muscles of the human body. The muscular training apparatus includes a lengthy base (100), a fixed frame (300) fixed on the central portion of the base (100), a pair of wire reels (110, 210) rotatively coupled to one side of the fixed frame (300), wires (150, 250) each one end of which is fixed to each wire reel (110, 210) and each other end of which is wound around each wire reel (110, 210), spiral springs (120, 220) were as each one of which is fixed to each wire reel (110, 210) and were as the other end of which is fixed to the fixed frame (300), and grips (160, 260) connected to the other end of each wire (150, 250). Accordingly, the muscular training apparatus allows a user to have his or her feet supported on the base and repeatedly withdraw and release the wires, to thus enable a specific portion of the body to be trained. The muscular training apparatus is easy to carry and does not need an additional fixing unit. Thus, the muscular training apparatus can be conveniently used without any limitation of a training place. Also, the muscular training apparatus is simpler than the conventional training apparatus, to accordingly enable lightness and inexpensive production. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a muscular training apparatus for the purpose of contracting and releasing muscles in each portion of the human body including a stretching motion involving various positions. With a stationary piece of work out equipment it has a iron bar, a parallel bar, etc, and is used in the general use as a muscular training apparatus and is not portable but must always be in a fixed stationary position and is inconvenient for user's to use. In the stationary muscular training device a dedicated support brace is bracketed to either the wall or ceiling or attached to a dedicated support table and traction cables `4` are suspended so that weights `42` may be pulled through rollers `5` at portions extended toward both sides of the body `1` of the device, with the above combination muscular contraction and release can be performed by pulling the traction strips `4` or use of grips `41` combined with the respective ends of the traction strips `4` to desired positions. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with feet, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent,
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and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “feet” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on feet. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning feet. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.
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CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON FEET Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to feet. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on feet include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.
Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “feet” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on feet: •
Feet Can Last a Lifetime Source: Bethesda, MD: National Diabetes Information Clearinghouse (NDIC). 2003. [instructional packet]. Contact: Available from National Diabetes Information Clearinghouse (NDIC). 1 Information Way, Bethesda, MD 20892-3560. (800) 860-8747 or (301) 654-3327. Fax (301) 634-0716. E-mail:
[email protected]. Also available at http://www.ndep.nih.gov/. PRICE: Single copy free; $3.00 for each additional kit; Limit 6 kits. Order number: NDEP-2. Summary: People who have diabetes are vulnerable to nerve and vascular damage that can result in loss of protective sensation in the feet, poor circulation, and poor healing of foot ulcers. All of these conditions contribute to the high amputation rate in people with diabetes. Early identification of foot problems and early intervention to prevent problems from worsening can avert many amputations. This booklet is a kit designed
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for primary care and other health care providers who counsel people with diabetes about preventive health care practices, particularly foot care. The kit includes a quickreference pocket card on preventing diabetes foot problems; a disposable monofilament for sensory testing (attached to pocket card); instructions for a visual foot inspection; instructions and a reproducible form for an annual comprehensive foot exam; prescription forms to facilitate Medicare coverage of therapeutic footwear; additional tools to facilitate visual and comprehensive foot exams; a review of current research; a list of additional resources; and patient education materials. All of the materials in the kit may be reproduced without permission and shared with colleagues and patients. 10 figures. 5 tables. 65 references.
Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “feet” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover nonmedical books that use the generic term “feet” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “feet” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •
Anga kavya =: Ang kavya : nomenclature for hand movements and feet positions in Kathak by Birju Maharaj; ISBN: 8124108617; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/8124108617/icongroupinterna
•
Athletes' feet (Booklet of the month - Runner's world; no. 42); ISBN: 0890370508; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0890370508/icongroupinterna
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Freckly Feet and Itchy Knees by Michael Rosen, Sami Sweeten; ISBN: 0006635792; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0006635792/icongroupinterna
•
Happy Feet : A Child's Guide to Foot Reflexology (Little Angel Books) by Leia A. Stinnett; ISBN: 0929385888; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0929385888/icongroupinterna
•
Happy Hands & Feet (Kids' Stuff) by Cindy Mitchell; ISBN: 0865300623; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0865300623/icongroupinterna
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How to Doctor Your Feet Without a Doctor by Myles J. Schneider, Mark Sussman; ISBN: 0874917514; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0874917514/icongroupinterna
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Legs & Feet (Miles, Elizabeth, Animal Parts.) by Elizabeth Miles; ISBN: 1403400172; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1403400172/icongroupinterna
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Let Your Feet Walk to the Beat: Level 2 by Astor Books Audio; ISBN: 0943351308; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0943351308/icongroupinterna
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My Feet (Let's-Read-and-Find-Out Science 1) by Aliki; ISBN: 0064451062; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0064451062/icongroupinterna
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My Feet Are for Walking/2006 (First Happy Day Books) by Elaine Watson; ISBN: 0874031362; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0874031362/icongroupinterna
Books
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•
My Reflexologist Says Feet Don't Lie by Kevin Kunz, et al; ISBN: 0960607072; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0960607072/icongroupinterna
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No Mean Feet (Dialogues on Dance) by Liz Leblanc; ISBN: 0941240010; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0941240010/icongroupinterna
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On More Feet and Fingers by Jim Watson; ISBN: 0902363964; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0902363964/icongroupinterna
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Roses Are Pink, Your Feet Really Stink by Diane deGroat; ISBN: 0688152201; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0688152201/icongroupinterna
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Shoes: Chocolate For The Feet - A Cathy Collection by Cathy Guisewite; ISBN: 0740705555; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0740705555/icongroupinterna
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The Barefoot Hiker: A Book About Bare Feet and How Their Sensitivity Can Provide Not Only an Unique Dimension of Pleasure, but Also Significant Bene by Richard Keith Frazine; ISBN: 0898155258; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0898155258/icongroupinterna
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The Soles of Your Feet (My Body Science) by Genichiro Yagyu; ISBN: 0916291723; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0916291723/icongroupinterna
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Toe-rrific: A Simple Guide to Creating Beautiful Feet (Vol 1) by Elena Prostova (Author), Cathleen Shaw (Author); ISBN: 097456270X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/097456270X/icongroupinterna
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Up Close: Feet That Suck and Feed by Diane Swanson; ISBN: 1550547674; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1550547674/icongroupinterna
Chapters on Feet In order to find chapters that specifically relate to feet, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and feet using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “feet” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on feet: •
Vascular Disease In Diabetes: The Head, The Heart and the Feet Source: in Jagger, P.I. Endocrine Society 43rd Postgraduate Assembly Syllabus, San Diego, California, October 9-13, 1991. Bethesda, MD: The Endocrine Society Press. 1991. p. 460-467. Contact: Available from Endocrine Society Press. 9650 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20814-3998. (301) 571-1802. PRICE: $41. ISBN: 1879225034. Summary: This article comprises a chapter from the proceedings of the Endocrine Society's conference in October 1991. After presenting three case studies of vascular disease in diabetes, the author discusses the risk factors for vascular disease and the therapy for hypertension and hyperlipidemia and its complications in patients with diabetes. Specific topics include cholesterol levels, diabetic nephropathy, the use of
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thiazide diuretics and beta blockers, the benefits of diet therapy, and the potential dangers of recurring hypoglycemia in the diabetes population with vascular disease. 3 tables. 21 references. •
As a Diabetic, What Do I Need to Know About Diabetes and My Feet? Source: in Tremaine, M.D. and Awad, E.M. Foot and Ankle Sourcebook. Los Angeles, CA: Lowell House. 1994. p. 127-148. Contact: Available from Lowell House. 2029 Century Park East, Suite 3290, Los Angeles, CA 90067. (310) 552-7555. Fax (310) 552-7573. PRICE: $26. ISBN: 1565651502. Summary: This chapter, from a comprehensive health education handbook about foot and ankle problems, reviews the special considerations and precautions necessary for people with diabetes who are concerned about proper foot care. The author stresses that diligence can help readers avoid some of the serious diabetes foot complications that can result in infection, amputation, or even death. Sections in the chapter cover the natural history of diabetes and related foot problems; diabetic vascular disease and its symptoms; peripheral neuropathy; Charcot arthropathy and related ulcers and infection; self-help suggestions, focusing on patient education and a teamwork approach; medical treatment; and surgical treatment, including expectations and complications. The chapter concludes with commonly asked questions and their answers and a brief glossary of relevant terms.
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CHAPTER 7. MULTIMEDIA ON FEET Overview In this chapter, we show you how to keep current on multimedia sources of information on feet. We start with sources that have been summarized by federal agencies, and then show you how to find bibliographic information catalogued by the National Library of Medicine.
Video Recordings An excellent source of multimedia information on feet is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to “Videorecording” and “feet” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find video productions, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Videorecording (videotape, videocassette, etc.).” Type “feet” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for video recordings on feet: •
Feet First Video Source: Harrisburg, PA: Pennsylvania Diabetes Academy. 2001. (videocassette). Contact: Available from Pennsylvania Diabetes Academy. 777 East Park Drive, P.O. Box 8820, Harrisburg, PA 17105-8820. (717) 558-7750 ext. 1271. Fax (717) 558-7818. E-mail:
[email protected]. PRICE: $14.95. Summary: This videotape program is designed to encourage older people with diabetes to take an active part in their own daily foot care, in the interest of preventing foot complications. The videotape is animated with cartoon drawings, depicting older people. The program covers the physiology of cells and how both diabetes and aging can impact the circulation system, particularly that affecting the feet. The program emphasizes that proper foot care can prevent most foot and leg amputations. The program outlines the different ways that diabetic complications, such as peripheral neuropathy and autonomic neuropathy, can affect the feet, causing changes in foot size and shape, and causing some reflexes to be lost, including those for hot, cold, and pain. Signs of circulation problems in the feet including cramps (particularly pain upon
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resting), cold feet, a pale, shiny, purple or puffy appearance, cuts and bruises that heal slowly, feet looking dry and cracked, toenails thickened or infected, and corns or callouses. The program then describes ways to prevent foot problems related to pressure, cold or hot, smoking, breaks in the skin, or infection. Viewers are encouraged to inspect their feet daily, to wear clean socks, to test water temperatures before bathing feet, to treat corns and callouses, to properly care for toenails, and to wear shoes that fit. The program concludes with a list of what not to do.
Audio Recordings The Combined Health Information Database contains abstracts on audio productions. To search CHID, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find audio productions, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Sound Recordings.” Type “feet” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for sound recordings on feet: •
Serving Individuals with Diabetes who are Blind or Visually Impaired: A Resource Guide for Vocational Rehabilitation Counselors Source: Mississippi State, MS: Rehabilitation Research and Training Center on Blindness and Low Vision, Mississippi State University. 1997. 227 p. Contact: Available from Rehabilitation Research and Training Center on Blindness and Low Vision, Mississippi State University. Publications Manager, P.O. Drawer 6189, Mississippi State, MS 39762. (601) 325-2001 or (601) 325-8693. Fax (601) 325-8989. TDD (601) 325-8693. PRICE: $25.00 in any format. Summary: This resource guide is designed to help counselors better serve individuals with diabetes who are blind or visually impaired. The guide refers readers to a large collection of resources on various diabetes publications, medications, and appliances. Five sections cover an introduction to diabetes; self management; current medical issues; employment issues; and emotional aspects of diabetes. Topics include myths about diabetes; diabetic eye disease; new nutrition guidelines for diabetes management; oral diabetes medications; diabetes and medications; insulin and measurement devices and systems; maintaining the proper temperature of insulin; blood glucose control; 'talking' blood glucose monitoring systems; and noninvasive glucose monitors. The authors also discuss diabetes and the feet; kidney failure, dialysis, and transplantation; pancreas transplantation; arthritis and diabetes; diabetes and yeast infections; hypoglycemia; diabetic peripheral neuropathy; diabetes and men's sexual health; cardiovascular health; diabetic ketoacidosis; diabetic dermopathy; diabetes and the Individualized Written Rehabilitation Program (IWRP); the use of Braille; health insurance; and scleral shells. The book's appendix includes lists of diabetes-related organizations, publications, listservs, and World Wide Web sites; sources of low-sugar products and products for the blind; and diabetes equipment and supplies, including insulin syringe magnifiers. The resource guide is available in large print, Braille, audiocassette, and computer diskette.
•
Relaxation and Visualization Contact: University of California San Francisco, AIDS Health Project, PO Box 0884, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0884, (415) 476-6430.
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Summary: This sound recording presents a session on relaxation and visualization produced by the University of California at San Francisco, for a project on Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), which is caused by the Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). In a 20-minute session, the leader conducts the listening audience through a series of deep breathing and relaxation exercises. He tells his listeners to close their eyes and concentrate on their breathing. Synthesizer music is played in the background throughout most of the sound recording. After the breathing exercises, he moves slowly up the body, starting with the feet and suggests relaxation of each muscle group in turn. He then suggests that his listeners form a mental image of themselves, unstressed, confident, and at peace. Then he counts from one to ten, and tells his listeners that they are becoming present and alert before they open their eyes.
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CHAPTER 8. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON FEET Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover feet.
News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on feet is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “feet” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to feet. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “feet” (or synonyms). The NIH Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date
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at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “feet” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “feet” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to feet, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “feet” (or synonyms).
Newsletters on Feet Find newsletters on feet using the Combined Health Information Database (CHID). You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To access CHID, go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Limit your search to “Newsletter” and “feet.” Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter.” Type “feet” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following list was generated using the options described above:
Periodicals and News
•
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Kidney Failure in Sarcoidosis Source: Sarcoidosis Networking. 8(3): 3. 2000. Contact: Available from Sarcoid Network Association. Sarcoidosis Networking, 13925 80th Street East, Puyallup, WA 98372-3614. Email:
[email protected]. Summary: Sarcoidosis is a chronic, progressive systemic granulomatous (causing lesions) disease of unknown cause (etiology), involving almost any organ or tissue, including the skin, lungs, lymph nodes, liver, spleen, eyes, and small bones of the hands or feet. This brief article, from a newsletter for patients with sarcoidosis, reviews the complications of kidney failure in sarcoidosis. Granulomatous infiltration of the kidney may be present in as many as 40 percent of patients with sarcoidosis, but it is rarely extensive enough to cause renal (kidney) dysfunction. The lesions are usually responsive to steroid therapy. Kidney failure has also been diagnosed in patients with sarcoidosis without the presence of lesions, possibly due to hypercalcemia (too much calcium in the blood), involvement of the glomerular filter system, and renal arteritis (inflammation of the arteries of the kidney), which may be associated with severe high blood pressure. It is recommended that all people with active sarcoidosis be screened for hypercalciuria (high levels of calcium in the urine). This may precede development of hypercalcemia, which should be treated. Glucocorticoids are the main choice of therapy and do seem to reduce levels of urinary calcium to normal within a few days. People with sarcoidosis may also have severe pain; the frequent use of pain medication can be another cause of kidney failure. People who take pain medication should ask their physicians to evaluate their kidneys on a regular basis. 9 references.
Newsletter Articles Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “feet” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on feet: •
Treatment Complexities of the Turner's Syndrome Patient Source: Oral-B Case Studies in Dental Hygiene. 1(1): 1-4,6-8. Summer 2003. Contact: Available from Oral-B Case Studies in Dental Hygiene, Professional Audience Communications, Inc. P.O. Box 243, Yardley, PA 19067. (800) 446-7252. Website: www.oralb.com/dentalpros. Summary: Effective patient assessment is critical to the delivery of high quality dental hygiene care. This article helps dental hygienists understand the treatment complexities of working with patients with Turner's syndrome, a complex medical condition characterized by oral, physical, and psychological features. Common physical characteristics of Turner's syndrome patients include short stature, webbed neck, and hypoplastic pinna (underdeveloped outer ears), underdeveloped or shield chest with wide-spaced nipples, and edema of the hands and feet. Oral features associated with Turner's syndrome include high arched and narrow palate, occurrence of cleft palate at
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higher-than-normal frequency, significantly smaller mesio-distal dimensions of the teeth, bifurcated roots and reduced root length, particularly in the maxilla (upper jaw), premature tooth eruption, increased molarization of premolars, and the presence of hypoplasia. The article then describes a case of the management of a patient diagnosed with Turner's syndrome. The young woman (age 21 years) presented with severe retrognathia, posterior open bite, crossbite on the right side, generalized enamel hypoplasia, shortened roots, thin dentin, compromised dexterity, osteoporosis, mitral valve prolapse, and low self-esteem. The dentist and dental hygienist provided this patient with comprehensive care in consultation with the patient's physician and other dental specialists. A posttest with which readers can obtain continuing education credit is appended to the article. 5 figures. 2 tables. 29 references. •
High-Impact Aerobics are not for Everyone Source: Tufts University Health and Nutrition Letter. 19(2):3. April 2001. Contact: Health and Nutrition Letter, 10 High Street, Suite 706, Boston, MA 02110. Summary: Research by investigators at the University of Cambridge in England found that participating in high-impact physical activity is linked to stronger bones and a lowered risk of fractures. Anything involving bouncy movements, such as running, aerobic dance, or tennis, in which the feet repeatedly leave the ground and land hard enough to stress joints, muscles, and bones significantly, is termed high impact. Such activity, however, can submit the skeleton to forces five to seven times greater than one's body weight, which raises the risk of injury. Nicholas DiNublie, orthopedic consultant to the Philadelphia 76ers basketball team and the Pennsylvania Ballet, advises that 'people with musculoskeletal ailments should avoid high-impact activities.' Those with knee pain, a bad back, or sore shoulders should stick with swimming, cycling, brisk walking, or other low-impact exercises that do not jar the body. People with arthritis or osteoporosis, as well as people with foot and ankle problems, should also concentrate on low-impact exercises. Elderly people and those with neurologic conditions that affect balance, run the risk of falling if they participate in high-impact aerobic activity. Dr. DiNublie recommends activities such as T'ai Chi--a low-impact method of exercise that improves balance and overall fitness.
•
Vary Your Workout for Total Fitness Source: American Institute for Cancer Research Newsletter. p. 4,5. Issue 81. Fall 2003. Contact: American Institute for Cancer Research. 1759 R Street, NW, Washington, DC 20009. 202/328-7744. Summary: This article explains how different types of exercise add up to total fitness. Walking briskly for 30 to 60 minutes each day can increase endurance by building stamina of the heart, lungs, and circulatory system. Exercise can also provide flexibility, muscular strength, and balance. This article describes how to strength train with moves that target the biceps, shoulders, arms, feet, knees, hamstrings, calves, and ankles. Illustrations demonstrate the proper technique.
•
Better Balance: Staying Upright in a Wobbly World Source: Mayo Clinic Women's Healthsource. 3(9): 7. September 1999. Contact: Available from Mayo Clinic Women's Health Source. P.O. Box 56931, Boulder, CO 80322-6931. (800) 876-8633 or (303) 604-1465.
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Summary: This article, from a women's health newsletter, reviews the problem of balance disorders and offers strategies for maintaining and improving one's sense of balance. The author notes that there are a number of factors that contribute to the ability to stand on one's own two feet, including muscle strength, reaction time, eyesight, inner ear cells that regulate equilibrium, and sensory nerves in the feet (which help determine where one is in relation to the ground). Unfortunately, all of these factors deteriorate with age. The article outlines strength training and other exercises that can help prevent this deterioration. The author concludes that it is becoming increasingly apparent that doing exercises to build strength and enhance balance is an important complement to maintaining cardiovascular fitness through aerobic movement.
Academic Periodicals covering Feet Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to feet. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering feet that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”
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CHAPTER 9. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.
U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for feet. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a non-profit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI Advice for the Patient can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with feet. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.). The following
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drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to feet: Anakinra •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Kineret http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500349.html
Botulinum Toxin Type A •
Parenteral-Local - U.S. Brands: Botox http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202608.html
Capsaicin •
Topical - U.S. Brands: Zostrix; Zostrix-HP http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202626.html
Crotamiton •
Topical - U.S. Brands: Eurax Cream; Eurax Lotion http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202170.html
Didanosine •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Videx http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202616.html
Ergotamine, Belladonna Alkaloids, and Phenobarbital •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Bellergal-S http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202217.html
Griseofulvin •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Fulvicin P/G; Fulvicin-U/F; Grifulvin V; Grisactin; Grisactin Ultra; Gris-PEG http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202268.html
Leuprolide •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Lupron; Lupron Depot; Lupron Depot-3 Month 11.25 mg; Lupron Depot-3 Month 22.5 mg; Lupron Depot-4 Month 30 mg; Lupron Depot-Ped; Viadur http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202322.html
Lindane •
Topical - U.S. Brands: Kwell; Thionex http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202329.html
Methysergide •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Sansert http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202363.html
Miconazole •
Topical - U.S. Brands: Micatin; Monistat-Derm; Zeasorb-AF http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202371.html
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Nystatin •
Topical - U.S. Brands: Mycostatin; Nilstat; Nystex; Nystop; Pedi-Dri http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202418.html
Octreotide •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Sandostatin; Sandostatin LAR Depot http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202421.html
Pegvisomant •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Somavert http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500469.html
Permethrin •
Topical - U.S. Brands: Acticin Cream; Elimite Cream; Nix Cream Rinse http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202452.html
Salicylic Acid •
Topical - U.S. Brands: Antinea; Buf-Puf Acne Cleansing Bar with Vitamin E; Calicylic Creme; Clear Away; Clear by Design Medicated Cleansing Pads; Clearasil Clearstick Maximum Strength Topical Solution; Clearasil Clearstick Regular Strength Topical Solution; Clearasil Double Textured Pads Maximum Strength; Clearasil Double Textured Pads Regular Strength; Clearasil Medicated Deep Cleanser Topical Solution; Compound W Gel; Compound W Liquid; Duofilm; Duoplant Topical Solution; Freezone; Gordofilm; Hydrisalic; Ionax Astringent Skin Cleanser Topical Solution; Ionil Plus Shampoo; Ionil Shampoo; Keralyt; Keratex Gel; Lactisol; Listerex Golden Scrub Lotion; Listerex Herbal Scrub Lotion; Mediplast; Noxzema Anti-Acne Gel; Noxzema Anti-Acne Pads Maximum Strength; Noxzema Anti-Acne Pads Regular Strength; Occlusal Topical Solution; Occlusal-HP Topical Solution; Off-Ezy Topical Solution Corn & Callus Remover Kit; Off-Ezy Topical Solution Wart Removal Kit; Oxy Clean Medicated Cleanser; Oxy Clean Medicated Pads Maximum Strength; Oxy Clean Medicated Pads Regular Strength; Oxy Clean Medicated Pads Sensitive Skin; Oxy Night Watch Maximum Strength Lotion; Oxy Night Watch Sensitive Skin Lotion; P&S; Paplex; Paplex Ultra; Propa pH Medicated Acne Cream Maximum Strength; Propa pH Medicated Cleansing Pads Maximum Strength; Propa pH Medicated Cleansing Pads Sensitive Skin; Propa pH Perfectly Clear Skin Cleanser Topical Solution Normal/Combination Skin; Propa pH Perfectly Clear Skin Cleanser Topical Solution Oily Skin; Propa pH Perfectly Clear Skin Cleanser Topical Solution Sensitive Skin Formula; Salac; Salacid; Sal-Acid Plaster; Salactic Film Topical Solution; Sal-Clens Plus Shampoo; Sal-Clens Shampoo; Saligel; Salonil; Sal-Plant Gel Topical Solution; Sebucare; Stri-Dex Dual Textured Pads Maximum Strength; Stri-Dex Dual Textured Pads Regular Strength; Stri-Dex Dual Textured Pads Sensitive Skin; Stri-Dex Maximum Strength Pads; Stri-Dex Regular Strength Pads; Stri-Dex Super Scrub Pads; Trans-Plantar; Trans-Ver-Sal; Verukan Topical Solution; Verukan-HP Topical Solution; Viranol; Viranol Ultra; Wart-Off Topical Solution; X-Seb http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202516.html
Stavudine •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Zerit
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http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202728.html Terbinafine •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Lamisil http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202760.html
Thiamine (Vitamin B 1) •
Vitamin B 1 - U.S. Brands: Biamine http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202560.html
Tolnaftate •
Topical - U.S. Brands: Aftate for Athlete's Foot Aerosol Spray Liquid; Aftate for Athlete's Foot Aerosol Spray Powder; Aftate for Athlete's Foot Gel; Aftate for Athlete's Foot Sprinkle Powder; Aftate for Jock Itch Aerosol Spray Powder; Aftate for Jock Itch Gel; Aftate for Jock Itch Sprinkle Powder; Genaspore Cream; NP-27 Cream; NP-27 Powder; NP-27 Solution; NP-27 Spray Powder; Tinactin Aerosol Liquid; Tinactin Aerosol Powder; Tinactin Antifungal Deodorant Powder Aerosol; Tinactin Cream; Tinactin Jock Itch Cream; Tinactin Jock Itch Spray Powder; Tinactin Powder; Tinactin Solution; Ting Antifungal Cream; Ting Antifungal Powder; Ting Antifungal Spray Liquid; Ting Antifungal Spray Powder; Zeasorb-AF Powder http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202572.html
Undecylenic Acid, Compound •
Topical - U.S. Brands: Caldesene Medicated Powder; Cruex Antifungal Cream; Cruex Antifungal Powder; Cruex Antifungal Spray Powder; Decylenes Powder; Desenex Antifungal Cream; Desenex Antifungal Liquid; Desenex Antifungal Ointment; Desenex Antifungal Penetrating Foam; Desenex Antifungal Powder; Desenex Antifungal Spray Powder; Gordochom Solution http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202582.html
Zalcitabine •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: HIVID http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202652.html
Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.
Mosby’s Drug Consult Mosby’s Drug Consult database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/.
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PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html. Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee. If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.
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APPENDICES
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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.
NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute10: •
Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm
•
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/
•
National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html
•
National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25
•
National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm
•
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm
•
National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375
•
National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/
10
These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.
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•
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm
•
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/
•
National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm
•
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm
•
National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/
•
National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/
•
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm
•
National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html
•
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm
•
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm
•
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm
•
National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html
•
National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm
•
Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp
•
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/
•
National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp
•
Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html
•
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm
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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.11 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:12 •
Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html
•
HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html
•
NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html
•
Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
•
Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html
•
Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html
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Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/
•
Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html
•
Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html
•
Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html
•
MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html
11
Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 12 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.
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•
Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html
•
Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html
The NLM Gateway13 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.14 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “feet” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total
Items Found 37028 1290 553 67 2103 41041
HSTAT15 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.16 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.17 Simply search by “feet” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.
13
Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.
14
The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 15 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 16 17
The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.
Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.
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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists18 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.19 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.20 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.
Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •
CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.
•
Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.
18 Adapted 19
from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.
The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 20 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.
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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on feet can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.
Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to feet. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to feet. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “feet”:
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Foot Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/foothealth.html Foot Injuries and Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/footinjuriesanddisorders.html Heel Injuries and Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/heelinjuriesanddisorders.html Toe Injuries and Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/toeinjuriesanddisorders.html You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on feet. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •
Diabetes and Your Feet Source: Yardley, PA: The StayWell Company: KRAMES Health and Safety Education. 2003. 16 p. Contact: StayWell Company: KRAMES Health and Safety Education. 780 Township Line Road, Yardley, PA 19067. (800) 333-3032. Fax: (866) 722-4377. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.staywell.com. PRICE: Single copy free; $1.59 each. Item number: 11421. Summary: Diabetes can damage nerves in the feet (neuropathy) which makes it hard for people with diabetes to feel injuries or sore spots on their feet. Diabetes can also change blood flow, making it harder for small problems, like a blister, to heal properly. This brochure provides information about the impact of diabetes on the feet, including working with the podiatrist, and preventing and treating problems. Specific topics include the anatomy and physiology of the normal foot, common foot problems, how to inspect the feet, the symptoms of ulcers and wounds, the podiatrist's role, proper footwear, how infections are diagnosed and treated, and the role of adequate exercise. The brochure includes a list of self-care tips for proper foot care. One section lists the web sites and the toll-free telephone numbers of three organizations that can provide readers with more information about diabetes and foot care. The brochure is illustrated with full-color drawings of a variety of people engaged in appropriate foot care behaviors. 21 figures.
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Caring for Your Feet Source: Indianapolis, IN: Eli Lilly and Company. 1994. 2 p. Contact: Available from Eli Lilly and Company. Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285. (800) 545-5979 or (317) 276-2000. PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: It is estimated that 50 to 75 percent of amputations could be avoided through proper foot care and early detection and treatment of foot problems. Important points to remember about the feet and diabetes are: diabetes can damage blood vessels in lower legs and feet, resulting in poor circulation; diabetes can cause nerve damage in the feet, causing the foot to be insensitive to pain from injuries; foot problems can quickly become very serious; and serious foot problems usually start in people over 40, who have had diabetes more than 10 years. To assist people with diabetes in avoiding foot problems, recommendations for foot care are provided. A list of actions the doctor can do at each examination to help prevent serious foot problems also is included.
•
Love Your Feet Source: Princeton, NJ: Novo Nordisk Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 1992. 9 p. Contact: Available from Novo Nordisk Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 211 Carnegie Center, Princeton, NJ 08540. (800) 727-6500; in New Jersey (609) 987-5800. PRICE: Free. Summary: This booklet discusses foot-care concerns, noting that individuals with diabetes are at high risk of developing foot problems. Seven steps are given for maintaining healthy feet, including care of toenails, proper fit of shoes and socks, diet, and visits to the doctor. A checklist of symptoms is provided along with corresponding actions to alleviate the problem. The booklet is also available in Spanish.
•
Taking Care of Your Feet Source: Minneapolis, MN: Park Nicollet Health Source. 1997. 15 p. Contact: Available from Park Nicollet Health Source. 3800 Park Nicollet Boulevard, Minneapolis, MN 55416. (800) 372-7776 or (612) 993-3534. Fax (612) 993-1840. PRICE: $1.95 for 1-9 copies; $1.75 for 10-99 copies; $1.60 for 100-499 copies. ISBN: 1885115229. Summary: This booklet provides information for people with diabetes about preventing serious foot problems. Foot problems begin when high blood glucose levels cause damage to nerves in the feet. Most foot problems, though, can be prevented or healed before they become serious. The booklet advises readers to follow five steps that can reduce the chances of developing foot problems: control blood glucose levels, practice good foot care habits, check feet daily, treat problems immediately, and visit a health care provider regularly. Good foot care habits include washing feet daily, trimming toenails straight across with a toenail clipper, and wearing shoes that fit well. The booklet includes several pen and ink illustrations and lists of tips relevant to each of the five steps addressed. The booklet concludes with a list of things not to do. (AA-M).
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Guide to Taking Care of Your Feet Source: Alexandria, VA: American Diabetes Association. 2001. [4 p.]. Contact: Available from American Diabetes Association (ADA). Order Fulfillment Department, P.O. Box 930850, Atlanta, GA 31193-0850. (800) 232-6733. Fax (770) 4429742. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.diabetes.org. PRICE: $4.90 for package of 50; plus shipping and handling. Order number: 5983-14.
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Summary: This brochure helps readers with diabetes understand the importance of taking caring of their feet, to prevent short-term and long-term complications. Topics include how high blood glucose levels can damage the nerves and blood vessels that go to the feet, the importance of checking one's feet every day, coping with foot problems (including calluses and corns), choosing appropriate footwear, and working in tandem with one's health care providers to prevent and manage any foot problems. One miniarticle reviews step-by-step the parts of a comprehensive self foot examination. One sidebar reports a mock interview between a certified diabetes educator and a patient discussing the role of good footwear, daily foot examinations, and coping with foot complications. The brochure includes space for readers to record their health care provider's contact information. The brochure is copiously illustrated with brightly colored graphics. •
Take Care of Your Feet for a Lifetime: A Guide for People with Diabetes. (Cuide Sus Pies Durante: Toda Su Vida) Source: Bethesda, MD: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health. 2001. 12 p. Contact: Available from National Diabetes Information Clearinghouse (NDIC). 1 Information Way, Bethesda, MD 20892-3560. (800) 860-8747 or (301) 654-3327. Fax (301) 634-0716. E-mail:
[email protected]. Also available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/. PRICE: Single copy free; bulk copies available. Order number: NDEP-4. Summary: This brochure provides foot care guidelines to help people with diabetes avoid serious foot problems. Suggestions include taking care of one's diabetes by making healthy lifestyle choices to help keep blood sugar close to normal and by working with a health care team to make a diabetes plan that fits one's lifestyle; checking feet every day for cuts, sores, red spots, swelling, and infected toenails; washing feet every day; using skin lotion, cream, or petroleum jelly on the tops and bottoms of the feet to keep the skin soft and smooth; and using a pumice stone to smooth corns and calluses. Other guidelines include trimming toenails each week or when needed, wearing shoes and socks at all times, protecting the feet from hot and cold, keeping the blood flowing to the feet, engaging in exercises that are easy on the feet, and asking the doctor about various aspects of foot care. The brochure also presents tips for proper footwear, comments on Medicare coverage for special footwear, lists sources of additional information, and provides a foot care tip sheet that can be removed from the brochure.
•
Take Good Care of Your Feet: Straight Facts About Foot Care and Foot Problems Source: London, Ontario, Canada: Dermal Therapy. 1990. 2 p. Contact: Available from Dermal Therapy. 3 Sprucedale Court, London, Ontario, CANADA N5X2N9. (800) 668-8000. PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: This brochure reviews the basics of everyday foot care and foot problems. Topics include feet and the role of circulation, the problem of athlete's foot, corns and calluses, diabetes and foot disorders, a skin care product called Urea and healthy feet, toenail troubles, and the role of professional care for your feet. A list of seven footcare suggestions for people with diabetes is included. The brochure is produced by the manufacturer of Urea, a moisturizer.
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Diabetes and Your Body: How to Take Care of Your Eyes and Feet Source: Kansas City, MO: American Academy of Family Physicians. 2000. 2 p. Contact: Available from American Academy of Family Physicians. 11400 Tomahawk Creek Parkway, Leawood, KS 66211-2672. (800) 274-2237. Website: www.aafp.org. PRICE: $22.00 for 100 copies for members, $33.00 for 100 copies for nonmembers. Summary: This brochure, which is presented in question and answer format, provides information about taking care of eyes and feet. The brochure notes that people with diabetes should have their eyes and feet examined at least once a year. The brochure also suggests the following preventive measures: controlling blood sugar, blood pressure, and cholesterol; exercising; following a healthy diet; quitting smoking; and avoiding alcohol. Topics include the effect of diabetes on the body, eye complications, eye care, foot complications, and foot care. Sidebars discuss preventing foot and eye problems, foot care, and deciding when to call a health care provider. (AA-M).
•
Diabetic Foot Care: Treatment and Self-Care for Healthy Feet Source: San Bruno, CA: Krames Health and Safety Education. 2001. 16 p. Contact: Available from Krames Health and Safety Education. Order Department, 1100 Grundy Lane, San Bruno, CA 94066-9821. (800) 333-3032. Fax (650) 244-4512. Website: www.Krames.com. PRICE: $1.59 per copy; bulk discounts available. Order number 1488 (English) or 1902 (Spanish). Summary: This educational booklet provides detailed information about foot care for people with diabetes. Written in easily understandable language, the booklet covers the contribution of diabetes to foot problems; the role of the podiatrist; a comparison of a healthy foot and a foot compromised by diabetes; diagnostic tests used to diagnose or confirm particular foot problems; preventing foot infections, with self examination, routine foot care, and customized footwear; treating foot infections; and a guide to self care of the feet, including symptoms to look for, the proper footwear, exercises for the feet, and everyday tips to help prevent foot problems. The booklet is illustrated with colorful line drawings depicting different ethnic groups and ages, and is available in English or Spanish.
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Diabetes Feet and Skin Problems Source: in Griffith, H.W. Instructions for Patients. 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Company. 1994. p. 118. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company. Book Order Fulfillment, 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 32887-4430. (800) 545-2522. Fax (800) 874-6418. PRICE: $49.95. ISBN: 0721649300 (English); 0721669972 (Spanish). Summary: This fact sheet on diabetes foot and skin problems is from a compilation of instructions for patients, published in book format. The fact sheet provides information in three sections: basic information, including a description of the condition, frequent signs and symptoms, causes, risk factors, preventive measures, expected outcome, and possible complications; treatment, including general measures, medication, activity guidelines, and diet; and when to contact one's health care provider. The fact sheet can be photocopied and distributed to patients as a reinforcement of oral instructions and as a teaching tool. The book in which the fact sheet appears is available in English or Spanish.
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Taking Care of Your Feet: Staying One Step Ahead Source: Lexington, KY: Lexington-Fayette County Health Department. 199x. 7 p. Contact: Available from Lexington-Fayette County Health Department. Division of Nutrition and Health Education, 650 Newtown Pike, Lexington, KY 40508. (606) 2882333. Fax (606) 288-2359. PRICE: $38.00 per 25 copies plus shipping. Summary: This guide to foot care is one in a series of 22 diabetes education materials that combine practical tips and humorous drawings with current diabetes information. The series is written at a sixth grade reading level and is designed to teach and motivate patients to take care of themselves. The booklet provides specific suggestions for readers to implement in their everyday diabetes management. The authors first describe the causes of foot problems in people with diabetes, including nerve damage (neuropathy), blood flow (circulation), and high blood glucose levels (hyperglycemia). Recommendations are provided for avoiding these problems, including quitting smoking, increasing exercise, wearing good shoes, performing foot inspections every day, not going barefoot, adapting slowly to new shoes, daily hygienic care, and obtaining regular foot care from the physician. The authors also list the components of a regular daily foot check. The authors emphasize the importance of regular foot care in preventing serious foot problems, including amputation.
•
Diabetes and Your Feet: Podiatric Care and Treatment Source: San Bruno, CA: StayWell Company. 1999. 15 p. Contact: Available from StayWell Company. Order Department, 1100 Grundy Lane, San Bruno, CA 94066-9821. (800) 333-3032. Fax (650) 244-4512. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.staywell.com. PRICE: $1.35 plus shipping and handling; bulk copies available. Summary: This illustrated booklet provides information on foot care people who have diabetes. Diabetes can affect nerves in the feet and keep people from feeling pain, pressure, heat, or cold, or it can cause reduced blood flow and prevent injuries from healing. In addition, shifting bones can cause the feet to become deformed, and collapsed arch joints may no longer absorb pressure and provide stability. Foot infections such as ulcers and bone infections can also develop. A foot evaluation consists of a review of a person's diabetes history and overall health, a foot examination, and xrays or other diagnostic tests. Warning signs of foot problems include color changes; swelling; temperature changes; sensation changes; hot spots; cracks, sores, and ulcers; ingrown toenails; and drainage and odor. A podiatrist can help a person who has diabetes prevent foot infections by examining the person's feet on a regular basis, teaching the person about self care, offering routine foot care, and providing customized footwear or inserts. Self care measures include protecting feet with the right shoes and socks, exercising the feet, giving feet special care, and controlling diabetes. Treatment and follow up of minor foot problems are important to prevent infections. Surgical intervention may be needed to treat severe infections.
•
Take Care of Your Feet for a Lifetime Source: Bethesda, MD: National Diabetes Information Clearinghouse (NDIC). 2003. [16 p.]. Contact: Available from National Diabetes Information Clearinghouse (NDIC). 1 Information Way, Bethesda, MD 20892-3560. (800) 860-8747 or (301) 654-3327. Fax (301) 634-0716. E-mail:
[email protected]. Also available at
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http://www.ndep.nih.gov/. PRICE: Single copy free; Full-text available online at no charge. Order number: 01-4285. Summary: This illustrated patient booklet provides step-by-step instructions for proper foot care for people with diabetes. Topics include the importance of foot care, the basics of general diabetes management, the steps to proper foot care, footwear, skin care, the role of exercise, and how to work in close tandem with one's health care providers. The author provides specific, practical strategies for preventing foot problems. The booklet concludes with the contact information for a variety of related resource organizations. The booklet includes a tear-off reminder card and a patient 'To Do' list, suitable for hanging on a bulletin board. •
Feet Can Last a Lifetime: A Health Care Provider's Guide to Preventing Diabetes Foot Problems Source: Bethesda, MD: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. 1997. (information package). Contact: Available from National Diabetes Information Clearinghouse (NDIC). 1 Information Way, Bethesda, MD 20892-3560. (800) 860-8747 or (301) 654-3327. Fax (301) 634-0716. E-mail:
[email protected]. Also available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/. PRICE: Single copy free; bulk orders available. Order number: NDEP-2. Summary: This information package includes foot care materials designed for health care professionals who counsel people with diabetes about preventive health care practices. The package emphasizes the four basic steps for preventive foot care: early identification, early diagnosis, early intervention, and patient education. The package includes a 10 gram, nylon sensory testing monofilament and instructions for using it to test a patient's susceptibility to foot ulcers. A booklet lists steps for preventing diabetes foot problems and foot screening instructions. The booklet also includes a screening form for diabetes foot disease, a certification statement and a prescription form for therapeutic footwear, a research review relevant to the prevention and early intervention for diabetes foot problems, a resource list, and an order form. One page of the booklet addresses Medicare coverage of therapeutic footwear for people with diabetes. A smaller illustrated booklet is designed for health care professionals to distribute to their patients. Twelve numbered tips encourage readers to take care of their diabetes, check and wash their feet daily, keep their skin soft, smooth corns and calluses gently, trim toenails each week or as often as necessary, wear shoes and socks at all times, protect feet from temperature extremes, keep blood flowing to the feet, be more active, and consult with a doctor. This booklet concludes with a list of organizations to contact for more information and a to-do list. The information package also includes a laminated quick reference guide with steps for preventing diabetes foot problems on one side and a foot screening exam on the reverse. Copier-ready masters include a screening form for diabetes foot disease, high risk feet stickers to place on medical records as a reminder, and a Medicare certification statement and prescription form for theraupeutic footwear. A fourth copier-ready master is designed for people with diabetes and includes foot care tips on one side and a to-do list on the reverse. All of the materials in the kit, which are included in a folder, may be reproduced without permission and shared as appropriate with colleagues and patients. 31 references. (AAM).
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Caring for Your Feet: Care of the Foot in Diabetes: The Carville Approach Source: Carville, LA: Gillis W. Long Hansen's Disease Center. 1993. (information package). Contact: Available from Gillis W. Long Hansen's Disease Center. Rehabilitation Branch, 5445 Point Clair Road, Carville, LA 70721. (504) 642-4710. PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: This information packet consists of a videotape and supporting materials about the Lower Extremity Amputation Prevention (LEAP) Program, developed by physicians at the Gillis W. Long Hansen's Diseases Center in Carville, LA, a facility of the Public Health Service of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The program is designed to train family practice and internal medicine physicians, in an effort to reduce the number of lower extremity amputations. The videotape and a patient education brochure, designed to reach patients with limited reading skills, stress the importance of daily self inspection of the foot, appropriate footwear selection, and the management of simple foot problems. The foot screening booklet is designed to help health care providers learn the screening process, using a monofilament and a recommended Diabetic Foot Screen form (included); an order sheet for the monofilaments and a pad of forms is included. The booklet also describes the basic concepts of the LEAP program: annual foot screening; patient education, appropriate footwear selection, daily self-inspection of the foot, and the management of simple foot problems. Healthfinder™
Healthfinder™ is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and offers links to hundreds of other sites that contain healthcare information. This Web site is located at http://www.healthfinder.gov. Again, keyword searches can be used to find guidelines. The following was recently found in this database: •
Facts and Answers to FAQs on Feet and Foot Disorders Summary: A general overview of the foot including foot problems and foot care. Source: American Podiatric Medical Association http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=4290
•
Foot Swelling when Traveling Summary: Swelling (edema) of the feet is common during long airline flights. The main factor that contributes to the problem is physical inactivity. Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7051
•
Prevent Diabetes Problems: Keep Your Feet and Skin Healthy Summary: Describes how diabetes can damage feet and skin and how people with diabetes can take care of themselves to prevent common complications. Source: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6527
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The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to feet. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
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Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics
Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to feet. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with feet. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about feet. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797.
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Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “feet” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “feet”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “feet” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “feet” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”
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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.
Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.21
Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.
Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of
21
Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.
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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)22: •
Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/
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Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)
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Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm
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California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html
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California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html
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California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html
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California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)
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California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/
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California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp
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California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html
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California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/
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California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/
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California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/
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California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html
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California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/
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Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/
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Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/
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Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/
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Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.
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Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml
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Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm
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Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html
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Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm
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Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp
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Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/
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Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm
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Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html
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Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/
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Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm
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Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/
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Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/
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Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/
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Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm
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Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html
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Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm
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Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/
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Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/
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Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10
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Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/
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Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html
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Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp
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Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp
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Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/
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Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html
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Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm
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Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp
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Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/
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Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html
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Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/
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Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm
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Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/
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Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html
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Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm
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Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330
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Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)
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National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html
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National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/
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National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/
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Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm
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New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/
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New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm
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New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm
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New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/
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New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html
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New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/
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New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html
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New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/
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Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm
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Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp
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Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/
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Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/
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Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml
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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html
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Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html
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Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml
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Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp
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Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm
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Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/
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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp
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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/
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Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/
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Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72
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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •
ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html
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MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp
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Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/
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Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html
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On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/
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Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp
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Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm
Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).
Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •
Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical
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MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html
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Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/
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Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine
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FEET DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. 3-dimensional: 3-D. A graphic display of depth, width, and height. Three-dimensional radiation therapy uses computers to create a 3-dimensional picture of the tumor. This allows doctors to give the highest possible dose of radiation to the tumor, while sparing the normal tissue as much as possible. [NIH] Abdomen: That portion of the body that lies between the thorax and the pelvis. [NIH] Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abdominal fat: Fat (adipose tissue) that is centrally distributed between the thorax and pelvis and that induces greater health risk. [NIH] Abductor: A muscle that draws a part away from the median line. [NIH] Acclimatization: Adaptation to a new environment or to a change in the old. [NIH] ACE: Angiotensin-coverting enzyme. A drug used to decrease pressure inside blood vessels. [NIH]
Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acidosis: A pathologic condition resulting from accumulation of acid or depletion of the alkaline reserve (bicarbonate content) in the blood and body tissues, and characterized by an increase in hydrogen ion concentration. [EU] Acoustic: Having to do with sound or hearing. [NIH] Actin: Essential component of the cell skeleton. [NIH] Activities of Daily Living: The performance of the basic activities of self care, such as dressing, ambulation, eating, etc., in rehabilitation. [NIH] Adaptation: 1. The adjustment of an organism to its environment, or the process by which it enhances such fitness. 2. The normal ability of the eye to adjust itself to variations in the intensity of light; the adjustment to such variations. 3. The decline in the frequency of firing of a neuron, particularly of a receptor, under conditions of constant stimulation. 4. In dentistry, (a) the proper fitting of a denture, (b) the degree of proximity and interlocking of restorative material to a tooth preparation, (c) the exact adjustment of bands to teeth. 5. In microbiology, the adjustment of bacterial physiology to a new environment. [EU] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adenovirus: A group of viruses that cause respiratory tract and eye infections. Adenoviruses used in gene therapy are altered to carry a specific tumor-fighting gene. [NIH] Adenylate Cyclase: An enzyme of the lyase class that catalyzes the formation of cyclic AMP and pyrophosphate from ATP. EC 4.6.1.1. [NIH]
128 Feet
Adipose Tissue: Connective tissue composed of fat cells lodged in the meshes of areolar tissue. [NIH] Adjustment: The dynamic process wherein the thoughts, feelings, behavior, and biophysiological mechanisms of the individual continually change to adjust to the environment. [NIH] Adolescence: The period of life beginning with the appearance of secondary sex characteristics and terminating with the cessation of somatic growth. The years usually referred to as adolescence lie between 13 and 18 years of age. [NIH] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adrenal Medulla: The inner part of the adrenal gland; it synthesizes, stores and releases catecholamines. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerobic: In biochemistry, reactions that need oxygen to happen or happen when oxygen is present. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Agonists: Drugs that trigger an action from a cell or another drug. [NIH] Airway: A device for securing unobstructed passage of air into and out of the lungs during general anesthesia. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Allergen: An antigenic substance capable of producing immediate-type hypersensitivity (allergy). [EU] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy,
Dictionary 129
magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Alveoli: Tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles in the lungs. [NIH] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amphetamines: Analogs or derivatives of amphetamine. Many are sympathomimetics and central nervous system stimulators causing excitation, vasopression, bronchodilation, and to varying degrees, anorexia, analepsis, nasal decongestion, and some smooth muscle relaxation. [NIH] Ampulla: A sac-like enlargement of a canal or duct. [NIH] Amputation: Surgery to remove part or all of a limb or appendage. [NIH] Amyotrophy: A type of diabetic neuropathy that causes muscle weakness and wasting. [NIH] Anaerobic: 1. Lacking molecular oxygen. 2. Growing, living, or occurring in the absence of molecular oxygen; pertaining to an anaerobe. [EU] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Anaesthetic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or producing anaesthesia. 2. A drug or agent that is used to abolish the sensation of pain. [EU] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Anaphylatoxins: The family of peptides C3a, C4a, C5a, and C5a des-arginine produced in the serum during complement activation. They produce smooth muscle contraction, mast cell histamine release, affect platelet aggregation, and act as mediators of the local inflammatory process. The order of anaphylatoxin activity from strongest to weakest is C5a, C3a, C4a, and C5a des-arginine. The latter is the so-called "classical" anaphylatoxin but shows no spasmogenic activity though it contains some chemotactic ability. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Anemic: Hypoxia due to reduction of the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood as a result of a decrease in the total hemoglobin or an alteration of the hemoglobin constituents. [NIH] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Angiography: Radiography of blood vessels after injection of a contrast medium. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers
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or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Ankle: That part of the lower limb directly above the foot. [NIH] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]
Antibiotic Prophylaxis: Use of antibiotics before, during, or after a diagnostic, therapeutic, or surgical procedure to prevent infectious complications. [NIH] Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Antidepressant: A drug used to treat depression. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antigen-Antibody Complex: The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes immune complex diseases. [NIH] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Antimicrobial: Killing microorganisms, or suppressing their multiplication or growth. [EU] Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU] Anuria: Inability to form or excrete urine. [NIH] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Aorta: The main trunk of the systemic arteries. [NIH] Applicability: A list of the commodities to which the candidate method can be applied as presented or with minor modifications. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Arrhythmia: Any variation from the normal rhythm or rate of the heart beat. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and
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the capillaries. [NIH] Arteriolosclerosis: Sclerosis and thickening of the walls of the smaller arteries (arterioles). Hyaline arteriolosclerosis, in which there is homogeneous pink hyaline thickening of the arteriolar walls, is associated with benign nephrosclerosis. Hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis, in which there is a concentric thickening with progressive narrowing of the lumina may be associated with malignant hypertension, nephrosclerosis, and scleroderma. [EU] Arteriosclerosis: Thickening and loss of elasticity of arterial walls. Atherosclerosis is the most common form of arteriosclerosis and involves lipid deposition and thickening of the intimal cell layers within arteries. Additional forms of arteriosclerosis involve calcification of the media of muscular arteries (Monkeberg medial calcific sclerosis) and thickening of the walls of small arteries or arterioles due to cell proliferation or hyaline deposition (arteriolosclerosis). [NIH] Arteritis: Inflammation of an artery. [NIH] Arthropathy: Any joint disease. [EU] Arthroplasty: Surgical reconstruction of a joint to relieve pain or restore motion. [NIH] Articulation: The relationship of two bodies by means of a moveable joint. [NIH] Aspirin: A drug that reduces pain, fever, inflammation, and blood clotting. Aspirin belongs to the family of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. It is also being studied in cancer prevention. [NIH] Astrocytes: The largest and most numerous neuroglial cells in the brain and spinal cord. Astrocytes (from "star" cells) are irregularly shaped with many long processes, including those with "end feet" which form the glial (limiting) membrane and directly and indirectly contribute to the blood brain barrier. They regulate the extracellular ionic and chemical environment, and "reactive astrocytes" (along with microglia) respond to injury. Astrocytes have high- affinity transmitter uptake systems, voltage-dependent and transmitter-gated ion channels, and can release transmitter, but their role in signaling (as in many other functions) is not well understood. [NIH] Atrial: Pertaining to an atrium. [EU] Atrium: A chamber; used in anatomical nomenclature to designate a chamber affording entrance to another structure or organ. Usually used alone to designate an atrium of the heart. [EU] Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. [NIH] Attenuated: Strain with weakened or reduced virulence. [NIH] Atypical: Irregular; not conformable to the type; in microbiology, applied specifically to strains of unusual type. [EU] Auditory: Pertaining to the sense of hearing. [EU] Autonomic: Self-controlling; functionally independent. [EU] Autonomic Neuropathy: A disease of the nerves affecting mostly the internal organs such as the bladder muscles, the cardiovascular system, the digestive tract, and the genital organs. These nerves are not under a person's conscious control and function automatically. Also called visceral neuropathy. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH]
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Bacterial Physiology: Physiological processes and activities of bacteria. [NIH] Bactericidal: Substance lethal to bacteria; substance capable of killing bacteria. [NIH] Bacteriophage: A virus whose host is a bacterial cell; A virus that exclusively infects bacteria. It generally has a protein coat surrounding the genome (DNA or RNA). One of the coliphages most extensively studied is the lambda phage, which is also one of the most important. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Basement Membrane: Ubiquitous supportive tissue adjacent to epithelium and around smooth and striated muscle cells. This tissue contains intrinsic macromolecular components such as collagen, laminin, and sulfated proteoglycans. As seen by light microscopy one of its subdivisions is the basal (basement) lamina. [NIH] Basophils: Granular leukocytes characterized by a relatively pale-staining, lobate nucleus and cytoplasm containing coarse dark-staining granules of variable size and stainable by basic dyes. [NIH] Beta blocker: A drug used to slow the heart rate and reduce pressure inside blood vessels. It also can regulate heart rhythm. [NIH] Bilateral: Affecting both the right and left side of body. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Biliary: Having to do with the liver, bile ducts, and/or gallbladder. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Bioengineering: The application of engineering principles to the solution of biological problems, for example, remote-handling devices, life-support systems, controls, and displays. [NIH] Biomechanics: The study of the application of mechanical laws and the action of forces to living structures. [NIH] Biophysics: The science of physical phenomena and processes in living organisms. [NIH] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Biotin: Hexahydro-2-oxo-1H-thieno(3,4-d)imidazole-4-pentanoic acid. Growth factor present in minute amounts in every living cell. It occurs mainly bound to proteins or polypeptides and is abundant in liver, kidney, pancreas, yeast, and milk.The biotin content of cancerous tissue is higher than that of normal tissue. [NIH] Biotransformation: The chemical alteration of an exogenous substance by or in a biological system. The alteration may inactivate the compound or it may result in the production of an
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active metabolite of an inactive parent compound. The alteration may be either nonsynthetic (oxidation-reduction, hydrolysis) or synthetic (glucuronide formation, sulfate conjugation, acetylation, methylation). This also includes metabolic detoxication and clearance. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blister: Visible accumulations of fluid within or beneath the epidermis. [NIH] Blood Cell Count: A count of the number of leukocytes and erythrocytes per unit volume in a sample of venous blood. A complete blood count (CBC) also includes measurement of the hemoglobin, hematocrit, and erythrocyte indices. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood Glucose: Glucose in blood. [NIH] Blood Platelets: Non-nucleated disk-shaped cells formed in the megakaryocyte and found in the blood of all mammals. They are mainly involved in blood coagulation. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood transfusion: The administration of blood or blood products into a blood vessel. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Blood-Brain Barrier: Specialized non-fenestrated tightly-joined endothelial cells (tight junctions) that form a transport barrier for certain substances between the cerebral capillaries and the brain tissue. [NIH] Body Composition: The relative amounts of various components in the body, such as percent body fat. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Body Mass Index: One of the anthropometric measures of body mass; it has the highest correlation with skinfold thickness or body density. [NIH] Bolus: A single dose of drug usually injected into a blood vessel over a short period of time. Also called bolus infusion. [NIH] Bolus infusion: A single dose of drug usually injected into a blood vessel over a short period of time. Also called bolus. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bone scan: A technique to create images of bones on a computer screen or on film. A small amount of radioactive material is injected into a blood vessel and travels through the bloodstream; it collects in the bones and is detected by a scanner. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bradykinin: A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from kallidin in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary
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permeability. Bradykinin is also released from mast cells during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Brain Diseases: Pathologic conditions affecting the brain, which is composed of the intracranial components of the central nervous system. This includes (but is not limited to) the cerebral cortex; intracranial white matter; basal ganglia; thalamus; hypothalamus; brain stem; and cerebellum. [NIH] Brain Stem: The part of the brain that connects the cerebral hemispheres with the spinal cord. It consists of the mesencephalon, pons, and medulla oblongata. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]
Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Breathing Exercises: Therapeutic exercises aimed to deepen inspiration or expiration or even to alter the rate and rhythm of respiration. [NIH] Breeding: The science or art of changing the constitution of a population of plants or animals through sexual reproduction. [NIH] Broadband: A wide frequency range. Sound whose energy is distributed over a broad range of frequency (generally, more than one octave). [NIH] Bunion: A swelling of the bursa mucosa of the ball of the great toe, with thickening of the overlying skin and forcing of the toe outward. [NIH] Burns: Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (burns, chemical), electricity (burns, electric), or the like. [NIH] Burns, Electric: Burns produced by contact with electric current or from a sudden discharge of electricity. [NIH] Bypass: A surgical procedure in which the doctor creates a new pathway for the flow of body fluids. [NIH] Cadaver: A dead body, usually a human body. [NIH] Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 114. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to cadmium poisoning. [NIH] Cadmium Poisoning: Poisoning occurring after exposure to cadmium compounds or fumes. It may cause gastrointestinal syndromes, anemia, or pneumonitis. [NIH] Calcification: Deposits of calcium in the tissues of the breast. Calcification in the breast can be seen on a mammogram, but cannot be detected by touch. There are two types of breast calcification, macrocalcification and microcalcification. Macrocalcifications are large deposits and are usually not related to cancer. Microcalcifications are specks of calcium that may be found in an area of rapidly dividing cells. Many microcalcifications clustered together may be a sign of cancer. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calcium Channels: Voltage-dependent cell membrane glycoproteins selectively permeable to calcium ions. They are categorized as L-, T-, N-, P-, Q-, and R-types based on the activation and inactivation kinetics, ion specificity, and sensitivity to drugs and toxins. The
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L- and T-types are present throughout the cardiovascular and central nervous systems and the N-, P-, Q-, & R-types are located in neuronal tissue. [NIH] Calcium Signaling: Signal transduction mechanisms whereby calcium mobilization (from outside the cell or from intracellular storage pools) to the cytoplasm is triggered by external stimuli. Calcium signals are often seen to propagate as waves, oscillations, spikes or puffs. The calcium acts as an intracellular messenger by activating calcium-responsive proteins. [NIH]
Calculi: An abnormal concretion occurring mostly in the urinary and biliary tracts, usually composed of mineral salts. Also called stones. [NIH] Calicivirus: A genus in the family Caliciviridae containing many species including feline calicivirus , vesicular exanthema of swine virus, and San Miguel sea lion viruses. [NIH] Capillary: Any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid; called also vas capillare. [EU] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinogens: Substances that increase the risk of neoplasms in humans or animals. Both genotoxic chemicals, which affect DNA directly, and nongenotoxic chemicals, which induce neoplasms by other mechanism, are included. [NIH] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]
Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Cardiovascular disease: Any abnormal condition characterized by dysfunction of the heart and blood vessels. CVD includes atherosclerosis (especially coronary heart disease, which can lead to heart attacks), cerebrovascular disease (e.g., stroke), and hypertension (high blood pressure). [NIH] Cardiovascular System: The heart and the blood vessels by which blood is pumped and circulated through the body. [NIH] Career Choice: Selection of a type of occupation or profession. [NIH] Carotene: The general name for a group of pigments found in green, yellow, and leafy vegetables, and yellow fruits. The pigments are fat-soluble, unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons functioning as provitamins and are converted to vitamin A through enzymatic processes in the intestinal wall. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Case series: A group or series of case reports involving patients who were given similar treatment. Reports of case series usually contain detailed information about the individual patients. This includes demographic information (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin)
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and information on diagnosis, treatment, response to treatment, and follow-up after treatment. [NIH] Cataract: An opacity, partial or complete, of one or both eyes, on or in the lens or capsule, especially an opacity impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). [EU] Caudal: Denoting a position more toward the cauda, or tail, than some specified point of reference; same as inferior, in human anatomy. [EU] Causal: Pertaining to a cause; directed against a cause. [EU] Cause of Death: Factors which produce cessation of all vital bodily functions. They can be analyzed from an epidemiologic viewpoint. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Cycle: The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one cell division and the end of the next, by which cellular material is divided between daughter cells. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Differentiation: Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function which takes place during the development of the embryo and leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Cell Physiology: Characteristics and physiological processes of cells from cell division to cell death. [NIH] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Cell Size: The physical dimensions of a cell. It refers mainly to changes in dimensions correlated with physiological or pathological changes in cells. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Centrifugation: A method of separating organelles or large molecules that relies upon differential sedimentation through a preformed density gradient under the influence of a gravitational field generated in a centrifuge. [NIH] Cerebellar: Pertaining to the cerebellum. [EU] Cerebellum: Part of the metencephalon that lies in the posterior cranial fossa behind the brain stem. It is concerned with the coordination of movement. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebral Arteries: The arteries supplying the cerebral cortex. [NIH] Cerebral Palsy: Refers to a motor disability caused by a brain dysfunction. [NIH] Cerebrovascular: Pertaining to the blood vessels of the cerebrum, or brain. [EU] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called
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the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. [NIH] Chemotactic Factors: Chemical substances that attract or repel cells or organisms. The concept denotes especially those factors released as a result of tissue injury, invasion, or immunologic activity, that attract leukocytes, macrophages, or other cells to the site of infection or insult. [NIH] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Cholestasis: Impairment of biliary flow at any level from the hepatocyte to Vater's ampulla. [NIH]
Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Choroid: The thin, highly vascular membrane covering most of the posterior of the eye between the retina and sclera. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Circulatory system: The system that contains the heart and the blood vessels and moves blood throughout the body. This system helps tissues get enough oxygen and nutrients, and it helps them get rid of waste products. The lymph system, which connects with the blood system, is often considered part of the circulatory system. [NIH] CIS: Cancer Information Service. The CIS is the National Cancer Institute's link to the public, interpreting and explaining research findings in a clear and understandable manner, and providing personalized responses to specific questions about cancer. Access the CIS by calling 1-800-4-CANCER, or by using the Web site at http://cis.nci.nih.gov. [NIH] Citalopram: A selective neuronal serotonin reuptake inhibitor and a clinically effective antidepressant with tolerable side effects. The drug is also effective in reducing ethanol uptake in alcoholics and is used in depressed patients who also suffer from tardive dyskinesia (TD) in preference to tricyclic antidepressants, which aggravate this condition. [NIH]
Cleft Palate: Congenital fissure of the soft and/or hard palate, due to faulty fusion. [NIH] Clinical Medicine: The study and practice of medicine by direct examination of the patient. [NIH]
Clinical study: A research study in which patients receive treatment in a clinic or other medical facility. Reports of clinical studies can contain results for single patients (case reports) or many patients (case series or clinical trials). [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Clubbing: A proliferative change in the soft tissues about the terminal phalanges of the fingers or toes, with no constant osseous changes. [NIH]
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Clubfoot: A deformed foot in which the foot is plantarflexed, inverted and adducted. [NIH] Coca: Any of several South American shrubs of the Erythroxylon genus (and family) that yield cocaine; the leaves are chewed with alum for CNS stimulation. [NIH] Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake. [NIH] Cochlea: The part of the internal ear that is concerned with hearing. It forms the anterior part of the labyrinth, is conical, and is placed almost horizontally anterior to the vestibule. [NIH]
Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Cognition: Intellectual or mental process whereby an organism becomes aware of or obtains knowledge. [NIH] Cohort Studies: Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Collapse: 1. A state of extreme prostration and depression, with failure of circulation. 2. Abnormal falling in of the walls of any part of organ. [EU] Colonoscope: A thin, lighted tube used to examine the inside of the colon. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the
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alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complete remission: The disappearance of all signs of cancer. Also called a complete response. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Computed tomography: CT scan. A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized tomography and computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan. [NIH] Computerized axial tomography: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called CAT scan, computed tomography (CT scan), or computerized tomography. [NIH] Computerized tomography: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan and computed tomography (CT scan). [NIH] Conception: The onset of pregnancy, marked by implantation of the blastocyst; the formation of a viable zygote. [EU] Concretion: Minute, hard, yellow masses found in the palpebral conjunctivae of elderly people or following chronic conjunctivitis, composed of the products of cellular degeneration retained in the depressions and tubular recesses in the conjunctiva. [NIH] Conduction: The transfer of sound waves, heat, nervous impulses, or electricity. [EU] Cone: One of the special retinal receptor elements which are presumed to be primarily concerned with perception of light and color stimuli when the eye is adapted to light. [NIH] Confidence Intervals: A range of values for a variable of interest, e.g., a rate, constructed so that this range has a specified probability of including the true value of the variable. [NIH] Congestion: Excessive or abnormal accumulation of blood in a part. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective
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tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Constipation: Infrequent or difficult evacuation of feces. [NIH] Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH] Consultation: A deliberation between two or more physicians concerning the diagnosis and the proper method of treatment in a case. [NIH] Consumption: Pulmonary tuberculosis. [NIH] Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Contrast Media: Substances used in radiography that allow visualization of certain tissues. [NIH]
Controlled clinical trial: A clinical study that includes a comparison (control) group. The comparison group receives a placebo, another treatment, or no treatment at all. [NIH] Cooperative group: A group of physicians, hospitals, or both formed to treat a large number of persons in the same way so that new treatment can be evaluated quickly. Clinical trials of new cancer treatments often require many more people than a single physician or hospital can care for. [NIH] Coordination: Muscular or motor regulation or the harmonious cooperation of muscles or groups of muscles, in a complex action or series of actions. [NIH] Corn Oil: Oil from corn or corn plant. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary heart disease: A type of heart disease caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries that feed the heart, which needs a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients carried by the blood in the coronary arteries. When the coronary arteries become narrowed or clogged by fat and cholesterol deposits and cannot supply enough blood to the heart, CHD results. [NIH] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Cortical: Pertaining to or of the nature of a cortex or bark. [EU] Corticosteroid: Any of the steroids elaborated by the adrenal cortex (excluding the sex hormones of adrenal origin) in response to the release of corticotrophin (adrenocorticotropic hormone) by the pituitary gland, to any of the synthetic equivalents of these steroids, or to angiotensin II. They are divided, according to their predominant biological activity, into three major groups: glucocorticoids, chiefly influencing carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism; mineralocorticoids, affecting the regulation of electrolyte and water balance; and C19 androgens. Some corticosteroids exhibit both types of activity in varying degrees, and others exert only one type of effect. The corticosteroids are used clinically for hormonal replacement therapy, for suppression of ACTH secretion by the anterior pituitary, as antineoplastic, antiallergic, and anti-inflammatory agents, and to suppress the immune response. Called also adrenocortical hormone and corticoid. [EU]
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Cortisol: A steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex as part of the body's response to stress. [NIH] Cost Savings: Reductions in all or any portion of the costs of providing goods or services. Savings may be incurred by the provider or the consumer. [NIH] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Criterion: A standard by which something may be judged. [EU] Cross-Sectional Studies: Studies in which the presence or absence of disease or other health-related variables are determined in each member of the study population or in a representative sample at one particular time. This contrasts with longitudinal studies which are followed over a period of time. [NIH] Cryofixation: Fixation of a tissue by localized cooling at very low temperature. [NIH] Cryopreservation: Preservation of cells, tissues, organs, or embryos by freezing. In histological preparations, cryopreservation or cryofixation is used to maintain the existing form, structure, and chemical composition of all the constituent elements of the specimens. [NIH]
Cues: Signals for an action; that specific portion of a perceptual field or pattern of stimuli to which a subject has learned to respond. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cyst: A sac or capsule filled with fluid. [NIH] Cytogenetics: A branch of genetics which deals with the cytological and molecular behavior of genes and chromosomes during cell division. [NIH] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytoskeletal Proteins: Major constituent of the cytoskeleton found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. They form a flexible framework for the cell, provide attachment points for organelles and formed bodies, and make communication between parts of the cell possible. [NIH]
Cytoskeleton: The network of filaments, tubules, and interconnecting filamentous bridges which give shape, structure, and organization to the cytoplasm. [NIH] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Data Collection: Systematic gathering of data for a particular purpose from various sources, including questionnaires, interviews, observation, existing records, and electronic devices. The process is usually preliminary to statistical analysis of the data. [NIH] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Decompression: Decompression external to the body, most often the slow lessening of
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external pressure on the whole body (especially in caisson workers, deep sea divers, and persons who ascend to great heights) to prevent decompression sickness. It includes also sudden accidental decompression, but not surgical (local) decompression or decompression applied through body openings. [NIH] Decompression Sickness: A condition occurring as a result of exposure to a rapid fall in ambient pressure. Gases, nitrogen in particular, come out of solution and form bubbles in body fluid and blood. These gas bubbles accumulate in joint spaces and the peripheral circulation impairing tissue oxygenation causing disorientation, severe pain, and potentially death. [NIH] Decubitus: An act of lying down; also the position assumed in lying down. [EU] Decubitus Ulcer: An ulceration caused by prolonged pressure in patients permitted to lie too still for a long period of time. The bony prominences of the body are the most frequently affected sites. The ulcer is caused by ischemia of the underlying structures of the skin, fat, and muscles as a result of the sustained and constant pressure. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Delirium: (DSM III-R) an acute, reversible organic mental disorder characterized by reduced ability to maintain attention to external stimuli and disorganized thinking as manifested by rambling, irrelevant, or incoherent speech; there are also a reduced level of consciousness, sensory misperceptions, disturbance of the sleep-wakefulness cycle and level of psychomotor activity, disorientation to time, place, or person, and memory impairment. Delirium may be caused by a large number of conditions resulting in derangement of cerebral metabolism, including systemic infection, poisoning, drug intoxication or withdrawal, seizures or head trauma, and metabolic disturbances such as hypoxia, hypoglycaemia, fluid, electrolyte, or acid-base imbalances, or hepatic or renal failure. Called also acute confusional state and acute brain syndrome. [EU] Dementia: An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness. [NIH] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Dental Hygienists: Persons trained in an accredited school or dental college and licensed by the state in which they reside to provide dental prophylaxis under the direction of a licensed dentist. [NIH] Depolarization: The process or act of neutralizing polarity. In neurophysiology, the reversal of the resting potential in excitable cell membranes when stimulated, i.e., the tendency of the cell membrane potential to become positive with respect to the potential outside the cell. [EU] Dermal: Pertaining to or coming from the skin. [NIH] Dermatitis: Any inflammation of the skin. [NIH] Dermatology: A medical specialty concerned with the skin, its structure, functions, diseases, and treatment. [NIH] Detergents: Purifying or cleansing agents, usually salts of long-chain aliphatic bases or
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acids, that exert cleansing (oil-dissolving) and antimicrobial effects through a surface action that depends on possessing both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties. [NIH] Detoxification: Treatment designed to free an addict from his drug habit. [EU] Developed Countries: Countries that have reached a level of economic achievement through an increase of production, per capita income and consumption, and utilization of natural and human resources. [NIH] Dexterity: Ability to move the hands easily and skillfully. [NIH] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diabetic Foot: Ulcers of the foot as a complication of diabetes. Diabetic foot, often with infection, is a common serious complication of diabetes and may require hospitalization and disfiguring surgery. The foot ulcers are probably secondary to neuropathies and vascular problems. [NIH] Diabetic Ketoacidosis: Complication of diabetes resulting from severe insulin deficiency coupled with an absolute or relative increase in glucagon concentration. The metabolic acidosis is caused by the breakdown of adipose stores and resulting increased levels of free fatty acids. Glucagon accelerates the oxidation of the free fatty acids producing excess ketone bodies (ketosis). [NIH] Diabetic Retinopathy: Retinopathy associated with diabetes mellitus, which may be of the background type, progressively characterized by microaneurysms, interretinal punctuate macular edema, or of the proliferative type, characterized by neovascularization of the retina and optic disk, which may project into the vitreous, proliferation of fibrous tissue, vitreous hemorrhage, and retinal detachment. [NIH] Diagnostic Errors: Incorrect diagnoses after clinical examination or technical diagnostic procedures. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU] Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Digestive tract: The organs through which food passes when food is eaten. These organs are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Disinfectant: An agent that disinfects; applied particularly to agents used on inanimate objects. [EU] Disorientation: The loss of proper bearings, or a state of mental confusion as to time, place, or identity. [EU] Dissection: Cutting up of an organism for study. [NIH] Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by
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the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Dissociative Disorders: Sudden temporary alterations in the normally integrative functions of consciousness. [NIH] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Dopa: The racemic or DL form of DOPA, an amino acid found in various legumes. The dextro form has little physiologic activity but the levo form (levodopa) is a very important physiologic mediator and precursor and pharmacological agent. [NIH] Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Dorsum: A plate of bone which forms the posterior boundary of the sella turcica. [NIH] Double-blinded: A clinical trial in which neither the medical staff nor the person knows which of several possible therapies the person is receiving. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dyskinesia: Impairment of the power of voluntary movement, resulting in fragmentary or incomplete movements. [EU] Dysplasia: Cells that look abnormal under a microscope but are not cancer. [NIH] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH]
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Elasticity: Resistance and recovery from distortion of shape. [NIH] Elastin: The protein that gives flexibility to tissues. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Elementary Particles: Individual components of atoms, usually subatomic; subnuclear particles are usually detected only when the atomic nucleus decays and then only transiently, as most of them are unstable, often yielding pure energy without substance, i.e., radiation. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Empirical: A treatment based on an assumed diagnosis, prior to receiving confirmatory laboratory test results. [NIH] Emulsion: A preparation of one liquid distributed in small globules throughout the body of a second liquid. The dispersed liquid is the discontinuous phase, and the dispersion medium is the continuous phase. When oil is the dispersed liquid and an aqueous solution is the continuous phase, it is known as an oil-in-water emulsion, whereas when water or aqueous solution is the dispersed phase and oil or oleaginous substance is the continuous phase, it is known as a water-in-oil emulsion. Pharmaceutical emulsions for which official standards have been promulgated include cod liver oil emulsion, cod liver oil emulsion with malt, liquid petrolatum emulsion, and phenolphthalein in liquid petrolatum emulsion. [EU] Enamel: A very hard whitish substance which covers the dentine of the anatomical crown of a tooth. [NIH] Enchondromatosis: Benign growths of cartilage in the metaphyses of several bones. [NIH] Endemic: Present or usually prevalent in a population or geographical area at all times; said of a disease or agent. Called also endemial. [EU] Endocrine System: The system of glands that release their secretions (hormones) directly into the circulatory system. In addition to the endocrine glands, included are the chromaffin system and the neurosecretory systems. [NIH] Endocrinology: A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with the metabolism, physiology, and disorders of the endocrine system. [NIH] Endoscope: A thin, lighted tube used to look at tissues inside the body. [NIH] Endoscopic: A technique where a lateral-view endoscope is passed orally to the duodenum for visualization of the ampulla of Vater. [NIH] Endoscopy: Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery performed on interior parts of the body. [NIH] Endothelium: A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body. [NIH] Endothelium-derived: Small molecule that diffuses to the adjacent muscle layer and relaxes it. [NIH] Endotoxins: Toxins closely associated with the living cytoplasm or cell wall of certain microorganisms, which do not readily diffuse into the culture medium, but are released
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upon lysis of the cells. [NIH] Environmental Exposure: The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]
Environmental Monitoring: The monitoring of the level of toxins, chemical pollutants, microbial contaminants, or other harmful substances in the environment or workplace by measuring the amounts of these toxicants in the bodies of people and animals in that environment, among other methods. It also includes the measurement of environmental exposure. Levels in humans and animals are used as indicators of toxic levels of undesirable chemicals. [NIH] Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Eosinophils: Granular leukocytes with a nucleus that usually has two lobes connected by a slender thread of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing coarse, round granules that are uniform in size and stainable by eosin. [NIH] Epidemiologic Studies: Studies designed to examine associations, commonly, hypothesized causal relations. They are usually concerned with identifying or measuring the effects of risk factors or exposures. The common types of analytic study are case-control studies, cohort studies, and cross-sectional studies. [NIH] Epidemiological: Relating to, or involving epidemiology. [EU] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epidural: The space between the wall of the spinal canal and the covering of the spinal cord. An epidural injection is given into this space. [NIH] Epigastric: Having to do with the upper middle area of the abdomen. [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Equipment and Supplies: Expendable and nonexpendable equipment, supplies, apparatus, and instruments that are used in diagnostic, surgical, therapeutic, scientific, and experimental procedures. [NIH] Erythema: Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of causes. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Erythromelalgia: Disease marked by paroxysmal, bilateral vasodilatation, particularly of the
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extremities, with burning pain, and increased skin temperature and redness. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]
Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Ethidium: A trypanocidal agent and possible antiviral agent that is widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry. Ethidium has several experimentally useful properties including binding to nucleic acids, noncompetitive inhibition of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, and fluorescence among others. It is most commonly used as the bromide. [NIH] Ethnic Groups: A group of people with a common cultural heritage that sets them apart from others in a variety of social relationships. [NIH] Eukaryotic Cells: Cells of the higher organisms, containing a true nucleus bounded by a nuclear membrane. [NIH] Evacuation: An emptying, as of the bowels. [EU] Excitability: Property of a cardiac cell whereby, when the cell is depolarized to a critical level (called threshold), the membrane becomes permeable and a regenerative inward current causes an action potential. [NIH] Excitation: An act of irritation or stimulation or of responding to a stimulus; the addition of energy, as the excitation of a molecule by absorption of photons. [EU] Excrete: To get rid of waste from the body. [NIH] Exocrine: Secreting outwardly, via a duct. [EU] Expeditions: Usually refers to planned scientific data-gathering excursions. [NIH] Expiration: The act of breathing out, or expelling air from the lungs. [EU] Extensor: A muscle whose contraction tends to straighten a limb; the antagonist of a flexor. [NIH]
Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Extracellular Matrix Proteins: Macromolecular organic compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and usually, sulfur. These macromolecules (proteins) form an intricate meshwork in which cells are embedded to construct tissues. Variations in the relative types of macromolecules and their organization determine the type of extracellular matrix, each adapted to the functional requirements of the tissue. The two main classes of macromolecules that form the extracellular matrix are: glycosaminoglycans, usually linked to proteins (proteoglycans), and fibrous proteins (e.g., collagen, elastin, fibronectins and laminin). [NIH] Extracellular Space: Interstitial space between cells, occupied by fluid as well as amorphous and fibrous substances. [NIH] Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU] Extremity: A limb; an arm or leg (membrum); sometimes applied specifically to a hand or foot. [EU]
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Eye Infections: Infection, moderate to severe, caused by bacteria, fungi, or viruses, which occurs either on the external surface of the eye or intraocularly with probable inflammation, visual impairment, or blindness. [NIH] Eye Movements: Voluntary or reflex-controlled movements of the eye. [NIH] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Family Practice: A medical specialty concerned with the provision of continuing, comprehensive primary health care for the entire family. [NIH] Fasciculation: A small local contraction of muscles, visible through the skin, representing a spontaneous discharge of a number of fibres innervated by a single motor nerve filament. [EU]
Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]
Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Feces: The excrement discharged from the intestines, consisting of bacteria, cells exfoliated from the intestines, secretions, chiefly of the liver, and a small amount of food residue. [EU] Femoral: Pertaining to the femur, or to the thigh. [EU] Femur: The longest and largest bone of the skeleton, it is situated between the hip and the knee. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. [NIH] Fibronectins: Glycoproteins found on the surfaces of cells, particularly in fibrillar structures. The proteins are lost or reduced when these cells undergo viral or chemical transformation. They are highly susceptible to proteolysis and are substrates for activated blood coagulation factor VIII. The forms present in plasma are called cold-insoluble globulins. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Financial Management: The obtaining and management of funds for institutional needs and responsibility for fiscal affairs. [NIH] Fissure: Any cleft or groove, normal or otherwise; especially a deep fold in the cerebral cortex which involves the entire thickness of the brain wall. [EU] Fixation: 1. The act or operation of holding, suturing, or fastening in a fixed position. 2. The condition of being held in a fixed position. 3. In psychiatry, a term with two related but distinct meanings : (1) arrest of development at a particular stage, which like regression (return to an earlier stage), if temporary is a normal reaction to setbacks and difficulties but if protracted or frequent is a cause of developmental failures and emotional problems, and (2) a close and suffocating attachment to another person, especially a childhood figure, such as one's mother or father. Both meanings are derived from psychoanalytic theory and refer to 'fixation' of libidinal energy either in a specific erogenous zone, hence fixation at the oral, anal, or phallic stage, or in a specific object, hence mother or father fixation. 4. The use of a fixative (q.v.) to preserve histological or cytological specimens. 5. In chemistry, the process whereby a substance is removed from the gaseous or solution phase and localized, as in carbon dioxide fixation or nitrogen fixation. 6. In ophthalmology, direction of the gaze so
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that the visual image of the object falls on the fovea centralis. 7. In film processing, the chemical removal of all undeveloped salts of the film emulsion, leaving only the developed silver to form a permanent image. [EU] Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Flexion: In gynaecology, a displacement of the uterus in which the organ is bent so far forward or backward that an acute angle forms between the fundus and the cervix. [EU] Flexor: Muscles which flex a joint. [NIH] Flow Cytometry: Technique using an instrument system for making, processing, and displaying one or more measurements on individual cells obtained from a cell suspension. Cells are usually stained with one or more fluorescent dyes specific to cell components of interest, e.g., DNA, and fluorescence of each cell is measured as it rapidly transverses the excitation beam (laser or mercury arc lamp). Fluorescence provides a quantitative measure of various biochemical and biophysical properties of the cell, as well as a basis for cell sorting. Other measurable optical parameters include light absorption and light scattering, the latter being applicable to the measurement of cell size, shape, density, granularity, and stain uptake. [NIH] Fluorescence: The property of emitting radiation while being irradiated. The radiation emitted is usually of longer wavelength than that incident or absorbed, e.g., a substance can be irradiated with invisible radiation and emit visible light. X-ray fluorescence is used in diagnosis. [NIH] Fluorescent Dyes: Dyes that emit light when exposed to light. The wave length of the emitted light is usually longer than that of the incident light. Fluorochromes are substances that cause fluorescence in other substances, i.e., dyes used to mark or label other compounds with fluorescent tags. They are used as markers in biochemistry and immunology. [NIH] Fluoroscopy: Production of an image when X-rays strike a fluorescent screen. [NIH] Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] Foot Care: Taking special steps to avoid foot problems such as sores, cuts, bunions, and calluses. Good care includes daily examination of the feet, toes, and toenails and choosing shoes and socks or stockings that fit well. People with diabetes have to take special care of their feet because nerve damage and reduced blood flow sometimes mean they will have less feeling in their feet than normal. They may not notice cuts and other problems as soon as they should. [NIH] Foot Injuries: General or unspecified injuries involving the foot. [NIH] Foot Ulcer: Lesion on the surface of the skin of the foot, usually accompanied by inflammation. The lesion may become infected or necrotic and is frequently associated with diabetes or leprosy. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Fossa: A cavity, depression, or pit. [NIH] Fovea: The central part of the macula that provides the sharpest vision. [NIH] Friction: Surface resistance to the relative motion of one body against the rubbing, sliding, rolling, or flowing of another with which it is in contact. [NIH] Frostbite: Damage to tissues as the result of low environmental temperatures. [NIH] Fundus: The larger part of a hollow organ that is farthest away from the organ's opening. The bladder, gallbladder, stomach, uterus, eye, and cavity of the middle ear all have a fundus. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites,
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including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Gait: Manner or style of walking. [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Gangrene: Death and putrefaction of tissue usually due to a loss of blood supply. [NIH] Gap Junctions: Connections between cells which allow passage of small molecules and electric current. Gap junctions were first described anatomically as regions of close apposition between cells with a narrow (1-2 nm) gap between cell membranes. The variety in the properties of gap junctions is reflected in the number of connexins, the family of proteins which form the junctions. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gas exchange: Primary function of the lungs; transfer of oxygen from inhaled air into the blood and of carbon dioxide from the blood into the lungs. [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastroenterology: A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with the study of the physiology and diseases of the digestive system and related structures (esophagus, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas). [NIH] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gels: Colloids with a solid continuous phase and liquid as the dispersed phase; gels may be unstable when, due to temperature or other cause, the solid phase liquifies; the resulting colloid is called a sol. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]
Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Genetic Counseling: Advising families of the risks involved pertaining to birth defects, in order that they may make an informed decision on current or future pregnancies. [NIH] Genetic Engineering: Directed modification of the gene complement of a living organism by such techniques as altering the DNA, substituting genetic material by means of a virus, transplanting whole nuclei, transplanting cell hybrids, etc. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Genomics: The systematic study of the complete DNA sequences (genome) of organisms. [NIH]
Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Giant Cells: Multinucleated masses produced by the fusion of many cells; often associated with viral infections. In AIDS, they are induced when the envelope glycoprotein of the HIV
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virus binds to the CD4 antigen of uninfected neighboring T4 cells. The resulting syncytium leads to cell death and thus may account for the cytopathic effect of the virus. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glomerular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a glomerulus, especially a renal glomerulus. [EU]
Glomerulus: A tiny set of looping blood vessels in the nephron where blood is filtered in the kidney. [NIH] Glucocorticoid: A compound that belongs to the family of compounds called corticosteroids (steroids). Glucocorticoids affect metabolism and have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. They may be naturally produced (hormones) or synthetic (drugs). [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucose Intolerance: A pathological state in which the fasting plasma glucose level is less than 140 mg per deciliter and the 30-, 60-, or 90-minute plasma glucose concentration following a glucose tolerance test exceeds 200 mg per deciliter. This condition is seen frequently in diabetes mellitus but also occurs with other diseases. [NIH] Glutamate: Excitatory neurotransmitter of the brain. [NIH] Glycosaminoglycans: Heteropolysaccharides which contain an N-acetylated hexosamine in a characteristic repeating disaccharide unit. The repeating structure of each disaccharide involves alternate 1,4- and 1,3-linkages consisting of either N-acetylglucosamine or Nacetylgalactosamine. [NIH] Glycosylation: The chemical or biochemical addition of carbohydrate or glycosyl groups to other chemicals, especially peptides or proteins. Glycosyl transferases are used in this biochemical reaction. [NIH] Gonadal: Pertaining to a gonad. [EU] Gout: Hereditary metabolic disorder characterized by recurrent acute arthritis, hyperuricemia and deposition of sodium urate in and around the joints, sometimes with formation of uric acid calculi. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Gp120: 120-kD HIV envelope glycoprotein which is involved in the binding of the virus to its membrane receptor, the CD4 molecule, found on the surface of certain cells in the body. [NIH]
Grade: The grade of a tumor depends on how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread. Grading systems are different for each type of cancer. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Grafting: The operation of transfer of tissue from one site to another. [NIH] Granulocytes: Leukocytes with abundant granules in the cytoplasm. They are divided into three groups: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. [NIH] Granuloma: A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped
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mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Guanylate Cyclase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of GTP to 3',5'-cyclic GMP and pyrophosphate. It also acts on ITP and dGTP. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.6.1.2. [NIH] Gynecology: A medical-surgical specialty concerned with the physiology and disorders primarily of the female genital tract, as well as female endocrinology and reproductive physiology. [NIH] Haematoma: A localized collection of blood, usually clotted, in an organ, space, or tissue, due to a break in the wall of a blood vessel. [EU] Haemorrhage: The escape of blood from the vessels; bleeding. Small haemorrhages are classified according to size as petechiae (very small), purpura (up to 1 cm), and ecchymoses (larger). The massive accumulation of blood within a tissue is called a haematoma. [EU] Hair follicles: Shafts or openings on the surface of the skin through which hair grows. [NIH] Hallux Valgus: Lateral displacement of the great toe, producing deformity of the first metatarsophalangeal joint with callous, bursa, or bunion formation over the bony prominence. [NIH] Health Education: Education that increases the awareness and favorably influences the attitudes and knowledge relating to the improvement of health on a personal or community basis. [NIH] Health Policy: Decisions, usually developed by government policymakers, for determining present and future objectives pertaining to the health care system. [NIH] Health Services: Services for the diagnosis and treatment of disease and the maintenance of health. [NIH] Hearing aid: A miniature, portable sound amplifier for persons with impaired hearing, consisting of a microphone, audio amplifier, earphone, and battery. [NIH] Heart attack: A seizure of weak or abnormal functioning of the heart. [NIH] Heartbeat: One complete contraction of the heart. [NIH] Heartburn: Substernal pain or burning sensation, usually associated with regurgitation of gastric juice into the esophagus. [NIH] Helix-loop-helix: Regulatory protein of cell cycle. [NIH] Hematocrit: Measurement of the volume of packed red cells in a blood specimen by centrifugation. The procedure is performed using a tube with graduated markings or with automated blood cell counters. It is used as an indicator of erythrocyte status in disease. For example, anemia shows a low hematocrit, polycythemia, high values. [NIH] Hematoxylin: A dye obtained from the heartwood of logwood (Haematoxylon campechianum Linn., Leguminosae) used as a stain in microscopy and in the manufacture of ink. [NIH] Hemiparesis: The weakness or paralysis affecting one side of the body. [NIH] Hemochromatosis: A disease that occurs when the body absorbs too much iron. The body stores the excess iron in the liver, pancreas, and other organs. May cause cirrhosis of the liver. Also called iron overload disease. [NIH] Hemodialysis: The use of a machine to clean wastes from the blood after the kidneys have failed. The blood travels through tubes to a dialyzer, which removes wastes and extra fluid.
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The cleaned blood then flows through another set of tubes back into the body. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemoglobin C: A commonly occurring abnormal hemoglobin in which lysine replaces a glutamic acid residue at the sixth position of the beta chains. It results in reduced plasticity of erythrocytes. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hemostasis: The process which spontaneously arrests the flow of blood from vessels carrying blood under pressure. It is accomplished by contraction of the vessels, adhesion and aggregation of formed blood elements, and the process of blood or plasma coagulation. [NIH]
Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic alterations of hepatocytes. [NIH] Hepatocyte: A liver cell. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Histology: The study of tissues and cells under a microscope. [NIH] Homeostasis: The processes whereby the internal environment of an organism tends to remain balanced and stable. [NIH] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Hybrid: Cross fertilization between two varieties or, more usually, two species of vines, see also crossing. [NIH] Hybridization: The genetic process of crossbreeding to produce a hybrid. Hybrid nucleic acids can be formed by nucleic acid hybridization of DNA and RNA molecules. Protein hybridization allows for hybrid proteins to be formed from polypeptide chains. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hygienic: Pertaining to hygiene, or conducive to health. [EU]
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Hyperalgesia: Excessive sensitiveness or sensibility to pain. [EU] Hypercalcemia: Abnormally high level of calcium in the blood. [NIH] Hypercalciuria: Abnormally large amounts of calcium in the urine. [NIH] Hyperglycemia: Abnormally high blood sugar. [NIH] Hyperlipidemia: An excess of lipids in the blood. [NIH] Hyperoxia: An abnormal increase in the amount of oxygen in the tissues and organs. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hyperuricemia: A buildup of uric acid (a byproduct of metabolism) in the blood; a side effect of some anticancer drugs. [NIH] Hypoglycaemia: An abnormally diminished concentration of glucose in the blood, which may lead to tremulousness, cold sweat, piloerection, hypothermia, and headache, accompanied by irritability, confusion, hallucinations, bizarre behaviour, and ultimately, convulsions and coma. [EU] Hypoglycemia: Abnormally low blood sugar [NIH] Hypoplasia: Incomplete development or underdevelopment of an organ or tissue. [EU] Hypothalamic: Of or involving the hypothalamus. [EU] Hypothalamus: Ventral part of the diencephalon extending from the region of the optic chiasm to the caudal border of the mammillary bodies and forming the inferior and lateral walls of the third ventricle. [NIH] Hypoxanthine: A purine and a reaction intermediate in the metabolism of adenosine and in the formation of nucleic acids by the salvage pathway. [NIH] Hypoxemia: Deficient oxygenation of the blood; hypoxia. [EU] Hypoxia: Reduction of oxygen supply to tissue below physiological levels despite adequate perfusion of the tissue by blood. [EU] Ibuprofen: A nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic properties used in the therapy of rheumatism and arthritis. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Imidazole: C3H4N2. The ring is present in polybenzimidazoles. [NIH] Immersion: The placing of a body or a part thereof into a liquid. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]
Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunity: Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances. [NIH]
effects
of
foreign
Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunodeficiency syndrome: The inability of the body to produce an immune response. [NIH]
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Immunofluorescence: A technique for identifying molecules present on the surfaces of cells or in tissues using a highly fluorescent substance coupled to a specific antibody. [NIH] Immunoglobulin: A protein that acts as an antibody. [NIH] Immunohistochemistry: Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Impulsive Behavior: An act performed without delay, reflection, voluntary direction, or obvious control in response to a stimulus. [NIH] In situ: In the natural or normal place; confined to the site of origin without invasion of neighbouring tissues. [EU] In Situ Hybridization: A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]
Infiltration: The diffusion or accumulation in a tissue or cells of substances not normal to it or in amounts of the normal. Also, the material so accumulated. [EU] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Inlay: In dentistry, a filling first made to correspond with the form of a dental cavity and then cemented into the cavity. [NIH] Inner ear: The labyrinth, comprising the vestibule, cochlea, and semicircular canals. [NIH] Innervation: 1. The distribution or supply of nerves to a part. 2. The supply of nervous
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energy or of nerve stimulus sent to a part. [EU] Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of type I diabetes. [NIH] Internal Medicine: A medical specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the internal organ systems of adults. [NIH] Intertrigo: A superficial dermatitis occurring on skin surfaces in contact with each other, such as the axillae, neck creases, intergluteal fold, between the toes, etc. Obesity is a predisposing factor. The condition is caused by moisture and friction and is characterized by erythema, maceration, burning, and exudation. [NIH] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intoxication: Poisoning, the state of being poisoned. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intrahepatic: Within the liver. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]
Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Ion Channels: Gated, ion-selective glycoproteins that traverse membranes. The stimulus for channel gating can be a membrane potential, drug, transmitter, cytoplasmic messenger, or a mechanical deformation. Ion channels which are integral parts of ionotropic neurotransmitter receptors are not included. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Iteration: Unvarying repetition or unvarying persistence. [NIH] Joint: The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that surround and support it. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Ketone Bodies: Chemicals that the body makes when there is not enough insulin in the blood and it must break down fat for its energy. Ketone bodies can poison and even kill body cells. When the body does not have the help of insulin, the ketones build up in the blood and then "spill" over into the urine so that the body can get rid of them. The body can
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also rid itself of one type of ketone, called acetone, through the lungs. This gives the breath a fruity odor. Ketones that build up in the body for a long time lead to serious illness and coma. [NIH] Ketosis: A condition of having ketone bodies build up in body tissues and fluids. The signs of ketosis are nausea, vomiting, and stomach pain. Ketosis can lead to ketoacidosis. [NIH] Kidney Disease: Any one of several chronic conditions that are caused by damage to the cells of the kidney. People who have had diabetes for a long time may have kidney damage. Also called nephropathy. [NIH] Kidney Failure: The inability of a kidney to excrete metabolites at normal plasma levels under conditions of normal loading, or the inability to retain electrolytes under conditions of normal intake. In the acute form (kidney failure, acute), it is marked by uremia and usually by oliguria or anuria, with hyperkalemia and pulmonary edema. The chronic form (kidney failure, chronic) is irreversible and requires hemodialysis. [NIH] Kidney Failure, Acute: A clinical syndrome characterized by a sudden decrease in glomerular filtration rate, often to values of less than 1 to 2 ml per minute. It is usually associated with oliguria (urine volumes of less than 400 ml per day) and is always associated with biochemical consequences of the reduction in glomerular filtration rate such as a rise in blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine concentrations. [NIH] Kidney Failure, Chronic: An irreversible and usually progressive reduction in renal function in which both kidneys have been damaged by a variety of diseases to the extent that they are unable to adequately remove the metabolic products from the blood and regulate the body's electrolyte composition and acid-base balance. Chronic kidney failure requires hemodialysis or surgery, usually kidney transplantation. [NIH] Kinetic: Pertaining to or producing motion. [EU] Labile: 1. Gliding; moving from point to point over the surface; unstable; fluctuating. 2. Chemically unstable. [EU] Laboratory Animal Science: The science and technology dealing with the procurement, breeding, care, health, and selection of animals used in biomedical research and testing. [NIH]
Labyrinth: The internal ear; the essential part of the organ of hearing. It consists of an osseous and a membranous portion. [NIH] Lacrimal: Pertaining to the tears. [EU] Laminin: Large, noncollagenous glycoprotein with antigenic properties. It is localized in the basement membrane lamina lucida and functions to bind epithelial cells to the basement membrane. Evidence suggests that the protein plays a role in tumor invasion. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Larva: Wormlike or grublike stage, following the egg in the life cycle of insects, worms, and other metamorphosing animals. [NIH] Latency: The period of apparent inactivity between the time when a stimulus is presented and the moment a response occurs. [NIH] Latent: Phoria which occurs at one distance or another and which usually has no troublesome effect. [NIH] Lectin: A complex molecule that has both protein and sugars. Lectins are able to bind to the outside of a cell and cause biochemical changes in it. Lectins are made by both animals and
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plants. [NIH] Leg Ulcer: Ulceration of the skin and underlying structures of the lower extremity. About 90% of the cases are due to venous insufficiency (varicose ulcer), 5% to arterial disease, and the remaining 5% to other causes. [NIH] Lens: The transparent, double convex (outward curve on both sides) structure suspended between the aqueous and vitreous; helps to focus light on the retina. [NIH] Leprosy: A chronic granulomatous infection caused by Mycobacterium leprae. The granulomatous lesions are manifested in the skin, the mucous membranes, and the peripheral nerves. Two polar or principal types are lepromatous and tuberculoid. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of dopa and the immediate precursor of dopamine. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to dopamine. It is used for the treatment of parkinsonism and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]
Ligaments: Shiny, flexible bands of fibrous tissue connecting together articular extremities of bones. They are pliant, tough, and inextensile. [NIH] Lightness: The attribute of visual sensation in accordance with which a body seems to transmit or reflect diffusely a greater or smaller fraction of the incident light. [NIH] Linkage: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lip: Either of the two fleshy, full-blooded margins of the mouth. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Liposomes: Artificial, single or multilaminar vesicles (made from lecithins or other lipids) that are used for the delivery of a variety of biological molecules or molecular complexes to cells, for example, drug delivery and gene transfer. They are also used to study membranes and membrane proteins. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Liver scan: An image of the liver created on a computer screen or on film. A radioactive substance is injected into a blood vessel and travels through the bloodstream. It collects in the liver, especially in abnormal areas, and can be detected by the scanner. [NIH] Liver Transplantation: The transference of a part of or an entire liver from one human or animal to another. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH]
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Locomotor: Of or pertaining to locomotion; pertaining to or affecting the locomotive apparatus of the body. [EU] Longitudinal study: Also referred to as a "cohort study" or "prospective study"; the analytic method of epidemiologic study in which subsets of a defined population can be identified who are, have been, or in the future may be exposed or not exposed, or exposed in different degrees, to a factor or factors hypothesized to influence the probability of occurrence of a given disease or other outcome. The main feature of this type of study is to observe large numbers of subjects over an extended time, with comparisons of incidence rates in groups that differ in exposure levels. [NIH] Loop: A wire usually of platinum bent at one end into a small loop (usually 4 mm inside diameter) and used in transferring microorganisms. [NIH] Lubricants: Oily or slippery substances. [NIH] Lumbar: Pertaining to the loins, the part of the back between the thorax and the pelvis. [EU] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]
Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Maceration: The softening of a solid by soaking. In histology, the softening of a tissue by soaking, especially in acids, until the connective tissue fibres are so dissolved that the tissue components can be teased apart. In obstetrics, the degenerative changes with discoloration and softening of tissues, and eventual disintegration, of a fetus retained in the uterus after its death. [EU] Macula: A stain, spot, or thickening. Often used alone to refer to the macula retinae. [EU] Macula Lutea: An oval area in the retina, 3 to 5 mm in diameter, usually located temporal to the superior pole of the eye and slightly below the level of the optic disk. [NIH] Macular Degeneration: Degenerative changes in the macula lutea of the retina. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of elementary particles such as atomic nuclei, protons or electrons. It is employed in clinical applications such as NMR Tomography (magnetic resonance imaging). [NIH] Malformation: A morphologic developmental process. [EU]
defect
resulting
from
an
intrinsically
abnormal
Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and
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spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Mammary: Pertaining to the mamma, or breast. [EU] Manometry: Tests that measure muscle pressure and movements in the GI tract. [NIH] Marital Therapy: A form of psychotherapy involving the husband and wife and directed to improving the marital relationship. [NIH] Meatus: A canal running from the internal auditory foramen through the petrous portion of the temporal bone. It gives passage to the facial and auditory nerves together with the auditory branch of the basilar artery and the internal auditory veins. [NIH] Medial: Lying near the midsaggital plane of the body; opposed to lateral. [NIH] Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] Medical Errors: Errors or mistakes committed by health professionals which result in harm to the patient. They include errors in diagnosis (diagnostic errors), errors in the administration of drugs and other medications (medication errors), errors in the performance of surgical procedures, in the use of other types of therapy, in the use of equipment, and in the interpretation of laboratory findings. Medical errors are differentiated from malpractice in that the former are regarded as honest mistakes or accidents while the latter is the result of negligence, reprehensible ignorance, or criminal intent. [NIH] Medical Records: Recording of pertinent information concerning patient's illness or illnesses. [NIH] Medical Staff: Professional medical personnel who provide care to patients in an organized facility, institution or agency. [NIH] Medication Errors: Errors in prescribing, dispensing, or administering medication with the result that the patient fails to receive the correct drug or the indicated proper drug dosage. [NIH]
MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Meiosis: A special method of cell division, occurring in maturation of the germ cells, by means of which each daughter nucleus receives half the number of chromosomes characteristic of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Melanin: The substance that gives the skin its color. [NIH] Melanocytes: Epidermal dendritic pigment cells which control long-term morphological color changes by alteration in their number or in the amount of pigment they produce and store in the pigment containing organelles called melanosomes. Melanophores are larger cells which do not exist in mammals. [NIH] Melanoma: A form of skin cancer that arises in melanocytes, the cells that produce pigment. Melanoma usually begins in a mole. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Membrane Proteins: Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning,
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(2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Mental Processes: Conceptual functions or thinking in all its forms. [NIH] Mental Retardation: Refers to sub-average general intellectual functioning which originated during the developmental period and is associated with impairment in adaptive behavior. [NIH]
Mentors: Senior professionals who provide guidance, direction and support to those persons desirous of improvement in academic positions, administrative positions or other career development situations. [NIH] Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to mercury poisoning. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing. [NIH] Meta-Analysis: A quantitative method of combining the results of independent studies (usually drawn from the published literature) and synthesizing summaries and conclusions which may be used to evaluate therapeutic effectiveness, plan new studies, etc., with application chiefly in the areas of research and medicine. [NIH] Metabolic disorder: A condition in which normal metabolic processes are disrupted, usually because of a missing enzyme. [NIH] Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] Metamorphosis: The ontogeny of insects, i. e. the series of changes undergone from egg, through larva and pupa, or through nymph, to adult. [NIH] Metatarsophalangeal Joint: The articulation between a metatarsal bone and a phalanx. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Microscopy: The application of microscope magnification to the study of materials that cannot be properly seen by the unaided eye. [NIH] Migration: The systematic movement of genes between populations of the same species, geographic race, or variety. [NIH] Mitochondrial Swelling: Increase in volume of mitochondria due to an influx of fluid; it occurs in hypotonic solutions due to osmotic pressure and in isotonic solutions as a result of altered permeability of the membranes of respiring mitochondria. [NIH] Mitral Valve: The valve between the left atrium and left ventricle of the heart. [NIH] Mitral Valve Prolapse: Abnormal protrusion of one or both of the leaflets of the mitral valve
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into the left atrium during systole. This may be accompanied by mitral regurgitation, systolic murmur, nonejection click, or cardiac arrhythmia. [NIH] Mobility: Capability of movement, of being moved, or of flowing freely. [EU] Mobilization: The process of making a fixed part or stored substance mobile, as by separating a part from surrounding structures to make it accessible for an operative procedure or by causing release into the circulation for body use of a substance stored in the body. [EU] Modeling: A treatment procedure whereby the therapist presents the target behavior which the learner is to imitate and make part of his repertoire. [NIH] Models, Animal: Non-human animals, selected because of specific characteristics, for use in experimental research, teaching, or testing. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Monoclonal antibodies: Laboratory-produced substances that can locate and bind to cancer cells wherever they are in the body. Many monoclonal antibodies are used in cancer detection or therapy; each one recognizes a different protein on certain cancer cells. Monoclonal antibodies can be used alone, or they can be used to deliver drugs, toxins, or radioactive material directly to a tumor. [NIH] Monocytes: Large, phagocytic mononuclear leukocytes produced in the vertebrate bone marrow and released into the blood; contain a large, oval or somewhat indented nucleus surrounded by voluminous cytoplasm and numerous organelles. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Morphology: The science of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and other forms of life). [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Movement Disorders: Syndromes which feature dyskinesias as a cardinal manifestation of the disease process. Included in this category are degenerative, hereditary, post-infectious, medication-induced, post-inflammatory, and post-traumatic conditions. [NIH] Muscle Contraction: A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments. [NIH] Muscle Fibers: Large single cells, either cylindrical or prismatic in shape, that form the basic unit of muscle tissue. They consist of a soft contractile substance enclosed in a tubular sheath. [NIH] Muscle Hypertonia: Abnormal increase in skeletal or smooth muscle tone. Skeletal muscle
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hypertonicity may be associated with pyramidal tract lesions or basal ganglia diseases. [NIH] Musculoskeletal System: Themuscles, bones, and cartilage of the body. [NIH] Mutagen: Any agent, such as X-rays, gamma rays, mustard gas, TCDD, that can cause abnormal mutation in living cells; having the power to cause mutations. [NIH] Mutagenicity: Ability to damage DNA, the genetic material; the power to cause mutations. [NIH]
Myocardial infarction: Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Myometrium: The smooth muscle coat of the uterus, which forms the main mass of the organ. [NIH] Myosin: Chief protein in muscle and the main constituent of the thick filaments of muscle fibers. In conjunction with actin, it is responsible for the contraction and relaxation of muscles. [NIH] Nasal Cavity: The proximal portion of the respiratory passages on either side of the nasal septum, lined with ciliated mucosa, extending from the nares to the pharynx. [NIH] Nasal Mucosa: The mucous membrane lining the nasal cavity. [NIH] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU] Neoplasia: Abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth. [NIH] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nephrology: A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with the anatomy, physiology, and pathology of the kidney. [NIH] Nephropathy: Disease of the kidneys. [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nerve Endings: Specialized terminations of peripheral neurons. Nerve endings include neuroeffector junction(s) by which neurons activate target organs and sensory receptors which transduce information from the various sensory modalities and send it centrally in the nervous system. Presynaptic nerve endings are presynaptic terminals. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH]
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Nervous System Diseases: Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neuroendocrine: Having to do with the interactions between the nervous system and the endocrine system. Describes certain cells that release hormones into the blood in response to stimulation of the nervous system. [NIH] Neurologic: Having to do with nerves or the nervous system. [NIH] Neurology: A medical specialty concerned with the study of the structures, functions, and diseases of the nervous system. [NIH] Neuroma: A tumor that arises in nerve cells. [NIH] Neuromuscular: Pertaining to muscles and nerves. [EU] Neuromuscular Diseases: A general term encompassing lower motor neuron disease; peripheral nervous system diseases; and certain muscular diseases. Manifestations include muscle weakness; fasciculation; muscle atrophy; spasm; myokymia; muscle hypertonia, myalgias, and musclehypotonia. [NIH] Neuronal: Pertaining to a neuron or neurons (= conducting cells of the nervous system). [EU] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neuropathy: A problem in any part of the nervous system except the brain and spinal cord. Neuropathies can be caused by infection, toxic substances, or disease. [NIH] Neuropharmacology: The branch of pharmacology dealing especially with the action of drugs upon various parts of the nervous system. [NIH] Neurophysiology: The scientific discipline concerned with the physiology of the nervous system. [NIH] Neurotoxic: Poisonous or destructive to nerve tissue. [EU] Neurotoxin: A substance that is poisonous to nerve tissue. [NIH] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Neutrophils: Granular leukocytes having a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing fine inconspicuous granules and stainable by neutral dyes. [NIH] Nipples: The conic organs which usually give outlet to milk from the mammary glands. [NIH]
Nitric Oxide: A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells. It is synthesized from arginine by a complex reaction, catalyzed by nitric oxide synthase. Nitric oxide is endothelium-derived relaxing factor. It is released by the vascular endothelium and mediates the relaxation induced by some vasodilators such as acetylcholine and bradykinin. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic guanylate cyclase and thus elevates intracellular levels of cyclic GMP.
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[NIH]
Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nociceptors: Peripheral receptors for pain. Nociceptors include receptors which are sensitive to painful mechanical stimuli, extreme heat or cold, and chemical stimuli. All nociceptors are free nerve endings. [NIH] Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclear Medicine: A specialty field of radiology concerned with diagnostic, therapeutic, and investigative use of radioactive compounds in a pharmaceutical form. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleic Acid Hybridization: The process whereby two single-stranded polynucleotides form a double-stranded molecule, with hydrogen bonding between the complementary bases in the two strains. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nymph: The immature stage in the life cycle of those orders of insects characterized by gradual metamorphosis, in which the young resemble the imago in general form of body, including compound eyes and external wings; also the 8-legged stage of mites and ticks that follows the first moult. [NIH] Obstetrics: A medical-surgical specialty concerned with management and care of women during pregnancy, parturition, and the puerperium. [NIH] Occipital Lobe: Posterior part of the cerebral hemisphere. [NIH] Ocular: 1. Of, pertaining to, or affecting the eye. 2. Eyepiece. [EU] Oculi: Globe or ball of the eye. [NIH] Odds Ratio: The ratio of two odds. The exposure-odds ratio for case control data is the ratio of the odds in favor of exposure among cases to the odds in favor of exposure among noncases. The disease-odds ratio for a cohort or cross section is the ratio of the odds in favor of disease among the exposed to the odds in favor of disease among the unexposed. The prevalence-odds ratio refers to an odds ratio derived cross-sectionally from studies of prevalent cases. [NIH] Ointments: Semisolid preparations used topically for protective emollient effects or as a vehicle for local administration of medications. Ointment bases are various mixtures of fats, waxes, animal and plant oils and solid and liquid hydrocarbons. [NIH]
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Oliguria: Clinical manifestation of the urinary system consisting of a decrease in the amount of urine secreted. [NIH] Oncogene: A gene that normally directs cell growth. If altered, an oncogene can promote or allow the uncontrolled growth of cancer. Alterations can be inherited or caused by an environmental exposure to carcinogens. [NIH] On-line: A sexually-reproducing population derived from a common parentage. [NIH] Onychomycosis: Mycosis of the nails, possibly due to some extent to humidity. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Ophthalmic: Pertaining to the eye. [EU] Ophthalmology: A surgical specialty concerned with the structure and function of the eye and the medical and surgical treatment of its defects and diseases. [NIH] Opsin: A protein formed, together with retinene, by the chemical breakdown of metarhodopsin. [NIH] Optic disc: The circular area (disc) where the optic nerve connects to the retina. [NIH] Optic Disk: The portion of the optic nerve seen in the fundus with the ophthalmoscope. It is formed by the meeting of all the retinal ganglion cell axons as they enter the optic nerve. [NIH]
Optic Nerve: The 2nd cranial nerve. The optic nerve conveys visual information from the retina to the brain. The nerve carries the axons of the retinal ganglion cells which sort at the optic chiasm and continue via the optic tracts to the brain. The largest projection is to the lateral geniculate nuclei; other important targets include the superior colliculi and the suprachiasmatic nuclei. Though known as the second cranial nerve, it is considered part of the central nervous system. [NIH] Optometry: The professional practice of primary eye and vision care that includes the measurement of visual refractive power and the correction of visual defects with lenses or glasses. [NIH] Orbicularis: A thin layer of fibers that originates at the posterior lacrimal crest and passes outward and forward, dividing into two slips which surround the canaliculi. [NIH] Organ Culture: The growth in aseptic culture of plant organs such as roots or shoots, beginning with organ primordia or segments and maintaining the characteristics of the organ. [NIH] Organelles: Specific particles of membrane-bound organized living substances present in eukaryotic cells, such as the mitochondria; the golgi apparatus; endoplasmic reticulum; lysomomes; plastids; and vacuoles. [NIH] Orthopaedic: Pertaining to the correction of deformities of the musculoskeletal system; pertaining to orthopaedics. [EU] Orthostatic: Pertaining to or caused by standing erect. [EU] Orthotic Devices: Apparatus used to support, align, prevent, or correct deformities or to improve the function of movable parts of the body. [NIH] Osteolysis: Dissolution of bone that particularly involves the removal or loss of calcium. [NIH]
Osteomyelitis: Inflammation of bone caused by a pyogenic organism. It may remain localized or may spread through the bone to involve the marrow, cortex, cancellous tissue, and periosteum. [EU] Osteoporosis: Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal
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osteoporosis and age-related (or senile) osteoporosis. [NIH] Osteotomy: The surgical cutting of a bone. [EU] Otolith: A complex calcareous concretion in the inner ear which controls man's sense of balance and reactions to acceleration. [NIH] Outer ear: The pinna and external meatus of the ear. [NIH] Outpatient: A patient who is not an inmate of a hospital but receives diagnosis or treatment in a clinic or dispensary connected with the hospital. [NIH] Overexpress: An excess of a particular protein on the surface of a cell. [NIH] Overweight: An excess of body weight but not necessarily body fat; a body mass index of 25 to 29.9 kg/m2. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]
Oxygenation: The process of supplying, treating, or mixing with oxygen. No:1245 oxygenation the process of supplying, treating, or mixing with oxygen. [EU] Palate: The structure that forms the roof of the mouth. It consists of the anterior hard palate and the posterior soft palate. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Palpation: Application of fingers with light pressure to the surface of the body to determine consistence of parts beneath in physical diagnosis; includes palpation for determining the outlines of organs. [NIH] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreas Transplant: A surgical procedure that involves replacing the pancreas of a person who has diabetes with a healthy pancreas that can make insulin. The healthy pancreas comes from a donor who has just died or from a living relative. A person can donate half a pancreas and still live normally. [NIH] Pancreas Transplantation: The transference of a pancreas from one human or animal to another. [NIH] Paralysis: Loss of ability to move all or part of the body. [NIH] Parkinsonism: A group of neurological disorders characterized by hypokinesia, tremor, and muscular rigidity. [EU] Parotid: The space that contains the parotid gland, the facial nerve, the external carotid artery, and the retromandibular vein. [NIH] Paroxysmal: Recurring in paroxysms (= spasms or seizures). [EU] Partial remission: The shrinking, but not complete disappearance, of a tumor in response to therapy. Also called partial response. [NIH] Particle: A tiny mass of material. [EU] Parturition: The act or process of given birth to a child. [EU] Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch
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over the eye. [NIH] Pathogen: Any disease-producing microorganism. [EU] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]
Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]
Pediatrics: A medical specialty concerned with maintaining health and providing medical care to children from birth to adolescence. [NIH] Peer Review: An organized procedure carried out by a select committee of professionals in evaluating the performance of other professionals in meeting the standards of their specialty. Review by peers is used by editors in the evaluation of articles and other papers submitted for publication. Peer review is used also in the evaluation of grant applications. It is applied also in evaluating the quality of health care provided to patients. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Peptide T: N-(N-(N(2)-(N-(N-(N-(N-D-Alanyl L-seryl)-L-threonyl)-L-threonyl) L-threonyl)L-asparaginyl)-L-tyrosyl) L-threonine. Octapeptide sharing sequence homology with HIV envelope protein gp120. It is potentially useful as antiviral agent in AIDS therapy. The core pentapeptide sequence, TTNYT, consisting of amino acids 4-8 in peptide T, is the HIV envelope sequence required for attachment to the CD4 receptor. [NIH] Perception: The ability quickly and accurately to recognize similarities and differences among presented objects, whether these be pairs of words, pairs of number series, or multiple sets of these or other symbols such as geometric figures. [NIH] Perfusion: Bathing an organ or tissue with a fluid. In regional perfusion, a specific area of the body (usually an arm or a leg) receives high doses of anticancer drugs through a blood vessel. Such a procedure is performed to treat cancer that has not spread. [NIH] Peripheral Nerves: The nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord, including the autonomic, cranial, and spinal nerves. Peripheral nerves contain non-neuronal cells and connective tissue as well as axons. The connective tissue layers include, from the outside to the inside, the epineurium, the perineurium, and the endoneurium. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System Diseases: Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves. [NIH] Peripheral Neuropathy: Nerve damage, usually affecting the feet and legs; causing pain, numbness, or a tingling feeling. Also called "somatic neuropathy" or "distal sensory polyneuropathy." [NIH] Peripheral Vascular Disease: Disease in the large blood vessels of the arms, legs, and feet. People who have had diabetes for a long time may get this because major blood vessels in
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their arms, legs, and feet are blocked and these limbs do not receive enough blood. The signs of PVD are aching pains in the arms, legs, and feet (especially when walking) and foot sores that heal slowly. Although people with diabetes cannot always avoid PVD, doctors say they have a better chance of avoiding it if they take good care of their feet, do not smoke, and keep both their blood pressure and diabetes under good control. [NIH] Peripheral vision: Side vision; ability to see objects and movement outside of the direct line of vision. [NIH] Petechiae: Pinpoint, unraised, round red spots under the skin caused by bleeding. [NIH] Petroleum: Naturally occurring complex liquid hydrocarbons which, after distillation, yield combustible fuels, petrochemicals, and lubricants. [NIH] Phallic: Pertaining to the phallus, or penis. [EU] Pharmacogenetics: A branch of genetics which deals with the genetic components of variability in individual responses to and metabolism (biotransformation) of drugs. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phenylalanine: An aromatic amino acid that is essential in the animal diet. It is a precursor of melanin, dopamine, noradrenalin, and thyroxine. [NIH] Phospholipases: A class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphoglycerides or glycerophosphatidates. EC 3.1.-. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Phosphorylation: The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety. [NIH] Physical Fitness: A state of well-being in which performance is optimal, often as a result of physical conditioning which may be prescribed for disease therapy. [NIH] Physical Therapy: The restoration of function and the prevention of disability following disease or injury with the use of light, heat, cold, water, electricity, ultrasound, and exercise. [NIH]
Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]
Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pigment: A substance that gives color to tissue. Pigments are responsible for the color of skin, eyes, and hair. [NIH] Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Pitch: The subjective awareness of the frequency or spectral distribution of a sound. [NIH] Placenta: A highly vascular fetal organ through which the fetus absorbs oxygen and other
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nutrients and excretes carbon dioxide and other wastes. It begins to form about the eighth day of gestation when the blastocyst adheres to the decidua. [NIH] Placental Insufficiency: Failure of the placenta to deliver an adequate supply of nutrients and oxygen to the fetus. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Plasmids: Any extrachromosomal hereditary determinant. Plasmids are self-replicating circular molecules of DNA that are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. [NIH] Platelet Activation: A series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue. These events include shape change, adhesiveness, aggregation, and release reactions. When carried through to completion, these events lead to the formation of a stable hemostatic plug. [NIH] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Podiatrist: A doctor who treats and takes care of people's feet. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Polyunsaturated fat: An unsaturated fat found in greatest amounts in foods derived from plants, including safflower, sunflower, corn, and soybean oils. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postmenopausal: Refers to the time after menopause. Menopause is the time in a woman's life when menstrual periods stop permanently; also called "change of life." [NIH] Postnatal: Occurring after birth, with reference to the newborn. [EU] Postoperative: After surgery. [NIH] Postoperative Complications: Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery. [NIH] Postsynaptic: Nerve potential generated by an inhibitory hyperpolarizing stimulation. [NIH] Post-traumatic: Occurring as a result of or after injury. [EU] Postural: Pertaining to posture or position. [EU] Potentiation: An overall effect of two drugs taken together which is greater than the sum of the effects of each drug taken alone. [NIH]
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Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Preclinical: Before a disease becomes clinically recognizable. [EU] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Predisposition: A latent susceptibility to disease which may be activated under certain conditions, as by stress. [EU] Prenatal: Existing or occurring before birth, with reference to the fetus. [EU] Presynaptic: Situated proximal to a synapse, or occurring before the synapse is crossed. [EU] Prion: Small proteinaceous infectious particles that resist inactivation by procedures modifying nucleic acids and contain an abnormal isoform of a cellular protein which is a major and necessary component. [NIH] Problem Solving: A learning situation involving more than one alternative from which a selection is made in order to attain a specific goal. [NIH] Professional Practice: The use of one's knowledge in a particular profession. It includes, in the case of the field of biomedicine, professional activities related to health care and the actual performance of the duties related to the provision of health care. [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Program Evaluation: Studies designed to assess the efficacy of programs. They may include the evaluation of cost-effectiveness, the extent to which objectives are met, or impact. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Projection: A defense mechanism, operating unconsciously, whereby that which is emotionally unacceptable in the self is rejected and attributed (projected) to others. [NIH] Promoter: A chemical substance that increases the activity of a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Prone: Having the front portion of the body downwards. [NIH] Prophase: The first phase of cell division, in which the chromosomes become visible, the nucleus starts to lose its identity, the spindle appears, and the centrioles migrate toward opposite poles. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Proprioception: The mechanism involved in the self-regulation of posture and movement through stimuli originating in the receptors imbedded in the joints, tendons, muscles, and labyrinth. [NIH] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH]
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Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteoglycans: Glycoproteins which have a very high polysaccharide content. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU] Pruritic: Pertaining to or characterized by pruritus. [EU] Pruritus: An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief. [NIH] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Psychology: The science dealing with the study of mental processes and behavior in man and animals. [NIH] Psychomotor: Pertaining to motor effects of cerebral or psychic activity. [EU] Psychotherapy: A generic term for the treatment of mental illness or emotional disturbances primarily by verbal or nonverbal communication. [NIH] Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]
Puerperium: Period from delivery of the placenta until return of the reproductive organs to their normal nonpregnant morphologic state. In humans, the puerperium generally lasts for six to eight weeks. [NIH]
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Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Edema: An accumulation of an excessive amount of watery fluid in the lungs, may be caused by acute exposure to dangerous concentrations of irritant gasses. [NIH] Pulmonary hypertension: Abnormally high blood pressure in the arteries of the lungs. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]
Pupa: An inactive stage between the larval and adult stages in the life cycle of insects. [NIH] Purpura: Purplish or brownish red discoloration, easily visible through the epidermis, caused by hemorrhage into the tissues. [NIH] Pustular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a pustule; consisting of pustules (= a visible collection of pus within or beneath the epidermis). [EU] Putrefaction: The process of decomposition of animal and vegetable matter by living organisms. [NIH] Pyogenic: Producing pus; pyopoietic (= liquid inflammation product made up of cells and a thin fluid called liquor puris). [EU] Quality of Life: A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment. [NIH] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radiography: Examination of any part of the body for diagnostic purposes by means of roentgen rays, recording the image on a sensitized surface (such as photographic film). [NIH] Radiology: A specialty concerned with the use of x-ray and other forms of radiant energy in the diagnosis and treatment of disease. [NIH] Radionuclide Imaging: Process whereby a radionuclide is injected or measured (through tissue) from an external source, and a display is obtained from any one of several rectilinear scanner or gamma camera systems. The image obtained from a moving detector is called a scan, while the image obtained from a stationary camera device is called a scintiphotograph. [NIH]
Radiopharmaceutical: Any medicinal product which, when ready for use, contains one or more radionuclides (radioactive isotopes) included for a medicinal purpose. [NIH] Random Allocation: A process involving chance used in therapeutic trials or other research
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endeavor for allocating experimental subjects, human or animal, between treatment and control groups, or among treatment groups. It may also apply to experiments on inanimate objects. [NIH] Randomization: Also called random allocation. Is allocation of individuals to groups, e.g., for experimental and control regimens, by chance. Within the limits of chance variation, random allocation should make the control and experimental groups similar at the start of an investigation and ensure that personal judgment and prejudices of the investigator do not influence allocation. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Randomized clinical trial: A study in which the participants are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments; neither the researchers nor the participants can choose which group. Using chance to assign people to groups means that the groups will be similar and that the treatments they receive can be compared objectively. At the time of the trial, it is not known which treatment is best. It is the patient's choice to be in a randomized trial. [NIH] Reaction Time: The time from the onset of a stimulus until the organism responds. [NIH] Reagent: A substance employed to produce a chemical reaction so as to detect, measure, produce, etc., other substances. [EU] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Receptors, Serotonin: Cell-surface proteins that bind serotonin and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Several types of serotonin receptors have been recognized which differ in their pharmacology, molecular biology, and mode of action. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Reflective: Capable of throwing back light, images, sound waves : reflecting. [EU] Reflex: An involuntary movement or exercise of function in a part, excited in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the brain or spinal cord. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Refractive Power: The ability of an object, such as the eye, to bend light as light passes through it. [NIH] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Regurgitation: A backward flowing, as the casting up of undigested food, or the backward flowing of blood into the heart, or between the chambers of the heart when a valve is incompetent. [EU] Relative risk: The ratio of the incidence rate of a disease among individuals exposed to a specific risk factor to the incidence rate among unexposed individuals; synonymous with risk ratio. Alternatively, the ratio of the cumulative incidence rate in the exposed to the cumulative incidence rate in the unexposed (cumulative incidence ratio). The term relative risk has also been used synonymously with odds ratio. This is because the odds ratio and
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relative risk approach each other if the disease is rare ( 5 percent of population) and the number of subjects is large. [NIH] Reliability: Used technically, in a statistical sense, of consistency of a test with itself, i. e. the extent to which we can assume that it will yield the same result if repeated a second time. [NIH]
Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Renal failure: Progressive renal insufficiency and uremia, due to irreversible and progressive renal glomerular tubular or interstitial disease. [NIH] Research Design: A plan for collecting and utilizing data so that desired information can be obtained with sufficient precision or so that an hypothesis can be tested properly. [NIH] Research Support: Financial support of research activities. [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Respiratory Physiology: Functions and activities of the respiratory tract as a whole or of any of its parts. [NIH] Restoration: Broad term applied to any inlay, crown, bridge or complete denture which restores or replaces loss of teeth or oral tissues. [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retinal: 1. Pertaining to the retina. 2. The aldehyde of retinol, derived by the oxidative enzymatic splitting of absorbed dietary carotene, and having vitamin A activity. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. One isomer, 11-cis retinal combines with opsin in the rods (scotopsin) to form rhodopsin, or visual purple. Another, all-trans retinal (trans-r.); visual yellow; xanthopsin) results from the bleaching of rhodopsin by light, in which the 11-cis form is converted to the all-trans form. Retinal also combines with opsins in the cones (photopsins) to form the three pigments responsible for colour vision. Called also retinal, and retinene1. [EU] Retinol: Vitamin A. It is essential for proper vision and healthy skin and mucous membranes. Retinol is being studied for cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] Retrospective: Looking back at events that have already taken place. [NIH] Retrospective study: A study that looks backward in time, usually using medical records and interviews with patients who already have or had a disease. [NIH] Rheumatism: A group of disorders marked by inflammation or pain in the connective tissue structures of the body. These structures include bone, cartilage, and fat. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Rheumatoid arthritis: A form of arthritis, the cause of which is unknown, although infection, hypersensitivity, hormone imbalance and psychologic stress have been suggested as possible causes. [NIH]
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Ribosome: A granule of protein and RNA, synthesized in the nucleolus and found in the cytoplasm of cells. Ribosomes are the main sites of protein synthesis. Messenger RNA attaches to them and there receives molecules of transfer RNA bearing amino acids. [NIH] Rickettsiae: One of a group of obligate intracellular parasitic microorganisms, once regarded as intermediate in their properties between bacteria and viruses but now classified as bacteria in the order Rickettsiales, which includes 17 genera and 3 families: Rickettsiace. [NIH]
Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Risk patient: Patient who is at risk, because of his/her behaviour or because of the type of person he/she is. [EU] Rods: One type of specialized light-sensitive cells (photoreceptors) in the retina that provide side vision and the ability to see objects in dim light (night vision). [NIH] Sanitation: The development and establishment of environmental conditions favorable to the health of the public. [NIH] Saponins: Sapogenin glycosides. A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycon moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose. Sapogenins are poisonous towards the lower forms of life and are powerful hemolytics when injected into the blood stream able to dissolve red blood cells at even extreme dilutions. [NIH] Sarcoidosis: An idiopathic systemic inflammatory granulomatous disorder comprised of epithelioid and multinucleated giant cells with little necrosis. It usually invades the lungs with fibrosis and may also involve lymph nodes, skin, liver, spleen, eyes, phalangeal bones, and parotid glands. [NIH] Sarcoma: A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant. [NIH] Satellite: Applied to a vein which closely accompanies an artery for some distance; in cytogenetics, a chromosomal agent separated by a secondary constriction from the main body of the chromosome. [NIH] Scabies: A contagious cutaneous inflammation caused by the bite of the mite Sarcoptes scabiei. It is characterized by pruritic papular eruptions and burrows and affects primarily the axillae, elbows, wrists, and genitalia, although it can spread to cover the entire body. [NIH]
Scans: Pictures of structures inside the body. Scans often used in diagnosing, staging, and monitoring disease include liver scans, bone scans, and computed tomography (CT) or computerized axial tomography (CAT) scans and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. In liver scanning and bone scanning, radioactive substances that are injected into the bloodstream collect in these organs. A scanner that detects the radiation is used to create pictures. In CT scanning, an x-ray machine linked to a computer is used to produce detailed pictures of organs inside the body. MRI scans use a large magnet connected to a computer to create pictures of areas inside the body. [NIH] Sciatic Nerve: A nerve which originates in the lumbar and sacral spinal cord (L4 to S3) and supplies motor and sensory innervation to the lower extremity. The sciatic nerve, which is the main continuation of the sacral plexus, is the largest nerve in the body. It has two major branches, the tibial nerve and the peroneal nerve. [NIH] Sclerosis: A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve. [NIH]
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Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Sebaceous: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Secretory: Secreting; relating to or influencing secretion or the secretions. [NIH] Sedentary: 1. Sitting habitually; of inactive habits. 2. Pertaining to a sitting posture. [EU] Sediment: A precipitate, especially one that is formed spontaneously. [EU] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Self Care: Performance of activities or tasks traditionally performed by professional health care providers. The concept includes care of oneself or one's family and friends. [NIH] Semicircular canal: Three long canals of the bony labyrinth of the ear, forming loops and opening into the vestibule by five openings. [NIH] Senile: Relating or belonging to old age; characteristic of old age; resulting from infirmity of old age. [NIH] Sensibility: The ability to receive, feel and appreciate sensations and impressions; the quality of being sensitive; the extend to which a method gives results that are free from false negatives. [NIH] Sensor: A device designed to respond to physical stimuli such as temperature, light, magnetism or movement and transmit resulting impulses for interpretation, recording, movement, or operating control. [NIH] Sequence Analysis: A multistage process that includes the determination of a sequence (protein, carbohydrate, etc.), its fragmentation and analysis, and the interpretation of the resulting sequence information. [NIH] Sequence Homology: The degree of similarity between sequences. Studies of amino acid and nucleotide sequences provide useful information about the genetic relatedness of certain species. [NIH] Sequencer: Device that reads off the order of nucleotides in a cloned gene. [NIH] Sequencing: The determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA chain. [NIH] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Shedding: Release of infectious particles (e. g., bacteria, viruses) into the environment, for example by sneezing, by fecal excretion, or from an open lesion. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]
Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU]
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Signal Transduction: The intercellular or intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GABA-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptormediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway. [NIH] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Skin Care: Maintenance of the hygienic state of the skin under optimal conditions of cleanliness and comfort. Effective in skin care are proper washing, bathing, cleansing, and the use of soaps, detergents, oils, etc. In various disease states, therapeutic and protective solutions and ointments are useful. The care of the skin is particularly important in various occupations, in exposure to sunlight, in neonates, and in decubitus ulcer. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]
Sneezing: Sudden, forceful, involuntary expulsion of air from the nose and mouth caused by irritation to the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract. [NIH] Soaps: Sodium or potassium salts of long chain fatty acids. These detergent substances are obtained by boiling natural oils or fats with caustic alkali. Sodium soaps are harder and are used as topical anti-infectives and vehicles in pills and liniments; potassium soaps are soft, used as vehicles for ointments and also as topical antimicrobials. [NIH] Social Environment: The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community. [NIH] Social Medicine: A branch of medicine concerned with the role of socio-environmental factors in the occurrence, prevention and treatment of disease. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Soma: The body as distinct from the mind; all the body tissue except the germ cells; all the axial body. [NIH]
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Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Somatosensory Disorders: Disorders of sensory information received from superficial and deep regions of the body. The somatosensory system conveys neural impulses which pertain to proprioception, tactile sensation, thermal sensation, pressure sensation, and pain. Peripheral nervous system diseases; spinal cord diseases; and brain diseases may be associated with impaired or abnormal somatic sensation. [NIH] Sound wave: An alteration of properties of an elastic medium, such as pressure, particle displacement, or density, that propagates through the medium, or a superposition of such alterations. [NIH] Soybean Oil: Oil from soybean or soybean plant. [NIH] Spasm: An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve skeletal muscle or smooth muscle. [NIH] Spasticity: A state of hypertonicity, or increase over the normal tone of a muscle, with heightened deep tendon reflexes. [EU] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spinal Cord Diseases: Pathologic conditions which feature spinal cord damage or dysfunction, including disorders involving the meninges and perimeningeal spaces surrounding the spinal cord. Traumatic injuries, vascular diseases, infections, and inflammatory/autoimmune processes may affect the spinal cord. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Stabilization: The creation of a stable state. [EU] Stabilizer: A device for maintaining constant X-ray tube voltage or current. [NIH] Staging: Performing exams and tests to learn the extent of the cancer within the body, especially whether the disease has spread from the original site to other parts of the body. [NIH]
Sterilization: The destroying of all forms of life, especially microorganisms, by heat, chemical, or other means. [NIH] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this
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group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Steroid therapy: Treatment with corticosteroid drugs to reduce swelling, pain, and other symptoms of inflammation. [NIH] Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]
Sudden death: Cardiac arrest caused by an irregular heartbeat. The term "death" is somewhat misleading, because some patients survive. [NIH] Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight 32.066. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine. [NIH] Supplementation: Adding nutrients to the diet. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Sympathectomy: The removal or interruption of some part of the sympathetic nervous system for therapeutic or research purposes. [NIH] Sympathetic Nervous System: The thoracolumbar division of the autonomic nervous system. Sympathetic preganglionic fibers originate in neurons of the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord and project to the paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia, which in turn project to target organs. The sympathetic nervous system mediates the body's response to stressful situations, i.e., the fight or flight reactions. It often acts reciprocally to the parasympathetic system. [NIH] Sympathomimetic: 1. Mimicking the effects of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. 2. An agent that produces effects similar to those of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. Called also adrenergic. [EU]
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Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Synapsis: The pairing between homologous chromosomes of maternal and paternal origin during the prophase of meiosis, leading to the formation of gametes. [NIH] Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU] Synaptic Transmission: The communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a neurotransmitter that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors. These activated receptors modulate ion channels and/or secondmessenger systems to influence the postsynaptic cell. Electrical transmission is less common in the nervous system, and, as in other tissues, is mediated by gap junctions. [NIH] Synchrony: The normal physiologic sequencing of atrial and ventricular activation and contraction. [NIH] Synergistic: Acting together; enhancing the effect of another force or agent. [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systole: Period of contraction of the heart, especially of the ventricles. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. [EU] Tardive: Marked by lateness, late; said of a disease in which the characteristic lesion is late in appearing. [EU] Tetracycline: An antibiotic originally produced by Streptomyces viridifaciens, but used mostly in synthetic form. It is an inhibitor of aminoacyl-tRNA binding during protein synthesis. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Thigh: A leg; in anatomy, any elongated process or part of a structure more or less comparable to a leg. [NIH] Thorax: A part of the trunk between the neck and the abdomen; the chest. [NIH] Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thromboembolism: Obstruction of a vessel by a blood clot that has been transported from a distant site by the blood stream. [NIH] Thrombomodulin: A cell surface glycoprotein of endothelial cells that binds thrombin and serves as a cofactor in the activation of protein C and its regulation of blood coagulation. [NIH]
Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH]
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Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Tibiae: The long bone on the medial and pre-axial border of the leg. [NIH] Tibial Nerve: The medial terminal branch of the sciatic nerve. The tibial nerve fibers originate in lumbar and sacral spinal segments (L4 to S2). They supply motor and sensory innervation to parts of the calf and foot. [NIH] Tin: A trace element that is required in bone formation. It has the atomic symbol Sn, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 118.71. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tissue Culture: Maintaining or growing of tissue, organ primordia, or the whole or part of an organ in vitro so as to preserve its architecture and/or function (Dorland, 28th ed). Tissue culture includes both organ culture and cell culture. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Tome: A zone produced by a number of irregular spaces contained in the outermost layer of denture of the root of a tooth. [NIH] Tomograph: An X-ray apparatus; an instrument that produces a relatively sharp image of a thin layer of the object, all other layers being blurred by predetermined relative motion of the roentgen tube, film, and subject. [NIH] Tomography: Imaging methods that result in sharp images of objects located on a chosen plane and blurred images located above or below the plane. [NIH] Tooth Preparation: Procedures carried out with regard to the teeth or tooth structures preparatory to specified dental therapeutic and surgical measures. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicologic: Pertaining to toxicology. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Trace element: Substance or element essential to plant or animal life, but present in extremely small amounts. [NIH] Traction: The act of pulling. [NIH] Training Support: Financial support for training including both student stipends and loans and training grants to institutions. [NIH] Transcription Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process. [NIH] Transdermal: Entering through the dermis, or skin, as in administration of a drug applied to
Dictionary 183
the skin in ointment or patch form. [EU] Transduction: The transfer of genes from one cell to another by means of a viral (in the case of bacteria, a bacteriophage) vector or a vector which is similar to a virus particle (pseudovirion). [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transferases: Transferases are enzymes transferring a group, for example, the methyl group or a glycosyl group, from one compound (generally regarded as donor) to another compound (generally regarded as acceptor). The classification is based on the scheme "donor:acceptor group transferase". (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2. [NIH] Transfusion: The infusion of components of blood or whole blood into the bloodstream. The blood may be donated from another person, or it may have been taken from the person earlier and stored until needed. [NIH] Translating: Conversion from one language to another language. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Translational: The cleavage of signal sequence that directs the passage of the protein through a cell or organelle membrane. [NIH] Translocation: The movement of material in solution inside the body of the plant. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Tricyclic: Containing three fused rings or closed chains in the molecular structure. [EU] Tropomyosin: A protein found in the thin filaments of muscle fibers. It inhibits contraction of the muscle unless its position is modified by troponin. [NIH] Troponin: One of the minor protein components of skeletal muscle. Its function is to serve as the calcium-binding component in the troponin-tropomyosin B-actin-myosin complex by conferring calcium sensitivity to the cross-linked actin and myosin filaments. [NIH] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. It is also the precursor of epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melanin. [NIH] Ubiquitin: A highly conserved 76 amino acid-protein found in all eukaryotic cells. [NIH] Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH] Ulceration: 1. The formation or development of an ulcer. 2. An ulcer. [EU] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Uremia: The illness associated with the buildup of urea in the blood because the kidneys are not working effectively. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, weakness,
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and mental confusion. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]
Uric: A kidney stone that may result from a diet high in animal protein. When the body breaks down this protein, uric acid levels rise and can form stones. [NIH] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Varicose: The common ulcer in the lower third of the leg or near the ankle. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasculitis: Inflammation of a blood vessel. [NIH] Vasoactive: Exerting an effect upon the calibre of blood vessels. [EU] Vasodilatation: A state of increased calibre of the blood vessels. [EU] Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] VE: The total volume of gas either inspired or expired in one minute. [NIH] Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Ventilation: 1. In respiratory physiology, the process of exchange of air between the lungs and the ambient air. Pulmonary ventilation (usually measured in litres per minute) refers to the total exchange, whereas alveolar ventilation refers to the effective ventilation of the alveoli, in which gas exchange with the blood takes place. 2. In psychiatry, verbalization of one's emotional problems. [EU] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Ventricular: Pertaining to a ventricle. [EU] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Vertebrae: A bony unit of the segmented spinal column. [NIH] Vesicular: 1. Composed of or relating to small, saclike bodies. 2. Pertaining to or made up of vesicles on the skin. [EU] Vesicular Exanthema of Swine: A calicivirus infection of swine characterized by hydropic degeneration of the oral and cutaneous epithelia. [NIH] Vesicular Exanthema of Swine Virus: The type species of the genus Calicivirus, an RNA virus infecting pigs. The resulting infection is an acute febrile disease which is clinically indistinguishable from foot and mouth disease. Transmission is by contaminated food. [NIH]
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Vestibular: Pertaining to or toward a vestibule. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the tooth surface directed toward the vestibule of the mouth. [EU] Vestibule: A small, oval, bony chamber of the labyrinth. The vestibule contains the utricle and saccule, organs which are part of the balancing apparatus of the ear. [NIH] Veterinarians: Individuals with a degree in veterinary medicine that provides them with training and qualifications to treat diseases and injuries of animals. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Vinca Alkaloids: A class of alkaloids from the genus of apocyanaceous woody herbs including periwinkles. They are some of the most useful antineoplastic agents. [NIH] Vincristine: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of plant drugs called vinca alkaloids. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Viscera: Any of the large interior organs in any one of the three great cavities of the body, especially in the abdomen. [NIH] Visceral: , from viscus a viscus) pertaining to a viscus. [EU] Visual Cortex: Area of the occipital lobe concerned with vision. [NIH] Visual field: The entire area that can be seen when the eye is forward, including peripheral vision. [NIH] Vitreous Body: The transparent, semigelatinous substance that fills the cavity behind the crystalline lens of the eye and in front of the retina. It is contained in a thin hyoid membrane and forms about four fifths of the optic globe. [NIH] Vitreous Hemorrhage: Hemorrhage into the vitreous body. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Vulgaris: An affection of the skin, especially of the face, the back and the chest, due to chronic inflammation of the sebaceous glands and the hair follicles. [NIH] Wakefulness: A state in which there is an enhanced potential for sensitivity and an efficient responsiveness to external stimuli. [NIH] Walkers: Walking aids generally having two handgrips and four legs. [NIH] Wheelchairs: Chairs mounted on wheels and designed to be propelled by the occupant. [NIH]
Withdrawal: 1. A pathological retreat from interpersonal contact and social involvement, as may occur in schizophrenia, depression, or schizoid avoidant and schizotypal personality disorders. 2. (DSM III-R) A substance-specific organic brain syndrome that follows the cessation of use or reduction in intake of a psychoactive substance that had been regularly used to induce a state of intoxication. [EU] Wound Healing: Restoration of integrity to traumatized tissue. [NIH] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH]
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X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Zymogen: Inactive form of an enzyme which can then be converted to the active form, usually by excision of a polypeptide, e. g. trypsinogen is the zymogen of trypsin. [NIH]
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INDEX 3 3-dimensional, 12, 127 A Abdomen, 56, 127, 133, 146, 156, 158, 179, 180, 181, 185 Abdominal, 127, 167 Abdominal fat, 127 Abductor, 33, 127 Acclimatization, 127 ACE, 127 Acetylcholine, 127, 147, 164 Acidosis, 127, 143 Acoustic, 127 Actin, 15, 127, 162, 163, 183 Activities of Daily Living, 10, 127 Adaptation, 10, 24, 127 Adenosine, 127, 154, 169 Adenovirus, 127 Adenylate Cyclase, 127 Adipose Tissue, 127, 128 Adjustment, 127, 128 Adolescence, 128, 168 Adrenal Cortex, 128, 140, 141, 171 Adrenal Medulla, 128, 146, 165 Adrenergic, 128, 144, 146, 180 Adverse Effect, 128, 177 Aerobic, 41, 92, 93, 128 Affinity, 128, 131, 178 Agonists, 9, 128 Airway, 128 Algorithms, 7, 128, 132 Alkaline, 127, 128, 134 Alkaloid, 128, 138 Allergen, 47, 128 Alpha Particles, 128, 173 Alternative medicine, 90, 128 Alveoli, 129, 184 Amino Acid Sequence, 129, 130 Amino Acids, 129, 168, 170, 172, 176, 180, 183 Amphetamines, 129, 138 Ampulla, 129, 137, 145 Amputation, 4, 5, 6, 14, 16, 18, 81, 84, 114, 116, 129 Amyotrophy, 18, 129 Anaerobic, 41, 129 Anaesthesia, 129 Anaesthetic, 26, 129
Anal, 129, 146, 148, 159 Analgesic, 129, 154 Anaphylatoxins, 129, 139 Anatomical, 12, 33, 129, 131, 145, 155, 176 Anemia, 61, 129, 134, 152 Anemic, 129 Anesthesia, 24, 128, 129 Angiography, 22, 129 Animal model, 129 Ankle, 4, 8, 18, 20, 21, 24, 29, 33, 41, 43, 46, 84, 92, 130, 184 Antibacterial, 130, 179 Antibiotic, 130, 179, 181 Antibiotic Prophylaxis, 130 Antibodies, 130, 155, 162, 170 Antibody, 128, 130, 138, 153, 155, 160, 162, 173, 179 Anticoagulant, 130, 172 Antidepressant, 130, 137 Antigen, 128, 130, 138, 151, 153, 154, 155, 160 Antigen-Antibody Complex, 130, 138 Anti-inflammatory, 130, 131, 140, 151, 154 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 130, 131, 140 Antimicrobial, 22, 130, 143 Antiviral, 130, 147, 168 Anuria, 130, 157 Anus, 129, 130 Aorta, 22, 130, 184 Applicability, 130 Aqueous, 130, 132, 141, 145, 158 Arginine, 32, 129, 130, 164 Arrhythmia, 130, 162 Arterial, 17, 32, 130, 131, 154, 158, 172, 181 Arteries, 91, 130, 131, 133, 136, 140, 161, 163, 173 Arterioles, 130, 131, 133, 135 Arteriolosclerosis, 131 Arteriosclerosis, 131 Arteritis, 91, 131 Arthropathy, 84, 131 Arthroplasty, 26, 131 Articulation, 131, 161 Aspirin, 3, 131 Astrocytes, 131 Atrial, 131, 181 Atrium, 131, 161, 162, 184 Atrophy, 131, 164
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Attenuated, 131 Atypical, 8, 131 Auditory, 131, 160 Autonomic, 4, 12, 85, 127, 131, 164, 165, 168, 180 Autonomic Neuropathy, 4, 85, 131 B Bacteria, 130, 131, 132, 148, 161, 176, 177, 179, 183, 184 Bacterial Physiology, 127, 132 Bactericidal, 132, 147 Bacteriophage, 132, 183 Base, 76, 77, 79, 132, 142, 156, 157 Basement Membrane, 12, 132, 147, 157 Basophils, 132, 151, 158 Beta blocker, 84, 132 Bilateral, 19, 27, 132, 146 Bile, 132, 150, 158, 180 Biliary, 132, 135, 137 Biochemical, 14, 132, 149, 151, 157, 177 Bioengineering, 10, 104, 132 Biomechanics, 16, 34, 132 Biophysics, 132 Biopsy, 132 Biotechnology, 15, 90, 105, 132 Biotin, 56, 132 Biotransformation, 132, 169 Bladder, 131, 133, 149, 184 Blister, 30, 110, 133 Blood Cell Count, 133, 152 Blood Coagulation, 133, 134, 148, 181 Blood Glucose, 4, 86, 111, 112, 114, 133, 153, 156 Blood Platelets, 133, 177 Blood pressure, 91, 113, 133, 135, 154, 162, 169, 173, 178 Blood transfusion, 133 Blood-Brain Barrier, 133, 158 Body Composition, 133 Body Fluids, 133, 134, 144, 178 Body Mass Index, 133, 167 Bolus, 133 Bolus infusion, 133 Bone Marrow, 31, 59, 133, 159, 162 Bone scan, 133, 176 Bowel, 129, 133, 143, 156 Bradykinin, 133, 164 Brain Diseases, 134, 179 Brain Stem, 134, 136 Branch, 116, 123, 134, 141, 159, 160, 164, 168, 169, 172, 178, 179, 181, 182 Breakdown, 14, 134, 143, 150, 166
Breathing Exercises, 87, 134 Breeding, 134, 157 Broadband, 134 Bunion, 134, 152 Burns, 19, 45, 57, 58, 59, 134 Burns, Electric, 134 Bypass, 17, 134 C Cadaver, 16, 17, 134 Cadmium, 134 Cadmium Poisoning, 134 Calcification, 131, 134 Calcium, 91, 134, 135, 138, 154, 166, 178, 183 Calcium Channels, 134 Calcium Signaling, 135 Calculi, 135, 151 Calicivirus, 33, 135, 184 Capillary, 12, 133, 135, 184 Carbohydrate, 135, 140, 151, 177 Carbon Dioxide, 135, 148, 150, 170, 175 Carcinogenic, 135, 155, 171, 180 Carcinogens, 135, 166 Carcinoma, 57, 135 Cardiac, 135, 146, 147, 162, 163, 180 Cardiovascular, 86, 93, 131, 135, 177 Cardiovascular disease, 135 Cardiovascular System, 131, 135 Career Choice, 135 Carotene, 65, 135, 175 Case report, 24, 29, 31, 135, 137 Case series, 135, 137 Cataract, 136 Caudal, 136, 154, 170 Causal, 136, 146 Cause of Death, 136 Cell Cycle, 136, 152 Cell Death, 136, 151, 163 Cell Differentiation, 136, 178 Cell Division, 131, 136, 141, 160, 170, 171 Cell membrane, 134, 136, 142, 150, 169 Cell Physiology, 136 Cell proliferation, 9, 131, 136, 178 Cell Size, 136, 149 Central Nervous System, 127, 129, 134, 135, 136, 138, 150, 158, 166, 177 Centrifugation, 136, 152 Cerebellar, 12, 136 Cerebellum, 134, 136 Cerebral, 8, 133, 134, 136, 137, 142, 146, 148, 165, 172 Cerebral Arteries, 136
189
Cerebral Palsy, 8, 136 Cerebrovascular, 135, 136 Cerebrum, 136 Cervix, 137, 149 Chemotactic Factors, 137, 139 Chemotherapy, 16, 137 Cholestasis, 35, 137 Cholesterol, 83, 113, 132, 137, 140, 180 Choroid, 137, 175 Chromosomal, 137, 176 Chromosome, 137, 158, 176 Chronic, 24, 26, 28, 38, 59, 91, 137, 139, 155, 157, 158, 180, 185 Circulatory system, 92, 137, 145 CIS, 137, 175 Citalopram, 137 Cleft Palate, 23, 48, 91, 137 Clinical Medicine, 137, 171 Clinical study, 137, 140 Clinical trial, 7, 21, 28, 105, 137, 140, 144, 172, 174 Cloning, 132, 137 Clubbing, 35, 137 Clubfoot, 24, 138 Coca, 138 Cocaine, 138 Cochlea, 138, 155 Cofactor, 138, 172, 181 Cognition, 138 Cohort Studies, 138, 146 Collagen, 132, 138, 147, 148, 170 Collapse, 134, 138 Colonoscope, 138 Complement, 93, 129, 138, 139, 150 Complementary and alternative medicine, 55, 71, 139 Complementary medicine, 55, 139 Complete remission, 139, 175 Computational Biology, 105, 139 Computed tomography, 14, 139, 176 Computerized axial tomography, 139, 176 Computerized tomography, 139 Conception, 139, 148 Concretion, 135, 139, 167 Conduction, 13, 139 Cone, 139 Confidence Intervals, 139 Congestion, 139, 146 Connective Tissue, 133, 138, 139, 148, 150, 159, 168, 175, 176 Consciousness, 129, 140, 142, 144 Constipation, 140
Constriction, 140, 156, 176 Consultation, 92, 140 Consumption, 28, 140, 143, 175 Contamination, 18, 140 Contraindications, ii, 140 Contrast Media, 140 Controlled clinical trial, 140 Cooperative group, 140 Coordination, 8, 31, 35, 136, 140 Corn Oil, 13, 140 Coronary, 135, 140, 161, 163 Coronary heart disease, 135, 140 Coronary Thrombosis, 140, 161, 163 Cortex, 134, 136, 140, 148, 166 Cortical, 140, 177 Corticosteroid, 140, 180 Cortisol, 141 Cost Savings, 141 Cranial, 136, 141, 164, 166, 168 Criterion, 141 Cross-Sectional Studies, 141, 146 Cryofixation, 141 Cryopreservation, 141 Cues, 141 Curative, 141, 181 Cutaneous, 35, 36, 37, 44, 141, 176, 184 Cyclic, 78, 127, 141, 152, 164 Cyst, 16, 43, 141 Cytogenetics, 141, 176 Cytokine, 14, 141 Cytoplasm, 132, 135, 136, 141, 145, 146, 151, 162, 164, 176 Cytoskeletal Proteins, 141 Cytoskeleton, 141 Cytotoxic, 141, 178 D Data Collection, 7, 141 Databases, Bibliographic, 105, 141 Decompression, 141, 142 Decompression Sickness, 142 Decubitus, 142, 178 Decubitus Ulcer, 142, 178 Degenerative, 142, 153, 159, 162 Deletion, 142 Delirium, 142 Dementia, 142 Dendrites, 142, 164 Density, 133, 136, 142, 149, 166, 179 Dental Hygienists, 91, 142 Depolarization, 142, 178 Dermal, 112, 142 Dermatitis, 22, 142, 156
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Dermatology, 16, 17, 21, 22, 26, 32, 34, 42, 45, 46, 47, 142 Detergents, 142, 178 Detoxification, 143 Developed Countries, 143 Dexterity, 92, 143 Diabetes Mellitus, 9, 12, 14, 22, 57, 59, 143, 151, 153 Diabetic Foot, 14, 39, 42, 113, 116, 143 Diabetic Ketoacidosis, 86, 143 Diabetic Retinopathy, 143 Diagnostic Errors, 143, 160 Diagnostic procedure, 75, 90, 143 Diastolic, 143, 154 Diffusion, 143, 155 Digestion, 132, 133, 143, 156, 158, 180 Digestive system, 143, 150 Digestive tract, 131, 143 Direct, iii, 12, 13, 95, 137, 143, 144, 169, 170, 174 Disinfectant, 143, 147 Disorientation, 142, 143 Dissection, 16, 143 Dissociation, 29, 128, 143 Dissociative Disorders, 144 Distal, 8, 92, 144, 168, 172 Dopa, 144, 158 Dopamine, 138, 144, 158, 169 Dorsal, 9, 24, 144, 170 Dorsum, 144 Double-blinded, 144 Drug Interactions, 98, 99, 144 Drug Tolerance, 144, 182 Duct, 129, 144, 147 Duodenum, 132, 144, 145, 180 Dyskinesia, 137, 144 Dysplasia, 38, 144 E Edema, 19, 59, 91, 116, 143, 144 Effector, 127, 138, 144 Efficacy, 19, 25, 144, 171 Elasticity, 131, 145 Elastin, 138, 145, 147 Electrolyte, 140, 142, 145, 157, 178 Electrons, 132, 145, 156, 159, 167, 173 Elementary Particles, 145, 159, 164, 172 Embryo, 136, 145 Empirical, 145 Emulsion, 145, 149 Enamel, 77, 92, 145 Enchondromatosis, 44, 145 Endemic, 23, 145
Endocrine System, 145, 164 Endocrinology, 145, 152 Endoscope, 145 Endoscopic, 145 Endoscopy, 145 Endothelium, 145, 164 Endothelium-derived, 145, 164 Endotoxins, 138, 145 Environmental Exposure, 146, 166 Environmental Health, 104, 106, 146 Environmental Monitoring, 146 Enzymatic, 134, 135, 138, 146, 175 Enzyme, 127, 144, 146, 152, 161, 172, 178, 181, 183, 185, 186 Eosinophils, 146, 151, 158 Epidemiologic Studies, 146 Epidemiological, 146 Epidermis, 133, 146, 173 Epidural, 36, 146 Epigastric, 146, 167 Epinephrine, 128, 144, 146, 165, 183 Epithelial, 146, 157 Epithelium, 132, 145, 146 Equipment and Supplies, 86, 146 Erythema, 16, 59, 146, 156 Erythrocytes, 129, 133, 146, 153 Erythromelalgia, 31, 146 Esophagus, 143, 147, 150, 152, 180 Ethanol, 137, 147 Ethidium, 147 Ethnic Groups, 113, 147 Eukaryotic Cells, 141, 147, 155, 166, 183 Evacuation, 140, 147 Excitability, 8, 147 Excitation, 9, 129, 147, 149 Excrete, 130, 147, 157 Exocrine, 147, 167 Expeditions, 38, 147 Expiration, 134, 147, 175 Extensor, 9, 34, 147 Extracellular, 131, 139, 140, 147, 148, 178 Extracellular Matrix, 139, 140, 147, 148 Extracellular Matrix Proteins, 147 Extracellular Space, 147 Extraction, 147 Extremity, 4, 14, 36, 116, 147, 158, 176 Eye Infections, 127, 148 Eye Movements, 11, 148 F Family Planning, 105, 148 Family Practice, 116, 148 Fasciculation, 148, 164
191
Fat, 46, 127, 128, 133, 135, 140, 142, 148, 156, 158, 167, 170, 175, 178 Fatigue, 148 Fatty acids, 13, 143, 148, 178 Feces, 140, 148 Femoral, 148 Femur, 148 Fetus, 148, 159, 169, 170, 171, 184 Fibroblasts, 148 Fibronectins, 147, 148 Fibrosis, 148, 176 Financial Management, 148 Fissure, 137, 148 Fixation, 20, 141, 148 Flatus, 149, 150 Flexion, 24, 149 Flexor, 34, 147, 149 Flow Cytometry, 149 Fluorescence, 147, 149 Fluorescent Dyes, 149 Fluoroscopy, 149 Fold, 148, 149, 156 Foot Care, 4, 5, 6, 82, 84, 85, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 149 Foot Injuries, 5, 110, 149 Foot Ulcer, 4, 5, 7, 81, 115, 143, 149 Forearm, 133, 149 Fossa, 136, 149 Fovea, 149 Friction, 45, 149, 156 Frostbite, 27, 36, 59, 149 Fundus, 149, 166 Fungi, 148, 149, 161, 186 G Gait, 11, 16, 18, 28, 37, 38, 46, 150 Gallbladder, 127, 132, 143, 149, 150 Ganglia, 9, 127, 134, 150, 163, 168, 180 Gangrene, 28, 37, 150 Gap Junctions, 150, 181 Gas, 135, 142, 143, 149, 150, 153, 163, 164, 165, 184 Gas exchange, 150, 184 Gastric, 150, 152 Gastroenterology, 35, 150 Gastrointestinal, 134, 146, 147, 150, 177, 180 Gastrointestinal tract, 147, 150, 177 Gels, 77, 150 Gene, 127, 132, 150, 158, 166, 177 Gene Expression, 150 Genetic Counseling, 150 Genetic Engineering, 132, 137, 150
Genital, 131, 150, 152 Genomics, 150 Genotype, 150, 169 Giant Cells, 150, 176 Gland, 128, 140, 151, 159, 167, 177, 180, 182 Glomerular, 91, 151, 157, 175 Glomerulus, 151 Glucocorticoid, 151 Glucose, 86, 111, 133, 143, 151, 153, 154, 156, 176 Glucose Intolerance, 143, 151 Glutamate, 151 Glycosaminoglycans, 147, 151 Glycosylation, 151 Gonadal, 151, 180 Gout, 59, 151 Governing Board, 151, 171 Gp120, 151, 168 Grade, 114, 151 Graft, 151, 153 Grafting, 17, 151 Granulocytes, 151, 178 Granuloma, 29, 30, 151 Growth, 30, 128, 130, 132, 136, 152, 159, 163, 166, 170, 182, 183 Guanylate Cyclase, 152, 164 Gynecology, 152 H Haematoma, 152 Haemorrhage, 36, 152 Hair follicles, 152, 185 Hallux Valgus, 23, 29, 33, 41, 152 Health Education, 84, 114, 152 Health Policy, 152 Health Services, 152 Hearing aid, 152 Heart attack, 135, 152 Heartbeat, 152, 180 Heartburn, 152 Helix-loop-helix, 152 Hematocrit, 133, 152 Hematoxylin, 152 Hemiparesis, 8, 152 Hemochromatosis, 46, 152 Hemodialysis, 152, 157 Hemoglobin, 129, 133, 146, 153 Hemoglobin C, 129, 153 Hemorrhage, 153, 173, 180, 185 Hemostasis, 153, 177 Hepatic, 142, 153 Hepatitis, 153
192 Feet
Hepatocyte, 137, 153 Hereditary, 151, 153, 162, 170 Heredity, 150, 153 Histology, 153, 159 Homeostasis, 153 Homologous, 153, 181 Hormone, 140, 141, 146, 153, 156, 160, 171, 175, 178, 182 Host, 132, 153 Hybrid, 153 Hybridization, 153 Hydrogen, 127, 132, 135, 147, 153, 162, 164, 165, 167, 172 Hygienic, 114, 153, 178 Hyperalgesia, 9, 154 Hypercalcemia, 91, 154 Hypercalciuria, 91, 154 Hyperglycemia, 114, 154 Hyperlipidemia, 83, 154 Hyperoxia, 24, 154 Hypersensitivity, 23, 128, 154, 175 Hypertension, 83, 131, 135, 154 Hyperuricemia, 151, 154 Hypoglycaemia, 142, 154 Hypoglycemia, 84, 86, 154 Hypoplasia, 92, 154 Hypothalamic, 154 Hypothalamus, 134, 154 Hypoxanthine, 154 Hypoxemia, 154 Hypoxia, 32, 129, 142, 154 I Ibuprofen, 3, 154 Id, 50, 58, 117, 122, 124, 154 Idiopathic, 32, 154, 176 Imidazole, 132, 154 Immersion, 24, 42, 154 Immune response, 130, 140, 154, 180, 185 Immune system, 154, 155, 184 Immunity, 154 Immunodeficiency, 87, 154 Immunodeficiency syndrome, 87, 154 Immunofluorescence, 155 Immunoglobulin, 130, 155, 162 Immunohistochemistry, 155 Immunology, 47, 128, 149, 155 Immunosuppressive, 151, 155 Impairment, 137, 142, 144, 148, 155, 161 Impulsive Behavior, 155 In situ, 155 In Situ Hybridization, 155 In vitro, 33, 155, 182
In vivo, 57, 155 Incision, 155, 156 Indicative, 82, 155, 168, 184 Infarction, 155 Infection, 5, 26, 34, 84, 86, 137, 142, 143, 148, 154, 155, 158, 159, 164, 175, 180, 184 Infiltration, 91, 155 Inflammation, 13, 34, 44, 91, 130, 131, 142, 148, 149, 153, 155, 166, 173, 175, 176, 180, 184, 185 Infusion, 155, 183 Ingestion, 134, 155, 170 Initiation, 9, 11, 155, 182 Inlay, 17, 155, 175 Inner ear, 93, 155, 167 Innervation, 155, 176, 182 Insight, 77, 156 Insulin, 86, 143, 156, 167 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 156 Internal Medicine, 116, 145, 150, 156, 163 Intertrigo, 34, 156 Intestinal, 135, 156 Intestine, 133, 144, 153, 156, 157 Intoxication, 142, 156, 185 Intracellular, 135, 155, 156, 160, 164, 174, 176, 178 Intrahepatic, 35, 156 Intrinsic, 128, 132, 156 Invasive, 10, 154, 156, 159 Involuntary, 156, 163, 174, 178, 179 Ion Channels, 131, 156, 181 Ions, 132, 134, 143, 145, 153, 156 Ischemia, 12, 131, 142, 156 Iteration, 7, 156 J Joint, 8, 16, 19, 21, 23, 24, 34, 38, 43, 44, 46, 57, 131, 142, 149, 156 K Kb, 104, 156 Ketone Bodies, 143, 156, 157 Ketosis, 143, 157 Kidney Disease, 104, 112, 115, 116, 157 Kidney Failure, 86, 91, 157 Kidney Failure, Acute, 157 Kidney Failure, Chronic, 157 Kinetic, 16, 157 L Labile, 138, 157 Laboratory Animal Science, 157 Labyrinth, 138, 155, 157, 171, 177, 185 Lacrimal, 157, 166 Laminin, 132, 147, 157
193
Large Intestine, 143, 156, 157, 174 Larva, 157, 161 Latency, 21, 157 Latent, 157, 171 Lectin, 157, 160 Leg Ulcer, 26, 158 Lens, 136, 158, 185 Leprosy, 21, 47, 149, 158 Lesion, 13, 149, 151, 158, 177, 181, 183 Leukocytes, 132, 133, 137, 146, 151, 158, 162, 164 Levodopa, 11, 144, 158 Library Services, 122, 158 Ligaments, 140, 158 Lightness, 79, 158 Linkage, 9, 158 Lip, 36, 158 Lipid, 131, 156, 158 Liposomes, 158 Liver, 91, 127, 132, 143, 145, 148, 150, 152, 153, 156, 158, 176 Liver scan, 158, 176 Liver Transplantation, 158 Localization, 9, 12, 22, 50, 55, 155, 158 Localized, 12, 28, 35, 141, 148, 152, 155, 157, 158, 166, 170, 183 Locomotion, 8, 27, 158, 159, 170 Locomotor, 9, 159 Longitudinal study, 8, 159 Loop, 159 Lubricants, 159, 169 Lumbar, 36, 159, 176, 182 Lymph, 91, 137, 145, 159, 176 Lymph node, 91, 159, 176 Lymphatic, 145, 155, 159, 179 Lymphatic system, 159, 179 Lymphoid, 130, 159 M Maceration, 156, 159 Macula, 149, 159 Macula Lutea, 159 Macular Degeneration, 159 Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 12, 19, 159, 176 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, 12, 159 Malformation, 19, 31, 159 Malignant, 131, 159, 163, 176 Mammary, 57, 160, 164 Manometry, 160 Marital Therapy, 160 Meatus, 160, 167
Medial, 6, 17, 131, 160, 182 Mediator, 144, 160, 177 Medical Errors, 160 Medical Records, 115, 160, 175 Medical Staff, 144, 160 Medication Errors, 160 MEDLINE, 105, 160 Meiosis, 160, 181 Melanin, 160, 169, 183 Melanocytes, 160 Melanoma, 44, 160 Membrane Proteins, 158, 160 Memory, 142, 160 Mental Disorders, 161, 172 Mental Health, iv, 7, 104, 106, 161, 172 Mental Processes, 144, 161, 172 Mental Retardation, 48, 57, 161 Mentors, 161 Mercury, 149, 161 Meta-Analysis, 28, 161 Metabolic disorder, 151, 161 Metabolite, 12, 133, 161 Metamorphosis, 63, 161, 165 Metatarsophalangeal Joint, 26, 152, 161 MI, 125, 161 Microbiology, 41, 127, 131, 161 Microorganism, 138, 161, 168, 185 Microscopy, 132, 152, 161 Migration, 161 Mitochondrial Swelling, 161, 163 Mitral Valve, 92, 161 Mitral Valve Prolapse, 92, 161 Mobility, 4, 10, 57, 162 Mobilization, 135, 162 Modeling, 14, 162 Models, Animal, 162 Modification, 150, 162, 173 Molecule, 130, 132, 138, 143, 144, 145, 147, 151, 157, 162, 165, 167, 174, 178, 184 Monitor, 162, 165 Monoclonal, 162, 173 Monoclonal antibodies, 162 Monocytes, 14, 158, 162 Mononuclear, 152, 162 Morphological, 145, 160, 162 Morphology, 136, 162 Motility, 162, 177 Movement Disorders, 42, 162 Muscle Contraction, 9, 162 Muscle Fibers, 162, 163, 183 Muscle Hypertonia, 162, 164 Musculoskeletal System, 9, 163, 166
194 Feet
Mutagen, 163 Mutagenicity, 163 Myocardial infarction, 140, 161, 163 Myocardium, 161, 163 Myometrium, 163 Myosin, 162, 163, 183 N Nasal Cavity, 163 Nasal Mucosa, 25, 47, 163 NCI, 1, 103, 137, 163 Necrosis, 32, 155, 161, 163, 176 Neonatal, 163 Neoplasia, 163 Neoplasm, 163, 176 Neoplastic, 163 Nephrology, 163 Nephropathy, 83, 157, 163 Nerve Endings, 163, 165 Nervous System, 136, 160, 163, 164, 168, 179, 180, 181 Nervous System Diseases, 164, 179 Neural, 25, 164, 179 Neuroendocrine, 164 Neurologic, 9, 92, 164 Neurology, 16, 31, 38, 48, 56, 164 Neuroma, 24, 164 Neuromuscular, 127, 164 Neuromuscular Diseases, 164 Neuronal, 135, 137, 164, 168 Neurons, 9, 13, 138, 142, 150, 158, 163, 164, 180, 181 Neuropathy, 4, 5, 9, 12, 14, 17, 23, 47, 110, 114, 129, 131, 164, 168 Neuropharmacology, 164 Neurophysiology, 142, 164 Neurotoxic, 13, 164 Neurotoxin, 13, 164 Neutrons, 128, 164, 173 Neutrophils, 151, 158, 164 Nipples, 91, 164 Nitric Oxide, 164 Nitrogen, 128, 142, 147, 148, 157, 165, 183 Nociceptors, 9, 165 Norepinephrine, 128, 144, 165 Nuclear, 145, 147, 163, 165 Nuclear Medicine, 165 Nuclei, 128, 145, 150, 159, 164, 165, 166, 172 Nucleic acid, 147, 153, 154, 155, 165, 171 Nucleic Acid Hybridization, 153, 165 Nucleus, 132, 141, 145, 146, 147, 160, 162, 164, 165, 171, 172
Nymph, 161, 165 O Obstetrics, 159, 165 Occipital Lobe, 165, 185 Ocular, 11, 165 Oculi, 165 Odds Ratio, 165, 174 Ointments, 165, 178 Oliguria, 157, 166 Oncogene, 166 On-line, 38, 125, 166 Onychomycosis, 21, 166 Opacity, 136, 142, 166 Ophthalmic, 166 Ophthalmology, 148, 166 Opsin, 166, 175 Optic disc, 166 Optic Disk, 143, 159, 166 Optic Nerve, 166, 175 Optometry, 166 Orbicularis, 166 Organ Culture, 166, 182 Organelles, 136, 141, 160, 162, 166 Orthopaedic, 16, 18, 24, 26, 29, 33, 41, 43, 44, 45, 166 Orthostatic, 44, 166 Orthotic Devices, 3, 14, 166 Osteolysis, 32, 166 Osteomyelitis, 22, 37, 40, 166 Osteoporosis, 92, 166 Osteotomy, 30, 41, 167 Otolith, 11, 167 Outer ear, 91, 167 Outpatient, 167 Overexpress, 167 Overweight, 50, 167 Oxidation, 133, 143, 167 Oxygenation, 142, 154, 167 P Palate, 91, 137, 167 Palliative, 167, 181 Palpation, 57, 167 Pancreas, 86, 127, 132, 143, 150, 152, 156, 167 Pancreas Transplant, 86, 167 Pancreas Transplantation, 86, 167 Paralysis, 152, 167 Parkinsonism, 158, 167 Parotid, 167, 176 Paroxysmal, 146, 167 Partial remission, 167, 175 Particle, 167, 179, 183
195
Parturition, 165, 167 Patch, 167, 183 Pathogen, 168 Pathogenesis, 168 Pathologic, 27, 127, 132, 134, 140, 154, 168, 170, 179 Pathophysiology, 168 Patient Education, 7, 82, 84, 110, 115, 116, 120, 122, 125, 168 Pediatrics, 27, 168 Peer Review, 49, 168 Peptide, 168, 170, 172 Peptide T, 168 Perception, 139, 168 Perfusion, 154, 168 Peripheral Nerves, 158, 164, 168 Peripheral Nervous System, 164, 168, 180 Peripheral Nervous System Diseases, 164, 168 Peripheral Neuropathy, 4, 12, 14, 84, 85, 86, 168 Peripheral Vascular Disease, 4, 60, 168 Peripheral vision, 169, 185 Petechiae, 152, 169 Petroleum, 112, 169 Phallic, 148, 169 Pharmacogenetics, 169 Pharmacologic, 129, 169, 182 Phenotype, 9, 169 Phenylalanine, 169, 183 Phospholipases, 169, 178 Phospholipids, 148, 169 Phosphorus, 12, 134, 169 Phosphorylation, 169 Physical Fitness, 3, 169 Physical Therapy, 8, 14, 18, 57, 76, 169 Physiologic, 144, 169, 174, 181 Physiology, 85, 110, 145, 150, 152, 163, 164, 169 Pigment, 160, 169 Pilot study, 32, 169 Pitch, 169 Placenta, 169, 170, 171, 172 Placental Insufficiency, 170 Plants, 128, 134, 135, 138, 151, 158, 162, 165, 170, 176, 182 Plasma, 130, 136, 148, 151, 153, 157, 170 Plasma cells, 130, 170 Plasmids, 170 Platelet Activation, 170, 178 Platelet Aggregation, 129, 164, 170 Platelets, 164, 170
Podiatrist, 6, 110, 113, 114, 170 Poisoning, 134, 142, 156, 161, 170 Polypeptide, 129, 138, 153, 170, 186 Polyunsaturated fat, 13, 170 Posterior, 26, 92, 129, 136, 137, 144, 165, 166, 167, 170 Postmenopausal, 166, 170 Postnatal, 8, 170 Postoperative, 170 Postoperative Complications, 170 Postsynaptic, 170, 178, 181 Post-traumatic, 162, 170 Postural, 10, 11, 170 Potentiation, 170, 178 Practice Guidelines, 106, 171 Preclinical, 171 Precursor, 8, 144, 146, 158, 165, 169, 171, 183 Predisposition, 171 Prenatal, 63, 145, 171 Presynaptic, 163, 171, 181 Prion, 171 Problem Solving, 171 Professional Practice, 166, 171 Progesterone, 171, 180 Program Evaluation, 171 Progression, 129, 171 Progressive, 35, 91, 131, 136, 142, 144, 152, 157, 163, 170, 171, 175 Projection, 165, 166, 171 Promoter, 171 Prone, 20, 171 Prophase, 171, 181 Prophylaxis, 142, 171 Proprioception, 171, 179 Prospective study, 159, 171 Protein C, 129, 132, 172, 183 Protein S, 132, 172, 176, 181 Proteins, 129, 130, 132, 135, 136, 138, 147, 148, 150, 151, 153, 160, 162, 165, 168, 170, 172, 174, 177, 181, 182 Proteoglycans, 132, 147, 172 Proteolytic, 138, 172 Protocol, 12, 27, 172 Protons, 128, 153, 159, 172, 173 Protozoa, 161, 172 Proximal, 41, 144, 163, 171, 172 Pruritic, 40, 41, 172, 176 Pruritus, 172 Psychiatry, 38, 41, 148, 172, 184 Psychic, 172, 177 Psychology, 144, 172
196 Feet
Psychomotor, 142, 172 Psychotherapy, 160, 172 Public Health, 106, 116, 172 Public Policy, 105, 172 Publishing, 4, 15, 42, 172 Puerperium, 165, 172 Pulmonary, 133, 140, 157, 173, 184 Pulmonary Artery, 133, 173, 184 Pulmonary Edema, 157, 173 Pulmonary hypertension, 173 Pulse, 162, 173 Pupa, 161, 173 Purpura, 152, 173 Pustular, 40, 173 Putrefaction, 150, 173 Pyogenic, 166, 173 Q Quality of Life, 173 R Race, 144, 161, 173 Radiation, 57, 76, 127, 145, 146, 149, 173, 176, 186 Radiation therapy, 127, 173 Radioactive, 133, 153, 158, 162, 165, 173, 176 Radiography, 129, 140, 173 Radiology, 27, 29, 30, 31, 32, 40, 43, 46, 165, 173 Radionuclide Imaging, 173 Radiopharmaceutical, 173 Random Allocation, 173, 174 Randomization, 174 Randomized, 43, 144, 174 Randomized clinical trial, 174 Reaction Time, 93, 174 Reagent, 174 Receptor, 9, 127, 130, 139, 144, 151, 168, 174, 177, 178 Receptors, Serotonin, 174, 177 Recombinant, 174, 184 Rectum, 130, 143, 149, 150, 157, 174 Recurrence, 14, 44, 174 Refer, 1, 138, 148, 150, 158, 159, 164, 174, 185 Reflective, 77, 174 Reflex, 13, 25, 57, 58, 62, 63, 64, 82, 148, 174 Refraction, 174, 179 Refractive Power, 166, 174 Regimen, 144, 174 Regurgitation, 152, 162, 174 Relative risk, 174
Reliability, 42, 57, 175 Remission, 36, 174, 175 Renal failure, 142, 175 Research Design, 14, 175 Research Support, 175 Respiration, 134, 135, 162, 175 Respiratory Physiology, 175, 184 Restoration, 56, 169, 175, 185 Retina, 137, 143, 158, 159, 166, 175, 176, 185 Retinal, 11, 139, 143, 166, 175 Retinol, 175 Retrospective, 20, 41, 45, 175 Retrospective study, 41, 45, 175 Rheumatism, 19, 26, 40, 154, 175 Rheumatoid, 13, 19, 23, 39, 41, 44, 46, 60, 61, 175 Rheumatoid arthritis, 13, 19, 23, 41, 44, 46, 175 Ribosome, 176, 183 Rickettsiae, 176 Risk factor, 83, 113, 146, 171, 174, 176 Risk patient, 7, 176 Rods, 175, 176 S Sanitation, 176 Saponins, 176, 180 Sarcoidosis, 91, 176 Sarcoma, 23, 176 Satellite, 9, 176 Scabies, 35, 176 Scans, 14, 19, 176 Sciatic Nerve, 176, 182 Sclerosis, 131, 176 Screening, 115, 116, 137, 177 Sebaceous, 177, 185 Secretory, 177, 181 Sedentary, 177 Sediment, 177 Seizures, 48, 142, 167, 177 Self Care, 113, 114, 127, 177 Semicircular canal, 11, 155, 177 Senile, 167, 177 Sensibility, 129, 154, 177 Sensor, 177 Sequence Analysis, 177 Sequence Homology, 168, 177 Sequencer, 177 Sequencing, 177, 181 Serotonin, 137, 174, 177, 183 Serum, 44, 61, 129, 138, 157, 177 Shedding, 177
197
Shock, 4, 16, 36, 61, 177, 183 Side effect, 95, 128, 137, 154, 177, 182 Signal Transduction, 178 Signs and Symptoms, 113, 175, 178 Skeletal, 12, 29, 31, 32, 35, 43, 46, 162, 178, 179, 183 Skeleton, 92, 127, 148, 156, 178 Skin Care, 112, 115, 178 Smooth muscle, 129, 162, 163, 178, 179, 180 Sneezing, 177, 178 Soaps, 178 Social Environment, 173, 178 Social Medicine, 178 Sodium, 151, 178 Soft tissue, 14, 133, 137, 178 Solvent, 147, 178 Soma, 178, 179 Somatic, 31, 128, 160, 168, 179 Somatosensory Disorders, 13, 179 Sound wave, 139, 174, 179 Soybean Oil, 170, 179 Spasm, 164, 179 Spasticity, 13, 179 Specialist, 117, 179 Species, 22, 135, 146, 153, 160, 161, 162, 170, 173, 177, 179, 180, 183, 184, 185 Specificity, 128, 134, 179 Spectrum, 179 Spinal cord, 13, 131, 134, 136, 137, 146, 163, 164, 168, 174, 176, 179, 180 Spinal Cord Diseases, 179 Spleen, 91, 159, 176, 179 Stabilization, 21, 179 Stabilizer, 4, 179 Staging, 176, 179 Sterilization, 179 Steroid, 91, 141, 176, 179, 180 Steroid therapy, 91, 180 Stimulus, 147, 155, 156, 157, 174, 180, 181 Stomach, 127, 143, 147, 149, 150, 153, 157, 179, 180 Stress, 40, 78, 92, 116, 141, 171, 175, 180 Stroke, 8, 10, 104, 135, 180 Subacute, 155, 180 Subclinical, 12, 155, 177, 180 Subcutaneous, 36, 144, 180 Subspecies, 179, 180 Substance P, 161, 180 Sudden death, 180 Sulfur, 147, 180 Supplementation, 56, 180
Suppression, 46, 140, 180 Sympathectomy, 36, 180 Sympathetic Nervous System, 180 Sympathomimetic, 144, 146, 165, 180 Symptomatic, 26, 45, 181 Synapsis, 181 Synaptic, 178, 181 Synaptic Transmission, 181 Synchrony, 181 Synergistic, 181 Systemic, 91, 96, 97, 98, 130, 133, 142, 146, 155, 173, 176, 181 Systole, 162, 181 Systolic, 154, 162, 181 T Tardive, 137, 181 Tetracycline, 181 Therapeutics, 56, 99, 181 Thermal, 13, 56, 58, 144, 164, 179, 181 Thigh, 148, 181 Thorax, 127, 159, 181 Threonine, 168, 181 Threshold, 7, 9, 147, 154, 181 Thrombin, 170, 172, 181 Thromboembolism, 181 Thrombomodulin, 172, 181 Thrombosis, 172, 180, 181 Thyroid, 182, 183 Tibiae, 19, 182 Tibial Nerve, 26, 176, 182 Tin, 20, 39, 98, 168, 182 Tissue, 12, 14, 34, 35, 44, 91, 127, 128, 130, 131, 132, 133, 135, 137, 139, 141, 142, 143, 144, 147, 148, 150, 151, 152, 154, 155, 158, 159, 160, 162, 163, 164, 166, 168, 169, 170, 173, 175, 177, 178, 182, 183, 185 Tissue Culture, 182 Tolerance, 151, 182 Tome, 66, 71, 182 Tomograph, 16, 182 Tomography, 159, 182 Tooth Preparation, 127, 182 Topical, 96, 97, 98, 147, 178, 182 Toxic, iv, 146, 154, 164, 182 Toxicity, 144, 161, 182 Toxicologic, 182 Toxicology, 106, 182 Toxins, 130, 134, 145, 146, 155, 162, 182 Trace element, 182 Traction, 79, 182 Training Support, 182
198 Feet
Transcription Factors, 182 Transdermal, 32, 182 Transduction, 135, 178, 183 Transfection, 132, 183 Transferases, 151, 183 Transfusion, 183 Translating, 183 Translation, 183 Translational, 47, 183 Translocation, 37, 183 Transmitter, 127, 131, 144, 156, 160, 165, 183 Transplantation, 86, 157, 183 Trauma, 4, 14, 41, 47, 142, 163, 183 Tricyclic, 137, 183 Tropomyosin, 183 Troponin, 183 Tryptophan, 138, 177, 183 Tuberculosis, 140, 183 Tyrosine, 144, 183 U Ubiquitin, 183 Ulcer, 4, 14, 142, 158, 183, 184 Ulceration, 7, 36, 142, 158, 183 Unconscious, 154, 183 Uremia, 157, 175, 183 Urethra, 184 Uric, 151, 154, 184 Urinary, 91, 135, 166, 184 Urine, 91, 130, 133, 154, 156, 157, 166, 184 Uterus, 137, 149, 159, 163, 171, 184 V Vaccine, 172, 184 Varicose, 61, 158, 184 Vasculitis, 26, 184 Vasoactive, 9, 184 Vasodilatation, 146, 184 Vasodilator, 134, 144, 184 VE, 20, 184 Vector, 183, 184 Vein, 165, 167, 176, 184
Venous, 19, 59, 133, 158, 172, 184 Ventilation, 184 Ventricle, 154, 161, 173, 181, 184 Ventricular, 181, 184 Venules, 133, 135, 184 Vertebrae, 179, 184 Vesicular, 33, 135, 184 Vesicular Exanthema of Swine, 135, 184 Vesicular Exanthema of Swine Virus, 135, 184 Vestibular, 11, 24, 31, 185 Vestibule, 138, 155, 177, 185 Veterinarians, 185 Veterinary Medicine, 105, 185 Vinca Alkaloids, 185 Vincristine, 57, 185 Viral, 148, 150, 183, 185 Virus, 87, 132, 150, 151, 183, 184, 185 Viscera, 179, 185 Visceral, 131, 185 Visual Cortex, 185 Visual field, 185 Vitreous Body, 175, 185 Vitreous Hemorrhage, 143, 185 Vitro, 185 Vivo, 14, 185 Vulgaris, 65, 185 W Wakefulness, 142, 185 Walkers, 41, 185 Wheelchairs, 185 Withdrawal, 142, 185 Wound Healing, 185 X Xenograft, 130, 185 X-ray, 14, 114, 139, 149, 163, 165, 173, 176, 179, 182, 186 Y Yeasts, 150, 169, 186 Z Zymogen, 172, 186
199
200 Feet
