Encyclopedia Small Silver Coins

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS “Brother Can You Spare A Dime?” MODERN DIME SIZE SILVER COINS OF THE WORLD WITH FOO...

Author: Roger deWardt Lane

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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS “Brother Can You Spare A Dime?”

MODERN DIME SIZE SILVER COINS OF THE WORLD WITH FOOTNOTES TO HISTORY

Roger deWardt Lane

This Revised Third Edition is presented in One Volume Covering all Countries of the World Within the Dime Size Silver Series From Afghanistan to Yemen

Roger deWardt Lane, third generation hotel executive became interested in coins shortly after his young children started collecting foreign coins. Their interest soon waned and he continued the hobby. Selecting his daughter’s specialty he has assembled an extensive type and date collection of this series, which formed the basis of his studies of the subject. Starting before the current catalogers had listed all dates, he had to research this information using his other numismatic interest - numismatic literature. This Encyclpedia of Small Silver Coins was in preparation for thirty years. For the first ten years it was hand printed in manuscript form. Then using his first PC and Applewriter as a word processor, the first 300 pages were typed. Then it was converted to an IBM PC. It took several more years to finish the recording and continued editing of the work. The format was converted to Wordstar, then to MSword and finally about dozen years later, to PageMaker before the final text was finished. The files were finally converted to Adobe Acrobat 7.0. Dr. Alan K. Craig, who kindly assisted with the initial editing, upon seeing the finished draft, remarked it was too long (now over 900 pages). So, reformatting was tackled, converting to the double column and current tight listing of the FOOTNOTES. A new scanner was used to produce the enlarged coin illustrations, in most cases from the author's collection. The First Edition was laser printed in two copies, one residing at the American Numismatic Society library in New York, the other - the author’s copy. Two years later the First Edition was self-produced, as a CD-rom. Minor corrections and current prices were added for the Second Edition CD-rom. This version won the Best of Software award of the Numismatic Literary Guild. The new Third Edition, a revised title, updated with NCLT issues, with a listing of mints and mint cities, and a new Index was posted on the internet, followed by the printing of this hard bound Print-on-Demand Edition. Roger Lane is a member of the American Numismatic Society, Fellow of the Royal Numismatic Society, and has had articles published by Numismatic International. He is currently the Treasurer and bourse chair of the Gold Coast Coin Club of Hollywood, Florida and Treasurer of the Fort Lauderdale Coin Club. Dr. Alan K. Craig, Ph.D. was a Professor of Geography at Florida Atlantic University since 1966, recently retired. He has published extensively on Spanish Colonial numismatics and maintains active research interests in Latin American archaeology, anthropology, geography, and geology. Steve Schor, numismatist has kindly proof read this revised edition with comments and suggestions, however, the author must respectively takes full responsibilities for any errors and omissions. Hollywood, Florida March 28, 2008

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - PAGE ii

To Andria Elizabeth deWardt Lane, my daughter whose keen interest in the new family hobby, restrained by her modest means, conceived the idea of assembling a "Modern Dime Size Silver Coins of the World" type set, which sparked the beginning of the many year study of these wonderful little pieces of art, history and numismatics which were the foundation of this work. Roger deWardt Lane

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - PAGE iii

ENCYCLOPEDIA of Small Silver Coins

cent coins to Canada in 1858, followed shortly thereafter by shipments to New Brunswick in 1862 and to Newfoundland in 1865. The Mexican 8 reales led to the issuing of 10 centavos in 1864.

DIME (French, dixieme, Latin, decimus, tenth), the term for the tenth part of a dollar or ten-cent piece in the United States of America, authorized by Act of Congress, April 2, 1792. The first dime was coined in 1796.

Mexico - 10 centavos - 1869

“Brother, can you spare a dime?” We have all heard this expression of the depression years. The story of Modern Dime Size Silver Coins of the World and Footnotes to History is the story of the money of the people.

The Kingdom of Hawaii ordered from San Francisco coins dated 1883 with the ONE DIME - 10 cents denomination, after they were unsuccessful in trying to have a 12 2 cent coin struck. American influence is responsible for the 10 cents coins of Liberia first dated 1896, even though the country was on the English gold standard, which accounts for why the Birmingham mint struck these coins in sterling .925 fine.

Better than 2500 years ago the first coinage is attributed to the Kingdom of Lydia, what is now western Turkey. These coins of Electrum, a natural mixture of gold and silver, were small as were others of the early coinage, as their purchasing power was great. But as commerce increased larger coins of both gold and silver were struck. Some of the most artistic engraving and beautiful coins come from this period. “The age of silver begins with Pepin the Short (752-768 AD) who demonetized gold and made the silver denarius or penny the standard coin throughout the whole of his dominions”, so wrote George MacDonald in his “The Evolution of Coinage” published at Cambridge in 1916. These small thin silver pennies have many of the characteristics of the silver series of this study. The governing authority standardized these as to size and generally their weight as they represented a convenient economic size (or value) for the people. Larger coins were to be minted later with the Joachimstaler or taler of 1519 named for the location of the source of the silver mines in the valley of St. Joachim in Bohemia. Our dollar takes its name from this source and when subdivided by the decimal system of French origin, was equal to 10 dimes. The denomination One Dime has a French root from dixieme to disme (used on the U.S. pattern of 1792) to the tenth part of a dollar. As milling coin presses became more popular and installed in most of the central mints of the world, national standards were established for the coinage of each country. As a result of trading patterns and the growth of colonial empires of the major European nations, a grouping of these standards appeared. From the study of this series it is possible to see the areas of influence and how they set the coin's standards. The oldest and certainly the forefather of all the modern monetary standards goes to the French, who under Napoleon I, set about establishing new sets of rules from the Law to Numismatics. The French 5 franc (crown size silver coin) setting the early standards for Europe, was soon followed by the Spanish (mostly New World) 8 reales, which gave the popular literature the colorful pieces of eight of the pirate trade. From these two very similar intrinsic coins the majority of the dime size coins of the world represent a tenth division. The United States of America adopted the dollar in 1792 AD, with a dime a tenth part and at the same time the Spanish or Mexican dollar was recognized as legal tender. So many countries trace the roots of their coinage for both the dollar and the dime size coinage to these beginnings; London shipped 10

Curacao - 1 reaal - 1821 In the Caribbean, the earliest listing is from Curacao, 1821 Y-1, 1 reaal. Spain issued for the Isle of Puerto Rico 10 centavos as subsidiary coins to their peso in 1896 and the Danish West Indies (eventually to become the American Virgin Islands during World War I), ordered from Copenhagen a 10 cents - 50 bit coin, subdivision of their daler denomination. Even later, Cuba in 1915 ordered from Philadelphia, coins of 10 centavos which were equal to the American standards as was their peso. The Dominican Republic followed with the same denominations, ordering coins from several different mints. British Honduras used the dollar and 10 cent denominations even though the coins came from England. There is an interesting story for the Panama issues produced by the Philadelphia mint. The country was on the gold standard based on the Balboa equal to the American dollar and during the construction of the Canal, the American workers were paid in gold. The coins in size were equal to the American, but the size of a silver balboa was equal to the American half dollar, therefore the dime size coinage was issued with the denomination of 5 centesimos in 1904 and 1916. The local workers on the Canal were paid in silver, which if it had been at par with the American coinage would have required twice the funds. During the later years, the U.S. servicemen assigned to the Canal Zone found out that their dime vending machines would take the Panamanian 5 centesimos (dime size), which of course disturbed the local businessmen. Local stories have been told, that the shop owners would accumulate the 5 centesimos pieces and toss then in the lake to keep them from circulating. This may account for the general scarcity of these dates. Almost all of the Latin American Republics issued a dime size coinage, even if only for a brief period. These were 1/10 of a peso with the denomination of decimo from Chile in 1852, Colombia - 1853 and Peru in 1863. Uruguay used the 10 centesimos denomination while Bolivia named its coinage after the country with the crown called a boliviano and the dime size coinage with the 1/10 boliviano denomination.

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - PAGE iv

The Argentine peso was subdivide into 10 centavos 1881, while Venezuela, the home of the Liberator called the dollar size coin a Venezolano subdivided into 10 centavos dime size coins first ordered from Paris in 1874. Ecuador named its crown after the great statesman Sucre, with the dime size denomination one decimo, first ordered from the Heaton Mint, Ltd. in 1884. Costa Rica in 1865, Honduras in 1871, Nicaragua in 1880, El Salvador in 1892; all subdivided their peso into 10 centavos, and later El Salvador issued in 1953 a 25 centavos, dime size subdivision of the colon named for Columbus. Now go back to the roots of the American dollar and the Mexican dollar, as we go to the Far East. Remember these were the days of the China trade, the clipper ships and American influence first developed with the opening of Japan by Perry. The Spanish or Mexican dollar was the basis of all trade, until the European and American trade dollars tried unsuccessfully to replace it. All subsidiary coins of the Mexican dollar were less than intrinsic parts, of which the most popular were, the 20 cents pieces of China and less popular the 10 cents coins first issued in 1889. In later years these coins were to be debased more and more, so that at one time 11 ten cents Chinese coins were equal to the Chinese dollar. Dime size coins were issued with 10 cents denomination for Hong Kong in 1863, Straits Settlements 1871, Sarawak 1900 and Malaya as late as 1939, all subdivisions of their dollars, but with varying fineness. Native names include the Philippines peso with a 10 centimos dime size coins while under Spanish rule. The Japanese denominations were yen for their crown and 10 sen for their dime size first issued in 1870 and under Japanese administration, Korea issued a 10 chon in 1906, subdivision of the won crown denomination. With the French colonization of French Cochin China the piastre denomination was subdivided into 10 centimes first issued in 1879 and for French Indo China in 1885 with the coins being shipped from the Paris mint. Several of the above countries or colonies issued silver dime size coins for only a few brief years, while others had many years of coinage. When the value of silver was low they ordered from their home mints very large quantities of these small coins of the people, as there was a profit to be made from the seignorage. The reverse was also true, as when silver became dear, during the period around 188993 and again during the Great War, most all small coinage in silver was stopped, while paper money or base metal coins were used. In Europe another standard was established with its early beginnings in France which minted a 5 franc crown and subdivisions including a 50 centimes dime size coin dated 1845. The franc became the basis of the Latin Monetary Union, which established in 1865 a bimetal monetary system. To prevent the melting and over production of subsidiary coinage, the Union agreed to provide that each country could issue subsidiary coinage equal to 2 francs per person each year and that the dime size coin would be issued with a fineness of 835/1000 parts silver, 2.5 grams in weight, 18 millimeters size. The crown size piece or 5 franc coin would continue to be .900 fine, 25 grams, in unlimited mintage. Therefore if any one were to melt coins, the crown pieces had more value than the small change pieces. The second part of the Latin Monetary Union was the interchangeability of money within the countries who were signatures to the convention. The original members were France, Switzerland which first issued a 2 franc in 1850, and Belgium which minted a 50 centimes denomination in 1866 to the same standard, although they had minted .900 fine dime size coins since 1833. The Italian crown denomination was the 5 lira, with the 50 centesimi first minted in 1861. Spain and Greece later joined the Union with the

Spanish crowns known as 5 pesetas and the dime size coins of 2 reals and later 50 centavos first issued from Madrid in 1869, while Greece used the denominations of 5 drachma and 50 lepta dated 1874 minted at the Paris mint.

Spain - 2 real -1852 Although they were never signatories to the Convention, many countries issued coinage equal to the standards of the Latin Monetary Union. The denominations of their crown coins and first dime size pieces include: Rumania - 5 leu and 50 bani of 1873; Finland - 5 markka and 50 pennia of 1864; Serbia - 5 dinar and 50 para of 1875; and Bulgaria - 5 lev and 50 stotinki dated 1883. The Belgian Congo under Leopold II, used the Latin Standard for their 5 franc and 50 centimes dated 1887. The Italian Colony of Eritrea had shipped from Milan coins with denominations the same as Italy dated 1890 and the small independent country of San Marino issued a one year coinage from the Rome mint with the same standards and denominations as Italy in 1898. Liechtenstein much later had minted at the Berne mint coins in 5 franken and 2 frank to the Latin Monetary Union standards. When Tunisia came under the administration of France the Paris mint struck their coinage using the French denominations of 5 franc and 50 centimes starting in 1891. Even earlier Cambodia had coinage issued to the new standards dated 1860 (the Accession Year of King Norodom I), but struck by the Brussels mint in 1875 with the 5 franc and 50 centimes denominations. After the Great War, France was given the former Turkish Provinces of Syria and Lebanon as a Mandate. Dated 1929 the Paris mint struck for both of these new countries, coinage using the denomination 10 piastres for the dime size coinage, but, with a 17 millimeter size and .680 fineness. Another country Haiti, has a most colorful monetary name and history, (see Footnotes for Haiti) the gourde, the denomination of there large coins, subdivided into 10 centimes, was first ordered from Paris in 1881. On the other side of the island of Hispanola, the Dominican Republic had the Paris mint also strike coinage to the new standards dated 1891 using the Spanish language version of the French as 5 franco and 50 centesimos. There was also a one year issue for Guatemala dated 1881 with a 50 centimos dime size coin locally minted, but to the new standards. While the major European countries were part of the Latin Monetary Union, several other principal countries each had their own standards. Great Britain and her Colonies were on the gold standard based on a pound or sovereign. Although slightly larger at 20 millimeters England used the 6 pence denomination for these coins, which are not included in this series. England also each year issued their Maundy 4 pence which is dime size. British colonies and dominions much later had their own 6 pence coins of 19 millimeters including: Australia in 1910; British West Africa 1913; Union of South Africa 1923; Southern Rhodesia 1932; New Zealand in 1933; and Fiji in 1934. The early issues were minted in sterling and later when the value of silver increased, they debased there issues to .500 fine.

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - PAGE v

Earlier in 1892 the denomination of pond and 6 pence were used by the South African Republic and Egypt under British administration had an Egyptian pound and 6 pence size coin with the denomination of 2 guerch first dated 1886. Turkey minted coins name lira and 2 piastres. Two small countries were also on the British standard, using small 6 pence size coins; Danzig - 2 gulden dated 1923 and Lithuania a litas of 1925. Much earlier Persia under British influence issued large size toman coins and 500 dinar small coins first in 1879 dated in Arabic with A. H. dates. The Maria Theresa thaler or ryal was the standard trade coin of Arabia. Two towns of the Hadramaut ordered coins from The Mint, Birmingham: Tarim with a frozen date AH 1315 (1897 AD) with 12 chomsihs denomination, and Ghurfah AH 1344 (1925 AD), with the 15 chomsihs denomination. Saudi Arabia issued a 1/4 riyal in 1935 while Yemen struck a 1/10 imadi starting in AH 1337 (1918 AD). Morocco used a crown with the 10 dirhem denomination and a subsidiary 1 dirhem starting in 1882. While America was on the dollar standard, Europe with its Latin Monetary Union and the British Empire with is sterling, other major Empires each had a different rate of exchange and names for their large and small coins; Austria-Hungary - forint and 10 krajczar first in 1868, the German Empire - 5 mark crowns and 50 pfennig 19 millimeter coins first dated 1875 when the Empire was established. Some individual German States earlier issued billion debased small size coinage.

Germany - 50 Pfennig - 1876

The Empire of All the Russias coined roubles and 10 kopeks from 1802. Much later when Outer Mongolia was under Russian influence, the Leningrad mint struck 10 mongo dime size coins dated 1925. Their crown was called a tugrik.

Denmark - 1874 - 25 öre

Portugal - 100 Reis - 1865

The Island of Mauritius using the rupee denomination ordered from the Birmingham mint a 20 cents coinage dated 1877 but with a design much like the Straits Settlement 10 cents coinage, both .800 fine, 18 millimeters and dime size. One other large trading area existed based on the British Indian rupee which was subdivided into a 3 rupee coin about 19 millimeters and .916 fine first issued by the East India Company dated 1835. Portuguese India issued similar size coinage starting in 1881, Tibet used coins struck in China made to imitate the Indian Queen Victoria coinage starting in 1903. Several East African colonies had similar denominations produced by the mother country using the rupee standards including; Mombasa 1890, German East Africa 1891 and Italian Somaliland in 1910. East Africa & Uganda Protectorate in 1906 based their monetary unit on the Indian rupee with a 25 Cents denomination. Two other countries were on the rupee standard, but issued 25 cents coins; Ceylon starting in 1892 and British North Borneo one year dated 1929. Still in the rupee trading area, Nepal issued a 4 mohar equal to the rupee and a small coin with the 2 Mohar denomination in 1912. So we have been Around The World, starting with the Spanish or Mexican dollar and its 1/10 dime size coins for the Americas and its trading area including the Far East. Off to Europe which had the largest and longest real standard system - the Latin Monetary Union. But not all Europe agreed to this standard as each Empire set its own standards including; British Empire, German Empire, AustriaHungary Empire, Russian Empire, and Dutch, Portuguese along with the smaller but equally strong Scandinavian standard. And then to India where we see the rupee standard used by East African countries and islands on the trade routes to India. Having completed this catalogue and compiled most of the anthology, it is now quite clear that these little silver pieces have a very interesting history, if only they could talk. Read the FOOTNOTES as each has a little story to tell. The Kings, Queens and National Heroes which are portrayed or listed on the coins, were each colorful in themselves. Their brief biographies and photos may interest you in reading more about their lives.

The Scandinavian Monetary Union was established to set common weights and denominations for Sweden, Norway and Denmark in 1873 based on a 5 krone crown with 25 öre the small silver denomination. The Netherlands used as the basis of their monetary system a gulden with the 25 cents starting in 1848, a slightly larger piece but of reduced fineness of .640. The 1/4 gulden denomination was used by their colonies of Netherlands East Indies starting in 1854, Curacao by 1900 and more recently Netherlands Antilles beginning in 1954. Portugal and its former colony of Brazil named their crown a milreis and the small silver coins 100 reis.

Conventions, notations and abbreviations for each type of dime size silver coin are now explained. Yeoman type number from one of the earlier type catalogs - A Catalogue of Modern World Coins, by R. S. Yeoman, 1st Edition 1957, through 11th Edition, 1974, were the initial basis for determining separate listings, beginning about 1850 through 1970. After determining the mint of origin, they were later subdivided and presented alphabetically by mint. Sub-types as identified by a change in mint (or mintmark), Assayer or Engravers initials or marks, and debasing of the silver content are each listed separately.

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - PAGE vi

The KM numbers from the Standard Catalog of World Coins, by Chester L. Kause & Clifford Mishler, have been included as a reference number and special reference numbers are cross referenced. Mintages from mint reports or specialized works have been compiled not to show the current rarity, but to compare the number of coins issued annually with the population of a country from time to time. When the mintage is not listed, it is noted as “u/m” for “unreported mintage”, when two years or two types of issues are combined into one reported mintage, the quantity is listed by the first date and the other listing refers to “i/a” for “included above” or “included with _ _ _ _”. At the top of each listing is the country and government at the time, i.e. Kingdom or Republic, etc. and below the mint city. Most large countries with coinage from several national or foreign mints have been arranged in mint city order, alphabetically, then date order within mint. Single mint countries and a few countries in which most coinage was struck by only one mint except for a few intervening years, have been kept in chronological order for simplicity. In most cases the first footnote lists the mint cities and arrangement for each country, colony or issuing state. Denomination, the millimeter size, the silver fineness expressed in a 1000 decimal, and the weight in grams are listed in the heading. Following the heading data, the AD date is listed for each year this type was minted unless frozen dates pertain. If the date is presented in brackets, this date represents a conversion to AD date from the coin date which is identified by designation; AH = Hegira or Arabic dates, SE = Samvat Era. Chinese or Japanese numbers or other dating systems, are explained in the Footnotes. Next to the dates are full mintages and some rarity notations where the date listed should be identified as such. To the right specialized numbering systems have been noted in order to compare specific coin listings with national catalogues. Few listings of overdates or varieties have been included except in some of the footnotes. The illustrations of dime size silver coins are shown in a few cases as 1 to 1. All the coins with black backgrounds were scanned with a 20 MM background and enlargements a little over 4X to fit the page. Some illustrations with white backgrounds were copied from a photo. The description of each coin follows with the ¿OV: to denote the obverse or front. The arrow is shown to identify the die direction. All non English legends and inscription have first been detailed as shown on the coin, then initials and abbreviations translated into full words, followed in brackets by a translation into English. The slash is used to denote a separate line of the inscription, one under the other starting at the top or center. The capitalized word ‘DATE’ denotes the AD date or native date as shown in Arabic or characters for the year as shown on the coinage. For one year types the actual date is listed in the description. The notation RV: preceded with the À or ¿ die direction arrow starts a similar description of the reverse or back of the coin. EDGE: Reeded or Plain (a few older coins have diagonal reeding noted as /////, and safety edges or edge lettering) are noted under this heading. MINT: (no mintmark) = PHILADELPHIA means this type of listings was minted as noted without any mintmark. If a mintmark such as H is listed and noted as = THE MINT, BIRMINGHAM,LTD. by looking at the obverse or reverse description the location of the mintmark will be shown in bold type in the sequence of the description with the “(mintmark)” next to it. This helps differentiate between mintmark, assayer or designers initials which appear on the coinage. DESIGNER:, ENGRAVER:, and or ASSAYER: listed with the initials are shown as they appear on the coinage, i.e. Costa Rica Y-14 of 1887, CB = Charles Barber, the designer and GW = Guillermo Witting, the assayer of the San Jose mint. POPULATION: denotes the population of the country at the year as indicated and many times the inhabitants of the capital or mint city are noted.

Following all of the above are FOOTNOTE: remarks, usually short paragraphs of some historical facts. Others are of biographical summary of the portrait shown on the obverse, and intermixed are numismatic footnotes about the particular issue or coinage standards of the country. Most footnotes are excerpts from contemporary publications printed only a few years after the dates of the coins. The editing has been limited to eliminating much duplication of facts, certain religious descriptions, and war or military details. Where possible the footnotes have been included to describe the time and history of the people who might have used the coinage in everyday life. The world was much smaller and travel extremely slow only a hundred or so years ago. A dime quite often represented all or a great part of a days work. It would buy a meal, an evenings entertainment and a few would buy an old coin for anyone who started collecting Modern Dime Size Silver Coins of the World, a century ago, as shown by the illustrations from The Scott’s Catalogue of 1893. (Catalog price 50 cents, post free).

United States of America ONE DIME - 1796 An effort like this requires the encouragement and assistance of many people. My thanks are extended to the outstanding numismatists who first gave me direction and encouragement, when the manuscript was beginning to be written; The late Dr. John Davenport, the late Maurice Gould, the late John J. Pittman, Mrs. Margo Russell and the late A.M. Kagan, Chet Krause and Cliff Mishler. Special thanks are also extended to the people who added their numismatic knowledge, along the way; with the special help of Alex Radichevich who proof read the first computer draft and lent coins for scanning, Jacinto Diaz, who also provided coins from his collection. Thanks to Francis D. Campbell, American Numismatic Society Librarian, for research and Marvin L. Fraley, Numismatics International Editor who first published this introduction in their journal. I am indebted to Yasser M. Kattan, who provided the arabic translations, while a graduate student at Florida Atlantic University, before returning to Saudi Arabia. The final statement of gratitude goes to Dr. Alan K. Craig, Ph.D. who without his expert knowledge of numismatics and keen interest in seeing this publication finished, assisted with the early editing. And also a special thanks to Stan Klein, numismatist for assisting with the CD-rom and Steve Schor, numismatist for editing this Edition. Starting on October 15th 2007, the files of the Second Edition were posted as a Free E-book, with printer restrictions, on the Internet. Each chapter is downloadable to a hard drive or bookmarked. The Internet publication met with great success. Interest came from numismatists from around the world.

Roger deWardt Lane Hollywood, Florida June 30, 2008

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - PAGE vii

Modern Dime Size Silver Coins of the World

AFGHANISTAN

====================================================================== AFGHANISTAN, KINGDOM of KABUL MINT ====================================================================== 1 QIRAN 18MM .916 FINE 4.6 GRAMS ====================================================================== (1891) AH 1308 (1892) 1309 (1893) 1310

u/m u/m u/m

======================================================================

HH-5A HH-5B HH-5B

¿OV: i at top, TOUGHRA-I-KHORASONEE / legend (AMIR ABDUL RAHMAN) within wheat wreath. ¿RV: i at top, MIHRAB and MONBER (the emblem of Afghanistan) / KABUL / arabic DATE, within wheat wreath. EDGE: Reeded MINT: Legend = KABUL REFERENCE: Y-9.2, KM-804 FOOTNOTE: All the listed coins for Afghanistan were minted by the Kabul mint, listings are chronological from 1891 to 1919 AD. The HH reference refers to Hamim Hamidi who assigned a number to each date. FOOTNOTE: Abdul-Ur-Rahman, Khan (1830-1901), Ameer of Afghanistan. In the confusion succeeding the death of his grandfather, Dost Mohammed in 1863, he supported the pretensions of his father, Afzul, against his uncle, Shere Ali, who had been named as his successor by the late Ameer. The rebellion was at first successful, and Abdul-Ur-Rahman was installed as Governor of Balkh, where he showed himself a wise ruler. In 1868 Shere Ali overthrows his rivals and Abdul-Ur-Rahman took refuge in Russian territory, living at Samarcand upon a liberal Russian pension. In 1879 he returned to his old province of Balkh, which had always been well disposed toward him. Yakub, the son of Shere Ali, who had been set up as Ameer by the English, and then left to shift for himself, was unable to maintain order, and a new war with the English was followed by his deposition. Abdul-Ur-Rahman, in July 1880, was recognized as Ameer by the leading chiefs and was confirmed by the Anglo-Indian Government, from whom he received a subsidy of £160,000 a year and much in the way of military equipment. It had been feared from his previous relations with Russia that he would be favorable to Russian designs; but he at once resumed the pro-English policy of his grandfather. He was an intelligent, well-meaning ruler, of a masterly habit, which stood him in good stead in dealing with his half-barbarous people. He died October 3, 1901, after a brief illness, and was succeeded by his eldest son Habib Ullah. New International Encyclopedia, 1910. ======================================================================

AH1313 - 2 - RUPEE - OBVERSE ====================================================================== AFGHANISTAN, KINGDOM of KABUL MINT ====================================================================== 2 RUPEE 18.5 MM .916 FINE 4.6 GRAMS ====================================================================== (1896) AH 1313

u/m

¿OV: arabic date AD 1313 / TOUGHRA / legend (AMIR ABDUL RAHMAN) within wheat wreath tied with ribbon below, within outer circle of pearls. ¿RV: legend (KABUL) / MIHRAB and MONBER / denomination (NEEM RUPYA = 2 rupee), within wheat wreath tied with ribbon below, within outer circle of pearls. EDGE: Reeded MINT: Legend = KABUL REFERENCE: Y-9.3, HH-5C, KM-812 POPULATION: Afghanistan - 1895 - 5,000,000 with capital Kabul with 60,000 inhabitants. FOOTNOTE: The MIHRAB and MONBER (the emblem of Afghanistan) in addition to Minarets are principal features of a Mohammedan Mosque. In the direction towards Mecca is the MIHRAB, a recess in the wall to direct the worshipers where to turn their eyes in prayer, and near this is the MONBER or pulpit. New Cabinet Cyclopaedia, Philadelphia, 1896. FOOTNOTE: Arabic numbers can be read as below:

Afghan Iightning express

1234567890

[QRSTUVWXY

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - AFGHANISTAN - PAGE 1

FOOTNOTE: (Continued) Not long after this settlement the British Resident at Kabul, Sir Louis P. Cavagnari, and the other members of the mission were treacherously attacked and slain by the Afghans, and troops had again to be sent into the country. Kabul was again occupied, and Kandahar and Ghazni were also relieved; while Yakoob Kahn was sent to imprisonment in India. In 1880 Abdul-Ur-Rahman, a grandson of Dost Mohammed, was recognized by the British as Emir of the country, and has since been on friendly terms with the British, by whom he is subsidized. Encroachments by the Russians on territory claims by Afghanistan almost brought about a rupture between Britain and Russia in 1885. Cabinet Cyclopaedia, 1896. ======================================================================

AH1313 - 2 - RUPEE - REVERSE ====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: In 1738 Afghanistan was conquered by the Persians under Nadir Shah, On his death in 1747 Ahmed Shah, one of his generals, obtained the sovereignty of Afghanistan, and became the founder of a dynasty, which lasted about eighty years. At the end of that time Dost Mohamad, the ruler of Kabul, had acquired a considerable influence in the country. On account of his dealings with the Russians the British resolved to dethrone him and restore Shah Shuja, a former ruler. In April, 1839 a British army under Sir John Keane entered Afghanistan, occupied Kabul, and placed Shah Shuja on the throne, a force of 8000 being left to support the new sovereign. Sir W. MacNaghten remained as Envoy at Kabul, with Sir Alexander Burnes as Assistant Envoy. The Afghans soon organized a widespread insurrection, which came to a head on November 2, 1841, when Burnes and a number of British officers, besides women and children, were murdered, MacNaghten being murdered not long after. The other British leaders now made a treaty with the Afghans, at whose head was Akbar, son of Dost Mohamad, agreeing to withdraw the forces from the country, while the Afghans were to furnish them with provisions and escort them on their way. On 6th January, 1842 the British left Kabul and began their most disastrous retreat. The cold was intense, they had almost no food - for the treacherous Afghans did not fulfill their promises - and day after day they were assailed by the enemy. By the 13th 26,000 persons, including camp-followers, women and children, were lost. Some were kept prisoners, but only one man, Dr. Brydon, reached Jelalabad, which, as well as Kandahar, was still held by the British troops. In a few months General Pollock, with a fresh army from India, retook Kabul and soon finished the war. Shah Shuja having been assassinated, Dost Mohammed again obtained the throne of Kabul, and acquired extensive power in Afghanistan. He died in 1863, having nominated his son Shere Ali his successor. Shere Ali entered into friendly relations with the British, but in 1878, having repulsed a British Envoy and refused to receive a British Mission (a Russian Mission being meantime at his Court), war was declared against him, and the British troops entered Afghanistan. They met with comparatively little resistance; the Ameer fled to Turkestan, where he soon after died; and his son Yakoob Khan having succeeded him concluded a treaty with the British (at Gandamak, May, 1879), in which a certain extension of the British frontier, the control by British of the foreign policy of Afghanistan, and the residence of a British envoy in Kabul, were the chief stipulations.

AMIR ABDUL UR RAHMAN FOOTNOTE: AMIR ABDUL RAHAN - On July 21, 1880 during a period of much internal turmoil, Amir Abdul Rahman, grandson of former ruler Dost Mohammed succeeded to the throne of Afganistan. This was following the murder of British Envoy Major Sir Pierre Louis Cavagnari and his whole escort on September 3, 1879 in the Bala Hissar which prompted the dispatch of Lt.General Frederick Roberts to occupy Kabul the following month. With British recognization, Amir Abdul Rahman, autocratic, absolute and supreme was just the King and ruler Afghanistan needed to stop the rebellion and unify the country and people. As an isolationist, he kept the door to Afghanistan closed completely to frreign intrigue, until with much distrust, he invited the British to assist in setting up the first modern mint for Afghanistan, attached to a gun factory called Masheenkhana in 1890.


====================================================================== AFGHANISTAN, KINGDOM of KABUL MINT ====================================================================== 1 QIRAN 18.5 MM .916 FINE 4.6 GRAMS ====================================================================== (1897) AH 1314

u/m

¿OV: i (star) at top, arabic date AH 1314 to right of TOUGHRA-I-KHORASONEE / legend (Amir Abdul Rahman) within wheat wreath. ¿RV: legend (YAK MESQHAL = one mesqhal) above MIHRAB and MONBER / denomination (YAK QIRAN = one qiran) within wheat wreath. EDGE: Reeded MINT: Legend = KABUL REFERENCE: Y-9.3 HH-5D, KM-817 FOOTNOTE: Afghanistan - A country lying on the northwestern frontier of India. The surface is generally rugged and mountainous, but with many fertile and well watered valleys. The climate is diversified, but usually heathful. Among the agricultural products are wheat, barley, rice, millet, and Indian corn. The castoroil plant, madder, and assafetida plant are grown. Large quantities of assafetida are annually exported to India. All ordinary fruits, together with figs, pomegranate, and almonds, are produced in the greatest abundance; they form the chief food of many of the inhabitants, and in a preserved state, enter largely into the exports of the country. Principal manufactures: felt, carpets, and rosaries. Atlas of the World, 1896, Rand,McNally Co., Chicago. FOOTNOTE: AMIR translates as Commander or Lord. ======================================================================

AH 1316 - 2 RUPEE - REVERSE ============================================================================================================================================ AFGHANISTAN, KINGDOM of KABUL MINT ====================================================================== 1/2 RUPEE 19MM .916 FINE 4.62 GRAMS ====================================================================== (1899) AH 1316

u/m

¿OV: legend (KABUL) / TOUGHRA-I-KHORASONEE dividing arabic date AH 13 left, 16 right, arabic legend within wheat wreath. ¿RV: MIHRAB and MONBER / crossed cannon and swords / denomination (NEEM RUPYA = 1/2 rupee) within wheat wreath tied with ribbon below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: Legend = KABUL REFERENCE: Y-9.4, HH-5E, KM-825 FOOTNOTE: Kabul (Cabul), capital of the Kingdom of Afghanistan, 165 miles from the Indian station and fort of Peshawar, 600 from Herat, and 290 from Canabar. It stands on the Cabul river, at an elevation of 6400 feet above sea-level. The Citadel, Bala-Hissar, contains the Palace and other public buildings, the Fort, etc. Cabul carries on a considerable trade with Hindustan through the Khyber pass. The population is estimated at 75,000. Cabinet Cyclopaedia, 1895. FOOTNOTE: Abdul Rahman, Ameer of Afghanistan was the eldest son of Afzul Khan and nephew of the late Ameer Shere Ali. He was born about 1830, and received a through economic and political training.The International Year Book, 1901, New York.

AH 1316 - 2 RUPEE - OBVERSE

FOOTNOTE: the TOUGHRA-I-KHORASONEE was the Royal signature of Abdul Rahman.


====================================================================== AFGHANISTAN, KINGDOM of KABUL MINT ====================================================================== 1 QIRAN 19MM .916 FINE 4.6 GRAMS ====================================================================== (1900) AH 1317

u/m

rare

====================================================================== AFGHANISTAN, KINGDOM of KABUL MINT ====================================================================== 2 RUPEE 19.5 MM .916 FINE 4.7 GRAMS ====================================================================== (1901) AH 1319

u/m

rare

¿OV: legend (KABUL) / legend (AMIR ABDUL RAHMAN) / arabic date to right AH 1317 of TOUGHRA-IKHORASONEE within wheat wreath.

¿OV: i at top, legend (AMIR ABDUL RAHMAN) arabic date AH 1319 divided at top of TOUGHRA KHORASONEE within wheat wreath.

¿REV: MIHRAB and MONBER / crossed cannon and swords / denomination ( YAK QIRAN = one qiran) within wheat wreath.

¿RV: i at top, MIHRAB and MONBER / crossed cannon / within wheat wreath. EDGE: Reeded

EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = KABUL MINT: Legend = KABUL REFERENCE: Y-9.5, HH-5H, KM-831 REFERENCE: Y-9.4A, HH-5F, KM-825 (reported not confirmed) POPULATION: Afghanistan - 1900 - 4,000,000.

FOOTNOTE: Type identified in Standard Catalog of World Coins 1981 Edition. This AH date could have been struck between May 20,1901 and October 1, 1901 when Amir Abdul Rahman died. ======================================================================


u/m

rare

¿OV: i at top, legend (AMIR ABDUL RAHMAN) arabic date AH 1318 to right of TOUGHRA - KHORASONEE within wheat wreath. ¿RV: i at top, MIHRAB and MONBER / crossed cannon and swords / within wheat wreath. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = KABUL REFERENCE: Y-94B, HH-5G, KM-825 (Reported not confirmed)

AH 1320 -1 ABBASI ====================================================================== AFGHANISTAN, KINGDOM of KABUL MINT ====================================================================== 1 ABBASI 17MM .916 FINE 3.0 GRAMS ====================================================================== (1902) AH 1320

u/m

rare

¿OV: Legend (AFGHANISTAN) / TOUGHRA / arabic date AH 1320, within wheat wreath.

FOOTNOTE: Amir Abdul Rahman, after twenty one years of successful rule of Afghanistan, died on October 1, 1901 at the Summer Palace Baghi-Bala near Kabul. He was succeeded by his eldest son Amir Habibullah.

¿RV: MIHRAB and MONBER / denomination (YAK ABBASI = one abbasi) within wheat wreath.

FOOTNOTE: Kabul the capital of Afghanistan, 7000 feet above sea level on the Kabul river is 228 miles north west of Peshawar, capital of India’s northwest frontier province. The Province of Kabul is 100 sq. miles covering the plains of Koh Daiman and Beghram to the Hindukush mountains of the north, extending to Jelalabad on the east, to the border of Ghazni on the south, and northwest to the Pugman Hillsand including the valley of the Upper Kabul river. In the fertile valley of the Kabul, wheat and barley are raised, and in the Koh Daiman every kind of fruits. The city of Kabul is situated in the center of a rich fruit-growing district. It commands passes and strategic routes from the east through the Khyber Pass into India, from the north through the Hindu Kush range from Russia, and southwest through Kandahar into Persia (Iran). Kabul manufactures matches, buttons, leather goods, boots, and furniture. Kabul is the site of the mint where all coinage of Afghanistan is struck. Through Kabul pass the camel, pony, horse and donkey caravans trade with central Asia.

MINT: Legend (AFGHANISTAN) = KABUL

EDGE: Reeded

REFERENCE: Y-15, HH-16A, KM-837 FOOTNOTE: Currency of Afghanistan - 3 abassi = 1 rupee FOOTNOTE: Amir Habibullah succeeded to the throne on his fathers death in 1901 to become a sympathetic and devoted ruler of Afghanistan. Economic progress continued, including the building of modern roads and buildings and the first electric plant.


====================================================================== AFGHANISTAN, KINGDOM of KABUL MINT ====================================================================== 1 QIRAN 19MM .916 FINE 4.6 GRAMS ====================================================================== (1902) AH 1320 (1907) 1325

u/m u/m

HH-15A HH-15D

¿OV: Legend (AFGHANISTAN) / legend (AMIR HABIBULLAH) / TOUGHRA / arabic AH DATE, within wheat wreath. ¿RV: Divided arabic DATE at top / denomination (YAK QIRAN = one qiran) between AH DATE / MIHRAB and MONBER / crossed cannon and swords within wheat wreath.


u/m

¿OV: Legend (AFGHANISTAN) / legend (AMIR HABIBULLAH) / TOUGHRA with arabic date AH 1321 to right, within wheat wreath. ¿RV: Divided arabic date AH 1321 at top / denomination (YAK QIRAN = One qiran) between date / MIHRAB and MONBER / crossed cannon and swords within wheat wreath. EDGE: Reeded

EDGE: Reeded MINT: Legend (AFGHANISTAN) = KABUL MINT: Legend (AFGHANISTAN) = KABUL REFERENCE: Y-16.2, HH-15B, KM-841 TYPE: I - Arabic date between TOUGHRA. TYPE: II - Arabic date to right of TOUGHRA. REFERENCE: Y-16.1, KM-838 FOOTNOTE: Afghanistan is called Khorassan by the natives. FOOTNOTE: Habibullah Kahn (The Beloved of God), Ameer of Afghanistan, who succeeded to the title upon the death of his father, Abdul-Ur-Rahman, on October 3, 1901 was born at Samarcand, in 1872. His mother was the daughter of the Mir (chief) of Badakshan. He is allied, through his wives, with several of the important chiefs of Afghanistan. He is the eldest of the surviving sons of the late Ameer. From his earliest years he has been thrown into close relationship with the administration of Afghan affairs, as early as 1888 being introduced with the government of Kabul during the war with Ishak. Of his two years’ rule at Kabul his father wrote: “I found he had governed the country wisely, cleverly, and entirely in accordance with my wished...” In 1897, he was placed in control of the State Treasury, and at the same time was constituted “Supreme Court of Appeal”. One of his first declarations was that of his purpose to increase the army efficiency, and at the same time to reduce the tax rate, (Extortion and dishonesty prevail in the collection of taxes). The International Year Book, 1901, New York.

FOOTNOTE: The full title of the Amir of Afghanistan is - His Majesty Siraj-ul-Millat-Wad-Din Amir Habibullah Kahn. He succeeded to the throne on October 7, 1901. FOOTNOTE: There are no railroads in the country. Merchandise is transported on camel or pony back along seven important trade routes. ======================================================================

AH 1328 - 1 ABBASI ====================================================================== AFGHANISTAN, KINGDOM of KABUL MINT ====================================================================== 1 ABBASI 17MM .916 FINE 3.0 GRAMS ====================================================================== (1906) AH 1324 (1910) 1328

u/m u/m

¿OV: i at top, legend (AMIR HABIBULLAH, SERAJ UL-MELETE-WADEEN = Amir Habibullah, The Enlightened of Faith and Nation) / arabic AH DATE, within wheat wreath. ¿RV: MIHRAB and MONBER / denomination (YAK ABBASI = one abbasi) within wheat wreath. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = KABUL REFERENCE: Y-22, HH-16B, KM-845


AH 1323 - 1 QIRAN - OBVERSE

AH 1323 - 1 QIRAN - REVERSE

====================================================================== AFGHANISTAN, KINGDOM of KABUL MINT ====================================================================== 1 QIRAN 19MM .916 FINE 4.6 GRAMS ======================================================================

====================================================================== AFGHANISTAN, KINGDOM of KABUL MINT ====================================================================== 1 QIRAN 19MM .916 FINE 4.6 GRAMS ======================================================================

(1905) AH 1323 (1906) 1324 (1909) 1327 (1910) 1328 (1911) 1329

u/m u/m u/m u/m u/m

¿OV: i at top, legend (AMIR HABIBULLAH, SERAJ UL-MELETE-WADEEN = Amir Habibullah, The Enlightened of Faith and Nation) / arabic AH DATE divided below Melat and Seraj, within wreath of wheat. ¿RV: Divided arabic date AH 1320, denomination between date (YAK QIRAN = one qiran) / MIHRAB and MONBER, toped by inverted pyramid / crossed cannon and swords, within wreath of wheat.

(1908) AH 1326 (1911) 1329

u/m u/m

¿OV: i at top, legend (AMIR HABIBULLAH, SERAJ UL-MELETE-WADEEN = Amir Habibullah, The Enlightened of Faith and Nation) / arabic AH DATE divided below MELAT and SERAJ within wreath of wheat. ¿RV: Divided arabic DATE with denomination between DATE (YAK QIRAN = one qiran) / MIHRAB and MONBER, with crest of inverted pyramid / crossed cannon and swards, within wreath of wheat. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = KABUL

EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = KABUL

REFERENCE: Y-23A, HH-15E, KM-844

REFERENCE: Y-23, HH-15C, KM-844 POPULATION: Afghanistan - 1910 - Estimated at 5,000,000 with capital Kabul with 150,000 inhabitants. FOOTNOTE: Cabul, the capital of the province of Cabul, and of the dominions of the sultan of Afganans, seated near the foot of the Hindoo-ko on the river Attock, a branch of the Indus. It carries on a considerable trade, and is considered as the gate of India towards Tartary. In 1739 Nadir Shah took it by storm, and plundered it of great treasurers. It is 170 miles N.E. of Candahar. A New Univrsal Gazetteer, Phila., 1839.


======================================================================

AH 1333 - 1 ABBASI ====================================================================== AFGHANISTAN, KINGDOM of KABUL MINT ====================================================================== 1ABBASI 17MM .916 FINE 3.0 GRAMS ====================================================================== (1911) AH 1329 (1912) 1330 (1915) 1333 (1916) 1334 (1917) 1335 (1919) 1337

u/m u/m u/m u/m u/m u/m

¿OV: i at top, legend (In naskh characters) (AMIR HABIBULLAH KAHN) / arabic AH DATE, below, within wreath of wheat tied with ribbon below. ¿REV: Denomination (YAK ABBASI = one abbasi) / MIHRAB and MONBER / crossed cannon, with inner circle with sun-burst around, within wreath of wheat tied with ribbon below. EDGE: Reeded

Khyber Pass, between India and Afghanistan - 1880

MINT: (no mintmark) = KABUL REFERENCE: Y-28, HH-16C, KM-851 HH = A catalog of Modern Coins of Afghanistan by Hamim Hamidi, Kabul, 1967. POPULATION: Afghanistan - 1921 - 6,380,500. FOOTNOTE: Amir Habibullah was assinated on the night of February 20, 1919, by rebels under the command of his brother Nasrallah. His third son seized the throne and proclaimed himself King, shortly to be followed by a war of Independence from Great Britain. Independence was recognized on November 22, 1921.

On the road to Candahar

Travel by camel ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - AFGHANISTAN - PAGE 7


ARGENTINA

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======================================================================

1883 -10 CENTAVOS - OBVERSE

1883 - 10 CENTAVOS - REVERSE

====================================================================== ARGENTINA, REPUBLIC of BUENOS AIRES MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTAVOS 18MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ======================================================================

======================================================================

1881 1882 1883

1,020 778,131 2,785,650

GC-180 CC-185 GC-192

rare

¿OV: Arms of the Republic, REPUBLICA ARGENTINA (Republic of Argentina) around / n DATE n below. ÀRV: Liberty Head, with Liberty Cap, facing left, n LIBERTAD n (Liberty) above / OUDINE under bust / 10 CENT os (centovos) \ n Dos \ FINO, below.

FOOTNOTE: The Republic of Argentina produced only one type of dime size silver coinage in 1881-83 minted at Buenos Aires. Currency of Argentina - 100 centavos = 1 peso FOOTNOTE: In 1881 a new law attempted to set up bimetallism at the already out-of-date ratio of 15.5 to 1 (equal to the French 5 francs of 25 grams 0.900 fine); this was not successful, although the country did attain a brief interlude in 1883-84 when paper money was convertible to gold, only to be followed by a return to inconvertible paper money again. Silver Money, D. Leavens, Bloomington, Ind.,1939. ======================================================================

EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = BUENOS AIRES DESIGNER: OUDINE = Eugene Andre Oudine, 1810-87 POPULATION: Argentina - 1890 - 2,026,000. By 1900 the population increased to 4,794,149 with 836,381 inhabitants in Buenos Aires the capital. REFERENCE: Y-3, KM-1 GC = Catagolo De La Moneda Metalica Argentina by Jose Maria Gonzales Conde, Buenos Aires, 1970

FOOTNOTE: The Arms of the Republic of Argentina: An oval shield party per fess, in chief azure liberty cap on a pole supported by two hands on base argent; crest, sun.

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - ARGENTINIA - PAGE 8

FOOTNOTE: Eugene Andre Oudine, was born in Paris in 1810. He studied under Ingres and was awarded the Prix de Rome in 1831. He engraved the French 50 centimes depicting the portrait of Ceres in addition to the Liberty Head on the coinage of Argentina of 188183. He died in 1887.

FOOTNOTE: The typical inhabitants of the Pampas are the Gaucho, a race of half-breed cattle-rearers and horse-breakers; they are almost constinually on horseback. galloping over the plains, collecting their herds and droves, taming wild horses, or catching and slaughtering cattle. In such occupation they require a marvelous dexterity in the use of the lasso and bolas. Cabinet Cyclopaedia, 1896.

Victoria Plaza, Buenos Aires FOOTNOTE: The early period of Argentine development was marked by a conflict between the provinces and Buenos Aires with the provinces favoring a Federal form of government and the later unitarian and centralistic. First organized as the United Provinces of the River Plata in 1826, then the Cisplatine Province became the independent Republic of Uruguay in 1828 after a short war with Brazil. The Argentine Confederation was ruled for twenty years by strongman Juan Manuel Rosas. Defeated decisively by Justo José Urquiza, the governor of Entre Rios Province in 1852, Rosas left for exile in England where he died in 1877. Urquiza declared a general amnesty and introduced a federal constitutional government which in 1860 was designated, “Argentine Nation”. Trouble had developed in Entre Rios, where Urquiza the defeated Presidential candidate, was again Governor. Lopez Jordan, an ambitious and unscrupulous army officer on the night of April 11, 1870, entered the Governors Palace with a band of ruffians and murdered General Urquiza in cold blood. Three days later he was elected Governor of Entre Rios in Urquiza’s place. Yellow fever broke out in Buenos Aires in 1871 with most of its three hundred thousand inhabitants fleeing to adjoining sections. Thirty thousand died in five months with industry and commerce virtually at a standstill in the capital. In 1878 and 1879 new lands were opened to settlement in the northern part of Patagonia resulting from campaigns waged against the Indians under Julio Roca, Minister of War. Roca a candidate for President in 1880, with the majority of the electrical vote, had to defend his position and take Buenos Aires, which after this period became the Federal Capital of the Republic of Argentina, with the Province of Buenos Aires moving to a new seat of government at La Plata. New Cabinet Cyclopaedia, Phila.,1896. ======================================================================

Avenue of Palms, Buenos Aires FOOTNOTE: Argentina - Sheep and cattle were formerly raised almost entirely for wool, hides, and tallow. The meat was thrown away. It was not till 1882 that great factories were built for freezing mutton and beef so that it might be carried across the tropics to the European market. Sheep cost about $2 a piece, weight dresses from thirty pounds (lamb) to seventy pounds (mutton), and cost 1 to 2 cents a pound freightage to London, where the retail price is ten cents a pound. Commercial Geography, Cyrus C.Adams,N.Y., 1912.

The wharves of Buenos Aires

Gaucho on the Pampas

Cape Horn, Tierra del Fuego Islands

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - ARGENTINIA - PAGE 9


AUSTRALIA

======================================================================

======================================================================

1942 D - SIXPENCE - OBVERSE

1942 D - SIXPENCE - REVERSE

====================================================================== AUSTRALIA, COMMONWEALTH of DENVER MINT ====================================================================== 6 PENCE 19.3 MM .925 FINE 2.83 GRAMS ======================================================================

======================================================================

1942 1943

12,000,000 8,000,000

¿OV: Crowned head of GEORGE VI, facing left GEORGIVS VI D:G:BR:OMN:REX F:D:IND:IMP: (George VI Dei Gratia Britanniarum Omnium Rex Fidei Defensor Imperator = George VI by the grace of, God King of all the Britains, Defender of the Faith, Emperor of India) around / H P under bust. ¿RV: Arms / Motto: ADVANCE AUSTRALIA on scroll, SIXPENCE, above / D (mintmark) / ºDATE³ below.

FOOTNOTE: The listings for Australia are presented by mints in alphabetical order; Denver, London, Melbourne, San Francisco and Sydney. The first sixpence were shipped from London in 1910. The Royal Mint, London continued to supply the Commonwealth with coinage until 1916 when the Melbourne branch mint, which up to this time had been striking only Gold, started to strike subsidiary coinage. At the same time from 1912-26 the Sydney branch mint also struck the sixpence coins and as both issues were without mintmark, only the 1922 date can be identified as from the Sydney mint. During World War II the American mints of Denver and San Francisco produced coins for Australia. London again produced a large issue dated 1951, the only time the Royal Mint of London has used a mintmark PL in recent times. All sixpence were again struck at the Melbourne mint as long as silver was used for the small coinage with the last issue dated 1963.

EDGE: Reeded MINT: D = DENVER DESIGNER: (obv) H P = Thomas Hugh Paget (rev) = W.H.J.Blakemore REFERENCE: Y-17, KM-38 FOOTNOTE: The Commonwealth Coat of Arms of Australia was granted in May 1908 by King Edward VII. It consists of an ermine bordered shield the Cross of St. George at the center and four seven pointed stars thereon. The shield is supported by a kangaroo, left and emu, right, standing upon a grassy field. Above the shield is a torse surmounted by a seven pointed ‘Commonwealth Star’. Below is a banner bearing the motto ADVANCE AUSTRALIA. The Arms of Australia, date from an early banner of 1805.

Melbourne in 1840

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - AUSTRALIA - PAGE 10

Government House - 1892 ======================================================================

1910 - SIXPENCE - OBVERSE ====================================================================== AUSTRALIA, COMMONWEALTH of LONDON MINT ====================================================================== 6 PENCE 19MM .925 FINE 2.83 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1910

3,046,635

¿OV: Crowned head of EDWARD VII, facing right EDWARDVS VII D:G:BRITT:OMN:REX F:D:IMP: (Edward VII Dei Gratia Britanniarum Omnium Rex Fidei Defensor Imperator = Edward VII by the grace of God, King of all the Britains, Defender of the Faith, Emperor of India) around / DES. under bust / • (dot) below.

Murray and Darling Rivers - 1892 ====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: King Edward VIII when he abdicated to marry the American Mrs. Wallis Warfield Simpson, requested his brother, when he became King George VI to have Paget design his coinage. The H P mark appears on the coins of King George VI of Australia, Canada, Great Britain, and New Zealand. The Dominican Republic 10 centavos Y-17 with the Arawak Indian liberty head was the work of Paget as many commemorative coins during this period. Iraq 20 fils Y-17 with portrait of King Faisal II facing right was prepared from a portrait by Paget which the young King commissioned when he was a student at Harrow. In 1958 the young King, the Crown Prince of Iraq and almost the whole Royal Family were murdered during a military coup in Iraq. The famous designer died at the age of 81 in 1974. FOOTNOTE: Australia, meaning “The South” from the Latin, Australis = Southern. FOOTNOTE: F:D: in the inscription are initials for Defender of the Faith granted to Henry VIII by Pope Leo X in 1521. The BR:OMN: in the inscription abbreviated from the Latin - BRITANNIARUM OMNIUM (of all the Britains).

¿RV: Arms / Motto: ADVANCE AUSTRALIA on scroll, SIXPENCE, above / º1910³ below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = Royal Mint, LONDON DESIGNER: (obv) DES. = George William DeSaulles (rev) = W.H.J.Blakemore REFERENCE: Y-2, KM-19 FOOTNOTE: The English began colonization of Australia in 1787 by transporting to Botany Bay a number of convicts. Gold was discovered in 1851 which brought in many settlers. The Commonwealth of Australia was founded in 1900 with six states; New South Wales, Tasmania, Victoria, Queensland, South Australia and Western Australia. The 1910 issue was a one year type as the coin minted in London with the bust of King Edward VII had to be sent half way around the world by ship. The King had died before the coins reached Australia. FOOTNOTE: The obverse design of the EDWARD VII sixpence was designed by the Chief Engraver at the Royal mint, George William DeSaulles.


1910 - SIXPENCE - REVERSE

1951 PL - SIXPENCE - REVERSE

====================================================================== AUSTRALIA, COMMONWEALTH of LONDON MINT ====================================================================== 6 PENCE 19MM .925 FINE 2.83 GRAMS ======================================================================

====================================================================== AUSTRALIA, COMMONWEALTH of LONDON MINT ====================================================================== 6 PENCE 19MM .500 FINE 2.83 GRAMS ======================================================================

1911 1912 1914

1,000,000 1,600,000 1,800,000

¿OV: Crowned head of GEORGE V, facing left GEORGIVS V D.G.BRITT:OMN:REX F.D.IND:IMP: (George V Dei Gratia Britanniarum Omnium Rex Fidei Defensor Imperator = George V by the grace of God, King of all the Britains, Defender of the Faith, Emperor of India) around B.M. on truncation / • (dot) below. ¿RV: Arms / Motto: ADVANCE AUSTRALIA on scroll, SIXPENCE, above / ºDATE³ below.

1951

20,024,000

¿OV: Crowned head of GEORGE VI, facing left GEORGIVS VI D:G:BR:OMN:REX F:D:IND:IMP: (George VI Dei Gratia Britanniarum Omnium Rex Fidei Defensor Imperator = George VI by the grace of God, King of all the Britains, Defender of the Faith, Emperor of India) around / H P under bust. ¿RV: Arms / Motto: ADVANCE AUSTRALIA on scroll, SIXPENCE, above, PL (mintmark) / º1951³ below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: PL = Royal Mint, LONDON

EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = Royal Mint, LONDON DESIGNER: (obv) B.M.= Sir Edgar Bertram MacKennal (rev) = W.H.J.Blakemore

DESIGNER: (obv) H P = Thomas Hugh Paget (rev) = W.H.J.Blakemore REFERENCE: Y-25, KM-45 FOOTNOTE: Proof sixpence dated 1951 were struck at London.

REFERENCE: Y-10, KM-25 POPULATION: Australia - 1911 - 4,455,005, capital Canberra, with Melbourne, the seat of government with 591,830 inhabitants. FOOTNOTE: A 1911 proof sixpence was minted at London. FOOTNOTE: The Royal mint, London struck many dime size silver coins for the British colonies, all without mintmarks, except the 1951 Australian sixpence which shows a mintmark of PL. This makes this type a unique coin for this series.

FOOTNOTE: The PL mintmark for the Royal mint in London was first used in Roman times; PECUNIA LONDINII (Money of London) or PECUSSA LONDINIO (Struck at London). FOOTNOTE: Sir Edgar Bertram MacKennal - Australian sculptor Edgar Bertram MacKennal was born in Melbourne in 1863 and Knighted in 1921. He was the first artist who had his design accepted by the Royal mint following the improvements in 1902 which made it unnecessary for coinage dies to be engraved by hand. His designs were used for the coinage of King George V as seen on the Maundy four pence of Great Britain, the sixpence of Australia, 10 cents of Canada and Newfoundland, British Honduras and Straits Settlements and the 25 cents of Ceylon. He died October 1931.


====================================================================== AUSTRALIA, COMMONWEALTH of MELBOURNE MINT ====================================================================== 6 PENCE 19MM .925 FINE 2.83 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920

1,769,000 1,632,000 915,000 1,520,773 1,476,000

rare

¿OV: Crowned head of GEORGE V, facing left GEORGIVS V D.G.BRITT:OMN:REX F.D.IND:IMP: (George V Dei Gratia Britanniarum Omnium Rex Fidei Defensor Imperator = George V by the grace of God, King of all the Britains, Defender of the Faith, Emperor of India) around B.M. on truncation / • (dot) below. ¿RV: Arms / Motto: ADVANCE AUSTRALIA on scroll, SIXPENCE, above / ºDATE³ / M (mintmark) below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: M = MELBOURNE DESIGNER: (obv) B.M. = Sir Edge Bertram MacKennal (rev) = W.H.J.Blakemore REFERENCE: Y-10, KM-25 TYPE: I - M mintmark under DATE. FOOTNOTE: 25 proof sixpence dated 1916 were struck at the Melbourne mint. FOOTNOTE: The Melbourne mint opened June 12, 1872 as a branch of the Royal mint. It struck only gold sovereigns and half sovereigns until 1916 when it started to mint most of the coinage then current in Australia.

FOOTNOTE: Melbourne, Capital of the colony of Victoria, on the Yarra-Yarra, about 2 miles from Port Phillip Bay. Melbourne was founded in 1836 during the premiership of Lord Melbourne, after whom it was named. The city and its suburbs occupy an extensive area, which is mostly hilly or undulating, with the Yarra winding through it. The city proper, on the north bank of the Yarra, being the central and most important business part of the whole. Here the principle streets are about a mile long and 99 feet wide, and run at right angles to one another, being lined with handsome and substantial edifices. Among them the most remarkable are the Houses of Parliament, the Treasury, the Law-court, the free library; the mint, a very handsome quadrangle; the University, the Town Hall, and numerous churches,etc. The shipping trade is large, both in export and import, the chief of the former being wool, of the latter manufactured goods. New Cabinet Cyclopaedia, Phila., 1896. FOOTNOTE: An improved type of reducing machine introduced around 1902, made it unnecessary for dies to be engraved by hand and allowed the Royal mint to accept the work of artists who were not engravers. The George V design of Sir Edgar Bertram MacKennal was one of these early designs from the eminent Australian sculptor.

1928 - SIXPENCE - REVERSE ===================================================================== AUSTRALIA, COMMONWEALTH of MELBOURNE MINT ====================================================================== 6 PENCE 19MM .925 FINE 2.83 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1921 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1934 1935 1936

2,633,000 206,000 618,000 2,174,000 3,404,000 3,592,040 2,721,000 1,024,000 392,000 1,800,000

¿OV: Crowned head of GEORGE V, facing left GEORGIVS V D.G.BRITT:OMN:REX F.D.IND:IMP: (George V Dei Gratia Britanniarum Omnium Rex Fidei Defensor Imperator = George V by the grace of God, King of all the Britains, Defender of the Faith, Emperor of India) around B.M. on truncation / • (dot) below. ¿RV: Arms / Motto: ADVANCE AUSTRALIA on scroll, SIXPENCE, above / ºDATE³ below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = MELBOURNE TYPE: II - no mintmark DESIGNER: (obv) B.M. = Sir Edge Bertram MacKennal (rev) = W.H.J.Blakemore REFERENCE: Y-10, KM-25 FOOTNOTE: All dates 1921-1926 except 1922 sixpence were minted in both Melbourne and Sydney without mintmark. Proofs dated 1921, 1924, 1926, 1927, 1934 and 1936 were struck at the Melbourne mint.


Australian sheep

1938 - SIXPENCE - OBVERSE ====================================================================== AUSTRALIA, COMMONWEALTH of MELBOURNE MINT ====================================================================== 6 PENCE 19MM .925 FINE 2.83 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1945

2,864,000 1,600,000 2,512,000 3,264,000 7,704,000 10,096,000

¿OV: Crowned head of GEORGE VI, facing left GEORGIVS VI D:G:BR:OMN:REX F:D:IND:IMP: (George VI Dei Gratia Britanniarum Omnium Rex Fidei Defensor Imperator = George VI by the grace of God, King of all the Britains, Defender of the Faith, Emperor of India) around / H P under bust. ¿RV: Arms / Motto: ADVANCE AUSTRALIA on scroll, SIXPENCE, above / ºDATE³ / M (mintmark) below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: M = MELBOURNE DESIGNER: (obv) H P = Thomas Hugh Paget (rev) = W.H.J.Blakemore REFERENCE: Y-17, KM-38

====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: Thomas Hugh Paget - British coin designer Thomas Hugh Paget was born in 1893 and received his training at London’s Central School of Arts and Crafts. Later he studied at the Royal Academy Schools with a Landseer Scholarship. He was commissioned first by the Royal mint in 1935 to sculpt a portrait of the Prince of Wales for a commemorative medal. Impressed by Pagets likeness, the Prince asked that he join other artists in a competition for his new coins after his accension to the throne as King Edward VIII. Paget's design was chosen for the new coinage and a full set of patterns were prepared, but never issued after the King abdicated in 1936. The direction of the head of King Edward VIII caused Paget to prepare a double set of dies, as tradition indicated that the Kings portrait should face the opposite direction from his predecessor. King George V faced left, however King Edward VIII had changed the part in his hair from right to left earlier and felt his likeness should face left. FOOTNOTE: Melbourne - In 1835 John Batman, an Englishman, sailed up the Yarra River and bought from the native chief an area of more than one thousand square miles of land, for which he paid a few dollars worth of flour, sugar, glass beads, and other of those trinkets always so beautiful in the eyes of savages. Batman at once went to Tasmania to raise a band of colonists to go back and colonize the land he had purchased. By the time he had returned, to the present site of Melbourne, he found that possession had already been taken by a John Faukner, who records tell us “made the first permanent settlement, bringing with him five men, two horses, two pigs, one cat, and three kangaroo dogs.” The colony grew rapidly and only four years after its founding, it could boast seventy shops and three thousand people. In addition, their first ship with a cargo of four hundred bales of wool had been sent to London. The city is carefully laid out, a mile and a half square, with broad regular avenues and generous parks. By 1892 the population was more than three hundred and sixty thousand. Yarra-Yarra, the river upon which the city is built, is a small river, navigable only to Port Melbourne, two and a half miles below the city proper. Stories of Australasia by Mara Pratt, Boston 1892.

POPULATION: Australia - 1940 - 6,630,615 FOOTNOTE: 1938 proof mintage 250 from the Melbourne mint.


====================================================================== AUSTRALIA, COMMONWEALTH of MELBOURNE MINT ====================================================================== 6 PENCE 19MM .500 FINE 2.83 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1946 1948

10,024,000 7,824,000

¿OV: Crowned head of GEORGE VI, facing left GEORGIVS VI D:G:BR: OMN: REX F:D: IND: IMP: (George VI Dei Gratia Britanniarum Omnium Rex Fidei Defensor Imperator = George VI by the grace of God, King of all the Britains, Defender of the Faith, Emperor of India) around / H P under bust. ¿RV: Arms / Motto: ADVANCE AUSTRALIA on scroll, SIXPENCE, above / ºDATE³ below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = MELBOURNE DESIGNER: (obv) H P = Thomas Hugh Paget (rev) = W.H.J.Blakemore REFERENCE: Y-17a, KM-38a ===================================================================== AUSTRALIA, COMMONWEALTH of MELBOURNE MINT ====================================================================== 6 PENCE 19MM .500 FINE 2.83 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1950 1951 1952

10,272,000 13,760,000 2,112,000

¿OV: Crowned head of George VI, facing left GEORGIVS VI D:G:BR:OMN:REX FIDEI DEF. (George VI Dei Gratia Britanniarum Omnium Rex Fidei Defensor Imperator = George VI by the grace of God, King of all the Britains, Defender of the Faith) around / H P under bust. ¿RV: Arms / Motto: ADVANCE AUSTRALIA on scroll, SIXPENCE, above / ºDATE³ below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = MELBOURNE DESIGNER: (obv) H P = Thomas Hugh Paget (rev) = W.H.J.Blakemore

1953 - SIXPENCE - OBVERSE ====================================================================== AUSTRALIA, COMMONWEALTH of MELBOURNE MINT ====================================================================== 6 PENCE 19MM .500 FINE 2.83 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1953 1954

1,152,000 7,672,000

¿Ov: Head of ELIZABETH II, facing right +ELIZABETH•II•DIA•GRATIA•REGINA (+Elizabeth II, by the grace of God Queen) around M G on trunction. ¿RV: Arms / Motto: ADVANCE AUSTRALIA on scroll, SIXPENCE, above / ºDATE³ below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = MELBOURNE DESIGNER: (obv) M G = Mrs. Mary Gillick (rev) = W.H.J.Blakemore REFERENCE: Y-31, KM-52

REFERENCE: Y-25, KM-45

FOOTNOTE: In 1949 the legend on the obverse was changed to eliminate IND:IMP: (INDIA IMPERATOR = Emperor of India) when India became independent.

Australian kangaroo



1959 - SIXPENCE - OBVERSE

======================================================================

====================================================================== AUSTRALIA, COMMONWEALTH of MELBOURNE MINT ====================================================================== 6 PENCE 19MM .500 FINE 2.83 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963

14,248,000 7,904,000 12,584,000 16,648,000 11,728,000 18,592,000 9,152,000 44,816,000 25,056,000

¿OV: Head of ELIZABETH II, facing right +ELIZABETH•II•DIA•GRATIA•REGINA F:D: (+Elizabeth II Dia Gratia Regina Fidei Defensor = +Elizabeth II, by the grace of God Queen, Defender of the Faith) around M G on trunction.

Transporting wool ====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: Mrs. Mary Gillick, Chelsea artist and sculptor at age 71 had her first design accepted for the 1953 coinage showing Queen ELIZABETH II facing right in a youthful portrait.

¿RV: Arms / Motto: ADVANCE AUSTRALIA on scroll, SIXPENCE, above / ºDATE³ below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = MELBOURNE DESIGNER: (obv) M G = Mrs. Mary Gillick (rev) = W.H.J.Blakemore REFERENCE: Y-38, KM-58 Collecting Australian Coins by Tom Hanley and Bill Jones, Sydney 1970. Rennick Australian Coins and Banknote Guide by Don H. Skinner, South Australia, 1974. FOOTNOTE: The 1959 sixpence illustrated is from a proof set.


1959 - SIXPENCE - REVERSE ====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: Proof sets each with a silver sixpence were issued by the Melbourne mint with the following mintages: 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963

-

1,200 1,500 1,256 1,506 1,506 1,509 1,506 2,016 2,000

======================================================================

1943 S - SIXPENCE - OBVERSE ====================================================================== AUSTRALIA, COMMONWEALTH of SAN FRANCISCO MINT ====================================================================== 6 PENCE 19.3 MM .925 FINE 2.83 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1942 1943 1944

4,000,000 4,000,000 4,000,000

¿OV: Crowned head of GEORGE VI, facing left GEORGIVS VI D:G:BR:OMN:REX F:D:IND:IMP: (George VI Dei Gratia Britanniarum Omnium Rex Fidei Defensor Imperator = George VI by the grace of God, King of all the Britains, Defender of the Faith, Emperor of India) around / H P under bust. ¿RV: Arms / Motto: ADVANCE AUSTRALIA on scroll, SIXPENCE, above / S (mintmark) / ºDATE³ below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: S = SAN FRANCISCO DESIGNER: (obv) H P = Thomas Hugh Paget (rev) = W.H.J.Blakemore REFERENCE: Y-17 KM-38 Domestic and Foreign Coins Manufactured by the United States 1793-1970 - U. S. Govt. Printing Office, Washington,D.C., 1972. FOOTNOTE: The issue of 1944 was the last year the sixpence of Australia was minted in sterling silver. The standard for sterling silver consists of thirty seven-fortieths of fine silver and thee fortieths of alloy and is denoted .925 fine.

Australian emu ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - AUSTRALIA - PAGE 17

1943 S - SIXPENCE - REVERSE


======================================================================

====================================================================== AUSTRALIA, COMMONWEALTH of SYDNEY MINT ====================================================================== 6 PENCE 19MM .925 FINE 2.83 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926

Australia today ====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: The sixpence of Australia were minted by five mints; London, Melbourne and Sydney, Denver and San Francisco. During the period of issue 1910-1963 the total mintage produced by all these mints was 363,147,448 coins. The output of coinage from London totaled 58,070,635 including the large striking dated 1951 of over 20,000,000 sixpence. The majority of the coins were struck by the Melbourne mint starting in 1916, with the last issue 1963 with a total mintage of 267,460,813 sixpence. The Sydney mint which only issued these coins for six years 1921 through 1926 recorded production of only 5,616,000 sixpence and only the 1922 dated sixpence can be identified as from this mint with mintage of 1,488,000 as the coins were minted at the same time at Melbourne without mint marks. During World War II, Australia supplemented their own production with coins ordered from the United States with 20,000,000 sixpence from the Denver mint and 12,000,000 sixpence from the San Francisco mint. Subdividing the total production into decades, the number of sixpence were: 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960

-

1919 1929 1939 1949 1959 1963

43,883,408 22.440,040 7,680,000 73,424,000 118,104,000 97,616,000

1,164,000 1,488,000 1,248,000 420,000 1,092,000 204,000

¿OV: Crowned head of GEORGE V, facing left GEORGIVS V D.G.BRITT:OMN:REX F.D.IND:IMP: (George V Dei Gratia Britanniarum Omnium Rex Fidei Defensor Imperator = George V by the grace of God, King of all the Britains, Defender of the Faith, Emperor of India) around B.M. on truncation / • (dot) below. ¿RV: Arms / Motto: ADVANCE AUSTRALIA on scroll, SIXPENCE, above / ºDATE³ below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = SYDNEY TYPE: II - no mintmark DESIGNER:(obv) B.M. = Sir Edge Bertram MacKennal (rev) = W.H.J.Blakemore REFERENCE: Y-10, KM-25 FOOTNOTE: The 1922 sixpence was only minted at Sydney. FOOTNOTE: Sydney, the capital of New South Wales, was founded on January 26, 1788, and so named by Captain Phillip after Thomas Townshend, first Lord Sydney, who, as Home Secretary, drew up, in 1786, a scheme for the transportation of convicts to New South Wales. The name Sydney is corrupted from St. Dennis, pronounced in French San-de-knee.


Gold rush miners - 1851 ====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: The discovery of gold at Ophir, New South Wales, in 1851 led to the establishment of a branch of the Royal mint in Sydney which opened May 14, 1855. FOOTNOTE: It was in 1851 that some one sent a pan of Australian sand to Great Britain, to have it examined for gold. Gold was there and now Australia was important. Up to this time the island possession was just a place to send English convicts. Companies were organized and within one year eighty thousand were added to the population of the colony. Stories of Australasia, Mara Pratt,Boston,1892. ======================================================================

Sydney Townhall - 1892 ====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: The city of Sydney is very new in its appearance; it is only within the last ten of fifteen years that the larger finelooking buildings have been erected. The streets in the old part of town, are narrow and crooked., but are fast being broadened and straightened. Stories of Australasia, Mara Pratt, Boston,1892. ======================================================================

Sydney waterfront - 1902 ====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: Sydney, is situated on the southern shores of Port Jackson, about 8 miles from the sea. The port of Sydney has upwards of 23 miles of wharves. On Cockatoo Island are two large government dry docks. The city is defended by modern forts and batteries (1910). Manufactures comprise glass, pottery, boots, shoes, carriages, stoves, tobacco and there are car shops, distilleries, and breweries. Within a radius of 100 miles large quantities of coal are mined for domestic consumption as well as for export. New Standard Encyclopedia,1910.

Sydney downtown - 1902



AUSTRIA

====================================================================== AUSTRIA, EMPIRE of KREMNITZ MINT ====================================================================== 10 KREUZER 18MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1853

u/m

¿OV: Laureated head of FRANZ JOSEPH I, facing right, FRANC.IOS.I.D.G.AVSTRIAE IMPERATOR (Franz Joseph I Dei Gratia Austrae Imperator = Francis Joseph I, by the grace of God, Emperor of Austria) around / B (mintmark) under bust. ¿RV: Crowned double headed eagle with shield, HVNG.BOH.LOMB.ET.VEN (Hvngariae, Bohemiae, Lombardiae et Venetiae = Hungary, Bohemia, Lombardy and Venetia) around to right, GAL.LOD.ILL.REX.A.A. (Galiciae, Lodomeriae, Illyriae, Rex Archidux Avstriae = Galicia, Lodomeria, Illyria, King and Archduke of Austria) around to left, 1853 top to left / 10 for denomination dividing legend below. EDGE: Plain MINT: B = KREMNITZ (Kormoczbanya) REFERENCE: C-206.2, J-293, LH-715 FOOTNOTE: The 10 kreuzer coinage beginning with 1853 are listed by mint locations and then dates. Kremnitz with a B mintmark struck 18 millimeter coins dated 1853 and 1858, Milan mint using an M produced this size only during one year 1859, and Venice with a V mintmark from 1858 thorough 1865. The capital mint at Vienna used the A mintmark with dates from 1852-72 and the last series from the Republic 1925-26. FOOTNOTE: Currency of Austria - 100 kreuzers = 1 florin FOOTNOTE: Kormoczbanya (german, Kremnitz), an old mining town, in the country of Bars, in Hungary, 158 miles north of Budapest by rail. It is situated in a deep valley in the Hungarian Ore Mountains region. Among its principal buildings are the castle and the mint where the celebrated Kremnitz gold duckets were struck. The great bulk of the inhabitants find employment in connection with the gold and silver mines, which, though far less productive than formerly, still yield considerable quantities of ore. By means of a tunnel 9 miles in length, constructed in 1851-52, the water is drained off from the mines into the Gran. Population in 1880 - 8,552 mostly Germans. According to tradition, Kormoczbanya was founded in the 8th century by Saxons. Encyclopedia Britannica 9th & 11 Ed. 1888,1911.

Arms of Austrian Empire

====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: Francis Joseph I, Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary was born in 1830, the son of Emperor Francis I and nephew of the Emperor Ferdinand I. The revolution of 1848 compelled Ferdinand I to abdicate and his brother resigning his claims to the throne in favor of his own son, the latter was at the early age of 18 called to rule an empire shaken by civil war. He took part in the campaign against the Hungarians and was present at the capture of Raab in June 1849. The Hungarian Constitution was suspended, the absolute authority of the Habsburh Monarchy in the Austrian Dominions proclaimed, and the Imperial Ministers were declared responsible only to the Emperor. The absolute regime was maintained during the first ten years of his reign. It was not till Austria had sustained severe reverses abroad that the system fell. The demand of Napoleon III that the question of the LombardoVenetian States should be referred to a European conference being refused, war was declared. The Austrians were defeated at the Battle of Solferino on June 24, 1859 and the Emperor was compelled to sign the Treaty of Villafranca, by which all claims to Lombardy were resigned. A dispute between Austria and Prussia as to Schleswig-Holstein led to war between the two nations in 1866. Again the Austrians were defeated and compelled to accept the North German Confederation under the leadership of Prussia and to give up Venice to Italy. The last minting of 10 kreuzer (Y-10) from the Venice mint was dated 1865. Issues from Vienna were 1863 and 1865 for the 10 kreuzer (Y-10) followed by the new ‘Older’ portrait with side whiskers of Franz Joseph I in 1867 (Y10A). Franz Joseph was declared King (Csaszar) of Hungary in 1867. Starting in 1868, the 10 krajczar of Hungary (Y-6 and Y-7) were minted at Karlburg and Kremintz, with the portrait of Franz Joseph. Later issues (Y-10) carried the titles; Francis Joseph I, Emperor of Austria and Apostolic King of Hungary, Croatia, Slovakia, Delmatia. In 1854 the Emperor had married Elizabeth of Bavaria, who was assassinated in 1898. Misfortune struck earlier by the suicide of the Crown Prince Rudolph in 1889, depriving him of all hope of a direct successor. His nephew Francis Ferdinand become the heir-apparent. The assassination of Francis Ferdinand at Saravejo, Bosnia June 28, 1914 precipitated the First World War. Francis Joseph I died after a reign of 68 years in 1916. He was succeeded by his Grand-Nephew, Charles Francis Joseph until November 12, 1918 when the Republic Oesterreich was established, following the cessation of hostilities of the First World War. A constitution was adopted on November 10 ,1920. The new monetary system of the Republic of Austria was based on the schilling equal to 100 groschen. In 1924 a new design for Austria 2 schilling was struck in proof only with regular circulation strikes dated 1925 and 1926 following (Y-67) FOOTNOTE: See Hungary for Franz Joseph I issues in the Hungarian language struck during the Duel-Monarchy of Austria - Hungary. FOOTNOTE: On the 4th of June, 1859, was fought the great battle of Magenta, in which 100,000 French and Sardinians, under General MacMahon, were engaged. The Austrians were defeated, with the loss of 27,000 men in killed, wounded, and prisoners. After the battle, Napoleon III Emperor of France and King Victor Emmanuel of Sardinia entered Milan, where they were welcomed with the warmest enthusiasm. Napoleon III, published a proclamation to the Italian people, declaring his intention of securing to Italy nationality and independence; and Victor Emmanuel issued a proclamation to the people of Lombardy, declaring that country united with Sardinia. Illustrated Universal History by Israel Smith Clare, Phila.,1881.

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - AUSTRIA - PAGE 20

====================================================================== AUSTRIA, EMPIRE of KREMNITZ MINT ====================================================================== 10 KREUZER 18MM .500 FINE 2.0 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1858

1,354

rare

====================================================================== .AUSTRIA, EMPIRE of MILAN MINT ====================================================================== 10 KREUZER 18MM .500 FINE 2.0 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1859

u/m

¿OV: Head of FRANZ JOSEPH I, facing right,FRANCIS JOSEPH I.V.G.G.KAISER V.OESTERREICH (Franz Joseph I von Gottes Gnaden Kaiser von Oesterreich = Francis Joseph I, by the grace of God, Emperor of Austria) around.

¿OV: Head of FRANZ JOSEPH I, facing right, FRANCIS JOSEPH I.V.G.G.KAISER V.OESTERREICH (Franz Joseph I von Gottes Gnaden Kaiser von Oesterreich = Francis Joseph I, by the grace of God, Emperor of Austria) around.

¿RV: Crown / 10 / DATE / B (mintmark), SCHEIDE left, MUNZE right, (divided money) short wreath of laurel and willow tied with ribbon below.

¿RV: Crown / 10 / 1859 / M (mintmark), SCHEIDE left, MUNZE right, (divided money) short wreath of laurel and willow tied with ribbon below.

EDGE: Reeded

EDGE: Reeded

MINT: B = KREMNITZ (Kormoczbanya)

MINT: M = MILAN

REFERENCE: Y-10.1, J-325, LH-720

REFERENCE: Y-10.3, J-325, LH-721

FOOTNOTE: Francis Joseph I, was born August 18, 1830, at Vienna, the eldest son of Archduke Francis and nephew of Ferdinand I., Emperor from 1835 to 1848. Francis was taught the various languages of the heterogeneous Austrian Monarchy. In 1848 he served under Radetzky in Italy. On December 2, 1848, amid convulsions which threatened the dissolution of the Empire, the weak Emperor Ferdinand abdicated, his brother, the Archduke Francis, gave up his claims to the Crown, and Francis Joseph, whose youth and popularity it was believed would make it easier to harmonize the conflicting interests of the Monarchy, mounted the Austrian throne. Hungary was now in a state of open revolt, and in April 1849, declared itself a Republic with Kossuth as Governor. In Italy Charles Albert of Sardinia again took up arms against Austria. Both in Hungary and Italy, Austria triumphed, and the Emperor devoted himself to the reestablishment of his authority. In 1853 an attempt on his life was made by an Hungarian, but the Emperor escaped with a slight wound. In 1855 a concordat was concluded with Pius IX., which restored to the Roman Catholic Church throughout the Empire many of the liberties of which it had been deprived since the hostile reign of the Emperor Joseph II. In 1859 Francis Joseph was called to face a war with France and Sardinia, which ended with the loss of Lombardy. After this war Francis Joseph abandoned his conservative policy, and began the necessary work of reform, and after the disastrous Seven Weeks’ War with Prussia, a reconstruction of the Monarchy on a Dualistic basis was effected by the Ausgleigh of 1867. The abrogation in 1870 of the concordat of 1855 antagonized the Pope. Francis Joseph has since striven to maintain a constitutional and parliamentary regime in his dominions. He enjoys the respect and affection of his subjects, and it is his personal influence that really holds his dominions together under the most discouraging political conditions. Francis Joseph married, April 24, 1854, Elizabeth, daughter of Duke Maximilian of Bavaria, who was assinated by an Italian anarchist in Geneva, September 10,1898. His only son, Rudolph died a violent death in January, 1889. The heir presumptive is the nephew of Francis Joseph, Francis Ferdinand. New International Encyclopedia, 1910

Market1880

FOOTNOTE: This one year issue from Milan (Lombardy) with the M mintmark dated 1859 was struck before events that marked the end of Austrian occupation of Lombardy.

=====================================================================

1859 V - 10 KREUZER - OBVERSE ======================================================================


1859 V - 10 KREUZER - REVERSE ====================================================================== AUSTRIA, EMPIRE of VENICE MINT ====================================================================== 10 KREUZER 18MM .500 FINE 2.0 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1864 1865

u/m u/m u/m u/m u/m 36,280 1,198,280

LH-722 LH-723 LH-724 LH-725 LH-726 LH-727 LH-728

¿OV: Head of FRANZ JOSEPH I, facing right, FRANCIS JOSEPH I.V.G.G.KAISER V.OESTERREICH (Franz Joseph I von Gottes Gnaden Kaiser von Oesterreich = Francis Joseph I, by the grace of God, Kaiser of Austria) around. ¿RV: Crown / 10 / DATE / V (mintmark), SCHEIDE left, MUNZE right, (Divided Money) short wreath of laurel and willow tied with ribbon below.

Rialto in Venice FOOTNOTE: Foundations of Venice rest on wooden piles driven into the mud islands of the lagoons. There are about 16,000 buildings, around and between which flow some 170 canals, crossed by more than 400 bridges. Two of these bridges are world famous - “Rialto” and the “Bridge of Sighs”. The former, which is mentioned in Shakespeare’s ‘Merchant of Venice’, crosses the Grand Canal and is lined with shops. The latter leads from the upper story of the Doge’s Palace to the State Prison, where in bygone days of Venice’s power so many political offenders went to secret and cruel deaths. Comptoms Pictured Encyclopedia, Chicago, 1922.

EDGE: Reeded MINT: V = VENICE REFERENCE: Y-10.2, J-325 FOOTNOTE: Venice is situated at the head of the Gulf of Venice, on 72 small islands, connected by 500 bridges. It was formerly the capital of a republic of the same name, and the greatest commercial city on the globe. Though much reduced, it is still one of the most magnificent and remarkable cities of Europe. It has canals instead of streets - boats instead of cars - gondolas instead of coaches. Olney’s Geography, 1849. FOOTNOTE: The Venetians are lively and ingenious, extravagantly for of amusements, with an uncommon relish for humour. The Universal Gazetter, Phila., 1893.

Port of Venice


====================================================================== AUSTRIA, EMPIRE of VIENNA MINT ====================================================================== 10 KREUZER 18MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1852 1853 1854 1855

u/m u/m u/m u/m

LH-711 LH-712 LH-713 LH-714

¿OV: Laureated head of FRANZ JOSEPH I,facing right,FRANC.IOS.I.D.G.AVSTRIAE IMPERATOR (Franz Joseph I von Gottes Gnaden Kaiser von Oesterreich = Francis Joseph I, by the grace of God, Emperor of Austria) around / A (mintmark) under bust. ¿RV: Crowned double headed eagle with shield, HVNG.BOH.LOMB.ET.VEN (HVNGARIAE, BOHEMIAE, LOMBARDIAE ET VENETIAE (Hungary, Bohemia, Lombardy and Venice) around to right, GAL.LOD.ILL.REX.A.A. (Galiciae, Lodomeriae, Illyriae, Rex Archidux Avstriae = Galicia, Lodomeria, Illyria, King and Archduke of Austria) around to left, DATE top to left. / 10 for denomination dividing legend below. EDGE: Plain MINT: A = VIENNA REFERENCE: C-206.1, J-293

====================================================================== AUSTRIA, EMPIRE of VIENNA MINT ====================================================================== 10 KREUZER 18MM .500 FINE 2.0 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1858 1863 1864

u/m u/m 1,050,000

LH-716 LH-718 LH-719

¿OV: HEAD of FRANZ JOSEPH I, facing right, FRANCIS JOSEPH I.V.G.G.KAISER V.OESTERREICH (Franz Joseph I von Gottes Gnaden Kaiser von Oesterreich = Francis Joseph I, by the grace of God, Emperor of Austria) around. ¿RV: Crown / 10 / DATE / A (mintmark), SCHEIDE left, MUNZE right, (divided money) short wreath of laurel and willow tied with ribbon below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: A = VIENNA REFERENCE: Y-10.1, J-325 ====================================================================== AUSTRIA, EMPIRE of VIENNA MINT ====================================================================== 10 KREUZER 18MM .500 FINE 2.0 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1859 u/m ¿OV: Head of FRANZ JOSEPH I, facing right, FRANCIS JOSEPH I.V.G.G.KAISER V.OESTERREICH (Franz Joseph I von Gottes Gnaden Kaiser von Oesterreich = Francis Joseph I, by the grace of God, Kaiser of Austria) around. ¿RV: Crown / 10 / 1859 / SCHEIDE left, MUNZE right, (divided money) short wreath of laurel and willow tied with ribbon below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = VIENNA REFERENCE: Y-10.1, J-325, LH-717

Lodomeria and Galicia FOOTNOTE: From the first partition of Poland, Austria acquired Galicia and Lodomeria in 1772. As a result of the Congress of Vienna, Austria regained Illyria and Delmatia and Lombardy was added to Venetia to constitute a Kingdom under the Habsburg crown. The dominions of Bohemia and Hungary have long been ruled by the House of Habsburg. Cabinet Cyclopaedia, 1895. FOOTNOTE: Bohemia, a province with the title of Kingdom belongs to the Austro-Hungarian monarchy. In 1527, Bohemia lost its separate existence, being declared a hereditary possession of the House of Austria. Cabinet Cyclopaedia, 1895.

FOOTNOTE: Illyria, a name formerly rather loosely applied to a large tract of country on the east side of the Adriatic, the name of Illyrian province was given, by a decree of Napoleon in 1809, to Carniola, Delmatia, and other countries, then part of the French Empire. After the fall of Napoleon the Illyrian provinces were restored to Austria, and designated as the Kingdom of Illyria, a title which the country bore till 1849, when it was divided into the provinces of Carinthia, Carniola, and the coast-lands. New Cabinet Cyclopedia, Phila.,1896. FOOTNOTE: Vienna, a city of lower Austria, the capital of the Empire It stands on a fertile plain, on the left bank of the Danube. The streets are narrow, and houses high. Some of the public buildings are magnificent; the chief of them are the palaces and the mint. The trade of Vienna is in a flourishing state, and it has manufactures of silk stuffs, gold & silver, lace, looking-glasses, &c. In 1830 Vienna experienced a severe calamity; after a frost of 118 days a thaw set in on the 26th of February, and about midnight on the 28th the ice broke and inundated the dwellings of 50,000 inhabitants, many of whom were drowned, together with a great number of horses, cows, pigs, &c. The Universal Gazette, Phila., 1839.


1870 A - 10 KREUZER - OBVERSE

1870 A - 10 KREUZER - REVERSE

====================================================================== AUSTRIA, EMPIRE of VIENNA MINT ====================================================================== 10 KREUZER 18MM .500 FINE 2.0 GRAMS ======================================================================

====================================================================== AUSTRIA, EMPIRE of VIENNA MINT ====================================================================== 10 KREUZER 18MM .400 FINE 1.66 GRAMS ======================================================================

1867

58,500

¿OV: Head of FRANZ JOSEPH I,(with side whiskers), facing right, FRANCIS JOSEPH I.V.G.G.KAISER V.OESTERREICH (Franz Joseph I von Gottes Gnaden Kaiser von Oesterreich = Francis Joseph I, by the grace of God, Kaiser of Austria) around. ¿RV: Crown / 10 / 1867 / A (mintmark), SCHEIDE left, MUNZE right, (Divided Money) short wreath of laurel and willow tied with ribbon below.

1868 1869 1870 1871 1872

11,681,680 29,628,270 34,878,309 1,700,680 68,518,777

LH-731 LH-732 LH-733 LH-734 LH-735

¿OV: Head of FRANZ JOSEPH I, facing right, FRANC.Ios.I.D.G .AVSTRIAE IMPERATOR (Franz Joseph I Dei Gratia Avstriae Imperator = Francis Joseph I, by the grace of God, Emperor of Austria) around. ¿RV: Crown double headed eagle of Austria, value 10 on shield in center, LOD•ILL•REX A•A•DATE HVHGAR•BOHEM. GAL•(Lodomeriae, Illyriae, King and Archduke of Austria DATE Hvngariae, Bohemiae, Galiciae = King of Hungary and Bohemia, Galicia, Lodomeria, Illyria, Archduke of Austria) around.

EDGE: Reeded MINT: A = VIENNA REFERENCE: Y-10A, J-333, LH-729

EDGE: Plain MINT: (no mintmark) = VIENNA POPULATION: Austria - 1900 - 26,150,597, with capital Vienna with 1,674,957 inhabitants. REFERENCE: Y-11, J-339

Franz Joseph I

FOOTNOTE: Galicia, the largest province and a crownland of Austria. Potatoes and other vegetables, barley, oats and rye are cultivated, but agriculture is still undeveloped. Manufactures are backward but textile goods are made in Biala, and distilling is important. Lembery with population of 159,618 is the capital and Cracow with 91,310 is the second largest city. In 1900 the total population of Galicia was 7,295,538. Cabinet Cyclopaedia, 1895.


1926 - 2 SCHILLING - OBVERSE

1926 - 2 SCHILLING - REVERSE

====================================================================== AUSTRIA, REPUBLIC of VIENNA MINT ====================================================================== 2 SCHILLING 19MM .640 FINE 3.0 GRAMS ======================================================================

======================================================================

1925 1926

18,370,000 12,370,000

LH-46 LH-47

¿OV: Shield, REPVBLIK ,above OESTERREICH , below. (Republic of Austria).

FOOTNOTE: Following World War I, Austria was created a Federal Republic. During the war there had been inflation, but afterwards hyperinflation set in, worse even than that of Germany. On December 21, 1923 a law was passed authorizing new coins based on the krone. A new act was passed on December 20, 1924 providing for a new system of currency based on the schilling. The new monetary system of the Republic of Austria was based on the schilling equal to 100 groschen, with 2 and 1schilling coins in silver and gold coins of 25 and 100 schillings. In 1924 the new design for Austria 2 schilling was struck in proof only with regular circulation strikes dated 1925 and 1926 following (Y-67)

¿RV: 2 within diamond, HALB above, SCHILLING below, with DATE between letters - HALB (Half Schilling). EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = VIENNA POPULATION: Austria - 1921 - 6,139,197; 1930 6,686,600. REFERENCE: Y-67, J-428 LH = Osterreighische Munzpragungen by Ludwig Herinek, Vienna, 1970. J = Die Munzpragungen des Hauses Habsburg undder Republik Osterrekn by Peter Jaeckel, Basel, 1967.

Vienna about 1880

FOOTNOTE: Austria in german OESTERREICH means the Eastern Empire. FOOTNOTE: Republic of Austria proclaimed November 12, 1918, Comprises former Imperial provinces of Lower and Upper Austria, Vienna, Salzburg, Styria, Carinthia, Tyrol, Vorarlberg, and Burgenland. Population 6,526,661; Capital, Vienna with 1,863,783 inhabitants. the former Imperial Austria had an estimated population of 27,963,872 in 1918.

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - AUSTRIA - PAGE 25 .


BELGIAN CONGO

======================================================================

======================================================================

1887 - 50 CENTIMES - OBVERSE

1887 - 50 CENTIMES - REVERSE

====================================================================== BELGIAN CONGO, INDEPENDENT STATE of BRUSSELS MINT ====================================================================== 50 CENTIMES 18MM .835 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ======================================================================

======================================================================

1887 1891 1894 1896

20,000 60,000 40,000 200,000

CD- 31 CD- 76 CD- 83 CD-124

FOOTNOTE: From the official bulletin of the Belgian Kongo dated April 14,1908. “Article 1. The silver coins of 5 francs, 2 francs, 1 franc and 50 centimes, coined by the Independent State of the Kongo by virtue of the decree of the reigning King, July 27, 1887, shall cease to have legal currency in the country from October 1, 1909. Article 2. Up to July 1, 1911, these coins shall be exchanged against the coins of account (legal coins) by the Colonial Treasury at Brussels and by the Cash Offices of the Kongo, which shall be designated by the Minister of the Colonies.”

¿OV: Head of LEOPOLD II, facing left, LEOP.II R.D.BELG.SOUV.DE L’ETAT INDEP DU CONGO (Leopold II Rio des Belges Souverain de L’etat Independent du Congo = Leopold II King of Belgium, Sovereign of Congo Free State) around / L.WIENER under bust. ÀRV: Crowned arms within wreath of palms, 50 CENTIMES, above / DATE below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = BRUSSELS DESIGNER: L.WIENER = Leopold Wiener REFERENCE: Y-5 POPULATION: Belgian Congo - 1900 - 30,000,000 including 2,000 whitemen in the service of the State, trading companies, and missionary societies.

Natives and huts FOOTNOTE: Congo Free State, a state recently founded on the River Congo, in central south Africa, stretching by a kind of narrow neck of territory to the river’s mouth, but expanding inland so as to cover an immense area, mainly lying south of the river. The obvious advantages of the Congo as a waterway in opening up the continent led to the formation at Brussels in 1878 of a Comite d Etudes du Haut Congo, under the patronage of Leopold II, having as its aim the internationalization and development of the Congo area. Cabinet Cyclopaedia,1895.

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - BELGIAN CONGO - PAGE 26

FOOTNOTE: The principle part of the great colony of Belgium Congo is in the interior of south Central Africa. It has only a short coast line on the South Atlantic at the mouth of the Congo River. to the north and west of it lies French Equatorial Africa, and on the northeast it touches the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. To the southwest is Angolia, a Portuguese colony. Northern Rhodesia lies to the East, along with Uganda and German East Africa. Missionary Atlas, Harrisburg, Pa., 1950.

Grass huts, Kongo State - 1902 FOOTNOTE: Stanley, a New York reporter and explorer, returned to the Congo in 1879 to open up the river and form a Free State under European auspices. He established a first station at Vivi, the limit of maritime navigation, 110 miles above the mouth of the river, constructed roads past the Yellala and Livingstone cataracts, and hauled steamers up to the higher reaches of the Congo, where in 1882 the station of Leopoldville was formed on Stanley Pool. Of the 223 miles between Vivi and Leopoldville only 88 are navigable water; but from the latter station to Stanley Falls the Congo itself is continuously navigable for 1000 miles, to which its great effluents already explored add no fewer than 5000 miles of serviceable water-way. Above the Stanley Falls station (destroyed by arab slave-dealers in November 1886) the river is again navigable for a distance of 385 miles to Nyangwe, which is about 1300 miles from the Chambezi sources. The work having been thus initiated by Stanley, and the feasibility of the project made manifest, the Association in 1884-85 entered into treaties with all European powers and the United States for the recognition of its Sovereign powers. The boundaries of the New Congo Free State were settled at the same time, it being agreed that the basin of the Congo and its tributaries should be free to all nations, that no duties should be levied on imports, and that the slave-trade should be suppressed... the exports forming the staple of present trade are palm-oil, caoutchoue, ivory, orchilla, copal, ground-nuts, camwood, wax, etc. Cabinet Cyclopaedia,1895.

Kongo rapids

The vastness of Africa, with the Congo River in Central Africa FOOTNOTE: The series of bold explorations which resulted in increasing knowledge of the interior of Africa began when in 1852 the celebrated Dr. David Livingstone traversed South Africa, and after a four-year journey of eleven thousand miles, descended the Zambesi River to its mouth. In 1856 Burton and Speke landed at Zanzibar, and two years later, after a journey of a thousand miles, discovered Lake Tanganyika.. Speke immediately pushed his exploration to the northward, and discovered the magnificent lake to which he gave the name Victoria Nyanza. (N'yanza, meaning "the lake," is the native name of this body of water.) Victoria Lake was in 1861 revisited and further explored by Speke, accompanied by Capt. Grant. Three years later, Sir Samuel Baker discovered the great lake to which he gave the name of Albert Nyanza, traced its connection with the Victoria Nyanza, and behold, emerging from the former, the majestic Nile, whose sources had been vainly sought for two thousand years. From 1865 to 1871 Dr. Livingstone made extensive surveys of the region of the great lakes, exploring lakes Bangweolo, Nyassa, and Tanganyike. For two years subsequent to May, 1869, at which time Dr. Livingstone was at Ujiji, no tidings were received from him, and he was supposed to be dead; but in 1871 Stanley found him, alive and well, at the last-names place. Soon afterward, Livingstone undertook another series of explorations toward the west, but died in the midst of these in 1873. Stanley again returned to the heart of the African continent, and starting from the head waters of the Livingstone River, sailed down its entire course to the sea. This was followed by the exploration of the Congo and its tributaries and the opening of them to the commerce of the world. Geography, William Swinton, New York, 1880.

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - BELGIAN CONGO - PAGE 27


BELGIUM

======================================================================

====================================================================== BELGIUM, KINGDOM of BRUSSELS MINT ====================================================================== 2 FRANC 18MM .835 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1849 1850

209,571 i/a

¿OV: Bear-head of LEOPOLD, facing left, LEOPOLD PREMIER (Leopold First) left, RIO DES BELGES (King of the Belgians) right / L.WIENER under bust.

Belgium Coat of Arms ====================================================================== BELGIUM, KINGDOM of BRUSSELS MINT ====================================================================== 2 FRANC 18MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1833 1834 1835 1838 1840 1843 1844

58,350 1,578,047 805,042 550,367 347,370 346,000 1,584,000

ÀRV: L’UNION FAIT LA FORCE (Unity Creates Strength) above, Crowned shield of Arms (A lion rampant) dividing denomination, 2 and F. (franc) within wreath of laurel tied with ribbon below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = BRUSSELS DESIGNER: L.WEINER = Leopold Weiner REFERENCE: C-16 FOOTNOTE: This issue was the first Belgium series to be struck to the standards which later became known as the Latin Monetary Union for subsidiary coinage. There is a rare pattern dated 1849 of this issue.

¿OV: Laureate head of LEOPOLD, facing left, LEOPOLD PREMIER (Leopold First) left, RIO DES BELGES (King of the Belgians) right / BRAEMT F. under bust. ÀRV: 2 / FRANC / DATE / i (star) within wreath of oak around. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = BRUSSELS ENGRAVER: BRAEMT F. = Joseph Pierre Braemt, F. (Fecit = He made it). REFERENCE: C-10 INSCRIPTION: French FOOTNOTE: All the Belgian issues of 50 centimes were struck at the Brussels mint. This series is listed in chronological order. There is a rare pattern dated 1841 of this issue. FOOTNOTE: Currency of Belgium - 100 centimes = 1 franc FOOTNOTE: Joseph Pierre Braemt, Medallist and engraver was born at Ghent, Belgium in 1796. His early work included portraits of William I King of the Belgians, William I King of the Netherlands and in 1832 the Election of Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg. The Belgium mint has a complete collection of his work. He died at Brussels December 2, 1864. FOOTNOTE: By treaty signed April 19, 1839 Belgium and the Kingdom of the Netherlands were separated. The treaty declared Belgium an independent and perpetually neutral state.

Leopold I King of the Belgians FOOTNOTE: Leopold I King of the Belgians, was the fourth son of Francis, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, and thus the uncle of Queen Victoria of Great Britian. His youth was chiefly spent in the Russian military service; he commanded a battalion at Lutzen, Bautzen, and Leipsic, entering Paris with the allied sovereigns, and accompanied them to England. In May 1816 he married the Princess Charlotte, only child of the Prince Regent ( who died in the following year), having previously been created Duke of Kendal in the English peerage. In 1830 he declined the crown of Greece, but was elected to the Throne of Belgium in June 1831. Encyclopedia Britannica, 9th Ed., 1888.

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - BELGIUM - PAGE 28

1886 - 50 CENTIMES - FRENCH - OBV

1886 - 50 CENTIMES - FLEMISH - OBV

====================================================================== BELGIUM, KINGDOM of BRUSSELS MINT ====================================================================== 50 CENTIMES 18MM .835 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ======================================================================


1866 1867 1868 1881 1886 1898 1899

6,806,000 1,014,000 1,075,864 200,000 1,250,000 499,000 500,000

CD-1049 CD-1087 CD-1099 CD-1227 CD-1244 CD-1287 CD-1309

¿OV: Head of LEOPOLD II, facing left, LEOPOLD II RIO DES BELGES (Leopold II King of the Belgians) around / L WIENER under bust. ÀRV: Crowned Arms, L’UNION FAIT LA FORCH (Unity Creates Strength) above, denomination divided 50 and Cs / DATE divided by cross from arms, below.

1886 1898 1899

3,750,000 501,000 500,000

CD-1245 CD-1289 CD-1311

¿OV: Head of LEOPOLD II, facing left, LEOPOLD II KONING DER BELGEN (Leopold II King of the Belgians) around / L WIENER under bust. ÀRV: Crowned Arms EENDRACHT MAAKT MACHT (Unity Creates Strength) above, denomination divided 50 and Cn / DATE divided by cross from arms, below. EDGE:Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = BRUSSELS

EDGE: Reeded

DESIGNER: L.WIENER = Leopold Weiner

MINT: (no mintmark) = BRUSSELS

INSCRIPTIONS: Flemish

DESIGNER: L WEINER = Leopold Weiner

REFERENCE: Y-5, Dem-99, KM-5.2

INSCRIPTIONS: French

POPULATION: Belgium - 1899 - 6,744,000

REFERENCE: Y-5, Dem-98, KM-5.1 POPULATION: Belgium - 1890 - 5,585,846 FOOTNOTE: Carlotta, wife of Maximilian, Emperor of Mexico was the sister of King Leopold II, King of the Belgians.

FOOTNOTE: Starting in 1886 the 50 centimes was issued in two types, similar except for the inscriptions; the 1886 the mintege was 1,250,000 in French and 3,750,000 strikes with Flemish inscriptions while later dates were issued about equal, half in French and half in Flemish. FOOTNOTE: The principle language of northern Belgium is Flemish, similar to Dutch. In 1880, about 45 per cent of the population of Belgium spoke Flemish and 40 per cent of the people spoke Walloon a French dialect, while 8 per cent spoke both languages.


1886 - 50 CENTIMES - FRENCH - REV


======================================================================

====================================================================== BELGIUM, KINGDOM of BRUSSELS MINT ====================================================================== 50 CENTIMES 18MM .835 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1901

3,000,000

CD-1338

¿OV: Head of LEOPOLD II, facing left, LEOPOLD II RIO (Leopold II King) left, DES BELGES (of the Belgians) right. ÀRV: Lion with head to left, L’UNION FAIT LA FORCE (Unity Creates Strength) above / 1901 left / 50 cs below / VINCOTTE incised below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = BRUSSELS DESIGNER: VINCOTTE = Th. Vincotte INSCRIPTIONS: French REFERENCE: Y-15, Dem-102, KM-15.1

1886 - 50 CENTIMES - FLEMISH - REV

FOOTNOTE: Louis Philippe Marie Victor Leopold II, King of the Belgians was born April 9, 1835, the eldest son of King Leopold I. He married, in 1853, Marie Henriette, a daughter of the Archduke Joseph of Austria and ascended the throne on the death of his father, December 10, 1865. New InternationalI Encyclopedia, 1910.

====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: The little state of Belgium has taken a place among the great manufacturing countries of the world, and has developed a dense population of over 6,000,000 people. The mintage of the 50 centimes pieces for 1901 was 3,000,000 with Flemish inscriptions and 3,000,000 bearing French inscriptions, both struck in Brussels.




====================================================================== BELGIUM , KINGDOM of BRUSSELS MINT ====================================================================== 50 CENTIMES 18MM .835 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ======================================================================


1901

3,000,000

CD-1340

¿OV: Head of LEOPOLD II, facing left, LEOPOLD II KONING (Leopold II King) left, DER BELGEN (of the Belgians) right. ÀRV: Lion with head to left, EENDRACHT MAAKT MACHT (Unity Creates Strength) above / 1901 left / denomination 50 C en below / VINCOTTE incised below.

1907 1909

545,000 2,510,000

CD-1625 CD-1685

¿OV: Head of LEOPOLD II, facing left, LEOPOLD II RIO, (Leopold II King) left, DES BELGES, (of the Belgians) right / TH. VINCOTTE under bust. ÀRV: 50 / CENTs. / DATE within wreath of oak and maple leaves ties with ribbon below.

EDGE: Reeded

EDGE: Reeded



DESIGNER: VINCOTTE = Thomas Jules Vincotte

DESIGNER: VINCOTTE = Thomas Jules Vincotte

INSCRIPTION: Flemish

INSCRIPTIONS: French



POPULATION: Belgium - 1900 - 6,693,548 FOOTNOTE: Varieties exist with designer: Th Vincotte (which omits the stop after Th). There is a rare essai dated 1906 of French issue, CD-1588. FOOTNOTE: Thomas Jules Vincotte, Belgian Sculptor and Medallis was born January 8th, 1850 at Borgerhout. He attended the Royal Academy of Fine Arts of Brussels and the Ecole des Beaux-arts of Paris. He was a member of the Royal Academy of Belgium and professor at the Institut superieur des Beaux-Arts of the Royal Academy of Antwerp. Known for the sculptor like character of the portrait Leopold II on this series of coinage, which were struck with both French and Flemish legends.




=====================================================================

===================================================================== BELGIUM, KINGDOM of BRUSSELS MINT ====================================================================== 50 CENTIMES 18MM .835 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1907 1909

545,000 2,510,000

CD-1626 CD-1686

¿OV: Head of LEOPOLD II, facing left, LEOPOLD II KONING (Leopold II King) left, DES BELGES (of the Belgians) right / TH. VINCOTTE under bust. ÀRV: 50 / CENTn. / DATE within wreath of oak and maple leaves ties with ribbon below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = BRUSSELS DESIGNER: VINCOTTE = Thomas Jules Vincotte INSCRIPTIONS: Flemish REFERENCE: Y-16, Dem-109, KM-16.2 FOOTNOTE: There is a rare essai dated 1906 of this issue, CD1602.

1909 - 50 CENTIMES - FLEMISH - REV =====================================================================

Arms of Belgium ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - BELGIUM - PAGE 32




======================================================================

1910 1911 1912 1914

1,900,000 2,063,000 1,000,000 240,000

CD-1764 CD-1897 CD-1950 CD-1988

¿OV: Head of ALBERT, facing left, ALBERT• RIO • (Albert King) left DES • BELGES • (of the Belgians) right / G.DEVREESE under bust. ÀRV: 50 / CENTs. / DATE within wreath of oak and maple leaves ties with ribbon at top, .L’UNION • FAIT • LA • FORCE • (Unity Creates Strength) around below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = BRUSSELS DESIGNER: G.Devreese = Godefroid Devreese, Belgian medallist

FOOTNOTE: ALBERT I, King of the Belgiums - Born at Brussels April 8, 1875, King Albert was the younger son of Prince Philippe of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (the Count of Flanders) and Princess Marie of Holenzollen-Sigmaringen. His father was a brother of King Leopold II. In 1900 he married Princess Elizabeth of Bavaria and on December 17, 1909 succeeded his uncle Leopold II, as King of the Belgians. During World War I, he was the only King in Europe to take personal command of his troops and fight in the trenches with them through the war. After the war, King Albert devoted all his energies toward restoring his war worn lands and bettering the conditions of the people. Long a devotee of mountain climbing, King Albert set out on the afternoon of February 17, 1934 accompanied by a personal servant for Rocher deMarches des Dames, a peak near Namur, which was a National Park. At the foot of the cliffs he equipped himself with a rope, a canvas knapsack and a climbing ax and started the ascent alone. That was the last that was seen of him alive. The next morning a searching party found his body at the foot of a cliff with a deep wound in his head. Apparently the rope on which he was climbing had given away and he fell to his death. He was succeeded by his son, King Leopold III. The silver 50 centimes with the portrait of Albert, King of the Belgians was struck during only four years, 1910, 1911, and 1912 in equal amounts with French and Flemish inscriptions and the last issue dated 1914 struck at the Brussels mint in French only had a mintage of 240,000 due to the onset of World War.

INSCRIPTIONS: French REFERENCE: Y-33, Dem-130, KM-33.1 POPULATION: Belgium - 1912 - 7,423,784 with capital Brussels with 177,078 inhabitants. FOOTNOTE: Godefroid Devreese was born at Courtrai, Flanders in 1861. His first studies were at the Academy of Fine Arts of his native town, and later under his father a well known sculpter. He produced numerous medals and the portrait of King Albert for his coinage.

Belgium today ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - BELGIUM - PAGE 33




======================================================================

1910 1911 1912 1914

1,900,000 2,063,000 1,000,000 u/m

CD-1766 CD-1899 CD-1951 rare

¿OV: Head of ALBERT, facing left, ALBERT.KONING. (Albert King) left .DER.BELGEN. (of the Belgians) right / G.DEVREESE under bust. ÀRV: 50 / CENTn. / DATE within wreath of oak and maple leaves ties with ribbon at top, EENDRACHT • MAAKT • MACHT • (Unity Creates Strength) around below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = BRUSSELS DESIGNER: G.Devreese = Godefroid Devreese, Belgian Medalist INSCRIPTIONS: Flemish REFERENCE: Y-33, Dem-131, KM-33.2 CD = Monnaies et Essais Monetares Du Royaume De Belgique Et Du Congo Belge by Charles Dupritz, Vol I & II, Brussels. 1949. Dem = Les Monnaies Du Benelux by J. DeMey and G.Pauwel, Brussels, 1967, Catalogus Belische Munten 1832-1970 by Frans Morin, Brussels, 1971.

Albert I, King of the Belgians



BOLIVIA

======================================================================

====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: Bolivia - A gentleman in La Paz may send a servant in the morning to the heights above to bring down a load of ice for the household, and another to the lower levels for pineapples and other tropical fruits; both will return at noon with their commodities. Commercial Geography, 1912. ====================================================================== BOLIVIA, REPUBLIC of LA PAZ MINT ====================================================================== 2 SOL 17MM .900 FINE 1.65 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1858

Coat of Arms - Eagle surmounting oval shield of rayed sun behind Mount Cerro de Potosi, llama to the left, tree to right, trophy of military arms behind. ====================================================================== BOLIVIA, REPUBLIC of LA PAZ MINT ====================================================================== 2 SOL 17MM .900 FINE 1.65 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1855 1856

u/m u/m

BO#32 BO#32+

u/m

BO#32++

¿OV: Head of BOLIVAR, facing left, LIBRE POR LA CONSTITUTION (Freedom through the Constitution) around / BOLIVAR across base of bust. ÀRV: Two llamas under palm tree, iiiiiiiii (nine stars) above, REPUBLICA BOLIVIANA (Republic of Bolivia) around / •PAZ• (mintmark) DATE •P• below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: •PAZ• = LA PAZ ASSAYER: P = unknown

¿OV: Head of BOLIVAR, facing left, LIBRE POR LA CONSTITUTION (Freedom through the Constitution) around / BOLIVAR across base of bust.

REFERENCE: Y-17b, KM-132

ÀRV: Two llamas under palm tree, iiiiiiiii (nine stars) above, REPUBLICA BOLIVIANA (Republic of Bolivia) around / •PAZ• (mintmark) DATE •P• below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: •PAZ• = LA PAZ ASSAYER: P = unknown REFERENCE: Y-17, KM-127 FOOTNOTE: Two Bolivian mints struck coinage of this series; La Paz and Potosi between 1853 and 1900 when small silver was discontinued. Listings are arranged first from La Paz followed by Potosi and the in date order, As with most former Spanish colonies, the practice of identifying the assayer by initials was followed by Bolivia, although most are not identified here. The issues are separated by assayer initials. The first denominations are the 2 sol of La Paz 1855-56, followed by 1858. The first listings of Potosi is the 2 sol starting with 1853. Denominations listed changed to 1/8 peso of 1859-63. In 1864-7 the 1/10 boloviano was the denomination on the dime size coinage of Bolivia. Starting in 1870 the denomination became the 10 centavos which continued through 1900 when the last of the silver issues of this size were struck. FOOTNOTE: La Paz, a city and capital of the Department of La Paz is situated on the Chuquiapu river, 30 miles southeast of Titicaca, more than 12,000 feet above sea level, and has a cool and healthful climate. It has paved streets, and there are twenty bridges crossing the river. In its early history it suffered several times from Indian uprisings, being once besieged for four months by 100,000 Indians. It was the first Peruvian city to revolt against Spain. It has an active trade in agricultural products of the surrounding district. Gold, copper, silver and tin are the chief mineral products of the region. New Internatinal Encyclopedia,1910.

Street Kitchen - La Paz - 1902 ====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: Last of the Spanish Colonies to gain its independence, was upper Peru in 1825, which was renamed Bolivia after the Liberator. The coat of arms of Bolivia was approved in 1888 on the basis of arms of 1825: Mount Cerro de Potosi, the sun rising behind it, symbolizes minerals, the llama for wool, and the sheaf of corn and breadfruit tree for fertility. The stars are for the nine provinces. The weapons symbolize the will to defend and the banners stand for patriotism. In the upper left is the Liberty cap for Liberty and the upper right an Inca battle axe.

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - BOLIVIA - PAGE 35

====================================================================== BOLIVIA, REPUBLIC of POTOSI MINT ====================================================================== 1/2 SOL 17MM .900 FINE 1.65 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1853

u/m

BO#17

¿OV: Head of BOLIVAR, facing left, LIBRE POR LA CONSTITUTION (Freedom through the Constitution) around. ÀRV: Arms, REPUBLICA BOLIVIANA (Republic of Bolivia) above / BOLIVAR under arms / P (mintmark) 1853 .F.P. below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: P = POTOSI ASSAYER: F.P. = unknown REFERENCE: Y-2, KM-118.1 FOOTNOTE: The mintmark for the Casa de la Moneda de Potosi (Potosi Mint) is the superimposed letters P-T-S-I with a small circle above = P. FOOTNOTE: In 1825 the southern portion of Peru, under the leadership of General Sucre, established an independent republic which took the name of Bolivia, in honor of the great South American Liberator, Bolivar. Catalogue of Coins, Tokens, and Medals in the Numismatic Collection of the Mint of the United States at Philadelphia,Pa.,Washington, 1912. [Mint] ====================================================================== BOLIVIA, REPUBLIC of POTOSI MINT ====================================================================== 2 SOL 17MM .900 FINE 1.65 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1856

u/m

BO#21

¿OV: Head of BOLIVAR, facing left, LIBRE POR LA CONSTITUTION (Freedom through the Constitution) around / BOLIVAR across base of bust. ÀRV: Two llamas under palm tree, iiiiiiiii (nine stars) above, REPUBLICA BOLIVIANA (Republic of Bolivia) around / •P• (mintmark) 1856 •F•J• below.

1855 - 2 SOL - OBVERSE ====================================================================== BOLIVIA, REPUBLIC of POTOSI MINT ====================================================================== 2 SOL 17MM .900 FINE 1.65 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1854 1855 1856

u/m u/m u/m

BO#18 BO#19 BO#20

¿OV: Head of BOLIVAR, facing left, LIBRE POR LA CONSTITUTION (Freedom through the Constitution) around / BOLIVAR across base of bust. ÀRV: Two llamas under palm tree, iiiiiiiii (nine stars) above, REPUBLICA BOLIVIANA (Republic of Bolivia) around / •P• (mintmark) DATE •M•J• below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: P = POTOSI ASSAYER: .M.J. = unknown

EDGE: Reeded

REFERENCE: Y-2, KM-118.1

MINT: P = POTOSI ASSAYER: F.J. = unknown REFERENCE: Y-2, KM-118.1 FOOTNOTE: Potosi, one of the most famous mining towns of South America, lies 50 miles south west of Sucre on the Cerro de Potosi at 13,325 feet above the sea. Potosi had a population of 170,000 and was the highest town in the world and the largest city in the New World. The total output of silver per year up to 1850 was over $5,000,000.

FOOTNOTE: Potosi is situated on a declivity of the mountain which contains the celebrated mines of Potosi. The streets are narrow and irregular. The houses are built of stone or brick, of only one story, with balconies of wood, but without chimneys. Potosi is the center of trade between the United Provinces and the pacific, and is noted for the gaiety and dissipation of its inhabitants. Olney’s Geography, 1849.

FOOTNOTE: Assayer (Ensayadores in Spanish) is designated usually by two initials, the first initial of the Chief Assayer followed by the first initial of his assistant. The placing of initials on the die guaranteed the silver fineness of the coinage.


1855 - 2 SOL - REVERSE

1856 - 2 SOL - OBVERSE

======================================================================

====================================================================== BOLIVIA, REPUBLIC of POTOSI MINT ====================================================================== 2 SUELDO 17MM .900 FINE 1.65 GRAMS ======================================================================

FOOTNOTE: Bolivia had few competent and patriotic leaders, save the Liberator, who the country was named after, and his young successor, Jose de Sucre, for whom the capital was names. Forced out by a mutiny among his own troops, he returned to Ecuador (where his name became the unit of monetary value). 1829-39 was the period of Santa Cruz who created the BolivianPeruvian Confederation in 1836. Following the ejection of Santa Cruz, Bolivia was left to the mercy of his rivals; Jose Ballivan 1841-47 and then Isidoro Belzu and his inept successor during the 1850’s and 1860’s. The most lurid ruler of Bolivia, Mariano Melgarejo (1864-71), a cholo bastard, fearless, illiterate, physically powerful, he commanded a private army, which for six years, put down revolts with cruelty. In order to get money, he created a new currency, calling the new unit the ‘Melgarejo’. During this period many dime size silver tokens, without denominations were produced by the mints of Bolivia with patriotic or political inscriptions. Several of these from the author's collection are shown. Though not coins, they undoubtedly did circulate along with the coinage of Bolivia at the time.

1856 1857 1858

u/m u/m u/m

BO#25 BO#26 BO#27

¿OV: Head of BOLIVAR, facing left, LIBRE POR LA CONSTITUTION (Freedom through the Constitution) around / BOLIVAR across base of bust. ÀRV: Arms, REPUBLICA BOLIVIANA (Republic of Bolivia) around / iiiiiiiii (nine stars) •P• (mintmark) 2 • DATE •F•J• below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: P = POTOSI ASSAYER: F.J. = unknown REFERENCE: Y-2A, KM-118.2

Mining silver in 1849

FOOTNOTE: The silver mines of Potosi, so celebrated throughout the world, were accidentally discovered in 1545 by a Peruvian Indian named Hualpa, as he was pursuing some wild goats up the mountains. Arriving at a steep place, he laid hold of a bush to assist him in his course, but the shrub, unable to support his weight, was torn up by the roots, and disclosed to the hunter a rich mass of silver. For a time, Hualpa concealed the knowledge of his discovery even from his friends. But his sudden and abounding wealth soon excited their suspicions, and they at length induced him to reveal the secret to them. A quarrel happening between him and his Indian associates, Hualpa made known the existence of the mine to his master, who was a Spaniard. From the time of first discovery to 1803 these mines yielded 1,476,372,174 dollars in silver, besides a large amount of gold. Olney’s Geography, 1849.


1856 - 2 SOL - REVERSE

1856 - 2 PESO - OBVERSE

======================================================================

====================================================================== BOLIVIA, REPUBLIC of POTOSI MINT ====================================================================== c PESO 18MM .903 FINE 2.6 GRAMS ======================================================================

====================================================================== BOLIVIA, REPUBLIC of POTOSI MINT ====================================================================== 2 SUELDO 17MM .900 FINE 1.65 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1859

u/m

BO#34

¿OV: Large Head of BOLIVAR, facing left, LIBRE POR LA CONSTITUTION (Freedom through the Constitution) around / BOLIVAR under bust. ÀRV: Two llamas under palm tree, iiiiiiiii (nine stars) above, REPUBLICA BOLIVIANA (Republic of Bolivia) around / •P• (mintmark) 1859 •F•J• below.

1859

u/m

BO#310

¿OV: Head of BOLIVAR, facing left, LIBRE POR LA CONSTITUTION (Freedom through the Constitution) around / BOLIVAR under bust / • PESO 50 Gs below. ÀRV: Arms, • REPUBLICA BOLIVIANA (Republic of Bolivia) around / iiiiiiiii(nine stars) P (mintmark) 10 D 20 Gs (10 dineros 20 granos) 1859 F•J• below. EDGE: Reeded

EDGE: Reeded

MINT: P = POTOSI

MINT: P = POTOSI

ASSAYER: F.J. = unknown

ASSAYER: F.J. = unknown


REFERENCE: Y-2B, KM-118.3 FOOTNOTE: From the foundation of the Republic of Bolivia until 1863 the old Spanish monetary system of gold scudos and silver soles or peso of 8 reales was retained in Bolivia. Mint, Washington, 1912.

FOOTNOTE: In 1859 a new unit, the Peso with lower weight replaced the 8 sueldos with the new weight indicated on the coinage. The subsidiary coinage followed with the c peso indicating weight 50 Gs (50 grains).

FOOTNOTE: In 1868, the dictator Melgarejo insulted the British Minister to Bolivia, by tying him on a donkey, facing him backward and riding him around the public square of the capital. When word reached the British Queen Victoria of this offending country, the Queen called for a map, drawing rough lines across Bolivia, she declared “Bolivia no longer exists”. FOOTNOTE: Bolivia, formerly Upper Peru, was so named in honor of General Bolivar. Olney’s Geography,

Llama ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - BOLIVIA - PAGE 38

1859 - 2 PESO - REVERSE

1861 - c PESO - REVERSE

======================================================================

====================================================================== BOLIVIA, REPUBLIC of POTOSI MINT ====================================================================== 1/8 PESO 18.5 MM .903 FINE 2.6 GRAMS ======================================================================

FOOTNOTE: The new coinage law of 1863, established a new unit on the decimal system, the silver boliviano of 100 centavos. The new unit was 25 grams weight and 900 thousandth fine, and thereafter the equivalent of the 5 franc piece of the Latin Monetary Union. Mint, Washington, 1912.

1859 1860 1861

u/m u/m u/m

BO#311 BO#312 BO#313

====================================================================== ¿OV: Head of BOLIVAR, facing left, • LIBRE POR LA CONSTITUTION • (Freedom through the Constitution) around / BOLIVAR under bust / 50 Gs below. ÀRV: Arms dividing 10 Ds (10 dineros) and 20 Gs (20 granos), REPUBLICA BOLIVIANA (Republic of Bolivia) around / iiiiiiiii(nine stars) •P• (mintmark) DATE •F•J• below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: P = POTOSI ASSAYER: F.J. = unknown REFERENCE: Y-8A, KM-134.2 POPULATION: In 1861 the population of Bolivia of European origin was estimated to be 1,742,352.

1861 - c PESO - OBVERSE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - BOLIVIA - PAGE 39

====================================================================== BOLIVIA, REPUBLIC of POTOSI MINT ====================================================================== c PESO 18.5 MM .903 FINE 2.6 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1862 1863

u/m u/m

BO#314 BO#315

¿OV: Head of BOLIVAR, facing left, LIBRE POR LA CONSTITUTION (Freedom through the Constitution) around / BOLIVAR under bust / .50 Gs below. ÀRV: Arms dividing 10 Ds (10 dineros) AND 20 GS. (20 granos), REPUBLICA BOLIVIANA (Republic of Bolivia) around / iiiiiiiii (nine stars) / (mintmark) DATE •F•P• below. EDGE: Reeded MINT:

= POTOSI

ASSAYER: F.P. = unknown REFERENCE: Y-8A, KM-134.2

1870 -10 CENTAVOS - OBVERSE ====================================================================== BOLIVIA, REPUBLIC of POTOSI MINT ====================================================================== 1/10 BOLIVIANO 18MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1864 1865 1866 1867

u/m u/m u/m u/m

BO#470 BO#471 BO#472 BO#473

¿OV: Arms, REPUBLICA (Republic) left, BOLIVIANA (Bolivia) around / iiiiiiiii (nine stars) below. ÀRV: 1/10 / BOLIVIANO / 50 Gs / 9 Ds FINO (9/10 fine), within wreath of laurel and oak tied with ribbon below, LA UNION ES LA FUERZA (The Union is Strength) around / • • (mintmark) DATE •F•P• below.

1870

u/m

BO#475

¿OV: Arms, REPUBLICA (Republic) left, BOLIVIANA (Bolivia) around / iiiiiiiiiii (eleven stars) below. ÀRV: DIEZ CTS (ten centavos) / 2 GMS Y 5 Ds (2 grams and 5/10) / 9 Ds FINO (9/10 fine), within wreath of laurel and oak tied with ribbon below, LA UNION ES LA FUERZA (The Union is Strength) around / •E•R• 1870 • • (mintmark) below. EDGE: Reeded MINT:

EDGE: Reeded MINT:

====================================================================== BOLIVIA, REPUBLIC of POTOSI MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTAVOS 18MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ======================================================================

= POTOSI

ASSAYER: .E.R. = unknown

= POTOSI

ASSAYER: F.P. = unknown

TYPE: I - Eleven stars, 2.5 grams weight, .E.R.(three stops)

REFERENCE: Y-27. KM-150


FOOTNOTE: Bolivar, Simon, the founder and first president of the Republic of Columbia, known as "The Liberator of the South America." Born in Venezuela, 1783, he was educated in Madrid, and traveled in Europe and the United States. When the revolt against the Spanish yoke broke out in Venezuela, he joined it, but had to fly. In 1813 he returned, and gathering a force together, defeated General Monteverde at Caracas. The tide then turned, and Bolivar fled to Jamaica, but he shortly returned, and after varying fortune in 1819 won the battle of Bojaca, resulting in the inauguration of the Republic of Venezuela in the same year, to which was afterwards united New Granada. In 1822 Bolivar went to help the Peruvians in their struggle for liberty, and was given the command. After a long campaign he won the great battle of Ayacucho. The Standard Dictionary of Facts, Buffalo, N.Y. 1912.

FOOTNOTE: Currency of Bolivia - 100 centavos = 1 peso FOOTNOTE: Bolivar (continued) Upper Peru was constituted a separate republic with the title of Bolivia. As President of Columbia he had to endure much factious hostility; but though he tended his resignation more than once it was never accepted, the supreme power being confirmed in him in 1828. Bolivar died in 1830. The Standard Dictionary of Facts, Buffalo, N.Y. 1912.


====================================================================== BOLIVIA, REPUBLIC of POTOSI MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTAVOS 18MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1871

u/m

BO#477

¿OV: Arms, REPUBLICA (Republic) left, BOLIVIANA (Bolivia) around / iiiiiiiiiii (eleven stars) below. ÀRV: DIEZ Cts (ten centavos) / 2 Gms Y 5 Ds / 9 Ds FINO (9/10 Fine), within wreath of laurel and oak tied with ribbon below, LA UNION ES LA FUERZA (The Union is Strength) around / F.P. 1871 (mintmark) below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: P = POTOSI ASSAYER: .F.P. = unknown TYPE: II - Eleven stars, weight. REFERENCE: Y-34, KM-153.1

1870 -10 CENTAVOS - REVERSE

======================================================================

====================================================================== BOLIVIA, REPUBLIC of POTOSI MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTAVOS 18MM .900 FINE 2.0 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1871

u/m

BO#476

¿OV: Arms, REPUBLICA (Republic) left, BOLIVIANA (Bolivia) around / iiiiiiiiiii (eleven stars) below. ÀRV: DIEZ Cts (ten centavos) / 2 GMS Y 5 Ds (2 grams and 5/10) / 9 Ds FiNO (9/10 fine), within wreath of laurel and oak tied with ribbon below, LA UNION ES LA FUERZA (The Union is Strength) around / E.R. 1871 • • (mintmark) below. EDGE: Reeded MINT:

= POTOSI

ASSAYER: E.R. = unknown

The Andes Mountains ====================================================================== BOLIVIA, REPUBLIC of POTOSI MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTAVOS 18MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1871

u/m

BO#476A

TYPE: II - Eleven stars, 2.5 grams weight, E.R. (two stops).

¿OV: Arms, REPUBLICA (Republic) left, BOLIVIANA (Bolivia) around / iiiiiiiiiii (eleven stars) below.

REFERENCE: Y-34A, KM-153.2

ÀRV: DIEZ Cts (ten centavos) / 9 Ds FINO (9/10 fine), within wreath of laurel and oak tied with ribbon below, LA UNION ES LA FUERZA (The Union is Strength) around / E.R. 1871 • • (mintmark) below. EDGE: Reeded MINT:

= POTOSI

ASSAYER: E.R. = unknown TYPE: III - Eleven stars, no weight. REFERENCE: Y-34A, KM-153.2

Bolivia, South America ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - BOLIVIA - PAGE 41



====================================================================== BOLIVIA, REPUBLIC of POTOSI MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTAVOS 18MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ======================================================================

======================================================================

1872

u/m

BO#478

¿OV: Arms, REPUBLICA (Republic) left, BOLIVIANA (Bolivia) around / iiiiiiiii (nine stars) below. ÀRV: DIEZ (ten) / CENT. (centavos) / 9 Ds FINO (9/10 fine), within wreath of laurel and oak tied with ribbon below, LA UNION ES LA FUERZA (The Union is Strength) around / F.E. 1872 • • (mintmark) below. EDGE: Reeded MINT:

= POTOSI

ASSAYER: .F.E. = unknown TYPE: IV - Nine stars, no weight,stop after CENT. REFERENCE: Y-34B, KM-153.3 ======================================================================


1928 - UN BOLIVIANO NOTE Featuring the portrait of Simon Bolivar ======================================================================

====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: Bolivia was at war with Chile 1879-83. Known as the Pacific War, it was a frontier dispute over the Atacama Desert nitrate deposits. Bolivia lost the war and all direct access to the ocean and the little port of Cobija., which has since disappeared. The frontier with Chile was settled by the peace treaty of 1904.The last coins of this series were minted in 1900. Bolivia was on the silver standard after 1872. In 1904 to 1908 steps were taken towards adoption of the gold standard. Gold bank notes were issued with subsidiary nickel coins.


====================================================================== BOLIVIA, REPUBLIC of POTOSI MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTAVOS 18MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884

u/m u/m u/m u/m u/m u/m u/m u/m u/m u/m u/m u/m u/m

BO#480 BO#481 BO#482 BO#483 BO#484 BO#485 BO#486 BO#487 BO#488 BO#489 BO#490 BO#491 BO#492

¿OV: Arms, REPUBLICA BOLIVIANA (Republic Bolivia) around / iiiiiiiii (nine stars) below. ÀRV: DIEZ (ten) / CENTs (centavos) / 9 Ds FINO (9/10 fine), within wreath of laurel and oak tied with ribbon below, LA UNION ES LA FUERZA (The Union is Strength) around / • • (mintmark) DATE F.E. below. EDGE: Reeded MINT:

= POTOSI

ASSAYER: .F.E. = unknown TYPE: I - no line under cents (centavos). REFERENCE: Y-48, KM-158.1 ======================================================================

1885 -10 CENTAVOS - OBVERSE ====================================================================== 10 CENTAVOS BOLIVIA, REPUBLIC of POTOSI MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTAVOS 18MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890


BO#485 BO#486 BO#487 BO#488 BO#489 BO#490

rare rare

¿OV: Arms, REPUBLICA BOLIVIANA (Republic Bolivia) around / iiiiiiiii (nine stars) below. ÀRV: DIEZ (ten) / CENTs (centavos) / -•- / 9 D. FINO (9/10 fine), within wreath of laurel and oak tied with ribbon below, LA UNION ES LA FUERZA (The Union is Strength) around / • • (mintmark) small DATE F.E. below. EDGE: Reeded MINT:

= POTOSI

ASSAYER: .F.E. = unknown REFERENCE: Y-48A, KM-158.2 TYPE: II - Line -.- under Cents (Centavos) POPULATION: Bolivia - 1890 - 2,325,000. FOOTNOTE: There is a rare Pattern dated 1884 of this issue. FOOTNOTE: Bolivia, having no seacoast and few railroads, has but little commerce. Peruvian bark and silver ore are exported through Buenos Ayres.

1873 -10 CENTAVOS - REVERSE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - BOLIVIA - PAGE 43

(Continued - Potosi) a long time remained the richest silver mines in the world. The total output for the next 300 years up to 1850 was estimated at $1,600,000,000, or an average of over $5,000,000 per year. The city itself grew rapidly, and in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries was the largest city in the world, its population being then estimated as high as 170,000. The mines are now almost abandoned, only a few of the 2,000 shafts still worked by the remaining inhabitants which number 20,910. New International Encyclopedia, 1910. ====================================================================== BOLIVIA, REPUBLIC of POTOSI MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTAVOS 18MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1895

u/m

BO#493B

rare

¿OV: Arms, REPUBLICA BOLIVIANA (Republic Bolivia) around / iiiiiiiii(nine stars) below. ÀRV: DIEZ (ten) / CENTs (centavos) / -•- / 9 D. FINO (9/10 Fine), within wreath of laurel and oak tied with ribbon below, LA UNION ES LA FUERZA (The Union is Strength) around / • • (mintmark) 1895 E.S. below.

1885 -10 CENTAVOS - REVERSE ====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: Two varieties of the 1884 exist, line and no line. ====================================================================== BOLIVIA, REPUBLIC of POTOSI MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTAVOS 18MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1890 1891 1893

u/m u/m 46,104

BO#491 BO#492 BO#493

¿OV: Arms, REPUBLICA BOLIVIANA (Republic Bolivia) around / iiiiiiiii(nine stars) below. ÀRV: DIEZ (ten) / CENTs (centavos) / -•- / 9 D. FINO (9/10 fine), within wreath of laurel and oak tied with ribbon below, LA UNION ES LA FUERZA (The Union is Strength) around / • • (mintmark) DATE C.B. below. EDGE: Reeded MINT:

= POTOSI

ASSAYER: C.B. = unknown REFERENCE: Y-49A, KM-158.2 FOOTNOTE: Potosi in southwestern Bolivia, is situated on the Cerro de Potosi at an altitude of 13,325 feet, being probably the highest town in the world. It lies several hundred feet above what has been considered the highest inhabitable altitude, and owing to the rarity of the atmosphere, infant mortality is so great that the population can be kept up only by immigration. The city is now only a shadow of its former self. A large part of it lies in ruins, through which passes the now deserted prado, lined with statues and other evidence of former grandeur. There are several fine and solid buildings, such as the great granite Cathedral, and the Mint, the later built in 1562 at a cost of over a million dollars, but no longer used (1900). Potosi owes its origin to the silver lodes which were discovered in the Cerro in 1546, and which for (continued)

EDGE: Reeded MINT:

= POTOSI

ASSAYER: E.S. = unknown REFERENCE: Y-48A, KM-158.2 FOOTNOTE: Potosi, once the largest city in South America in the seventeenth century is fast decaying with most of the silver mines abandoned. ====================================================================== BOLIVIA, REPUBLIC of POTOSI MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTAVOS 18MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1899 1900

u/m 28,163

BO#494

¿OV: Arms, REPUBLICA BOLIVIANA (Republic Bolivia) around / iiiiiiiii (nine stars) below. ÀRV: DIEZ (ten) / CENTs. (centavos) / -•- / 9 D. FINO (9/10 fine) within wreath of laurel and oak tied with ribbon below, LA UNION ES LA FUERZA (The Union is Strength) around / • • (mintmark) small DATE M.M. below. EDGE: Reeded MINT:

= POTOSI

ASSAYER: M.M. = unknown POPULATION: Bolovia - 1900 - 1,744,568, capital Sucre with 27,350 inhabitants and mint city Potosi about 25,000. REFERENCE: Y-48A, KM-158.2 BO# = The Coins of Bolivia 1820-1970 by Dale Seppe and Alcede Almanzar, San Antonio, 1970.



BRAZIL

======================================================================

======================================================================

1854 - 200 REIS - OBVERSE

1854 - 200 REIS - REVERSE

====================================================================== BRAZIL, EMPIRE of RIO DE JANEIRO MINT ====================================================================== 200 REIS 19MM .916 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ======================================================================

======================================================================

1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867

36,880 227,609 103,309 128,321 244,818 151,586 28,109 u/m u/m u/m u/m u/m u/m u/m

SL-521 SL-522 SL-523 SL-524 SL-525 SL-526 SL-527 SL-528 SL-529 SL-530 SL-531 SL-532 SL-533 SL-534

R-2004 R-2007 R-2009 R-2011 R-2013 R-2015 R-2017 R-2018 R-2019 R-2020 R-2021 R-2022 R-2023 R-2024

¿OV: Crowned Arms with band of 19 stars around, IN HOC SI - - GNO VINCES (In This Sign Hast Thou Conquered) above within partial wreath of laurel and oak tied with with ribbon, below. ÀRV: -•- / 200 / -•- within wreath of laurel, around, PETRUS II.D.G.CONST.IMP.ET PERP.BRAS.DEF. (Peter II Dei Gratia Constitutional Imperator et Perp.Brasiliarum Defensor = Peter II by the grace of God Constitutional Emperor and Hereditary Defender of Brazil) around / DATE. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = RIO DE JANEIRO

REFERENCE: Y-A6, C-191

FOOTNOTE: Coinage listed starts with the 200 reis minted at Rio de Janeiro 1854-67, followed by a three year issue shipped from the Utrecht mint of the Netherlands, dated 1867-69. FOOTNOTE: Rio de Janeiro is the capital of the Brazilian Empire, and the largest and most important commercial emporium of South America, It stands on a magnificent harbor. The harbor or bay of Rio, said, and apparently with justice, to be the most beautiful, secure, and spacious bay in the world, is landlocked, being entered from the south by a passage about a mile in width. It extends inland 17 miles and has an extreme breadth of about 12 miles. Of its numerous islands, the largest, Governor’s Island, is six miles long. The entrance of the bay, guarded on either side by granite mountains, is deep, and is so safe, that the harbor is made without the aid of pilots. On the left of the entrance rise the peak called, from its peculiar shape, Sugar-loaf mountain; and all around the bay, the blue waters are girdled with mountains and lofty hills of every variety of picturesque and fantastic outline. The harbor is protected by a number of fortresses. The city stands on the west shore of the bay, about 4 miles from its mouth. Seven green and mound-like hills diversify its site; and white-walled and vermilion roofed houses cluster in the intervening valleys, and climb the eminences in long lines. From the central portion of the city, lines of houses extend four miles in three principal directions. The old town, nearest the bay, is laid out in squares; the streets cross at right angles, are narrow, and are paved and flagged; and the houses, often built of granite, are commonly two stories high. West of it is the elegantly built new town; and the two districts are separated by the Campo de Santa Anna, an immense square or park, on different parts of which stand an extensive (continued)

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - BRAZIL - PAGE 45

(Continued - Rio de Janeiro) garrison, the Town-hall, the National Museum, the Palace of the Senate, the Foreign Office, a large opera-house, etc. From a number of springs which arise on and around Mount Corcovado (3000 feet high, and situated 3 1/2 miles south-south-west of the city), water is conveyed to Rio by a splendid aqueduct, and supplies the fountains with which the numerous squared are furnished...the city is abundantly lighted with gas; and commodious wharfs and quays are built along the water-edge. European steamships arrive and depart almost daily, and there is telegraphic connection with Europe. Two railways - one towards the north, and another southwards were opened at Rio in 1864. Population (1872) 274,972. Library of Universal Knowledge, New York,1880. FOOTNOTE: Dom Pedro II, de Alcantara, surnamed “The Magnanimous”, was born at Rio Janeiro, Brazil in 1825, the son of Pedro I, Emperor of Brazil and King of Portugal, and Archduchess Caroline Josephine, daughter of Emperor Francis I of Austria. He came to the Brazilian throne at the age of six when his father returned to rule Portugal. Exceptionally brilliant, he made such progress in his studies and had so wide a knowledge of his country that at fifteen he was considered fit to rule and was crowned Emperor. Dom Pedro II was an intellectual and eloquent in seven languages, besides his own, he spoke and wrote english, french spanish, italian, german, latin, hebrew, and portuguese. He discussed the natural sciences and the arts with experts of his time, was an able astronomer, an accomplished musician, a poet of distinction, and a skilled painter. His greatest concern was the slavery that still existed in his empire, over three million slaves. His efforts to emancipate his people were too radical for the legislators and the nation denounced him as a tyrant. He appealed once more to the people and at last in 1888 slavery was declared ended forever in Brazil. The slave holders, declaring Dom Pedro II had overstepped his Constitutional authority, plotted against him when the conspiracy gained momentum, Dom Pedro II was in Europe. Sixty years of age and ailing from malaria. He had been sent there by his physicians. Had he been in Brazil, revolt might have been prevented. The plotters were demanding his abdication. He returned at once but it was too late. At Rio, when the abdication papers were brought to him, he signed them in an effort to prevent civil war. The insurgents treated him with great respect and placed him on a ship for Portugal. He lived in Lisbon for a short time, thence to Cannes and later to Paris two years later on December 5, 1891, the end came for the illustrious exile. Worlds Great Men, VOL.II, J.A.Rogers,N.Y. 1947. FOOTNOTE: The aggregate population of Brazil amounts to near a million, four-fifths of whom are slaves and people of colour. The Brazilians are indolent, and great numbers of those who are wealthy pass their time upon their estates in the country, where their chief delight is to swing in their hammocks all the afternoon. The chief amusement besides hunting, which from the abundance of game in the interior districts is carried on to a great extent. Universal Gazetteer, Phila., 1839. FOOTNOTE: Brazil, from Portuguese name of the dye-wood exported from the country. The Compendium of Universal Knowledge, Phila.,1891. FOOTNOTE: On the invasion of Portugal in 1808 by the French the Sovereign of that Kingdom, John VI, sailed for Brazil, accompanied by his court and a large body of emigrants. He raised Brazil to the rank of a Kingdom, and assumed the title of King of Portugal and Brazil. But on his return to Portugal in 1820 he found the Portuguese Cortes unwilling to grant civil and political equality to the Brazilians - a fact which raised such violent convulsions in Rio Janeiro and other parts of Brazil that Dom Pedro, the King’s son, was forced to head the party resolved to make Brazil independent and in 1822 a national assembly declared the separation of Brazil from Portugal, and appointed Dom Pedro the Constitutional Emperor. Cabinet Cyclopaedia, 1895.

1867 - 200 REIS - OBVERSE ====================================================================== BRAZIL, EMPIRE of UTRECHT MINT ====================================================================== 200 REIS 19MM .835 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1867 1868 1869

u/m u/m u/m

SL-545 SL-547 SL-548

¿OV: Head of PETRUS II, facing left / C.L. under bust, PETRUS II D•G•C•IMP• (Petrus II Dei Gratia Constitutional Imperator = Peter II, by the grace of God, Constitutional Emperor) left, ET PERP•BRAS•DEF• (et Perp.Brasiliarum Defensor = and Hereditary Defender of Brazil) right / (globe) DATE (cross with incised cross) below. ÀRV: Crowned Arms within wreath of laurel and oak with ribbon and star below / (mercuryshaft) (mintmark) 200 REIS (scale). EDGE: Reeded MINT: (mercuryshaft) = UTRECHT DESIGNER: C.L. = C. LUSTER ENGRAVER: (scale) = unknown REFERENCE: Y-A19, C-195 Catalogo de Moedas do Brazil by Arnoldo Russo SL = Catalogo de Moedas Brazileiras by Santos Leitao,Rio de Janeiro. FOOTNOTE: Currency of Brazil - 1000 Reis = 1 Milreis


======================================================================

Brazil today ======================================================================

1867 - 200 REIS - REVERSE

Rio de Janeiro harbor -1902 ======================================================================

Brazilian coffee plantation

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Transportation



BRITISH HONDURAS ======================================================================

======================================================================

1894 - 10 CENTS - REVERSE


====================================================================== BRITISH HONDURAS, CROWN COLONY of LONDON MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTS 18MM .925 FINE 2.32 GRAMS ======================================================================


1894

126,000

¿OV: Diademed head of VICTORIA, facing right, VICTORIA left, QUEEN right. ÀRV: 10 / CENTS within circle of pearls, BRITISH, HONDURAS, above / • 1894 • below, each within equal panels. EDGE: Reeded

1918 1919 1936

10,000 10,000 30,000

PR-22 PR-23 PR-24

¿OV: Crowned head of GEORGE V, facing left GEORGE V KING AND EMPEROR OF INDIA around / • (dot) below, B.M. on truncation. ÀRV: 10 / CENTS within circle of pearls, BRITISH, HONDURAS, above • DATE • below, each within equal panels.

MINT: (no mintmark) = LONDON EDGE: Reeded ENGRAVER:(obv) Leonard Charles Wyon (rev) George William DeSalles

MINT: (no mintmark) = LONDON

REFERENCE: Y-3, PR-21, KM-8

DESIGNER: B.M. = Sir Edgar Bartam MacKennal

POPULATION: British Honduras - 1891 - 31,471, with capital Belize with 9,113 inhabitants.

REFERENCE: Y-13, KM-20 POPULATION: British honduras - 1930 - 50,286.

FOOTNOTE: British Crown Colony in Central America with the Caribbean Sea on the east and Guatemala to the west. In 1862 the country was officially declared a British Colony under Jamaica and in 1884 British Honduras became an independent British Colony. FOOTNOTE: United States gold currency was adopted as a legal tender in 1894 for British Honduras along with British sovereigns and half sovereigns.

FOOTNOTE: 1936 issue was struck in proof with mintage of 50. FOOTNOTE: The population is composed chiefly of negroes and caribs from the West Indies, who were first brought to the country as slaves. Population - British Honduras - c. 1894 - 31,471 includes about 400 whites. New Cabinet Cyclopaedia, Phila.,1896.

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - BRITISH HONDURAS - PAGE 48

1943 -10 CENTS - OBVERSE

1943 -10 CENTS - REVERSE


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1939 1942 1943 1944 1946

20,000 10,000 20,000 30,000 10,000

PR-25 PR-26 PR-27 PR-28 PR-29

¿OV: Crowned head of GEORGE VI, facing left GEORGE VI KING AND EMPEROR OF INDIA around, P M below bust. ÀRV: 10 / CENTS within circle of pearls, BRITISH, HONDURAS, above • DATE • below, each within equal panels. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = LONDON DESIGNER: P M = Percy Metcalfe REFERENCE: Y-18, KM-23

FOOTNOTE: British Honduras is a British Crown Colony, the only political division of Central America which is not a republic. The population in 1938 was estimated at 57,000. There are only 140 automobiles in the colony. About 17,000 people live in Belize the capital. The only systematic local transportation from Belize to the other parts of the country is by motorboats along the coast and on the Belize river. Overland transportation is by mules or by native carriers over bush or forest tracks. British Honduras currency is based on the United States dollar. Only notes and coins issued in British Honduras are legal tender, although American money circulates inter-changeably with that of the colony. Steamers anchor from 1 to 2 miles out, and passengers are taken ashore in small boats. Cargo is lightered to the customs warehouse. The Palace Hotel in Belize is equipped with running water in each room and beds are screened against mosquitoes. Commercial Travelers Guide, Washington, 1941. FOOTNOTE: Belize settlement - This comprises a small territory in Mexico, on the east side of the peninsula of Yucatan. It is owned by the British, and was established for the purpose of cutting logwood and mahogany. It extends along the Bay of Honduras about 150 miles, and is inhabited by negroes and indians, with a few whites. Belize, the capital, is situated on a river of the same name. It contains about 250 houses, built of wood. It is the only seaport in the settlement, and its exports annually amount to about one million and a half dollars. Olney’s Geography, 1849.

PR = The Coins of the British Commonwealth of Nations - West Indies by Major F. Pridmore, London, 1965. POPULATION: British Honduras - 1944 - 63,390 with capital Belize with 18,188 inhabitants. FOOTNOTE: All through this series of small silver coinage, there are many times when it may be noted that there is a very close relationship between the population of the country or its capital city and the annual mintage. FOOTNOTE: British Honduras, Great Britain's last colony on the American mainland, achieved independence as Belize, on Sept. 21, 1981.

FOOTNOTE: Encylopedia of Small Silver Coins of Belize are listed under Appendix A - NCLT, when in 1974 British Honduras became a self-governing colony under the name of Belize.

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - BRITISH HONDURAS - PAGE 49


BRITISH NORTH BORNEO

1929 - 25 cents - The Mint, Birmingham,Ltd - Obverse

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - BRITISH NORTH BORNEO - PAGE 50

FOOTNOTE: The British Protectorate of North Borneo issued only this one year type of small silver in a unique denomination of 25 cents of the Straits Settlements dollar. The coins were struck by the Mint, Birmingham Ltd. in only .500 fine. The monetary unit of the State of North Borneo was originally the Mexican dollar equal to 100 cents. Later the dollar was meant to refer to the Straits Settlement silver dollar rated at 9 Straits Settlement dollars equal to 5 U.S. dollars gold.

1929 - 25 CENTS - REVERSE ====================================================================== BRITISH NORTH BORNEO, PROTECTORATE of BIRMINGHAM MINT ====================================================================== 25 CENTS 18MM .500 FINE 2.83 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1929

400,000

¿OV: Arms of British North Borneo Company with motto: PERGO ET PERAGO (I undertake and I accomplish) / H (mintmark) below. ¿RV: 25 / CENTS within circle of pearls, STATE OF NORTH BORNEO, around / • 1929 • below.

Borneo House - 1902 FOOTNOTE: The Malay Archipelago, or Malaysia, includes the numerous islands and island-groups situated between southeastern Asia and Australia. Among the vast multitude of islands in Malaysia the largest are; Borneo, Sumatra, Celebes, Java, Philippine Islands and Moluccas. The natives are strongly addicted to maritime pursuits, and are in many cases inveterate pirates, though a great deal of peaceful commerce of the Archipelago is in the hands of the Malay natives. The people are of a brown color, with lank hair; they wear little clothing, live chiefly on rice, fruit, and fish, and dwell bamboo houses, perched on pillars to raise them above the water.

EDGE: Reeded MINT: H = The Mint, Birmingham,Ltd. REFERENCE: Y-6, BN9, P-1, KM-6 BN9 = A Numismatic History of the Birmingham Mint by James O.Sweeny, 1981. P = The Coins of the British Commonwealth of Nations, Part 2 - Asian Territories by F. Pridmore, London 1965. The Guide Book & Catalogue of British Commonwealth Coins by Jerome Remick, 3rd edition,Winnipeg 1971. POPULATION: British North Borneo - 1930 - 257,804 principally Mohammedan settlers on the coast, aborigines in the interior, with some Chinese traders and artisans and about 550 Europeans, capital Sandakan with 13,826 inhabitants. FOOTNOTE: In the interior the principal medium of exchange among the natives is the large earthenware jars, imported originally, it is believed, from China, which form the chief wealth both of tribes and individuals. The Encyclopedia Britannica, Eleventh Edition,1910.

Trading ship surrounded by junks FOOTNOTE: British Protectorate on the northern portion of the island of Borneo, under the jurisdiction of the British North Borneo Company which operates under grants from the Sultans of Brunei and Sulu and is a Royal Chartered Company. The interior is mountainous, Mount Kina Balu being 13,455 feet high, but most of the surface is jungle. On May 12, 1888 a formal Protectorate was proclaimed over the State of North Borneo. Although the Capital is Jesselton, the real seat of government of the territory called British North Borneo is in London, England at No. 37 Threadneedle St., the office of the British North Borneo Company, for the Court of Directors. The Statesmen's Year-Book, London 1916.

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - BRITISH NORTH BORNEO - PAGE 51


BRITISH WEST AFRICA

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======================================================================

1918 - SIX PENCE - OBVERSE

1918 - SIX PENCE - REVERSE

====================================================================== BRITISH WEST AFRICA, COLONY of BIRMINGHAM MINT ====================================================================== 6 PENCE 19MM .925 FINE 2.8 GRAMS ======================================================================

======================================================================

1913 1914 1916 1917 1918 1919

400,000 952,000 400,000 2,400,000 1,160,000 8,676,000

FOOTNOTE: The first silver six pence struck in sterling for British West Africa were produced by the Birmingham Mint with the H mintmark starting in 1913 through 1919 for the newly formed West Africa Currency Board The monetary unit was the West Africa pound equal to 20 shillings or 240 pence. The six pence was continued for an additional year, 1920, this time in reduced fineness of .500 silver. The Royal Mint, London also shipped out some 1913 six pence to British West Africa as a one year issue, without mintmark. British West Africa consisted of British Protectorates of Nigeria, Gambia, Gold Coast, and Sierra Leone.

frozen date

¿OV: Crowned head of George V, facing left GEORGIVS V D.G.BRITT:OMN:REX F.D.IND:IMP: (Georgivs V Dei Gratia Britanniarum Omnium Rex Fidei Defensor Indae Imperator = George V, by the grace of God, King of all the Britains, Defender of the Faith, Emperor of India) around / • (dot) below, B.M. on trucation. ¿RV: 6 / PENCE within oak wreath with ribbon, below, BRITISH WEST AFRICA around / H (mintmark) / DATE below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: H = The Mint, BIRMINGHAM,Ltd. DESIGNER: B.M. = Sir Edgar Bertram MacKennal

FOOTNOTE: Coins dated 1919 were struck; 1919 - 7,240,000 and 1920 - 1,436,000. FOOTNOTE: Gold Coast - The Gold Coast Colony comprises the coast of the Gulf of Guinea, extending inland to an average distance of 440 miles. The total area of the colony and its dependencies is estimated at 80,235 sq. miles. The population - 1,503,386. The Castle and settlement of Elmina was founded by the Portuguese and taken from them by the Dutch. In 1618, some English merchants built a fort at Kormantyne, and subsequently many forts and factories were established. The first English Company to trade with the Gold Coast was chartered in 1662. This was succeeded in 1672 by the Royal African Company, which enlarged and strengthened Cape Coast Castle until it was the best on the coast. Gold is found in considerable quantities. The principal exports; cocoa, gold, lumber, rubber, palm kernels, and kola nuts. The chief imports are textiles, alcohol, and hardware.Whitaker’s Almanack,London,1914.

REFERENCE: Y-15, BW 8, KM-11

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - BRITISH WEST AFRICA - PAGE 52

====================================================================== BRITISH WEST AFRICA, COLONY of BIRMINGHAM MINT ====================================================================== 6 PENCE 19MM .500 FINE 2.8 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1920

2,948,000

====================================================================== BRITISH WEST AFRICA, COLONIES of LONDON MINT ====================================================================== 6 PENCE 19MM .925 FINE 2.8 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1913

560,000

¿OV: Crowned head of George V, facing left GEORGIVS V D.G.BRITT:OMN:REX F.D.IND:IMP: (Georgivs V Dei Gratia Britanniarum Omnium Rex Fidei Defensor Indae Imperator = George V, by the grace of God, King of all the Britians, Defender of the Faith, Emperor of India) around / • (dot) below, B.M. on trucation.

¿OV: Crowned head of George V, facing left GEORGIVS V D.G.BRITT:OMN:REX F.D.IND:IMP: (Georgivs V Dei Gratia Britanniarum Omnium Rex Fidei Defensor Indae Imperator = George V, by the grace of God, King of all the Britians, Defender of the Faith, Emperor of India) around / • (dot) below, B.M. on trucation.

¿RV: 6 / PENCE within oak wreath with ribbon, below, BRITISH WEST AFRICA around / H (mintmark) / 1920 below.

¿RV: 6 / PENCE within oak wreath with ribbon, below, BRITISH WEST AFRICA around / 1913 below.

EDGE: Reeded

EDGE: Reeded

MINT: H = The Mint, BIRMINGHAM,Ltd.

MINT: (no mintmark) = Royal Mint, LONDON

DESIGNER: B.M. = Sir Edgar Bertram MacKennal

DESIGNER: B.M. = Sir Edgar Bertram MacKennal

REFERENCE: Y-15B, BW12, KM-11a


West Africa trading fort FOOTNOTE: Gambia - The West African river Gambia, which is navigable for some 300 miles from its mouth, was discovered by the Portuguese in 1447; and in 1588, the year of the Spanish Armada, Queen Elizabeth, being then at war with Spain and Portugal, gave a charter to a British Company to trade with the Gambia and as early as 1618 an effort to do so was made, but it was not successful. In 1686 a fort was built upon a rocky island, and, in honor of the new King, was named Fort James. The Colony of the Gambia was created in 1843 of the Island of St. Mary, British Kombo, Albreda, the Ceded Mile, MacCarthy Island, and various other islands and territories on the banks of the (Gambia) river. The total area is estimated at 4,000 sq. miles. The population of the Island of St. Mary, at the census of April 2, 1911,was 7,700, and that of the Protectorate, 138,401.Whitaker’s Almanack,London,1914. FOOTNOTE: Sierra Leone - The peninsula of Sierra Leone (Lion Mountain) was ceded to Great Britain in 1787 by the native chiefs, to be used as an asylum for the many destitute negroes then in England; and great numbers of liberated Africans from North America and the West Indies, besides those taken in slavers on the coast, have from time to time been settled there. The extreme length of the Colony is about 210 miles, with an estimated area of 4,000 sq. miles. The population in 1911 amounted to 75,572, of whom 650 were resident Europeans. Of the rest, more than half were liberated Africans and their descendants, while the remainder belonged to the neighboring tribes.The liberated Africans were brought from all parts of Africa, and as a result no less than 60 different languages are said to be spoken in Freetown. The exports are palmoil, palm-kernels and kola nuts; but ginger, ground nuts, india-rubber, gum-copal, hides, beeswax, and rice are also exported. The principal imports are cotton goods, coal, apparel, hardware, provisions and tobacco. A Protectorate was proclaimed on August 31, 1896. It has an area of about 27,000 square miles and a population estimated at 1,327,569. Freetown, the capital and seat of government, is the greatest seaport and has the finest harbor in West Africa. Whitaker’s Almanack,London,1914.

FOOTNOTE: Nigeria - The Colony and Protectorate of Southern Nigeria includes the territories situated on the Bight of Benin. The area of the whole territory is 80,000 sq. miles, and the population roughly 8,000,000. The chief industry is agriculture, and crops consist of cocoa, maize, plantains, earth-nuts, yams and cassava, while coffee and cotton are also grown. The natural products exported are palm oil and kernels, gum copal and rubber, and the export of cocoa, cotton and maize is steadily increasing. A railway has been constructed from Iddo Island, near Lagos, to Zungern, the capital of Northern Nigeria, a distance of about 429 miles, crossing the Niger at Jebba. The Protectorate of Northern Nigeria was established on January 1, 1900 and includes the northern portion of the territories formerly administered by the Royal Niger Company. It is bounded on the south by Southern Nigeria, to the west and north by the French possessions in the hinterland of Dahomey and the Sudan, and on the east by Lake Chad and the German territory of the Cameroons. The area is about 256,000 square miles. The population has been estimated at about 9,000,000. Whitaker’s Almanack,London,1914. FOOTNOTE: At the turn of the century, perhaps nothing furnishes a better and more deplorable illustration of the state of affairs than the African liquor trade. Not only frequently, but well-nigh invariably, the ship that bears one or two missionaries to convert the african, carries also thousands of gallons of rum to damn him. This comes principally from Boston, whose rum and religion constitute a puzzle which Africans and philanthropists have tried in vain to solve. “When I was introduced to the black Ashantis, they were informed that I was an American, ‘Ah melican man, eh?’ said the Chief, ‘Melican lum plenty good, you got melican lum?’ This was all he knew of America. I could not elicit anything more about my country from him than this testimony to the far-reaching influence of New England culture. During a recent period of four years 30,000,000 gallons of strong drink were shipped from Europe and America to help in the work of civilizing Africa! Missionaries assert that their worst enemy is not witchcraft, native depravity, licentiousness, nor race-old superstitions, but rum from their own civilized lands! Daybreak in the Dark Continent, W.S.Naylor, 1905.

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - BRITISH WEST AFRICA - PAGE 53


BULGARIA

======================================================================

1883 - 50 STOTINKI - OBVERSE ====================================================================== BULGARIA, PRINCIPALITY OF ST.PETERSBURG MINT ====================================================================== 50 STOTINKI 18MM .835 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1883

3,000,000

¿OV: Battenburg coat of Arms within circle of pearls Cyrillic inscription n [W9'!C3a n (Bulgaria) above, Cyrillic inscription EW+O3=3+ - G? AC!%3 E39! - G! (The right ones are strong by unity) around below.

======================================================================

1883 - 50 STOTINKI - REVERSE ====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: Bulgarians are a race of Finnish origin whose original seat was the banks of the Volga, and who subdued the old Moesian population and established a Kingdom in the present Bulgaria in the 7th century. They soon became blended with the conquered Slavs, whose language they adopted. In the 14th century the country was conquered by the Turks. The Bulgarian language is divided into two dialects, the old and the new; the former is the richest and best of the slavonic tongues, and although extinct as a living tongue is still used as the sacred language of the Greek Church. Cabinet Cyclopaedia, 1895.

ÀRV: 50 / Cyrillic denomination EGOG3=73 (stotinki) / 1883 within wreath of roses, laurel and wheat tied with ribbon below, within outer ring of pearls. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = ST.PETERSBURG REFERENCE: Y-4

FOOTNOTE: The Bulgarian National Bank was established in 1879. Their accounts were kept in French francs, with payments in Russian rubles. Small coins used were Turkish copper coins. The Law of June 1880 provided for a national currency based on the French standards with the Bulgarian lev equal to 100 stotinki. The first silver coins minted at St.Petersburg were minted, included the 50 stotinki of 1883, by melting Russian rubbles. The denomination leva is plural of lev, meaning ‘lion’.

FOOTNOTE: The Battenburg coat of Arms consists of crowned lion passant,facing left, supported by two facing lions under a canopy.

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - BULGARIA - PAGE 54

FOOTNOTE: Alexander I, Prince of Bulgaria was the second son of Prince Alexander of Hesse by a morganatic marriage with Countess Julia of Hauck. He served in the Russo-Turkish War of 187778 on the staff of General Gurko and in the personal suite of the Czar. After the erection of Bulgaria into an Autonomous Principality, he was elected Hereditary Prince April 29, 1879, by the Bulgarian Sobranje, at the insistence of Russia, and the choice was confirmed by those powers which had participated in 1878 in the Congress of Berlin. The Principality was organized under Russian influence, but at once developed political parties. Alexander began his administration with a conservative ministry, seeking to maintain a good understanding with Russia and to establish an orderly government. He then tried a Nationalist ministry, but in 1881 dismissed it, convoked the Sobranje, and secured special powers, under which he appointed a Conservative ministry, headed by two Russian Generals, Kaulbars and Soboleff. The Conservative party was but a small faction, and Alexander now allied himself with the Nationalists, who were able to assert themselves more and more against the Russian influence. In 1885 Eastern Rumelia revolted against its Governor-General, sought aid from Alexander, who assumed the title of Prince of the Two Bulgarias, and accomplished the union in spite of Russian opposition, securing recognition as Governor from the Porte. This brought on a war with Serbia, in which Bulgaria triumphed, Prince Alexander conducting his army with courage and skill. In the night of August 20-21, 1886, a conspiracy headed by Zankoff, and inspired by Russian machinations, forced him to sign his abdication, and he was kidnapped and taken into Russian territory. Popular indignation in Bulgaria procured his release, but on September 7, 1886 he formally abdicated, believing that it was for the good of the country in view of Russian opposition. He had shown a courage, ability, and loyalty to Bulgaria such as had hardly been expected. He died on his estate at Gratz, in Styria in 1893. New International Encyclopedia, 1910. ======================================================================

1891 - 50 STOTINKI - OBVERSE ====================================================================== BULGARIA, PRINCIPALITY OF KREMNITZ MINT ====================================================================== 50 STOTINKI 18MM .835 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1891

2,000,046

¿OV: Head of Ferdinand I, facing left,Cyrillic inscription K+C)3=!=)W y. 7=a1[ =! [WA'!CE733 (Ferdinand [. (mintmark) A.S. under bust. I, Prince of Bulgaria) abound / 7.[ ÀRV: 50 / Cyrillic denomination EGOG3=73 (stotinki) / 1891, within wreath of roses, laurel and wheat tied with ribbon below, within outer ring of pearls. EDGE: Reeded [. = KREMNITZ (Kormocz Banya) MINT: 7.[ DESIGNER: A.S. = A. Schraff REFERENCE: Y-12 POPULATION: Bulgaria - 1890 - 2,179,375 with capital Sofia with 30,420 inhabitants. FOOTNOTE: Prince Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg was offered the vacant throne of Bulgaria on July 7, 1887. Born on February 26, 1861 in Vienna, the youngest son of Prince Augustus of SaxeCoburg and Princess Clementine of Bourbon-Orleans, he was only 26 years of age and an officer in the Austrian army. He married on April 20, 1893 Princess Marie Louise of Parma; who died in 1899. He married again on February 28, 1908, Princess Eleonore of Reuss-Kostritz. He ruled as Prince from 1887 to 1908 when he was crowned Czar (King) of the Bulgarians. He abdicated and was succeeded in 1918 by his son who became King Boris III. King Ferdinand died in 1948.

Prince Ferdinand I ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - BULGARIA - PAGE 55

====================================================================== BULGARIA, KINGDOM OF KREMNITZ MINT ====================================================================== 50 STOTINKI 18MM .835 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1910

400,016

¿OV: Head of Ferdinand I, facing right, Cyrillic inscription K+C)3=!=)W y O!CW =! [WA'!C3G[ (Ferdinand I, Czar of Bulgaria) around / ST.SCHWARTZ under bust. ÀRV: 50 / Cyrillic denomination EGOG3=73 (stotinki) / 1910, within wreath of roses, laurel and wheat tied with ribbon below,within outer ring of pearls. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = KREMNITZ DESIGNER: ST.SCHWARTZ = Prof. Stephen Schwartz REFERENCE: Y-24 POPULATION: Bulgaria - 1908 - 4,158,000

1891 - 50 STOTINKI - REVERSE ====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: The monetary unit of value is the lev (100 stotinki equal to 1 lev), worth at the time 19.3 U.S. cents, the same as the Latin Monetary Union.

FOOTNOTE: The Slavic title CZAR, meaning ‘emperor’ comes from the Latin ‘Caesar’. It was first used by the Grand-Duke of Russia early in the 12th century and adopted as a title of the reigning sovereign by Ivan the Terrible in AD 1547. FOOTNOTE: The issue of 1910 was struck to show the title of Czar (King) for Ferdinand I.

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1910 - 50 STOTINKI - OBVERSE

1910 - 50 STOTINKI - REVERSE


FOOTNOTE: Ferdinand I, Czar of Bulgaria was born in 1861 in Vienna, the youngest son of Prince Augustus of Saxe-Coburg and Princess Clementine of Bourbon-Orleans. He married (1) Princess Maria Louisa, daughter of the Duke of Parma, who died in 1899; and (2) Princess Eleanore of Reuss. On the deposition of Prince Alexander of Bulgaria, Ferdinand accepted the offer of the Crown. He was elected by the Bulgarian Parliament on July 7, 1887, but sovereignty was not recognised by the Great Powers until 1896. Prince Ferdinand, it will be remembered, had proclaimed the independence of Bulgaria on October 5, 1908, and assumed the title of Czar (King). Then followed the negotiations concerning an indemnity which finally resulted in an agreement, April 19, 1909, where in all differences were settled and Turkey acknowledged Bulgarian independence. Though at first thwarted at every turn by Russia, Ferdinand set himself very successfully to the task of building up and consolidating his kingdom, and the results were seen on the outbreak of the Balkan War of 1912. FOOTNOTE: The Cyrillic alphabet - over a hundred million Eastern Europeans, the Slavic nations of Russia, Serbians and Bulgarians trace their alphabet to the linguistic work of two missionaries, the Brothers Cyrill and Methodius of Salonika. Cyrill who was born in 827 AD was sent as an apostle to Monavia in 862 to convert the Slavic Mohammedans to Christianity. The Brothers failed to win Monavia and Bohemia away from the Roman Catholic church and German influence, but their great work consisted of devising a new alphabet for writing the various Slavic tongues. This Cyrillic alphabet was based on Greek, but differs from both the ancient Greek and Latin alphabet that today Westerners have serious difficulty when first trying to learn the Slavic language. The Cyrillic letters were first used in translating the Bible for use in Bulgaria. Later the alphabet was adopted by the Russians for all writing, both religious and secular. ======================================================================

1916 - 50 STOTINKI - REVERSE ====================================================================== BULGARIA, KINGDOM OF KREMNITZ MINT ====================================================================== 50 STOTINKI 18MM .835 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1912 1913 1916

5,000,088 2,282,061 4,526,051

rare

¿OV: HEAD OF FERDINAND I, FACING LEFT Cyrillic inscription K+C)3=!=)W y (Ferdinand I) left, Cyrillic inscription O!CW =! [WA'!C3G[ (Czar of Bulgaria) right / R.MARSCHALL under bust. ÀRV: 50 EGOG3=73 (stotinki) / DATE, within wreath of roses, laurel and wheat tied with ribbon below, within outer ring of pearls. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = KREMNITZ DESIGNER: R.MARSCHALL = Rudolf Marschall REFERENCE: Y-27 POPULATION: Bulgaria - 1912 - 4,958,400 with capital Sofia with 102,769 inhabitants. FOOTNOTE: Most of the issue of 1916 were melted during the Great War, when the price of silver increased, which accounts for its rarity status.

CZAR FERDINAND I OF BULGARIA 1916 - 50 STOTINKI - OBVERSE


FOOTNOTE: The Kingdom of Bulgaria was proclaimed October 1908. On September 30, 1912 Bulgaria, allied with Serbia, Greece and Montenegro commenced the ‘Balkan War’ on Turkey, which ended by the Treaty of London, May 30, 1913 when Turkey ceded to the Allies all its European territory west of a line drawn from Midia on the Black Sea to Enos on the Aegean and also Crete. The second Balkan War commences on June 29, 1913 with Rumania intervening on July 10, 1913. Peace finally came on August 10, 1913 by the Treaty of Bucharest, between Bulgaria on the one hand, and Rumania, Serbia, Greece and Montenegro on the other. As result, Ferdinand I abdicated and was succeeded by his son Boris III on October 3, 1918.

Bulgarian peddler - 1902 FOOTNOTE: Agriculture is the chief occupation of the people of Bulgaria. Land is held in absolute freehold by the owners and there is a land tax. The communes hold pasture-land and woodland in perpetuity and pay no rent, and over such lands the members of the communes have grazing and wood-cutting rights. About five sevenths of the population are engaged in agriculture, most of them being small proprietors hold from one to six acres. In 1910 there were in Bulgaria 8,669,260 sheep, 1,464,719 goats, 1,606363 head of cattle, 527,311 pigs, 478,222 horses, 118,488 asses, and 12,238 mules. Education is free and nominally obligated for a period of four years (8-12). The richer parents are, however, required to pay 20 leva a year for each of their children attending the higher schools. The Statemen's Year-book, London, 1916.

Czar Ferdinand I of Bulgaria

Map of Bulgaria - 1902 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - BULGARIA - PAGE 58


CAMBODIA

======================================================================

1860 - 50 CENTIMES - OBVERSE ====================================================================== CAMBODIA, FRENCH PROTECTORATE of BRUSSELS ====================================================================== 50 CENTIMES I8.4 MM .835 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1860 (1875)

======================================================================

1860 - 50 CENTIMES - REVERSE ====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: This issue was dated 1860, the year King Norodom I became King of Cambodia. It was struck in 1875 at the Brussels mint and later restruck in 1899 at the time of the death of the Queen Mother with their weight reduced and with a rough appearance from the old dies.

u/m

¿OV: Head of Norodom I, facing left, NORODOM I RIO DU CAMBODGE (Norodom I King of Cambodia) around / C.WURDEN under head / 1860 below. ÀRV: Shield of Arms within an ermine mantle, surmounted by a conical crown, denomination in Siamese (muey huông = one huong) above / • 50 centimes • below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = BRUSSELS, struck in 1875. DESIGNER: C. WURDEN = Henri Charles Wurden REFERENCE: Y-5,

KM-45

FOOTNOTE: Cambodia, an extensive country of the Indo-Chinese peninsula, now a Protectorate of France, bounded on the S.W. by the Gulf of Siam, on the S.E. by French Cochin-China, and on the N. by Siam. Area, about 33,000 sq. miles; population about 900,000. The surface is mostly flat, and the soil fertile. There are extensive forests, which shelter elephants and deer; there are also wildcattle and ponies, and the rhinoceros abound. Among the chief products are rice, bertel, areca-nuts, gamboge, spices, sandalwood, and ivory. Iron occurs. Library of Universal Knowledge, N.Y. 1879.

Map of Indo-China and Cambodia

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - CAMBODIA - PAGE 59

FOOTNOTE: Cambodia (called by the inhabitants Sroc Khmer and by the French Cambodia). The French persuaded King Norodom I (1859-1904) to accept for Cambodia the status of French protectorate. A treaty establishing the protectorate was signed by Norodom I on Aug. 11, 1863, and was latter ratified by the French government.. In 1866 the capital of Cambodia was moved to Phnom Penh. In 1904 King Norodom was succeeded by his brother Sisowath. Encyclopaedia Britannia, 11th Edition ,1910. FOOTNOTE: This issue which was part of a set, as indicated in the previous note; was specially engraved by Henri Charles Wurden and struck in Brussels to commemorate the accession to the throne of King Norodom I of Cambodia in 1860. Actually the date should have been 1859. It is believed that the set of coins were actually struck in 1875. Cambodia was then under the protection of France and this set was prepared for the 1878 Paris Internationale Expedition. The set included silver coins with denominations of; 4 francs, 2 francs, 1 franc, 50 centimes and 25 centimes along with bronze coins of 10 centimes and 5 centimes. Most early French catalogues included a reference to this set of coins. E. Zay in his Histoire Monetaire des Colonies Française, Paris, 1892., first described the coins as follows: Piéces de 4,2,1 francs, 50 et 25 centimes, argent; 10 et 5 centimes, bronze. Frappées a Pnon-Penh, au millésime de 1860, annee de l'avenement du rio Norodom. He describes the crown thus;

1. - Piéce de 4 fr. Lég. cir. à g. NORODOM I ROI DU CAMBODGE. Tête à g.; au-dessous C.WURDEN. EX. 1860. Rf Lég. circ. siam. à g. CRÔNG CAMPUCHÉA. BUÔN SLENG (Royaume de Cambodge. Quate slèng) Ecu ovale d'azur chargé d'une vasque, d'une coupe, d'un glaive posé en fasce et d'une bisse, posés l'un sur l'autre, le tout d'or. L'écu embrassé de deux branches de laurier et accolé du cordon de l'Ordre du Cambodge, est posé sur un manteau d'hermines relevé par deux lances passé de la couronne royale de Cambodge rayonnante d'or. Ex. • QUATRE FRANCS • - Tr. cannelée; d. 34 2, ép. 2 : m/m; 20 gr.

FOOTNOTE: (Continued) World cataloguers followed the earlier French references, including; Wayte Raymond in his Coins of the World - Nineteenth Century Issues, New York, 1953. The 50 centimes was priced at $1.00, thus in no way reflecting the rarity of this coin. When Richard S.Yeoman first published his famous brown book Modern World Coins, he listed the series under the section of French Indo-china as Cambodia Y 4-9 and the 50 centimes is still $1.00., The 13th Edition, 1984 Modern World Coins, now edited by Arthur and Ira Friedberg still lists the series, realphabetized under Cambodia, with the prices from VF to UNC now $25.00 to $125.00 for the 50 centimes. Another series of world type catalogues; Catalogue of the World's Most Popular Coins, Fred Reinfeld, revised by Burton Hobson, Garden City, N.Y. , 1969-56 also listed the series under Cambodia as #1-6 for the silver coins with the price of the 50 centimes only $2.50. Then came the beginning of the catalog popularly knows as the telephone book, Standard Catalog of World Coins, 1st Edition, by Chester L Krause and Clifford Mishler, Iola, WI, 1972. This volume pictured the series Y 4-8 (using the Yeoman numbering system) and valuing the 50 centimes from Good, VF, and UNC as $1.75, $5.00 and $20.00 respectively. By the time the Deluxe A.N.A. Centennial Two Volume Edition of the Standard Catalog of World Coins, was published in 1991 the series was repositioned under the current name for Cambodia, Kampuchea and renumbered with Km#'s. The 50 centimes coin as KM-45.1 and KM-45.2 for the restike of 1899 produced from the original dies, then rusty and on a thinner planchet. The original issue was priced from FINE to UNC as $20.00 to $250. The proof strike is listed at $600. (The author added this, a proof to his collection for $55.00 years ago and has never seen the circulation strike). There is now a debate as to whether these coins were regular issue, NCLT, or not even coins to begin with. Colin R. Bruce II, lists the series in his Unusual World coins, 3rd Edition, Krause Publications, Iola, WI. He also states" Originally produced in Brussels, Belgium by Menning Brothers, specifically for collectors ca. 1875". No matter who is right, this particular coin - referring to the 50 centimes dated 1860 is considered by the author as one of the most striking and interesting pieces listed in this volume. The portrait of King Norodom I is finely engraved by the designer Wurden. The coat of arms of the Cambodia royalty on the reverse is beautiful with much detail. ======================================================================

The 50 centimes is described by Zay as; 4. - Piéce de 50 c. Semblable, mais avec MUEY HUÔNG (un huông) 50 CENTIMES - d. 18, ép. 1 m/m; 2 gr. 50. FOOTNOTE: Zay in his Supplement published in 1904 by Raymond Serrure mentions the restrike issue of 1899 distributed as souvenirs. Victor Guilloteau shows the set as 3563-71 in his 272 Années de Numismatique Française, Versailles, 1942. Jean Mazard lists the set as 499-504 in his two volume tome History Monetaire Numismatique, Paris 1953. The Societe Numismatique de Paris lists the series as Monnaies souvenirs 55-60 in their little book Les Monnaies Coloniales Françaises depuis 1815, Paris, 1974. In 1976 J.LThimonier was still listing the series in his Encyclopedie des Monnaies Coloniales. The cataloguers, Victor Gadoury with Georges Cousinié in their Monnaies Colonniaies Française 1670-1980, Monte-Carlo, 1979, details the background for this series indicating they were struck in 1875. (continued).

Nordom I King of Cambodia ======================================================================

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - CAMBODIA - PAGE 60


CANADA

Including NEW BRUNSWICK, NEWFOUNDLAND ======================================================================

FOOTNOTE: A uniform decimal system of coinage was established through the Dominion of Canada in 1871. The unit of account is the dollar of 100 cents, the value of which is declared to be on the basis of 486 cents and two-thirds of a cent to the pound of British sterling money. In 1867, March 28th, the British North America Act for Confederation of the colonies passed the Imperial Parliament. It united Upper Canada or Ontario, Lower Canada or Quebec, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, into one territory, to be named the Dominion of Canada. Newfoundland declared against joining the Confederation, but with that exception all the British territory north of the United States was granted with, The Dominion - The Hudson Bay Company territory by purchase in 1868, British Columbia in 1871, Prince Edward Island in 1873. Cabinet Cyclopaedia,1895. ====================================================================== CANADA, DOMINION of BIRMINGHAM MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTS 18MM .925 FINE 2.333 GRAMS ======================================================================

Early Canadian Arms ====================================================================== CANADA, DOMINION of BIRMINGHAM MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTS 18MM .925 FINE 2.333 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1871 1872 1874 1875 1880 1881 1882 1883 1890

1,870,000 1,000,000 1,600,000 i/a 1,500,000 950,000 1,000,000 300,000 450,000

¿OV: Laureate head of Victoria, facing left, VICTORIA DEI GRATIA REGINA (Victoria by the grace of God Queen) above, CANADA below. ÀRV: 10 / CENTS / DATE, St.Edwards Crown above, within wreath of maple leaves tied with ribbon below / H (mintmark) below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: H = R. Heaton & Son, BIRMINGHAM DESIGNER: Leonard C. Wyon REFERENCE: Y-3, CA-12, KM-3

1902 1903

1,100,000 1,320,000

¿OV: Head of Edward VII, facing right, EDWARVS VII D.G.REX IMPERATOR (Edwarvs VII Dei Gratia Rex Imperator = Edward VII by the grace of God King and Emperor) around / DES. under bust. ÀRV: 10 / CENTS / CANADA / - / DATE, Imperial State Crown, above, within wreath of maple leaves tied with ribbon below / H (mintmark) below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: H = The Mint, BIRMINGHAM,Ltd. DESIGNER: DES. = George William DeSaulles TYPE: I - Coin die direction. REFERENCE: Y-12, CA 18, KM-10 FOOTNOTE: Currency of Canada - 100 cents = 1 dollar FOOTNOTE: Canada was originally discovered by Cabot in 1497, but its history dates only from 1534, when the French took possession of the country. The first settlement (Quebec) was founded in 1608. In 1759 Quebec succumbed to the British force under General Wolfe, and in 1763 the whole territory of Canada became a possession of Great Britain by the Treaty of Paris of that year. Nova Scotia was ceded in 1713 by the Treaty of Utrecht, the Provinces of New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island being subsequently formed out of it. ======================================================================

POPULATION: Canada - 1890 - 4,324,810 with capital Ottawa with 44,000 inhabitants. FOOTNOTE: The 10 cents coinage of Canada is arranged by mints; Birmingham, London and Ottawa, followed by the Province of New Brunswick which ordered coins from the Royal Mint, London. Newfoundland which had its own unique coinage from 1862 used the same mints as Canada; Birmingham, London and Ottawa, but with much smaller mintages all struck in sterling. FOOTNOTE: Production records show the mintage for 1874 as 600,000 and 1875 as 1,000,000, however they do not indicate the dates of each issue. The issue of 1875 being more scarce.

City of Quebec -1850 ======================================================================

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - CANADA - PAGE 61

FOOTNOTE: George William DeSaulles - The letters DES. appearing under the portrait of Edward VII on the coinage of Great Britain and Commonwealth countries denotes engraver George William DeSaulles. Born in Birmingham in 1862, the son of a glass merchant of French ancestry, he received his first art training while attending the Birmingham School of Art. From there DeSaulles progressed to an apprenticeship with a Birmingham diesinker. In 1884 he moved to London, having finished his apprenticeship and worked for John H. Pinches until 1884, when he returned to Birmingham for four years. During this time in Birmingham he worked for the medallist Joseph Moore. In 1892 DeSaulles heard that the position of engraver at the Royal Mint was to be filled due to the death of Leonard Charles Wyon. He applied for the post and his appointment was confirmed in 1893. During the next ten years he was actively engaged in the production of dies for British and Colonial coins, and official medals. A skillful craftsman and very fast worked, he frequently did all the designing, modeling and engraving for his own dies himself. His earlier work at the Royal Mint included the engraving of dies for the ‘Old Head’ coinage of Victoria. From designs by various other artists, and he also modified some of the designs then in use on Victoria’s coins. At the accession of Edward VII in 1901 deSaulles designed and engraved the portrait for the new coinage, both the uncrowned head which appears on the coinage of Great Britain and the Empire of India and the crowned effigy of Canada, East Africa & Uganda Protectorate, Hong Kong, Straits Settlements and Australia, Newfoundland and Ceylon. Included among his designs are the 1894 reverse Y-3 British Honduras and the British trade dollar (1895) and the Straits Settlements Dollar (1903). DeSaulles was a dedicated artist and at the Royal Mint he worked very long hours. This eventually took its toll. On July 21, 1903 not long after he had completed his design for the Edward VII series, he died at Chiswick, England. ===================================================================== CANADA, British Province of LONDON MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTS 18MM .925 FINE 2.324 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1858

1,216,402

¿OV: Laureate head of Victoria, facing left, VICTORIA DEI GRATIA REGINA (Victoria by the grace of God Queen) above, CANADA below. ÀRV: 10 / CENTS / 1858, St.Edwards Crown above, within wreath of maple leaves tied with ribbon below.

FOOTNOTE: When the English government was established in Canada after the capture of Quebec and Montreal in 1790, only about two hundred of the sixty-five thousand inhabitants were of English origin, the rest were French. In 1774 the British Parliament passed the Quebec Act recognizing French traditions, customs, laws and the Catholic Church. During the American Revolution Loyalists in great numbers settled in the Maritime Provinces and in Upper Canada (Ontario). By 1806 eighty thousand Loyalists immigrants had crossed the frontier from the United States. In 1837 rebellion of the Liberals against the Loyalists in control of the government broke out in Upper Canada and in Lower Canada ( Quebec) also due to irritation of the French at British rule. Both rebellions were easily crushed, but the British sent over an investigator whose report in 1840 advocated self-government for the colonies. This was followed by the Act of Union, bringing the two Provinces under one government. By the British North American Act of 1867 Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia were united in to the Dominion of Canada. In 1869 the extensive rights of the Hudson Bay Company were purchased. The Province of Manitoba was laid out in 1870, in 1871 British Columbia was admitted to the Federation and two years later Prince Edward Island. In 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan came into the Union. ====================================================================== CANADA, DOMINION of LONDON MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTS 18MM .925 FINE 2.333 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1870 1871 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1891 1892 1893 1894 1896 1898 1899 1900 1901

1,600,000 800,000 150,000 400,000 800,000 350,000 500,000 600,000 800,000 520,000 500,000 500,000 650,000 720,000 1,200,000 1,100,000 1,200,000

¿OV: Laureate head of Victoria, facing left, VICTORIA DEI GRATIA REGINA (Victoria by the grace of God Queen) above, CANADA below.

EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = Royal Mint, LONDON DESIGNER: Leonard C. Wyon

ÀRV: 10 / CENTS / DATE, St.Edwards Crown above, within wreath of maple leaves tied with ribbon below.


EDGE: Reeded

Type: I - Lower weight.


POPULATION: Canada - 1861 - 3,090,561

DESIGNER: Leonard C. Wyon

FOOTNOTE: Canada in 1896 - The unorganized and unnamed portion of the Dominions of Canada this year was set apart into provisional districts. The territory east of Hudson’s Bay, having the province of Quebec on the south and the Atlantic on the east, was to be hereafter known as Ungava, The territory embraced in the islands of the Artic Sea was to be known as Franklin, the Mackenzie River region as Mackenzie and the Pacific coast territory lying north of British Columbia and west of Mackenzie as Yukon. The Annual Register, 1895, p.391.

REFERENCE: Y-3, KM-3 Type: II - Increased weight. POPULATION: Canada - 1901 5,371,315 with the capital Ottawa with 59,928 inhabitants. FOOTNOTE: The word Canada is Indian meaning “a collection of huts”, “a village” or “a town”. Compendium of Universal Knowledge, Phila., 1891.


======================================================================

Horse-shoe fall at Niagara ====================================================================== CANADA, DOMINION of LONDON MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTS 18MM .925 FINE 2.333 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907

720,000 500,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 1,700,000 2,620,000

¿OV: Head of Edward VII, facing right, EDWARVS VII D.G.REX IMPERATOR (Edwarvs VII Dei Gratia Rex Imperator = Edward VII by the grace of God King and Emperor) around / DES. under bust. ÀRV: 10 / CENTS / CANADA / - / DATE, Imperial State Crown, above, within wreath of maple leaves tied with ribbon below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = Royal Mint, LONDON DESIGNER: DES. = George William DeSaulles TYPE: I - Coin die direction. REFERENCE: Y-12, KM-10 FOOTNOTE: Ottawa, the capital of the Dominion is situated on the south bank of the Ottawa River. It communicates by steamer on the Ottawa with Montreal, and by the Rideau Canal with Lake Ontario. At the west end of the city the Ottawa rushes over the cataract known as the Chaudiere Falls. The Rideau Canal divides the city into the Upper Town and the Lower Town, the former being distinguished by its predominantly English population and the latter by the French Canadians. Ottawa’s streets are wide and laid out at right angles. In addition to the government buildings, the Mint, the National Victoria Museum, Ottawa manufactures; wood products, paper, matches, cement, carbide, marine gas buoys, iron and foundry products, mica, and clothing. The city was selected by Queen Victoria as the capital of Canada in 1858. The Royal Mint opened its Ottawa branch in 1908. The mintmark C was not used on the Canadian 10 cents coinage, except for the issues struck for Newfoundland.

KING EDWARD VII 1910 -10 CENTS - OBVERSE ====================================================================== CANADA, DOMINION of OTTAWA MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTS 17.91MM .925 FINE 2.333 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1908 1909 1910

776,666 1,697,200 4,468,331

¿OV: Head of Edward VII, facing right, EDWARVS VII D.G.REX IMPERATOR (Edwarvs VII Dei Gratia Rex Imperator = Edward VII by the grace of God King and Emperor) around / DES. under bust. ¿RV: 10 / CENTS / CANADA / - / DATE, Imperial State Crown, above, within wreath of maple leaves tied with ribbon below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = Royal Mint Branch, OTTAWA DESIGNER: (obv) DES. = George William DeSaulles (rev) W.H.J.Blakemore TYPE: II - Medal die direction. REFERENCE: Y-12, KM-10

Early Canadian Home ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - CANADA - PAGE 63

1910 -10 CENTS - REVERSE ======================================================================

1911 -10 CENTS - OBVERSE KING GEORGE V - Godless Type ====================================================================== CANADA, DOMINION of OTTAWA MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTS 18MM .925 FINE 2.333 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1911

2,737,584

¿OV: Head of George V, facing right, GEORGIVS V REX IND:IMP: (Georgivs V Rex Indae Imperator = George V King and Emperor of India) around / B.M. on trunction. ¿RV: 10 / CENTS / CANADA / - / 1911 Crown above, within wreath of maple leaves tied with ribbon below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = Royal Mint Branch, OTTAWA

The Citadel, Quebec ======================================================================

DESIGNER:(obv) B.M. = Sir Edgar Bertram MacKennal (rev) W.H.J.Blakemore TYPE: I - Without D.GRA, known as the Godless type. REFERENCE: Y-18A, KM-17 POPULATION: Canada - 1911 - 7,206,643 with capital Ottawa with 87,062 inhabitants. FOOTNOTE: The 1911 series was known as the Godless variety due to the absence of D.GRA. (Dei Gratia = By the grace of God) from the Kings titles.

St.Edward's Crown

Parliament building, Ottawa ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - CANADA - PAGE 64

1919 -10 CENTS - OBVERSE KING GEORGE V - Dei Gratia

1919 -10 CENTS - REVERSE ======================================================================

====================================================================== CANADA, DOMINION of OTTAWA MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTS 18MM .925 FINE 2.333 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919

3,235,557 3,613,937 2,549,811 688,057 4,218,114 5,011,988 5,133,602 7,877,722

¿OV: Head of George V, facing right, GEORGIVS V D GRA:REX ET IND:IMP: (Georgivs V Dei Gratia Rex et Indae Imperator = George V by the grace of God King and Emperor of India) around / B.M. on trunction. ¿RV: 10 / CENTS / CANADA / - / DATE, Crown above, within wreath of maple leaves tied with ribbon below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = Royal Canadian Mint, OTTAWA DESIGNER:(obv) B.M. = Sir Edgar Bertram MacKennal (rev) W.H.J.Blakemore TYPE: II - With D.GRA added.

1921 -10 CENTS - OBVERSE KING GEORGE V ======================================================================

REFERENCE: Y-18, KM-23 POPULATION: Canada - 1921 - 8,769,489

Canada's new flag - 1924 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - CANADA - PAGE 65

1921 -10 CENTS - REVERSE OTTAWA MINT

1937 -10 CENTS - OBVERSE KING GEROGE VI

====================================================================== CANADA, DOMINION of OTTAWA MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTS 18MM .800 FINE 2.333 GRAMS ======================================================================


1920 1921 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936

6,305,345 2,469,562 2,458,602 3,253,888 1,831,043 2,067,421 1,154,317 672,368 409,067 384,056 2,460,871

1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947

2,500,095 4,197,323 5,501,748 16,526,470 8,716,386 10,214,011 21,143,229 9,383,582 10,979,570 6,300,066 4,431,926

¿OV: Head of George V, facing right, GEORGIVS V DEI GRA:REX ET IND:IMP: (Georgivs V Dei Gratia Rex et Indae Imperator = George V by the grace of God King and Emperor of India) around / B.M. on trunction.

¿OV: Head of George VI, facing left, GEORGIVS VI D:G:REX ET IND:IMP: (Georgivs VI Dei Gratia Rex et Indae Imperator = George VI by the grace of God King and Emperor of India) around / H P under bust.

¿RV: 10 / CENTS / CANADA / - / DATE, Crown above, within wreath of maple leaves tied with ribbon below.

¿RV: Schooner Bluenose, running left, CANADA above DATE to right, H to lower left, / 10 CENTS below.

EDGE: Reeded

EDGE: Reeded

MINT: (no mintmark) = Royal Canadian Mint, OTTAWA


DESIGNER:(obv) B.M. = Sir Edgar Bertram MacKennal (rev) W.H.J.Blakemore

DESIGNER: (obv) H P = Thomas Hugh Paget (rev) H = Emmanuel Otto Hahn

REFERENCE: Y-18b, KM-23a TYPE: I - Regular dating. POPULATION: Canada - 1930 - 9,658,000 of which about 28% are French speaking, and over half are of British decent. There are 105,000 Indians and 3,300 Eskimos.

REFERENCE: Y-30, KM-34 POPULATION: Canada - 1940 - 10,376,786


======================================================================

Schooner ======================================================================

1937 -10 CENTS - REVERSE Schooner Bluenose ====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: The year 1933 found Canada still struggling unsuccessfully to check the four year decline in economic activity. In March, however, there was an upswing in general economic activity which gained momentum with the beginning of business revival in the United States in April. The price of No.1 northern wheat rose from the low point of $0.42 per bushel in December,1932, to $0.83 in July,1933. Canada followed the United States on April 24, 1933 and officially went off the Gold Standard. As a result the Canadian dollar recovered from .83 cents in April to .96 cents by September. New Standard Year Book 1933. FOOTNOTE: Royal Visit - William VI, Edward VII, George V, Edward VIII and George VI all visited the Dominions of Canada before they succeeded to the throne of Great Britain, but the first Royal visit came during May and June 1939 when King George VI and Queen Elizabeth crossed the Atlantic to visit the senior Dominion of the British Commonwealth and the Canadian people. Because of the tense European political situation, England wanted all of her Navy at her disposal, so the Royal party of 23 sailed in the Canadian Pacific liner “Empress of Australia”. The steamer was escorted by the cruisers Southampton and Glasgow. The King and Queen arrived in Quebec on May 17th and docked at Wolfe’s Cove and were welcomed with a 21 gun salute. They traveled across Canada in a beautiful 12 car blue and silver train which followed a pilot train of press correspondents. Two coaches in the second train were reserved for the King and Queen containing sleeping quarters, bathrooms and observation section and a lounge and dining room car. They visited Montreal and Toronto and then headed for the Canadian wheatlands west. Stopping at Fort Garry for an interesting ceremony as prescribed in the original charter of the Hudson’s Bay Company, granted in 1670. It stipulated that whenever the King visited the Company’s domain, he or his heirs should receive in “rent” two elks and two rare black beavers. The Governor of the Company traveled all the way from London to present King George VI with the token payments. The trip continued on to Regina, Calgary where the Indians bestowed on His Majesty the title “Great Chief Albino”. They crossed the continental divide to Vancouver. The return trip brought the Royal party east to Niagara Falls and a visit to the United States before sailing from Nova Scotia at Halifax on the “Empress of Britain” on June 17,1939 for home.

FOOTNOTE: The 1936 dot variety with mintage of 192,194 with only 4 known are specimen strikes and extremely rare. They were struck in 1937 for King George VI with • (dot) under ribbon tied below on the reverse. FOOTNOTE: The 1937 issue has a small low date and subsequent issues the date is larger and higher to right of the sail as the small 1937 date proved to wear easily in circulation, so the following year the dates were enlarged and placed higher in the field. ======================================================================

1947 with Maple leaf ====================================================================== CANADA, DOMINION of OTTAWA MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTS 18MM .800 FINE 2.333 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1947 (1948)

9,638,793

¿OV: Head of George VI, facing left, GEORGIVS VI D:G:REX ET IND:IMP: (Georgivs VI Dei Gratia Rex et Indae Imperator = George VI by the grace of God King and Emperor of India) around / H P under bust. ¿RV: Schooner Bluenose, running left, CANADA above 1947 (maple leaf) to right, H to lower left, / 10 CENTS below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = Royal Canadian Mint, OTTAWA DESIGNER: (obv) H P = Thomas Hugh Paget (rev) H = Emmanuel Otto Hahn TYPE: II - Maple leaf after date denoting 1948. REFERENCE: Y-30, KM-34


1952 -10 CENTS - OBVERSE KING GEORGE VI

1954 -10 CENTS - OBVERSE QUEEN ELIZABETH II



1948 1949 1950 1951 1952

422,741 11,336,172 17,823,075 15,079,265 10,474,455

¿OV: Head of George VI, facing left, GEORGIVS VI DEI GRATIA REX (George VI by the grace of God King) around / H P under bust. ¿RV: Schooner Bluenose, running left, H to lower left, / 10 CENTS below. EDGE: Reeded

1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964

17,706,395 4,493,150 12,237,294 16,732,844 16,110,229 10,621,236 19,691,433 45,446,835 26,850,859 41,864,335 41,916,208 49,518,549


¿OV: Head of Elizabeth II, facing right, ELIZABETH II DEI GRATIA REGINA (Elizabeth II by the grace of God Queen) around, M.G. on truncation.

DESIGNER: (obv) H P = Thomas Hugh Paget (rev) H = Emmanuel Otto Hahn

¿RV: Schooner Bluenose, running left, CANADA above DATE to right, H to lower left, 10 CENTS below.

REFERENCE: Y-38, KM-43 FOOTNOTE: Delays in preparing the dies for 1948 with the Kings titles changed to omit ET IND:IMP: as the impending independence for India required this change and created a coinage shortage. Royal titles were changed from D:G:REX ET IND:IMP: (DEI GRATIA REX ET INDAE IMPERATOR = By the grace of God King and Emperor of India) to DEI GRATIA REX (By the grace of God King). The Ottawa mint continued to strike coins with 1947 date during 1948 with a small maple leaf to the right of the date. This also left the number of strikes of the new issue of 1948 with a low mintage.

EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = Royal Canadian Mint, OTTAWA DESIGNER: (obv) M.G. = Mrs. Mary Gillick (rev) H = Emmanuel Otto Hahn REFERENCE: Y-46, KM-51


1954 -10 CENTS - REVERSE OTTAWA MINT

1965 -10 CENTS - OBVERSE QUEEN ELIZABETH II

======================================================================


FOOTNOTE: The 1953 issue was struck originally with Queen in a design which has become to be known as the ‘without shoulder strap’. Later during the year the design was changed to show a shoulder strap on the shoulder of Queen Elizabeth II. FOOTNOTE: Emmanuel Otto Hahn was born in Reutlingen, Germany in 1881. He emigrated to Canada in 1888. Hahn designed the new reverse of the Canadian 10 cents coin first appearing in 1937 with the famous Canadian racing yacht the Lunenberg fishing schooner Bluenose as his model. His initial H appears to the left. He died in 1957. FOOTNOTE: Mrs. Mary Gillick - Born in Nottingham in 1881. Mrs. Mary Gillick at the age of 71 had her first coin design accepted, the profile design of Queen Elizabeth II for the new coins of 1953. The Queen was depicted as a teenage girl with more of the neck and shoulder showing than was the customary design, so a shoulder strap was added. Mrs. Gillick died in 1965. FOOTNOTE: Proof-like sets containing a 10 cents Canadian coin were issued by the Ottawa mint beginning in 1953 as follows: 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964

2,400 included with the 1953 sets 6,300 6,500 11,862 18,259 31,577 64,097 98,373 200,950 673,006 1,653,162

1965 1966

56,965,392 34,330,199

¿OV: Head of Elizabeth II with tiara, facing right ELIZABETH II, left D.G.REGINA (Dei Gratia Regina = By the grace of God Queen), right. ¿RV: Schooner Bluenose, running left, CANADA above DATE to right, H to lower left, 10 CENTS below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = Royal Canadian Mint, OTTAWA DESIGNER: (obv) = Arnold Machin (rev) H = Emmanuel Otto Hahn REFERENCE: Y-55, KM-61 FOOTNOTE: Proof-like sets containing a 10 cents Canadian coin minted for 1965 - 2,904,352 and 1966 - 672,514. FOOTNOTE: Arnold Machin was born in Stoke-On-Trent in 1911 and first studied sculpture at the local art college. While at Derby College he gained a Royal Exhibition to the Royal College of Arts. In 1947 he was elected an Associate of the Royal Academy and in 1956 became a Royal Academician. He has held several posts in connection with art teaching including Master of Sculpture at the Royal Academy Schools. He became well known in numismatic circles for the ‘Machin’ portrait of Queen Elizabeth.


1967 - 10 CENTS - REVERSE CENTENNTIAL COMMEMORATIVE ====================================================================== CANADA, DOMINION of OTTAWA MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTS 18MM .800 FINE 2.333 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1967

32,309,135

1967 -10 CENTS - OBVERSE QUEEN ELIZABETH II ====================================================================== CANADA, DOMINION of OTTAWA MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTS 18MM .500 FINE 2.333 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1967

30,689,080

¿OV: Head of Elizabeth II with tiara, facing right ELIZABETH II, left D.G.REGINA (Dei Gratia Regina = By the grace of God Queen), right.

¿OV: Head of Elizabeth II with tiara, facing right ELIZABETH II, left D.G.REGINA (Dei Gratia Regina = By the grace of God Queen), right.

¿RV: Mackerel, 10 CENTS ABOVE / CANADA 1867 1967 below.

¿RV: Mackerel, 10 CENTS ABOVE / CANADA 1867 1967 below.

EDGE: Reeded

EDGE: Reeded



DESIGNER: (obv) = Arnold Machin (rev) = Alex Colville

DESIGNER: (obv) = Arnold Machin (rev) = Alex Colville


TYPE: II - .500 Fine silver

TYPE: I - .800 Fine silver

REFERENCE: Y-61a, KM-67a

FOOTNOTE: This coin was part of a set of Commemorative coinage issued by the Royal Canadian mint to commemorate the Canadian Confederation Centennial 1867 - 1967 with this issue minted in .800 fine silver. The same design was later in the year 1967 struck in .500 fine silver. FOOTNOTE: The Centennial proof-like sets are listed with a mintage of 963,714 and the 10 cents issue was included with the 70,583 silver medallion presentation sets and the 337,512 gold presentation sets.

FOOTNOTE: This coin was part of a set of Commemorative coinage issued by the Royal Canadian mint to commemorate the Canadian Confederation Centennial 1867 - 1967 with this issue minted in .500 fine silver, as during 1967, The rising price of silver forced the Ottawa mint to reduce the silver content from .800 fine to .500 fine.


LAST OF THE CANADIAN SILVER 10 CENTS

1864 -10 CENTS - OBVERSE QUEEN VICTORIA

====================================================================== CANADA, DOMINION of OTTAWA MINT ===================================================================== 10 CENTS 18MM .500 FINE 2.333 GRAMS ======================================================================

====================================================================== NEW BRUNSWICK, Province of the Dominion of Canada LONDON MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTS 18MM .925 FINE 2.324 GRAMS ======================================================================


1968

70,460,000

¿OV: Head of Elizabeth II with tiara, facing right ELIZABETH II, left D.G.REGINA (Dei Gratia Regina = By the grace of God Queen), right. ¿RV: Schooner Bluenose, running left, CANADA above 1968 to right, H to lower left, 10 CENTS below.

1862 1864

150,000 100,000

¿OV: Laureate head of Victoria, facing left VICTORIA D:G:REG: (Victoria Dei Gratia Regina = Victoria by the grace of God Queen) above NEW BRUNSWICK • below. ÀRV: 10 / CENTS / DATE, St.Edwards Crown above, within wreath of maple leaves tied with ribbon below.

EDGE: Reeded EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = Royal Canadian Mint, OTTAWA MINT: (no mintmark) = Royal Mint, LONDON DESIGNER: (obv) = Arnold Machin (rev) H = Emmanuel Otto Hahn

DESIGNER: Leonard C. Wyon

REFERENCE: Y-55A, KM-72


FOOTNOTE: The last proof-like sets containing a silver 10 cents Canadian coin were dated 1968 with a mintage of 521,641.

POPULATION: New Brunswick - 1892 - 349,395 with capital Fredericton with 7,300 inhabitants.

======================================================================

FOOTNOTE: The reverse is the identical to Canada Y-3 of 1858, 10 cents designed and engraved by L.C.Wyon.

======================================================================

FOOTNOTE: At the time these coins were shipped from the Royal Mint of London, New Brunswick was a separated British Colony. New Brunswick is now a Province of the Dominion of Canada with many rivers and small farms. The rivers flow from the rich forest region of the north. These produce large quantities of lumber. The coast has many harbors which support a large fishing industry. About a quarter of the people are of French descent, the remaining all of English ancestry.

NEW BRUNSWICK

FOOTNOTE: As a result of the American Revolution thousands of American Loyalists sought new homes in Canada; and a large number settled on the St. John River, and had that district erected into the separate Colony of New Brunswick. Cabinet Cyclopaedia, 1895.


======================================================================

NEWFOUNDLAND

======================================================================

The docks, St.John's, Newfoundland ======================================================================

1864 -10 CENTS - REVERSE NEW BRUNSWICK ====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: New Brunswick, part of British America, extends from Maine to the Gulf of St. Lawrence and is noted for its extensive forests and valuable fisheries. The climate, like that of Canada, is subject to great extremes of heat and cold, but is generally healthy. It is mostly a level province, and has generally a fertile soil. The principal articles of export are fish and timber. Frederickton, the capital of New Brundswick is situated on the River St. Johns, 80 miles from its mouth, at the head of sloop navigation. St. Johns, situated on the River St. Johns, 3 miles from its mouth, is the largest and most flourishing town in the Province. It has a good harbor and an extensive commerce. Olney’s Geography, 1849.

FOOTNOTE: The Colony of Newfoundland is a wilderness of bog, burnt land, rocky, barren and stunted forest - a great, fog-wrapped rock, thinly dusted with sterile earth - desolate, inhospitable, uninhabited from coast to coast, but the sea is generously stocked with fish. Out of a sea that is cold, rock-bound and swept by great winds are taken every year, by hook and trap, more than 150,000,000 pounds of cod, of which they consume one-fourth and sell the rest to other countries of the world. There are two classes of fisherman - the hook-and-line men and the far more prosperous trap men. The former fish off shore from their punts, but most of the trap men go far north to the Labrador Coast, live aboard or in turf huts ashore through the season, and return when the fall winds are blowing and the seas run high and the nights are bitter and black. ====================================================================== NEWFOUNDLAND, DOMINION of BIRMINGHAM MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTS 18MM .925 FINE 2.356 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1872 1876

40,000 10,000

¿OV: Laureate head of Victoria, facing left VICTORIA D:G:REG: (Victoria Dei Gratia Regina = Victoria by the grace of God Queen) above, •NEWFOUNDLAND• below, H (mintmark) under bust. ÀRV: 10 / CENTS / DATE within inner circle of pearls, arabesque border. EDGE: Reeded MINT: H = R. Heaton & Sons, BIRMINGHAM, Ltd. DESIGNER: Leonard C. Wyon

NEW BRUNSWICK, MARITIME PROVINCES FOOTNOTE: New Brunswick was a British possession in eastern Canada. At one time part of Nova Scotia, but became a separate Province in 1874. By the British North American Act of 1867 New Brunswick joined the Canadian Confederation.

TYPE I: H under bust REFERENCE: Y-3, CA23, KM-3 POPULATION: Newfoundland - 1892 - 197,335 with capital St.John’s with 31,142 inhabitants.


====================================================================== NEWFOUNDLAND, DOMINION of BIRMINGHAM MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTS 18MM .925 FINE 2.356 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1882

20,000

¿OV: Laureate head of Victoria, facing left VICTORIA D:G:REG: (Victoria Dei Gratia Regina = Victoria by the grace of God Queen) above, •NEWFOUNDLAND• below. ÀRV: 10 / CENTS / DATE/ H (mintmark) within inner circle of pearls, arabesque border. EDGE: Reeded MINT: H = R. Heaton & Sons, BIRMINGHAM, Ltd. DESIGNER: Leonard C. Wyon TYPE II : H under date REFERENCE: Y-3, CA23, KM-3 FOOTNOTE: Newfoundland, named by its discoverer, John Cabot, in 1497, first applied to all the territory discovered by him, but afterward restricted to the island to which it is now applied. The first English colony was platted in 1621. A struggle for supremacy took place between the English and the French; but in 1713 Newfoundland and its dependencies were declared, by the Treaty of Utrecht, to belong wholly to Great Britain, the French reserving a right to fish and cure on certain parts of the coast. Responsible government was granted in 1833. For many years the colony declined to join the Canadian Confederation. Cabinet Cyclopaedia,1896. ======================================================================

1882 H -10 CENTS - REVERSE ====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: In 1855 Newfoundland became one of the self-governing Dominions of the British Empire, consisting of a large island in the North Atlantic and the Island of Labrador to the north. In 1949 Newfoundland became the tenth Province of Canada. ====================================================================== NEWFOUNDLAND, DOMINION of BIRMINGHAM MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTS 18MM .925 FINE 2.356 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1904

100,000

¿OV: Head of Edward VII, facing right EDWARDVS VII D.G.REX IMPERATOR (Edward VII Dei Gratia Rex Imperator = Edward VII by the grace of God King Emperor) around, DES. under bust. ¿RV: 10 / CENTS / 1904 / . (large dot) / H (mintmark) within circle with design below, • NEWFOUNDLAND • above. EDGE: Reeded MINT: H = The Mint, BIRMINGHAM, Ltd. DESIGNER: (obv) DES. = George William DeSaulles (rev) = W.H.J.Blakemore REFERENCE: Y-9, CA28, KM-8 POPULATION: Newfoundland - 1904 - 226,652 FOOTNOTE: The currency of Newfoundland is dollars reckoned at 4 shillings in 1891.Cabinet Cyclopaedia,1896. FOOTNOTE: Currency of Newfoundland - 100 cents = 1 dollar

1882 H -10 CENTS - OBVERSE QUEEN VICTORIA ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - CANADA - PAGE 73

1894 -10 CENTS - OBVERSE QUEEN VICTORIA

1894 -10 CENTS - REVERSE ROYAL MINT, LONDON

====================================================================== NEWFOUNDLAND, DOMINION of LONDON MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTS 18MM .925 FINE 2.356 GRAMS ======================================================================

====================================================================== NEWFOUNDLAND, DOMINION of LONDON MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTS 18MM .925 FINE 2.356 GRAMS ======================================================================

1865 1870 1873 1880 1885 1888 1890 1894 1896

80,000 30,000 23,614 10,000 8,000 30,000 100,000 100,000 230,000

1903

100,000

¿OV: Head of Edward VII, facing right EDWARDVS VII D.G.REX IMPERATOR (Edward VII Dei Gratia Rex Imperator = Edward VII by the grace of God King Emperor) around, DES. under bust. ¿RV: 10 / CENTS / 1903 / • (large dot) within circle with design below, • NEWFOUNDLAND • above.

¿OV: Laureate head of Victoria, facing left VICTORIA D:G:REG: (Victoria Dei Gratia Regina = Victoria by the grace of God Queen) above, • NEWFOUNDLAND • below.

EDGE: Reeded

ÀRV: 10 / CENTS / DATE within inner circle of pearls, arabesque border.

DESIGNER: (obv) DES. = George William DeSaulles (rev) = W.H.J.Blakemore

EDGE: Reeded



MINT: (no mintmark) = Royal Mint, LONDON DESIGNER: Leonard C. Wyon REFERENCE: Y-3, KM-3 POPULATION: Newfoundland - 1891 - 197,934 with capital St.John’s with 25,000 inhabitants.

FOOTNOTE: Harbor Grace, on the south east coast, has of late been used as a take-off base for trans-Atlantic air flights. Labrador, with a population of 4,264, is the Dependency of Newfoundland. Population (1931) 281,549.


FOOTNOTE: Newfoundland - By 1903 the value of the Newfoundland catch of cod fish for export was $4,450,000 while the seal fishery came to approximately $400,000 for a haul of about 275,000 seals. Other items exported included lumber valued at $15,000 and copper and iron ore with a value of $600,000 per year. The articles of import included everything else and are brought to the Newfoundland fisherman by the outpost trader. Things that are damaged, or left over, or out of date, are offered in the cabin of the outpost trading schooners. Little more than the bare necessities of life are exchanged for the catch, and for the most part the traders are an unscrupulous lot of fellows, dealing sharply with their simple customers and among themselves. They make the fisherman pay high for all that he gets; he must pay the profit of the manufacturer in England, the profit of the English wholesaler, the profit of the St.John’s importer and the enormous profit (usually about 100 percent) which the trader feels compelled to charge to protect himself against bad debts and bad seasons. Moreover he must pay the duty (direct taxation of any degree or kind whatsoever, by the way, would turn the Government out of office) which by this time, so corrupt, incompetent and extravagant have former administrations been, must be nearer forty than thirty percent., with nothing in the way of public improvements to show in the outposts. Besides all this is an antiquated credit system of dealing, fruitful in hardship and dishonesty. Cash is not in circulation in the outposts; if by some happy chance an outposter lays hands on a ten cent piece he stows it away in a secret place. It is a curious fact that the out-harbor fishermen are governed wholly from the Capital, St.John’s, a city of 30,000 people. All authority is seated in the general government there; there is no municipal government in the outposts, and very little of it at the Capital. Thus, since practically the only source of revenue is the customs duties, the outposts are compelled to bear the burden of the support of the Health Department, Fire Department, Police Department, Public Library and even the street-lighting plant of St.John’s. The Newfoundland outposts are hardy, courageous, boldly adventurous, simple-lived, Godfearing, warm-hearted a physically splendid race of men. The fishermen mortgages his next summer’s catch for an outfit of salt beef, flour, salt for curing, etc., and having once done so, he is likely to live in debt for the rest of his days. ====================================================================== NEWFOUNDLAND, DOMINION of LONDON MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTS 18MM .925 FINE 2.356 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1912

100,000

¿OV: Head of George V, facing left GEORGIVS V DEI GRA: REX ET IND:IMP: (Georgivs V Dei Gratia Rex et Indae Imperator = George V by the grace of God King and Emperor of India) around, B.M. on truncation. ¿RV: 10 / CENTS / 1912 / • (large dot) within circle with design below, • NEWFOUNDLAND • above.

1940 -10 CENTS - OBVERSE KING GEORGE VI ====================================================================== NEWFOUNDLAND, DOMINION of LONDON MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTS 18MM .925 FINE 2.335 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1938 1940

100,000 100,000

¿OV: Head of George VI, facing left GEORGIVS V DEI GRA. REX ET IND.IMP. (Georgivs VI Dei Gratia Rex et Indae Imperator = George VI by the grace of God King and Emperor of India) around, P M under bust. ¿RV: 10 / CENTS / DATE / • (large dot) / within circle with design below, • NEWFOUNDLAND • above. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = Royal Mint, LONDON DESIGNER: (obv) P M = Percy Metcalfe (rev) = W.H.J.Blakemore REFERENCE: Y-20, KM-20

EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = Royal Mint, LONDON DESIGNER:(obv) B.M. = Sir Edgar Bertram MacKennal (rev) = W.H.J.Blakemore REFERENCE: Y-14, KM-14

Newfoundland emblem Fishing schooners ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - CANADA - PAGE 75



====================================================================== NEWFOUNDLAND, DOMINION of OTTAWA MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTS 18MM .925 FINE 2.335 GRAMS ======================================================================


1917 1919

250,805 54,342

¿OV: Head of George V, facing left GEORGIVS V DEI GRA: REX ET IND:IMP: (Georgivs V Dei Gratia Rex et Indae Imperator = George V by the grace of God King and Emperor of India) around, B.M. on truncation ¿RV: 10 / CENTS / DATE / • (large dot) / C (mintmark) within circle with design below, • NEWFOUNDLAND • above.

1941 1942 1943

483,630 293,736 104,706

¿OV: Head of George VI, facing left GEORGIVS V DEI GRA. REX ET IND.IMP. (Georgivs VI Dei Gratia Rex et Indae Imperator = George VI by the grace of God King and Emperor of India) around, P M under bust. ¿RV: 10 / CENTS / DATE / • (large dot) / C (mintmark) within circle with design below, • NEWFOUNDLAND • above.

EDGE: Reeded EDGE: Reeded MINT: C = Royal Canadian Mint, OTTAWA MINT: C = Royal Canadian Mint, OTTAWA DESIGNER:(obv) B.M. = Sir Edgar Bertram MacKennal (rev) = W.H.J.Blakemore

DESIGNER: (obv) P M = Percy Metcalfe (rev) = W.H.J.Blakemore

REFERENCE: Y-14, KM-14 REFERENCE: Y-20, KM-20 POPULATION: Newfoundland - 1917 - 252,464

Drying fish - Newfoundland - 1902

Placentia, the old French Capital of Newfoundland


1947 -10 CENTS - OBVERSE



======================================================================

1944 1945 1946 1947

151,471 175,833 38,400 61,988

¿OV: Head of George VI, facing left GEORGIVS V DEI GRA. REX ET IND.IMP. (Georgivs VI Dei Gratia Rex et Indae Imperator = George VI by the grace of God King and Emperor of India) around, P M under bust. ¿RV: 10 / CENTS / DATE / • (large dot) / C (mintmark) within circle with design below, •NEWFOUNDLAND• above. EDGE: Reeded MINT: C = Royal Canadian Mint, OTTAWA DESIGNER: (obv) P M = Percy Metcalfe (rev) = W.H.J.Blakemore

======================================================================

REFERENCE: Y-20a, KM-20a POPULATION: Newfoundland - 1945 - 321,177

Arms granted to Newfoundland in 1637 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - CANADA - PAGE 77


CEYLON

======================================================================

======================================================================

FOOTNOTE: Talipot Palm (Corypha umbraculifera) The great fanpalm, native of Ceylon. The cylindrical trunk reaches a height of 60, 70, or 100 feet, and is covered with a tuft of fan-like leaves, usually about 18 feet in length and 14 in breath. The leaves are used for covering houses, for making umbrellas and fans, and as a substitute for paper. When the tree has attained its full growth, the flower spike bursts from its envelope.

1920 - 25 CENTS - REVERSE ====================================================================== CEYLON, BRITISH CROWN COLONY of BOMBAY MINT ====================================================================== 25 CENTS 18MM .550 FINE 2.91 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1919 1920 1921

1,400,007 1,600,011 600,008

P-142 P-143 P-144

¿OV: Head of George V, facing left GEORGE V KING AND EMPEROR OF INDIA, around / • (dot) below bust, B.M. on truncation.

FOOTNOTE: The colonial dime size coinage of Ceylon (known as Sri Lanka now) with a denomination of 25 cents of a rupee was minted by the Branch mints of the Royal Mint at Bombay and Calcutta and at the Royal Mint, London. The first issue, dated 1892 was shipped from London with Victoria wearing a diadem portrait of L.C.Wyon. Starting with the 1902 date the series of Edward VII designed by George W. DeSaulles was still minted by London. A new design bearing the head of George V by Sir Edgar MacKennal was minted by the Royal Branch mint at Calcutta starting with 1913. The silver content was reduced from .800 fine to .550 with the George V coins produced by the Bombay Branch mint dated 1919-21, with the Calcutta mint taking over the 1922 and 1925 coinage at .550 fine. The last year 1926 still .550 fine was again shipped out of London to complete the silver series of 18 millimeter coins of the British Crown Colony of Ceylon. Listings are arranged in mint order. ======================================================================

¿RV: CEYLON / talipot palm tree dividing denomination 25 / CENTS / • DATE • denomination in tamil (25 SATHAM = 25 cents.) left, denomination in sinhalese (SA THER VISIPAHA = cents twenty five) right. EDGE: Reeded MINT: B (incised below the cross pattee of the crown) = BOMBAY DESIGNER:(obv) B.M. = Sir Edgar Bertram MacKennal (rev) = Leonard Charles Wyon REFERENCE: Y-22a, KM-105a POPULATION: Caylon - 1921 - 4,100,000

Elephants used for carrying passengers ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - CEYLON - PAGE 78


1925 - 25 CENTS - OBVERSE

====================================================================== CEYLON, BRITISH CROWN COLONY of CALCUTTA MINT ====================================================================== 25 CENTS 18MM .800 FINE 2.91 GRAMS ======================================================================

====================================================================== CEYLON, BRITISH CROWN COLONY of CALCUTTA MINT ====================================================================== 25 CENTS 18MM .550 FINE 2.91 GRAMS ======================================================================

1913 1914 1917

400,008 400,008 300,008

P-139 P-140 P-141

¿OV: Head of George V, facing left GEORGE V KING AND EMPEROR OF INDIA, around / • (dot) below bust, B.M. on truncation. ¿RV: CEYLON / talipot palm tree dividing denomination 25 / CENTS / • DATE • denomination in tamil (25 SATHAM = 25 cents.) left, denomination in sinhalese (SA THER VISIPAHA = cents twenty five) right.

1922 1925

1,211,000 1,004,000

P-145 P-146

¿OV: Head of George V, facing left GEORGE V KING AND EMPEROR OF INDIA, around / • (dot) below bust, B.M. on truncation. ¿RV: CEYLON / talipot palm tree dividing denomination 25 / CENTS / • DATE • denomination in tamil (25 SATHAM = 25 cents.) left, denomination in sinhalese (SA THER VISIPAHA = cents twenty five) right. EDGE: Reeded

EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = CALCUTTA MINT: (no mintmark) = CALCUTTA DESIGNER:(obv) B.M. = Sir Edgar Bertram MacKennal (rev) = Leonard Charles Wyon

DESIGNER:(obv) B.M. = Sir Edgar Bertram MacKennal (rev) = Leonard Charles Wyon REFERENCE: Y-22a, KM-105a

REFERENCE: Y-22, KM-105 FOOTNOTE: Coins dated 1913 were struck in both London and Calcutta with no distinguishing identification. FOOTNOTE: Ceylon is one of the most progressive and prosperous of the British Far Eastern possessions. Separated from the mainland of India by a narrow strait, it is as different from the larger country as if it belonged to another hemisphere. India is solemn, reflective, lost in its own mysteries, apparently accepting poverty with little concern. Ceylon is lighthearted, wide awake. its fields are fertile, its cattle sleek and well-fed and its people gay and animated. World Cruise of 1928, Thos.Cook & Son, 1927.

FOOTNOTE: Ceylon is rightly called the "Garden of the World". Its yellow sands are fringed by groves of palm trees, its hills rise above fertile valleys and culminate in splendid mountains whose peaks are hidden among the clouds, a riot of color blazes forth in its flowers and brilliantly plumed birds, its fields are rich in luxuriant vegetation. The Singhalese wear brightly colored petticoats and tortoise-shell combs; a few of the men wear European coats, but the large majority are content with the native garment, fashioned from a yard or two of cloth, and the small children wear nothing at all. World Cruise of 1928, Thos.Cook & Son, 1927.

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - CEYLON - PAGE 79

====================================================================== CEYLON, BRITISH CROWN COLONY of LONDON MINT ====================================================================== 25 CENTS 18MM .800 FINE 2.91 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1892 1893 1895 1899 1900

500,000 1,500,000 1,200,000 600,000 400,000

P-127 P-128 P-129 P-130 P-131

¿OV: Head of VICTORIA wearing a diadem, facing left VICTORIA, above QUEEN, below, within fret border, left and right. ¿RV: CEYLON on banner above / talipot palm tree dividing denomination 25 / CENTS / • DATE • denomination in tamil (25 SATHAM = 25 cents.) left, denomination in sinhalese (SA THER VISIPAHA = cents twenty five) right. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = Royal Mint, LONDON

1925 - 25 CENTS - REVERSE ====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: The Tamil language is spoken not only in South India and Ceylon, but by a majority of the Indian settlers in places farther East, including Pegu and Penang.

DESIGNER: Leonard Charles Wyon REFERENCE: Y-9, KM-95

FOOTNOTE: As a result of the Napoleonic conflict Great Britain gained the colonial possession of Ceylon, off the southern coast of the Indian peninsula, recognized by the Congress of Vienna.

FOOTNOTE: Ceylon is a land of thousands upon thousands of cocoanut-palms. They provide the people with many valuable products. The natives manufacture rope and matting; from the leaves are made baskets, hats and palm-leaf fans; while the fiber of the nut furnishes rough clothing, sails, and fish-nets. The sap yields sugar, the green fruit milk, the ripe fruit solid food; while from the kernel they obtain rich coconut-oil for their lamps and hair.

======================================================================

======================================================================






====================================================================== CEYLON, BRITISH CROWN COLONY of LONDON MINT ====================================================================== 25 CENTS 18MM .800 FINE 2.91 GRAMS ======================================================================

======================================================================

1902 1903 1907 1908 1909 1910

400,000 400,000 120,000 400,000 400,000 800,000

P-132 P-133 P-134 P-135 P-136 P-137

¿OV: Head of Edward VII, facing right EDWARD VII, left KING & EMPEROR, right, DES. under bust. ¿RV: CEYLON / talipot palm tree dividing denomination 25 / CENTS / • DATE • denomination in tamil (25 SATHAM = 25 cents.) left, denomination in sinhalese (SA THER VISIPAHA = cents twenty five) right. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = Royal Mint, LONDON

Sri Lanka (Ceylon) Today

DESIGNER: (obv) B.M.= Sir Edgar Bertram MacKennal (rev) = Leonard Charles Wyon REFERENCE: Y-16, KM-98 FOOTNOTE: The currency of Ceylon is based on the rupee equal to 100 cents which was equal to 33.44 Cents U.S. (1910). FOOTNOTE: In 1507 the Portuguese landed in Ceylon and formed settlements along the coast; but about 150 years later they were dispossessed by the Dutch. In 1796 the British took possession of the Dutch settlements on the island, and annexed them to the Presidency of Madras (India); but five years after, in 1801, Ceylon was erected into a separate Crown Colony. In 1815 the King of Kandy was deposed and banished; and his dominions, which had up to that time maintained their independence of European rule, were annexed to the British Crown. Whitaker’s Almanack, 1914.


1911 - 25 CENTS - REVERSE ====================================================================== CEYLON, BRITISH CROWN COLONY of LONDON MINT ====================================================================== 25 CENTS 18MM .800 FINE 2.91 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1911 1913

400,008 400,008

P-138 P-139

¿OV: Head of George V, facing left GEORGE V KING AND EMPEROR OF INDIA, around / • below bust, B.M. on truncation. ¿RV: CEYLON / talipot palm tree dividing denomination 25 / CENTS / • DATE • denomination in tamil (25 SATHAM = 25 cents.) left, denomination in sinhalese (SA THER VISIPAHA = cents twenty five) right. EDGE: Reeded

1926 - 25 CENTS - REVERSE ====================================================================== CEYLON, BRITISH CROWN COLONY of LONDON MINT ====================================================================== 25 CENTS 18MM .550 FINE 2.91 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1926

1,000,008

¿OV: Head of George V, facing left GEORGE V KING AND EMPEROR OF INDIA, around / • (dot) below bust, B.M. on truncation. ¿RV: CEYLON / talipot palm tree dividing denomination 25 / CENTS / • DATE • denomination in tamil (25 SATHAM = 25 cents.) left, denomination in sinhalese (SA THER VISIPAHA = cents twenty five) right. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = Royal Mint, LONDON

MINT: (no mintmark) = Royal Mint, LONDON DESIGNER: (obv) B.M.= Sir Edgar Bertram MacKennal (rev) = Leonard Charles Wyon REFERENCE: Y-22, KM-105 FOOTNOTE: The 25 cent Ceylon coins dated 1911 can be identified as London, however the 1913 date issue came from both London and Calcutta with no distinguishing identification.

DESIGNER: (obv) B.M.= Sir Edgar Bertram MacKennal (rev) = Leonard Charles Wyon REFERENCE: Y-22a, P-147, KM-105a The Coins of the British Commonwealth of Nations Part 2, Asian Territories by Major F. Pridmore, London.1965. POPULATION: Ceylon - 1930 - 5,422,000 with more than half Sinhalese. Europeans number about 7,300

FOOTNOTE: The most industrious inhabitants of Ceylon seem to be the "elephant people"; no task is either too difficult or delicate for their highly efficient trunks. After watching them engage in bridgebuilding, landscape-gardening, lumber-piling and a hundred other useful pursuits, one is inclined to believe they could carry on the industry of this prosperous country unassisted by their human compatriots. World Cruise of 1928, Thos.Cook & Son, 1927.


.


CHILE

======================================================================

======================================================================

1834 - 2 REAL - OBVERSE

1834 - 2 REAL - REVERSE

====================================================================== CHILE, REPUBLIC of SANTIAGO MINT ====================================================================== 2 REAL 17.5MM .900 FINE 1.7 GRAMS ======================================================================

====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: The coinage of Chile was all minted at the National Mint, Santiago. Listings are in chronological order, with the fineness progressively reduced as the country went through periods of debasing their subsidiary coinage to keep it in circulation.

1833 u/m 1834 u/m ¿OV: Fiery Volcano, • CHILE INDEPENDIENIO • (Independent Chile) above / SANTIAGO (mintmark) below. ¿RV: Ribbon with LIBERTAD incised / i (star) / (column) / DATE, UNION Y FUERZA (Union and Strength) • I • around. EDGE: >>>>> MINT: SANTIAGO = SANTIAGO ASSAYER: I = unknown REFERENCE: Y-2, C-83, KM-90 FOOTNOTE: Santiago was founded in 1541 by Pedro de Valdivia, and placed under the protection of the Patron Saint Spain. Lago is a form of Jacobus, and Santiago (Sant-iago) of Spain was St. James the Great, the elder brother of St. John.

Arms of Chile FOOTNOTE: In 1831 General Pueto is elected President and a Convention is called to revise the Constitution. Cyclopedia of Classified Dates, Funk & Wagnall, N.Y.,1900. FOOTNOTE: May 22, 1833 - The Constitution is established and continues with good government and general prosperity....ibid. FOOTNOTE: February 20, 1835 - An earthquake does immense damage; not a house left standing in the city of Conception. ibid.

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - CHILE - PAGE 83

====================================================================== CHILE, REPUBLIC of SANTIAGO MINT ====================================================================== 2 REAL 17MM .900 FINE 2.0 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1838 1840 1842

u/m u/m u/m

¿OV: Condor with chain, POR LA RAZON O LA FUERZA (For the Reason or Strength) around facing in / • 10Ds 20Gs below. ÀRV: Arms dividing 2 and R within wreath tied with ribbon below, REPUBLICA DE CHILE (Republic of Chile) around / • DATE • I • J • S (mintmark). below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: S = SANTIAGO ASSAYER: I •J • = unknown REFERENCE: Y-19, C-96, KM-98.1 ======================================================================

1856 - UN DECIMO - REVERSE ====================================================================== CHILE, REPUBLIC of SANTIAGO MINT ====================================================================== UN DECIMO 18MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ======================================================================

SANTIAGO MINTMARK ======================================================================

1852 1853 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859

210,790 i/a 584,630 579,900 1,480,870 540,450 20,001

¿OV: Condor in flight POR LA RAZON O LA FUERZA (For the Reason or Strength) around / • DATE • below. ÀRV: UN / DECIMO within wreath of laurel tied with ribbon below, REPUBLICA DE CHILE (Republic of Chile) • S • (mintmark) / i (five point star) below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: S = SANTIAGO REFERENCE: Y-6, KM-124 FOOTNOTE: In 1848 the decimal system was introduced with the silver peso divided into 100 centavos, .900 fine being equal to the French 5 franc piece of the Latin Union. The denomination UN DECIMO means one tenth. FOOTNOTE: June 30, 1852 - A treaty with France is concluded. This was followed in 1856 with a Treaty with the Argentine Republic and Great Britain, and one with Ecuador and another with Peru. The same year Treaties are made with the United States and with Sardinia (Italy). Cyclopedia of Classified Dates, Funk & Wagnall, N.Y.,1900.

1856 - UN DECIMO - OBVERSE ======================================================================

FOOTNOTE: September 29,1864 - War is declared by Chile against Spain. Cyclopedia of Classified Dates, Funk & Wagnall, N.Y.,1900.


====================================================================== CHILE, REPUBLIC of SANTIAGO MINT ====================================================================== UN DECIMO 18MM .900 FINE 2.3 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1860 1861 1862

381,990 235,724 95,371

¿OV: Condor in flight POR LA RAZON O LA FUERZA (For the Reason or Strength) around / .• DATE • below. ÀRV: UN / DECIMO within wreath of laurel tied with ribbon below REPUBLICA DE CHILE (Republic of Chile) • S • (mintmark) / i (five point star) below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: S = SANTIAGO REFERENCE: Y-6a, KM-124a FOOTNOTE: Chile a territory of the southern division of the western hemisphere, bound on the west by the Pacific Ocean, and on the east by the Andes, which divides it from the United Provinces of Buenes Ayres, being about 1,350 miles in length, from north to south. ..On the 12th of February, 1819, the Chilians formally renounced all obligation to Spanish authority, and declared themselves independent. The population, according to a census taken in 1812, amounted to about 1,230,000, exclusive of some scattered tribes of Indians. Santiago, or St. Jago de Chile, is the chief city, to which Valparaiso, distant 90 miles west, is it seaport. The Chilians are gay and hospitable, and are highly fond of bull fights, music, and dancing.. They sleep from noon till sunset, after which the shops and streets are lighted up, and all the public places are thronged till midnight. New Universal Gazetteer, Phila., 1839. ======================================================================

1864 - UN DECIMO - REVERSE ====================================================================== CHILE, REPUBLIC of SANTIAGO MINT ====================================================================== UN DECIMO 18MM .900 FINE 2.3 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1864 1865 1866

96,073 222,380 95,617

¿OV: Condor over shield of Arms POR LA RAZON O LA FUERZA (For the Reason or Strength) around / i DATE i (five point stars) below. ÀRV: UN / DECIMO within laurel REPUBLICA DE CHILE (Republic of Chile) S (mintmark) below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: S = SANTIAGO REFERENCE: Y-15, KM-136.1

1864 - UN DECIMO - OBVERSE

FOOTNOTE: Santiago de Chile, capital of the Republic of Chile stands at the western base of the Andes, 1800 feet above sealevel, and 90 miles east south east of Valparaiso. It was founded in 1541 by Pedro de Valdivia, but it has only recently acquired importance. Its climate is delightful; the plain on which it stands is extensive, and fertile in vines, figs, melons, and other fruits, and the scenery, looking towards the range of the Andes, is of the grandest description. The valley or plain...is sprinkled with tasteful villas and well cultivated farms. The city is arranged in squares...The mint, a portion of which serves as one of the President’s Palaces, and as offices for the ministers is the handsomest of public buildings. Gold, silver and lead are exported, and the imports are chiefly manufactured goods, wines, and spirits. The chief trade is with Valparaiso by the Valparaiso and Santiago Railway, opened in 1863. Population in 1875 was 148,264. Library of Universal Knowledge, N.Y. 1880.



1871 - UN DECIMO - REVERSE

====================================================================== CHILE, REPUBLIC of SANTIAGO MINT ====================================================================== UN DECIMO 18MM .900 FINE 2.3 GRAMS ======================================================================

======================================================================

1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1880

19,604 206,827 245,284 191,657 90,580 287,601 304,572 270,698 50,340 100,310 95,513 512,416 242,723

FOOTNOTE: CHILI originally belonged to the Incas of Peru, from whom it was wrested by the Spaniards under Pizarro and Almagro in 1535. From this period Chili continued as a colony of Spain till 1810, when a revolution commenced, which terminated in 1817 in the independence of Chili. Several internal commotions have since occurred; but the country had been free from these compared with other South American states. A war begun with Spain in 1865 led to the blockade of the coast by the Spanish fleet, and the bombardment of Valparaiso in 1866. In 1879 a war broke out with Bolivia and Peru, in reference to the rights of Chili in the mineral district of Atacama. This war was virtually finished in 1881, and the victorious Chileans gained a large accession of territory from both Bolivia and Peru. In 1891 an insurrection, headed by influential members of Congress, caused by dissatisfaction with President Balmaceda’s administration, was successful, and resulted in his overthrow. Cabinet Cyclopaedia,1895.

¿OV: Condor over shield of Arms POR LA RAZON O LA FUERZA (For the Reason or Strength) around / i DATE i (five point stars) below. ÀRV: UN / DECIMO within wreath of laurel tied with ribbon below REPUBLICA DE CHILE (Republic of Chile) / S (mintmark) below to right. EDGE: Reeded MINT: S = SANTIAGO DESIGNER: (obv) = James Barton Longacre and Anthony C. Paquet TYPE: .900 fine REFERENCE: Y-15a, KM-136.2

FOOTNOTE: The merchants and other principal inhabitants reside in the houses built along the base of the cliffs in Valpariso, and along the streets of the Almendral. But the poorer people live chiefly in the Quebradas, or ravines. This class of society has been the least affected by the changes in the political state of the country... They were chiefly brickmakers, day-laborers, and washerwomen... The ranchos, as well as the houses in the town, are built of large flat bricks dried in the sun; and thatched with broad palm leaves, the ends of which, by overhanging the walls, afford shade from the scorching sun, as well as shelter from the rain. Each cottage is divided into two rooms; one for the beds, and the other as a dining room; a portion of the mud floor in this apartment is always raised seven or eight inches above the level of the other parts, and being covered with mats, serves as a couch for the siesta sleepers after dinner... New Universal Gazetteer, Phila., 1839.




====================================================================== CHILE, REPUBLIC of SANTIAGO MINT ====================================================================== UN DECIMO 18MM .500 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ======================================================================

======================================================================

1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1887 1892 1893 1894

1,267,664 704,848 2,185,830 232,709 177,636 319,074 115,875 1,514,231 994,389 515,535 825,608

¿OV: Condor over shield of Arms POR LA RAZON O LA FUERZA (For the Reason or Strength) around / i DATE i (five point stars) below. ÀRV: UN / DECIMO within wreath of laurel tied with ribbon below REPUBLICA DE CHILE (Republic of Chile) .0.5. S (mintmark) around. EDGE: Reeded

FOOTNOTE: In Chile, a nominal bimetallism, which before 1873 over valued gold. As a result this led to a suspension of specie payments in 1878. In the 1890’s it attempted to adopt the gold standard. The subsidiary coinage was reduced in 1879 from the 15.5 to 1 ratio to 0.500 fineness to make the coinage safe from the melting pot. The year 1880 un decimo was struck in both standards; a mintage of 242,723 in .900 fine and a larger mintage of 704,848 marked 0.5 for .500 fineness. Silver Money, D.Leavens, Bloomington,Ind. 1939. ====================================================================== CHILE, REPUBLIC of SANTIAGO MINT ====================================================================== UN DECIMO 18MM .500 FINE 2.0 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1891

263,676

¿OV: Condor over shield of Arms POR LA RAZON O LA FUERZA (For the Reason or Strength) around / i 1891 i (five point stars) below. ÀRV: UN / DECIMO within wreath of laurel tied with ribbon below REPUBLICA DE CHILE (Republic of Chile) / .0.5. S (mintmark) around.

MINT: S = SANTIAGO

EDGE: Reeded

DESIGNER: (obv) = James Barton Longacre and Anthony C. Paquet

MINT: S = SANTIAGO

REFERENCE: Y-15b, KM-136.3

DESIGNER: (obv) = James Barton Longacre and Anthony C. Paquet

TYPE: .500 fine

TYPE: weight 2.0 grams

POPULATION: Chile - 1894 - 3,165,300

REFERENCE: Y-15c, KM-136.3a FOOTNOTE: Chili (Peruvian), land of snow. Compendium of Universal Knowledge, Phila., 1891.


1896 - 10 CENTAVOS - OBVERSE


====================================================================== CHILE, REPUBLIC of SANTIAGO MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTAVOS 17MM .835 FINE 2.0 GRAMS ======================================================================

======================================================================

1896

2,560,964

¿OV: Condor perched upon a crag, REPUBLICA DE CHILE (Republic of Chile) around. ÀRV: S (mintmark) / DIEZ (Ten) / CENTAVOS / 1896 within wreath of laurel with hammer and sickle, below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: S = SANTIAGO DESIGNER: M.Louis Oscar Roty TYPE: .835 fine REFERENCE: Y-31, KM-156.1 POPULATION: Chile - 1895 - 2,712,145 with capital Santiago with 213,000 inhabitants.

Condor FOOTNOTE: February the government orders the towns in territory claimed by Bolivia to be garrisoned, and the coast blockaded. March 1, 1879 Bolivia declares war against Chile; it has Peru as an ally. April 5, 1879 - Chile declares war. The cause of the war; disputes respecting a strip of coast territory, very rich in guano and nitrate of soda. It was originally supposed to be barren and worthless. January 25, 1882 - A treaty of peace is made with Bolivia, who surrenders her coast territory, and breaks her alliance with Peru. Cyclopedia of Classified Dates, Funk & Wagnall, N.Y.,1900.





======================================================================

1899 1900 1901 1904 1906 1907

2,013,143 103,966 i/a 778,718 138,936 3,151,279

¿OV: Condor perched upon a crag, 0.5. left of rock, REPUBLIC DE CHILE (Republic of Chile) around. ÀRV: S (mintmark) / DIEZ (ten) / CENTAVOS / DATE within laurel wreath with hammer and sickle below.

Santiago, Chile at turn of century

EDGE: Reeded MINT: S = SANTIAGO TYPE: .500 fine REFERENCE: Y-31a, KM-156.2 POPULATION: Chile - 1900 - 3,128,095 with Santiago the capital with 291,725 inhabitants. FOOTNOTE: The issue of 1907 has no stop after the fineness 0.5 FOOTNOTE: Chile is one of the most enterprising countries of South America, and has a large proportion of European inhabitants. The principle export is cubic niter along with copper ore, silver, guano and wheat. Cubic niter, or nitrate of soda, is a valuable mineral largely used in the arts and as a fertilizer. It is obtained from Atacama desert. The value of the annual export is at least $40,000,000.

Market day in Chile


1920 - 10 CENTAVOS - OBVERSE SANTIAGO MINT

1920 - 10 CENTAVOS - REVERSE LAST SILVER ISSUE


======================================================================

1908 1909 1913 1919 1920

4,149,380 2,963,770 1,269,367 882,770 2,109,077

¿OV: Condor perched upon a crag, REPUBLIC DE CHILE (Republic of Chile) around. ÀRV: S (mintmark) / DIEZ (ten) / CENTAVOS / DATE within laurel wreath with hammer and sickle below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: S = SANTIAGO TYPE: No fineness shown REFERENCE: Y-31b, KM-156.2a POPULATION: Chile - 1908 - 3,302,204 with capital Santiago with 332,724 inhabitants. FOOTNOTE: The gold Peso equal to 100 centavos, is worth U.S. 36.5 cents, and the paper peso averaged about 20 cents in 1908 and 23.1 cents in 1909. New International Year Book, 1910. FOOTNOTE: According to the act of 1895, the coinage of Chile is as follows; Gold coins are 20, 10, 5 peso pieces, called respectively Condor, Doblon, and Escudo. Silver coins are the peso, 7.20 fine, and the fifth, tenth, and twentieth of a peso. A forced paper currency is in general use, the paper peso varying considerably in relative value. In 1914 1,377,571 silver coins were struck. Statesman's Year-book, London 1916.


1916 - 10 CENTAVOS - OBVERSE SANTIAGO MINT

1916 - 10 CENTAVOS - REVERSE REDUCED SILVER .450


======================================================================

1915 1,619,995 1916 2,854,898 1917 735,726 1918 included above ¿OV: Condor perched upon a crag, REPUBLIC DE CHILE (Republic of Chile) around, 0.45 to left. ÀRV: S (mintmark) / DIEZ (ten) / CENTAVOS / DATE within laurel wreath with hammer and sickle below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: S = SANTIAGO

Harbour Valparaiso, Chile 1902 ======================================================================

TYPE: .450 fineness REFERENCE: Y-84, KM-156.3

Chile Today ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - CHILE - PAGE 91


CHINA

====================================================================== CHINA,Empire and Republic ====================================================================== China Mints striking Modern Silver Dime Size Coins ====================================================================== MINT (1)

======================================================================

Provinces of China

PROVINCE (2) REFERENCE (3)

ANKING

ANHWEI

CANTON

Y-42

KWANGTUNG

Y-195, Y-200, Y-422, Y-425

CHANGSHA HUNAN

Y-115

CHANGTU

Y-235, Y-240, Y-453

SZECHUAN

FOOCHOW FUKIEN HANGCHOW CHEHKIANG

Y-103, Y-326, Y-339, Y-380, Y-382, Y-388, Y-390 Y-52, Y-371

KIRIN

KIRIN (4)

Y-180, Y-180A, Y-180C

MUKDEN

FENGTIEN (4)

Y-84, Y-209

NANKING

KIANGNAN (5)

Y-142, Y-142A, Y-146

NANNING

KWANGSI

Y-414 (6)

TAIPEH

TAIWAN

Y-247

TIENTSIN (7) CHIHLI (HOPEI) WUCHANG

HUPEH

YUNNANFU YUNNAN

Y-12, Y-28, Y-62, Y-70, Y-334 Y-124, Y-129 Y-255

(1) Mints which struck the 10 cents size only. (2) Other provinces: Shantung, Kweichow, Shansi, Shensi and Kansu. (3) Modern World Coins, 11 Edition, R.S.Yeoman (4) Manchuria, know as the Three Eastern Provinces: Fengtien, Kirin and Heilungkiang (Since 1928 Jehol was made a fourth Province). (5) A Region consisting of Kiangsu, Anhwei, Kiangsi. (6) Also Kweilin, Wuchow (7) Peiyang Arsenal FOOTNOTE: The Empire and Republic series of 10 cents dime size silver coins of China are arranged first in mint city and then in chronological order.

====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: Since the middle of the thirteenth century China was twice conquered by the foreigner; the Mongols in 1260 and the Manchus in 1644. The Manchus gave a stability and permanence to the government. The head of the state was the Emperor, the Sovereign by Divine right, the Son of Heaven. He was the Father of the Nation. Succession passed in the male line to the Emperor’s ablest rather than oldest son, not excluding the offspring of concubines. If there was no direct heir, succession passed to a lateral branch of the family in the younger generation. The new Emperor could thus by adoption perform the ancestral rites to the departed sovereign. The territory of the Manchu Emperor included the eighteen provinces of China proper and the four great dependencies; Mongolia, Manchuria (with privileged status as the homeland of the Dynasty), Tibet from 1700 and Sinkiang after 1789. Beyond the dependencies were the vassal states informally recognizing the overlordship of the Middle Kingdom. This was based upon the payment of tribute which during China's history came from Arabia, Malabar, Ceylon, Eastern India, Indo-China, Loochoo, Sulu and Korea.

Arms of Chinese Empire ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - CHINA - PAGE 92

====================================================================== CHINA, EMPIRE of, AN-HWEI PROVINCE ANKING MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTS 19MM .820 FINE 2.7 GRAMS ====================================================================== (1897)

nd

======================================================================

250,000

¿OV: 4 Chinese and 4 Manchu characters within inner circle of pearls (Kuang Hsu valuable coin), 4 Chinese characters (Made in Anhwei Province) above / ‚ left and ‚ right / 6 Chinese characters for weight (7 fen 2 li) below. ¿RV: Dragon, AN-HWEI PROVINCE above / ‚ left and ‚ right / 7.2 CANDAREENS below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: AN-HWEI = ANKING TYPE: I = No date REFERENCE: Y-42, K-51 FOOTNOTE: In 1861 Emperor Hsien-Feng died in Jehol. His wife later to be known as the Eastern Empress had no son; but his concubine Yehonala who became known as the Western Empress or Empress Dowager Tz’u-Hsi, had one son named TsaiCh’un. This child at age five became Heir Apparent in accordance to his father’s last will. A Regency was set up composed of his father's trusted clansmen headed by Su-Shun and seven others. The eight Regents were to obtain the consent of the Eastern and Western Expresses. This will was later condemned as a forgery. When Emperor T’ung-Chih grew older, he came to realize the wrongdoings of his own mother and began to side with the Eastern Empress. When he approached a marriageable age, the Eastern Empress recommended a girl near his own age, she was eighteen, while his mother the Western Empress selected a girl then only thirteen as the bride, so she could continue her control through the young Queen. Both felt very strong in their recommendations and finally the young Emperor was allowed to make his choice. He selected the eighteen-year-old girl who became Queen in 1872, while the other young girl was made his concubine of the First Rank. The following year Emperor T’ung-Chih was allowed to rule without the Regency. When Emperor T’ung-Chih had just reached the legal age to govern by himself, he died in 1874 and left no heir, and had no brother. Empress Dowager Tz’u-Hsi selected the son of Prince I-Huan, then only three years old to succeed to the throne. He was the son of the youngest sister of Empress Dowager Tz’u-Hsi and became known as Emperor Kuang-Hsu. By controlling this decision, the two Dowager Expresses managed to retain power over China's affairs. In 1881 the Eastern Empress died, poisoned by Tz’u-Hsi, allowing her to dominate the affairs of the Ch’ing Dynasty. During this whole period the Manchu Emperors were no more than figurheads. The real power of the Chinese Government was actually held by the Empress and a few eunuchs. This predicted the downfall of the Ch’ing Dynasty. Emperor Kuang-Hsu was married in 1889. In 1898 acting on the advice of a number of young scholars whom he had summoned to his side, the Emperor proclaimed a large number of reforms, but so numerous and so sweeping were they that the Empress Dowager became alarmed, deposed the Emperor, revoked his edicts, and condemned the young reformers to death. Six of them were beheaded, but many escaped. New Interrnational Encyclopedia, 1910. FOOTNOTE; Quick reference for Chinese numbers.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9 10

Emperor Kuang Hsu ====================================================================== CHINA, EMPIRE of, AN-HWEI PROVINCE ANKING MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTS 19MM .820 FINE 2.4 GRAMS ====================================================================== (1898) 24th Year

500,000

¿OV: 4 Chinese and 4 Manchu characters within inner circle of pearls (Kuang Hsu valuable coin) 8 Chinese characters (24th year of Kuang Hsu) above / 6 Chinese characters for weight (7 fen 2 li) below. ¿RV: Dragon, AN-HWEI PROVINCE above / 7.2 CANDAREENS below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: AN-HWEI = ANKING TYPE: II = Dated 24th Year, no initials, no rosettes. REFERENCE: Y-42.1, K-60 FOOTNOTE: Ngan-hwei (pronuncation - on whay) = An-hwei meaning “Peace glory”, capital of the Province of the same name is situated on the Yang-tse river, about 175 miles east of Hankow. It was opened to foreign trade in 1897. Its population is estimated at 40,000.

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - CHINA - PAGE 93

1898 - 24th Year - ANHWEI - REV

1898 - 24th Year - ANHWEI - OBV

====================================================================== CHINA, EMPIRE of, AN-HWEI PROVINCE ANKING MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTS 19MM .820 FINE 2.4 GRAMS ======================================================================

====================================================================== CHINA, EMPIRE of, AN-HWEI PROVINCE ANKING MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTS 19MM .820 FINE 2.4 GRAMS ======================================================================

(1898) 24th Year

included with Y-42.1

¿OV: 4 Chinese and 4 Manchu characters within inner circle of pearls (Kuang Hsu valuable coin) 8 Chinese characters (24th year of Kuang Hsu) above / ‚ left and ‚ right / 6 Chinese characters for weight (7 fen 2 li) below. ¿RV: Dragon, AN-HWEI PROVINCE above/ ‚ left and ‚ right / 7.2 CANDAREENS below.

(1898) 24th Year

included with Y-42.1

¿OV: 4 Chinese and 4 Manchu characters within inner circle of pearls (Kuang Hsu valuable coin) A. S. T. C. (4 initials) in center round mongol script, 8 Chinese characters (24th year of Kuang Hsu) above / 6 Chinese characters for weight (7 fen 2 li) below. ¿RV: Dragon, AN-HWEI PROVINCE above/ ‹ left and ‹ (6 point rosettes) / 7.2 CANDAREENS below.

EDGE: Reeded EDGE: Reeded MINT: AN-HWEI = ANKING MINT: AN-HWEI = ANKING TYPE: II = Dated 24th Year, no initials TYPE: III = Dated 24th Year with A S T C REFERENCE: Y-42.2, K-56 REFERENCE: Y-42.3, K-60B FOOTNOTE: In central China it is estimated that something less than a quarter of a cent (gold) will procure enough coarse food to provide a full meal for a grown man; this, at three meals per day, would amount to 11 shillings per year. No doubt this is a low estimate; but even when more than doubled, we obtain an idea of the remarkable manner in which the coolie class have solved the subsistence problem. With such a basis one can understand how it is possible to obtain such labor at wages varying from five cents as a minimum to twenty cents (gold) as a maximum per day. The absence of roads fit for wagon traffic is a very striking feature in the central and southern provinces of China. In the north there are some highways suitable for vehicular traffic, but they are so rough that nothing but a Peking cart can hold together when driven over them any considerable distance. The American Monthly Review of Reviews, Jan.1897, N.Y.

FOOTNOTE: Some references indicate A.S.T.C. = Anhwei Sheng Tsao Ch’ien for Anhwei Province Made coin.


====================================================================== CHINA, EMPIRE of, KWANG-TUNG PROVINCE CANTON MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTS 18.5 MM .820 FINE 2.727 GRAMS ====================================================================== (1888) nd

100,000

rare

¿OV: 4 Chinese and 4 Manchu characters within inner circle of pearls (Kuang Hsu valuable coin) KWANG-TUNG PROVINCE above / ‚ left and ‚ right / 7. 3/10 CANDAREENS below. ¿RV: Dragon, 4 Chinese characters (Made in Kwangtung Province) above 6 Chinese characters for weight (7 fen 3 li) below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: KWANGTUNG = CANTON ENGRAVER: Allen Wyon, R. Heaton & Son, Birmingham (1888). REFERENCE: Y-195.1, K-19, CN 27s

1898 - 24th Year - ANHWEI - REV ====================================================================== CHINA, EMPIRE of, AN-HWEI PROVINCE ANKING MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTS 19MM .800 FINE 2.8 GRAMS ====================================================================== (1898) Dated in Chinese

u/m

¿OV: 4 Chinese and 4 Manchu characters within inner circle of pearls (Kuang Hsu Valuable Coin) 6 Chinese characters (Made in An-hwei, Dated in Chinese = 1896) above / ‚ left and ‚ right / 6 Chinese characters for weight (7 fen 2 li) below.

FOOTNOTE: Currency of China - 16 candarins = 1 tael FOOTNOTE: Most of this issue was withdrawn and melted. Dies were ordered from the Birmingham mint in England, with the weight 7.3 candareens which proved to be too heavy compared to the value of the denomination. Subsequent issues reduced the weight to 7.2 candareens. FOOTNOTE: KWANG-TUNG (pronuncation - Gwong Doong) Meaning “Broad East”. The most southerly province of China, bordering on the Gulf of Tonquin and the China Sea. The northern part is mountainous, but the southern region is about the most fertile in China. New Cabinet Cyyclopaedia, 1895.

¿RV: Dragon, AN-HWEI PROVINCE above / ‚ left and ‚ right / 7.2 CANDAREENS below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: AN-HWEI = ANKING TYPE: IV - Dated in Chinese (Wu and Shu) REFERENCE: Y-42.4, K-62 FOOTNOTE: The mint at Anking which struck the early subsidiary issues closed in 1899. A new mint was established in 1902, first striking 5 and 10 cash copper coins. Commerce of China, Kann, p 440.

Canton, China FOOTNOTE: Canton is the Headquarters of the Provincial Government of Kwangtung and Kwang-si, generally termed the two Kwang, at the head of which is a Governor-General or Viceroy, an office which next to that of Nanking is the most important in the Empire. It possesses a Mint built in 1889 by the then Viceroy Chang Chih-tung, and equipped with a very complete plant supplied from England. It turns out silver subsidiary coinage and copper cash. Encyclopedia Britannica, Eleventh Edition, 1910.


1901 - nd - KWANG-TUNG - OBV

1901 - nd - KWANG-TUNG - REV

====================================================================== CHINA, EMPIRE of, KWANG-TUNG PROVINCE CANTON MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTS 19MM .820 FINE 2.7 GRAMS ======================================================================

======================================================================

(1890) (1891) (1892) (1893) (1894) (1895) (1896) (1897) (1898) (1899) (1900) (1901)

nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd

16,098,579 included above 18,704,080 14,689,470 11,373,160 14,682,030 21,582,670 8,651,610 7,721,670 3,240,770 337,580 29,000,000

¿OV: 4 Chinese and 4 Manchu characters within inner circle of pearls (Kuang Hsu valuable coin) 4 chinese characters (Made in Kwangtung Province) above / f left and f (4 point rosettes) right, 6 chinese characters for weight (7 fen 2 li) below. ¿RV: Dragon, KWANG-TUNG PROVINCE, above / f left and f (4 point rosettes) right, 7.2 CANDAREENS, below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: KWANGTUNG = CANTON POPULATION: China - 1890 - 434,600,000 with Canton with 2,500,000 inhabitants. REFERENCE: Y-200, K-29 FOOTNOTE: This is the most common China issue of this series as it was struck without date from 1890 to 1901 with a mintages of over 146,000,000. Numismatic Chronicle, R.N.S.Wright, 1976.

FOOTNOTE: Just before mint machinery was imported to strike the coinage here listed, it was notes. “There are no National gold and silver coins. The usual unit or denomination of money is the tael, the value of which varies according to the rate of exchange; in 1875 it was $1.50, in 1891 $1.18 silver bullion, called sycee, and gold bullion, usually stamped with the name of the banker and the year and district in which it is cast, are used in large transactions. Private bankers are found in all large towns. They issue papermoney, which passes current in the particular distract where they are known. The Mexican silver dollar, of the value of $1, is current in Canton and south of China.” Cabinet Cyclopaedia, 1895.

FOOTNOTE: China utilizes interior waterways more than other nations, for they are almost her only interior trade routes, except very poor cart roads. Slow transportation sometimes results in calamity where Chinese people may be starving in one province before rice can reach them from another. FOOTNOTE: Canton, the capital of Kwangtung Province on the Canton river at the north edge of its delta was the main commercial city of south China. Called Kwangchow in Chinese, Canton is the name used by early European traders who developed it by corrupting Kwangtung. Canton was occupied by the British and French following the Opium Wars between 1856-61, when the island in the Canton river known as Shameen (Sha’men’) was granted as a concession to the foreigners for residential and business trading use. Handicraft industries produced China copper, and lacquerware, and jade and ivory carvings. Canton was the revolutionary center in 1911 when Dr. Sun Yat-Sen was the leader of the Kuomintang. The old city walls were torn down in 1921 and the city rebuilt as a modern city. The university is named after Sun YatSen.


1913 - 2nd year - KWANG-TUNG - OBV

1913 - 2nd year - KWANG-TUNG - REV

====================================================================== CHINA, REPUBLIC of, KWANG-TUNG PROVINCE CANTON MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTS 18MM .800 FINE 2.7 GRAMS ======================================================================

====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: Canton (Chinese - Quang-chow-foo) a large and important city in southern China, 80 miles from the sea, on the Pearl river...in the Province of Quang-tung (of which name Canton is a corruption). The city proper is in closed by walls 25 feet high and 20 feet thick, forming a circuit of six miles, with 12 gates, and it is divided into two parts by a wall running East and West; the larger portion North of this wall being called the old, that on the South of it the new city. The streets are long, straight, and in general paved, but very narrow, and wavy with painted signs. The houses of the poorer classes are mere mud hovels; those of the shop-keepers class are commonly of two stories, the lower serving as the shop. The foreign mercantile houses, and the British, French, and American consulates, have as their special quarters an area in the suburbs in the South-west of the city, with water on two sides of it. In the European quarter are churches, schools, and other buildings in the European style. The river opposite the city for a space of four or five miles is crowded with boats, a large number of which - as many it is said as 40,000 - are fixed residences, containing a population of 200,000. The industries of Canton are varied and important, embracing silk, cotton, porcelain, glass, paper, sugar, lacquered ware, ivory carving, metal goods, etc. Since the establishment of the Colony of Hong-Kong a flotilla of river steamers ply daily between Canton, Hong-Kong, and Macao. Population estimated at over 1,600,000. Cabinet Cyclopaedia, 1895.

(1913) 2nd year (1914) 3rd year (1922) 11th year

1,439,000 6,527,000 u/m

K-723 K-725 K-732

¿OV: 4 Chinese characters around a center • (dot) (10 cents silver coin) within inner circle of pearls, 6 Chinese characters (... year of the Republic of China) above / f left and f (four point rosettes) right, 4 Chinese characters ( Made in Kwangtung Province) below. ¿RV: Large 10 within inner circle of pearls, KWANGTUNG PROVINCE, above / f left and f (four point rosettes) righ / TEN CENTS below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: KWANGTUNG = CANTON REFERENCE: Y-422 FOOTNOTE: Pedigree - the list of former owners of a particular specimen of a coin. The Y-422 specimen illustrated was a recent coin added to the author's collection, from the collection of Jacinto Diaz, who purchased part of the Chinese collection of the late Marvin Rose. FOOTNOTE: The first attack upon the monarchial system was led by Dr. Sun Yat-Sen in 1895 at Canton. The Manchu Emperor, in 1908, promised that a parliamentary form of government would be established within nine years. That was too long to wait, and on October 10, 1911, a revolt broke out with fighting in central and south China. The liberal faction, called the Kuo Min Tang (National Party) held a Provisional Assembly in Nanking and on December 29, 1911, elected Dr. Sun Yat-Sen as its President. After six weeks Dr. Sun gave way to General Yuan Shih-Kai, the Commander-inChief of the old Imperial Army, and He ruled until his death in 1916.


1929 - 18th year - KWANG-TUNG -OBV

Dr. Sun Yat-Sen, President of China

====================================================================== CHINA, REPUBLIC of, KWANG-TUNG PROVINCE CANTON MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTS 18.25 MM .700 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ======================================================================

======================================================================

(1929) 18th year

48,960,000

¿OV: Two Chinese characters abound a center • ( dot) (10 cents) within inner circle of pearls, 7 Chinese characters (18th year of the Republic of China) above / Kuomintang emblem with 12 rays, z left and z right, / 4 Chinese characters (Made in Kwangtung Province) below. ¿RV: Head of Dr. Sun Yat-Sen, facing left. EDGE: Reeded MINT: KWANGTUNG = CANTON REFERENCE: Y-425, K-738 FOOTNOTE: Best known to the Chinese by his affectionate schoolboy nickname of Sun Wen - the Wen character being that of Wenli, meaning literature - Sun Yat-Sen was then commonly called the “Generalissimo”, in order to avoid calling him President when he had little or nothing to preside over. Born little more than a coolie in a small village of the Canton delta, in one of those “Four Districts” from which have come virtually all Chinese immigrants in the western world, he was set on his way at thirteen by going to Honolulu with an elder brother, who had made so good a start there already that he took a ship-load of his fellow - provincials back with him, and claimed the bounty of $100 each offered for Chinese immigrants by the King of Hawaii. Roving Through Southern China, Harry A. Franck, New York, 1925. FOOTNOTE: The Council of State elected Yuan Shih Kai emperor December 11, 1915. Yuan Shih Kai announced that he would accept the throne, but postponed the coronation. This was followed by uprisings against the monarchy, especially in Yunnan, Szechwan and other provinces,

Canton counting board FOOTNOTE: Canton, (1923) - Roving Through Southern China Among the persistent sights and sounds of Canton streets one is not likely soon to forget the handling of money. In large transactions, among the Chinese as well as the foreigners, Hong-Kong bank-notes are the medium of exchange. Silver dollars are rarely seen in the “Southern Capital” and except for the coppers to be found almost everywhere in the land, Canton does its ordinary business in twenty-cent pieces and so often debased their quality, that it takes almost or fully six of them to equal a “Mex” dollar, and one may live for years in Canton without ever seeing a larger coin. Retail merchants have evolved a form of cash-register to save counting these twenty-cent pieces by hand. It consists of a board about two feet square with many depressions of slight depth and twenty-cent size, and in larger establishments a coolie, perhaps several of them, is kept busy all day long throwing handfuls of coins upon this, shaking it until every depression is occupied, sliding off the residue, and tossing the boardful into into a receptacle not unlike a bushel basket. The constant clash of coins is one of the typical sounds of the earliest treaty-port, and so expert does the Chinese ear become that if there is one false coin - and they abound, even though the good ones are hardly worth nine cents in our money (U.S.) - it is detected amid the rattle of the lot and found by a process of elimination. - Harry A. Franck, Roving Through Southern China, p 244. New York 1925. (Picture p 225).


====================================================================== CHINA, EMPIRE of, HUNAN PROVINCE CHANGSHA MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTS 19MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ====================================================================== (1898) 23rd year 250,000 (1899) 24th year included above

K-160 K-161

¿OV: 4 Chinese and 4 Manchu characters within inner circle of pearls (Kuang Hsu Valuable Coin) 6 Chinese characters (Made in Hunan Province,... year of Kuang Hsu) above / ‚ left and ‚ right, 6 Chinese characters for weight (7 fen 2 li) and DATE, below. ¿RV: Dragon, HU-NAN PROVINCE, above / ‚ left and ‚ right, 7.2 CANDAREENS, below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: HU-NAN PROVINCE = CHANGSHA TYPE: I = Dated in Chinese in the Year of Kuang Hsu. REFERENCE: Y-115.1 ===================================================================== CHINA, EMPIRE of, HUNAN PROVINCE CHANGSHA MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTS 19MM .900 FINE 2.6 GRAMS ====================================================================== (1898) nd

included with Type I

¿OV: 4 Chinese and 4 Manchu characters within inner circle of pearls (Kuang Hsu valuable coin) 4 Chinese characters (Made in Hunan Province) above / ‚‚ left and ‚‚ right, 6 Chinese characters for weight (7 fen 2 li) below. ¿RV: Dragon, HU-NAN PROVINCE, above ‚ left and ‚ right, 7.2 CANDAREENS, below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: HU-NAN PROVINCE = CHANGSHA TYPE: II = No date, two rossettes left & right REFERENCE: Y-115, K-163A

Chinese water seller

1902 - nd - HUNAN - OBV ===================================================================== FOOTNOTE: Edward Kann in his brilliant book, Illustrated Catalog of Chinese Coins, states that he thinks these first issues were minted at the Arsenal, as the Changsha mint did not open until 1901, at first striking copper cash only. (p.74) FOOTNOTE: After these early issues of silver subsidiary coins the mint of Hunan Province at Changsha devoted its activities to coinage of copper. Kann, Currency of China , p 439. FOOTNOTE: Hunan meaning “Lake South” FOOTNOTE: Chang-Sha, the capital of Hunan Province is located on the Siang (Sian-Kiang) river about 350 miles north of Canton. Long an important walled city of the north-south trade route of the Siang river, Changsha was known for its rice and tea trade. It became an open port in 1904 and developed an important silk industry. The population of Chang-Sha is estimated at 300,000 New International Encyclopedia, 1910. FOOTNOTE: Hot water is preferred both for drinking and washing in China. After meals the face is wiped with a damp hot cloth. It is thought dangerous in itself to put cold water in the stomach, as it certainly is where drainage is so little attended to. Water to be drunk is first boiled. New International Encyclopedia, 1910.

Great Wall of China


====================================================================== CHINA, EMPIRE of, SZECHUAN PROVINCE CHANGTU MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTS 18.5 MM .820 FINE 2.6 GRAMS ====================================================================== (1902) (1903) (1905) (1906) (1907) (1908)

nd nd nd nd nd nd

392,397 70,644 474,674 66,500 81,700 191,880

¿OV: 4 Chinese and 4 Manchu characters within inner circle of pearls (Kuang Hsu valuable coin) 4 Chinese characters (Made in Szechuan Province) above / ‚ left and ‚ right, 6 Chinese characters for weight (7 fen 2 li) below. ¿RV: Dragon, SZECHUAN PROVINCE, above / ‚ left and ‚ right, 7.2 CANDAREENS, below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: SZECHUAN PROVINCE = CHANGTU

1902 - nd - HUNAN - OBV ====================================================================== CHINA, EMPIRE of, HUNAN PROVINCE CHANGSHA MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTS 19MM .900 FINE 2.6 GRAMS ====================================================================== (1902) nd

500,000

REFERENCE: Y-235, K-148 POPULATION: Chengtu, the capital of Szechuen Province - 700,000 inhabitants. FOOTNOTE: This issue was struck without date from 1901 to 1908 with a total mintage of 1,277,795 at the Chengtu mint, on a Ferracute coining press installed at the Chengtu arsenal by Henry Janvier in 1896 with dies believed made at the Philadelphia mint. The mint started production of silver coinage in 1898, but the 10 cent denomination was not issued until 1901.

¿OV: 4 Chinese and 4 Manchu characters within inner circle of pearls (Kuang Hsu valuable coin) 4 Chinese characters (Made in Hunan Province) above / ‚ left and ‚ right, 6 Chinese characters for weight (7 fen 2 li) below. ¿RV: Dragon, HU-NAN PROVINCE, above ‚ left and ‚ right, / • 7.2 CANDAREENS, below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: HU-NAN PROVINCE = CHANGSHA TYPE: III = no date, one rossettes left & right REFERENCE: Y-115.1, K-163

Chinese Villa

FOOTNOTE: Sze-Chuan (Four Streams), a vast province of Western China, and the largest of the eighteen. It has an area four times greater than that of England, but the population is scanty. The Kincha-Kiang, or “Golden Sanded River”, which rises in the southern slopes of the great Tibetan range, flows through Sze-Chuan, and after receiving several tributaries, it becomes, before leaving the province, the famous Yang-Tze-Kiang. In its course, it passes at right angles, and by narrow gorges, through a succession of ranges of hills, which have a direction from north to south. The people of Sze-Chuen cannot always force a subsistence from their stubborn soil. Famines are not uncommon, when whole families are starved to death, and thousands subsist on a mixture of rice, roots, and common earth. Coal is abundant, but of inferior quality; seams of from three to five feet in thickness are laid bare in the gorges cut by the Yang-Tse, and gold is found in small quantity, grains of the precious metal being brought by the Kincha River from the mountains of Tibet. Library of Universal Knowledge, New York,1880.


====================================================================== CHINA, EMPIRE of, SZECHUAN PROVINCE CHANGTU MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTS 18.5 MM .820 FINE 2.6 GRAMS ====================================================================== (1909) nd (1910) nd (1911) nd

134,267 112,820 32,050

¿OV: 4 Chinese and 4 Manchu characters within inner circle of pearls (Hsuen Tung valuable coin) 4 Chinese characters (Made in Szechuan Province) above / ‚ left and ‚ right, 6 Chinese characters for weight (7 fen 2 li) below. ¿RV: Dragon, SZECHUAN PROVINCE, above / ‚ left and ‚ right, 7.2 CANDAREENS, below.

====================================================================== CHINA, REPUBLIC of, SZECHUAN PROVINCE CHANGTU MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTS 19MM .650 FINE 2.6 GRAMS ====================================================================== (1912) 1st year

370,561

¿OV: Floral crest, 4 Chinese characters (Szechuan silver coin) within inner circle, 4 Chinese characters (Made by Military Government) above. ¿RV: Han in seal script, surrounded by 18 circlets, 6 Chinese characters (First year of the Chinese Republic) above / ‚ left and ‚ right. EDGE: Reeded

EDGE: Reeded

MINT: SZECHUAN = CHANGTU

MINT: SZECHUAN PROVINCE = CHANGTU

REFERENCE: Y-453, K-789


POPULATION: Chengtu - 1912 - 100,000

FOOTNOTE: This issue was struck without date from 1909 to 1911 with a total mintage of 279,137.

FOOTNOTE: The eighteen circlets represent the 18 Provinces south of the Great Wall of China proper.

FOOTNOTE: Emperor Kuang Hsu (Kwang Su) died in November 1908 and was succeeded by his infant nephew Pu-Yi (born on the 8th of February 1906) a son of Prince Chun, who was appointed Regent. Pu-Yi was given as reigning title Hsuan Tung (“Promulgating Universally”). Encyclopedia Britannica, 11th Edition.

FOOTNOTE: The Chinese refer to themselves as “The Five People”: Namely, (1) HAN, the sons of the Han Dynasty; (2) MAN, the former ruling Manchu class; (3) MUNG, the Mongolians; (4) HWEI, the Moslems who are distinct by race as well as by religion; (5) TI, the Tibetans. Besides these five groups there are about ten million aboriginal tribes people. They comprise half the population of Yunnan and Kweichow, and there are large numbers of them in other sections of Southern China.A Missionary Atlas, HarrisburgPa., 1950.

FOOTNOTE: For years the two provinces of Kweichow-Szechwan were under a military form of government, the magistrates and all other officials being appointed by the military powers in the different provinces. Law and order are hard to enforce in this rugged mountain country, but many of the bandits have surrendered to the Government and there has been much less bloodshed than formerly. After several magistrates had been killed by the people of the former Heoping country, the Provincial Government finally had to break up the country and divide its territory between the counties of Yenho, Wuchwan and Yuyang. The peasants of this ungovernable area carry small hatchets which they use disastrously in settling arguments. No one likes to travel in this sparsely-populated country. People do not dare to travel except in large groups, and it is not wise to wear good clothing lest it be robbed from the wearer’s back. A Missionary Atlas, Harrisburg,Pa.,1950.

A Mandarin's House

Chinese farming FOOTNOTE: Changtu, the capital of Szechuan Province is located on a branch of the Min river. Food, tobacco and medicinal plants are heavily grown on the Changtu plain which is irrigated by canals from the Min river. Tea, rice, wheat and sweet potatoes are the chief crops. It is one of the richest cities in the Empire, with clean streets and canals, carrying on a flourishing trade with the cities of the Yang Tse river valley.

FOOTNOTE: The Chinese Republican Government - with a president and parliament - established at the time of the Revolution in 1912, never succeeded in attaining complete authority over the country. On the contrary, in various parts of the country, there rose numerous War Lords with great armies, and the Provinces of China, like feudal Europe during the middle ages, became almost independent of the Central Administration. These cities became the chief centers of military leaders; Peking, the old capital, Mukden in the north and Canton on the south. From these cities armies went out from time to time to conquer the rest of China, while the Government at Peking which was suppose to speak for the Nation, consisted merely of a President and a Cabinet set up by the War Lord temporarily in authority at the Capital. It has little power within the walls of the city and less power outside, although it is officially recognized by Foreign Nations. Customs duties are collected by a Foreign Agency.


1899 - nd - FOO-KIEN - OBV

1899 - nd - FOOKIEN - REV

====================================================================== CHINA, EMPIRE of, FOO-KIEN PROVINCE FOOCHOW MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTS 19MM .820 FINE 2.7 GRAMS ======================================================================

======================================================================

(1897-9) nd

5,500,000

¿OV: 4 Chinese and 4 Manchu characters within inner circle of pearls (Kuang Hsu valuable coin) 4 Chinese characters (Made in Foo-Kien Province) above / f left and f (four point rosettes) right, 6 Chinese characters for weight (7 fen 2 li) below. ¿RV: Dragon, FOO-KIEN PROVINCE, above f left and f (four point rosettes) right, 7.2 CANDAREENS, below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: FOO-KIEN = FOOCHOW TYPE: I - 4 Chinese characters (Made in Foo-Kien Province). REFERENCE: Y-103.2, K-129 POPULATION: 1899 - 650,000 for mint city of Foochow. ======================================================================

FOOTNOTE: This issue was struck at the Foochow mint without date from 1897 to 1899 with a total mintage of 5,500,000. FOOTNOTE: Fu-Kien meaning ‘Happiness Established’. FOOTNOTE: Dangerous anti-foreign sentiment was the cause of the Boxer uprising in 1900, as the Chinese people overcame a feeling of inferiority. To illustrate, there are two foreign settlements in Shanghai, the English and the French. In these settlements the Chinese are denied the franchise though they contribute large amounts towards the municipal expenses. In the International or English settlement, Chinese are excluded from the Public Park. Formerly a notice at the entrance to the park read “Chinese and dogs not allowed.” These distinctions are deeply resented by intelligent men of the country. Other objections include Extraterritoriality. The International Mixed Courts have been much cause of resentment. These courts are so called because they try cases in which a Chinese is the defendant and the plaintiff is a foreigner. The Magistrate is always Chinese, but his decision is subject to review and approval by a foreign Assessor, who is usually of the same nationality as the plaintiff. The Customs Revenues are under control of foreigners also. And loss of territory to foreign nations is a cause which for a long time has been lying dormant. Old treaties and concessions granted to foreign powers are now oppressive to the Chinese people. This loss of territory started when the British obtained Hong Kong and continued way into the twentieth century. In 1842 England, after war with China, took Hong-Kong, forced the opening of five Chinese ports and obtained right to trade generally and to establish consulates.

Emperor T'ung Chin 1862 -1874 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - CHINA - PAGE 102

1906 - nd - FOOKIEN - OBV


====================================================================== CHINA, EMPIRE of, FOO-KIEN PROVINCE FOOCHOW MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTS 19MM .820 FINE 2.7 GRAMS ======================================================================

======================================================================

(1901-6) nd

5,000,000

¿OV: 4 Chinese and 4 Manchu characters within inner circle of pearls (Kuang Hsu valuable coin) 5 Chinese characters (Made in the official mint of Foo-Kien) above / f (four point rosettes) left and f right, 6 Chinese characters for weight (7 fen 2 li) below. ¿RV: Dragon, FOO-KIEN PROVINCE, above / f left and f (four point rosettes) right, 7.2 CANDAREENS, below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: FOO-KIEN = FOOCHOW TYPE: II - 5 Chinese characters (Made in the Official Mint of Foo-Kien). REFERENCE: Y-103, K-126

FOOTNOTE: This issue was struck without date from 1901 to 1906 with a total mintage of 5,000,000. Type III, Y-103.1 with (dot) • left and • (dot) right. FOOTNOTE: The city of Foo-chow-foo is the capital of Foo-kien, and stands on the banks of the river Min, about thirty-eight miles from the sea, seven miles to the westward is Pagoda Island, on which stands a lofty building, or pagoda, from which the island derives its name, where the river Min again unites with a branch from which it had been separated a few miles above Foo-chowfoo. The city lies in a plain, through which a natural and most magnificent amphitheater of vast dimensions, whose fertility quite equals it in beauty. Suburbs extend from the walls three miles to the river’s banks, stretch along on both sides of the stream; they are connected with each other by a stone bridge, five hundred and twenty paces long, which reposes on solid stone piers. The walls of the city enclose a space exceeding eight miles and a half; they are turreted, and the gates have watchtowers. Foo-chowfoo ranks among the finest cities in China, having wide thoroughfares, large shops, spacious public buildings. The population, including the suburbs, is most dense, and is rated at varying from half a million to seven hundred thousand. Foo-kien is the principal black-tea district of China. The Mim at its widest part, is more than a mile across, but is considerable narrower as the stream approaches Foo-chow-foo, more especially where the mountains are close to the water's edge. The scenery on the banks of the Min is romantically beautiful: villages, islands, temples, mountains, and small hills laid out in terraces, where sweet-potatoes, paddy, and earth-nuts are planted - all meet the eye in quick succession. Huge rocks of granite, majestic in their barrenness, have cascades of crystal water gushing down their sides, which, intercepted at the base of the mountains, glide smoothly along some wooded valley or glen, until the waters flow into the river. History of China, Robert Sears, N.Y. 1850.

Passenger wheelbarrow ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - CHINA - PAGE 103



====================================================================== CHINA, REPUBLIC of, FOO-KIEN PROVINCE FOOCHOW MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTS 19MM .820 FINE 2.6 GRAMS ======================================================================

======================================================================

(1912) nd

u/m

¿OV: 4 Chinese characters (Chinese Currency) around center 12 rayed Sun, within inner circle of pearls, 6 Chinese characters (Made in Fukien silver mint) above / ‚ left and ‚ right, 6 Chinese characters for weight (7 fen 2 li) below. ¿RV: Three Chinese flags with tassels (National, Army, and Navy), MADE IN FOO-KIEN MINT above / ‚ left and ‚ right, 7.2 CANDAREENS, below. EDGE: Reeded

FOOTNOTE: The Chinese Republic was declared on February 12, 1912 with Yuan as President. It was thirty years later on October 12, 1942 that Great Britain and the United States relinquished their exterritorial rights with China. These rights are based on the theory that a person is subject to the law of his native country, no matter where he may be. As developed in China, extraterritoriality had come to mean that the Chinese Government had no jurisdiction over foreign nationals; that its police could not arrest foreign criminals or search the premises of foreigners, and that China could not tax business firms owned by outsiders. Seventeen nations, at one time or another, secured extraterritorial rights in China by treaty. With the establishment of the Chinese Republic in 1912, the system was resented by the Chinese people. Germany and Russia were first to lose their rights after the First World War and Mexico gave up hers in 1929, but Chinese efforts to persuade other nations to do likewise were unsuccessful.

MINT: FOO-KIEN = FOOCHOW TYPE: I - No date (TYPE II - 1924, dated in Chinese) REFERENCE: Y-380, K-702 POPULATION: 1912 - Republic of China - 439,214,000 with capital Peking with 1,077,209 inhabitants and mint city Fuchau (Foochow) - 624,000.

Chinese Tea House ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - CHINA - PAGE 104




======================================================================

(1913) nd

u/m

¿OV: 4 Chinese characters (10 cents silver coin) within inner circle of pearls, 5 Chinese characters (Made in the official Fukien Province) above / ‚ left and ‚ right, 6 Chinese characters for weight (7 fen 2 li) below.

FOOTNOTE: The latest estimates (1913) of the foreign residents at the open ports of China are as follows: Japanese, 65,434; Russians, 49,395; British, 10,140; Portuguese, 3,377; American, 3,176; Germans, 4,106; French, 1,925; Spanish, 400; Italian, 274; Danes, 260; other Nationalities, 3,381, the total being 141,868. Whitaker’s Almanack, London, 1914. ======================================================================

¿RV: Large 10, within inner circle of pearls, FOOKIEN PROVINCE above / ‚ left and ‚ right, 7.2 CANDAREENS, below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: FOO-KIEN = FOOCHOW REFERENCE: Y-382, K-704 ======================================================================

Fu Kuet Ch'ang Ch'un. "Riches, Honour and Enduring Spring!"

1924 - dc - FOOKIEN - OBV ======================================================================


1924 - dc - FOOKIEN - REV

1927 -16th Year - FOOKIEN - OBV


====================================================================== CHINA, REPUBLIC of, FOO-KIEN PROVINCE FOOCHOW MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTS 18.5 MM .800 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ======================================================================

(1924) Dated in Chinese

u/m

¿OV: 4 Chinese characters (China with date in Chinese for 1924) around center 12 rayed Sun, within inner circle of pearls, 6 Chinese characters (Made in Fukien silver mint) above / n left and n right, 6 Chinese characters for weight (7 fen 2 li) below. ¿RV: Three Chinese Flags with tassels (National, Army, and Navy), MADE IN FOO-KIEN MINT above, / 7.2 CANDAREENS, below.

(1927) 16th Year

u/m

¿OV: Head of Dr.Sun Yat-Sen, facing front, 13 Chinese characters, separated with p (stars)p between characters 4 and 5, 9 and 10 (Republic of China, dedicated to the memory of our late President, made in the 16th year) above. ¿RV: Two crossed Flags with tassels (Kuomin Party Flag,left and National Government Flag, right) 2 Chinese characters (10 cents) and Chinese characters (10 pieces equal to 1 dollar) below. 10 dots, around, 2 dots below flags.

EDGE: Reeded

EDGE: Reeded

MINT: FOO-KIEN = FOOCHOW

MINT: (no mintmark) = FOOCHOW, Fukien Province.

TYPE: II - Dated in Chinese.


REFERENCE: Y-380A, K-708

======================================================================

FOOTNOTE: The twelve-rayed Kuomintang Sun was the symbol for the twelve 2 hour periods of the day. FOOTNOTE: The two branch mints at Foochow reopened in 1924 and struck this issue in debased silver. Kann, Commerce of China, p 434.

Ta Cht "Great Good-luck."


1927 -16th Year - FOO-KIEN - REV

1928 -17th Year - FOO-KIEN - OBV

======================================================================

====================================================================== CHINA, REPUBLIC of, FOO-KIEN PROVINCE FOOCHOW MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTS 18.75 MM .800 FINE 2.6 GRAMS ======================================================================

FOOTNOTE: Dr. Sun Yat-Sen was the father of the Chinese Republic. In 1895 he was involved in a revolutionary plot. He escaped and for many years thereafter worked outside China for the overthrow of the Chinese Monarchy. His ideas on Nationalism, Democracy and Socialism were furthered by Chinese revolutionaries both in and outside of China until success met their persistent efforts in 1912, when the Emperor abdicated and Dr. Sun Yat-Sen was made Provisional President. Between 1912 and 1925 he held various high posts, including the Presidency of the various Republican regimes that came and went in turbulent China. ======================================================================

(1928) 17th Year (1931) 20th Year

u/m u/m

K-714 K-716

¿OV: In center 10, surrounded by 12 rays of Kuomintang Star, within circle, 11 Chinese characters (...th year of the Republic of China. Made in Foo-Kien Province) above / ‚ left and ‚ right, 6 Chinese characters (Every 10 coins equal to 1 dollar) below. ¿RV: Monument over grave of the 72 Martyrs who as revolutionary heroes under the guidance of Huang Hsing had plotted to blow up the Governors Yamen at Canton on March 29, 1911), 6 Chinese characters (Huang Hwa massacre memorial martys grave shown) above. EDGE: Reeded MINT: FOO-KIEN = FOOCHOW TYPE: Commemorative REFERENCE: Y-388 FOOTNOTE: Illiteracy in China is a huge problem, with only about 15,000,000 of the 400,000,000 Chinese estimated as able to read.

President Sun Yat-Sen ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - CHINA - PAGE 107

====================================================================== CHINA, REPUBLIC of, FOO-KIEN PROVINCE FOOCHOW MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTS 18.75 MM .800 FINE 2.7 GRAMS ====================================================================== (1932) 21st Year

u/m

¿OV: 2 Crossed flags, Chinese characters (21st year of the Republic of China. Made in Foo-Kien Province) above, denomination in Chinese (10 cents) below. ¿RV: Monument on grave of the 72 Martyrs, Chinese characters (Huang Hwa massacre memorial martyrs grave shown) above. EDGE: Reeded MINT: FOO-KIEN = FOOCHOW REFERENCE: Y-390, K-718 FOOTNOTE: The Japanese foreign settlement of Kungchenkiad established in 1896 is outside the Wulin Gate, northwest of the wall of Hangchow.

Monument over martyrs grave 1928 -17th Year - FOO-KIEN - REV ====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: The spelling of Chinese names listed are as shown on the coinage in English which was generally used by the foreign post offices first set up in China when the Europeans were allowed at the Treaty Ports. By 1942 Wade-Giles was generally established as the standardized spelling of Chinese proper names, while more recently, the Peoples Republic of China established the current Romanized spelling known as Pin-Yin. The conversion table is shown as follows: The coinage AN-HWEI CHEH-KIANG FOO-KIEN HU-NAN HU-PEH KIRIN KWANG-SI KWANG-TUNG SZECHUAN TAIWAN YUNNAN

Wade-Giles ANHWEI CHEKIANG FUKIEN HUNAN HUPEH KIRIN KWANGSI KWANGTUNG SZECHWAN TAIWAN YUNNAN

Pin-Yin ANHUI ZHEJIANG FUJIAN HUNAN HUBEI CHILIN GUANGXI GUANGDONG SICHUAN TAIWAN YUNNAN

Canton today is known in Pin-Yin as Huangzhou FOOTNOTE: Hangchow, the capital of Chehkiang Province, near the southern end of the Grand Canal, southwest of Shanghai off from the East China Sea has a population of 506,930 and the site of one of the Government Mints. Its walls cover 12 miles around with 10 large gates and are 30 to 40 feet high, 20 to 30 feet thick. The west wall circles the West Lake which is dotted with islands on which are Monasteries, Memorial Halls and Shrines. The city of Hangchow was opened to foreign residence and trade in December 1896, with a foreign settlement of 300 acres being laid out on the east bank of the Grand Canal a few miles from the Wun-Li Gate. The important industries of the city is the production of silk and the making of paper fans. All foreign trade finds its way from Shanghai, with exports of silk, paper fans, lotus nuts and tea and imports of copper and spelter from Japan for use in the Hangchow mint.

====================================================================== CHINA, EMPIRE of, CHEH-KIANG PROVINCE HANGCHOW MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTS 18.5 MM .900 FINE 2.677 GRAMS ====================================================================== (1896) 22nd Year 250,000 (1898) 23rd Year included above

Y-52.1, K-116 Y-52.4, K-118

¿OV: 4 Chinese and 4 Manchu characters (Kuang Hsu valuable coin) within inner circle of pearls, 8 Chinese characters (Made in Chehkiang Province ...nd Year of Kuang Hsu) above / ‚ left and ‚ right, 6 Chinese characters for weight (7 fen 2 li) below. ¿RV: Dragon, CHEH-KIANG PROVINCE above / ‚ left and ‚ right / 7.2 CANDAREENS below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: CHEH-KIANG = HANGCHOW TYPE: I = Dated REFERENCE: Y-52 POPULATION: 1899 - 850,000 for mint city Hangchow. FOOTNOTE: Che-Kiang meaning “Che River”.


1899 - nd - CHEHKIANG - OBV

1899 - nd - CHEHKIANG - REV

====================================================================== CHINA, EMPIRE of, CHEH-KIANG PROVINCE HANGCHOW MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTS 19MM .900 FINE 2.7 GRAMS ======================================================================

======================================================================

(1899) nd

u/m

FOOTNOTE: Y-52.5A - Reverse = CHE-KIANG (Not listed in Kann). nd .820 fine minted at Birmingham in 1902 - KM-6, CN 3p A Numismatic History of the Birmingham Mint, James O.Sweeny, Birmingham, Eng.,1981. FOOTNOTE: Cheh-Kiang in Chinese means crooked river.

¿OV: 4 Chinese and 4 Manchu characters (Kuang Hsu valuable coin) within inner circle of pearls, 4 Chinese characters (Made in Chehkiang Province) above / f left and f (small 4 point rosettes) right, 6 Chinese characters for weight (7 fen 2 li) below.

FOOTNOTE: The Hangchow mint operation ceased a few years later. Kann, Commerce of China, p 435 ======================================================================

¿RV: Dragon, CHEH-KIANG PROVINCE above, ‹ left and ‹ (6 point rosettes) right / 7.2 CANDAREENS below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: CHEH-KIANG = HANGCHOW TYPE: II - No date REFERENCE: Y-52, K-122 ======================================================================

Emporor Kuang Hsu

1924 - 13th Year - CHEH-KIANG - OBV


====================================================================== CHINA, REPUBLIC of, CHEH-KIANG PROVINCE HANGCHOW MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTS 18.5 MM .650 FINE 2.7 GRAMS ====================================================================== (1924) 13th Year

4,465,159

¿OV: Two crossed flags of 5 bars within inner circle, 7 Chinese characters (13th year of the Republic of China) above. ¿RV: 4 Chinese characters around a center • (dot) (10 Cents silver coin) within inner circle, ‚ CHE-KIANG PROVINCE ‚ above / TEN CENTS below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: CHE-KIANG = HANGCHOW REFERENCE: Y-371, K-769 FOOTNOTE: The mint at Hangchow is one of the show-places of the ancient Sung capital...40,000 ‘Mex’ dollars a day are stamped as if they were washers or can-tops out of strips of metal which gossip has it are gradually losing their honest ratio of 89 per cent (.890 fine) silver in an alloy of copper, the fat bust of Yuan Shih-Kai still gleaming from one side of them. These cumbersome coins, known to the Chinese as “One piece money” (Y-329), kick about underfoot everywhere at the mint, either as blanks or with the imprint of the minting-machines upon them; the perforated sheets out of which they are cut lie like scrap-iron about the greasy floors, and coolies are constantly carrying all this and bullion from abroad to and fro; but it is not these simple fellows who make away with the product of the Hangchow mint. Roving Through Southern China, Harry A. Franck, New York,1925. FOOTNOTE: Imperial Flag of China - The Yellow Dragon Flag yellow field with Dragon in the center, The Dragon with his mouth open, trying to reach a huge Pearl. This symbolism meaning simply that the Dragon, the symbol of the Imperial Ruler, was always striving to reach the Pearl, signifying perfection. Imperial Incense, Princess Der Ling, N.Y. 1933 p 16.

Ch'ang Ming Fu Kuei "Long Life Riches, and Honour!"

1924 - 13th Year - CHEH-KIANG - REV ====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: This two year issue was struck at the Hangchow mint in 1924 with mintage 3,136,659 and in 1926 with mintage 1,328,000. FOOTNOTE: Kann reports this issue struck in the summer of 1924 “by the Hangchow mint, in order to replace the debased Canton subsidiary coins which were flooding the country.” “On account of warfare carried on in and around Chehkiang Province, in the autumn of 1924, minting operations had to be suspended...” Kann, Commerce of China p 435. FOOTNOTE: The Chinese flag since 1912 was five equal stripes each with the following color; red, yellow, blue, black and white, representing; China proper, Manchuria, Mongolia, Chinese Turkestan and Tibet. ======================================================================

Chinese painting FOOTNOTE: The official name of the once Middle Kingdom is Chung Hwa Ming Kuo, roughly - The Middle Flowery Land People’s Country, and decrees posted on city gates...are dated “Fourteenth Year of the Chinese Republic” Roving Through Southern China, Harry A. Franck, New York,


1 9 2 5 .

1898 - nd - KIRIN - OBV

1898 - nd - KIRIN - REV

====================================================================== CHINA, EMPIRE of, KIRIN PROVINCE KIRIN MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTS 18.5 MM .820 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ======================================================================

======================================================================

(1896) nd (1897) nd (1898) nd

included below included below 4,000,000

K-340 K-349 K-350x

¿OV: Around a center vase containing leaves and berries of the aspidistra lily, 4 Chinese characters (Kuang Hsu valuable coin) within inner circle of pearls, 4 Chinese characters (Made in Kirin Province) above / f left and f (four point rosettes) right, 6 Chinese characters for weight (7 fen 2 li) below. ¿RV: Dragon, KIRIN PROVINCE above Mongul script left and right (Kirin) / CANDAREENS .72 below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: KIRIN = KIRIN, Manchuria REFERENCE: Y-180 FOOTNOTE: Kirin is the capital of Kirin Province of Manchuria, located on the Sungari River at the head of navigation. Kirin was founded in 1673 as a Chinese fortress. Trade developed in tobacco, furs and timber and later became a center for junk-building. The town, also called Kirinoola or Girin, has a population of 120,000. New Cabinet Cyclopaedia, Phila.,1896.. FOOTNOTE: In March 1898 China leased for twenty five years, Port Arthur to the Russian Government. A railway was constructed to Harbin connecting Port Arthur with Vladivostok on the TransSiberian Railway. This gave Russia the Pacific port ice free the year round. The European Powers established trading posts, built railroads and developed shipping on internal waterways. Germany had leased Kiaochow in 1897, The British held Hong-Kong and the French were in Indo-China.

FOOTNOTE: In 1898 a series of reforms reorganized the Army. New schools and colleges were planed. Chinese students were sent to Europe to study foreign methods of government. These abrupt reforms were resented by conservative chinese, under the sympathetic Dowager Empress. A secret Society of Chinese, hostile to the foreigners calling themselves the “Boxers”, meaning “Order of the Righteous Harmonious Fists”, in 1900, cooperated with the Dowager Empress in her designs against foreign influence. They summoned every patriotic Chinaman to rise in defense of his country. The main object of the Boxers was to drive out the “foreign devil”, and relieve China of Western influence. Missionaries and traders were murdered in the provinces, although the government at Peking continued to declare it was doing all it could to suppress disorder. On June 20, 1900 the Boxers supported by Chinese troops assassinated the German Ambassador Baron Von Ketteler, at Peking and attacked the Legations. Some 200 foreigners sought refuge in the British Legation and were there besieged for nearly two months. For some reason which is not clear, the Chinese did not murder them all, as they might easily have done. A relief Expedition consisting of about 18,000 Japanese, Russian, British, American, French, and German troops was immediately organized, the Taku Forts were destroyed, and an unsuccessful advance made on Peking by the British Admiral Seymour. Another advance by Allied troops succeeded in relieving the besieged, after heavy fighting on August 14, 1900. The Chinese Court left Peking and the Royal Palace was desecrated and pillaged. The Allies retained possession of the city until Peace was signed on September 7, 1901. Negotiations followed with an agreement for the Chinese to pay 450 million taels (U.S.$333,000,000 dollars) in reparations, fortifiction and guarding of the foreign legations district in Peking and severe penalties against further anti-foreign disturbances. Chinese students returning from western countries, determined to overthrow the Manchu Dynasty which had ruled China for two hundred and sixty-seven years. After a heroic and bloody struggle they forced the Court on February 12, 1912 to declare the abdication of the Boy-Emperor. The Boxer indemnity payments were suspended by the Allied Governments following the Declaration of War against Germany by the newly formed Chinese Republic on August 14, 1917.


1899 - dc - KIRIN - OBV

1899 - dc - KIRIN - REV

====================================================================== CHINA, EMPIRE of, KIRIN PROVINCE KIRIN MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTS 18.5 MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ======================================================================

======================================================================

(1899) (1900) (1906) (1907)

dated dated dated dated

in in in in

Chinese Chinese Chinese Chinese

1,000,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 100,000

K-393 K-412 K-547 K-560

¿OV: Around a center vase containing leaves and berries of the aspidistra lily, 4 Chinese characters (Kuang Hsu valuable coin) within inner circle of pearls, 4 Chinese characters (Made in Kirin Province) above, Chinese characters for date, left and right, 6 Chinese characters for weight (7 fen 2 li) below. ¿RV: Dragon, KIRIN-PROVINCE above / Z CANDAREENS .72 Z below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: KIRIN = KIRIN, Manchuria REFERENCE: Y-180 FOOTNOTE: Manchuria, a Chinese territory occupying the northeastern corner of the Empire. It is divided into three Provinces, Shing-King, Fen-Tien, or Leaotong in the south, of which Mukden is the capital; Kirin in the center, with a capital of the same name; and He-Lung-Kiang in the north, with capital Tsitsihar. The administration is military, the Governors of the two northern provinces being subordinate to the Governor of Mukden. The Manchus are a hardy race, and their country has long been the great recruiting ground for the Chinese Army; but of late years vast numbers of Chinese proper have flocked into it, so that now they by far outnumber the native race. In the 17th century the Manchus invaded China and placed their leader’s son upon the throne. Since that time the Manchus Dynasty has continued to reign in China, and the Manchu language has become the Court and official language. New Cabnet Cyclopaedia, Phila., 1895.

FOOTNOTE: Issues dated in Chinese 1906 and 1907 have 7 dot rosettes in place of Z, left and right of weight. FOOTNOTE: Emperor Kuang Hsu died on November 14, 1908 and Dowager Empress a day later. ====================================================================== CHINA, EMPIRE of, KIRIN PROVINCE KIRIN MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTS 18.5 MM .820 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ====================================================================== (1901) (1902) (1903) (1904) (1905)

dated dated dated dated dated

in in in in in

Chinese Chinese Chinese Chinese Chinese

1,000,000 500,000 500,000 500,000 1,000,000

K-440A K-464 K-481 K-507 K-530

¿OV: 4 Chinese characters with center Yin Yang symbol (Kuang Hsu valuable coin) within inner circle of pearls, 4 Chinese characters (Made in Kirin Province) above, Chinese characters for date, left and right, 6 Chinese characters for weight (7 fen 2 li) below. ¿RV: Dragon, KIRIN-PROVINCE above, Mongul script left and right / (Kirin), Z CANDAREENS .72 Z below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: KIRIN = KIRIN, Manchuria REFERENCE: Y-180A


====================================================================== CHINA, EMPIRE of, KIRIN PROVINCE KIRIN MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTS 18.5 MM .820 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ====================================================================== (1908) dated in Chinese

100,000

¿OV: 4 Chinese characters around center figure 1 (Hsuen Tung valuable coin) 3 Chinese characters (Made in Kirin) above, Chinese characters for date, left and right, 6 Chinese characters for weight (7 fen 2 li) below. ¿RV: Dragon, KIRIN-PROVINCE above, Mongul script left and right (Kirin) / CANDAREENS.72. below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: KIRIN = KIRIN, Manchuria REFERENCE: Y-180C POPULATION: Kirin mint city - 250,000. FOOTNOTE: In December of 1908 Pu I (Hsuen Tung) became Emperor at the age of two. In 1911 the Emperor’s three advisory councils were abolished, and a Cabinet and Privy Council established instead. In December of 1911 the Regent abdicated, and in February of 1912, an Edict was published announcing the abdication of the Emperor, and thus on February 12, 1912 China became a Republic. FOOTNOTE: Emperor Kuang-Hsu died August 14, 1908. He was succeeded on November 14, 1908 by his brother’s son Pu-Yi, who was born February 11, 1906. The Emperor’s father, Prince Chun, is Regent. New International Yearbook, 1910. ====================================================================== CHINA, EMPIRE of, FENGTIEN PROVINCE MUKDEN MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTS 19MM .820 FINE 2.6 GRAMS ====================================================================== (1898) 24th Year

750,000

¿OV: 2 Chinese characters (10 cents) within center circle of pearls, 8 Manchu characters (24th year of Kuang Hsu). ¿RV: Dragon, 10 Chinese characters (Made in Fengtien Province; 24th year of Kuang Hsu) around.

1907 - 33rd Year - FENGTIEN - OBV ====================================================================== CHINA, EMPIRE of, FENGTIEN PROVINCE MUKDEN MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTS 19.25 MM .820 FINE 2.6 GRAMS ====================================================================== (1907) 33rd Year 1,000,000 ¿OV: 4 Chinese and 4 Manchu characters within inner circle of pearls (Kuang Hsu valuable coin), 4 Chinese characters (Made in the Three Eastern Provinces) • (dot) left and • (dot) right, 6 Chinese characters for weight (7 fen 2 li) below. ¿RV: Dragon, 33RD YEAR OF KUANG HSU, above / • (dot) left and • (dot) right, MANCHURIAN PROVINCE below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: MANCHURIAN PROVINCE = MUKDEN REFERENCE: Y-209, K-258 POPULATION: Mukden - 158,132

EDGE: Reeded MINT: FENGTIEN = Fengton Arsenal, MUKDEN, Manchuria REFERENCE: Y-84, K-247 POPULATION: 1895 - Mint city Mukden - 150,000. FOOTNOTE: Mukden, the capital of Manchuria, was named by the Manchus who had their capital there until 1644, prior to the transfer to Peking. Later it was given the Chinese name Fengtien and the title Shengking for abundant capital. Mukden became the capital of Fengtien Province. Its modern development began around 1900 when the Russians started building the Manchurian Railroad. The old city is bounded by a 10 mile long earthwall and within the brick-wall inner city - the old Manchu Residence with its former Imperial Palace.

FOOTNOTE: Mukden, capital of Manchuria and of the Province of Fengtien (Shengking), 425 miles north of Peking. The city suffered greatly during the Boxer uprising of 1900. The culminating battle of the Russo-Japanese War was fought about Mukden in FebruaryMarch 1905. FOOTNOTE: Fengtien Province, China is situated in Southern Manchuria and occupies about 56,000 sq. m. with a population of about 5,000,000. The capital of Fengtien is Mukden; the Province includes the Liao-Tung Peninsula, stretching between the Gulfs of Korea and Kiao-Tung; in the southern part of the peninsula lies Port Arthur. A large part of the Province forms a level plain which is extremely fertile, the rest consists of mountains and forests. The Province is well served by the Mukden-Peking Railway. The chief products of the Province are barley, wheat, millet, maize, cotton and indigo.


1907 - 33rd Year - FENGTIEN - REV

1898 - dc - KIANGNAN - OBV

======================================================================

====================================================================== CHINA, EMPIRE of, KIANGNAN PROVINCE NANKING MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTS 18.5 MM .900 FINE 2.677 GRAMS ======================================================================

FOOTNOTE: The Birmingham hoard is often referred to when encountering proof or uncirculated specimens of otherwise rare coins known to be struck at the Ralph Heaton & Sons mint located at Birmingham, England. In the late 1960's there came upon the market large assortments of these coins which had been part of the trial and specimen strikes retained by the mint or its former employees. ====================================================================== CHINA, EMPIRE of, KIANGNAN PROVINCE NANKING MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTS 18.5 MM .820 FINE 2.677 GRAMS ====================================================================== (1897) nd

250,000

(1898) dated in Chinese

10,750,000

¿OV: 4 Chinese and 4 Manchu characters around a center • (dot), within inner circle of pearls (Kuang Hsu valuable coin), 4 Chinese characters (Made in Kiangnan Province) above, 2 Chinese characters for date, left and right, 6 Chinese characters for weight (7 fen 2 li) below. ¿RV: Dragon, within inner circle of pearls, KIANGNAN PROVINCE above / w left and w right, 7.2 CANDAREENS below.

¿OV: 4 Chinese and 4 Manchu characters within inner circle of pearls (Kuang Hsu valuable coin), 4 Chinese characters (Made in Kiangnan Province) above / y left and y (7 point rosettes) right, 6 Chinese characters for weight (7 fen 2 li) below.

EDGE: Reeded

¿RV: Dragon, within inner circle of pearls, KIANGNAN PROVINCE above / y left and y (7 point rosettes) right, 7.2 CANDAREENS below.

REFERENCE: Y-142.1, K-73

MINT: KIANG NAN = NANKING TYPE: II = (obv) Dated in Chinese, dot in center.

EDGE: Reeded MINT: KIANGNAN = NANKING TYPE: I - No date REFERENCE: Y-142, K-69 FOOTNOTE: Proof strikes of the no date 10 cents Y-142 may exist from the Birmingham hoard struck from dies at Ralph Heaton & Son, Birmingham before shipping the dies to China in 1896.


1898 dc -10 CENTS-KIANGNAN-REV

1900 dc -10 CENTS-KIANGNAN-OBV

======================================================================

======================================================================

FOOTNOTE: The Life of the People - Probably 90 percent of the people of North China region live in small villages or in the country and are directly dependent upon agriculture. These village groups, often no larger than a dozen houses, are so numerous that one is scarcely ever out of sight of two or three of them. Some families live in the open country, but even here the houses are usually grouped together. The average family includes four children and probably grandparents and relatives as well. Families of a dozen children are not at all uncommon. The houses are built either of soft gray bricks poorly burnt with straw or, more frequently, of pounded earth or sun-dried cakes of mud. The roofs are often of mud laid upon Kaoliang stalks, which in turn rest upon the wooden rafters that lie on the main beams. Because of the considerable weight which these beams support, they must be eight inches or a foot in diameter. Upright wooden supports are used to hold up the roof, so that it is independent of the earthen walls which might soften and collapse after a rain. The construction of Chinese houses thus resemble that of modern steel skyscrapers in that the visible walls bear none of the weight. House construction calls for a few heavy beams and numerous small branches for the rafters. Timber of these two dimensions is obtained by pollarding willow trees, that is, cutting back to the trunk to encourage the growth of small uniform branches. The wooden roof beams are the most expensive part of a house, and when a house is abandoned the wood is taken along. They likewise represent an investment which may be sold under the pressure of famine. The only other articles of wood are the removable double doors and the paper-covered lattice window frames. There is usually but little furniture; and a low brick bed, or Kang is hollow and connects with the mud cook stove so that the smoke circulated through them provides a warm platform during the winter. The mud roofs crack during the hot, dry summer and the first rain trickles through in numberless rivulets. The traveler need not be disturbed, for after the roof has become thoroughly soaked, he will hear some one pounding around on the roof tamping or rolling down the mud, which thereafter remains watertight. Houses commonly face south, in order to take advantage of the warmth of the sun and to avoid the bitterly cold blasts of the winter which come from the northwest. Each house is surrounded by a courtyard with mud walls, at the sides of which are shelters for the farm animals and implements.

FOOTNOTE: (continued) There are no outside windows and but one gateway. Standards of living are low. During the winter months, when there is little work in the fields, the diet is frequently just enough to keep life going, only two scant meals a day. During harvest time, when there is much to be done, three relatively good meals are eaten. The meals are much the same day after day and consist of boiled millet or kaoliang with a few vegetables, steamed bread or noodles made of wheat, and bean curd. Meat is a rare treat, in most cases being restricted to festival days or wedding feasts, except among the more wealthy families. Rice is also a luxury. Most of the food is raised on the farm, and purchases are usually limited to tea, salt and cooking oil. Despite these limited resources, the people lead a life which appears relatively happy. Their resources are few, but so are their wants. If the harvest has been good, they may visit a near-by market town and spend a few days visiting relatives or seeing the Temple fair. Since it is seldom possible to cultivate the fields during the winter months, the farmers have much leisure time. At such seasons gossip becomes the chief occupation, and many hours are passed in telling and retelling some strange or curious event, or in discussing that most popular of subject, the price of food. China’s Geographic Foundations, G. B. Cressey, N.Y., 1934. ======================================================================


====================================================================== CHINA, EMPIRE of, KIANGNAN PROVINCE NANKING MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTS 19MM .900 FINE 2.6 GRAMS ====================================================================== (1898) (1899) (1900) (1901)

dated in Chinese included with K-73, K-73A dated in Chinese 10,000,000 K-79B dated in Chinese 10,000,000 K-84 dated in Chinese 10,000,000 K-88

¿OV: 4 Chinese and 4 Manchu characters within inner circle of pearls (Kuang Hsu valuable coin), 4 Chinese characters (Made in Kiangnan Province) above, 2 Chinese characters for date, left and right, 6 Chinese characters for weight (7 fen 2 li) below. ¿RV: Dragon, KIANGNAN PROVINCE above, y left and y (7 point rosettes) right, 7.2 CANDAREENS below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: KIANGNAN = NANKING TYPE: I = No initials REFERENCE: Y-142A FOOTNOTE: The cost of living - The vital factor in the industrial development of China is labor. It is marvelously cheap, as the following details indicate: “In central China it is estimated that something less than a quarter of a cent (gold) will procure enough coarse food to provide a full meal for a grown man; this at three meals per day, would amount to 11 shillings per year. No doubt this is a low estimate; but even when more than doubled, - making, say 24 shillings ($6) per year, - we obtain an idea of the remarkable manner in which the coolie class have solved the subsistence problem. With such a basis one can understand how it is possible to obtain such labor at wages varying from five cents as a minimum to twenty cents (gold) as a maximum per day. The absence of roads fit for wagon traffic is a very striking feature in the central and southern provinces. In the north there are some highways suitable for vehicular traffic, but they are so rough that nothing but a Peking cart can hold together when driven over them any considerable distance. American Monthly Review of Reviews, 1902.

1900 dc -10 CENTS-KIANGNAN-REV ====================================================================== CHINA, EMPIRE of, KIANGNAN PROVINCE NANKING MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTS 19MM .820 FINE 2.6 GRAMS ====================================================================== (1901) dated in Chinese (1902) dated in Chinese

included with K-88,K-92 10,000,000 K-95

¿OV: 4 Chinese and 4 Manchu characters within inner circle of pearls (Kuang Hsu valuable coin), 4 Chinese characters (Made in Kiangnan Province) above, HAH in upper left, 2 Chinese characters for date, left and right, 6 Chinese characters for weight (7 fen 2 li) below. ¿RV: Dragon, KIANGNAN PROVINCE above, y left and y (7 point rosettes) right, 7.2 CANDAREENS below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: KIANGNAN = NANKING TYPE: II - HAH = H.A.Holmes, Mint Superintendent. REFERENCE: Y-142A

Chinese Junk

HAH for H.A.Holmes Mint Superintendent


1903 dc - 10 CENTS-KIANGNAN-OBV

1903 dc - 10 CENTS-KIANGNAN-REV

====================================================================== CHINA, EMPIRE of, KIANGNAN PROVINCE NANKING MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTS 19MM .820 FINE 2.6 GRAMS ======================================================================



2,750,000

¿OV: 4 Chinese and 4 Manchu characters within inner circle of pearls (Kuang Hsu valuable coin), 4 Chinese characters (Made in Kiangnan Province) above, HAH in upper left, ‚ (5 point rosette) in upper right, 2 Chinese characters for date, left and right, 6 Chinese characters for weight (7 fen 2 li) below. ¿RV: Dragon, KIANGNAN PROVINCE above, y left and y (7 point rosettes) right, 7.2 CANDAREENS below.


897,808

¿OV: 4 Chinese and 4 Manchu characters within inner circle of pearls (Kuang Hsu valuable coin), 4 Chinese characters (Made in Kiangnan Province) above, HAH in upper left, TH in upper right, 2 Chinese characters for date, left and right, 6 Chinese characters for weight (7 fen 2 li) below. ¿RV: Dragon, KIANGNAN PROVINCE above, y left and y (7 point rosettes) right, 7.2 CANDAREENS below. EDGE: Reeded

EDGE: Reeded MINT: KIANGNAN = NANKING MINT: KIANGNAN = NANKING TYPE: IV - HAH = H.A.Holmes and TH = unknown. TYPE: III - HAH = H.A.Holmes, and 5 point rosette. REFERENCE: Y-142A.13, K-105 REFERENCE: Y-142A.11, K-98

FOOTNOTE: The old silver currency which was formerly used in Kwangsi was comparatively steady in its market value, and yet the value of each of the three forms used was constantly varying in relationship to the value of the other two. Silver coins of the same denomination had a greater or lesser value according to their year of issue, and even copper cash varied in value from month to month. In 1935 China issued a decree withdrawing all old silver currency and substituting a paper currency. A Missionary Atlas, Harrisburg, Pa.,1950.

FOOTNOTE: With the invasion of the Japanese the Chinese National Currency began to lose its value. In 1947 it began to really "skyrocket" and by the autumn of 1948 became almost valueless. To pay even a small bill required a whole suitcase full of money which took hours to count. The government issued the Gold Yuan, one of which was equal to three million of the National currency. The Gold Yuan was officially pegged at one-quarter of an American dollar. Although severe punishment was threatened and several prominent business men were shot in an attempt to prevent inflation, the Gold Yuan inflation was more rapid than that of the National Currency and in almost six months it was of so little value as to be almost useless. Rice, the price of which had long been the basis of business transactions, now became the medium of exchange, and practically all purchases, large and small, were paid for in rice. Some of the old silver currency which had been hidden away was brought out. A Missionary Atlas, Harrisburg, Pa.,1950.


1905 dc - 10 CENTS-KIANGNAN-OBV

1905 dc - 10 CENTS-KIANGNAN-REV




750,000

¿OV: 4 Chinese and 4 Manchu characters within inner circle of pearls (Kuang Hsu valuable coin), 4 Chinese characters (Made in Kiangnan Province) above, SY facing out in upper right, 2 Chinese characters for date, left and right, 6 Chinese characters for weight (7 fen 2 li) below. ¿RV: Dragon, KIANGNAN PROVINCE above, y left and y (7 point rosettes) right, 7.2 CANDAREENS below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: KIANGNAN = NANKING TYPE: V - SY = unknown. REFERENCE: Y-142A, K-108

(1911) nd (1916) nd

590,000 included above

¿OV: 4 Chinese and 4 Manchu characters within inner circle of pearls (Kuang Hsu valuable coin), 4 Chinese characters (Made in Kiangnan Province) above / y left and y (8 pointed oblong stars) right, 6 Chinese characters for weight (7 fen 2 li) below. ¿RV: Dragon, KIANGNAN PROVINCE above, ‚ left and ‚ (rosettes) right, 7.2 CANDAREENS below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: KIANGNAN = NANKING REFERENCE: Y-146, K-110 POPULATION: Nanking mint city - 276,000

SY - initals - obverse FOOTNOTE: Nanning, the capital of Kwangsi Province between 1913 and 1936 is located on the Yu River on the routes to Yunnan Province. Nanning was opened to foreign trade in 1907. The city was called Yungning from 1913 to 1945. FOOTNOTE: Nanning, meaning “Peaceful South” is a city with a population of about 100,000, situated on the West River 360 miles west of Wuchow. It is an important center from which river and motor highways spread in all directions, several of them extending into other provinces. A Missionary Atlas, Harrisburg,Pa.1950.

FOOTNOTE: This issue was struck at the Nanking mint in 1911 with mintage of 230,000 and restruck in 1916 in debased silver with mintage of 360,000. FOOTNOTE: Kwangsi meaning the broad of extensive west, was one of the last provinces to be conquered by the Chinese. Because of its distance from the Northern Capital, and the raggedness of its terrain as well as the stubborn resistance of its aboriginal inhabitants. It required centuries to bring this province under the central government. In fact at the beginning of the Chinese Republic in 1911, there were still some tribesman in Kwangsi’s mountain vastnesses who were not entirely subjugated. A Missionary Atlas, Harrisburg,Pa.1950.


====================================================================== CHINA, REPUBLIC of, KWANGSI PROVINCE NANNING MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTS 18MM .700 FINE 2.7 GRAMS ====================================================================== (1920) 9th Year

u/m

¿OV: 4 Chinese characters around a center • ( dot) (10 cents silver coin) within inner circle of pearls, 6 Chinese characters (9th year of Chinese Republic) above, ‚ left and ‚ (rosettes) right, 4 Chinese characters (Made in Kwang-si Province) below. ¿RV: Large 10 within inner circle of pearls, KWANGSI above / ‚ left and ‚ (rosettes) right, TEN CENTS below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: KWANGSI = NANNING REFERENCE: Y-414, K-746 FOOTNOTE: The mint at Nanning, “After having stood idle for some years., recommenced operations in 1919. But owing to lack of raw material and subsequent hostilities with the neighboring Province of KWANG-TUNG operations were suspended after a few months’ working.” Kann, Commerce of China. p 444. FOOTNOTE: The most conspicuous buildings in China are the Pagodas, Catholic Churches and pawn shops. For that matter, with the exception of the mission buildings and a few Chinese dwellings to be found throughout Shansi and Shensi, and the Lama Temples of the Mongolian plains, no structure is over one story in height. When traveling through a wild and sparsely settled province, such as Kwang-Si, where one may go for days without seeing a house, it is rather surprising to come upon a village of a hundred one-storied houses, and behold in their midst a skyscraper. I have seen pawn shops which tower up to ten and twelve stories, studded with narrow slit windows and barred as a prison. A high wall surrounds this treasure house. To all intents and purposes, pawn shops are operated on the same principle as those at home; they are, however, frequented by the most respected people and no one feels the slightest hesitancy about patronizing them. Many persons, in fact, who do not need the money, are glad to use the pawn shops as safe depositaries for their valuables, especially furs, of which the Chinese gentry are very fond. When one considers that a young Chinese, who traveled with us for a short voyage, possessed one hundred and six suits of clothes, most of them gorgeous brocades, one may understand how he would not care to risk not only fire, but marauding expeditions of the countless mountain bandits. A military official of Kwei-Lin told me that in the Provinces of Kwang-Tung and Kwangsi he estimated a pawn shop for each ten thousand inhabitants. Who’s Who of the Chinese in New York, W.Van Norden, New York, 1918.

10 CENTS - TAIWAN PROVINCE - OBV ====================================================================== CHINA, EMPIRE of, TAIWAN PROVINCE FOO-CHOW MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTS 18.75 MM .900 FINE 2.7 GRAMS ====================================================================== (1893) nd (1895) nd

250,000 250,000

K-137 K-134

¿OV: 4 Chinese characters around a center • (dot) (Kuang Hsu valuable coin), 4 Chinese characters (Made in Taiwan Province) / f left and f (4 point rosettes) right, 6 Chinese characters for weight (7 fen 2 li) below. ¿RV: Dragon, TAI-WAN PROVINCE above / f left and f (4 point rosettes) right, 7.2 CANDAREENS below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: TAI-WAN = FOO-CHOW ARSENAL REFERENCE: Y-247

FOOTNOTE: Kwang-si meaning ‘Broad West’. FOOTNOTE: Completion in 1933 of the Kwangsi - Kweichow Interprovincial Highway, a distance of 650 miles, reduced the travel time between the two points from four weeks to four days. FOOTNOTE: In 1904, 27,227 Europeans, Japanese, and Americans were living at the open ports in which there were 1,602 Commercial Houses. Of the foreigners 5,981 were British, 9,139 Japanese, 3,220 Americans, 3,387 Portuguese, 1,374 French and 1,871 Germans. New International Encyclopedia, 1910.


10 CENTS - TAIWAN PROVINCE - REV

1898 24th Year - CHIHLI - OBV

======================================================================

====================================================================== CHINA, EMPIRE of, CHIHLI PROVINCE TIENTSIN MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTS 19MM .900 FINE 2.7 GRAMS ======================================================================

FOOTNOTE: Taiwan was part of the Chinese Empire until June 2,1895 when it came into the possession of the Japanese. The island lying off the eastern coast of China, in the Pacific Ocean, is 225 miles long and from 60 to 80 miles broad, with a range of densely wooded mountains. It is separated from the Province of Fu-Kien by a strait about 85 miles wide. The surface is mountainous, especially in the interior. Mount Morrison is the culminating peak, having a height of 14,360 feet. A part of the surface is made up of barren clay hills, but the plains and valleys are fertile. The chief industry is agriculture carried on by the Chinese settlers with camphor, tea and sugar as staple products. The population numbers 3,392,063 consisting of the aborigines, Chinese settlers and about 42,000 Japanese. In 1874 the Japanese directed an expedition against Taiwan where some Japanese sailors had been killed by savages. China protested and eventually the matter was settled by China paying an indemnity of 700,000 dollars to Japan to defray the cost of the expedition, which had established order in the hitherto uncivilized island. In 1886 Taiwan (Formosa) was detached from Fu-Kien Province and made a separate Province. FOOTNOTE: The Ta-Ching Dynasty is of Manchu origin and begins in 1644. The name Ching (Ts’ing) means ‘Pure’ or ‘Purity’ and is said to be synonymous with the word Manchu. Ta means ‘Great’. FOOTNOTE: Tientsin located in Chihli Province is a yellow Sea port, 70 miles southeast of Peking, the northern capital of China. Tientsin was occupied in 1858 and 1860 by the British and French and was opened to foreign trade in 1861. Located along the Pai River were the Concessions granted to Britain, Belgium, France, Italy, Japan, Russia, Germany and Austria-Hungary. During the Boxer Rebellion in 1900 Tientsin was the scene of severe fighting and was occupied jointly by the Foreign Powers.

(1896) 22nd Year (1897) 23rd Year (1898) 24th Year

100,000 500,000 500,000

K-184 K-189 K-194

rare

¿OV: Chinese characters separated by three stars in outer circle (Made in Peiyang machinery mint in the ...th Year of Kuang Hsu Ta Ching Dynasty) within inner circle of pearls, Manchu characters for same legend, 2 Chinese characters for denomination (10 cents) within inner circle of pearls. ¿RV: Dragon, TATSING TWENTY FOUR TH YEAR OF KWANG HSU - , above / PEI-YANG .ARSENAL. below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: PEI-YANG (north ocean) = EAST ARSENAL of TIENTSIN REFERENCE: Y-62 FOOTNOTE: Hangchow to Tientsin by the Grand Canal - The Grand Canal, one of the most important means of communication in China, as the roads are so defective: It is also called Yun Ho (transport), and extends from Hangchow to Tientsin, covering a distance of nearly 1000 miles. This canal has existed for centuries, the first section from the Yang-Tse-Kiang to the Hwei River being opened nearly 500 years B.C. The section of the canal lying between Hangchow and Yang-Tse-Kiang was constructed early in the 7th Century. In the 18th Century it was found necessary to protect the canal from sudden inundations, and for this purpose a double series of lakes was formed on the western side of the canal to enable the surplus waters to discharge themselves and flood the land beyond. The main body of the stream empties its waters into the Yang-Tse-Kiang. Everyman Encyclopedia, London,1910.


====================================================================== CHINA, EMPIRE of, CHIHLI PROVINCE TIENTSIN MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTS 19MM .650 FINE 2.7 GRAMS ====================================================================== (1907) dated in Chinese

2,350,000

rare

¿OV: 4 Chinese characters (Ta Ch’ing Yin Pi = Great Ch’ing silver coin) within inner circle, 4 Manchu characters for same legend, above / n left and n (stars) right, 2 Chinese characters for date, ‚ left and ‚ (rosettes) right of two characters for denomination (10 cents). ¿RV: Dragon, Chinese characters (Made during the reign of Kuang Hsu) above, TAI CHING TI KUO SILVER COIN below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = TIENTSIN CENTRAL MINT TYPE: I = Dated in chinese REFERENCE: Y-12, K-215

1898 24th Year - CHIHLI - REV ====================================================================== CHINA, EMPIRE of, CHIHLI PROVINCE TIENTSIN MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTS 19MM .900 FINE 2.6 GRAMS ====================================================================== (1899) 25th Year

250,000

¿OV: 4 Chinese and 4 Manchu characters within inner circle (Kuang Hsu valuable coin), 3 Chinese characters (Made in Peiyang) above, • (dot) left and • (dot) right, 6 Chinese characters for weight (7 fen 2 li) below. ¿RV: Dragon, 25 TH YEAR of KWANG HSU, above / • PEIYANG • below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: PEIYANG = East Arsenal of TIENTSIN REFERENCE: Y-70, K-199

FOOTNOTE: Sun Yat-Sen was born in 1866 in a farming village in Kwangtung Province near Canton. By the time he was 13 years of age, an older brother who was living in Hawaii had sent for him. There Sun was converted to Christianity and received his education at an Anglican school. After returning to China briefly, he moved to Hong Kong in 1883, to complete his medical training by 1892. Dr. Sun practiced in Macao for awhile, before becoming a revolutionary in 1894, leading the attack upon the Manchu Dynasty. A revolt broke out in 1911 with fighting in central and south China. The liberal faction, called the Kuo-Min-Tang (National Party) held a provisional assembly in Nanking and on December 29, 1911 Dr. Sun Yat-Sen was elected the first President of the Republic of China. After six weeks he resigned in favor of Yuan Shih-Kai, the Commander-in Chief of the old Imperial Army. In 1916, following the death of Yuan Shih-Kai, Dr. Sun was able to set up a provisional government at Canton. Until his death in 1925 he continued to hold government posts. In 1923 he revived support from the Soviets for reorganization of the Kuo-Min-Tang, with a new army headed by Chiang Kai-Shek. Dr. Sun Yat-Sen died on March 12, 1925, honored and acclaimed the Father of His Country. Both of the 10 cent coins which bear Dr. Sun Yat-Sen’s portrait were issued after his death, dated equivalent to 1927 and 1929. ======================================================================

POPULATION: Mint city Tientsin - 1899 - 1,000,000 FOOTNOTE: The Arsenal was destroyed by the Allied Armies in June 1900 when the issue dated 26th year was in preparation. (K203). FOOTNOTE: Tien-Tsin, a large and important city and river-port of China, in the Province of Chihli, on the right bank of the Pei-Ho, 34 miles from the mouth of that river by land, and 68 miles by the winding of the stream. It is the port of the City of Pekin, from which it is distant 80 miles south-east. The streets are unpaved, and the houses, principally built of mud or dried bricks, have a mean appearance, through the central parts of the town are filled with well-built houses. The maximum of heat in the summer is 106', the maximum of cold 6' below zero. The river is generally frozen over from about the 15th December to the 15th March, and the business at other times carried on by means of boats and junks, is taken up by sledges, which swarm on the river. Library of Universal Knowledge, N.Y., 1880.

Emperor's Birthday Celebration


1908 - 10 CENTS - CHIHLI - OBV

1908 - 10 CENTS - CHIHLI - REV

====================================================================== CHINA, EMPIRE of, CHIHLI PROVINCE TIENTSIN MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTS 19.5 MM .600 FINE 2.7 GRAMS ======================================================================

======================================================================

(1908) nd

775,000

¿OV: 4 Chinese characters and 4 Manchu characters (Great Ch’ing silver coin) in inner circle, 4 Chinese characters (Made in the central mint) above / • (dot) left and • (dot) right, 6 Chinese characters for weight (7 fen 2 li), below. ¿RV: Dragon, Chinese characters (Made during the reign of Kuang Hsu) above, TAI CHING TI KUO SILVER COIN below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (Central Mint) = TIENTSIN

FOOTNOTE: A report from Tientsin containing interesting information upon the monetary conditions in China relates, “If anyone changes a dollar, he receives 10 dimes, silver pieces valued at about 10 cents and 7 copper cents and sometimes up to 11 dimes. If anyone buys merchandise for a dollar and pays in small money, he has to give 10 dimes and 7 copper cents and it is necessary to pay 13 sapeques to buy a stamp worth a cent. To buy a stamp worth 10 cents, one must pay a 10 cent piece, a copper cent and 4 sapeques. The cent is to supply the lack of silver in the dime and the sapeques to cover the lack of copper in the cent.” FOOTNOTE: “The outbreak of the revolution in October of 1911 and the subsequent looting and burning by the mob of the Tientsin Central Mint in March, 1912,” accounts for the original striking of this issue to be discontinued. “The Tientsin Central Mint was resuscitated in 1914 and supplied with new and modern machinery” and again from old dies the Year 3 Ta Ch’ing silver coin was struck for a short time. Kann, Commerce of China p 437-8. ======================================================================

TYPE: II = no date REFERENCE: Y-12, K-218 ======================================================================

Chinese Shield

Ships visiting China


1911- 3rd Year - CHIHLI - OBVERSE

1911- 3rd Year - CHIHLI - REVERSE

====================================================================== CHINA, EMPIRE of, CHIHLI PROVINCE TIENTSIN MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTS 19.75 MM .650 FINE 2.7 GRAMS ======================================================================

====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: This issue first struck at the Tientsin central mint in 3rd Year (1911) with mintage of 1,654,300 and was restruck in 1914 from old dies in debased silver. ======================================================================

(1911) 3rd Year (1914) 3rd Year

1,654,300 u/m

debased silver

¿OV: 4 Chinese characters (Ta Ch’ing Yin Pi = Great Ch’ing Silver Coin) in center, 4 Chinese characters for date (3rd year of Hsuen Tung) above, 5 Chinese characters (10 coins exchangable for 1 dollar) below. ¿RV: Dragon chasing a Pearl, in center 2 Chinese characters (10 cents). EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = TIENTSIN CENTRAL MINT REFERENCE: Y-28, K-230 POPULATION: Tientsin mint city - 900,000 FOOTNOTE: The principal imports at the treaty port of Tientsin are cotton, sugar, opium, paper, and tea; exports, dates, cotton, camel’s wool, and coal. New Cabinet Cyclopaedia, Phila., 1896.

Chinese Soldier ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - CHINA - PAGE 123

FOOTNOTE: Yuan Shih Kai - President - The outbreak at Wuchang, October 9, 1911, is generally regarded as the formal inauguration of the revolution. October 14, 1911, Yuan Shih Kai was recalled by Imperial Decree. He did not, however, immediately accept office under the Manchu Dynasty. October 21, 1911, Ichang, in the Hupeh Province, and Changsha, the capital of the Hunan Province, passed over to the revolution. October 24, 1911, Kiukiang, the Yangtze River port of the Kiangsi Province, joined the revolutionists. The same day the new Tartar General of Canton, Feng Shan, was blown to pieces by a bomb as he attempted to make a landing. October 25, 1911 Sianfu, the capital of the Shensi Province, and an old capital of China, revolted and set up an independent government for the Province. October 25 to 29 Hankow was recaptured by the Imperialists under General Yin Chang. The city was largely destroyed by shells and incendiary fires of the Imperialists. October 26, Prince Chun yielded to the demands of the National Assembly, which had reconvened, and dismissed from office Sheng Kung-Pao. October 30 the Prince Regent issued his famous Decree of Penitence, in which, in the name of the little Emperor, he confessed the sins of the Dynasty. November 1, 1911, Nanchang, the capital of the Kangsi Province, renounced Manchu rule. The same day Yuan Shih Kai, who had thus far refused to leave his home and go to Peking in response to the appeals of the Throne, issued a declaration in favor of peace and entered into a negotiation for peace with General Li Yuan Hung. November 2, 1911, in response to a demand by the Imperial troops at Lanchow in the Chihli Province, the Prince Regent promised to accept a constitution. So far from the Decree of Penitence and the pledge to accept a constitution stopping the revolution, these acts apparently encouraged the Revolutionists the more, and November 3 to 9m 1911, Shanghai, Soochow, Kashing, Ningpo, Shaohsingfu, Chinkiang, Changchow, Ku, Sungkiangfu, and Anking, the capital of the Anhwei Province, passed over to the Revolutionists. November 9 Canton joined the Revolutionists and proclaimed an independent Republic for Kwantung. November 9 to 11 Foochow, under General Sung, a former Manchu, after two days skirmishing overthrew the Manchus, thus carrying the Fukien Province over to the side of the revolution, the Viceroy of the Province committed suicide. November 13, Yuan Shih Kai reached Peking, but gave the Manchus no explanation of his independent efforts to establish peace with General Li Yuan Hung...Indeed, he entered Peking quite as much the representative of the Chinese people as of the Manchu Government. November 9 to 13 the two Provinces of Hunan and Kweichow joined the Revolutionists. November 14, Mukden, the leading city in Manchuria, appointed a Committee of Safety. This action carried the Provinces of Kirin, Shengking, and Heilungkiang, embracing the old home of the Manchus, against the Dynasty. The same day Shantung Province proclaimed itself a Republic with its Governor, Sun Pao-Chi, as President. November 26, 1911, the throne swore allegiance to the Eighteen Articles of the Constitution which had been framed by the National Assembly at Peking. Early in November Viceroy Chang Ju Chun at Nanking, the old capital of China, announced that the city might go over to the Revolutionists, but Chang Hsun, the Manchu General in command of the troops, thrust the Viceroy into prison and declared that he and his men would die fighting before they would surrender Nanking to the republicans. The Republican Army marched on Nanking and easily captured Purple Mountain, overlooking the city, and brought their guns directly to bear upon the city on December 1, 1911. Accompanied by a body of soldiers who remained loyal, General Chang retreated north, crossing the Yangtze River, the rest of the Army and the People of Nanking welcomed the Revolutionists. December 2, Lung Yu, the widow of Emperor Kwang-su, now the Dowager Empress, published a Decree announcing the Abdication of the throne by P’u Yi and of the Regency of Prince Chun. This brings to a conclusion one stage of the Revolution, namely, the downfall of the Manchus...Li Yuan Hung was determined that China should adopt a republican form of government, otherwise his army would continue to fight, but Yuan Shih Kai favored a monarchical form of government. (Continued)

FOOTNOTE: (Continued - Yuan Shih Kai) As Li Yuan Hung remained stubborn as to the form of government, but had no personal ambition for the presidency and desired that the office should go to Yuan Shih Kai, a compromise was effected by the acceptance on the part of the North of a republic as the form of government and upon the part of the South, of Yuan Shih Kai as President. The Dowager Empress formally announced on February 12, 1912 the acceptance of the Republic by the Chinese Throne and pledged the Manchu support to the same. Dr. Sun Yet Sen resigned as Provisional President, February 14, 1912 and on February 15, 1912 Yuan Shih Kai was unanimously elected permanent President of the United Chinese Republic. Yuan Shih Kai agreed to go south and be inaugurated as President at Nanking. A riot on the part of the Peking soldiers March 1, the night before Yuan Shih Kai was to start for Nanking, led to a general acquiescence in the inauguration of Yuan Shih Kai at Peking instead of Nanking; and March 2, 1912 he was formally inaugurated President. China an interpretation by James W. Bashford, New York, 1916.

General Yuan Shih-Kai ===================================================================== FOOTNOTE: Yuan Shih-Kai was elected President of the Chinese Republic on February 15, 1912. As President he posed as a revolutionist, but really longed to be the successor of the old Manchu Dynasty. He planed to announce that he would assume the title of “Emperor of China”, but protests of Japan led him to postpone this move. Internal conflict developed between Southern China and the more backward North which continued in spite of the death of President Yuan Shih-Kai in June of 1916.


3rd YEAR - CHIHLI - OBVERSE

3rd YEAR - CHIHLI - REVERSE

====================================================================== CHINA, REPUBLIC of, CHIHLI PROVINCE TIENTSIN MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTS / 1 CHIO 18.5 MM .700 FINE 2.65 GRAMS ======================================================================

======================================================================

(1916) (1917) (1918) (1919) (1920) (1921) (1922) (1923) (1916)

3rd Year 3rd Year 3rd Year 3rd Year 3rd Year 3rd Year 3rd Year 3rd Year 5th Year

1,271,193 558,304 193,000 1,138,542 2,104,503 930,979 696,728 1,000,000 u/m

K-659

K-662

rare

¿OV: Bust of Yuan Shih-Kai, facing left, 6 Chinese characters (3rd year of the Republic of China) above. ¿RV: 2 Chinese characters (ten cents) within wreath of barley tied with ribbon below, 6 Chinese characters (Each 10 pieces equal to 1 dollar) above. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = TIENTSIN CENTRAL MINT ENGRAVER: Luigi Giorgi, Engraver at the Tientsin mint.

FOOTNOTE: The issue dated 3rd year but was actually struck starting in September 1916 continuing through 1923 with a total mintage of 7,893,249. The restrike dated the 5th year is very rare. There is some consideration that the issue dated 5th year was minted at the Naval Arsenal, Makiang, Fukien Province. Mintages listed are from - The Silver Coinage of China 1912-1928 by R.N.J.Wright, NC Vol XVIII, 1978. A rare 5th Year specimen was for many years in the late Marvin Rose collection, until it passed to a Chinese collector in 1996. FOOTNOTE: Yuan Shih-Kai - The late Rev.Arthur B.Coole relates how the Yuan Shih-Kai portrait coin was designed. Silver coins with the image of President Yuan were issued starting in 1913. An Italian artist by the name of Luigi Giorgi had carved the image for the die. At first Giorgi, living in Tientsin near the mint, had made the initial essay for a dollar with Yuan’s bust and it had been sent to Peking for His Excellency to check. He was so delighted to see this essay piece that he invited Giorgi to come up and have dinner with him one evening. When the artist saw Yuan face to face for the first time he received a shock. From his photographs he had thought Yuan Shih-Kai was a weakling physically, but when he saw him face to face he saw power, strength and keenness and said that the original engraving would not do. Yuan than sat for the artist and when a coin actually came out it was the 1914 dollar and subsidiary coins with Yuan’s bust looking left, which was the common coins issued for a number years. Some collectors not flatteringly refer to this bust as the fat boy.

REFERENCE: Y-326 POPULATION: Tientsin - 1921 - 838,529 inhabitants, China total population - 325,722,241 FOOTNOTE: General Yuan Shih-Kai, commanding the Army of the Pechili (Chihli) Province, has his Headquarters at Poating-Fu, the center of the “New” Army of China, and has under his command about 65,000 men, trained in the modern manner and armed with modern weapons in all branches. New International Encyclopedia, 1910.


15th Year - HOPEI - OBVERSE

15th Year - HOPEI - REVERSE

====================================================================== CHINA, REPUBLIC of, HOPEI PROVINCE TIENTSIN MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTS 18.75 MM .700 FINE 2.7 GRAMS ======================================================================

====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: Following the Victory of the Nationalist Armies in the North, the Province of Chihli was renamed Hopei meaning ‘North of the River’. An older name for the province was ‘Pechili’ meaning ‘direct rule’, so called because the capital was located there.

(1926) 15th Year

4,124,138

¿OV: Phoenix and Dragon over insignia of Longevity. ¿RV: 2 Chinese characters (Ten cents) within wreath of barley tied with ribbon below, within inner circle of pearls, 7 Chinese characters (15th year of the Republic of China) above / • (dot) left and • (dot) right, 6 Chinese characters (Every 10 pieces equal to 1 dollar) below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = TIENTSIN REFERENCE: Y- 334, K-682 TYPE: Commemorative of the Marriage of Manchu Emperor Pu Yi.

Yuan Shih-Kai cut his queue

FOOTNOTE: Yuan Shih-Kai was the fourth son of Yuan PaoChung but adopted at an early age by his father’s brother, Yuan Pao-Ch’ing, who had no living son at the time. This uncle and father by adoption was a Chu-jen which corresponded to an “a” degree under the old regime) and in government service. Shih-Kai was burn September 16, 1859, and beside his given name had a Tze secondary name) of Wei-Heng, and Hao (tertiary name) Jung-an. In 1880 he purchased the title of Expectant Secretary in the Grand Secretariat and was assigned to the staff of General Wu Ch’angCh’ing in Tengchow, Shantung. Two years later his commanding officer was assigned to suppress a rebellion in Korea and he went with him and arose to Expectant Sub-Prefect. By December, 1884, he was chief of staff of the Armed Forces of China in Korea. The matter was settled in April, 1885, and Yuan had a few months off from work but in August he was sent back to Korea and was soon given the rank of Prefect. Then for eight years he represented China in Korea with an exalted position. But the Sino-Japanese War broke out in 1894, and during the summer he found himself in Manchuria in charge of handling supplies for the Army fighting the Japanese. From a job of being in command of a new unit and military academy with German tutors (including the old goose-step) he became a Provincial Judge in Chihli Province and thence to Shantung in command of a large military force trying to stop further German encroachment. He suppressed the Boxer movement in that province and so the Boxers went to Chihli. Even during the Boxer Rebellion, then as Governor of Shantung, he would have nothing to do with the Boxers. After they were suppressed by the Allied Forces in Chihli, Yuan was made Governor General of that province and given charge of foreign and military affairs for all of North China. The foreigners were glad to see him in this position because of his unalterable refusal to allow the Boxers to gain ascendancy in the area he had controlled. But in 1907 Yuan Shih-Kai was relieved of military duty and “promoted” to Minister of Foreign Affairs. He had been instrumental in the overthrow of the “100 Days Reform Movement” in 1898 in which the Empress Dowager assumed the reigning title and the Emperor Kuang Hsu was imprisoned in the Summer Palace. (Continued)


FOOTNOTE: (Continued - Yuan Shih Kai) Yuan remained a staunch supporter of the Empress Dowager, Tzu Hsi. But Yuan realized what would happen to him if Kuang Hsu outlived her. By a strange “coincidence”, never fully explained, Tzu Hsi mounted the Dragon Throne on November 13, 1908. She was seriously ill at the time but against the will of her top advisers she insisted that P’u Yi be made the Heir Apparent. The next day Emperor Kuang Hsu died and she died on the 15th. And little Henry P’u Yi, under the reigning title of Hsuan T’ung, became the Emperor. The next few years Yuan was asked to take “sick leave” by the Regent, but when the Revolution broke out in October, 1911, the Regent “ran scared” and asked him to come out of retirement. Yuan, still pouting, replied that “the leg ailment” still remained. Higher and higher offers were made and he finally came out as Commander-in Chief of the whole Imperial Army in North China. The Revolution continued and finally the Regent retired and Empress Hsiaoting, acting in behalf of her adopted son, Hsuan T’ung, agreed to his abdication. Yuan was appointed the mouthpiece and middle-man in talking with the revolutionists and finally made piece with them by adroitly leading them to guarantee that he, Yuan Shih-Kai, would be elected to succeed Sun Yat-Sen as President of the Provisional Republic of China. This demand was agreed to and on March 10, 1912, he became, at the age of 54 (or 53 foreign count,) the new President of China. The five-bar flag (red,yellow,blue,white and black) was adopted as the national symbol. Yuan and his cohorts were not interested in real democracy and his Peiyang Militarist collided head-on with the Kuomin party of revolutionists. With foreign loans he enlarged his Army, all of the Officers being his former military academy students and loyal to him. He forced Parliament to elect him the President of a permanent government, instead of a provisional one, in October 1913. His next step was to order the Kuomintang closed and its members arrested. Without Kuomintang members in Parliament there was not a quorum and so on January 10, 1914, he had it dissolved. By May he had a new constitution drawn which made him President for Life, and gave him the right to name his successor. Thus by 1915 he was making plans to become the First Emperor of a new dynasty and requested the Provincial Governments to petition him to become the Emperor. The petitions came, and were supposed to reflect the “unanimous” will of the people. He announced that he would start his reign on January 1, 1916, under the reigning title of Hung Hsien The Vast Constitutional Law. He ordered the Mints to produce coins for his coronation and all seemed to be set for the great day for him. But another revolution broke out in Yunnan and many parts of China joined in, which caused him to revoke his monarchial plans and announce his resumption of the Presidency. The revolutionists demanded his ouster but the whole matter was cleaned up with his death on June 6,1916. He is remembered by is portrait on the coins of China, quite often referred to as the “Fat Boy”. World Coins, Vol 3 No. 26, Feb 1966 p 114121.

1908 nd -10 CENTS - HUPEH - OBV ====================================================================== CHINA, EMPIRE of, HU-PEH PROVINCE WUCHANG MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTS 19MM .820 FINE 2.6 GRAMS ====================================================================== (1896-1908) nd

48,000,000

¿OV: 4 Chinese and 4 Manchu characters within inner circle (Kuang Hsu valuable coin), 4 Chinese characters (Made in Hu-Peh Province) above, y left and y (7 point rosettes) right, 6 Chinese characters for weight (7 fen 2 li) below. ¿RV: Dragon, HU-PEH PROVINCE, above y left and y (7 point rosettes) right / 7.2 CANDAREENS below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: HU-PEH = WUCHANG REFERENCE: Y- 124.1, K-43

FOOTNOTE: Yuan-Shih-Kai, Chinese military leader, succeeded Li Hung Chang as Viceroy of the Province of Chihli in 1901, and thus assumed one of the most important posts in China with reference to the foreign influence. He is about forty-two years old and was educated in the Chinese schools, passing through the required examinations to the Governorship of the turbulent Province of ShanTung. For several years he was an officer in the Imperial Army,and while at the Head of the Army of ShanTung he organized the best military force in China. As Provincial Governor he distinguished himself by his intelligence, energy, and patriotism; and, while he has shown a willingness to adopt the methods of the foreigners in administration, he has consistently upheld the right of China to govern herself and has opposed the extension of foreign influence over her affairs. International Year Book,New York, 1901.

FOOTNOTE: Yuan Shih-Kai, (wan she-ki), a Chinese statesman, a native of Hunan. He was born in 1859. From 1884 to 1893 he was Minister Resident at Seoul, the capital of Korea, where he gained much distinction during the disturbances there. Returning to China, he was placed at the Head of the foreign-drilled troops at Tientsin, and in 1894 became Chief of the Military Secretariat in Manchuria. In 1895 he was again made Commandant of the foreign-drilled troops. During the Boxer troubles he was Governor of the Province of ShanTung, whence he was later promoted to be Governor-General of the Metropolitan Province of Chili, holding also an important position in the General Government and being at the Head of the Army . New International Encyclopedia, 1910..


====================================================================== CHINA, EMPIRE of, HU-PEH PROVINCE WUCHANG MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTS 19MM .820 FINE 2.7 GRAMS ====================================================================== (1909) nd

500,000

¿OV: 4 Chinese and 4 Manchu characters within inner circle (Hsuen Tung valuable coin), 4 Chinese characters (Made in Hu-Peh Province) above / ‚ left and ‚ (rosettes) right, 6 Chinese characters for weight (7 fen 2 li) below. ¿RV: Dragon, HU-PEH PROVINCE, above ‚ left and ‚ (rosettes) right / 7.2 CANDAREENS below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: HU-PEH = WUCHANG REFERENCE: Y-129 FOOTNOTE: In no country is the demand for food greater than in China and yet we find under their intensive cultivation of China the following comparison in prices (c.1918) for the leading food stuffs:

1908 nd -10 CENTS - HUPEH - REV ====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: The Wuchang mint struck this issue without date from 1896 to 1908. The Wuchang mint was closed in 1909. FOOTNOTE: Wuchang, the capital of Hupeh Province is located on the Yangtze River opposite Hanyang and Hankow at the mouth of the Han River. Wuchang was captured by the Taipings during the Boxer rebellion. During the Chinese Revolution in 1911 Wuchang was the sight of one of the first outbreaks of the revolution. FOOTNOTE: Chinese currency - During the early years of missionaries in China the only coinage was a round copper cash with a square hole, one thousand of which was called a “string”. Larger financial transactions used lumps of silver called “shoes”. The unit of value was an ounce of silver called a “tael”. Silver dollars from Spain and Mexico were first introduced by foreign traders. Late in the last century the Manchus imitated these with “Dragon dollars” and all the resultant currency was called “Mexican”. About the same time the foreign banks in Hong Kong and Shanghai began to print large denomination “Mex” banknotes, which soon found wide favor. After about fifteen years of the Republic, the Chinese Government Banks issued paper money, which replaced silver except in the remote interior, where the people still demanded “hard” money. Chinese Government Banknotes held up well until the Sino-Japanese War, which produced fabulous inflation. By July 1948, an ordinary foreign meal in Shanghai cost one million National Currency, the cheapist bus fare was $60,000, and soft coal cost $140,000,000 per ton. By August 1948, one U.S. dollar bought from eight to twelve million Chinese National Currency. As a result of this frenzied finance, silver dollars came out of hiding everywhere and soon were worth more than U.S. banknotes. The Government then issued a new currency called “Gold Yuan” which presumably had some gold or silver backing and was fixed at four to the U.S. dollar. Despite stringent regulations for exchange control, this new currency soon became as deflated as the old, and eventually depreciated even more rapidly. A Missionary Atlas, Harrisburg,Pa.,1950. FOOTNOTE: Hupeh meaning ‘Lake North’.

HANKOW, HU-PEH PROVINCE NEW YORK, U.S.A. Beefsteak $.04 per lb. .30 to .42 per lb. Veal .07 per lb. .20 to .45 per lb. Mutton .08 per lb. .28 per lb. Spring chicken .08 per lb. .45 per lb. Liver .04 per lb. .35 per lb. Fowl .07 per lb. .30 per lb. Fish - alive .10 per lb. .20 to .40 per lb. Onions .03 per lb. .20 per lb. Eggs from .02 to .05 per dz. Strictly fresh.52 per dz. Potatoes .05 per bushel $3.00 per bushel Cauliflower .12 per head .20 to .30 per head Who’s Who of the Chinese in New York, W.Van Norden, New York, 1918.

Dr Sun Yat-Sen FOOTNOTE: Iron and steel in China - A decade or two ago they were picking up old horseshoes in the streets of London and shipping them out to make third-rate plows for the farmers on the hills of Central China. Today, digging under those hills in the four central provinces they find the greatest coal fields in the world; enough in the Shansi Province alone to supply the world for over thousand years, according to the estimates of the German geologist, Baron Von Richthofen. In central China they have found iron ore better for casting than that of Pittsburgh. In the Great Hang Yang Iron and Steel Works at Wuchang, across from Hankow,...among its four thousand workmen were skilled Chinese labor working at U.S. $1.25 a week and turning out the finest steel rails for the new railways of China.The New Era in Asia, Sherwood Eddy,Smith & LaMar, Nashville, Tenn.,1913.


1908 nd - YUNNAN - OBVERSE

1908 nd - YUNNAN - REVERSE

====================================================================== CHINA, EMPIRE of, YUNNAN PROVINCE YUNNAN FU MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTS 18.75 MM .820 FINE 2.6 GRAMS ======================================================================

======================================================================

(1908) nd

250,000

¿OV: 4 Chinese and 4 Manchu characters within inner circle (Hsuen Tung valuable coin), 4 Chinese characters (Made in Yunnan Province) above, 7 small circlets left and right, 6 Chinese characters for weight (7 fen 2 li) below. ¿RV: Dragon, within inner circle of pearls, 7 small circlets left and right. EDGE: Reeded MINT: YUNNAN PROVINCE = YUNNAN FU (later renamed Kunming).

FOOTNOTE: Yunnan meaning ‘Cloudy South’ or South of the Clouds, allusion to the great banks of fog which overhang the province of Sze-Chuan on the north. FOOTNOTE: Yun-Nan-Fu, capital of the Province of Yun-Nan, stands 6,420 feet above sea level, near the shore of Lake TienCh’ih. Its walls, which have a circuit of three miles are pierced with six gates, included in the northern section many swamps and vegetable gardens.The population and the business are in the southern half; the streets are wide and clean, all garbage being collected daily by bullock carts, a most unusual thing in China. The climate is healthful. There are heavy snows in winter. Population, about 100,000. New International Encyclopedia, 1910.. FOOTNOTE: The mint of Yunnan which was founded in 1905...is situated at Kunming. Originally established for the purpose of producing copper coins, it began operation in 1908, turning out Dragon Dollars, subsidiary silver coins and copper cents. Kann, Commmerce of China. p 441.

REFERENCE: Y-255, K-174 FOOTNOTE: The coin illustrated came from a small hoard (possibly a roll or two) which came upon the market, all brilliant uncirculated, about ten years ago.

Chinamen

FOOTNOTE: Harry Frank in Roving Through Southern China in 1924, tells of the slave trade practiced at Yunnanfu...”Good-looking slaves were quoted at forty or fifty dollars, others at twentyfive to thirty—the Yunnanese dollar then fluctuating around one third our own [U.S.$]. Good horses were more expensive; mules, several times so. The purchased are not slaves in exactly the way Africans used to be in our Southern States, and on the whole they were no worse treated than the rank and file of freeman...Newly purchased slaves are provided immediately with clothing, of necessity, since that in which they stand remains the property of the former owner - much like bringing your own halter to lead home a new horse. The missionaries who made up the majority of foreigners were too soft-hearted to build up an efficient servant body. However our Yunnanese children’s ‘ama’ did excellent sewing, and her wages were ten American cents a day without food. A slave must be fed, and no doubt would be as troublesome to dispose of when one must move on as other untransportable chattels.” Frank, Roving Through Southern China, p 420, New York, 1925.


======================================================================

FOOTNOTE: (Continued - China) Usually entering office with literary or scholastic qualifications only, he is assisted by a permanent staff of trained specialists. Each group of two or more Hien is under a ‘Fu’ or city of the first class. Chinese law is the growth of many centuries. The criminal code is remarkable for the conciseness and simplicity of its language, yet the actual punishment inflicted depends very much upon the judge. Torture is used to extract testimony. The punishment inflicted are flogging with the bamboo, banishment, and death by strangling or decapitation. Oaths are taken on a cock’s head chopped from its body. In theory the accused is already guilty, and a Chinese judge, like the French, acts as prosecutor as well as arbiter. In spite of the prevalence of bribery, judges are apt to give common-sense decisions. New International Encyclopedia, 1910..

Cultivation and preparation of tea ====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: Most of the illistrations originated in Sears' New and complete History of China, Rober Sears, New York, 1850. FOOTNOTE: China cannot be regarded an empire in the occidental sense, nor is there a central government, as there is a Germany, a Russian, and a British government; the general constitution of China proper is that of a confederation of provinces. Nevertheless, the power of the Manchu Dynasty is very largely autocratic, and its decrees and edicts have imperative force throughout the Empire, but the autocracy, centered nominally in the Emperor at Peking, is hedged around by a number of advisory bodies of which the first in importance is the Government Council. In matters that are out of the usual routine, a Provincial Governor can petition the Emperor directly. Between the Emperor and the Provincial Governors is the Viceroy, and there are thus ten or twelve Viceroys or Governors-General, who may work together with or independently of the Provisional Governors. Usually the Governor and the Viceroy are the same mediums of communication between the Capital and Province. Each Province has its Army and Navy, and in past years may have been uninterested and may have taken no part in wars going on in distant sections of the Empire.The highest Viceroyalty is that of the two Kiangs (Kiang-Nan and Cheh-Kiang) with its seat at Nan-King; the second is that of Pe-Chi-Li (Chin-Li) with its seat at Peking and Mint at Tientsin, the third Viceroyalty is that of the two Kwangs, (Kwang-Tung and Kwang-Si), with is headquarters at Canton. The other important capitals being at FuChow, Hang-Chow, Wu-Chang, Chang-Sha, Yun-Nan, and KuYang. The provinces of Shan-Tung, Shan-Si and Ho-Nan, the oldest parts of China, have no Viceroy, while Sze-Chuan has no Governor, but only a Viceroy. Thus each of the eighteen provinces, with its own Army, Navy, and tax system, and its own social customs, has been a complete state in itself. Since the modern mint machinery was introduced into China, each Province has produced its own coinage, following the Dragon series with the name of the Province shown in Chinese characters and usually the Province name in English on the Reverse. Each province is thus a state in itself and bases its administration system upon the real official unit of Chinese corporate life, the ‘Hien” or city district. Of these there are 1300 in the Empire. Each province has 70 to 100 or more Hien, a term which Europeans translate ‘district’, ‘department’,’canton’ or ‘prefecture’. Thus the half-barbarian KweiChow has but 34 Hien, with numerous districts in which dwell half-civilized natives, while Pe-Chi-Li (Chihli) has 140 Hien, the total including Peking, in pure Chinese tracts, of a walled city and an area of 500 or 1000 square miles around the town. The Hien magistrate is the heart and soul of all official life. The people call him ‘Father and Mother Official’, for he has, or may have, relatives direct with the Emperor and is always close to the masses.

FOOTNOTE: Now 200,000,000 (Chinese) males shave the front part of their heads and braid their hair in a long queue. This fashion gives employment to multitudes of barbers, for it is rarely that even a poor man attends to his own hair-dressing. For months after the death of an Emperor, an event which allows no one to shave for a hundred days, the barbers have difficulty in earning a living. New Interrnational Encyclopedia, 1910.

Chinese -10 cent note - 1940 FOOTNOTE: The Chinese series would not be as informative without the mintages figures estimated by R.N.J.Wright taken from his most detailed paper The Silver Coinage of Chine 1912 1928 - The Numismatic Chronicle, Vol XVIII, Royal Numismatic Society, London 1978. FOOTNOTE: The author considers the Chinese series of Modern Dime Size Silver Coins of The World to be the most difficult to complete by type (along with Persia), and also having attempted to collect by date these coins for over thirty years beginning in 1966. At the time collecting only by type from the Yeoman catalog using Y numbers for types, allowed most of the illustrated coins to be purchased, with expenditures of from two dollars to thirty-five dollars. Still on the "want list' are 26 different dates including several types, with only one added in the past ten years, and some duplicate coins.



COLOMBIA

======================================================================

======================================================================



====================================================================== COLOMBIA, REPUBLIC of BIRMINGHAM MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTAVOS 18MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ======================================================================

======================================================================

(1911) (1912) (1913) (1914)

1911 1913 1913 1914

5,064,946 2,425,000 5,880,000 3,840,000

CO#527 CO#528 CO#528 CO#529

¿OV: Head of Bolivar, facing right REPUBLICA DE COLOMBIA (Republic of Colombia) around / .DATE. below. ÀRV: Condor over Arms with motto: LIBERTAD Y ORDEN (Liberty and Order) DIEZ (ten) CENTAVOS above / G. 2.500. LEY (fineness) 0.900 below.

FOOTNOTE: The issue dated 1913 was struck in 1912 and 1913 with a total mintage of 8,305,000. FOOTNOTE: Colombia, originally the Spanish Vice-Royalty of New Granada, in 1819 became independent from Spain and with the Captaincy of Venezuela and the Presidency of Quito (Ecuador) formed the State of Greater Colombia which continued for ten years. In 1832 this state was split into three independent countries of Venezuela, Ecuador and the Republic of New Granada. Listings begin with the date 1851 for Republic of New Granada. The Granadine Confederation is listed with issues of 1859 and 1860. The United States of New Granada is shown an issue dated 1861. In 1863 the Republic took the name of the United States of Colombia. The Republic of Colombia starts again with 1911.

EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = The Mint, BIRMINGHAM, Ltd. REFERENCE: Y-47, Co 10, KM-196 POPULATION: Colombia - 1912 - 5,031,850 with capital Bogota with 150,000 inhabitants. FOOTNOTE: The dime size coinage of Colombia was minted originally at the National mints of Bogota, Medellin and Popayan. Two foreign mints also supplied these coins; Brussels for 1897 and Birmingham the period 1911-14. The National mint at Bogota continued to mint this size in silver through 1952. Listings are by mints and chronological. FOOTNOTE: The 1913 10 Centavos was a frozen date 1912-13

Native home, Colombia -1902

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - COLOMBIA - PAGE 131

====================================================================== NUEVA GRANADA, REPUBLIC of (COLOMBIA) BOGOTA MINT ====================================================================== UN REAL 18.MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1851 1852 1853

u/m u/m u/m

====================================================================== GRANADINE CONFEDERATION, (COLOMBIA) BOGOTA MINT ====================================================================== UN DECIMO 18.MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1859 1860

¿OV: Pomegranate between cornucopia NUEVA GRANADA (New Granada) around above rosette left and right / DATE below. ÀRV: UN / REAL / within wreath of oak with ribbon around, BOGOTA above, Mercuryshaft,left and right / LEI (fineness) 0,900 below.

u/m u/m

¿OV: Pomegranate between cornucopia CONFEDERACION GRANADINA (Granadine Confederation) around / DATE below. ÀRV: UN / DECIMO / within wreath of oak with ribbon around, BOGOTA above, Mercuryshaft,left and right / LEI (fineness) 0,900 below. EDGE: Reeded

EDGE: Reeded MINT: BOGOTA = BOGOTA MINT: BOGOTA = BOGOTA REFERENCE: C-183, KM-125 REFERENCE: C-155a, KM-112 ====================================================================== NUEVA GRANADA, REPUBLIC of, (COLOMBIA) BOGOTA MINT ====================================================================== UN DECIMO 18.MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858

FOOTNOTE: The Coat of Arms of Colombia dates from 1832. The Pomegranate between cornucopia symbolizes the country’s old name: New Granada. The lower field depicts the Isthmus of Panama (part of Columbia until 1903) with a ship in each ocean. The Liberty cap, symbol of Liberty is the center field. A condor with a laurel wreath in its beak, above. Motto on scroll: Libertad Y Orden (Liberty and Order) and two draped flags of Colombia on each side were added later.


¿OV: Pomegranate between cornucopia REPUBLICA DE LA NUEVA GRANADA (Republic of New Granada) around / DATE below. ÀRV: UN / DECIMO / within wreath of oak with ribbon around, BOGOTA above, Mercuryshaft,left and right / LEI (fineness) 0,900 below.

Early Arms of Colombia

EDGE: Reeded MINT: BOGOTA = BOGOTA REFERENCE: C-162, KM-115 FOOTNOTE: The decimal system was first introduced in Colombia in 1847 with the ten real peso. In 1853 the peso of .900 fine, 25 grams was equal to 100 centavos. Un Decimo translates “one tenth” of peso. FOOTNOTE: Bolivar, the great hero known as the Liberator, following one of his battles was spending some time resting when he went on a trip to the village of Giron, Colombia. A fighting man needed only to be a good horseman and leaders were often without uniforms. This day, two of Bolivars Aides-De-Camps, one British and one French accompanied him, partway there, they stopped at a hut. There were only two chairs and the little woman offered these to the two uniformed officers. She gave the Liberator, Bolivar, who was dressed in cotton trousers with a linen shirt, a hide to sit on. He sat down on the floor not wishing to embarrass her. As they went to leave he discussed her small children and how poor she was. Leaving he pressed in her hand a gold Spanish doubloon, to her realization that “he” was the Liberator.

====================================================================== NUEVA GRANADA, UNITED STATES of, (COLOMBIA) BOGOTA MINT ====================================================================== UN DECIMO 18.MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1861

u/m

¿OV: Pomegranate between cornucopia ESTADOS UNIDOS DE NUEVA GRANADA (United States of New Granada) around / 1861 below. ÀRV: UN / DECIMO / within wreath of oak with ribbon around, BOGOTA above, iiii left and iiiii right / LEI (fineness) 0,900 below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: BOGOTA = BOGOTA REFERENCE: C-195, KM-137




====================================================================== COLOMBIA, UNITED STATES of, BOGOTA MINT ====================================================================== UN DECIMO 18.5 MM .900 FINE 2.55 GRAMS ======================================================================

======================================================================

1863 1864 1866

96,000 38,842 111,868

CO#494 CO#495 CO#496

¿OV: Pomegranate between cornucopia ESTADOS UNIDOS DE COLOMBIA (United States of Colombia) around / 9 stars, below. ÀRV: UN / DECIMO / DATE within wreath of oak with ribbon around, BOGOTA above, Mercuryshaft,left and right / LEI (fineness) 0,900 below.

FOOTNOTE: Simon Bolivar, The Liberator - The founder and first President of the Republic of Colombia, known as “The Liberator of South America” was born in Venezuela in 1783 and educated in Madrid. He traveled in Europe and the United States. When the revolt against the Spanish broke out in Venezuela, he joined it, but had to flee. In 1813 he returned and gathering a force together, defeated General Monteverde at Caracus. The tide then turned requiring him to flee to Jamaica. Shortly he returned and in 1819 won the Battle of Bojaca, resulting in the inauguration of the Republic of Venezuela to which was afterwards united New Granada. In 1822 Bolivar went to help the Peruvians in their struggle for liberty from Spain and was given the Chief Command. After a long campaign he won the great Battle of Ayacucho. Upper Peru was constituted a separate republic with the title of Bolivia. As President of Columbia he had to endure much factious hostility; but though he tendered his resignation more than once it was never accepted, the supreme power being confirmed in him in 1828. Bolivar died in 1830.

EDGE: Reeded MINT: BOGOTA = BOGOTA REFERENCE: Y-3.1, KM-145.1 FOOTNOTE: Bogota is situated in the midst of a fertile plain, 8000 feet above the level of the sea. It is handsomely built, and contains many elegant edifices; among which; are a cathedral, university, Government Palace, and numerous churches and convents. The most noted curiosity in New Granada, is the Cataract of Te-QuenDa-ma, in the River Bogota, 15 miles from Bogota. Above the falls, the river is more than 400 feet wide, but is suddenly compressed to 35 or 40 feet in width, and at two bounds plunges down a descent of more than 600 feet, into an abyss below. The natural bridge of Iconanzo, on the route from Bogota to Popayan, extends across a chasm more than 360 feet in depth, at the bottom of which flows a rapid torrent. Olney’s Geography, 1849.

FOOTNOTE: Bogota, formerly Santa Fe de Bogota, a city of South America, Capital of Colombia and of the State or Department of Cundindamarca, and seat of an Archbishopric, situated on an elevated plane 8863 feet above the sea, at the foot of two lofty mountains, with a healthy though moist climate, and a temperature rarely exceeding 59' fahr. Bogota being subject to earthquakes, the houses are low, and strongly built of sun-dried brick. The principal street, Calle Real, is very handsome, terminating at one end in a square, formed by the Palace of the President, the cathedral, the Custom-house, etc. There is a university, four colleges, a public library, observatory, botanic garden, theatre, mint, etc. The inhabitants are mostly creoles. Bogota is an emporium of internal trade, and has manufactures of soap, cloth, leather, etc. not of great importance. It was founded in 1538, population about 100,000 - The plateau of Bogota seems to be the basin of a dried-up lake. It is drained by the river Bogota or Funza, which forms the falls of Tequendama, 650 feet high. Cabinet Cyclopaedia, 1895.


====================================================================== COLOMBIA, UNITED STATES of BOGOTA MINT ====================================================================== UN DECIMO 19MM .835 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1866

605,096 CO#499

¿OV: Pomegranate between cornucopia ESTADOS UNIDOS DE COLOMBIA (United States of Colombia) abound / 9 stars, below. ÀRV: UN / DECIMO / 1866 within wreath of oak with ribbon around, BOGOTA above, Mercuryshaft,left and right / LEI (fineness) 0,835 below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: BOGOTA = BOGOTA REFERENCE: Y-3.1a, KM-145.1a FOOTNOTE: The nine stars represent the Nine States of the Union. ====================================================================== COLOMBIA, REPUBLIC of BOGOTA MINT ====================================================================== UN DECIMO 19MM .835 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1868 1869 1871 1872

145,579 82,046 144,394 132,897

CO#502 CO#503 CO#504 CO#505

¿OV: Head of Liberty, facing left with fillet inscribed LIBERTAD (LIBERTY) / DATE, 9 stars, below. ÀRV: Arms of the Republic, UN DECIMO above, G.2.500 left, LEI (fineness) 0.835 right, BOGOTA, below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: BOGOTA = BOGOTA REFERENCE: Y-7.1, KM-151.1 FOOTNOTE: Bogota, more fully Santa Fe de Bogota, The Federal Capital of the United States of Colombia, formerly New Granada, is situated within the limits of Cundindamarca, on a table-land, which at an elevation of 8694 feet above the sea, separates the basin of the Magdalena from that of the Orinoco. Bogota was founded in 1538 consisting then of 12 houses in honor of the 12 Apostles. In 1800, it contained 21,464 inhabitants; and in 1821, 30,000; and now it is stated at 50,000 (c.1879). Prospectively, also the surrounding mountains promise, one day to give to industry many valuable minerals, such as iron, coal, and salt. The last two, in fact, have already been obtained to some extent. Mines of emeralds, gold, silver, and copper are also said to exist within the same district. Bogota is regularly and handsomely built. It has 4 public squares and 5 elegant bridges over 2 small rivlets - the San Francisco and the San Augustin. Like every place in Spanish America, it teems with churches and convents - two of the latter overhanging the city on twin hill-tops at a height of 2,500 feet above the general level. Bogota likewise possesses, in addition to official buildings, a mint, a theatre, a university, and spacious barracks. Library of Universal Knowledge,N.Y. 1879.

1874 - 10 CENTAVOS - OBVERSE ====================================================================== COLOMBIA, UNITED STATES of BOGOTA MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTAVOS 18MM .835 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1872 1873 1874

included in Y-7.1 42,780 179,235

CO#508 CO#509 CO#510

¿OV: Head of Liberty, facing left ESTADOS UNIDOS DE COLOMBIA (United States of Colombia) above / DATE under bust, iiiiiiiii (9 stars), below. ÀRV: Arms of the Republic, G.2.500. 10 CENTAVOS, left and above, BOGOTA LEI (fineness) 0.835 below and right. EDGE: Reeded MINT: BOGOTA = BOGOTA TYPE: Arms reverse. REFERENCE: Y-B12, KM-171


====================================================================== COLOMBIA, UNITED STATES of BOGOTA MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTAVOS 18.5 MM .835 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1874 1875 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885

included with Y-B14 264,984 419,411 included above 134,088 20,232 u/m 201,591 u/m u/m

CO#511 CO#512 CO#513 CO#514 CO#516 CO#517 CO#518 CO#519 CO#521 CO#522

¿OV: Liberty Head, facing left LIBERTAD (Liberty) on headband, ESTADOS UNIDOS DE COLOMBIA (United States of Colombia) above / DATE under bust, iiiiiiiii (9 stars), below. ÀRV: 10 / CENT between two cornucopia crossed, GRAM. 2,500. left facing in, LEI (fineness) O, 835 right facing out / BOGOTA (mintmark) below.

1874 - 10 CENTAVOS - REVERSE ====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: In 1871 the United States of Colombia adopted the Monetary System of the Latin Union with a gold peso as the unit, divided into 100 centavos.

EDGE: Reeded MINT: BOGOTA = BOGOTA TYPE: Cornucopia reverse. REFERENCE: Y-14.1, KM-175.1 POPULATION: Colombia - 1890 - 3,000,000 with capital Bogota with 120,000 inhabitants.

======================================================================

======================================================================



======================================================================

======================================================================




====================================================================== COLOMBIA, REPUBLIC of BOGOTA MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTAVOS 18MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ======================================================================

======================================================================

1918 2,148,565 1920 included above 1934 u/m 1937 u/m 1940 u/m 1941 u/m 1942 u/m

CO#530 CO#531 CO#532 CO#534 CO#536 CO#537 CO#538

rare

¿OV: Head of Bolivar, facing right REPUBLICA DE COLOMBIA (Republic of Colombia) around / •DATE• below. ÀRV: Condor over Arms with motto: LIBERTAD Y ORDEN (Liberty and Order) DIEZ (ten) CENTAVOS above / G • 2.500 • LEY (fineness) 0.900 below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = BOGOTA TYPE: I - No mintmark and dot after weight. REFERENCE: Y-47, KM-196 POPULATION: Colombia - 1921 - 5,472,604

FOOTNOTE: A 1918 VIEW OF BOGOTA COLOMBIA - Bogota appears very different, the streets are narrower, and some of the sidewalks are hardly wide enough for two people to walk side by side. The low buildings seem to be all joined together, and their solid walls line the streets. We see no green lawns or lovely gardens in front of them. No chimneys rise from the red roofs, and no skyscrapers tower above the lower blocks. There are many people on the streets, some on foot and some on horseback. We notice the poles and wires for electric lights and telephones and we see electric cars running through some of the streets. The houses sit close to the narrow sidewalks, and a heavy door in the wall admits people to the courtyard and into the gardens behind the houses instead of in front of them. The houses are built around a square, called a patio. The gardens and flowers and fountains are in the patio, where the family can enjoy them in private, undisturbed by the passers-by. The buildings are only one story or in some cases, two stories high. Near the center of the city the lower floor is usually occupied by stores. In the outskirts, this part of the house, which is considered less desirable, is let to the poorer families, while the better class of people live on the second floor. The rich and the poor thus mingle together in the same part of the city. The rooms on the lower floor have only one outer door, which opens on the street. A solid wall separates these rooms from the patio, which is used only by the family on the second floor. The best rooms of the house, the parlor and reception rooms, are on the street side of the patio; the kitchen is on the opposite side, in the rear; the bedrooms are on the sides between. Some of the buildings in Bogota are very old. Among these are many convents and monasteries, which are now put to other uses. Some of them are used for schools, hotels, hospitals, barracks for the soldiers, the Post Office, and other Departments of Government. South America by Nellie B. Allen, Boston 1918. FOOTNOTE: Currency of Colombia - 100 Centavos = 1 Peso


1934B - 10 CENTAVOS - OBVERSE

1934B - 10 CENTAVOS - REVERSE


======================================================================

1934 B

140,000

CO#533

¿OV: Head of Bolivar, facing right REPUBLICA DE COLOMBIA (Republic of Colombia) around / • B 1934 • below.

FOOTNOTE: In 1921 a treaty was ratified between Colombia and the United States in which the United States agreed to pay Colombia $25,000,000 in five annual installments as indemnity for the loss of Panama and the construction of the Panama Canal. The first installment was used in the establishment of sound national currency and the setting up of a National Bank. Later payments were designated for transportation including eleven railroads, two canal projects and a cable company. ======================================================================

ÀRV: Condor over Arms with motto: LIBERTAD Y ORDEN (Liberty and Order) DIEZ (ten) CENTAVOS above / G • 2.500 • LEY (fineness) 0.900 below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: B = BOGOTA TYPE: II - B mintmark on obverse. REFERENCE: Y-47, KM-196 POPULATION: Colombia - 1930 - 7,967,788

Bolivar, The Liberator

1938 - 10 CENTAVOS - OBVERSE ======================================================================



1942B - 10 CENTAVOS - OBVERSE



1938

2,055,000

CO#535

1942 B

u/m

CO#539

¿OV: Head of Bolivar, facing right REPUBLICA DE COLOMBIA (Republic of Colombia) around / • 1938 • below.

¿OV: Head of Bolivar, facing right REPUBLICA DE COLOMBIA (Republic of Colombia) around / • 1942 • below.

ÀRV: Condor over Arms with motto: LIBERTAD Y ORDEN (Liberty and Order) DIEZ (ten) CENTAVOS above / G • 2.500 LEY (fineness) 0.900 below.

ÀRV: Condor over Arms with motto: LIBERTAD Y ORDEN (Liberty and Order) DIEZ (ten) CENTAVOS above / B (mintmark) below arms / G • 2.500 • LEY (fineness) 0.900 below.

EDGE: Reeded EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = BOGOTA MINT: B = BOGOTA TYPE: III - Same as type I except no dot after weight on reverse.

TYPE: IV - B mintmark on reverse.



======================================================================

Population: Colombia - 1942 - 8,893,000

FOOTNOTE: The monetary unit of Colombia is the peso, worth approximately U.S.$.56 in 1938. There are silver coins of 10, 20 and 50 centavos and nickel coins of 1, 2, and 5 centavos. FOOTNOTE: Approximately two-thirds of the employed population of Colombia engage in agricultural pursuits and the maximum daily wage paid at the close of 1937 was 1.30 pesos (about U.S.$.73) per day. As a result of the low income received by a great majority of the population, purchases are limited almost entirely to bare necessities. The population is estimated for 1938 at 8,693,293 with the Capital Bogota with 350,000 inhabitants. ======================================================================


1942 B - 10 CENTAVOS - REVERSE B mintmark below arms

1947 - 10 CENTAVOS - REVERSE B mintmark at bottom

======================================================================

====================================================================== COLOMBIA, REPUBLIC of BOGOTA MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTAVOS 18MM .500 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1945 1946 1947

======================================================================

u/m u/m 7,366,426

CO#540 CO#541A CO#542A

¿OV: Head of SANTANDER DE DAVID, facing right REPUBLICA DE COLOMBIA (Republic of Colombia) around / .DATE. below. ÀRV: 10 / CENTAVOS within wreath, / B (mintmark) at bottom. EDGE: Reeded MINT: B = BOGOTA TYPE: I - Mintmark B at bottom of reverse. REFERENCE: Y-64.1, KM-207.1 POPULATION: Colombia - 1946 - 10,702,000 with capital Bogota with 425,240 inhabitants.



1947 - 10 CENTAVOS - REVERSE B mintmark at top

1897 - 10 CENTAVOS - OBVERSE BRUSSELS MINT


====================================================================== COLOMBIA, REPUBLIC of BRUSSELS MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTAVOS 18.5 MM .666 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ======================================================================

1947 included with type I 1948 3,629,120 1949 5,922,500 1950 6,782,500 1951 5,185,000 1952 1,060,000

CO#542B CO#543 CO#544 CO#545 CO#546 CO#547

¿OV: Head of SANTANDER DE DAVID, facing right REPUBLICA DE COLOMBIA (Republic of Colombia) around / • DATE • below. ÀRV: 10 / CENTAVOS within wreath, / B (mintmark) at top.

1897

2,642,400

CO#526

¿OV: Liberty Head, facing right LIBERTAD (Liberty) incised on headband, REPUBLICA DE COLOMBIA (Republic of Colombia) around / • 1897 • below. ÀRV: Condor over Arms with motto: LIBERTAD Y ORDEN (Liberty and Order) DIEZ (ten) CENTAVOS above, G 2.500 BOGOTA LEY (fineness) 0.666, below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = BRUSSELS

EDGE: Reeded


MINT: B = BOGOTA

POPULATION: Colombia - 1894 - 3,321,052

TYPE: II - Mintmark B at top of reverse. REFERENCE: Y-64.2, KM-207.2 Monedas De Colombia by Dario Uribe Trujillo, Medellin 1970, CO# - Coins of Colombia by Alcedo Almanzar and Dale Seppa, San Antonio 1973. FOOTNOTE: Pattern 10 centavos dated 1900 was struck at Birmingham, .666 fine, (reference Co 5p) to Commemorate the 400 th Anniversary of Discovery. Sweeny, p.124


====================================================================== COLOMBIA, UNITED STATES of MEDELLIN MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTAVOS 18MM .835 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1885

u/m

CO#523

¿OV: Liberty Head, facing left LIBERTAD (Liberty) on headband, ESTADOS UNIDOS DE COLOMBIA (United States of Colombia) above / 1885 under bust, iiiiiiiii (9 stars), below. ÀRV: 10 / CENT between two cornucopia crossed, GRAM. 2,500. left facing in, LEI (fineness) O, 835 right facing out / MEDELLIN (mintmark) below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: MEDELLIN = MEDELLIN REFERENCE: Y-14.2, KM-175.2

1897 - 10 CENTAVOS - REVERSE BRUSSELS MINT ====================================================================== COLOMBIA, REPUBLIC of MEDELLIN MINT ====================================================================== UN DECIMO 19MM .835 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1874

u/m

CO#507

¿OV: Head of Liberty, facing left with fillet inscribed LIBERTAD (LIBERTY) / 1874, iiiiiiiii (9 stars), below. ÀRV: Arms of the Republic, UN DECIMO above, G.2.500 left, LEI (fineness) 0.835 right, MEDELLIN, below.

====================================================================== COLOMBIA, UNITED STATES of MEDELLIN MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTAVOS 18MM .500 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1885 1886

u/m u/m

CO#524A CO#525

¿OV: Liberty Head, facing left LIBERTAD (Liberty) on headband, ESTADOS UNIDOS DE COLOMBIA (United States of Colombia) above / DATE under bust, iiiiiiiii (9 stars), below. ÀRV: 10 / CENT between two cornucopia crossed, GRAM. 2,500. left facing in, LEI (fineness) O, 500 right facing out / MEDELLIN (mintmark) below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: MEDELLIN = MEDELLIN

EDGE: Reeded MINT: MEDELLIN = MEDELLIN REFERENCE: Y-7.2, KM-151.2

REFERENCE: Y-14a, KM-175.2a FOOTNOTE: President Rafael Nunez authorized subsidiary coins reduced to .500 fine and gold coinage to .666 fine.

FOOTNOTE: Colombia, named after Christopher Columbus. FOOTNOTE: Medellin is the second largest town in Colombia. There are rich gold and silver mines in the vicinity. The inhabitants are chiefly engaged in the manufacture of jewelry, porcelain, and pottery. Coffee is grown and exported. Population of the town (1910) is about 60,000. New Standard Encyclopedia,1910.


====================================================================== COLOMBIA, UNITED STATES of POPAYAN MINT ====================================================================== UN DECIMO 18.5 MM .900 FINE 2.55 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1863 1864

u/m 27,621

CO#497 CO#498

¿OV: Pomegranate between cornucopia ESTADOS UNIDOS DE COLOMBIA (United States of Colombia) abound / iiiiiiiii (9 stars), below. ÀRV: UN / DECIMO / DATE within wreath of oak with ribbon around, POPAYAN above, Mercuryshaft,left and right / LEI (fineness) 0,900 below.

====================================================================== COLOMBIA, UNITED STATES of POPAYAN MINT ====================================================================== UN DECIMO 19MM .835 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1866

33,955

CO#500

¿OV: Pomegranate between cornucopia ESTADOS UNIDOS DE COLOMBIA (United States of Colombia) abound / iiiiiiiii (9 stars), below. ÀRV: UN / DECIMO / 1866 within wreath of oak with ribbon around, POPAYAN above, flowers,left and right / LEI (fineness) 0,835 below. EDGE: Reeded

EDGE: Reeded TYPE: fLOWERS / .835 fine MINT: POPAYAN = POPAYAN MINT: POPAYAN = POPAYAN TYPE: Mercuryshaf / .900 fine REFERENCE: Y-3.2a, KM-145.2a REFERENCE: Y-3.2, KM-145.2 ======================================================================

Colombia, South America

1866 - UN DECIMO - OBVERSE ====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: Popayan situated near the banks of the River Cauca, 225 miles southwest of Bogota, lies on a wide plain 6000 feet above the sea, and dominated by the volcano Purace. Popayan was founded in 1536 by Belalcazar. In the 18th century it was an important commercial and gold-mining center, but the civil wars and the earthquake of 1827 reduced its size considerable.

FOOTNOTE: Colombia, Republic of, formerly called New Granada, Republic of South America, consisting of the nine Departments or States of Antiquia, Bolivar, Boyaca, Cauca, Cundindamarca, Magdalena, Panama (or Istmo), Santander, and Tolima. The population in 1881 was 3,878,000. The chief towns are Bogota, the Capital; Medellin, and Panama. The territory of the republic includes the whole of the isthmus of Panama, to the border of Costa Rica, the pacific coast south to Ecuador, and that of the Caribbean Sea east to Venezuela; but there is much disputed boundary territory in the inland regions towards the south and east...The mineral wealth is various and abundant, though still imperfectly explored. It comprises coal, gold, silver (both now largely worked by foreign companies), emeralds, and salt. The exports are chiefly precious metal, hides, coffee, tobacco, etc.; The imports, manufactured goods. The money standard is the Peso or Dollar, normal value 4 Shillings. New Granada declared its independence of Spain in 1811, and after eleven years of warfare succeeded with the help of Venezuela in effecting its liberation. Both states then united with Ecuador, also freed from the Spanish domination, to form the first Republic of Colombia; but internal dissensions arising, the three states again separated in 1831, forming three independent republics, which have had a very troubled existence. In 1861 the states formed New Granada by agreement adopted a new constitution, the republic henceforth to be called the United States of Colombia. This title was retained till, by the new constitution adopted in 1886, the state ceased to be a Federal Republic and became a Unitary Republic with the name of Republic of Colombia. Cabinet Cyclopaedia,1895.



COSTA RICA

1892 - 10 CENTAVOS - BIRMINGHAM MINT ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - COSTA RICA - PAGE 143



====================================================================== COSTA RICA, REPUBLIC of BIRMINGHAM MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTAVOS 18MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ======================================================================

====================================================================== COSTA RICA, REPUBLIC of PHILADELPHIA MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTIMOS 18MM .900 FINE 2.0 GRAMS ======================================================================

1889 1890 1892

260,000 215,125 139,936

¿OV: Arms, within short wreath of laural and palm, REPUBLICA DE COSTA RICA (Republic of Costa Rica) above, / DATE below. ÀRV: 10 / CENTAVOS / - within wreath of laurel and palm tied with ribbon below, AMERICA CENTRAL above, 9 Ds / HEATON BIRMm (mintmark) i around below

1905 1910 1912 1914

400,000 400,000 267,783 150,000

¿OV: Arms on cartouche, REPUBLICA DE COSTA RICA (Republic of Costa Rica) around / i DATE i below. ÀRV: 10 / CENTIMOS / - within wreath of laurel tied with ribbon below, AMERICA CENTRAL above, i 900 M i G.C.R. i (Gobierno de Costa Rica = Government of Costa Rica) below, incised in stars (obv) and (rev) C and R, left and right.

EDGE: Reeded EDGE: Reeded MINT: HEATON BIRMm = R. Heaton & Sons, BIRMINGHAM

MINT: (no mintmark) = PHILADELPHIA



POPULATION: Costa Rica - 1890 - 180,000

POPULATION: Costa Rica - 1910 - 368,780 with capital San Jose with 29,660 inhabitants.

FOOTNOTE: The Modern Dime Size Silver Coins of Costa Rica were mostly struck at the National mint of San Jose, for the period from 1850 through 1917. Twice the country ordered this size coinage from other mints; R. Heaton & Sons, Birmingham 1889-92 and Philadelphia 1905-14. This series has one of the smallest mintages for a long series.

FOOTNOTE: In 1896 a new monetary system based on the gold colon of 778 milligrams, .900 fine was established with the unit colon (Colombus) divided into 100 centimos. - The colon was worth U.S. 46.5 cents - 1910. FOOTNOTE: The unit of currency of Costa Rica is the colon. Conversion of notes into gold was suspended on September 18, 1914.

FOOTNOTE: Costa Rica is one of the most advanced of the Central American republics. Costa Rica took steps in 1896 to establish a gold standard, and by 1900 had succeeded. Unlike its neighbors it was able to get rid entirely of the miscellaneous foreign coins which made up a large part of the circulation. Silver Money by D. Leavens, Bloomington,Ind., 1939.

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - COSTA RICA - PAGE 144


1853 - 1/8 PESO - OBVERSE

======================================================================

====================================================================== COSTA RICA, REPUBLIC of SAN JOSE MINT ====================================================================== 1/8 PESO 19MM .9027 FINE 3.0 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1850 1853 1855

u/m u/m u/m

OV: Arms, REPUBLICA DE COSTA RICA (Republic of Costa Rica) above, within laurel and palm wreath / DATE below. ÀRV: Mahogany tree dividing denomination, 1 and Po (peso), AMERICA CENTRAL above, 10 Ds 20 Go J.B. (10 dineros 20 granos) below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = SAN JOSE ASSAYER: J.B. = unknown REFERENCE: Y-6, KM-102

Arms of Costa Rica FOOTNOTE: The Coat of Arms of Costa Rica - Three mountains by the sea, behind the first of which rises the sun, in front and behind, a three masted ship, above 5 stars. The five stars in the Coat of Arms symbolize the original five states of the former Union of Central America; Honduras, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Salvador and Costa Rica.

Sacking coffee, Costa Rica - 1902


1853 - 1/8 PESO - REVERSE


======================================================================

====================================================================== COSTA RICA, REPUBLIC of SAN JOSE MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTAVOS 19MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1865 1868 1870 1872

185,311 9,943 48,210 17,874

¿OV: Arms, REPUBLICA DE COSTA RICA (Republic of Costa Rica) above, within short laurel and palm wreath / DATE below. ÀRV: Mahogany tree dividing denomination, 10 and Cs AMERICA CENTRAL above, 9 D. W G below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = SAN JOSE ASSAYER: W G = Guillermo Witting TYPE: 19MM REFERENCE: Y-10, KM-111

FOOTNOTE: The development of the banana trade dates from 1881, when 3,500 bunches of fruit were exported to New Orleans. This total increased very rapidly. In 1904 the number of bunches sent abroad exceeded 6,000,000.

Coffee trees


1865 - 10 CENTAVOS - REVERSE ====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: In 1864 Costa Rica adopted the decimal system with the peso divided in to 100 centavos. ======================================================================

1886 - 10 CENTAVOS - OBVERSE ====================================================================== COSTA RICA, REPUBLIC of SAN JOSE MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTAVOS 18MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1886

120,465

¿OV: Arms, REPUBLICA DE COSTA RICA (Republic of Costa Rica) above, within short laurel and palm wreath / 1886 below.

1875 - 10 CENTAVOS - 18 mm ====================================================================== COSTA RICA, REPUBLIC of SAN JOSE MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTAVOS 18MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1875

286,486

¿OV: Arms, REPUBLICA DE COSTA RICA (Republic of Costa Rica) above, within short laurel and palm wreath / 1875 below.

ÀRV: 10 / CENTAVOS / - within wreath of laurel and palm tied with ribbon below, AMERICA CENTRAL above, 9 D. G.W. below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = SAN JOSE ASSAYER: G.W. = Guillermo Witting REFERENCE: Y-14, KM-126 TYPE: I - (obv) no designers initials, (rev) 9 D.

ÀRV: Mahogany tree dividing denomination, 10 and Cs AMERICA CENTRAL above, 9 D. G.W. below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = SAN JOSE ASSAYER: G.W. = unknown TYPE: Same design as Y-10, size reduced from 19MM to 18MM. REFERENCE: Y-10a, KM-121 FOOTNOTE: Costa Rica, literally, Spanish for “Rich Coast”




======================================================================

====================================================================== COSTA RICA, REPUBLIC of SAN JOSE MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTAVOS 18MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ======================================================================

FOOTNOTE: In 1885 Costa Rica adopted as a standard unit the silver Peso of 25 grams, 900 thousandths fine equivalent to the 5 franc piece of the Latin Monetary Union. The decimal coinage was consistent with this with 100 centavos equal to the peso.

1887 ======================================================================

245,371

¿OV: Arms within short laurel and palm wreath , REPUBLICA DE COSTA RICA (Republic of Costa Rica) above, / C B / 1887 below. ÀRV: 10 / CENTAVOS / - within wreath of laurel and palm tied with ribbon below, AMERICA CENTRAL above, 9 Ds. G. W. below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = SAN JOSE DESIGNER: C B = Charles Barber ASSAYER: G.W. = Guillermo Witting REFERENCE: Y-14, KM-126 TYPE: II - (obv) designers initials CB, (rev) 9 Ds.

1887 - 10 CENTAVOS - OBVERSE Designer - Charles Barber

FOOTNOTE: Costa Rica is the most southern state of the republics of Central America. Costa Rica is said to contain some rich goldmines; at present, however, they are not worked to any great extent. Silver and copper are also found. The country is extremely fertile. Coffee, rice, maize are raised on the table-land in the interior; and cacao, vanilla, sugar, cotton, tobacco are cultivated in the low coast-regions. Coffee forms the most important product. The forests are valuable. The Capital is San Jose, and the two established ports are Punta Arenas, on the Pacific side, and Porto Limon, on the Caribbean Sea. It has been an independent state since 1821, from 1824 to 1839 forming a part of the Central American Confederation, but subsequently separate. In 1892 there were 161 miles of railway and 630 miles of telegraph lines. Population 213,785, mostly of Spanish decent. Cabinet Cyclopaedia, 1895.




====================================================================== COSTA RICA, REPUBLIC of SAN JOSE MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTIMOS 18MM .500 FINE 2.0 GRAMS ======================================================================

======================================================================

1917

99,640

¿OV: Arms on cartouche, REPUBLICA DE COSTA RICA (Republic of Costa Rica) around / • 1917 • below. ÀRV: 10 / CENTIMOS / - within wreath of laurel and palm tied with ribbon below, AMERICA CENTRAL above, 500 M G.C.R i (Gobierno de Costa Rica = Government of Costa Rica) below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = SAN JOSE REFERENCE: Y-42, KM-148 FOOTNOTE: In 1910 there were over 400 miles of railway and 1,200 miles of telegraph lines in Costa Rica. The finances are in some disorder, and education is at a low ebb. Population 331,340, mostly of Spanish descent. Winston’s Encyclopedia, 1918.

Loading bananas ======================================================================

FOOTNOTE: Nearly a third of the population live on the dry side of the mountains, where the largest coffee plantations are scattered for 50 miles around San Jose, the Capital. When the coffee berry is ripe in December all the men, women and children available pick the crop. The berries are washed, then dried in the sun and taken to factories, where the crop is prepared by modern machinery for market. Most of the coffee is bought by agents of foreign firms several months before harvest. All of Cost Rica’s export trade in 1908 was valued at $7,758,000 with a population of 360,000. By 1912 the population had increased to 388,266 with the Capital city San Jose with 51,105 inhabitants.

Costa Rica today



CRETE

PRINCE GEORGE 1901 - 50 LEPTA - OBVERSE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - CRETE - PAGE 150


CRETE

======================================================================

======================================================================

Prince George ======================================================================

1901 - 50 Lepta - Reverse ====================================================================== CRETE, GREEK ADMINISTRATION PARIS MINT ====================================================================== 50 LEPTA 18MM .835 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1901

600,000

¿OV: Head of Prince George, facing right / A.B. under bust, Greek inscription AC3'5/Q '+SC '3?G I/G +77!)G KA!I?G !C9?G I/G +; 5C/I/ (Prince George of Greece High Commissioner of Crete) around / - 1901 - below. ÀRV: Crowned Arms, Greek inscription 5C/I35/ A?73I+3! (Crete Government) above / (cornucopia) Greek denomination 50 7+AI! (50 lepta) (torch) below. EDGE: Reeded DESIGNER: A.B. = Alfred Borrel, French Medallist

FOOTNOTE: Alfred Borrel, son of Valentin Maurice Borrel was born at Paris in 1836. He studied under his father and became a pupil of the Ecole des Beaux Arts in 1856. With many medals to his honour, his work included the nickel coinage of Martinique of 1897 and the new coinage of Crete dated 1901 on which his name is signed in Greek as A.BOPPE on the crown size 5 drachma and A.B. on the 50 lepta. FOOTNOTE: Prince George of Greece, the second son of George I, King of the Hellenes, assumed the office of High Commissioner on December 21, 1898, when Crete was declared an autonomous government. In October 1908 the Cretian Assembly voted for union with Greece which was formally approved in 1913 at the Treaty of Bucharest. FOOTNOTE: Agriculture is the principal occupation of the people of Crete, and olive oil used in the manufacture of soap the chief product, from 18 soap factories. The unit of value is the drachma, equal to 100 lepta or 19.3 U.S. cents. Crete is administrated by a High Commissioner of the Four Powers (Great Britain, Russia, France, and Italy) proposed by the King of the Hellenes, and is subject to the Porte, though paying no tribute. New International Yearbook, 1910.

MINT: (cornucopia) = PARIS ENGRAVER: (torch) = Henri-Auguste Patey REFERENCE: Y-6, KM-6 POPULATION: Crete - 1900 - 310,185 with capital Canea with 24,537 inhabitants. FOOTNOTE: Crete, an island in the Mediterranean, autonomous government under the suzerainty of the Porte of Turkey [Sultan of the Ottoman Empire], following an extensive period of civil wars and intervention of France, Great Britain, Italy and Russia.

Crete and Greece today

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - CRETE - PAGE 151


CUBA

======================================================================

======================================================================

1916 - DIEZ CENTAVOS

1916 - DIEZ CENTAVOS - REVERSE

====================================================================== CUBA, REPUBLIC of PHILADELPHIA MINT ====================================================================== DIEZ CENTAVOS 17.9 MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ======================================================================

======================================================================

1915 1916 1920 1948 1949

5,690,150 560,150 3,090,000 5,120,000 9,880,000

¿OV: Arms of the Republic within wreath of oak and laurel, REPUBLICA DE CUBA (Republic of Cuba) around • DIEZ CENTAVOS • (ten centavos) below. ÀRV: Large five-pointed star, radiated, PATRIA Y LIBERTAD (Fatherland and Liberty) around • 2.5G • DATE • 900 M • below.

FOOTNOTE: The money in circulation since independence following the Spanish-American War, consists largely of United States paper currency and coinage minted at Philadelphia sporadically for Cuba starting in 1915.. FOOTNOTE: The National Coinage Law of October 29,1914 defined the denomination as one-tenth of a peso with 900/1000 of fineness and two gramme and five hundred one thousandths of a grammes. The peso is the monetary unit of Cuba, silver certificates backed by a reserve of silver pesos and American currency which is legal tender in Cuba. The coins circulated are the silver peso (100 centavos); silver coins of 40, 20, and 10 centavos; and nickel coins of 1, 2, and 5 centavos. Cuban paper money first issued in 1934, redeemable in silver, is in denominations of 1, 5, 10, 20, and 50 pesos. Cuban silver and paper is nominally at par with United States currency. U.S.Dept. of Commerce - 1941.

EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = PHILADELPHIA ENGRAVER: Charles E. Barber, Chief Engraver, U.S. Mint 1880-1917 REFERENCE: Y-6, KM-12 POPULATION: Cuba - 1915 - 2,511,098 with capital Havana with 659,818 inhabitants. By 1947 the population had increased to 5,130,000.

Cuban note under Spain - 1897 FOOTNOTE: The star is the national symbol of Cuba intended to light up the way to independence and was first used by the Liberation Movement on the flag in 1850.

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - CUBA - PAGE 152

1952 - DIEZ CENTAVOS - OBVERSE

1952 - DIEZ CENTAVOS - REVERSE

====================================================================== CUBA, REPUBLIC of PHILADELPHIA MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTAVOS 18MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ======================================================================

======================================================================

1952

10,000,000

¿OV: Flag, Lighthouse, Havana skyline with 1952 above 1902 below, * REPUBLICA DE CUBA * (Republic of Cuba) above / DIEZ CENTAVOS (ten centavos) below. ÀRV: Star / Tree / Wheel of Industry / 2.5 G. 900 M. CINCUENTA ANOS DE LIBERTAD Y PROGRESO (50 Anniversary of Liberty and Progress) around / 1952 below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = PHILADELPHIA

Cuban National Flag

DESIGNER: Esteban Valderrama TYPE: COMMERATIVE - 50th Year of the Republic REFERENCE: Y-17, KM-23 FOOTNOTE: A revolution led by Carlos Manuel de Cespedes erupted at his sugar mill La Demajaagua, on October 10, 1868. Hostilities continued until 1878 when peace was restored by the Pact of Zanjon. The ruins of the sugar mill was depicted on the reverse of the 1952 10 centavos of Cuba commemorating the 50th Year of Independence. FOOTNOTE: National Coat of Arms of Cuba was designed by poet Miguel Teurbe Tolon before the country became independent in 1901 from Spain. The Key in the water is to symbolize the Island of Cuba as the key to the Gulf of Mexico. The stripes are from the flag. FOOTNOTE: There are very few Commemorative coins in this dime size series limited to; Cambodia., Canada, China, Cuba, Egypt, Dominican Republic and Swaziland.

Sugar mill in Cuba

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - CUBA - PAGE 153


CURACAO and SURINAM

======================================================================

======================================================================

1944D - 3 GUILDER - OBVERSE

1941P - 25 CENTS - REVERSE

====================================================================== CURACAO, NETHERLANDS COLONY of DENVER MINT ====================================================================== 3 GUILDER 19MM .640 FINE 3.58 GRAMS ======================================================================

====================================================================== CURACAO, NETHERLANDS COLONY of PHILADELPHIA MINT ====================================================================== 25 CENTS 19MM .640 FINE 3.58 GRAMS ======================================================================

1944

1,500,000

1941 1943

¿OV: Older head of Wilhelmina, facing left WILHELMINA KONINGIN DER NETHERLANDEN (Wilhelmina Queen of Netherlands) around.

1,100,000 2,500,000

¿OV: Older head of Wilhelmina, facing left WILHELMINA KONINGIN DER NETHERLANDEN (Wilhelmina Queen of Netherlands) around.

ÀRV: Large 3 G(uilder) in center, • MUNT VAN CURACAO • (money from Curacao) around / 1944 • D (mintmark).

(palmtree) •

ÀRV: 25 / CENTS / DATE / (palmtree) and P (mintmark) within wreath of oak leaves tied with ribbon below.

EDGE: Reeded

EDGE: Reeded

MINT: D = DENVER

MINT: P = PHILADELPHIA

MARK: (palmtree) = Minted in USA for overseas Netherlands.

MARK: (palmtree) = Minted in USA for overseas Netherlands.


TYPE: Same type minted in Philadelphia for Surinam dated 1941.

POPULATION: Curacao - 1944 - 78,587 with Colonial Capital Willemsted with 36,000 inhabitants.

1944 D

REVERSE

REFERENCE: Y-44a, KM-38 POPULATION: Curacao - 1940 - Curacao Island 62,000, Aruba 24,000, Bonaire 6,000, St. Martin (Dutch part) 3,000; St. Eustatius 1,000; and Saba 1,500.

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - CURACAO and SURINAM - PAGE 154

1821 - 1 REAAL - OBVERSE

1821 - 1 REAAL - REVERSE

====================================================================== CURACAO, NETHERLANDS COLONY of WILLEMSTAD MINT ====================================================================== 1 REAAL 18MM .900 FINE 1.7 GRAMS ======================================================================

======================================================================

1821

u/m

¿OV: Caduceus and stalk of cane in saltire CURACAO above / 1821 below. ÀRV: 1 / - / REAAL / n (star) within wreath of oak and laurel. EDGE: Reeded

FOOTNOTE: This issue which had long been attributed to the Utrecht mint, has however been listed as struck by a small temporary mint at Willemstad, the capital of the Netherlands Colony of Curacao by Dutch Numismatist, Jacques Schulman. WCN Vol.15,No.45 p.21. FOOTNOTE: This issue has a unique place in this work on Modern Dime Size Silver Coins of the World as it is the oldest coin listed, due to a peculiar selection of the author of the ‘Brown Book’ or Modern Coins of the World by R.S.Yeoman, 1st Edition, who also included this as the oldest listed coin in his original volume. Later editions dropped this Y-B1 reference as the series of coinage listed started more with the 1850’s. There is also a most interesting coincidence, as the last circulating small silver coinage dated 1970 was produced for the same colony, know known as Netherlands Antilles.

MINT: (no mintmark) = WILLEMSTAD REFERENCE: Y-B1, C-9, KM-26 POPULATION: Curacao - 1892 - 41,870 with capital Willemsted. FOOTNOTE: Curacao is an overseas territory of the Netherlands consisting of the islands of Curacao, Aruba and Bonaire near the coast of Venezuela and 500 miles to the northeast the smaller islands of St. Eustatius, Saba and the Dutch part of St. Martin in the Northern Leeward Islands near the Virgin Islands of the United States. Petroleum refining completely dominates the economic activities of Curacao and Aruba. FOOTNOTE: Curacao - They say it began in the 18th century when the governor of Curacao complained of terrible headaches. Advised by his doctors that it was due to the dazzle - dazzle from the white facades of the houses of the island’s capital Willemstad. He promptly prohibited any of the houses to be whitewashed. To this day this little Dutch colony of the West Indies, some forty miles off the Venezuelan coast, presents the most colorful, gay facades in the world.

FOOTNOTE: All of the 3 guilder coinage for the Netherlands Colony of Curacao was shipped from the Utrecht mint, except during the World War II period 1941-44 when the Denver and Philadelphia mints produced coinage for both the Netherlands and its colonies of Curacao and Surinam. Listings are by mint and date. FOOTNOTE: Curacao, an island, Dutch West Indies, Caribbean Sea, 46 miles N. the coast of Venezuela; 36 miles long and 8 miles broad; Capital Willemstad, principal harbor Santa Anna. In 1800 some French having settled on part of the island, and becoming at variance with the Dutch, the latter surrendered the island to a single British frigate. It was restored to the Dutch, by the peace of 1802, and taken from them by a British squadron in 1807, and again restored by the peace of 1814. It is hilly, wild, and barren, with a hot dry climate. Yellow fever visits it every sixth or seven year. Fresh water is scarce, and serious drought occur. The tamarind, cocoa-palm, banana, and other useful trees are reared among them three varieties of orange, from one of which Curacao Liqueur is made. Sugar, tobacco, cochineal, and maize are also produced. But the staple exports are salt, and a valuable phosphate of lime used as a manure in its natural state, or made to yield valuable superphosphates...population 25,421; including the dependentencies (Bonaire, Aruba, and Little Curacao) 44,734. Cabinet Cyclopaedia, 1895. 2. Universal Gazetteer,Phila. 1839.


1900 - 3 GUILDER - OBVERSE

1900 - 3 GUILDER - REVERSE

====================================================================== CURACAO, NETHERLANDS COLONY of UTRECHT MINT ====================================================================== 3 GUILDER 19MM .640 FINE 3.58 GRAMS ======================================================================

======================================================================

1900

480,000

¿OV: Head of Young Wilhelmina, facing left WILHELMINA KONINGIN (Wilhelmina Queen) left, DER NETHERLANDEN (of Netherlands) right. ÀRV: Crowned Arms dividing denomination 3 and G(uilder), KOLONIE CURACAO (Colony Curacao) above / (helletbaard) 1900

(mercuryshaft) (mintmark) below.

EDGE: Reeded MINT:

(mercuryshaft) = UTRECHT

DIRECTOR:

(helletbaard) = H.L.A.Van Den Wail

Bake 1888-1909. REFERENCE: Y-2, KM-35 POPULATION: Curacao - 1900 - 51,693 FOOTNOTE: The denomination gulden (guilder in English) originated in the 13th century as the Germanic name for gold coins, particularly those of Florence. The gulden became the basis of the modern Dutch coinage when the United Netherlands in 1680, struck a silver gulden with value of 20 stivers. When the Netherlands went decimal the guilder became equal to 100 cents.

Young Queen Wilhelmina ======================================================================


1947 - 3 GULDEN - REVERSE

1956 - 3 GULDEN - OBVERSE

====================================================================== CURACAO, NETHERLANDS COLONY of UTRECHT MINT ====================================================================== 3 GUILDER 19MM .640 FINE 3.58 GRAMS ======================================================================

======================================================================

1947

1,000,000

¿OV: Older head of Wilhelmina, facing left WILHELMINA KONINGIN DER NETHERLANDEN (Wilhelmina Queen of Netherlands) around. ÀRV: 3 G(uilder) in center, • MUNT VAN (fish) • CURACAO • (money from Curacao) around / 1947 •

(mercuryshaft) (mintmark). EDGE: Reeded MINT:


DIRECTOR: 1945-1969.

(fish) = DR. J.W.A. Van Hengel

REFERENCE: Y-6, KM-44 FOOTNOTE: Curacao was a Netherlands Colony from 1624 to 1954, when it became part of the Netherlands Antilles.The economy is based on oil refining and tourism today. ======================================================================

Queen Juliana ====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: Queen Juliana Louise Emma Maria Wilhelmina, only daughter of Queen Wilhelmina was born on April 30, 1909 and married Prince Bernhard Leopold Federic Eberhard Jules Curt Charles Godefroi Peter Von Lippe-Biesterfeld on January 7, 1937. She was educated under her mother’s supervision and at the University of Leyden (1927-29). She was crowned Queen of the Netherlands on September 4, 1948 when her mother abdicated in favor of Juliana, after a reign of over 50 years. During World War II she and her four children resided in Canada.

======================================================================




====================================================================== NETHERLANDS ANTILLES UTRECHT MINT ====================================================================== 3 GULDEN 19MM .640 FINE 3.58 GRAMS ======================================================================

===================================================================== NETHERLANDS ANTILLES UTRECHT MINT ====================================================================== 3 GULDEN 19MM .640 FINE 3.58 GRAMS ======================================================================

1954 1956 1957 1960 1962 1963 1965 1967

200,000 200,000 200,000 240,000 250,000 300,000 500,000 310,000

1967

300,000

¿OV: Head of Juliana, facing right, JULIANA KONINGIN DER NEDERLANDEN. (Juliana Queen of Netherlands) around. ÀRV: 3 G in center, NEDERLANDSE ANTILLEN (Netherlands Antilles) around, n (star)

¿OV: Head of Juliana, facing right, JULIANA KONINGIN DER NEDERLANDEN • (Juliana Queen of Netherlands) around. ÀRV: 3 G in center, NEDERLANDSE ANTILLEN (Netherlands Antilles) around,

(fish) DATE

(mercuryshaft) (mintmark) below. EDGE: Reeded

(fish) 1967

(mercuryshaft) (mintmark) below. EDGE: Reeded MINT:


DIRECTOR: 1954-1969

(fish) = Dr. J.W.A. Van Hengel,

MARK: n = Transition period between Mintmasters MINT:


DIRECTOR: 1954-1969

(fish) = Dr. J.W.A. Van Hengel,

REFERENCE: Y-5, KM-4 FOOTNOTE: Dr.J.W.A.Van Hengel, for the third time in May 1945 became Risks Muntmeester. Twice he held the office during World War II, each time being replaced by a collaborator. His mark - a fish (Visje), was selected as a pun for his name in Dutch means - ‘fishing rod’.

REFERENCE: Y-5, KM-4 FOOTNOTE: The official currency of Curacao is that of the Netherlands, the basic unit being the florin or guilder, worth approximately 55 cents in United States currency. United States currency is also freely accepted and prices are often quoted in dollars and cents. U.S.Dept. of Commerce 1941. FOOTNOTE: The Netherlands Antilles is a self-governing integral part of the Realm of the Netherlands, has an area of 385 square miles and a population - 1970 - 220,091. The capital is Willemstad (Curacao) with 43,547 inhabitants. Chief products include; corn, pulse, salt and phosphate. The principle industry is the refining of crude oil from Venezuela.


1970 - 3 GULDEN - OBVERSE


====================================================================== NETHERLANDS ANTILLES UTRECHT MINT ====================================================================== 3 GULDEN 19MM .640 FINE 3.58 GRAMS ======================================================================

======================================================================

1970

FOOTNOTE: On January 31, 1980 the birthday of Princess Beatrix, Queen Juliana announced that she would abdicate as Queen of the Netherlands in favour of her daughter. ======================================================================

150,000

¿OV: Head of Juliana, facing right, JULIANA KONINGIN DER NEDERLANDEN. (Juliana Queen of Netherlands) around. ÀRV: 3 G in center, NEDERLANDSE ANTILLEN (Netherlands Antilles) around, (roaster) 1970

(mercuryshaft)

(mintmark) below. EDGE: Reeded MINT:


DIRECTOR: (roaster) = Dr. Ir.M.Van Den Brandhof REFERENCE: Y-5, KM-4 FOOTNOTE: Taking office June 1, 1969 new Mintmaster Dr. Ir.M.Van Den Brandhof is identified by his mark of a roaster which replaced the fish mark of his predecessor. FOOTNOTE: This 1970 3 Gulden of Netherlands Antilles, a Dutch Colony was the last subsidiary coinage of the Modern Dime Size Coinage of the World minted for circulation. This was not the first time in history when the debased coinage (copper-nickel or clad) forced out silver coinage. As outlined in this study, outside of America and the British Commonwealth there were few issues in silver between 1919 and 1926, with some countries including France after 1920 never again issuing subsidiary silver coinage. The Netherlands itself last issued a silver subsidiary coinage in 1945, much of which was melted. U.S.A., Canada and Switzerland were the next to the last to issue these small coins.

Arms of Netherlands ======================================================================




====================================================================== SURINAM (NETHERLANDS GUIANA) PHILADELPHIA MINT ====================================================================== 25 CENTS 19MM .640 FINE 3.58 GRAMS ======================================================================

======================================================================

1941

300,000

¿OV: Older head of Wilhelmina, facing left, WILHELMINA KONINGIN DER NEDERLANDEN (Wilhelmina Queen of Netherlands) around. ÀRV: 25 / CENTS / 1941 / (palmtree) and P (mintmark) within wreath of oak tied with ribbon below.

FOOTNOTE: The Dutch by the Treaty of Bread in 1667 gave New Netherlands (New York) to England in exchange for Surinam. Both British and Dutch Guiana are alike in physical features, climate and products. The low, marshy coastal plain, fertile, hot and unhealthful, is devoted to planting. Cultivation is confined most wholly to a narrow strip and most of the inhabitants live there. Behind the plantations is a sandy zone, once the margin of the ocean when the present coastal plain was under the sea, then beyond the sandy zone is a rough hilly country covered with forests and the area of extensive gold mining. In 1907 gold production yielded gold equal to $570,000. ======================================================================

EDGE: Reeded MINT: P = PHILADELPHIA TYPE: (palmtree) = U.S.A for overseas Netherlands POPULATION: Surinam - 1941 - 183,000 REFERENCE: Y-44b, KM-1 FOOTNOTE: The coins dated 1941 were struck for Surinam during 1942 by the Philadelphia mint. This same type was struck for Curacao in 1941 and 1943. The monetary unit is the Surinam guilder (florin). FOOTNOTE: In 1667 the Treaty of Breda ceded New Netherlands (New York) to the English in exchange for Surinam. FOOTNOTE: Surinam, also known as Dutch Guiana, is situated on the north coast of South America, between French Guiana on the east and British Guiana on the West. Forests and savannas on the south stretch to the Tumuc Humac Mountains. The chief production is aluminum ore bauxite which is exported to the United States. Other exports include; citrus, rice, coffee, sugar, bananas and lumber.

Surinam or Dutch Guiana ======================================================================



CYPRUS

======================================================================

======================================================================

1901 - 3 PIASTRES - REVERSE

1901 - 3 PIASTRES - OBVERSE

====================================================================== CYPRUS, BRITISH ADMINISTRATION LONDON MINT ====================================================================== 3 PIASTRES 18MM .925 FINE 1.88 GRAMS ======================================================================

======================================================================

1901

300,000

¿OV: Crowned and veiled bust of Victoria, facing left / DES. under bust VICTORIA • DEI • GRA • BRITT • REG • FID • DEF • IND • IMP • (VICTORIA DEI GRATIA BRITANNIAR REGINA FIDEI DEFENSOR INDIAE IMPERATRIX = Victoria by the grace of God of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Queen, defender of the faith, Empress of India) around. ¿RV: Crown / 1901 divided by large 3 within circle of pearls, CYPRUS above e left and e right, PIASTRES below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = Royal Mint, LONDON DESIGNER: DES. = George William DeSaulles REFERENCE: Y-4, KM-4 POPULATION: Cyprus - 1901 = 237,022 including 51,309 Mohammedans, with capital Nicosia with 14,752 inhabitants. FOOTNOTE: All the Cyprus coinage in this series were minted at the Royal Mint, London. Note the small mintages which have a relationship to the small population of this British Colony. The monetary unit of Cyprus; 1 piastre = 40 para.

FOOTNOTE: Cyprus, an island lying on the south of Asia Minor, and the most eastern in the Mediterranean. Its greatest length is 145 miles, maximum breath about 60 miles; area, 3678 square miles. The chief features of its surface are two mountain ranges, between them is the bare and mostly uncultivated plain called Massaria. There is a deficiency of water. The climate is in general healthy. The mountains are covered with forests of excellent timber (now under government supervision), and the island is esteemed one of the richest and most fertile in the Levant. Agriculture, however, is in a very backward state. Cyprus was conquered by the Turks in 1571 and annexed to the Ottoman Empire. In 1878 it was ceded to Britain (In 1191 Richard of England had conquered it when engaged in the Third Crusade) By the Convention of Constantinople concluded between England and Turkey. The island has become much more prosperous under British administration, and roads, harbour-works, etc., have been constructed, trees planted, and schools opened...population 1891 - 209,286 of whom three-fourths belong to the Greek Church. Cabinet Cyclopaedia, 1895. FOOTNOTE: By a secret treaty between the British Government and the Ottoman Empire, June 4, 1878, the former promised to defend Asiatic Turkey against further aggression by Russia, in return for the permission to occupy Cyprus. Since 1878 Cyprus was administered by Great Britain on behalf of the Ottoman Empire. The local government consisted of a High Commissioner, who was also Commander-in-chief, with a council of 18 members. Six members are non-elective and three are chosen by the Mohammedan residents. Cyprus pays an annual subsidy to Turkey of , 92,746 ($455,472). Great Britain maintains a garrison of 502 officers and troops (1905). When Turkey entered World War I with Germany, Cyprus was annex and on November 5. 1914 became a British Crown Colony.

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - CYPRUS - PAGE 161

2 PIASTRES - REVERSE 1921 - 42 ==================================================================== CYPRUS, BRITISH ADMINISTRATION LONDON MINT ====================================================================== 4 1/2 PIASTRES 19.5 MM .925 FINE 2.82 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1921

600,000

2 PIASTRES - REVERSE 1938 - 42 ====================================================================== CYPRUS, BRITISH ADMINISTRATION LONDON MINT ====================================================================== 42 PIASTRES 19MM .925 FINE 2.82 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1938

192,000

¿OV: Crowned head of George V, facing left GEORGE V DEI GRATA REX ET IND:IMP: (GEORGE V DEI GRATIA REX ET INDIAE IMPERATOR = George V by the grace of God, King and Emperor of India) around / B.M. on truncation.

¿OV: Crowned head of George VI, facing left GEORGE VI DEI GRA • REX ET IND • IMP • = (GEORGE VI DEI GRATIA REX ET INDIAE IMPERATOR = George VI by the grace of God, King and Emperor of India) around.

¿RV: A crowned shield with lion rampant, scroll below crown with inscription: CYPRUS, shield divided date 19 and 21, within part circle of pearls / FOUR & A HALF PIASTRES around below.

¿RV: Two lions passant guardant / K.G below, • CYPRUS • above, FOUR AND A HALF PIASTRES • 1938 facing out around below.

EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = Royal Mint, LONDON DESIGNER: (obv) Edward Bertram MacKennal (rev) George William DeSaulles REFERENCE: Y-18, KM-15 ======================================================================

EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = Royal Mint, LONDON DESIGNER: (obv) Percy Metcalfe (rev) K.G = Kruger Gray REFERENCE: Y-28, KM-24 FOOTNOTE: Cyprus is an island, third largest in the Mediterranean Sea, 40 miles south of Asia Minor and 60 miles west of Syria, and 240 miles north of Egypt. It has been administered by England since 1878, under an agreement with Turkey; on November 5, 1914, it was annexed. Fourth-fifths of the inhabitants are Greek Christians, and nearly all the remainder are Turkish Mohammedans. More than half are illiterate. Population of Cyprus - census of 1931- 347,959.

The island of Cyprus ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - CYPRUS - PAGE 162


DANISH WEST INDIES

======================================================================

======================================================================



====================================================================== DANISH WEST INDIES, COLONY of COPENHAGEN MINT ====================================================================== 5 CENTS 16.5 MM .625 FINE 1.74 GRAMS ======================================================================

======================================================================

1878 1879


FOOTNOTE: The standards of the Latin Monetary Union were adopted for this Danish West Indies issue (except for fineness) with two denominations; 10 cents and 50 bits. The daler was equal to the French 5 francs divided into 100 cents, 1 franc equal to 20 cents and 1 cent equal to 5 bits. ======================================================================

¿OV: Head of Christian IX, facing right CHRISTIAN IX left KONGE AF DENMARK (King of Denmark) right DATE below. ¿RV: (sailing ship) DANSK VESTINDISK MONT (Danish West Indies money) around H.C. below / Æ (mintmark) 5 CENTS n below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: Æ = COPENHAGEN

St. Thomas, St. John & St. Croix ======================================================================

ENGRAVER: H.C. = H. Conradsen 1841-1901 REFERENCE: Y-2, H-3, KM-69 POPULATION: Danish West Indies - 1892 - 33,763 with capital Christianstadt. FOOTNOTE: Danish West Indies, a Danish colony in the West Indies consisting of the Island of St.Thomas, St.John and St.Croix lying east of Porto Rico. FOOTNOTE: The mintmark for Danish coins is represented by the heart symbol Æ for the Royal Mint at Copenhagen.

Sailing ship ======================================================================

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - DANISH WEST INDIES - PAGE 163

1905 - 50 BIT -10 CENTS - OBV

1905 - 50 BIT -10 CENTS - REV

====================================================================== DANISH WEST INDIES, COLONY of COPENHAGEN MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTS/50 BIT 18MM .800 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ======================================================================

======================================================================

1905

175,030

¿OV: Head of Christian IX, facing left CHRISTIAN IX • 1905 p, left around Æ and • DANSK VESTINDIEN (Danish West Indies) right around. ¿RV: (Branch of bay leaves with berries) 50 / BIT right above 10 / CENTS left below / G.I. at rim to right. EDGE: Reeded

FOOTNOTE: The Danish West Indian possessions of the Virgin Islands comprising chiefly of St.Thomas, St.Croix, and St.John with an area of 132 sq.m. The islands were sold in 1917 to the United States for $25,000,000, largely because of the expense of mobilization considered necessary against possible German invasion during World War I. The chief industry is the cultivation of sugar. The trade is chiefly with the United States and Denmark, the exports consisting almost entirely of sugar and rum. The inhabitants are mostly free negroes engaged in the raising of sugar cane, the Danish element being represented almost exclusively by the officials and their families. The chief language is a Spanish dialect, but English is generally spoken in the ports. Negotiations for the sale of the Islands to the United States were for a number of years in progress, but were terminated in 1902 by the rejection of a treaty of sale by the Danish Parliament. New International Encyclopedia, 1910.

MINT: Æ = COPENHAGEN ENGRAVER: G.I. = Gunnar Jensen 1901-33

======================================================================

MINTMASTER: p = V.B.Poulsen 1893-1918 REFERENCE: Y-9, H-9, KM-78 Nordiske Monter by John Chr Holm, Copenhagen 1969. POPULATION: Danish West Indies - 1904 - 30,527 FOOTNOTE: This issue is one of only a few in this work which has two denominations; both 10 cents and the 50 bit.

Virgin Islands today East of Puerto Rico ======================================================================

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - DANISH WEST INDIES - PAGE 164


DANZIG

======================================================================

1927 - 1/2 GULDEN - OBVERSE ====================================================================== DANZIG, FREE STATE of BERLIN MINT ====================================================================== 2 GULDEN 19.5 MM .750 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1927

======================================================================

1927 - 1/2 GULDEN - REVERSE ====================================================================== ======================================================================

400,000

¿OV: (caravel ship at sea) ÀRV: FREIE / STADT DANZIG (Free State Danzig) / 1/ 2/ GULDEN / 19 and 27 divided by arms (crown/cross/cross within shield). EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = BERLIN DESIGNER: Professor Dr. Fischer of Danzig ENGRAVER: Kullrich REFERENCE: Y-7 FOOTNOTE: The issue dated 1927 of 400,000 2 gulden coinage and 160,000 5 gulden pieces were struck in Berlin from silver produced by melting 1,000,000 1 gulden coins dated 1923.

1923 - 1/2 GULDEN - OBVERSE ======================================================================

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - DANZIG - PAGE 165

====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: The 1923 coinage of Danzig was issued with the monetary unit of gulden = 100 pfennigs. The currency was based on an exchange rate of 25 gulden equal to 1£ Sterling. ======================================================================

Map Showing Free State of Danzig ======================================================================

1923 - 1/2 GULDEN - REVERSE ====================================================================== DANZIG, FREE STATE of UTRECHT MINT ====================================================================== 2 GULDEN 19.5 MM .750 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1923

1,000,500

¿OV: (caravel ship at sea) ÀRV: FREIE / STADT DANZIG (Free State Danzig) / 1/ 2/ GULDEN / 19 and 23 divided by arms (crown/cross/cross within shield).

FOOTNOTE: Danzig, a maritime fortress and seaport on the left bank of the western arm of the Vistula, on the Baltic, 253 miles from Berlin. Population 1905 159,088. The city is traversed by two branches of the Mottlau, a small tributary of the Vistula, dredged to a depth of 15 feet, thus enabling large vessels to reach the wharves of the inner town. Danzig almost alone of larger German cities still preserves its picturesque medieval aspect. The grand old patrician houses of the days of its Hanseatic glory, with their lofty and often elaborately ornamented gables and their balconied windows, are the delight of the visitor to the town. The manufacture of arms and artillery is carried onto a great extent, and the imperial and private docks and shipbuilding establishments, turn out ships of the larger size. Encyclopaedia Britanica, Eleventh Edition, 1910. ======================================================================

EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = UTRECHT DESIGNER: Professor Dr. Fischer of Danzig ENGRAVER: Kullrich, Berlin REFERENCE: Y-7 POPULATION: Free State of Danzig - 1923 - 365,000 inhabitants including 194,953 in Danzig proper. FOOTNOTE: Danzig in the Middle Ages was an important town of the Hanseatic League and after 1308 AD it gained prestige under the rule of the Teutonic Knights. It became a part of the old Kingdom of Poland in 1455. After the third partition of Poland, Danzig was ceded to Prussia. Seeking a port on the Baltic Sea, Poland demanded this territory, but as the population was over whelmingly German the establishment of the Free State of Danzig, was a compromise. Danzig an area of 754 square miles was set up by the Treaty of Versailles under the protection of the League of Nation. Poland received access to Danzig and formed a single customs territory in 1922. Hitler proclaimed the return of the Free City of Danzig to the German Reich on September 1, 1939 which marks the beginning of World War II. Today Danzig (German) is called Gdansk (Polish). It is a major city of Poland. ======================================================================

Caravel ship at sea ======================================================================

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - DANZIG - PAGE 166


DENMARK

====================================================================== DENMARK, KINGDOM of COPENHAGEN MINT ====================================================================== 4 SKILLING 16.5 MM .625 FINE 1.74 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1867

======================================================================

u/m

¿OV: Head of Christian IX, facing right CHRISTIAN IX left, D:G:DANIAE V: G: REX (By the grace of God, King of Denmark, Vendalia and Gothland) right, (mintmark) 1867 RH below. ¿RV: 4 / SKILLING / R:M: (rigsmønt) within wreath of oak tied with ribbon below. EDGE: Plain MINT:

= COPENHAGEN

MINTMASTER: RH = Rasmus Hinnerup 1861-69 REFERENCE: Y-4 FOOTNOTE: All of the coinage listed for Denmark was struck at the National Mint at Copenhagen. Dates are shown in chronological order. FOOTNOTE: The monetary standard of Denmark was the rigsbank daler equal to 8 marks, 1 mark equal to 12 skilling. FOOTNOTE: King Christian IX was born April 8,1818, the fourth son of William Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glucksburg and Louise of Hesse-Kassel, granddaughter of Frederick VII of Denmark. Since Frederick VII and his uncle Prince Ferdinand had no heirs, succession passed to Christian IX who became King on November 15, 1863. He had connections to most of the ruling Houses of Europe as his daughter Alexandra married King Edward VII of Great Britain. His second son became King George I of Greece in 1863 and his grandson became King Haakon VII of Norway in 1905. King George I of Greece was married to Olga, granddaughter of Nicholas I, Tsar of Russia and Charlotte, sister of William I, German Emperor. FOOTNOTE: Denmark is small, level and fertile Kingdom, with a mild, moist but healthy climate. It is noted for its favorable situation for commercial pursuits, and its exports of grain and cattle. The Danes are honest, well educated, and industrious people. The higher classes are fond of magnificence and show, and the lower are distinguished for neatness in dress, cheerfulness and hospitality. Olney’s Geography, 1849. FOOTNOTE: Copenhagen, meaning “merchant’s harbor”, is the capital of Denmark. It is the only harbor that can be entered by large vessels, standing at the entrance to the Baltic, it is a distribution point for Baltic trade with a great deal of freight forwarded on smaller vessels to Sweden, Russia and other Baltic ports. In 1894 to facilitate this growing trade a free port was established.

1871 - 4 SKILLING - OBVERSE ====================================================================== DENMARK, KINGDOM of COPENHAGEN MINT ====================================================================== 4 SKILLING 16.5 MM .625 FINE 1.74 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874


¿OV: Head of Christian IX, facing right CHRISTIAN IX left, D:G:DANIAE V: G: REX (By the grace of God, King of Denmark, Vendalia and Gothland) right, (mintmark) 1867 CS below. ¿RV: 4 / SKILLING / R:M: (rigsmønt) within wreath of oak tied with ribbon below. EDGE: Plain MINT:

= COPENHAGEN

MINTMASTER: CS = Christain Svendsen 1868-93 REFERENCE: Y-4

Milk cart, Copenhagen

FOOTNOTE: Copenhagen, situated on the Eastern shore of the island of Zealand, is one of the best built cities in Europe. It has a good harbor, and extensive commerce, and is noted for its vast docks and fortifications. Olney’s Geography, 1849.

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - DENMARK - PAGE 167

======================================================================

1874 - 25 ØRE - CS Ì ====================================================================== DENMARK, KINGDOM of COPENHAGEN MINT ====================================================================== 25 ØRE 17MM .600 FINE 2.42 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1874 1891

8,138,500 1,214,360

¿OV: Head of Christian IX, facing right CHRISTIAN IX left, KONGE AF DANMARK (King of Denmark) right, CS DATE (heart) Ì (mintmark). ¿RV: 25 / ØRE i (star) at top, (porpoise) left, (wheat) right.

1871 - 4 SKILLING - REVERSE

EDGE: Plain

====================================================================== MINT: Ì = COPENHAGEN FOOTNOTE: The Scandinavian Monetary Union was formed in 1872 between Denmark, Norway and Sweden. Sweden and Denmark ratified the Myntkovention (money convention) in 1873 with the issue of 1874 25 øre of Denmark and 25 öre of Sweden struck to the new standard of 17MM, .600 Fine and weight 2.42 grams. Norway ratified in 1875 striking a similar standard 25 öre dated 1876. Unlike the Latin Monetary Union with bimetallism by which both gold and silver 5 franc coins contained their full face value of precious metal and subsidiary coinage of silver were reduced to one fineness of .835, the Scandinavian Monetary Union decreed reduced silver content; gold was .900 fine, silver 1 and 2 krona .800 Fine, silver 50 øre and 25 øre .600 Fine and silver 10 øre .400 Fine. The Convention continued until 1924. The krone (crown) equal to 100 øre was valued at 26.8 U.S. cents in 1918. The last silver Danish 25 øre issued was dated 1919. 100 øre = 1 krona.

MINTMASTER: CS = Christian Svendsen 1868-93 TYPE I: Mintmaster - Svendsen REFERENCE: Y-12, H-15 POPULATION: 1892 - 2,172,205 with capital Copenhagen with 375,250 inhabitants. ======================================================================

FOOTNOTE: Christian IX, King of Denmark, Born April 8, 1818, was Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glucksburg, and succeeded to the throne of Denmark by virtue of Treaty and Law of the Danish Succession on the death of his kinsman, Frederick VII, in 1863. He married the Princess Louise of Hesse-Cassel, and has had the following offspring: 1.Prince Royal Frederick, Born 1843; Married to the Princess Louise of Sweden in 1869, and has two daughters and five sons, the eldest of the latter being Prince Christian, Born 1870. 2.The Princess of Wales (Alexandra) Born 1844; Married the Prince of Wales, 1863 (the future King Edward VII of Great Britain). 3.The King of the Greeks (George I), Born 1845; Married to the Grand Duchess Olga of Russia, and has two daughters and five sons, the eldest of the latter being Prince Constantine. 4.The Empress of Russia (Dagmar), Born 1847; Married the present Czar (Alexander III) in 1866. 5.The Duchess of Cumberland (Thyra), Born 1853; Married the present Duke of Cumberland (English Title), son of the Ex-King of Hannover, in 1878, and has three sons and three daughters. She became insane in 1887. 6.Prince Waldemar, Born 1858; Married, 1885, the Princess Marie of Orleans, daughter of the Duke of Chartres, and has three sons. He was elected reigning Prince of Bulgaria in 1886, but declined. The Complete Compendium of Universal Knowledge, Phila.,1891.

1905 - 25 ØRE - OBVERSE


1905 - 25 ØRE - REVERSE

1911 - 25 ØRE - OBVERSE

====================================================================== DENMARK, KINGDOM of COPENHAGEN MINT ====================================================================== 25 ØRE 17MM .600 FINE 2.42 GRAMS ======================================================================

====================================================================== DENMARK, KINGDOM of COPENHAGEN MINT ====================================================================== 25 ØRE 17MM .600 FINE 2.42 GRAMS ======================================================================

1894 1900 1904 1905

1,202,236 1,205,784 1,209,571 2,434,042

¿OV: Head of Christian IX, facing right CHRISTIAN IX left, KONGE AF DANMARK (King of Denmark) right, VBP DATE (heart) Ì (mintmark). ¿RV: 25 / ØRE (star) at top, (porpoise) left, (wheat) right.

1907 1911

2,008,569 2,015,363

¿OV: Head of Frederick VIII, facing left • (rosette) FREDERICK•VIII (facing outward) left, •DENMARKS•KONGE • (rosette) (Denmark King) (facing outwards) right / GJ under bust ¿RV: 25 / ØRE, DATE left (heart) Ì (mintmark) VBP right, within inner circle, outer circle with 12 circled fleur d’lis separated by 12 fleur d’lis.

EDGE: Plain

EDGE: Plain

MINT: Ì = COPENHAGEN

MINT: Ì = COPENHAGEN

MINTMASTER: VBP = V.B.Poulsen 1893-1918

MINTMASTER: VBP = V.B.Poulsen 1893-1918

TYPE II: Mintmaster - Poulsen

ENGRAVER: GJ = Gunnar Jensen 1901-33

REFERENCE: Y-12, H-15


POPULATION: Denmark - 1900 - 2,464,770 with Copenhagen the capital with 378,235 inhabitants.

POPULATION: Denmark - 1908 - 2,630,000

FOOTNOTE: Frederick VIII, King of Denmark, eldest son of Christian IX, was born June 3, 1843. He succeeded his father at the age of 21, on January 29, 1906. He married Princess Louise of Sweden and Norway in 1869, and his eldest son, Prince Christian, was born in 1870. His second son, Charles became King of Norway in 1905, under the title of Haakon VII. His consort was Queen Maud, daughter of Edward VII of England and Queen Alexandra. He was brother to the Dowager Queen Alexandra of Great Britain, the Dowager Empress Dagmar of Russia and George I of Greece. He died in 1912.

KING FREDERICK VIII


VII

1911 - 25 ØRE - Ì VBP - REVERSE ======================================================================

1919 - 25 ØRE - HCN Ì - GJ ====================================================================== DENMARK, KINGDOM of OPENHAGEN MINT ====================================================================== 25 ØRE 17MM .600 FINE 2.42 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1919

¿OV: (crown / large C with X within / HCN (heart) (mintmark) left 1919 GJ right.

1915 - 25 ØRE - VBP Ì - GJ ====================================================================== DENMARK, KINGDOM of COPENHAGEN MINT ====================================================================== 25 ØRE 17MM .600 FINE 2.42 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918

2,015,624 346,741 2,862,084 938,194 1,353,947 2,090,174

¿OV: (crown / large C with X within / VBP (heart) (mintmark) left DATE GJ right.

9,295,049 Ì

¿RV: large 25 / ØRE within design / • O • below. EDGE: Plain MINT: Ì = COPENHAGEN MINTMASTER: HCN = H.C.Nielsen 1919-27 ENGRAVER: GJ = Gunner Jensen 1901-33 REFERENCE: Y-37, H-10 Nordiske Monter by Johan Chr Holm, Copenhagen 1969, Montkatlog by Frovin Sieg, Ulbjerg 1973.

Ì ======================================================================

¿RV: large 25 / ØRE within design / • O • below. EDGE: Plain MINT: Ì = COPENHAGEN MINTMASTER: VBP = V.B.Poulsen 1893-1918 ENGRAVER: GJ = Gunner Jensen 1901-33 REFERENCE: Y-37, H-10 ======================================================================

1919 - 25 ØRE - REVERSE ======================================================================



DOMINICAN REPUBLIC

======================================================================

======================================================================



====================================================================== DOMINICAN REPUBLIC BERNE MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTAVOS 18MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ======================================================================

====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: Dominica, Spanish for “Sunday Island” indicative of its discovery by Columbus, namely Sunday, November 2, 1493. ======================================================================

1961

2,000,000

¿OV: Head of Liberty, with feather headdress, facing left, LIBERTAD incised on headband, HP under bust, n 10 CENTAVOS n left, n 2 2 GRAMOS n right / 1961 below. ÀRV: DIOS PATRIA LIBERTAD (God Liberty Fatherland) incised on ribbon / Arms / REPUBLICA DOMINICANA incised on ribbon below, within wreath of laurel and palm. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = BERNE DESIGNER: HP = Thomas Hugh Paget REFERENCE: Y-17, KM-19 FOOTNOTE: The Modern Dime Size Silver coinage of the Dominican Republic was all minted by foreign mints, with most the major mints of the world at one time producing the coinage, including; Berne, London, Mexico, Ottawa, Paris and Philadelphia. Listings are thus arranged. FOOTNOTE:Victor D. Brenner, welll known as the designer of the Lincoln cent and the 10 centavos of Dominican Republic. He was born Victoras Barnauskaus on June 12, 1871, in Shavli, Lithuania.


ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - DOMINICAN REPUBLIC - PAGE 171



====================================================================== DOMINICAN REPUBLIC LONDON MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTAVOS 18MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ======================================================================

====================================================================== DOMINICAN REPUBLIC MEXICO MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTAVOS 18MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ======================================================================

1963

4,000,000

¿OV: Head of Liberty, with feather headdress, facing left, LIBERTAD incised on headband, HP under bust, n 10 CENTAVOS n left, n 2 2 GRAMOS n right / 1963 below. ÀRV: DIOS PATRIA LIBERTAD (God Liberty Fatherland) incised on ribbon, Arms between wreaths of laurel and palm, 1863-1963 below, IER CENTENARIO DE LA RESTAURACION DE LA REPUBLIC. (100th Anniversary of Restoration of Republic) around.

1944 1952 1956

1,000,000 500,000 1,000,000

¿OV: Head of Liberty, with feather headdress, facing left, LIBERTAD incised on headband, HP under bust, n 10 CENTAVOS n left, n 2 2 GRAMOS n right / DATE below. ÀRV: DIOS PATRIA LIBERTAD (God Liberty Fatherland) incised on ribbon / Arms / REPUBLICA DOMINICANA incised on ribbon below, within wreath of laurel and palm.

EDGE: Reeded

EDGE: Reeded

MINT: (no mintmark) = LONDON

MINT: (no mintmark) = MEXICO

DESIGNER: (obv) HP = Thomas Hugh Paget (rev) Derek C Gorringe

DESIGNER: HP = Thomas Hugh Paget

TYPE: Commerative of 100th Anniversary of the Republic.

POPULATION: Dominican Republic - 1945 - 2,029,054 with capital Ciudad Trujillo (formerly Santo Domingo) with 131,271 inhabitants.



FOOTNOTE: Few countries had commemorative coinage that included a silver dime size piece struck, but the Dominican Republic along with Canada and Cuba and Swaziland each issuing a set of all denominations to commemorate a national anniversary.

FOOTNOTE: Dominican Republic, a republic occupying the eastern portion of the Island of Hayti; area 20,596 sq.miles. It is fertile and exports mahogany, sugar, tobacco, cocoa, etc., but its resources are as yet but little developed. It formerly belonged to Spain and is the oldest colonial settlement in America. Its inhabitants are chiefly negroes and mulattos. The capital San Domingo is the oldest European city in the New World, having been founded in 1494 by Bartholomew Columbus. Population of Dominican Republic is estimated at 504,000 with San Domingo, the capital, 16,000 inhabitants. New Cabinet Cyclopedia, Phila, 1986..




====================================================================== DOMINICAN REPUBLIC OTTAWA MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTAVOS 18MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ======================================================================

======================================================================

1937

1,000,000

¿OV: Head of Liberty, with feather headdress, facing left, LIBERTAD incised on headband, HP under bust, n 10 CENTAVOS n left, n 2 1/2 GRAMOS n right / 1937 below.

FOOTNOTE: For the majority of the population of the Dominican Republic, the chief industry is sugar production and the raising of other agricultural staples, including cocoa, coffee and tobacco. The basic daily wage in 1937 for labor is generally about 30 centavos. U.S.Dept. Commerce 1941. FOOTNOTE: Currency Domician Republic - 100 centavos = 1 peso. ======================================================================

ÀRV: DIOS PATRIA LIBERTAD (God Liberty Fatherland) incised on ribbon / Arms / REPUBLICA DOMINICANA incised on ribbon below, within wreath of laurel and palm. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = OTTAWA DESIGNER: HP = Thomas Hugh Paget REFERENCE: Y-17, KM-19 POPULATION: 1937 - 1,587,437 FOOTNOTE: This new type was struck with ten different dates between 1937 and 1961 by four foreign mints; first Ottawa, then Philadelphia and Mexico every other or so year and lastly Berne. The Philadelphia issue of 1939 is the key with only a mintage of 150,000. FOOTNOTE: The finances of the country have been, since 1893, in the hands of the Santo Domingo Improvement Company, an American Corporation, which had an agreement with the Government for a long term of years, whereby they were to collect the revenue, pay the interest on the Government Bonds, and supply money for an annual budget. The United States gold dollar is the unit of value; but only a debased silver coinage and depreciated paper currency are in circulation. International Yearbook, 1901, New York.

1891 - 50 CENTESIMOS - OBVERSE ======================================================================


1891 - 50 CENTESIMOS - REVERSE


====================================================================== DOMINICAN REPUBLIC PARIS MINT ====================================================================== 50 CENTESIMOS 18MM .835 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ======================================================================

====================================================================== DOMINICAN REPUBLIC PHILADELPHIA MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTAVOS 18MM .350 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ======================================================================

1891

150,000

1897

764,387

¿OV: Head of Liberty, with feather headdress, facing left, LIBERTAD incised on headband, 50 CENTESIMOS DE FRANCO 1891 around / TASSET under bust.

¿OV: Head of Liberty, with feather headdress, facing left, LIBERTAD incised on headband, • 10 CENTAVOS • left • 1897 • right.

ÀRV:nREPUBLICA.DOMINICANAnabove around, Arms with motto: DIOS LIBERTAD PATRIA (God Liberty Fatherland) incised on ribbon / (cornucopia) A (mintmark) (fasces) / GRAM • 2 2 n LEI • 835 below.

ÀRV: nREPUBLICA.DOMINICANAn above around, Arms with motto: DIOS LIBERTAD PATRIA (God Liberty Fatherland) incised on ribbon / (cornucopia) A (mark from dies) (fasces) 2 2 GRAMOS below.

EDGE: Reeded

EDGE: Reeded

MINT: A = PARIS


ENGRAVER: (fasces) = Jean Legrange 1880-96

DESIGNER: Victor David Brenner

DIRECTOR: (cornucopia) = Jean-Louis Ruau 1879-91


DESIGNER: TASSET = Earnest Paulin Tasset REFERENCE: Y-8, KM-10 POPULATION: Domician Republic - 1891 - 350,000 with capital San Domingo with 16,000 inhabitants. FOOTNOTE: The Law of July 16, 1890 established a monetary unit of a silver dominicano equal to 100 centesimos or 1 franco, based on the French monetary system of the Latin Monetary Union. The new monetary unit was established under the direction of the French stockholders who founded the National Bank of Santo Domingo in 1889, which had the sole right to issue coins and banknotes for the Republic. The new coins dated 1891 were ordered from the Paris mint. A new Law of April 28, 1894 established the monetary unit of peso equal to 100 centavos.

FOOTNOTE: In 1889 David Brenner was commissioned to rework the Dominican Republic coinage. In copying the 1891 die from the Paris mint, he omitted the engraver's name (Tasset) but failed to remove the 'A' mint mark of Paris and the cornucopia and fasces. The coins were struck at Philadelphia between 1898 and 1899. FOOTNOTE: The issue of 1897 being of low base silver quickly drove out of circulation, following Gresham’s Law, the old strong silver coins of 1891. In 1900 this situation was partially remedied by an Act establishing as the only monetary system one based on the U.S. gold dollar. U.S. coins of silver, nickel and copper were accepted in circulation until 1937 when a new issue was struck in Canada for the Dominican Government.




====================================================================== DOMINICAN REPUBLIC PHILADELPHIA MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTAVOS 18MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ======================================================================

=====================================================================

1939 1942 1951 1953 1959

150,000 2,000,000 500,000 750,000 2,000,000

¿OV: Head of Liberty, with feather headdress, facing left, LIBERTAD incised on headband, HP under bust, n 10 CENTAVOS n left, n 2 2 GRAMOS n right / DATE below. ÀRV: DIOS PATRIA LIBERTAD (God Liberty Fatherland) incised on ribbon / Arms / REPUBLICA DOMINICANA incised on ribbon below, within wreath of laurel and palm. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = PHILADELPHIA

Haiti & Dominican Republic on the Isle of Hispanola

DESIGNER: HP = Thomas Hugh Paget POPULATION: 1940 - 1,275,000 REFERENCE: Y-17, KM-19 The Coinage of the Dominican Republic by Jerome H.Remick and Alcado Almanzor, San Antonio, 1972. FOOTNOTE: During the early part of President Grant’s Administration, General O.E.Babcock was sent by the President to inquire into the conditions of the Island and its resources. While there he negotiated a Treaty of Annexation (November 29, 1869), by which on payment by this Government of $1,130,000, the Dominican Republic was to become part of the United States. The Treaty was ratified by the Dominican people, but met with bitter opposition in the United States Senate, and was finally rejected by a tie vote. New International Encyclopedia, 1910.

Sailing ships



EAST AFRICA & UGANDA

====================================================================== EAST AFRICA & UGANDA, BRITISH PROTECTORATE of BIRMINGHAM MINT ====================================================================== 25 CENTS 18MM .800 FINE 2.916 GRAMS ====================================================================== (1911) 1910

======================================================================

200,000

¿OV: Head of Edward VII, facing right EDWARD VII, KING & left EMPEROR right / DES under bust. ¿RV: Lion passant guardant and Mt.Kilimanjaro (African landscape) 25 / CENTS / 1910 / H (mintmark), EAST AFRICA & UGANDA PROTECTORATES around. EDGE: Reeded MINT: H = THE MINT, BIRMINGHAM LTD. DESIGNER: DES = George William DeSalles REFERENCE: Y-7, KM-3 POPULATION: Esat Africa - 1910 - 4,000,000 including 25,000 asiatics. FOOTNOTE: This issue was struck by the Birmingham mint in 1911 with the date of 1910 on the coinage. FOOTNOTE: The colonial coinage listed here for the British Protectorate of East Africa was produced by both the Royal Mint, London starting in 1906, with the next issue dated 1910 contracted from The Mint, Birmingham, Ltd. minted in 1911. The next two years the 25 cents denomination was minted again by London, while the final dates of 1914, 1918 and 1920 were again ordered from Birmingham. The listings are arranged in mint order. FOOTNOTE: The inland Uganda Protectorate lying west of Kenya Colony, is the former Kingdom of Uganda. It was declared a British Protectorate in 1894.

1914 - 25 CENTS - OBVERSE ====================================================================== EAST AFRICA & UGANDA, BRITISH PROTECTORATE of BIRMINGHAM MINT ====================================================================== 25 CENTS 18MM .800 FINE 2.916 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1914 1918

80,000 40,000

rare

¿OV: Head of George V, facing left GEORGIVS V REX ET IND: IMP: (George V King and Emperor of India) around / B.M. on truncation. ¿RV: Lion passant guardant and Mt.Kilimanjaro (African landscape) 25 / CENTS / DATE, EAST AFRICA & UGANDA PROTECTORATES around. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = THE MINT, BIRMINGHAM LTD. DESIGNER: B.M. = Sir Edgar Bertram MacKennal REFERENCE: Y-12, EA-5, KM-10 FOOTNOTE: British possessions of Uganda, Kenya and Tanganyika Territory which was acquired as a result of the Great War (Tanganyika was the former colony of German East Africa) comprise East Africa. Being near the equator the climate is unbearably hot and damp. On the uplands of the interior are wide expanses of excellent grazing and agricultural lands. Around the shores of the large lakes; Nyasa, Tanganyika, Victoria and Rudolph are the finest agricultural districts. Ontario Public School Geography, 1922.

King & Emperor George V

Photo Geroge V from contempory postcard

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - EAST AFRICA - PAGE 176



====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: On July 1, 1895 British East Africa was formally transferred to the British Crown and the Foreign Office assumed responsibility for its administration. On April 1, 1905, the Colony, known as the East Africa Protectorate, was transferred from the authority of the British Foreign Office to that of the Colonial Office which took over the administration of East Africa, Uganda and Somaliland Protectorates. In 1898 the silver rupee of British India was established as the standard coinage of the East Africa Protectorate divided into 100 cents.

====================================================================== EAST AFRICA, BRITISH PROTECTORATE of BIRMINGHAM MINT ====================================================================== 25 CENTS 18MM .500 FINE 2.916 GRAMS ======================================================================

FOOTNOTE: The central African British Protectorate of Uganda is bounded to the north by the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, on the west by the Belgian Congo, the south Tanganyika Territory and to the east Kenya Colony, an area of 94,204 sq.miles. The ancient Kingdom of Buganda is still ruled under government supervision by the “Kabaka”, the hereditary representative of a dynasty 500 years old. Mengo is the capital of Buganda, Entebbe is the seat of the British Administration of the Protectorate and Kampala is the commercial center. Cotton is the principle product. The Kenya-Uganda Railroad runs from Mombasa on the East Coast to Kampala. The railroad maintains steamer service on Lake Victoria, Kioga and Albert and government-owned motor service and private facilities connect Rejaf on the Nile with the Sudan Government steamer to Khartum and Cairo. The country still abounds in big game which is symbolized on the East Africa & Uganda Protectorate coinage with the African landscape with lion and Mt.Kilimanjaro in the background.

(1920) 1920 (1921) 1920

424,000 324,000

frozen date

¿OV: Head of George V, facing left GEORGIVS V REX ET IND: IMP (George V King and Emperor of India) around / B.M. on truncation. ¿RV: Lion passant guardant and Mt.Kilimanjaro (African landscape) 25 / CENTS / 1920 EAST AFRICA above, left and right. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = THE MINT, BIRMINGHAM LTD. DESIGNER: B.M. = Sir Edgar Bertram MacKennal REFERENCE: Y-17, EA-10, KM-15 POPULATION: 1921 - Kenya 12,000,000, Uganda 3,071,608 including 1,269 Europeans. FOOTNOTE: The issue dated 1920 with a combined mintage of 748,000 was struck in 1920 - 424,000, 1921 - 324,000. The unit of currency was changed from the rupee to the florin equal to 2 shillings or 100 cents issued under the authority of the East Africa Currency Board. FOOTNOTE: The British seat of Administration for Uganda Protectorate is Entebbe, the native capital is Mengo. The unit of currency is the rupee equal to 100 cents.

Transportation by rail & steamship ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - EAST AFRICA - PAGE 177



====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: Nairobi, the capital of British East Africa is 327 miles northwest of Mombasa and has a population of 15,457. It lies on the Athie plains, 5500 feet above sea level at the foot of the Kikuyu Hills, and is the Headquarters of the Government of the protectorate and of the Uganda Railway. The commercial life of a large East Indian population centers in the picturesque bazaar, which runs at right angles from the main street of the town. The official Residences live on a hill overlooking the Government Buildings, and beyond its brow is the containment of the King’s African Rifles. In the vicinity are hundreds of European farmers, and the town is visited annually by large numbers of sportsmen from all parts of the world, attracted by the big-game shooting for which the Protectorate of British East Africa is famous. In 1920 the status of the East Africa Protectorate was abolished and the Territory annexed to the British Crown under the name Kenya Colony. The name of the Zanzibar Protectorate was changed at the same time to Kenya Protectorate.

====================================================================== EAST AFRICA & UGANDA, BRITISH PROTECTORATE of LONDON MINT ====================================================================== 25 CENTS 18MM .800 FINE 2.916 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1906

400,000

¿OV: Head of Edward VII, facing right EDWARD VII, KING & left EMPEROR right / DES under bust. ¿RV: Lion passant guardant and Mt.Kilimanjaro (African landscape) 25 / CENTS / 1906, EAST AFRICA & UGANDA PROTECTORATES around. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = Royal Mint, LONDON DESIGNER: DES = George William DeSalles REFERENCE: Y-7, KM-3 FOOTNOTE: In 1906 the monetary unit for East Africa, Kenya and Uganda Protectorate was based on the Indian rupee, divided into 100 cents. This was replaced in 1920 by a new monetary standard based on the British florin [1/10 of a pound], with one florin equal 100 cents. Again in 1922 the standard was replaced, this time based on the British shilling [2 shillings equal one florin] as a unit, thus the value of the decimal coinage was cut in half, as the new unit was also divided into 100 cents.

King & Emperor Edward II

FOOTNOTE: East Africa administrated originally by the British East Africa Company, later the Territory was incorporated in the East Africa & Uganda Protectorate which together with Kenya became officially designated as Kenya Colony lying north of Tanganyika and bordering on the Indian Ocean. Kenya a Crown Colony since 1906 includes a strip of land, ten miles wide extending along the coast to the northern branch of the Tana River, belonging to and leased from the Sultan of Zanzibar. Photo Edward II from Royal Photograph, reversed




======================================================================

====================================================================== EAST AFRICA & UGANDA, BRITISH PROTECTORATE of LONDON MINT ====================================================================== 25 CENTS 18MM .800 FINE 2.916 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1912 1913

180,000 300,000

¿OV: Head of George V, facing left GEORGIVS V REX ET IND: IMP: (George V King and Emperor of India) around. / B.M. on truncation. ¿RV: Lion passant guardant and Mt.Kilimanjaro (African landscape) 25 / CENTS / DATE, EAST AFRICA & UGANDA PROTECTORATES around. EDGE: Reeded

Woman planting, East Africa ======================================================================

MINT: (no mintmark) = Royal Mint, LONDON DESIGNER: B.M. = Sir Edgar Bertram MacKennal REFERENCE: Y-12, KM-10

Native distillery, East Africa

Village, East Africa - 1902


1912 - 25 CENTS - REVERSE ======================================================================

Transport, East Africa -1902 ====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: The British Protectorate over the Territory of Uganda was proclaimed in the “London Gazette” on June 19, 1894, and included only the country subject to King Mwanga, known as Buganda. The population in census of 1911 was 2,843,325. In 1913 there were 823 Europeans, 3,110 Asiatics and 2,889,561 natives - total 2,893,494. The principle town of Buganda is Kampala, but the center of the Protectorate Administration is at Entebbe, 25 miles distant on the shores of Lake Victoria. The principle exports are ivory, skins, chillies (pepper), cotton, rubber, coffee, and sim sim. Whitaker’s Almanack, London 1914. ======================================================================

Africa showing British East Africa just below the equator ======================================================================

Native basket weaving FOOTNOTE: The highest mountain peak in Africa is Kibo, Kilimanjaro, in British East Africa, elevation 19,587 feet, which is portrayed on the coins.

====================================================================== Photos and map from Geography, H.Justin Roddy, 1902.



ECUADOR

1884 - UN DECIMO - REVERSE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - ECUADOR - PAGE 181

======================================================================

1915 H - UN DECIMO ====================================================================== ECUADOR, REPUBLIC of BIRMINGHAM MINT ====================================================================== UN DECIMO 18MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1915

1,000,000

¿OV: Head of General Sucre, facing left REPUBLICA DEL ECUADOR (Republic of Ecuador) around / 1915 below. ÀRV: Arms of the Republic, G. 2.5 UN DECIMO DE SUCRE 0.9 H. (mintmark) around / BIRMm below. EDGE: Reeded

1884 - UN DECIMO - OBVERSE ====================================================================== ECUADOR, REPUBLIC of BIRMINGHAM MINT ====================================================================== UN DECIMO 18MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1884 1889 1890

50,000 100,000 150,000

MINT: H. / BIRMm = THE MINT, BIRMINGHAM REFERENCE: Y-28, EC#156, EC-18, KM-50

EC#141 EC#142 EC#144

¿OV: Head of General Sucre, facing left REPUBLICA DEL ECUADOR (Republic of Ecuador) around / DATE below. ÀRV: Arms of the Republic, G. 2.5 UN DECIMO DE SUCRE around / HEATON (mintmark) / BIRMINGHAM LEI (Law = fineness) 0.9 below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: HEATON = R. HEATON & SONS, BIRMINGHAM REFERENCE: Y-28, KM-50 POPULATION: Ecudor - 1890 - 946,033 with capital Quito with 50,000 inhabitants. FOOTNOTE: The Modern Dime Size Silver Coins of Ecuador were minted first at the old Spanish mint at Quito. Later Ecuador ordered coins from Birmingham with an interesting H BIRMm mintmark, and from Philadelphia with another interesting mintmark - Phila. U.S.A. Two South American mints also produced these coins for Ecuador; Lima with the word Lima and Santiago with the words Santiago - Chile. Listings are in mint order and then chronological. FOOTNOTE: The money unit of Ecuador is the sucre, equivalent to the 5 franc piece, but the coins of the United States, France and Great Britain circulate.

Antonio Jose de Sucre FOOTNOTE: Antonio Jose de Sucre was born at Cumana, Venezuela. He served in the various wars of independence in South America, from 1811 to 1824, gained the victory of Pichincha (1822), which freed Ecuador, and Ayacucho (1824), which drove the Spaniards from Peru. At the first election of the Republic of Bolivia, Sucre was chosen life president (1826). He failed in his efforts to establish an orderly government, and resigned in 1828 at the demand of Peru. He returned to Columbia, entered the army and won from the Peruvians the decisive battle of Giron (1829). On his return to Quito from a session of the constitutional Congress of Colombia, he was assassinated in June 1830. FOOTNOTE: The decimal system was established in 1884 with gold coins of double condor, condor, doubloon, the 1/5 condor and the 1/10 condor. The last equivalent to the 5 franc piece of the Latin Monetary Union. The silver sucre was named after General Antonio Jose de Sucre (1795-1830), Bolivar's ablest young officer who was promoted to the rank of Colonel at 16 and Brigadier General when he was 24. He led the battle in 1822 which expelled the Spanish from control of Ecuador. UN DECIMO means one tenth.

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - ECUADOR - PAGE 182



====================================================================== ECUADOR, REPUBLIC of LIMA MINT ====================================================================== UN DECIMO 18MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ======================================================================

======================================================================

1892 1893 1894

350,000 848,174 206,276

EC#145 EC#146 EC#147

¿OV: Head of General Sucre, facing left REPUBLICA DEL ECUADOR (Republic of Ecuador) around / DATE below. ÀRV: Arms of the Republic, G. 2.5 UN DECIMO DE SUCRE 0.9 T.F. around / LIMA (mintmark) below, J R incised under arms. EDGE: Reeded MINT: LIMA = LIMA ASSAYER: T.F. = unknown DESIGNER: J R = unknown REFERENCE: Y-28, KM-50 POPULATION: Ecuador - 1894 - 1,204,400 FOOTNOTE: In 1895-96 a civil war broke out between the clerical and liberal parties, resulting in a liberal triumph. General Alfaro became President.

FOOTNOTE: The Coat of Arms of Ecuador - The band with the signs of the Zodiac and the sun represent the period in 1845 when Ecuador last fought for her independence from Spain. The ship, a steamer commemorates the first ocean going steamer on the west coast of South America which was built in Ecuador. The fasces is a symbol of republican institutions. Laurel and palm wreaths show from behind four flags of the Great Colombian Federated Republic composed of Colombia, Ecuador and Venezuela. FOOTNOTE: Ecuador adopted the gold standard in 1900. The silver coinage has been almost entirely superseded by gold, of which there are over 5,000,000 sucres (sucres = 48.7 cents U.S.); about four-fifths of this are held by the banks. New International Encyclopedia, 1910. FOOTNOTE: Ecuador from the Spanish word equator, so called because the country is crossed by the equator.

Ecuador today ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - ECUADOR - PAGE 183

======================================================================

======================================================================

1905 - UN DECIMO

1902 - UN DECIMO



1899 1900 1902 1905

220,000 480,000 518,658 250,000

EC#149 EC#150 EC#152 EC#154

¿OV: Head of General Sucre, facing left REPUBLICA DEL ECUADOR (Republic of Ecuador) around / DATE below. ÀRV: Arms of the Republic, G. 2.5 UN DECIMO DE SUCRE 0.9 J.F. around / LIMA (mintmark) below, J R incised under arms.

1900 included with type I 1902 included with type I ¿OV: Head of General Sucre, facing left REPUBLICA DEL ECUADOR (Republic of Ecuador) around / DATE below. ÀRV: Arms of the Republic, G. 2.5 UN DECIMO DE SUCRE 0.9 J.F. around / LIMA (mintmark) below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: LIMA = LIMA

EDGE: Reeded ASSAYER: J.F. = Jose A. Figueroa, of Lima MINT: LIMA = LIMA TYPE: II - No designer (J R) initials ASSAYER: J.F. = Jose A. Figueroa, of Lima REFERENCE: Y-28, KM-50 DESIGNER: J R = unknown TYPE: I - With designer initials J R under arms. REFERENCE: Y-28, KM-50 POPULATION: Ecudor - 1900 - 1,205,600 with Quito the capital of 40,000 inhabitants. FOOTNOTE: Means of communication are still for the most part in very primitive condition, many of the roads, even between important centers of population, are mere mule-tracks, altogether impassable in bad weather it may be for weeks or months at a time; while the violent torrents which have so frequently to be crossed often present nothing better than more or less elaborate bridges of rope. The simplest of these is the ‘taravita’, consisting of a single tight rope, with or without a traveling rope by which the passenger or his luggage may be hauled across. The best are hazardous to all except a practiced foot, and they go out of repair in a few years. In 1873, Ecuador had 30 miles of railway, nearly 200 miles of cart-roads fit for the ordinary mule-traffic of the country. Wheeled conveyances are almost unknown, especially in the inland districts, the transport of goods of every description being effected by porters or mules. The first carriage was introduced into Quito in 1859, and the owner had to pay a tax for his innovation. Encyclopedia Britannica, 9th Ed.,1887. ======================================================================

Designer initials JR - No designer initials

FOOTNOTE: Quito, the capital of Equator is a town of several thousand inhabitants. No one quite knows whether there are forty or eighty thousand. Quitonians say that there are eighty thousand; strangers doubt it there are so many as half that number. There are no chimneys to houses, and consequently no smoke rises. Charcoal only is burned there, and thus the town is relieved from that oppressive and noxious cloud that makes some cities occasionally intolerable. The streets are well paved with cobblestones in the roadway, but you may pass days in the town and never see a wheeled vehicle at all. There are some carriages at Quito, but they are rarely used. The bulk of the population is Indian, dress in ponchos and short linen trousers, while the white men walk about town in frock coasts and tall hats. These are enlightened and cultivated white men natives of Spanish origin, who fancy that they form the nation of Ecuadorians - the Indians, do not count. Every white man who can possibly manage it, wears, in Quito, a frock coat and a tall hat, to emphasize his importance and highly civilized condition. This dress justifies him in calling himself “Doctor”, and others in so styling him. The means of access to Quito are remarkable. In the midst of a wide upland moor, some hundred miles away to the south, a paved road suddenly starts, and extends to Quito. Along a portion of this road, twice a week, a broken-down old omnibus, drawn by six mules, with their backs and necks in various degrees of hideous rawness, urged on by the shrieks and shrill whistling of three drivers, rolls slowly into Quito. This is the only public conveyance in the interior. One or two bullock carts may be met upon the road. All other communication with the outside world is on horse or mule back. It rains for three hundred days in a year, and ordinarily in the afternoon. It is warmer out of doors than inside the house. A visitor is always requested to keep on his hat when he calls, as the rooms are so cold, and many people sit in their overcoats. The town is 9,300 feet above the sea.The World’s Progress, Trumbull White, 1902.

======================================================================


======================================================================

1912 - UN DECIMO ====================================================================== ECUADOR, REPUBLIC of LIMA MINT ====================================================================== UN DECIMO 18MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1912

30,000

¿OV: Head of General Sucre, facing left REPUBLICA DEL ECUADOR (Republic of Ecuador) around / 1912 below. ÀRV: Arms of the Republic, G. 2.5 UN DECIMO DE SUCRE .0.9 F.G. around / LIMA (mintmark) below, J R incised under arms. EDGE: Reeded MINT: LIMA = LIMA ASSAYER: F.G. = Francisco Gamarra DESIGNER: J R = unknown REFERENCE: Y-28, EC#155, KM-50

1916 - UN DECIMO - OBVERSE ====================================================================== ECUADOR, REPUBLIC of PHILADELPHIA MINT ====================================================================== UN DECIMO 18MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1916

FOOTNOTE: The unit of value of Ecuador is the sucre worth onetenth of a sovereign of Great Britian or U.S. 48.665 cents in 1910. New International Yearbook, 1910. FOOTNOTE: The chief exports of Ecuador are; coffee, cocoa, rice, sugar, rubber, cabinet woods, chemicals and minerals. Imports include; cotton, provisions, manufactures of iron and steel, clothing and mineral oil. Almanac and Year Book of the Chicago Daily News, 1916. ======================================================================

2,000,000

¿OV: Head of General Sucre, facing left REPUBLICA DEL ECUADOR (Republic of Ecuador) around / 1916 below. ÀRV: Arms of the Republic, G. 2.5 UN DECIMO DE SUCRE 0.9 H. around / PHILA. (mintmark) below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: PHILA. = PHILADELPHIA REFERENCE: Y-28, EC#157, KM-50 FOOTNOTE: The monetary Law of 4 March 1927 established a new smaller silver sucres equal to 100 centavos. The sucre was known as an “Ayora” for President Isisor Ayora and the 50 centavos was known as “Lauritas” after his wife Laura.

Plaza, Quito, Eduador - 1902 ======================================================================

Lowlands house raised above ground because of the dampness



1838 - MEDIO REAL - OBVERSE

======================================================================

====================================================================== ECUADOR, REPUBLIC of QUITO MINT ====================================================================== MEDIO REAL 17MM .800 FINE 1.85 GRAMS ======================================================================

FOOTNOTE: The mintmark H. on the 1916 un decimo issue was copied in error from the issue of 1915 struck at The Mint, Birmingham. ======================================================================

1838

u/m

¿OV: Consular fasces over bow and arrows, between two cornucopia, REPUBLICA DEL ECUADOR i (Republic of Ecuador) around / QUITO (mintmark) • below.

1930 - 50 CENTAVOS ====================================================================== ECUADOR, REPUBLIC of PHILADELPHIA MINT ====================================================================== 50 CENTAVOS 18MM .720 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1928 1930

1,000,000 155,060

EC#201 EC#202

¿RV: The sun rising above two mountains on which are perched Condors and Vultures, M(edio) left, R(eal) right (half real for denomination) EL PODER EN LA CONSTITUCION (The power in the Constitution) around / 1838 S.T. below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: QUITO = QUITO ASSAYER: S.T. = unknown

scarce

REFERENCE: Y-2, EC#19, KM-22

¿OV: Head of General Sucre, facing left REPUBLICA DEL ECUADOR (Republic of Ecuador) around / DATE below.

The Coins of Ecuador 1833-1969 by Dale Allan Seppa, Quito 1969.

ÀRV: Arms of the Republic, CINCUENTA CENTAVOS (fifty centavos) above, G. 2.50 left facing in, LEY (law) 0.720 right facing in, / PHILA.U.S.A (mintmark) below.

The Coins of Ecuador by Dale Seppa and Michael Anderson, Second Edition, San Antonio 1973.


FOOTNOTE: The Republic of Ecuador was founded on 11 May 1830 after the Civil War separated the original members of the Republic of Colombia which in 1819 became independent from Spain and formed a republic from the former Viceroyalty of New Granada (Colombia), The Captaincy of Venezuela and The Presidency of Quito (Ecuador).

POPULATION: Ecuador - 1930 - 2,000,000 mainly Indians, people of mixed races number 400,000 with Quito the capital with 104,000 inhabitants.

FOOTNOTE: The Law of 9 November 1831 established the mint at Quito with the first coins of Ecuador struck in 1833. The last coins were minted in 1862 as the result of the high cost of production.

EDGE: Reeded MINT: PHILA.U.S.A = PHILADELPHIA


1838 - MEDIO REAL - REVERSE

1848 - MEDIO REAL - OBVERSE



1840

1848 1849

u/m

¿OV: Consular fasces over bow and arrows, between two cornucopia, REPUBLICA DEL ECUADOR i (Republic of Ecuador) around / QUITO (mintmark) • below. ¿RV: The sun rising above two mountains on which are perched Condors and Vultures, M(edio) left, R(eal) right (half real for denomination) EL PODER EN LA CONSTITUCION (The power in the Constitution) around / 1838 M.V. below.

u/m u/m

EC#22 EC#23

¿OV: Head of Liberty, facing left LIBERTAD (Liberty) on headband, EL PODER EN LA CONSTITUCION (The power in the Constitution) around / DATE .8. Ds. below. ÀRV: Arms of the Republic, REPUBLICA DEL ECUADOR (Republic of Ecuador) above ~ (rosette) QUITO (mintmark) • G.J. M. (M with o above = medio real = 1/2 real).

EDGE: Reeded

EDGE: ooooo

MINT: QUITO = QUITO

MINT: QUITO = QUITO

ASSAYER: M.V. = Moral Yndustria

ASSAYER: G.J. = Guillermo Jameson

REFERENCE: Y-2, EC#20, KM-22


FOOTNOTE: The mountains shown on the reverse are the two principal peaks of Pichinca, the left one is Guagua Pichinca.

Eucadoran indians

FOOTNOTE: Quito in the Province of Pichinca lies on the east side of the great plateau of Quito, at the foot of the Volcano of Pichinca, at an elevation of 9351 feet above sea level. Quito was founded in 1534 and has suffered frequently from earthquakes. FOOTNOTE: Quito, from the hills in the vicinity, a beautiful panoramic view, embracing eight icy peaks of the Andes, may be obtained; and to the south of the city extends the lovely valley of Chillo, laid out in gardens. The chief edifices are built of stone, the others of abodes, or sun-dried bricks, covered with tiles. By the earthquake of March 1859, most of the then existing churches, convents, and government buildings, as well as many private residences, were thrown down, property to the value of 3,000,000 dollars was destroyed, and many lives lost. From this calamity, the city as in great part recovered. Population 76,000 (1880). Library of Universal Knowledge,N.Y., 1880.


1848 - MEDIO REAL - REVERSE


======================================================================

====================================================================== ECUADOR, REPUBLIC of SANTIAGO MINT ====================================================================== UN DECIMO 18MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1889

======================================================================

1,000,000

¿OV: Head of General Sucre, facing left REPUBLICA DEL ECUADOR (Republic of Ecuador) around / 1889 below. ÀRV: Arms of the Republic, G. 2.5 UN DECIMO DE SUCRE around / SANTIAGO - CHILE (mintmark) / LEI (Law = fineness) 0.9 below, D.T. under arms. EDGE: Reeded MINT: SANTIAGO - CHILE = SANTIAGO ASSAYER: D.T. = unknown REFERENCE: Y-28, EC#143, KM-50 FOOTNOTE: Quito, the capital of Ecuador, in a ravine on the east side of the volcano of Pichinca, 9348 feet above the sea, a little to the south of the equator. Its streets, with exception of four which meet in the large central square, are narrow, uneven, badly paved, and extremely dirty. The more important public buildings are the Cathedral, several other churches and convents, the Town-house, Court-house, President’s Palace, the University, the Episcopal Palace, orphan asylum, and hospital. The manufactures consist chiefly of woolen and cotton goods, from the want of good roads and railways trade is much hampered. Population about 80,000, largely consisting of half-breads and indians. New Cabinet Cyclopaedia, Phila., 1896.

1889 - UN DECIMO - OBVERSE ======================================================================



EGYPT

======================================================================

======================================================================

1887 YEAR 11 - 2 GURUSH - OBV ====================================================================== EGYPT, OTTOMAN EMPIRE PROVINCE of BERLIN MINT ====================================================================== 2 GURUSH (KURUS) 19MM .833 FINE 2.75 GRAMS ====================================================================== (1886) AH 1293 YEAR 10 (1887) 11 (1893) 17 (1896) 20 (1900) 24 (1905) 29 (1906) 30

4,011,000 989,000 540,000 1,113,000 500,000 450,000 250,000

1234567890

[QRSTUVWXY

The Accession Year Number 1293 is shown on the coins as;

[QXR rare

¿OV: Toughra with flower to right (Lord Abdul Hamid, Son of Abdul Mejid, The Ever Victorious) iiiiiii (seven 5 point stars) , above / denomination Q (2) sh (end letters of gurush) two fasces and wreath of roses tied with ribbon below / W below. ¿RV: iii (3 stars) / Regnal Year Number / Zarbe / Fe / Misr / [QXR (Arabic number/ Struck / in / Egypt / 1293 AH accession year) within wreath. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = Imperial Mint, BERLIN MINTMASTER: W = Emil Weigand, 1887-1904 REFERENCE: Y-19, NP-992, KM-293 POPULATION: Egypt - 1900 - 9,734,405 with Cairo capital with 570,062 inhabitants .

1887 YEAR 11 - 2 GURUSH - REV ====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: The Modern Dime Size Silver Coins of Egypt were minted at several foreign mints in addition to the Cairo mint which used the ‘Misr’ as mintmark. Berlin, Bombay, Birmingham and Brussels all struck this size coinage. Listings are by mint.The inscriptions on Egyptian coins are in Arabic. Numbers can be read as below:

FOOTNOTE: In the year 1882 political and financial reasons combined led the English Government, now conducted by Gladstone, to interfere in the affairs of Egypt. A mutinous uprising against the authority of the Khedive having taken place in the Egyptian Army, an expedition was sent out under the command of Lord Wolseley for the purpose of suppressing the revolt, and by the restoration of the authority of the Khedive to render secure the Suez Canal, and protect the interests of English bondholders in Egyptian securities. Three years late, in 1885, a second expedition had to be sent out to the same country. The Sudanese, subjects of the Khedive, encouraged by the disorganized condition of the Egyptian Government, had revolted, and were threatening the Egyptian garrisons in the Sudan with destruction. Lord Wolseley was sent out a second time, to lead an expedition up the Nile to the relief of Khartum, where General Gorden, a representative of the English Government, was commanding the Egyptian troops, and trying - to use his own phrase - to “Smash the Mahdi”, the military prophet and leader of the Sudanese Arabs. The expedition arrived too late, Khartum having fallen just before the advance relief party reached the town. The English troops were now recalled, and the greater part of the Sudan abandoned to the rebel Arabs. Outlines of History, P.V.N.Myers, Boston 1895.

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - EGYPT - PAGE 189

====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: The cultivation of tobacco in Egypt was prohibited in 1890, because some manufactures of the famous Egyptian cigarettes were mixing inferior home tobacco with imported Turkish leaf, thereby imperiling the export trade which was a large source of Government Revenue through the export tax. Most genuine Egyptian cigarettes were made in Cairo by Grecian workmen, using Turkish tobacco and paper manufactured in Germany, Austria and Italy. FOOTNOTE: Turkish Sultan Abdul Aziz was the first Sultan to travel abroad visiting Paris, Vienna and London. Beginning with the nintheenth century the political movement of liberal Turkish thinkers and writers resulting from the study of French became wide spread. The processes of modernization would have continued had it not been for the setback under the reign of Sultan Abdul Hamid II (1876-1909 AD) one of the longest and most reactionary of the Turkish reigns. He was deposed in April 1909 AD to be succeeded by his brother Muhammad V Rashad (1909-1918 AD). A national uprising in AD 1882 in Egypt left the British in sole control. Under the unpretentious title of Resident and Consul General Lord Cromer became the virtual ruler of the country with his main support the Army of Occupation. In the Anglo-French Entente Cordiale of 1904 AD the French agreed to end the obstruction of British policy in Egypt in return for support for the French policy in Morocco. FOOTNOTE: At the foot of the Sphinx a crowd of lazy Bedouin contractors were whipping fifty boys and girls to and fro, as they carried little baskets of sand away from the Sphinx’s paws. They dug them out years ago, but the sphinx’ invoked the western winds to cover them again with drifting sand. Every time these little boys and girls came struggling from the pit, up through the running sands in which the foot slipped backward half the distance, one of these ruffians smote them with a leather thong to make them hurry on. And farther on another burly villain stood with leathern switch in hand to make them scamper back. In this way contract work is done in Egypt. All the embankments made to hold the Nile in check, all railroad fillings, are done with human hands; children and coolies packing the dirt in little baskets on their heads. Horse and carts might be used, but then what would the people do to get their 2 or 3 gurush (ten or fifteen cents) a day which goes to buy their daily bread and cotton drilling shirt? To clothe these people costs 20 or 40 gurush (a dollar or two) a year (c. 1887). To feed them, 1 gurush (five cents) a day, but that seems rather high. Some greens, a very little coarsest bread, some sugar-cane to chew, make up the measure of the daily food. They have nothing but huts to live in, and the cheapest, coarsest sort of food, yet they are the most content. A Girdle Round the Earth, D.N.Richardson, Chicago 1888. FOOTNOTE: In Hebrew Egypt is called Mizraim, this is preserved in the Arabic Misr, pronounced MASR in the vulgar dialect of Egypt. It occurs in the Koran as the name of Egypt, but has been applied to the country and to its chief capitals since the Arab conquest, ELFustat, now called Masr-el-Ateekah, or Old Masr, and El-Kahireh, the Cairo of the Europeans. Encyclopedia Britannica, 9th Edition, 1887. FOOTNOTE: Abbas II, Hilmi, Khedive of Egypt was the eldest son of Tewfik Pasha. He was educated at Vienna, and succeeded his father in 1892 at the age of eighteen. Though his attitude toward England in Egypt was unfriendly, he carried on his government under British supervision after the abortive attempt to form an antiBritish cabinet in 1893. New International Encyclopedia, 1910. FOOTNOTE: The British occupied Egypt in 1882, after a revolt of natives demanding “Egypt for the Egyptians”. This was to be a temporary occupation to supervise the army and finances of Egypt, but it continued until 1914.

1909 - YEAR 33 - 2 GURUSH - REV ====================================================================== EGYPT, OTTOMAN EMPIRE PROVINCE of BIRMINGHAM MINT ====================================================================== 2 GURUSH (KURUS) 19MM .833 FINE 2.81 GRAMS ====================================================================== (1904) AH1293 YEAR 29 (1905) 30 (1909) 33

1,250,000 250,000 450,000

¿OV: Toughra with flower to right (Khan Abdul Hamid, iiiiiii (seven 5 Son of Abdul Mejid, The Ever Victorious)iiiiiii point stars), above / denomination Q (2) sh (end letters of gurush) two fasces and wreath of roses tied with ribbon below / H (mintmark) below. ¿RV:iii (3 stars) / Regnal Year Number/ Zarbe / Fe / Misr / [QXR (Arabic number/ Struck / in / Egypt / 1293 AH accession year within wreath. EDGE: Reeded MINT: H = THE MINT, BIRMINGHAM REFERENCE: Y-19a, NP-992, EG8, KM-293a POPULATION: 1907 - 11,287,359 FOOTNOTE: The standard unit of currency is the kirsh or piastre, which is coined in gold pieces of 5, 10, 20, 25, 50 ,100 piastres; silver of 1, 22, 5, 10, 20 piastres copper coins of 5, 10, 20 para (or faddahs, 40 to the piastre) and 1 piastre are also coined. The kees or purse, of 500 piastres, is equal to about ,5,2s.6d. The khazneh, or treasury, consists of 1000 purses. 97 2 piastres are given for the English pound sterling. Beside the regular Egyptian currency, European coins of all kinds are commonly employed in Egypt, especially the English sovereign, the French napoleon, the Venetian sequin, the Spanish doubloon and dollar, the 5 franc piece, and the Constantinople coins. Encyclopedia Britannica, Ninth Edition 1887.


1911 - YEAR 3 - 2 Gurush - OBV

1911 - YEAR 3 - 2 GURUSH - REV

====================================================================== EGYPT, OTTOMAN EMPIRE PROVINCE of BIRMINGHAM MINT ====================================================================== 2 GURUSH (KURUS) 19MM .833 FINE 2.8 GRAMS ======================================================================

======================================================================

(1910) AH 1327 YEAR 2 (1911) 3

250,000 300,000

rare

¿OV: Toughra with flower to right (Khan Mohammed, son of Abdul Hamid, The Ever Victorious) iiiiiii (seven 5 point stars), above / denomination Q (2) sh (end letters of gurush) two fasces and wreath of roses tied with ribbon below / H (mintmark) below. ¿RV: iii (3 stars) / Regnal Year / Zarbe / Fe / Misr / [RQV (Arabic number/ Struck / in / Egypt / 1327 AH accession year) within wreath. EDGE: Reeded MINT: H = THE MINT, BIRMINGHAM LTD.

FOOTNOTE: The unit of value is the Egyptian pound worth U.S. $4.943. 100 gurush or piaster = 1 Egyptian pound. ====================================================================== EGYPT, BRITISH PROTECTORATE of BIRMINGHAM MINT ====================================================================== 2 PIASTRES 18.5 MM .833 FINE 2.8 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1917 AH 1335

2,180,000

¿OV: Arabic inscription (Sultan Hussein Kimal) / Arabic [RRR (AH 1333) within wreath tied with ribbon below, within circle of pearls near rim. ¿RV: Arabic inscription (Sultanate of Egypt) / 2 and divided by vine design / PIASTRES (Arabic denomination gurush) within wreath tied with ribbon below / 1917 left, [RRT ( AH 1335 in arabic) right, H (mintmark) below, within circle of pearls near rim. EDGE: Reeded

REFERENCE: Y-30, NP-1057, EG19, KM-307 MINT: H = THE MINT, BIRMINGHAM LTD. POPULATION: Egypt - 1912 - 11,287,350 with Cairo the capital with 654,476 inhabitants. FOOTNOTE: Egypt is nominally independent, but in any Government crisis the British High Commissioner can overrule the Egyptian King.The Commander-In-Chief of the Egyptian Army is a British Officer and is also Governor-General of the Sudan. He is responsible to both the Egyptian and British Governments. In both capacities he takes orders from British High Commissioner Viscount Allenby, of Palestine fame. Both countries have extensive economic interests in the Sudan. The region was in a wretched condition when it was taken over by Lord Kitchener in the late 90’s. An agreement signed in 1899 made the Sudan the joint property of Egypt and Britian. The Sudan is divider into fifteen Provinces, each under the direct rule of a British Governor.

REFERENCE: Y-39, EG27, KM-317 FOOTNOTE: The issue struck at Birmingham dated 1917 was minted in 1919. FOOTNOTE: Fuad I, Sultan of Egypt, born 1868, the eight ruler of the Dynasty of Mohammed Ali, on the death of Hussein Kimal, his brother, on October 9, 1917, was proclaimed Sultan of Egypt as Ahmed Fuad Pasha. On March 16, 1922 he was declared King of Egypt and the British terminated the Protectorate, and recognized the independence of Egypt.


1920 AH 1338 - 2 PIASTRES - OBV

1920 AH 1338 - 2 PIASTRES - REV

====================================================================== EGYPT, BRITISH PROTECTORATE of BIRMINGHAM MINT ====================================================================== 2 PIASTRES 18.5 MM .833 FINE 2.8 GRAMS ======================================================================

======================================================================

(1920) 1920 AH 1338 (1921) 1920 1338

2,545,000 275,000

rare i/a

¿OV: Arabic inscription (Sultan Fuad I) / DATE in arabic [RRT (AH 1335) (The accession date AH 1338 of Sultan Fuad I). ¿RV: Arabic inscription (Sultanate of Egypt) / left: 2 / PIASTRES / 1920, right: arabic Q / (denomination in arabic (gurush) / [RRW (AH 1338) / H (mintmark) below at rim. EDGE: Reeded MINT: H = THE MINT, BIRMINGHAM REFERENCE: Y-44, EG-31, KM-325 FOOTNOTE: Egypt, long under British dominion, broke off all relations with Turkey during the First World War and then sent delegates to the Paris Peace Conference to demand independence from the Protectorate imposed on Egypt by the British Government. Meanwhile Nationalist agitation broke out in various sections of the country. Early in 1922 England announced that independence would be granted and within a year Egypt was declared to be a Sovereign State with a hereditary monarchy and a parliament - subject to certain reservations protecting British interests. On November 21, 1924 Major-General Sir Lee Stack, Sirdar of Egypt and GovernorGeneral of the Sudan was assassinated. Lord Allenby, British High Commissioner in Egypt, called upon Premier Zaghlul Pasha demanding full satisfaction for the Sirdar’s assassination, demanding full apology from the Egyptian Government; punishment of the criminals, compensation of ,500,000 ($2,300,000 U.S.) and ordered the withdrawal from Sudan of all Egyptian units of the Egyptian Army. The Premier resigned and complied with the demands although British troops were sent to Cairo and Sudan before the crisis passed.

FOOTNOTE: The issue with frozen dates 1920 and AH 1338 was struck at the Birmingham mint in 1920 - 2,545,000 and 1921 275,000 for a total mintage of 2,820,000. ====================================================================== EGYPT, KINGDOM of BIRMINGHAM MINT ====================================================================== 2 PIASTRES 19MM .833 FINE 2.8 GRAMS ====================================================================== (1924) 1923 AH 1342

2,500,000

¿OV: Head of King Fuad I, facing right / s back of neck, Arabic inscription (Fuad the First, King of Egypt) abound. ¿RV: Arabic inscription (Kingdom of Egypt) within circle, arabic denomination Q (2 piastres) above, Arabic AD [XQR [RSQ = 1342) right, DATE ([XQR [XQR= 1923) left and arabic AH DATE ([RSQ below / H (mintmark) below at rim. EDGE: Reeded DESIGNER: s = Hamid Effendi Sirry, of the Government Assay Office, Egypt. MINT: H = THE MINT, BIRMINGHAM REFERENCE: Y-52, EG34, KM-335 FOOTNOTE: This issue dated in Arabic with both AD 1923 and AH 1342 was struck at Birmingham in 1924. FOOTNOTE: By the terms of the draft Constitution promulgated in 1923, Egypt became governed by a Hereditary King, his Ministers and a Parliament of two houses.


1916 AH 1334 - 2 PIASTRES - OBV ====================================================================== EGYPT, BRITISH PROTECTORATE of BOMBAY MINT ====================================================================== 2 PIASTRES 18.5 MM .833 FINE 2.8 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1916 AH 1334 1917 1335

2,504,614 4,461,226

¿OV: Arabic inscription (Sultan Hussein Kamel) / PRRR (The accession date( in arabic) AH 1333 of Hussein Kamel) within wreath tied with ribbon below, HR in center of bow, within circle of pearls near rim. ¿REV: Arabic inscription (Sultanate of Egypt) / 2 and

Qdivided by vine design / PIASTRES (Arabic denomination

Gurush) within wreath tied with ribbon below / AD DATE left, AH DATE (in arabic) right, within circle of pearls near rim.

1903 - YEAR 27 - 2 GURUSH - OBV ====================================================================== EGYPT, OTTOMAN EMPIRE PROVINCE of BRUSSELS MINT ====================================================================== 2 GURUSH (KURUS) 19MM .830 FINE 2.75 GRAMS ====================================================================== (1903) AH1293 YEAR 27

1,000,000

¿OV: Toughra with flower to right (Lord, Abdul Hamid, Son of Abdul Mejid, The Ever Victorious) iiiiiii (seven 5 point stars), above / denomination Q (2) sh (end letters of gurush) two fasces and wreath of roses tied with ribbon below / W below. ¿RV: iii (3 stars) / Regnal Year Arabic number

QV / Zarbe / Fe / Misr/ [QXR / (arabic number 27/ Struck / in / Egypt / 1293 AH accession year) within wreath. EDGE: Reeded

EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = BRUSSELS MINT: (no mintmark) = Royal Branch Mint, BOMBAY MINTMASTER: W = Emil Weigand, 1887-1904 ENGRAVER: HR = John Harvey Rowntree,M.B.E. of the Egyptian Survey Department, at Giza. REFERENCE: Y-39, KM-317 FOOTNOTE: On December 14, 1914 (AH 1333) Egypt was declared independent of Turkey under a permanent Protectorate of England. The Khedive remained loyal to the Turks, he was removed from the throne and the title was abolished. A new ruler was acclaimed, Sultan Hussein Kamel. On February 28, 1922 the Protectorate was terminated with the death of the Sultan, the new King declaring a new monarchy on March 16, 1922.

REFERENCE: Y-19, NP-992, KM-293 FOOTNOTE: The Suez Canal connecting the Mediterranean and Red Seas is a vital link in the trade route between Occident and Orient, obviating the necessity of the long voyage around the Cape of Good Hope. It is a neutral waterway, open on equal terms to vessels of all nations at all times and is exempt from blockade. Built in 1859-69 at a cost of $127,000,000 U.S. by Egypt, it was finances chiefly in France by Count Ferdinand deLesseps; but the British acquired control of the stock in 1875 by purchase. The length of the Canal, 103 miles.


1903 - YEAR 27 - 2 GURUSH - REV

1929 AH1348 - 2 PIASTRES - REV

=======================================================================

====================================================================== EGYPT, OTTOMAN EMPIRE PROVINCE of BUDAPEST MINT ====================================================================== 2 PIASTRES 19MM .833 FINE 2.8 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1929 AH 1348

2,500,000

¿OV: Head of King Faud I, waring fez, facing right, arabic inscription (The King Of Egypt) left, arabic inscription ( Faud I) right, PM under bust. ¿RV: Arabic inscription (The Kingdom of Egypt) in center circle, arabic inscription for denomination ( 2 piastres) above, [XQX (arabic 1929) left, [RSW (arabic AH 1348) right, BP. (mintmark) below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: BP. = BUDAPEST DESIGNER: PM = Percy Metcalfe REFERENCE: Y-66, KM-348

1929 AH 1348 -2 PIASTRES - OBV ====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: Crossing the Lybian Desert - During the autumn of 1923 a French explorer named DeLaborie completed a most remarkable journey across the Arabian desert from the Cameroons to the Oasis of Siwa, thence to Alexandria, Egypt. A distance of over 3,000 miles, he was the first European to cross this merciless waste and not only overcome the desert but bypass the exceedingly fanatical Mohammedans known as the Senyussis who are especially hostile to Christians.

FOOTNOTE: Crossing the Lybian Desert (continued) The purpose of the expedition was the collection of material for the Museum of Natural History and the extraction of samples of venom from certain species of snakes, in addition to looking for a travel route from Lake Chad to Egypt for the French. The entire journey was attended with great danger since the Lybian desert is considered the most difficult to cross of any desert in the world. If the party misses the trail and fails to find the wells, death from thirst is almost certain. The journey was made with camels. At the Oasis of Siwa an outpost of the British Army was found and members of the Post escorted the party to Alexandria. FOOTNOTE: In the early nintheenth century an uprising in Egypt established Muhammad Ali as a semi-independent dynasty. Turkish Sultans continued to be named on the Ottoman coinage of Egypt until AH 1334 (1916 AD) with the issue of Sultan Hussein Kimal.


====================================================================== EGYPT, OTTOMAN EMPIRE PROVINCE of CAIRO MINT ====================================================================== 1 GURUSH (KURUS) 18MM .883 FINE 1.42 GRAMS ====================================================================== (1861) AH 1277 YEAR 1 (1862) 2 (1863) 3 (1864) 4 (1865) 5 (1866) 6 (1867) 7 (1868) 8 (1869) 9

u/m u/m u/m u/m u/m u/m u/m u/m u/m

¿OV: Toughra (Lord, Abdul Aziz, Son of Murad, The Ever Victorious) with flower to right, denomination [ ( 1) sh (end letters of gurush). ¿RV: Regnal Year Arabic number / Zarbe / Fe / Misr /

[QVV (Struck / in / Egypt / 1277 AH accession year). EDGE: ///// MINT: Misr = EGYPT (CAIRO) REFERENCE: Y-7, NP-939, KM-250

======================================================================

1872 - YEAR 12 -1 GURUSH - OBV ====================================================================== EGYPT, OTTOMAN EMPIRE PROVINCE of CAIRO MINT ====================================================================== 1 GURUSH (KURUS) 18MM .900 FINE 1.42 GRAMS ====================================================================== (1870) AH 1277 YEAR 10 (1871) 11 (1872) 12 (1873) 13 (1874) 14 (1875) 15 (1876) 16

u/m u/m u/m u/m u/m u/m u/m

¿OV: Toughra (Lord, Abdul Aziz, Son of Murad, The Ever Victorious) with flower to right, denomination [ ( 1) sh (end letters of gurush). ¿RV: Regnal Year Arabic number / Zarbe / Fe / Misr /

Opening of the Suez Canel

[QVV (Struck / in / Egypt / 1277 AH accession year).

======================================================================

EDGE: /////

FOOTNOTE: Cairo (The Victorious), the capital of Modern Egypt, is situated on the right bank of the Nile, 12 miles above the apex of its delta, and 150 miles by rail from Alexandria. The character of the town is still mainly Arabic, though in modern times the European style in architecture has become more prevalent. The city is partly surrounded by a fortified wall, and is intersected by seven or eight great streets, from which run a labyrinth of narrow crooked streets and lanes. There are several large squares or places, the principal being the Ezbeklyeh. To the south-east of the town is the Citadel, on the last spur of the Mokattam Hills, overlooking the city. It contains the fine Mosque of Mohammed Ali, a well 270 feet deep called Joseph’s Well, cut in the rock, the Palace of the Viceroy. The trade of Cairo is large, and the bazaars and markets are numerous. Of these the Khan el Khalili, in the north-east of the town,consists of a series of covered streets and courts in which all kinds of eastern merchandise are displayed in open stalls. Cairo was occupied by the British in September 1882. Population - Cairo (c. 1895) 374,838. Cabinet Cyclopaedia, 1895.

MINT: Misr = EGYPT (CAIRO) REFERENCE: Y-7a, NP-939, KM-250 FOOTNOTE: The Egyptian ruler Ismail I, who came to the throne in 1863 involved his country in a heavy debt due to his reckless extravaganzas. This forced him to sell a block of his Suez Canal shares to the British Government at a low price. Still heavily in debt, Ismail was forced by his English and French creditors to let them oversee his financial administration. On June 26, 1879 the Khedive, Ismail Pasha, abdicated in favor of his son Tewfiq. He left Alexandria on his yacht “Mahroussa” for Naples, taking with him his harem and treasures. FOOTNOTE: The Suez Canal was completed in 1869 after about ten years of work. The canal extends from Port Said, on the Mediterranean, 103 miles to Suez at the head of the Red Sea. Of this distance true canals cover 76 miles, and lakes 27 miles. It is 35 feet deep and accommodates all but very large ocean vessels.


1872 - YEAR 12 - 1GURUSH - REV ====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: Cairo (Arabic, Misr el Kahirah), “The Victorious Capital”, the capital of modern Egypt is situated in a sandy plain between the right bank of the Nile and the ridge of Mokattum, and near the point of the delta of the Nile. The city of Cairo occupies about three square miles, and is surrounded by a low wall. Of late years it has been greatly improved. It is lighted with gas, and many fine broad streets have been opened through the crowded districts. The bazaars are well and richly supplied. The houses, which are generally two or three stories high, are all built of variegated brick, with interlinings of wood, and have flat roofs. The city is divided into different quarters, one quarter being appropriated to the Turks, one to the Christians, one to the Jews, etc.; so that every religious sect had its own quarter, which is separated from the adjoining one by strong gates at the end of the streets; these are closed at night, and guarded by a porter, who opens the gate when any one wants to pass. The remarkable buildings in the city of Cairo are its Minarets and Mosques. The Minarets are the most beautiful of any in the Levant, of a prodigious height, and built of alternate layers of red and white stone. The population of Cairo consists of the ruling class, who are all Turks; Arabs, the former conquerors of the land, who form the bulk of the population, all the petty tradesmen and cultivators of the soil being of Arab origin; Copts, who are descended from the original Lords of the land, the ancient Egyptians; Jews, Armenians, Syrians, Africans, and Europeans. Population - Cairo (c.1872) 350,000. Since 1863 the part of Cairo occupied by Europeans has been handsomely rebuilt. In 1876, Cairo was connected by rail with Heluan, one of the numerous bathing-places lying to the south. Of objects worthy of note in the environs of Cairo, the public gardens, which consist of groves of orange, citron, palms, and vines, are very beautiful. The trade of Cairo is rapidly increasing. The exports consist mainly of native products, such as ivory, gum, wood, hides, ostrich feathers, cotton and sugar; while imports are cotton and woolen goods, prints, hardware, cloth, furniture, shawls, indigo, sheep, tobacco, etc. In 1873 about 120,000 lbs. of ivory were exported. The language spoken at Cairo is Arabic, which, though not the purest, is superior in pronunciation to that spoken in Syria. Cairo is the official residence of the Viceroy of Egypt, and the residence of a ConsulGeneral from Great Britian, France, etc. Cairo has railway connection with Alexandria and Suez, and there is also a line to Upper Egypt. Library of Universal Knowledge, N.Y. 1879.

Africa showing Egypt in 1875 ====================================================================== EGYPT, OTTOMAN EMPIRE PROVINCE of CAIRO MINT ====================================================================== 1 GURUSH (KURUS) 18MM .900 FINE 1.25 GRAMS ====================================================================== (1876) AH1293 YR 1

u/m

rare

¿OV: Toughra (Lord, Mehmed Murad, Son of Abdul Mejid, The Ever Victorious) with flower to right, denomination [ (1) sh (end letters of gurush). ¿RV: Regnal Year Arabic [ / Zarbe / Fe / Misr / [QXR (arabic year 1/ Struck / in / Egypt / 1293 AH accession year) . EDGE: Plain MINT: Misr = EGYPT (CAIRO) REFERENCE: Y-G11, KM-270 FOOTNOTE: Sultan Murad V of Turkey ruled for less than a year, May 30 - August 31, 1876.


====================================================================== EGYPT, OTTOMAN EMPIRE PROVINCE of CAIRO MINT ====================================================================== 1 GURUSH (KURUS) 18MM .833 FINE 1.25 GRAMS ====================================================================== (1876) AH1293 YEAR 1 (1877) 2 (1878) 3 (1879) 4 (1881) 5

u/m u/m u/m u/m u/m

¿OV: Toughra (Lord, Abdul Hamid, Son of Abdul Mejid, The Ever Victorious) with flowers to right, denomination [ ( 1) sh (end letters of gurush). ¿RV: Regnal Year Arabic number / Zarbe / Fe / Misr /

[QXR (Struck / in / Egypt / 1293 AH accession year). EDGE: Plain MINT: Misr = EGYPT (CAIRO) REFERENCE: Y-18a, NP-994, KM-277

FOOTNOTE: The Cairo mint was closed in 1883, with the Egyptian coinage struck by foreign mints for many years. FOOTNOTE: Pasha Mohammed Tewfik, Khedive of Egypt from 1879 to 1892, was the eldest son of Ismail Pasha, who secured from the Sultan a firman decreeing the Khedival succession to Tewfik instead of his brother Halim, who would have become Khedive under the order of succession then in force. Tewfik was fond of country life, and spent most of his time before his accession on his estates. Tewfik was interested in educational matters and founded several schools. On June 26, 1879, the Sultan deposed Ismail and Tewfik became Khedive, at a time when Egypt was deeply embarrassed financially and the power of the Khedive was much curtailed. His general policy was modern and European, and the year 180 witnessed the establishment of the dual control of Egypt by England and France. Tewfik soon had to face the rebellion of the Nationalists under Arabi Pasha, and Egypt was rescued from anarchy by the intervention of England, which thereby established a controlling influence in the country. The conquest of the Sudan by the Mahdi occurred during Tewfik’s reign and its recovery was not begun till after his death, which took place near Cairo, January 7, 1892. New.International Encyclopedia, 1910.

Street Scene in Cairo - 1880

====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: The city of Cairo is built partly upon the plain and partly on the lower slopes of the adjacent mountains. From the ramparts of the citadel the view of the ancient city is a sight of magnificence and beauty. Standing on the walls of the fortress two hundred feet above the city are seen below the strongly built walls and towers, the gardens and squares, the palaces and mosques, the domes and minarets with their delicate carvings and fantastic tracery. The broad river studded with islands and the valley of the nile dotted with groves form an artistic background, while in the north the pyramids raise their heads in silent majesty and on the east there are barren cliffs backed by an ocean of sand. Formerly, Cairo was little better than a labyrinth of winding lanes, low, illbuilt houses and narrow unpaved streets swept by constant clouds of dust blown from the huge mounds of rubbish outside the walls, but modern ideas have made themselves felt, and new streets have been cut through, along which are shops and houses. In the center, what was once a wild waste has been transformed into the principle square of the city with threes and walks and a lovely lake in the center. The houses of the city form a striking contrast. The poor classes live in miserable mire hovels with filthy courts, dilapidated windows and tattered awnings, while those of the wealthy are built tastefully with windows shaded by projecting cornices and ornamented with stained glass. A passage to am open court with a fountain in its midst shaded by palm trees. Above the center is the fountain hangs a decorated lantern which sheds a soft light on the surroundings. The sides are inlaid with rare cabinets and richly stained windows, while in the recess near by is a low cushioned seat running around the sides on which to sit.Round the World with Note Book and Camera, Lida Brooks Miller, Chicago 1897. FOOTNOTE: In 1884 the British Administration appointed a commission to inquire into the defects of the currency and remodel it. The commission decided to adopt the Egyptian pound as the unit for the new monetary system and discard the old Piaster unit. The commission divided the Egyptian pound into 100 piastres and the piastre into 10 paras. Silver coins were to be in denominations 20,10,5,2,1, half and quarter piastres; the nickel pieces of 5,2 and 1 ochr el guerche; and bronze pieces of half and quarter ochr el guerche. A new design was approved and the minting arranged with Berlin mint. The gold pieces of 20,10, and 5 piastres struck were not for circulation. Although the monetary reform of 1885 prohibited the circulation of foreign silver coins, the Egyptian Government reserved itself the right to introduce foreign silver in order to provide for the trade requirements of the Sudan and Red Sea regions. In these districts a metallic currency has to circulate among the most diverse classes of society, and must be suited to the wants and even to the prejudices of the population using it. The traders of the Sudan dealing with Abyssinia have to provide large quantities of Maria Theresa dollars in order to pay for the goods purchased. The Abyssinians for many years have used these coins, and the prejudice against any other is so great that if the introduction of these coins was forbidden the trade between Abyssinia and the Sudan would for a long time be conducted with the greatest difficulty. It has been said “The Austrian dollar of Maria Theresa is the only large coin current in Abyssinia; the effigy of the Empress with a very low dress and a profusion of bust, the charm that suits the Arab taste” “So particular are these people that they reject the coin, after careful examination, unless they can distinctly count seven dots that form the star upon the coronet, no clean money will pass current in this country; all coins must be dirty and gummy, otherwise they are rejected.” During the period 1858 to 1891, over 41,000,000 Maria Theresa dollars were minted and since they have no current value in Egypt except in the regions mentioned, it is presumed that large quantities must have found their way to the most remote trading centers of Central Africa. Previous to the introduction of this dollar, salt was the unit of exchange. W.H.Cook, The Bankers’ Magazine, London 1909.


1939 - AH 1358 - 2 GIRSH - OBV

1939 - AH 1358 - 2 PIASTRES - REV

====================================================================== EGYPT, KINGDOM of LONDON MINT ====================================================================== 2 GIRSH 19MM .833 FINE 2.8 GRAMS ======================================================================

====================================================================

1937 AH 1356 1939 1358 1942 1361

500,000 500,000 10,000,000

rare

¿OV: Head of King Farouk I, waring fez, facing left, arabic inscription (The King of Egypt) left, (Farouk The First) right, PM below. ¿RV: Arabic denomination Q (2 girsh )above, in center, arabic inscription (Kingdom of Egypt), AD and AH DATES within arabesque design around. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = Royal Mint, LONDON REFERENCE: Y-83, KM-365 DESIGNER: PM = Percy Metcalfe

Egyptian with wife on donkey - 1902 ====================================================================

POPULATION: Egypt - 1940 - 15,230,000

King Farouk I of Egypt

Ships on the Nile, Egypt




====================================================================== EGYPT, KINGDON of LONDON MINT ====================================================================== 2 PIASTRES 19.5 MM .500 FINE 2.8 GRAMS ======================================================================

======================================================================

1944 AH 1363

32,000,000

¿OV: Head of King Farouk I, waring fez, facing left, arabic inscription (The King of Egypt) left and (Farouk The First), right. ¿RV: Arabic denomination R (2 girsh) above, in center, arabic inscription (Kingdom of Egypt) / [XSS (arabic 1944) - PRWR (arabic AH 1363). EDGE: Plain - Sexagon planchet MINT: (no mintmark) = Royal Mint, LONDON REFERENCE: Y-87, KM-369 ====================================================================

Mosque Kaid Bey, Cairo ======================================================================

Pyramid and Sphinx, Egypt -1902

Streets of Cairo, Egypt

====================================================================

======================================================================




====================================================================== UNITED ARAB REPUBLIC, (Egypt and Syria) CAIRO MINT ====================================================================== 5 PIASTRES 19MM .720 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ======================================================================

======================================================================

1964

AH 1384

500,000

¿OV: Aswan Dam with hydroelectric transmission lines, rising sun on horizon, arabic date (15 May 1964), above / arabic legend (Anniversary of the charging of the course of the River Nile) below. ¿RV: Arabic inscription (AL’ GUMHURIYA AL’ARABIA AL’MUTTAHIDA = United Arab Republic) above around, in center T (Arabic 5) / arabic denomination below, dividing arabic dates [XUS [RWS (1964 and AH 1384) / ornamental design at bottom. EDGE: Reeded MINT: no mintmark = CAIRO TYPE: Commemorative - Division of the Nile

Temple of Philae, on the Nile ====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: Under British direction a dam about 6400 feet long was built at Assuan, [Aswan] setting back the water and forming a lake or reservoir 200 miles long. The water is distributed over the field, and increases the amount of land that can be cultivated. Egyptian cotton is of excellent quality, exported to the United States and England. Essentials of Geography, Brighan & McFarland, New York, 1922.

REFERENCE: Y-117, KM-404 FOOTNOTE: This commemorative issue was also struck in proof with mintage of 2,000 sets.

Aswan below the 1st Catarct

Aswan dam on the Nile - 1922



EL SALVADOR

======================================================================

======================================================================



====================================================================== EL SALVADOR, REPUBLIC of SALVADOR MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTAVOS 18MM .835 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ======================================================================

======================================================================

1892

12,000

¿OV: Arms of the Republic, REPUBLICA DEL SALVADOR (Republic of Salvador) around, 835 C.A.M. (mintmark) 1892 below. ÀRV: DIEZ (Ten) / CENTAVOS within palm wreath tied with ribbon below.

FOOTNOTE: The Central American Mint, Ltd. a private mint located at San Salvador, the capital operated between 1892 and 1896. The first issue listed above was struck with a small mintage of 12,000 by this mint.This relates to the small population of the capital city at the same relative time. Currency of El Salvador 100 centavos = 1 peso. FOOTNOTE: The name El Salvador is Spanish for the Saviour. The Arms of El Salvador: On a shield azure a volcano, behind which rises a sun or, and above nine stars or; with crest of two cornucopia of flowers and a pole or surmounted by a Phrygian cap in a glory, with flags to left and right, crossed canon, bow and arrow below within palm wreath.

EDGE: Reeded MINT: C.A.M. = CENTRAL AMERICAN MINT, LTD. EL SALVADOR REFERENCE: Y-9, KM-110 POPULATION: El Salvador - 1892 - 651,130 with capital San Salvador with 16,934 inhabitants.

FOOTNOTE: The first issue in this series was minted at the Central American Mint, Ltd. at El Salvador. The next issue was ordered from The Mint, Birmingham Ltd. The final two issues were produced by the United States mints of Philadelphia and San Francisco. The listings are in mint order.

FOOTNOTE: The population of San Salvador is composed of Indians and mixed races, there being about 300,000 of the former, and about 190,000 of the letter. There are about 9,000 whites of Spanish origin, and 1,000 negroes. The Indians are of the Aztec race, speak the Spanish language, and of the Roman Catholic religion, the one established by statute, but retain many of their old heathen rites, and live, a certain degree, apart from the rest of the population. San Salvador was originally called ‘Cuscatlan’,”The Land of Riches”. In 1821, it threw off the Spanish yoke, and joined the Mexican Confederation, from which, however, it seceded in 1823. The several trials since made of a union among the Central American States have ended in the dissolution of all political connections; and San Salvador is now an independent republic. In 1863, war broke out between San Salvador and Guatemala, in which Honduras joined the former, and Nicaragua the latter. The result was the defeat of San Salvador, and the expulsion of the President from the country. Library of Universal Knowledge, N.Y. 1880.

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - EL SALVADOR - PAGE 201



====================================================================== EL SALVADOR, REPUBLIC of BIRMINGHAM MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTAVOS 18MM .835 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ======================================================================

====================================================================== EL SALVADOR, REPUBLIC of PHILADELPHIA MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTAVOS 18MM .835 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ======================================================================

1911

1,000,000

¿OV: Arms of the Republic, 15 SET DE 1821 around crest, REPUBLICA DEL SALVADOR (Republic of Salvador) around / 835 1911 below. ÀRV: DIEZ (ten) / CENTAVOS within palm wreath tied with ribbon below. EDGE: Reeded

1914

1,500,020

¿OV: New National Arms with motto incised: DIOS UNION LIBERTAD (God - Union - Liberty) with wreath of laurel tied with ribbon below, REPUBLICA DE EL SALVADOR EN LA AMERICA CENTRAL (Republic of El Salvador in Central America) around / 835 i 1914 below. ÀRV: DIEZ (ten) / CENTAVOS within palm wreath tied with ribbon below.

MINT:(no mintmark) = THE MINT,BIRMINGHAM, LTD.

EDGE: Reeded

REFERENCE: Y-23, SD4, KM-122

MINT:(no mintmark) = PHILADELPHIA

POPULATION: El Salvador - 1904 - 1,006,848


FOOTNOTE: The silver peso of El Salvador in 1909 is worth U.S.37.5 cents, with 100 centavos equal 1 peso. In 1911, the Government of El Salvador contracted with banks; Banco Salvadoreno, Banco Occidental and Banco Agricola Commercial, for coinage from abroad [from the Mint, Birmingham, Ltd.,U.K.] and introduction of silver pieces of 5, 10, and 25 centavos, aggregating 300,000 pesos. The Statesman Year-Book, London 1916. FOOTNOTE: In 1839 the Central American Federation, which had comprised, the States of Guatemala, Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica, was dissolved, and El Salvador became an independent Republic. The population in1914 - 1,225,835. The number of foreigners in the republic is estimated at 250,000. Aboriginal and mixed races constitute the bulk of the population. Ladinos or Mestizos numbering 772,000, and Indians 234,648. The capital is San Salvador with 66,800 inhabitants. The population of El Salvador is largely engaged in agriculture. The chief produce is coffee. Trade is chiefly with the United States, Germany and France. The Statesman Year-Book, London 1916.

FOOTNOTE: 20 pieces of this issue were struck in proof.

El Salvador, Central America

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - EL SALVADOR - PAGE 202



====================================================================== EL SALVADOR, REPUBLIC of SAN FRANCISCO MINT ====================================================================== 25 CENTAVOS 18MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ======================================================================

======================================================================

1953

14,000,000

¿OV: Bust of Delgado, facing left REPUBLICA DE LA SALVADOR (Republic of El Salvador) around / 1953 below. vRV: 25 / CENTAVOS within palm wreath tied with ribbon below.

FOOTNOTE: The currency unit of El Salvador is the colon, it is equal to U.S. 50 cents currency, at par; but the country has been on an inconvertible paper-money basis since 1931, and the value of the colon in American dollars has averaged $.40 since November 1934. Silver pieces are issued in denominations of 50 and 25 centavos, and nickel pieces represent 1,3,and 5 centavos. Bills of exchange are issued in denominations of 1,2,5,10,25 and 100 colones. American currency circulates fairly freely, and exchange restrictions are not in force. The Banco Central de Reserva de El Salvador was established in 1934. U.S. Dept. of Commerce, 1941. ======================================================================

EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = SAN FRANCISCO DESIGNER: (ov) Gilroy Roberts, Chief U.S. Engraver REFERENCE: Y-31, KM-137 POPULATION: El Salvador - 1950 - 2,100,000 FOOTNOTE: José Matias Delgado, the father of his country, El Salvador, was named Bishop of El Salvador when the Congress established an Episcopal See in El Salvador. The Archbishop of Guatemala declared the new diocese null and void. The Pope, Leo XII was forced to intervene, writing “Command you...to withdraw yourself from the illegitimately usurped ministry”.

FOOTNOTE: The monetary unit of El Salvador is the colon valued at U.S. 40 cents. 100 centavos = 1 colon. The origin of the name from Christopher Columbus (Spanish, colon). This exchange rate dates from 1934 in relation to the devalued dollar with 1 U.S.dollar equel to 2.50 colones. United States coins and banknotes were also legal tender.

Gathering the coffee-berries ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - EL SALVADOR - PAGE 203


ERITREA

======================================================================

======================================================================

1890 - 50 CENTEMISMI - OBVERSE

1890 - 50 CENTEMISMI - REVERSE

====================================================================== ERITREA, ITALIAN COLONY of MILAN MINT ====================================================================== 50 CENTEMISMI/TEN RIYALS 18MM .835 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ======================================================================

======================================================================

(1890) 1890 (1891) 1890

686,802 frozen date 1,113,082

¿OV: Crowned Head of UMBERTO.I, facing right, UMBERTO I RE D’ITALIA • 1890 (Umberto I King of Italy • 1890) around. vRV: Star-burst / C. 50 / native inscription = Colonia Eritrea = Eritrea Colony)/ arabic denomination = one/tenth riyal, above small wreath below/ M (mintmark) below. EDGE: Reeded

FOOTNOTE: Eritrea, a-re-tra’-ah, a small Italian Colonial outpost in Africa, first occupied by white men in 1885 when an Italian Company bought from a local chieftain a spot of land on the coast at Assab for a coaling station. Five years later a greatly extended area some 670 miles along the African coast of the Red Sea from Cape Kaser to Cape Dumerer, with the Soudan on the west, on the south Ethiopia and French Somaliland, had developed into the Colony Eritrea, named in remembrance of “Mare Erythraeum” of ancient Rome. FOOTNOTE: The Italian Kingdom issued new coinage for their colony of Eritrea in 1890 with a silver tallero d'Italia equal to 100 centemismi and based on the Latin Monetary Union standards.The issue of a crown sized 5 tallero d'Italia was an attempt to replace the Maria Theresia thaler which circulated extensively from Arabia to Ethiopia. The natives refused to accept the new coinage, even when the Maria Theresia thaler was prohibited.

MINT: M = MILAN ENGRAVER: Filippo Spanenza, Chief Engraver Rome Mint. FOOTNOTE: This one year date struck between 1890 and 1891 by the Milan mint had a total mintage of 1,799,164 all dated 1890. FOOTNOTE: Eritrea - No complete census had been taken by 1921 when the population was estimated at 350,000; including 115,000 Abyssinians. Europeans, apart from soldiers, number about 4,000, mostly Italians; next in importance came the Greek community. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 12th Edition 1922.

MARIA THERESIA THALER

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - ERITREA - PAGE 204

======================================================================

======================================================================

FOOTNOTE: The blistering sands of the coastline are almost unendurable for Europeans, where summer finds temperatures almost always 100º and often reaching 120º and the winters are only a little cooler. On this desert strip is Eritrea’s only port at which ocean vessels may dock, the Port of Massaua, one of the worlds hottest cities, nearly 200 miles up the coast from the original settlement. Massaua has a population of 15,000 natives and a few hundred Europeans, mostly Italians. The city is a thriving port and famed for its vast salt industry; while dunes that look like sand are solid salt, much of which when refined is exported to Japan. Back from the sea a few miles the country becomes mountainous and inland 40 miles is the capital, Asmara with a population of 19,000 natives and 3,000 Europeans, at an elevation of 8,000 feet, which gives it a delightful climate. New International Encyclopedua, 1910.

FOOTNOTE: Eritrea, an Italian colony on the African coast of the Red Sea. The colony is bounded inland by; Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, Abyssinia and French somaliland. The inhabitants of the plains and foothills are for the most part semi-nomadic shepherds, living on durra and milk. In the north these people largely of Arab or Hamitic stock, include various negro tribes. The inhabitants of the plateau are Abyssinians. The nomads are Mussulmans [Mohamadian] , and as a rule, docile and pacific, though the Danakils are given to occasional raiding. The Abyssinians are more warlike, but they have settled down under Italian rule. Among the native industries are mat-weaving, cotton-weaving, silver-working and rudimentary iron and leather working. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition 1911.

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - ERITREA - PAGE 205


ETHIOPIA

======================================================================

======================================================================

AD 1903 EE1889 -1 GERSH - OBV

AD 1903 EE1889 -1 GERSH - REV

====================================================================== ETHIOPIA, KINGDOM of ADDIS ABABA MINT ====================================================================== 1 GERSH (1/16 TALARI) 16.5 MM .916FINE 2.49 GRAMS ======================================================================

======================================================================

(1903-28) EE 1889

46,141,625 frozen date

¿OV: Crowned bust of Menelik II, facing right, inscription (Menelik II, King of Kings of Ethiopia) around / EE 1889 (frozen date of Ethiopian Era 1889) below / (cornucopia) A (touch) below. ¿RV: Lion holding staff of the banner of Christ in its right paw, inscription (He is the Conqueror, the Lion of the Tribe of Judah) around / inscription for denomination.

FOOTNOTE: The Ethiopia issue of 1 gersh was struck between 1903 and 1928 with the frozen date of the Ethiopian Era 1889 at the Addis Ababa mint with a combined mintage of 46,141,625. The mintage is reported as follows: (1903) EE 1889 (1905) (1910) (1911) (1912) (1913) (1922) (1925) (1926) (1927) (1928)

1,352,857 300,000 2,000,000 8,000,000 500,000 500,000 988,764 2,500,000 10,568,352 4,415,888 15,015,760

EDGE: Reeded DESIGNER: Jean LaGrange and Jules Clement Chaplain ENGRAVER: Frank Pawlik, First Medallist of the Vienna mint. MINT: (no mintmark) = ADDIS ABABA Dies engraved at Paris mint with marks (cornucopia) A and (touch)

FOOTNOTE: Abyssinia, the ancient Ethiopia, is a mountainous country, and has a fine, healthy climate, and a rich, fertile soil. The principal productions are wheat, and a small grain called teff, balsam, myrrh, etc. Among the other vegetable productions is the papyrus, so celebrated among the ancients, as the original material of paper. The inhabitants are in the lowest state of civilization; and in many of their customs, they are extremely barbarous and brutal. They scarcely regard human life, and are fond of eating raw flesh, cut from the living animal, in its warm, palpitating state. Olney’s Geography, 1849.

REFERENCE: Y-5, KM-12 FOOTNOTE: Ethiopia is the land known as ancient Abyssina and in the north east of Africa, for many centuries the only independent country in the continent. This was confirmed by the convention of Addis Ababa of October 26, 1898, between Italy and King Menelik.

FOOTNOTE: In 1928 Rus Tafari was crowned Emperor, sharing supreme power with his Aunt, the Empress Zauditu. She died in 1930 and Tafari became Haile Sellasi, King of Kings of Ethiopia.

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - ETHIOPIA - PAGE 206

====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: The Bank of Abyssinia has its head office at Addis Ababa. By it's constitution the Governor of the national Bank of Egypt is it President, and it's governing body sits at Cairo. The current coin of Abyssinia is the Maria Theresa dollar, but a new coinage (coined at Paris) has been put in circulation, with the Menelik dollar for the standard coin. This new coin, the talari, or dollar worth 2s., weighs 28.075 grammes, .835 fine. It has nominally the same value as the Maria Theresa dollar, but in the capital is disliked, and in some places is not taken at all. The Bank of Abyssinia has introduced a large stock of Menelik piastres (16 to the dollar). Other silver coins are half, quarter, and sixteenth (guerche or piastre) of a talari. Copper coins are the besa (= onehundredth of a dollar) and the half and quarter guerche found only at Harrar. Various articles, however, are used as mediums of exchange; bars of salt are regularly accepted as money all over the country, in two sizes, and at a fluctuating rate according to supply and cost of transport. Cartridges are also currency, although there is a dead-letter edict against them; and in most places barter prevails. The Abyssinian ounce weights about 430 grains (the weight of the Maria Theresa dollar. Statesman's Year-Book, London, 1916.

A Royal Council ====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: The first series of coinage under King Menelik II issued after he ascended to the throne of Ethiopia in 1889 were struck in Paris in 1894 with the Ethiopian Era date of EE 1887, This series of talari, 1/2 talari and 1/8 talari (20MM) with the crowned bust of Menelik II on the obverse carried on the reverse the emblem of Ethiopia, the Lion of the Tribe of Judah. The first dies were engraved with a lion strolling about with a somewhat resigned and sleepy expression on his face and his tail was drooping and in addition he was carrying his staff in his left paw, an unpardonable sin even for a sick lion. The natives took a careful look at this coin series and refused to accept them preferring the famous Maria Theresa taler, long the standard of eastern ports of Africa and the Indian rupee with its fractions for subsidiary coinage. This first Ethiopian series was never accepted, the coins being melted down in 1903 in Addis Ababa and a second series issued with a new portrait of the conquering Lion of Judah. This time a Happy Lion with staff in his right paw, a regal sneer on his face and his proud tail wagging above him. King Menelik II took the additional precaution to issue the subsidiary coinage with less weight than the talari which the natives soon discovered when they melted two 2 talari and found that they had less silver than the crown size coin. All of the issue from Addis Ababa bore the EE 1889 date. In place of the 1/8 talari, the 1/20 talari (gersh) was struck (16.5MM) from dies cut in Paris, equal to the British India 2 annas. This denomination was soon revalued at 1/16 talari and issued for many years through 1928. ======================================================================

FOOTNOTE: Menelik II, Emperor of Abyssinia the son of Haell Melicoth, King of Shoa was born in 1842. At the age of 14 he was obliged to wed Bafana, the daughter of Theodosius, the reigning Emperor and ten years later he became King of Shoa. The Abyssinian Empire comprised the states of Abyssinia proper, Shoa, Kaffa, and Gallaland, and Central Somaliland. The natives call the country Ethiopia. The name Abyssinia means ‘Mixed’, derived from Habesh, on account of the varied nature of the people. Following the death of Theodosius, Ethiopia was ruled by Negus John who was assassinated after four years. In 1889 Menelik II declared himself Emperor. In a treaty Italy assumed control of Abyssinian affairs and the Empire became an Italian Protectorate. In 1895 a uprising under Menelik II resulted in independence for Ethiopia. He was succeeded in 1911 by his grandson, Emperor Lij Yasu, and died two years later. There is an interesting story about Theodore. When Theodore installed himself as Negus in 1853 AD, Abyssinia stretched to the Red Sea and included Eritrea. The Turks had established a trading post at Massawa and wanted to take more territory. Theodore sent a note to Queen Victoria asking for aid. The story goes that no one in the British Foreign Office could read Amharic (the language in which the note was written) and Theodore’s message was pigeonholed without reply. Where upon the irate Negus Theodore threw the British Consul, Captain Cameron, into prison. This led to Sir Robert Napier being sent with a force to Ethiopia. They landed at Zula, on the Red Sea, and marched to Magdala in the interior, where Theodore was encamped. Magdala was stormed and taken, April 10, 1868, and the prisoners were released. Theodore committed suicide. The British retired. Later the Italians occupied Massawa, and by the Treaty of Uccialli in 1889 AD, the Italian Colony of Eritrea was recognized. FOOTNOTE: Addis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia, is located in the province of Shoa. It has a picturesque location at an altitude of 8,000 feet,but it's streets are irregular and the buildings are poorly constructed. On an eminence is the royal palace of King or ‘negus’ Menelik II, which consists of several buildings and is surrounded by walls. The city has a large floating population and is the mecca of many caravans. Population 50,000. Practical American Encyclopedia, 1910.

Lion of the Tribe of Judah ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - ETHIOPIA - PAGE 207


FIJI

======================================================================

======================================================================



====================================================================== FIJI, BRITISH CROWN COLONY of LONDON MINT ====================================================================== 6 PENCE 19MM .500 FINE 2.83 GRAMS ======================================================================

====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: Fiji consists of a group of about 254 Islands, 80 of which are inhabited, in the South Pacific Ocean to the east of the New Hebrides Group. A Crown Colony of Great Britain since 1874 when the Islands were ceded by native Chiefs. The larger Islands are mountainous, with elevations up to 4,000 feet, containing dense forests. The coasts are surrounded by coral reef and form many good harbors. The Islands are fertile and well provided with rivers of which three on the Island of Viti Levu are navigable in their lower courses through the coastal plain. In spite of their tropical situation the Fiji Islands have a comparatively cool climate, seldom above 90º or below 60º F. In 1934 Fiji products were; bananas, coconuts, maize, sugar-cane, tobacco, rice, pineapples, cotton and timber. A private narrow-gage railway runs from Tavua to Sigatoka, 120 miles. The British Crown appoints a Governor with executive power. The Governor of Fiji is also High Commissioner for the western Pacific. The natives continue to live under a system of self-government.

1934 1935 1936

160,000 120,000 40,000

CL-61 CL-62 CL-63

¿OV: Crowned head of George V, facing left GEORGE V KING left EMPEROR right. ^RV: Turtle dividing DATE left and right / FIJI above, SIX PENCE below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = Royal Mint, LONDON REFERENCE: Y-3, KM-3 POPULATION: 1930 - 176,793 including 5,058 Europeans and 76,722 Indians. The capital Viti Levu had 1,741 inhabitants. FOOTNOTE: Percy Metcalfe, born in Wakefield in 1895 sculptor and medallist. He was the designer for the ‘Wembley Lion’ for the British Empire Exhibition 1924-25, of the King George VI portrait of Fiji 6 Pence and the bust of King Farouk I as shown on Egyptian Y83. He died in 1969.

Fijian Temple ======================================================================

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - FIJI - PAGE 208

====================================================================== FIJI, BRITISH CROWN COLONY of LONDON MINT ====================================================================== 6 PENCE 19MM .500 FINE 2.83 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1937

40,000

¿OV: Crowned head of George VI, facing left GEORGE VI KING left EMPEROR right / PM under bust. ¿RV: Turtle dividing date of 19 left and 37 right / FIJI above, SIX PENCE below. EDGE: Reeded DESIGNER: PM = Percy Metcalfe MINT: (no mintmark) = Royal Mint, LONDON REFERENCE: Y-11, CL-64, KM-8 ======================================================================

1940 - SIXPENCE - REVERSE ====================================================================== FIJI, BRITISH CROWN COLONY of LONDON MINT ====================================================================== 6 PENCE 19MM .500 FINE 2.83 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1938 1940 1941

40,000 40,000 40,000

CL-65 CL-66 CL-67

¿OV: Crowned head of George VI, facing left GEORGE VI left KING EMPEROR right / PM under bust. ¿RV: Turtle divided by DATE left and right / FIJI above, SIX PENCE below. EDGE: Reeded DESIGNER: PM = Percy Metcalfe MINT: (no mintmark) = Royal Mint, LONDON POPULATION: 1940 - 189,398



====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: Some of the Fiji Islands were discovered by Abel Tasman in 1643. Turtle Island, in the southern area of the group, was discovered by Cook in 1773. In 1804, a gang of escaped convicts from Australia and some mutinous sailors effected a lodgment on Viti Levu and gained an influence over the natives. Great Britain obtained the Fiji Islands in 1874 by cession from the native chieftains. The Fijis have long been notorious for cannibalism. Human flesh was known as “long pig” and not even the friends, relatives or wives of a chief were immune to his revolting gluttony. Human sacrifices were commonly made, and the wives and slaves of the dead chief were buried with him, alive. For a “cornerstone” to his house, a slave was buried alive under each of the main posts. In spite of his cruelty and degradation the Fijians are attractive in appearance and modest in conduct. Atlas of the World by G.W.James and A.H.Burgoyne, 1927

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - FIJI - PAGE 209 .

1942 - SIXPENCE - OBVERSE ====================================================================== FIJI, BRITISH CROWN COLONY of SAN FRANCISCO MINT ====================================================================== 6 PENCE 19MM .900 FINE 2.83 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1942 1943

400,000 400,000

CL-68 CL-69

¿OV: Crowned head of George VI, facing left GEORGE VI left KING EMPEROR right / PM under bust.

1942 - SIXPENCE - REVERSE ======================================================================

San Francisco - S MINTMARK ======================================================================

¿RV: Turtle divided by DATE left and right / FIJI above, SIX PENCE below, S (mintmark) under right digit of date. EDGE: Reeded DESIGNER: PM = Percy Metcalfe MINT: S = SAN FRANCISCO REFERENCE: Y-11A, KM-11a The Coins of British Oceania by Robert L. Clarke, 4th Edition, South Pasadena, 1967. POPULATION: Fiji - 1942 - 255,000 FOOTNOTE: During World War II, England could not supply small silver coinage to this Pacific colony along with the Commonwealth of Australia, so the American mints provided these issues with the familiar mintmark of S for San Francisco. At the same time the American mints produced small coinage from both the San Francisco and Denver mints for the Pacific colonies of the Netherlands as it was occupied by Nazi troops during the war.

King George VI of Great Britian ======================================================================

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - FIJI - PAGE 210


FINLAND

======================================================================

======================================================================

1864 - 50 PENNIÄ ====================================================================== FINLAND, GRAND DUCHY of HELSINGFORS MINT ====================================================================== 50 PENNIÄ 18.6 MM .750 FINE 2.55 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1864

104,000

¿OV: Crowned Double Headed Imperial Russian Eagle with Finish Arms, rampant lion holding sword and walking on a sword, on breast, S below to right. ¿RV: 50 / PENNIÄ / 1864 within oak wreath tied with ribbon below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = HELSINGFORS MINTMASTER: S = August Friedrich Soldann, 1864-88 TYPE: I - Large letter denomination / Small eagle REFERENCE: Y-5, Suomessa Kaytetyt Rahat by Erkki Borg, Klaukkala, Finland 1976. FOOTNOTE: All of the Finnish coins of this series were minted at the Helsingfors mint. The city was renamed Helsinki after independence in 1917. Listings are in chronological order. FOOTNOTE: August Friedrich Soldann was appointed Director of the Hotel des Monnaies (mint) at Helsingfors July 4, 1861. FOOTNOTE: The beautiful city of Helsingfors, capital of Russian Finland, (c.1888) contains a university, and its environment of hills, clothed with evergreen woods, are exceedingly picturesque. The harbor is capacious and excellent. The old fortress, bombarded by the English fleet, during the Crimean War, has been supplemented by earthworks, rendering the place impregnable. In a Winding Journey Around the World, O.W.Wight, Detroit, 1888.

1869 - 50 PENNIÄ - REVERSE ====================================================================== FINLAND, GRAND DUCHY of HELSINGFORS MINT ====================================================================== 50 PENNIÄ 18.6 MM .750 FINE 2.55 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1865 1866 1868 1869 1871

1,184,000 363,000 140,000 144,000 320,000

¿OV: Crowned Double Headed Imperial Russian Eagle with Finish Arms, rampant lion holding sword and walking on a sword, on breast, S below to right. ¿RV: 50 / PENNIÄ / DATE within oak wreath tied with ribbon below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = HELSINGFORS MINTMASTER: S = August Friedrich Soldann, 1864-88 TYPE: II - Large letter denomination / Large Eagle REFERENCE: Y-5

Arms of Finland

FOOTNOTE: Finland, a grand-duchy governed subject to its own constitution by the emperor of Russia as grand-duke of Finland. The bulk of the population are Finns; 2,352,990 in 1904 and Swedes 349,733. Of the Russians there were only 5939. Helsingfords, capital of the grand-duchy and principal seaport has 111,654 inhabitants. Encyclopaedia Britannia, 11th Ed., London, 1911.

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - FINLAND - PAGE 211

====================================================================== FINLAND, GRAND DUCHY of HELSINGFORS MINT ====================================================================== 50 PENNIÄ 18.6 MM .750 FINE 2.55 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1872 1874 1876

200,000 402,000 600

rare

¿OV: Crowned Double Headed Imperial Russian Eagle with Finish Arms, rampant lion holding sword and walking on a sword, on breast, S below to right. ¿RV: 50 / PENNIÄ / DATE within oak wreath tied with ribbon below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = HELSINGFORS MINTMASTER: S = August Friedrich Soldann, 1864-88 TYPE: III - Small letter denomination / S for Soldann REFERENCE: Y-5 FOOTNOTE: Finland for 500 years remained under the Swedish crown. King John III made the country a Grand Duchy. Under Swedish rule people enjoyed an autonomous constitutional government. While Finnish remained the language of the peasantry, Swedish became that of the towns and of the cultivated and official class. During the long wars between Russia and Sweden, Finland was frequently a battle ground, and as the Finnish frontier was only 33 miles from St.Petersburg, it was naturally desired by Russia to round out its territory and complete its defenses. After a Russian invasion and the Peace of Fredrikshamn in 1809 Sweden ceded the Grand Duchy and the Aland Islands to Russia. Alexander I guaranteed to Finland the preservation of its Laws, Constitution and Religion, and this pledge was solemnly renewed to the Finnish Diet by every Czar including Nicholas II. FOOTNOTE: Finland, land of woods and hundreds of beautiful lakes is ruled by the Czar of Russia, with the title of the Grand Duke of Finland. The Senate at Helsingfors, the capital, make their own laws as to some extent they have a government of their own. The Finlanders are chiefly farmers, dairymen, and lumbermen. They are far more thrifty and better educated than the Russians. Carpenter’s Geographical Reader, c. 1890.

1891 - 50 PENNIÄ - OBVERSE ====================================================================== FINLAND, GRAND DUCHY of HELSINGFORS MINT ====================================================================== 50 PENNIÄ 18.6 MM .750 FINE 2.55 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1907 1908 1911

312,000 691,776 282,136 344,984 400,825 257,911 353,436 616,000

¿OV: Crowned Double Headed Imperial Russian Eagle with Finish Arms, rampant lion holding sword and walking on a sword, on breast, L below to right. ¿RV: 50 / PENNIÄ / DATE within oak wreath tied with ribbon below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = HELSINGFORS MINTMASTER: L = Conrad Lihr 1889-1912 TYPE: IV - Small letter denomination / L for Lihr REFERENCE: Y-5 POPULATION: Finland - 1892 - 2,400,000 with capital Helsingfors with 67,000 inhabitants. FOOTNOTE: Finland has for internal communications a remarkable system of lakes connected with each other and with the Gulf of Finland by canals. The Statesman's Year-Book, London, 1916. FOOTNOTE: The chief trade of Finland is with Russia.


1891 - 50 PENNIÄ - REVERSE

1916 - 50 PENNIÄ - OBVERSE

======================================================================

====================================================================== FINLAND, GRAND DUCHY of HELSINGFORS MINT ====================================================================== 50 PENNIÄ 18.6 MM .750 FINE 2.55 GRAMS ======================================================================

FOOTNOTE: The unit of value of Finland is the markka, equal to the French franc and the same standards as the Latin Monetary Union and worth 19.3 U.S. cents in 1910. 100 penniä = 1markka. FOOTNOTE: In 1899 the Russification of Finland was carried on under the auspices of the notorious Plehve, who was made Secretary for Finland. Between 1900 and 1902 the incorporation of the Finnish Army was decreed, Russian was made the language of Higher Administration. By 1903 Governor-General Bobrikov was invested with dictatorial powers and proceeded to suppress freedom of assembly and the press and to exile the most prominent leaders of the opposition. On June 16, 1904 Bobrikov was assassinated. He was succeeded by Prince Obolenski. In 1905 the Constitutionalists and the Social Democrats formed a coalition, and taking advantage of trouble in St.Petersburg, succeeded in wining certain concessions from Russia, including freedom of the press, the deposition of Russian officials, and the reorganization of the Diet with universal suffrage. Trouble was renewed in 1908 when the Russian Government again attempted to curtail the powers of the Finnish Diet and in 1910 the Imperial Legislation Law was passed depriving the Diet of its right to legislate on such questions as the imposition of taxes, police direction, schools, and the control of the press. In 1910 the population was 3,030,400 for Finland including 136,497 inhabitants of Helsingfors, the capital. New International Yearbook, 1910.

1914 1915 1916 1917

600,000 1,000,000 4,752,000 3,972,000

¿OV: Crowned Double Headed Imperial Russian Eagle with Finish Arms, rampant lion holding sword and walking on a sword, on breast, S below to right. ¿RV: 50 / PENNIÄ / within oak wreath tied with ribbon below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = HELSINGFORS MINTMASTER: S = I.G.Sundell 1912-1947 TYPE: V - Small letter denomination / S for Sundell. REFERENCE: Y-5

======================================================================

======================================================================

1882 - 50 PENNIÄ

1917 With Crown

======================================================================

======================================================================


1917 - 50 PENNIÄ - OBVERSE

1917 - 50 PENNIÄ - REVERSE

====================================================================== FINLAND, REPUBLIC of HELSINKI MINT ====================================================================== 50 PENNIÄ 18.6 MM .750 FINE 2.55 GRAMS ======================================================================

======================================================================

1917

573,387

¿OV: Double Headed Eagle (without crown) with Finish Arms, rampant lion holding sword and walking on a sword, on breast, S below to right. ¿RV: 50 / PENNIÄ / 1917 within oak wreath tied with ribbon below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = HELSINKI MINTMASTER: S = I.G.Sundell 1912-1947 TYPE: VI - Without crown

FOOTNOTE: This issue was struck at Helsinki from old dies with the crown removed to indicate the independence of Finland from Russia. The coins date 1917 were issued both with the crown and without the crown. FOOTNOTE: Finland proclaimed her independence December 9, 1917. Her independence was recognized by practically all the European powers immediately and by the Russian Soviet Government on January 9, 1918. Civil War immediately broke out between the Red Guards (Bolshevik) and the White Guards (Pro-German under General Mannerheim). General Mannerheim enlisted German aid for the Constitutionalists after Great Britain and Sweden declined assistance. 40,000 German troops were landed at Hango, April 1918 and destroyed Russian warships in Finnish harbors and occupied Helsingfors (which was renamed Helsinki) and Viborg. Prince Freberich Karl of Hesse was elected King of Finland in October but, with the surrender of Germany to the Allies in November and the consequent withdrawal of German troops from Finland, General Mannerheim was elected Regent December 11, 1918. Finland became a Republic under the Constitutional Law of July 17, 1919 and K.J.Stahlberg was elected President.

REFERENCE: Y-31, Suomen Rahat: Katalog Over Finska Mynt Och Sedlar, Helsinki 1974. FOOTNOTE: Helsingfors is the capital and chief city of the Grand Duchy of Finland. It is the center not only of the political life but of the educational, literary, and artistic life of Finland. The Russians have taken pains to make Helsingfors’ strong, strategic position, impregnable from the military point of view. The entrance to the inner harbor is so narrow that only one ship at a time can pass between the frowning rocks, and the murderous guns of the forts are so mounted that they can be turned against the foe, whether he approach by land or sea...Finland has four important commercial ports - Abo, Hango, Helsingfors, and Viborg. The two former are available in winter, for though not ice free, the ice breakers can usually plow their way through and reach their berths in the course of time. Helsingfors and Viborg, however, are usually impossible in the winter time. The Charm of Scandinavia, F.E.&S.A. Clark, Boston, 1914.

Finland today ======================================================================



FRANCE

====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: The 2 franc or 50 centimes silver coins listed were minted at five provisional mints; The National Mint was assigned A for Paris, B for Rouen, BB for Strasburg, D for Lyons, K for Bordeaux and W for Lille. The listings are arranged by mints in alphabetical order and then in chronological listings. ====================================================================== FRANCE, KINGDOM of BORDEAUX MINT ====================================================================== 2 FRANC 18MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1831 1832 1833 1834 1835 1836 1837 1838 1839 1840 1841 1842

34,945 40,146 29,312 69,082 50,144 14,640 25,519 16,624 18,624 42,831 26,000 35,260

VG-2822 VG-2831 VG-2841 VG-2848 VG-2855 VG-2863 VG-2871 VG-2881 VG-2894 VG-2912 VG-2925 VG-2933

====================================================================== FRANCE, KINGDOM of BORDEAUX MINT ====================================================================== 2 FRANC 18MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1843 1844

33,749 23,156

VG-2940 VG-2957

¿OV: Head of Louis Philippe, facing right LOUIS PHILIPPE I left RIO DES FRANCAIS (King of France) right / DOMARD.F. below. ÀRV: 2 / FRANC / DATE within wreath of laurel tied with ribbon below / (vine leaf) n (star) K (mintmark) below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: K = BORDEAUX ENGRAVER: DOMARD.F. = Joseph-Francois Domard, Fecit = He made it. ENGRAVER GENERAL: n = Nicolas-Pierre Tiolier 1816-42 DIRECTOR: (vine leaf) = Alexandre Vignes 1827-59

¿OV: Head of Louis Philippe, facing right LOUIS PHILIPPE I left RIO DES FRANCAIS (King of France) right / DOMARD.F. below. ÀRV: 2 / FRANC / DATE within wreath of laurel tied with ribbon below / (vine leaf) n (star) K (mintmark) below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: K = BORDEAUX

REFERENCE: C-198 FOOTNOTE: The Privy marks on French coins denote the engravergeneral who had overall responsibility for the engraving and the tools at both the Paris mint and the Provisional mints, the engravers mark indicated the provisional engraver, whilst the directors of each mint were responsible for the actual striking of the coinage. Each mark was personal, and when new engravers or directors were appointed the marks were changed.

ENGRAVER: DOMARD.F. = Joseph-Francois Domard, Fecit = He made it. ENGRAVER GENERAL: n = Nicolas-Pierre Tiolier 1816-42 DIRECTOR: (vine leaf) = Alexandre Vignes 1827-59 REFERENCE: C-198 ======================================================================

Quay of Louis XVIII - Bordeaux ======================================================================

FOOTNOTE: With the exception of French Indo-China, the French colonies are not included in this volume. The reason for this, is that the official currency of the colonies was the French currency, although some issued their own colonial notes and small denomination coinage of copper and aluminum. Cowrie shells, probably brought in by East Indies traders long ago were formerly much in use for barter in the country markets of the Sudan. The eight colonies of French West Africa include; Senegal, Mauritania, French Guinea, Ivory Coast, Upper Volta, French Sudan, Niger, Dahomey, and Mandate Territory of Togo. Since 1895 the tricolor of France has flown over forts of Timbuktu and a troop of camel cavalry patrols the desert regions to keep the nomadic tribes under control. French acquisition in Equatorial Africa began in 1841, through exploration and settlement. In 1910 French Congo was renamed French Equatorial Africa. Its four colonies are; Gabon, Middle Congo, Ubangi-Shari and Chad. As in all French colonies in Africa, the official currency is French, the franc being the unit.

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - FRANCE - PAGE 215

====================================================================== FRANCE, KINGDOM of BORDEAUX MINT ====================================================================== 50 CENTIMES 18MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1845 1846 1847

21,702 22,067 8,915

VG-2968 VG-2978 VG-2992

¿OV: Head of Louis Philippe, facing right LOUIS PHILIPPE I left RIO DES FRANCAIS (King of France) right / DOMARD.F. below. ÀRV: 50 / CENT. / DATE within wreath of laurel tied with ribbon below / (vine leaf) (grayhound’s head) K (mintmark). EDGE: Reeded MINT: K = BORDEAUX ENGRAVER: DOMARD.F. = Joseph-Francois Domard, Fecit = He made it. DIRECTOR: (vine leaf) = Alexander Vignes 1827-1859 ENGRAVER GENERAL: (grayhound’s head) = Jacques-Jean Barre 1843-55 REFERENCE: C-199 ======================================================================

1865 K - 50 CENTIMES - REVERSE ====================================================================== FRANCE, EMPIRE of BORDEAUX MINT ====================================================================== 50 CENTIMES 18MM .835 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1864 1865 1866 1867

====================================================================== FRANCE, REPUBLIC of BORDEAUX MINT ====================================================================== 50 CENTIMES 18MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1850

30,946

1,827,936 4,900,892 3,500,433 4,691,729

VG-3668 VG-2679 VG-3700 VG-3713

¿OV: Head of Napoleon III, facing left (hammer and pick) NAPOLEON III, left EMPEROR (anchor) right / BARRE under bust. ÀRV: Crown / 50 CENT. / DATE / K (mintmark) EMPIRE FRANCAIS (French Empire) around. EDGE: Reeded

¿OV: n (star) at top, Liberty head, facing left REPUBLIQUE (Republic) left FRANCAISE (France) right / E.A.OUDINE,F. under bust.

MINT: K = BORDEAUX

ÀRV: 50 / CENT. / 1850 within wreath of laurel and oak tied with ribbon below, LIBERTE • EGALITE • FRATERNITE (Liberty-Equality-Fraternity) around / (three acorns) (vine leaf) K (mintmark) (grayhound’s head) below.

DIRECTOR: (hammer and pick) = Ernest Dumas 186067

DESIGNER: Barre = Jacques-Jean Barre 1843-55

EDGE: Reeded

ENGRAVER-GENERAL: (anchor) = Albert-Desire Barre 1855-78

MINT: K = BORDEAUX

REFERENCE: Y-29, MP-166

ENGRAVER: E.A.OUDINE,F. = Eugene Andre Oudine, Fecit = He made it. DIRECTOR: (vine leaf) = Alexander Vignes 1827-59 ENGRAVER-GENERAL: (grayhound’s head) = Jacques-Jean Barre 1843-55 REFERENCE: Y-3, MP-133, VG-3261

FOOTNOTE: Bordeaux, a city of France lies on the left bank of the Garonne, in a semicircular or oval form, corresponding with the curve of the river which constitutes its port. The most striking objects upon approaching Bordeaux are the port and the stupendous bridge, projected and partly executed by Bonapart, over the Garonne, an arm of the sea rather than a river. Bordeaux, like so many other cities, is divided into the old and new town, on the right and left. The population of Bordeaux fluctuates with its commerce between 60,000 and 100,000.



FRANCE

Emperor Napoleon III Bordeaux 1865 - 50 Centimes ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - FRANCE - PAGE 217

====================================================================== FRANCE, REPUBLIC of BORDEAUX MINT ====================================================================== 50 CENTIMES 18MM .835 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1871 1872 1873

722,980 1,643,470 166,009

VG-3803 VG-3830 VG-3842

¿OV: n (star) at top, Liberty head, facing left REPUBLIQUE (Republic) left FRANCAISE. (France) right / E.A.OUDINE,F. under bust. ÀRV: 50 / CENT. / DATE within wreath of laurel and oak tied with ribbon below, (three acorns) LIBERTE • EGALITE • FRATERITE (Liberty-Equality-Fraternity) around / (cross) K (mintmark) (anchor) below.

====================================================================== FRANCE, KINGDOM of LILLE MINT ====================================================================== 50 CENTIMES 18MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1845 1846

524,711 69,935

VG-2968 VG-2978

¿OV: Head of Louis Philippe, facing right LOUIS PHILIPPE I left RIO DES FRANCAIS (King of France) right / DOMARD.F. below. ÀRV: 50 / CENT. / DATE within wreath of laurel tied with ribbon below / (standing cornucopia) (grayhound head) W (mintmark) below. EDGE: Reeded

EDGE: Reeded

MINT: W = LILLE

MINT: K = BORDEAUX

ENGRAVER: DOMARD.F. = Joseph-Francois Domard, Fecit = He made it.

DIRECTOR: (cross) = Henri-Archange Delbecque 1871-78 ENGRAVER-GENERAL: (anchor) = Albert-Desire Barre 1855-78 ENGRAVER: E.A.OUDINE,F. = Eugene Andre Oudine, Fecit = He made it. MARK: (three acorns) = unknown REFERENCE: Y-48, MP-192 FOOTNOTE: Bordeaux - one of the most important cities and ports of France, capital of the Department of Gironde, on the Garonne, about 70 miles from the sea. It is built in a crescent form round a bend of the river, which is here lined with fine quays and crossed by a magnificent stone bridge, and consists of an old and a new town. The former is mostly composed of irregular squares and narrow crooked streets; while the latter is laid out with great regularity, and on a scale of magnificence hardly surpassed by any provincial town in Europe. Large vessels sail up to the town, and there is ready communication by railway or river with the Mediterranean, Spain, and manufacturing centers of France. The chief exports are wine and brandy; sugar and other colonial produce and wood are the chief imports. Ship-building is the chief industry, and there are sugar-refineries, woolen and cotton mills, potteries, soap-works, distilleries, etc. Population 1891 - 252,415. Cabinet Cyclopaedia, 1895.

French washerwomen

DIRECTOR: (standing cornucopia) = Charles Dierickx 1840-46 ENGRAVER GENERAL: (grayhound head) = JacquesJean Barre 1843-55 REFERENCE: C-199 FOOTNOTE: Lyons, the second city in France capital of the Department of the Rhone, 240 miles southeast of Paris, and 170 miles north of the Mediterranean. The town is built partly on a peninsula between the Saone and the Rhone, and partly on the opposite banks of the rivers on either side. The rivers are crossed by about a score of bridges, and the city is surrounded by eighteen detached forts, which form a circuit of sixteen miles. Parts of the city are old, squalid, and unhealthy, but as a whole it had a stately and imposing appearance. Lyons carries on various industries, but its chief glory is that of being the greatest center of the silk manufacture in the world, giving employment in the town or surrounding neighborhood to 240,000 people. A great many of the weavers work in their own dwellings, not in factories. There is also a large trade by railway, river, and canal. Population 1891 - 416,029. New Cabinet Cyclopaedia, Phila.,1896.

Wheat harvest in France


====================================================================== FRANCE, KINGDOM of LYON MINT ====================================================================== 2 FRANC 18MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1831 1832 1833 1834 1835 1836 1837 1838 1840

15,928 VG-2822 206,386 VG-2831 32,414 VG-2841 63,610 VG-2848 14,513 VG-2855 8,706 VG-2863 7,556 VG-2871 2,432 VG-2881 18,565 VG-2894

====================================================================== FRANCE, EMPIRE of LYON MINT ====================================================================== 50 CENTIMES 18MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1856

1,245,407

¿OV: Head of Napoleon III, facing left (lion passant) NAPOLEON III, left EMPEROR (anchor) right / BARRE under bust. ÀRV: Crown / 50 CENT. / 1856 / within wreath of laurel EMPIRE FRANCAIS (French Empire) around / D (mintmark) below. EDGE: Reeded

¿OV: Head of Louis Philippe, facing right LOUIS PHILIPPE I left RIO DES FRANCAIS (King of France) right / DOMARD.F. below.

MINT: D = LYON DESIGNER: BARRE = Jacques-Jean Barre 1843-55

ÀRV: 2 / FRANC / DATE within wreath of laurel tied with ribbon below / (boat) (star) D (mintmark) below. EDGE: Reeded

ENGRAVER GENERAL: (anchor) = Albert-Desire Barre 1855-78

MINT: D = LYON

DIRECTOR: (lion passant) = Jean Moine 1848-58

ENGRAVER: DOMARD.F. = Joseph-Francois Domard, Fecit = He made it.

REFERENCE: Y-23, VG-3477 ======================================================================

DIRECTOR: (boat) = Nicolas Richard 1823-39 ENGRAVER GENERAL: (star) = Nicolas-Pierre Tiolier 1816-42 REFERENCE: C-198 ======================================================================

View of Lyons ======================================================================

Emporor Napoleon III FOTNOTE: Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte was born in 1808 the third son of Louis Bonapart, who was created by his brother King of Holland. His mother was Hortense Beauharnais, the stepdaughter of the Emperor Napoleon I. He was brought up principally at the castle of Arenenburg, his mother’s residence in Switzerland and was given a very fine education. He was something of a scientist and an engineer and he also studied history(continued).


====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte (Continued) In 1831 he took part in one of the liberation campaigns in Italy, together with his elder brother Louis, who however died of fever during the campaign. In 1832 by the death of the only son of Napoleon I, the Duke of Reighstadt and King of Rome, he became the head of the family, both his elder brothers being dead. During the next few years he published a good deal of literature, dealing principally with his political ideas. During the reign of Louis Philippe and taking advantage of the disturbing state of France he made two attempts to establish himself in that country. The first, in 1836 was easily repressed, and he was deported to America; the second, in 1840, when he landed at Boulogne, ended in his being condemned to lifelong imprisonment in a French fortress. There he continued his writings. After just over five years imprisonment he managed to make his escape, and returned to London. Taking advantage of the Revolution of 1848, he hurried back to France, where he had been elected as a Deputy to the Constituent Assembly. Having taken his seat he almost immediately resigned, but was again elected for five different Constituencies. Encouraged by this, he determined to stand as a candidate for the Presidency, and was elected by a majority of some five to one over his opponent, General Cavaignac. At first there seemed to be some possibility of concord in France, but the President, although he had taken the Oath of Allegiance to the Republic, soon showed his hand. He rapidly assumed the control of the Army, practically every post of importance was held by his own nominee, and finally in December of 1851 he dissolved the Assembly by force and brought about his famous but violently bloody ‘Coup d’etat’. France for the time seemed to acquiesce, he was in the same month proposed as candidate for ten years as President, and elected to the position by a majority of 7,000,000. He now made no pretence at disguising his reactionary measures. Posing as the candidate and representative of the people, he rapidly developed into a despot, who gagged the press and did his best to repress liberty. In 1853 he was married to Countess Eugenie deMontigo. He still continued to pretend himself the friend of democracy, but his interference in Italian affairs led to the annexation of Nice and Savoy to France, whilst his attempt to impose a monarch on the Mexicans led to one of the most pathetic tragedies that the world has witnessed. His foreign policy at times appeared brilliant, and he was almost always in close alliance with Great Britain. He joined England in the Crimean War and in 1859 helped Sardinia against the Austrians and also took part in the operations against China (1858-60) and Mehemet Ali (1860-61). But his failure in Mexico in 1861 caused his government to become increasingly unpopular in France. By 1865 it became apparent that his influence was on the wane. The book which he had written for the purpose of extolling his own methods of government did not meet with absolute, unalloyed success, and he realised that a more liberal policy was necessary. This he tried to adopt, but too late. In 1870 realising that his main support, the Army, was beginning to fall away in its allegiance, he made a last attempt to rally them. He interfered in the question of the Spanish Succession, for which a Prince of the House of Holenzollern was a candidate, and although the Prussians withdrew their prince, events led on to Declaration of War between France and Prussia. Napoleon III was unaware of the awful state of his Army. When he declared war he was firmly convinced that the French would easily gain Berlin, but his nearly 300,000 men were opposed by 500,000 Prussians and Napoleon III never reached the right bank of the Rhine. He was crushed at Saarbruck, at Weissenburg, and at Metz, and finally came the crowning defeat at Sudan. On September 2, 1870, the day after the battle, Napoleon III, Emperor of France surrendered to the Prussian King, William I who led his soldiers to this victory. A few months later on January 18, 1871 William I was proclaimed Emperor of Germany in the Palace of Versailles. Naploeon III was kept a prisoner until the end of the war. In the meantime his Empress had retired to England and here in 1871 she was joined by Napoleon, who died three years later. Napoleon III is best remembered by numismatists for his efforts to establish the Latin Monetary Union.

======================================================================

1834 A - 2 FRANC ====================================================================== FRANCE, KINGDOM of PARIS MINT ====================================================================== 2 FRANC 18MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1831 1832 1833 1834 1835 1836 1837 1838 1839 1840 1841 1842

109,850 345,056 272,340 418,774 831,316 431,550 136,556 385,384 635,962 1,106,978 1,119,247 338,173


¿OV: Head of Louis Philippe, facing right LOUIS PHILIPPE I left RIO DES FRANCAIS (King of France) right / DOMARD.F. below. ÀRV: 2 / FRANC / DATE within wreath of laurel tied with ribbon below / (c anchor) n (star) A (mintmark) below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: A = PARIS ENGRAVER: DOMARD.F. = Joseph-Francois Domard, Fecit = He made it. ENGRAVER GENERAL: n = Nicolas-Pierre Tiolier 1816-42 DIRECTOR: (c anchor) = Jean-Perre Collot 1821-42 REFERENCE: C-198

Eiffel Tower at Paris Exposition


City of Paris

====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: Franc derived from the device, Francorum Rex, King of the Franks, struck by King John II, on the coin in 1360. The unit of monetary system of France and of the States of the Latin Monetary Union - Belgium, Switzerland, Italy, and Greece. The franc is the twentieth part of the twenty-franc gold piece, or 0.2902 grams of pure gold. When the monetary notation adopted in France in 1795, which supplanted the former Livre Tournois, the franc was a silver coin, nine-tenths fine, weighing five grams. Such coins ceased after 1865, when the franc coin was made a token, .835 fine, without change of weight and equivalent in United States money to 19.3 cents. As a silver unit it still remained in its multiple the five-franc piece, nine-tenths fine, weighting 25 grams. In 1876 the coinage of the five-franc piece was discontinued. Silver coins of 5, 2, and 1 franc and 2 franc, continued in general use; but they are all, strictly speaking, tokens, gold having become the standard, and being represented in the coinage by pieces of 10 francs and 20 francs. The franc is theoretically divided into 100 centimes; but as the smallest coin in France is the five-centime piece, the old appellation of 20 sous to a franc (or livre) is still in frequent use. In Italy the franc is called lira, and in Greece, drachma. In other countries not in treaty relations with France, the same unit prevails; in Finland, the mark; in Spain, the peseta; in Rumania, the lei; in Venezuela, the bolivar. New International Encyclopedia, 1910.

====================================================================== FRANCE, KINGDOM of PARIS MINT ====================================================================== 2 FRANC 18MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1843 1844 1845

152,279 196,164 with C-199

VG-2940 VG-2957 VG-2967

¿OV: Head of Louis Philippe, facing right LOUIS PHILIPPE I left RIO DES FRANCAIS (King of France) right / DOMARD.F. below. ÀRV: 2 / FRANC / DATE within wreath of laurel tied with ribbon below / (pointing hand) (grayhound’s head) A (mintmark) below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: A = PARIS

Paris sets the fashions FOOTNOTE: Paris sets the fashions of all Europe, and an immense trade in articles of dress and new patterns is carried on by tailors, mantua-makers, and milliners. Each week has its new female fashions, and every month its new male fashions; all say they, for the good of trade. Universal Gazetteer, Phila., 1839.

ENGRAVER: DOMARD.F. = Joseph-Francois Domard, Fecit = He made it. ENGRAVER GENERAL: (grayhound’s head) = Jacques-Jean Barre 1843-1855 DIRECTOR: (pointing hand) = Charles Louis Dierickx 1845-60 REFERENCE: C-198

======================================================================

View of Paris -1880


1846 A - 50 CENTIMES - OBVERSE

1846 A - 50 CENTIMES - REVERSE

====================================================================== FRANCE, KINGDOM of PARIS MINT ====================================================================== 50 CENTIMES 18MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ======================================================================

======================================================================

1845 1846 1847 1848

493,587 3,165,355 3,436,889 218,448

VG-2968 VG-2978 VG-2992 VG-3011

¿OV: Head of Louis Philippe, facing right LOUIS PHILIPPE I left RIO DES FRANCAIS (King of France) right / DOMARD.F. below. ÀRV: 50 / CENT. / DATE within wreath of laurel tied with ribbon below / (pointing hand) (grayhound’s head) A (mintmark). EDGE: Reeded MINT: A = PARIS ENGRAVER: DOMARD.F. = Joseph-Francois Domard, Fecit = He made it. DIRECTOR: (pointing hand) = Charles Louis Dierickx 1845-60 ENGRAVER GENERAL: (grayhound’s head) = Jacques-Jean Barre 1843-55 REFERENCE: C-199 FOOTNOTE: Paris the capital of France, and of civilized Europe, lies on both banks and occupies two islets of the Seine. Among the chief public edifices are; the Hotel des Monnaies, or the mint, in which also all national medals are struck, with its colonnade, arches, and statues, forming a noble facade towards the Seine, on its left bank... Universal Gazetteer, Phila., 1839.

Riot in Paris in 1848 ====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: Rioters filled the streets of Paris. In two days Louis Philippe prudently quit the country. The foundations of the Second Republic were laid. University of Knowledge.




====================================================================== FRANCE, REPUBLIC of PARIS MINT ====================================================================== 50 CENTIMES 18MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ======================================================================

======================================================================

1849 1850 1851

2,655 2,165,210 849,931

VG-3247 VG-3261 VG-3272

¿OV: n (star) at top, Liberty head, facing left REPUBLIQUE (Republic) left FRANCAISE, (France) right / E.A.OUDINE,F. under bust. ÀRV: 50 / CENT. / DATE within wreath of laurel and oak tied with ribbon below, LIBERTE • EGALITE • FRATERITE (Liberty-Equality-Fraternity) around / (three acorns) (pointing hand) A (mintmark) (grayhound’s head) below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: A = PARIS ENGRAVER: E.A.OUDINE,F. = E.A.Oudine, Fecit = He made it. DIRECTOR: (pointing hand) = Charles Louis Dierickx 1845-60 ENGRAVER GENERAL: (grayhound’s head) = Jacques-Jean Barre 1843-55 MARK = (three acorns) = unknown REFERENCE: Y-3, MP-133 FOOTNOTE: Paris - named from the Keltic tribe “Parisii”, it was called by the Romans - “Lutetia Parisiorum”, the “Bright city of the parisii” from the white stone used in buildings.

Proclamation of the Republic 1848 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - FRANCE - PAGE 223




====================================================================== FRANCE, EMPIRE of PARIS MINT ====================================================================== 50 CENTIMES 18MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ======================================================================

1852

1,010,267

¿OV: Head of President Napoleon, facing left LOUISNAPOLEON left BONAPARTE right / BARRE under bust / (grayhound’s head) (pointing hand) below. ÀRV:50 / CENT. / 1852 within wreath of oak and laurel tied with ribbon below, REPUBLIQUE FRANCAISE (Republic France) around / A (mintmark) below.

1853 1854 1855

153,830 1,080,234 400,259

VG-3345 VG-3382 VG-3430

¿OV: Head of Napoleon III, facing left (grayhound head) NAPOLEON III, left EMPEROR (pointing hand) right / BARRE under bust. ÀRV: Crown / 50 CENT. / DATE within wreath of laurel A (mintmark) EMPIRE FRANCAIS (French Empire) around.

EDGE: Reeded EDGE: Reeded MINT: A = PARIS MINT: A = PARIS ENGRAVER: BARRE = Jacques-Jean Barre 1843-55 DIRECTOR: (pointing hand) = Charles Louis Dierickx 1845-60 ENGRAVER-GENERAL: (grayhound’s head) = Jacques-Jean Barre 1843-55

ENGRAVER-GENERAL: BARRE (grayhound head) = Jacques-Jean Barre 1843-55 DIRECTOR: (pointing hand) = Charles louis Dierickx 1845-60 REFERENCE: Y-23, MP-151

REFERENCE: Y-11, MP-139, VG-3317

New Alexander bridge, Paris

Peasants' cottages, France - 1902





======================================================================

1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 1862

1,436,299 1,631,861 5,558,511 3,880,473 2,656,824 1,549,468

VG-3458 VG-3490 VG-3531 VG-3544 VG-3552 VG-3639

¿OV: Head of Napoleon III, facing left (anchor) NAPOLEON III, left EMPEROR (pointing hand) right / BARRE under bust. ÀRV: Crown / 50 CENT. / DATE / A (mintmark) within wreath of laurel, EMPIRE FRANCAIS (French Empire) around. EDGE: Reeded MINT: A = PARIS DESIGNER = BARRE = Jacques-Jean Barre 1843-55 ENGRAVER GENERAL: (anchor) = Albert-Desire Barre 1855-78

FOOTNOTE: Latin Union - By the monetary convention of December 23, 1865, France, Belgium, Switzerland, and Italy entered into a treaty for the uniform regulation of coinage in these States. This association of States in a common monetary policy was known as the Latin Union. The French monetary law of 1803 had established both gold and silver as full legal-tender coinage. Under its provisions the two and five franc pieces were exact multiples in weight of the one-franc coin. During the early bimetallic experience the pressure for the exportation of coin fell chiefly upon gold, and did not therefore greatly disturb the money circulation of every day. But with the discovery of gold in California and Australia, gold fell relatively to silver, and large quantities of silver were exported, as gold was substituted for it in the monetary circulation. The coins first selected for export were naturally the larger five-franc pieces, but as time progressed the smaller coins were drawn upon and the people suffered great inconvenience from the diminution in the volume of small coins. In 1861 a French commission appointed to inquire into the state of the coinage reported in favor of making the small coins tokens, as had been in a similar situation in the United States in 1853. This proposal was carried out by a law of 1864,which without reducing the weight of the small coins, changed the alloy from .900 to .835 fine. It provided that these coins should not be issued by the several countries in excess of six francs per head of the population. Greece joined the convention in 1868 and several other countries set all or part of their coinage at the same standards of size, weight, and fineness, thus making them internationally universal. New International Encyclopedia, 1910.

DIRECTOR: (pointing hand) = Charles Louis Dierickx 1845-60 REFERENCE: Y-23, MP-151 POPULATION: Paris in 1856 before the annexation of parts of Paris beyond the old ‘Mur d’Octrol’ -1,174,346.


======================================================================

======================================================================

1864 A - 50 CENTIMES

1873 A - 50 CENTIMES



1864 1865 1866 1867 1868

7,597,756 7,397,612 5,921,157 14,528,438 2,788,512

VG-3668 VG-3679 VG-3700 VG-3713 VG-3737

¿OV: Head of Napoleon III, facing left (bee) NAPOLEON III, left EMPEROR (anchor) right / BARRE under bust. ÀRV: Crown / 50 CENT. / DATE / A (mintmark) EMPIRE FRANCAIS (French Empire) around. EDGE: Reeded

1871 1872 1873 1874 1878

235,805 4,243,047 925,715 1,227,957 30

VG-3811 VG-3823 VG-3837 VG-3850 VG-3911

essai

¿OV: i (star) at top, Liberty head, facing left REPUBLIQUE (Republic) left FRANCAISE. (France) right / E.A.OUDINE,F. under bust. ÀRV: 50 / CENT. / DATE within wreath of laurel and oak tied with ribbon below, (three acorns) LIBERTE • EGALITE • FRATERITE (Liberty-Equality-Fraternity) around / (bee) A (mintmark) (anchor) below.

MINT: A = PARIS EDGE: Reeded DESIGNER: BARRE = Albert-Desire Barre 1855-78 MINT: A = PARIS DIRECTOR: (bee) = Renouard deBussiere 1860-79 DIRECTOR: (bee) = Renouard deBussiere 1860-79 ENGRAVER GENERAL: (anchor) = Albert-Desire Barre 1855-78

ENGRAVER GENERAL: (anchor) = Albert-Desire Barre 1855-78

REFERENCE: Y-29, MP-166 ======================================================================

DESIGNER: E.A.OUDINE,F. = Eugene Andre Oudine, Fecit = He made it. MARK: (three acorns) = unknown REFERENCE: Y-48, MP-192 FOOTNOTE: Napoleon III telegraphed from Sedan to Paris on September 3, 1870 - “The Army is defeated and captured and I am a prisoner”. The Empire collapsed, mobs invaded the Chamber of Deputies, shouting for the Republic. The Third French Republic was proclaimed September 4, 1870. The defeat at Sedan did not bring the War to a close. The Germans pressed on to Paris and the King of Prussia took up his quarters at Versailles. A terrible siege reduced Paris to the point of starvation and in January 28, 1871 it capitulated and an armistice was arranged. The terms of peace negotiated required France to give up Alsace and part of Lorraine with an indemnity of five billion francs and submit to the presence of German troops until this was paid. The loans were arranged. In the autumn of 1873 the amount was paid in full and the last German soldier left the soil of France. After the conclusion of peace the Germans set Napoleon III free and he retired to England until his death in 1873. In 1871 a new series of French 50 centimes were struck in Paris and Bordeaux with the liberty head design of Oudine, first minted in 1850 for the Second Republic.

The Arch of Triumph, Paris ======================================================================





======================================================================

1881 1882 1886 1887 1888 1889 1894 1895

5,390,890 2,319,719 308,758 1,865,694 4,517,106 100 3,600,000 7,200,000

VG-3959 VG-3986 VG-4030 VG-4043 VG-4070 VG-4100 VG-4213 VG-4239

rare rare

¿OV: i (star) at top, Liberty head, facing left REPUBLIQUE (Republic) left FRANCAISE. (France) right / E.A.OUDINE,F. under bust. ÀRV: 50 / CENT. / DATE within wreath of laurel and oak tied with ribbon below, LIBERTE • EGALITE • FRATERITE (Liberty-Equality-Fraternity) around / (three acorns) (cornucopia) A (mintmark) (fasces) below.

Arms - French Republic FOOTNOTE: The Paris Mint (Hotel des Monnaies) fronts the Quai Conti, on the south side of the Seine, and contains an immense collection of coins and medals.

EDGE: Reeded MINT: (cornucopia) A = PARIS ENGRAVER: (fasces) = Jean LaGrange 1880-96 DESIGNER: E.A.OUDINE,F. = Eugene Andre Oudine, Fecit = He made it. MARK: (three acorns) = unknown REFERENCE: Y-48, MP-192 POPULATION: France - 1890 - 46,922,048

On the boulevards, Paris ======================================================================





======================================================================

1897 1898 1899 1900

88,000 30,000,000 18,000,000 9,194,767

VG-4289 VG-4328 VG-4371 VG-4397

rare rare

¿OV: ‘La Semeuse’ (The Sower), facing left, rising sun, right REPUBLIQUE, left FRANCAISE, right / O.ROTY incised below. ÀRV: 50 / CENTIMES / laurel leaves / DATE, LIBERTE • EGALITE • FRATERNITE (Liberty-Equality-Fraternity) around directed out. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = PARIS

FOOTNOTE: Louis Oscar Roty was born in Paris in 1846. He was awarded the Prix de Paris in 1875. Roty died in 1911. The famous design of the Semeuse was first struck during December 1897 with only a mintage of 88,000. The Latin Monetary Union had limited the amount of subsidiary coinage in proportion to the population, however on October 29, 1897 the allotment of each country was increased, with France striking 30,000,000 - 50 centime coins the following year. The coins were minted from re-coined 5 franc pieces at the Paris mint. FOOTNOTE: The French coal miner - when questioned as to his daily earnings, a miner answered, “About seven francs” and, while complaining that because of his large family he could not take a holiday, he did not seem discontented with the pay in itself; his good-natured grumblings were directed against life rather than against his trade. Why the miner generally saves nothing, on the contrary getting into debt, whether it is the pay which is too small for the living which is too dear, or whether it is he who is incapable of adjusting his living to his pay, - is the social and moral question combined for the miner.The American Monthly Review of Reviews, N.Y., November 1902.

ENGRAVER: O.ROTY = Louis Oscar Roty TYPE: I - no mint identification REFERENCE: Y-62, MP-202 Monnairies Francaise by VictorGuilloteau,Versailles, 1942 Reprint Historire Monetaire et Numismatique Contemporaine by Jean Mazard 2 Vol., Paris 1965. Repertoire de la Numismatique Francaise Contemporaine by Jean DeMey and Bernard Poindessault, Paris 1972. POPULATION: France - 1896 - 38,518,000 ======================================================================



1920 - 50 CENTIMES - OBVERSE ====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: Broadcasting, a method of sowing which distributes the seed with some uniformity. When done by hand, the seed is carried in a bag at the left side, and is scattered with the right hand as the sower walks. Broadcasting is largely limited to sowing spring grains and grasses. New International Encyclopedia, 1910. ======================================================================

1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920

4,960,000 3,778,172 2,221,828 4,000,000 2,380,861 2,679,144 7,331,819 14,304,058 9,900,044 15,922,600 1,329,503 16,000,000 14,000,000 9,656,841 40,892,772 52,962,657 48,628,732 36,491,942 24,298,732 8,508,560

VG-4421 VG-4447 VG-4476 VG-4513 VG-4542 VG-4567 VG-4585 VG-4603 VG-4630 VG-4670 VG-4695 VG-4719 VG-4744 VG-4793 VG-4834 VG-4846 VG-4865 VG-4886 VG-4901 VG-4922

rare

¿OV: ‘La Semeuse’ (The Sower), facing left, rising sun, right REPUBLIQUE, left FRANCAISE, right / O.ROTY incised below. ÀRV: 50 / CENTIMES / laurel leaves / DATE, (torch) LIBERTE.EGALITE.FRATERNITE (cornucopia)(mintmark) (Liberty - Equality - Fraternity) around directed out. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (cornucopia) = PARIS ENGRAVER: (torch) = Henri-Auguste Patey 1896-1930 DESIGNER: O.ROTY = Louis Oscar Roty TYPE: II - cornucopia for Paris mint REFERENCE: Y-62, MP-202, POPULATION: France - 1901 - 38,961,945 withcapital Paris with 2,536,834 inhabitants and the Army of 523,000 men, 140,000 horses and a Navy of 507 vessels including 63 ironclads, 140 torpedo vessels and boats manned by 70,000 men.

1920 - 50 CENTIMES - REVERSE ======================================================================

The Place de la Concorde, Paris


FOOTNOTE: The end of World War I and the financial burden on Europe came about on January 18, 1919, the anniversary of the day in 1871 when the German Empire had been proclaimed and in the very hall at Versailles where assembled a conference of the Allied and Associated Powers to announce the defeat of the German Empire. The Treaty was finally signed on June 23, 1919. Other agreements were signed with Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria and Turkey. When the soldiers came back from the front and the civilians turned once more to their regular work, they found awaiting them mountains of debts and high taxes. The National Debt of Italy was raised from three billion dollars to eleven billion dollars, that of Germany from one billion to forty billion (excluding the thirty-three billion due for reparations) and that of Great Britain from three and one-half billion to thirty billion. Afraid to tax the people heavily all the governments in Europe began to issue paper money in vast quantities - inflating the currency and raising the cost of living with each new flood of paper notes. Gold and silver practically went out of circulation. In the case of the French 50 centimes, 1920 with onethird the mintage of the previous year was the last year of issue for this denomination in silver. Belgium had last issued the 50 centimes in silver in 1914 with a very small mintage of 240,000, as she entered the Great War on August 4, 1914. Serbia had the Paris mint strike one last large issue dated 1915 (records indicate it was struck in several years through 1917) of the 50 para totaling 14,000,000. Rumania issued their 50 bani silver coins minted in both Brussels and Hamburg dated 1914, for Rumania did not enter the War until August 27, 1916. The last Imperial Russian 10 kopeks were dated 1917 and are noted as rare since they were nearly all melted and it was not until 1921 when the new Soviet Government again struck this denomination in silver, minted in Leningrad. Other governments around the world continued with their monetary systems, except Japan which struck their last silver 10 sen coins dated Year 6 of the Taisho Era (1917), the Kwangtung Province of China 10 cents silver coins were interrupted between 1914 and 1922 while Great Britain debased their sterling coins to .500 fine from 1920 onward. Australia and Canada maintained their sterling fineness and the United States continued to mint coins in .900 fine. In Europe, day after day carloads of printed money were issued and spread among the people until the state of affairs became simply absurd. The French franc usually worth about twenty cents U.S., gradually fell until it reached about two cents in specie value. The German mark worth about twenty-four cents U.S. when the War broke out, stood at seven cents in 1918 and then fell rapidly. By November 30, 1923 Germany had four hundred quintillion marks in circulation. The Russian monetary system became about as ludicrous. This state of affairs naturally made it very difficult for business and the people who depended on wages and salaries for a living were driven almost to desperation. Eventually a new monetary system was established, while the neutral countries continued their monetary stability led by Switzerland who continued to issue their 2 franc denomination in 1914 and 1916 and again in 1920 and 1921 there after halted mintage of this denominations while continuing to strike crown size coins until 1928 when the 2 franc again was struck. Netherlands issued their 25 cents coins in 1919 and again in 1925, while Sweden did not commence her 25 öre size coins again until 1927. Norway’s last small silver 25 öre was dated 1919 along with Denmark's 25 øre. All of these were minted in much lower fineness than Switzerland. Spain which had not been involved with the War did not issue their silver 50 centimos between 1910 and 1926 when a one year issue was produced as their last small silver coinage. In the summer of 1923 an American traveler paid a billion and a half for dinner in a German restaurant and gave the waiter a tip of four hundred million marks, in all about three dollars in U.S. currency. FOOTNOTE: Emergency money French Notgeld was issued by Chamber of Commerce and many local cities during the inflation period. Most of these small denominations paper money issues were of small size and many printer on pasteboard. Shown here is one from the Chamber of Commerce de Nancy, France, dated December 1, 1918.

====================================================================== FRANCE, KINGDOM of ROUEN MINT ====================================================================== 2 FRANC 18MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1831 1832 1833 1834 1835 1836 1837 1838 1839 1840 1841 1842

136,172 256,460 93,367 85,862 53,717 42,844 158,367 84,412 115,862 117,223 831,012 249,683


¿OV: Head of Louis Philippe, facing right LOUIS PHILIPPE I left RIO DES FRANCAIS (King of France) right / DOMARD.F. below. ÀRV: 2 / FRANC / DATE within wreath of laurel tied with ribbon below / (mark) n (star) B (mintmark) below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: B = ROUEN ENGRAVER: DOMARD.F. = Joseph-Francois Domard, Fecit = He made it. ENGRAVER GENERAL: (star) = Nicolas-Pierre Tiolier 1816-42 DIRECTOR: (mark) = unknown REFERENCE: C-198

Arms of French Empire


1845 B - 2 FRANC - OBVERSE

1845 B - 50 CENTIMES - REV - II

====================================================================== FRANCE, KINGDOM of ROUEN MINT ====================================================================== 2 FRANC 18MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ======================================================================

====================================================================== FRANCE, KINGDOM of ROUEN MINT ====================================================================== 50 CENTIMES 18MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ======================================================================

1843 1844 1845

213,137 45,914 with C-199

VG-2940 VG-2957 VG-2967

¿OV: Head of Louis Philippe, facing right LOUIS PHILIPPE I left RIO DES FRANCAIS (King of France) right / DOMARD.F. below. ÀRV: 2 / FRANC / DATE within wreath of laurel tied with ribbon below / (mark) (grayhound’s head) B (mintmark) below.

1845 1846

2,500,644 1,000,000

VG-2968 VG-2978

¿OV: Head of Louis Philippe, facing right LOUIS PHILIPPE I left RIO DES FRANCAIS (King of France) right / DOMARD.F. below. ÀRV: 50 / CENT. / DATE within wreath of laurel tied with ribbon below / (pointing hand) B (mintmark) (grayhound’s head). EDGE: Reeded

EDGE: Reeded MINT: B = ROUEN MINT: B = ROUEN ENGRAVER: DOMARD.F. = Joseph-Francois Domard, Fecit = He made it. ENGRAVER GENERAL: (grayhound’s head) = Jacques-Jean Barre 1843-1855

ENGRAVER: DOMARD.F. = Joseph-Francois Domard, Fecit = He made it. DIRECTOR: (pointing hand) = Charles Louis Dierickx 1845-60

DIRECTOR: (mark) = unknown

ENGRAVER GENERAL: (grayhound’s head) = Jacques-Jean Barre 1843-55

TYPE: I - grayhound's head

TYPE: II - pointing hand

REFERENCE: C-198

REFERENCE: C-199

France

FOOTNOTE: The scrupulous honesty of the lower and middling classes of French, in restoring any lost property to its owner, is worthy of particular remark. The coachmen, servants, &c. may generally be trusted with confidence. The tradesmen also, though they ask more than they mean to take for their goods, would cheerfully and unasked, restore to you your purse, umbrella, cane or anything you have left in their shop by accident, and this, if not reclaimed for a considerable time.Universal Gazetteer, Phila., 1939.


====================================================================== FRANCE, KINGDOM of STRASBURG MINT ====================================================================== 2 FRANC 18MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1831 1832 1833 1834 1835 1836 1837 1838 1839 1840 1841 1842

2,767 10,167 28,641 19,648 5,346 22,445 5,952 5,820 6,896 770 10,371 307,706


¿OV: Head of Louis Philippe, facing right LOUIS PHILIPPE I left RIO DES FRANCAIS (King of France) right / DOMARD.F. below. ÀRV: 2 / FRANC / DATE within wreath of laurel tied with ribbon below / (bee) (star) BB (mintmark) below.

====================================================================== FRANCE, KINGDOM of STRASBURG MINT ====================================================================== 2 FRANC 18MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1844 1845

25,185 with C-199

VG-2940 VG-2967

¿OV: Head of Louis Philippe, facing right LOUIS PHILIPPE I left RIO DES FRANCAIS (King of France) right / DOMARD.F. below. ÀRV: 2 / FRANC / DATE within wreath of laurel tied with ribbon below / (bee) (grayhound’s head) BB (mintmark) below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: BB = STRASBURG ENGRAVER: DOMARD.F. = Joseph-Francois Domard, Fecit = He made it. ENGRAVER GENERAL: (grayhound’s head) = Jacques-Jean Barre 1843-55

EDGE: Reeded MINT: BB = STRASBURG ENGRAVER: DOMARD.F. = Joseph-Francois Domard, Fecit = He made it.

DIRECTOR: (bee) = Alfred Renouard deBussiere 1834-60 REFERENCE: C-198 =====================================================================

ENGRAVER GENERAL: (star) = Nicolas-Pierre Tiolier 1816-42 DIRECTOR: (bee) = Alfred Renouard deBussiere 1834-60 REFERENCE: C-198

====================================================================== FRANCE, KINGDOM of STRASBURG MINT ====================================================================== 50 CENTIMES 18MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1845 1846 1847 1848

43,789 17,132 43,954 18,206

VG-2968 VG-2978 VG-2992 VG-3011

¿OV: Head of Louis Philippe, facing right LOUIS PHILIPPE I left RIO DES FRANCAIS (King of France) right / DOMARD.F. below. ÀRV: 50 / CENT. / DATE within wreath of laurel tied with ribbon below / (pointing hand) BB (mintmark) (grayhound’s head). EDGE: Reeded MINT: BB = STRASBURG ENGRAVER: DOMARD.F. = Joseph-Francois Domard, Fecit = He made it. DIRECTOR: (pointing hand) = Charles Louis Dierickx 1845-60

Storks of Strasburg ======================================================================

ENGRAVER GENERAL: (grayhound’s head) = Jacques-Jean Barre 1843-55 REFERENCE: C-199


====================================================================== FRANCE, REPUBLIC of STRASBURG MINT ====================================================================== 50 CENTIMES 18MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1850

40,206

rare

¿OV: n (star) at top, Liberty head, facing left REPUBLIQUE (Republic) left FRANCAISE, (France) right / E.A.OUDINE,F. under bust. ÀRV: 50 / CENT. / DATE within wreath of laurel and oak tied with ribbon below, LIBERTE • EGALITE • FRATERITE (Liberty-Equality-Fraternity) around / (three acorns) (bee) BB (mintmark) (grayhound’s head) below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: BB = STRASBURG ENGRAVER: E.A.OUDINE,F. = E.A.Oudine, Fecit = He made it. DIRECTOR: (bee) = Alfred Renouard deBussiere 1834-60 ENGRAVER GENERAL: (grayhound’s head) = Jacques-Jean Barre 1843-55 MARK = (three acorns) = unknown

VG-3458 VG-3544 VG-3552 VG-3583 VG-3639 VG-3652

1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869

4,625,849 5,174,945 5,255,966 9,991,704 included above 1,800,000

VG-3668 VG-3679 VG-3700 VG-3713 VG-3737 VG-3749

¿OV: Head of Napoleon III, facing left (cross fleures) NAPOLEON III, left EMPEROR (anchor) right / BARRE under bust. ÀRV: Crown / 50 CENT. / DATE / BB (mintmark) EMPIRE FRANCAIS (French Empire) around. EDGE: Reeded

DESIGNER: BARRE = Albert-Desire Barre 1855-78

====================================================================== FRANCE, EMPIRE of STRASBURG MINT ====================================================================== 50 CENTIMES 18MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1,195,698 1,112,271 1,555,418 354,565 1,007,489 137,011

1856BB - 50 CENTIMES ====================================================================== FRANCE, EMPIRE of STRASBURG MINT ====================================================================== 50 CENTIMES 18MM .835 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ======================================================================

MINT: BB = STRASBURG

REFERENCE: Y-3, MP-133, VG-3261

1856 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863

======================================================================

DIRECTOR:(cross fleures) = Henri Delbecque 1861-70 ENGRAVER: BARRE (anchor) = Albert-Desire Barre 1855-78 REFERENCE: Y-29, MP-166 ======================================================================

rare

¿OV: Head of Napoleon III, facing left (bee) NAPOLEON III, left EMPEROR (anchor) right / BARRE under bust. ÀRV: Crown / 50 CENT. / DATE / BB (mintmark) within wreath of laurel, EMPIRE FRANCAIS (French Empire) around. EDGE: Reeded MINT: BB = STRASBURG DESIGNER = BARRE = Jacques-Jean Barre 1843-55 DIRECTOR: (bee) = Alfred Renouard deBussiere 1834-60

1866 BB - 50 CENTIMES ====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte, the third son of Emperor Napoleon I’s brother Louis Bonaparte, King of Holland, tried restoring the Empire in 1836. In full Napoleonic uniform he appeared before the garrison of Strasbourgh and was acclaimed “Vive L’Emperour”. The revolt lasted two hours and Louis Napoleon was arrested and quietly deported to the United States by King Louis Philippe.

ENGRAVER: (anchor) = Albert-Desire Barre 1855-78 REFERENCE: Y-23, MP-151



FRENCH INDO-CHINA

======================================================================

======================================================================



====================================================================== FRENCH COCHIN-CHINA, COLONY of PARIS MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENT. 19MM .900 FINE 2.721 GRAMS ======================================================================

====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: The first 10 centimes coinage of French Cochin-China was minted in Paris dated 1879 with a design by Auguste Barre which continued unchanged in design through 1937, except the name changed from CochinChine Francaise to IndoChine Francaise and the weight changed from 2.721 to 2 GR 7 in 1895 and the reduction in silver from .900 fine to .835 beginning in 1898 through 1919 followed by later changes as the price of silver increased.

1879

400,000

¿OV: Seated Liberty holding fasces, REPUBLIQUE FRANCAIS (French Republic) around / BARRE 1879 below. ÀRV: 10 / CENT. / (bee) A (mintmark) (anchor), within wreath of laurel, oak and wheat tied with a ribbon below, .COCHINCHINE FRANCAISE. (French Cochin-China) around / TITRE (fineness) 0,900. POIDS (weight) 2,721. below.

FOOTNOTE: The Barre design of the French Cochin-China coinage features on the obverse a seated female figure, symbolic of the Republic, to the left of the design is a crop of rice; just behind the seated figure can be seen the tip of an anchor and her left arm rests on a rudder.

EDGE: Reeded MINT: A = PARIS DESIGNER: BARRE (anchor) = Auguste Barre 187879 DIRECTOR: (bee) = Alfred Renouard deBussiere 1834-60 REFERENCE: Y-3, VG-3943, Z-60 POPULATION: French Cochin-China - 1873 1,527,000 FOOTNOTE: French Cochin-China was a direct colony of France with a Governor in place of a Resident Superior. Later the colony formed part of French Indo-China.

Native cart

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - FRENCH INDO-CHINA - PAGE 234

======================================================================

1884 - 10 CENTIMES ====================================================================== FRENCH COCHIN-CHINA, COLONY of PARIS MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENT. 19MM .900 FINE 2.721 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1884 1885

510,000 100

proof

¿OV: Seated Liberty holding fasces, REPUBLIQUE FRANCAIS (French Republic) around / BARRE below with DATE. ÀRV: 10 / CENT. / (cornucopia) A (mintmark) (fasces), within wreath of laurel, oak and wheat tied with a ribbon below, .COCHINCHINE FRANCAISE. (French Cochin-China) around / TITRE (fineness) 0,900. POIDS (weight) 2,721. below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (cornucopia) A = PARIS DESIGNER: BARRE = Auguste Barre 1878-79 ENGRAVER: (fasces) = Jean LaGrange 1880-96 REFERENCE: Y-3, VG-4016, Z-67 FOOTNOTE: During the latter half of the eighteenth century French missionaries began to take an active part in the national politics of Annam. During the Taiping Rebellion, France used military power to seize the three western provinces of Cochin China and to occupy Saigon. Seeking a route to southwestern China, France explored the Mekong River which proved to be unnavigable. They then discovered that the Red River could be navigated directly to Yunnan. Hanoi was occupied and most of the Red River delta. In 1874 the Annamite Emperor signed a treaty at Saigon with France making it a protectorate of France. In 1880 France quartered troops at Hanoi and Haipung, but bandits made life insecure in the delta area. Military activity continued for several years. In 1882 France attacked Liu Yung-Fu’s Black Flag troops. By 1883 the Black Flag soldiers were recognized as part of the Chinese Army with formal appointment from the Ch’ing Court. In the spring of 1884 French troops moved northward defeating the Chinese. The Ch’ing Court ordered Li Hung-Chang to negotiate a peace treaty which was signed in May 1884. When China’s troops in Langson failed to receive the orders to withdraw, a skirmish with the French caused small casualties, but the news reaching Paris prompted France to demand an indemnity of 250 million francs. The French demands were not complied with and on August 5, 1884 French warships bombarded Keelung on Formosa. The attack was repulsed by the Chinese garrison. The French fleet then sailed into the Min River destroying Chinese ships and the Foochow Shipyard on August 23, 1884. As China did not wish to continue war with France, secret negotiations were conducted with a new peace treaty signed June 9, 1885. The name of the protectorate was changed on new coinage dated 1885 minted in Paris for French Indo-China, which now had the border of China on the north and Siam on the west, and included all of the Province of Tongkin, Annam, Laos, Cambodia and Cochin-China.

1892 - 10 CENTIMES - OBVERSE ====================================================================== FRENCH INDO-CHINA, PROTECTORATE of PARIS MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENT. 19MM .900 FINE 2.721 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1885 1888 1889 1892 1893 1894 1895

2,040,000 1,000,000 100 200,000 600,000 500,000 600,000

VG-4026 VG-4089 VG-4117 VG-4181 VG-4202 VG-4221 VG-4247

proof

¿OV: Seated Liberty holding fasces, REPUBLIQUE FRANCAIS (French Republic) around / BARRE below with DATE. ÀRV: 10 / CENT. / (cornucopia) A (mintmark) (fasces), within wreath of laurel, oak and wheat tied with a ribbon below, .INDO•CHINE•FRANCAISE. (French Indo-China) above / TITRE (fineness) 0,900. POIDS (weight) 2,721. below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (cornucopia) A = PARIS DESIGNER: BARRE = Auguste Barre 1878-79 ENGRAVER: (fasces) = Jean LaGrange 1880-96 REFERENCE: Y-6, Z-74, KM-2 POPULATION: 1891 - 2,034,453 FOOTNOTE: The proof issues of Y-3, dated 1885 were struck for the Antwerp Exposition.


====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: France long had had an interest in the vast western shores of the China Sea. Some French missionaries were killed in Annam, and Napoleon III used this as an excuse for attacking its king and demanding possessions in the area. Having obtained this foothold the French Government gradually extended its colonial control in all directions. Protectorates were established first for Cambodia and Cochin-China. China surrendered Tonkin and in 1893 France extended her authority over Laos. Each protectorate is governed by a Resident Superior, except Cochin-China which is direct colony and has a Governor.

1892 - 10 CENTIMES - REVERSE CORNUCOPIA - A - FASCES ====================================================================== FRENCH INDO-CHINA, PROTECTORATE of PARIS MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTIMES 19MM .900 FINE 2.7 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1895 1896

300,000 650,000

VG-4247 VG-4273

¿OV: Seated Liberty holding fasces, REPUBLIQUE FRANCAIS (French Republic) around / BARRE below with DATE. ÀRV: 10 / CENT. / (cornucopia) A (mintmark) (fasces), within wreath of laurel, oak and wheat tied with a ribbon below, .INDO.CHINE.FRANCAISE. (French Indo-China) above / TITRE (fineness) 0,900. POIDS (weight) 2 GR.7 below.

FOOTNOTE: Saigon, together with part of the territory of which it is the capital, was taken by the French in 1860. Treaties of peace and commerce, concluded with the Annamite Government, in 1864, provided that the Protectorate of the six Provinces of Lower CochinChina should remain in the hands of France; that three important ports on the coast of Annam should be opened; and that a space of nine kilometers on the shore of each port should be conceded to the French for the establishment of factories; that French merchants and missionaries should be allowed to travel the Kingdom of Annam without hindrance, and that an indemnity of 100 million Francs should be paid. In 1867, in consequence of fresh aggressions, encouraged by the Government of Annam, the French took the Town of Vinh-Long, and by a new Treaty, added three other Provinces to their dominions... Library of Universal Knowledge,N.Y. 1880. ====================================================================== FRENCH INDO-CHINA, PROTECTORATE of PARIS MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTIMES 19MM .900 FINE 2.7 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1896 1897

included with Fasces VG-4273 900,000 VG-4301

¿OV: Seated Liberty holding fasces, REPUBLIQUE FRANCAIS (French Republic) around / BARRE below with DATE. ÀRV: 10 / CENT. / (cornucopia) A (mintmark) (torch), within wreath of laurel, oak and wheat tied with a ribbon below, .INDO.CHINE.FRANCAISE. (French Indo-China) above / TITRE (fineness) 0,900. POIDS (weight) 2 GR.7 below. EDGE: Reeded

EDGE: Reeded

MINT: (cornucopia) A = PARIS

MINT: (cornucopia) A = PARIS

DESIGNER: BARRE = Auguste Barre 1878-79

DESIGNER: BARRE = Auguste Barre 1878-79

ENGRAVER: (torch) = Henri-Auguste Patey 1896-1930

ENGRAVER: (fasces) = Jean LaGrange 1880-96

TYPE: II - Torch mark

TYPE: I - Fasces mark

REFERENCE: Y-6A. KM-2a

REFERENCE: Y-6A, KM-2a FOOTNOTE: The natives live in villages adjacent to the rivers, which form almost the only means of communication. The only roads at present (1891) existing are those connecting Saigon, the capital with the principal towns; a railway of 42 miles connects Saigon and Mytho. The principal export is rice, mainly to China; cotton and silk are also exported. The export and import trade is mostly carried on by British vessels, while the local trade is chiefly in the hands of the Chinese. The French number only several hundred. The majority of the inhabitants are Anamese. Cabinet Cyclopaedia, 1895.

FOOTNOTE: Prior to 1895 the weight of the 10 Centimes was 2.721 and the Piastre 27.215 grams, from 1895 on the weight was reduced to 2.7 grams for the 10 Centimes and 27 grams for the Piastre. The price of silver continued to rise but is was not practicable to reduce the weight of the coinage further, so in 1898 the silver content was reduced from .900 fine to .835 fine. In 1920 their coins were further debased. The weight and fineness show on the reverse of all issues except the San Francisco mintage of 1920 which was struck as .400 fine and 3 grams. FOOTNOTE: Indo-China includes; Toquin,Cambodia, and Lower Cochin-China (dependencies of France), and several petty native states. Geography, William Swinton, 1880.


======================================================================

======================================================================

1914 - 10 CENTIMES PARIS MINT

1920 - 10 CENTIMES SAN FRANCISCO MINT

====================================================================== FRENCH INDO-CHINA, PROTECTORATE of PARIS MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENT. 19MM .835 FINE 2.7 GRAMS ======================================================================

====================================================================== FRENCH INDO-CHINA, PROTECTORATE of SAN FRANCISCO MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENT. 19MM .400 FINE 3.0 GRAMS ======================================================================

1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1916 1917 1919

500,000 4,100,000 3,600,100 2,950,000 7,050,000 1,300,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 2,689,161 2,310,839 2,500,000 4,846,605 3,667,393 2,000,000 1,500,000 1,500,000

VG-4351 VG-4378 VG-4404 VG-4429 VG-4460 VG-4490 VG-4616 VG-4646 VG-4683 VG-4703 VG-4727 VG-4771 VG-4823 VG-4853 VG-4873 VG-4907

1920

10,000,000

¿OV: Seated Liberty holding fasces, REPUBLIQUE FRANCAIS (French Republic) around / BARRE 1920 below. rare rare

ÀRV: 10 / CENT. / within wreath of laurel, oak, and wheat tied with ribbon below, INDO•CHINE (Indo-China) above, FRANCAISE (France) below.

rare rare

EDGE: Reeded

rare

MINT: (no mintmark) = SAN FRANCISCO DESIGNER: BARRE = Auguste Barre 1878-79 TYPE: Fineness reduced to .400

¿OV: Seated Liberty holding fasces, REPUBLIQUE FRANCAIS (French Republic) around / BARRE below with DATE. ÀRV: 10 / CENT. / (cornucopia) A (mintmark) (torch), within wreath of laurel, oak and wheat tied with a ribbon below, .INDO.CHINE.FRANCAISE. (French Indo-China) above / TITRE (fineness) 0,835. POIDS (weight) 2 GR.7 below.

REFERENCE: Y-14A, KM-14 ======================================================================

EDGE: Reeded MINT: (cornucopia) A = PARIS DESIGNER: BARRE = Auguste Barre 1878-79 ENGRAVER: (torch) = Henri-Auguste Patey 1896-1930 TYPE: Fineness reduced to .835 REFERENCE: Y-14, KM-9 POPULATION: French Indo-China - 1910 - 16,315,063 with capital Hanoi with 103,238 inhabitants. FOOTNOTE: The issue date 1900 included 100 proof strikes. FOOTNOTE: The monetary unit is the piastre divided into 100 centimes. The chief native coin is the sapek of zinc or tin, six hundred of which strung together form a ligature, a tenth of which is called a tien. The piastre is worth 2700 sapeks. Encyclopedia Britannica, Eleventh Edition, N.Y. 1910.

1928 - 10 CENTIMES - OBVERSE ======================================================================


======================================================================

1937 - 10 CENTIMES - OBVERSE ====================================================================== FRENCH INDO-CHINA, PROTECTORATE of PARIS MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENT. 19MM .680 FINE 2.7 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1937

19,538,220

¿OV: Seated Liberty holding fasces, REPUBLIQUE FRANCAIS (French Republic) around / BARRE below with 1937. ÀRV: 10 / CENT. / (cornucopia) (mintmark) (wing), within wreath of laurel, oak and wheat tied with a ribbon below, .INDO•CHINE•FRANCAISE. (French Indo-China) above / TITRE (fineness) 0,680. POIDS (weight) 2 GR.7 below.

1928 - 10 CENTIMES - REVERSE ====================================================================== FRENCH INDO-CHINA, PROTECTORATE of PARIS MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENT. 19MM .680 FINE 2.7 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931

12,515,504 22,380,600 21,755,368 2,815,659 4,909,029 6,470,800 1,592,863 5,830,820 6,607,520 100

VG-4966 VG:5003 VG-5035 VG-5070 VG-5113 VG-5174 VG-5193 VG-5245 VG-5270

EDGE: Reeded MINT: (cornucopia) = PARIS (Permanent mark for Paris since 1880) DESIGNER: BARRE = Auguste Barre 1878-79 ENGRAVER: (wing) = Lucien Bazor 1931-1959 TYPE: Engraver: Bazor REFERENCE: Y-16.1, KM-16.1

proof

¿OV: Seated Liberty holding fasces, REPUBLIQUE FRANCAIS (French Republic) around / BARRE below with DATE. ÀRV: 10 / CENT. / (cornucopia) A (mintmark) (torch), within wreath of laurel, oak and wheat tied with a ribbon below, .INDO.CHINE.FRANCAISE. (French Indo-China) above / TITRE (fineness) 0,680. POIDS (weight) 2 GR.7 below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (cornucopia) A = PARIS DESIGNER: BARRE = Auguste Barre 1878-79 ENGRAVER: (torch) = Henri-Auguste Patey 1896-1930 REFERENCE: Y-16.1, KM-16.1 TYPE: Fineness increased to .680 and Engraver Patey POPULATION: French Indo-China - 1921 - 20,268,728 FOOTNOTE: Saigon is the chief seat of French power in French Indo-China. ======================================================================

Ships about 1896



GERMAN EAST AFRICA

======================================================================

======================================================================

1891- 3 RUPIE - OBVERSE

1891- 3 RUPIE - REVERSE

====================================================================== GERMAN EAST AFRICA COMPANY BERLIN MINT ====================================================================== 3 RUPIE 19.2 MM .916 FINE 2.92 GRAMS ======================================================================

======================================================================

1891 1898 1901

76,688 100,000 350,000

¿OV: Head of William II, in Prussian helmet, surmounted by crowned Hohenzollern eagle, in military uniform, facing left, GUILELMUS II IMPERATOR (William II Kaiser) around. ¿RV: Coat of arms of the company with DATE below within inner circle, DEUTCSH-OSTRAFRIKANISCHE GESELLSCHAFT (German East Africa Company) around / n 3 RUPIE n below. EDGE: Reeded

FOOTNOTE: The first issue minted for the German East Africa Company was struck at the Imperial Mint, Berlin starting in 1891. The new coinage of 1904 carried the reverse inscription - German East Africa, with the A mintmark for Berlin. In 1906 the 3 Rupie was minted in both Berlin (A) and Hamburg (J) with striking every year or so through 1914 in either one or both mints. Listings are in date order. FOOTNOTE: The German rupie has been struck with a view to introducing uniformity of coinage in German East Africa. It contains 100 hellers (or 1 1/3 marks) and has about the same value as the Indian rupee which is also .916 2/3 fine and largely circulates in German East Africa. German East Africa Company was the first European interest to issue coinage for its Imperial Territory. FOOTNOTE: In 1888 the German East Africa Company acquired from the Sultan of Zanzibar a lease of a ten mile wide strip of the coast for 50 years, with rights to all duties and tolls. This territory, with other concessions in Masai-land, constitutes a protectorate. Cyclopedia of Classified Dates,Funk & Wagnall, N.Y.,1899.

MINT: (no mintmark) = Imperial Mint, BERLIN REFERENCE: Y-2, J-711, KM-3 FOOTNOTE: Kaiser, the teutonic equivalent for Caesar, a term used by German and Austrian Emperors.

FOOTNOTE: German East Africa is a dependency of the German Empire, lying near the equatorial region, between the Indian Ocean and the great lakes; its government is administered by an Imperial Officer. Population - (c.1900) 1,760,000. FOOTNOTE: Exercising the German sphere of influence over the hinterland region, later known as Tanganyika in 1888, The German East Africa Company failed to maintain order in the region. A rebellion was put down with intervention of the Imperial German government and the assistance of the British Navy. The Company bought out the Sultan’s rights to the coastal strip for a sum of 4,000,000 marks. The German Government than declared a Protectorate over the area.

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - GERMAN EAST AFRICA - PAGE 239

====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: Berlin, is the third largest city of Europe and by far the largest city in Germany. For the beauty and size of its buildings, the regularity of its streets, the importance of its institution of science and art, and its activity in industry and trade, it is one of the most imposing of European cities. It is doubtless the greatest manufacturing town on the continent, and is especially prominent in its manufactures of porcelain, clothing and machinery. The city covers an area of about 40 square miles. In the heart of the city is the old Royal Palace, with nearly 700 apartments. Near this are the Emperor’s Palace, the Imperial Residence, the Royal Library, the old and new museums, the National Gallery, the Arsenal, the Royal Theatre, the opera-house, the guard-house, and the university. The old museum contains antiquarian specimens, a collection of 90,000 coins, a gallery of ancient sculpture, and a picture gallery. A great congress of principal European powers took place here in 1878, after the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-8, and resulted in the conclusion of the Treaty of Berlin.

1913 - 3 RUPIE - OBVERSE ====================================================================== GERMAN EAST AFRICA COLONY BERLIN MINT ====================================================================== 3 RUPIE 19.2 MM .916 FINE 2.92 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1904 1906 1909 1913

300,000 300,000 300,000 200,000

¿OV: Head of William II, in Prussian helmet, surmounted by crowned Hohenzollern eagle, in military uniform, facing left, GUILELMUS II IMPERATOR (William II Kaiser) around.

German Emperor Wiliam II FOOTNOTE: William II - following the tradition of his house, he received a through military training, which began in his early youth. He was made a Second Lieutenant in 1869 and entered the Gymnasium at Cassel in 1874. In 1877 he was commissioned as a First Lieutenant and entered the University of Bonn, where he studied especially law and political science until 1879, when he entered the military service. He was raised to the rank of Major-General by his grandfather. On the death of his father he succeeded to the throne of Prussia and to that of the German Empire, June 15, 1888. He showed himself at once to be a man of aggressive temperament and disposed to take an exalted view of the duties and responsibilities of his office. His insistence in his earlier utterances upon his grandfather’s favorite idea of Divine right gave rise to a feeling that a reactionary course might be looked for from him. He speedily came into collision with Prince Bismark. The great minister was forced to resign and went into a discontented retirement on March 20, 1890. The Emperor followed the policy of Bismark in maintaining the Triple Alliance and in some other respects. He deviated widely from it by taking an interest in the Affairs of the Orient, cultivating relations with the Ottoman Government, and pushing German activity in Asia Minor. He has been in hearty sympathy with the policy of colonial expansion in Africa. New Interbational Encyclopedia, 1910.

¿RV: 3 / RUPIE / DATE / A (mintmark) within palm wreath, DEUTSCH OSTAFRIKA (German East Africa) above. EDGE: Reeded MINT: A = Imperial Mint, BERLIN REFERENCE: Y-13, J-720, KM-8 POPULATION: 1905 - 6,700,000 including 1,873 Europeans of which 1,324 were Germans. FOOTNOTE: The issue dated 1904 included 150 proof sets, each with the 3 rupee, 2 rupee and a rupee denomination coin. FOOTNOTE: The Colony of German East Africa has an area of 385,000 square miles and a population of about 5,000,000 of which 8,000 are Europeans and 24,000 Asians. Slavery was finally abolished in 1922. There has been an increase in native farms production; tabocco, ground nuts, coffee and above all cotton. Drought and the tsetse fly force two-thirds of the population to live in one tenth of the total area.


======================================================================== FOOTNOTE: William II - William Victor Albrecht, ninth King of Prussia and third Emperor of Germany was born at Berlin, January 27, 1859. and became Emperor, June 15, 1888. He abdicated on November 9, 1918 and moved to the Netherlands. He died at his exile estate of Doorin, Netherlands, June 4, 1941. As Emperor of Germany, Kaiser Wilhelm showed himself a ruler of exuberant energy and made himself felt as a vigorous power alike in his home government and in international affairs. His independence of action led to the retirement of his able Chancellor, Bismark, in March 1890. The intense energy with which he pushed forward the organizatin of the Army and Navy early indicated that he aspired to be a ‘War Lord’. The opportunity came in 1914, when the assassination of Archduke of Austria gave the signal for the opening of the Great War in Europe. The war that began in 1914 ended disastrously for Germany in 1918. William was forced to flee to the Netherlands and there he remained for the rest of his life. He was the eldest son of Crown Prince Frederick and of Victoria, Princess Royal of Great Britian. In 1881 he married Augustia Victoria of SchleswigHolstein-Sonberberg-Augustenburg, who accompanied him to the Netherlands in 1918. She died April 11, 1921. On November 5, 1922 the ex-Kaiser married Princess Hermine of Reuss.

1913 A - 3 RUPIE - REVERSE ======================================================================== FOOTNOTE: The coins dated 1906 and 1913 were struck at both Berlin and Hamburg mints with A for Berlin and J for Hamburg.

FOOTNOTE: With the outbreak of World War I, a blockade by the British Navy provented exports from reaching Germany. By 1916 the British, Belgian and Portugese military forces occupied the country and under the Treaty of Versailles (1919) Great Britian received a mandate to administer the Territory. The British ceded the Belgians the Provinces of Uranda and Urundi which became part of the Belgian Congo Colony. The Kinoga triangle was awarded to Portigual and is now part of Mozambique Colony, with the remaining area becoming the British Mandated Territory of Tanganyika.

====================================================================== GERMAN EAST AFRICA COLONY HAMBURG MINT ====================================================================== 3 RUPIE 19.2 MM .916 FINE 2.92 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1906 1907 1910 1912 1913 1914

100,000 200,000 600,000 400,000 400,000 200,000

¿OV: Head of William II,in Prussian helmet, surmounted by crowned Hohenzollern eagle, in military uniform, facing left, GUILELMUS II IMPERATOR (William II Kaiser) around. ¿RV: 3 RUPIE / DATE / J (mintmark) within palm wreath, DEUTSCH OSTAFRIKA (German East Africa) above. EDGE: Reeded MINT: J = HAMBURG POPULATION: 1910 - 10,000,000 including 3,760 Europeans, Capital - Dar-es-Salaam with 24,000 inhabitants. REFERENCE: Y-13, J-720, KM-8 Die Deutschen Munzen Seit 1871 by Kurt Jaeger, Basle 1970. Standard Munzkatalog Deutschland by E.Beckenbauer, Munich 1968. ========================================================================

Africa in 1902 FOOTNOTE: German East Africa, the country traversed by Colonel (Teddy) Roosevelt, when he was on his famous hunting trip in 1908, is still known for “Safari” trips. Natives are employed to carry tents, food, and other supplies. Each man, in accordance with government requirements, must receive a blanket, or sweater and a water bottle. He is supposed to carry on his head a load weighting not to exceed sixty pounds, and to average from fourteen to eighteen miles per day while he is on the march. His pay is an average of one dollars per week. In addition to his pay, each man receives two pounds of ground corn or mealies, which he eats only after the days march is over. The Mentor, Nov. 1922, Springfield, Ohio.



GERMAN STATES

====================================================================== BADEN, GRAND DUCHY of, (GERMANY) KARLSRUHE MINT ====================================================================== 3 KREUZER 18MM .350 FINE 1.232 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871

240,000 390,000 315,000 285,000 259,000 u/m

¿OV: Arms of Baden, / SCHEIDE MUNZE (token money) below. ¿RV: 3 / KREUZER / DATE within wreath of oak tied with ribbon below. EDGE: Plain MINT: (no mintmark) = KARLSRUHE REFERENCE: C-150 POPULATION: Baden Grand Duchy - 1892 - 1,500,000 with capital Karlsruhe with 62,000 inhabitants. FOOTNOTE: Currency of Baden Grand Duchy - 60 Kreuzers = 1 Gulden ======================================================================

====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: The Peace of Vienna , following an armistice between Austria and Italy, was proclaimed on October 3, 1866 which surrendered Venetia to Italy. A confederation of North German States, with Prussia at it's head, was established; and Bavaria, Wurtemberg, Baden,and Hesse-Darmstadt became independent sovereign states. Universal History, Israel Smith Clarke, Phila., 1881. ====================================================================== PRUSSIA, KINGDOM of, (GERMANY) BERLIN MINT ====================================================================== 1 SILBER GROSCHEN 18MM .220 FINE 2.196 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1841 1842 1943 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848 1849 1850 1851 1852

u/m u/m u/m u/m u/m u/m u/m u/m u/m u/m u/m u/m

¿OV: Head of Frederich William IV, facing right FRIEDR.WILH.IV KOENIG V. PREUSSEN (Frederich William IV King of Prussia) around. ¿RV: 1 / SILBER / GROSCHEN / DATE / A (mintmark), 30 EINEN THALER, above, SCHEIDE MUNZE (token money) below. EDGE: Plain MINT: A = BERLIN REFERENCE: C-146, SC-343 Die Neuesten Deutschen Munzen, C.Schwalbach, Frankfort/Main, 1879 ======================================================================

Baden Grand Duchy Arms ====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: Prior to the establishment of the German Empire and during the period covered by this work, several of the German States; Hannover, Prussia and Saxony issued billion (very debased silver) coins of 18 MM which are listed by mints; Baden, Berlin, Dresden, Frankfurt, and Hannover. The German States series date back many years and is quite extensive. The few coins included are represented in the authors collection and is far from a complete listing of earlier types. The German Empire after 1871 did not issue small silver coinage that fell within the diameters of this series, i.e. 17MM to 19MM. For further study of the German States refer to the Standard Catalog of World Coins, by Chester L. Krause & Clifford Mishler, Colin R. Bruce II, Editor and the many specialized German numismatic books.

Milk peddler in Germany ======================================================================

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - GERMAN STATES - PAGE 242

======================================================================

King Frederick William VI ====================================================================== PRUSSIA, KINGDOM of, (GERMANY) BERLIN MINT ====================================================================== 1 SILBER GROSCHEN 18MM .220 FINE 2.196 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1853 1854 1955 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860

u/m u/m u/m u/m u/m u/m u/m u/m

¿OV: Older Head of Frederich William IV, facing right FRIEDR.WILH.IV KOENIG V. PREUSSEN (Frederich William IV King of Prussia) around.

====================================================================== PRUSSIA, KINGDOM of, (GERMANY) DUSSELDORF MINT ====================================================================== 1 SILBER GROSCHEN 18MM .220 FINE 2.196 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1841 1842 1943 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848


¿OV: Head of Frederich William IV, facing right FRIEDR.WILH.IV KOENIG V. PREUSSEN (Frederich William IV King of Prussia) around. ¿RV: 1 / SILBER / GROSCHEN / DATE / D (mintmark), 30 EINEN THALER, above, SCHEIDE MUNZE (token money) below. EDGE: Plain MINT: D = DUSSELDORF REFERENCE: C-146a, SC-343 Die Neuesten Deutschen Munzen, C.Schwalbach, Frankfort/Main,1879 ======================================================================

¿RV: 1 / SILBER / GROSCHEN / DATE / A (mintmark), 30 EINEN THALER, above, SCHEIDE MUNZE (token money) below. EDGE: Plain MINT: A = BERLIN REFERENCE: C-146b FOOTNOTE: Currency of Prussia - 30 Silbergroschen = 1 Thaler

======================================================================

1863 A - 1 SILBER GROSCHEN ======================================================================

Dog truck in Berlin

FOOTNOTE: Scheide Money = German term meaning token money in contrast with “standard” money - utilizing silver at a lower degree of fineness, restricted in amount by the state authority, but with full legal tender power. ======================================================================


====================================================================== PRUSSIA, KINGDOM of, (GERMANY) BERLIN MINT ====================================================================== 1 SILBER GROSCHEN 18MM .220 FINE 2.196 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873


===================================================================== SAXONY, KINGDOM of, (GERMANY) DRESDEN MINT ===================================================================== 1 NEU GROSCHEN 18MM .220 FINE 2.196 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1867 1868 1870 1871 1873

897,278 u/m u/m u/m u/m

¿OV: Head of Johann, facing left IOHANN V. G. G. KOENIG V. SACHSEN (Iohann von Gottes Gnaden Koenig von Sachsen = John by the Grace of God, King of Saxony) around / B below. ¿RV: 1 / NEU = / n GROSCHEN n / DATE, SCHEIDE MUNZE (token money) above / 10 PFENNIGE below.

¿OV: Head of William, facing right WILHELM KOENIG VON PREUSSEN (William King of Prussia) around.

EDGE: Incised [I [I [I [I MINT: B = DRESDEN

¿RV: 1 / SILBER / GROSCHEN / DATE / A (mintmark), 30 EINEN THALER, above, SCHEIDE MUNZE (token money) below.

MINTMASTER: B = Gustav Julius Buschick REFERENCE: C-256

EDGE: Plain MINT: A = Imperial Mint, BERLIN

POPULATION: Saxony - 1875 - 2,760,586, with capital Dresden

REFERENCE: C-166A, J-89

FOOTNOTE: Currency of Saxony - 30 Neu Groschen = 1 Thaler

POPULATION: Prussia - 1892 - 28,318,470 with capital Berlin with 1,315,287 inhabitants.

FOOTNOTE: Johann was born December 12, 1801, the son of Prince Maximilian and Karoline of Parma. He succeeded his brother, Friedrich August II on August 9, 1854 as King of Saxony. In 1867 Saxony joined in the North German Confederation. The German Empire was proclaimed January 18, 1871. King John died October 29, 1873, succeeded by his elder son Albert.

=====================================================================

FOOTNOTE: Saxony is the smallest Kingdom in Europe, and one of the best educated. Agriculture and mining form the chief occupation of the people. Sheep are raised in great number, noted for the fineness of their wool. The climate is mild, the level districts fertile, and mountains rich in minerals. Its commerce and manufactures are extensive. Dresden, on the Elbe, is one of the finest cities in Germany. It is noted for its public buildings, libraries and galleries of paintings. Olney’s Geography, 1849. FOOTNOTE: Dresden, the capital of the Kingdom of Saxony, is situated in a beautiful valley on both sides of the River Elbe, which is here spanned by three stone bridges. Population 1890, 289,844. New Cabiner Cyclopaedia, Phila. 1896.

1863 A - BERLIN MINT - REVERSE =====================================================================

FOOTNOTE: In the War of 1866 Hannover threw in her lot with Austria, and in June the Kingdom was occupied by Prussian troops, and on the 28th of that month the Hannoverian Army was forced to capitulate. By the Peace of Prague to incorporation of Hannover with Prussia was recognized.


1868 C -1 SILBER GROSCHEN - OBV

1868 C -1 SILBER GROSCHEN - REV

====================================================================== PRUSSIA, KINGDOM of, (GERMANY) FRANKFURT MINT ====================================================================== 1 SILBER GROSCHEN 18MM .220 FINE 2.196 GRAMS ======================================================================

====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: Frankfort-on-the-Main, a town of Prussia, in the Province of Hessen-Nassau, 20 miles N.E. of Mainz. It was formerly a free town of the Empire, and down to 1866 one of the free towns of the German Confederation. The older parts of the town contains a number of ancient houses, and largely consists of narrow and unattractive streets, but the principal street, the Zeil, and those of the newer parts of the town, are spacious and have many handsome modern buildings. The Romerberg and Ross-Market (horsemarket) are the chief squares in the town. The manufactures comprise chemicals, ornamental articles of metal, sewing machines, straw hats, soap, perfumery, beer,etc. A great business is done in money and banking. The town is provided with tramways, is a great railway center, and is now reached by the largest vessels navigating the Rhine. In 1866 it was taken by the Prussians. Population of Frankfort by the census of 1890, 179,850. New Cabiner Cyclopaedia, Phila. 1896.

1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873


¿OV: Head of William, facing right WILHELM KOENIG VON PRESSEN (William King of Prussia) around. ¿RV: 1 / SILBER / GROSCHEN / DATE / C (mintmark), 30 EINEN THALER, above, SCHEIDE MUNZE (token money) below. EDGE: Plain MINT: C = FRANKFURT REFERENCE: C-166A ======================================================================

Frankfurt am Main ======================================================================

King William I of Prussia ======================================================================


1854 B - 1/24 THALER - OBVERSE

1854 B - 1/24 THALER - REVERSE

====================================================================== HANNOVER, KINGDOM of (Germany) HANNOVER MINT ====================================================================== 1/24 THALER 18MM .220 FINE 2.196 GRAMS ======================================================================

====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: Currency of Hannover - 30 Silbergroschen = 1 Thaler

1854 1856

u/m u/m

¿OV: Prancing horse, to left NEC ASPERA TERRENT (Nor do difficulties terrify) above / B below. ¿RV: 24 / EINEN / THALER / DATE, n KONIGL. HANNOVERSCHE SCHEIDEMUNZE (Hannover Kingdom token money) around. EDGE: Plain

FOOTNOTE: George V, grandson of George III of Great Britain, was born May 27, 1819. Blind since he was 14, succeeded his father King Ernst August, as King of Hannover on November 18, 1851. Hannover was taken over by Prussia in 1866 along with the Electorate of Hesse-Cassel, the Duchy of Nassau and the Free City of Frankfurt/Main. King George went into exile in Austria and later lived in France until his death in 1878. FOOTNOTE: This section is not in anyway complete, as the few coins shown are from the Authors collection only. ====================================================================== PRUSSIA, KINGDOM of, (GERMANY) HANNOVER MINT ====================================================================== 1 SILBER GROSCHEN 18MM .220 FINE 2.196 GRAMS ======================================================================

MINT: (no mintmark) = HANNOVER MINTMASTER: B = Wilhelm Bruel REFERENCE: Schw 136 POPULATION: Hannover - 1892 - 2,172,702 with capital Hanover with 87,641 inhabitants.

1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873


^OV: Head of William, facing right WILHELM KOENIG VON PRESSEN (William King of Prussia) around. ^RV: 1 / SILBER / GROSCHEN / DATE / B (mintmark), 30 EINEN THALER, above, SCHEIDE MUNZE (token money) below. EDGE: Plain MINT: B = HANNOVER

Kingdom of Hanover Arms ======================================================================

REFERENCE: C-166A ======================================================================



GHURFAH

======================================================================

======================================================================

AH 1344 - 15 CHOMSIHS - OBV

AH 1344 -15 CHOMSIHS - REV

====================================================================== EL GHURFAH, ARABIC TOWN of BIRMINGHAM MINT ====================================================================== 15 CHOMSIHS 18MM .900 FINE 1.94 GRAMS ======================================================================

======================================================================

(1926) AH1344 (1927) AH1344

10,000 frozen date included above

¿OV: Arabic inscription = El Gurfah / Abdot PRXY (Abdot Umar bin Abdot, .921 fine) / PRSS (Year AH 1344) within inner circle, within wreath of wheat. ¿RV: Arabic value 15 within inner circle, within wreath of wheat.

FOOTNOTE: The issue dated AH1344 was struck at the Mint, Birmingham,Ltd. in 1926 and 1927 with a mintage of 5,000 each year. Note that the Arabic character for the 5 in "15" can be read in Arabic as an H (mintmark). FOOTNOTE: Hadramaut, a district of Arabia which, in the older and wider use of the term, extended from Yemen on the west to Oman on the east, and from the Indian Ocean on the south to the great desert of El Ahfaf on the north. The name is, however, generally confined by the natives to a much smaller tract in the south-west. There are some fertile valleys and glens, one of the most important being that of Wadi-Doan. where the slopes of the mountains are covered with towns and villages, and grain crops, dates, indigo, bananas, etc. are extensively cultivated. New Cabinet Cyclopaedia, Phila. 1896.

EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = The Mint, BIRMINGHAM, Ltd. REFERENCE: Y-8, GU3 FOOTNOTE: The Mint, Birmingham,Ltd produced for Tarim in 1898, and this coin struck for El Ghuraf, both with the unusual denomination named after the famed linguist Noam Chomsih. The 15 chomsihs was equal to c ryal, with 120 chomsihs (cents) = 1 ryal (Maria Theresa thaler). FOOTNOTE: The Kathiri tribe was formerly the most powerful in the Hadramut; They occupy the towns of Saiyum, Tarim and ElGhuraf in the richest part of the main Hadramaut valley. The Chiefs of the Kathiri are in political relations with the British Government, through the Resident at Aden. In the towns in the interior the principal industries are weaving and dyeing. Encyclopedia Britannica, 11th Edition.

Caravan

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - GHURFAH - PAGE 247


GREAT BRITAIN

======================================================================

Young head portrait of Queen Victoria by William Wyon

4 PENCE MAUNDY -1866 - OBVERSE ======================================================================

====================================================================== GREAT BRITAIN, KINGDOM of LONDON MINT ====================================================================== 4 PENCE MAUNDY 17.63 MM .925 FINE 1.89 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1838 1839 1840 1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887

4,158 4,125 4,125 2,574 4,125 4,158 4,158 4,158 4,158 4,488 4,488 4,158 4,158 4,158 4,488 4,158 4,158 4,158 4,158 4,158 4,158 4,158 4,158 4,158 4,158 4,158 4,158 4,158 4,158 4,158 4,158 4,488 4,569 4,627 4,119 4,162 5,578 4,154 4,862 4,850 5,735 5,202 5,199 6,001 4,146 5,096 3,353 5,791 6,785 1,888

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1866 - 4 PENCE MAUNDY - REVERSE

FOOTNOTE: Fourpence, twopence, and onepence, are now only struck in very small quantities as Maundy money, which, after being distributed by the Queen annually in alms, appears to find its way into numismatic cabinets or to be melted down. Money and Mechanism of Exchange by W.Stanley Jevons, Manchester, 1876.

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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - GREAT BRITAIN - PAGE 248

====================================================================== ¿OV: Young head of Victoria, facing left VICTORIA D:G:BRITANNIAR:REGINA F:D: (Victoria Dei Gratia Britanniar Regina Fidei Defensor = Victoria by the grace of God Queen of Britain Defender of the Faith) around. ¿RV: Crown / Large 4 dividing DATE left and right, within wreath of oak tied with ribbon below. EDGE: Plain MINT: (no mintmark) = Royal Mint, LONDON ENGRAVER: William Wyon REFERENCE: Y-12, S-3155, KM-731.1 FOOTNOTE: The small circulating silver coinage of Great Britain has two denominations; the six pence usually 20 MM and the three pence about 16 MM, neither fall with in the dimensions selected for this series. However their Maundy coinage of four pence corresponds to the basic size distinction used for this study, being 18 MM and being widely collected, has been selected for these listings shown in chronological order. The four pence Maundy coinage continued to be minted each year in sterling silver by the Royal Mint, London. Maundy Money started several centuries earlier. Our listings start with Queen Victoria in 1838. FOOTNOTE: William Wyon 1795 - 1851 Medallist and Chief Engraver of the Royal Mint, London. Wyon as Chief Engraver produced the ‘Young head’ portrait of Queen Victoria shortly after she ascended the throne in 1837. He prepared the portrait from wax models which he took from life. The portrait is unequaled in the British series for its charming simplicity of style. During the Gothic revival of the mid-19th century, Wyon engraved the ‘Godless’ portrait of Victoria, so named for the elimination of D:G: (By the grace of God) Dei Gratia in Latin. FOOTNOTE: Victoria, Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, Empress of India, was the daughter and only child of Edward, Duke of Kent, fourth son of George III. Her Mother, Victoria Mary Louisa, fourth daughter of Francis, Duke of Saxe-CobergSaalfeld, and sister of Leopold, King of the Belgians, was married to the Duke of Kent in 1818, four years after the death of her former husband, the Prince of Leiningen. Victoria (baptized as Alexandrina Victoria) was born on May 24, 1819, at Kensington Palace, whence her parents had temporarily removed from their home in Germany, in order that the child, a possible claimant for the British throne, might be born on English soil. The Princess, left fatherless when eight months of age, was taught by her mother and the Duchess of Northumberland. ======================================================================

Tower of London ======================================================================

Queen Victoria ====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: Victoria, by the grace of God, Queen of Britain, Defender of the Faith, Empress of India, 1819-1901. Victoria was much beloved by the British, and her name was connected with the proudest age of the British Empire. English literature and art of the last half of the nineteenth century are often spoken of as belonging to the Victorian Age, and it was in her reign that the colonies became real, self-governing “Dominions”. The celebration of the Diamond Jubilee of the Queen’s reign in 1887 was the most magnificent spectacle of the times. It was attended by practically all the other sovereigns of Europe, including Victoria’s grandson the German Emperor William II and it brought together, for the first time, the statesmen of the widely scattered “Dominions beyond the seas”. One should remember the splendor and power of the Empress-Queen who as a young girl was roused from her sleep on June 20 ,1837 by the Archbishop of Canterbury and another official, to be told of the death of her uncle, William IV and her accession to the throne of England. Victoria received them with quiet dignity, although clad in a wrapper and shawl, with her hair falling over her shoulders and her feet hurriedly thrust into slippers. FOOTNOTE: Victoria - Lonely days of widowhood - ‘Here lies the most illustrious and exalted Albert, Prince Consort, Duke of Saxony, Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Knight of the Most Noble Order of the Garter, The Most Beloved Husband of the Most August and potent Queen Victoria. He died on the Fourteenth Day of December, 1861, in the Forty-third Year of His Age.’ - Queen Victoria took it very hard and for days, then months, stretching into years bereaved the loss of her consort. The story became prevalent that her seclusion was owing to her fondness for liquor and that she was in the habit of drinking half a pint of raw liquor per day. The effects of these liberal portions are making visible havoc in her once comely face...thrice...her inflamed face and swollen eyes gave her all the appearance of an inebriate. Perhaps the trouble caused by her scapegrace of a son, the Prince of Wales (Future King and Emperor Edward VII) who, without doubt, is as reckless a scamp as ever existed, has had much to do with his mother’s present condition, and has driven her to drinking. On the 6th of February, 1866, she opened Parliament in person, sitting in silence while the Lord Chancellor read her speech. * Latin inscription from the coffin of Prince Albert. Phases of London Life, D.J.Kirwan, Hartford 1870.


====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: England was governed in a far more liberal way than much of eighteen century Europe, with a Parliament, free from the King’s control, to make their laws and a good system of courts, equally free from Royal interference, to see that the laws were properly carried out. King George III died in 1820. He had been insane for some years, with his son as Regent. King George IV reigned from 1820 to 1830 when his brother succeeded as King William IV. Their niece Victoria became Queen in 1837 reigning until 1901. FOOTNOTE: The Transatlantic Cable was completed August 5, 1858 with the message sent to America - “Europe and America are united by Telegraph. Glory to God in the highest; on Earth, Peace, Good-will toward men”. Queen Victoria sent a message to President Buchanan expressing her satisfaction at the completion of the work of laying the cable between England and the United States. The message required an hour for transmission. ======================================================================

Jubilee Portrait of Queen Victoria by Leonard Charles Wyon

1888 - 4 PENCE MAUNDY - REVERSE ====================================================================== GREAT BRITAIN, KINGDOM of LONDON MINT ====================================================================== 4 PENCE MAUNDY 17.63MM .925 FINE 1.89 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892

9,528 6,088 8,613 10,000 8,524

¿OV: Jubilee head of Victoria, facing left VICTORIA D:G:BRITANNIAR:REGINA F:D: (Victoria Dei Gratia Britanniar Regina Fidei Defensor = Victoria by the grace of God Queen of Britain Defender of the Faith) around. ¿RV: Crown / Large 4 dividing DATE left and right, within wreath of oak tied with ribbon below. EDGE: Plain MINT: (no mintmark) = Royal Mint, LONDON

1888 4 PENCE MAUNDY - OBVERSE ====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: Leonard Charles Wyon, son of William Wyon succeeded as Chief Engraver at the Royal Mint, London, although the office was formally abolished after William's death, the title ‘Modeller’ replacing it. L.C. Wyon had become Second Engraver at the age of 17, assisting his father. He engraved the 1887 ‘Jubilee portrait of Victoria from a design by Sir Joseph Boehm. L.C. Wyon died in 1891 and was succeeded in 1892 by George William deSaulles.

ENGRAVER: Leonard Charles Wyon DESIGNER: Sir Joseph Edgar Boehm REFERENCE: Y-27, S-3171, KM-773 POPULATION: Great Britain - 1890 - 35,246,502 FOOTNOTE: Sir Joseph Edgar Boehm, Born in Vienna 1834, He moved to London in 1848. He was best known as a Sculptor and Designer of many public monuments including the Wellington Memorial, Hyde Park Corner, and the statue of Queen Victoria, Castle Hill, Windson. He was elected to the Royal Academy in 1880 and named Baronet in 1889. Sir Boehm designed the Jubilee portrait of Queen Victoria for the series of 1887-1893. He died in 1890.


1893 - 4 PENCE MAUNDY - REVERSE Queen Victoria, Empress of India ======================================================================

Veiled Portrait of Queen Victoria by Sir Thomas Brock

====================================================================== GREAT BRITAIN, KINGDOM of LONDON MINT ====================================================================== 4 PENCE MAUNDY 17.63 MM .925 FINE 1.89 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901

10,177 9,385 8,877 8,476 9,388 9,147 13,561 9,571 11,928

¿OV: Veiled head of Victoria, facing left VICTORIA•DEI•GRA•BRITT•REGINA•FID•DEF•IND•IMP• (Victoria Dei Gratia Britanniar Regina Fidei Defensor Indae Imperator = Victoria by the grace of God Queen of Britain Defender of the Faith Empress of India) around T.B. on trunction. ¿RV: Crown / Large 4 dividing DATE left and right, within wreath of oak tied with ribbon below. EDGE: Plain MINT: (no mintmark) = Royal Mint, LONDON DESIGNER: T.B. = Sir Thomas Brock ENGRAVER: George William deSaulles REFERENCE: Y-41, S-3182, KM-778 POPULATION: Great Britain - 1900 - 41,605,323 with capital London with 4,536,063 inhabitants.

1893 - 4 PENCE MAUNDY - OBVERSE ======================================================================


====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: The Mint on Tower Hill, in London was erected between the years 1810 and 1815. In former times the coinage was made by contract at a fixed price. In England there was formerly a mint in almost every county; the Sovereign, Barons, Bishops, and principal monasteries exercised the right of coining and it was not till the reign of William III that all the provincial mints were abolished. The Tower Hill mint supplies the whole of the coinage of the British Empire, except Australia and the East Indies, which are supplied from Branch mints at Sydney, Melbourne, Calcutta and Bombay. New Cabinet Cyclopaedia, Phila.,1896. FOOTNOTE: Groat - (From the Dutch ‘Great’ or ‘Thick’), the name applied in the middle ages to all large thick coins.The English groat was first issued in 1351, and discontinued in 1662. It was a silver coin equal in value to four pence. In 1836-7 a coin of similar value was struck, called a fourpenny piece, with the obverse: Head of William IV facing left, GULIELMUS IIII D:G: BRITANNIAR: REX F:D: (William IV by the grace of God, King of Britain, Defender of the Faith) around. The reverse: BRITANNIA FOUR PENCE around / DATE. The Maundy issue of William IV had the same obverse with the usual reverse of crowned large four dividing date, within wreath of oak tied with ribbon below, and was issued each year from 1831-1837. FOOTNOTE: Sir Thomas Brock was born in Worchester in 1847. He became a famous sculptor and designer of many portrait busts, statues and monuments, including the Queen Victoria Memorial in front of Buckingham Palace. He was elected to the Royal Academy in 1891 and designed the Veiled Head Portrait of Queen Victoria which first carried her new title of Empress of India, enacted by Parliament in 1876 and proclaimed to her Indian subjects in 1877. First the measure was very unpopular in England accounting for the delay in use of the title for over sixteen years to 1893, although on her Indian coinage her title was changed from Victoria Queen to Victoria Empress beginning in 1877. Sir Thomas Brock was Knighted in 1911. FOOTNOTE: Edward VII, of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and of all the British Dominions beyond the seas, Emperor of India. Son of Victoria and Albert, Edward VII was born at Buckingham Palace November 9, 1841 and was christen Albert Edward. At his birth he was created Prince of Wales, and by virtue of that dignity he became also Knight of the Garter. As heir apparent to the British throne he succeeded to the title of Duke of Cornwall. As heir to the crown of Scotland he became Great Steward of Scotland, Duke of Rothesay, Earl of Carrick, Baron of Renfrew, and Lord of the Isles. On September 10, 1849, he was created Earl of Dublin, a title conferred on him and his heirs in perpetuity. Additional titles and commands borne by him are: Duke of Saxony, colonel of the Tenth Hussars, colonel-in-clief of the Rifle Brigade. He studied at Edinburgh and afterwards attended the public lectures at Oxford and Cambridge. In the summer of 1860 he visited the United States and Canada. Two years later he traveled in the east and visited Jerusalem. On March 10, 1863 he married Princess Alexandra Caroline Mary Charlotte Louisa Julia, eldest daughter of King Christian IX of Denmark. They had one son and three daughters. Late in 1871 he suffered from a dangerous attack of typhoid fever and his recovery was celebrated by a national thanksgiving festival. Between November 1875 and March 1876 the Prince went on a grand tour of India. In 1875 he was appointed a Field Marshal in the British Army and in 1883 in the German Army. He ascended to the Throne on January 22, 1901 as King - the title on his coinage reads “Edward VII by the grace of God King of the Britains Defender of the Faith Emperor of India. Edward VII, died May 6, 1910, and was succeeded by his second but only surviving son, George Fredrick Ernest Albert, as George V, ‘By the grace of God of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and of the British Dominions beyond the seas, King, Defender of the Faith, Emperor of India’. ======================================================================

====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: Custom has decreed in most countries, that the heads of successive monarchs, on coin of the realm, shall face alternately left and right. The rule is not generally applied to Presidents and National heros; and there have been exceptions even in the case of Kings and Queens. Note Queen Victoria facing left, King Edward VII facing right and the head of George V, turns to the left. King George VI like his father faces left due to the absence of coins with the effigy of Edward VIII. Several denominations bearing Edward VIII head facing left were struck at the Royal Mint in readiness for issue in 1937 but these were melted shortly after he abdicated. Tradition had demanded that the direction of his head would be facing right. The King considered his left profile to be the better than his right. He insisted and that was that. Queen Elizabeth II followed the custom with her portrait facing right. FOOTNOTE: London, the capital of the British Empire and the largest city in the world, is situated in the South-East of England on both sides of the River Thames. The river is crossed by numerous bridges, and is deep enough to allow large vessels to come up to London Bridge, the lowest of these except the movable bridge. The population in 1891 was 4,211,056. London, on the whole, may be called a well-built city, brick being the material generally employed, though many public and other edifices are built of stone. The streets are generally well kept and well paved and lighted. What generally most strikes a stranger to London is its immense size, which can only be grasped by actually traveling about, or by obtaining a view from some elevation, as Primrose Hill. As the capital of the British Empire London is from time to time the residence of the Sovereign and Court. About 14,000 licensed carriages, including 7,000 hansom cabs, ply on the streets. There are tramways towards the outskirts; but the narrowness of the streets and the press of traffic excludes them from the busiest districts. Numerous small steamers ply on the Thames, touching at all important points on both sides of the river. All the great railways have terminals in London..the principal markets are Billingsgate for fish; Covent Gardens for vegetables, flowers,etc.; Leaden Hall for poultry, game,etc.; Smithfield for dead meat, poultry, and fish; the Borough Market, Southwark. Places of amusement are naturally exceedingly numerous, the theatres alone numbering nearly forty. The principal are: Covent Garden and Her Majesty’s Theatre, the Houses of opera; Drury Lane and the Lyceum, identified with the high drama; the Strand, Criterion, Gaiety, and Toole’s, well known for farce and burlesque; the Haymarket, vaudeville, St.James, and Court for comedy; the Adelphi, Princess’s, and Olympic for melodrama; the Savoy, Avenue, and Comedy for opera-bouffe. The chief musical entertainments are given in St.James’s Hall and the Concert Hall at the Sydenham Crystal Palace. The Albert Hall, Kensington, capable of holding an audience of 8,000 persons, is also used for concerts,etc. New Cabinet Cyclopaedia, Phila.,1896.

Arms of Great Britain


1902 - 4 PENCE MAUNDY - OBVERSE


====================================================================== GREAT BRITAIN, KINGDOM of LONDON MINT ====================================================================== 4 PENCE MAUNDY 17.63 MM .925 FINE 1.89 GRAMS ======================================================================

======================================================================

1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910

10,177 9,729 11,568 10,998 11,065 11,065 9,929 2,428 2,755

FOOTNOTE: Fidei Defensor, Latin for ‘Defender of the Faith’, a title conferred upon King Henry VIII by Pope Leo X in 1521 in gratitude for a pamphlet in which that Sovereign had roundly abused the heretic, Martin Luther. Confirmed by Parliament it is now accorded to each English King or Queen. ======================================================================

¿OV: Head of Edward VII, facing right EDWARD VII D: G:BRITT:OMN:REX F:D:IND:IMP: (Edward VII Dei Gratia Britanniar Omnium Rex Fidei Defensor Indae Imperator = Edward VII by the grace of God, King of All the Britains Defender of the Faith, Emperor of India) around / Des. under bust. ¿RV: Crown / Large 4 dividing DATE left and right, within wreath of oak tied with ribbon below. EDGE: Plain MINT: (no mintmark) = Royal Mint, LONDON REFERENCE: Y-55, S-3217, KM-798 FOOTNOTE: The automobile problem in England - a means of identification of each car should be provided and English roads require reconstruction; dangerous corners must be widened, and hedges at corners must be cut down; some roads, as in France, should be reserved either for horse-drawn carriages or for automobiles exclusively. Roads should be constructed of some material free from dust. The public will soon demand not only identification, but heavy penalties and damages in case of accidents, the licenses of drivers to be withdrawn in case of misconduct. The American Monthly, New York, November 1902.

King Edward VII, Emperor of India


1911- 4 PENCE MAUNDY - OBVERSE


====================================================================== GREAT BRITAIN, KINGDOM of LONDON MINT ====================================================================== 4 PENCE MAUNDY 17.63 MM .925 FINE 1.89 GRAMS ======================================================================

====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: Before King George V became King of England he was known as George Frederick, Prince of Wales, Duke of Cornwall and York. The second son of Edward VII. He was born at Marlborough House, London on June 3, 1865. He entered the Royal Navy in 1877, and became Captain in 1893. After the death of his elder brother, Albert, Duke of Clarence, in 1892, He was made Duke of York. On July 6, 1893 he married Princess Victoria Mary of Teck, who bore him five sons and a daughter. Upon the accession of his father Edward VII in 1901, he received the title of Duke of Cornwall, made a journey around the world, in the course of which he visited all the Great British Colonies, and on his return in November was created Prince of Wales. In 1905-6 he made the tour of India. New International Encyclopadia,1910.

1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920

4,447 1,616 1,590 1,651 1,441 1,599 1,478 1,479 1,524 1,460

¿OV: Head of George V, facing left GEORGIVS V D:G: BRITT:OMN:REX F:D:IND:IMP: (Georgivs V Dei Gratia Britanniar Omnium Rex Fidei Defensor Indae Imperator = George V by the grace of God, King of All the Britains Defender of the Faith, Emperor of India) around / B.M. on trunction. ¿RV: Crown / Large 4 dividing DATE left and right, within wreath of oak tied with ribbon below. EDGE: Plain MINT: (no mintmark) = Royal Mint, LONDON DESIGNER: B.M. = Sir Edgar Bertram MacKennal REFERENCE: Y-81, S-3247, KM-814 Standard Catalogue of British Coins by Peter Seaby, London. POPULATION: Great Britain -1911 - 34,045,290 including London with 4,521,685 inhabitants, and Birmingham, the second largest city with 842,238.

FOOTNOTE: George Frederick Ernest Albert Wettin of the House of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, King of Great Britain and Ireland and of the British Dominions beyond the Seas, Emperor of India, the second son of King Edward VII, was born at Marlborough House June 3, 1865. In 1877 he and his brother, the Duke of Clarence, became Naval Cadets. Two years later they cruised to the West Indies on the H.M.S.Bacchante, and a year later they made a longer trip on the same ship. Prince George intended to remain in the British Navy and for that reason was appointed to H.M.S.Canada as a subLieutenant. In 1885 after a course at the Royal Naval College at Greenwich, he became a Lieutenant, and in 1889 he commanded a torpedo boat in the naval maneuvres. In 1890 he commanded the gunship H.M.S.Thrush until 1892 when he relinquished his commission in the navy on becoming Heir Apparent through the death of his brother, the Duke of Clarence. At the time he was created Duke of York, and on July 6, 1893 he married Princess Victoria May daughter of the Duke and Duchess of Teck. In 1901 the Duke and Duchess of York visited the Commonwealth of Australia and on the return journey, South Africa and Canada. In November of 1901, after the death of Queen Victoria, the Duke was created Prince of Wales. He succeeded his father in June 1910 as George V. He was crowned along with Queen Mary in Westminster Abbey on June 22, 1911 and at the end of that year he visited India where he was received with acclamation, being the first British Emperor who had visited the Crown Colony. King George V, changed the family name to Windsor in 1917. He died January 20, 1936 at his favourite country home, Sandringham House, Norfolk.

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King Geroge V in 1935 ====================================================================== GREAT BRITAIN, KINGDOM of LONDON MINT ====================================================================== 4 PENCE MAUNDY 17.63 MM .500 FINE 1.89 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936

1,542 1,609 1,527 1,602 1,670 1,762 1,681 1,642 1,761 1,724 1,759 1,835 1,872 1,887 1,928 1,323

¿OV: Head of George V, facing left GEORGIVS V D.G.BRITT:OMN:REX F.D.IND:IMP: (Georgivs V Dei Gratia Britanniar Omnium Rex Fidei Defensor Indae Imperator = George V by the grace of God, King of All the Britains Defender of the Faith, Emperor of India) around / B.M. on trunction. ¿RV: Crown / Large 4 dividing DATE left and right, within wreath of oak tied with ribbon below. EDGE: Plain

1946 - 4 PENCE MAUNDY - OBVERSE ====================================================================== GREAT BRITAIN, KINGDOM of LONDON MINT ====================================================================== 4 PENCE MAUNDY 17.63 MM .500 FINE 1.89 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946

1,325 plus 26,402 proof sets w/ Maundy 1,275 1,234 1,277 1,253 1,231 1,239 1,259 1,355 1,365

¿OV: Head of George VI, facing left GEORGIVS VI D: G: BR: OMN: REX F: D: IND: IMP: (Georgivs VI Dei Gratia Britanniar Omnium Rex Fidei Defensor Indae Imperator = George VI by the grace of God, King of All the Britains Defender of the Faith, Emperor of India) around / HP under bust. ¿RV: Crown / Large 4 dividing DATE left and right, within wreath of oak tied with ribbon below. EDGE: Plain MINT: (no mintmark) = Royal Mint, LONDON DESIGNER: HP = Thomas Hugh Paget

MINT: (no mintmark) = Royal Mint, LONDON DESIGNER: B.M. = Sir Edgar Bertram MacKennal TYPE: Fineness reduced to .500 fine. REFERENCE: Y-81, S-3247, KM-814a POPULATION: Great Britain - 1921 - 35,678,530 including London with 4,484,523 inhabitants.

REFERENCE: Y-93, S-3314, KM-851 FOOTNOTE: The first change in the silver coinage standard since the reign of Queen Elizabeth I, was made in 1920, when the degree of fineness was reduced to 500 parts in a thousand as against 925. This standard continued until 1946 which marked the end of silver coinage for Great Britain, except the Maundy coinage. Fineness of .925 has long been known as sterling silver.


====================================================================== GREAT BRITAIN, KINGDOM of LONDON MINT ====================================================================== 4 PENCE MAUNDY 17.63 MM .925 FINE 1.89 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1947 1948

1,375 1,385

¿OV: Head of George VI, facing left GEORGIVS VI D: G: BR: OMN: REX F: D: IND: IMP: (Georgivs VI Dei Gratia Britanniar Omnium Rex Fidei Defensor Indae Imperator = George VI by the grace of God, King of All the Britains Defender of the Faith, Emperor of India) around / HP under bust. ¿RV: Crown / Large 4 dividing DATE left and right, within wreath of oak tied with ribbon below. EDGE: Plain MINT: (no mintmark) = Royal Mint, LONDON DESIGNER: HP = Thomas Hugh Paget TYPE: Fineness restored to .925 fine, sterling.

1946 - 4 PENCE MAUNDY - REVERSE ====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: Geroge VI, second son of George V and brother of Edward VIII, succeeded to the throne of Great Britain on December 12, 1936. Born on December 14, 1895, son of the late King George V, who died January 20, 1936 and Queen Mary, daughter of the late H.S.H. Duke of Teck and H.R.H. Princess Mary of Cambridge. He was christened Albert Frederick Arthur George, and was generally known as Prince Albert before having the title of Duke of York conferred upon him by his father in 1920. Like his father, Prince Albert trained with the Navy at Osborns and Dartmouth. In 1913 he cruised with the fleet in American waters, visiting the West Indies and Canada. Later he became an officer in the Royal Air Force but ceased active duty in 1920. In May 1927 the Duke of York represented the Crown at the opening of the Parliament Buildings at Canberra, Australia’s new capital. George VI, By the grace of God of Great Britain and Ireland and of the British Dominions Beyond the Seas, King, Defender of the Faith, Emperor of India, succeeded to the throne of Great Britain on the Abdication of his brother, Edward VIII, December 10, 1936. The King, as Prince Albert, Duke of York, married in Westminister Abbey, April 7, 1923, Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon, daughter of the Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne. They have two children; Princess Elizabeth Alexandra Mary, born April 21, 1926, became Heir Presumptive to the throne. FOOTNOTE: Gresham’s Law - Gresham’s Law was first so called by MacLeon in 1857, on the understanding that the Principle ‘Bad Money Drives Out Good’ which was first expounded by Sir Thomas Gresham to Elizabeth in 1558. Early economic writers, such as Copernicus, had, however, already explained if the principle is than the worst form of currency will be most used in circulation, and the more valuable tending to disappear. Thus, if there are two metals in circulation, the one which costs least in production will predominate. The law also applies where there is debased coinage, and metallic currency with inconvertible paper money. The Everyman Encyclopedia, J.M. Dent, London 1910.

REFERENCE: Y-93A, S-3328, KM-851a FOOTNOTE: Beginning with the 1947 four pence the silver content was increased from .500 fine to sterling as the Maundy money no longer was consistent in fineness with the regular British coinage which no longer contained silver. ===================================================================== GREAT BRITAIN, KINGDOM of LONDON MINT ====================================================================== 4 PENCE MAUNDY 17.63 MM .925 FINE 1.89 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1949 1950 1951 1952

1,395 1,405 1,468 1.012

¿OV: Head of George VI, facing left GEORGIVS VI D: G: BR: OMN: REX (Georgivs VI Dei Gratia Britanniar Omnium Rex = George VI by the grace of God, King of All the Britains) around. ¿RV: Crown / Large 4 dividing DATE left and right, within wreath of oak tied with ribbon below. EDGE: Plain MINT: (no mintmark) = Royal Mint, LONDON TYPE: Emperor of India omitted from titles. REFERENCE: Y-113, S-3338, KM-874 FOOTNOTE: 1948 saw the withdrawal from India of Britain as India became the Dominion of India pending becoming a republic. With this change the King of England dropped the title - Emperor of India.

======================================================================


====================================================================== GREAT BRITAIN, KINGDOM of LONDON MINT ====================================================================== 4 PENCE MAUNDY 17.63 MM .925 FINE 1.89 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1953

1,025

rare

¿OV: Head of Elizabeth II, facing right +ELIZABETH II DEI•GRATIA•BRITT:OMN:REGINA•F:D: (+Elizabeth II Dei Gratia Britanniar Omnium Regina Fidei Defensor = +Elizabeth II by the grace of God, Queen of All the Britains Defender of the Faith) around / MG on trunction. ¿RV: Crown / Large 4 dividing 1953 left and right, within wreath of oak tied with ribbon below. EDGE: Plain MINT: (no mintmark) = Royal Mint, LONDON DESIGNER: MG = Mrs. Mary Gillick REFERENCE: A-126, S-3358, KM-888 FOOTNOTE: This is a one year type with the Latin descriptive title BRITT:OMN:REGINA for Queen of all the Britains in the following years this was dropped all but the word REGINA for Queen, as the Empire changed into the Commonwealth of Nations.

1958 - 4 PENCE MAUNDY - OBVERSE ====================================================================== GREAT BRITAIN, KINGDOM of LONDON MINT ====================================================================== 4 PENCE MAUNDY 17.63 MM .925 FINE 1.89 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970

1,076 1,082 1,088 1,094 1,100 1,106 1,180 1,118 1,197 1,205 1,213 1,221 1,206 986 964 1,022 1,068

¿OV: Head of Elizabeth II, facing right +ELIZABETH II DEI•GRATIA•REGINA•F:D: (+Elizabeth II Dei Gratia Regina Fidei Defensor = +Elizabeth II by the grace of God, Queen, Defender of the Faith) around / MG on trunction. ¿RV: Crown / Large 4 dividing DATE left and right, within wreath of oak tied with ribbon below. EDGE: Plain MINT: (no mintmark) = Royal Mint, LONDON DESIGNER: MG = Mrs. Mary Gillick REFERENCE: Y-135, S-3369, KM-902

Queen Elizabeth II

Maundy Coins of Great Britain by Richard J. Thowbridge, Long Beach 1969


=====================================================================

Great Britain and Ireland today =====================================================================

1958 - 4 PENCE MAUNDY - REVERSE ======================================================================

Westminster Abby and Big Ben ======================================================================

London Bridge ======================================================================

FOOTNOTE: London is the largest city and financial center in the world. The fine harbour formed by the Thames estuary is constantly thronged with ships from Asia. The city has narrow, irregular streets, but many famous buildings, the most noted of which are Westminster Abbey, St.Paul's Cathedral, the Tower of London, and the parliament buildings. The United Kingdom, with is possessions, constitutes the British Empire, which includes one fifth of the land and one fourth of the population of the world. Complete Geography, H. Justin Roddy, New york, 1902. FOOTNOTE: Maundy coinage of; four pence, three pence, two pence and one pence continues each year after the dates noted, to the present, struck to the sterling standard of .925 fine and bearing the portrait of Queen Elizabeth II..

The Royal Exchange - London 1902

FOOTNOTE: The term dime is unique to the United States of America and the Kingdom of Hawaii (now the 52nd State of the U.S.A.) but it's root goes back to the Latin decem or ten (decimus, a tenth). In the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries dime was applied in England to the tithe or tenth part of one's income paid to the church. According to the King James Version of the Bible, the last part of Genesis 14:20 reads, "He gave him tithes of all." John Wycliffe translated this passage, "He gave him dymes of alle thingis." In his report to the Continental Congress on a new coinage system for the United States, Governor Morris, who was familiar with the French language, recommended a coin to be called a disme, which was the old French spelling; but the mint act approved in 1792 changed the spelling to dime. A Book About a Thousand Things, George Stimpson, New York, 1946.


====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: The coinage of England was for many generations struck in the Tower of London, but since 1811 it has been done in the Royal Mint, which stands on the eastern side of Tower hill. The premises were enlarged, and new and greatly improved machinery introduced in 1881 and 1882. The processes are very interesting, and the rate at which the coins now can be produced is very rapid. The melting of the bullion, the casting into bars, the various processes of rolling, annealing, punching out the blank coins, rimming, and finally stamping then are all done at the Royal Mint. In the rimming process, perfectly flat metal discs, that have just been punched out from bars of metal rolled until they have reached a standard thickness fixed by very accurate gauges, are pushed forward until they reach a rapidly revolving wheel, which seizes them, and, faster than the eye can follow it, raises a rim or protecting edge evenly all round the disc. The stamping or coining is accomplished by one act of the coin-press, in which two dies are concerned. The lower one is fixed, the upper one moves up and down under a pressure of several tons. The attendant puts the blank discs in the tube with his left hand. The weight presses them down. A metal finger pushes each in succession upon the fixed lower die, this is encircled by a movable ring so cut as to give the milling to the edge of the disc. As soon as the disc rests upon the die, this ring rises, the upper die descends, forces the disc against the lower, the one blow stamping both the obverse and reverse pattern, and giving at the same time the milling, the metal driven out by the stamping being forced against the ring. As the die rises, the metal finger which is bring forward the next disc pushes off its completed predecessor into a shoot, through which it falls into the tray below. These machines, of which there are fourteen, can each stamp at the rate of a hundred and twenty coins a minute. London, Rev. Richard Lovett, London, 1890.

Punching planchents at Royal Mint ======================================================================

======================================================================

Rimming machine at Royal Mint ======================================================================

Coining press at Royal Mint ======================================================================



GREECE

======================================================================

======================================================================

Arms of the Greek Kingdom ======================================================================

1874 - 50 LEPTA - OBVERSE ====================================================================== GREECE, KINGDOM of PARIS MINT ====================================================================== 50 LEPTA 18MM .835 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1868 1874

60 4,500,633

rare

¿OV: Head of George I, facing left (bee) greek inscription '+SC'3?G !! %!G37+KG IS; +77/S; (anchor) (George I King of the Greeks) around / BAPPE under bust. ÀRV: Crown / greek denomination 50 7+AI! (50 lepta) / DATE / A (mintmark), greek inscription #!E37+3?; I/E +77!)?G (Kingdom of Greece) around above.

FOOTNOTE: King George I, was born Prince William of Denmark at Copenhagen December 24, 1845, the second son of King Christian IX of Denmark of the House of Holstein - Sonderburg - Glucksburg, and brother of Queen Alexandra of Great Britain. He served for some time in the Danish Navy. In 1829 Greece, gained independence from Turkey, choosing for its King, Prince Otto of Bavaria. The Revolution of 1862 drove King Otto of Greece from the throne. By an overwhelming vote of the Greek people, Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh (Queen Victoria’s second son) was elected King, but on political grounds he was forced to decline, and in 1863 on March 30th at the age of 18, the Danish Prince William of SchleswigHolstein, who with the concurrence of his own family and the consent of the Great Powers, was elected King of the Hellenes, with the title of George I. He was married at Saint Petersburg to Olga, a niece of the Russian Czar, daughter of Grand Duke Constantine, October 27, 1867, and had five sons and one daughter. His conduct as a constitutional monarch has always been correct and regular, and he has won the popular sympathies by the efforts he has made on behalf of the expansion of Greek Nationality. His children are all bred up in the Greek faith. The Crown Prince is Constantine, Duke of Sparta, born 2nd August 1868. The Greeks accorded him an enthusiastic welcome, and he ruled in strict accordance with constitutional principles, adopting as his motto ‘My Strength is the Love of My People’. In 1867 Greece became part of the Latin Monetary Union with the proviso that the money should be struck at the Paris Mint. The pieces were engraved by Albert Desire Barre, Chief Engraver of the Paris Mint with his name spelled in Greek BAPPE under the bust of King. New Cabinet Cyclopaedia,Phila.,1896 & New .International Encyclopedia, 1910. FOOTNOTE: The inscription and denominations of the Greek coinage are shown in the Greek alphabet. The coinage of the Island of Crete also use the Greek letters.

EDGE: Reeded MINT: A = PARIS DIRECTOR: (bee) = Renouard deBussiere 1860-79 ENGRAVER: BAPPE (anchor) = Albert-Desire Barre 1855-78 REFERENCE: Y-6, D-55, KM-6.2 Modern Greek Coins by Jean-Paul Divo, Zurich 1969. POPULATION: Greece - 1892 - 2,187,208 with capital Athens with 114,335 inhabitants. FOOTNOTE: Currency of Greece - 100 lepta = 1 drachme

FOOTNOTE: By approval of the Latin Monetary Union Convention in 1908 the fractional coins of Greece were ordered retired within four months (2 and 1 franc, 50 and 20 centimes pieces). This left the currency of the country; inconvertible paper.

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - GREECE - PAGE 260

======================================================================

George I - King of Greece ====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: In personal appearance King George, of Greece, is tall and slight, with bright, piercing, blue eyes, active and energetic in movement, kind and courteous in manner, a tireless worker, deeply interested in the welfare of his subjects; every morning at seven o’clock finds him at his desk reading documents, signing state papers and receiving the reports of his ministers. In the afternoon he visits schools, hospitals, barracks and prisons, alert to every opportunity to improve the condition of his subjects. The King has an allowance of $200,000 per annum, one-half of which comes from the National revenue, and one-half of which is voted in sums of $20,000 each by the five Great Powers, England, France, Germany,Austria and Russia. Vast as this income seems it is small in comparison with that of other monarchs and only by the utmost care can it be made to meet the expenses of the Royal Household. Court life at Athens is very pleasant, and no European Court is more popular or more frequented by Royal families than is the Court at Athens. The King neither visits nor invites any but foreigners, as the selection of personal friends from among his own subjects would only arouse the jealousy of those not chosen. Despite their many good qualities the Greeks are not willing that the King should enjoy social intercourse with his own people. So anxious is the King to meet the wishes of his people that he yields to them in matters not involving principle. It is said that the Queen once gave a children’s ball at the palace, where upon the public questioned the propriety of balls for infant princes and criticized royal extravaganzas. Children’s balls were discontinued as a result. Around the World, Lida Brooks Miller, Chicago, 1897. FOOTNOTE: The modern city of Athens has been built since 1835. The Kings palace is a huge, square, plastered edifice, that would not be tolerated in San Francisco or Melbourne as a public building. All modern Greece (c.1888) is in a state of dilapidation. There are no roads, and the products of the country and imported goods are carried on the backs of mules and men. A few miles of railroad have been constructed to nearer points of interest, but the service is not very good. About two million Greeks live a sickly life in the narrow mountain valleys and around the undrained malarial marshes of the scanty lowlands. Two millions more are scattered about the Levant, generally engaged in trade and commerce, for which they exhibit great aptitude. They talk politics very bravely in the coffeehouses, but are not very dangerous, except as highwaymen. The people are very superstitious and all over the land they will destroy the precious remains of antiquity for material to build huge ugly churches, without a trace of architectural beauty, ten times larger than needed. In a Winding Journey Around the World, O.W.Wight, Detroit 1888.

1874 - 50 LEPTA - REVERSE ====================================================================== GREECE, KINGDOM of PARIS MINT ====================================================================== 50 LEPTA 18MM .835 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1883

600,000

¿OV: Head of George I, facing left (cornucopia) greek inscription '+SC'3?G !! %!G37+KG IS; +77/S; (fasces) (George I King of the Greeks) around / BAPPE under bust. ÀRV: Crown / greek denomination 50 7+AI! (50 lepta) / 1883 / A (mintmark), greek inscription #!E37+3?; I/E +77!)?G (Kingdom of Greece) around above. EDGE: Reeded MINT: A = PARIS DIRECTOR: (cornucopia) = Jean-Louis Ruau 1879-91 ENGRAVER: (fasces) = Jean LaGrange 1880-96 DESIGNER: BAPPE = Albert-Desire Barre 1855-78 REFERENCE: Y-6, D-55, KM-6.2 POPULATION: Greece - 1896 - 2,433,806 with capital Athens with 111,486 inhabitants. FOOTNOTE: King George I, had all but completed the 50th year of his reign and was about to celebrate his Jubilee by abdicating the throne in favor of the Crown Prince Constantine, when he was shot down by a half-crazed Greek, named Schinas at Salonika on March 18, 1913. As the brother-in-law of Edward VII of England, and of Alexander III of Russia, the uncle of Czar Nicolas II, and friend of Francis Joseph, he had the ear of those upon which decisions European politics depended. The violent death was thus fraught with momentous consequences for Greece and for Europe. Greece lost a sagacious Sovereign. Encyclopedia Britannica, 11th Edition - New Volumes, 1922.

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - GREECE - PAGE 261


HAITI

1881 - AN 78 - 10 CENTIMES - REVERSE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - HAITI - PAGE 262

Arms of Hayti 1881 - AN 78 -10 CENTIMES - OBV

FOOTNOTE: Hayti: (Indian), “High Land” or “Mountainous country”.

====================================================================== HAITI, REPUBLIC of PARIS MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTIMOS 18MM .835 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ======================================================================

FOOTNOTE: The monetary unit, gourde, divided into 100 centimes, takes its name from an incident created by King Christophe who confiscated all the gourdes on Haiti, requiring the natives to sell their coffee for gourdes, he then exported the coffee to Europe, being paid in hard currency, thus establishing Haiti with a strange currency backed by bullion. The new silver coinage minted in Paris starting in 1881 was based on the standards of the Latin Monetary Union as provided by the Monetary Law of 1880 with the gourde equivalent to the silver 5 franc of the Latin Union. By 1900 the population was 960,000 with the capital, Port-au-Prince with 40,000 inhabitants. The new coinage did not last long as a note in the Annual Report of the U.S.Director of the Mint for fiscal year ended June 1909 states “The actual currency of the country of Haiti is inconvertible paper, nickel and copper coins.”

1881 AN 78 1882 AN 79 1886 AN 83 1887 AN 84 1890 AN 87 1894 AN 91

1,500,000 1,800,000 1,500,000 1,050,000 1,000,000 3,729,056

HA#57 HA#58 HA#59 HA#60 HA#61 HA#62

¿OV: Liberty head, facing right, • REPUBLIQUE D’ HAITI, above AN (DATE) (computed from the Haitian revolution in 1803) 835 MILL • DATE • 2,5 GRAMS • below. / R. and L. under bust. ÀRV: Arms of the Republic, motto on ribbon below: L'UION FAIT LA FORCE (Strength through Unity) (flower) LIBERTE • EGALITE • FRATERNITE (Liberty - Equality - Fraternity) around, • (cornucopia) • 10 CENTes • (fasces) below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (cornucopia) = PARIS DESIGNER: R. = Louis Oscar Roty L. = Laforestrie ENGRAVER: (fasces) = Jean LaGrange 1880-96 MARK:

(flower) = unknown

POPULATION: Haiti - 1892 - 850,000 with the capital Port-au-Prince with 35,000 inhabitants. REFERENCE: Y-6, KM-35 Coins of Haiti by Carmen Arroyo, San Antonio,1970 200 Anos de Numismatica Haitiana,C.I. Rudman,1985

FOOTNOTE: Haiti originally was one of the richest and most important French Colonies. It occupied the western portion of the Island of Hispanola in the Caribbean. An uprising of the natives, mostly slaves imported from Africa, under the leadership of Toussaint L’Overture “The first of the blacks” was successful in driving out the French. After a twenty year struggle the country declared the first black independent Republic in 1803. Dates on the coinage of Haiti carry both the A.D. date and a dating system, first established with the French revolution on French coinage of Napoleon I, the number counting from the year of Haitian Independence. FOOTNOTE: Slave Trade - The history of slave trade was greatly stimulated by the discovery that African slaves could be profitably used to cultivate the vast plantations of the New World. The English navigator Hawkins had carried a cargo of three hundred negroes from Sierra Leone to Hispanola in 1562 and so introduced English seamen to a business in which Portugal, Spain, and Holland were already engaged. It is estimated that previous to 1776 at least three million slaves were imported into French, Spanish, and English Colonies. The Congress of Vienna in 1815 declared this most atrocious practice contrary to the principles of human rights and civilization. Finally in March of 1807 three weeks after the United States Congress had forbidden the importation of slaves, Parliament prohibited Englishmen from engaging in the slave trade followed by Sweden in 1813 and Holland a year later. England abolished slavery in all her colonies in 1833.

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - HAITI - PAGE 263

====================================================================== FOOTNOTE; Hayti, now an independent negro republic, forms one of the most peculiar and interesting portions of the New World. It is a very fine island, situated between Jamaica and Porto Rico, about 450 miles in length, and 110 in breadth. In the center rises the lofty range of the mountains of Cibao, of which the peak of La Serrania rises to the height of 9000 feet. The principal productions of the island are, coffee, the sugar-cane (which is chiefly employed in the making of taffia, the ordinary rum of the country), and cotton. This was the first large island discovered by Columbus, who landed there on 5th of December 1492, and made it under the name of hispaniola, the seat of his first colony. That great man, however, soon lost all control over the Spanish adventurers, who gave full scope to their cruelty and rapacity. The gold, which was then found in considerable abundance, formed the chief object of their avidity; and the unhappy natives, forced to labour in the mines, and otherwise inhumanly treated, were in the end completely exterminated. The gold being in some degree exhausted, and its amount completely eclipsed by that of Mexico and Peru, Hispaniola, called now St.Domingo, was in a great degree neglected. About the middle of the seventeenth century, a daring band of French buccaneers established themselves in the western districts. They were supported by the French government, which ultimately became possessed of this part of the island. The French revolution caused an extraordinary change in the state of Hayti. In 1791 the Assembly caused to be proclaimed throughout the island their favourite doctrine, that all men were free and equal. This proclamation gave rise, in the first instance, to a contest between the white and free coloured population. But while these parties were contending for the application of the principle, the slaves felt that it applied also to them. They rose in a body, massacred or drove out the other two classes, and became entire masters of French St.Domingo. This revolution, with the excesses which accompanied it, soon ended, like other revolutions, in a military despotism, which was established in 1806 by Dessalines, who assumed the title of James I. He was succeeded by Christophe, his second in command, who named himself Henry I., hereditary King of Hayti. Meantime, the Republic of Hayti was established in another part of the island, under the presidency, first of Petion, and then of Boyer.

====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: The author considers this series the rarest of all the Modern Silver Dime Size Coins of the World with large mintages struck by major mints, in ‘Gem-Uncirculated’ condition. Only a few coins, probably from specimen sets retained by the Paris mint, or for presentation to officials exist in this condition. The people of Haiti have always been so poor that few coins were hoarded. Quite a few of this issue found their way to other countries where they were saved, but in general they are of a fairly circulated condition. The finest condition can be noted by the high relief of the palm frond at the top center of the tree. Adding to the beauty of the coin is the wonderful intricate work of the designers and the execution of the Paris mint to the standards of the Latin Monetary Union. Proofs for 1881,1882 and 1887 are known. The obverse of the full series are shown below. ======================================================================

1881 AN 78

1882 AN 79

1886 AN 83

======================================================================

1887 AN 84

1890 AN 87

1894 AN 91

======================================================================

FOOTNOTE: There was no coinage in this series dated 1888-1889 as a civil war raged in Haiti between two Generals; Legitime and Hippolyte, who were rival candidates for the Presidency. FOOTNOTE: Haiti is essentially a mountainous island. Steep escarpments, leading to rugged uplands of the interior, reach almost everywhere down to the shores, leaving only here and there a few strips of beach. Encyclopaedia Britannica, Eleventh Edition, 1911. ======================================================================

The Island of Hispaniola Republic of Haiti on west side

1894 -10 CENTIMOS - AN 91 - REV

======================================================================

======================================================================

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - HAITI - PAGE 264


HAWAII

======================================================================

======================================================================

FOOTNOTE: The Hawaiian dime is the only other country in addition to the original United States of America to carry the denomination of one dime. There is however a second denomination; umi keneta, in the native Hawaiian language. Another island, Danish West Indies, later to be purchased by the U.S. and now known as the Virgin Islands used two; 10 cents and 50 bit denominations.

FOOTNOTE: Sandwich Islands, named after the Fourth Earl of Sandwich by Captain Cook, forming the Kingdom of Hawaii, are a rich, beautiful and interesting chain eight in number, in the middle of the Pacific Ocean, within 16 days by sailing vessels of San Francisco, 27 days from Vancouver’s Island, 26 days from Kanagawa in Japan, and 67 days from Hong Kong. The Islands cannot be said to have been discovered till Cook visited them in 1778. The great navigator treated the simple and confiding natives with a cruelty and a hypocrisy which consort ill with his fame, and which were the direct causes of the brawl in which he met the death in Kealakeakua Bay, Hawaii, 1779. In early times, each island had a King; but under Kamehameha I, a man of shrewd sense, and of great bravery and resource, the Islands were formed into one Kingdom. This King, writing to George III, August 6, 1810, desired formally to acknowledge the King of England as his Sovereign, and to place the Islands under British protection - an offer which was accepted. After inaugurating the era of advancement, this King died in 1819, and was succeeded by Liholiho, who adopted, on his accession, the name of Kamehameha II. and in whose reign idolatry was abolished simultaneously throughout all the islands. The first missionaries that visited the islands came from America in 1820. On their arrival, the missionaries witnessed the singular phenomenon of a nation without a religion. The nation had voluntarily cast off the religion of their ancestors, and had not yet adopted - were not even acquainted with - any other system. The American missionaries who arrived in 1820 were well received, and the work of instruction was at once begun. Besides instructing them in Christianity, in less than 40 years they taught the whole Hawaiian people to read and write, to cipher and to sow. Kamehameha II, and his Queen visited England, and after a short residence in this country, both died in London, July 1824. Prior to the year 1838, the government was despotism; but in 1840, the King, Kamehameha III, granted a Constitution, consisting of King, Assembly of Nobles, and Representative Council, based on that of Great Britain. In 1843, the independence of the Hawaiian Kingdom was formally declared by the French and English Governments. Kamehameha IV, acceded to the throne in 1854, and after a brief but unusual reign, died in November 1863, and was succeeded by his brother, Kamehameha V. Lunalilo was elected in 1873,and on his death, Kalakaua in 1874. The population in 1872 was 56,897 of whom 2,539 were Europeans.Library of Universal Knowledge, N.Y., 1880.

======================================================================

======================================================================

King Kalakaua I of Hawaii ======================================================================

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - HAWAII - PAGE 265

1883 - UNI KENETA - ONE DIME - OBV

1883 - UNI KENETA - ONE DIME - REV

====================================================================== HAWAII, KINGDOM of SAN FRANCISCO MINT ====================================================================== ONE DIME/UMI KENETA 18MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ======================================================================

======================================================================

1883 1884

250,000 i/a

frozen date

¿OV: Head of Kalakaua I, facing right KALAKAUA I KING OF HAWAII above, • 1883 • below. ÀRV: Crown / ONE / DIME within wreath of laurel ties with ribbon below, • UA MAU KE EAO KA AINA I KA PONO • (The life of the Land is Perpetuated in Righteousness) above around, UMI KENETA (ten cents) below.

FOOTNOTE: King Lunalilo died on February 3, 1874, childless, and the Legislature proceeded for the second time to elect a King, and on February 12, 1874, chose David Kalakaua, though their action was violently opposed by Emma, the Queen Dowager. In the riot which broke out between her partisans and the Legislators, several persons were injured. The war-ships on the harbor under the British and American flags landed marines and sailors, order was restored, and the King began his reign. King Kalakaua I visited the United States in 1874. The King made a tour of the world in 1881. On January 20, 1891 he died in San Francisco. His sister Liliuokalani became Queen.New International Encyclopedia, 1910. ======================================================================

EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = SAN FRANCISCO DESIGNER: Charles E. Barber, Chief Engraver, U.S. Mint, Philadelphia REFERENCE: Y-2, KM-3 Hawaiian Money Standard Catalog by Donald Metcalf and Ronald Russell, Honolulu 1978. POPULATION: Hawaii - 1890 - 89,991 including 4,436 Hawaiians and 6,186 part Hawaiians. FOOTNOTE: The Hawaiian 10 cents coins with mintage of 250,000 were struck at San Francisco during 1883 and continued into 1884, but only the date of 1883 was used on the coin. The coinage dies were produced at the Philadelphia mint under the direction of Chief Engraver Charles E. Barber; the coins were struck at the San Francisco mint from silver furnished by the Hawaiian Government. There were 26 proof strikes from the Philadelphia mint. 79 of the original mintage were subsequently melted.

Charles E. Barber, Chief ======================================================================

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - HAWAII - PAGE 266

FOOTNOTE: Hawaii - Ever since 1854 there was talk of annexation of Hawaii to the United States. Early in 1893 the new Queen Liliuokalani, a bitter enemy of the whites in the Islands, was deposed for attempting to overthrow the Constitution. A Provisional Government was protected by a detachment of troops landed from the cruiser “Boston”. The Islands were declared a Protectorate of the United States, and the American Flag was raised over the government buildings. On February 15, 1893 a Treaty of Annexation was sent to the Senate, with the United States to assume the Hawaiian debt of $142,000,000 and pay the deposed Queen a pension of $20,000 per year. Before the treaty was ratified Congress expired and President Cleveland succeeded Harrison in the White House. The treaty was withdrawn and the flag ordered lowered from the state buildings with offer to put Queen Liliuokalani back on her throne provided she would pardon all the Americans involved in the revolution. She refused and the Provisional Government continued to maintain itself until the Hawaiian Islands were annexed to the United States by joint resolution of Congress on July 7th 1898 and later made a organized Territory in April 1900 with United States citizenship. By this time the population had increased to 154,001. In the early days whaling ships frequently used the Hawaiian harbor of Honolulu to refit and replenish their supplies. In 1959 Hawaii became the 50th State in the Union.

Capt. Cook's ship ======================================================================

Captain Cook

Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands

======================================================================

======================================================================

Scene in Polynesia - 1880 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - HAWAII - PAGE 267


HEJAZ

======================================================================

====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: Hejaz - In June of 1916 Hussin-Ibn-Ali, Grand Sherif of Mecca, proclaimed himself King, and revolted from Turkey. Turkish troops were hurried south, forces destined for another invasion of Egypt being diverted to this new theatre of War. The Meccan forces constituted a friendly army on the right of the British Expeditionary Force in Palestine, and Sir E.H.Allenby, Commander-inChief, aided Hussein with armored cars and airplanes. When Allenby, on his advance northward, crossed the Jordan and raided Amnon on the Hejaz Railroad, Emir Faisal (Hussein’s son and an army commander) seized the opportunity to advance on El Kerak, which he captured April 7, 1918. The Australian Flying Corps was aiding Faisal at this time, bombing the railroad and took trains dispatched by the Turks with reinforcements for their garrisons still holding out at Ma’am and Medina. Finally, with the opening of Allenby’s battle of Samaria, September 19, 1918, Hussein’s forces seized Deraa and took part in the advance on Damascus, which the Arabian King entered on October 3, 1918. The independence of the Kingdom of the Hejaz has been recognized by the Alies in December, 1916 and it was confirmed in Paris at the Peace Conference in 1919. King Hussein abdicated October 3, 1924, in favor of his son, to be succeeded a year after by Ibn Saud of Nejd as King of Hejaz. Hejaz was united with the Sultanate of Nejd, January 11, 1926, and Hussein was exiled to Cyprus, but five years later he joined his son Emir Abdullah of Transjordan, at Mman. He died June 4, 1931. He was buried in the Mosque of Omar at Jerusalem amid demonstrations of esteem from Mohammedans, Jews and Christians alike.

Counterstamp of Al-Hejaz ====================================================================== HEJAZ, KINGDOM OF MEDINA-MECCA Counterstamp ====================================================================== 1/10 IMAD I/4 18MM .833 FINE 3.0 GRAMS ======================================================================

FOOTNOTE: Hejaz meaning "barrier" is now part of Saudi Arabic and since the oil boom, has very modern and prosperous cities. Jeddah has a population of over 2,000,000 today. ======================================================================

¿OV: Counterstamped = Al-Hejaz on (1918) AH 1337 YEMEN Y-5 POPULATION: Hejaz Province - c.1914 - 300,000 including Mecca with 80,000 inhabitants. FOOTNOTE: The coinage of the Al-Hejaz, as for all of Saudi Arabia at the time, was the Austrian trade dollar - Maria Theresia thaler. For small coinage various Turkish coins were counterstamped incused with the arabic Al-Hejaz. The author during nearly thirty years of reading coin lists and catalogs and viewing thousands of small silver coins at coin shows has only seen the one illustrated from his collection which has a Scott Semans, pedigree. FOOTNOTE: Mecca, capital of the Turkish Province of Hejaz in Arabia, birthplace of Mohammed and the central and most Holy city of all Islam. An aqueduct built by Zubaidah (810), wife of Harum AlRashid, brings good water from the mountains to the east. By its position, Mecca commands the trade routes connecting lower Hejaz with North, South, and Central Arabia, and it has at all times been a commercial and religious center. The streets are somewhat regular, but unpaved; dusty in summer, and muddy during the rainy season. The houses are often five stories high...The only manufacture of Mecca are rosaries and pottery,...The inhabitants make their living chiefly by letting rooms at the time of the pilgrimage to the pilgrims who come here often to the number of 100,000. The largest number of these pilgrims are Malays and Indians; then comes Negroes, Persians, Turks, Egyptians, Syrians, Tartars, and Chinese. New International Encyclopedia, 1910.

Al-Hejaz upper left on the Red Sea

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - HEJAZ - PAGE 268


HONDURAS

======================================================================

======================================================================



====================================================================== HONDURAS, REPUBLIC of TEGUCIGALPA MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTAVOS 18.5MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ======================================================================

======================================================================

(1879) 1871

16,839

FOOTNOTE: The countries of Honduras, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Salvador and Costa Rica when they gained their independence from Spain in 1821, originally formed a union called the United States of Central America. The triangle which was a common symbol of these countries and can be seen on coins of Honduras, Nicaragua and Salvador, symbolizes Equality and Justice.

¿OV: Arms of the Republic over a trophy of flags and crowned, REPUBLICA DE HONDURAS (Republic of Honduras) 1871 around inner circle. ÀRV: Within circle a tree, the stem dividing the denomination, 10 and C. in a laurel wreath, nnnnnnnnnnn (eleven stars) above, DIOS UNION LIBERTAD. (God - Union Liberty) above / 15 DE SET. 1821 0.900 below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = TEGUCIGALPA REFERENCE: Y-6, KM-35 FOOTNOTE: The 10 centavos of Honduras listings start with the issue of 1871 struck at the National mint of Tegucigalpa. The dies for the coinage were made by the Philadelphia mint and used to strike the coins at Tegucigalpa in 1879. Listings continue in date order for the Tegucigalpa mint until 1900. The last type was ordered from the Philadelphia mint dated; 1931-32, 1951-52, and 1958. FOOTNOTE: In 1849-51 Honduras formed a union with Salvador and Nicaragua, which ended in 1863 in war between the contracting parties. In 1871 war broke out between Honduras and Salvador and Guatemala which lasted intermittently until 1874.

Hauling mahogany logs FOOTNOTE: Tegucigalpa, capital of Honduras, is situated on the left bank of the upper course of the Choluteca, seventy-eight miles from its seaport, Amapala, on the Gulf of Fonseca. It has a healthful location on a table-land 3250 feet above sea-level, in the most thickly populated portion of the republic. The region is known for its agricultural resources and its mines of gold and silver and marble. The most important structure in the republic is its Cathedral. Tegucigalpa was an old Aztec city and a place of some importance during the eighteenth century. It became the capital of Honduras in 1880. Population of Tegucigalpa in 1901, 22,923 and by 1910 increased to 40,049. New International Encyclopdria, 1910.

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - HONDURAS - PAGE 269

====================================================================== HONDURAS, REPUBLIC of TEGUCIGALPA MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTAVOS 18.5 MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1878

u/m

rare

¿OV: Standing Liberty with flag in right hand, 15 DE SEP. 1821 between nnnnn (5 stars left) and nnnnn (5 stars right), above / 1878 below. ÀRV: Eagle with Arms on breast, C.A. REPUBLICA DE HONDURAS (Central America Republic of Honduras) above around / 10 CENTAVOS below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = TEGUCIGALPA DESIGNER: George Hampton Lovett, American medallist

====================================================================== HONDURAS, REPUBLIC of TEGUCIGALPA MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTAVOS 18.5 MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1883 1884 1885 1886 1889 1891 1893 1895 1900

u/m u/m u/m u/m u/m u/m u/m u/m u/m

¿OV: Arms of the Republic, REPUBLICA DE HONDURAS (Republic of Honduras) within inner circle, within wreath tied with ribbon below. ÀRV: 10 / CENTs / (head) within wreath i PAZ i PROGRESO i I i LIBERTAD i (Peace - Progress in Liberty) around DATE below.

POPULATION: 1892 - 431,917 with capital Tegucigalpa with 12,585 inhabitants.

EDGE: Reeded


MINT: (no mintmark) = TEGUCIGALPA

FOOTNOTE: Honduras which lies between Guatemala and Nicaragua in Central America, though rich in resources has had little development. Its sparse population makes it difficult to secure sufficient labor. Bananas, coconuts and other fruits are profitably exported to the United States. A single schooner was in this trade in 1883, developing to the point where 25 years later several steamers were carrying a large amount of fruit to the United States every year. It takes a mule train three weeks to travel between the Pacific port of Amapala, a distance which might easily be covered in half a day when the railroad is built.

ENGRAVER: Jean Baptise Frener of Guatemala mint REFERENCE: Y-21, KM-49 FOOTNOTE: Currency of Honduras - 100 centavos = 1 peso. FOOTNOTE: The Republic of Honduras has an area of 46,400 Square miles. Its surface is hilly with numerous fertile valleys. Its mineral wealth is very considerable, and includes gold, silver, lead and copper. New Cabinet Cyclopeadi, Phila.,1896.

======================================================================

======================================================================






====================================================================== HONDURAS, REPUBLIC of PHILADELPHIA MINT ====================================================================== 20 CENTAVOS 18 MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ======================================================================

======================================================================

1931 1932 1951 1952 1958

1,000,000 750,000 1,500,000 2,500,000 2,000,000

¿OV: Arms of the Republic with motto incised • RER CA DE • HONDURAS • LIBRE • SOBERANA • INDEPENDIENTE (Republic of Honduras - Free - Sovereign - Independent) 15 SEPT bre 1821 below, REPUBLICA DE HONDURAS (Republic of Honduras) above / DATE below. ÀRV: Bust of Chief Lempira, facing left, 20 CENTAVOS DE LEMPIRA above / 0.900 below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = PHILADELPHIA REFERENCE: Y-43, KM-73

Village - Honduras - 1902 ======================================================================

POPULATION: 1930 - 700,811 most of them Indians and half-casts. FOOTNOTE: Since the beginning of 1932, a new currency, based upon the gold-standard unit of 1 lempira equal to 50 cents, United States currency, has been in circulation in Honduras. Silver, nickel and copper coins are in circulation. Paper currency notes of 1,2,5,10 and 20 lempiras are used by the two banks of the country, Banco Atlantisa and Banco de Honduras. U.S. Dept. of Commerce, 1941. FOOTNOTE: Honduras is said to owe its name, meaning in Spanish "depths," to the difficulty experienced by its original Spanish explorers in finding anchorage off its shores. The Encyclopaedia Britannica, Eleventh Edition., 1910.

Honduras, Central America ======================================================================



HONG KONG

====================================================================== HONG KONG, BRITISH CROWN COLONY of BIRMINGHAM MINT ====================================================================== TEN CENTS 18MM .800 FINE 2.71 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1880 1882 1883 1889 1890 1891 1892 1897 1900

88,000 128,000 200,000 200,000 480,000 240,000 300,000 500,000 250,000 2,100,000 5,400,000 1,750,000 1,100,000 10,500,000 41,500,000

======================================================================

frozen date

¿OV: Crowned head of Victoria, facing left VICTORIA left, QUEEN right / H (mintmark) under bust. ÀRV: Around a center dot, Chinese characters (Hsiang Chiang I Hao = Hong Kong one tenth) within a circle of pearls, v (rosette of nine dots), HONG - KONG v (rosette of nine dots) above, TEN CENTS DATE below.

1889 - TEN CENTS - OBVERSE

EDGE: Reeded

====================================================================== MINT: H = The Mint, BIRMINGHAM, Ltd. (Name changed January 1, 1889 from R. Heaton & Sons). DESIGNER: William Wyon REFERENCE: Y-4, HK5, KM-6.3 POPULATION:: Hong Kong in 1901 - 297,212 including 6,454 Europeans and Americans, about 2,000 East Indians and Japanese, and 283,975 Chinese. The boat population numbers nearly 40,000. FOOTNOTE: The Birmingham issue dated 1897 was struck in two years; 7,000,000 in 1897 and 3,500,000 in 1898 but dated 1897. FOOTNOTE: The Dime Size Silver Coins of Hong Kong were first minted at the new Hong Kong mint, starting in 1863. These were supplemented with shipments from the Royal Mint, London each year from 1863-1866. With the closing of the Hong Kong Branch of the Royal Mint in 1868 followed by the sale and shipping of the minting equipment to Osaka, Japan. New ten cents coins were ordered from Birmingham, England mint of R. Heaton & Sons, Ltd. beginning with a date of 1872. One more shipment dated 1873 came from London of the same type. The ten cents series continued intermittently from Birmingham with the H mintmark to near the end of the Victoria era with the last issue date 1900. Shipments also continued from The Royal Mint, London starting again in 1879. Silver Hong Kong ten cents coins continued for a few more year with the effigy of King & Emperor Edward VII. His last issued was melted with only a few coins reaching the collector market, thus it is considered rare.

1889 - TEN CENTS - REVERSE ======================================================================

FOOTNOTE: The Hong Kong British dollar has the same legal value (equal to U.S.$.498) as the Mexican dollar in the Straits Settlements and Lebanon piastre. Director of U.S. Mint, April 1906.

FOOTNOTE: Hong Kong as a British Crown Colony came to an end in 1997, when it was returned to China by Great Britain.

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - HONG KONG - PAGE 272

1863 - TEN CENTS ====================================================================== HONG KONG, BRITISH CROWN COLONY of HONG KONG MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTS 18MM .800 FINE 2.71 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1866 1867 1868

2,479,216 i/a i/a

¿OV: Crowned head of Victoria, facing left VICTORIA left, QUEEN right (11 pearls in right arch of crown for mintmark). ÀRV: Around a center dot, Chinese characters (Hsiang Chiang I Hao = Hong Kong one tenth) within a circle of pearls, v (rosette of nine dots), HONG - KONG v (rosette of nine dots) above, TEN CENTS DATE below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (11 pearls in right arch of crown) = Royal Branch mint, HONG KONG DESIGNER: William Wyon TYPE: I - 11 pearls in right arch of crown REFERENCE: Y-4, KM-6.3 FOOTNOTE: Approval was given on April 10, 1863 to establish a branch of the Royal Mint at Hong Kong. The mint opened on May 7, 1866 and was closed after a financial failure in April 1868, ( with the minting machinery sold, to be installed as the Osaka mint, Japan).

The Proclamation of Hong kong to the British ======================================================================

Victoria, Hong Kong

FOOTNOTE: When in 1839 the Chinese Government tried to put a stop to the opium trade by English merchants and informed the British Government that the traffic would have to be given up, the Opium War broke out with the British victorious. The Chinese were forced to agree in the Treaty of Nanking to pay a heavy indemnity and cede to the British the Island of Hong Kong (which means the fragrant or flowing streams) off the southeast coast of China in the Province of Kwang-Tung. Since 1841 Hong Kong has been a British Crown Colony. It is situated at the mouth of the estuary that leads to Canton, a distance of seventy-five miles in land. HongKong is a free port. FOOTNOTE: Hong Kong in 1887 - Forty years ago Hong Kong was only a barren island in the midst of an archipelago at the entrance of the Canton River, inhabited by a male population, who combined the innocent pursuits of fishing and stone-quarrying with the more exciting pastime of piracy. Piracy still exists, every Chinese seagoing junk carries a couple of cannon and a stand of small arms, ostensibly for protection from pirates, but in reality to enable them to do a little piracy on their own account. The island of Hong Kong presents a very picturesque appearance from the sea. It is a single rugged mountain ridge, broken into several striking peaks with wooden ravines running down between them to the sea shore. The harbor is one of the finest in the world. The harbor and its inlets swarm with fish of many finds, and the Hong Kong fish market is one of the best in the East. The number of fishing boats frequenting the harbor and bays on Hong Kong is estimated at 3,000; the families all live on board their boats, and it is said, reach a total of 30,000 souls. Hong Kong is a British Crown Colony, with a Governor and Council. Government House is about 150 feet above the town, surrounded by private grounds, and a public garden beautifully situated and charmingly laid out. Hong Kong is virtually two towns. In one the European merchants and their clerks, with the military and navel forces, live; in the other the Chinese. There are 8,000 population in the one, 160,000 in the other, and the smaller population covers the most ground. Two leading thoroughfares, Queen’s Road, and the Praya or Quay, run through both quarters. The Queen’s Road contains the shops, clubs, banks, and hotels, the Praya the merchants’ offices and warehouses, with wharves and jetties innumerable. China town consists of three or four good wide thoroughfares, parallel with the Praya, out of which wander narrow filthy lanes, swarming with people of all ages and both sexes, and suggesting a very maggoty, moldy cheese more than anything else. The people are rough, brutal, uncivil, villainous - looking, in marked contrast to the charming and delightful population of Japan. The open shops and pleasant tradesmen there give way to grimy, dark little dens, the windows of which are covered with glass, it being unsafe to leave goods exposed to view, in Hong Kong thieves being not only abundant but universal, while escaping in the crowded streets is certain and easy. The Hong Kong shops are famous emporiums for Chinese curiosities, and here one may purchase silk and satin embroideries, filigree work, pipes, gold bangles, and earrings, sandal wood boxes and fans, carved ivory, carved walking - sticks, carved horns, tortoise - shell work, and dead birds of wonderful plumage; the workmen who are manipulating these various articles sitting in the window to be stared at by the passers by. The average rate of wages for labor in Hong Kong is very low. Domestic servants, all male $1.10 a week without food; $.30 per week with food. Chinese workmen at trades $.85 with food. Day laborers $.15 per day; blacksmiths $.50; carpenders $.32; masons and bricklayers $.30. The currency of Hong Kong is the Mexican Silver Dollar and a colonial silver currency of 20, 10 and 5 Cent pieces. There is about four millions of paper money issued by three banks. The Chinese are terrible thieves, nearly 17,000 persons were brought before the police magistrates in 1886 for various offenses, larceny and unlawful possession being the majority; about 400 for drunkenness, piracy, and kidnapping. Burglary, highway robbery, and assaults make up most of the balance. It must, however, be borne in mind that many of these criminals ought to be in Canton Prison instead of Hong Kong. Trip Around the World by W.S.Caine, London, 1888.



1863 - TEN CENTS - REVERSE

====================================================================== HONG KONG, BRITISH CROWN COLONY of LONDON MINT ====================================================================== TEN CENTS 18MM .800 FINE 2.71 GRAMS ======================================================================

======================================================================

1863 1864 1865 1866 1873

100,000 200,000 550,000 300,000 196,987

FOOTNOTE: Hong Kong has suffered from a terrible calamity. On September 18, 19 and 20, 1906 two of those terrible tropical windstorms of mysterious origin, known as typhoons, bore down upon the island port of Hong Kong and caused great destruction of life and property. The American Consul General Wilder, at that city announced that five thousand lives had been lost and twenty million dollars worth of property destroyed, including the absolute loss of thirty steamers. American Monthly Review of Reviews, 1906. ======================================================================

¿OV: Crowned head of Victoria, facing left VICTORIA left, QUEEN right (10 Pearls in right arch of crown for mintmark). ÀRV: Around a center dot, Chinese characters (Hsiang Chiang I Hao = Hong Kong one tenth) within a circle of pearls, v (rosette of nine dots), HONG - KONG v(rosette of nine dots) above, TEN CENTS DATE below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (10 Pearls in right arch of crown) = The Royal Mint, LONDON DESIGNER: William Wyon TYPE: II - 10 pearls in right arch of crown REFERENCE: Y-4, KM-6.1

1863

10 pearl crown

FOOTNOTE: There is a Hong Kong proof ten cents dated 1863 with plain edge.

Map of Hong Kong ======================================================================


====================================================================== HONG KONG, BRITISH CROWN COLONY of LONDON MINT ====================================================================== TEN CENTS 18MM .800 FINE 2.71 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1879 1881 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901

288,000 300,000 550,000 960,000 3,120,000 2,100,000 2,440,858 7,027,454 4,026,700 1,500,000 6,150,000 5,500,000 11,250,000 16,750,000 19,000,000 16,500,000 23,500,000 29,500,000 33,841,564 7,758,436 25,000,000


¿OV: Crowned head of Victoria, facing left VICTORIA left, QUEEN right (11 Pearls in right arch of crown for mintmark).

======================================================================

ÀRV: Around a center dot, Chinese characters (Hsiang Chiang I Hao = Hong Kong one tenth) within a circle of pearls, v (rosette of nine dots), HONG - KONG v (rosette of nine dots) above, TEN CENTS DATE below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (11 pearls in right arch of crown) = The Royal Mint, LONDON DESIGNER: William Wyon TYPE: I - 11 Pearls in right arch of Crown REFERENCE: Y-4, KM-6.3 POPULATION: Hong Kong - 1900 - 283,975 ======================================================================

1888

11 pearl crown

====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: Hong Kong itself is openly permitted by the British authorities to be made a depot, and the harbor of Victoria a roadstead for receiving-ships for opium. Opium enervates, demoralizes, and destroys, the subjects of a nation with whom the British are united by commercial treaty. The conduct of the colonial government at Hong Kong is highly reprehensible, in permitting the colony to be made a depot for this bane of China. Sears New and Complete History of China, New York, 1850.


Chinaman with opium pipe



1902 - TEN CENTS - REVERSE

====================================================================== HONG KONG, BRITISH CROWN COLONY of LONDON MINT ====================================================================== TEN CENTS 18MM .800 FINE 2.71 GRAMS ======================================================================

======================================================================

1902 1903 1904 1905

18,000,000 25,000,000 30,000,000 33,487,270

rare

¿OV: Crowned bust of Edward VII, facing right EDWARD VII left, KING & EMPEROR right / Des. under bust. ÀRV: Around a center dot, Chinese characters (Hsiang Chiang I Hao = Hong Kong one tenth) within a circle of pearls, v (rosette of seven dots), HONG - KONG v (rosette of seven dots) above, TEN CENTS DATE below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = The Royal Mint, LONDON DESIGNER: Des. = George William DeSaulles REFERENCE: Y-11, KM-13 FOOTNOTE: The population of Hong Kong, excluding the Military and Naval establishments (4,463 and 2,513 respectively) and that portion of the new territory outside New Kowloon, was according to the 1911 census, as follows: Chinese 854,187, European and American 8,074, other nationalities 3,884. The currency of the Colony consists of notes of the Hong Kong and Shanghai Bank, the Chartered Bank of India, Australia and China, and the Mercantile Bank of India,Ltd. and British, Hong Kong, and Mexican dollars and subsidiary coins. The British Dollar is 416 grains of silver, 90 fine as compared with 417.74 grains of 902.7 fineness of the Mexican dollar. The circulation of foreign copper coin was prohibited in 1912 and similar action is being taken regard to foreign silver and nickel coins and bank notes. The Statesman's Year-Book, London 1916.

Edward VII King & Emperor ======================================================================

FOOTNOTE: Hong Kong was one of the British colonies which issued a 10 CENTS paper note in 1941.


====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: Hong Kong, an island off the S.E. coast of China belonging to the British, at the mouth of the estuary that leads to Canton, from which it is distant 75 miles. It is about 10 miles in extreme length, and 7 1/2 miles in extreme breath, separated from the mainland by a narrow strait, and with Cowloon on the mainland form a Crown Colony, area 32 sq. miles. The island consists almost entirely of barren rocks, which rise to heights of 1000 to 2000 feet, and is almost destitute of vegetation. Good water, however, is abundant. On the north side of the island, on a splendid harbor, is Victoria, the chief town of the island and center of its commerce. It is well laid out with handsome streets, and has a Cathedral, a Bishop’s Palace, a Government-House, Court-House, etc.; while handsome residences of the merchants are scattered about the town and its suburbs. Hong Kong is a great entrepot for the foreign commerce of China, and is a free port without customs’ dues. It is also a station of the British Fleet. The revenue of the Government is derived from the land rents, licenses to sell opium, spirits,etc.,taxes, postage, fines, fees of office, etc. The prosperity of the Colony is chiefly owing to the presence of large numbers of Chinese, engaged in trade or in working the building-stone, which is one of the principal products of the island. Population 1891 - 221,441, more than nine-tenths being Chinese. New Cabinet Cyclopaedia, Phila., 1896. FOOTNOTE: The subsidiary coinage of Hong Kong during the reign of Edward VII reflects the changes in the price of silver “Which had reached an all-time low of 46 5/8 U.S. cents per ounce in 1902, and had begun to rise and continued fairly steadily upward to a high point of 71 5/8 U.S. cents per ounce at the end of 1906.” The 10 cents 1905 Hong Kong of Edward VII was minted in London with mintage of 33,487,270, most of which were melted as the bullion content exceeded the denomination. Because of the lack of ‘small money’ and the premium on bank notes which reached 3 1/ 2 percent in 1908, the Colony turned to a “chit” system. In the “chit” system it takes three months to establish your identity. There after all your purchases are signed for by I.O.U.’s, or “chits”, which are torn out of the merchant’s stub book. No one carries the money of the British or Chinese realms, which happens to be Mexican silver, - it is too heavy. Even at the hotel bars, you do not pay for your liquor when it is drawn for you, for obliging Sam Lin, whose legend is that “Heaven’s smile, like his own, is wide,” hands you an account-book in which you are asked to make your own entry. On the irregularity of the writing, when the chit is presented, hangs many a tale. Once a month, the various merchants bring these signed chits to your hong comprador or cashier, who deducts them from your wages or account, and the balance is brought to you, together with the canceled chits thus every firm's cashier acts as the private banker of the employee. No interest is allowed or charged, but if it were the credit would be on the side of the patient, kindly Chinese. The compradors are of course heavily bonded to the firms or companies. The word “hong” literally is a row, and was first applied in the old days to the dreary line of windows in the foreign warehouses at Whompoa, near Canton. It is now used to cover a firm, as well as its building. In 1934 China abandoned the Silver Standard, forcing Hong Kong to do the Same. The Chinese by J.S.Thompson, Indianapolis, 1909.

FOOTNOTE: The entire waterfront is alive with little houseboats, these sampans, where thousands of Hong Kong Chinese families live - born there, grow up there, die there. A Globegadder's Diary, Ralph Parlette, Chicago, 1927.

======================================================================

Hong Kong street scene 1926 ====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: "Is there opium smoking here?" I asked the Hindu policeman on the busy shopping-street, Queens Road. All of us naturally think about this after having read so often about it. That original Aryan stuck an attitude of injured innocence. I shriveled and expected to be arrested for insulting the British Empire. "Opium is not allowed, and you cannot see it or buy it anywhere in Hong Kong." But as I still listened to his denunciations of the nefarious thing, a little weazened-faced Chinese spoke up at my side, right into the face of the empire's defender. "You wont opium, want see opium-smoke? I take you." I was frozen with fear. Now we would both be arrested. But the Chinese, who looked like an evaporated peach, with a "smile that was childlike and bland," had no more regard for the policeman than for a fly on his sleeve, though he was twice as big. "Come on with me to opium-place." And I followed him. He asked me a dollar "Mex" - you know the silver dollar of China is the Mexican dollar worth around 50 cents. He took me right away from the un-opposing and non-inquisitive officer, up a couple of narrow hill streets and then into a side alley. We went thru a hallway into a back-court, then up two rickety flights of stairs, where after much knocking and exchange of Chinese language, a door was opened about wide enough for me to slip past the Chinese man who held it. I was welcomed into a room where there were some long counters ranged along the wall on one side, these covered with straw matting, and Chinamen lying on them. They had little oil-lamps and long pipes with the little metal bowls I had so often seen in the pictures of what's the matter with China. The guide took me to one man who was "rolling the pill." He let me see him prepare for his ethereal jag. Out of a little wooden box he took a pellet of the dark, soft opium and rolled it on a needle. This he held over the flame of the lamp, "cooking the pill." Then he packed this pellet into the bowl of the pipe, and as he lay there he held the bowl downwards so the flame of the lamp entered it and again heated the pill. He then inhaled the smoke from the pellet and flame deeper and deeper into his lungs. A long time he inhaled and held the smoke in his lungs to get the precious kick out of all of it. One inhalation and the pill was done for. He next went to work cooking another pill and inhaling it the same way. They smoke as many pills as they can afford, or as are necessary to boost them into the particular heaven they wish to visit. Pretty soon he quit and lay down on the matting to commune with his narcotic angels. The little wooden box contains opium enough for about five pills, and the government sells it for two dollars, they said. If this is true, it would seem that the government is in the selling business and the policeman is in the denying business. My guide assured me that smoking opium is really a fine thing and good for the soul. "When you are tired with hard day work, mighty fine to smoke opium and rest." "Tonight I show you very fine opium place. Ladies and gents all go there and have grand time. I show you opium place." Which I didn't see. A Globegadder's Diary, Ralph Parlette, Chicago, 1927.



HUNGARY

======================================================================

====================================================================== HUNGARY, KINGDOM of KARLSBURG MINT ====================================================================== 10 KRAJCZAR 18MM .400 FINE 1.66 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1868 1869

1,011,508 2,747,272

LH-740 LH-741

¿OV: Head of Franz Joseph, facing right FERENCZ JOZSEF A. CSASZAR MAGYAR ORSZAG AP. KIRALYA (Ferencz Jozsef Ausztriai Csaszar Magyar Orszag Apostoli Kiralya = Francis Joseph Kaiser of Austria, Apostolic King of the Land of Hungary) around / G Y.F. (mintmark) under bust.

Hungarian Arms FOOTNOTE: With the independence of Hungary under the Duo Monarchy of Franz Joseph, their new national coinage was struck by two national mints; Karlsburg and Kremnitz. Each mint is listed in chronological order. Refer to Austria for the other Franz Joseph coinage. ====================================================================== HUNGARY, KINGDOM of KARLSBURG MINT ====================================================================== 10 KRAJCZAR 18MM .500 FINE 2.0 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1868

rare

¿OV: Head of Franz Joseph, facing right FERENCZ JOZSEF A. CSASZAR ORSZAG AP. KIRALYA (Ferencz Jozsef Ausztriai Csaszar Orszag Apostoli Kiralya = Francis Joseph Kaiser of Austria, Apostolic King of the Land of Hungary) around / G Y.F. (mintmark) under bust. ¿RV: VALTO PENZ (change money) / crown / 10 / KRAJCZAR / 1868 / small wreath of laurel. EDGE: Plain MINT: G Y.F. = (Gyulafehervar) KARLSBURG REFERENCE: Y-6,J-350, LH-737

¿RV: MAGYAR KIRALYI VALTO PENZ (Hungarian Kingdom change money) / crown / 10 / KRAJCZAR / DATE / small wreath of laurel. EDGE: Plain MINT: G Y.F. = (Gyulafehervar) KARLSBURG REFERENCE: Y-7, J-350A, KM-7.2 FOOTNOTE: The mintmark G Y.F. for Gyulafehervar was used only between 1868-71 by the Hungarian mint at Karlsburg, prior to this the mintmark for the Karlsburg was the letter E. ====================================================================== HUNGARY, KINGDOM of KARLSBURG MINT ====================================================================== 10 KRAJCZAR 18MM .400 FINE 1.66 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1870 1871

3,031,602 3,382,790

LH-752 LH-753

¿OV: Head of Franz Joseph, facing right FERENCZ JOZSEF I. K. A. CS. ES M. H. S. D. O. AP. KIR. (Ferencz Jozsef Isten Kegyelmebol Ausztriai Csaszar Es Magyarorszag Horvatorszag Szlavon Dalmat Orszag Apostoli Kiralya = Francis Joseph, by the Grace of God, Kaiser of Austria and Apostolic King of the Land of Hungary, Croatia, Slovakia, Delmatia) around / G Y.F. (mintmark) under bust. ¿RV: VALTO PENZ (change money) / crown / 10 / KRAJCZAR / DATE / small wreath of laurel. EDGE: Plain MINT: G Y.F. = (Gyulafehervar) KARLSBURG REFERENCE: Y-10, J-352, KM-10.2 FOOTNOTE: Francis Joseph Charles, Emperor of Austria, on June 8th, 1867 restored National Self-Government to Hungary and was declared King of that country. FOOTNOTE: The ruler of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy has the title of Emperor so far as concerns his Austrian dominions, but he is only King of Hungary.

Buda-Pesth, Capital of Hungary ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - HUNGARY - PAGE 278

1868 - 10 KRAJCZAR - OBVERSE

1868 - 10 KRAJCZAR - REVERSE

====================================================================== HUNGARY, KINGDOM of KREMNITZ MINT ====================================================================== 10 KRAJCZAR 18MM .500 FINE 2.0 GRAMS ======================================================================


1868

rare

1868 1869

¿OV: Head of Franz Joseph, facing right FERENCZ JOZSEF A. CSASZAR ORSZAG AP. KIRALYA (Ferencz Jozsef Ausztriai Csaszar Orszag Apostoli Kiralya = Francis Joseph Kaiser of Austria, Apostolic King of the Land of Hungary) around / K.B. (mintmark) under bust. ¿RV: VALTO PENZ (change money) / crown / 10 / KRAJCZAR / 1868 / small wreath of laurel. EDGE: Plain

3,249,975 12,746,767

LH-738 LH-739

¿OV: Head of Franz Joseph, facing right FERENCZ JOZSEF A. CSASZAR MAGYAR ORSZAG AP. KIRALYA (Ferencz Jozsef Ausztriai Csaszar Orszag Apostoli Kiralya = Francis Joseph Kaiser of Austria, Apostolic King of the Land of Hungary) around / K.B. (mintmark) under bust. ¿RV: MAGYAR KIRALYI VALTO PENZ (Hungarian Kingdom change money) / crown / 10 / KRAJCZAR / DATE / small wreath of laurel.

MINT: K.B. = (Kormocz Banya) KREMNITZ

EDGE: Plain

TYPE: Reverse - VALTO PENZ

MINT: K.B. = (Kormocz Banya) KREMNITZ

REFERENCE: Y-6, J-350, LH-736

TYPE: Reverse - MAGYAR KIRALYI VALTO PENZ

FOOTNOTE: The official name for Hungary - The Land of the Hungarian Crown - The Hungarian name of the country - Magyarorszag, meaning ‘Land of the Magyars’ (Hungarians).

REFERENCE: Y-7, J-350A, KM-7.1

FOOTNOTE: Kremnitz is a town in north-western Hungary, 15 miles north of Schemnetz, with gold and silver mines, which are worked to a considerable extent, in the vicinity. Banya is the Hungarian word for ‘mine’, thus Kormocz Banya’ stands for ‘Kremnitz mine’. The inhabitants of the town number 8,550. New Cabinet Cyclopaedia, Phila., 1896. FOOTNOTE: In 1867 a separate Constitution and Administration for Hungary was decreed, and on 8th June the Emperor Franz Joseph and Empress Elizabeth were Crowned King and Queen of Hungary with the utmost pomp, according to the ancient ceremonies of a Hungarian Coronation. New Cabinet Cyclopaedia, Phila., 1896.

Unloading grain at Buda-Pesth

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - HUNGARY - PAGE 279

1870 - 10 KRAJCZAR - OBVERSE

1870 - 10 KRAJCZAR - REVERSE


======================================================================

1870 1872 1873 1874 1875 1877 1887 1888

21,933,353 1,153,922 1,066,053 1,323,713 518,486 460,077 25,369 357,628

LH-742 LH-744 LH-745 LH-746 LH-748 LH-749 LH-750 LH-751

FOOTNOTE: The 10 Krajczar restrike from the Vienna mint in proof is identified with the ‚ (rosette) to the left of the Ferencz Jozsef inscription with the dates 1868 and 1870. The latter is shown on the next page. The reverse is displayed below. ======================================================================

¿OV: Head of Franz Joseph, facing right FERENCZ JOZSEF I. K. A. CS. ES M. H. S. D. O. AP. KIR. (Ferencz Jozsef Isten Kegyelmebol Ausztriai Csaszar Es Magyarorszag Horvatorszag Szlavon Dalmat Orszag Apostoli Kiralya = Francis Joseph, by the Grace of God, Kaiser of Austria and Apostolic King of the Land of Hungary, Croatia, Slovakia, Delmatia) around / K.B. (mintmark) under bust. ¿RV: VALTO PENZ (change money) / crown / 10 / KRAJCZAR / DATE / small wreath of laurel. EDGE: Plain MINT: K.B. = (Kormocz Banya) KREMNITZ REFERENCE: Y-10, J-352, KM-10.1 POPULATION: 1892 - 16,979,813 with capital Pesth with 422,557 inhabitants. (Buda is on the other side of the river). FOOTNOTE: Franz Karl Joseph, Archduke and Crown Prince of Austria-Hungary was the only son of Emperor Francis Joseph I, born 1858. He was a good linguist and wrote about his travels. In 1881 he married Stephanie, the daughter of the King of the Belgians. In 1889 he committed suicide at Meyerling, near Vienna.

1870 -10 KRAJCZAR restrick - reverse ======================================================================

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - HUNGARY - PAGE 280


HUNGARY

u

King Franz Joseph of HUNGARY proof restrike ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - HUNGARY - PAGE 281


INDIA & NATIVE STATES

======================================================================

======================================================================

1840 - 3 RUPEE - OBVERSE

1840 - 3 RUPEE - REVERSE

====================================================================== INDIA, British East India Company BOMBAY MINT ====================================================================== 3 RUPEE 19.5 MM .916 FINE 2.92 GRAMS ======================================================================

====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: The 3 rupee coinage listings start with the 1835 issue of the British East India Company from Calcutta and continue until independence in 1947. Arranged by the Royal branch mints of Bombay and Calcutta, and the Lahore mint built during World War II, followed by a few native Indian states which issued silver size coinage within the parameters of this work. This section is limited to British India, Baroda, Kutch, Mewar Udaipur, Navanager, and Portuguese India from the authors collection..

1840

10,617,480

frozen date

¿OV: Crowned bust of Victoria, facing left, VICTORIA QUEEN, above around. ¿RV: 3 / RUPEE / (Persian inscription = CHAHAR AANA = FOUR ANNAS) within laurel wreath tied with ribbon below, • (rosette) EAST INDIA COMPANY • (rosette), around / 1840. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = Royal Mint branch mints of, BOMBAY and CALCUTTA ENGRAVER: Major J.T.Smith, Mintmaster, Madras mint DESIGNER: William Wyon, Chief Engraver, Royal Mint, London TYPE: I - Continuous legend REFERENCE: Y-2, KM-453.1 FOOTNOTE: This type was struck with frozen date of1840 between 1842-1851 at both the Royal Mint branch mints of Bombay and Calcutta.

FOOTNOTE: Bombay - When the Portuguese, sailing up the Malabar coast, entered the little archipelago near its northern extremity, they fitly named their anchorage “Bom Bahia” or “Good Bay”, for few better harbors exist. Later when they deeded the island to the English Monarch as part of the Dower of their Princess, little did they dream that its paltry area of twenty-two square miles would eventually hold the finest city in the East, with a population of over eight hundred thousand souls. India - C.H.Forbes-Lindsay, Phila., 1903. FOOTNOTE: The European Period of Indian history lasted from 1757 to 1947 A.D. The Venetians, the Genoese, the Portuguese and the Dutch had, by turns, traded with India. In 1602 the English appeared on the scene and for a long time the East India Company had a powerful hold upon the politics and commerce of India. Although founded for commerce, the Company was resolved to permanently establish English dominion in India. So well did the plan succeed that, by 1818, the British had become masters of most of India except the Punjab and Sind. After the Sepoy mutiny in 1857-58, the British Viceroys consolidated the dominion during a period of peace and progress. A Missionary Atlas, Harrisburg, Pa.,1950. FOOTNOTE: In 1852 with gold tending to depreciate, because of increased production, the government demonetized gold, leaving silver the sole legal tender of India.

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - INDIA - PAGE 282

====================================================================== INDIA, British Administration of BOMBAY MINT ====================================================================== 3 RUPEE 19.8 MM .916 FINE 2.92 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1862

11,389,760

frozen date

¿OV: Crowned bust of Victoria, facing left, VICTORIA, left QUEEN, right. ¿RV: 3 / RUPEE / INDIA / - / 1862 within flower design. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) 19.8MM = Royal Mint branch mint BOMBAY TYPE: I - frozen date struck 1862-1873 REFERENCE: Y-10, KM-470

1840 - 3 RUPEE - OBVERSE ====================================================================== INDIA, British East India Company BOMBAY MINT ====================================================================== 3 RUPEE 19.5MM .916 FINE 2.92 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1840 1849

8,519,480 u/m

frozen date proof only

¿OV: Crowned bust of Victoria, facing left, VICTORIA, left QUEEN, right / W.W. on truncation. ¿RV: 3 / RUPEE / (Persian inscription = CHAHAR AANA = FOUR ANNAS) within laurel wreath tied with ribbon below, • (rosette) EAST INDIA COMPANY • (rossette), around / DATE EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = Royal Mint branch mints of, BOMBAY and CALCUTTA DESIGNER: W.W. = William Wyon, Chief Engraver, Royal Mint TYPE: II - Divided legend REFERENCE: Y-2A, KM-454.3 FOOTNOTE: Divided legend issues were struck at both mints; Bombay - 8,519,480 and Calcutta - 32,012,400 with no mintmark, with frozen date between 1851-1862. FOOTNOTE: The 1849 proof was struck with W.W. incise and W.W. raised only for William Wyon the designer. The S incised on truncation was struck at the Madras mint, no initial for the Calcutta and Bombay mints. FOOTNOTE: Rupee is derived from the Sanskrit word “rupa” which means cattle.

FOOTNOTE: Starting with the 1874 issue, the three British India mints struck the 3 Rupee on different size flans; 19.2 MM = Calcutta, 19.8 MM = Bombay and 20.0 MM = Madras The Madras issues are not included in this catalog. FOOTNOTE: The official language of India during the period of Mughal rule was Persian and it continued to enjoy the official status under the East India Company administration next to English. The Persian inscription on the 3 rupee (English denomination) was chahar aana for four-annas, which the people called char anna or chavanni. One rupee was equal to 16 annas, twelve pies or four pice make one anna, with three pies equal to one pice. FOOTNOTE: The price of silver began to fall in 1873 and silver reached its low point in 1876. To the mass of the people in India the fall in exchange did not make very much difference. Internal prices did not rise greatly, and imported goods, the price of which did rise, were not used to any great extent by the peasants. This affected only the wealthier classes and the resident Englishman in government service or in trade who received his salary in rupees and desired to send part of it to England for his family. Silver Money, 1939. ====================================================================== INDIA, British Administration of BOMBAY MINT ====================================================================== 3 RUPEE 19.8MM .916 FINE 2.92 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1874

1,612,000

¿OV: Crowned bust of Victoria, facing left, VICTORIA, left QUEEN, right. ¿RV: 3 / RUPEE / INDIA / - / 1874 / • (dot mintmark) within flower design. EDGE: Reeded MINT: • (dot) = Royal Mint branch mint BOMBAY TYPE: II - Dot mintmark REFERENCE: Y-10, KM-470




====================================================================== INDIA, British Administration of BOMBAY MINT ====================================================================== 3 RUPEE 19.8 MM .916 FINE 2.92 GRAMS ======================================================================

======================================================================

1875 1876

5,238,840 1,427,440

¿OV: Crowned bust of Victoria, facing left, VICTORIA, left QUEEN, right. ¿RV: 3 / RUPEE / INDIA / - / DATE within flower design. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark), 19.8MM = Royal Mint branch mint BOMBAY TYPE: II - No mintmark REFERENCE: Y-10, KM-470

FOOTNOTE: INDIA, formerly the name Hindustan was frequently used instead of India, as reference to the land of the Hindus, located in the north central part of India. It is now known officially as the Empire of India. FOOTNOTE: On January 1, 1877 Queen Victoria of Great Britain was proclaimed Empress of India by Act of Parliament. A Dunbar held at Delhi, India proclaimed the Queen of England, Empress of India. ====================================================================== INDIA, BRITISH EMPIRE of BOMBAY MINT ====================================================================== 3 RUPEE 19.1-19.7 MM .916 FINE 2.92 GRAM ====================================================================== 1877 1879 1881 1882 1883

883,760 u/m 1,444,360 2,775,160 183,560

proof only

¿OV: Crowned bust of Victoria, facing left, VICTORIA, left EMPRESS, right. ¿RV: 3 / RUPEE / INDIA / DATE / • (dot mintmark) within flower design. EDGE: Reeded MINT: • (dot mintmark below open lotus) = Royal Mint branch mint BOMBAY TYPE: I - Dot mintmark REFERENCE: Y-21, KM-490


1887 B - 3 RUPEE - OBVERSE

1887 B - 3 RUPEE - REVERSE

====================================================================== INDIA, BRITISH EMPIRE of BOMBAY MINT ====================================================================== 3 RUPEE 19.1-19.7 MM .916 FINE 2.92 GRAMS ======================================================================

======================================================================

1884 1885 1886 1887 1888

1,709,160 1,117,880 1,683,600 4,421,760 2,227,720

B relief mintmark for Bombay

¿OV: Crowned bust of Victoria, facing left, VICTORIA, left EMPRESS, right. ¿RV: (B relief mintmark at top)/ 1/4 / RUPEE / INDIA / DATE / within flower design. EDGE: Reeded MINT: B relief = Royal Mint branch mint BOMBAY TYPE: II - B relief mintmark REFERENCE: Y-21, KM-490 FOOTNOTE: 3 RUPEE A DAY - The wheat question is a growing one in British India, and the American farmers and business men must not lose sight of the fact. The Indiaman doesn’t eat much wheat himself, but he is very glad to raise it, since it brings him ready money. The soil is very fine for wheat, the climate excellent; and as for labor, the wages of twenty-five farm laborers is not in excess of that of one good farm hand in the States. More than this, on his (3 rupee) four or five annas a day he not only works but boards himself, - less than ten cents a day and finds his own bed and board! Talk about Chinese cheap labor: a Chinaman can get pretty low on the scale of cheap living, but the Indian coolies will so far discount his wages that the pigtailed fellow can’t get a foothold there. India is not so far from the bread-markets of Europe as California or Dakota. Twenty-eight days sea-voyage places Indian wheat in Liverpool, eighteen in southern Europe. A Girdle Round the Earth by D.N.Richardson, Chicago 1888.


1890 B - 3 RUPEE - OBVERSE

1890 B - 3 RUPEE - REVERSE


======================================================================

1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1897 1898

4,297,520 458,960 883,320 4,058,680 4,602,720 1,534,240 2,384,920 4,948,792

B incise mintmark for Bombay ======================================================================

¿OV: Crowned bust of Victoria, facing left, VICTORIA, left EMPRESS, right. ¿RV: (B incised mintmark at top)/ 3 / RUPEE / INDIA / DATE / within flower design. EDGE: Reeded MINT: B incised = Royal Mint branch mint BOMBAY TYPE: III - incised mintmark REFERENCE: Y-21, KM-490

Tiger hunt in India in 1850

East India House, London

FOOTNOTE: The Population of Bombay - 1891 - 822,000 inhabitants. The census reported March 1901 shows the city of Bombay with 770,000 inhabitants, a decrease in the past ten years, mainly due to the exodus of the last two months on account of the plague. Partial returns from rural districts show terrible decreases in population through famine. History for Ready Reference, J.N.Larner, Springfield, Ma. 1901.





======================================================================

1912 1913 1914 1915 1925 1928 1936

2,200,290 2,276,389 7,948,774 2,096,453 4,007,110 4,023,198 9,864,211

frozen date

¿OV: Crowned head of George V, facing left, GEORGE V KING EMPEROR, around. ¿RV: 3 / RUPEE / INDIA / DATE / Persian denomination (CHAHAR AANA = FOUR ANNAS) within inner circle, flower design around / • (dot mintmark) below.

Dot mintmark for Bombay ====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: The issue dated 1936 was struck during 1936-1938 with frozen date..

EDGE: Reeded MINT: • (dot mintmark below open lotus) = Royal Mint branch mint BOMBAY REFERENCE: Y-43, KM-518 POPULATION: India - Census of March 10, 1911 316,019,846 with Delhi the capital with 232,837 inhabitants and Bombay with 979,445 inhabitants. FOOTNOTE: Gold is hoarded in India by all classes of people, as a reserve against famine. The wealthy princes have accumulated enormous sums. In 1925 it was estimated the India’s hoarded gold amounted to 2 2 billion dollars and its silver hoarding in various forms to 2 : billion dollars. The net recorded imports of gold India from to 1930 totaled 2.8 billion dollars. World Almanac, 1939 New York.

Street in Bombay 1850




====================================================================== INDIA, BRITISH EMPIRE of BOMBAY MINT ====================================================================== 3 RUPEE 19.0 MM .916 FINE 2.92 GRAMS ======================================================================

======================================================================

1939

6,770,000

¿OV: Small head of George VI, facing left, GEORGE VI KING EMPEROR, around / • (dot) under bust. ¿RV: 3 / .RUPEE. / .INDIA. / - 1939 - / Persian denomination (CHAHAR AANA = FOUR ANNAS) within inner circle, flower design around / • (dot mintmark) below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: • (dot mintmark) = Royal Mint branch mint BOMBAY TYPE: Small head, .916 fine REFERENCE: Y-55, KM-544

FOOTNOTE: Sanskrit was an old language when Latin was still new. Hindu mythology says that it was the language of the Gods. Most Indian languages have absorbed large numbers of Sanskrit words. Under British rule, English was the court language of the country. There are not only 225 distinct languages and innumerable dialects spoken in India, but, to complicate matters, they are written in no less than eight scripts, some reading from right to left, and others from left to right. The following languages are spoken by five million or more people each; Eastern Hindi (Hindustani), Lahnda, Malayalan, Gujarati, Oriya, Kanarese, Rajasthani, Punjabi, Tamil, Marathi, Bihari, Telegu, Bangali, and Western Hindi or Urdu. A Missionary Atlas, Harrisburg,Pa.,1950 . ====================================================================== INDIA, BRITISH EMPIRE of BOMBAY MINT ====================================================================== 3 RUPEE 19.0 MM .500 FINE 2.92 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1940

24,635,272

¿OV: Small head of George VI, facing left, GEORGE VI KING EMPEROR, around / • (dot) under bust. ¿RV: 3 / • RUPEE • / • INDIA • / - 1940 - / Persian denomination (CHAHAR AANA = FOUR ANNAS) within inner circle, flower design around / • (dot mintmark) below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: • (dot mintmark) = Royal Mint branch mint BOMBAY TYPE: Small head, .500 fine

The Palace at Murshidabad







1940

28,946,956

¿OV: Large head of George VI, facing left, GEORGE VI KING EMPEROR, around / . (dot) under bust. ¿RV: 3 / • RUPEE • / • INDIA • / - 1940 - / Persian denomination (CHAHAR AANA = FOUR ANNAS) within inner circle, flower design around / • (dot mintmark) below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: • (dot mintmark below open lotus) = Royal Mint branch mint BOMBAY

1943 1944 1945

95,200,000 170,504,400 181,648,000

¿OV: Large head of George VI, facing left, GEORGE VI KING EMPEROR, around / • (dot) under bust. ¿RV: 1/4 / • RUPEE • / • INDIA • / - 1940 - / Persian denomination (CHAHAR AANA = FOUR ANNAS) within inner circle, flower design around / • (dot mintmark) below. EDGE: Security /.\./.\./

TYPE: Large head, reeded edge

MINT: • (dot mintmark below open lotus) = Royal Mint branch mint BOMBAY


REFERENCE: Y-55A. KM-547

FOOTNOTE: The Indian Empire extends over a territory larger than the continent of Europe. “British India” means all territories within the Governors’ Provinces and the Chief Commissioners’ Provinces; while “India” means British India, together with all territories of any Indian ruler under the suzerainty of His Majesty King George VI, all territories under the suzerainty of such Indian ruler, the tribal areas, and any other territories which His Majesty in Council may from time to time, declare to be part of India.

1929 - the first England-India air mail

TYPE: Large head, security edge

1911 New Delhi capital of India


====================================================================== INDIA, BRITISH EMPIRE of BOMBAY MINT ====================================================================== 3 RUPEE 19.0 MM .500 FINE 2.92 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1944

included with Y-55A

¿OV: Large head of George VI, facing left, GEORGE VI KING EMPEROR, around / • (dot) under bust. ¿RV: 3 / .RUPEE. / .INDIA. / - 1940 - / Persian denomination (CHAHAR AANA = FOUR ANNAS) within inner circle, flower design around / — (mintmark) below. EDGE: Security /.\./.\./ MINT: — (diamond) = Royal Mint branch mint BOMBAY TYPE: Large head, security edge, diamond mintmark REFERENCE: Y-55B, KM-547 ======================================================================

1945 - 3 RUPEE - REVERSE ====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: The security edge which was rather complex in structure and hence difficult to forge was introduced as a deterrent against counterfeiting. It comprised of round embossed dots placed in between short oblique strokes in a groove along the center of the edge of the coin. The groove had closely grained edges on either side. The security edge was used by the Bombay mint and the Lahore mint between 1943-1945.

1944 Diamond mintmark for Bombay ====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: 1921-24 The Non-co-operation movement instituted by Mahatma Gandhi, causes grave unrest in India.

======================================================================

Nationalist followers of Gandhi

1944 - 3 RUPEE - REVERSE ======================================================================

FOOTNOTE: The early years of the twentieth century were disturbed by the rising tide of Indian Nationalism but, on the outbreak of World War I, India gave allegiance to the Allies. In 1920 Gandhi started his policy of non-cooperation. The Round Table Conference in London, in 1931, closed with a pledge of Indian autonomy. Some progress was made toward this end, but members of India’s Congress Party opposed entering the War (1939) and withdrew from participation in the Government in the Government. In August, 1942, their leaders were interned; however, over two million Indians joined the Colors in World War II. In 1946 when the interned political leaders of India were released negotiations were again opened for Home Rule. The Moslem League insisted on founding Pakistan, a separate country designed to embrace those Provinces where Moslems are in the majority. Despite the factions in the country, the British Government announced its plan to withdraw from India. On August 15, 1947, after nearly 200 years of British rule, and after more than forty years of India’s struggle for Independence, the transfer of power took place, and the Union Jack was replaced by the National Flags of India and Pakistan. A Missionary Atlas, Harrisburg,Pa.1950.




====================================================================== EAST INDIA COMPANY CALCUTTA MINT ===================================================================== 3 RUPEE 19.0 MM .916 FINE 2.92 GRAMS ======================================================================

======================================================================

1835

u/m

frozen date struck 1835-1840

¿OV: Head of William IIII, facing right WILLIAM left IIII, above KING. right / F on trunction. ¿RV: 3 / RUPEE / Persian inscription (Chahar aana = Four Annas) within laurel wreath tied with ribbon below, z (ten point rosette) EAST INDIA COMPANY z (ten point rosette) around / 1835 • (dot).

FOOTNOTE: The rupee series starting in 1835 was struck 11/12 fine which in a decimal is shown as .916 fine parts of silver. FOOTNOTE: Rupee is the name of a silver coin current in India, of the value of 2 shillings, the word is a corruption of the Sanskrit ‘rupya’. In 1835 the coinage of the East India Company was entirely remodeled, and a coin, thenceforth termed the company’s rupee, with its proportionate subdivisions, was struck to replace all the former currencies, being of the same weight and fineness throughout, and bearing inscriptions in English, or on one face the head and name of the reigning sovereign of Great Britain and Ireland, and on the reverse the designation of the coin in English and Persian, with the words “East India Company” in English... Library of Universal Knowledge, American Book Exchange, N.Y., 1880.

MINTMASTER: F = Major General William Nairn Forbes, Mintmaster Calcutta mint 1836-1855.

FOOTNOTE: ‘Sailor King’, a title popularly conferred upon William IIII of England, who entered the Navy in 1779, at fourteen years of age, and continued in the service till 1827, having passed from the rank of Midshipman to that of Captain by regular promotion, and thence by a merely formal ascent to that of Admiral of the Fleet in 1801, and that of Lord High Admiral in 1827. Complete Compendium of Universal Knowledge, Phila, 1891.

REFERENCE: C-301, KM-448.3

======================================================================

EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = Royal Mint branch mint CALCUTTA

The Coins of the British Commonwealth of Nations Part 4 India Volume 2: Uniform Coinage - East India Company 1835-58, Imperial period 1858-1947 by F. Pridmore, London 1980. FOOTNOTE: Types of this issue include; no designer initial, F raised and F incised, no dot after date with no initial, F incised and R.S. incised for Robert Saunders. FOOTNOTE: Classic patterns have been followed in the public buildings of Calcutta, sometimes very closely, as in the case of the Calcutta mint, which is a reduced model of the Temple of Minerva at Athens. India by C.H.Forbes-Lindsay, Phila.,1903.

Calcutta in 1850 ======================================================================


====================================================================== INDIA, BRITISH EMPIRE of CALCUTTA MINT ====================================================================== 3 RUPEE 19.5 MM .916 FINE 2.92 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1840

12,994,320


¿OV: Crowned bust of Victoria, facing left, VICTORIA QUEEN, above around. ¿RV: 3 / RUPEE / (Persian inscription = CHAHAR AANA = FOUR ANNAS) within laurel wreath tied with ribbon below, • (rosette) EAST INDIA COMPANY • (rosette), around / 1840 • (dot). EDGE: Reeded MINT: c (crescent mintmark top left of ribbon) = Royal Mint branch mint CALCUTTA ENGRAVER: Major J.T.Smith, Mintmaster, Madras mint DESIGNER: William Wyon, Chief Engraver, Royal Mint TYPE: I - Continuous legend REFERENCE: Y-2, KM-453.1

Black hole of Caluctta - 1756 imprisionment of Eupopeans ====================================================================== INDIA, BRITISH EMPIRE of CALCUTTA MINT ====================================================================== 3 RUPEE 19.5 MM .916 FINE 2.92 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1840


¿OV: Crowned bust of Victoria, facing left, VICTORIA, left QUEEN, right / W.W. raised on trunction.

====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: During the first half of the nineteenth century, the East India Company had pushed its conquests and annexed one after another of the Native States, until the whole peninsula from the Ganges to the Indus was brought under the British Crown. Railways were built connecting the ports with the interior, telegraph lines were carried through the country, and its rich resources were brought within reach of English trade. In 1840-41 East India Company coinage with the bust of Victoria were struck in silver denominations of rupee, 2 rupee, 3 rupee and 2 anna. As the rule of the East India Company continued the prejudices of the natives were contemptuously ignored. Hindus were forced to serve in the British Army, and were even sent overseas to fight in Burma and in China for the English. The people grew restless and resentful. They cherished a tradition that the rule of the East India Company would last one hundred years, and eagerly awaited the centennial anniversary of the Battle of Plassey. The spark that set flame to the smoldering discontent was a rumor that the native troops were to be forced to accept Christianity. On May 7, 1857 the Sepoys mutinied, slew their English Officers, and declared the aged Mogul Prince to be Emperor of India. Within a few days they got possession of Delhi, the ancient Capital, and other principal towns of the interior. Many of the English residents were massacred. Not even the women and children escaped the fury of the frenzied natives. The government, taken by surprise, was utterly unable to check the revolt until reinforcements were sent from England. Then superior discipline and generalship began to show. Delhi was taken after a three month siege (June 9 to September 20), the poor Emperor of India was made prisoner, and his sons and principal adherents were shot. The exasperated English dealt out terrible punishment to the rebels. With the revolt finally suppressed, steps were taken to reform the government and the East India Company was abolished, and India was brought under the direct administration of the Crown. Queen Victoria was proclaimed Empress of India in 1876. The title was granted to her by Act of Parliament and on May 1, 1876 Queen Victoria joined the other three European Heads of States with Imperial titles; the Tsar of Russia, the Emperor of Austria and the Emperor of Germany, the father-in-law of her eldest daughter Vicky. British India coinage dated 1877 with the Crowned head of Victoria were struck in Bombay and Calcutta with the inscription - Victoria Empress. At home it was not until the design by Sir Thomas Block known as the “Veiled Head” engraved in 1893 by Chief Engraver George William deSaulles that the title IND.IMP was added to the Queens titles denoting Empress of India as shown on the Great Britain 4 Pence of Y-41 in the study. Under a government entrusted to English officials great attention was given to agricultural improvement. Swamps were drained, jungles cleared and desert areas made fertile by irrigation. Internal transportation was increased, so that grain could be carried to districts where it was needed. Not all of these precautions were sufficient to prevent disastrous famines. General failure of crops as in 1897 brought millions of people to the verge of starvation and forced the government to provide whole Provinces with food.

¿RV: 3 / RUPEE / (Persian inscription = CHAHAR AANA = FOUR ANNAS) within laurel wreath tied with ribbon below, • (rosette) EAST INDIA COMPANY • (rosette), around / 1840 EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = Royal Mint branch mint CALCUTTA DESIGNER: W.W. = William Wyon, Royal Mint TYPE: II - Divided legend REFERENCE: Y-2A, KM-453.2 FOOTNOTE: No dot after date; W.W. raised, W.W.S. raised, and W.W. incised = Calcutta mint. (dot after date = Bombay mint).

Calcutta 1850




====================================================================== INDIA, BRITISH EMPIRE of CALCUTTA MINT ====================================================================== 3 RUPEE 19.2 MM .916 FINE 2.92 GRAMS ======================================================================

======================================================================

1862 1874 1875 1876

19,412,200 5,444,480 2,796,640 6,457,480


¿OV: Crowned bust of Victoria, facing left, VICTORIA, left QUEEN, right. ¿RV: 3 / RUPEE / INDIA / - / DATE within flower design. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark, 19.2MM) = Roya Mintl branch mint CALCUTTA DESIGNER and ENGRAVER: L.C.Wyon, Royal Mint REFERENCE: Y-10, KM-470 Hundred Years of Indian Coinage by Dr.K.N.Sharif, Bangalore,India 1979, Nineteenth and Twentieth Century Coins of India by D.Chakravarty, Calcutta, India,1979.

Victoria Empress of India ======================================================================

Mausoleum of Emperor Akbar

Fort St.George, Madras


1877 - Proclamation at Delhi of Queen Victoria as Empress of India

1878 - 3 RUPEE - OBVERSE ====================================================================== INDIA, BRITISH EMPIRE of CALCUTTA MINT ====================================================================== 1/4 RUPEE 19.2 MM .916 FINE 2.92 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1877 1878 1888

3,440,120 44,240 4,944,680

¿OV: Crowned bust of Victoria, facing left, VICTORIA, left EMPRESS, right. ¿RV: 3 / RUPEE / - / INDIA / DATE within flower design. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark, 19.2MM) = Royal Mint branch mint CALCUTTA

====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: Calcutta (Landing place of the Goddess Kali), Capital of British India and Bengal; is situated about 80 miles from the sea, on the left bank of the Hooghly, a branch of the Ganges, navigable up to the city for large vessels. The river opposite the city varies in breath from about two furlongs to three-quarters of a mile. The city extends along the bank for about four miles and a half, and with a breadth of about a mile and a half, the entire site of Calcutta proper being about 8 sq.miles. Adjacent to the city itself, however are extensive suburbs, which include the large town of Howrah on the opposite side of the Hooghly, connected with Calcutta by a pontoon bridge. The houses of the south or British quarter of Calcutta are of brick, elegantly built, and many of them like palaces, in striking contrast with the northern quarter occupied by the natives, the ‘Pettah or black town’, which has narrow, crooked, and ill-built streets. The city is encompassed by a spacious way called the Circular Road. On the west side is an extensive quay about 2 miles long, called the Strand. At the north side, called the Esplanade, stands the Government House. Other edifices worth notice are the Town-Hall, Supreme Court, the Calcutta mint, and General Post Office. A tolerable good supply of filtered water from the Hooghly is furnished to the inhabitants; and a complete system of drainage has been constructed. Calcutta has an extensive system of internal navigation through the numerous arms and tributaries of the Ganges, and it almost monopolizes the external commerce of Bengal. There is a railway from Calcutta to Delhi, with branches on to Bombay. The principal exports are opium, cotton, rice, wheat, jute, gunny-bags, tea, indigo, seed, raw silk, etc. Of the imports the most important in respect of value are cotton goods. Salt is a considerable import. The native shops are in Bazaars in the narrow streets of the native town, the principal being Burra, and the old and new China Bazaars. At the end of the 17th century Calcutta was only a cluster of three mud villages; in 1891 it contained, with its suburbs, a population of 861,764. Cabinet Cyclopaedia, 1895.

TYPE: I - no mintmark REFERENCE: Y-21, KM-490

Water Front, Calcutta 1895

The Life of a British Officer





======================================================================

1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1896 1897 1898 1900 1901

2,463,030 821,010 3,244,120 612,280 2,870,720 3,596,040 1,024,080 7,086,800 6,493,880 6,056,010 2,018,670 7,286,760 u/m 6,483,960 6,434,560 9,464,200 5,884,440 1,329,760 1,605,820 4,475,593

======================================================================

proof only

¿OV: Crowned bust of Victoria, facing left, VICTORIA, left EMPRESS, right. ¿RV: 3 / RUPEE / - / INDIA / DATE / c (mintmark) within flower design. EDGE: Reeded MINT: c = Royal branch mint, CALCUTTA TYPE: II - c mintmark REFERENCE: Y-21, KM-490

Edward VII Emporor of India




====================================================================== INDIA, BRITISH EMPIRE of CALCUTTA MINT ====================================================================== 3 RUPEE 19.1-19.4 MM .916 FINE 2.92 GRAMS ======================================================================

======================================================================

1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910

7,060,180 10,026,132 6,299,742 10,671,940 11,464,000 7,083,812 u/m 8,024,000

FOOTNOTE: The population of Calcutta - 1901 - 1,121,664 and India - 294,863,556 including provinces; Burma, Assam, Agra, Ondh, Bombay, the Punjab, the N.W.Frontier Provinces, Madras, and British Baluchistan with total population of 231,899,507 and the Native States population of 62,964,049. FOOTNOTE: A magnificent Dunbar was held with great pomp and circumstance at Delhi on New Year’s Day 1903, to proclaim King Edward VII, Emperor of India.

proof only

¿OV: Head of Edward VII, facing right, EDWARD VII KING AND EMPEROR, around / DES. under bust. ¿RV: Crown at top / 3 / RUPEE / INDIA / Persian denomination (CHAHAR AANA = FOUR ANNAS) within lotus flowers left and right / DATE below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = Royal Mint branch mint CALCUTTA DESIGNER: DES. = George William DeSaulles REFERENCE: Y-32, KM-506 FOOTNOTE: The official method of expressing large sums in ‘tens’ of rupees, which is generally followed by modern works of reference...with the sign L...merely an abbreviation of rupees ten. The face value of the rupee is two shillings, and the signs L and £ (pound) would be interchangeable, but for the fact that the depreciation in silver has reduced the exchange value of the rupee to about one shilling in 1901.India by C.H.Forbes-Lindsay, Phila.,1903.

FOOTNOTE: The gold sovereign is the standard of India, but the rupee (U.S.$0.32445) in 1906 is the money of account, current at 15 to the sovereign. Director of U.S. Mint, April 1906. FOOTNOTE: On October 19, 1905 (future King George V) Prince of Wales, Duke of York, Duke of Cronwell and Earl of Chester, in company with the Princess of Wales, Victoria Mary of Teck, left London for a visit to India and landed at Bombay on November 9th. The tour was a great success and everywhere he was received with the greatest enthusiasm. At Calcutta he laid the foundation stone of the Victoria Memorial Hall and took part in many other important ceremonies in different parts of India. FOOTNOTE: The pig rupee and subsidiary coins dated 1911 were the result of new dies with the portrait of the new King George V following designs which had been prepared for a change in the coinage of Edward VII, showing the King in Royal robes with collar of the Most Eminent Order of the Indian Empire. A native rumor identified the animal hanging below the Order, as a pig which local religious sects found most distaseful and brought back memories of the Sepoy Mutiny. New dies were cut altering to more clearly depict an elephant, thus the 1911 issue is considered scarce as most of them were removed from circulation.

The re-engraved elephant ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - INDIA - PAGE 296

1916 - 3 RUPEE - OBVERSE ====================================================================== INDIA, BRITISH EMPIRE of CALCUTTA MINT ====================================================================== 3 RUPEE 19.3-19.5 MM .916 FINE 2.92 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1926 1929 1930 1934 1936

2,244,798 9,587,044 12,686,464 1,423,259 850,618 13,178,324 21,071,637 50,575,096 26,135,346 8,168,700 4,012,900 3,222,128 3,945,539 25,743,555

1916 - 3 RUPEE - REVERSE ====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: A most magnificent Dunbar, December 12, 1911 was held in honor of the accession George V as King of Great Britain and of the Dominions beyond the seas and Emperor of India. The King and Queen were present on this memorable occasion. Winstan’s Encyclopedia, 1918. FOOTNOTE: The latest census to be completed furnished much interesting information about the people of India. About 73 % of the people are engaged in agriculture out of a total population of 319,000,000, a gain of one and two-tenths per cent in a decade. This low rate of increase was after the epidemic of influenza in 1918 and 1919 which caused the loss of 12,000,000 people of India.

frozen date

¿OV: Crowned head of George V, facing left, GEORGE V KING EMPEROR, around. ¿RV: 3 / RUPEE / INDIA / DATE / Persian denomination (CHAHAR AANA = FOUR ANNAS) within inner circle, flower design around. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = Royal Mint branch mint CALCUTTA REFERENCE: Y-43, KM-517 POPULATION: Calcutta - Census of March 10, 1911 1,222,313 inhabitants. FOOTNOTE: The issue dated 1936 was struck during 1936-1938 with a frozen date 1936.

====================================================================== INDIA, BRITISH EMPIRE of CALCUTTA MINT ====================================================================== 3 RUPEE 19.0 MM .916 FINE 2.92 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1938 1939

u/m 3,071,555

proof only

¿OV: Small head of George VI, facing left, GEORGE VI KING EMPEROR, around / • (dot) under bust. ¿RV: 3 / • RUPEE • / • INDIA • / - DATE - / Persian denomination (CHAHAR AANA = FOUR ANNAS) within inner circle, flower design around. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = Roya Mintl branch mint CALCUTTA TYPE: Small head REFERENCE: Y-55, KM-544





======================================================================

1940 1942 1943

68,674,901 88,096,043 90,993,571

¿OV: Large head of George VI, facing left, GEORGE VI KING EMPEROR, around / • (dot) under bust. ¿RV: 3 / • RUPEE • / • INDIA • / - 1940 - / Persian denomination (CHAHAR AANA = FOUR ANNAS) within inner circle, flower design around. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = Royal Mint branch mint CALCUTTA TYPE: Large head, reeded edge

====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: The money of India is reckoned in rupees, annas, pice and pies. The pies resemble the U.S. one cent piece in size and appearance and are seldom seen in circulation, but are still mentioned in reckoning. Three pies make one pice; 12 pies or four pice make one anna; four anna or 3 rupee is the denomination listed here (dime size) and 16 annas equal one rupee. The anna is worth a little less than one and one half cents U.S. and the rupee about 21 cents in U.S. currency. ======================================================================

REFERENCE: Y-55A, KM-545 POPULATION: India - 1941 - 388,998,000 ======================================================================

Calcutta, India ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - INDIA - PAGE 298

1945L - 3 RUPEE - OBVERSE

1945L - 3 RUPEE - REVERSE

====================================================================== INDIA, BRITISH EMPIRE of LAHORE MINT ====================================================================== 3 RUPEE 19.0 MM .500 FINE 2.92 GRAMS ======================================================================

======================================================================

1943 1944 1945

23,700,000 86,400,000 29,750,953

¿OV: Large head of George VI, facing left, GEORGE VI KING EMPEROR, around / • (dot) under bust. ¿RV: 3 / .RUPEE. / .INDIA. / - DATE - / Persian denomination (CHAHAR AANA = FOUR ANNAS) within inner circle, flower design around / L (mintmark) below.

FOOTNOTE: The word “Pakistan” was coined a number of years ago by a Mohammedan student known as Chaudry Rahmatli. The letters of the word stand for the areas claimed for this independent Moslem state such as “P” for Punjab, “A” for Afghans, and “K” for Kashmir. “Pakistan” became a magic word among the Moslems. The Standard Quartely Review, 1942. FOOTNOTE: Lahore, capital of the Punjab, on the left bank of the Ravi, 265 miles north-west of Delhi. It covers an area of 640 acres, and is surrounded by a brick wall 16 feet high, flanked by bastions. The streets are extremely narrow, unpaved, and dirty; and the houses have in general a mean appearance. The European quarter lies outside the wall on the south, and dates from 1849. New Cabinet Cyclopaedia, Phila., 1986. ======================================================================

EDGE: Security /.\./.\./ MINT: L mintmark below open lotus = LAHORE TYPE: Large head, security edge REFERENCE: Y-55A, KM-547 FOOTNOTE: In late 1940, hoarding caused severe shortages of Indian coinage. A new mint was to be constructed near Calcutta, but the treat of a Japanese invasion caused the site to be moved to the north-west to Lahore. The Lahore mint commenced minting in May 1942 and produced over 140 million quarter rupee coins, denoted by a small L mintmark at 6 o’clock near the rim on the reverse. With the political independence in 1947 the Lahore mint became the Pakistan mint.

Map of India 1945 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - INDIA - PAGE 299

SAMVAT1951 - 4 ANNAS - OBVERSE

SAMVAT1951 - 4 ANNAS - REVERSE

======================================================================

======================================================================

====================================================================== INDIAN STATES - BARODA BOMBAY MINT ====================================================================== 4 ANNAS !7 MM .916 FINE 2.8 GRAMS ======================================================================

======================================================================

BARODA - INDIAN STATES

(1894) samvat 1951 (1895) 1952

KUTCH - INDIAN STATES

u/m u/m

¿OV: Head of Sayaji Rao III, facing right, inscription around. ¿RV: Inscription / (sward) / DATE in samvat, within wreath of laurel. EDGE: Plain MINT: (no mintmark) = Royal Mint branch mint BOMBAY REFERENCE: Y-34A FOOTNOTE: Baroda, a fortified city of Gujarat, India, capital of a District, and of the Native State of the same name. It is 248 miles north of Bombay. It stands on the Vishvomitri, which is here crossed by four stone bridges. The town has a splendid modern system of water works since 1892, supplied from a distance of 18 miles by the artificial lake covering 4.71 square miles. Baroda is the residence of the Gaikwar, a protected Mahratta Prince. In 1875 Sayaji Rao III replaced Malhar Rao, the preceding ruler, who was accused of misrule and oppression, and suspected of an attempt to poison the British Resident. The State has been tributary to Great Britain since 1802. Population of town, in 1891, 116,400. The area of State 8100 square miles. Population of Baroda State in 1891 2,414,400. New International Encyclopedia, 1910. FOOTNOTE: The rulers of Gwalior, Indore and Baroda are descendants of successful generals who rose to power from the ruins of the Moghul Empire in the 18th century.

SE 1940 - 1 KORI - OBVERSE AD 1883 in arabic ====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: The SE or Samvat Era or Vikrama Era commences from 57 B.C.


SE 1940 - 1 KORI - REVERSE AD 1883 in arabic

SE 1955 - 1 KORI - OBVERSE AD 1898 in arabic

====================================================================== INDIAN STATES - KUTCH BHUJ MINT ====================================================================== 1 KORI 16.5MM .610 FINE 4.6 GRAMS ======================================================================

======================================================================. INDIAN STATES - KUTCH BHUJ MINT ====================================================================== 1 KORI 16.5MM .610 FINE 4.6 GRAMS ======================================================================

1881 1882 1883 1883 1884 1885

SE 1938 SE 1939 SE 1939 SE 1940 SE 1941 SE 1941


¿OV: Symbols (trident, closed crescent and dagger) / Nagari inscription / SE DATE (= MAHA RAO SRI / KHENGARJI / SE DATE). ¿RV: Urdu inscription (VICTORIA KAISAR / HIND ZARB/ BHUJ arabic AD DATE = VICTORIA, EMPRESS / OF INDIA, STRUCK / IN BHUJ, AD DATE).

1894 1896 1897 1897 1898 1898 1899 1899 1900 1900 1901

SE 1950 SE 1952 SE 1953 SE 1954 SE 1954 SE 1955 SE 1955 SE 1956 SE 1956 SE 1957 SE 1957

u/m u/m u/m u/m u/m u/m u/m u/m u/m u/m u/m

¿OV: Symbols (trident, open crescent and dagger) / Nagari inscription / SE DATE (= MAHA RAO SRI / KHENGARJI / SE DATE).

EDGE: Plain ¿RV: Urdu inscription (VICTORIA KAISAR / HIND ZARB/ BHUJ arabic AD DATE = VICTORIA, EMPRESS / OF INDIA, STRUCK / IN BHUJ, AD DATE).

MINT: Bhuj = BHUJ TYPE: I - closed crescent

EDGE: Plain REFERENCE: Y-35 MINT: Bhuj = BHUJ FOOTNOTE: Bhuj was named after its founder, Bhuj, the capital of the Native State of Cutch (Kutch), India, situated at the foot of a fortified hill of the same name, about 35 miles from the sea. Its mosques and pagodas, interspersed with plantations of dates, gives to the town an imposing appearance from a distance...Bhuj is celebrated for its manufactures in gold and silver.

TYPE: II - open crescent REFERENCE: Y-35 POPULATION: Kutch - 1901 - 488,022 with Bhuj the capital with 26,362 inhabitants.

FOOTNOTE: Kaisar-i-hind, Hindustani for Empress of India, the title conferred on Queen Victoria in 1876 by Act of Parliament, and proclamation at Delhi. New Cabinet Cyclopaedia, Phila, 1896.




======================================================================

====================================================================== INDIAN STATES - KUTCH BHUJ MINT ====================================================================== 1 KORI 17MM .610 FINE 4.6 GRAMS ======================================================================

FOOTNOTE: In 1876 Maharaja Rao Khengarji III succeeded as reigning sovereign of Cutch. He was a keen advocate for education and especially the education of women. He founded museums, libraries and schools, and inaugurated scholarships ...When he appears in public, he alternately worships God in a Hindu pagoda and a Mahommedan mosque; and he fits out annually at Mandui a ship for the conveyance of pilgrims to Mecca, who are maintained during the voyage chiefly by the liberality of the Prince. Encyclopedia Britannica, 11th. Edition ,1910. FOOTNOTE: Cutch, a protected principality under the Presidency of Bombay, British India, occupying the peninsula south of Sind, between the marshy tracts of the Rann of Cutch and the Gulf of Cutch. It's soil is mostly sterile. The climate and meteorological conditions are extremely unfavorable for vegetation. The Rann is a morass nearly 7000 miles in area. It is flooded during the monsoon by salt water, but by December 1st it is comparatively dry. Cutch has a feudal system of government, the ruling power being confined to the Dynasty of Jharija Rajput, of which there are about 200 members. The chief town is Bhuj. New Imternational Encyclopedia, Phila., 1896.

1913 1923 1923 1927 1927

SE 1970 SE 1979 SE 1980 SE 1984 SE 1985

u/m u/m u/m u/m u/m

¿OV: Symbols (trident, open crescent and dagger) / SE DATE in Nagari, Nagari inscription. ( = MAHA RAO SRI KHENGARJI • KACHCHH • BHUJ = RAO KHENGARJI III, BHUJ, KACHCHH) ¿RV: Nagari inscription (KORI / BHUJ), Urdu inscription (GEORGE V KAISAR / HIND ZARB / BHUJ arabic AD DATE = GEORGE V, EMPEROR OF INDIA, STRUCK IN BHUJ, AD DATE). EDGE: Plain MINT: Bhuj = BHUJ REFERENCE: Y-51 FOOTNOTE: Cutch, a State in the west if India, lying to the south of Sind, under British protection; area, 6500 sq. miles. During the rainy season it is wholly inundated by water, the vast salt morass of the Rann separating it on the north and east from Sind and the Guicowar’s dominions. Its south side is formed by the Gulf of Cutch, and on the west it has the Arabian Sea. The date is the only fruit which thrives, and the principal exports are cotton and horses. The Rann of Cutch covers about 9000 square miles, and is dry during the greater part of the year. Population of the State of Cutch (1895) - 512,084. Cabinet Cyclopaedia, 1896.

Bhuj, Kutch from 1895 map ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - INDIA - PAGE 302



======================================================================

====================================================================== INDIAN STATES - KUTCH BHUJ MINT ====================================================================== 1 KORI 17MM .610 FINE 4.6 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1928 1929 1931 1931 1932 1932 1933 1933 1934 1934 1935 1935 1936

SE 1985 SE 1985 SE 1987 SE 1988 SE 1988 SE 1989 SE 1989 SE 1990 SE 1990 SE 1991 SE 1991 SE 1992 SE 1992


¿OV: Within inner circle, symbols (trident, open crescent and dagger) / SE DATE in Nagari, Nagari inscription. ( = MAHA RAO SRI KHENGARJI •KACHCHH• BHUJ = RAO KHENGARJI III, BHUJ, KACHCHH) ¿RV: Within inner circle, Nagari inscription (KORI / E-K ), Urdu inscription (• GEORGE V KAISAR HIND ZARB • BHUJ arabic AD DATE = GEORGE V EMPEROR OF INDIA, STRUCK IN BHUJ, AD DATE) around.

SE 1985 - 1 KORI - OBVERSE AD 1929 in arabic ======================================================================

EDGE: Plain MINT: Bhuj = BHUJ REFERENCE: Y-59

FOOTNOTE: The symbols shown on the Kutch coinage are symbols for: Trident of the Goddess of Asapura, Crescent or Moon, Katar or dagger.

FOOTNOTE: About 1928, new automatic machines were imported from England for the Kutch mint.





======================================================================

1936 1936

SE 1992 u/m SE 1993 u/m

¿OV: Within inner circle, symbols (trident, open crescent and dagger) / SE DATE in Nagari, Nagari inscription. ( = MAHA RAO SRI KHENGARJI • KACHCHH • BHUJ = RAO KHENGARJI III, BHUJ, KACHCHH) ¿RV: Within inner circle ,Nagari inscription (KORI / E-K ), Urdu inscription (• EDWARD VII KAISAR HIND ZARB • BHUJ arabic AD 1936 = EDWARD VII EMPEROR OF INDIA, STRUCK IN BHUJ, 1936) around. EDGE: Plain MINT: Bhuj = BHUJ REFERENCE: Y-65 FOOTNOTE: The silver coinage of Kutch, Indian Native State, was the only Colony in 1936 to strike a coin of the series, with the name of the King of Great Britain, Edward VIII who became the Emperor of India on January 20, 1936, upon the death of his father George V. His reign lasted less than eleven months, when he indicated he intended to marry Mrs. Wallis Warfield Simpson, an American divorcee. Faced with the alternative of giving up the woman or the throne, he chose the woman he loved. He sent his message of abdication to Parliament on December 10, 1936 and two days later left for Europe. Edward closed his farewell radio address - heard by millions of people around the world - with the words, ‘and now we all have a new King. I wish him and you, his people, happiness and prosperity with all my heart. God bless you all’ He was named Duke of Windsor by King George VI. The 1 kori was struck with the name of Edward VIII and the AD 1936 date and SE 1992 and 1993.

SE 1996 - 1 KORI - OBVERSE AD 1940 in arabic ====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: Bhuj, chief town of Cutch in India, Bombay Presidency, at the base of a fortified hill, with military cantonments, High School and School of Arts, Mausoleums of the Raos or Chiefs of Cutch. Population (1896) 22,308. Cabinet Cyclopaedia, 1865.


SE 1996 - 1 KORI - REVERSE Ad 1940 in arabic




1937 1937 1938 1939 1939 1940

SE 1993 SE 1994 SE 1995 SE 1995 SE 1996 SE 1996


1942 1943 1943 1944 1944

SE 1999 SE 1999 SE 2000 SE 2000 SE 2001

u/m u/m u/m u/m u/m

¿OV: Within inner circle, symbols (trident, open crescent and dagger) / SE DATE in Nagari, Nagari inscription. ( = MAHA RAO SRI KHENGARJI .KACHCHH BHUJ = RAO KHENGARJI III, BHUJ, KACHCHH)

¿OV: Within inner circle, symbols (trident, open crescent and dagger) / SE DATE in Nagari, Nagari inscription. ( = MAHA RAO SRI VIJAYAARAJJI•KACHCHH• = RAO VIJAYAARAJJI - KACHCHH) around.

¿RV: Within inner circle of pearls, Nagari inscription (KORI / E-K ), Urdu inscription (.GEORGE VI KAISAR HIND ZARB. BHUJ arabic AD DATE = GEORGE VI EMPEROR OF INDIA, STRUCK IN BHUJ, AD DATE) around.

¿RV: Within inner circle of pearls, Nagari inscription (KORI / E-K ), Urdu inscription (•GEORGE VI KAISAR HIND ZARB • BHUJ arabic AD DATE = GEORGE VI EMPEROR OF INDIA, STRUCK IN BHUJ, AD DATE).

EDGE: Plain

EDGE: Plain

MINT: Bhuj = BHUJ

MINT: Bhuj = BHUJ

REFERENCE: Y-73

REFERENCE: Y-81 FOOTNOTE: Maharaja Rao Vijayaarajji succeeded Khengarji after a reign of 66 years in 1942.


SE 2001 - 1 KORI - OBVERSE

SE 2001 - 1 KORI - REVERSE


======================================================================

(1947)

MEWAR UDAIPUR - INDIAN STATES

======================================================================

SE 2004 u/m

¿OV: Within inner circle of pearls, symbols (trident, open crescent and dagger) / SE 2004 in Nagari, Nagari inscription. ( = MAHA RAO SRI VIJAYAARAJJI • KACHCHH • = RAO VIJAYAARAJJI - KACHCHH) around. ¿RV: Nagari inscription above design ( = JAYA HIND / KORI E-K / BHUJ = VICTORY OF INDIA / ONE KORI / BHUJ) EDGE: Plain MINT: Bhuj = BHUJ TYPE: Commemorative REFERENCE: Y-84 The Coinage of Kutch by Richard K. Bright, Numismatics International, 1975. FOOTNOTE: This issue was struck to commemorate the Independence of India in 1947 from Great Brittan.

SAMVAT1985 - 3 RUPEE - OBVERSE ======================================================================

Rajput warriers

FOOTNOTE: Udaipur, a town in the north west of India, capital of the Native State of the same name in Rajputana, on a lake 2000 feet above sea level, contains a notable Royal Palace. Population 38,214. New Cabinet Cyclopaedia, Phila., 1896.


SAMVAT1985 - 3 RUPEE - REVERSE ====================================================================== INDIAN STATES - MEWAR UDAIPUR CALCUTTA MINT ====================================================================== 3 RUPEE 19MM .839 FINE 3.0 GRAMS ====================================================================== (1928)

Samvat 1985

839,396

¿OV: Persian inscription / The Hills of Mewar within inner circle within open flower border around. ¿RV: Nagari inscription (DOSTI LONDHON = FRIEND OF LONDON) within inner circle within closed flower border around.

====================================================================== INDIAN STATES - NAVANAGER NAVANAGER MINT ====================================================================== 2 2 KORI 19MM .937 FINE 6-7 GRAMS ====================================================================== (1892) VS 1949 (1893) 1950

scarce scarce

¿OV: native inscription / design, within outer circle of dots with tails. ÀRE: Arabic inscription./ native inscription. EDGE: Reeded REFERENCE: Y-5

EDGE: Reeded

u/m u/m

MINT: (no mintmark) = Royal Mintl branch mint CALCUTTA REFERENCE: Y-20 FOOTNOTE: This issue was struck at the Royal Mint branch mint Calcutta in 1931 and dated in Samvat 1985, equal to AD 1928. FOOTNOTE: Udaipur, (Mewar) - One of the Indian Rajputana States, area - 12,756 square miles, population - 1911 - 1,293,776. Ruling famoly - Sisodiya Rajput. Statesmen's Year-Book, London 1916. ======================================================================

NAVANAGER - INDIAN STATES

======================================================================

(AD 1892) - VS 1949 - 2 1/2 KORI OBVERSE & REVERSE ====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: Navangar - One of the Indian Bombay States - area 3,791 square miles, population (c. 1911) 349,400. Ruling family Kahatriya Maharaja. Statesmen's Year-Book, London 1916.


======================================================================

PORTUGUESE INDIA

====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: D.Luiz Filippe succeeded his brother to the throne of Portugal on November 11, 1861. He reigned until October 19, 1889 and was succeeded by his son, D.Carlos Fernando when he was little more than twenty-six years old. FOOTNOTE: The currency of Portuguese India was changed to a new standard as a result of the Luso-Britannic Convention of 1880 with the silver rupee eleven twelfths pure silver .916 fine and weighing 11.66 grams. Half-rupee (meia rupia), quarter-rupee (quarto de rupia) and eighth-rupee (oitavo de rupia) as divisions were minted at both the Calcutta and Bombay mints to the same standards corresponding to the coinage of British India. The rupee and half-rupee were struck dated 1881 and 1882, while the quarter-rupee and eight-rupee were issued only in 1881. A copper coinage was issued dated 1881,1884,1886 and 1888 with a much higher mintage. ======================================================================

1881 - 3 RUPIA - REVERSE ====================================================================== INDIA PORTUGUEZA BOMBAY MINT/CALCUTTA MINT ====================================================================== 3 RUPIA 19MM .916 FINE 2.92 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1881

470,748

¿OV: Head of Luis I, facing left, LUDOVICUS • I • PORTUG : ET • ALGARB : REX (LUIS I, KING OF PORTUGAL AND ALGARVE) around / • 1881 • below. ÀRV: Crowned Arms of Portugal within wreath of laurel and oak, • INDIA PORTUGUEZA • (PORTUGUESE INDIA) above around, QUARTO DE RUPIA (3 RUPIA) below around. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = Royal Mint branch mints of BOMBAY and CALCUTTA REFERENCE: Y-12, LU.20, KM-10

1881 - 3 RUPIA - OBVERSE ======================================================================

Indo-Portuguese Money by J.Ferraro Vaz,Braga,1980 POPULATION: Goa - 1881 - 481,467 including 630 Europeans.

FOOTNOTE: Luis I, King of Portugal reigned from 1861 to 1889. FOOTNOTE: Goa, a city of Hindustan, the capital of the Portuguese settlements in India. It stands on the North side of an island, 22 miles long and 6 broad, formed by the River Mandova, which is capable of receiving the largest ships. The inhabitants are contented with greens,fruits, and roots, which, with a little bread, rice, and fish, are their principal diet, though they have hogs and fowls in plenty. Their religion is the Roman Catholic, and the clergy are numerous and illiterate. Goa has few manufactures or productions, the best trade being in arrack, which is distilled from the sap of the cocoa-nut tree. The harbour is defended by several forts and batteries. The Universal Gazetteer, Phila.,1893.

Portuguese carrack


====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: Goa was made the capital of Portuguese India in 1843. Located on the western coast of India with an area of 1400 sq. miles. It is divided into two districts: Velhas Conquistas (Old Conquests) and Novas Conquistas (New Conquests). It is a hilly region, some of the peaks of the western Ghats rising to 4000 ft. The country is intersected by many short, but navigable, rivers, the largest being the Mandair and the Juari. One of the chief industries is agriculture, mangoes, bananas, coconuts, areca nuts, palm, and spices, being among its products. The town of Goa was founded by Albuqerque in 1511 on the island of Goa. It is famous for its beautiful examples of Portuguese architecture. Among its buildings are a majestic cathedral, the Church of Bom Jesus, a perfect example of Renaissance style, containing the tomb of St.Francis Xavier, and the Chapel of St.Catherine. New Goa, also called Panjim was a suburb of the old city. Everyman Encyclopedia, London 1912.

====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: Farrukhabad, a city of Hindustan on the Ganges river, ceded to the British in 1802. It is a market for grain, fruit and potatoes. Leather and metal goods are manufactured. Population 51,567.

Murshidabad

C - 151

FOOTNOTE: Murshidabad, (Machhlipatnam) a city of Hindustan on the east coast with population of 39,507.

Surat

C - 255

======================================================================

======================================================================

British East India Company Coinage for Native Cities

FOOTNOTE: Surat, a city of Hindustan, in Guzerat, with a strong citadel. The squares are large, and the streets spacious, but not paved, so that the dust is troublesome. Each street has gates of its own, with which it is shut in times of turbulence. The larger houses are flat roofed, with courts before them; and those of the common people are high roofed. It is said to have 320,000 inhabitants... All the people of distinction in Surat, and through the rest of India, speak and write the Persian language; but in trade corrupt Portuguese is the language used. Before the East India Company obtained possession of Bombay, Surat was the seat of their presidency, and the center of their eastern trade. New Universal Gazetteer, Phila. 1839.

====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: Although this work has narrowly limited coinage for inclusion to about AD 1835, for British India there were a few earlier machine struck pieces identified as the British East India Company for individual cities. The 3 rupee coins in the authors collection are briefly included with their Craig references.

Arcot

C - 15

Indian thrashing

FOOTNOTE: Arcot, a city of Hindoostan, capital of Carnatic, which became subject to the East India Company in 1801. The citadel is large and esteemed a place of some strength; but the nabob often resides at Madras. Ascot has a manufacture of coarse cotton cloth. New Universal Gazetteer, Phila. 1839.

Farrukhabad

C - 84

======================================================================



IRAQ

======================================================================

======================================================================

1955 - 20 FILS - OBVERSE

1955 - 20 FILS - REVERSE

====================================================================== IRAQ, KINGDOM OF LONDON MINT ====================================================================== 20 FILS 19MM .500 FINE 2.8 GRAMS ======================================================================

====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: Iraq was a Kingdom in northern Arabia between Syria, Jordan and Persia, formerly known as Mesopotamia, a Province of the Ottoman Empire. After the First World War Iraq was mandated to Great Britain and gained independence under a British Mandate, in 1921 when Emir Faisal son of Hueein Ibn-Ali of Hejaz, Grand Sheriff of Mecca was elected King Faisal I of Iraq in a decisive plebiscite. He was succeeded by his son Ghazi Ibn Faisal on September 9, 1937. King Ghazi I became a motor enthusiast while attending school at Harrow, England. He loved to speed and one of his favorite pastimes was to drive recklessly through the streets of Baghdad at night. On the ride that caused his death, he lost control of his car and crashed into an electric-light pole, fracturing his skull. Ghazi I was 27 years old when he died. He had married his cousin Princess Aliyah of Hejaz a week after his Coronation in 1933. His son King Faisal II was born on May 2, 1935 and succeeded to the throne of Iraq after his father was killed in an automobile accident April 4, 1939. Until he becomes 18 the boy King will rule through a Regency headed by his uncle, Emir AbdulIah. He was assassinated in a bloody liquidation of the King, the Crown Prince and almost the whole Royal Family during a military revolution. Iraq was under British protection under terms of a twenty year treaty signed in 1948. With the murder of the King a Republic was established July 14, 1958.

1955

AH 1375 4,000,000

frozen date

¿OV: Head of Faisal II, facing right, arabic inscription (MALIK AL-IRAQ = KING OF IRAQ) left, arabic inscription (FAYSAL ATH-THANI = FAISAL THE SECOND) right. ¿RV: Value in arabic QY (20) / arabic denomination (FILS) in circle, arabic inscription (AL-MANLAKAT AL IRAQTYA = THE KINGDOM OF IRAQI) above, DATES in arabic PXTT -PRVT (AD1955 - AH1375) EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = Royal Mint, LONDON DESIGNER: Thomas Hugh Paget REFERENCE: Y-22, KM-116 Currency of Iraq by John Humphris, Montreal, 1968. FOOTNOTE: This issue was minted at the Royal Mint, London in 1956 with a mintage of 2,000,000 and in 1958 with a mintage of 2,000,000 all dated with the frozen dates of the AD 1955 and AH 1375 in Arabic. FOOTNOTE: Currency of Iraq - 1,000 fils = 1 Iraqi dinar ======================================================================

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - IRAQ - PAGE 310

KING FAISAL II


ITALY and ITALIAN STATES ======================================================================

======================================================================

1910 3 RUPIA - OBVERSE

1910 3 RUPIA - REVERSE

====================================================================== ITALIAN SOMALILAND, COLONY ROME MINT ====================================================================== 3 RUPIA 19MM .916 FINE 2.92 GRAMS ======================================================================

====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: Italian Somaliland has an area of 140,000 sq.miles. It extends from British East Africa and comprises a coastal strip, averaging about 180 miles wide. Hides, gums, ostrich feathers, ivory, cattle, spices, coffee, mother-of-pearl, and gold ingots are the chief exports. Everyman Encyclopedia, 1910

1910 1913

400,000 100,000

AP-971 CT-867 AP-972 CT-898

rare rare

¿OV: Head of Victor Emanuel III, facing right VITTORIO EMANVELE III RE D’ITALIA (VICTOR EMANUEL III KING OF ITALY) around / GIORGI under bust. ¿RV: Crown / QUARTO / RUPIA (quarter rupee) between wreath of roses, SOMALIA ITALIANA / arabic inscription / R. (mintmark) / n DATE n below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: R = ROME ENGRAVER: GIORGI = Luigi Giorgi REFERENCE: Y-4, KM-4 Monete Italiane by Antonio Pagani, Malan 1965, Prezzario Monete Coniate in Italia by G.Cermentini and G.Toders, Firenze 1970. FOOTNOTE: The Italian combined mintage of 50 centesimi coinage from all Italian mints of Victor Emanuel II and Pope Pius IX for ten years from 1860 to 1869 was 124,244,943. This denomination in silver was then discontinued except for the small mintage of 1889 and 1892 of Umberto I which totaled only 783,564 pieces.

King Victor Emanuel III ======================================================================

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - ITALY and ITALIAN STATES - PAGE 311

====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: The Italy and Italian States listings start with about 1850 from the Italian mints of Bologna, Florence, Milan, Naples, Rome and Turin. Both the Italian States, including the Church States are listed along with the Kingdom of Italy and Colony of Italian Somaliland , first by state, then by mint and following in chronological order. FOOTNOTE: Italian Somaliland, a Protectorate of Italy, on the eastern coast of Africa, extending along the Indian Ocean 1000 miles from the Juba River and the equator to the Gulf of Aden. It is generally an arid region, flat along the coast and elevated in the interior, the general slope being to the southeast. The vegetation is poor. The interior has not yet been fully explored (1910) owing in part to the stubborn hostility of the natives. The population is estimated at 400,000. There are Arabs along the coast. The southern part of the Protectorate was acquired by Italy in 1889, when the Sultan of Obbia placed the territory under Italian Protection. In the same year the protectorate was extended farther north, and in 1892 the cession of territory by the Sultan of Zanzibar increased the Protectorate to its present proportions. New International Encyclopedia,1910 ======================================================================. EMILIA, SARDINIA (ITALIAN STATES) BOLOGNA MINT ====================================================================== 50 CENTESIMI 17MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1859

179,012

rare

¿OV: Head of Victor Emanuel II, facing right VICTORIO (Victor) left, EMANUELE II (Emanuel) right / F. under bust / 1859 below. ÀRV: Crowned Arms with Order of the Annunziata within laurel wreath DIO PROTEGGE L’ITALIA (God Protect Italy) / (mark) • 50 B (mintmark) • EDGE: Reeded MINT: B = BOLOGNA

====================================================================== (Continued)This attitude won for Victor Emanuel the title ‘Re Galantuomo’ - the “Honest King” - and it rallied to his support all Italian patriots who longed to free their land from Austrian control and unite its numerous states into one. It was a difficult task which Victor Emanuel took up when his father Charles Albert abdicated, hoping that his son could secure better terms from the victorious Austrians following the unsuccessful revolution of 1848. The army was disorganized, the treasury empty, the people despondent. But the King was fortunate in securing the service of the statesman Cavour, and Cavour was fortunate in having as his King Victor Emanuel. Regardless of his personal inclinations, the King consistently supported his minister. Though a devout Catholic, he consented to the abolition of a large number of the monastic houses because he felt that it was for the good of the Kingdom. He gave up Savoy, the cradle of his family, and the territory of Nice, to secure the indispensable aid of Napoleon III against Austria. And he sacrificed his own personal feelings to the good of his country when he consented to the marriage of his daughter to the dissolute cousin of Napoleon III as part of the price France demanded. Only once did Victor Emanuel fail to support Cavour. In 1859 when Cavour learned that Napoleon was abandoning his Army and withdrawing from the War before Venetia was freed from Austrian rule, he rushed to the King and wildly demanded that Sardinia continue the struggle alone. But Victor Emanuel saw more clearly than his minister this time, and accepted - though with bitter regret - the Peace of Villafranca. Even so, the Kingdom of SardiniaPiedmont was increased by the conquered Province of Lombardy, then the States of Tuscany, Parma, Modena, and Romagna refused to take back their old autocratic rulers from whom they had revolted, and voted to become parts of the Kingdom of Victor Emanuel. On October 29, 1860, Garibaldi, the Knight-Errant of Italian unity, handed over to the King Naples and Sicily, won by the valor of his Army of “Red Shirts”; and on February 26, 1861, the National Italian Parliament proclaimed Victor Emanuel II as “King of Italy”. Venice and Rome were still outside his Kingdom. But these were finally added - Venice in 1866 and Rome in 1871. Finally on July 2, 1871, Victor Emanuel made his solemn entry into Rome, the Eternal City, which then became the capital of his Kingdom. The union of Italy was complete. Although Mazzini, Garibaldi, and Cavour - especially the latter - contributed greatly to this result, it would have been impossible without the courage, patriotism, and absolute loyalty to his word of Victor Emanuel, the ‘Father of his Country”. Comptoms Pictured Encyclopedia, Chicago, 1922.

DESIGNER: F. = Giuseppe Ferraris MINTMASTER: (mark) = unknown REFERENCE: C-1, CB-449 FOOTNOTE: Emilia, a former Papal Province was acquired by Sardinia in 1859. FOOTNOTE: Giuseppe Ferraris, Chief Engraver at the Turin mint designed and engraved the new coinage for King Victor Emanuel II. The son of a member of the Austrian Ambassador’s staff at Turin, he was born in 1794. Following his apprenticeship to Luigi Manfredini and a period of study at the Scuola di Belle Arti of the Brera Academy in Milan, he was appointed Engraver at the Turin mint. Eventually to head the mint as Chief Engraver during the reign of Charles Albert of Sardinia. This position he retained until his death at age 75, in 1869. FOOTNOTE: Victor Emanuel II, King of Italy was born March 14, 1820. “What my father has sworn I will maintain”, declared the young King of Sardinia-Piedmont, Victor Emanuel II, when he ascended the throne after the disastrous defeat of Novara in 1848. This meant that he refused the inducements which victorious Austria offered him, and that he would continue the newly adopted constitution of his Kingdom and the tri colored flag, emblem of the hoped-for Italian unity. (continued).

Victor Emanuel II


======================================================================. TUSCANY,PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT (ITALIAN STATES) FLORENCE MINT ====================================================================== 50 CENTESIMI 18MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1860 1861

2,430,000 u/m

AP-443 AP-444

CB-458 CB-459

rare

¿OV: Head of Victor Emanuel II, facing right VICTORIO EMANUELE RE ELETTO (Victor Emanuel King Elect) around / G. below bust. ÀRV: Crowned Arms, • CINQUANTA CENTESIMI • (50 Centesimi) above / FIRENZE (mintmark) DATE below. EDGE: Plain

====================================================================== SARDINIA, (ITALIAN STATES) MILAN MINT ====================================================================== 50 CENTESIMI 18MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1860 1861


rare rare

¿OV: Head of Victor Emanuel II, facing right VICTORIUS EMANUELE II D G REX SARD CYP ET HIER (Victor Emanuel II by the grace of God, King of Sardinia, Cyprus, and Jerusalem) around / F. under bust / DATE below. ÀRV: Crowned Arms with Order of the Annunziata within laurel wreath, DUX SAB GENUAE ET MONTISF PRINC PED 8 (Duke of Savoy, Genoa, Montferrat, Prince of Piedmont) around / M (mintmark) C 50 below.

MINT: FIRENZE = FLORENCE EDGE: Plain ENGRAVER: G. = Luigi Giorgi MINT: M = MILAN MARK: (below bust G) = Giorgi DESIGNER: FERRARIS = Giuseppe Ferraris REFERENCE: C-84 REFERENCE: Y-11, C-121.3 FOOTNOTE: Luigi Giorgi, Engraver at the Florentine mint, was born at Florence in 1838. See Footnote page 125, when Giorgi was the Engraver at the Tientsin mint, China. ====================================================================== ITALY, KINGDOM of FLORENCE MINT ====================================================================== 50 CENTESIMI 18MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1861

1,222,099

rare

¿OV: Head of Victor Emanuel II, facing right, VICTORIO EMANUELE II (Victor Emanuel II) around / FERRARIS under bust / 1861 below. ÀRV: Crowned Arms with Order of the Annunziata within laurel wreath REGNO (King) left D’ITALY (of Italy) right / F (mintmark) C 50 below. EDGE: Plain MINT: F = FLORENCE DESIGNER: Ferraris = Giuseppe Ferraris REFERENCE: Y-1, AP-520, CB-74, CT-611 FOOTNOTE: Florence, the former capital of the Duchy of Tuscany is situated in the fertile valley of Arno on the banks of the River, 194 miles north of Rome. Growth of the city took place during 1864 to 1872 when Florence was for one year the seat of the Italian Government, and for eight years the Capital of Italy. For many centuries a mint city, Florence in the fourteen century minted 400,000 Gold Florins each year and established banks everywhere made possible by the prosperity of the trade goods. The area around Florence produces wine, oil, the olive and flowers, and carries on silk weaving and sheep breeding. The Pitti Palace was the residence of King Victor Emanuel and Queen Margherita from 1865 to 1871 when Florence was the capital of Italy. New International Encyclopedia,1910

FOOTNOTE: Milan, a city of northern Italy, capital of the Province of its own name, situated on the small River Olona, in the middle of the Lombard plain. The town is built in the form of an irregular polygon, and is partly surrounded by a wall or ramparts, outside of which runs a fine road shaded by chesnut trees. The city is entered by eleven gates, several of which are magnificent, and the leading streets proceeding from these gates are tolerable wide, well paved, and lighted. Among the public edifices the first place belongs to the Duomo or Cathedral begun in 1386, and was only completed in 1805. Manufactures include silks, cottons, lace, carpets, hats, earthenware, jewelry, etc. Milan belonged with Lombardy to Austria until 1859, when by the Peace of Villafranca Lombardy was ceded to Piedmont. Population of Milan, including suburbs - 1890 414,551 New Cabinet Cyclopaedia, Phila.,1896. ====================================================================== ITALY, KINGDOM of MILAN MINT ====================================================================== 50 CENTESIMI 18MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1861

u/m

rare

¿OV: Head of Victor Emanuel II, facing right VICTORIO EMANUELE II (Victor Emanuel II) around / FERRARIS under bust / 1861 below. ÀRV: Crowned Arms with Order of the Annunziata within laurel wreath, REGNO (King) left, D’ITALIA (of Italy) right / M (mintmark) C 50 below. EDGE: Plain MINT: M = MILAN DESIGNER: FERRARIS = Giuseppe Ferraris TYPE: I M (without bank mark) - .900 fine REFERENCE: Y-11, AP-521, CB-73, C-121.3

FOOTNOTE: Currency of Italy - 1 lire = 100 centesimi



SARDINIA

1860 - 50 CENTESIMI - MILAN MINT ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - ITALY and ITALIAN STATES - PAGE 314

1863 - 50 CENTESIMI - OBVERSE

1863 - 50 CENTESIMI - REVERSE

======================================================================

====================================================================== ITALY KINGDOM of MILAN MINT ====================================================================== 50 CENTESIMI 18MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ======================================================================

FOOTNOTE: Garibaldi, Giuseppe (1807-1882) a famous patriot, liberator and guerrilla-leader, born in Nice. A sailor’s son, he took to the sea, commanding a brig by 1830. In 1833 he became acquainted with Mazzini and the leaders of ‘Young Italy’, and was fired with enthusiasm for the Italian National Movement. For his share in the outbreak at Genoa in 1834, he was obliged to flee to France. He then sailed to South America, first serving the Republic of Rio Grande de Sul, and then that of Uruguay between 1836 and 1848, against the Argentine dictator Rosas. Garibaldi returned to Europe to take part in the Sardinian Campaign, and join the Revolutionary Government at Rome defending it against the French under Oudinot in 1849. Obliged to retreat before the Austrian forces, Garibaldi was forced to land before reaching Venice, and his wife perished from exhaustion and exposure in his arms. In 1850 he went as an exile to the United States, living for a time on Staten Island. In 1854 he returned and settled in Caprera Island near Sardinia. He fought for Sardinia against Austria in 1859 and protested against the cession of Nice and Savoy to Napoleon III in 1860. After the Peace of Villafranca, secretly supported by Sardinia’s request, Garibaldi organized an expedition against the Two Sicilies, in the hope of bringing about the Union of Italy. He landed at Marsala with his ‘Thousand Volunteers’, defeating the Neapolitan troops, which far outnumbered his own, at Calatimi, and thus opened the way to Palermo. Garibaldi became Dictator of Sicily, and crossing to Italy expelled Francis II from Naples and entered the city in triumph. When Victor Emanuel II, King of Italy, appeared with his Sardinian troops in the Kingdom of Naples, Garibaldi delivered up his army to his Sovereign and absolute sway over the Neapolitan Provinces, retiring to Caprera in 1860. He still believed that Rome must be wrested from the Pope before the true unity of Italy could be gained, and marched upon it. In 1862 he was severely wounded at Aspomonte, fighting against the Royal troops, and was taken prisoner, but pardoned shortly afterwards. His second attempt in 1867 came to utter defeat by the Papal and French troops at Mentana. He returned to Caprera. In 1870 he attempted to help the French Republic against the Germans, commanding the French Volunteers in Burgundy. In 1874 Garibaldi entered the Italian Parliament and finally consented to accept a pension. New Cabinet Cyclopaedia, Phila.,1896.

1863

4,706,125

¿OV: Head of Victor Emanuel II, facing right VICTORIO EMANUELE II (Victor Emanuel II) around / FERRARIS under bust / 1863 below. ÀRV: Crowned Arms with Order of the Annunziata within laurel wreath, REGNO (King) left, D’ITALIA (of Italy) right / M (mintmark) C 50 BN (BANCA NAZIONALE=National Bank) below. EDGE: Plain MINT: M = MILAN DESIGNER: FERRARIS = Giuseppe Ferraris TYPE: II - M BN (mintmark and bank mark divided by denomination) - .900 fineness REFERENCE: Y-11, AP-525, CB-79 FOOTNOTE: The issue dated 1863 was first struck in .900 fine then reduced to the future Latin Monetary Union standards of .835 fine with a combined mintage for 1863 of 4,706,125. The issue continued with a frozen date of 1863 with the mintage struck during 1864 of 8,759,708 and 1865 of 24,899,808 for a total mintage of 38,365,641. FOOTNOTE: Milan - The French and English form of the Italian Milano, called Mailand in German, is a corruption of the CeltoRoman name Mediolanum, the capital of the Insubrian Gauls, which signified the town in the ‘Middle of the plain’ in Latin.New International Encyclopedia,1910.




====================================================================== ITALY KINGDOM of MILAN MINT ====================================================================== 50 CENTESIMI 18MM .835 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ======================================================================

====================================================================== ITALY, KINGDOM of MILAN MINT ====================================================================== 50 CENTESIMI 18MM .835 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ======================================================================

(1864) 1863 (1865) 1863

8,759,708 24,899,808

frozen date

¿OV: Head of Victor Emanuel II, facing right VICTORIO EMANUELE II (Victor Emanuel II) around / FERRARIS under bust / 1863 below. ÀRV: Crowned Arms with Order of the Annunziata within laurel wreath, REGNO (King) left, D’ITALIA (of Italy) right / M (mintmark) C 50 BN (bank mark - BANCA NAZIONALE =National Bank) below.

1863 1866 1867

frozen date 19,199,457 10,984,179

AP-527 CB-80 AP-530 CB-82 AP-531 CB-84

rare

¿OV: Head of Victor Emanuel II, facing right VICTORIO EMANUELE II (Victor Emanuel II) around / FERRARIS under bust / DATE below. ÀRV: 50 / CENTESIMI within wreath of laurel tied with ribbon below, REGNO D’ITALIA (King of Italy) above / MBN (M mintmark and BN bank mark BANCA NAZIONALE=National Bank) below.

EDGE: Plain EDGE: Plain MINT: M = MILAN MINT: M = MILAN DESIGNER: FERRARIS = Giuseppe Ferraris DESIGNER: FERRARIS = Giuseppe Ferraris TYPE: II - (mintmark and bank mark divided by denomination)

TYPE III - (mintmark and bank mark together)

REFERENCE: Y-11, AP-525, CB-79

REFERENCE: Y-16, KM-14.1 FOOTNOTE: The Order of the Annunziata, instituted in Italy in 1362 as the ‘Order of the Collare’ was the highest Italian Honor and was held by 15 Knights only. Its holders had the title ‘Cousins of the King’ and took precedence over all other State Officials. Renamed in 1518 by Charles III, who decreed that henceforth it should be known as the Annunziata. The mantle of the Order consisted of a purple velvet cloak embroidered in gold, beneath which was worn a costume of white satin. From the golden collar was suspended an ornamental openwork badge representing the Annunciation, as may be seen on the coinage of Victor Emanuel II. New International Encyclopedia,1910.


===================================================================== ITALY, KINGDOM of NAPLES MINT ====================================================================== 50 CENTESIMI 18MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1862

630,433

rare

¿OV: Head of Victor Emanuel II, facing right VICTORIO EMANUELE II (Victor Emanuel II) around / FERRARIS under bust / 1862 below. ÀRV: Crowned Arms with Order of the Annunziata within laurel wreath, REGNO (King) left, D’ITALIA (of Italy) right / N (mintmark) C 50 below. EDGE: Plain MINT: N = NAPOLI (Naples) DESIGNER: FERRARIS = Giuseppe Ferraris TYPE: I - (mintmark without bank mark) REFERENCE: Y-11, AP-523, CB-76, KM-4.4 FOOTNOTE: To provide Neapolitans with fresh milk, flocks of goats or cows wander through the streets of Naples. At frequent intervals these little wandering dairies halt, whiles someone from an apartment house brings out a pail or bottle to be filled. At times a basket is lowered from an upper story, to be drawn up again once the milk container has been filed. The cows or goats are milked right upon the sidewalk. FOOTNOTE: Half the population of Naples were huddled together in the slums in ancient unsanitary buildings that crowded narrow, crooked streets, until the cholera epidemic of 1884 aroused the whole country. A new water supply was at once introduced from the mountains near Avellino, 50 miles away, and plans were elaborated for a new sewer system, for new streets, new squares, and new buildings. Of 271 old streets 144 were to be abolished and 127 widened; the habitations of 90,000 people were to be destroyed, the resale of street frontage on the new business streets has to some extent reimbursed the government. The population of Naples in 1901 was 563,540. New International Encyclopedia,1910

1863 - 50 CENTESIMI - OBVERSE ====================================================================== ITALY, KINGDOM of NAPLES MINT ====================================================================== 50 CENTESIMI 18MM .835 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ====================================================================== (1866) 1863 (1867) 1867

16,062,339 7,838,384

AP-528 AP-532

CB-81 CB-85

¿OV: Head of Victor Emanuel II, facing right VICTORIO EMANUELE II (Victor Emanuel II) around / FERRARIS under bust / DATE below. ÀRV: 50 / CENTESIMI within wreath of laurel tied with ribbon below, REGNO D’ITALIA (King of Italy) above / N BN (N mintmark and BN bank mark BANCA NAZIONALE=National Bank) below. EDGE: Plain MINT: N = NAPOLI DESIGNER: FERRARIS = Giuseppe Ferraris TYPE: II - (mintmark and bank mark together) REFERENCE: Y-16, KM-14.2 FOOTNOTE: The issue with frozen date 1863 was struck by the Naples National Bank in 1866-7 at the Naples mint. FOOTNOTE: Naples - French name for Italian - Napoli, which preserves, with little change, the old Greek name ‘Neapolis’. “The new city” which in Italy, having been founded by colonists from the still older settlement at Cumae. New International Encyclopedia,1910. FOOTNOTE: Victor Emanuel II died on January 9, 1878. He was succeeded by Umberto I, his eldest son by Maria Adelaide, Archduchess of Austria.



1867 - XXII 50 CENTESIMI - OBV

======================================================================

====================================================================== PAPAL STATES (ITALIAN STATES) ROME MINT ====================================================================== 10 SOLDI/50 CENTESIMI 18.5 MM .835 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1866 XXI 291,916 CT-297 rare 1867 XXI 4,402,092 CT-316 1867 XXII included above CT-317 1868 XXII 8,203,846 CT-338

FOOTNOTE: Naples, a city in southern Italy, the largest in the Kingdom, situated on the northern shore of the beautiful Bay of Naples, about 160 miles from Rome. The chief street is the Corso Vittorio Emanuele, 2 1/2 miles in length. The city measures about 3 miles in length by 2 in breath; the streets are mostly well-paved with lava or volcanic basalt, and the houses are large, lofty, and solidly built, and have flat roofs. There are few remains of ancient times, but there are five castles of medieval construction. Among the more remarkable public edifices is the Cathedral, dating from 1272, and the Palazzo Reale (Royal Palace). The manufactures, which are numerous but individually unimportant, include macaroni, woolens and cottons, silks, glass, china, musical instruments, flowers and ornamentals, perfumery, soap, chemicals, machinery, etc. Exports consist chiefly of bones, cream of tarter, hoops, linseed, hemp, wheat, figs, gloves, liquorice, madder, coral, macaroni, oil, wine, wool, tallow, rags, and silk, raw, dyed, and manufactured. Naples is one of the most densely populated cities of Europe, and one of the most peculiar features of the city is its unique population and the universal publicity in which life is passed. Population on Naples - 1890 - 530,875. New Cabinet Cyclopaedia, Phila.,1896.

¿OV: Head of Pope Pius IX, facing left, PIVS•IX•P (PIVS • IX • PONTIFEX = Pius the Ninth High Priest) left, MAX•A• reign year in roman numerals (MAXIMUS ANNUS = great - year 21-22). ÀRV: 10 / SOLDI / DATE, within wreath of laurel and oak intertwined, tied with ribbon below, n STATO n PONTIFICO n (Papel State) above / 50 R (mintmark) CMI (Centesimi) below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: R = ROME ENGRAVER: Carlo Voigt TYPE: I - MAX•A• REFERENCE: C-187 Prezzario Monete by Cermentini and Toderi, Florence 1970. FOOTNOTE: This issue is one of a few types in the Modern Dime Size Silver Coins of the World series which has two denominations; 10 SOLDI/50 CENTESIMI, the first consistent with the Church State previous coinage, and the second same as contemporary Italian coinage.

An Italian Market Place ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - ITALY and ITALIAN STATES - PAGE 318

1867 - XXII - 10 SOLDI 50 CENTESIMI - REVERSE

1868 - XXIII - 10 SOLDI 50 CENTESIMI - OBVERSE

====================================================================== \FOOTNOTE: Pius IX, Count Giovanni Maria Mastai Ferretti was born in 1792, the son of Count Jerome Mastai Ferretti, at Sinigaglia. He was admitted to Deacon’s Order in 1818. In 1827 he was made Archbishop of Spoleto. In 1840 he became a Cardinal and on the death of Gregory XVI in 1846 was elected Pope. At first because of his liberal reform policy, the new Pope was the idol of the populace. But the revolutionary fever of 1848 and his refusal to make war upon the Austrians finally forfeited the affections of the Romans. On November 18, 1848 a treating mob assembled in the Square of the Quirinal. By the 24th the Pope had escaped to Gaeta and a Republic was proclaimed in Rome. From his exile the Pope addressed a remonstrance to the various sovereigns. In April 1849, a French expedition was sent to Civita Vecchia and on July 2, General Oudinot took Rome, after a siege of thirty days. The Papal Government was reestablished, but Pius IX, himself did not return till April 12, 1850. From this time his government was the very reverse of what it had been, and to the end of his life he continued an unhesitating and unyielding conservative. The most important event of his Pontification was the convocation of the Vatican Council, the first Church Council since that of Trent had crystallized Roman Catholic dogma and practice to meet the Reformation attack. It was adjourned in July 1870, after it had proclaimed the Decree of Infallibility of the Pope when on a subject of faith or morals he issued a Decree Ex Cathedra to the Universal Church. Soon after the adjournment the Italian Army occupied Rome, which was then made the capital of the Kingdom of Italy. Pius IX renewed his oft-repeated protest and, refusing all proposals of accommodation, from that date declared himself a captive in the Vatican, to which he strictly confined himself until his death in 1878.

====================================================================== PAPAL STATES (ITALIAN STATES) ROME MINT ====================================================================== 10 SOLDI/50 CENTESIMI 18.5 MM .835 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ======================================================================

Papal Arms

1868 1869 1869

XXIII XXIII XXIV

included above 4,432,894 included above

CT-339 CT-353 CT-354

¿OV: Head of Pope Pius IX, facing left, PIVS•IX•P• (PIVS • IX • PONTIFEX = Pius the Ninth High Priest) left, M•A• reign year in roman numerals (MAXIMUS ANNUS = great - year 23-24). ÀRV: 10 / SOLDI / DATE, within wreath of laurel and oak intertwined, tied with ribbon below, n STATO n PONTIFICO n (Papel State) above / 50 R (mintmark) CMI (Centesimi) below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: R = ROME ENGRAVER: Carlo Voigt TYPE: II - M•A• due to spacing for reign year XXIII REFERENCE: C-187A FOOTNOTE: The States of the Church occupy the central part of Italy. They are badly cultivated, and thinly peopled; but such is their natural fertility, that they produce almost spontaneously, dates, figs, almonds, olives, and other fruits, on which the indolent inhabitants principally subsist. These States are ruled by the Pope, whose power formerly was more extensive than that of any king or emperor. His dominions are now greatly reduced, and his authority is principally in spiritual matters, and extends over the members of the Roman Catholic Church in all countries. Olney’s Geography 1849.


1868 - XXIII - 10 SOLDI 50 CENTESIMI - REVERSE ======================================================================

State of the Church - Map 1860

======================================================================

St. Peters at Rome about 1870 ======================================================================

Pope Pius IX ======================================================================

FOOTNOTE: The protection of the Papal Territory by France alone stood in the way of Unification of Italy which required for its fullest expression the establishment of the government in the Eternal City. In 1867 Garibaldi headed a new expedition against the Papal Territory, but Napoleon III, from motives of policy, refused to permit the extinction of the Temporal Power of the Pope. A French force defeated the Garibaldians after a severe engagement at Mentana on November 3rd, and this event destroyed the good feeling which had prevailed between Italy and France since 1859. At last, in 1870, the urgent necessities of the Franco-German War compelled the Emperor Napoleon to withdraw his forces, and once more Italian forces entered the Lands of the Church on September 11th, and on the 20th made their entry into Rome. On July 2, 1871, Rome became the Capital of Italy. The population of Rome - 1870 226,022. New International Encyclopedia,1910




====================================================================== ITALY, KINGDOM of ROME MINT ====================================================================== 50 CENTESIMI 18MM .835 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ======================================================================

====================================================================== ITALY KINGDOM of TURIN MINT ====================================================================== 50 CENTESIMI 18MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ======================================================================

1889 1892

635,231 148,333

AP-608 CB-162 AP-609 CB-163

1861

rare rare

¿OV: Head of Umberto I, facing right, UMBERTO I left, RE D’ITALIA (King of Italy) right / DATE below. ÀRV: Star burst at top, Crowned Arms with Order of Annunziata dividing denomination C (centesimi) left and 50 right, within wreath of laurel and oak tied with a ribbon below / R (mintmark) below.

44,910

rare

¿OV: Head of Victor Emanuel II, facing right VICTORIO EMANUELE II (Victor Emanuel II) around / FERRARIS under bust / 1861 below. ÀRV: Crowned Arms with Order of the Annunziata within laurel wreath, REGNO (King) left, D’ITALIA (of Italy) right / B=BANCA (bank mark) / T (mintmark) C. 50 below. EDGE: Plain

EDGE: Plain MINT: T= TURIN (Torino) MINT: R = ROME DESIGNER: FERRARIS = Giuseppe Ferraris DESIGNER: Filippo Speranza, Chief Engraver, Rome mint.

TYPE: I - B (bank mark) above mintmark and denomination

REFERENCE: Y-27 REFERENCE: Y-11, AP-522, CB-72, KM-4.3 POPULATION: Italy - 1890 - 28,459,451 with capital Rome with 460,000 inhabitants.

FOOTNOTE: Turin is situated on the Po River 76 miles west-southwest of Milan. From 1861, when the Kingdom of Italy was constituted, until 1865, Turin was the capital, Florence was then selected, and in 1871 Rome. New Cabinet Cyclopaedia, Phila.,1896. FOOTNOTE: The issue from 1863 to 1866 with a frozen date of 1863 had a total mintage from the Turin mint of 9,053,769.

.

FOOTNOTE: The present monetary system of Italy is the same as that of France, the lira being equal to the franc, and divided into 100 centesimi, as the franc is into 100 centimes. New Cabinet Cyclopaedia, Phila.,1896.


====================================================================== ITALY, KINGDOM of TURIN MINT ====================================================================== 50 CENTESIMI 18MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1862

184,615

====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: This issue was struck by the Turin mint between 1860 and 1869 with the frozen date of 1863. A second date of 1867 was used on this type with a small mintage issued in 1867. In 1868 and 1869 the previous frozen date of 1863 was struck again for the two years..

rare

¿OV: Head of Victor Emanuel II, facing right VICTORIO EMANUELE II (Victor Emanuel II) around / FERRARIS under bust / 1862 below. ÀRV: Crowned Arms with Order of the Annunziata within laurel wreath, REGNO (King) left, D’ITALIA (of Italy) right / T (mintmark) C. 50 BN (BANCA NAZIONALE=National Bank) below. EDGE: Plain MINT: T = TORINO (Turin ) DESIGNER: FERRARIS = Giuseppe Ferraris TYPE: II - mintmark and bank mark divided by denomination REFERENCE: Y-11, AP-524, CB-75, KM-4.3 ====================================================================== ITALY, KINGDOM of TURIN MINT ====================================================================== 50 CENTESIMI 18MM .835 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ====================================================================== (1860) (1861) (1862) (1863) (1864) (1865) (1866) (1867) (1868) (1869) (1867)

1863 1863 1863 1863 1863 1863 1863 1863 1863 1863 1867

3,328,379 1,267,009 815,048 7,458,671 10,366,403 25,532,514 39,615,534 23,224,645 8,203,846 4,432,894 396,231

Italy today FOOTNOTE: The name ‘bank’ is from the Italian ‘banco’, a bench, from the practice of the Jews of Lombardy, who had benches in the market places while in business of exchanging money.

AP-529 CB-78 frozen date frozen date frozen date frozen date frozen date frozen date frozen date frozen date frozen date AP-533 CB-83 rare

¿OV: Head of Victor Emanuel II, facing right VICTORIO EMANUELE II (Victor Emanuel II) around / FERRARIS under bust / DATE below. ÀRV: 50 / CENTESIMI within wreath of laurel tied with ribbon below, REGNO D’ITALIA (King of Italy) above / T (mintmark) BN bank mark=BANCA NAZIONALE (National Bank) below.

The Rialto - Venice FOOTNOTE: Italy struck this series coinage only at the Bologna, Florence, Milan, Rome, Naples and Turin mints. Venice was under the control of the Austrian Empire until the establishment of the Kingdom. Coinage minted at Venice are listed under Austria in this work

EDGE: Plain MINT: T = TORINO DESIGNER: FERRARIS = Giuseppe Ferraris TYPE: II - T BN mintmark and bank mark together REFERENCE: Y-16, KM-14.3 ======================================================================

The T BN mint mark - bank mark

Arms of Italy

======================================================================



JAPAN

======================================================================

======================================================================

1870 - Meiji 3 -10 SEN - OBVERSE

1870 - Meiji 3 -10 SEN - REVERSE

====================================================================== JAPAN, EMPIRE of OSAKA MINT ====================================================================== 10 SEN 17.57MM .800 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ======================================================================

======================================================================

(1870)

Meiji - 3

6,102,674

FOOTNOTE: The 10 sen coins of Japan are listed in chronological order. Currency of Japan - 10 mons - 1 sen, 100 sen = 1 yen

frozen date

¿OV: Dragon within circle of pearls, inscription ( • DIA NIPPON • MEIJI 3RD YEAR • 10 SEN = Greater Japan 3rd Year of Meiji Era • 10 sen) around. ¿RV: Radiant Sun within circle of pearls, chrysanthemum between two paulownia at top, within wreath of paulownia and chrysanthemum leaves tied with ribbon below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = OSAKA REFERENCE: Y-2, JNDA-23 FOOTNOTE: By the Japanese, Niphon or Nippon is employed to describe the whole Empire. The name ‘Jipun’, altered to Japan, is the Chinese designation, and it first became familiar to Europeans. New Cabinet Cyclopeadia,1896.

Emperor Meiji ======================================================================

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - JAPAN - PAGE 323

FOOTNOTE: Emperor Meiji (Mutsuhito) was born at Kyoto on November 3, 1852. On February 3, 1867 the Mikado, Mutsuhito then fifteen years of age, succeeded his father Komei Tenno and ascended to the throne of Japan. He married Princess Haruko, daughter of Prince Ichijo on February 9, 1869. Shortly thereafter, the Shogun (Commander-in-Chief of the Empire) was forced to resign his office, leaving the Mikado (Emperor) the Ruler of Japan. He emerged from his ancient seclusion in the Sacred City of Kyoto and removed the capital to Yeddo which was given the new name of Tokyo (“Eastern Capital”). The Feudal Princes agreed to peacefully surrender their titles and prerogatives and in July 1871 feudalism was formally abolished throughout the Empire.

Four Classes of Japanese Society FOOTNOTE: A Japanese gentleman’s dress is a loose garment made of silk, gathered in at the waist by a girdle, and extending from neck to ankle; while over this is thrown a wide-sleeve jacket. In the country a short cotton gown is worn, while the lower classes generally ware but scant clothing. The hair is shaved off the front part of the head, while on the back and sides it is gathered up into a knot and fastened with long pins. As regards both clothing and hair-dressing the women very much resemble the men. They also paint and powder themselves to excess. A husband can have as many concubines as he can afford. New Cabinet Cyclopeadia, 1896.

The Castle of Osaka in 1861 FOOTNOTE: The Osaka mint opened officially on April 4, 1871 with special ceremonies. This was the first time Japanese coins were struck with modern machinery. The mint equipment moved from the now closed Hong Kong mint, was supervised by engineers and technicians brought from Europe as advisers, including a delegation of coinage experts from the Royal Mint, London. Small factories were built within the mint compound for the production of sulfuric acid, soda and coal gas. The mint manufactured its own ink for record keeping and was the first Japanese enterprise to adopt double entry bookkeeping. The mint staff both men and women were required to wear western style clothing, as the traditional topnot and the swords worn by men similar to the Samurai Warrior were abolished at the Osaka mint. The English technicians stayed at the mint until 1889. The 10 sen dated Meiji 3 was struck with frozen date from Meiji 3 to Meiji 5 (1870-72) . Another account of the Osaka mint relates as follows; "The Osaka mint is a series of fine and substantial buildings, in the Roman style of architecture, equipped with twelve first-class English coining-presses, thirtyseven melting-furnaces, and a sulfuric and nitric acid manufactory. The mint makes its own tools, cuts its own dies, and performs the usual bullion, assaying, refining, and analyzing business of a mint in other countries. The establishment was organized by Major T.W.Kinder, who was the efficient superintendent from 1870 to 1875. To his energy and ability are due the success and reputation of the mint, which it devolves upon the Japanese to maintain. Three hundred and eighty natives and several Englishmen are employed it. The coins minted are gold, silver and copper, and of the same weight, fineness, denomination, and decimal division as the American coinage. They are round, with milled edges. They are stamped with the devices of the rising sun, coiled dragons, legend of date and denomination, in Chinese and Roman numerals, chrysanthemum, and Paulownia imperialis leaves and flowers. Japanese prejudices are against the idea of stamping the mikado's image on their coins... The average metal money now in circulation is nearly two dollars per head of the population..."The Mikado's Empire, W. E.Griffis, New York, 1877

Marquis Hirobumi Ito FOOTNOTE: Marquis Hirobumi Ito, Japanese statesman was born in the Province of Choshu in 1841. Modern coinage of Japan dates from 1870 with the opening of the Mint at Osaka. The machinery which was manufactured in Birmingham, England had been set up as the Hong Kong mint. But in 1868 the equipment was sold to the Japanese to establish their new mint. Prince Ito in 1871 visited the United States to examine the coinage system, and on his return was successful in establishing modern gold and silver coinage minted at Osaka. He became a Minister in the Japanese Government, again traveling to the United States and to Europe in 1897-98. After the Russo-Japanese War, Ito was the first Resident-General in Korea. He was assassinated on October 26, 1909 on a trip to Harbin, Manchuria.


1875 - Meiji 8 -10 SEN - OBV

1875 - Meiji 8 -10 SEN - REV


======================================================================

(1873) Meiji - 6 (1874) - 7 (1875) - 8 (1876) - 9 (1877) - 10 (1880) - 13 (1885) - 18 (1887) - 20 (1888) - 21 (1891) - 24 (1892) - 25 (1893) - 26 (1894) - 27 (1895) - 28 (1896) - 29 (1897) - 30 (1898) - 31 (1899) - 32 (1900) - 33 (1901) - 34 (1902) - 35 (1904) - 37 (1905) - 38 (1906) - 39

5,109,951 10,221,571 8,977,419 11,890,075 20,352,213 77 9,763,333 10,421,616 8,177,229 5,000,000 5,000,000 12,000,000 11,000,000 13,719,054 15,080,506 20,357,439 13,643,001 26,216,579 8,183,421 797,561 1,204,439 11,106,638 34,182,194 4,710,168

rare

POPULATION: 1890 - 36,358,994 increasing to 43,763,153 by 1900 with Tokyo the capital with 1,440,121 inhabitants. FOOTNOTE: The Dragon or Ryu derives from the Chinese and is a symbol for the Emperor. The dragon holds an orb called a Tamashi, which represents spirit or supernatural powers. FOOTNOTE: Japan: A European modification, brought about through the Portuguese Gepuen, or Japao, of the native Nippon, compounded of Ni, “Sun,Fire”, and Pon, “Land”, literally “Sun-Land”, or “Land of the Rising Sun,” and signifying “The Fountain of Light”.

rare rare

¿RV: Chrysanthemum at top, Two Japanese characters for denomination (10 sen) within wreath of paulownia and chrysanthemum leaves tied with ribbon below.

MINT: (no mintmark) = OSAKA

Japanese Numismatic Dealers Association Published annually in Tokyo.

rare

¿OV: Dragon within circle of pearls, inscription ( • DIA NIPPON • MEIJI • ..TH YEAR = Greater Japan ..th Year of Meiji Era) around, / • 10 SEN • for denomination in English, below.

EDGE: Reeded

REFERENCE: Y-23, JNDA-23

FOOTNOTE: The new era in Japan - The day that Perry entered the Bay of Yeddo with his little fleet was to aid the whalers and protect their industries as the chief motive of the United States in sending this expedition to Japan. In 1853, Commodore Perry’s fleet arrived from America laden not only with guns but with gifts from the western world, indicating its commercial and scientific advancement. Japan, awakened from her long seclusion, turned suddenly from the traditions of her past to welcome the enlightenment of modern civilization. In 1868 the young Emperor Mutsuhito (Meiji) took the great charter oath, promising to rebuild the Empire according to the right way. During his remarkable reign Japan probably made more rapid progress than any other nation in the world. In 1872 the Army, Navy, and Civil Service were entirely reconstructed; the Imperial mint and the new coinage were introduced; a new educational department, with an Imperial University, was established, new post offices and the first railways were opened. The next year the western calendar was adopted. In 1875 a deliberative assembly was added, followed by provincial assemblies. In 1889 the Emperor granted a written Constitution, and the first Parliament followed in 1890.The New Era in Asia, 1913.


1910 - Meiji 43 -10 SEN - OBV

1910 - Meiji 43 -10 SEN - REV


======================================================================

(1907) Meiji - 40 (1908) - 41 (1909) - 42 (1910) - 43 (1911) - 44 (1912) - 45

12,000,000 12,273,239 20,279,846 20,339,816 38,729,680 10,755,009

¿OV: Radiant Sun within circle of 31 kiri blossoms, inscription (. • DIA NIPPON • MEIJI • ..TH YEAR = Greater Japan ..th Year of Meiji Era) around, / • 10 SEN • for denomination in English, below. ¿RV: Chrysanthemum at top, Two Japanese characters for denomination (10 sen) within wreath of kiri and chrysanthemum leaves tied with ribbon below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = OSAKA REFERENCE: Y-23, JNDA-24

FOOTNOTE: The monetary unit of Japan is the yen worth U.S. 49.8 cents in 1910 with 100 sen equal to one yen. New International Yearbook. FOOTNOTE: The steady rise in the price of silver from 1903 to 1906 brought the while metal to a maximum of 71 5/8 U.S.cents per ounce in November, 1906, or slightly above the bullion parity of the 10 sen subsidiary coinage of Japan. In anticipation of a continued rise, a recoinage Law was passed in April, 1906, by which the fine-silver content corresponding to a coinage ratio of 21.60 to 1, or bullion parity of 95.6 U.S.cents per ounce, which made the coins safe from any danger of the melting pot until the great rise of silver occurred during the Great War. Silver Money by D.Leavens, Bloomington,Ind. 1939. FOOTNOTE: Much of the old era still persists. At least one Temple still exists which is endowed by the establishment of houses of ill fame. Nearly all the national religious shrines are surrounded by such immoral resorts; for a pilgrimage often means a spree to the average worshiper. After his penance is performed at the shrine he can begin again to have a good time. Japanese women imported to the cities include one woman in every seven, between the ages of fifteen and thirty-five. According to the ‘Japan Man’ these poor girls in Tokyo are selling body and soul for an average wage of seven cents (10 sen) a day, even their food is insufficient. The New Era in Japan, 1913.

POPULATION: Japan - 1908 - 67,142,798 FOOTNOTE: Osaka, the second city and free port of Japan, in the Island of Hondo, on the estuary of the Yodo Gawa, 28 miles south west of Kyoto. It is intersected by canals, which are spanned by numerous wooden bridges. The bank of the main channel are lined for 2 or 3 miles with residences of the nobles, and it has a strong citadel. A railway connects it with Yeddo. Population - Osaka 1891 - 473,541.Cabinet Cyclopaedia, 1896 FOOTNOTE: Mikado is the title used by Europeans for the Emperor of Japan, meaning “Exalted Gate”. The Mikado claims divine origin through the Sun Goddess.

Arms of Japan


1912 - Taisho 1 - 10 SEN - OBV

1917 - Taisho 6 - 10 SEN - REV


======================================================================

(1912) Taisho (1913) (1914) (1915) (1916) (1917) -

1 2 3 4 5 6

10,344,307 13,321,466 10,325,327 16,036,225 10,324,179 35,170,906

¿OV: Radiant Sun within circle of 31 kiri blossoms, inscription ( • DIA NIPPON • TAISHO • .. TH YEAR = Greater Japan ..th Year of Taisho Era) around, / • 10 SEN • for denomination in English, below. ¿RV: Chrysanthemum at top, Two Japanese characters for denomination (10 sen) within wreath of kiri and chrysanthemum leaves tied with ribbon below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = OSAKA

FOOTNOTE: The 10 sen silver series spans 47 years from 1870 to 1917 with a total mintage from the Osaka mint of 483,117,158. FOOTNOTE: Yoshihito (1879-1926), Emperor or Mikado of Japan. This name is little used in Japanese, the common people calling him ‘Tewshi Sama’ “August Son of Heaven”, and the educated ‘Shujo’, “Supreme Master”. He was born August 31, 1879, the third son of Emperor Meiji Tenno. His elder brother having died, he became Crown Prince November 3, 1890. For eight years he attended the Gaku-shu-in or Peers’ School and continued his study at his palace in Aoyama, Toyko. In July, 1897, when he became of age, he took his seat in the House of Peers, and three years later May 10, 1900, married Princess Sada-ko May 10, the fourth daughter of the late Prince Kujo. To them were born three children, Prince Hirohito, the Crown Prince (born 1901), Prince Yasuhito (born 1902), and Prince Nobuhito (born 1905). Soon after his marriage he spent nearly three years in travels of observation that covered the whole realm. Every opportunity was given him to see for himself the real life of the people. On August 30, 1912, upon the death of his father, he ascended the throne. Beloved by his people, he came to be known as the most democratic emperor who ever sat on the throne of Japan. He died December 25, 1926 and heir apparent Prince Hirohito, Born April 29, 1901, became Emperor. New Standard Encyclopedia, 1937.

REFERENCE: Y-36, JNDA-24, Japanese Coinage by N.Jacobs and C.Vermeule, New York, 1972. POPULATION: Japan - 1918 - 57,070,936 FOOTNOTE: The Japanese character for the Year One ( 1 ) is different than the normal character One ( - ) as noted in the following enlargement from the 1912 Taisho 10 sen.

Jin-riki-sha ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - JAPAN - PAGE 327

1872 Opening of first railway FOOTNOTE: Emperor Meiji in traditional Japanese dress opened the first railway in 1872 as Japan moved headlong into modernization after a feudal past.

Japan today ======================================================================

Paulownia imperialis or kiri leaf FOOTNOTE: Japanese numerals are read from right to left i.e. dates like year 34 are written 4 - 10 - 3 starting on the right.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Japanese coolie about 1877

Two Japanese travelers



KHIVA

====================================================================== KHANATE OF KHIVA, RUSSIAN TURKESTAN KHIVA MINT ====================================================================== 1 TENGA 18MM .800 FINE 3.0 GRAMS ====================================================================== (1842)

AH 1258

======================================================================

u/m

¿OV: Within large center circle, double diamond design with arabic inscription. ¿RV: Within small double circle, arabic date PQTV (AH 1257), arabic inscription around. EDGE: Hand engraved Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = KHIVA REFERENCE: Y-2 FOOTNOTE: Khiva, is the capital of the Semi-Independent Khanate of Khiva, Russian Turkestan in Central Asia. It lies on an alluvial flat at the junction of two canals, 50 miles west of the left bank of the Amu. It forms an irregular circuit of about 4 miles, and is enclosed by a dry ditch and an earthen wall about 20 feet in height and thickness, and entered by twelve gates, the masonry of which is of brick. Among the principal buildings are two palaces of the Kahn, a number of mosques, and the castles of the principal state officers. Population of Khiva, about 20,000. New Cabinet Cyclopaedia, Phila., 1896.

======================================================================

AH 1311 - 1 TENGA - REVERSE ====================================================================== KHANATE OF KHIVA, RUSSIAN TURKESTAN KHIVA MINT ====================================================================== 1 TENGA 18MM .800 FINE 3.0 GRAMS ====================================================================== (1867) (1893) (1894)

AH 1284 1311 1312

u/m u/m u/m

¿OV: Native inscription / AH DATE in arabic. ¿RV: Native inscription / AH DATE in arabic. EDGE: Plain MINT: (no mintmark) = KHIVA REFERENCE: Y-6 FOOTNOTE: In 1863 Russia claimed that the Turkestan tribesmen pillaged caravans and harried her frontiers, sent forces which captured the cities of Turkestan, Chemkent, and Taskkent and two years later organized the region into the new Province of Russian Turkestan.

AH 1311 - 1 TENGA - OBVERSE ======================================================================

FOOTNOTE: Khiva, a Russian vassal state in central Asia. Estimated population, 800,000 including 400,000 nomad turkomans. Capital, Khiva, with between four and five thousand inhabitants. The people are mohammedans. Chief products, cotton and silk. The Kahn, Seyid Mohammed Rakhim Bahadour Kahn, born about 1845, succeeded in 1865. He died August 29, 1910. New International Encyclodedia, 1910.

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - KHIVA - PAGE 329

KHIVA, RUSSIAN EMPIRE ============================================================================================================================================

SAMARKAND, RUSSIAN TURKESTAN - 1895 FOOTNOTE: Russian Turkestan is mainly an arid grazing region, but agriculture is possible in the valleys of several large snow-fed rivers; the Amu and Syr. Not only are sheep, cattle, horses and camels raised, but grain, cotton, tobacco, and fruits are cultivated with some skill. The mulberry tree is grown, and many silkworms are raised. Tashkend is the largest city. Bokhara and Khiva, southwest of Russian Turkestan are ruled by native Khans, but are really dependencies of Russia. Roddy's Complete Geography, 1902.

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - KHIVA - PAGE 330


KOREA

======================================================================

======================================================================

1906 - YEAR 10 - 10 CHON - OBV

1906 - YEAR 10 - 10 CHON - REV

====================================================================== KOREA, EMPIRE of OSAKA MINT ====================================================================== 10 CHON 18MM .800 FINE 2.7 GRAMS ======================================================================

======================================================================

(1906)

Year - 10

2,000,000

¿OV: Dragon within inner circle of pearls, Japanese inscription (CHOSEN • KUANG MU 10TH YEAR = 10th Year of Kuang Mu Era) around / • 10 CHON • below for denomination in English. ¿RV: Flower at top, Two Japanese characters for denomination (10 chon) within wreath of flowers tied with ribbon below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = Japanese Imperial mint OSAKA REFERENCE: Y-16, JNDA-18, KM-1127 FOOTNOTE:Corea [Korea] occupies a peninsula extending from Manchuria between the Yellow Sea and the Sea of Japan. In 1900 a law was passed for the establishment of a new coinage based on a gold unit, but the exchange of the new coins for existing debased nickel currency did not commence until July 1, 1905. The new coinage consisted of pieces similar in appearance to the Japanese coins of the same value, but with Korean emblems. During the period it was annexed to Japan, the coinage was minted at Osaka, the Japanese Imperial mint.The name of the country was changed to Chosen, its ancient title as shown on the coinage listed herein. The paper money in circulation is also furnished by the Japanese. New International Encyclpoedia,1910.

FOOTNOTE: Corea (as is was spelled earlier) for centuries was under Chinese influence. In 1864 the King of Corea died without having named a successor. Emperor, Yi-Hyong, then a child of twelve, was chosen, and his father appointed Tai Wen Kun as Regent. For nine years he ruled with a rod of iron, persecuted the Christians and rigorously enforced the policy of exclusiveness, and the doctrine of “Corea for the Coreans”. In 1871 a United States Expedition, sent to inquire into the fate of a shipwrecked crew were unsuccessful and the Japanese were, first to make a treaty of Friendship with Korea in 1876. Until January 7, 1895 Corea paid tribute to China. Independence was brought about by the Chino-Japanese War of 1894-95 following the decisive victory of Japan, The Korean King declared his independence and the Treaty of Shimonoseki confirmed this. There remained after the War a powerful party, headed by the Queen, inimical to Japanese influence. In October 1895 a popular tumult, engineered by the Japanese authorities, broke out at Seoul, and a mob invaded the Palace and murdered the Queen. The King sought refuge in the Russian Embassy. In 1897 the Sovereign adopted the title of Emperor and the condemning powers recognized the independence of Corea, gave it the name of Dai Han and inaugurated a new reign-period called Kwang-Mu with 1897 as the first year. In 1904 Japanese troops landed, with the Emperor subscribing to a treaty of independence, under Japanese financial and diplomatic advisors. In 1910 a Treaty with Japan annexed Corea to Japan, thus the last coinage of this series is dated this same year. By Imperial Rescript of 1909 Corea was to be treated as an integral part of Japan with Corean citizens to enjoy the same rights as Japanese. New International Encyclpoedia, 1910. FOOTNOTE: Seoul, the former capital was renamed Keijo by Japanese in 1910. A wall eleven miles in length and pierced by eight gates surrounds the city. New International Encyclpoedia, 1910.

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - KOREA - PAGE 331

1910 - YEAR 4 - 10 CHON - OBV

1910 - YEAR 4 - 10 CHON - REV

====================================================================== KOREA, EMPIRE of OSAKA MINT ====================================================================== 10 CHON 17.7MM .800 FINE 2.7 GRAMS ======================================================================

===================================================================== KOREA, EMPIRE of OSAKA MINT ====================================================================== 10 CHON 17.7MM .800 FINE 2.25 GRAMS ======================================================================

(1907)

Year - 11

2,400,000

¿OV: Dragon within inner circle of pearls, Japanese inscription (CHOSEN • KUANG MU 11TH YEAR = 11th Year of Kuang Mu Era) around / • 10 CHON • below for denomination in English. ¿RV: Flower at top, Two Japanese characters for denomination (10 chon) within wreath of flowers tied with ribbon below. EDGE: Reeded

(1908) Ryung Heui - 2 (1909) - 3 (1910) - 4

6,300,000 u/m 9,500,000

rare

¿OV: Dragon within inner circle of pearls, Japanese inscription (CHOSEN • RYUNG - HEUI 4TH YEAR = 4th Year of Ryung Heui Era) around / • 10 Chon • below for denomination in English. ¿RV: Flower at top, Two Japanese characters for denomination (10 chon) within wreath of flowers tied with ribbon below.

MINT: (no mintmark) = Japanese Imperial mint OSAKA

EDGE: Reeded

TYPE: Thin planchet with weight reduced 20% from Kuang Mu Year 10, with 2.7 grams to 2.25 grams for Year 11.

MINT: (no mintmark) = Japanese Imperial mint OSAKA

REFERENCE: Y-C22, JNDA-18, KM-1133

POPULATION: Korea - 1910 - 12,959,981

REFERENCE: Y-25, JNDA-18, KM-1139

FOOTNOTE: The first Resident-General, under the Japanese Protectorate Administration was the eminent constructive statesman, Marquis Ito Hirobumi, who took up his duties March 2, 1906. Ito found himself hampered by the obstructionist tactics of the Korean Emperor, Yi Hyong, and forced his abdication, July 20, 1907, in favor of the Emperor’s son, Yi Chok. Ito resigned May, 1909. Prince Ito was murdered October 26, 1909, by a native Korean, who was subsequently executed. In1910, Treaty of Annexation was signed stipulating the complete and permanent cession to the Emperor of Japan of all rights of Sovereignty over the whole of Korea, the conferring of appropriate titles on members of the Korean Imperial house and that the name Korea hereafter be Cho-sen, the ancient name of the Kingdom. New International Yearbook, 1910. ======================================================================

Korean street scene

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - KOREA - PAGE 332


LEBANON

=====================================================================

====================================================================

1929 - 10 PIASTRES - OBVERSE

1929 - 10 PIASTRES - REVERSE

===================================================================== LEBANON, REPUBLIC of PARIS MINT ====================================================================== 10 PIASTRES 17MM .680 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ======================================================================

======================================================================

1929

880,064

¿OV: Cedar of Lebanon / Arabic inscription in box at base of the tree (AL-JUMHURIYAT AL-LIBANANYYA = Republic

of Lebanon) 1929 left, [XQX (arabic 1929) right, REPUBLIQUE / LIBANAISE (French for Republic of Lebanon) below.

FOOTNOTE: This one year, one country, type is, in the opinion of the author, included with the very few other specimens, which in gem uncirculated condition are very rare. In nearly thirty years of collecting this dime size series, only one has been encountered, as pictured. The coin in the N.I. reprint on Modern Lebanese Coinage by Granvyl G. Hulse, Jr. , 1974, in all probability represents another, used for his illustration. Twenty five years ago there were quite a few in slightly lower grades available in the $1 to $2 range, but they are seldom seen today. ======================================================================

ÀRV: Value in arabic [Y ( 10) arabic inscription for denomination (ghurush ashra = qurush ten) / Crossed cornucopia / 10 / PIASTRES below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = PARIS ENGRAVER: Louis Bazor REFERENCE: Y-8, KM-6, GH-37 FOOTNOTE: Minted at the Paris mint in 1930 with the French and Arabic date of 1929, similar to a 1929 Essai. Lebanon issued only this one year type which falls within this series. FOOTNOTE: Lebanon was formed on September 1, 1920 from five former Turkish Empire Sanjaks (Districts) of North Lebanon, Mount Lebanon, South Lebanon, Beirut and Bekaa as an independent State and administrated under French Mandate between 1920 and 1941.

Lebanon today ======================================================================

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - LEBANON - PAGE 333


LIBERIA

1906 - 10 CENTS - BIRMINGHAM MINT - OBVERSE

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - LIBERIA - PAGE 334


LIBERIA

======================================================================

======================================================================

Arms of Liberia

1906 - 10 CENTS - REVERSE ====================================================================== LIBERIA, REPUBLIC of BIRMINGHAM MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTS 18.4MM .925 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1896 1906

20,000 35,000

¿OV: Liberty Head, facing left, REPUBLIC OF LIBERIA around / n below with H (mintmark). ¿RV: 10 / CENTS / DATE within wreath of laurel tied with ribbon below. EDGE: Reeded

FOOTNOTE: Liberia lies between the River San Pedro and Manna, has 500 miles of seaboard, and extends some 100 miles inland. The soil is fertile, well watered, and highly adapted to the cultivation of all tropical products. The chief crop is coffee, other exports being palm-oil, ground-nuts, caoutchouc, and ivory. The climate is very unhealthy for Europeans. The English language predominates among the governing class and civilization is making rapid strides among the natives. The population consists of some 20,000 immigrants from the United States and their dependents, and about 1,000,000 natives. Monrovia the capital has 6,000 inhabitants. New Cabinet Cyclopaedia, Phila., 1895. FOOTNOTE: The Republic of Liberia was founded by the American Colonization Society in 1823 and settled by freed negro slaves from the United States. One hundred years later, there were 12,000 descendants of the original settlers, of the 1,000,000 total population. 30,000 Liberians speak English and live along the coast, the remainder are half-savage blacks who live in the interior and have no relations with the civilized inhabitants. The Free and Independent Republic of Liberia was formerly known as the Grain Coast, located between French Ivory Coast and Sierra Leone on the west coast of Africa. Monrovia, the capital, with a population of 10,000, is situated at the mouth of the St. Paul River. During World War I, Monrovia was bombarded by a German submarine on April 10, 1918.

MINT: H = THE MINT, BIRMINGHAM, LTD. REFERENCE: Y-6, LB3, KM-7 POPULATION: Liberia - 1894 - 1,068,000 FOOTNOTE: When the Republic of Liberia was formed the U.S.dollar became their currency unit. The 1906 issue included 15 proof sets, each with a 1, 2, 10, 25 and 50 cent coin. This was the first of only two series; which included a dime size silver coin, each minted with only two different dates; for the Republic of Liberia. FOOTNOTE: By an arrangement growing out of the Loan of 1906, English gold and silver became the principal standard of Liberia, since customs duties must be paid in these. The 1906 10 cents imported from Birmingham, England, was the last silver coinage of Liberia for 54 years until the 1960-61 issue was struck by the Philadelphia mint.

FOOTNOTE: Liberia stretches inland to a distance, in some places, of about 200 miles. A strip of land about 20 miles broad along parts of the coast is administrated by the government. The Constitution of Liberia, provides that the President have real property to the value of 600 dollars.The official language of the Government is English. In 1910 the United States Government intimated its willingness to assist Liberia by taking entire charge of the finances, military organization, agriculture, and boundary questions of the country. The American-Liberians have not full control or influence over the natives of the interior, where there are several powerful aboriginal chiefs. The indigenous natives belong in the main to five principal stocks; the Mandingos, the Kisi; the Gola, the Kpwesi and the Kru negroes. The number of American Liberians is estimated at about 12,000. About 50,000 of the costal negroes may be considered civilized. The Statesman's Year-Book, New York, 1916.




====================================================================== LIBERIA, REPUBLIC of PHILADELPHIA MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTS 18MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ======================================================================

======================================================================

1960 1961

1,000,000 1,200,000

FOOTNOTE: The chief exports are rubber, palm oil, palm kernels, piassava fiber, cocoa, coffee, ivory, ginger, camwood, and anatto. The trade is chiefly with Great Britain, Germany, and Holland. The Statesman's Year-Book, New York, 1916. \======================================================================

¿OV: Native Liberty Head, facing left, REPUBLIC OF LIBERIA around / GR under bust / n below. ÀRV: 10 / CENTS / DATE within wreath of laurel tied with ribbon below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = PHILADELPHIA ENGRAVER: GR = Gilroy Roberts, Chief U.S.Engraver REFERENCE: Y-14, KM-15 FOOTNOTE: The first issue dated 1960 was struck in 1959 at the Philadelphia mint. FOOTNOTE: Gilroy Roberts was appointed Chief Engraver of the United States mint on July 22, 1948. The Liberian coinage he engraved was the first since 1906 for the country to have their own silver coinage. On October 8, 1964, he resigned to enter private engraving. His most famous work was the U.S. design he prepared in 1963 for the obverse of the Kennedy half dollar. FOOTNOTE: The chief imports of Liberia are; rice, Manchester goods, gin, tobacco, building timber, galvanized roofing iron, ready made clothing, dried and preserved fish. The Statesman's YearBook, New York, 1916. FOOTNOTE: There are no railways or vehicular means of transport in the country, except ox-carts and a motor road of about 20 miles recently constructed. The Statesman's Year-Book, New York, 1916.

Map of Africa - 1895 Liberia - enlarged insert



LIECHTENSTEIN

======================================================================

======================================================================

1924 - 2 FRANK - OBVERSE

1924 - 2 FRANK - REVERSE

====================================================================== LIECHTENSTEIN, PRINCIPALITY of BERNE MINT ====================================================================== 2 FRANK 18MM .835 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ======================================================================

======================================================================

1924

30,000

rare

¿OV: Head of Prince John II, facing left JOHANN II FURST (John II, Prince) left VON LIECHTENSTEIN (of Liechtenstein) right. ¿RV: Crowned Arms within wreath of laurel, denomination divided by Liechtenstein Arms, 2 left, FR (frank) right / 1924 below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = BERNE POPULATION: Liechtenstein - 1912 - 10,716 with capital Vaduz with 1,142 inhabitants. REFERENCE: Y-7 FOOTNOTE: The original mintage of this issue was struck at the Swiss mint at Berne with 30,000 coins, later 15,745 were melted. FOOTNOTE: Liechtenstein is practically free from taxes, most of the expenses being met from revenues of the Dynasty from outside properties, whose aggregate acreage is said to exceed the area of the Principality itself - Estates in Czechoslovakia and Germany, and a famous Viennese Palace with very valuable collection of Art. ======================================================================

Arms of Liechtenstein

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - LIECHTENSTEIN - PAGE 337

====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: The Principality of Liechtenstein, lying between Austrian crownland of Vorarlberg and the Swiss cantons of St. Gallen and Graubunden, is a sovereign State consisting of Schellenberg and Vaduz (formerly immediate fiefs of the Roman Empire). The former in 1699 and the latter in 1712 came into the possession of the house of Liechtenstein and, by diploma of January 23, 1719, granted by Emperor Karl VI., the two lordships were constituted as the Principality of Liechtenstein. After the break-up of the Empire in 1806 the Principality was incorporated in the Rhine Confederation; from 1815 to 1866 it formed part of the German confederation, since the break-up of which it has joined no similar union. The Reigning is Prince John II., born October 5, 1840; when at the age of 18 succeeded his father on November 12, 1858. The reigning family originated in the twelfth century, and traces its decent through free barons who in 1608 became princes of Liechtenstein. The capital and seat of government is Vaduz (population c. 1912 1,376) The population is in great part agricultural, the chief products of the country being corn, wine, fruit, and timber. The rearing of cattle for which the fine alpine pastures are well suited is highly developed. The Statesman's Year-Book, London, 1916.

Liechtenstein

between

====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: The Royal coat of Arms of Liechtenstein represents; Schlesien (Eagle), Saxony (Arch), The Duchy of Trappau (Division), Schellenberg (So-called Virgin Eagle), The Duchy of Jagerdorff (Horn) and in the middle the Arms of the House of Liechtenstein, above, the Crown of a Prince of the Holy Roman Empire. Around the Arms an Order. FOOTNOTE: In 1976 a recent amateurish restrike of the 2 frank of Liechtenstein was reported, marked “900 B&B” with plain edge. Money, Liechtenstein, 1976

Switzerland

and

Austria

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - LIECHTENSTEIN - PAGE 338


LITHUANIA

======================================================================

======================================================================

1925 - 1 LITAS - OBVERSE

1925 - 1 LITAS - REVERSE

====================================================================== LITHUANIA, REPUBLIC of LONDON MINT ====================================================================== 1 LITAS 19MM .750 FINE 2.7 GRAMS ======================================================================

======================================================================

1925

5,985,000

¿OV: Rider on horseback with sward and shield, LIETUVBS (Lithuanian) left RESPVBLIKA (Republic) right / (mastgate mark) / v 1925 v below.

FOOTNOTE: The Republic of Lithuania on the Baltic Sea in northern Europe was formally a Grand Duchy and under the reign of Vytaulas (AD 1392-1430) her frontiers extended from the Baltic to the Black Sea, all now part of Russia. Following the death of Vytaulas, Lithuania gradually came under Polish influence and was united with Poland in 1569. At the end of the 18th century Poland fell under Russian rule along with Greater Lithuania. Lithuania minor was annexed by Prussia and following the First World War it was declared a Republic.

¿RV: Large 1, VIENAS (one) / LITAS to right, oak leaves left and below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = Royal Mint, London and Spindulys,Ldt. REFERENCE: Y-6 POPULATION: Lithuania - 1925 - 2,340,000 with capital Kaunas with 125,000 inhabitants. FOOTNOTE: The independence of the Lithuanian Republic was proclaimed at Vilna on February 16, 1918. The Republic consists of the former Russian Government of Kovno and portions of the Suvalki and Vilna Governments. The chief industries are agriculture and forestry, the chief products of the Republic being rye, wheat, barley, oats and potatoes; the exports are bacon, dairy products, cellulose, timber, flax and livestock. The chief imports are herring, cement, coal, metal, textiles and machinery. World Almanic, 1940. Map - Essentials of Geography, 1931

Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania The Baltic States between Finland and Poland after 1918

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - LITHUNIA - PAGE 339


MACAU

======================================================================

======================================================================

1952 - 1 PATACA - OBVERSE

1952 -1 PATACA - REVERSE

====================================================================== MACAU, Overseas Province` of Portugal LISBON MINT ====================================================================== 1 PATACA 19MM .720 FINE 3.0 GRAMS ======================================================================

======================================================================

1952

521,600

¿OV: Portuguese Arms, REPUBLICA • PORTUGESA (Republic Portugal) around, h 1952 h below. ¿RV: Arms of Macau, i MACAU i (above ) Chinese inscription left and right, i 1 PATACA i below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = LISBON REFERENCE: Y-4, KM-4 FOOTNOTE: Macau is the oldest European outpost in the East, with a history of China trading and Jesuit Missionary activity dating from the mid sixteenth century. The first treaty between China and the United States was signed in its Kwan Yin Temple in 1844 when it was declared a free port. China recognized its independence in 1887. It was proclaimed an overseas Province of Portugal in 1951. Macau occupied six square miles embracing the tip of a peninsula of mainland China and two islands. Hong Kong is 40 miles to the east across the Pearl River estuary and 90 miles southeast of the City of Canton. Macau has 300,000 inhabitants of whom 98 percent are Chinese. The Temple of Ma Kon Miu contains a special shrine to Ama, a Chinese Goddess from whence came Macao’s name; it first was “Amagao”,the first “A” was later dropped, and the “G” replaced by a “C”; the Portuguese still call the place Macau, the English version is Macao.

FOOTNOTE: Arms of Macau: Colonial Coat of Arms, left five shields of the Quinas Cross which notes Victory over five Moorish Princes during the Christian reconquest of the Iberian Peninsula from the Arabs of North Africa. To the right the Emblem of Macau, the Chinese dragon with Portuguese shield of five roundels, below the waves which emphasize the Overseas Colony. According to the census of 1950 the population is 187,772. The other Overseas provinces included; The Cape Verde Islands, The Islands of San Tome and Principe, Angola, Mozambique, Goa (Portuguese India), and Portuguese Timor. FOOTNOTE: Macao is the favorite resort for the European residents of Hong Kong who are addicted to gambling. The gentlemen of our party went to observe the proceedings, but tonight there were only a few natives playing at ‘Fan-tan’ a game which, though a great favorite with the natives, appears very stupid to a European. The croupier takes a handful of copper cash and throws it upon the table; he then with chop-sticks counts the coins by fours, the betting being upon the possible number of the remainder. It takes a long time to count a big handful, and you have only one, two, three or four to back - no colors or combinations, as at Rouge-Et-Noir, or Trent-Et-Quarante. A Voyage in the ‘Sunbeam” by Mrs. Brassey, 1881. FOOTNOTE: Macau, in China, situated on an island of the same name at the mouth of the Canton river, forms with the two small adjacent islands of Taipa and Coloane, a province, the city being dived into two wards, one inhabited by Chines and the other by non-Chinese, each having its own administrator. The population in 1910 is 74,866. The whites 3,919. There are 3,780 Portuguese, 60,057 Chinese and 154 of various nationalities. The trade, mostly transit, is in the hands of Chinese. The port of Macau was visited by 1,486 merchant steamers and 6,437 junks. The Statesmen's Year-Book, London, 1916.

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - MACAU - PAGE 340


MALAYA

======================================================================

======================================================================



====================================================================== MALAYA, BRITISH COLONY of LONDON MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTS 18MM .750 FINE 2.71 GRAMS ======================================================================

======================================================================

1939 1941

10,000,000 17,000,000

¿OV: Head of George VI, facing left, • GEORGE VI KING AND EMPEROR OF INDIA around / PM under bust. ¿RV: Large 10 / CENTS within circle of pearls, COMMISSIONERS OF CURRENCY MALAYA around, G DATE G below. EDGE: Reeded DESIGNER: PM = Percy Metcalfe MINT: (no mintmark) = Royal Mint, LONDON REFERENCE: Y-4, MAC-6, KM-4 POPULATION: 1938 - 5,278,866. FOOTNOTE: This series of 10 cents coins for the Commissioners of Currency Malaya is limited to only two types minted every other year starting with 1939 through 1945. Earlier coinage are listed under The Straits Settlements. There are four settlements; Singapore (including the Cocos or Keeling Island) and Christmas Island; Penang (including Province Wellesley); Malacca; and Labuan (off the coast of Borneo). The monetary unit of Malaya is the Straits Settlements dollar equal to 100 cents. The subsidiary coins; 50 cents, 20 cents, 10 cents and 5 cents. World Almanac, 1940.

FOOTNOTE: British Malaya comprises the Colony of Straits Settlements; the Federated Malay States of Perak, Selangor, Negri Sembilan and Pahang; and the Unfederated Malay States of Johore, Kedah, Kelantan, Trengganu, Perlis and Brunei. World Almanac, 1940. FOOTNOTE: From 1933 to 1938, the question of Malayan currency was under review by a Commissioner, Sir Basil Blackett, appointed by the Secretary of States for the colonies. The Commissioner emphasized that the Malayan states and colonies were a single economic unit and he recommended that a currency commission for Malaya be set up. By 1938 the Commissioners of Currency Malaya had been appointed and the Royal Mint, London in 1939 prepared new dies bearing the this name. FOOTNOTE: The trade of Singapore and Penang is principally in the collection and distribution of commodities for the countries of the Malayan archipelago - principal imports include; rubber, rice, motor spirits (benzene), tin ore, iron and steel manufactures, cotton piece goods, machinery, liquid fuel, cigarettes, petroleum (kerosene), milk, sugar, motor cars (passenger and commercial), fish, (dried and salted), copra, areca-nuts, rice bran and meal, wheat flower, coal, cement and cotton sarongs. The principal exports (including re-exports) include; rubber, tin metal, motor spirits (benzene), rice, copra, petroleum (kerosene), areca-nuts, liquid fuel, fish (dried and salted), iron ore, canned pineapples, palm oil and coconut oil. World Almanic, 1940.

—

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - MALAYA - PAGE 341



====================================================================== MALAYA, BRITISH COLONY of LONDON MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTS 18MM .500 FINE 2.71 GRAMS ======================================================================

======================================================================

1943 1945

FOOTNOTE: 1945 - I (mintmark for Bombay mint,India) Pridmore states 8,048,100 minted and melted, Remick states one known.

5,000,000 3,151,900

¿OV: Head of George VI, facing left, • GEORGE VI KING AND EMPEROR OF INDIA around / PM under bust. ¿RV: Large 10 / CENTS within circle of pearls, COMMISSIONERS OF CURRENCY MALAYA around, G DATE G below. EDGE: Reeded DESIGNER: PM = Percy Metcalfe MINT: (no mintmark) = Royal Mint, LONDON TYPE: Fineness reduced to .500

1941 - 10 CENT NOTE - UNIFACE

REFERENCE: Y-4a, MAC-6, KM-4a POPULATION: 1949 - 4,908,000 FOOTNOTE: During 1940 a shortage of coins forced the Commissioners of Currency to authorize the issue of subsidiary paper money, including a 10 cent currency note. The Japanese invasion of the Malayan peninsula in December 1941 brought the immediate issue of “Banana Money”. This resulted in inflation and by 1945 the Japanese occupation dollar was equal to 950 Straits dollars. Plans were set up in London in 1943 for the currency requirements following the liberation of Malaya. The 10 cents coins dated 1943 were stock piled for this eventuality. Following the end of hostilities, August 1945, these coins were released by the British Military Administration and an additional issue dated 1945 were shipped from London. The Japanese invasion had prevented the issuing of the subsidiary paper money in 1941. This paper currency was released in 1945 at the same time as the 1943 and 1945 dated coins.

Malaysia and Singapore today

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - MALAYA - PAGE 342


MAURITIUS

======================================================================

======================================================================



====================================================================== MAURITIUS, BRITISH COLONY of BIRMINGHAM MINT ====================================================================== 20 CENTS 18MM .800 FINE 2.83 GRAMS ======================================================================

======================================================================

1877 1882 1889

375,000 15,000 250,000

¿OV: Head of Queen Victoria wearing a diadem, facing left, VICTORIA, left QUEEN, right / H (mintmark) below bust. ÀRV: Large 20 within circle of pearls, | (rosette) MAURITIUS | (rosette) above, TWENTY CENTS DATE, below. EDGE: Reeded DESIGNER: William Theed MINT: H = THE MINT, BIRMINGHAM,LTD. (Name changed January 1, 1889 from R.HEATON & SONS) REFERENCE: Y-5, MU5, KM-11 FOOTNOTE: Mauritius is a British Island Colony in the Indian Ocean 550 miles east of Madagascar.The island was discovered by Mascarenhas (It and the neighboring islands are called the Mascarenes) in 1507. Ninety years later the Portuguese abandoned it, and the Dutch seized it in 1598 and named it for their Prince Maurice; but they in turn abandoned it in 1710. Subsequently it was occupied by the French who named it Isle de France. The British occupied the island in 1810 and it was formally ceded to Great Britain in 1815 by the Congress of Vienna.

FOOTNOTE: Population of Mauritius - c.1892 - 372,664. FOOTNOTE: By order in Council and Proclamation of August 12, 1876 the Indian rupee was established as the only legal tender payment of Mauritius and its dependencies, replacing the Spanish dollar, British colonial dollar and the Imperial , s. d. of Great Britain. The decimal system of Mauritius was an inheritance from the days of French rule. One rupee equals 100 cents, with subsidiary silver coins expressed in denominations of 20 and 10 cents, first dated in 1877. The British Colony of Ceylon also used the rupee as the monetary unit, divided in to 100 cents, however, their subsidiary coinage is subdivided; 50 cents, 25 cents, and 10 cents, quite like the British India rupee subdivisions of; 2 rupee, 3 rupee and 2 annas. To the East, the coinage of the Straits Settlements based on the dollar monetary unit (originally the 'Mex' dollar or Spanish dollar) is equal to 100 cents. Note the obverse of the Mauritius 20 cents with its large numerals is much like the Straits Settlements 10 cents coinage, being of similar size, fineness. Several issues of China also use the large 10 cents numeral. FOOTNOTE: Mauritius is of an oval form, about 40 miles long from north-east to south-west, and 25 miles in breath, and is surrounded by coral reefs. It is composed chiefly of rugged and irregular mountains, the highest Montague de La Riviere Noire, 2700 feet, and the isolated rock Peter Botte, 2600 feet. Between the mountains, however, and along the coast, there are large and fertile plains and valleys, having a rich soil of black vegetable mold or stiff clay. The climate is pleasant during the cool season, but oppressively hot in summer, and the island is occasionally visited by severe epidemics. The island has two railways, crossing it, in all 87 miles...Population of Mauritius - 368,163 c.1895, two-thirds of whom were originally coolies imported to work the sugar estates. New Cabinet Cyclopaedia, Phila.,1896.

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - MAURITIUS - PAGE 343



====================================================================== MAURITIUS, BRITISH COLONY of LONDON MINT ====================================================================== 20 CENTS 18MM .800 FINE 2.83 GRAMS ======================================================================

======================================================================

1877 1878 1883 1886 1899

u/m 50,000 100,000 750,000 500,000

proof only

¿OV: Head of Queen Victoria wearing a diadem, facing left, VICTORIA, left QUEEN, right. ÀRV: Large 20 within circle of pearls, | (rosette) MAURITIUS | (rosette) above, TWENTY CENTS DATE, below. EDGE: Reeded DESIGNER: William Theed

1893 Fire at capital of Mauritius almost totally destroys St. Louis

MINT: (no mintmark) = Royal Mint, LONDON REFERENCE: Y-5, KM-11

======================================================================

POPULATION: 1900 - 370,407 with capital Port Louis with 53,978 inhabitants.

FOOTNOTE: The Island of Rodrigues, 350 miles north-east of Mauritius is a dependency of Mauritius. Area 40 square miles, population 1931 - 8,202. Cattle, beans, salt fish and goats are principal exports. The Island is under the administration of a Magistrate from Mauritius, who takes his orders from the Governor of Mauritius. Other dependencies - Most of the scattered group of coral islands belonging to Great Britain in the Indian Ocean are administrated by the Mauritius Government, being visited periodically by two Magistrates whose duty is to inquire into the condition of the laborers, and settle any disputes which may be referred to them. The chief product is coconut oil. The most important is Diego Garcia with a population in 1931 of 445, one of the Chagos Archipelago, which lies on the direct route from the Red Sea to Australia, and possesses a good harbor. World.Almanac,1940.

FOOTNOTE: The commerce of Mauritius is chiefly with Great Britain and the British colonies. Exports include sugar, rum, vanilla, aloe fiber, molasses and coconuts. Chief imports are cotton goods, provisions, coal, machinery and fertilizers. Port Louis is connected by steam-ship lines with Madagascar, Reunion, and British India. It is to the great advantage of the colony that nearly all vessels between Europe and India via the Cape of Good Hope touch at Port Louis. New International Encyclopedia, 1910. FOOTNOTE: The Seychelles were a dependency of Mauritius until August 31, 1903, and it was not until 1939 that the Seychelles ordered from the Royal Mint, London coins of their own.




====================================================================== MAURITIUS, BRITISH COLONY of LONDON MINT ====================================================================== 3 RUPEE 19MM .916 FINE 2.83 GRAMS ======================================================================

======================================================================

1934 1935 1936

400,000 400,000 400,000

¿RV: Head of King George V, facing left GEORGE V KING, left EMPEROR, right. ÀOV: Design of four symbols; Crown above, Five petal Rose left, 17 petal Lotus flower right, Fleurs de Lys below, inscriptions i MAURITIUS i above KG below / QUARTER • RUPEE • DATE below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = Royal Mint, LONDON DESIGNER: (Rev) KG = (George) Kruger Gray REFERENCE: Y-9, KM-15 POPULATION: 1931 - 393,418 with capital Port Louis with 54,876 inhabitants. FOOTNOTE: King George V is wearing the Imperial Crown and ermine robe of State, the Collar of the Most Noble Order of the Garter and the Badge of the Most Honorable Order of the Bath. FOOTNOTE: Much of the island of Mauritius is still green with bamboo thickets and forests of coconut palm and other tropical trees, despite the areas that have been stripped to make way for the numerous sugar plantations worked by Hindu coolies. In addition there are Chinese, Malays, Negroes, and about 4000 whites mostly of the latter descendants of early French colonists when the island was called Isle de France. Comption Pictured Encyclopedia, 1922.

1938 - 3 RUPEE - OBVERSE ====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: Two dependencies of Mauritius are; Rodrigues, an island 18 miles long and 7 miles broad and the Chagos Islands. The largest of the Chagos Islands, Diege Garcia is 12 miles long and 6 miles wide, with about 500 inhabitants.






1938

200,000

1946

2,000,000

¿RV: Head of King George VI, facing left GEORGE VI left KING, right EMPEROR, below / PM under bust.

¿RV: Head of King George VI, facing left GEORGE VI left KING, right EMPEROR, below / PM under bust.

ÀOV: Design of four symbols; Crown above, Five petal Rose left, 17 petal Lotus flower right, Fleurs de Lys below, inscriptions i MAURITIUS i above KG below / QUARTER • RUPEE • 1938 below.

ÀOV: Design of four symbols; Crown above, Five petal Rose left, 17 petal Lotus flower right, Fleurs de Lys below, inscriptions i MAURITIUS i above KG below / QUARTER • RUPEE • 1946 below.

EDGE: Reeded

EDGE: Reeded



DESIGNER: (Obv) PM = Percy Metcalfe (Rev) KG = (George) Kruger Gray

DESIGNER: (Obv) PM = Percy Metcalfe (Rev) KG = (George) Kruger Gray


REFERENCE: Y-16a, KM-18a

TYPE: Fineness stirling .916 silver

TYPE: Fineness reduced to .500 silver.

FOOTNOTE: The monetary unit of Mauritius is the Mauritius rupee at par with the Indian rupee. FOOTNOTE: Creole, a French patois, is the lingua franca of the island of Mauritius, although five Indian languages, two Chinese dialects, French and English are also spoken. FOOTNOTE: The symbols of the obverse design denote; Crown designating a British Colony, Fleurs de Lys for the French period of rule, Five petal Rose is for England and the 17 petal Lotus Flower for the Hindu from India.

Mauritius east of Madagascar ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - MAURITIUS - PAGE 346


MEXICO

====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: The Modern Dime Size Silver Coins of Mexico are arranged by Provincial mints, distinguishing each different assayer whose initials follow the initials which denote the mint. This series is very extensive, yet most of the variations are limited to the different mint initials and assayer initials. The author has many of the different mints and assayer combinations represented in his collection, however they were generally available in the lower grades of preservation which will show up on the illustrations. Remember these were the coins of the people and as a result saw much usage and therefore wear. An 1882 MoM 10 centavos is shown for Mexico City in UNC. which illustrates the original condition of this series. FOOTNOTE: The early mintage records of the Provisional mints were not always complete, therefore the totals for the years 1863 - 1880 are surely understated in the tally of 10 centavos which totaled 1,086,575 strikings in silver. The known early coinage from the Mexican Provisional mints lists; Alamos 13,115, Chihuahua 48,170, Culiacan 8,722, Durango 2,500, Guadalajara 30,064, Guanajuato 232,000, Hermosillo 3,140, Mexico 562,004, San Luis Potosi 106,860 and Zacatecas 80,000. From 1881 the combined output of the Mexican Provisional mints of silver 10 centavos until they were closed in 1904 came to 35,810,782 coins, including a small mintage dated 1905 struck at Zacatecas before closing. Alamos Chihuahua Culiacan Durango Guadalajara Guanajuato Hermosillo Mexico mint Oaxaca San Luis Potosi Zacatecas

367,990 1,572,430 1,834,980 1,165,588 2,527,394 4,777,000 849,200 11,494,000 52,000 1,114,950 10,135,250

The wide variation from the Provisional mints most of which were near famous mining districts must reflect available silver and the needs of the population, except the Mexico Federal Mint whose output also reflects wide fluctuations directed by the government. During the next 39 years, with the price of silver increased to new highs during World War I, followed by the world wide depression in the 30’s, the combined issue of 18-19MM silver coinage, both 10 centavos until 1914 and 20 centavos after 1919 from the Mexican Federal Mint from 1905 through the last issue dated 1943, amounted to 107,740,000 coins. The total recorded output for all Mexican mints since 1863 through 1943, a period of 120 years of 18-19MM silver coinage comes to 144,571,107 with perhaps another 1-2 million pieces during the early years of unrecorded mintages, which confirms that the small silver coins were produced as coinage for the people of Mexico, leaving the export of silver to be coined in the 8 real size, so well known in the Orient that it was generally referred to as the ‘Mex’ Dollar. FOOTNOTE: Alamos a mining town is situated at an elevation of 1276 feet above the sea, on the Alamos Arroyo, a tributary of the Fuerte River. It gets its name from the immense cottonwoods which surround the Plaza. Near by mines date from remote times and are very productive. Alamos is in the State of Sonora. The mint opened in 1862 to issue coinage of both gold and silver. The 10 centavos coins were struck from 1874 to 1893. The Alamos mint closed in 1895. FOOTNOTE: Currency of Mexico - 8 reals or 1 peso = 100 centavos.

====================================================================== MEXICO, REPUBLIC of ALAMOS MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTAVOS 17MM .9027 FINE 2.707 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1874

u/m

¿OV: Eagle on cactus, REPUBLICA MEXICANA (Mexican Republic) around / 1874 below. ÀRV: Large 10 / CENTAVOS, As (mintmark) DL.902,7 above, within wreath of oak and laurel tied with ribbon below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: As = ALAMOS ASSAYER: DL = Domingo Larraguibel REFERENCE: Y-12, KM-403 ======================================================================

1882 - 10 CENTAVOS - As L ===================================================================== MEXICO, REPUBLIC of ALAMOS MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTAVOS 17MM .9027 FINE 2.707 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1875 1876 1878 1879 1880 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893

u/m u/m u/m u/m 13,115 21,511 8,520 u/m 15,420 44,739 15,000 38,300 19,500 40,000 38,000 57,000 70,000

¿OV: Eagle on cactus, REPUBLICA MEXICANA (Mexican Republic) around / DATE below. ÀRV: Large 10 / CENTAVOS, As (mintmark) L.902,7 above, within wreath of oak and laurel tied with ribbon below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: As = ALAMOS ASSAYER: L = Domingo Larraguibel REFERENCE: Y-12, KM-403

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - MEXICO - PAGE 347

====================================================================== MEXICO, REPUBLIC of CHIHUAHUA MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTAVOS 18MM .9027 FINE 2.707 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1868 1869 1870

u/m 15,000 17,400

====================================================================== MEXICO, REPUBLIC of CHIHUAHUA MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTAVOS 17MM .9027 FINE 2.707 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1880

7,620

¿OV: Eagle on cactus, REPUBLICA MEXICANA (Mexican Republic) around / 1880 below.

¿OV: Eagle on cactus, REPUBLICA MEXICANA (Mexican Republic) above. ÀRV: 10 / CENTAVOS, / DATE within wreath / Ca (mintmark) below.

ÀRV: Large 10 / CENTAVOS, CH (mintmark) G.902,7 above, within wreath of oak and laurel tied with ribbon below. EDGE: Reeded

EDGE: Obliquely reeded

MINT: CH = CHIHUAHUA

MINT: Ca = CHIHUAHUA

ASSAYER: G = Manuel Gameros



FOOTNOTE: Chihuahua mint opened in 1831. The first 10 centavos type struck by the Chihuahua mint starting in 1868 was the same type struck only in 1863 at the San Luis Potosi mint, known as the wreath reverse. Chihuahua is the capital of the State of Chihuahua. It is located 999 miles from Mexico City. FOOTNOTE: Chihuahua (pronounced Che-wah-wah) is situated 4,600 feet above the level of the sea., derives its name from the two indian (tarahumare) words signifying “place of the worship”. The region roundabout is celebrated for its enormous output of ores. The Cathedral dates from 1717 and one of the old bells in the tower has a hole that was shot through it by the Republican forces who bombarded the town when it was in possession of the French troops of Maximilian in 1866. FOOTNOTE: Mexican coat of Arms dating back to 1823 has been the Eagle sitting on a cactus with a snake in its beak. The representation comes from Indian Mythology. ====================================================================== MEXICO, REPUBLIC of CHIHUAHUA MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTAVOS 17MM .9027 FINE 2.707 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1871 1873 1874 1881 1883 1884 1886

8,150 u/m u/m 340 9,000 u/m 45,250

======================================================================

1895 - 10 CENTAVOS - Ca M ===================================================================== MEXICO, REPUBLIC of CHIHUAHUA MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTAVOS 17MM .9027 FINE 2.707 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895

96,070 298,800 114,770 139,640 162,990 169,110 246,100 162,960 127,400

¿OV: Eagle on cactus, REPUBLICA MEXICANA (Mexican Republic) around / DATE below. no assayer

¿OV: Eagle on cactus, REPUBLICA MEXICANA (Mexican Republic) around / DATE below. ÀRV: Large 10 / CENTAVOS, CH. (mintmark) M.902,7 above, within wreath of oak and laurel tied with ribbon below.

ÀRV: Large 10 / CENTAVOS, Ca (mintmark) M.902,7 above, within wreath of oak and laurel tied with ribbon below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: Ca = CHIHUAHUA ASSAYER: M = Manuel Merino REFERENCE: Y-12, KM-403.1

EDGE: Reeded MINT: CH. = CHIHUAHUA ASSAYER: M = Manuel Merino REFERENCE: Y-12, KM-403.1


====================================================================== MEXICO, REPUBLIC of CULIACAN MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTAVOS 17MM .9027 FINE 2.707 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1871 1873

u/m 8,732

¿OV: Eagle on cactus, REPUBLICA MEXICANA (Mexican Republic) around / 1873 below. ÀRV: Large 10 / CENTAVOS, Cn (mintmark) P.902,7 above, within wreath of oak and laurel tied with ribbon below. EDGE: Reeded

====================================================================== MEXICO, REPUBLIC of CULIACAN MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTAVOS 17MM .9027 FINE 2.707 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1894 1895 1896

18,240 12,880 10,820 56,360 42,090 131,920 84,140 36,540 43,100 22,880 120,870

MINT: Cn = CULIACAN ASSAYER: P = Manuel Onefre Parodi REFERENCE: Y-12, KM-403.2 ====================================================================== MEXICO, REPUBLIC of CULIACAN MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTAVOS 17MM .9027 FINE 2.707 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1881 1882

9,440 12,230

¿OV: Eagle on cactus, REPUBLICA MEXICANA (Mexican Republic) around / DATE below. ÀRV: Large 10 / CENTAVOS, Cn (mintmark) D.902,7 above, within wreath of oak and laurel tied with ribbon below. EDGE: Reeded

¿OV: Eagle on cactus, REPUBLICA MEXICANA (Mexican Republic) around / DATE below. ÀRV: Large 10 / CENTAVOS, Cn (mintmark) M.902,7 above, within wreath of oak and laurel tied with ribbon below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: Cn = CULIACAN ASSAYER: M = Antonio Moreno REFERENCE: Y-12, KM-403.2 ====================================================================== MEXICO, REPUBLIC of CULIACAN MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTAVOS 17MM .9027 FINE 2.707 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1898

MINT: Cn = CULIACAN

9.870


ASSAYER: D = Juan Dominguez REFERENCE: Y-12. KM-403.2 FOOTNOTE: Culiacan Rosales (Aztec, Col-hua-can) for the place where the God Coltzin is revered. It is the capital of the Mexican State of Sinaloa on the left bank of the Culiacan River. Known as Culiacan Rosales, from a famous patriot son and military General Victor Rosales. The Culiacan mint dates from 1846 producing many issues of gold and silver coinage until 1905. The railway was completed in 1908 and the city has prospered since.

ÀRV: Large 10 / CENTAVOS, Cn (mintmark) M.902,7 above, within wreath of oak and laurel tied with ribbon below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: Cn = CULIACAN ASSAYER: M = Antonio Moreno REFERENCE: Y-17, KM-404

Mexican village - 1902 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - MEXICO - PAGE 349

1903 - 10 CENTAVOS - Cn Q - OBV

1903 - 10 CENTAVOS - Cn Q - REV

====================================================================== MEXICO, REPUBLIC of CULIACAN MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTAVOS 17MM .9027 FINE 2.707 GRAMS ======================================================================

======================================================================

1899 1900 1901 1902 1903

79,700 159,900 235,000 186,000 256,000

¿OV: Eagle on cactus, REPUBLICA MEXICANA (Mexican Republic) around / DATE below. ÀRV: Large 10 / CENTAVOS, Cn (mintmark) Q.902,7 above, within wreath of oak and laurel tied with ribbon below.

1903 - 10 CENTAVOS - Cn V ====================================================================== MEXICO, REPUBLIC of CULIACAN MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTAVOS 17MM .9027 FINE 2.707 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1903

included with Cn Q


EDGE: Reeded MINT: Cn = CULIACAN ASSAYER: Q = Jesus S. Quiroz REFERENCE: Y-17, KM-404

ÀRV: Large 10 / CENTAVOS, Cn (mintmark) V.902,7 above, within wreath of oak and laurel tied with ribbon below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: Cn = CULIACAN ASSAYER: V = Francisco Valdes REFERENCE: Y-17, KM-404

Early Mexican Arms


====================================================================== MEXICO, REPUBLIC of CULIACAN MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTAVOS 17MM .9027 FINE 2.707 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1904

307,000

¿OV: Eagle on cactus, REPUBLICA MEXICANA (Mexican Republic) around / 1904 below. ÀRV: Large 10 / CENTAVOS, Cn (mintmark) H.902,7 above, within wreath of oak and laurel tied with ribbon below.

====================================================================== MEXICO, REPUBLIC of DURANGO MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTAVOS 17MM .9027 FINE 2.707 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1879 1880/79

u/m u/m

rare

¿OV: Eagle on cactus, REPUBLICA MEXICANA (Mexican Republic) around / 1879 below. ÀRV: Large 10 / CENTAVOS, Do (mintmark) B.902,7 above, within wreath of oak and laurel tied with ribbon below.

EDGE: Reeded EDGE: Reeded MINT: Cn = CULIACAN MINT: Do = DURANGO ASSAYER: H = Merced Hernandez ASSAYER: B = Trinidad Barrera REFERENCE: Y-17, KM-404 REFERENCE: Y-12, KM-403.3 ====================================================================== MEXICO, REPUBLIC of DURANGO MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTAVOS 17MM .9027 FINE 2.707 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1878

FOOTNOTE: Durango, a city of Mexico, capital of the State of Durango, located 671 miles N.W. of Mexico City, on an elevation 6845 feet above the sea. The city is well built, has a cathedral, and manufactures of cotton and woolen goods, leather, etc. The area has valuable gold, silver and iron mines.

2,500 ======================================================================

¿OV: Eagle on cactus, REPUBLICA MEXICANA (Mexican Republic) around / 1878 below. ÀRV: Large 10 / CENTAVOS, Do (mintmark) E.902,7 above, within wreath of oak and laurel tied with ribbon below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: Do = DURANGO ASSAYER: E = Pedro Espejo REFERENCE: Y-12, KM-403.3 FOOTNOTE: The Durango mint opened in 1811 under the Spanish. It closed in 1895. Durango derives its name from the old Spanish city in the Basque Province of Durango.

1889 - 10 CENTAVOS - Do C ====================================================================== MEXICO, REPUBLIC of DURANGO MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTAVOS 17MM .9027 FINE 2.707 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1884 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890

u/m 12,726 81,480 31,375 55,223 50,021

¿OV: Eagle on cactus, REPUBLICA MEXICANA (Mexican Republic) around / DATE below. FOOTNOTE: Durango, sometimes called Ciudad de Victoria, or Guadiana, a city of Mexico, the capital of the State of Durango, lies near the foot of the south-eastern slope of the Sierra Madre, at a height of 6847 feet above the sea. It possesses a cathedral, ten parish churches, a hospital, government-buildings, a penitentiary, a state prison, a bull-ring, and a large cock-pit. It is well supplied with water by thermal and other springs, which also fill considerable number of channels along the street. Trade is carried on with the northern and north-western states; and besides the Durango mint, a gold refinery, and other offices connected with the mining operations, there are a glass works, printing-presses, and factories for cotton and woolen goods, leather, and tobacco. In 1868 there were 12,449 inhabitants. Encyclopedia Britannica, 9th Ed. 1887

ÀRV: Large 10 / CENTAVOS, Do (mintmark) C.902,7 above, within wreath of oak and laurel tied with ribbon below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: Do = DURANGO ASSAYER: C = Manuel Canseco or Melchor Calderon REFERENCE: Y-12, KM-403.3

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - MEXICO - PAGE 351 .

====================================================================== MEXICO, REPUBLIC of DURANGO MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTAVOS 17MM .9027 FINE 2.707 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1891 1892

138,861 212,257

¿OV: Eagle on cactus, REPUBLICA MEXICANA (Mexican Republic) around / DATE below. ÀRV: Large 10 / CENTAVOS, Do (mintmark) P.902,7 above, within wreath of oak and laurel tied with ribbon below.

====================================================================== MEXICO, REPUBLIC of GUADALAJARA MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTAVOS 17MM .9027 FINE 2.707 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1871 1873 1874

4,734 25,330 u/m

¿OV: Eagle on cactus, REPUBLICA MEXICANA (Mexican Republic) around / DATE below. ÀRV: Large 10 / CENTAVOS, Ga (mintmark) C.902,7 above, within wreath of oak and laurel tied with ribbon below.

EDGE: Reeded EDGE: Reeded MINT: Do = DURANGO MINT: Ga = GUADALAJARA ASSAYER: P = J. Miguel Palma ASSAYER: C = Ignacio Canizo y Soto REFERENCE: Y-12, KM-403.3 REFERENCE: Y-12, KM-403.4 ====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: Guadalajara, from the Arabic Wala-l-hajarah or rocky river is named for the modern city of Guadalajara in Spain. It is situated 5200 feet above sea level. ======================================================================

1892 - 10 CENTAVOS - Do D ====================================================================== MEXICO, REPUBLIC of DURANGO MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTAVOS 17MM .9027 FINE 2.707 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1892 1893 1894 1895

included with Do P 257,902 183,713 142,030

¿OV: Eagle on cactus, REPUBLICA MEXICANA (Mexican Republic) around / DATE below. ÀRV: Large 10 / CENTAVOS, Do (mintmark) D.902,7 above, within wreath of oak and laurel tied with ribbon below.

1873 - 10 CENTAVOS - Ga C ====================================================================== MEXICO, REPUBLIC of GUADALAJARA MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTAVOS 17MM .9027 FINE 2.707 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1877 1881

u/m 115,447

¿OV: Eagle on cactus, REPUBLICA MEXICANA (Mexican Republic) around / DATE below. ÀRV: Large 10 / CENTAVOS, Ga (mintmark) A.902,7 above, within wreath of oak and laurel tied with ribbon below.

EDGE: Reeded MINT: Do = DURANGO

EDGE: Reeded

ASSAYER: D = Norberto Dominguez

MINT: Ga = GUADALAJARA


ASSAYER: A = Julio Aranciva

POPULATION: 1895 - State of Durango 292,549 including city of Durango with 26,428 inhabitants.



====================================================================== MEXICO, REPUBLIC of GUADALAJARA MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTAVOS 17MM .9027 FINE 2.707 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1881

included with Ga A

¿OV: Eagle on cactus, REPUBLICA MEXICANA (Mexican Republic) around / 1881 below. ÀRV: Large 10 / CENTAVOS, Ga (mintmark) S.902,7 above, within wreath of oak and laurel tied with ribbon below.

====================================================================== MEXICO, REPUBLIC of GUADALAJARA MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTAVOS 17MM .9027 FINE 2.707 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1884 1885

u/m 93,412

¿OV: Eagle on cactus, REPUBLICA MEXICANA (Mexican Republic) around / DATE below. ÀRV: Large 10 / CENTAVOS, Ga (mintmark) H.902,7 above, within wreath of oak and laurel tied with ribbon below.

EDGE: Reeded EDGE: Reeded MINT: Ga = GUADALAJARA MINT: Ga = GUADALAJARA ASSAYER: S = Fernando Sayago ASSAYER: H = Antonio Hernandez y Prado REFERENCE: Y-12, KM-403.4 REFERENCE: Y-12, KM-403.4 FOOTNOTE: Guadalajara is the capital of the State of Jalisco. It is the second largest city in Mexico, located 381 miles from Mexico City., situated 3600 feet above sea-level. The surrounding district is fertile and rich in silver-mines. ====================================================================== MEXICO, REPUBLIC of GUADALAJARA MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTAVOS 17MM .9027 FINE 2.707 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1883 1884

90,000 u/m

¿OV: Eagle on cactus, REPUBLICA MEXICANA (Mexican Republic) around / DATE below. ÀRV: Large 10 / CENTAVOS, Ga (mintmark) B.902,7 above, within wreath of oak and laurel tied with ribbon below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: Ga = GUADALAJARA ASSAYER: B = Trinidad Barrera REFERENCE: Y-12, KM-403.4 FOOTNOTE: Guadalajara, capital of the Mexican State of Jalisco, in the fruitful valley of Atemajac, on the Rio de Santiago; a large and handsome city, with a fine cathedral, being an Archbishop’s See, and other good buildings, a university, the Guadalajara mint, convents, etc. Various manufactures are carried on, as those of silversmiths’ and goldsmiths’ wares, paper, leather, hats, pottery, cloth; etc. Population - 1890 - 93,875. New Cabinet Cyclopaedia, Phila., 1896.

======================================================================

1892 - 10 CENTAVOS - Ga S ====================================================================== MEXICO, REPUBLIC of GUADALAJARA MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTAVOS 17MM .9027 FINE 2.707 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895

151,405 162,418 225,000 310,092 303,185 199,000 329,435 225,000 243,000 80,000

¿OV: Eagle on cactus, REPUBLICA MEXICANA (Mexican Republic) around / DATE below. ÀRV: Large 10 / CENTAVOS, Ga (mintmark) S.902,7 above, within wreath of oak and laurel tied with ribbon below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: Ga = GUADALAJARA ASSAYER: S = Jose S. Schiafino REFERENCE: Y-12, KM-403.4 FOOTNOTE: Mining is the principle industry in Mexico. It is carried on in 24 of the 31 States and Territories, nearly all the mines yielding silver either alone or in combination with other ores. The Statesmen's Year-Book, London 1916.


====================================================================== MEXICO, EMPIRE of GUANAJUATO MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTAVOS 18MM .9027 FINE 2.707 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1864 1865

45,000 u/m

¿OV: Crowned Imperial Eagle on cactus, IMPERIO MEXICANO (Mexican Empire) above, partial wreath, below.

City of Guanajuato

ÀRV: 10 / CENT. / DATE / G (mintmark), within wreath of laurel. EDGE: Reeded MINT: G = GUANAJUATO REFERENCE: Y-S34, KM-386 FOOTNOTE: With the help of the beautiful and provocative Spanish wife of Napoleon III, Eugenia de Montijo, the monachists sent a commission to Paris which finally chose the Austrian Archduke Maximilian and his Belgian-born wife Carlota as Emperor and Empress of Mexico. Pope Pius IX gave his blessing and the French Army its support. After a three year struggle Maximilian was shot on the hill of Las Camanias near Queretaro. ====================================================================== MEXICO, REPUBLIC of GUANAJUATO MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTAVOS 17MM .9027 FINE 2.707 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1869 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1884

7,000 60,000 60,000 50,000 u/m u/m u/m u/m 10,000 u/m u/m 100,000 40,000 u/m

¿OV: Eagle on cactus, REPUBLICA MEXICANA (Mexican Republic) around / DATE below. ÀRV: Large 10 / CENTAVOS, Go (mintmark) S.902,7 above, within wreath of oak and laurel tied with ribbon below.

FOOTNOTE: Santa Fe de Guanajuato is the capital of the State of Guanajuato, Mexico situated 6200 feet above sea-level and 165 miles northwest of Mexico City. In the vicinity are numerous silver mines, among the richest in Mexico. One of the richest, oldest, and most picturesque towns in the Republic, is poised high above the great plateau, in a narrow mountain gorge traversed by the Guanajuato River. The ground beneath the irregular city is honeycombed with tunnels and shafts which tap immense rich deposits of gold and silver ore. ======================================================================

1884 - 10 CENTAVOS - Go B ====================================================================== MEXICO, REPUBLIC of GUANAJUATO MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTAVOS 17MM .9027 FINE 2.707 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1883 1884

u/m u/m

¿OV: Eagle on cactus, REPUBLICA MEXICANA (Mexican Republic) around / DATE below. ÀRV: Large 10 / CENTAVOS, Go (mintmark) B.902,7 above, within wreath of oak and laurel tied with ribbon below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: Go = GUANAJUATO ASSAYER: B = unknown REFERENCE: Y-12, KM-403.5

EDGE: Reeded MINT: Go = GUANAJUATO ASSAYER: S = unknown REFERENCE: Y-12, KM-403.5

FOOTNOTE: The name Guanajuato is derived from Guanaxhuato, a Tarascan Indian word signifying hill of the frogs. Mexican historians agree that this appellation was given to the place because of the great number of frogs which once made the spot their habitat; and also because of an enormous stone chiseled to represent a frog (rana), which was found there by the ancient Chichimels and long worshiped by them in lieu of a more suitable divinity.


====================================================================== MEXICO, REPUBLIC of GUANAJUATO MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTAVOS 17MM .9027 FINE 2.707 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897

100,000 95,000 330,000 270,000 205,000 270,000 523,000 440,000 389,000 400,000 355,000 190,000 205,000

====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: The Guanajuato mint first opened by Hidalgo in 1810 as a regal mint closed in 1900 when all coinage was centralized at the Mexico Federal Mint at Mexico City. FOOTNOTE: Guanajuato, capital of the Mexican State of the same name, 160 miles north-west of Mexico City, is situated in a narrow defile, hemmed in by mountains, at the height of 6800 feet above the sea, with steep irregular streets, but well-built houses. Population - 1890 - 52,112. Guanajuato’s mines once the richest in the world, still yield a large amount of gold and silver. New Cabinet Cyclopaedia, Phila. 1896.

¿OV: Eagle on cactus, REPUBLICA MEXICANA (Mexican Republic) around / DATE below. ÀRV: Large 10 / CENTAVOS, Go (mintmark) R.902,7 above, within wreath of oak and laurel tied with ribbon below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: Go = GUANAJUATO ASSAYER: R = Rosendo Sandoval REFERENCE: Y-12, KM-403.5 ======================================================================

1892 - 10 CENTAVOS - Go R ====================================================================== MEXICO, REPUBLIC of GUANAJUATO MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTAVOS 17MM .9027 FINE 2.707 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1898 1899 1900

435,000 270,000 130,000

¿OV: Eagle on cactus, REPUBLICA MEXICANA (Mexican Republic) around / DATE below. ÀRV: Large 10 / CENTAVOS, Go (mintmark) R.902,7 above, within wreath of oak and laurel tied with ribbon below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: Go = GUANAJUATO ASSAYER: R = Rosendo Sandoval REFERENCE: Y-17, KM-404.1

Map of Sonora State, Mexico Hermosillo & Alamos mints Map from Complete Geography, H.Justin Roddy, 1902 ====================================================================== MEXICO, REPUBLIC of HERMOSILLO MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTAVOS 17MM .9027 FINE 2.707 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1874

u/m

¿OV: Eagle on cactus, REPUBLICA MEXICANA (Mexican Republic) around / 1874 below. ÀRV: Large 10 / CENTAVOS, Ho (mintmark) R.902,7 above, within wreath of oak and laurel tied with ribbon below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: Ho = HERMOSILLO ASSAYER: R = Pablo Rubio REFERENCE: Y-12, KM-403.6 FOOTNOTE: Hermosillo is the capital of the Mexican State of Sonora. It stands almost athwart the entrance to a wild gorge through which flows the Sonora River. It is 1700 miles from Mexico City. Although the Hermosillo mint dates from 1832, not until 1861 was gold and silver regularly coined.The Hermosillo mint closed in 1895. Sonora is south of the U.S./ Mexican border, below Arizona. ======================================================================


====================================================================== MEXICO, REPUBLIC of HERMOSILLO MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTAVOS 17MM .9027 FINE 2.707 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1876

3,140

¿OV: Eagle on cactus, REPUBLICA MEXICANA (Mexican Republic) around / 1876 below. ÀRV: Large 10 / CENTAVOS, Ho (mintmark) F.902,7 above, within wreath of oak and laurel tied with ribbon below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: Ho = HERMOSILLO ASSAYER: F = Alejandro Fourcadi REFERENCE: Y-12, KM-403.6 ====================================================================== MEXICO, REPUBLIC of HERMOSILLO MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTAVOS 17MM .9027 FINE 2.707 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884

======================================================================

u/m u/m u/m 28,300 25,200 7,000 u/m

1884 - 10 CENTAVOS - Ho M ====================================================================== MEXICO, REPUBLIC of HERMOSILLO MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTAVOS 17MM .9027 FINE 2.707 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1884 1885 1886

u/m 20,500 10,000

¿OV: Eagle on cactus, REPUBLICA MEXICANA (Mexican Republic) around / DATE below. ÀRV: Large 10 / CENTAVOS, Ho (mintmark) M.902,7 above, within wreath of oak and laurel tied with ribbon below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: Ho = HERMOSILLO ASSAYER: M = Fernando Mendez REFERENCE: Y-12, KM-403.6

no A

¿OV: Eagle on cactus, REPUBLICA MEXICANA (Mexican Republic) around / DATE below. ÀRV: Large 10 / CENTAVOS, Ho (mintmark) A.902,7 above, within wreath of oak and laurel tied with ribbon below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: Ho = HERMOSILLO ASSAYER: A = Jesus Acosta REFERENCE: Y-12, KM-403.6

====================================================================== MEXICO, REPUBLIC of HERMOSILLO MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTAVOS 18MM .9027 FINE 2.707 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893

included with Ho M u/m 24,800 42,400 48,000 136,000 440,000 67,000

¿OV: Eagle on cactus, REPUBLICA MEXICANA (Mexican Republic) around / DATE below. ÀRV: Large 10 / CENTAVOS, Ho (mintmark) G.902,7 above, within wreath of oak and laurel tied with ribbon below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: Ho = HERMOSILLO

Two wheeled cart

ASSAYER: G = Fausto Gaxiola

Sketch by Frederic Remington, Harpers New Magazine

REFERENCE: Y-12a, KM-403.6


====================================================================== MEXICO, EMPIRE of MEXICO MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTAVOS 18MM .9027 FINE 2.707 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1864 1866

u/m u/m

¿OV: Crowned Imperial Eagle on cactus, IMPERIO MEXICANO (Mexican Empire) above, partial wreath, below. ÀRV: 10 / CENT. / DATE / M (mintmark), within wreath of laurel. EDGE: Reeded MINT: M = MEXICO MINT REFERENCE: Y-S34, KM-386.1 FOOTNOTE: The Second Mexican Empire - Between 1864 and 1867 Mexico was occupied by French troops and the Archduke Maximilian of Austria was crowned Emperor Ferdinand Maximilian of Mexico at the age of 32. The reign was brief and lasted until his execution at Queretaro on June 19, 1867. FOOTNOTE: Maximilian, Emperor of Mexico, known in his earlier life as Ferdinand Maximilian Joseph, Archduke of Austria, born at Vienna, 1832, was the younger brother of Francis Joseph I of Austria. In 1863 he was induced by the Emperor Napoleon III and also by a deputation of Mexican notables, to accept the throne of Mexico. With this intention he entered Mexico in June 1864. Maximilian was at first extremely popular; yet he failed to conciliate either the Church Party or the Republicans, and the latter, under Juarez, rose in revolt. Having become involved in financial and political difficulties, Maximilian, with the approval of Napoleon III, resolved to abdicate in 1866, and he had proceeded to Orizaba when he was induced to return by the Conservative Party in the state. The fighting which followed culminated in the capture and execution of the Emperor and two of his chief generals, June 19, 1867. New Cabinet Cyclopaedia, Phila., 1896.. ====================================================================== MEXICO, REPUBLIC of MEXICO MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTAVOS 18MM .9027 FINE 2.707 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1867 1868

u/m u/m

¿OV: Eagle on cactus, REPUBLICA MEXICANA (Mexican Republic) above. ÀRV: Phrygian Liberty Cap and Rays, 10 CENTAVOS • DATE • / Mo (mintmark) below. EDGE: Ornamented MINT: Mo = MEXICO MINT REFERENCE: Y-8, KM-402

Mexico City Engraving from Encyclopaedia of Geograhpy, Phila., 1839 FOOTNOTE: Mexico City is the most ancient, and one of the most populous cities in America. It is situated near Lake Texcuco, in a delightful valley, which is 230 miles in circumference, and elevated more than 7,000 feet above the level of the ocean. It is regularly built in the form of a square, of four miles on each side. It is distinguished for the width and regularity of its streets, the splendor of its public edifices, and for its mint, at which more money is coined than at any other in the world. Olney’s Geography, 1849. ====================================================================== MEXICO, REPUBLIC of MEXICO MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTAVOS 17MM .9027 FINE 2.707 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1869 1870 1871

30,001 110,000 84,003

¿OV: Eagle on cactus, REPUBLICA MEXICANA (Mexican Republic) around / DATE below. ÀRV: Large 10 / CENTAVOS, Mo (mintmark) C.902,7 above, within wreath of oak and laurel tied with ribbon below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: Mo = MEXICO MINT ASSAYER: C = unknown REFERENCE: Y-12, KM-403.7 ====================================================================== MEXICO, REPUBLIC of MEXICO MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTAVOS 17MM .9027 FINE 2.707 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1871 1872 1873 1874

included with Mo C 198,000 40,000 u/m

¿OV: Eagle on cactus, REPUBLICA MEXICANA (Mexican Republic) around / DATE below. ÀRV: Large 10 / CENTAVOS, Mo (mintmark) M.902,7 above, within wreath of oak and laurel tied with ribbon below. EDGE: Reeded

FOOTNOTE: In 1871 Juarez was elected President, succeeded by Lerdo de Tejada, who in 1876 was overthrown by Porfirio Diaz, who has shown himself to be an able President, re-elected in 1888. New Cabinet Cyclopaedia, Phila., 1896.

MINT: Mo = MEXICO MINT ASSAYER: M = unknown (M H) REFERENCE: Y-12, KM-403.7


====================================================================== MEXICO, REPUBLIC of MEXICO MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTAVOS 17MM .9027 FINE 2.707 GRAMS ======================================================================

1882 -10 CENTAVOS - Mo M - OBV ====================================================================== MEXICO, REPUBLIC of MEXICO MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTAVOS 17MM .9027 FINE 2.707 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1875 1876

u/m u/m

¿OV: Eagle on cactus, REPUBLICA MEXICANA (Mexican Republic) around / DATE below. ÀRV: Large 10 / CENTAVOS, Mo (mintmark) B.902,7 above, within wreath of oak and laurel tied with ribbon below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: Mo = MEXICO MINT

1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883/2 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897

u/m 100,000 u/m u/m 510,000 550,000 250,000 u/m 470,000 603,000 580,000 710,000 622,000 815,000 859,000 1,030,000 310,000 350,000 320,000 340,000 170,000

including Mo B

¿OV: Eagle on cactus, REPUBLICA MEXICANA (Mexican Republic) around / DATE below. ÀRV: Large 10 / CENTAVOS, Mo (mintmark) M.902,7 above, within wreath of oak and laurel tied with ribbon below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: Mo = MEXICO MINT ASSAYER: M = Adolfo Medina REFERENCE: Y-12, KM-403.7 POPULATION: 1890 - Mexico - 9,787,629 with capital Mexico City with 344,000 inhabitants. FOOTNOTE: Mexico (Aztec), The place of Mexitli, the Aztec God of War. Compendium of Universal Knowladge, Phila.,1891

ASSAYER: B = unknown (B H) REFERENCE: Y-12, KM-403.7 FOOTNOTE: Juarez, Benito Pablo, President of the Mexican Republic, was born of pure Indian parentage in 1806, and was elected President in 1861. He declared the suspension of public payments for two years to Europeans, a step which occasioned the interference of Britain, Spain, and France. Troops were landed in Mexico in 1862, but Britain and Spain soon retired, leaving Napoleon III to carry out his views alone. Maximilian of Austria came on Napoleon’s invitation to assume the throne of Mexico, but Juarez, in spite of defeats and losses, continued to head a resistance, and when Napoleon III under pressure from the American Government withdrew his troops in 1866, the Republicans carried all before them. Maximilian was captured and shot after a mock trial, and Juarez was re-elected to the Presidency in 1867, which he held till he died in 1872. New Cabinet Cyclopaedia, Phila., 1896.. FOOTNOTE: General Porfirio Diaz entered Mexico City November 24, 1876 at the head of a revolutionary army and proclaimed the Provisional Presidency.

Mexico, South of the border


1904 -10 CENTAVOS - Mo M ====================================================================== MEXICO, REPUBLIC of MEXICO MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTAVOS 17MM .9027 FINE 2.707 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905

1882 - 10 CENTAVOS - Mo M - REV ======================================================================

130,000 190,000 311,000 80,000 181,000 581,000 1,266,000 266,000

¿OV: Eagle on cactus, REPUBLICA MEXICANA (Mexican Republic) around / DATE below. ÀRV: Large 10 / CENTAVOS, Mo (mintmark) M.902,7 above, within wreath of oak and laurel tied with ribbon below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: Mo = MEXICO MINT ASSAYER: M = Adolfo Medina

1896 - 10 CENTAVOS - Mo B ====================================================================== MEXICO, REPUBLIC of MEXICO MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTAVOS 17MM .9027 FINE 2.707 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1896

included with Mo M

¿OV: Eagle on cactus, REPUBLICA MEXICANA (Mexican Republic) around / DATE below. ÀRV: Large 10 / CENTAVOS, Mo (mintmark) B.902,7 above, within wreath of oak and laurel tied with ribbon below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: Mo = MEXICO MINT

REFERENCE: Y-17, KM-404.2 FOOTNOTE: Mexico City, Capital of the Republic of Mexico, is situated within the State of Mexico in the Federal District (461 sq. miles), about 7400 feet above the level of the sea, near several lakes. It is situated at about equal distance from Vera Cruz on the Mexican Gulf, and Acapulco on the Pacific, and is laid out with great regularity. It is on the site of the ancient City of Tenochtitlan, which was destroyed on the capture of Mexico by the Spaniards in 1521. the principal public buildings are the cathedral, forming one of the sides of the central square, the Palace of Government; the College of Mines, a noble building, but now somewhat dilapidated; the Mexican Federal Mint, with a front of 360 feet by 250 in depth, the town-house, the University, etc. There are numerous convents, hospitals, churches, theatres, etc. The manufactures are of comparative limited extent, and the trade is mostly in the hands of foreigners. Mexico enjoys a mild climate, and a pure and healthy atmosphere. Population on Mexico City - 1891 - 329,535. New Cabinet Cyclopaedia, Phila., 1896..

FOOTNOTE: The Federal Mint is located in the capital Mexico City, and there are 13 Assay offices (Federal). Between 1914 and 1918, due to the internal fighting, the metallic currency has entirely disappeared from circulation. Even the 20, 10, and 5 centavos pieces have been replaced by strips of cardboard for these denominations. An enormous quantity of paper money is in circulation. The Statesmen's Year-Book, London, 1916.

FOOTNOTE: President Diaz established a new monetary system by decree on March 25, 1905, closing all Provincial mints. This discontinued free coinage of silver, and did not provide for free coinage of gold, but additional silver money could be coined for those presenting gold. Old subsidiary coins which were .902 65/ 72 fine, were to be replaced by new ones containing 25 grams of silver, 0.800 fine, to the peso. The coinage ratio for the old peso worked out at 32.59 to 1, and the bullion parity was 63.4 U.S. cents per ounce. For the new subsidiary coins, the corresponding figures were a coinage ratio of 26.67 to 1, and a bullion parity of 77.4 U.S.cents per ounce. Silver Money by D.Leavens, Bloomington,Ind. 1939.

======================================================================

======================================================================

ASSAYER: B = unknown REFERENCE: Y-12, KM-403.7


1906 - 10 CENTAVOS - M ====================================================================== MEXICO, UNITED STATES of MEXICO MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTAVOS 18MM .800 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1905 1906 1907 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914

3,920,000 8,410,000 5,950,000 2,620,000 3,450,000 2,550,000 1,350,000 1,990,000 3,110,000

¿OV: Eagle on cactus, ESTADOS UNIDOS MEXICANO (United States of Mexico) around / partial wreath of oak and laurel, below. ÀRV: Rayed Liberty Cap, LIBERDAD (Liberty) incised on cap / 10 / M (mintmark) / CENTAVOS / DATE within wreath of oak and laurel tied with ribbon below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: M = Federal Mint, MEXICO REFERENCE: Y-39, KM-428 POPULATION: Mexico - 1912 - 15,063,207 with capital Mexico City with 470,659 inhabitants. FOOTNOTE: Mexico City is a Federal District and the capital of United States of Mexico. Mexico City is 800 miles south of the border from Texas. FOOTNOTE: The monetary unit of Mexico is the silver dollar or peso, worth U.S. 49.8 cents in 1910. The peso is equal to 100 centavos. FOOTNOTE: In 1910, Portifio Diaz, though in his 80th year is again elected President of Mexico by an overwhelming majority.

1919 - 20 CENTAVOS - REVERSE ====================================================================== MEXICO, UNITED STATES of MEXICO MINT ====================================================================== 20 CENTAVOS 19MM .800 FINE 3.625 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1919

4,155,000

¿OV: Eagle on cactus, ESTADOS UNIDOS MEXICANO (United States of Mexico) around / partial wreath of oak and laurel, below. ÀRV: Rayed Liberty Cap, LIBERDAD (Liberty) incised on cap / 20 / CENTAVOS / 1919 within wreath of oak and laurel tied with ribbon below, M (mintmark) dividing 20 (denomination). EDGE: Reeded MINT: M = Federal Mint, MEXICO REFERENCE: Y-44, KM-429 FOOTNOTE: A rise in the price of silver caused a reduction in the size and weight of the 10 centavos to 15 MM - 1.8125 grams and the 20 centavos as above, the design remained similar to the previous issue. FOOTNOTE: The 20 centavos is often called by the Mexicans a peseta, the diminutive of peso, whereas the ten centavos is referred to as un decimo or a tenth or dime. Men carrying specie in canvas sacks are familiar features in the Mexican streets. A strong tobacco pouch with tie-string is a handy receptacle in which to carry Mexican coins. Terry’s Guide to Mexico, 1930.

FOOTNOTE: The National Coat of Arms of Mexico is described: In an open wreath of oak and laurel branches, an Eagle with wings displayed, the head turned to right, a serpent grasped in beak and right claw, perched with the left foot upon a nopal cactus growing upon a rock which emerges from water.


25 Centavos 1913 State of Sonora FOOTNOTE: The event of chief importance in Mexico in 1920 was the successful revolt against President Venustiano Carranza, who for nearly six years, since August 14, 1914, had ruled the country, though he had never succeeded in entirely restoring order. He was not friendly to the Administration in Washington and the relations between his country and the United States remained unsatisfactory. This was due chiefly to his failure to prevent the killing of American citizens and the destruction of American property in Mexico. The revolution against Carranza began in the State of Sonora April 10, 1920, when proclamations appeared on the streets of Agua Prieta calling the citizens to take up arms against the Central Government on the grounds that after ten years of fighting it had not accomplished anything for the best interests of Mexico. The movement was led by Gov.Adolfo de La Huerta, who announced that the Congress or Legislature of the State had voted to secede and would resist any attempt on the part of Carranza Administration to send troops into Sonora. Gen.P Elias Calles was made Commander of the military forces of the “Republic of Sonora”. The rebellion spread rapidly to other states and Gen. Alvaro Obregon, who had been technically under arrest in Mexico City on the charge of aiding General Roberto Cejudo, another rebel leader, took Command. He was a candidate for the Presidency to succeed Carranza and as such was looked upon with suspicion by the heads of the government. Troops from Sonora invaded the State of Sinaloa and under the leadership of Gen. Angel Flores made rapid progress southward. President Carranza was deserted by many of his officers and soldiers and the revolt spread so rapidly that in less than two weeks Mexico City was practically besieged. On April 22 the rebels in Sonora set up a new Provisional Government with General de La Huerta as Supreme Commander and called upon Carranza to relinquish the Presidency. On May 7 Carranza with a few of his soldiers fled from Mexico City on the approach of General Obregon. He was pursued by General Benjamin Hill, General Trevino and other rebel commanders and after a number of minor engagements they surrounded him in the mountains of Puebla. There he and his few followers were attacked by General Rodolfe Herrero and early on the morning of May 20 he was shot and killed at Tlaxcalaltongo. The exact circumstances of his death were not made known, though, according to statements made by General Obregon, the killing was contrary to his wishes and orders. The body of the dead Chief was brought to Mexico City May 23. General Herrero, who was accused of assassinating Carranza claimed that the latter committed suicide rather than submit to arrest. On May 24 Adolfo de La Huerta was elected Provisional President of Mexico by the Federal Congress in the Capital. A general election was held September 5 1920 when General Alvaro Obregon was chosen to the Presidency without much opposition. The Bandit Franciso Poncho Villa surrendered and made his peace with the new government in July...He surrendered “unconditionally”. He was permitted to retain his freedom and to retire to private life. Villa was the main object of a search by a private expedition under General John J. Pershing, United States Army in March 1916. There were some minor uprisings in Mexico after the Huerta-Obregon regime began, but they were quickly suppressed and the country was at last restored to a semblance of good order. The new administration expressed friendship for the United States... The Daily News Almanac and Year Book 1921, Chicago, 1920.

1920 - 20 CENTAVOS - OBVERSE ====================================================================== MEXICO, UNITED STATES of MEXICO MINT ====================================================================== 20 CENTAVOS 19MM .720 FINE 3.333 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1920 1921 1925 1926 1927 1928 1930 1933 1934 1935 1937 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943

3,710,000 6,160,000 1,450,000 1,465,000 1,405,000 3,630,000 1,000,000 2,500,000 2,500,000 2,460,000 10,000,000 8,800,000 3,000,000 5,740,000 12,460,000 3,955,000

¿OV: Eagle on cactus, ESTADOS UNIDOS MEXICANO (United States of Mexico) around / partial wreath of oak and laurel, below. ÀRV: Rayed Liberty Cap, LIBERDAD (Liberty) incised on cap / 20 / CENTAVOS / DATE within wreath of oak and laurel tied with ribbon below, M (mintmark) dividing 20 (denomination). EDGE: Reeded MINT: M = Federal Mint, MEXICO REFERENCE: Y-48, KM-438 A Guide Book of Mexican Coins by T.V.Buttrey,Racine 1969. Monedos Mexicanos by Jose Leon Robles de La Torre, Torreon, 1968.


1920 - 20 CENTAVOS - REVERSE ====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: Mexico by its Constitution of 1917 became a Federated Republic governed by a President elected by direct popular vote for 4 years, with a Council and Congress of two houses. The Republic is composed of Federal District, 28 States and two Territories. The population by 1930 was 16,404,025 with 19% white, 38% native Indian and 43% of mixed races. FOOTNOTE: In 1937 wages in Mexico were very low. The daily wage in pesos for unskilled labor was 1.40 pesos (equal to .32 cents U.S.) at the top of the scale was a mechanic earning 3.79 pesos daily (equal to .86 cents U.S.) and an english-spanish stenographer would earn 225 pesos monthly ($50.79 U.S.). U.S.Dept. of Commerce, 1937. FOOTNOTE: The price of silver in the spring of 1935 - By the beginning of 1935 the market price of foreign silver had risen to U.S. .55 cents per ounce, which was still well below the U.S. Government price for domestic silver. About the middle of February, however, the market price for foreign silver began to rise, and went up rather steadily until, on April 10, 1935 it reached 64c U.S.cents per ounce. Around noon of that day Secretary of the Treasury Morgenthau told reporters that the Government was ready to meet the world price of silver, whatever it might be. That evening the President of the United States issued a proclamation that increased the effective price for newly-mined domestic silver to 71.11 U.S.cents per ounce. The chief result of this action was to stimulate the world market price of silver, which rose to 682 U.S.cents in two days and after a slight reaction reached 71e U.S.cents per ounce on April 24, 1935... Again the President issued another proclamation raising the effective price to 77.57 cents per fine ounce. The market price jumped to 77 cents the next day, and to 81 cents on the day after. The two successive official increases apparently gave the silver market the idea that any rise in the price would be matched immediately by the U.S.Government and opened the way to a vicious upward spiral in the price of silver which would benefit no one but producers and speculators. In the next few weeks the market price fluctuated between 71 cents and 77 Cents per ounce. But the government took no action. The rising price of the white metal made silver coins of Mexico worth melting. Mexico had established a bullion parity of U.S.$1.291 per ounce for her silver coins in 1919 to meet the (continued).

Silver ( Continued) wartime rise in the price of silver. During the world depression, however, she had not been able to maintain the gold standard, and the exchange value of her silver currency had depreciated below the gold par, although not down to the bullion value of the silver coin. From early in 1934 the exchange value of the peso had been maintained at 3.60 pesos to the new American dollar. On January 31, 1934 President Roosevelt issued a proclamation reducing the weight of the gold dollar from 25.8 grains of gold, 0.900 fine, containing 13 5/7 grains of fine gold. This established a U.S.$35.00 price for gold with no change in the U.S.$1.2929 monetary value of silver, making the American coinage ratio 35.00/ 1.2929 = 27.07 to 1 in place of the old 16 to 1. At that exchange rate, the bullion parity of the Mexican peso worked out to 71.9 U.S.cents per ounce. As a result, when silver passed 72 cents per ounce there was incentive to melt the silver coins and export them. Mexico thus began to experience a currency situation similar to that which she had gone through in 1906 and again during World War I. The Mexican Government acted quickly and on April 26, 1934, ordered the surrender of silver coins to the Government in exchange for paper money. The export or melting of silver coins was prohibited. A Bank Holiday was declared over the weekend to facilitate adjustments. Mexican Banks reopened April 29, 1934 and except for a shortage of small change before new bronze coins could be placed in circulation to replace silver, there was no serious inconvenience. A large bronze 20 centavos dated 1935 was struck similar to the issue of 1920. There was no issue either bronze or silver dated 1936. The price of silver dropped below 50 U.S.cents per fine ounce during 1936, so subsidiary coinage was resumed in 1937 with a large issue of the 20 centavos in silver at the same standards as earlier. The mintage was 10,000,000 for 1937, no issue dated 1938, but yearly strikings commencing 1939 through 1943 when Mexico again changed to bronze 20 centavos of a new type dated 1943. Silver Money by D.Leavens, Bloomington, Ind. 1939. ====================================================================== MEXICO, REPUBLIC of OAXACA MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTAVOS 17MM .9027 FINE 2.707 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1889 1890

21,000 31,000

¿OV: Eagle on cactus, REPUBLICA MEXICANA (Mexican Republic) around / DATE below. ÀRV: Large 10 / CENTAVOS, Oa (mintmark) E.902,7 above, within wreath of oak and laurel tied with ribbon below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: Oa = OAXACA ASSAYER: E = Agustin Endner REFERENCE: Y-12, KM-403.8

FOOTNOTE: Oaxaca pronounced Wah-hah-cah, a Spanish corruption of the Indian Huaxyacac - ‘a place covered with trees’, is the capital of the Mexican State of Oaxaca. It is located 228 miles from Mexico City. Oaxaca is situated 5067 feet above sea level. In 1872 the name was changed to Oaxaca de Juarez. The Oaxaca mint opened in 1858 and closed in 1893.


====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: Diaz, Portinio, President of Mexico, was born September 19, 1830 at Oaxaca, of Spanish parentage, and was studying law in his native town when the War with the United States broke out. Young Diaz entered a Militia Regiment in 1847 and henceforth devoted himself to a military career. In 1854 he commanded a battalion under Alvarez in the contest against Santa Anna. Two years later he identified himself with Juarez and the Liberty Party, and in 1861 was elected Deputy to the National Congress. He soon resigned to take the field, and won a victory over the reactionist Marquez at Jalatlaca. During the French intervention he won a high reputation as one of the most skillful and courageous of the patriot leaders. In May,1863, when directing the defense of Puebla, he was forced to surrender, but escaped shortly after and went to Oaxaca, where he raised a new force and made considerable headway against the French. In February 1865, he was again captured, but escaped once more, and once more reappeared at the head of an army he had brought together at Oaxaca. He gradually forced the invading troops to adopt the defensive, and after the evacuation of Mexico by the French, he advanced to Puebla and took the city, April 2, 1867. On June 21 he entered the City of Mexico. In the same year he was a candidate for the Presidency against Juarez, but being defeated, withdrew to his estates. He never ceased plotting against the government, however, and his intrigues occasionally broke out in the form of armed revolt against Juarez and his successor, Lerdo de Tejada. He was twice forced to flee the country - in 1872, and again in 1876. Returning quickly on both occasions, Diaz succeeded in the latter year in defeating his enemies at Tecoac (November 16). He finally drove Lerdo out and in May, 1877, he became President. Order was restored in a remarkably short time. President Diaz soon managed to win the confidence of European investors, the country was opened up, industries were developed, and the modern period of prosperity was firmly established. As the Mexican Constitution provided that no man should hold the Office of President for two consecutive terms, General Diaz was succeeded in 1880 by his close personal friend, General Gonzalez. It soon became evident, however, that only one man could win the trust and support of the Mexican people and of the foreign capitalists upon whom the welfare of the nation depended, and so, after Diaz had been again elected President in 1884, the constitution was amended, in order to provide for his continuance in that office. The forms of election by popular vote have been duly complied with at each recurring period since, but no serious opposition to ‘Don Porfirio’,as he is affectionately called by the Mexican populace, has developed. He died on July 2,1915 at the age of 84. New Cabinet Cyclopaedia, Phila., 1896. ====================================================================== MEXICO, REPUBLIC of OAXACA MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTAVOS 17MM .9027 FINE 2.707 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1890

====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: Mexico has long been a country with a single political party, that of the Diaz autocracy. Liberalism antagonism to the Diaz plan of government, has been repressed with a strong hand. No one will deny that under Diaz a notable progress was made in Mexico. The country changed under his rule from a republic to a military autocracy, and the emperors of old Rome itself were little more absolute. In these days the newspaper is the voice of the people. When Diaz became President political criticism was as free as the wind. President Diaz did not counsel the Congress to make laws curbing the over-radical journalists. His method was a personal one. He sent the police to arrest some of the most outspoken editors and had them locked up in Belen Prison - a place of terror intended only for the lowest class of criminals, not for gentlemen of culture and standing in the community. Here they were kept for a week on a diet of bread and water. This week of discipline ended, they were brought before the President. “Now,gentlemen,” he asked, “what do you think of my government?” “Senor President,”they replied, “we look upon it as the finest government upon the earth.” “Just continue to think so, gentlemen, and I think we shall get along splendidly.” After this lesson in practical politics there was no more trouble with newspapers in Mexico...Diaz did not govern through the force of legislative sanction, but through the iron hand of military force. ====================================================================== MEXICO, REPUBLIC of SAN LUIS POTOSI MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTAVOS 18MM .9027 FINE 2.707 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1863

u/m

¿OV: Eagle on cactus, REPUBLICA MEXICANA (Mexican Republic) above. ÀRV: 10 / CENTAVOS / 1863 within wreath of laurel / S.L.P. (mintmark) below. EDGE: Obliquely reeded MINT: S.L.P = SAN LUIS POTOSI REFERENCE: Y-10, KM-401.2 FOOTNOTE: In October of 1863 the Juarez Government authorized ten centavos for all mints of Mexico, part of which was under the actual control of French troops.The Potosi mint became the first mint to strike decimal silver for the Republic.The same type later was also struck at the Chihuahua mint.

included with Oa E

¿OV: Eagle on cactus, REPUBLICA MEXICANA (Mexican Republic) around / 1890 below. ÀRV: Large 10 / CENTAVOS, Oa (mintmark) N.902,7 above, within wreath of oak and laurel tied with ribbon below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: Oa = OAXACA ASSAYER: N = Eovardo Navarro Luna REFERENCE: Y-12, KM-403.8

FOOTNOTE: San Luis Potosi is the capital of the State of the same name, and stands near the source of the River Tampico, 200 miles west of the port of that name on the Mexican Gulf and 327 miles north of Mexico City. It stands on a plateau 6350 feet above sea level, is well built, containing many handsome edifices, chiefly ecclesiastical, and is surrounded by gardens. Its markets are well supplied and it carries on a considerable trade with the neighboring states. Shoes, hats and hardware are the chief manufactures, and woven fabrics and liquors are imported from Tampico. Library of Universal Knowledge, New York, 1880.


====================================================================== MEXICO, EMPIRE of SAN LUIS POTOSI ====================================================================== 10 CENTAVOS 18MM .9027 FINE 2.707 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1864

u/m

¿OV: Crowned Imperial Eagle on cactus, IMPERIO MEXICANO (Mexican Empire) above, partial wreath, below. ÀRV: 10 / CENT. / 1864 / P (mintmark), within wreath of laurel.

====================================================================== MEXICO, REPUBLIC of SAN LUIS POTOSI MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTAVOS 17MM .9027 FINE 2.707 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1869

4,000

¿OV: Eagle on cactus, REPUBLICA MEXICANA (Mexican Republic) around / 1869 below. ÀRV: Large 10 / CENTAVOS, Pi (mintmark) S.902,7 above, within wreath of oak and laurel tied with ribbon below.

EDGE: Reeded

EDGE: Reeded

MINT: P = SAN LUIS POTOSI

MINT: Pi = SAN LUIS POTOSI

REFERENCE: Y-S34, KM-306.2

ASSAYER: S = Pomposo Sanabria

FOOTNOTE: San Luis Potosi, capital of the Mexican State of San Luis Potosi, 6200 feet above sea level. It derives its importance from the famous silver mines in the neighboring Cerro de San Pedro, discovered in 1583. The San Luis Potosi mint opened in 1827 and closed in 1893. ====================================================================== MEXICO, REPUBLIC of SAN LUIS POTOSI MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTAVOS 18MM .9027 FINE 2.707 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1868 1869

38,210 4,900

¿OV: Eagle on cactus, REPUBLICA MEXICANA (Mexican Republic) above. ÀRV: Phrygian Liberty Cap and Rays, 10 CENTAVOS . DATE . / P (mintmark) below.

REFERENCE: Y-12, KM-403.9 ====================================================================== MEXICO, REPUBLIC of SAN LUIS POTOSI MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTAVOS 17MM .9027 FINE 2.707 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1870

17,950

¿OV: Eagle on cactus, REPUBLICA MEXICANA (Mexican Republic) around / 1870 below. ÀRV: Large 10 / CENTAVOS, Pi (mintmark) G.902,7 above, within wreath of oak and laurel tied with ribbon below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: Pi = SAN LUIS POTOSI ASSAYER: G = Carlos Aguirre Gomez

EDGE: Ornamented REFERENCE: Y-12, KM-403.9 MINT: P = SAN LUIS POTOSI REFERENCE: Y-8, KM-402.1 FOOTNOTE: San Luis Potosi is located 327 miles from Mexico City. Population - 1880 - 33,600.

====================================================================== MEXICO, REPUBLIC of SAN LUIS POTOSI MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTAVOS 17MM .9027 FINE 2.707 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1870 1871 1872 1873

included with Pi G 20,900 16,150 4,750

¿OV: Eagle on cactus, REPUBLICA MEXICANA (Mexican Republic) around / DATE below. ÀRV: Large 10 / CENTAVOS, Pi (mintmark) O.902,7 above, within wreath of oak and laurel tied with ribbon below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: Pi = SAN LUIS POTOSI

Mexican jacals Sketch by Frederic Remington, Harpers New Magazine

ASSAYER: O = Juan R. Ochoa REFERENCE: Y-12, KM-403.9


====================================================================== MEXICO, REPUBLIC of SAN LUIS POTOSI MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTAVOS 17MM .9027 FINE 2.707 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885

u/m u/m u/m u/m u/m u/m u/m 7,600 4,000 u/m u/m 51,000

¿OV: Eagle on cactus, REPUBLICA MEXICANA (Mexican Republic) around / DATE below.

====================================================================== MEXICO, REPUBLIC of SAN LUIS POTOSI MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTAVOS 17MM .9027 FINE 2.707 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893

included with Pi C 118,450 135,650 131,000 204,100 163,000 200,250 47,500

¿OV: Eagle on cactus, REPUBLICA MEXICANA (Mexican Republic) around / DATE below. ÀRV: Large 10 / CENTAVOS, Pi (mintmark) R.902,7 above, within wreath of oak and laurel tied with ribbon below. EDGE: Reeded

ÀRV: Large 10 / CENTAVOS, Pi (mintmark) H.902,7 above, within wreath of oak and laurel tied with ribbon below.


EDGE: Reeded

ASSAYER: R = Mariano Reyes



ASSAYER: H = Manuel Herrera Lazo

POPULATION: Mint city - San Luis Potosi - 1900 61,019

REFERENCE: Y-12, KM-403.9 ====================================================================== MEXICO, REPUBLIC of SAN LUIS POTOSI MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTAVOS 17MM .9027 FINE 2.707 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1885 1886

====================================================================== MEXICO, EMPIRE of ZACATECAS MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTAVOS 18MM .9027 FINE 2.707 GRAMS ======================================================================

included with Pi H 52,400


1865

u/m

¿OV: Crowned Imperial Eagle on cactus, IMPERIO MEXICANO (Mexican Empire) above, partial wreath, below. ÀRV: 10 / CENT. / 1865 / Z (mintmark), within wreath

ÀRV: Large 10 / CENTAVOS, Pi (mintmark) C.902,7 above, within wreath of oak and laurel tied with ribbon below.

of laurel. EDGE: Reeded

EDGE: Reeded MINT: Z = ZACATECAS MINT: Pi = SAN LUIS POTOSI REFERENCE: Y-S34, KM-386.3 ASSAYER: C = Luis Cuevas REFERENCE: Y-12, KM-403.9

======================================================================

1892 - 10 CENTAVOS - P i R ======================================================================

FOOTNOTE: The City of Zacatecas, 439 miles by rail northwest of the City of Mexico is located in a lofty valley some 7500 feet above the sea. Owing to the narrowness of the valley in which it is situated, the city spreads in irregular blocks, with winding streets, up the sides of the encircling hills. There is a municipal palace, containing an attractive courtyard, the Zacatecas mint, and the Calderon Theatre. Zacatecas owes its settlement and subsequent prosperity to its silver deposits. Population of the city in 1900 - 32,856 inhabitants. New International Encyclopedia,1910. FOOTNOTE: The chief importance of the Mexican State of Zacatecas lies in its extensive silver deposits, which have been worked since the middle of the sixteenth century. The first silver mine was opened in 1548; from 1610 to 1810 at least 670,000,000 pesos were taken from the three famous mining centers of Zacatecas, Fresnilio, and Sombrerete. New Cabinet Cyclopaedia, Phila., 1896.


======================================================================

1872 - 10 CENTAVOS - Zs H ====================================================================== MEXICO, REPUBLIC of ZACATECAS MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTAVOS 17MM .9027 FINE 2.707 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874

20,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 u/m

¿OV: Eagle on cactus, REPUBLICA MEXICANA (Mexican Republic) around / DATE below. ÀRV: Large 10 / CENTAVOS, Zs (mintmark) H.902,7 above, within wreath of oak and laurel tied with ribbon below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: Zs = ZACATECAS ASSAYER: H = Ygnacio Hierro REFERENCE: Y-12, KM-403.10 ====================================================================== MEXICO, REPUBLIC of ZACATECAS MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTAVOS 17MM .9027 FINE 2.707 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1874 1875 1876

u/m u/m u/m

1885 - 10 CENTAVOS - Zs S - OBV ====================================================================== MEXICO, REPUBLIC of ZACATECAS MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTAVOS 17MM .9027 FINE 2.707 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886

u/m u/m 30,000 u/m u/m 120,000 64,000 102,000 u/m 297,000 274.000



ÀRV: Large 10 / CENTAVOS, Zs (mintmark) A.902,7 above, within wreath of oak and laurel tied with ribbon below.

ÀRV: Large 10 / CENTAVOS, Zs (mintmark) S.902,7 above, within wreath of oak and laurel tied with ribbon below.

EDGE: Reeded

EDGE: Reeded

MINT: Zs = ZACATECAS

MINT: Zs = ZACATECAS

ASSAYER: A = Juan Acuna

ASSAYER: S = J.S. de Santa Anna



FOOTNOTE: Zacatecas is situated in a mountainous country, 7500 feet above sea level, 439 miles north of Mexico City. It lies in a narrow ravine at the foot of the Grillo (Cricket) and Bufa Mountains. The name Zacatecas is derived from the Aztec ‘Zacatl’ or ‘Zacate’, (hay) and ‘Tlan (country or place) - Zacatlan signifying the place occupied by the tribe of indians known as Zacatecos. It is one of the most celebrated mining places in Mexico.The Zacatecas mint opened in 1810 and was closed in 1905 as one of the last provisional mints.

FOOTNOTE: Old mines - with which the ground beneath the City of Zacatecas is honeycombed are still worked. Primitive methods are still employed and the ores are brought up by means of crude windlasses or in raw-hide sacks slung on the backs of peones who, with a 100 or 200 lb. weight climb rickety ladders. Population - State of Zacatecas - 1895 - 447,265


======================================================================

1900 - 10 CENTAVOS - Zs Z ====================================================================== MEXICO, REPUBLIC of ZACATECAS MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTAVOS 17MM .9027 FINE 2.707 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904

1885 - 10 CENTAVOS - Zs S - REV ====================================================================== MEXICO, REPUBLIC of ZACATECAS MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTAVOS 17MM .9027 FINE 2.707 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897

included with Zs S 233,000 270,000 240,000 410,000 1,105,000 1,102,000 1,011,000 892,000 920,000 700,000 900,000

¿OV: Eagle on cactus, REPUBLICA MEXICANA (Mexican Republic) around / DATE below. ÀRV: Large 10 / CENTAVOS, Zs (mintmark) Z.902,7 above, within wreath of oak and laurel tied with ribbon below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: Zs = ZACATECAS ASSAYER: Z = Francisco de P. Zarate REFERENCE: Y-12, KM-403.10

240,000 105,000 219,000 70,000 120,000 227,500 367,500

¿OV: Eagle on cactus, REPUBLICA MEXICANA (Mexican Republic) around / DATE below. ÀRV: Large 10 / CENTAVOS, Zs (mintmark) Z.902,7 above, within wreath of oak and laurel tied with ribbon below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: Zs = ZACATECAS ASSAYER: Z = Francisco de P. Zarate REFERENCE: Y-17, KM-404.3 POPULATION: The State of Zacatecas - 1900 462,190 ====================================================================== MEXICO, REPUBLIC of ZACATECAS MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTAVOS 17MM .9027 FINE 2.707 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1904 1905

included with Zs Z 66,250

¿OV: Eagle on cactus, REPUBLICA MEXICANA (Mexican Republic) around / DATE below. ÀRV: Large 10 / CENTAVOS, Zs (mintmark) M.902,7 above, within wreath of oak and laurel tied with ribbon below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: Zs = ZACATECAS ASSAYER: M = Francisco Mateos REFERENCE: Y-17, KM-404.3

1893 -10 CENTAVOS - Zs Z ======================================================================



MOROCCO

======================================================================

======================================================================

1894 - AH 1311- 1 DIRHEM ====================================================================== MOROCCO, SULTANATE of FEZ MINT ====================================================================== 1 DIRHEM 17MM .835 FINE 2.90 GRAMS ====================================================================== (1894)

AH 1311

SG-9

¿OV: Arabic inscription / date AH 1311 ¿RV: Arabic inscription / arabic Fez (mintmark). EDGE: Reeded MINT:

= FEZ

REFERENCE: Y-5A POPULATION: Fez - 1895 - 140,000 including 10,000 Jews. FOOTNOTE: Morocco, a French Protectorate in northwestern Africa is populated by several distinct tribes; Berbers, Tuaregs, Sheeeah Berbers, Bedvin and Mued Arabs, besides negroes, Jews and a small number of Europeans. Fez, the capital, a sacred city is located 85 miles south of the Mediterranean Sea and 100 miles east of the Atlantic Ocean. It lies in a valley, surrounded by orange groves, olive plantations, and fruit orchards. The River Wad-elJubor flows through the city dividing it into the old city and the modern on the left bank. Viewed from a distance, Fez has a striking appearance, and is celebrated as a “Holy City”, of Islam.The interior shows city walls decaying and ruined buildings. The streets are narrow and scarcely ever penetrated by the sun. Fez is one of the busy commercial centers of northwest Africa, with regular caravan trade with the interior. Exports include; olives, fruits, caraway seeds, citrons, honey, olive oil, hides and leather, tallow, ostrich feathers, ivory, gold, silk scarves and sashes. Morocco leather goods, pottery and gold and silver ware are native industries. No laws except the Koran exist in Morocco, the Sultan being absolute.

1892 - AH 1309 - 1 DIRHEM - OBV ====================================================================== MOROCCO, SULTANATE of PARIS MINT ====================================================================== 1 DIRHEM (HASANI) 17.1MM .835 FINE 2.92 GRAMS ====================================================================== (1882) AH 1299 (1892) 1309 (1893) 1310 (1894) 1311 (1895) 1312 (1896) 1313 (1897) 1314

6,868,957 571,018 1,143,686 1,889,586 828,329 850,511 857,676

SG-13 SG-18 SG-22 SG-26 SG-30 SG-34 SG-38

VG-3999 VG-4151 rare VG-4186 VG-4207 VG-4231 VG-4231 rare

¿OV: Arabic inscription (It has been decided to struck the coin in) / large arabic AH DATE / year / arabic Paris (mintmark). ¿RV: Arabic inscription (legitimate dirhem according to the law). EDGE: Reeded MINT:

Fez FOOTNOTE: The national head-dress of the Turks, a crimson skullcap is called a fez. It was so called because originally its sole manufacture was Fez in Morocco. Later they were also produced in France, Germany and Switzerland. Brimless and ornamented with a blue tassel on the center of the crown, the dye used for them was obtained from small berries which grow in profusion in the neighborhood of Fez.

= PARIS

ENGRAVER: Jean Legrange REFERENCE: Y-5 POPULATION: Morroco - 1895 - 5,000,000 FOOTNOTE: Morocco - the European name of the north African Sultanate called by the natives “Maghrib El Aska” meaning the Farthest West”.

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - MOROCCO - PAGE 368

1892 - AH 1309 -1 DIRHEM - REV

1896 - AH 1313 - DIRHEM - OBV

======================================================================

====================================================================== MOROCCO, SULTANATE of BERLIN MINT ====================================================================== 1 DIRHEM (HASANI) 17.2MM .835 FINE 2.92 GRAMS ======================================================================

FOOTNOTE: The Moroccan 1dirhem issues are listed by mint chronologically. FOOTNOTE: Morocco - Its stagnant, poverty-stricken condition is due to misgovernment from the time of the Moors were expelled from Spain. Morocco is still steeped in barbarism. It is governed by an absolute Sultan, its people are fanatical Mohammedans and white men are not safe in most parts of the land. There are no railroads, no roads except mule and camel paths. The city of Morocco has caravan communications with Timbuktu on the Niger, bring from the Sudan ivory, gold dust, and ostrich feathers, besides large quantities of dates from an oasis in the Tafilet District of the Sahara. Commercial Geography, Cyrus C. Adams, N.Y., 1912. FOOTNOTE: Morocco, an Empire or Sultanate occupying the northwest extremity of Africa. Its most remarkable natural feature is Mount Atlas. Reaching a height of 12,000 feet. Between the mountains and the sea are table lands and plains, some of them of great fertility. The rivers are unimportant, being mostly dry for part of the year, and generally diminishing in volume as they approach the sea. The climate in many parts is pleasant and temperate, in many others the summer heat is insufferable. Agriculture is in the lowest possible conditions, and the annual production is calculated barely to supply the wants of the country. Among the wild animals are the lion, panther, jackal, hyena, wild boar, gazelle, and several species of large antelope. The locust is a cause of much devastation. The ostrich is found on the southern frontiers. There are large numbers of goats, which furnish a principal article of export - the wellknown Moroccan leather. In general, among the rural population, each family supplies all its own wants. In the towns, however, some manufactures have sprung up, besides the well-known leather. Fez makes and exports the cloth caps which bear its name. Carpets, embroidered stuffs, pottery, arms, are also made. The trade is carried on by caravan with the interior or by sea with European states, especially with Great Britain, next to which comes France. The civilization of Morocco has sunk to a low condition. The education at the schools and at the University of Fez does not go beyond the Theology of the Koran. The Sovereign or Sultan, styled by European Emperors, is absolute in the strictest sense. New Cabinet Cyclopaedia, Phila.,1896.

(1896) AH 1313

430,000 SG-86

¿OV: Arabic inscription (Was decided to mint in Berlin (mintmark) in the year AH 1313) around crossed triangles converted into the Moroccan emblem within circle. ¿RV: Arabic inscription around crossed triangles within circle, three design points divide inscription. EDGE: Reeded MINT:

= BERLIN

REFERENCE: Y-10 FOOTNOTE: Mulai Abd-El-Aziz, Sultan of Morocco was born at Marrakesh in 1878, and succeeded his father, Sultan Mulai Hassan, in 1894, he was friendly towards Europeans, taking great interest in all kinds of Western inventions. His foreign sympathies offended his subjects, and in 1902 a formidable rebellion broke out under the leadership of a prophet, Bu Hamara. The resulting disorders gave France an opportunity to establish its predominance in the country and led to the Algecras Conference in 1906. New International Encyclopedia, 1910. FOOTNOTE: The inhabitants of Morocco consist chiefly of Berbers,Arabs, and Jews. The Berber mountaineers are the hardest, most numerous, and most industrious of the people.The mixed Berber-Arab population of the coast towns are known as Moors, and are mostly descendants of the Moslems who were driven out of Spain in 1492. The large Jewish population also traces its origin to the Spanish exiles of an earlier period. Comptoms Pictured Encyclopedia, Chicago, 1922.


1896 - AH 1313 - 1DIRHEM - REV

1901 - AH 1318 - 1 DIRHEM - OBV

======================================================================

======================================================================

FOOTNOTE: The following Paris issues have the first one of the AH date longer than the previous AH 1313 Berlin issue.

FOOTNOTE: Morocco is an independent state under the rule of the Sultan Abdul Aziz I , who has absolute authority over all political and religious matters, but this government is ineffective and the country has become infested with bandits. Property is not secure nor is life. On the 5th of January 1908 Abdul Aziz I was overthrown by his brother Abdul-Hafid. Monedas de Marruecos, Jose M. Sanchez-Giron Blasco, Ceuta, 1972.

====================================================================== MOROCCO, SULTANATE of PARIS MINT ====================================================================== 1 DIRHEM (HASANI) 17.2MM .835 FINE 2.92 GRAMS ====================================================================== (1897) AH 1314 (1898) 1315 (1899) 1316 (1900) 1317 (1901) 1318 (1902) 1319

i/w Y-5 1,141,680 858,576 857,429 857,561 286,038

SG-56 SG-60 SG-64 SG-68 SG-72 not issued

======================================================================

VG-4286 VG-4318 VG-4361 VG-4388 VG-4414 VG-4441 R

¿OV: Arabic inscription (Was decided to mint in Paris (mintmark) in the year AH DATE) around crossed triangles converted into the Moroccan emblem within circle. ¿RV: Arabic inscription around crossed triangles within circle, three design points divide inscription. EDGE: Reeded MINT:

= PARIS

REFERENCE: Y-10 FOOTNOTE: The Sultan is a most progressive Monarch. He is a good billiard player and photographer, and is a perfect genius on a bicycle. Polo or pig-sticking on a bicycle are favorite amusements. He also has several motor-cars and a cinematograph. So far as the tourist is allowed to penetrate, Morocco is quite safe. Beyond the limits of safety a traveler must ware a disguise and court discomfort. Even the Sultan himself requires in much of his dominion a large army. The American Monthly, New York, November 1902.

1901 - AH 1318 - 1DIRHEM - REV ======================================================================


====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: The harem, that favorite and almost sole seat of Oriental luxury, is, of course inaccessible, and can only through some peculiar chance be seen by Europeans. Lempriere, however, in his character of a physician, was admitted into that of the Emperor of Morocco. It consisted of a wing of the Palace, entirely separated from the rest, and communicating only by a private door, of which the emperor had the key. The edifice was divided into a number of courts, communicating by narrow passages, round which were ranged the apartments of the wives and concubines, who were from sixty to a hundred in number, besides their domestics and slaves. There was a principal Sultana, who had a general superintendence over the establishment, but enjoyed not the same influence with the Emperor as some of the younger favorites. There were several European captives, who appeared to the traveler the chief ornament of the Harem, both as to personal and mental accomplishments. The Moorish ladies were enormously fat, and utterly stupid and ignorant. Their allowance from their Imperial Master amounted, in the case of the most favored, only to half a crown a day; so that expense and luxury were to be maintained by presents or bribes received from the numerous suitors for favors from the Emperor, who is understood to approve entirely this delicate mode of supply. In their domestic character, the ladies are said to display many amiable qualities; though jealousy of superior favor with their lord and master often excites violent enmities, and even impels to the crime of administering poison to a hated rival. The Encyclopedia of Geography by Hugh Murray, Philadelphia, 1839. ====================================================================== MOROCCO, SULTANATE of BIRMINGHAM MINT ====================================================================== 1/10 RIAL 17MM .835 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ====================================================================== (1902) AH 1320 (1904) 1321 (1905) 1321

2,940,000 760,000 10,000

SG-100 SG-105 frozen date SG-105

¿OV: Arabic inscription (It has been decided to struck the coin in) / large arabic AH DATE / arabic London (mintmark). ¿RV: Arabic inscription EDGE: Reeded MINT: Arabic London

= THE MINT

BIRMINGHAM,LTD. REFERENCE: Y-19, MR6 FOOTNOTE: The issue dated AH 1321 was struck at the Birmingham mint; 1904 - 760,000 and 1905 - 10,000, with a total mintage of 770,000. They both have the same AH date. The Arabic mintmark is the word LONDON. The Arabic word for Birmingham was used on copper coinage only. FOOTNOTE: A rebellion against Sultan Abdul led to his defeat in 1908, his brother Muley Hafid succeeding to the throne. In 1911 a controversy arose between France and Germany concerning their respective rights in Morocco, which ended in France transferring to Germany a considerable district in French Congo, in return for which France was left open to establish a protectorate in Morocco. Winston Encyclopedia, 1918. FOOTNOTE: Muley-Yussef Ben Al Hassan was proclaimed Sultan in Fez after the abdication by his brother Muley-Hafid on August 13, 1912. His reign lasted until his death in Fez on November 17, 1927. By 1912 the trade in ostrich feathers and gums, sent across the desert from Timbuktu to Morocco and Tripoli was being diverted to Senegal because the French have made the southern route safe while robbers infest the Sahara.

====================================================================== MOROCCO, SULTANATE of PARIS MINT ====================================================================== 1/10 RIAL 16.5 MM .835 FINE 2.3 GRAMS ====================================================================== (1913) AH 1331

500,000

SG-123 VG-4816

¿OV: Arabic inscription (It has been decided to struck the coin in) / large arabic AH 1331 / year / arabic Paris (mintmark). ¿RV: Arabic inscription. EDGE: Reeded MINT:

= PARIS

REFERENCE: Y-30 Monedas De Marruecos by J.M.Sanchez-Giron, Ceuta, 1972 Monnaies Francaises by Victor Guilloteau, Versailles 1942 (Reprint). FOOTNOTE: The Sultanate of Morocco, extending from the Straits of Gibraltar on the north to the Sahara on the south, and from the Atlantic on the west to the borders of Algeria on the East, embraces an area of ca. 170,000 sq.m., with 8,000,000 inhabitants. Since 1912 Morocco has been under French protection, with the exception of Tangier and the Spanish possessions. The Sultan Mulai Yusuf resides at Fez or Marrakesh. The Treaty between the Sultan and France provides for an international government for Tangier and the neighboring district. Its present harbor-fortifications, mounted with somewhat antiquated ordinance, were constructed by British engineers; the town walls date in part from the Portuguese era, 1471 to 1662 AD. In the later year it passed into the hands of Great Britian, as part of the Dowry of the Infanta Catharine of Braganza, wife of Charles II. The weak and unenterprising British rulers of the period found it a troublesome and unprofitable possession, and after several unsuccessful encounters with the Moors, they resigned their possession of Tangier in 1684, having previously destroyed its fortifications. Since then the town has belonged uninterruptedly to Morocco. Tangier is the capital of the Moroccan Province of El-Fakhs. Of the 46,000 inhabitants, about 25,000 are Mohammedans, 12,000 Moroccan Jews, and 9,000 Europeans (mostly Spaniards). The white houses of the town are surrounded by a wall with old gates and towers, and above them rises the Kasba (citadel). The narrow and uneven streets in the old part of the town, overtopped here and there by a slender minaret, present a highly characteristic scene of Oriental life. The noisy crowds reveal a great variety of type, from the light-yellow of the Moorish gentlemen, of the dark brown of south Moroccans and black of the Sudan negroes. The solemn Moors, stalking along in white or colored burnous, yellow slippers, and brilliant turban or fez, are elbowed by Jews in black caftan and fez. Most of the streets are impassable for wheeled vehicles; asses serve as beasts of burden, the approach of which is intimated by cries of ‘Balek’ (Look out). Handbook for Travelers, Kark Baeoeker,Leipsic, 1913. FOOTNOTE: Spanish dollars and pesetas, as well as Moorish coins minted for the Government in France, Germany and England, are current. Spanish currency has practically disappeared from the French zone where French and Moorish coins are used alone. The silver coinage comprises; dollars, 2 dollars,3 dollar, and 1 dirhem and 2 dirhem (1 dollar = 10 dirhem). But the value fluctuate, and the market values are sometimes only one-third of those adopted by the Government for custom-house purposes.Tthe Statesmen’s Year-Book, London, 1916.



NEPAL

======================================================================

======================================================================

Himalayan Village 1895 ====================================================================== NEPAL, KINGDOM of KATMANDU MINT ====================================================================== 3 MOHAR 18MM .800 FINE 1.38 GRAMS ====================================================================== (1882) (1886) (1889)

Saka 1804 1808 1811

u/m u/m u/m

¿OV: Trident in circle, native inscription around / DATE in Saka, below. ¿RV: Two moons, native inscription around / DATE

Saka 1817 - 3 MOHAR - OBV ===================================================================== FOOTNOTE: The Saka Era commenced in 78 AD. =====================================================================

below. EDGE: Plain MINT: (no mintmark) = KATMANDU REFERENCE: Y-13, KM-641 TYPE: Two moons

Goorkhas Chief - about 1850

Saka 1817 - 3 MOHAR - REV =====================================================================

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - NEPAL - PAGE 372

===================================================================== NEPAL, KINGDOM of KATMANDU MINT ====================================================================== 3 MOHAR 18MM .800 FINE 1.38 GRAMS ====================================================================== (1894) (1895)

Saka 1816 1817

u/m u/m

¿OV: Trident in circle, native inscription around / DATE in Saka, below. ¿RV: Moon and spiral sun, native inscription around / DATE below. EDGE: Plain MINT: (no mintmark) = KATMANDU REFERENCE: Y-13.1, KM-642 TYPE: Moon and spiral sun FOOTNOTE: Nepal, a small independent state situated on the north east frontier of Hindustan (India) on the south-west slope of the highest part of the Himalayan Range. The country is a table-land from 3000 to 6000 feet above the level of the sea. From the mountains southwards the land gradually descends, forming four distinct terraces, differing in climate and vegetation. Magnificent forest of sol, sisoo, and toon trees stretch along the declivities of the lower hills into the adjacent plains. The forest higher up exhibit a greater variety, gradually assuming more and more of an alpine character. Manufactures of Nepal are confined chiefly to coarse cotton cloth. The trade is chiefly carried on with British India and Tibet. The inhabitants are descended from successive tides of invaders, the Goorkhas and Newars predominating. The government is despotic, the Maharaja being the nominal ruler only, as the supreme power is in the hands of the Prime Minister. Population estimated at about 2,000,000. New Cabinet Cyclopeadia, Phila.,1896. ====================================================================== NEPAL, KINGDOM of KATMANDU MINT ====================================================================== 3 MOHAR 18MM .800 FINE 1.38 GRAMS ====================================================================== (1905)

Saka 1827

u/m

¿OV: Trident in circle, native inscription around / 1827 in Saka, below. ¿RV: Moon and dot for sun, native inscription around / DATE below. EDGE: Plain MINT: (no mintmark) = KATMANDU REFERENCE: Y-13.2, KM-643 TYPE: Moon and dot for sun POPULATION: Nepal - 1901 - 530,000 FOOTNOTE: Nepal is a independent Kingdom in the Himalayan Mountains between British India and Tibet. While the country is a monarchy, all power is vested in the Prime Minister who, in addition to his native titles, is a General in the British Army.

Saka 1832 - 2 MOHAR - OBV ====================================================================== NEPAL, KINGDOM of KATMANDU MINT ====================================================================== 2 MOHAR 19MM .800 FINE 2.80 GRAMS ====================================================================== (1910) (1911)

Saka 1832 1833

u/m u/m

¿OV: Trident in circle, native inscription around / DATE in Saka), below. ¿RV: Sword, native inscription around / DATE, below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = KATMANDU REFERENCE: Y-14a, KM-649 POPULATION: 1913 - 5,000,000 with capital Katmandu with 50,000 inhabitants. FOOTNOTE: The Trisul, Symbol for Trident of Shiva, the God of destruction of evil and paramount protector of Nepal. The Khadga or sward of Devi Bhavani, guardian Goddess of royalty, emblem of sovereignty is shown within inverted wreaths. “Shri Bhavani” is an invocation to the Goddess, the consort of Shiva. The inscription, “Shri Shri Shri Gorakha Natha” is an invocation to the guardian God Natha of the Goorkhas, the race of the magnificent Gurkha soldiers. The eight character design shown on the reverse is derived from a particular Yantra in which the outer compartments now geometric and ornamental clearly represent the eight petals of the lotus blossom. FOOTNOTE: The 3 Mohar denomination is known by the natives as 1 do-ani. FOOTNOTE: In 1881 Surendra Bikram Shah died after a reign of 34 years and was succeeded to the throne of Nepal by his grandson, a child of six years, Prithvi Bir Bikram Shah, as King.


Saka 1832 - 2 MOHAR - REV

Samvat 1993 - 20 PAISA - OBV

======================================================================

====================================================================== NEPAL, KINGDOM of KATMANDU MINT ====================================================================== 20 PAISA 18MM .333 FINE 2.25 GRAMS ======================================================================

FOOTNOTE: This type was machine struck. Proof strikes dated Saka 1833 are recorded. FOOTNOTE: Nepal with area, about 54,000 sq.miles; and population of about 5,000,000, lies between India and Tibet on the southern slopes of the Himalayas, and includes Mt. Everest (29,141 ft.) Amid the sterile mountains lie many fertile valleys. The lower hills are covered with jungle, in which wild animals abound. Rice, wheat, etc. are grown. The chief trade route to the Bengal frontier is 76 miles. Whitaker’s Almanac, 1914. ====================================================================== NEPAL, KINGDOM of KATMANDU MINT ====================================================================== 2 MOHAR 19MM .800 FINE 2.80 GRAMS ====================================================================== (1911) (1913) (1914)

Samvat 1968 Samvat 1970 Samvat 1971

u/m u/m u/m

(1932) (1934) (1935) (1936) (1937) (1938) (1939) (1940) (1941) (1942) (1943) (1944) (1946) (1947)

Samvat 1989 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2003 2004

u/m u/m u/m u/m u/m u/m u/m u/m u/m u/m u/m u/m u/m u/m

¿OV: Trisul, (The trident of Shiva), native inscription above / DATE in Samvat, below.

¿OV: Trident in circle, native inscription around. ¿RV: Native inscription / Sward within inverted wreath, native inscription left and right / (DATE in Samvat), below.

¿RV: The Khadga (Sward of Devi Bhavani) within inner circle, native inscription (Shri Bhavani) left and right of inverted wreath / denomination (20 paisa), eight characters in design SHRI SHRI SHRI GORAKHA NATHA around.

EDGE: Plain

EDGE: Reeded

MINT: (no mintmark) = KATMANDU

MINT: (no mintmark) = KATMANDU



FOOTNOTE: The Vikramaditya Era commenced in 57 BC, referred to as Samvat dates.

POPULATION: Nepal - 1940 - 5,600,000 with capital Katmandu with 108,800 inhabitants.

FOOTNOTE: H.H.Maharaja Dhiraja Tribhuhana Bir Bikram Shah Bahadur Shamsher Jang 1911 - 1950.


Samvat 1993 - 20 PAISA - REV

Samvat 2006 - 20 PAISA - REV

======================================================================

====================================================================== NEPAL, KINGDOM of KATMANDU MINT ====================================================================== 20 PAISA 18MM .310 FINE 2.25 GRAMS ======================================================================

FOOTNOTE: The Nepalese rupee is divided into 100 paisa. ======================================================================

(1949) (1952) (1953)

Samvat 2006 2009 2010

u/m u/m u/m

¿OV: Trident, native inscription above / DATE in Samvat, below. ¿RV: The Khadga (Sward of Devi Bhavani) within inner circle, native inscription (Shri Bhavani) left and right of inverted wreath / Denomination (20 paisa), eight characters in design (SHRI SHRI SHRI GORAKHA NATHA around. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = KATMANDU REFERENCE: Y-46a, KM-716

Samvat 2006 - 20 PAISA - OBV ====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: The highest point in Nepal is Mount Everest, 29,028 feet, first climbed May 29,1953.

FOOTNOTE: Nepal, an independent Kingdom, lying on the southern face of the Himalaya, is bound on the north by Tibet, on the south and west by Bengal,India and on the east by Sikkim, a protected state. The northern parts of the state embrace the main range of the Himalaya, with its offset spurs, on which stand the great peaks of Everest and Diwalagiri. Rice, opium, linseed, tobacco, and various cereals are important products. Copper, iron, and sulfur exist, but are little worked. The valleys are inhabited by numerous hill-tribes, partly aboriginal, partly of Mongolian or Chinese decent, but the dominant race are the Goorkhas, whose ancestors came to the Himalayan slopes from Rasputana in the 12th century. It was not until 1769 AD that they made themselves masters of the country. Internal strife brought Nepal into conflict with the British Indian Government, and under a treaty a British Resident resides at Katmandu, the capital. Population of Nepal is estimated at 5,600,000, (1930). New Standard Encyclopedia.



NETHERLANDS

======================================================================

======================================================================

Arms of the Netherlands ====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: The United Netherlands from 1815 to 1830 created by the Congress of Vienna, in a move to provide a strong barrier against France, united the ancient Netherlands under a Dutch King of the House of Orange. The experiment failed, not only because of differences in race, language and religion, but also quite as much because the southern provinces were treated unfairly in such matters as office-holding and parliamentary representation. Against such discrimination the southern provinces protested in their revolt of 1830 and organized themselves as a separate state under the name of Belgium. The Dutch King, William I, offered what resistance he could, but had at last to give way. In 1848 the Constitution of 1814 was replaced by a more liberal one. The King has at his side a law-making body, called the States-General, composed of two houses. The upper house represents the Provinces and is chosen by Provincial Legislatures, while the lower house is elected by the people, practically (since 1896) on the basis of manhood suffrage. The large colonial possessions in Asiatic waters (Netherlands East Indies), a remnant of the more considerable territories acquired in the heroic days of the Republic, present many difficulties, at the turn of the century, but are still managed at a profit. New International Encyclopedia, 1910. ======================================================================

1906 - 25 CENTS - OBVERSE ====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: Queen Wilhelmina Helena Paulina Maria of OrangeNassau was born August 31, 1880 at the Hague. The two sons of William III, William Paul Alexander Frederik Lodewisk, her father, by his first wife Sophia Frederika Mathilde of Wurttemberg, both died before 1890. Sophia died in 1877 and Willem Married again on January 7, 1879 to Adelheid Emma Wilhelmina Theresia, second daughter of Prince George Victor of Waldeck-Pyrmont. An only child Wilhelmina assumed the throne upon the death of her father on November 23, 1890, under her mother as Regent. On September 6, 1898 her 18th Birthday, she was crowned Queen in Amsterdam. On February 7, 1901 Queen Wilhelmina married Henry Wladimir Albert Ernst, Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. Her only daughter Juliana was born on April 30, 1909 and succeeded to the throne on September 4, 1948 when Wilhelmina abdicated in her favor. She retired to the Palace at Het Loo, near Apeldoorn, Geldern. She died on November 28, 1962. ======================================================================

Young Queen Wilhelmina

Dutch windmills

======================================================================

======================================================================

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - NETHERLANDS - PAGE 376

====================================================================== NETHERLANDS, KINGDOM of UTRECHT MINT ====================================================================== 25 CENTS 19MM .640 FINE 3.58 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1898 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906

400,000 1,600,000 1,200,000 1,200,000 1,600,000 1,200,000 2,000,000

¿OV: Young head of Wilhelmina, wearing a diadem, facing left, WILHELMINA KONINGIN DER NEDERLANDEN (Wilhelmina Queen of Netherlands) around. ÀRV: 25 / CENTS / DATE / (hellebaard) and (mercuryshaft) (mintmark) within wreath of oak tied with ribbon below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (Mercuryshaft) = UTRECHT DIRECTOR: (hellebaard) = H.L.A.Van Den Wall Bake 1888 -1909 TYPE: II - Kroningstype = Young Head or Coronation type. REFERENCE: Y-24 FOOTNOTE: Netherlands, which means “Low Lands”, is the English name of the Dutch Kingdom at the mouth of the Rhine which the French call Les Pays Bas. Koningrijk Der Nederlanden is the official Dutch name of the Kingdom. The population of the Netherlands c.1900 was 5,179,100 with capital the Hague, with 212,211 inhabitants. New Standard Encyclopedia, 1900. FOOTNOTE: In 1814 the Provinces of both Holland and Belgium were united by the Treaty of Paris to form the Kingdom of the Netherlands. This arrangement lasted till 1830, when the southern provinces broke away and formed the Kingdom of Belgium. King Willem I attempted to reduce the revolted provinces by force; but the Great Powers intervened, and finally matters were adjusted between the two countries in 1939. The King abdicated in 1840, and was succeeded by his son Willem II (1840-49), he being again succeeded by his son Willem III, who was succeeded in 1890 by his daughter Wilhelmina. New Cabinet Cyclopaedia, Phila.,1896. ======================================================================

1914 - 25 CENTS - OBVERSE ====================================================================== NETHERLANDS, KINGDOM of UTRECHT MINT ====================================================================== 25 CENTS 19MM .640 FINE 3.58 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1925

880,000 1,600,000 1,600,000 1,200,000 5,600,000 2,000,000 2,000,000 4,000,000 6,000,000 4,000,000 2,000,000

¿OV: Adult head of Wilhelmina, wearing a diadem, facing left, WILHELMINA KONINGIN DER NEDERLANDEN (Wilhelmina Queen of Netherlands) around. ÀRV: 25 / CENTS / DATE / (seahorse) and (mercuryshaft) (mintmark) within wreath of oak tied with ribbon below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (mercuryshaft) = UTRECHT DIRECTOR: (seahorse) = Dr. C. Hoitsema, 1909-1933 TYPE: III - Adult Head of Queen in an ermine cloak, wearing a Diadem. REFERENCE: Y-40

Canals of Amsterdam

FOOTNOTE: The monetary unit of the Netherlands is the guilder or gulden (florin) devised into 100 cents and equal to U.S. 40.2 cents in 1910.

======================================================================




======================================================================

====================================================================== NETHERLANDS, KINGDOM of UTRECHT MINT ====================================================================== 25 CENTS 19MM .640 FINE 3.58 GRAMS ======================================================================

FOOTNOTE: Utrecht, an important town of Holland, 23 miles southeast of Amsterdam. It is pleasantly situated on the old Rhine, is traversed by two canals crossed by numerous stone bridges, and is surrounded by strong forts. The town is well built, and has several squares, promenades, a government house, a protestant cathedral (a fine Gothic building), Mint, handsome town-hall, palace of Justice, etc. Utrecht is the central point of the Dutch railway system, and carries on an extensive trade in grain and cattle, and in the manufactures of the place, which includes Utrecht velvet, carpets, floor-cloth, cottons, linens, chemicals, etc. New Cabinet Cyclopaedia, Phila.,1896. ======================================================================

1926 1928

2,000,000 8,000,000

¿OV: Older head of Wilhelmina, facing left, WILHELMINA KONINGIN DER NEDERLANDEN (Wilhelmina Queen of Netherlands) around. ÀRV: 25 / CENTS / DATE / (seahorse) and (mercuryshaft) (mintmark) within wreath of oak tied with ribbon below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (mercuryshaft) = UTRECHT DIRECTOR: (seahorse) = Dr. C. Hoitsema, 1909-1933 TYPE: IV - Older Head REFERENCE: Y-44

Dutch milkmaid ======================================================================




======================================================================

====================================================================== NETHERLANDS, KINGDOM of UTRECHT MINT ====================================================================== 25 CENTS 19MM .640 FINE 3.58 GRAMS ======================================================================

FOOTNOTE: Netherlands, The, a kingdom of Europe which lies on the North Sea, north of Belgium and west of part of Northern Germany. The country is divided into eleven Provinces; North Brabant, Gelderland, South Holland, North Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Friesland, Overijssel, Groningen, Drenthe, and Limburg. The King is also Sovereign (Grand-Duke) of the Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg. Wilhelmina renounced the title in favor of her Uncle. In addition to the European territories Holland possesses extensive colonies and dependencies in the Asiatic archipelago and America; including Java, Sumatra, great part of Borneo, Celebes, part of New Guinea, Surinam or Dutch Guiana, the West Indies islands of Curacao, Saba, St.Eustatius, etc. Estimated colonial population 1891 - 30,789,000. New Cabinet Cyclopaedia, Phila.,1896. ======================================================================

1939 1940 1941

4,000,000 9,000,000 40,000,000

¿OV: Older head of Wilhelmina, facing left, WILHELMINA KONINGIN DER NEDERLANDEN (Wilhelmina Queen of Netherlands) around. ÀRV: 25 / CENTS / DATE / (grapes) and (mercuryshaft) (mintmark) within wreath of oak tied with ribbon below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (mercuryshaft) = UTRECHT DIRECTOR: (grapes) = Dr. W.J.Van Heteran TYPE: IV - Older Head REFERENCE: Y-44 ======================================================================

Netherlands & Belgium today

Dairy farming in the Netherlands

======================================================================

======================================================================


====================================================================== NETHERLANDS, KINGDOM of PHILADELPHIA MINT ====================================================================== 25 CENTS 19MM .640 FINE 3.58 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1943 1944 1945

u/m 40,000,000 92,000,000

scarce rare

¿OV: Older head of Wilhelmina, facing left, WILHELMINA KONINGIN DER NEDERLANDEN (Wilhelmina Queen of Netherlands) around. ÀRV: 25 / CENTS / DATE / (acorn) and P (mintmark) within wreath of oak tied with ribbon below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: P = PHILADELPHIA MARK: (acorn) = For Netherlands TYPE: Older Head

1941 - 25 CENTS - REVERSE ====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: A colonial issue was also struck at the Philadelphia mint for Curacao and Surinam with dates 1941-43 of the same type, with palmtree mark for Overseas Colony issue. The Curacao and Surinam section is listed separately.

REFERENCE: Y-44 Nederlandse Munten by Jacques Schulman, Amsterdam, 1969 De Munten Van Het Koninkrijk Der Nederlanden by Johan Mervios, Amsterdam, 1974 POPULATION: Netherlands - 1940 - 8,290,389 FOOTNOTE: Currency of Netherlands - 100 cents = 1 gulden

======================================================================

1943 P - 25 CENTS - REVERSE ======================================================================

FOOTNOTE: Only 3,088,000 of the 1944 dated issue were released and none of the 1945 issue, however some escaped the melting pot and thus are rare. FOOTNOTE: Utrecht, This quaint old Dutch city, famous for its historic memories and sight of the Netherlands Mint, has stood for many centuries at the point where the Rhine River divides into two branches, the one known as the Old Rhine, and the other as the Vecht. Utrecht means “old ford”. In 1579 the seven northern provinces of the Spanish Netherlands - the future Dutch Republic joined in the Union of Utrecht. Here in 1713 was signed the famous Treaty of Utrecht, which terminated the War of the Spanish Succession and gave the Southern Netherlands (Belgium) to Austria, and Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, and Gibraltar to Great Britain. In the center of the town, from the tower, one gets a good view of the broad green pastures dotted with herds of black and white cattle, and of almost the whole of Holland, including Amsterdam, 22 miles to the northwest. Utrecht is traversed by two canals, spanned by over 90 bridges. The roadways lie high above the surface of the canals, which are reached by steps, and many of the poorer people live in cellars beneath the roadways with their doors opening on the canals. The old ramparts have been converted into pleasant promenades, bounded by water courses. On the east side of the city is the famous Malieban, a triple boulevard, shaded by lime trees and flanked by handsome houses. Good water communications and railways make Utrecht an important center of trade, and there are manufactures of woolens, silk, velvet, carpets, carriages, organs, cigars, chemicals, machinery, etc. Population - c.1922 - about 140,000.Comptoms Pictured Encyclopedia, Chicago, 1922.

²²²²²²²²



NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES ======================================================================

======================================================================

1941P - 3 GULDER - OBVERSE

1941P - 3 GULDER - REVERSE

====================================================================== NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES PHILADELPHIA MINT ====================================================================== 3 GULDER 19MM .720 FINE 3.18 GRAMS ======================================================================

======================================================================

(1941) 1941 (1942) 1941

31,688,000 3,259,000

frozen date

¿OV: Within inner circle, Maleise inscription (Saper Ampat Roepijahs 3 gulden) Javaanse inscription between points of 7 point star (Sa Prapat Roepijah = 3 gulden). ÀRV: Crowned arms, NEDERL. INDIE. (Netherlands Indies) above, dividing denomination 3 and G(ulden) (palmtree) 1941 P (mintmark) below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: P = PHILADELPHIA MARK: (palmtree) = For overseas Netherlands REFERENCE: Y-15 POPULATION: 1940 - 60,731,025 FOOTNOTE: The Utrecht mint of the Netherlands struck all the home and colonial coinage except during World War II, when the American mints were called upon to produce coinage in the name of the Netherlands and coinage marked specially for colonial use, both for the West Indies and the Netherlands East Indies. The Netherlands East Indies listings start with Philadelphia, San Francisco and then Utrecht.

FOOTNOTE: The Philadelphia mint struck 31,688,000 in 1941 and 3,259,000 in 1942, all dated 1941 for a total mintage with the P and palmtree mark of 34,947,000. FOOTNOTE: Netherlands East Indies have been Dutch possessions in Oceanica since the islands of Sunda and Western New Guinea were conquered by the Dutch East India Company which was organized in 1602 as a trading company. The company successfully ruled for almost two centuries until 1798 when the company was dissolved and the possessions were administered by the mother country, the Netherlands. The capital is Batavia. FOOTNOTE: Java, an island in the Indian archipelago, the chief of the Dutch Colonial possessions. The population of the colony in 1890 amounted to 21,974,161 The native population belong to the Malay race, and are brownish-yellow in complexion, with long thick black hair. They are sober, patient, and industrious, but quick to avenge affront. The great mass are devoted to agriculture, living in villages each governed by a native chief. Most of the land belongs to the Dutch Government, which obtains a large revenue from the island. Till lately, (c.1895), it was the custom to utilize the forced labor of the natives in what was called the ‘culture system’. The principal exports are coffee, sugar, tea, tin, rice, cinchona, indigo, spices, tobacco, hides, and india-rubber. New Cabinet Cyclopaedia, Phila., 1896. FOOTNOTE: The Netherlands East Indies comprise Java and Madura, Sumatra, Riau-Lingga Archipelago, Banca, Billiton, Borneo, Celebes, Molucca Islands, Timor Archipelago, Bali and Lombok.

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES - PAGE 381

====================================================================== NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES UTRECHT MINT ====================================================================== 3 GULDER 19.5MM .720 FINE 3.18 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1854 1855 1857 1858

11,460,000 4,540,608 2,400,000 4,800,000

¿OV: Within inner circle, Maleise inscription (Saper Ampat Roepijahs 3 gulden) Javaanse inscription between points of 7 point star (Sa Prapat Roepijah = 3 gulden). ÀRV: Crowned arms, NEDERL. INDIE. (Netherlands Indies) above, dividing denomination 3 and G(ulden) (sword) DATE (mercuryshaft) (mintmark) below.

====================================================================== NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES UTRECHT MINT ====================================================================== 3 GULDER 19.5MM .720 FINE 3.18 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1882 1883 1885

2,200,000 800,000 1,750,000

¿OV: Within inner circle, Maleise inscription (Saper Ampat Roepijahs 3 gulden) Javaanse inscription between points of 7 point star (Sa Prapat Roepijah = 3 gulden). ÀRV: crowned Arms, NEDERL. INDIE. (Netherlands Indies) above, dividing denomination 3 and G(ulden (hachet) DATE (mercuryshaft) (mintmark) below. EDGE: Reeded

EDGE: Reeded MINT: (mercuryshaft) = UTRECHT MINT: (mercuryshaft) = UTRECHT DIRECTOR: (hachet) = P.H.Taddel, 1875-87 DIRECTOR: (sword) = Dr.H.A.Van Den Bake, 1846-74 REFERENCE: Y-6 REFERENCE: Y-6 ======================================================================

====================================================================== NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES UTRECHT MINT ====================================================================== 3 GULDER 19.5MM .720 FINE 3.18 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1890 1891 1893 1896 1898 1900 1901

1,140,000 860,000 2,000,000 1,230,000 3,000,000 2,800,000 2,000,000

¿OV: Within inner circle, Maleise inscription (Saper Ampat Roepijahs 3 gulden) Javaanse inscription between points of 7 point star (Sa Prapat Roepijah = 3 gulden). ÀRV: Crowned arms, NEDERL. INDIE. (Netherlands Indies) above, dividing denomination 3 and G(ulden) (helletbaard) DATE (mercuryshaft) (mintmark) below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (mercuryshaft) = UTRECHT DIRECTOR: (helletbaard) = H.L.A.Van Den Wall Bake, 1888-1909 REFERENCE: Y-13

1885 - 3 GULDER - OBVERSE ====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: Helletbaard (halberd) - A weapon employed in medieval warfare, consisting of an axe-blade balanced by a pick, and having a pick-head at the end of the six-foot shaft. It was used between the thirteenth and sixteenth century by companies of socalled halberdiers. As it was an expensive weapon, the halberdiers were restricted to a select corps for the protection of the ‘colors’. Mint Director Van Den Wall Bake used the halberd as his mark on the coinage of the Netherlands and the Netherlands East Indies.

POPULATION: 1900 - 37,734,000 including 75,800 Europeans, mostly Dutch; about 537,000 Chinese, 27,000 Arabs and 17,000 other orientals. FOOTNOTE: The Coat of Arms of the Netherlands was adopted when Holland became a Kingdom in 1815, from the ancestral Coat of Arms of the Royal House of Orange-Nassau, which dates from the middle ages; in one paw the crowned lion holds a sword and in the other a bundle of arrows which symbolizes ‘Strength in Unity’ on a blue background.


1885 - 3 GULDER - REVERSE

1903 - 3 GULDER - REVERSE

======================================================================

====================================================================== NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES UTRECHT MINT ====================================================================== 3 GULDER 19MM .720 FINE 3.18 GRAMS ======================================================================

FOOTNOTE: The capital of all the Dutch East Indies is Batavia, a city and seaport on the northwest coast of Java, on the north coast of the island. The old town was formerly surrounded with walls and fortifications. In 1808 the seat of government was transferred to the suburb of Weltevreden. A harbor has been constructed east of the city which is the principal trading center of the Dutch possessions in the East. The chief exports are sugar, coffee, tea, rice, spices, rubber, tobacco, copra, and tin. In 1811, while Holland was under Napoleon, Batavia was taken by the English, but was restored to its former owners in 1816. The town is situated on a wide, deep bay, the principal warehouses and offices, of the Europeans, the Java Bank, the Exchange, etc., being in the old town, which is built on a low, marshy plain near the sea, intersected with canals and very unhealthy; while the Europeans reside in a new and much healthier quarter. Batavia has a large trade, sugar being the chief export. Its inhabitants are chiefly Malay, with a considerable admixture of Chinese and a small number of Europeans. Population - Batavia - 1895 - 92,497. ======================================================================

1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909

2,000,000 2,000,000 2,000,000 4,000,000 4,400,000 2,000,000 4,000,000

¿OV: Within inner circle, Maleise inscription (Saper Ampat Roepijahs 3 gulden) Javaanse inscription between points of 7 point star (Sa Prapat Roepijah = 3 gulden). ÀRV: Crowned arms, NEDERL. INDIE. (Netherlands Indies) above, dividing denomination 3 and G(ulden) (helletbaard) DATE (mercuryshaft) (mintmark) below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (mercuryshaft) = UTRECHT DIRECTOR: (helletbaard) = H.L.A.Van Den Wall Bake, 1888 -1909 REFERENCE: Y-13

Malay hut in the East Indies ======================================================================

FOOTNOTE: Netherlands East Indies is governed by a GovernorGeneral, assisted by a Council which is partly legislative and partly advisory, who retains all administrative and executive authority with certain legislative powers not in conflict with reservations of the Netherlands Home Parliament. Most of the land is owned by the government and most of the population are engaged in farming. Java is one of the worlds great coffee producers while kopok is extensively grown in central and eastern Java. Salt is a government monopoly. By 1930 the population of the Netherlands East Indies was 51,881,862 including 209,934 Europeans and 955,283 Orientals.


====================================================================== NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES UTRECHT MINT ====================================================================== 3 GULDER 19MM .720 FINE 3.18 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1917 1919 1920 1921 1929 1930

6,000,000 4,000,000 10,000,000 6,000,000 10,000,000 6,000,000 12,000,000 6,000,000 20,000,000 24,000,000 5,000,000 7,000,000

¿OV: Within inner circle, Maleise inscription (Saper Ampat Roepijahs 3 gulden) Javaanse inscription between points of 7 point star (Sa Prapat Roepijah = 3 gulden). ÀRV: Crowned arms, NEDERL. INDIE. (Netherlands Indies) above, dividing denomination 3 and G(ulden) (seahorse) DATE (mercuryshaft) (mintmark) below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (mercuryshaft) = UTRECHT DIRECTOR: (seahorse) = Dr.C.Hoitsema, 1909-1933 REFERENCE: Y-15 POPULATION: Netherlands East Indies - 1921 47,000,000 FOOTNOTE: Batavia is the capital and chief city of the Dutch colony of Java. No country has been bountifully endowed by nature than Java; no soil is more fertile and no climate more favorable to growing things. Although this island is one of the most densely populated sections of the of the world there is enough for everyone and to spare. Sugar, coffee, tobacco, rice, bananas, and rubber plantations, interspersed with tapioca fields, cocoanut groves; forests of teak and other rare woods grow in a wealth and profusion, for Java fairly swarms with industrious humanity which builds its terraced gardens over her hillsides and almost to the summits of her volcanoes. Nor is it possible to exaggerate the excellence of the work of the Dutch colonists, who have constructed motor highways as fine as any in the world, good railways and modern sanitary towns throughout the island. The town of Batavia was founded by Jan Pietersz Coen in 1619, on the banks of the river Tjiliwong near the seashore. In the beginning the town extended to the south along the banks of the Tjiliwong, and only during the latter years of the 18th century and half of the last century did Europeans settle at the spot which is known as Weltevreden. Old Batavia, the Benedenstad or lower city, antedates Weltvreden by some two hundred years. It stands on a site near the sea and was built in old Dutch style, intersected by canals and with narrow streets. The World Cruise of 1928.,Thos.Cook & Son.,1927.

1937 - 3 GULDER - REVERSE ====================================================================== NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES UTRECHT MINT ====================================================================== 3 GULDER 19MM .720 FINE 3.18 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1937 1938 1939

8,000,000 12,000,000 10,400,000

¿OV: Within inner circle, Maleise inscription (Saper Ampat Roepijahs 3 gulden) Javaanse inscription between points of 7 point star (Sa Prapat Roepijah = 3 gulden). ÀRV: Crowned arms, NEDERL. INDIE. (Netherlands Indies) above, dividing denomination 3 and G(ilden) (grapes) DATE (mercuryshaft) (mintmark) below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (mercuryshaft) = UTRECHT DIRECTOR: (grapes) = Dr.W.J.Van Heteren, 1933-42 REFERENCE: Y-15 ======================================================================

Street in Batavia, Java ======================================================================


1942 S - 3 GULDER - OBVERSE

1942 S - 3 GULDER - REVERSE

====================================================================== NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES SAN FRANCISCO MINT ====================================================================== 3 GULDER 19MM .720 FINE 3.18 GRAMS ======================================================================

======================================================================

1941 1942 1945

5,053,000 32,000,000 56,000,000

¿OV: Within inner circle, Maleise inscription (Saper Ampat Roepijahs 3 gulden) Javaanse inscription between points of 7 point star (Sa Prapat Roepijah = 3 gulden). ÀRV: Crowned arms, NEDERL. INDIE. (Netherlands Indies) above, dividing denomination 3 and G(ulden) (palmtree) DATE S (mintmark) below.

Netherlands East Indies - 1945 ======================================================================

MINT: S = SAN FRANCISCO

FOOTNOTE: After 300 years of Dutch rule, independence was gained August 17, 1945 as the United States of Indonesia, later to be renamed the Republic of Indonesia as it is known today.

MARK: (palmtree) = For overseas Netherlands

======================================================================

EDGE: Reeded

REFERENCE: Y-15 POPULATION: Netherlands East Indies - 1945 72,000,000 with capital Batavia with 435,184 inhabitants. FOOTNOTE: The greater part of the soil of Java is claimed as Government property, and it is principally in the residencies in the western part of Java that there are private estates, chiefly owned by Europeans and by Chinese. The bulk of the people are agricultural labourers. Formerly the government or private landowners could enforce one day's gratuitous work out of seven, or more, from all labourers on their estates; in 1882 the greater part of these enforced services for the Government was abolished, in return for the payment of one guilder per head yearly, and the remainder were abolished in 1914 in return for an increased poll tax. The Statesman's Year-Book, London, 1916.

Islander of East Indies -1902 ======================================================================



NEW ZEALAND

======================================================================

======================================================================



====================================================================== NEW ZEALAND, DOMINION of LONDON MINT ====================================================================== SIXPENCE 19MM .500 FINE 2.83 GRAMS ======================================================================

====================================================================== NEW ZEALAND, DOMINION of LONDON MINT ====================================================================== SIXPENCE 19MM .500 FINE 2.83 GRAMS ======================================================================

1933 1934 1935 1936

3,000,000 3,600,000 560,346 1,480,000

¿OV: Head of George V, facing left, GEORGE V KING, left EMPEROR, right. ¿RV: Huia bird to right, NEW ZEALAND, above, SIXPENCE DATE below, K.G under bird.

1937 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946

1,280,000 700,000 800,000 440,000 360,000 1,800,000 1,160,000 940,000 2,120,000

¿OV: Head of George VI, facing left, GEORGE VI KING, left EMPEROR, right, HP under bust, below.

EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = Royal Mint, LONDON

¿RV: Huia bird to right, NEW ZEALAND, above, SIXPENCE DATE below, K.G under bird.

DESIGNER: (obv) Percy Metcalfe (rev) K.G = (George) Kruger Gray

EDGE: Reeded



POPULATION: 1930 - 1,485,594 excluding about 50,000 native Maoris.

DESIGNER: (obv) HP = Thomas Hugh Paget (rev) K.G = (George) Kruger Gray

FOOTNOTE: Nickname for Sixpence; Tanner, Sprat, Tizzy, Bender, and Snapper. FOOTNOTE:The 1935 issue includes 346 proof strikes.

REFERENCE: Y-10, KM-8 From Beads to Banknotes by A.P.Hargreaves, Dunedin, 1972. POPULATION: 1936 - 1,573,810

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - NEW ZEALAND - PAGE 386



======================================================================

======================================================================

FOOTNOTE: New Zealand - Name given by Dutch navigators, the word - Zealand - denotes “Sea-land”,being significant of the low countries.

FOOTNOTE: New Zealand used Australian gold and British silver coinage, until Australia issued subsidiary silver starting in 1910. The Australian coinage circulated extensively in New Zealand until the early 1930’s. In 1930 the Australian pound was depreciated and increased quantities of Australian silver coinage were imported into New Zealand. As the value of the New Zealand pound fell in 1931 and again on January 20, 1933, the New Zealand Government ordered from the Royal Mint their first silver sixpence dated 1933. This series continued bearing the effigy of the British Monarch until 1946.

FOOTNOTE: George Edward Kruger was born on Christmas Day 1880. A talented artist, he took his wife’s surname - Gray on his marriage in 1918. A Royal Exhibition Scholar of the Royal College of Art in addition to being a medallist, Kruger Gray’s talents included water-color, landscape and portrait painting and designer and painter of stained glass. He died in 1943 ten years after his famous Huia Bird first appeared on the New Zealand sixpence. The New Zealand native bird is the female of the extinct Hula. FOOTNOTE: The Dominion of New Zealand is a small and wealthy country of a million and a half people situated in the South Pacific Ocean. It is a land of singular natural beauty, renown for its mountains, lakes, fiords, and forests. The Dominion extends for a length of over 1,000 miles north and south. New Zealand is responsible for supplying nearly two-thirds of the British imports of cheese, nearly one-third of the import of butter, a little over half the import of mutton and half of those of lamb. New Zealand also occupies fourth place amongst the world’s wool producers.

New Zealand today

FOOTNOTE: New Zealand was a British Crown Colony from 1840 when the English concluded a treaty with the Maon natives, by which they were assigned reservations on condition that they would recognize Queen Victoria as their Sovereign. New Zealand, named after the low-lying meadows at the mouth of the Rhine inspite of the Alpine type mountains. New Zealand became a Dominion of the British Empire on September 26, 1907. In 1814 the year that the Rev.Samuel Marsden arrived in New Zealand, horses, sheep, cattle and poultry were introduced into the country. Pigs had been introduced by Captain Cook in 1769. It was not until after systematic settlement was embarked upon, that sheep-raising got under way, when it was chiefly confined to the Tussock Plains of Canterbury and Otago in the South Island. Between 1851 and 1871 the sheep total increased from 250,000 to over 10,000,000. By 1938 the flock was over 32,400,000 sheep with only larger countries exceeding in total flocks such as Australia, Russia, United States, Argentina, India and South Africa.

New Zealand sheep

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - NEW ZEALAND - PAGE 387


NICARAGUA

======================================================================

======================================================================



====================================================================== NICARAGUA, REPUBLIC of BIRMINGHAM MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTAVOS 18MM .800 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ======================================================================

======================================================================

(1880) 1880 (1881) 1880 (1884) 1880

200,000 250,000 102,000

frozen date

¿OV: Arms of the Republic, Triangular shield of arms, upon trophy of military arms / H (mintmark) / Cannon, REPUBLICA DE NICARAGUA (Republic of Nicaragua) around /M 1880 M below. ¿RV: 10 / CTS within wreath of laurel tied with ribbon below, 15 DE SETIEMBRE (15 of September) ABOVE, 1821 below.

FOOTNOTE: Nicaragua has a long history of internal troubles. After a period of revolution in 1909-1912, in which it was necessary for the United States to protect its interests, a force of U.S. Marines long occupied the country. In 1927 another revolt overthrew the government. The Marines supervised the 1928 elections and organized a National Guard. In 1933 the U.S.Marines were withdrawn, leaving the new National Guard to support the government. On May 30, 1936 a revolt against President Juan Baptista Sacasa, led by General Anastacio Somoza on the Palace grounds took place for two days. The liberal government accused General Somoza of seeking to become Nicaragua’s next President, despite the fact that as a relative of Sacasa (Nephew by marriage) he is Constitutionally ineligible. During June President Sacasa resigned from office and left for El Salvador. The Nicaraguan Congress chose Dr. Carlos Brenas Jarquin as the new President. ======================================================================

EDGE: Reeded MINT: H = R.HEATON & SONS, BIRMINGHAM, LTD. REFERENCE: Y-5, NC2, KM-3 FOOTNOTE: This issue was struck with a frozen date at the Birmingham mint during three years; 1880, 1881, and 1884, all dated 1880 with a total mintage of 552,000. FOOTNOTE: The earlier issues of 10 centavos were ordered by Nicaragua from the Birmingham mint of Ralph Heaton and Sons, Ltd. with the final series produced by the Philadelphia mint. Listings are in mint order and chronological. The Monetary unit of Nicaragua was the peso or 8 reales equal to 100 centavos.

A Indian house in Central America ======================================================================

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - NICARAUGA - PAGE 388




======================================================================

1887

1,500,000

¿OV: Arms of the Republic, within wreath of laurel / crossed cannon, below, REPUBLICA DE NICARAGUA (Republic of Nicaragua) above, i 15 DE setiembre 1821 i (15 of September 1821) below.

Arms of Nicaragua ======================================================================

¿RV: 10 / CENTS / 1887 within wreath of laurel tied with ribbon below / H (mintmark) below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: H = R.HEATON & SONS, BIRMINGHAM, LTD. REFERENCE: Y-8, NC5, KM-6 POPULATION: Nicaragua - 1889 - 282,895 with capital Managua with 30,000 inhabitants in addition to uncivilized Indians estimated at 30,000. ======================================================================

Central America

1912 - 10 CENTOVOS - OBVERSE

======================================================================

======================================================================





====================================================================== NICARAGUA, REPUBLIC of PHILADELPHIA MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTAVOS 18MM .800 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ======================================================================

1912 1914

230,000 220,000

¿OV: Bust of Francisco Hernandez de Cordoba, facing right, REPUBLICA DE NICARAGUA (Republic of Nicaragua) above / ii DATE ii / H (mintmark) below. ¿RV: Sun rising behind range of five mountains, EN DIOS CONFIAMOS. (In God We Trust) ABOVE / 10 CENTAVOS DE CORDOBA, below.

1927 1928 1930 1935 1936

500,000 1,000,000 150,000 250,000 250,000

¿OV: Bust of Francisco Hernandez de Cordoba, facing right, REPUBLICA DE NICARAGUA (Republic of Nicaragua) above / i i DATE i i below ¿RV: Sun rising behind range of five mountains, EN DIOS CONFIAMOS. (In God We Trust) ABOVE / 10 CENTAVOS DE CORDOBA, below.

EDGE: Reeded MINT: H = THE MINT, BIRMINGHAM, LTD.

EDGE: Reeded REFERENCE: Y-13, NC10, KM-13 MINT: (no mintmark) = PHILADELPHIA A Numismatic History of the Birmingham Mint by James O. Sweeny, Birmingham, 1981. POPULATION: Nicaragua - 1920 - 638,119, the three largest cities; Leon 38,318 inhabitants, Managua with 27,839 and Granada with 16,733. FOOTNOTE: A reform Law passed on March 20, 1912 adopted the gold standard, the new monetary unit was the gold cordoda, equivalent to the American dollar, divided into 100 equal parts. The silver coins are the silver cordoda, containing 25 grammes of silver, nine-tenth fine; the half and quarter cordoda; 10 centavos, a coin containing 2.5 grammes of silver eight-tenths fine; 5 centavos, a coin three quarters of copper and one of nickel; 1 centavo, ninthfive parts of copper and 5 of zinc; A centavo, in the same proportion. 300,000 dollars' worth of cordobas in silver were coined at Birmingham in 1912. The Statesman's Year-Book, London, 1916.

REFERENCE: Y-13, KM-13 POPULATION: Nicaragua - 1930 - 750,000 most of whom are half-castes and aboriginal Indians. Only about 25 percent live in the Eastern half of the country and they are mainly Indian negroes. FOOTNOTE: The agricultural, timber and mining industries are the principal sources of national wealth of Nicaragua. The area of cultivation in Nicaragua has extended in recent years and would probably extend still further but for the scarcity of labor. The banana is the principal agricultural product of the eastern part of the Republic. Coconuts are also of some importance, and a few plantains, oranges, and pineapples, and some yucca are raised. The products of the western half are much more varied, the most important being coffee. The Statesman's Year-Book, London, 1916.



PANAMA

======================================================================

======================================================================

1962 - 1/10 BALBOA - OBVERSE

1962 -1/10 BALBOA - REVERSE

====================================================================== PANAMA, REPUBLIC of LONDON MINT ====================================================================== 1/10 BALBOA 18MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ======================================================================

====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: The Spanish Conquistador portrayed on the coins of Panama - Vasco Nunez de Balboa, was born about 1475 AD, a descendant of Galician nobility. At the age of 26 he sailed with Rodrigo de Bastidas who discovered Colombia and sailed along the northern coast to the Isthmus of Panama. He was not a very successful farmer on the Island of Hispaniola (Haiti and Dominican Republic) and in 1510 AD he escaped his creditors by hiding in a cask and being carried aboard a ship which sailed for San Sebastian on the coast of Colombia. Leading the survivors, his expedition crossed from Uraba to the Isthmus coast and there at Darien founded the first settlement of continental America, Santa Maria de la Antigua. First as Commander and on December 23, 1510 appointed by King Ferdinand V of Spain, Balboa became interim Governor of Darien. 2,000 new colonists were recruited under Pedrarias who was made Governor in Spain. But before they arrived, Balboa set out with less than two hundred men, half the colony and eight hundred Indians to find the long sought out Sea. His party crossed the Isthmus and on September 25, 1513, from a hill, saw the Pacific Ocean for the first time. King Ferdinand, pleased with this achievement, named Balboa Governor of the “South Sea” and of Panama. Pedrarias, his arch-enemy, envious and bitter contrived to nullify the award, confining Balboa in Darien. Later in 1518, just five short years after his discovery of the Pacific, Pedrarias lured him to Acla. Condemned to treason, Balboa was beheaded in January of 1519. The Pacific town and Port of Balboa, Panama was named after the great discoverer of the Pacific. Balboa with helmet and breastplate armor appears on all dime size silver of coins of Panama, his bust facing left looking to the Pacific.

1962

5,000,000

¿OV: Bust of Balboa, facing left, VN • DECIMO • DE • BALBOA ( P of Balboa) around, oak leaves left, laurel leaves right below. ÀRV: Arms of the Republic with crest of eagle holding in its beak a ribbon with Motto: PRO MUNDI BENEFICIO (For the Benefit of the World) with nine stars above, REPUBLICA • DE • PANAMA (Republic of Panama) above LEY / 0.900 left, GR. / 2.50 right, within wreath of laurel and oak / 1962 below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = Royal Mint, LONDON TYPE: IV - Nine stars, Royal Mint design REFERENCE: Y-13, KM-10 FOOTNOTE: The Modern Dime Size Silver Coins of Panama which were equal the the U.S. dimes in size, weight and fineness were minted by the Philadelphia mint first and later the mints of; Mexico, London and San Francisco. The listings are in mint order and then date. FOOTNOTE: The issue of 1962 shows minor design changes from the 1961 issue struck at Mexico.

FOOTNOTE: For the first time since the Republic of Panama was established in 1903, the commemorative of 1953 and the regular issue of 1961, were ordered from the Federal Mint at Mexico City, as Mexico, a great silver producer provided them at a lower price than was available from the United States or London.

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - PANAMA - PAGE 391

1953 - 1/10 BALBOA - OBVERSE

1953 - 1/10 BALBOA - REVERSE

====================================================================== PANAMA, REPUBLIC of MEXICO MINT ====================================================================== 1/10 BALBOA 18MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ======================================================================

======================================================================

1953

3,350,000

¿OV: Bust of Balboa, facing left, i VN DECIMO DE BALBOA i ( P of Balboa) above CINCUENTENARIO (50 th) below.

FOOTNOTE: Panama occupies the Isthmus of Panama. Here an inter-oceanic ship canal is being constructed across the isthmus between the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean. Panama, the capital, is at the south end and Colon, at the north end of the canal. These two cities are now (c.1902) connected by a railroad, which transports much foreign commerce from ocean to ocean. Complete Geography, H. Justin Roddy, New York ,1902. ======================================================================

ÀRV: Arms of the Republic with crest of eagle holding in its beak a ribbon with Motto: PRO MUNDI BENEFICIO (For the Benefit of the World) with nine stars above, REPUBLICA • DE • PANAMA (Republic of Panama) above LEY / 0.900 left, GR. / 2.50 right, within wreath of laurel and oak / 1953 below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = Federal Mint, MEXICO TYPE: III - Commerative of the 50 th Anniversary of the Republic. REFERENCE: Y-18, KM-18 POPULATION: Panama - 1950 - 801,290 FOOTNOTE: On the early morning of the twenty-fifth of September, in 1513, a small party of men made their laborious way up the densely covered face of a steep ridge. One, keen of eye and with determined countenance, pressed forward eagerly ahead of his companions. When, at length, he reached the summit, a vast expanse of water stretched before him on either hand. Balboa had discovered the Pacific Ocean. Vasco Nunez de Balboa was a man of extraordinary intellect, and it is not improbable that something of the true significance of this new knowledge dawned upon his mind even in those first moments of discovery. The Panama Canal, Logan Marshall, Phila., 1913.

1961-1/10 BALBOA - OBVERSE ======================================================================


1961-1/10 BALBOA - REVERSE

1904 - 5 CENTESIMOS - OBVERSE

====================================================================== PANAMA, REPUBLIC of MEXICO MINT ====================================================================== 1/10 BALBOA 18MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ======================================================================

======================================================================

1961

2,500,000

¿OV: Bust of Balboa, facing left, i VN DECIMO DE BALBOA i ( P of Balboa) above oak leaves left, laurel leaves right below.

FOOTNOTE: Panama - was the native name of a village on the Pacific coast of the Gulf and Isthmus of Panama. Here in 1518, Davila founded the oldest existing city in America. Panama is a native word meaning a “butterfly” from the town of Panama the name was extended to the Isthmus and Gulf. FOOTNOTE: The monetary unit of Panama is the Balboa, maintained at par with the United States dollar. ======================================================================

ÀRV: Arms of the Republic with crest of eagle holding in its beak a ribbon with Motto: PRO MUNDI BENEFICIO (For the Benefit of the World) with nine stars above, REPUBLICA • DE • PANAMA (Republic of Panama) above LEY / 0.900 left, GR. / 2.50 right, within wreath of laurel and oak / 1961 below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = Federal Mint, MEXICO TYPE: II - Nine stars REFERENCE: Y-24, KM-24 Coins and Currency of Panama by Capt. Julius Grigore, Iola, 1972. FOOTNOTE: Gustave Eiffel, an eminent French engineer, born at Dijon in 1832; early obtained a reputation for bridge construction, designed the enormous locks for the Panama Canal. His most noted work is the gigantic iron tower which bears his name as The Eiffel Tower in Paris. In 1893 he became involved in the Panama scandals and was fined and sentenced to two years of imprisonment. FOOTNOTE: The motto in Latin - Pro Mundi Beneficio - For the Benefit of the World, used on all Panama coins of this series since 1904 held out the plans for the Panama Canal, open to the shipping of all countries.

1916 - 5 CENTESIMOS - OBVERSE ======================================================================


1916 - 5 CENTESIMOS - REVERSE

1933 -1/10 BALBOA - REVERSE

====================================================================== PANAMA, REPUBLIC of PHILADELPHIA MINT ====================================================================== 5 CENTESIMOS 18MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ======================================================================

====================================================================== PANAMA, REPUBLIC of PHILADELPHIA MINT ====================================================================== 1/10 BALBOA 18MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ======================================================================

1904 1916

1,789,682 100,000

rare

¿OV: Bust of Balboa, facing left, with helmet, on rim of which is - DIOS LEY LIBERTAD (God - Law - Liberty) / BALBOA below bust. ÀRV: Arms of the Republic with motto: PRO MUNDI BENEFICIO (For the Benefit of the World), crest of Eagle with seven stars above, CINCO CENTESIMOS DE BALBOA (5 centesimos of Balboa) around / G.2.500 LEY 0.900 below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = PHILADELPHIA

1930 1931 1932 1933 1947

500,020 200,000 150,000 100,000 1,000,000

scarce

¿OV: Bust of Balboa, facing left, VN — DECIMO — DE — BALBOA ( P of Balboa) around, oak leaves left, laurel leaves right below. ÀRV: Arms of the Republic with crest of eagle holding in its beak a ribbon with motto: PRO MUNDI BENEFICIO (For the Benefit of the World), with nine stars above, REPUBLICA - DE PANAMA (Republic of Panama) above LEY / 0.900 left, GR. / 2.50 right, within wreath of laurel and oak / DATE below.

TYPE: I - Inscription on helmet, seven stars

EDGE: Reeded



POPULATION: Panama - 1904 - 340,000

TYPE: II - Nine stars

FOOTNOTE: The Panama Canal Zone - In 1903 the United States obtained the concession of a narrow zone of land from the Panama Republic, and undertook to dig a canal across the Isthmus of Panama at the expense of the government. The first care of the engineers in charge was to make the zone safe for the workmen. The forests with their tangled undergrowths were cleared away, the swamps were drained in order to destroy the disease-carrying mosquitoes. An immense number of workmen were employed, and an enormous amount of material was used. Part of the route of the canal ran through Gatun Lake, which was eighty five feet above sea-level. Locks at each side of the lake were, therefore necessary. After ten years, the work was completed, and the Canal was opened to the sea going vessel of all nations.Ontario Public School Geography, Toronto, 1922.

REFERENCE: Y-13, KM-10 DESIGNER: William Clark Noble POPULATION: Panama - 1930 - 472,468 FOOTNOTE: The 1930 issue included 20 proof sets presented to officials. FOOTNOTE: Colon, in the Republic of Panama, at the eastern entrance to the canal, and Balboa, within the U. S. Canal Zone, at the western entrance, are supply and repair stations for ships passing through the canal. Ontario Public School Geography, Toronto, 1922.


1934 -1/10 BALBOA - REVERSE ====================================================================== PANAMA, REPUBLIC of SAN FRANCISCO MINT ====================================================================== 1/10 BALBOA 18MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1934

75,000

====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: Colon is a struggling, unattractive city with some redeeming features, however, and a promise of more in the near future. The railroad company occupies the greater part of the water-front with its various buildings, including wharves and docks. Parallel with these is a main street, composed almost entirely of frame buildings. There are some good shops and a number of conscienceless dealers in spurious curios who, together with the enterprising money changers, reap a royal harvest from unsophisticated travelers. From the moment of landing the stranger is beset by a howling crowd of nondescripts who content with one another for the privilege of fleecing him. his baggage is distributed amongst as many different individuals as possible, and upon his arrival at the hotel he is called upon to pay each one an exorbitant fee for his service, although it may consisted in carrying a newspaper only. Before the American advent there was no escape from this imposition. If a victim refused to be muleted he was haled before a magistrate who invariably supported the extortioners. In those days a man dared not ask a native the name of a street unless he was prepared to pay for the information. This system of bleeding the helpless foreigner is now confined within the bounds of simi-decency and an American, at least, is treated with a show of honesty. Along the beach to the east of the town is the foreign quarter, containing some comfortable residences, a church built of stone, and a tolerable hotel. On the west side, fronting the ocean, stand the handsome houses of the old French officials. They are grouped in a park beautifully laid out and convey the impression that our predecessors of the Canal did not neglect their personal comfort.

rare

¿OV: Bust of Balboa, facing left, VN — DECIMO — DE — BALBOA ( P of Balboa) around, oak leaves left, laurel leaves right below. ÀRV: Arms of the Republic with crest of eagle holding in its beak a ribbon with Motto: PRO MUNDI BENEFICIO (For the Benefit of the World) with nine stars above, REPUBLICA • DE • PANAMA (Republic of Panama) above LEY / 0.900 left, GR. / 2.50 right, within wreath of laurel and oak / 1934 below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = SAN FRANCISCO DESIGNER: William Clark Noble TYPE: II - Nine stars REFERENCE: Y-13, KM-10 FOOTNOTE: The symbols of the Coat of Arms of Panama represent; Eagle with outstretched wings surmounting the shield signifies the emblem of Panama’s sovereignty, the Stars above for Provinces - Bocas del Toro, Chiriqui, Cocle, Colon, Los Santos, Panama and Verauas until 1916, with two added thereafter, Darien and Herrera. The crossed Rifle and Sword hanging from a nail symbolize “Good-bye” forever to civil wars, cause of our ruin”. The crossed Shovel and Hoe, the tools of agriculture. The cornucopia Horn of Plenty signifies richness and abundant agriculture products. The Wheel of Progress for speed of progress and development. The center panel shows the Isthmus of Panama with the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans and four Panama flags are draped behind.

Map showing Republic of Panama and Panama Canal - 1913 ======================================================================



PERSIA

======================================================================

======================================================================

FOOTNOTE: The Persian series of the Modern Dimes Size Silver Coins of the World has two sizes that fall within this work; The WHITE SHAHIS or three shahis series which are smaller and lighter than the regular series, 500 dinars. See the footnote at the end of this chapter expanding the three shahis coins. Both series are listed in date order, first by their A.H. date and later by the Solar Year dating. Since these dates in Arabic look similar, the reader is advised to check each type carefully for other descriptions in addition to the dates. ====================================================================== PERSIA, KINGDOM of TEHRAN ====================================================================== 3 SHAHI 17MM .900 FINE 0.69 GRAMS ====================================================================== (1878)

AH 1296

u/m

=

¿OV: Inscription (The Sultan, Nisir-ed-Din Kasar Shah) within inner circle of pearls, wreath of laurel and oak tied with ribbon below, around / Inscription Tehran (mintmark) below. ÀRV: Crown at top, Lion with sunburst behind, arabic PQXU (AH 1296) below lion, within wreath of laurel and oak tied with ribbon below. EDGE: Plain

1883 - AH 1301 - 3 SHAHI - REV

MINT: Arabic Tehran = TEHRAN REFERENCE: Y-7, A 6 ======================================================================

====================================================================== PERSIA, KINGDOM of TEHRAN MINT ====================================================================== 3 SHAHI 17MM .900 FINE 0.69 GRAMS ====================================================================== (1879) (1880) (1881) (1882) (1883) (1884) (1885) (1886) (1887) (1888) (1889) (1890) (1891)

AH 1297 1298 1299 1300 1301 1302 1303 1304 1305 1306 1307 1308 1309

u/m u/m u/m u/m u/m u/m u/m u/m n/m u/m u/m u/m u/m

¿OV: Inscription (The Sultan, Nisir-ed-Din Kasar Shah) within inner circle of pearls, wreath of laurel and oak tied with ribbon below, around / Inscription Tehran (mintmark) below. ÀRV: Crown at top, Lion with sunburst behind, / inscription (shahi) below lion, within wreath of laurel and oak tied with ribbon below / arabic AH DATE below. EDGE: Plain MINT: Arabic Tehran = TEHRAN

1883 - AH 1301 - 3 SHAHI - OBV

REFERENCE: Y-7A, A 7

======================================================================

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - PERSIA - PAGE 396

====================================================================== PERSIA, KINGDOM of TEHRAN MINT ====================================================================== 3 SHAHI 17MM .900 FINE 0.69 GRAMS ====================================================================== (1895)

AH 1313

u/m

¿OV: Inscription (The Sultan, Nisir-ed-Din Kasar Shah) within inner circle of pearls, wreath of laurel and oak tied with ribbon below, around / Inscription Tehran (mintmark) below. ÀRV:Crown at top, Lion with sunburst behind, arabic PRPR (AH 1313) between lion legs, within wreath of laurel and oak tied with ribbon below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: Arabic Tehran = TEHRAN REFERENCE: Y-7B, A 8 ====================================================================== PERSIA, KINGDOM of TEHRAN MINT ====================================================================== 3 SHAHI 17MM .900 FINE 0.69 GRAMS ====================================================================== undated

u/m

¿OV: Inscription (The Sultan, Nisir-ed-Din Kasar Shah) within inner circle of pearls, wreath of laurel and oak tied with ribbon below, around / Inscription Tehran (mintmark) below. ÀRV: Inscription (O Owner of Creation! To you, Greetings) within inner circle of pearls, wreath tied with ribbon below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: Arabic Tehran = TEHRAN REFERENCE: Y-8, A 9 ====================================================================== PERSIA, KINGDOM of TEHRAN MINT ====================================================================== 3 SHAHI 17MM .900 FINE 0.69 GRAMS ====================================================================== undated

u/m

¿OV: Inscription (The Sultan, Mouzaffer-al-din Shah) within inner circle of pearls, wreath tied with ribbon below, around / Inscription Tehran (mintmark) below. ÀRV: Crown at top, Lion with sunburst behind, / inscription (shahi) below lion, within wreath of laurel and oak tied with ribbon below.

1900 - AH 1318 - 3 SHAHI - OBV ====================================================================== PERSIA, KINGDOM of TEHRAN MINT ====================================================================== 3 SHAHI 17MM .900 FINE 0.69 GRAMS ====================================================================== undated

u/m

¿OV: Inscription (The Sultan, Mouzaffer-ed-Din Shah) within inner circle of pearls, wreath tied with ribbon below, around / Inscription Tehran (mintmark) below. ÀRV: Crown at top, Lion with sunburst behind, within wreath tied with ribbon below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: Arabic Tehran = TEHRAN REFERENCE: Y-25A, B 4 TYPE: Undated without value. POPULATION: Persia - 1892 - 7,653,600 with capital Tehran with 200,000 inhabitants. FOOTNOTE: Since 1870 the city of Tehran has been improved, the streets being lighted with gas and laid with tramways. During the summer months the court removes, on account of the intolerable heat, to more agreeable quarters on the heights to the north, and a third of the inhabitants, including the European embassies, follow the royal example. Population - Tehran (winter) 210,000.

EDGE: Reeded MINT: Arabic Tehran = TEHRAN REFERENCE: Y-25, B 3 TYPE: No date with shahi for value.


1900 - AH 1318 - 3 SHAHI - REV

1909 - AH 1327 - 3 SHAHI - OBV

====================================================================== PERSIA, KINGDOM of TEHRAN MINT ====================================================================== 3 SHAHI 17MM .900 FINE 0.69 GRAMS ======================================================================

===================================================================== PERSIA, EMPIRE of TEHRAN MINT ====================================================================== 3 SHAHI 17MM .900 FINE 0.69 GRAMS ======================================================================

(1896) (1896) (1898) (1899) (1900) (1901) (1902)

AH 1313 1314 1316 1317 1318 1319 1320

u/m u/m u/m u/m u/m u/m 150,000

¿OV: Inscription (The Sultan, Mouzaffer-ed-Din Shah) within inner circle of pearls, wreath tied with ribbon below / Inscription Tehran (mintmark) below. ÀRV: Crown at top, Lion with sunburst behind, inscription (shahi) below lion, within wreath tied with ribbon below, arabic AH DATE between lions legs.

undated

u/m

¿OV: Inscription (The Sultan, Mouzaffer-ed-Din Shah) within inner circle of pearls, wreath of laurel and oak tied with ribbon below, around / Inscription Tehran (mintmark) below. ÀRV: Inscription (O Owner of Creation! To you, Greetings) within inner circle of pearls, wreath tied with ribbon below / inscription (Tehran) below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: Arabic Tehran = TEHRAN REFERENCE: Y-A25, B 6 TYPE: The Sultan, Mouzaffer-ed-Din Shah no date

EDGE: Reeded MINT: Arabic Tehran = TEHRAN

======================================================================

REFERENCE: Y-25, B 5 FOOTNOTE: From the Koran, Mohammed himself says: “Verily a lie is allowable in three cases, to women, to reconcile friends, and in war” and Lord Curzon finds the same true in Persia, when he says: “I am convinced that the true son of Iran would sooner lie than tell the truth”. The New Era in Aria,Sherwood Eddy, Nashville, Tenn., 1913.

Arms of Persia ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - PERSIA - PAGE 398

====================================================================== PERSIA, KINGDOM of TEHRAN MINT ====================================================================== 3 SHAHI 17MM .900 FINE 0.69 GRAMS ====================================================================== undated

u/m

¿OV: Inscription (The Sultan, Mohammad Ali Shah) within inner circle of pearls, wreath tied with ribbon below, around / Inscription Tehran (mintmark) below. ÀRV: Inscription (O Owner of Creation! To you, Greetings) within inner circle of pearls, wreath tied with ribbon below / inscription Tehran below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: Arabic Tehran = TEHRAN REFERENCE: Y-A44, C 6 TYPE: Inscription reverse, without date =====================================================================

1909 - AH 1327 - 3 SHAHI - REV ====================================================================== PERSIA, KINGDOM of TEHRAN MINT ====================================================================== 3 SHAHI 17MM .900 FINE 0.69 GRAMS ====================================================================== (1907) (1908) (1909)

AH 1325 1326 1327

u/m u/m u/m

¿OV: Inscription (The Sultan, Mohammad Ali Shah) within inner circle of pearls, wreath tied with ribbon below, around / Inscription Tehran (mintmark) below. ÀRV: Crown at top, Lion with sunburst behind, arabic AH DATE between lions legs / inscription (shahi) below lion, within wreath tied with ribbon below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: Arabic Tehran = TEHRAN REFERENCE: Y-44, C 3 TYPE: The Sultan, Mohammad Ali Shah with date ======================================================================

FOOTNOTE: Mouzaffer-ed-Din, the second son of Shah Nasir-eddin was born at Tehran March 25, 1853. He was appointed Governor of the Province of Azerbaijan, but was recalled for failing to suppress an uprising of the Kurds. Already declared Heir Apparent during his father’s lifetime, Muzaffer-ed-Din became Shah of Persia June 8, 1896, after Nasir-ed-Din’s assassination by a Babi on May 1st. In early life an almost fanatical Mohammedan, he showed great tolerance as Shah, particularly in his repression of an outbreak against the Christian Armenians at Kazoni in 1899. He further relieved his subjects at his accession of the taxes on meat and bread, and likewise abolished the system of purchase of civil and military positions. Of this change from his earlier character the European influence, especially that of the French, under which he came in Tehran, is the main cause. In 1906 he made the first step towards establishing a Parliamentary Government by summoning a partially elective National Assembly. He ruled until his death in 1907. New International Encyclopedia, 1910. ====================================================================== PERSIA, KINGDOM of TEHRAN MINT ====================================================================== 3 SHAHI 17MM .900 FINE 0.69 GRAMS ====================================================================== (1908)

AH 1326

u/m

¿OV: Inscription (The Sultan, Mohammad Ali Shah) within inner circle of pearls, wreath tied with ribbon below, around / Inscription Tehran (mintmark) below. ÀRV: Crown at top, Lion with sunburst behind, arabic PRQU (AH 1326) between lions legs / inscription (shahi) below lion, within wreath tied with ribbon below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: Arabic Tehran = TEHRAN REFERENCE: Y-B44, C 4 TYPE: Arms reverse, without date


====================================================================== PERSIA, KINGDOM of TEHRAN MINT ====================================================================== 3 SHAHI 17MM .900 FINE 0.69 GRAMS ====================================================================== (1910) (1911) (1912)

AH 1328 1329 1330

u/m u/m 189,000

¿OV: Inscription (The Sultan, Ahmad Shah) within inner circle of pearls, wreath tied with ribbon below, around / Inscription Tehran (mintmark) below. ÀRV: Crown at top, Lion with sunburst behind, inscription (shahi) below lion, within wreath tied with ribbon below / arabic AH DATE below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: Arabic Tehran = TEHRAN REFERENCE: Y-64, D 3 ====================================================================== PERSIA, KINGDOM of TEHRAN MINT ====================================================================== 3 SHAHI 17MM .900 FINE 0.69 GRAMS ====================================================================== (1914)

AH 1332

10,172

¿OV: Inscription (The Sultan, Ahmad Shah) within inner circle of pearls, wreath tied with ribbon below, around / Inscription Tehran (mintmark) below. ÀRV:Crown at top, Lion with sunburst behind, arabic PRRQ (AH 1332) between lions legs / inscription (shahi) below lion, within wreath tied with ribbon below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: Arabic Tehran = TEHRAN REFERENCE: Y-A70A, D 4 FOOTNOTE: Persia - The name given by the Greeks to the region, the capital of which was Persepolis, originally overrun by a wild branch of the Ayrian race called the Parsa, meaning in the native tongue “The Tigers”. The Persian name for the country is Iran. FOOTNOTE: In 1875 Bergrath F.Pechan of the Austrian Mint was consulted to reform the currency of Persia. The Council agreed to accept the Standards of the Latin Monetary Union based on the French 10 franc = 1 toman .900 fine 50 grains gold and silver coins of .900 fine 2.5 grams = 1/2 qiran. However the standard would have caused too many difficulties and in 1878 a new standard was introduced with the toman lowered 10% to 45 grains and silver qiran of 72 grains from 78 grains. The first modern coinage produced by the Tehran mint were struck in 1876 AD (1293 AH) using minting machinery from Paris which had been delivered twelve years earlier. All provincial mints were closed in 1878.

1924 - AH 1342 - 3 SHAHI - OBV ====================================================================== PERSIA, KINGDOM of TEHRAN MINT ====================================================================== 3 SHAHI 17MM .900 FINE 0.69 GRAMS ====================================================================== (1915) (1916) (1917) (1919) (1921) (1924)

AH 1333 1334 1335 1337 1339 1342

78,428 6,166 73,080 75,600 9,700 19,867

¿OV: Inscription (The Sultan, Ahmad Shah) within inner circle of pearls, within wreath around / arabic AH DATE below. ÀRV: Crown at top, Lion with sunburst behind / inscription (shahi) below lion, within wreath tied with ribbon below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: Arabic Tehran = TEHRAN REFERENCE: Y-A70, D 5 TYPE: Date on obverse FOOTNOTE: Mehemet Shah died in 1848, and was succeeded by his son Nasir-ed-Din, the present Shah, born 1829. He has had to suppress a number of insurrections, and in 1851 a serious rebellion of the Pure Persian Party in Khorassan, who refused obedience to the Kajar Dynasty on religious grounds. In May 1852 he annexed the Sultanate of Herat, but was compelled to relinquish it by the British, and a second occupation in 1855 resulted in the landing of a British force on the Persian Gulf, the capture of Bushire, and the Peace of Paris, March 3, 1857. Persia has since come into the possession of portions of territory formerly belonging to Oman, Afghanistan, and Beluchistan. Cabinet Cyclopaedia, 1896.


====================================================================== PERSIA, KINGDOM of TEHRAN MINT ====================================================================== 3 SHAHI 17MM .900 FINE 0.69 GRAMS ====================================================================== (1917)

AH 1335

u/m

¿OV: Inscription (The Sultan, Ahmad Shah) within inner circle of pearls, within wreath around / arabic PRRT (AH 1335) below. ÀRV: Inscription (O Owner of Creation! To you, Greetings) within inner circle of pearls, wreath tied with ribbon below / inscription Tehran (mintmark) below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: Arabic Tehran = TEHRAN REFERENCE: Y-B70A, D 6

1924 - AH 1342 - 3 SHAHI - REV ====================================================================== PERSIA, KINGDOM of TEHRAN MINT ====================================================================== 3 SHAHI 17MM .900 FINE 0.69 GRAMS ====================================================================== (1914) (1915) (1919) (1923) (1924)

AH 1332 1333 1337 1341 1342

included with included with included with 3,360 included with

Y-A70A Y-A70A Y-A70A Y-A70A

====================================================================== PERSIA, KINGDOM of TEHRAN MINT ====================================================================== 500 DINARS 18MM .900 FINE 2.31 GRAMS ====================================================================== undated

u/m

¿OV: Inscription (The Sultan, Nasir-ur-din Kasar Shah) within inner circle of pearls, within wreath tied with ribbon below / inscription Tehran (mintmark) below. ÀRV: Crown at top, Lion with sunburst behind / inscription (500 dinars) below lion, within wreath of laurel and oak tied with ribbon below. EDGE: Reeded

¿OV: Inscription (The Sultan, Ahmad Shah) within inner circle of pearls, within wreath around /inscription Tehran (mintmark) below.

MINT: Arabic Tehran = TEHRAN

ÀRV: Crown at top, Lion with sunburst behind, arabic AH DATE between lions legs / inscription (shahi) below lion, within wreath tied with ribbon below.

TYPE: No date

EDGE: Reeded MINT: Arabic Tehran = TEHRAN REFERENCE: Y-B70, D 7 TYPE: Date on reverse FOOTNOTE: Prior to the discovery of oil, Persia gained world fame for rug weaving which was its most important industry.

REFERENCE: Y-10, A 12

FOOTNOTE: Tehran, capital of Persia, and of the Province of IrakAjemi, 66 miles south of the shore of the Caspian Sea. It stands on a wide plain, dotted here and there with mud-built villages, and pierced with many circular pits, which reach down to the great subterranean water-courses, on which, in this region, the life of animal and plant is altogether dependent. On the north-east runs the lofty range of the Elburz mountains, rising in Demavend to the height of 22,000 feet above sea-level, and giving dignity to an otherwise tame and unattractive scene. The town is built almost entirely of mud-houses, packed within a mud-wall 20 feet high, and 4 miles in circumference. The principal buildings are the British and Russian Residences; the Bazaar of Takikhan, finished in 18501851, at a cost of British , 30,000; the Ark, or Citadel - in the suburbs - is the Shah’s Palace. Carpets are manufactured; but the chief trades are shoemaking and manufacture of hats and linen goods. Population of Tehran in summer, 80,000; in winter 120,000. .Library of Universal Knowledge, New York, 1880.


1883 - AD 1301 - 500 DINARS - OBV

1883 - AD 1301 - 500 DINARS - REV

=====================================================================

======================================================================

FOOTNOTE: In 1888 the first Persian railway was opened connecting the Caspian Sea with Tehran, the capital. There are some 4000 miles of telegraph lines in operation, and a regular postal service was organized in 1877. The principal coins of Persia are the gold toman, and the silver kran. The rate of exchange varies from about 33 1/2 to 35 krans per British pound. There is no paper currency. In 1888 the Oriental Bank of London established branches at Tehran and five other chief towns. Cabinet Cyclopaedia, 1896.

FOOTNOTE: The issue dated AH 1297 has a plain edge, where as AH 1301 and AH1306 are reeded. The other dates have not been examined.

===================================================================== PERSIA, KINGDOM of TEHRAN MINT ====================================================================== 500 DINARS 18MM .900 FINE 2.31 GRAMS ====================================================================== (1878) (1879) (1880) (1883) (1888) (1893)

AH 1296 1297 1298 1301 1306 1311


¿OV: Inscription (The Sultan, Nasir-ed-Din Kasar Shah) within inner circle of pearls, within wreath tied with ribbon below / inscription Tehran (mintmark) below. ÀRV: Crown at top, Lion with sunburst behind / inscription (500 dinars) below lion, within wreath of laurel and oak tied with ribbon below / arabic AH DATE below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: Arabic Tehran = TEHRAN REFERENCE: Y-10A, A 13 POPULATION: Persia - 1896 - From 6,000,000 to 7,000,000 with capital Tehran with 150,000 to 200,000 inhabitants.

FOOTNOTE: Nasir-ed-Din Shah, son of Mehemet Shah was first enthroned at Tabriz on September 12, 1848, at the age of eighteen and a second time in Tehran on October 23, 1848. In 1856 his occupation of Herat involved him in war with Britain. He visited the European Courts at three different times and he holds an honorable place among the rulers of the world. The two most important improvements introduced by him into his country were the construction of the telegraphic communications between Europe and India through Persia was secured. in the year 1869 and the establishment of a postal service in 1877. The last important service he rendered his country was the founding of a university called DarinalFunum, or place of science, at the capital city, Tehran. In his reign The assassination of Nasir-ed-Din on May 1, 1896 by Moslem calculation Nasir-ed-Din had reigned for fifty years in 1896. Preparations were being made to celebrate the auspicious event when suddenly an assassin, taking advantage of the Shah’s kindly custom of receiving petitions in person. He was coming out of the door when he was shot by the hand of an assassin,who fired at him and he died from the bullet in five hours. His murderer was one of his subjects, Mirza Riza of Kerman, who belonged to the new peculiar sect of Babists that is found in Persia and that differs from the Mohammedan religion. Thus died Nasir-ed-din Shah, who was rightly regarded by his subjects as the ablest man in his dominions. Splendidly virile and of striking appearance, he conducted all important affairs in person. Nasir-ed-Din Shah did more for Persia than any ruler during the past 800 years. Persia, the Land of the Magi, by Samuel Nweeya, 1910, A History of Persia, Percy Sykes, New York, 1930., FOOTNOTE: The titles of the Shah: The Sovereign, The Pivot of the Universe, The Sultan, His Auspicious Majesty, His Royal Majesty, The King of Kings, The Royal Possessor of Kingdoms, His Majesty the Shadow of Allah, The Khajan. History of Persia by Percy Sykes, New York 1930. FOOTNOTE: Currency of Persia - 250 shahi = 12 1/2 kran or 1 toman.


====================================================================== PERSIA, KINGDOM of TEHRAN MINT ====================================================================== 500 DINARS 18MM .900 FINE 2.31 GRAMS ====================================================================== (1889)

AH 1307

u/m

¿OV: Crown at top, inscription (Spread at the feet of His Imperial Majesty upon His return from Europe), arabic PRYV (AH 1307), within inner circle of pearls, within wreath of laurel and oak tied with ribbon / inscription Tehran (mintmark) below. ÀRV: Crown at top, Lion with sunburst behind / inscription (500 dinars) below lion, within wreath laurel and oak tied with ribbon below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: Arabic Tehran = TEHRAN REFERENCE: Y-A15, A 17 TYPE: Commemorative of Sultan Nasir’s return from Europe wit the inscription - Spread at the feet of His Imperial Majesty upon His return from Europe ====================================================================== PERSIA, KINGDOM of TEHRAN MINT ====================================================================== 500 DINARS 18MM .900 FINE 2.31 GRAMS ====================================================================== (1892)

AH 1310

u/m

¿OV: Inscription (The Sultan, Nasir-ed-Din Kasar Shah) within inner circle of pearls, within wreath tied with ribbon below / inscription Tehran (mintmark) below. ÀRV: Crown at top, Lion with sunburst behind / arabic PRPY (AH 1310) between lion legs / inscription (ten shahis) below lion, within wreath laurel and oak tied with ribbon below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: Arabic Tehran = TEHRAN REFERENCE: Y-10b TYPE: Muled Y-10D (500 dinars) / Y-10A (date below wreath). FOOTNOTE: The monetary standard is silver, and the unit of value the kran, equal to 1000 dinars, worth U.S. 7.9 cents in 1901. International Yearbook, N.Y.,1901.

Nasir-ed-Din Kasar Shah ====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: Tehran is situated on the southern slope of Mount Shimron, and has an altitude of 3,500 feet above the sea. The old city was contracted and unhealthy, but of late years the old walls have been in good part torn down, the moat filled up, and a large area about the entire city enclosed by a ditch and earthworks. The space included has been divided by wide streets, and the supply of water has been increased. Tehran is now the most cleanly and healthful city in Persia. The city was constructed at first without any plan. The bazaars and some of the caravansaries are high and built of burned brick. Some of the arches are notable for their beauty and form and for their tile-works. The palaces of the Shah occupy a large tract of ground in the northern part of what was once the old city. They are now in the center. The palace was at first a citadel, and was called, with all that pertained to it, the ark a name which it yet retains. The walls of the ark include the harem, king’s berune, usham al amara, or palace of the sun, the throneroom, office of war department, the government telegraph-offices, and all buildings used by the government, including the king’s collage. The palace, though gaudy, are unsubstantial and makebelieve structures, with mud-walls encompassing them and often reared out of mud-bricks afterward covered with a thin veneer of some more precious material. There are often cracks in the walls of the most pretentious chambers and halls, and the flat mud-roofs tumble in over night during the rough season. A Run Round the World, Boston, 1891.


1893 - AH 1311 - 500 DINARS - OBV

1893 - AH 1311 - 500 DINARS - REV

====================================================================== PERSIA, KINGDOM of TEHRAN MINT ====================================================================== 500 DINARS 18MM .900 FINE 2.31 GRAMS ======================================================================


(1893) (1894)

AH 1311 1312

u/m u/m

¿OV: Inscription (The Sultan, Nasir-ed-Din Kasar Shah) within inner circle of pearls, within wreath tied with ribbon below / inscription Tehran (mintmark) below. ÀRV: Crown at top, Lion with sunburst behind / arabic AH DATE between lion legs / inscription (500 dinars) below lion, within wreath laurel and oak tied with ribbon below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: Arabic Tehran = TEHRAN REFERENCE: Y-10D, A 16 FOOTNOTE: Among the magniloquent titles that as ruler of Persia he assumes are Shah-in-Shah, meaning King of Kings, which is an inheritance from an antiquity older than the Old Testament; Zil Allah, Shadow of God; the Kibleh Alum, Center of the World; the Exalted One Exalted as the Planet Saturn; the Well of Knowledge, the King Whose Standard is the Sun, and Whose Splendor is That of the Firmament. Persia, the Land of the Magi, Samuel Nweeya, Urmia City,Persia, 1910. ======================================================================

(1896) (1896) (1897) (1898) (1900) (1901) (1904)

AH 1313 1314 1315 1316 1318 1319 1322


¿OV: Inscription (The Sultan, Mouzaffer-ed-Din Shah) within inner circle of pearls, within wreath tied with ribbon below / inscription Tehran (mintmark) below. ÀRV: Crown at top, Lion with sunburst behind / arabic AH DATE between lion legs / inscription (500 dinars) below lion, within wreath laurel and oak tied with ribbon below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: Arabic Tehran = TEHRAN REFERENCE: Y-27, B 9 POPULATION: Persia - 1900 - 7,653,600 FOOTNOTE: As the prisoner was brought before the great King, he began to swear at him and call him names. The king did not understand the language spoken, and asked his Minister to translate what was said. The Minister, being of peaceful disposition, said that, overcome by the magnificence of the monarch; the captive was expressing his awe and admiration, while imploring his clemency. The king was pleased, and instead of having him beheaded, ordered the release. Moral: It is better to tell a lie to make things pleasant, than to tell the truth and cause trouble.


NO DATE - 500 DINARS - OBV

NO DATE - 500 DINARS - REV


======================================================================

undated

u/m

¿OV: Inscription ( O Owner of Creation! To you, Greetings) within inner circle of pearls, within wreath tied with ribbon below / inscription Tehran (mintmark) below. ÀRV: Crown at top, Lion with sunburst behind / inscription (500 dinars) below lion, within wreath laurel and oak tied with ribbon below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: Arabic Tehran = TEHRAN REFERENCE: Y-27A, B 10 FOOTNOTE: The monetary unit of Persia, is the kran, a silver coin, formerly weighing 28 nakhods (88 grains), then reduced to 26 nakhods (77 grains), now weighing only 24 nakhods (71 grains) or somewhat less. The proportion of pure silver was before the new coinage (commenced 1877) 92 to 95 per cent.; it was then fixed at 90, but occasionally coined with only 892 have been turned out from the Teheran Mint. In 1874 a kran had the value of a French franc, 25 being equal to British ,1 Copper coins of pul, shahis and abbdssi are not in official circulation; only existing in the outlying provinces. As a consequence of excess coinage by a former mint-minister, the copper money has greatly depreciated in value since 1896 and circulated at less than its price of copper. The Government than decided to introduce a nickel coinage instead; great quantities of five and ten centimes pieces, of same size and weight as those current in Belgium, and of the nominal value of 1/20 and 1/10 kran, were coined at Brussels, and put in circulation in Persia, in the autumn of 1900, the copper coinage being withdrawn, and of these nickel pieces nearly five million krans face value are now (January 1911) in circulation. The Statesman's Year-Book, London 1916.

FOOTNOTE: Mouzaffer-ed-Din, the heir-apparent, was at Tabriz at the time of his father’s assassination. He was accompanied on his journey to Tehran by the British and Russian representatives. There were fears that his brothers might fight for the throne, but they hastened to proffer their allegiance, and the new monarch entered Tehran without opposition and was crowned in peace. A History of Persia, by Percy Sykes, New York, 1930. FOOTNOTE: The Shah Mouzaffer-ed-Din, which translated, means the Victorious of the Faith. in 1896, after the assassination of his father, ascended the celebrated “Peacock Throne” and put on his head the richest diadem in the world, he was forty-three years of age. Prior to his ascension he was the titular Governor of Azerbaijan. The heir apparent, or vali-ahd, always becomes Governor of the province, which is the most important in Persia, as Tabriz, its capital, is, next to Tehran, the most important town. He spoke Arabic, Turkish and French with great fluency, and could also converse in English. In addition to his other accomplishments, Mouzaffer-edDin was a crack shot and a splendid horsemen. He visited the chief capitals of Europe, and in August 1900, while a guest of the French nation in Paris, an attempt was made to assassinate him. He was driving in the Avenue du Bois de Boulogne with Amin Sultan, his Grand Vizier; Doctor Adcock, his physican, and General Parent, when a man sprang on the steps of the carriage and tried to shoot him, but was prevented by the Grand Vizier, who grasped the man’s wrist with such a powerful grip that the wouldbe murderer dropped the revolver. The Shah’s household made him a unique figure in the twentieth century. He was said to have 800 wives. Every year 100 of the most beautiful maidens in the country were brought before the Shah. He selected the twentyfive who were the most beautiful to him. Persia, the Land of the Magi, Samuel Nweeya,Urmia City,Persia, 1910. FOOTNOTE: William Knox D’Arcy, an Englishman, obtained in 1901 for about U.S.$20,000 a 60 year monopoly for the exploration of petroleum in a territory comprising 500,000 square miles, fivesixths of the Persian kingdom. FOOTNOTE: The kran is equal to U.S. 8.11 cents in 1905. 1000 dinars equal to 1 kran.


1905 - AH 1323 - 500 DINARS - OBV

1905 - AH 1323 - 500 DINARS - REV


======================================================================

(1905)

AH 1323

130,000

¿OV: Head of Mouzaffer-ed-Din, facing front, inscription (The Sultan, Mouzaffer-al-din Shah) above, within wreath oak / arabic PRQR (AH 1323) below. ÀRV: Crown at top, Lion with sunburst behind / inscription (five hundred dinars) below lion, within wreath laurel and oak tied with ribbon below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = TEHRAN, with Dies made at the Brussels mint - The bust of Mouzaffer-ed-Din shows him with splendid plumed fez. The reverse, Arms of Persia; lion holding scimitar, sunburst behind. REFERENCE: Y-30, B 16 FOOTNOTE: Shah Mouzaffer-ed-Din, died January 8, 1907. FOOTNOTE: The fourth degree of the Mohammedan Priesthood is called Mollar. This office is the same as the Protestant Elder. The Mollar visit the sick, call on families, teach them the Koran and traditions and conduct funerals. Some of them teach children, who come to them each day for instruction. One Dime Size coin (500 dinars) a month is the tuition fee. In the fall his parishioners who are able to, give him a collection of provisions for the winter, such as grapes, apples, wheat, fuel, etc. He is highly respected in the community and is always invited out to a feast in some private home on holidays. He writes documents for the people, for which he gets from 100 to 500 dinars, but the fee is often two or three eggs or a basket of fruit. This is the poor Mollah’s only income. Persia, the Land of the Magi, by Samuel Nweeya, Urmia City, Persia, 1910.

FOOTNOTE: The Government of Persia is a pure depotism, the King (Shah) possessing absolute authority over the lives and property of the people. He appoints Governors of each State. The standing army consists of 200,000 men, of which 50,000 are disciplined infantry, 10,000 artillery, 10,000 irregular cavalry and a few thousand irregular infantry and guards. The officers in the army are, for the most part, ignorant and inefficient, while the soldiers are intelligent, sober, obedient and capable of enduring great fatigue. The trade of Persia is nearly all with Europe. There are no railroads nor wagon roads. The means of travel is by foot or horseback, on narrow footpaths. Instead of express, they have burdens carried on the backs of camels, horses, mules, donkeys or oxen. Caravans of camels perform the greater part of their journeys by night. Each caravan is composed of from one hundred to two hundred camels. These are under only a few leaders, for camels are very gentle during nights while at rest the camels are let loose. Thieves do not steal them and wild beasts do not eat them. Thieves sometime cut the straps that fasten the loads to the camels and roll the burdens down steep chasms, when they afterwards secure the plunder. The marching caravan is like the marching of an army, so much tinkling of bells. Thieves come and attack a camel, the bells cease tinkling and the owner knows that something is the matter. Persia the Land of the Magi, by Samuel Nweeya, Urmia City,Persia, 1910. ======================================================================

Gate of Tehran


====================================================================== PERSIA, KINGDOM of TEHRAN MINT ====================================================================== 500 DINARS 18MM .900 FINE 2.31 GRAMS ====================================================================== (1907) (1908)

AH 1325 1326

218,027 218,812

¿OV: Inscription (The Sultan, Mohammad Ali Shah) above, within inner circle of pearls, within wreath tied with ribbon / inscription Tehran (mintmark) below. ÀRV: Crown at top, Lion with sunburst behind, arabic AH DATE between lions legs / inscription (500 dinars) below lion, within wreath laurel and oak tied with ribbon below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: Arabic Tehran = TEHRAN REFERENCE: Y-46, C 8 FOOTNOTE: The kran equal to 1000 dinars is equal to U.S. 9.73 cents in 1907-9. FOOTNOTE: Mohammed Ali Mirza was born June 21,1872, the eldest son of Mouzaffer-al-din. He received a liberal education. He opposed the Constitution and Parliamentary Government established by his father in 1906. He succeeded his father to the throne of Persia as Shah in 1907 and dissolved the National Council in 1908. A revolution resulted on July 15, 1909 and he was compelled to take refuge in the Russian Legation. The Council declared this to be an act of abdication and elected his son Ahmed Mirza his successor. Mohammed Ali Mirza died in 1925. FOOTNOTE: Owing to the increasing popular discontent with a corrupt and incompetent administration and an extravagant Court, a Nationalist movement began in 1905. In August 1906 the Shah, admitting the need for reforms, granted a Constitution, but after much vacillation he was deposed by the National Council, and his son, aged eleven years, appointed to succeed him. In 1911 the exShah invaded Persia from Russian Territory, but was defeated and driven out. FOOTNOTE: The Government of Persia is an absolute monarchy. The only control to which its ruler, the Shah, is subject are the precepts of the Koran. Ministers he calls and dismisses at pleasure. The priesthood is very influential and very bigoted. The Persian is celebrated for his affable manners, but also for his craft and deceit. Polygamy is both authorized and encouraged. New Cabinet Cyclopaedia, Phila.,1896.

Iran today

1908 - AH 1326 - 500 DINARS - OBV ====================================================================== PERSIA, KINGDOM of TEHRAN MINT ====================================================================== 500 DINARS 18MM .900 FINE 2.31 GRAMS ====================================================================== (1908) (1909)

AH 1326 included with Y-46 1327 u/m

¿OV: Head of Mohammed Ali Shah, facing left, inscription (The Sultan, Mohammad Ali Shah) above, within wreath / arabic AH DATE below. ÀRV: Crown at top, Lion with sunburst behind, inscription (500 dinars) below lion, within wreath laurel and oak tied with ribbon below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = TEHRAN REFERENCE: Y-48, C 14 FOOTNOTE: In 1908-9 the kran or 1000 dinars is equal to U.S. 9.05 cents. FOOTNOTE: Tehran, capital of Persia is 66 miles south of the Caspian Sea, at the southern base of Mount Elburz. The city is surrounded by a strong wall 4 miles in circuits, with numerous towers and a broad dry ditch. The city has six gates with streets to the Bazaar in the center of town. Since 1870 many improvements have been made including streets being lighted by gas and laid with tramways. The principal edifice is the Citadel - Palace of the Shah, which has considerable strength, but little architectural merit. During the summer months the court removes, on account of the intolerable heat, to more agreeable quarters on the heights to the north, and a third of the inhabitants including the European Embassies, follow the Royal Court. The principal manufactures are Persian carpets, silks, cottons and articles of iron. Population of Tehran 350,000. New Cabinet Cyclopedia, Phila.,1896.


===================================================================== PERSIA, KINGDOM of TEHRAN MINT ====================================================================== 500 DINARS 18MM .900 FINE 2.31 GRAMS ====================================================================== (1909) (1910) (1911) (1912)

AH 1327 1328 1329 1330

u/m u/m 44,000 627,398

¿OV: Inscription (The Sultan, Mohammad Ali Shah) within inner circle of pearls, within wreath tied with ribbon below / inscription Tehran (mintmark) below. ÀRV: Crown at top, Lion with sunburst behind, inscription (500 dinars) below lion, within wreath laurel and oak tied with ribbon below / arabic AH DATE below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: Arabic Tehran = TEHRAN REFERENCE: Y-66, D 11

1908 - AH 1326 - 500 DINARS - REV ======================================================================

======================================================================

Mohammed Ali Shah

POPULATION: Persia - 1912 - 9,000,000 with capital Tehran with 325,000 inhabitants. FOOTNOTE: Ahmed Shah Kajar, Hereditary monarch, son of the abdicated Mohammed Ali Shah, born January 20, 1898; succeeded July 16, 1909 under the Regency of Ali Reza Kahn Azad-el-mulk, Chief of the Kajar tribe. FOOTNOTE; Tehran, the capital of Persia, situated 70 miles due south of the Caspian Sea at an elevation of 3800 feet. In 1869 the Shah caused the mud walls of the city to be torn down and five years later it was surrounded by a ditch and 58 bastions, after the method of Vauban. It is now in the form of an irregular octagon, enclosing 7 1/2 square miles, and housing twelve gates. Several broad, handsome boulevards have been laid out, and are lighted by gas...The sanitary conditions have likewise become improved. The Bazaars are the center of life. There are seven miles of tramways, and a railroad to Shah-Abdul-Azim, six miles south of the capital. The ‘Ark’ or fortified palace of the Shah, in the northern quarter of Tehran, contains prisons, a military school, beautiful gardens, baths, kiosks, and several other handsome buildings, including the harem. The wealthy citizens dwell in elaborate and costly establishments with lovely gardens, tiny ponds, and ventilating towers. The population of Tehran varies from 160,000 in summer to 250,000 in winter. New International Encyclopedia, 1910. FOOTNOTE; Persia - called by the natives Iran - comprises an area of 630,000 sq. miles, with a population estimated at 10,000,000, made up of the following nationalities and sects: Zoroastrians 15,000, Jews 15,000; Nestorians 25,000; Armenians 50,000. The remainder are all Mohammedans, made up of Kurds, Arabs, and Persians. Persia is mostly an arid table-land, encircled, except on the east, by mountains, those in the north rising to 18,700 ft. The central and eastern portion is a vast salt desert. There are only 8 miles of railway open (c. 1914), and traveling is mostly by caravans, and transport by pack-animals. The cost of carriage is, therefore, very heavy. The chief products are cereals, cotton, gums, dried fruits, silk, tobacco, and opium. The minerals (little worked) are salt, iron, coal, copper, lead, sulfur, etc., with turquoises. Oilfields in southern Persia have been successfully worked by an English Company since 1912. The capital, Tehran has a population of 210,000.


1916 - AH 1334 - 500 DINARS - OBV ====================================================================== PERSIA, KINGDOM of TEHRAN MINT ====================================================================== 500 DINARS 18MM .900 FINE 2.31 GRAMS ====================================================================== (1913) (1914) (1915) (1916) (1917) (1918) (1921) (1925)

AH 1331 included with Y-66 1332 560,000 1333 292,568 1334 65,009 1335 150,000 1336 240,000 1339 u/m 1343 160,000

¿OV: Head of Ahmad Shah, facing front / inscription (The Sultan, Ahmad Shah) above, within partial wreath below / arabic AH DATE below. ÀRV: Crown at top, Lion with sunburst behind, inscription (Five hundred dinars) below lion, within wreath laurel and oak tied with ribbon below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = TEHRAN TYPE: I - Date on obverse only REFERENCE: Y-70, D 12 FOOTNOTE: The coronation of Sultan Ahmad Shah took place on July 21, 1914 and his Regent Abu'l Kassim Khan, Nasser el Mulk left for Europe soon after. The Royal Family is very numerous; there are some thousands of princes and princesses. The Statesman's Year-Book, London ,1916. FOOTNOTE: Tehran - The capital of Iran began as a trading Bazaar centuries ago. Its name in Persian literally means “Warm Place”. In the 18th century it became the capital of Persia largely because it was a relatively pleasant place in a country noted for its bleak and inclement landscape.

1914 - AH 1332 - 500 DINARS - OBV ====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: In 1921 Persia requested an American financial adviser and in response to this request, Dr.Arthur C. Millspaugh, Economic Adviser to the State Department at Washington, was selected and with a number of American experts in banking, taxation and other administrative work arrived in Tehran in 1922. The experts found the fiscal administration in a chaotic state. The Treasury was empty, there were many unpaid claims, a budget was unknown and there were thousands of unanswered letters. The outlying provinces maintained their own troops and refused to pay taxes. Within a year, Dr. Millspaugh had accomplished the impossible. The budget was balanced, eliminating a deficit of $900,000 (U.S.),from better methods of assessments and tax collections. Exports increased and still exceeded imports. Assisting Dr. Millspaugh was the new Prime Minister, Riza Kahn who before assuming the duties of Prime minister was Commander-in-Chief of the Army and Minister of War. The Arabian Nights true to life tale of the rise from tatters to the throne is the story of Ahmed Riza Kahn, Autocrat of Persia. Before World War I, he was groom and dragoman (interpreter) for the British Envoy at the Court of Tehran. When the war broke out he joined the Cossacks as a trooper. Because of his extraordinary bravery he soon became an officer and after the collapse of Russia he found himself at the head of an adventurous, hard-riding body of Russians and Persians, which he called the “10th Legion”. During this period the young Shah had virtually expatriated himself and for several years had abandoned himself to the delights of Paris and Monte Carlo. On March 21, 1924 the Persian New Year’s Day, the Shah was deposed and replaced by his infant son of two years of age, placing the Prime Minister in control. When the Shah was informed that he had been deposed by his former Premier he accepted his fate philosophically. On November 1, 1925 Raza Kahn became dictator. He ordered the liberation of all political prisoners and granted amnesty to all members of the House of Qajar, though exiled from the country he continued sending them pensions. He reduced the price of bread, which became a very popular measure in view of the scarcity of bread in Persia. FOOTNOTE: The Shah of Persia was until 1906 absolute ruler within his dominions, and master of the lives and goods of all his subjects. The whole revenue of the country being at his disposal. The Statesman's Year-Book, London ,1916.


1914 - AH 1332 - 500 DINARS - REV

1914 - AH 1332 - 500 DINARS - REV


====================================================================== IRAN, KINGDOM of (PERSIA) TEHRAN MINT ====================================================================== 500 DINARS 18.1MM .900 FINE 2.35 GRAMS ======================================================================

(1914)

AH 1332

u/m

(1925)

SH 1304

u/m

rare

¿OV: Head of Ahmad Shah, facing front / inscription (The Sultan, Ahmad Shah) above, within partial wreath below / arabic PRRQ (AH 1332) below.

¿OV: Inscription (In the name of Kingdom of Iran) within circle of pearls, within wreath of laurel and oak tied with ribbon below. / inscription Tehran (mintmark) below.

ÀRV: Crown at top, Lion with sunburst behind / arabic PRRQ (AH 1332), inscription (five hundred dinars) below lion, within wreath laurel and oak tied with ribbon below.

ÀRV: Crown at top, Lion with sunburst behind / date in arabic solar year PRYS (SH 1304) below, within wreath laurel and oak tied with ribbon below.

EDGE: Reeded

EDGE: Reeded

MINT: (no mintmark) = TEHRAN

MINT: Arabic Tehran = TEHRAN

TYPE: II - Date both obverse and reverse

REFERENCE: Y-A101

REFERENCE: Y-70A, D 13 FOOTNOTE: Until recently the sovereigns of Persia were able to amass a large private fortune, but that of the present occupant of the throne is reported to amount to barely two millions Sterling, most of it represented by diamonds, the largest the Derya i Nur, of 186 carats and the Taj i Mah, of 146 carats, and other precious stones, forming the crown jewels. The Statesman's Year-Book, London, 1916. FOOTNOTE: Mirza Ahmed Shah - Upon the abdication of his father, Mohammed Ali as Shah in 1909, he succeeded to the throne, but for some years, owing to his extreme youth, did not take any part in his country’s government, to the extent to which his prescribed powers would permit him, under the changed political conditions that have prevailed in Persia of late years. He was crowned in 1914, when in his sixteenth year, reigning without ruling, the administration being controlled by the Persian Cabinet. He established himself in France in 1923. In 1925 he was deposed. He died in 1930. World’s Popular Encyclopedia, N.Y. 1937.

FOOTNOTE: This issue was first reported by Scott Cordry in 1978 as a new type or pattern. FOOTNOTE: The official name of Persia was changed on March 22, 1925 to the Kingdom of Iran. The people refer to themselves as Irani. FOOTNOTE: The new Shah, Raza Kahn changed the dating on Persian coinage in AD 1925 from the Arabic calendar or AH (Anno Hegira) dates to the Solar calendar (SH), thus AH 1344 became SH 1304. As both calendars were in use in Persia at the time, this brought the coin dates in line with business and trading, where as the AH dates were used for religious events. On the coinage of this series there are several times when the date shown in Arabic numbers falls within the AH dating period and similar numbers with SH dates.


====================================================================== IRAN, KINGDOM of (PERSIA) TEHRAN MINT ====================================================================== 500 DINARS 18MM .900 FINE 2.31 GRAMS ====================================================================== (1926)

SH 1305

10,000

¿OV: Inscription (Reza Shah Pahlavi, Shahanshah Iran) within circle of pearls, within wreath of laurel and oak tied with ribbon below. / inscription Tehran (mintmark) below. ÀRV: Crown at top, Lion with sunburst behind / inscription (500 Dinars) below lion, date in arabic solar year PRYT (SH 1305), within wreath laurel and oak tied with ribbon below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: Arabic Tehran = TEHRAN REFERENCE: Y-A105, E 19 ======================================================================

1928 - SH 1307 - 500 DINARS - OBV ====================================================================== IRAN, KINGDOM of (PERSIA) TEHRAN MINT ====================================================================== 500 DINARS 18MM .900 FINE 2.3015 GRAMS ====================================================================== (1927) (1928) (1929)

SH 1306 1307 1308

5,000 46,000 464,000

rare

¿OV: Head of Reza Shah Pahlavi, facing right, inscription (Reza Shah Pahlavi, Shahanshah Iran) above / inscription dividing (From PRYS (SH 1304), left and Julus, right = Date of acsension to the throne) within wreath of laurel and oak / arabic SH DATE below. ÀRV: Crown at top, Lion with sunburst behind / inscription (500 dinars) below lion, within wreath laurel and oak tied with ribbon below / inscription Tehran (Mintmark) below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: Arabic Tehran = TEHRAN REFERENCE: Y-A109, E 23

Persian water-carrier

FOOTNOTE: Reza Khan, born March 16, 1878, in October 1925 deposed the Shah, declaring the end of the Kajar Dynasty. On December 12, 1925 the crown was vested in Reza Kahn, the former Persian Cossack Brigade Commander, as Reza Shah Pahlavi the first of the Pahlavi Dynasty. Using his well trained army he established effective control of the whole country and attempted a program of development for Persia. Postal Service was improved, regular air service established, and radio communications maintained. A railway line from the Caspian Sea to the Persian Gulf was undertaken. The Shah’s industrialization policy along with education reforms raised the standard of living. Much of the reforms were modeled on the policies of Turkey as the Raza Shah was greatly influenced by Mustafa Kemal Ataturk. The name of Persia was changed to Iran in 1925. Political developments forced the abdication of Raza Shah on Sept. 16, 1941 and he was succeeded by his eldest son, Mohammed Reza Pahlavi, then age 22.


1928 - SH 1307 - 500 DINARS - REV

1935 - SH 1314 - 2 RIAL - REV

======================================================================

====================================================================== ============================================================================================================================================ IRAN, KINGDOM of (PERSIA) TEHRAN MINT ====================================================================== 1/2 RIAL 18MM .828 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ======================================================================

============================================================================================================================================

(1931) (1932) (1933) (1934) (1935) (1936)

SH 1310 2,000,000 1311 u/m 1312 u/m 1313 1,945,000 1314 100,000 1315 800,000

¿OV: Crown at top, inscription (Reza Shah Pahlavi, Shahanshah Iran) above / inscription (half / rial) within wreath of laurel and oak / arabic SH DATE below. ÀRV: Crown at top, Lion with sunburst behind / inscription (Half Rial) under lion, within wreath laurel and oak tied with ribbon below / inscription Tehran (Mintmark) below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: Arabic Tehran = TEHRAN REFERENCE: Y-112, E 28 POPULATION: Iran - 1933 - 15,000,000 with capital Tehran with 360,351 inhabitants. FOOTNOTE: Over dates for this series are common including 1312/0, 1313/2 and 1315/0. FOOTNOTE: The unit of currency of Iran is the rial - equal to about six cents American in 1936. 100 rials = 1 pahlavi.

1935 - SH 1314 - 2 RIAL - OBV ============================================================================================================================================

FOOTNOTE: Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi was born on October 26, 1919. He married Princess Fawzieh, sister of the King of Egypt in 1939.


====================================================================== FOONOTE: The WHITE SHAHIS or three shahis series - First introduced in AD 1878 dated AH 1296. They were usually struck in two designs, thought to provide one for use by the nobility and one for the religious community. The custom of giving shahis to friends on Now Ruz (New Year) as an expression of friendship became very popular. One of the types of three shahis bears the name of the reigning Shah with his titles, for the nobility. The other issues contain an inscription known as the Sahib-al-Zaman or 12th Iman which refers to the Twelfth Iman (Prophet) to guide all good Mohammadems to heaven. The white shahis were discontinued after the issue dated AH 1342 with the end of the Qajar Dynasty.

1943 - SH 1322 - 1 RIAL - OBV ====================================================================== IRAN, KINGDOM of (PERSIA) TEHRAN MINT ====================================================================== 1 RIAL 18MM .600 FINE 1.6 GRAMS ====================================================================== (1943) (1944) (1945) (1946) (1947) (1948) (1949) (1950) (1951)

SH 1322 u/m 1323 u/m 1324 u/m 1325 u/m 1326 567,000 1327 5,795,000 1328 1,565,000 1329 144,496 1330 u/m

rare

Under the rial standard starting with SH 1309 (AD 1930) half rials were the closest small silver coin which could be used to continue the tradition of giving a small coin at Now Ruz. The half rials were issued between SH 1310-15, to be followed by the one rial of about the same size starting with SH 1322 through SH 1330. After that date only cupro-nickel coins of the one rial denomination were issued. Thus in SH 1331 (AD 1952) there was need for privately struck tokens of about the one rial size in silver. There are tokens in my collection starting with the date SH 1331 which reintroduce the inscription formerly used on one type of the white shahis Sahib-al-Zaman (“O Owner of Time [Creation]! To You, Greetings”). Various birds or inscriptions are on the other side. Above the Sahib-al-Zaman inscription is the arabic number “43”. Other dates include SH 1334, SH 1335 and SH 1339 along with several with no-date showing; a pair of peacocks, vase of flowers, hand held bouquet, and one with the word ‘TERME’. The last date corresponds to AD 1960 which was about the time when the price of silver started to increase and most all countries stopped issuing silver coinage.

¿OV: Crown at top, inscription (Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi, Shahanshah Iran) above / inscription (1 / rial) within wreath of laurel and oak / arabic SH DATE below. ÀRV: Crown at top, Lion with sunburst behind / inscription (one rial) under lion, within wreath laurel and oak tied with ribbon below / inscription Tehran (Mintmark) below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: Arabic Tehran = TEHRAN REFERENCE: Y-129, F 6 Modern Coinage of Iran, by Robert L. Clarke and A.Mohabat-Ayin,M.D. Dallas, 1974. FOOTNOTE: There is an interesting token series from Persia (Iran) which were produced to replace the official white shahis when they were no longer struck. These tokens were presented at Now Ruz to friends as the three shahis previously were. They are both dated and undated as were the three shahis coins. It has been reported that these tokens are quite common at the Bazaar in Tehran.

Shahpur Mohammed Riza Pahlevi


Kingdom of Iran (Persia)

1943 - SH 1322 - 1 RIAL - REVERSE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - PERSIA - PAGE 414


PERU

======================================================================

======================================================================

1886 - UN DINERO - CUZCO - OBV

1886 - UN DINERO - CUZCO - REV

====================================================================== PERU, REPUBLIC of CUZCO MINT ====================================================================== UN DINERO 18MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ======================================================================

======================================================================

1886

PE#609

u/m

rare

¿OV: Seated Patria, LIBERTAD (Liberty) incised on ribbon around base under wreath to right, FB incused lower left, FIRME Y FELIZ POR LA UNION (Strength and Prosperity through Unity) around / UN DINo (one dinero) below. ÀRV: Arms of the Republic within wreath of palm and laurel tied with ribbon below, REPUB: PERUANA CUZCO 9 D: FINO J.M. (Republic Peru Cuzco 9 hundred fine J.M.) around / 1886 below. EDGE: Reeded

FOOTNOTE: Currency of Peru - 10 dinero = 1 peso FOOTNOTE: Cuzco, 550 miles south east of Lima, was the ancient capital of the Peruvian Empire, founded in 1043 by Manca Capac, the first Inca of Peru. It was taken by the Spaniards under Pizarro, in 1534. Olney’s Geography, 1849. FOOTNOTE: Cuzco, an ancient city in Peru, capital of a Department of the same name, is situated in a wide valley about 11,300 feet above sea level, between the Apurimac and Urbamba. The houses are built of stone, covered with red tiles, and many of them of the era of the Incas. The ruins of the fortresses built by the Incas, a stupendous specimen of cylopean architecture, are still to be seen, as well as other massive specimens of ancient Peruvian architecture. The inhabitants manufacture sugar, soap, cotton, and woolen goods, etc. There is a university, a cathedral, etc. Cuzco is the most ancient of the Peruvian cities, and was at one time the capital of the Empire of the Incas. In 1534 it was taken by Pizarro. Population of Cuzco (1895) 18,730. Cabinet Cyclopaedia, 1895.

MINT: CUZCO = CUZCO ASSAYER: J.M. = Unknown TYPE: I - FB = designers initials

FOOTNOTE: Only one dime size silver one dinero was struck by the mint at Cuzco dated 1886. The engraving was crude with this issue and rare as the mintage undoubtedly was quite limited. The other listings from the Lima mint are in date order and in order of assayers.

REFERENCE: Y-15, KM-190a FOOTNOTE: Diego Hualca, a poor Indian hunter while pursuing a goat up the side of a mountain in Peru, in the year 1545, He grasped a jutting bush for support. The bush came out, root and branch, in his hand, and revealed to his astonished eyes the surface outcroppings of the huge silver deposit known as the Potosi. Comptoms Pictured Encyclopedia, 1922.

FOOTNOTE: The Republic of Peru was formerly the most important of the Spanish Viceroyalties in South America. Independence was gained in 1821.

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - PERU - PAGE 415

1860 - UN REAL - OBVERSE

1860 - UN REAL - Y.B - REVERSE

====================================================================== PERU, REPUBLIC of LIMA MINT ====================================================================== 1 REAL 18MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ======================================================================

======================================================================

1859 1860 1861

u/m u/m u/m

¿OV: Seated Patria, LIBERTAD (Liberty) incised on ribbon around base under wreath to right. FIRME Y FELIZ POR LA UNION (Strength and Prosperity through Unity) around / UN REAL (One Real) below. ÀRV: Arms of the Republic within wreath of palm and laurel tied with ribbon below, REPUB. PERUANA LIMA 9 DEC. FINO Y.B (Republic Peru - Lima - 9 hundred fine Y.B ) around / DATE below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: LIMA = LIMA ASSAYER: Y.B = Unknown REFERENCE: Y-4, KM-181

FOOTNOTE: In 1857 a decimal system was established based on a gold sol, equivalent to the 5 franc piece of the Latin Monetary Union. FOOTNOTE: Peru is a large country, distinguished for the richness of its mines, its valuable productions, and great varieties of its climate. The western part, between the Andes and the Pacific, 40 to 50 miles in width, consists mostly of sandy, barren plains. The middle portion, lying between the two great ridges of the mountains, consists of table lands, 8000 feet above the level of the sea. Perpetual spring reigns in this region, and vegetation blooms throughout the year. The part east of the mountains, consists of immense plains, or pampas, covered only with grass. The most important productions are cotton, grains, cocoa, sugar, coffee, and Peruvian bark. It has mines of gold, silver, copper, mercury and lead. Lima is situated on a small river in the midst of a spacious and delightful valley, 7 miles from the Pacific. It enjoys a perpetual summer climate, and is distinguished for the magnificence of its public buildings, and the rich ornaments of the churches. Olney’s Geography, 1849. FOOTNOTE: Lima, the capital of Peru, was founded in 1534 by Pizarro, who gave it the name of Ciudad de los Reyes, or City of the Kings, but is better known to foreigners by that of Lima. It is 4 miles long and 2 miles broad, and surrounded by brick walls, with bastions. The streets are handsome and straight; the houses are generally only one story high, in consequence of the earthquakes. They have flat roofs, and trees round them to keep off the sun. The river forms canals in the streets, which run to most of the houses, and serve water to the gardens, &c. Here are the courts of the viceroy and the royal mint. All the provinces remit their product and manufactures to Lima, and are supplied thence with the necessary commodities. The inhabitants, estimated at 50,000 (c.1839), are rich, fond of dress, and splendid retinues, and extremely superstitious. Universal Gazette, Phila. 1839. FOOTNOTE: In January, 1881, Lima capitulated to the Chileans, who occupied it for upwards of two years.

Lima, Capital of Peru in 1902

Photo Geography, A.E.Frye, The Athenaeum Press


1863 - UN DINERO - OBVERSE

1863 - UN DINERO - Y.B - REVERSE

====================================================================== PERU, REPUBLIC of LIMA MINT ====================================================================== UN DINERO 18MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ======================================================================

======================================================================

1863 1864 1865 1866

u/m u/m u/m u/m

PE#567 double stops REPUB : - 9 D : PE#570 single stops REPUB . - 9 D . PE#571 single stops REPUB . - 9 D . PE#572 single stops REPUB . - 9 D .

¿OV: Seated Patrodia, LIBERTAD (Liberty) incused on ribbon around base under wreath to right, R.B.incused lower left. FIRME Y FELIZ POR LA UNION (Strength and Prosperity through Unity) around / UN DINo (one dinero) below. ÀRV: Arms of the Republic within wreath of palm and laurel tied with ribbon below, REPUB : PERUANA LIMA 9 D : FINO Y.B (Republic Peru - Lima - 9 hundred fine Y.B) around / DATE below. EDGE: Reeded

Arms of Peru FOOTNOTE: Arms of Peru: Party per pale and base, in dexter chief azure a llama standing contournee, in sinister argent a cinchona tree, on base gules a cornucopia from which pours gold coins; crest, a laurel wreath. ======================================================================

MINT: LIMA = LIMA ASSAYER: Y.B = Unknown DESIGNER: R.B. = R. Britten TYPE: II - Designers initials REFERENCE: Y-15.1, KM-190 FOOTNOTE: In 1860 the population of Lima was 100,341, and in 1868 it had reached 121,362, of whom 38,761 were foreigners. The Spanish natives have the reputation of being courteous, affable, and generous, but at the same time fond of pleasure, improvident, and superstitious. Encyclopedia Britannica Ninth Edition, 1888.

Llama ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - PERU - PAGE 417


1874 - UN DINERO - Y.J. - REVERSE


======================================================================

1870 1872 1874 1875 1877

u/m u/m u/m u/m u/m

PE#570 PE#576 PE#577 PE#578 PE#579

======================================================================

rare

¿OV: Seated Patria, LIBERTAD (Liberty) incused on ribbon around base under wreath to right, R.B.incused lower left. FIRME Y FELIZ POR LA UNION (Strength and Prosperity through Unity) around / UN DINo (one dinero) below. ÀRV: Arms of the Republic within wreath of palm and laurel tied with ribbon below, REPUB. PERUANA LIMA 9 D. FINO Y.J (Republic Peru - Lima - 9 hundred fine Y.J) around / DATE below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: LIMA = LIMA ASSAYER: Y.J = Unknown (1877 = Y J.) DESIGNER: R.B. = R. Britten TYPE: II - Designers initials REFERENCE: Y-15.1, KM-190 POPULATION: Peru - 1876 - 2,660,881 with capital Lima with 140,484 inhabitants. FOOTNOTE: Lima, the capital of Peru, is situated at the foot of granitic hills, 7 miles from Calcao, its port on the Pacific, on the small river Rimac. It is regularly built, and many of the streets have a stream of water running down the center.

Map of Peru about 1880 ====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: The numerous domes and spires give Lima a fine appearance from a distance, but the houses are mostly of unburnt brick. New Cabiner Cyclopaedia, Phila., 1896.



1891 - UN DINERO - T.F. - REVERSE


======================================================================

1888 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896

10,000 400,000 60,000 69,000 23,000 u/m 90,000 534,000

PE#580 PE#581 PE#582 PE#583 PE#584 PE#585 PE#586 PE#587

rare

rare scarce scarce

¿OV: Seated Patria, LIBERTAD (Liberty) incused on ribbon around base under wreath to right. FIRME Y FELIZ POR LA UNION (Strength and Prosperity through Unity) around / UN DINo (one dinero) below. ÀRV: Arms of the Republic within wreath of palm and laurel tied with ribbon below, REPUB: PERUANA LIMA 9 D: FINO T.F. (Republic Peru Lima 9 hundred fine T.F.) around / DATE below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: LIMA = LIMA ASSAYER: T.F. = Unknown TYPE: III - No designers initials

1896 - UN DINERO - F. - REVERSE ======================================================================

REFERENCE: Y-15.2, KM-204 POPULATION: Peru - 1890 - 2,699,000, with the capital of Lima estimated at 100,000.

Peruivan Lake Titicaca in 1902 Photo Geography, A.E.Frye, The Athenaeum Press


====================================================================== PERU, REPUBLIC of LIMA MINT ====================================================================== UN DINERO 18MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1896

included with T.F.

PE#580

¿OV: Seated Patria, LIBERTAD (Liberty) incused on ribbon around base under wreath to right. FIRME Y FELIZ POR LA UNION (Strength and Prosperity through Unity) around / UN DINo (one dinero) below. ÀRV: Arms of the Republic within wreath of palm and laurel tied with ribbon below, REPUB: PERUANA LIMA 9 D: FINO F. (Republic Peru Lima 9 hundred fine F.) around / 1896 below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: LIMA = LIMA ASSAYER: F. = Unknown (T.F. with T removed) TYPE: III - No designers initials REFERENCE: Y-15.2, KM-204 POPULATION: Peru - 1896 - 4,559,550 with capital Lima with 162,000 inhabitants. FOOTNOTE: Peru...adopted the gold standard in 1897, with the Peruvian pound equivalent to the English pound, and 25 gram, 0.900 fine silver soles. She remained firmly on the gold standard until World War I. Silver Money, by D. Leavens, Bloomington, Ind.,1939. =====================================================================

1897 - UN DINERO - V.N. - OBVERSE ====================================================================== PERU, REPUBLIC of LIMA MINT ====================================================================== UN DINERO 18MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1897 1898 1900 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906

included with V.N. 200,000 550,000 374,500 887,000 380,000 700,000 826,000


¿OV: Seated Patria, LIBERTAD (Liberty) incused on ribbon around base under wreath to right. FIRME Y FELIZ POR LA UNION (Strength and Prosperity through Unity) around / UN DINo (one dinero) below. ÀRV: Arms of the Republic within wreath of palm and laurel tied with ribbon below, REPUB: PERUANA LIMA 9 D: FINO J.F. (Republic Peru Lima 9 hundred fine J.F.) around / DATE below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: LIMA = LIMA ASSAYER: J.F. = Jose A. Figueroa TYPE: IiI - No designers initials REFERENCE: Y-15.2, KM-204 POPULATION: Peru - 1900 - 4,609,999 with capital Lima with 163,956 inhabitants.

1897 - UN DINERO - J.F. - REVERSE ======================================================================

FOOTNOTE: A Law establishing the gold standard was promulgated October 13, 1900, The unit of value is the sol, worth onetenth of a British sovereign, or 48.665 cents in United States money. Silver is legal tender up to 100 soles.


1897 - UN DINERO - V.N. - REVERSE

1909 - UN DINERO - F.G. - REVERSE



1897

510,000

PE#590

¿OV: Seated Patria, LIBERTAD (Liberty) incused on ribbon around base under wreath to right. FIRME Y FELIZ POR LA UNION (Strength and Prosperity through Unity) around / UN DINo (one dinero) below. ÀRV: Arms of the Republic within wreath of palm and laurel tied with ribbon below, REPUB: PERUANA LIMA 9 D: FINO V.N. (Republic Peru Lima 9 hundred fine V.N.) around / 1897 below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: LIMA = LIMA ASSAYER: V.N. = Jose Vicente Novoa TYPE: IIi - No designers initials REFERENCE: Y-15.2, KM-204 FOOTNOTE: The author had been collecting this series of Modern Dime Size Silver Coins of the World for many years and at the time had yet to add the scarce 1909 - one dinero to his collection. On one occasion he had seen a very low-grade specimen in a dealer's junk box marked $10. As has been his collecting preference of only selecting fine or better grades generally, he passed this one up. A short time later, at a local monthly coin show the unexpected occured. A dealer friend had acquired the remnants of a collection, marking them at half-price and putting them in a great big carton. Well, need I tell you more? After going through the complete box only one coin was pulled out, to check further with the ‘want list’ and with great surprise, this was the one coin in this series of Peruvian one dinero needed, and a great bargain too -1909 at $1.00 in EF.

1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1916

500,000 200,000 u/m 210,000 200,000 400,000 360,000 430,000


scarce

¿OV: Seated Patria, LIBERTAD (Liberty) incused on ribbon around base under wreath to right. FIRME Y FELIZ POR LA UNION (Strength and Prosperity through Unity) around / UN DINo (one dinero) below. ÀRV: Arms of the Republic within wreath of palm and laurel tied with ribbon below, REPUB: PERUANA LIMA 9 D: FINO F.G. (Republic Peru Lima 9 hundred fine F.G.) around / DATE below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: LIMA = LIMA ASSAYER: F.G. = Francisco Gamarra TYPE: IiI - No designers initials REFERENCE: Y-15.2, KM-204 Monedas Del Peru De 1751 A 1975, by Cesar Fishman, Lima 1976. The Coins of Peru, by A. Almanzar and D. Seppa, 1972 (PE#) POPULATION: Peru - 1912 - 4,500,000 with capital Lima with 140,884 inhabitants.



PHILIPPINES

======================================================================

======================================================================



====================================================================== PHILIPPINES, COMMONWEALTH of DENVER MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTAVOS 17MM .750 FINE 2.0 GRAMS ======================================================================

======================================================================

1944 1945 1946

31,592,000 137,208,000 6,384,000

(not released - melted)

¿OV: Filipina standing next to an anvil, TEN CENTAVOS, above / FILIPINAS below. ÀRV: Eagle over shield, UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, around / COMMONWEALTH OF THE PHILIPPINES on ribbon below / D (mintmark) DATE below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: D = DENVER REFERENCE: Y-31, KM-181 Coins, Medals and Tokens of the Philippines Islands by Neil Shafer, Racine 1961. POPULATION: Philippines - 1946 - 16,000,000 FOOTNOTE: The Philippines became independent of the United States of America on July 4, 1946, and the 1946 issue was withheld and remelted as it referred to the Commonwealth of the Philippines under the United States of America. FOOTNOTE: Coat of Arms - Eagle from the period of the United States supremacy and the Lion of that under Spanish rule.

FOOTNOTE: The listings for the Philippines start with the 10 centimos de peso of 1864 minted at the Spanish mint of Manila, with the 1868 frozen date struck from 1868-74. After the Islands became an American possession coinage was minted at both the San Francisco and Philadelphia mints starting with 1903.The Manila mint again produced the 10 centavos beginning in 1920, off and on until 1941, when the Islands were occupied by the Japanese during World War II. Anticipating the victory new coinage was minted at the Denver mint dated 1944-46, however the last year was all melted and never released. Listings are by mints and then by dates. FOOTNOTE: The Philippines were a Spanish Colony from 1566 to 1898 when they became a possession of the United States of America as a result of the Spanish-American War. The Philippines include over 7,000 separate islands in the North Pacific Ocean, north of Borneo and east of French Indo-China. Manila the capital, is well fortified, and defended by the castle of St. Philips. The number of European inhabitants is estimated at 12,000 (c.1839). Most of the public structures are built of wood, on account of the frequent earthquakes. The city is seated near the lake Bahia, on the east side of the bay, on the South West coast of the island of Luconia. The bay is a circular basin, 10 leagues in diameter, and great part of it land locked, but the part peculiar to the city, called Cavete, lies 9 miles to the South West. On account of the pure and mild temperature of the air, it is deemed the most healthy of the European settlements in the East. Universal Gazette, Phila. 1839. FOOTNOTE: On March 2, 1862 to solve the problem of lack of fractional coinage in the Philippines, Queen Isabel granted permission for the minting of silver coins in denominations of 10, 20, and 50 centimos de peso at the Casa de Moneda de Manila. The mint had opened March 19, 1861 originally to strike only gold pesos.

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - PHILIPPINES - PAGE 422

1868 - 10 CENTIMOS - OBVERSE

1868 - 10 CENTIMOS - REVERSE

====================================================================== PHILIPPINES, SPANISH COLONY of MANILA MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTIMOS DE PESO 18MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ======================================================================

===================================================================== PHILIPPINES, SPANISH COLONY of MANILA MINT ===================================================================== 10 CENTAVOS DE PESO 18MM .900 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ======================================================================

1864 1865 1866 1867 (1868) 1868 (1872) 1868 (1874) 1868

4,586 81,557 38,828 124,034 138,512 450,121 i/a

V-7219 V-7222 V-7225 V-7228 V-7230 V-7230 V-7230

¿OV: Head of Isabell II, facing right ISABEL 2.A POR LA G. (Isabell II by the Grace) left, DE DIOS Y LA CONST. (of God and the Constitution) right / L.M. on truncation / • DATE • below. ¿RV: Crowned Arms of Spain dividing value, 10 / DE and Cs / Po (10 centimos de peso) REINA DE (Queen of) LES ESPANAS (The Spains) right / ii (5 point stars mintmark) below.

1880 1881 1882 1883 1884

14,542 624,314 524,838 983,314 100,010

V-8041 V-8042 V-8043 V-8044 V-8045

¿OV: Head of Alfonso XII, facing right ALFONSO XII POR LA G. DE DIOS (Alfonso XII por La Gracia de Dios = Alfonso XII by the Grace of God) around / G.S. under bust / i DATE i (5 point stars mintmark) below. ¿RV: Crowned Arms of Spain dividing value, 10 / DE and Cs / Po (10 centavos de peso) REY CONSTL (Constitutional King) left, DE ESPANA (of Spain) right / ii (5 point stars) below. EDGE: Reeded

EDGE: Reeded

MINT: i (5 point stars) = MANILA

MINT: i (5 point stars) = MANILA

ENGRAVER: G.S. = Gregorio Sellan

ENGRAVER: L.M. = Luis Marchioni, General Engraver of Madrid mint 1861-1873.

TYPE: I - .900 Fine REFERENCE: Y-9, KM-148

REFERENCE: Y-3, KM-145 Catalogo General de La Moneda Espanola by Jose A. Vicenti, Madrid 1972. FOOTNOTE: This issue and the 1885 10 centavos de peso struck at the Manila mint have the portrait of the sovereign facing right or east to the mother country - Spain, where as strikes of the same period minted at the various Spanish mints faced the Queen or King to the left, that is, west to the directions of their colonies in North America and the Far East.

FOOTNOTE: Philippines - were discovered by Magellan on the Feast of St.Lazarus in 1521 and hence called by him Archipelgo de San Lazaro, the name was changed in 1542 to Islas Filipinas in honor of Philip II, in whose reign the Spanish colonization of the islands was begun. FOOTNOTE: The Philippines consist of the two large islands of Luzon and Mindanao, and over 3,000 small islands, of which many however are mere rocks.




====================================================================== PHILIPPINES, SPANISH COLONY of MANILA MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTAVOS DE PESO 18MM .835 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ======================================================================

======================================================================

1885

5,624,600

V-8046

¿OV: Head of Alfonso XII, facing right ALFONSO XII POR LA G. DE DIOS (Alfonso XII por La Gracia de Dios = Alfonso XII by the Grace of God) around / G.S. under bust / i 1885 i (5 point stars mintmark) below. ¿RV: Crowned Arms of Spain dividing value, 10 / DE and Cs / Po (10 centavos de peso) REY CONSTL (Constitutional King) left, DE ESPANA (of Spain) right / ii (5 point stars) below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: i (5 point stars) = MANILA ENGRAVER: G.S. = Gregorio Sellan TYPE: II - Fineness reduced to the standard of the Latin Monetary Union, .835 Fine. REFERENCE: Y-9, KM-148 FOOTNOTE: Manila, the capital city of all the Philippine Islands and residence of the Spanish Governor, lies on the bay of the same name, and at the mouth of the River Pasig. It consists of an old fortified city with extensive suburbs, in which are the mass of the population, and business premises, factories, and residences of the European inhabitants. Manila is the center of commerce of the Philippines, and exports sugar, tobacco, cigars and cheroots, indigo, manila hemp, coffee, mats, hides, trepang, rice, etc. It imports British and United States cloths, hardware, etc. and a great variety of articles, tea, pottery, etc. from China. Population - Manila - 1895 - 270,000. New Cabinet Cyclopaedia, Phila., 1896..

FOOTNOTE: Admiral George Dewey, born December 26, 1837 in Montpelier, Vt.,Appointed to U.S.Navel Academy and graduated in 1858. Attached to the steam frigate “Wabash”, Mediterranean Squardron until 1861; then to steam sloop “Mississippi of West Gulf Squadron; commissioned Lieutenant April 19, 1861, in Farragut’s Squadron which forced the passage of Fort St. Philip and Fort Jackson, April 1862 and participated in the subsequent fights with gunboats and ironclads, which gave Farragut possession of New Orleans. In the smoke of the battle of Port Hudson, the “Mississippi” lost her bearings and ran ashore under the guns of the land batteries, and officers and men took to the boats after setting the vessel on fire. Dewey was afterwards on several vessels in the North Atlantic Blockading Squadron and later on various duties, being promoted to Commander in 1872; Captain in 1884 and Commodore in 1896. In January of 1898 he assumed command of the Asiatic Squadron and on May 1, 1898 in Manila Bay, he commanded the greatest navel battle since Trafalgar, completely annihilating the Spanish Asiatic Squardron under Admiral Montojo, destroying eleven and capturing all other vessels and the land batteries, without the loss of a man on the American side. Immediately upon receipt of official news of victory, Dewey was promoted to Rear Admiral and thanked by Resolution of Congress. The Philippines became a possession of the United States on December 10, 1898 (with $20,000,000 paid to Spain.) Admiral Dewey was a member of the U.S. Philippines Commission in 1899. He died in 1917. FOOTNOTE: When the United States took possession of the Islands of the Philippines, the Mexican dollar was the chief current coin, and fluctuations in its value caused trouble. In 1900 an order was issued making one U.S. dollar equivalent to two Mexican dollar, but before long other measures were required and Congress passed an Act making a Filipino coin, the peso, of the value of 50 U.S.cents, to be guaranteed by gold. This law came into force in June 1904, and has worked satisfactorily. There are four banks doing business in the Islands; the International Banking Corporation, Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation, Chartered Bank of India, Australia, and China, and the Bank of the Philippines, formerly the Banco Espanol Filipino. The Statesman's Year-Book, London, 1916.


1921 - TEN CENTAVOS - OBVERSE

1921 - TEN CENTAVOS - REVERSE

====================================================================== PHILIPPINES, POSSESSION of U.S.A. MANILA MINT ====================================================================== TEN CENTAVOS 17MM .750 FINE 2.0 GRAMS ======================================================================

======================================================================

1920 1921

520,000 3,863,038

¿OV: Filipina standing next to an anvil, TEN CENTAVOS, above / FILIPINAS below. ÀRV: Eagle over shield, UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, around / • DATE • below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = MANILA DESIGNER: Melicio Figueroa TYPE: I - No mintmark REFERENCE: Y-22, KM-169 POPULATION: Philippines - 1921 - 11,837,927

Manila street scene 1902

Map of Philippines 1902


1929 M - TEN CENTAVOS - REVERSE

1938 M - TEN CENTAVOS - REVERSE

====================================================================== PHILIPPINES, POSSESSION of U.S.A. MANILA MINT ====================================================================== TEN CENTAVOS 17MM .750 FINE 2.0 GRAMS ======================================================================

====================================================================== PHILIPPINES, COMMONWEALTH of MANILA MINT ====================================================================== TEN CENTAVOS 17MM .750 FINE 2.0 GRAMS ======================================================================

1929 1935

1,000,000 1,280,000

¿OV: Filipina standing next to an anvil, TEN CENTAVOS, above / FILIPINAS below. ÀRV: Eagle over shield, UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, around / M DATE . below. EDGE: Reeded

1937 1938 1941

3,500,000 3,750,000 2,500,000

¿OV: Filipina standing next to an anvil, TEN CENTAVOS, above / FILIPINAS below. ÀRV: Eagle over shield, UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, around / COMMONWEALTH OF THE PHILIPPINES on ribbon below / M (mintmark) DATE below.

MINT: M = MANILA

EDGE: Reeded

DESIGNER: Melicio Figueroa

MINT: M = MANILA

TYPE: II - M mintmark



POPULATION: Philippines - 1940 - 12,590,000

POPULATION: Philippines - 1930 - 11,913,167 FOOTNOTE: On November 15, 1935 the Philippines became a Commonwealth with Manuel Quezon as the first President. Following a 10 year transition period the islands will assume complete independence on July 4, 1946. FOOTNOTE: The Philippines Commonwealth was a transitional state from 1935 to 1946 to prepare the Philippines for independence from the United States which ruled the island nation since 1898 when it defeated Spain. A new issue of coinage was struck first dated 1937 with a new reverse design showing the Philippines Commonwealth coat-of-arms in which the shield is topped by three stars which symbolize the three sub-divisions of the country; Luzon, Viscayas and Mindanao.

Native house in Phillipines ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - PHILIPPINES - PAGE 426

1904 - TEN CENTAVOS - OBVERSE


====================================================================== PHILIPPINES, POSSESSION of U.S.A. PHILADELPHIA MINT ====================================================================== TEN CENTAVOS 18MM .900 FINE 2.69 GRAMS ======================================================================

======================================================================

1903 1904 1905 1906

5,105,216 11,365 475 501

proof only proof only

¿OV: Filipina standing next to an anvil, TEN CENTAVOS, above / FILIPINAS below. ÀRV: Eagle over shield, UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, around / • DATE • below.

FOOTNOTE: The Philippine Coinage Act of March 2,1903 provided for a gold peso of 12.9 grains .0.900 fine, or exactly one-half of the American dollar. No gold pesos were ever coined, but silver pesos weighting 416 grains, 0.900 fine and subsidiary coinage of the same weight and fineness were struck first at the San Francisco and later at the Philadelphia mint for the Philippines. The rise of silver in 1906 had threatened to attract the new Peso to the melting pot. The new peso had a coinage ratio of 32.25 to 1, or a bullion parity of 64.0 U.S.cents per ounce. The steady rise of Silver brought the price above this point in November, 1906, and to a maximum of 71. 5/8 U.S.cents per ounce a year later. To meet the situation the Philippine Government was authorized to change the weight and fineness of the coins. The peso was reduced to 20 grams or 308.64 grains 0.800 fine and the subsidiary coinage to .0750 fine, which made the bullion parity of the peso $1.036 per ounce. Silver Money by D.Leavens, Bloonfield,Ind. 1939.

EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = PHILADELPHIA DESIGNER: Melicio Figueroa REFERENCE: Y-18, B-116, KM-165 FOOTNOTE: The 1903 issue included 2,558 proof strikes, the 1904 included 1,355 proofs and the 1905 of 475 and 1906 of 501 were struck only in proof. FOOTNOTE: The 1904 - 10 centavos illustrated is from a proof set. FOOTNOTE: The population of the Philippines in 1908 included about 25,000 Spanish, American, British and German merchants and about 50,000 Chinese in the seaports and other towns engaged in many trades. FOOTNOTE: The chief products of the Philippines are; rice, copra, abaca (Manila hemp), sugar, corn (maize), and tobacco. Agriculture is still generally in a primitive condition, implements and methods being for the most part antiquated. The Statesman's YearBook, London, 1916.

FOOTNOTE: The city of Manila covers an area of about twenty square miles of low ground through which flows the Pasig River and several tidal creeks. To the west lies Manila Bay, and beyond this rise the Mariveles Mountains. To the east the city extends almost half-way to Laguna de Bay, a lake nearly as large as Manila Bay. On the south bank of the river is the "Ancient City," enclosed by walls some two and a half miles long, constructed as a defense in the latter part of the sixteenth century. Formerly there was a moat protecting the city on the landward sides and a drawbridge at each of the six gates of the wall. In the northwest angle of the walled enclosure stands Fort Santiago, which guards the entrance to the river. The remaining space is occupied by the cathedral, churches, convents, schools and government buildings. The present population of Manila is nearly three hundred thousand persons, including about five thousand Americans and Europeans; eighteen thousand Chinese and a number of Japanese. There is now a well constructed street car system connecting all of the important districts. World Cruise of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres 1928., Thos. Cook & Sons., 1927

ii



1903 S - TEN CENTAVOS - REVERSE

====================================================================== PHILIPPINES, POSSESSION of U.S.A. PHILADELPHIA MINT ====================================================================== TEN CENTAVOS 18MM .750 FINE 2.0 GRAMS ======================================================================

====================================================================== PHILIPPINES, POSSESSION of U.S.A. SAN FRANCISCO MINT ====================================================================== TEN CENTAVOS 18MM .900 FINE 2.69 GRAMS ======================================================================

1907 1908

1,500,781 501

proof only

1903 1904

1,200,000 5,040,000

¿OV: Filipina standing next to an anvil, TEN CENTAVOS, above / FILIPINAS below.

¿OV: Filipina standing next to an anvil, TEN CENTAVOS, above / FILIPINAS below.

ÀRV: Eagle over shield, UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, around / • DATE • below.

ÀRV: Eagle over shield, UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, around / S (mintmark) • DATE • below.

EDGE: Reeded

EDGE: Reeded


MINT: S = SAN FRANCISCO





FOOTNOTE: After World War II, the now independent Philippines issued a 10 centavos note date 1949, as shown below:

FOOTNOTE: The issue dated 1908 was only struck in proof, which were part of the last proof sets of this series of Philippine coins. There were no proofs issued dated 1907.

1949 - 10 CENTAVOS NOTE

Manila - 1902


1908 S - TEN CENTAVOS - OBVERSE

1908 S - TEN CENTAVOS - REVERSE

====================================================================== PHILIPPINES, POSSESSION of U.S.A. SAN FRANCISCO MINT ====================================================================== TEN CENTAVOS 17MM .750 FINE 2.0 GRAMS ======================================================================

======================================================================

1907 1908 1909 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1917 1918 1919

4,930,000 3,363,911 312,199 1,000,505 1,010,000 1,360,693 1,180,000 450,000 5,991,148 8,420,000 1,630,000

¿OV: Filipina standing next to an anvil, TEN CENTAVOS, above / FILIPINAS below. ÀRV: Eagle over shield, UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, around / S (mintmark) • DATE • below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: S = SAN FRANCISCO DESIGNER: Melicio Figueroa REFERENCE: Y-22, KM-169 FOOTNOTE: Philippines Currency - The question of the currency in the Philippines Islands acquired even greater importance during the year 1901. The unit of currency throughout the archipelago, and the only currency with which the natives are familiar, is the Mexican dollar, whose value fluctuates with local trade conditions, with rates of exchange, and with the value of silver bullion in the trade centers of the world. (continued).

FOOTNOTE: Philippines Currency (Contnued) - As a fluctuating currency, the Mexican dollar is out of relation with the banking and commercial exchanges of Europe, and more especially of the United States, and trade, so easily deterred from entering new fields, is in every way checked. On the other hand, the Filipinos are accustomed only to the Mexican dollar and its subdivisions, and if the American dollar were suddenly and arbitrarily substituted for it, trade would be even more seriously hampered than at present, both on account of native prejudice and because the value of every monetary unit would be doubled at a time when the mass of the people were impoverished. The essence of the problem, then, is to bring Philippine currency in relation to the money of the world without at the same time upsetting established usage. Toward the end of the year 1900 the Philippine Commission found it necessary, first, owing to a general rise in the value of silver through out the East, to levy a tax of 10 per cent, upon exports of silver from Philippines; and the Commission directed, secondly, in order to keep the Mexican Dollar in commensurable ratio with American money shipped to the Islands, that two Mexican Dollars should be taken as the equivalent of one American Gold Dollar; and thirdly, to prevent the established banks of Manila from cheating the people, the Commission ordered that no banker’s commission should be thenceforth charged on exchanges of Mexican and American money. Future currency in the Philippines should be a Philippine silver dollar, minted at Manila, with a value in United States money of 50 cents; that this dollar should be divisible into a hundred equal parts, called centavos, and that minor coins equivalent to different numbers of centavos should also be coined. The Philippine silver dollar and its subdivisions should be issued by the Philippine Government and should be maintained at par with American gold (1) by limiting the amount of silver coin minted, (2) by making the dollar of slightly less value than the Mexican dollar, so that it would not be exported, and (3) by maintaining an insular gold reserve derived from the seignorage of silver coinage. The new Philippine currency could gradually take the place of the old, the Mexican dollar and its subdivisions, which would be used little by little as bullion for the making of the new coins. International Yearbook, 1901, N.Y.



PUERTO RICO

======================================================================

======================================================================



====================================================================== PUERTO RICO, SPANISH COLONY of MADRID MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTAVOS DE PESO 18MM .835 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ======================================================================

====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: In the Decree of November 29, 1884 all foreign holed silver coinage was required be taken to the Custom House, there to be counter-stamped with a Fleur-de-lis. After April 1, 1885, holed coins not stamped were to be refused by the government. The Decree of March 17, 1894 stipulated that all pre-1885 coinage, counter-stamped or not was to be exchanged for Mexican pesos. Mexican money was then used as the money of Puerto Rice until 1895. These coins were then sent back to the Madrid mint to be recoined into the new 1896 series. A five peseta piece was coined as a peso with subsidiary coinage of 40, 20, 10 and 5 centavos. 1 peso = 100 centavos. The coins were superseded by the American dollar after the cession of Puerto Rico to the United States in 1898.

1896

700,000

¿OV: Boy head of Alfonso XIII, facing left ALFONSO XIII P.L.G.D.D. REY C. DE ESPANA (Alfonso XIII POR LA GRACIA DE DIOS REY CONSTITUTIONAL DE ESPANA = Alfonso XIII by the Grace of God, Constitutional King of Spain) around / B.M. under bust / i 1896 i (5 point stars mintmark) below. ÀRV: Arms of Spain, ISLA DE PUERTO RICO (Island of Puerto Rico) above / P • G 10 CENTAVOS • V • below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: i (5 point stars) = MADRID

FOOTNOTE: The population of Pueto Rico includes 364,000 negroes, descended from former slaves. The blacks live in miserable bamboo huts, and have little disposition to work. Slavery had existed from the first settlement, and was abolished in 1873. Natural Complete Geography by J.W.Redway and R.Hinman, New York ,1902.

ENGRAVER: B.M. = Bartolome Maura Montaner ASSAYER: P • G = Felix M.Peiro Rodrigo and Antonio Garcia Gonzalez WEIGHTMASTER: • V • = Remigio Vega Y Vega REFERENCE: Y-2, V-8047, KM-16 POPULATION: Porto Rico - 1899 - 953,243 with capital San Juan de Porto Rico with 32,048 inhabitants.

Girls sorting coffee ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - PUERTO RICO - PAGE 430


ROMANIA

======================================================================

======================================================================

1873B - 50 BANI - OBVERSE

1873B - 50 BANI - REVERSE

====================================================================== ROMANIA, KINGDOM of BRUSSELS MINT ====================================================================== 50 BANI 18MM .835 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ======================================================================

======================================================================

1873 1876

4,810,000 2,116,980

¿OV: B (mintmark) / Crown / DATE within wreath of laurel and oak tied with ribbon below / STERN below. ÀRV: 50 / BANI, ROMANIA above within partial wreath of laurel and oak tied with ribbon below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: B = BRUSSELS

FOOTNOTE: Romania is a kingdom in central Europe bordering on the Black Sea. The people are descendants of mixed population of old Roman Dacia, Maccedonia, Thrace and Moesia who were so effectively Romanized that the language has survived to this day. Moldavia and Wallachia were joined into the Principality of Romania in 1861. Prince Charles of the Royal Prussian Family of Hohenzollen Simaringen was elected Prince on March 26, 1866. The coins of Romania of this period are of the standards of the Latin Monetary Union, although Romania was never a signatory to the convention. Currency of Romania - 100 bani = 1 lei FOOTNOTE: The Kingdom of Romania was named from the people who speak a neo-Latin dialect Romanian a romance language, derived from colonists settled by Trojan in Dacia, an area considerably removed from the main area of romance speech, designated as Rumeni or Romani (Romans). It also contains many Slavic words and expressions.

ENGRAVER: STERN = Stern REFERENCE: Y-8, KM-9 FOOTNOTE: The mark on the coin at the top is actually the head of Saint-Michael, patron of the city of Brussels. The 50 bani 1873 and 1876 were struck by Jose Allard Mint in Brussels. FOOTNOTE: The Modern Dime Size Silver Coins of Romania were first ordered from the Brussels mint dated 1873, then Austrian mint at Vienna struck an issue dated 1881. There was a two year period when the 50 bani were struck by the National mint at Bucharest, 1884-5, followed in 1894 by Brussels again. The next series of 1900-1 were produced at German Imperial Mint of Hamburg. The last series were produced concurrently by both Hamburg and Brussels. The listings are arranged in mint order.

FOOTNOTE: There are about 4,600,000 Romanians, 400,000 Jews, 200,000 Gypsies, 100,000 Bulgars, 50,000 Magyars, 50,000 Germans, 15,000 Greeks and 15,000 Armenians. Three-fourths of the population are peasants, who until 1864 were kept in virtual serfdom by the Boiars or nobles. In that year upwards of 400,000 peasant families were made proprietors of small holdings averaging 10 acres, at a price to be paid back to the state in fifteen years. New Cabinet Cyclopaedia, Phila., 1896. FOOTNOTE: The union of the two Principalities of Wallacia and Moldavia was publicly proclaimed at Bucharest and Jassy on Dec. 23,1861, the name of Romania being given to the united provinces.

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - ROMANIA - PAGE 431

1894 - 50 BANI - OBVERSE

1894 - 50 BANI - REVERSE


======================================================================

1894

600,000

¿OV: Head of Charles I, facing left CAROL I REGE AL ROMANIEI (Charles I King of Romania) around/ A.SCHARFF under bust. ÀRV: 50 / BANI / 1894 within wreath of laurel and oak. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = BRUSSELS ENGRAVER: A.SCHARFF = Anton Scharff REFERENCE: Y-24, KM-23 POPULATION: 1892 - 5,376,000 with capital Bucharest with 221,805 inhabitants. FOOTNOTE: The Romanian coinage issue of 1873-1881 and 1884 were retired and demonetized due to wear resulting from prolonged use, both in loss of weight and the inability any longer, to distinguish either the indication of their value or Arms of the country, in consequence of which the public can be easily deceived and the coining of counterfeit coins rendered easy. A new issue with the same fineness, weight, diameter and tolerance provided by the Monetary Law of March 12, 1890 conforming to the conditions of the Latin Monetary Union was struck. The striking of the new coins, as well as the sale of the old material was agreed to by private contract with the approval of the Romanian Council of Ministers. The Minister of Finances was authorized to make a coinage of...50 bani in small coins in 50 bani pieces of 5,000,000 lei. Both the Brussels and Hamburg mints contracted for this issue, struck between 1910 and 1914.

Carol I, King of Romania ====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: The constitution of Romania, revised in 1884, closely resembles that of Belgium.




======================================================================


FOOTNOTE: Carol I, King of Romania - In 1862 the Danubian provinces of Moldavia and Wallachia formed a union as the Principality of Romania. After the dethronement of Alexander John (Cuza), the Romanians choose for their ruler a German Prince on April 20, 1866, Charles of Hohenzollen Sigmarigen. He was born on April 20, 1839, the second son of Prince Karl Anton. This was a sidebranch of the Royal Prussian Family, who also was connected through his mother with the Dynasty of Napoleon. Austria and Russia were not enthusiastic over having a Hohenzollen reigning at Bucharest. In May Prince Charles through fear of being halted by Austria traveled to his new country down the Danube disguised as a second-class passenger, until on Romanian soil, he left the boat and was greeted by his future Prime Minister. Bucharest was a pitiful pretense for a capital, and the Prince on his arrival “could scarcely believe that a one-stored building, looking out upon a dirty square was the ‘Palace’. The country was in wretched condition, the prey of rival factions and foreign intrigues. The new Prince as Carol I, showed tact and statesmanship in the work of reorganization. At the outbreak of the Russo-Turkish War of 1877, the Romanian army was mobilized, an alliance was concluded with Russia, and Price Carol I took command in person. The army was kept on Romanian territory for some weeks, after the opening of the Campaign, because of Austrian jealousy of military activity on the part of her Balkan neighbors. Prince Carol took the field with his Romanians, and when an attack on Plevna had been opened, rendered valuable assistance in the hardest fighting of the War. A few weeks after the beginning of the War Romania declared her independence (May 21, 1877). Romania assumed the title of Kingdom and on May 22, 1881 Carol I was Crowned King of Romania at Bucharest. Under his direction the internal development of the country went forward, education advanced and a safe course was steered in the difficult policies of southeast Europe. Carol I married Princess Elizabeth Von Wier (known by her pen-name, Carmen Sylva) November 15, 1869. Since their only child died, the succession was settled upon his elder brother, Leopold, who renounced the claim in favor of his son, Ferdinand who succeeded Carol I upon his death in October 1914. FOOTNOTE: The decimal system was introduced into Romania in 1876, the unit of the monetary system being the leu, equivalent to the franc.

1910 1912 1914

3,600,000 1,800,000 1,600,000

¿OV: Head of Charles I, facing left CAROL • I • REGE • (Charles I King) left, • AL• ROMANIEI (Of Romania) right / TASSET under bust. ÀRV: Crown / Laurel branch / DATE, ROMANIA left 50 BANI right. EDGE: Reeded (Round edge) MINT: (no mintmark, round edge) = BRUSSELS ENGRAVER: TASSET = Erneste Paulin Tasset REFERENCE: Y-44, KM-41 ======================================================================

Arms of Romania ======================================================================


1884B - 50 BANI - OBVERSE

1884B - 50 BANI - REVERSE

====================================================================== ROMANIA, KINGDOM of BUCHAREST MINT ====================================================================== 50 BANI 18MM .835 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ======================================================================

======================================================================

1884 1885

1,000,000 200,000

scarce rare

¿OV: Head of Charles I, facing left CAROL I REGE AL ROMANIEI (Charles I King of Romania) around/ KULLRICH under bust. ÀRV: 50 / BANI / DATE within wreath of laurel and oak tied with ribbon below / B (mintmark) below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: B = BUCHAREST ENGRAVER: KULLRICH = Wilhelm Kullrich REFERENCE: Y-19, KM-21 POPULATION: 1899 - 5,912,600 with capital Bucharest with 282,071 inhabitants FOOTNOTE: Count Wilhelm Kullrich, Chief Engraver of the Berlin mint was born on December 18, 1821 at Dahme, Germany. His early training included the Berlin Academy of Fine Arts. He was employed in London by the Wyons in 1850 and later Brussels, Paris, Munich and Switzerland. Returning to Berlin in 1859, he was appointed Assistant-engraver. Three years later he became the Chief Engraver of the Berlin mint. Kullrich occupied a place of honour among German medallists. He died at Berlin September 1st, 1887.

FOOTNOTE: Bucharest, the capital of Romania, situated on the Dimbovitza about 33 miles north of the Danube, in a fertile plain. It is in general poorly built, among the chief buildings being the Royal Palace, the National Theatre, the University buildings, the National Bank, and the Mint. There are handsome public gardens. Manufactures are varied but unimportant, the trade is considerable, the chief articles being grain, wool, honey, wax, wine, hides. The mercantile portion of the community is mostly foreign, and the whole population presents a curious blend of nationalities. Bucharest became the capital of Walachia in 1665, in 1862 that of the United Principalities of Walachia and Moldavia. FOOTNOTE: The Kingdom of Romania is bounded by Austria-Hungary, Serbia, Bulgaria, the Black Sea, and Russia. The capital is Bucharest.The entire Kingdom is in the basin of the Danube, which has a course of 595 miles in Romania, forming the boundary with Bulgaria nearly the whole way. Romania is an essentially agricultural and pastoral state, fully 70 per cent of the inhabitants being directly engaged in husbandry. The chief cereal crops are maize, wheat, barley, rye, and oats; tobacco, hemp, and flax are also grown; and wine is produced on the hills at the foot of the Carpathians. Cattle, sheep, and horses are reared in large numbers. Excellent timber abounds on the Carpathians. Bears, wolves, wild boars, large and small game, and fish are plentiful. The country is rich in minerals of nearly every description, but salt, petroleum, and lignite are the only minerals worked. Manufactures are still in a rudimentary state. Trade is fairly active, but is almost entirely in the hands of foreigners; the internal trade is chiefly carried on by Jews, whose numbers and prosperity are constant sources of anxiety to Romanian statesmen, and who are in consequence subject to certain prejudices. Railways began in 1869, having a total length of 1600 miles, nearly all in the hands of the government, which also monopolizes salt and tobacco. The French decimal coinage has been introduced, the franc being called leu (pl. lei), the centime bani. New Cabinet.Cyclopaedia, Phila.,1896. FOOTNOTE: The Romanians, although partly Slav by race, claim to be descendants of ancient Roman colonists; they speak a language derived largely from Latin.The Statesman's Year-Book, London, 1916.




====================================================================== ROMANIA, KINGDOM of HAMBURG MINT ====================================================================== 50 BANI 18MM .835 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ======================================================================

======================================================================

1900 1901

3,838,000 194,205

rare

¿OV: Head of Charles I, facing left CAROL I REGE AL ROMANIEI (Charles I King of Romania) around/ A.SCHARFF under bust, with an outer ring of 102 pearls.

FOOTNOTE: Prince Charles showed tact and statesmanship in the work of reorganization. At the outbreak of the Russo-Turkish War in 1877, the Romanian army was mobilized, an alliance was concluded with Russia, and Prince Charles took command in person. The army was kept in Romanian territory for some weeks, after the opening of the campaign, because of Austrian jealousy of military activity on the part of her Balkan neighbors. ======================================================================

ÀRV: 50 / BANI / DATE within wreath of laurel and oak. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = HAMBURG ENGRAVER: A.SCHARFF = Anton Scharff REFERENCE: Y-24, KM-23 FOOTNOTE: The dies for Hamburg mint issue of 1900-01 were made at the Bucharest mint. FOOTNOTE: Charles I, King of Romania was born April 20, 1839, the second son of Prince Karl Anton of a side-branch of the Hohenzollen family, who was also, connected, through his mother, with the Dynasty of Napoleon. Austria and Russia were not enthusiastic over having a Hohenzollen reigning at Bucharest. Through fear of being halted by Austria, the Prince traveled down the Danube disguised as a second-class passenger, until, on Romanian soil. He left the boat and was greeted by his future Prime Minister. He had earlier served in the Prussian Army, and after the dethronment of Alexander John (Cuza) was elected Prince of Romania, April 20, 1866, and arrived in the capital, Bucharest, in May. Bucharest was a pitiful pretense for a capital and the Prince on his arrival “could scarcely believe that a one-storied building, looking out upon a dirty square, was the Palace''. The country was in a wretched condition, the prey of rival factions and foreign intrigues.

1911 - 50 BANI - OBVERSE ======================================================================




====================================================================== ROMANIA, KINGDOM of HAMBURG MINT ====================================================================== 50 BANI 18MM .835 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ======================================================================

====================================================================== ROMANIA, KINGDOM of VIENNA MINT ====================================================================== 50 BANI 18MM .835 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ======================================================================

1910 1911 1914

included with Brussels 3,000,000 included with Brussels

¿OV: Head of Charles I, facing left CAROL.I. (Charles I King) left, .AL.ROMANIEI (Of Romania) right / TASSET under bust. vÀRV: Crown / Laurel branch / DATE, ROMANIA left 50 BANI right.

1881

1,000,000

¿OV: Head of Prince Charles I, facing left CAROL I DOMNUL ROMANIEI (Charles I Prince of Romania) around / KULLRICH under bust. vÀRV: Arms of Romania with motto: NIHIL SINE DEO (Nothing without God) on ribbon below, ROMANIA above, 1881 divided by Arms, / V (mintmark) 50 BANI (wheat stalk) around below.

EDGE: Reeded (Straight edge)

EDGE: Reeded

MINT: (no mintmark, straight edge) = HAMBURG

MINT: V = VIENNA

ENGRAVER: TASSET = Erneste Paulin Tasset

ENGRAVER: KULLRICH = Wilhelm Kullrich, Chief Engraver Berlin mint.

REFERENCE: Y-44, KM-41 REFERENCE: Y-13, KM-13 POPULATION: ROMANIA - 1913 - 7,200,000 with capital Bucharest with 300,000 inhabitants.

MARK: (wheat stalk) = Romania FOOTNOTE: Prince Charles took the field with his Romanians, however, when an attack on Plevna had been opened, and rendered valuable assistance in the hardest fighting of the war. A few weeks after the beginning of the war Romania declared her independence (May 21, 1877). In 1881 Romania assumed the title of Kingdom, and on May 22 Charles was crowned as King of Romania at Bucharest. Under him the internal development of the country has gone actively forward, education has advanced, and a safe course has been steered in the difficult polities of the southeastern Europe. Charles married Princess Elizabeth von Wied (known by her pen-name Carmen Sylva), November 15, 1869. The succession in case of his dying childless, was settled upon his elder brother, Leopold, who renounced the claim in favor of his son, Ferdinand.


ROMANIA

1881 V - 50 BANI - REVERSE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - ROMANIA - PAGE 437


RUSSIA

====================================================================== RUSSIAS, EMPIRE of all the ST.PETERSBURG MINT ====================================================================== 10 KOPEK 17MM .868 FINE 2.07 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1832 1833 1834 1835 1836 1837 1838 1839 1840 1841 1843

103,705 880,005 400,011 940,008 490,011 2,360,005 500,016 2,410,502 190,001 500,000 u/m

novodel

¿OV: Crown / Double Headed Imperial Eagle (St. George to right on central shield, with six shields) / =' ¿RV: Crown / 10 / 7?Al+7W (Kopeks) / -.- / DATE / E.A.#. (mintmark) within wreath of laurel and oak tied with ribbon below.

====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: All of the 10 kopek series listed here which starts with 1832 were minted at the St. Petersburg mint (renamed in 1915 Petrograd, and renamed again in 1924 Leningrad) except four listings. Warsaw, the capital of Poland when it was part of the Russian Empire, minted 10 kopek similar to the St.Petersburg except for the MW mintmark in 1854 and 1855. Russia ordered 10 kopek coinage in 1861 from both Paris and Strasburg with a different edge milling and no mintmark, but the they cannot be further identified as to which of the two mints. In 1916 the Japanese Imperial Mint at Osaka produced a large issue of 10 kopeks without mintmark which identifies them. All listings are in chronological order. ====================================================================== RUSSIAS, EMPIRE of all the ST.PETERSBURG MINT ====================================================================== 10 KOPEK 17MM .868 FINE 2.07 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1842 1843

300,000 180,000

EDGE: Incised ///// A.# #. = ST.PETERSBURG MINT: E.A MONEYER: =' = Nicholai Grachrv REFERENCE: C-164

¿OV: Crown / Double Headed Imperial Eagle (St. George to right on central shield, with six shields) / !Q ¿RV: Crown / 10 / 7?Al+7W (Kopeks) / -.- / DATE / E.A A.# #. (mintmark) within wreath of laurel and oak tied with ribbon below.

FOOTNOTE: Currency of Russia - 100 kopek = 1 rouble

EDGE: Incised /////

FOOTNOTE: St. Petersburg is situated on the river Neva, near the gulf of Finland, and is built partly upon some islands in the mouth of that river, and partly upon the continent.The ground on which Petersburg stands was only a vast morass, occupied by a few fishermen’s huts, when Peter the Great first began this city in 1703. He built a small hut himself, and some wretched wooden hovels. In 1710 the first house of brick was built, and next year the emperor, with his own hands, laid the foundation of a house of the same material. From these small beginnings rose the imperial city of Petersburg; and, in less than nine years after the wooden hovels were erected, the seat of the Russian Empire was transferred from Moscow to this place. The streets, in general are broad and spacious; and three of the principal ones, which meet in a point at the admiralty, are at least two miles in length. The mansions of the nobles are vast piles of building, furnished with great cost, in the same elegant style as at Paris or London, and situated chiefly on the South side of the Neva...The views upon the banks of the Neva exhibit the grandest and most lively scenes imaginable. That river is in many places as broad as the Themes at London; it is also deep, rapid, and as transparent as crystal; its banks are lined on each side with a continued range of grand buildings. On the North the fortress, the academy of sciences, and the academy of arts, are the most striking objects. On the opposite side are the imperial palace, the admiralty, the mansions of many Russian nobles, and the English line, so called because it is mostly occupied by English merchants. In the front of those buildings, on the South side, is the quay, which extends three miles, except where it is interrupted by the admiralty; and the Neva, during the whole of that space, has been embanked by a wall, parapet, and pavement of hewn granite. The number of inhabitants is supposed to be about 300,000. (c. 1839). Universal Gazette, Phila., 1839.

A.# #. = ST.PETERSBURG MINT: E.A MONEYER: !Q = Alexei Chadov REFERENCE: C-164 ====================================================================== RUSSIAS, EMPIRE of all the ST.PETERSBURG MINT ====================================================================== 10 KOPEK 17MM .868 FINE 2.07 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1844 1845

460,500 2,435,000

¿OV: Crown / Double Headed Imperial Eagle (St. George to right on central shield, with six shields) / 7# ¿RV: Crown / 10 / 7?Al+7W (Kopeks) / -.- / DATE / E.A A.# #. (mintmark) within wreath of laurel and oak tied with ribbon below. EDGE: Incised ///// A.# #. = ST.PETERSBURG MINT: E.A MONEYER: 7# = Constantine Butenev REFERENCE: C-164

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - RUSSIA - PAGE 438

1850 A! - 10 KOPEK - OBVERSE

1850 A! - 10 KOPEK - REVERSE

====================================================================== RUSSIAS, EMPIRE of all the ST.PETERSBURG MINT ====================================================================== 10 KOPEK 17MM .868 FINE 2.07 GRAMS ======================================================================

======================================================================

1846 1847 1849 1850 1851 1852

810,008 3,180,001 3,110,001 2,450,001 1,500,001 1,350,006

¿OV: Crown / Double Headed Imperial Eagle (St. George to right on central shield, with six shields) / A! ¿RV: Crown / 10 / 7?Al+7W (Kopeks) / -.- / DATE / E.A A.# #. (mintmark) within wreath of laurel and oak tied with ribbon below. EDGE: Incised ///// MINT: E.A.#. = ST.PETERSBURG MONEYER: A! = Paul Alexeev REFERENCE: C-164 FOOTNOTE: Alexander II, Nicholavich - Emperor of Russia, born in 1818; succeeded his father as Czar in 1855. He married in 1841 Marie, daughter of the Grand Duke Louis II. of Hesse-Darmstadt. He terminated the Crimean War soon after his accession by the Treaty of Paris. Though trained by his father to a military life, he devoted himself to the internal affairs of his country, improved the popular education, and emancipated the Russian serfs. He wages war successfully on Turkey in 1877-78. Czar Alexander II was assassinated in the streets of St. Petersburg in 1881 FOOTNOTE: Tsar or Czar, a title of the Autocrat of all the Russias, not improbably a corruption of the Roman title Caesar. It was first adopted in 1579 by Ivan II. The feminine of Czar is Czarina, meaning the Empress of Russia. Cabinet Cyclopaedia, 1895.

FOOTNOTE: Russia is the largest, and one of the most level countries in Europe, and is distinguished for its vast plains and majestic rivers. The commerce of Russia is very extensive, and by means of its numerous rivers and canals, an internal communications is opened throughout all parts of the interior, reaching from the Black and Caspian Seas, to the Baltic and Arctic Ocean. The principal articles of export are tallow, flax, hemp, wheat, iron, timber and tar. Furs, gold, silver, iron, copper, of great amount and value, are brought, from Siberia. At Kiatka, the Chinese merchants meet the Russians, and numerous caravans proceed into the interior of Tartary, while Persia is visited across the Caspian. Agriculture and manufactures, though yet in a rude state, are improving. The seal and sturgeon fisheries of the Caspian and Black Seas, and of the River Volga are very extensive and productive. The raising of cattle is the chief business of the husbandman. There are valuable mines of silver, copper and especially iron; also gold and platinum. The military force of Russia is great, and is the subject of anxiety and terror to Europe. The regular army amounts to nearly a million men, besides a considerable navy, both on the Baltic and Black Seas. The real strength of the Russian Army, however consists not so much in its numbers, as in the passive and iron valor of its infantry, the rapid and skillful movement of its cavalry, the Cossacks, Baskirs, and other tribes of Tartars. The Russians are, in general a well formed and courageous race of men, with tolerable fair complexions. They are divided into four classes; 1st, the nobility; 2nd, the clergy; 3d, the common people; and 4th, the peasants, or as they are more usually called, the serfs or boors. The latter are generally in a state of abject poverty and ignorance, and are the property of the Crown, or of individual nobles. St. Petersburg was founded in 1704, by Peter the Great. It is situated on both sides of the River Neva, at its entrance into the Gulf of Finland. It is a magnificent city, and surpasses all others of Europe in splendor of its streets and edifices. Olney’s Geography, 1849. FOOTNOTE: St. Petersburg was founded by Peter the Great, who, having in 1702 taken the Swedish Forts on the Neva, in the following year laid the foundations of a fort which he called Petersburg (Fort Peter), on an island in the Neva, the nucleus and now the most densely populated portion of the city.


====================================================================== RUSSIAS, EMPIRE of all the ST.PETERSBURG MINT ====================================================================== 10 KOPEK 17MM .868 FINE 2.07 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1848 1852 1853 1854

1,860,001 included with Paul Alexiev 1,350,005 1,000,003

¿OV: Crown / Double Headed Imperial Eagle (St. George to right on central shield, with six shields) / =y ¿RV: Crown / 10 / 7?Al+7W (Kopeks) / -.- / DATE / E.A A.# #. (mintmark) within wreath of laurel and oak tied with ribbon below. EDGE: Incised ///// A.# #. = ST.PETERSBURG MINT: E.A MONEYER: =y = Nicholai Iossa REFERENCE: C-164 ====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: In 1853 Russia declared war against Turkey and the Crimean War began when France and England declared war against Russia in March 1854. Large fleets and armies were sent to the East, and fleets to the Baltic. The Crimea was invaded, the victory of the Alma won by the Allies, and Sebastopol partially invaded. On September 8 Sebastopol was retaken, the French storming the Malakhoff, and peace was restored by a Congress of the Powers at Paris in March, 1856. The Circle of Knowledge, Boston 1919. ====================================================================== RUSSIAS, EMPIRE of all the WARSAW MINT ====================================================================== 10 KOPEK 17.8MM .868 FINE 2.0956 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1854

u/m

dent kingdom, but for many centuries past, it has been remarkable for its miserable condition. It contained 284,000 square miles, and about 15,000,000 inhabitants. In 1772 it became distracted by internal dissensions. This furnished Russia, Austria, and Prussia, with a pretense for interference. They accordingly took possession of a large portion of the country, and divided it between them. In 1793, they interfered a second time, and dismembered a second portion. In 1795, they interfered a third time and divided the remainder of the country between them. Thus by an act of the grossest injustice, Poland was blotted out of the list of kingdoms. In 1815 the Congress of Vienna erected a small portion of the central part of ancient Poland - containing 47,000 square miles, and 2,800,000 inhabitants- into a state, by the name of the “Kingdom of Poland”, and placed it under the government of the Emperor of Russia. Although Poland has ceased to constitute an independent and single state, still the country is distinctly separated from those which surround it, by national character, language and manners. It is still the land of the Poles, although its detached fragments have become Russian, Austrian or Prussian Provinces. Poland is one of the most level countries in Europe and derives its name from “Pohlen”, a Slavonic word, which means a ‘plain’. The Poles are divided into two classes, the nobles and peasants. The former are tall, robust, and handsome, brave, frank, gay, courteous in their manners, and hospitable to strangers. The latter are ignorant, indolent, servile, and but slaves to the nobles. Warsaw, the late capital, is a walled town of great strength. It is favorably situated for commerce, and possesses an extensive inland trade. It presents a melancholy appearance, exhibiting a singular contrast of wealth and poverty, of luxury and want, which pervade every part of this unhappy country. Olney’s Geography, 1849. ======================================================================

rare

¿OV: Crown / Double Headed Imperial Eagle (St. George to right on central shield, with six shields) / MW (mintmark) ¿RV: Crown / 10 / 7?Al+7W (Kopeks) / -.- / 1854 / within wreath of laurel and oak tied with ribbon below. EDGE: Incised ///// MINT: MW = WARSAW MONEYER: none REFERENCE: C-164 FOOTNOTE: The Warsaw mint functioned from 1816 to 1864 when Poland was part of the Russian Empire. It issued gold, silver and copper coins of all denominations which circulated in Poland including the 10 groszy series 1816-1834. The Warsaw mint produced part of the gold and silver bilingual (Russian and Polish) denomination coins of 1834-1850 and the Kingdom of Poland issue struck during the Polish rebellion of 1830-1831, including the 10 groszy dated 1831. Russian and Soviet Coins Catalogue 1700-1993, L.V.Sobolinm, Moscow 1994. FOOTNOTE: Poland was formerly a large, powerful and indepen-

1855 =y - 10 KOPEK - OBVERSE ====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: Arms - Empire of all the Russias - An Imperially Crowned Double Headed Eagle displayed, a Scepter in left talon, Mund in right, upon the breast a Shield bearing St.George killing the Dragon. On his wings are Escutcheons bearing the devices of the various Provinces.


1855 =y - 10 KOPEK - REVERSE

1855 ;W - 10 KOPEK - OBVERSE


====================================================================== RUSSIAS, EMPIRE of all the WARSAW MINT ====================================================================== 10 KOPEK 17MM .868 FINE 2.07 GRAMS ======================================================================

1855

3,201,101

1855

102,600

rare

¿OV: Crown / Double Headed Imperial Eagle (St. George to right on central shield, with six shields) / =y

¿OV: Crown / Double Headed Imperial Eagle (St. George to right on central shield, with six shields) / ;W (mintmark)

¿RV: Crown / 10 / 7?Al+7W (Kopeks) / -.- / 1855 / E.A A.# #. (mintmark) within wreath of laurel and oak tied with ribbon below.

¿RV: Crown / 10 / 7?Al+7W (Kopeks) / -.- / 1855 / within wreath of laurel and oak tied with ribbon below.

EDGE: Incised /////

EDGE: Incised ooooo

A.# #. = ST.PETERSBURG MINT: E.A

MINT: ;W = WARSAW

MONEYER: =y = Nicholai Iossa, 1848-77

MONEYER: none


REFERENCE: Y-14

FOOTNOTE: Nicholas I, Tsar of Russia, the third son of Paul I, born at St. Petersburg 1796. On the death of Tsar Alexander I and the resignation of his elder brother Constantine, he succeeded to the throne of Russia in 1825. He died in 1854 during the reverses of the Crimean War, leaving to his son, Alexander II, the responsibility of concluding the war and if possible improving Russia by reducing the disgraceful political corruption and bribery, poverty and degradation of the people. Nearly half of the Tsar’s subjects were serfs, whose bondage and wretched lives seemed to present insurmountable barriers to progress. FOOTNOTE: Poland, which had a Constitution of its own from 1815 to 1830 and a separate government till 1864, was deprived at the latter date of the last remnant of its administrative independence. Finally, by ukase (In imperial Russia, a published proclamation or order having the force of law) by the Emperor, dated Feb. 23, 1868, the government of Poland was absolutely incorporated with that of Russia, and the use of Polish language in public places and for public purposes was prohibited. The Statesman’s Year-Book, London, 1916.

POPULATION: Poland part of Russian Empire - 1882 7,245,419 with Warsaw the capital with 283,933 inhabitants. FOOTNOTE: This issue is one of only two minted at the Warsaw Mint in this series. Both the 1954 and 1855 are rare. FOOTNOTE: Warsaw, the metropolis of the Kingdom of Poland. It is built partly in a plain, and partly on a gentle rise from the River Vistula; extending with the suburbs of Kraha and Praga, over a vast extent of ground, and containing above 100,000 inhabitants. The streets are spacious, but ill paved; the public buildings large and magnificent; the palaces of the nobility numerous and splendid; but the greatest part of the houses, particularly in the suburbs, are mean and ill-constructed wooden hovels. The manufactures comprise woolen stuffs, carpeting, gold and silver wire, soap, tobacco, &c. Here are several wholesale mercantile houses, employed in the import of articles for the supply of the interior, and the export of Polish produce. Universal Gazetteer, Phila., 1839.


====================================================================== RUSSIAS, EMPIRE of all the ST.PETERSBURG MINT ====================================================================== 10 KOPEK 17MM .868 FINE 2.07 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860

1,940,003 3,110,003 2,600,006 3,920,005 580,001

¿OV: Crown / Double Headed Imperial Eagle (St. George to right on central shield, with six shields) / K# ¿RV: Crown / 10 / 7?Al+7W (Kopeks) / -.- / DATE / E.A A.# #. (mintmark) within wreath of laurel and oak tied with ribbon below. EDGE: Plain A.# #. = ST.PETERSBURG MINT: E.A MONEYER: K# = Fedor Blum, 1856-61 TYPE: I - Six Shields

1855 MW - 10 KOPEK - REVERSE

REFERENCE: Y-14

====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: Warsaw, capital of Russian Poland, is on the left bank of the Vistula and extends for over 5 miles along that river. Its water communications have long made it one of the most important commercial centers of Eastern Europe. It was exceptionally rich in literature and art treasurers; most of these were confiscated and transferred to St. Petersburg. Leather, boots and shoes, woolen and linen stuffs and beer are some of the most important products. Warsaw came under Russian rule in 1813. ======================================================================

FOOTNOTE: In 1860 the average size of a Russian peasant landholding was 13 acres; in 1900 it had sunk to about 8 acres because population had increased despite economic conditions. The “Land Hunger” of the peasants became an element to reckon with after they had been shaken out of their village isolation through army service and had become somewhat more prosperous through the labor of peasant sons and daughters in the newly arising factories, and the prohibition of vodka or Russian whiskey. Comptions Pictured Encyclopedia, Chicago, 1922 ======================================================================

1857 K# - 10 KOPEK - OBVERSE

1857 K# - 10 KOPEK - REVERSE

======================================================================

======================================================================


1859 K# - 10 KOPEK - OBVERSE ====================================================================== RUSSIAS, EMPIRE of all the ST.PETERSBURG MINT ====================================================================== 10 KOPEK 17MM .868 FINE 2.07 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1859 1860

1859 K# - 10 KOPEK - REVERSE ======================================================================

included with Y-14 2,810,003

¿OV: Crown / Double Headed Imperial Eagle (St. George to right on central shield, with eight shields) / K# ¿RV: Crown / w 10 w / 7?Al+7W (Kopeks) / -:- / A.# #. (mintmark) within wreath of laurel and oak tied DATE / E.A with ribbon below. EDGE: Reeded A.# #. = ST.PETERSBURG MINT: E.A MONEYER: K# = Fedor Blum, 1856-61 TYPE: II - Eight Shields

1859 Arms of Russian Empire FOOTNOTE: The Double Headed Imperial Eagle of Russia - From 1832 to 1858 the Russian Eagle contained six shields with St. George slaying the Dragon, facing right on the central shield on the breast. Each wing contained three shields (Coat of Arms) representing; From top left:

Khanate of Kazan, on Volga River Khanate of Astrakhan, on Caspian Sea Volga River delta, part of Russia since 1670 Siberia, Eastern Russia

From top right:

Poland, to Russia in 1815 Khanate of Tauride, the Crimea from the the Ottoman Empire in 1783 Grande Duchy of Finland, from Sweden in 1808

REFERENCE: Y-20 FOOTNOTE: The St. Petersburg mint in the St.Peter's and Paul's Fortress opened in 1724 and except for ten years; 1728-38 and a few years;1800-1804 struck Russian Imperial coins until 1917. They also produced matrices for the Russian mint at Helsingforce, Grande Duchy of Finland, and the coins Russia ordered from foreign mints; Paris, Strasbourg and Osaka in this series. From 1921 Soviet coinage was produced at the mint know known as the Leningrad mint. Russian and Soviet Coins Catalogue 1700-1993, l.V.Sobolin, Moscow, 1994. FOOTNOTE: Each Eagle in the Russian Coat of Arms holds a Scepter in one talon and an Orb in the other. The center shield with St.George slaying the Dragon represents ancient Moscovy.

From 1859 to 1917 the Russian Eagle contained on the wings eight shields arranged as follows; Kazan, Poland, Tauride and the new shield with the combined Arms of Kiev, Vladimir and Novgorod. Astrakhan, Siberia, the new shield of Georgia (part of Russia since 1801) and Finland.


1861 - 10 KOPEK - OBVERSE

1861 - PARIS and STRASBURG REVERSE

======================================================================

======================================================================

RUSSIAS, EMPIRE of all the PARIS MINT/STRASBURG MINT ====================================================================== 10 KOPEK 17MM .750 FINE 2.07 GRAMS ======================================================================

MINT: (no mintmark) = PARIS and STRASBURG

FOOTNOTE: Alexander II, Emperor of Russia, was born April 29, 1818, and succeeded his father Nicholas I in 1855, before the end of the Crimean War. After peace was concluded the new Emperor set about effecting reforms in the Empire, the greatest of all being the emancipation of the serfs in 1861, a measure which gave freedom, on certain conditions, to 22,000,000 of human beings who were previously in a state little removed from that of slavery. Under him, too, representative assemblies in the provinces were introduced, and he also did much to improve education, and to reorganize the judicial system. During his reign the Russian dominions in Central Asia were extended and a piece of territory south of the Caucuses, formerly belonging to Turkey, was acquired, and a part of Bessarabia, belonging since the Crimean War to Turkey in Europe, but previously to Russia, was restored to the latter power. The latter additions resulted from the Russo-Turkish War of 187778. Alexander II, was killed by an explosive missile flung at him by a Nihilist, in the streets of St. Petersburg, March 13, 1881. He was succeeded by his second son, Alexander III. Cabinet Cyclopaedia, 1896.

REFERENCE: Y-20

======================================================================

1861

19,300,000

¿OV: Crown / Double Headed Imperial Eagle (St. George to right on central shield, with eight shields) / (no moneyer) ¿RV: Crown / w 10 w / 7?Al+7W (Kopeks) / -:- / A.# #. (mark of St.Petersburg) within wreath of laurel 1861 / E.A and oak tied with ribbon below. EDGE: Incised /////

POPULATION - Strasburg - 1890 - 123,545 FOOTNOTE: The edge markings distinguishes this issue as minted by either of the French mints of Paris or Strasburg.

Paris and Strasburg FOOTNOTE: Strasburg, a town and fortress of France, in Alsace, capital of the Territory of Alsace-Lorraine, on the Ill, about 2 miles west of the Rhine, 250 miles east by south of Paris, and about 370 miles south-west of Berlin. Cabinet Cyclopaedia,1896

View of Moscow 1880 ======================================================================


1861 K# - 10 KOPEK - OBVERSE ====================================================================== RUSSIAS, EMPIRE of all the ST.PETERSBURG MINT ====================================================================== 10 KOPEK 17MM .750 FINE 2.07 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1861

5,660,000

¿OV: Crown / Double Headed Imperial Eagle (St. George to right on central shield, with eight shields) / K# ¿RV: Crown / w 10 w / 7?Al+7W (Kopeks) / -:- / #. (mintmark) within wreath of laurel and oak tied 1861 / E.A A.# with ribbon below. EDGE: Incised ooooo A.# #. = ST.PETERSBURG MINT: E.A MONEYER: K# = Fedor Blum REFERENCE: Y-20 FOOTNOTE: At the end of the disastrous Crimean War in 1856 a financial crisis began to creep across Russia, combining with the plans to free the serfs, which took place in 1861. The debasement of subsidiary Silver coinage proved an irresistible lure for a source of government financing. As a result in 1860 the fineness of the coins was reduced from .868 to .750 fine. The new issues dated 1861 all had different edges. The mint at St. Petersburg changed to incised (ooooo), while the coins struck at Paris and Strasburg were struck with edge incised at an angle (/////). The change of Mintmasters allowed for initials changed from K# (Fedor Blum) to ;3 (Mikhail Ivanou) with a new edge of incised zig zag (zzzzz) minted at St. Petersburg. FOOTNOTE: The majority of the population of Russia are devoted to agricultural pursuits, and dwell in villages spread thinly over the vast area of the empire. The only articles of manufacture of which Russia can successfully compete with other countries are iron, leather, soap, sail-cloth, cordage and tar. Gergraphy, William Swinton, New York, 1880.

1861 K# - 10 KOPEK - REVERSE ====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: From time to time Russian serfs infuriated by the hard conditions imposed upon them, revolt against their lords. These riots are put down with terrible bloodshed and cruelty. The Landlord reserves the vast portion of his Estate for himself and turns over to his serfs barely enough land to enable them to keep body and soul together. The serfs usually spend three days in the week cultivating their Lord’s fields. He is their Judge as well as their Master and can flog them at will. In March 1861, Tsar Alexander II issued an emancipation proclamation freeing forty million of his subjects from serfdom. The Lords could no longer force the peasants to work for him, nor flog them or command them to marry against their will, but they still remained bound to the land, for they were not permitted to leave their villages without a Government Pass. The Lord surrendered a portion of their estates to the peasants, but this did not become property of individual owners, but of the village community as a whole. There were hundreds of riots while the readjustments were taking place. The peasants were compelled by force of arms to accept their ‘Liberty and' pay the land tax which emancipation imposed upon them. FOOTNOTE: Imperial Crown of Russia: 9 lbs. of gold and 32,000 carats of gems, made in 1762 for Catherine the Grate. Shaped like a bishop's mitre, it was created with a cross of diamonds surmounting an enormous uncut ruby - the 389 carat Balal Ruby, which came from 17th century Peking, thirty-eight perfect rosy pearls circled over the crown on either side of the central jeweled arch.

Imperial Crown ======================================================================


1861 ;3 - 10 KOPEK - OBVERSE

1861 ;3 - 10 KOPEK - REVERSE


====================================================================== RUSSIAS, EMPIRE of all the ST.PETERSBURG ====================================================================== 10 KOPEK 17MM .750 FINE 2.07 GRAMS ======================================================================

1861 1862

included with Fedor Blum 5,800,000

¿OV: Crown / Double Headed Imperial Eagle (St. George to right on central shield, with eight shields) / ;3 ¿RV: Crown / w 10 w / 7?Al+7W (Kopeks) / -:- / A.# #. (mintmark) within wreath of laurel and oak tied DATE / E.A with ribbon below. EDGE: Incised zzzzz A.# #. = ST.PETERSBURG MINT: E.A MONEYER: ;3 = Mikhail Ivanou, 1861-63

1863

5,750,000

¿OV: Crown / Double Headed Imperial Eagle (St. George to right on central shield, with eight shields) / !# ¿RV: Crown / w 10 w / 7?Al+7W (Kopeks) / -:- / #. (mintmark) within wreath of laurel and oak tied 1863 / E.A A.# with ribbon below. EDGE: Reeded A.# #. = ST.PETERSBURG MINT: E.A MONEYER: !# = Alexander Belezerov REFERENCE: Y-20

REFERENCE: Y-20 ======================================================================

=====================================================================

Russian carrage

Kremlin in Moscow, Russia

======================================================================

======================================================================


1865 =K - 10 KOPEK - OBVERSE

1865 =K - 10 KOPEK - REVERSE


======================================================================

1864 1865 1866

3,740,000 3,886,513 2,532,500

¿OV: Crown / Double Headed Imperial Eagle (St. George to right on central shield, with eight shields) / =K ¿RV: Crown / w 10 w / 7?Al+7W (Kopeks) / -:- / A.# #. (mintmark) within wreath of laurel and oak tied DATE / E.A with ribbon below. EDGE: Incised zzzzz A.# #. = ST.PETERSBURG MINT: E.A MONEYER: =K = Nicholai Follendorf, 1864-82 REFERENCE: Y-20

Krasnovodsk, Caspian Sea

FOOTNOTE: The 10 kopeks with Moneyer =K were minted between 1864-66 with a fineness of .750 and starting with 1877 through 1882 debased to .500 fine. FOOTNOTE: Russian distinctive rank of classes - The Nobility occupy the highest place in the social scale, enjoy many special privileges, such as freedom from poll-tax, and form in every province a separate body, headed by a marshal, chosen by and from themselves. Till 1871 they were also free from the conscription. Functionaires, officials, artists, and clergy possess almost as many privileges as the nobility. In 1868, a most important measure was passed, by which clerical character was declared to be no longer hereditary, and the sons of the secular clergy, hitherto bound to some ecclesiastic or monastic service, were set free to choose their own career. The next class is that of the merchants. The burghers and peasants constitute the lowest class, and are subject to claims of service and personal taxation. Each class enjoys, to a certain extent, the right of self-administration in its own affairs. Each apportions its taxes, and chooses some of its functionaries. The recent emancipation gave freedom to 20,000,000 peasants or serfs, who prior to year 1861, being governed exclusively by their owners, enjoyed very limited civil rights. Communal government is the fundamental principal of all the rights of the peasant class. In general, the lands allotted to the peasants are not their individual property, but belong to the commune, and are shared among all its members. Library of Universal Knowledge., 1880.

Russian transcaspian railway


1878 =K - 10 KOPEK - OBVERSE

1878 =K - 10 KOPEK - REVERSE

===================================================================== RUSSIAS, EMPIRE of all the ST.PETERSBURG MINT ====================================================================== 10 KOPEK 17MM .500 FINE 1.80 GRAMS ======================================================================

=====================================================================

1877 1878 1880 1881 1882

included with Nicholai Iossa 6,920,000 6,740,000 2,950,000 920,007

¿OV: Crown / Double Headed Imperial Eagle (St. George to right on central shield, with eight shields) / =K ¿RV: Crown / w 10 w / 7?Al+7W (Kopeks) / -:- / A.# #. (mintmark) within wreath of laurel and oak tied DATE / E.A with ribbon below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: E.A.#. = ST.PETERSBURG MONEYER: =K = Nicholai Follendorf, 1864-82 REFERENCE: Y-20

Peter The Great =====================================================================

Batoum on the Black Sea

FOOTNOTE: Krasnovodsk was established in 1870 as a deep water port on the Caspian Sea. It is a starting point from which Russian commerce is penetrating into Central Asia, Persia, Afghanistan and India. The rail line is carried to Merv, Bokhora and Samercand in one direction and to Sarakhs, Herat, Candahar and the frontier of India in the other.


====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: The great city of St. Petersburg, the capital of the Russian Empire situated on the Neva River, not far from the Baltic, at the mouth of the river is the fortifications of Kronstadt, on the Gulf of Finland. Homes on Nobles dot the islands near the city. The country about is composed of swamps and morasses, green woods and fields. The city is a vast plain of two, three, and four story houses, built of brick or stone, plastered with yellow stucco, and roofed with iron plates painted dark brown, many with while chimneys. St. Petersburg is covered with ice and snow throughout the winter. Heat is required from November until May. It is so cold that the houses have double windows, and every room has its enormous porcelain stove. The Great Palace, that red structure on the banks of the Neva, at the end of the Nevsky Prospect, the chief street of the city, is the Winter Palace where the Emperor holds his receptions. The rooms are larger than a good-size house, and its halls are so wide that a team of four-horses and wagon load of hay could turn inside them without touching the walls. It has so many rooms that the Emperor does not know what is going on in all of them; once the servants rented some of them as a stable, and when a great fire occurred, a cow and goat were dragged out with the furniture. The Nevsky Prospect is the widest avenue of St. Petersburg, and its chief business street, with palaces, stores and great bazaars. On the opposite side of the Neva are immense wholesale houses extending for miles along the quays with the river and its canals filled with shipping. St. Petersburg is built on a swamp, formed at the command of Peter the Great, by a people who lived far away from it, in the interior, and who had no reason for building a great city except the command of the Emperor. Determined that his country must have both a seaport and a great navy, shut off by Turkey, which still holds the Bosporus, the only passage from the Black Sea to the Mediterranean, he chose this place on the Gulf of Finland, at the mouth of the Neva. The The land was swampy and covered with woods. Peter’s command went forth that a great stone city spring into being. Piles by the millions were driven down to make the foundation, the river Neva held back by walls of granite, and every Russian subject was called to build the new capital. Every Noble in the Empire was ordered to build a house in St. Petersburg, and every Russian who owned five hundred serfs had to put up a two-story house, no matter whether he lived on the edge of the Caspian Sea or on the border of the Ural Mountains. Every vessel on the Russian rivers and every ship on the Baltic had to bring a load of stones to aid in building the city, and all the peasants near by were ordered to help. Forty thousand men were drafted every year to aid in the work. Criminals from prisons were made to toil under the guns of guards to build the city, less than two hundred years ago. Today, the Emperor has still almost as much power as Peter the Great. He rules largely through cabinet ministers and state council representing the provinces. The Russian Empire has seventy-nine states, each of which has officials appointed by the Czar. Carpenter’s Geographical Reader, 1880. FOOTNOTE: On January 28,1897...at break of day an army of 150,000 individuals left their homes to count the number of people inhabiting an empire which occupies one-sixth of the globe...The first Russian census may be summed up very briefly as follows: The population of the Russian Empire and the Grand Duchy of Finland numbers 129,211,114 souls of whom;

1877 =y - 10 KOPEK - OBVERSE ====================================================================== RUSSIAS, EMPIRE of all the ST.PETERSBURG MINT ====================================================================== 10 KOPEK 17MM .500 FINE 1.80 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879

included with Nicholai Follendorf 6,445,092 4,740,000 3,710,000 3,310,000 4,194,693 2,130,000 2,620,000 2,520,000 3,590,000 4,900,000 2,090,000 included with Nicholai Follendorf 6,890,000

¿OV: Crown / Double Headed Imperial Eagle (St. George to right on central shield, with eight shields) / =y ¿RV: Crown / w 10 w / 7?Al+7W (Kopeks) / -:- / A.# # (mintmark) within wreath of laurel and oak tied DATE / E.A with ribbon below. EDGE: Reeded A.# # = ST.PETERSBURG MINT: E.A

94,188,750 inhabit European Russia 9,442,590 inhabit Poland 9,723,553 inhabit the Caucasus 5,731,732 inhabit Siberia 3,415,174 inhabit the Stepps regions 4,175,101 inhabit Transcaspia and Turkestan 6,413 inhabit Khiva and Boukhara 2,527,801 inhabit Finland

MONEYER: =y( = Nicholai Iossa, 1848-77 REFERENCE: Y-20

H.R.R. 1901


1877 =y - 10 KOPEK - REVERSE

1889 !e - 10 KOPEK - OBVERSE

======================================================================


FOOTNOTE: The revolutionary movement culminated in the assassination of Alexander II in 1881 by a nitroglycerin bomb hurled at his carriage. He was succeeded by his son Alexander III who simply continued his father’s policies. Comptoms Pictured Encyclopedia, Chicago, 1922. ====================================================================== RUSSIAS, EMPIRE of all the ST.PETERSBURG MINT ====================================================================== 10 KOPEK 17MM .500 FINE 1.80 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1883

1,520,008

¿OV: Crown / Double Headed Imperial Eagle (St. George to right on central shield, with eight shields) / )E ¿RV: Crown / w 10 w / 7?Al+7W (Kopeks) / -:- / DATE / E.A.#. (mintmark) within wreath of laurel and oak tied with ribbon below. EDGE: Reeded A.# #. = ST.PETERSBURG MINT: E.A MONEYER: )E = Dmitri Sabanieu 1882-83 REFERENCE: Y-20

1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899

included with Dmitri Sabanieu 1,710,004 1,300,011 2,000,107 4,000,004 2,000,007 5,000,002 3,750,006 3,240,008 4,250,008 4,000,007 1,000,006 2,010,005 3,150,009 6,610,009 14,000,022

¿OV: Crown / Double Headed Imperial Eagle (St. George to right on central shield, with eight shields) / !e ¿RV: Crown / w 10 w / 7?Al+7W (Kopeks) / -:- / A.# #. (mintmark) within wreath of laurel and oak tied DATE / E.A with ribbon below. EDGE: Reeded A.# #. = ST.PETERSBURG MINT: E.A

FOOTNOTE: A fearful famine in eastern Russia, within and beyond the valley of the Volga, was caused in 1899 by an almost unprecedented failure of crops. With the famine came typhus fever, and the tale of suffering and death was one of the most heart-rending of the century.

MONEYER: !e = Appolon Grasgov, 1883-99 REFERENCE: Y-20 POPULATION: Russia - 1890 - 100,372,560 with St.Petersburg with 936,225 inhabitants.


1889 !e - 10 KOPEK - REVERSE

1900 K1 - 10 KOPEK - OBVERSE

======================================================================


FOOTNOTE: Nicholas II succeeded Alexander III on November 1, 1894 as Emperor of all the Russias. He was born at St. Petersburg on May 18, 1868, his mother was Princess Dagmar, a daughter of King Christian IX of Denmark. As Czarevitch he held several military commands in his own country - in the famous Preobrajensky Regiment among others - and in England he had conferred upon him, in 1893, the Order of the Garter. He married the Princess Alix of Hesse-Darmstadt in 1894. Four daughters came first, but a son was born on August 12, 1904, and was named Alexis. The Coronation of the Czar took place with impressive ceremonial at Moscow in May of 1896. And in August of the same year he commenced a tour which included visits to the Emperors of Austria and Germany, to the King of Denmark, to Queen Victoria and to the President of France. He was gifted with linguistic facility of most of his countrymen, and fluently in French, German, Italian and especially English. Neither by upbringing nor by temperament was he fitted for the tasks of Emperor. Alexandria his wife, however had the strength of character he lacked and her influence was great. She sought advise from spiritualists and faith healers including the mystical Rasputin who eventually acquired great power over the Imperial Family. Serious problems at home and impending World War I faced him. He considered all who opposed him, regardless of their views as malicious conspirators. The revolutionary movement grew. Competent ministers and officials were dismissed and replaced by worthless nominees of Rasputin and even after his murder, Nicholas failed to see the ominous warnings. Riots broke out in Petrograd in 1917. The government resigned and the Duma called for the Emperor to abdicate. On March 15th he renounced the throne in favor of his brother Michael who refused the Crown. Nicholas was detained and with his family were moved to Western Siberia. In April of 1918 they were taken to Ekaterinburg in the Urals and in the night of July 30th the last Emperor of Russia and all his family were slaughtered in the cellar of the house where they had been held prisoners. This was the end of the Romanoff Dynasty.

1900 1901

14,000,009 15,000,020

¿OV: Crown / Double Headed Imperial Eagle (St. George to right on central shield, with eight shields) / K1 ¿RV: Crown / * 10 * / 7?Al+7W (Kopeks) / -:- / DATE A.# #. (mintmark) within wreath of laurel and oak tied with / E.A ribbon below. EDGE: Reeded A.# #. = ST.PETERSBURG MINT: E.A MONEYER: K1 = Felix Zaleman REFERENCE: Y-20 ======================================================================

FOOTNOTE: Few of the Russian peasants own land themselves, but usually a group of them forms a village community, or Mir, which owns or rents the land and divides it among the villagers, for their temporary use. Geography, H.Justin Roddy, New York, 1902.


1900 K1 - 10 KOPEK - REVERSE

1903 !C -10 KOPEK - OBVERSE

======================================================================

====================================================================== RUSSIAS, EMPIRE of all the ST.PETERSBURG MINT ====================================================================== 10 KOPEK 17MM .500 FINE 1.80 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905

included with Felix Zaleman 17,000,009 28,500,005 20,000,010 25,000,000

¿OV: Crown / Double Headed Imperial Eagle (St. George to right on central shield, with eight shields) / !C ¿RV: Crown / w 10 w / 7?Al+7W (Kopeks) / -:- / A.# #. (mintmark) within wreath of laurel and oak tied DATE / E.A with ribbon below. EDGE: Reeded

The Trans-Siberian railway

A.# #. = ST.PETERSBURG MINT: E.A MONEYER: !C = Alexander Redko REFERENCE: Y-20

======================================================================

Peasant thatch hut ======================================================================

======================================================================

Remote Siberian village ======================================================================


1903 !C -10 KOPEK - REVERSE

1910 ]# - 10 KOPEK - OBVERSE

====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: The Trans-Siberian Railway - On November 3, 1901, the section of the Trans-Siberian Railway built westward along the Amur from Khabarovsk, north of Vladivostok, was connected with the branch built eastward from Sryetensk, and complete rail connection between St. Petersburg and Vladivostok was thus established, except for the branch road around the end of Lake Bakal. A transfer ferry carries the Express train across the lake at present. The Trans-Siberian Line was begun in the spring of 1891 and was completed as far east as Irkutsk in 1898. The eastern section, however, was much the most difficult part of the work, and construction has been slow. The completed line is 5,545 miles in length, over thirty miles of the distance consisting of bridges. The trip from London to Shanghai may be made over this overland route in 21 days at a cost of about $160. The present service provides two express trains a week from Moscow, a through ticket to Vladivostok costing about $50, first class. International Yearbook, N.Y. 1901.

====================================================================== RUSSIAS, EMPIRE of all the ST.PETERSBURG MINT ====================================================================== 10 KOPEK 17MM .500 FINE 1.80 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1899 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913

included with Appolon Gasgov 17,500,015 20,000,009 8,210,009 25,290,011 20,000,009 19,180,011 20,000,008 7,250,017 scarce

¿OV: Crown / Double Headed Imperial Eagle (St. George to right on central shield, with eight shields) / ]# ¿RV: Crown / w 10 w / 7?Al+7W (Kopeks) / -:- / A.# #. (mintmark) within wreath of laurel and oak tied DATE / E.A with ribbon below. EDGE: Reeded A.# #. = ST.PETERSBURG MINT: E.A MONEYER: ]# = Elikum Babayontz REFERENCE: Y-20 POPULATION: 1912 - 168,000,000 with capital St.Petersburg with 1,500,000 inhabitants.

Merchants of Bokhara ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - RUSSIA - PAGE 453

1910 ]# -10 KOPEK - REVERSE

1913 %E -10 KOPEK - OBVERSE

======================================================================


FOOTNOTE: At Siedlce, a town of Russian Poland about fifty-five miles southeast of Warsaw, on September 8 and 9, 1906, there occurred a pogrom, or massacre of Jews, which for atrocity and destruction of life surpassed even the slaughters of Kishinev and Bialystok. As in all cases of attack on civilians by the military in Russia, the police and troops charged the terrorists and Jews with first attacking them, and assert that they simply defended themselves. It remains true, however, according to all reports, that there was a concerted massacre by the soldiers and police of Jews and all Christians who refused or neglected to hang out icons from their windows. Governor-General Skallon refused to put a stop to the slaughter unless the leaders of the Bund, or Jewish Revolutionary Order, were delivered up to him. He even telegraphed to St. Petersburg for permission to use artillery. A cordon of troops was put around the city, and the Jews and Poles endeavoring to escape were driven back and shot down without mercy. More than two hundred Jews were killed and thousands flogged, wounded, and imprisoned. The troops then looted the liquor shops and plundered right and left. The city became a scene of wild disorder, which afterward spread to Warsaw. Wahre Jacob, Stuttgart, 1906. ======================================================================

1913 1914

included with Elikum Babayontz 51,250,015

¿OV: Crown / Double Headed Imperial Eagle (St. George to right on central shield, with eight shields) / %E ¿RV: Crown / w 10 w / 7?Al+7W (Kopeks) / -:- / A.# #. (mintmark) within wreath of laurel and oak tied DATE / E.A with ribbon below. EDGE: Reeded A.# #. = ST.PETERSBURG MINT: E.A MONEYER: %E = Victor Smirnov, 1913-17 REFERENCE: Y-20 ======================================================================

Russian truck wagon ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - RUSSIA - PAGE 454

1913 %E - 10 KOPEK - REVERSE


======================================================================

====================================================================== RUSSIAS, EMPIRE of all the OSAKA MINT ====================================================================== 10 KOPEK 17MM .500 FINE 1.80 GRAMS ======================================================================

FOOTNOTE: In October of 1906 a decree was issued permitting the peasants to leave their village community and seek employment elsewhere. On November 25th the common ownership of village communities was abolished allowing the peasants to become owners of their allotment, which was finally achieved by Law of June 27, 1910. FOOTNOTE: St. Petersburg the name of the Imperial capital city was changed to Petrograd on September 1, 1914., Its population 1915 - 2,318,645. ======================================================================

1916

70,001,000

¿OV: Crown / Double Headed Imperial Eagle (St. George to right on central shield, with eight shields). ¿RV: Crown / w 10 w / 7?Al+7W (Kopeks) / -:- / 1916 ,within wreath of laurel and oak tied with ribbon below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = OSAKA REFERENCE: Y-20 FOOTNOTE: This large one year issue dated 1916 was struck at the Japanese Imperial Mint, Osaka, without mintmark.

1919 Russian Arms

FOOTNOTE: There is an interesting story about the 1917 - 10 kopeks - During the 1967 Canadian EXPO in Montreal the Soviet Exhibit displayed and offered for sale certain Russian silver coins from the period before the Revolution under the Czars. It seems that in 1917 all the silver coins held by the Russian people were called in to the central bank. In recent years some of these coins had been put up for sale and export by a Soviet Trading Company. As the story continues, this Russian Exhibit was selling these coins at a very high price and ungraded as related to the numismatic market. However a knowledgeable coin dealer noticed that the coins offered for sale contained the rare 1917- 10 and 20 kopecks. So as a result they 'cherry-picked' these dates without the Russians noticing. This may be referred to as the Expo Hoard. Most of the 1917 10 kopecks showing up on the market since 1967 have come from Canada. There is another speculation regarding this long noted rare date, i.e. that there are millions still in the vaults at the Kremlin.



1916 - 10 KOPEK - REVERSE

====================================================================== RUSSIAS, EMPIRE of all the PETROGRAD MINT ====================================================================== 10 KOPEK 17MM .500 FINE 1.80 GRAMS ======================================================================

======================================================================

1915 1916 1917

82,500,000 121,500,000 17,580,000

1917 - 10 KOPEK from the collection of Alex Redichevich ======================================================================

scarce

¿OV: Crown / Double Headed Imperial Eagle (St. George to right on central shield, with eight shields) / %E ¿RV: Crown / w 10 w / 7?Al+7W (Kopeks) / -:- / DATE ,within wreath of laurel and oak tied with ribbon below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = PETROGRAD MONEYER: %E = Victor Smirnov, 1913-17 REFERENCE: Y-20 ====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: Bread riots broke out in Petrograd (the Slavic name given to St. Petersburg at the opening of World War I) in March 1917 as there was a scarcity of food in Russian cities. The Czar hastening back to Petrograd from the front was forced to sign his and his son’s abdication in favor of his brother, Grand Duke Michael. Michael refused with the authorization of a Constitutional Assembly and thus the Romanoff who had ruled Russia for three centuries came to an end. With the change of the name from St. PetersA.# #. mintmark was eliminated. burg to Petrograd the E.A

1917 -10 KOPEK - OBVERSE ======================================================================

FOOTNOTE: In 1917 Russia possessed only a little more than 45,000 miles of railroad - less than one-fifth the mileage of the United States. Comptoms Pictured Encyclopedia, Chicago, 1922.


1917 -10 KOPEK - REVERSE ====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: The name of St. Petersburg was changed in late 1914 at the outbreak of the First World War to a non-teutonic name Petrograd because St. Petersburg was too “Germanic” sounding. This name was retained after the fall of the Empire and until the death of Lenin in March 1924, at which time it was changed in his honor to Leningrad.The mintmark was dropped from the coinage, for the last three years of World War I.The last coins struck under the authority of the Imperial Russian Government were dated 1917 were struck in late 1916 but not released, the Soviet Government which recalled all silver coinage has exported to the west Imperial coinage including an occasional 1917 dated coin. With the recent breakup of the Soviet Union, the name of the city has again reverted to St. Petersberg.

Russian Soviet 1922 ======================================================================

FOOTNOTE: The Nevsky Prospekt is one of the world's famous streets. Its name means "view of the Neva" in Petrograd, U.S.S.R. ======================================================================

Nevsky Prospekt, Petrograd

Russian peasants

======================================================================

======================================================================




====================================================================== RUSSIAN SOVIET FEDERATED SOCIALIST REPUBLIC PETROGRAD MINT ====================================================================== 10 KOPEK 18MM .500 FINE 1.80 GRAMS ======================================================================

======================================================================

1921 1922 1923

950,000 18,640,138 33,424,279

¿OV: Soviet emblems (Hammer and Sickle over Sunburst, within wreath of wheat within inner circle, on panel below C.E.K.E.C. Russian for R S F S R = RUSSIAN SOVIET FEDERATED SOCIALIST REPUBLIC, inscription (AC?A+G!C33 %E+M EGC!=, E?+)3=a5G+E[! = Proleatiary Vschech Stran Seidniates! = Workers from all over the World coming together!) around. ¿RV: Starburst at top, 10 / 7?A++7 (Kopeks) / DATE, within inner circle of pearls, within wreath of laurel and oak, within outer circle of pearls. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = PETROGRAD REFERENCE: Y-80, H-501 POPULATION: Russian Republic - 1921 - 113,508,707

FOOTNOTE: Soviet emblems: The hammer and sickle are symbols of the two labor groups; industrial workers and agricultural workers. The sunburst symbolize the New Golden Era breaking forth and the spreading of Communistic ideology through the World, Red Star above. FOOTNOTE: Following the signing of a peace treaty with Poland on October 12, 1920, the Soviet government continued in control in spite of various attempts at counter revolutions. The degree to which communistic principles, including nationalization and the prohibition of private capital was enforced, was materially modified however by a decree issued in March 1921. This was found necessary on account of the absolute collapse of the economic system of the country under Bolshevik rule. In 1921-2 a great famine prevailed throughout the wheat growing portions of the country. FOOTNOTE: By 1922 paper money had depreciated to a point where it was practically valueless. The circulation on July 1, 1922 totaled the almost unimaginable sum of 271,236,000,000,000 rubles. New Universities Encyclopedia, N.Y. 1924. FOOTNOTE: The Fifth Congress of the Third International opened in Moscow June 18, 1924. Zinoviev, President of the International, pointed out in his opening address that in every country except Russia, Communism was losing ground. He stated that in the United States of America the number of Communists had dropped from 20,000 to 5,000, in England from 10,000 to 3,000, in France from 130,000 to 100,000 and in Germany from 300,000 to 250,000. Russia alone showed a gain, an increase from 430,000 to 600,000 due chiefly to a special drive for membership among workmen and peasants. The Union of Socialist Soviet Republics has four main constituent units; the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, Ukrania, Transcaucasia and White Russia. The first unit includes the greater part of European Russia and all Siberia and has a population of over 100,000,000. It includes ten Autonomous Affiliated Republics and eleven Autonomous Regions. The Republics are Bashkir, Tartar, Kirgiz, Gorsk, Daghestan, Turkestan, Crimea, Yakut, Karelian and Buriat-Mongolian.




====================================================================== UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS LENINGRAD MINT ====================================================================== 10 KOPEK 17MM .500 FINE 1.80 GRAMS ======================================================================

====================================================================== The Communist party in Russia was in reality an extra-constitutional government. Although it included less than seven million members out of Russia's one hundred and sixty millions of people, it controlled practically all offices. It was rigorously organized, from local cell to central committee, and included only active workers with a definite goal. More far-reaching than the changes in the political system was the revolution in Russian economics effected by the Bolshevists during the early years of the regime. Prevention of capitalist exploitation of the workers, and state ownership of all lands, forests, and minerals, as well as all means of production and distribution, were fundamental concepts. The government immediately after the November Revolution, took over all land. The peasants thought that land nationalization meant that they themselves would take over the great estates of the crown, church, and nobility. They resisted the Bolshevist attempt to deliver to the state all grain over and above a minimum for family use and seed. Although they used armed force at times, the peasants' most effective weapon was the passive policy of reducing crops. The Communists were faced with famine and discontent spread over the land, so the Bolshevists, under their leader, Lenin, instituted changes in the original economic system. University of Knowledge.

1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931

67,350,886 101,013,313 u/m u/m u/m 64,900,000 163,424,218 8,790,765

rare

¿OV: Soviet emblems (Star / Hammer and Sickle over World / Sunburst, within wreath of wheat with ribbon around lower part) within inner circle open above E.E.E.C. (Union of Soviet Socialist Republic) below. Inscription (AC?A+G!C33 %E+M EGC!=, E?+)3=a5G+E[! = Workers from all over the World coming together) around. ¿RV: Large 10 / 7?A++7 (Kopeks) / DATE / . (dot) within wreath of wheat. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = LENINGRAD REFERENCE: Y-86, H-502, Guide Book of Russian Coins by Robert Harris, Santa Cruz, 1971 Russian silver Coinage 1796-1917, R.W.Julian, Logansport, Indiana, 1993 Russian Coins 1700-1917, V.V.Uzdenikov, Moscow, 1992 POPULATION: Soviet Union - 1930 - 157,611,300

Plaza of the Martyrs of the Revolution

LENINGRAD, U.S.S.R.



SAN MARINO

======================================================================

======================================================================



====================================================================== SAN MARINO, REPUBLIC of ROME MINT ====================================================================== 50 CENTESIMI 18MM .835 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ======================================================================

======================================================================

1898

40,000

¿OV: Crowned shield within a wreath of laurel and oak / on ribbon: LIBERTAS (Liberty) RESPVBLICA S. MARINI (Republic of San Marino) around / S below. ÀRV: 50 / CENTESIMI / 1898 within wreath of laurel tied with ribbon below / R (mintmark) below. EDGE: Plain MINT: R = ROME ENGRAVER: S = Filippo Speranza, Chief Engraver, Rome mint.

FOOTNOTE: San Marino is the smallest sovereign state in the World located inland within Eastern Italy with only 24 square miles in area, on the borders of the Provinces of Forli and Urbino, near the Adriatic coast. Although San Marino has always been a Republic there is a crown in its Coat of Arms. It is the oldest state in Europe and the last surviving representative of the Italian Republics. At the head of the government are two Captains Regent elected for six months. There is a militia of 950 men. The town of San Marino is protected by a wall. It occupies the crest of a rocky hill 2200 feet in height, known as Monte Titano, and is accessible only by the road from Rimini.The principal inhabitants, however reside in the hamlet of Il Borgo, at its foot. Cattle-raising and wine production are the chief occupations. Population c.1895 of San Marino Republic - 7840 and of the town about 1200. New Cabinet Cyclopeadia,Phila., 1896. FOOTNOTE: Filippo Speranza, Chief Engraver at the Rome mint, was born at San Marino del Cimino in 1839 and became an apprentice at the Vatican mint in 1863. Having achieved the position of Engraver at the Papal mint in 1869, he was appointed Chief Engraver at Rome in 1870. This position he retained until 1903.

REFERENCE: Y-3, CT-798, KM-3 Prezzario Monete Coniate in Italia by G.Cermentini G.Toders, Firenze, 1970 The Coinage of the Republic of San Marino and the State of Vatican City by S.A.M.LeLoux, Amsterdam 1967.

FOOTNOTE: San Marino - Embraced in the area of Italy is the independent Republic of San Marino, which claims to be the oldest State in Europe. The frontier line is 24 miles in length, area 24 square miles, and population (1915) 11,513. The chief exports are wine, cattle and stone. A new treaty of friendship with the Kingdom of Italy was concluded in 1907. San Marino has bronze and silver currency coined in Italy: 210,000 lire in silver and 119,000 lire in bronze. The Statesman's Year-Book, London, 1916.

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - SAN MARINO - PAGE 460


SARAWAK

======================================================================

======================================================================



====================================================================== SARAWAK, SULTANATE of BIRMINGHAM MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTS 18MM .800 FINE 2.71 GRAMS ======================================================================

======================================================================

1900 1906 1910 1911 1913 1915

150,000 50,000 50,000 100,000 100,000 100,000

¿OV: Head of Charles Johnson Brooke, facing left, C. BROOK RAJAH above / • SARAWAK • below. ÀRV: Large 10 within rope circle knotted at the bottom, TEN • DATE • CENTS around / H (mintmark) below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: H = THE MINT, BIRMINGHAM, LTD. ENGRAVER: Joseph Moore REFERENCE: Y-10, SC-15, SR10, KM-9 POPULATION: 1900 - 500,000 FOOTNOTE: Both issues of the 10 cents coins of Sarawak were ordered from The Mint, Birmingham, Ltd. The coinage of Sarawak corresponded to similar silver subsidiary coins used by Crown Colonies of Hong Kong and Straits Settlements.

FOOTNOTE: Sir James Brooke (1803-66), Rajah of Sarawak, was born at Coombe Grove, near Bath, on April 29, 1803, his father being in the service of the East India Company. After being educated at Norwich, he entered the East India Army in 1819, and after being seriously wounded in the Burmese War, he finally quieted the service in 1830. While traveling in the East he conceived the idea of putting down the plague of piracy in the beautiful islands of the Eastern Archipelago and bringing the blessing of civilization to the inhabitants. Needless to say, no one but a very remarkable man, and one filled with the spirit of adventure, would have ever thought seriously of carrying out such a project, but Brooke tried and succeeded. Inheriting 30,000 British pounds on his fathers death in 1835, he equipped a yacht, carefully trained his crew, and after preliminary cruises, sailed in October 1838 for Sarawak, on the North West coast of Borneo. On arrival he found some of the native tribes in revolt against the Sultan of Borneo. He assisted in putting down the rebellion, and was rewarded with the Title of Rajah of Sarawak. He immediately set to work to reform the province and his excellent government soon brought civilization and prosperity in its train. He pursued vigorous methods against the pirates, and the rigor of his crusade brought him into trouble with the British House of Commons, and he was charged with receiving ‘Head-Money’ for the pirates that were slain, but after inquiry he was exonerated. He was appointed Governor of Labuan when that Island was purchased by the British Government. He received the Honorary Decree of D.C.L. from Oxford and was created K.C.B. in 1848. In 1842 Muda Hassim, Sultan of Brunei, ceded Sarawak, an area of 42,000 square miles situated in northwest Borneo to Sir James Brooke. Rajah Sir Charles Johnson Brooke, who married the sister of explorer Harry deWindt succeeded his uncle in 1868. Sarawak a Malay Sultanate under British protection is located on the north coast of the Island of Borneo. The title of Rajah, the Hindu title for king, was conferred on Sir James Brooke by Rajah Muda Hassim.

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - SARAWAK - PAGE 461



====================================================================== SARAWAK, SULTANATE of BIRMINGHAM MINT ====================================================================== 10 CENTS 17.4MM .400 FINE 2.71 GRAMS ======================================================================

======================================================================

1920

150,000

¿OV: Head of Charles Vyner Brooke, facing right C. V. BROOK RAJAH above / • SARAWAK • below. ÀRV: Large 10 within rope circle knotted at the bottom, TEN • 1920 • CENTS around / H (mintmark) below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: H = THE MINT, BIRMINGHAM, LTD. REFERENCE: Y-19, SC-16, SR15, KM-15 The British Commonwealth of Nation, Part 2, Asian Territories, F. Pridmore, London, 1965 A Numismatic History of The Birmingham Mint, James O. Sweeny, Birmingham,Englan, 1981 POPULATION: 1920 - 600,000 FOOTNOTE: Sir James Brooke was succeeded by his nephew Sir Charles Johnson Brooke on June 11, 1868, who in turn passed the title to his son Sir Charles Vyner Brooke. Sir Charles Johnson Brooke married Margaret Alice Lily deWindt in 1869. FOOTNOTE: Population of Sarawak is estimated at 500,000, Malays, Dyaks, Kayans, Kenyahs, and Muruts, with Chinese and other settlers. The capital, Kuching, about 23 miles inland, on the Sarawak River. The revenue is derived chiefly from Customs and the opium, gambling, arrack and pawn farms. Imports; tobacco, salt, kerosene oil, wines, and spirits. Exports; sago, gambier, pepper, all jungle produce, dried fish, etc. Trade is mostly with Singapore. Round Kuching are about 45 miles of roads besides bridle paths. The Statesman's Year-Book, London, 1916..

FOOTNOTE: Sir James Brooke, a bachelor, had for many years been helped in the government of Sarawak by his two nephews. Charles Johnson, the second of these devoted his whole life to the service of the people of Sarawak. He first visited Sarawak in 1844 and a few years later left the Royal Navy to join his uncle in Sarawak as a District Officer. He had the unusual combination of character of a fighting man and an administrator. Taking part in many military excursions into the jungle against head-hunters he displayed bravery, resource and leadership and the unbound respect of the native Malayans and Duaks. As Sir James Brooke grew older, he gave Charles greater responsibilities. When the Rajah left Sarawak for the last time, Charles Johnson was appointed Head of Administration. He changed his name to Brooke and when the news of James Brooke’s death reached Kuching, he was proclaimed the Second Rajah in 1868. He continued th rule Sarawak in the spirit of benevolent autocracy. His government remained popular with the natives. In 1883 and in 1885 Sultan Mumin sold additional territory to the Rajah. Additional provinces came under the rule of the Rajah in 1890 and again in 1905. The little state of Brunei with population of 40,000 was the only area to remain independent, with Sarawak on one side and North Borneo on the other. Charles Johnson Brooke, ruled Sarawak until 1917, when he was succeeded by his eldest son, Charles Vyner Brooke. Charles Vyner Brooke was born September 26, 1874. New International Encyclopdria, 1910. FOOTNOTE: Sarawak, the English name from the Malay-Sarakaw meaning the cove or bay is situated on the west and north-west side of the Island of Borneo, and has a coast-line of about 300 miles, and an undefined semicircular sweep inland, area about 40,000 square miles. The soil, consisting generally of black vegetable mold, is peculiarly adapted to the sugar-cane, which grows readily even without cultivation; but the more important vegetable productions are cocoa-nuts, rice, and sago. The minerals include gold, antimony, and quicksilver, and diamonds are also found. The original inhabitants are Duaks, but are now very much intermixed with Malays and Chinese. New Cabinet Cyclopaedia, Phila., 1896. FOOTNOTE: The currency of Sarawak is based on the Straits Settlements currency, 1 dollar = 2s.4d. The Statesman's YearBook, London, 1916.

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - SARAWAK - PAGE 462


SAUDI ARABIA

======================================================================

======================================================================

1936 - AH 1354 - 1/4 RIYAL - OBV

1936 - AH 1354 -1/4 RIYAL - REV

====================================================================== SAUDI ARABIA, KINGDOM of BIRMINGHAM MINT ====================================================================== 1/4 RIYAL 19.5MM .916 FINE 2.916 GRAMS ======================================================================

======================================================================

(1936) (1937)

AH 1354 AH 1354

100,000 800,000

frozen date

¿OV: Arabic inscription in thuluth style (The King of Kingdom of Saudi Arabia) within inner circle of pearls, arabic inscription Abdul Aziz Son of Adul Rahman, Son of Al Sand/ Ali / palm trees divided by shield with crossed swards within. ¿RV: Arabic inscription (Struck In Makkah Al-Mu Kavma, ¼ of Saudi Arabia riyal) / PRTS (AH 1354) / Ali, within inner circle of pearls / palm trees divided by shield / ¼ (for denomination) EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = THE MINT, BIRMINGHAM, LTD. ENGRAVER: ALI = Unknown

FOOTNOTE: Ibn Saud, ‘Abd al-’Aziz III, King of Saudi Arabia 19321953. Ibn Saud assumed the title of Sultan in 1921 and six years later gave up this title to become King of the Najd and the Hejaz. On September 22, 1932 the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia was formed. A historic meeting between President Franklin D. Roosevelt and King ‘Abd al-’Aziz took place on an American cruiser anchored in Great Bitter Lake in the Suez Canal February, 1945. ‘Abd al-’Aziz died November 9, 1953, his son Crown Prince Sa’ud became King. FOOTNOTE: Bedouins, “dwellers in the deserts”, are Arabs who lead a nomadic life. The desert of Arabia is their chief place of abode. They are found from the western boundary of Persia to the Atlantic, and from the mountains of Kurdistan to the Sudan. They are lean, sinewy, and active. Their senses, especially that of sight, are keen, the nose is commonly aquiline, and their complexions are of various shades of brown With the exception of certain tribes in Syria, the Bedouins are professedly Mohammedans. Their diet is principally derived from their herds, but includes rice, a few vegetables, honey, locusts, and lizards. The Bediuins manufacture their own woolen clothing. Many tribes shave the head, but among all a beard is preferred. One or more families form a tribe. Out of their number the superior ‘Sheik’ is elected, who leads those of the tribe that choose to follow the life of a nomad. New Standard Encyclopedia, 1910.

REFERENCE: Y-18, SA10, KM-16 FOOTNOTE: January 24, 1928 Saudi Arabia established a monetary system based on the Saudi riyal, crown size and valued at 1/ 10 of a British sovereign. A new riyal was issued in 1936 weighing 11.66 grams with subsidiary coins; 1/2 riyal and 1/4 riyal. Arabs of the desert had for many years only used the Austrian Maria Theresa Thaler or Levant dollar with its frozen date 1780. These crown size trade coins were the only true medium of exchange.

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - SAUDI ARABIA - PAGE 463

1954 - AH 1374 - 1/4 RIYAL - OBV

1954 - AH 1374 -1/4 RIYAL - REV

====================================================================== SAUDI ARABIA, KINGDOM of LONDON MINT ====================================================================== 1/4 RIYAL 19.5MM .916 FINE 2.916 GRAMS ======================================================================

======================================================================

(1954)

AH 1374 4,000,000

¿OV: Arabic inscription (King of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia).above, / arabic inscription Abdul Aziz Son of Adbul Rahman Son of Al Saud, within inner circle of pearls / palm trees divided by shield with crossed swards, below. ¿RV: Arabic inscription (Struck In Makkah Al-Mu Kavma, ¼ of Saudi Arabia riyal) / PRVS (AH 1374)/ Ali, within inner circle of pearls / palm trees divided by shield / ¼ (for denomination) EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = Royal Mint, LONDON

Arabs before the oil

ENGRAVER: ALI = Unknown REFERENCE: Y-26, KM-37 FOOTNOTE: Saudi symbols; the sword, always unsheathed, symbolizes strength in faith, the date palm, which traditionally supplied the main agricultural crop of Saudi Arabia, is emblematic of vitality and growth. FOOTNOTE: Ibn Saud I, ‘Abd al-’aziz IV, King of Saudi Arabia succeeded his father upon his death in 1954. His brother Prince Faisal was named Crown Prince. In 1960 King Sa’ud’s health began to deteriorate and in 1961 he made the first of several trips abroad for medical treatment with Faisal asked to take over the direction of the government. He was deposed by the Royal Family in 1964 and succeeded by his brother Faisal.

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - SAUDI ARABIA - PAGE 464


SERBIA

======================================================================

======================================================================

1875 - 50 PARA - OBVERSE

1875 - 50 PARA - REVERSE

====================================================================== SERBIA, PRINCIPALITY of VIENNA MINT ====================================================================== 50 PARA 18MM .835 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ======================================================================

======================================================================

1875

a

======================================================================

2,000,000

¿OV: Head of Obrenovich IV (no mustache), facing left, ;3)!= ;. ?#C+=?%3k IV. 7=[!1 ECAE73 (Milan M. Obrenovich IV, Prince of Serbia) around / A.S. under bust. ¿RV: Crown / 50 / A!C! (para) / 1875 within wreath of laurel and oak tied with ribbon below. EDGE: Plain MINT: (no mintmark) = VIENNA DESIGNER: A.S. = Anton Scharff TYPE: I - No mustache REFERENCE: Y-4, KM-4

1879 - 50 PARA - OBVERSE ======================================================================

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - SERBIA - PAGE 465

======================================================================

1879 - 50 PARA - REVERSE ====================================================================== SERBIA, PRINCIPALITY of VIENNA MINT ====================================================================== 50 PARA 18MM .835 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1879

600,000

¿OV: Head of Obrenovich IV (with mustache), facing left, ;3)!= ;. ?#C+=?%3k IV. 7=[!1 ECAE73 (Milan M. Obrenovich IV, Prince of Serbia) around / TASSET under bust. ¿RV: Crown / 50 / A!C! (para) / 1879 within wreath of laurel and oak tied with ribbon below. EDGE: Plain MINT: (no mintmark) = VIENNA DESIGNER: TASSET = Erneste Paulin Tasset TYPE: II - With mustache REFERENCE: Y-4A, KM-4A Katalog Novca Srbije I Crne Gore 1868-1918 by Vojislav Glogonjac and Dragoslav Glogonjac, Beograd, 1973. POPULATION: Serbia - 1892 - 1,940,000 with capital Belgrade with 37,000 inhabitants. FOOTNOTE: Of the five issues of 50 para of Serbia, three were ordered from the Vienna mint, one form Kremnitz,and the last was struck at the Paris mint. Listings are in date order. FOOTNOTE: The 1875 issue of the 50 para was the first silver coin of Serbia, after the adoption of the Standards of the Latin Monetary Union with a dinar equal to the French franc. 100 para equal the dinar.

Milan M. Obrenovich IV ====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: Milan M. Obrenovich IV abdicated on March 6, 1889 in favor of his only child, Alexander who at the age of 13 became King of Serbia. Alexander dispensed with the Regency in 1893 and began at once to act the Autocrat. In 1894 he recalled his father to assist him against his radical ministers, and by proclamation restored their full privileges to his father and mother, Nathalie. On May 21st he abolished the liberal Constitution of 1889, restored that of 1869. In 1900 he married Draga Mashin, in defiance of his father’s wishes. Milan was once more exiled, and Alexander began a period of high-handed personal rule which aroused intense hostility among the most influential persons in the kingdom. The attempt of Queen Draga to impose upon the people the belief that an heir to the throne was in prospect increased the popular dislike. In April, 1903, King Alexander abrogated the Constitution, changed the ministry and the laws, and then restored the mutilated Constitution to operation. This was a process attended with some peril in a country where liberalism and even republicanism had been growing. A conspiracy was formed by leading officers of the army, and on June 11th the Palace was entered, and the King, Queen, two brothers, and two of the cabinet were assassinated. A Provisional Government of Liberals was formed and the family of Karageorgevich, the rivals of the House of Obrenovich, was restored in the person of Prince Peter, then living in exile in Geneva. For a number of years there was conflict between the party of the regicides and those who insisted on their punishment. Great Britain, which would not enter diplomatic communication with the King until the murderers of his predecessor had been removed from Court, resumed official relations in 1906. New International Encyclopedia, 1910. FOOTNOTE: In 1875 the daughter of a Russian colonel, named Nathalie Kehsho married Prince Milan of Serbia. In 1888 his quarrels with his Queen and his personal vices deprived him of all prestige and King Milan procured an illegal divorce. After King Milan’s abdication on March 6, 1889 she returned to Belgrade, withdrawing again in 1891. She became reconciled to King Milan in 1893 and was restored to all her rights. After the assassination of Alexander, she lived in retirement.


FOOTNOTE: The 1875 and the 1879 issue of 50 para were for a long period of time identified as one type even though they were engraved by two different designers. Several years ago it was noted that the major difference was that the 1875 issue by A. Scharff was an earlier portrait of Prince Milan before he grew a mustache and that the 1879 issued was with a mustache. This is quite unique in coinage designs, as rarely has the portrait of male rulers been changed, while it is very common to show small changes when it comes to female rulers shown on coinage. FOOTNOTE: Milan M.Obrenovich IV was born August 22, 1854 at Jassy, in Moldavia, and was a member of the Obrenovich family, then in exile. His great-uncle, Michael the reigning Prince of Serbia, adopted him when he was left an orphan and sent him in 1864 to Paris to be educated. On May 29,1868 Prince Michael Obrenovich III was murdered in the park of Topcider. Milan returned in 1868 upon the assassination of Michael and succeeded him as ruling Prince. Unlike other European Royalty Obrenovich Princesses were numbered according to their place in the dynastic succession. Milan M.Obrenovich IV at the age of 14 became Prince of Serbia, being under the direction of a Regency of ministers until 1872, when he assumed full authority. In 1876, yielding to popular clamor, Milan rebelled against Turkish sovereignty, and placed a Russian General, Tchernayef, at the head of the Serbian Army, openly declaring war. But Tchernayef was defeated and Serbia was saved only by the intervention of Russia. While Russia was defeating Turkey in the War of 1877-8, Milan seized a favorable opportunity and again revolted, this time, successfully. Serbia became an independent state in 1878, and Milan proclaimed King in 1882. His reign was a political storm. Leaning toward Austrian influence which looked to internal improvements in Serbia, the King devoted himself to railway construction, the development of natural resources, and army reorganization on the basis of compulsory enlistment. In March 1889, apparently with no reason, Milan suddenly abdicated in favor of his son Alexander, then twelve years old. He resided for a time in Paris. But returned in 1894 to advise Alexander when he was proclaimed King and allowed to remain in the Royal household. In 1898 he was appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Serbian Army. In 1875 Milan married Nathalie Ketchko, of Moldavia, who bore him on child, Alexander. She won the love of the Serbians, and it was the divorcing of her in 1888 after conjugal differences arising from his orgies, which became public scandals, that is considered the cause of his abdication. They were nominally reconciled and the decree of divorce annulled in 1893. Milan died in Vienna, February 11, 1901. International Year Book, New York, 1901.

1904 - 50 PARA - OBVERSE ======================================================================

FOOTNOTE: Serbia, an independent Kingdom of Eastern Europe, bound north by Austria-Hungary, from which it is separated by the Save River and the Danube; east by Romania and Bulgaria; south by Turkey; and west by Bosnia. Population of Serbia in 1891 was 2,162,759. The climate is somewhat rigorous in the elevated districts, but mild in the valleys and plains. There are extensive forests and uncultivated wastes, the forest area being forty two percent of the total area. The chief agricultural products are maize, wheat, flax, hemp, and tobacco. Wine is grown in the districts adjoining Hungary, and the cultivation of prunes is extensive. Lead, zinc, quicksilver, copper, iron, and coal are found. Manufactures include carpet-weaving, embroidery, jewelry, and filigree work. The principal exports are prunes, pigs, wool, wheat, wine, hides, cattle, and horses; imports’ cotton, sugar, colonial goods, hardware, etc. There are 340 miles of railway and 1800 miles of telegraph. New Cabinet Cyclopaedia,1896. FOOTNOTE: Population - in 1910, 382,882 lived in towns, and 2,528,819 lived in the country, 2,890,602 were Serbian subjects, and 21,086 were foreigners, of whom 5,518 were Hungarians, 6,060 Turkish, and 6,605 Austrian subjects; Of the Gipsies, 27,846 speak Serbian, 4,700 Rumanian, 181 Turkish, and 13,412 Hungarians. Serbia is an agricultural country, where almost every peasant cultivates his own freehold. The holdings vary in size from 10 to 30 acres mostly. The Statesman's Year-Book, London, 1916.

Peter I King of Serbia ======================================================================


====================================================================== SERBIA, KINGDOM of KREMNITZ MINT ====================================================================== 50 PARA 18MM .835 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1912 (1913)

800,004

¿OV: Head of Peter I, facing right, A+G!C I 7C!J[ EC#3J+ (Peter I King of Serbia) around / SCHWARTZ under bust. ¿RV: Crown / 50 / A!C! (para) / 1912 within wreath of laurel and oak tied with ribbon below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = KREMNITZ DESIGNER: SCHWARTZ = Prof. Stephan Schwartz REFERENCE: Y-19, KM-24 ======================================================================

1904 - 50 PARA - REVERSE ====================================================================== SERBIA, KINGDOM of VIENNA MINT ====================================================================== 50 PARA 18MM .835 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1904 (1904)

1,400,031

¿OV: Head of Peter I, facing right, A+G!C I 7C!J[ EC#3J+ (Peter I King of Serbia) around / SCHWARTZ under bust. ¿RV: Crown / 50 / A!C! (para) / 1904 within wreath of laurel and oak tied with ribbon below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = VIENNA DESIGNER: SCHWARTZ = Prof. Stephan Schwartz (of the Vienna School of Arts where he was Professor of Sculpture and Modal Engraving.) POPULATION: Serbia - 1900 - 2,493,770 with capital Belgrade with 69,097 inhabitants. REFERENCE: Y-19, KM-24 FOOTNOTE: In 1900 only 17 percent of the population of Serbia could read or write. FOOTNOTE: In 1901 the Serbian dinar was equal to the French franc or 19.3 cents in United States money. FOOTNOTE: on July 28, 1914 the Austrians declared War on Serbia, thus the beginning of the Great War of 1914-1918. FOOTNOTE: The Austrian Army occupied Belgrade, the capital of Serbia, on December 2, 1914, but evacuated it December 15, after a prolonged battle in which the Serbians were victorious. On October 9, 1915, Belgrade again fell into the hands of Austria-Hungary. Winstons Encyclopedia, 1918.

1915 - 50 PARA - OBV - TYPE II ====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: King Alexander Obrenovich V was succeeded by Peter, the first of the Karageorgevich line to be placed on the throne. Killed with Alexander was his Queen Draga and her two brothers, the Premier and the Minister of War. He was first regarded with loathing by the Great European Powers. However, when King Peter was crowned, all the European Powers, except Great Britain, were represented. He restored the Constitution of 1889 and conducted his country through the difficult crisis of 1908, when Austria seized Bosnia and Herzegovina. In 1909 Prince George, his eldest son, resigned his rights to the crown, which passed to his brother, Alexander.


FOOTNOTE: Peter I, King of Serbia was born July 11, 1844 at Belgrade. A son of the reigning Prince Alexander Karageorgevich. Educated at Belgrade and Geneva, he went to St. Cyr in France, and afterwards, during the War of 1870, volunteered in the French Army. In 1883 he married the Princes Zorka, eldest daughter of Prince Nicholas of Montenegro, with whom he led a very happy family life until her unfortunate death in 1890. For about ten years Peter lived in Montenegro, but after his wife’s death he went to Geneva for the education of his children. The three children are; the Crown Prince George, Princess Helene, Prince Alexander. The Crown Prince after his studies in Geneva was admitted by order of the Tsar into the Noble Guard at St. Petersburg. Peter I ascended to the throne of Serbia, June 2, 1903.The Near East.,New York, 1907. FOOTNOTE: The country produces wheat, barley, oats, maize, rye, and beetroots. Plum marmalade and also fresh plums are exported in large quantities, spirits are distilled in large quantities from plums. The Statesman's Year-Book, London, 1916. ======================================================================

1915 - 50 PARA - OBV - TYPE I ====================================================================== SERBIA, KINGDOM of PARIS MINT ====================================================================== 50 PARA 18MM .835 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1915 (1915) 1915 (1916) 1915 (1917)

1915 - 50 PARA - REVERSE ======================================================================

7,901,068 w/ signiture 4,236,860 w/ signiture 1,862,072 w/o signiture

¿OV: Head of Peter I, facing right, A+G!C I. 7C![ EC#3J+ (Peter I King of Serbia) around / SCHWARTZ under bust / (cornucopia) (torch) (mintmark). ÀRV: Crown / 50 / A!C! (para) / 1915 within wreath of laurel and oak tied with ribbon below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (Cornucopia) = PARIS ENGRAVER: (Torch) = Henri Auguste Patey, 18961930 DESIGNER: SCHWARTZ = Prof. Stephan Schwartz TYPE: There are two varieties of the issue, with SCHWARTZ under bust and without the designers name, which were struck in 1917, the combined types had a total mintage of 14,000,000 with a frozen date of 1915 struck at the Paris mint during 1915,1916 and 1917. REFERENCE: Y-19 REFERENCE: Katalog Metalnog Novca 1700 - 1994, by Ranko Mandic, Belgrade, 1995. FOOTNOTE: The Great War (1914-1918) brought to a close the small silver coinage of most countries, except Switzerland and a few other mostly Western Hemisphere countries, as the price of silver increased above the denomination value of the coinage.

Map of Serbia - 1875 ======================================================================



SEYCHELLES

======================================================================

======================================================================



====================================================================== SEYCHELLES, BRITISH COLONY of LONDON MINT ====================================================================== 25 CENTS 19MM .500 FINE 2.92 GRAMS ======================================================================

======================================================================

1939 1943 1944

36,000 36,000 36,000

¿OV: Head of George VI, facing left GEORGE VI left, KING EMPEROR right / PM under bust. ¿RV: SEYCHELLES / 25 / CENTS within design / DATE below.

FOOTNOTE: Seychelles since 1794 a British Colony consists of about a hundred small islands in the Indian Ocean off the east coast of Africa and north of Madagascar. Mahe is the largest of the Islands. The next largest are respectively, Silhoette, Curieuse, Digue, and Frigate. The capital of the group is Victoria on Mahe. Several Ex-Kings have been deported to the Colony, including; Premper, Ex-King of Ashanti in 1887, in 1901 Mwanga, Ex-King of Uganda, and Kabarega, Ex-King of Unyoro. Seychelles and tributary dependencies include 101 islands of 156 square miles. Victoria, the capital is an important coaling station. Coconuts are the chief crop. The monetary standard is based on the rupee divide into 100 cents. A branch of the Bank of Mauritius was opened in 1911. ======================================================================

EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = Royal Mint, LONDON DESIGNER: PM = Percy Metcalfe REFERENCE: Y-2, KM-2 POPULATION: Seychelles - 1937 - 27,444 FOOTNOTE: Until 1939 the silver coins of Mauritius circulated also in Seychelles. The Mauritius bronze coinage continued until 1948 to be used on the islands of Seychelles. . FOOTNOTE: The chief products of Seychelles, coconuts with over 12,000 acres under cultivation; 31 million were produced in 1914. The British India steamers call once a month from Bombay on their way to Mombassa. There is telegraphic communications with Mauritius and Europe. The Statesman's Year-Book, London, 1916.

Seychelles, Indian Ocean

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - SEYCHELLES - PAGE 470


SOUTH AFRICA

======================================================================

======================================================================

1892 - 6 PENCE - REVERSE

1897 - 6 PENCE - OBVERSE

====================================================================== SOUTH AFRICAN REPUBLIC BERLIN MINT ====================================================================== 6 PENCE 19MM .925 FINE 2.82 GRAMS ======================================================================

====================================================================== SOUTH AFRICAN REPUBLIC PRETORIA MINT ====================================================================== 6 PENCE 19MM .925 FINE 2.82 GRAMS ======================================================================

1892

28,300

1893 1894 1895 1896 1897

¿OV: Head of Stephanus Johannes Kruger, facing left. ¿RV: Large 6 dividing DATE, Z A R (Z A R = Zuid Afrikaansche Republek = South African Republic) above, within wreath of oak leaves. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = Imperial Mint, BERLIN

95,530 168,000 178,640 205,480 220,000

¿OV: Head of Stephanus Johannes Kruger, facing left. ¿RV: Large 6 dividing DATE, Z A R (Z A R = Zuid Afrikaansche Republek = South African Republic) above, within wreath of oak leaves.


EDGE: Reeded

ENGRAVER: Otto Schultz

MINT: (no mintmark) = PRETORIA

FOOTNOTE: Nearly all of the 6 pence coinage of South Africa were minted at Pretoria, which after the South African Republic of the Boers became part of the Union of South Africa, was a Royal branch mint. There was one exception, the first issue President Kruger ordered from the Imperial Mint, Berlin dated 1892. Listings are in date chronological order. FOOTNOTE: S.J.Paul Kruger was born in 1825. As a Boer statesmen, with Joubert and Pretorius formed the Provisional Government (December 1880) of the Transvaal, or South African Republic. He was elected President in 1883, 1888, 1893 and again in 1898. He died in 1904.

REFERENCE: Y-3, KM-4 ENGRAVER: Otto Schultz FOOTNOTE: Union of South Africa - Under the terms of the South African Act of 1909 the former self governing colonies; Cape of Good Hope, Natal and Orange River Colony (Orange Free State) united on May 31, 1910 to form the Union of South Africa, a Dominion of the British Empire. The four British Provinces as denoted on the reverse of the 6 pence by the bundles of four roses; include; Cape of Good Hope, Natal, Orange Free State and Transvaal.

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - SOUTH AFRICA - PAGE 471

1897 - 6 PENCE - REVERSE ====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: In 1886 a handful of British and Dutch prospectors dug beneath the soil of Witwatersrand and found the world’s richest Gold field. The first miners called their camp of flimsy tents and shacks Johannesburg. The Witwatersrand, the gold-mining district extending for over 60 miles south of Pretoria, Transvaal forms the watershed between the Orange River and the Limpopo. The word Rand in Dutch means Edge and is used to describe a low range of hills. Gold was first mined in 1885 on the Rand with the District made a public goldfield a year later. In 1899 the output of the goldfields was over four million ounces. Five years later Chinese labor was introduced with restrictive conditions but a year later the granting of permits for their importation was stopped. Johannesburg with a population of 237,220 including a white population of 119,953 is the center of the Rand District. FOOTNOTE: Boers is the Cape-Dutch name for the farmers of Dutch origin in South Africa. In 1836-7 large numbers of the Boers, being dissatisfied with the British Government in the Cape Colony, migrated northward to what is now Natal. Here their illtreatment of the native soon led to war, and the British had to interfere and ultimately (1843) annex the country. The Boers again migrated but their new settlement was annexed in 1848. They then began to form the Transvaal, where their ill-treatment of the colored races has caused the British Government again and again to interfere. The Boers, who are all rigid Calvinists, are described as frugal, industrious, and hospitable, but distrustful of foreigners, especially of the English. Their aggressive and often treacherous policy and their cruelty to the natives go far, however, to outweigh any good qualities they may have shown. Cabinet Cyclopaedia, 1895.

Stephanus Johannes Kruger ====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: In 1922 the Coinage Act gave authority for gold, silver and bronze coins to be minted at the reopened Pretoria branch mint of the Royal mint. South Africa Yearbook, 1976. ====================================================================== SOUTH AFRICA, UNION of PRETORIA MINT ====================================================================== 6 PENCE 19MM .800 FINE 2.82 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1923 1924

209,110 325,610

¿OV: Crowned head of George V, facing left GEORGE V REX IMPERATOR (George V KING EMPEROR) / B.M. on truncation. ¿RV: Large 6 within wreath of laurel and oak tied with ribbon below / KG below, SOUTH AFRICA f ZUID AFRIKA, around above f DATE f below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = PRETORIA Branch of the Royal mint DESIGNER: (ov) B.M. = Sir Edgar Bertram MacKennal (rv) KG = Kruger Gray REFERENCE: Y-16, KM-16.1

Boers mail coach

FOOTNOTE: The British Empire Conference sessions commenced in London on October 1, 1923; South Africa was represented by General J.C.Smuts. On December 18, 1923 the first radio broadcast in South Africa was transmitted.


====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: Pretoria, the capital of the Transvaal Colony, formerly the South African Republic is situated 4500 feet above sea-level on the southern slope of a spur of the Magalies Berge, in the south central part of the colony, 35 miles by rail, north-northeast of Johannesburg. It was regularly laid out on an extensive scale, with wide and straight streets crossing at right angles, but, although it became the converging point of the main railroad lines from Delagoa Bay and Port Elizabeth, it never acquired much economic importance, owing to the competition of Johannesburg. The Raadzaal or former Parliament House, 126 feet high, surmounted by a statue of Liberty, is the most important building. The population in 1904 was 38,519 of whom 21,161 were whites. Pretoria, named after the Boer General Pretorius, was founded in 1855 to succeed Potchefstroom as capital of the Transvaal Republic. In May, 1900 it surrendered to the British after which its four imposing fortresses were dismantled. New International Encyclopedia, 1910. FOOTNOTE: Alan (later Sir Alan) Cobham completed the round trip flight by aeroplane from England to Cape via Egypt in 1926. South Africa Yearbook, 1976.

1927 - 6 PENCE - REVERSE ====================================================================== SOUTH AFRICA, UNION of PRETORIA MINT ====================================================================== 6 PENCE 19MM .800 FINE 2.82 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1925 1926 1927 1929 1930

79,231 721,606 1,547,788 783,885 448,267

rare

¿OV: Crowned head of George V, facing left GEORGE V REX IMPERATOR ( = George V KING EMPEROR) / B.M. on truncation. ¿RV: Thistle within 6 bunches of four rods / KG below, DATE above, SOUTH AFRICA, left, SUID AFRIKA, right / g 6 PENCE g below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = PRETORIA Branch of the Royal mint. DESIGNER: (ov) B.M. = Sir Edgar Bertram MacKennal (rv) KG = Kruger Gray REFERENCE: Y-18, KM-16.2 FOOTNOTE: The one-day flight by a military aeroplane from Cape Town to Pretoria took place during 1924. On June 17, 1924 in the general elections General Herzog was elected Prime Minister of the Union of South Africa. FOOTNOTE: Events of 1925 - Prince of Wales visited South Africa. The Union of South Africa reverted to the gold standard. Afraikaans was recognized as the official language, parallel with English and Dutch. Parliament petitioned the King of England not to bestow titles on South Africans. South Africa Yearbook, 1976.

FOOTNOTE: Events of 1927 - Diamonds were discovered in Little Namaqualand. The Flag Agreement provided for the Orange-WhiteBlue tricolor and the Union Jack as the official Flags of the Union of South Africa. During 1927 the diamond cutting industry was established at Kimberley. South Africa Yearbook, 1976. FOOTNOTE: The capital of the Union of South Africa was named after Andries Pretorius who followed the Afraikaans - speaking Boers who left their commodious Dutch homes in the Cape Colony to found an independent republic in the heart of Southern Africa. After numerous efforts of the whites to subdue the South African natives, a punitive expedition was sent against the Zulus. Although it ended in disaster for the whites, Andries Pretorius, an influential farmer from Cape Colony then went up to Natal with reinforcements. He organized the Voortrekkers into a compact military unit and for months prepared his army for what was to be the most decisive battle for the supremacy of the white civilization in South Africa. He met the Zulu Army 12,000 strong on December 16, 1838. At the Battle of Blood River, and by clever strategy his 474 Europeans managed to defeat the natives. South Africa Yearbook, 1976. FOOTNOTE: 1931 - Pretoria was proclaimed a city. The October output of gold from the Union mines passed the , 4 millions mark. FOOTNOTE: 1932 - Wireless Telephone communication was established with Great Britain. The diamond mining industry was temporarily closed down owing to the Depression. FOOTNOTE: During 1933, the circulation in the Union of South Africa of British silver coinage was withdrawn with a increase in the mintage this year of the South African 6 pence. South Africa Yearbook, 1976. FOOTNOTE: The Jonker Diamond of 728 carats was found on the Elandsfontein alluvial diggins during 1934 and sold for , 70,000. South Africa Yearbook, 1976. FOOTNOTE: The Union of South Africa celebrated its 25th Anniversary during 1935 and a record price for gold was established on March 6th. South Africa Yearbook, 1976. FOOTNOTE: The record for the sea voyage from England to Cape Town held by RMS Scot since 1893 was broken in 1936 by RMMV Stirling Castle (13 days, 6 hours, 30 min.). South Africa Yearbook, 1976.




====================================================================== SOUTH AFRICA, UNION of PRETORIA MINT ====================================================================== 6 PENCE 19MM .800 FINE 2.82 GRAMS ======================================================================

======================================================================

1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936

4,805 1,524,910 2,818,595 1,518,864 573,485 627,046

FOOTNOTE: In 1941 the Pretoria Branch of the Royal Mint was proclaimed the South African Mint. South Africa Yearbook, 1976. ======================================================================

rare

¿OV: Crowned head of George V, facing left GEORGE V REX IMPERATOR ( = George V KING EMPEROR) / B.M. on truncation. ¿RV: Thistle within 6 bunches of four rods / KG below, DATE above, SOUTH AFRICA, left, SUID AFRIKA, right / f 6 D f below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = PRETORIA Branch of the Royal Mint DESIGNER: (ov) B.M. = Sir Edgar Bertram MacKennal (rv) KG = Kruger Gray REFERENCE: Y-27, KM-16.3

1947 - 6 PENCE - OBVERSE ====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: The 1947 proof shown was part of 2,600 proof sets struck at the Pretoria mint.

Mining in South Africa ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - SOUTH AFRICA - PAGE 474





1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947

1,695,727 1,724,621 30 1,628,759 2,262,732 4,935,792 3,776,139 228,201 420,095 290,593 578,487

proof only

1948 1949 1950

2,414,503 3,567,607 8,694,343

¿OV: Head of George VI, facing left GEORGIVS VI REX IMPERATOR (George VI KING EMPEROR) / H.P. under bust. ¿RV: Thistle within 6 bunches of four rods / KG below, DATE above, SOUTH AFRICA, left, SUID AFRIKA, right / f 6D f below. EDGE: Reeded

¿OV: Head of George VI, facing left GEORGIVS VI REX IMPERATOR (George VI KING EMPEROR) / H.P. under bust. ¿RV: Thistle within 6 bunches of four rods / KG below, DATE above, SOUTH AFRICA, left, SUID AFRIKA, right / f 6D f below.

MINT: (no mintmark) = PRETORIA DESIGNER: (ov) HP = Henry Paget (rv) KG = Kruger Gray REFERENCE: Y-44, KM-36.1

EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = PRETORIA DESIGNER: (ov) HP = Henry Paget (rv) KG = Kruger Gray REFERENCE: Y-35, KM-27

Scene in Johannesburg in 1896 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - SOUTH AFRICA - PAGE 475




======================================================================

1951 1952

3,511,462 5,244,972

¿OV: Head of George VI, facing left GEORGIVS SEXTVS REX (George VI KING) / H.P. under bust. ¿RV: Thistle within 6 bunches of four rods / KG below, g DATE g above, SOUTH AFRICA, left, SUID-AFRIKA, right / Š 6 D. Š below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = PRETORIA DESIGNER: (ov) HP = Henry Paget (rv) KG = Kruger Gray REFERENCE: Y-51, KM-36.2

South African Republic, Orange Free State, Cape Colony, Natal Gergraphy, Wm.Swinton, New York, 1880

South African natives and huts

Ostrich farming in South Africa





====================================================================== SOUTH AFRICA, REPUBLIC of PRETORIA MINT ====================================================================== 5 CENTS 19.3MM .500 FINE 2.82 GRAMS ======================================================================

1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960

2,500,514 2,199,547 1,971,887 1,773,791 3,289,500 1,173,016 261,832 1,589,923

¿OV: Head of Elizabeth II, facing right ELIZABETH II REGINA ( Elizabeth II Queen) around / M.G. on truncation. ¿RV: Thistle within 6 bunches of four rods / KG below, g DATE g above, SOUTH AFRICA, left, SUID-AFRIKA, right / Š 6 D. Š below. EDGE: Reeded

1961 1962 1963 1964

1,486,168 4,191,643 8,057,541 3,583,279

¿OV: Bust of Jan Van Riebeeck Š UNITY IS STRENGTH Š EENDRAG MAAK MAG (Unity is Strength) around / M.W. on trunction. ¿RV: Protea blossom within 5 fasces of four rods / KG below, g DATE g above, SOUTH AFRICA, left, SUID-AFRIKA, right / Š 5 c Š below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = PRETORIA DESIGNER: (ov) W.M. = Willie Myburgh (rv) KG = Kruger Gray

MINT: (no mintmark) = PRETORIA REFERENCE: Y-74, KM-59 DESIGNER: (ov) M.G. = Mary Gillick (rv) KG = Kruger Gray REFERENCE: Y-63, KM-48 FOOTNOTE: In 1961 when South Africa broke away from the British Commonwealth and became an independent republic, a new decimal monetary system was established with the 5 cents denomination falling in the size definitions of this series. FOOTNOTE: Proof sets including the 5 cents coin were struck at the Pretoria mint with the following mintages; 1961 - 7,530, 1962 3,844, 1963 - 4,025, 1964 - 16,000.

FOOTNOTE: On April 6, 1652 Jan Van Riebeeck set foot on South African soil. He was not sent by his powerful Directors, the Council of Seventeen to colonise by means of settlement or to exploit. Together with some 90 men, Van Riebeeck was to tame the wilderness in Table Valley, to build a fort and hospital, and to provide meat and fresh vegetables for passing ships. He was also to keep the peace with the Hottentot cattle-breeders with whom he would have to barter for his meat supply. In ten years of effort Van Riebeeck did not attain many of the Company’s objectives, nor did his successors fare any better during the next 20 years. South Africa Yearbook, 1976.


======================================================================

South Africa today ======================================================================

1961 - 5 CENTS - REVERSE ====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: Boers (Dutch, Agriculturists, Farmers), the name applied to the Dutch colonists of the Cape of Good Hope who are engaged in agriculture and the care of cattle, the Boers, generally, according to Dr. Livingstone, “Are a sober, industrious, and most hospitable body of peasantry.” Very different, however, are certain of their numbers who have fled from English law, on various pretexts, and formed themselves into a republic in the Cashan Mountains. Coming “with the prestige of white men and deliverers” from the cruelty of Kaffir Chiefs, they were received by the Betjuans gladly, who, however, soon found out that their new friends were much less desirable as neighbors than their old enemies. The Boers forced even these tribes of the Betjuans who are most friendly towards them to perform all kinds of field-labor for nothing; and not only this, but they also compel them to find their own implements of labor and their own food. They steal domestic servants from more hostile tribes in the most cowardly and coldblooded way imaginable. The plan of operation is thus described by Dr. Livingstone: “One or two friendly tribes are forced to accompany a party of mounted Boers, and these expeditions can be got up only in the winter, when horses may be used without danger of being lost by disease. When they reach the tribe to be attacked, the friendly natives are ranged in front, to form, as they say, ‘a shield’; the Boers then coolly fire over their heads, till the devoted people flee, and leave cattle, wives, and children to the captors. This was done in nine cases during my residence in the interior, and on no occasion was a drop of Boer’s blood shed”. They have an immense contempt for the ignorance of the natives, and told Dr. Livingstone that he might as well teach baboons as Africans. They, however, declined a test which the missionary proposed - viz., to be examined whether they or his native attendants could read best. In his opinion, they are quite as degraded as the blacks whom they despise. Library of Universal Knowledge, N.Y.,1879.

FOOTNOTE: The Great War (World War I) brought prosperity to South Africa. The price of Gold was then just under , 5 ($25 U.S.) an ounce, having risen from , 4-5 ($21U.S.) since prewar days, thus the Gold City of Johannesburg was still a very flourishing city. By 1922 the low price of gold threatened the existence of low-grade mines, that is, the mines possessing poor ore carrying no more than about four or five pennyweight to the ton; and the outlook was not encouraging. The economic destiny of South Africa was hitched to gold. The Witwatersrand gold mines announced wage cuts and opened up to non-Europeans work previously done by whites. There were 20,000 whites working in the gold mines and 180,000 Bantu who were excluded from all skilled work. The black man gave his brawn and the white man his skill. Gold mining is not easy work ether for white or black. The average earnings of a white miner was about , 42 ($210 U.S.) a month, while a native worker earned about a seventh of that. The Union of South Africa, Lewis Sowden, 1943. FOOTNOTE: The known history of the South African natives indicate that Bushmen and Hottentots first occupied the country. Probably not more than three hundred years ago the Bantus from the north and east invaded South Africa, sweeping back Bushmen into the mountains and deserts and partly absorbing the Hottentots, so that now nearly all of the South African natives are of Bantu blood. Generally the native is a backwoodsman. He may serve a term on a farm or in a mine or town, but easily slips back into the primitive tribal life of the Kraal, living much as his forefathers lived. Here, the old native customs and laws are allowed to prevail, supervised by the Union Government only to the extent necessary to prevent tribal and village feuds, cattle-raiding and crime generally. Authority centers in the head of each family, next in the headman of the locality and then in the hereditary tribal chief, assisted by his counsellors under the control of the Union Government. World Cruise 1928, Thos.Cook & son, 1927. FOOTNOTE: From the brief stories, relating some of the history of South Africa; including the Boers who later became know as Afrikaners, the Cape Colony English and the Bantu natives, it can be seen that early periods did not require much small coinage as gold was the store of value and little trade was required except in the cities. This relationship of population to mintages is confirmed by the low mintages of the 6 pence starting in 1892 with 32,000. From 1898 through 1933, British coinage circulated including the 6 pence of Edward VII and George V. When the Pretoria mint started again to strike 6 pence in 1923, low mintages continue with a few hundred thousand each year, except 1927 when the mintage jumped to 1,547,788. Following this, mintages were again relative low, except for the early war year (World War II), and dropped back after three years of higher production, until the late 40's.



SOUTHERN RHODESIA

======================================================================

======================================================================

1932 - 6 PENCE - OBVERSE ====================================================================== SOUTHERN RHODESIA, BRITISH CROWN COLONY of LONDON MINT ====================================================================== 6 PENCE 19.4MM .925 FINE 2.82 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1932 1934 1935 1936

544,000 214,000 380,000 675,000

¿OV: Crowned head of George V, facing left GEORGE V KING, left EMPEROR right. ¿RV: Native war axes saltire, dividing DATE with large 6 below, K.G above between ax heads, SOUTHERN left, RHODESIA right / PENCE below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = Royal Mint, LONDON DESIGNER: K.G = Kruger Gray REFERENCE: Y-4, KM-2 FOOTNOTE: Rhodesia, alone is larger in area than the British Isles, France, Germany and Italy combined, yet its total population (1922) is only 35,000. About one half of the entire supply of chrome and asbestos comes from Rhodesia. It is a curious fact that practically all the mines now being worked were discovered and operated by the ancients. From beads, bracelets, and other goldwork found, it is evident that these old-time people were skilled not alone as miners, but also in the art of the jeweler. The Mentor, Nov. 1922, Springfield,Ohio.

George V King and Emporor ====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: George V., born June 3, 1865, son of King Edward VII. And Queen Alexandra, eldest daughter of King Christian IX., of Denmark; married July 6, 1893, to Victoria Mary, daughter of the late Duke of Teck; succeeded to the crown on the death of his father, May 6, 1910. The Kings title by proclamation of May 9, 1910, under the Royal Titles Act, 1901, the title of the king is declared to be 'George V., by the Grace of God of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and of the British Dominions beyond the Seas King Defender of the Faith Emperor of India.' The Statesman's Year-Book, London, 1916. FOOTNOTE: Rhodesia, the name given to that part of South Africa which was ceded in 1888 by the King of Matabele to the great imperialist, Cecil John Rhodes. The whole territory is administrated by the British South African Company, which was given a royal charter in October 1889. The River Zambesi flows through it, cutting the region into two portions - Southern and Northern Rhodesia. Southern Rhodesia consists of the two provinces of Matabeleland and Mashonaland. The capital and seat of government of Rhodesia is Salisbury, with a population of 2,500. A railway has been built, running inland from Beira, placing Salisbury in direct communication with the sea over a line 382 miles in length. The population of Rhodesia is 1,075,000. The Standard Dictionary of Facts, H.W. Ruoff, Buffalo,N.Y. 1912.

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - SOUTHERN RHODEISA - PAGE 479

1932 - 6 PENCE - REVERSE ====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: The first Southern Rhodesian coinage dated 1932 included 496 sets of proof coins, each including the 3 pence, 6 pence, shilling, 2 shilling and 2 crown coins. ====================================================================== SOUTHERN RHODESIA, BRITISH CROWN COLONY of LONDON MINT ====================================================================== 6 PENCE 19.4MM .925 FINE 2.82 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1937

823,000

¿OV: Crowned head of George VI, facing left GEORGE VI KING, left EMPEROR right / PM on truncation. ¿RV: Native war axes saltire, dividing 1937 with large 6 below, K.G above between ax heads, SOUTHERN left, RHODESIA right / PENCE below. EDGE: Reeded

1940 - 6 PENCE - OBVERSE ====================================================================== SOUTHERN RHODESIA, BRITISH CROWN COLONY of LONDON MINT ====================================================================== 6 PENCE 19.4MM .925 FINE 2.82 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1939 1940 1941 1942

200,000 600,000 300,000 1,200,000

¿OV: Queened head of George VI, facing left GEORGE VI, left KING EMPEROR right / PM on truncation. ¿RV: Native war axes saltire, dividing DATE with large 6 below, K.G above between ax heads, SOUTHERN left, RHODESIA right / PENCE below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = Royal Mint, LONDON


DESIGNER: (obv) PM = Percy Metcalfe (rev) K.G = Kruger Gray

DESIGNER: (obv) PM = Percy Metcalfe (rev) K.G = Kruger Gray


REFERENCE: Y-13, KM-10 FOOTNOTE: The Southern Rhodesia 6 pence dated 1937 included 40 proof strikes. FOOTNOTE: The two Rhodesias, Southern and Northern, were under the Administration of the British South Africa Company from 1898 until they became British Crown Colonies in 1923 and 1924 respectively. FOOTNOTE: The Southern Rhodesia 6 pence dated 1939 included an unknown quantity of proof strikes (estimated at 10) which are today extremely rare.

FOOTNOTE: Rhodesia contains a population of about 40,000 white people. It is one great table-land, with scattered hills rising from the level ground. The hills are usually well wooded, while plains are mostly grasslands.The Zambesi River divides the country into Northern and Southern Rhodesia. There are vast expanses of pasture land, on which cattle and sheep are reared. Maize, wheat, and tobacco are the chief agriculture crops, although cotton is becoming of increasing importance. Rich mineral deposits of gold have been found and silver, copper, asbestos, tungsten, lead, zinc, and coal are mined. Diamonds have also been found. The chief town is Salibury, the capital of Southern Rhodesia. Ontario Public School Geography, 1922.


1940 - 6 PENCE - REVERSE ====================================================================== SOUTHERN RHODESIA, BRITISH CROWN COLONY of LONDON MINT ====================================================================== 6 PENCE 19.4MM .500 FINE 2.82 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1944 1945 1946 1955

800,000 400,000 1,600,000 2,000

proof only

¿OV: Queened head of George VI, facing left GEORGE VI, left KING EMPEROR right / PM on truncation. ¿RV: Native war axes saltire, dividing DATE with large 6 below, K.G above between ax heads, SOUTHERN left, RHODESIA right / PENCE below.

FOOTNOTE: Cecil John Rhodes (1853-1902), while making a solitary eight months’ journey over the rolling “Veld” of that part of South Africa which now bears his name - Rhodesia - Cecil Rhodes dreamed the dream which shaped all his future life. He was only 20 years of age at the time and had already won a fortune in the diamond fields of Kimberley. Rhodes was born July 5, 1853, in the Vicarage of a country parish, England. At 17, heart trouble forced him to give up his plan to go to Oxford University. He joined a brother in South Africa just in time to join the rush to the newly discovered diamond fields, equipped with a bucket and spade and several volumes of the Greek classics. Within a few months he had made a fortune...Its vigorous life so improved his health that he was able to take up is work at Oxford. For eight years he alternated between the University and South Africa. In 1881, just before taking his degree, he was elected to the Parliament of Cape Colony, and in 1890 he became its Prime Minister. Rhodes was then virtually dictator of South Africa. Few men in modern times have wielded such power. In addition to his political power, through his vast business interests he controlled the great consolidated diamond and gold mining interests of the country, and was managing director of the gigantic British South Africa Company, which he had formed to develop the territory that so struck his youthful imagination. Disaster came six years later, in connection with the ill-fated raid of Dr. L. S. Jameson in aid of a revolution to overthrow the backward Boer government in the independent Transvaal Republic. Cecil Rhodes was forced to resign the premiership and give up control of the South Africa company because it was proved that he had aided this movement. One of the most picturesque incidents in Rhodes’ colorful career came a few months later, when the Matabele natives revolted. Attempts to suppress the rebellion proved futile. Rhodes pitched camp, unprotected, at the foot of the impregnable Matoppo hills where the natives had retreated, and patiently waited. His courage so amazed the chiefs that they started coming in for parleys. Finally a conference was arranged in the vastnesses of the hills. Rhodes and three companions rode unarmed into the midst of the chiefs, heard their grievances, promised redress, and the rebellion was over. He re-entered the Cape Parliament in 1898 and had made some progress toward regaining his power when the Boer War (1899-1902) began. Upon the outbreak of the conflict, Cecil Rhodes hastened to Kimberley, where he took an active part in defense of the town and mines. Privation and incessant labor during the siege broke his health, and he died March 26, 1902. Rhodes bequeathed the bulk of his huge fortune for endowment of scholarships at the University of Oxford. ======================================================================

EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = Royal Mint, LONDON DESIGNER: (obv) PM = Percy Metcalfe (rev) K.G = Kruger Gray REFERENCE: Y-18a, KM-17a

Cecil John Rhodes

Rhodesia in Southern Africa ======================================================================



SPAIN

======================================================================

1852 - 2 REALES - OBVERSE ====================================================================== SPAIN, KINGDOM of BARCELONA MINT ====================================================================== 2 REALES 18MM .900 FINE 2.63 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1852 1853 1854 1855

u/m u/m u/m u/m

V-7187 V-7190 V-7193 V-7196

¿OV: Head of Isabel II, facing right ISABEL 2A POR LA GRACIA DE DIOS Y LA CONST (Isabel II by the grace of God and Constitution) around / • DATE • below. ¿RV: Crowned arms dividing value 2. Rs (reales)

REINA DE LAS ESPAÑAS (Queen of the Spains) around / uu (two stars of eight points for mintmark) below. EDGE: Reeded MINT:u (8 point stars) = BARCELONA

======================================================================

1852 - 2 REALES - REVERSE ====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: Barcelona is a large and strongly fortified city, distinguished for its commerce, manufactures and wealth. Olney’s Geography, 1849. FOOTNOTE: Spain in the nineteenth century is a dreary story of misgovernment at home and the loss of South America, but does not complete the tale of the misery wrought by the wretched King Ferdinand, the Bourbon monarch who came back after the fall of Napoleon. Even in his death he became a curse to his country by creating a succession issue. He left his crown, when he died in 1833, to his infant daughter Isabel II, under the Regency of her mother Christina, thereby setting aside his brother Carlos, who considered himself the legal heir. The result was a civil war of Christinists against Carlists, which lasted until Carlos, after seven years of fighting, was driven from the country in 1840. Christina, the Regent, and later Queen Isabel II, publicized and annulled constitutions, made and broke promises, compounded with this and that group of politicians, until the feeble and dishonest game was at an end and Queen Isabel II had to flee abroad before a popular rising in 1868. A period followed when the country passed into the hands of successive dictators.

REFERENCE: Y-20 FOOTNOTE: A system of mintmarks consisting of stars was introduced in 1852, the number of points indicated the mint; Barcelona (8), Seville (7), Madrid (6), Manila - Filipino Colonial (5), Segovia (4) and Judia (3). The last two mints did not strike the 2 reales coinage. The Modern Dime Size Silver Coins of Spain start with the reign of Queen Isabel II and are arranged by mints and then chronological.

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - SPAIN - PAGE 482

====================================================================== SPAIN, KINGDOM of BARCELONA MINT ====================================================================== 2 REALES 18MM .900 FINE 2.63 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1857 1858 1860 1861

u/m u/m u/m u/m

V-7199 V-7202 V-7206 V-7209

¿OV: Head of Isabel II, facing right ISABEL 2A POR LA G• (Isabel II by the grace) left, DE DIOS Y LA CONST• (of God and Constitution) right / .DATE• below, L.M. on truncation. ¿RV: Crowned arms dividing value 2 Rs (Reales)

REINA DE LAS ESPANAS (Queen of the Spains) around / uu (two stars of eight points for mintmark) below. EDGE: Reeded

====================================================================== SPAIN, KINGDOM of MADRID MINT ====================================================================== 2 REALES 18MM .900 FINE 2.55 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1836

u/m

V-7165

¿OV: Head of Isabel II, facing left ISABEL 2A POR LA GRACIA DE DIOS• (Isabel II by the grace of God) around / 1836 below. ¿RV: Crowned arms dividing value 2 Rs (reales) within chain of flowers (the Order of the Golden Fleece - La Toison d’Or), REINA DE ESPANA (Queen of Spain) left Y DE LAS INDIAS (and of the Indies) right •M• (mintmark) CR • divided by elephant hanging from chain, below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: •M• = MADRID

MINT: u (8 point stars) = BARCELONA

ASSAYER: CR = Jose Luis de Castroviejo and Francisco Rodrigves

ENGRAVER: L.M. = Luis Marchioni 1861-1873 REFERENCE: Y-5 REFERENCE: Y-28 FOOTNOTE: During 1859-60 Spain was at war with Morocco. FOOTNOTE: Barcelona, one of the largest cities of Spain, chief town of the Province of Barcelona, and formerly capital of the Kingdom of Catalonia; finely situated on the northern portion of the Spanish Mediterranean coast. It is divided into the upper and lower towns; the former modern, regular, stone-built, and often of English architectural type, the latter old, irregular, brick-built, and with traces of eastern influence in the architecture. The harbor, though spacious, does not admit vessels of more than 12 ft. draught. The principal manufactures are cotton, silk, woolens, machinery, paper, glass, chemicals, stoneware, soap; exports manufactured goods, wine and brandy, fruit, oil, etc. Imports coal, textile fabrics, machinery, cotton, fish, hides, silks, timber, etc. The city contains a university, several public libraries, a museum, a large arsenal, cannon foundry, etc. Population 272,481 in 1887. The Province is generally mountainous, but well cultivated, and among the most thickly peopled in Spain. Cabinet Cyclopaedia, 1895. FOOTNOTE: Barcelona, is a seaport and coaling station, and the principal industrial and commercial city of Spain. It has extensive cotton-mills and iron manufactures, and exports cotton, woolens, paper, wine, fruits, and almonds. It possesses a university, a navel institute, an academy of arts, and several large libraries. During the last fifty years (1911) Barcelona has been the scene of several revolts against the Spanish Government. There was serious rioting in 1909, when many churches and convents were attacked. Standard Atlas of the world, N.Y. 1912.

FOOTNOTE: The Order of the Golden Fleece (La Toison d’Or) was founded in 1430 by Philip, Duke of Burgundy. The Kings of Spain were Grand Masters of the Order from the reign of Charles I (AD 1500-1558). The Order was also instituted in Vienna in 1713 by the Emperor Charles VI and from that date both Spain and Austrian sovereigns made awards of the Golden Fleece. The Order was reserved for Catholics of the highest nobility and it was custom for the Grandees of Spain to be appointed members.

Spanish milkman FOOTNOTE: Isabel II, Queen of Spain, daughter of Ferdinand III, was born in 1830, and succeeded her father three years after, her mother being appointed Queen-Regent. The early years of her reign were disturbed by a rising in favor of her uncle, Don Carlos, who, if the Salvic Law had not been set aside, would have ascended the throne instead of her; but this was finally quelled in 1839. She was declared of age in 1843, and in 1846 was married to her cousin, Don Francisco d’Assisi. Her reign was so despotic that a revolution took place in 1868, which drove her from the country. She resigned her claims to the Crown in favor of her son Alfonso, who ascended the throne in 1875. She lives sometimes in Spain, sometimes in Paris. New Cabinet Cyclopaedia, Phila., 1896.


====================================================================== SPAIN, KINGDOM of MADRID MINT ====================================================================== 2 REALES 18MM .900 FINE 2.55 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1837

u/m

V-7167

¿OV: Head of Isabel II, facing right ISABEL 2A POR LA GRACIA DE DIOS Y CONST• (Isabel II by the grace of God and Constitution) around / 1837• below. ¿RV: Crowned arms dividing value 2 R.s (reales) within chain of flowers (the Order of the Golden Fleece - La Toison d’Or), REINA DE LAS ESPANA. (Queen of the Spains) around / •M• (mintmark) CR • divided by elephant hanging from chain, below. EDGE: Reeded

Isabella (continued) Generals Prim and Serrano, broke out. The revolt soon extended throughout the whole Kingdom, and all the important towns declared against the Queen. The Army and Navy joined the insurgents, who soon took possession of Madrid. The authority of Queen Isabel II, was now at an end, and she fled to Paris; and a central Provisional Junta was formed to conduct public affairs. A bloody insurrection against Spanish authority now broke out in the Island of Cuba, and continued several years. In 1870 she abdicated in favor of her eldest son Alfonso XII. Isabella had nine children, only four surviving infancy. Coins struck during Isabel II reign have generally three different profiles; the early portrait, the young girl and as the very attractive woman. On June 26, 1864 Queen Isabel II signed a new Monetary Law as decreed by the Cortes which established the unit silver coin - escudo with fineness .900 and weight 12.98 grams. Two escudos were equal to the peso of Latin America and this reform was mainly aimed at facilitating trade in that direction. The escudo had divisions of 10, 20, and 40 centimos. This complicated monetary situation lasted until October 19, 1868 when again a new monetary system was established with the unit 5 peseta, equal to the 5 franc of France of the Latin Monetary Union.

MINT: •M• = MADRID ASSAYER: CR = Jose Luis de Castroviejo and Francisco Rodrigves TYPE: I - Young Portrait

====================================================================== SPAIN, KINGDOM of MADRID MINT ====================================================================== 2 REALES 18MM .900 FINE 2.55 GRAMS ======================================================================

REFERENCE: Y-9 FOOTNOTE: Isabella was born October 10, 1830, the eldest daughter of King Ferdinand VII of Spain and his fourth wife, Maria Christina. On the death of King Ferdinand VII, on September 29, 1833, the three year old little girl, having been designated heiress to the throne by her father, became Queen of Spain. The Kings brother did not recognize this succession, arguing that the Spanish Salic Law of Philip V (1700-1746) which declared that only the male line should succeed to the Spanish Throne should be evoked and as Carlos V, King of Spain became the Pretender. Some coins were struck in his name in 1837, 1838 and 1840. Don Carlos with the help of the Holy See, Austria, Russia, Prussia and the Italian Kingdoms organized a coalition aimed at seizing power and civil war dragged on until August 31, 1839 with the Agreement of Vergara whereby Isabel II was recognized as Queen of Spain. During this period the Dowager Queen Maria Cristina of Bourbon was Regent until a secret marriage to an officer of the palace created great unrest and brought about the establishment of a revolutionary committee and the downfall of Maria Cristina on October 12, 1840. General Baldomero Espartero was appointed as Regent until a military revolt instigated by the Dowager Queen from her exile in Paris, supported by noted generals started on September 27, 1841 and continued with a serious rebellion a year later with bombardment of Barcelona. In May of 1843 an uprising started in several parts of the country and General Espartero was driven from power, and on November 10, 1843 the Queen, after it was decided to advance her coming of age, swore loyalty to the Constitution and began her personal rule as Isabel II. The period of Isabella’s personal rule was like the Regency, a time of political instability, over 60 different governments and 4 separate constitutions followed between 1833 and 1868. The Queen at age 16 was married on October 10, 1846 to her cousin Francisco de Asis de Bourbon then 24 years of age. The King Consort was not of Isabella’s own choice nor to her liking and in fact lived mainly separate from him. The Queen had a constant string of lovers every few months with the latest always appointed Prime Minister. Isabella’s extravagance and profusion to her favorites produced a growing discontent throughout the Spanish Kingdom. These scandalous reports of her conduct damaged her reputation and she at the age of 35 was sent into exile on September 26, 1868. While the Queen was at San Sebastian, on her way to visit the Emperor Napoleon III, an insurrection, headed by (continued)

1838 1839 1841 1842 1843

u/m u/m u/m u/m u/m

V-7168 V-7169 V-7172 V-7173 V-7174

¿OV: Head of Isabel II, facing right ISABEL 2A POR LA GRACIA DE DIOS Y CONST• (Isabel II by the grace of God and Constitution) around / DATE • below. ¿RV: Crowned arms dividing value 2 Rs (reales) within chain of flowers (the Order of the Golden Fleece - La Toison d’Or), REINA DE LAS ESPANA. (Queen of the Spains) around / •M• (mintmark) CL • divided by elephant hanging from chain, below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: •M• = MADRID ASSAYER: CL = Jose Luis de Castroviejo and Eugeio de Lara o Lara TYPE: I - Young Portrait REFERENCE: Y-9


====================================================================== SPAIN, KINGDOM of MADRID MINT ====================================================================== 2 REALES 18MM .900 FINE 2.55 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1844 1845 1847 1848 1849

u/m u/m u/m u/m u/m

V-7175 V-7176 V-7178 V-7179 V-7181

¿OV: Head of Isabel II, facing right ISABEL 2A POR LA GRACIA DE DIOS Y CONST. (Isabel II by the grace of God and Constitution) around / DATE. below. ¿RV: Crowned arms dividing value 2 Rs (reales) within chain of flowers (the Order of the Golden Fleece - La Toison d’Or), REINA DE LAS ESPAÑAS (Queen of the Spains) around / •M• (mintmark) CL• divided by elephant hanging from chain, below.

======================================================================

1852 - 2 REALES ====================================================================== SPAIN, KINGDOM of MADRID MINT ==================================================================== 2 REALES 18MM .900 FINE 2.63 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1852 1853 1854 1855

u/m u/m u/m u/m

V-7188 V-7191 V-7194 V-7197

¿OV: Head of Isabel II, facing right ISABEL 2A POR LA GRACIA DE DIOS Y LA CONST. (Isabel II by the grace of God and Constitution) around / • DATE • below.

EDGE: Reeded MINT: •M• = MADRID ASSAYER: CL• = Jose Luis de Castroviejo and Eugeio de Lara o Lara TYPE: II - Older Portrait

¿RV: Crowned arms dividing value 2. Rs (reales) REINA DE LAS ESPAÑAS (Queen of the Spains) around / ww (two stars of six points for mintmark) below. EDGE: Reeded

REFERENCE: Y-9 FOOTNOTE: Spain: the English name for Hispania, founded upon the Punic “Span” meaning “A rabbit” owing to the number of wild rabbits found in this country. FOOTNOTE: On February 2, 1852 a desperate attempt was made to assassinate Queen Isabella II, by a fanatic named Martin Marino, a Franciscan Friar. The Queen was on her way, accompanied by her infant daughter, from the Royal Chapel to the Palace, were the would-be regicide had just been saying mass, to her own apartments, preparatory to visiting in state the Church of Atocha, to return thanks for her safe delivery, when the priest approached her in his clerical garb and knelt before her. Thinking that he wished to present some petition, the Queen held out her hand, when the assassin immediately drew a dagger, which he aimed at her heart. The weapon struck her on the right side, inflicting a flesh-wound about an inch long and half an inch deep. As he dealt the blow he exclaimed, “Take that! It will be enough for you!”. He was instantly seized by the soldiers and the dagger fell at his feet. The Queen’s first thought was for her infant, and she cried out “My child! Take care of Isabel.” The Marchioness dePavar, who carried the child, fainted, but an officer took it and raised it up for the Queen to see it. The King drew his sword. It was found that a bone of her stays had been broken, and that Her Majesty’s dress was soaked with blood. Her hand also, which she had raised at the moment, was slightly wounded. Marino, the assassin, was summarily tried and sentenced to death; and after having been publicly degraded from the priesthood, he was strangled by the garote. Before his execution he declared that he had no accomplices, and expressed contrition and sorrow for his acts. Frank Leslie’s Popular Monthly, Vol II,No.1-p 10. July 1876.

MINT: ww (6 point stars) = MADRID REFERENCE: Y-20 FOOTNOTE: Spain was formerly, one of the most powerful and important Kingdoms in Europe. She possessed immense territories in North and South America. But of all these possessions, she now retains only Cuba and Porto Rico. For a long time the nation has been distracted by civil dissensions and wars - education is neglected and industry paralyzed - and it is now in a degraded, weak and ignorant state. Olney’s Geography, 1849. FOOTNOTE: Madrid, situated on the Manzanares, a small branch of the Tagus, is a magnificent city, distinguished for its squares and beautiful public works. It has neither commerce nor manufactures, and derives its importance soly from being the seat of government, It is the most elevated capital in Europe, being about half a mile higher than the level of the sea. Olney’s Geography, 1849. ======================================================================

City scene Madrid - 1850 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - SPAIN - PAGE 485

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======================================================================

Spanish Coat of Arms ======================================================================

Isabel II, Queen of Spain ====================================================================== SPAIN, KINGDOM of MADRID MINT ====================================================================== 2 REALES 18MM .900 FINE 2.63 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1857 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864


V-7200 V-7204 V-7207 V-7210 V-7212 V-7214 V-7216

¿OV: Head of Isabel II, facing right ISABEL 2A POR LA G. (Isabel II by the grace) left, DE DIOS Y LA CONST• (of God and Constitution) right / .DATE• below, L.M. on truncation. ¿RV: Crowned arms dividing value 2. R.s (reales) REINA DE LAS ESPAÑAS (QUEEN OF THE SPAINS) around / ww (two stars of six points for mintmark) below. EDGE: Reeded

FOOTNOTE: New Spanish Coat of Arms: Five quartering; Castile (castle), Leon (lion rampant), Aragon (red and gold stripes), Navarre and Granada (pomegranate) at bottom, Surmounted by mural crown to represent the Republic, between pillars of Hercules representing the Indies. The Latin legend Plus Ultra (more beyond) incised on ribbon around pillars denotes the Royal Emblem of New Spain since AD 1526. ====================================================================== SPAIN, KINGDOM of MADRID MINT ====================================================================== 20 CENTIMOS DE ESCUDO 18MM .810 FINE 2.6 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868

u/m u/m u/m u/m u/m

V-7218 V-7221 V-7224 V-7227 V-7229

¿OV: Head of Isabel II, facing right ISABEL 2A POR LA G• (Isabel II by the grace) left, DE DIOS Y LA CONST• (of God and Constitution) right / •DATE• below, L.M. on truncation. ¿RV: Crowned arms of Spain, REINA DE (Queen of) left LAS ESPANAS (the Spains) right / w 20 CENTs DE ESCo w (20 centimos de escudos) (mintmark of six point stars with the last two digits of date incised) below.

MINT: ww (6 point stars) = MADRID

EDGE: Reeded

ENGRAVER: L.M. = Luis Marchioni 1861-1873

MINT: ww (6 point stars) = MADRID

REFERENCE: Y-28


FOOTNOTE: Royal Purity - A nearly murderous scene was acted almost in the royal chamber not long ago at Aranjuez, where the Queen of Spain has a Palace. Our readers need not be told that Queen Isabel is a decided Free Lover, and occasionally changes her love. Col.Gonsalvo, one of her cast-offs, suspecting that the master of the Regimental Band was his successor, suddenly entered the Royal Apartment, and found the Drum Major in a tender attitude with his Sovereign Lady, Her Most Catholic Majesty. He was about drawing his sword, when the valiant musician bolted through the window. Rumor says the Queen has settled the difficulty by splitting the difference and smiling on both - like Buchanan, between hard and soft Schell! Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper, July 17, 1858. p 97.

REFERENCE: Y-41 FOOTNOTE: The Madrid mint added a unique method of identifying the year of striking with this issue, in which the last two digits of the year were incised in the stars which had been used since 1852 to designate the mint. FOOTNOTE: On June 26, 1964 Queen Isabel II signed a new Monetary Law as decreed by the Cortes, with a unit silver coin escudo. The two escudo was divided into 40,20, and 10 centimes. This reform was directed at trade with Latin America as the escudo unit was exactly equal to the half peso, the current unit of most South American countries.




====================================================================== SPAIN, KINGDOM of MADRID MINT ====================================================================== 50 CENTIMOS 18MM .835 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ======================================================================

====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: By Decree of October 19, 1868 a new monetary system was adopted with the monetary unit of peseta equivalent to 100 centimos. The 5 pesetas .900 fine and weight of 25 grams was equal to the French 5 francs of the Latin Monetary Union. The 50 centimos were of .835 fine, 2.5 grams standard. The Decree ordered that the initials of the officials held responsible for accuracy of fineness and weight should be marked on all coins. These standards were continued in the 50 centimos series through the issue of 1926.

1869 (6-9) 1870 (7-0)

452,726 539,808

V-8027 V-8028

¿OV: Hispania reclining over the Iberian Peninsula, leaning her left arm upon the Pyreneese, her right arm uplifted and holding an olive branch in her hand w ESPAÑA w (date incised in six point stars for mintmark) above, DATE below L.M. to left above date. ÀRV: Crowned arms of Spain between Pillars of Hercules, with ULUS ULTRA (more beyond) incised on ribbon around pillars, 400 PIEZAS EN KILOGRAM (400 pieces in kilogram) around / S•N• 50 CENT. (centimos) •M• below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: ww (6 point stars) = MADRID ENGRAVER: L.M. = Luis Marchioni 1861-1873 ASSAYER: S. = Donato Alvarez Santullano 1867-73 ASSAYER: N. = Jose Rafael Naruaez 1867-80 WEIGHTMASTER: •M• = Angel Mendoza Ordonez 1867-92 REFERENCE: Y-56

Photos of 1869 - 50 centimos Courtesy Collection of

FOOTNOTE: Amadeus, Duke of Aosta, second son of Victor Emanuel of Italy, and brother of the King of Italy, was born in 1845, and was chosen by the Cortes King of Spain in 1870. His position was far from comfortable, however, and perceived that, as a member of a foreign dynasty he had little hope of becoming acceptable to all parties in the state, he abdicated in 1873 and returned to Italy. His coinage was limited to crown and gold issues, there being no 18 mm Silver coinage during his reign, Cabinet Cyclopaedia, 1896. FOOTNOTE: Alfonso XII was born November 28, 1857. In 1868 he accompanied his mother Queen Isabel II into exile, and in 1870 she abdicated in his favor. While continuing his education at Sandhurst in 1874 he issued a manifesto proclaiming himself the only representative of the Spanish Monarchy. In the following year he returned to Spain, being received everywhere with enthusiasm. He married his cousin, the Princess Maria de Las Mercedes, and on her death, an Austrian Princess, Maria Christina. He died in November 1885 having shown himself in his short reign to be a tactful and fearless sovereign. Queen Mother of Spain Maria Christina, the daughter of Austrian Archduke Karl Ferdinand entered a convent and became an Abbess, but in 1879 she married King Alfonso XII. At the death of the Spanish King she ruled for her infant daughter, Mercedes, who was succeeded in 1886 by a posthumous son, Alfonso XIII. She remained the Queen Regent until 1902. It was during her regency that the disastrous Spanish-American War took place in 1898.

Jacinto Diaz





======================================================================

1880 (8-0) 1881 (8-1) 1885 (8-6)

2,787,117 5,647,486 1,468,399

V-8029 V-8030 V-8031

¿OV: Head of Alfonso XII, facing left ALFONSO XII POR (Alfonso XII by} left LA G• DE DIOS (the grace of God) right / w DATE w (date incised in six point stars for mintmark) G.S. under bust. ¿RV: Crowned arms of Spain between Pillars of Hercules, with ULUS ULTRA (more beyond) incised on ribbon around pillars, REY CONSTL DE ESPAÑA (Constitutional King of Spain) around / M.S. 50 CENT. (centimos) •M• below.

King Alfonso XII

EDGE: Reeded MINT: ww (6 point stars) = MADRID ENGRAVER: G.S. = Gregoro Sellan ASSAYER: M. = Mauricio Morejon Bueno ASSAYER: S. = Pablo de Sala Garsaball WEIGHTMASTER: •M• = Angel Mendoza Ordonez 1867-92 REFERENCE: Y-A76 FOOTNOTE: In 1894 Cuba rose again, and when a Spanish force of 200,000 men had almost reduced the island to a desert, the United States interfered, provoking the Spanish-American War of 1898. The Republic of Cuba was born in the Peace of Paris when Spain declared Cuba independent and ceded Porto Rico and the Philippines to the United States of America.

FOOTNOTE: The restoration of the Bourbons under Alfonso XII took place when Queen Isabel’s son became King of Spain in 1875. In 1876 a constitution was published which vested the legislative power together with ministerial control in the Cortes of two houses - a senate, partly elected and partly appointed by the King, and a congress, elected by the people. In 1890 manhood suffrage was introduced. When Alfonso XII died in 1885 the grief was general and the nation rallied enthusiastically around his posthumous son, Alfonso XIII, with his mother assuming the Regency till he was declared of age in 1902. At the turn of the century economic and social conditions presented serious problems. The country possessed great natural resources of good soil and climate in the south, mineral wealth in the north, but the population, superstitious, backward in civilization, prone to idleness, does not make the most of them. The poverty is great, beggary a national calamity. The remnant of the once vast colonial empire lately was a great drain upon the national finances with perennial misgovernment of Cuba and the Philippines, made them prone to revolt. Neither military reconquest nor belated attempts at reform secured the attachment of the alienated natives.


FOOTNOTE: Alfonso XII, King of Spain, the only son of Queen Isabel II and her cousin Francis of Assisi, was born in 1857 and died in 1885. He left Spain with his mother when she was driven from the throne by the Revolution of 1868, and till 1874 resided partly in France, partly in Austria. In the latter year he studied for a time at the English Military Collage, Sandhurst, being then known as Prince of the Asturias. His mother had given up her claims to the throne in 1870 in his favor, and in 1874 Alfonso came forward himself as claimant, and in the end of the year was proclaimed by General Martinez Campos as King. He now passed over into Spain and was enthusiastically received, most of the Spaniards being by this time tired of the Republican Government, which had failed to put down the Carlist Party. Alfonso was successful in bringing the Carlist struggle to an end (1876), and henceforth he reigned with little disturbance. He married first his cousin Maria de Las Mercedes, daughter of the Duke de Montpensier; second, Maria Christina, Archduchess of Austria, whom he left a widow with two daughters, a son being born posthumously, King Alfonso XIII. Cabinet Cyclopaedia, 1896. FOOTNOTE: Madrid, the capital of Spain, in New Castile, in the Province of Madrid, on the Manzanares, near the center of the Iberian Peninsula. Situated upon a high plateau, 2450 feet above the sea, windswept from the snowy Guadarrama, with unhealthy extremes of temperature, the city has no advantages except the fanciful geographical merit of being the center of Spain. The principal streets are broad, long, and airy; but the squares are generally irregularly built and deficient in decorative monuments. The Royal Palace, a combination of Ionic and Doric architecture, is one of the most magnificent in the world. It contains a library of nearly 100,000 volumes, and a fine collection of ancient armor and coins. The bullfights take place in the Plaza de Toros, a building which is about 1100 feet in circumference, and capable of containing 12,000 spectators. The Prado, nearly 2 miles long, a boulevard on the east of the city, forms the popular promenade. Population - 1895 - 387,080 New Cabinet Cyclopaedia, Phila., 1896. ======================================================================

1889 - 50 CENTIMOS - REVERSE ====================================================================== SPAIN, KINGDOM of MADRID MINT ====================================================================== 50 CENTIMOS 18MM .835 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1889 (8-9)

537,260

V-8032

¿OV: Baby head of Alfonso XIII, facing left ALFONSO XIII, left POR LA G• DE DIOS (by the grace of God) right / w1889 w (8 and 9 incised in six point stars for mintmark) G.S. under bust. ¿RV: Crowned arms of Spain between Pillars of Hercules, with ULUS ULTRA (more beyond) incised on ribbon around pillars, REY CONSTL (Constitutional King) left, DE ESPAÑA (of Spain) right / M•P• 50 CENT. (centimos) •M• below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: ww (6 point stars) = MADRID ENGRAVER: G.S. = Gregoro Sellan ASSAYER: M• = Mauricio Morejon Bueno ASSAYER: P• = Felix M. Peiro Rodrigo WEIGHTMASTER: •M• = Angel Mendoza Ordonez 1867-92 REFERENCE: Y-79

Baby King Alfonso XIII

FOOTNOTE: The legend on the Pillars of Hercules, - 'Plus Ultra" translated more beyond is incised on ribbon around pillars. The original legend - 'Non Plus Ultra' or nothing more beyond dates back to early Spanish history with the mythological Hercules who tore asunder the Pyreneese Mountains between Spain and North Africa at the Straits of Gibraltar. The Pillars with their scrolls were to give warning to sailors not to enter the Atlantic.

======================================================================





======================================================================

1892 (9-2)

3,953,638

V-8032

¿OV: Baby head of Alfonso XIII, facing left ALFONSO XIII, left POR LA G• DE DIOS (by the grace of God) right / w1892 w (9 and 2 incised in six point stars for mintmark) G.S. under bust. ¿RV: Crowned arms of Spain between Pillars of Hercules, with ULUS ULTRA (more beyond) incised on ribbon around pillars, REY CONSTL (Constitutional King) left, DE ESPAÑA (of Spain) right / P•G• 50 CENT. (centimos) •M• below. EDGE: Reeded ww (6 point stars) = MADRID MINT:ww

FOOTNOTE: Alfonso XIII, King of Spain was born May 17, 1886,and succeeded to the throne of Spain the same day. Born the posthumous son of Alfonso XII and Maria Christina, Archdutchess of Austria, who was appointed Regent during his minority. In 1902 at the age of sixteen he assumed control of the Government. In 1906 he married Princess Victoria Eugene of Battenberg, niece of King Edward VII of Great Britain, and narrowly escaped assassination on the day of his marriage. The early reign of the young King was marked by mutinies abroad, while at home dissatisfaction found expression in cabinet crises and military insurrections, labor riots, and anarchistic disturbances. The unfortunate war against the United States led to the practical annihilation of Spain’s Colonial Empire. The King assumed personal charge of the government on attaining his sixteenth year in 1902. His frank and courageous, though somewhat impulsive nature gained him the affection of the nation. On May 31, 1906, he married Princess Ena, daughter of the late Prince Henry Maurice of Battenberg and Princess Beatrice, daughter of Queen Victoria. On their wedding day the Royal pair narrowly escaped death in a bomb explosion, the work of anarchists, which killed a score of persons about the King. New International Encyclopedia, Phila., 1910.

ENGRAVER: G.S. = Gregoro Sellan ====================================================================== ASSAYER: P• = Felix M. Peiro Rodrigo ASSAYER: G• = Antionio Garcia Gonzales WEIGHTMASTER: •M• = Angel Mendoza Ordonez 1867-92 REFERENCE: Y-79 POPULATION: 1892 - 17,550,216 with capital Madrid with 508,405 inhabitants. FOOTNOTE: Two Spanish Colonies also issued silver 50 centimos coins which are detailed within the sections for Philippines and Puerto Rico. The Colony of Cuba had no similar issue. The cut shown on the right is taken from a diez centavos bank note issued for Cuba dated Havana, 15 Febrero de 1897.


====================================================================== SPAIN, KINGDOM of MADRID MINT ====================================================================== 50 CENTIMOS 18MM .835 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1894 (9-4)

1,109,204

======================================================================

V-8034

¿OV: Boy head of Alfonso XIII, facing left ALFONSO XIII POR, (Alfonso XIII by) left, LA G• DE DIOS (the grace of God) right / w 1892 w (9 and 4 incised in six point stars for mintmark) G.S. under bust. ¿RV: Crowned arms of Spain between Pillars of Hercules, with ULUS ULTRA (more beyond) incised on ribbon around pillars, REY CONSTL DE ESPANA (Constitutional King of Spain) around / P•G• 50 CENT• (centimos) •V• below. EDGE: Reeded MINT:ww ww (6 point stars) = MADRID ENGRAVER: G.S. = Gregoro Sellan ASSAYER: P• = Felix M. Peiro Rodrigo ASSAYER: G• = Antionio Garcia Gonzales WEIGHTMASTER: •V• = Remigio Vega Y Vega REFERENCE: Y-83 ======================================================================


296,929

V-8035

¿OV: Older head of Alfonso XIII, facing left ALFONSO XIII left, POR LA G• DE DIOS (by the grace of God) right / w1896 w (9 and 6 incised in six point stars for mintmark) B.M. under bust. ¿RV: Crowned arms of Spain between Pillars of Hercules, with ULUS ULTRA (more beyond) incised on ribbon around pillars, REY CONSTL DE ESPANA (Constitutional King of Spain) around / P•G• 50 CENT. (centimos) •V• below. EDGE: Reeded MINT:ww ww (6 point stars) = MADRID ENGRAVER: B.M. = Bartolome Maura Montaner ASSAYER: P• = Felix M. Peiro Rodrigo ASSAYER: G• = Antionio Garcia Gonzales WEIGHTMASTER: •V• = Remigio Vega Y Vega REFERENCE: Y-87 POPULATION: Capital city - Madrid - 1897 - 512,000

King Alfonso XIII ====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: The Queen-Regent and the young King of Spain - The Queen-Regent of Spain has had more trouble to teach her son to be a King than royal mothers generally have, because children born in an exalted position, and surrounded by flattery, are always wont to get proud very early; whereas, very early the infant King, El Reycito, as he is called in Spain, was wont to be humble, unassuming, and even ready to allow all the children of his age to rule over him. Once only some consciousness of his rank awoke him, and this when he was six years of age only. According to an ancient tradition, Sovereigns of Spain have always to be accompanied in their drives by an equerry, ‘Caballerico’ of good birth, who precedes the Royal Carriage. The young King one day, on entering his landau with his nurse and his two sisters, noticed that the equerry was not in front of the horses. He somewhat sharply inquired in shrill baby tones:”Where is the man?” The question passed unnoticed, the coachman whipped the horses, and the carriage was already far on the road, when the ‘Caballerico’ rushed at full speed after the Royal equipage. The King ordered the coachman to stop; but this could not be, as the Queen had given previous orders and forbidding any of her son’s injunctions to be obeyed. In a fury the boy staggered to his feet and cried aloud to the guilty equerry:”Sir, let this never happen again!” Delighted by this proof of their King’s spirited nature, the nurse, the ladies, and the soldiers of the escort repeated the incident, and before the evening all the streets and ‘Saloons’ of Madrid were teeming with the news, which provoked amusement, laughter, and national pride. The Queen-Regent, on the contrary, punished the child, and the next day invited the most handsome and robust little boys of his age to take tea and play with the King at the Palace. When the children were assembled, she placed them before a mirror. Of course, the little King was the smallest and not the handsomest among them. “You see, dear child”,said his mother, “That if there ever can be any difference between you and others, that difference must exist in your soul, in your kindness and good qualities, since God, who alone is our Master, has created so many human creatures superior to you in appearance. Now, go and play with your friends and be more humble in the future.” From that moment no trait of Alfonso XIII’s pride could ever be discovered. American Monthly Review of Reviews.1902. New York.





======================================================================

1900 (0-0)

2,128,369

V-8036

¿OV: Older head of Alfonso XIII, facing left ALFONSO XIII left, POR LA G• DE DIOS (by the grace of God) right / w1900 w (0 and 0 incised in six point stars for mintmark) B.M. under bust. ¿RV: Crowned arms of Spain between Pillars of Hercules, with ULUS ULTRA (more beyond) incised on ribbon around pillars, REY CONSTL DE ESPANA (Constitutional King of Spain) around / S•M• 50 CENT. (centimos) •V• below.

Young King Alfonso XIII

EDGE: Reeded

======================================================================

MINT: ww (6 point stars) = MADRID ENGRAVER: B.M. = Bartolome Maura Montaner ASSAYER: S• = Arturo Sandoval ASSAYER: M• = Miguel Martinez Fraile WEIGHTMASTER: •V• = Remigio Vega Y Vega POPULATION: 1900 - 18,226,040 with capital Madrid with 512,150 inhabitants. REFERENCE: Y-87

Spanish children playing FOOTNOTE: The young King Alfonso XIII of Spain having reached the age of sixteen, took the oath of office on the Seventeenth of May, 1902, and thus there came to an end the Regency of his mother. The following oath of office was administered to Alfonso XIII by Senior Armijo, the President of the Chamber of Deputies: “I swear by God upon the Holy Bible to maintain the Constitution and Laws. If so I do, may God reward me; if I do not, may he call me to account.” American Monthly Review of Reviews, 1902. New York.





======================================================================

1904 (0-4)

4,851,497

======================================================================

V-8037

¿OV: Cadet head of Alfonso XIII, facing left ALFONSO XIII POR (Alfonso XIII by) left, LA G• DE DIOS (the grace of God) right / w 1904 w (0 and 4 incised in six point stars for mintmark) B.M. incised on truncation. ¿RV: Crowned arms of Spain between Pillars of Hercules, with ULUS ULTRA (more beyond) incised on ribbon around pillars, REY CONSTL DE ESPAÑA (Constitutional King of Spain) around / S•M• 50 CENT. (centimos) •V• below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: ww (6 point stars) = MADRID ENGRAVER: B.M. = Bartolome Maura Montaner ASSAYER: S• = Arturo Sandoval ASSAYER: M• = Miguel Martinez Fraile WEIGHTMASTER: •V• = Remigio Vega Y Vega REFERENCE: Y-92 FOOTNOTE: The official conversion rate of the peseta, equal to 100 centimos, is 19.3 cents U.S., while the average exchange rate is now 17.5 cents. Silver coins in circulation are the 5 peseta, 2 peseta, 1 peseta, and the 50 centimos pieces. In 1906-07, no silver was coined. No coinage was struck during the years 1908 and 1909. In 1910, money coined to the value of 1,976,180 pesetas in silver 50 centimos pieces to replace money retired from circulation. In 1911 263,286 pesetas of 50 centimos pieces were coined. The Statesmen's Year Book, London 1916.

King Alfonso XIII in Uniform ====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: Spain in the nineteenth century is a dreary story of misgovernment at home and the loss of South America, but does not complete the tale of the misery wrought by the wretched King Ferdinand, the Bourbon monarch who came back after the fall of Napoleon. Even in his death he became a curse to his country by creating a succession issue. He left his crown, when he died in 1833, to his infant daughter Isabel II, under the Regency of her mother Christina, thereby setting aside his brother Carlos, who considered himself the legal heir. The result was a civil war of Christinists against Carlists, which lasted until Carlos, after seven years of fighting, was driven from the country in 1840. Christina, the Regent, and later Queen Isabel II, publicized and annulled constitutions, made and broke promises, compounded with this and that group of politicians, until the feeble and dishonest game was at an end and Queen Isabel II had to flee abroad before a popular rising in 1868. A period followed when the country passed into the hands of successive dictators.



1,303,015

V-8038

¿OV: Cadet head of Alfonso XIII, facing left ALFONSO XIII POR (Alfonso XIII by) left, LA G• DE DIOS (the grace of God) right / w 1904 w (1 and 0 for 1910 incised in six point stars for mintmark) B.M. incised on truncation. ¿RV: Crowned arms of Spain between Pillars of Hercules, with ULUS ULTRA (more beyond) incised on ribbon around pillars, REY CONSTL DE ESPAÑA (Constitutional King of Spain) around / P•C• 50 CENT•(centimos) •V• below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: ww (6 point stars) = MADRID ENGRAVER: B.M. = Bartolome Maura Montaner ASSAYER: P. = Vidal Peiro Zafra ASSAYER: C. = Rafael Caro Y Fresneda WEIGHTMASTER: •V• = Remigio Vega Y Vega REFERENCE: Y-92 FOOTNOTE: This issue was minted in 1910 and has this date incised in the stars left and right of the 1904 date.

1910 - 50 CENTIMOS - OBVERSE ====================================================================== SPAIN, KINGDOM of MADRID MINT ====================================================================== 50 CENTIMOS 18MM .835 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1910 (1-0)

4,526,046

V-8039

¿OV: Older head of Alfonso XIII, facing left ALFONSO XIII POR (Alfonso XIII by) left, LA G• DE DIOS (the grace of God) right / w 1910 w (1 and 0 FOR 1910 incised in six point stars for mintmark) B.M. incised on truncation. FOOTNOTE: Traveling expenses - The cost of a journey in Spain does not materially differ from that of one in the other parts of Europe frequented by tourists. The average daily expenditure, exclusive of railway-fares, will very from 15 to 30 pesetas according to the traveler’s requirements, while 10 to 15 pesetas per day should be enough for a prolonged stay in one place. Money the currency of Spain is now arranged on the decimal system, like that of France. The peseta, divided into 100 centimos, is the nominal equivalent of the franc. The gold pieces of 100,80,40,25,20,10 and 5 peseta have entirely disappeared from ordinary circulation, their place being taken by notes of the value of 1000, 500, 100, 50 and 25 peseta issued by the Banco de Espana at Madrid. The current coins are silver pieces of 50 centimos and 1, 2, and 5 peseta, and copper pieces of 5 and 10 centimos. Coins issued before 1868 are obsolete and should be refused. The old ‘reales’ (1 real = 25 centimos) are no longer current, though reckoning by reales is still common in retail trade. The piece of 5 peseta is popularly known as duro (dollar), and the pieces of 10 centimos and 5 centimos are often termed ‘Perra Grange’ (‘Big Dog’) and ‘Perra Chica’ (‘Little Dog’) in jocular allusion to the lions in the coatof arms. Over-seas silver coins with the value stated in pesos or centavos (especially those from the Philippines) should be rejected. The so-called sevillanos, or counterfeit pieces of 5 peseta, are very troublesome, since they contain the full legal amount of silver and are often so admirably forged that they can scarcely be distinguished from the genuine coins. A handful of change should never be taken without examination, and notes should (when practicable) be demanded for all sums above 25 centimos. Handbook for Travelers, Karl Baedeker, Leipsic, 1913.

¿RV: Crowned arms of Spain between Pillars of Hercules, with ULUS ULTRA (more beyond) incised on ribbon around pillars, REY CONSTL DE ESPAÑA (Constitutional King of Spain) around / P•C• 50 CENT. (centimos) •V• below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: ww (6 point stars) = MADRID ENGRAVER: B.M. = Bartolome Maura Montaner ASSAYER: P• = Vidal Peiro Zafra ASSAYER: C• = Rafael Caro Y Fresneda WEIGHTMASTER: •V• = Remigio Vega Y Vega REFERENCE: Y-92 ======================================================================


1926 - 50 CÉNTIMOS - OBVERSE

1926 - 50 CÉNTIMOS - REVERSE

====================================================================== SPAIN, KINGDOM of MADRID MINT ====================================================================== 50 CÉNTIMOS 18MM .835 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ======================================================================

======================================================================

1926

4,000,012

V-8040

¿OV: Adult head of Alfonso XIII, facing left ALFONSO XIII REY DE ESPANA (Alfonso XIII King of Spain) around, F. Vaquer

incised on truncation / •–• 50 CÉNTIMOS •–• below.

¿RV: Crowned arms of Spain within chain of flowers (the Order of the Golden Fleece - La Toison d’ Or) between design •P.C• CINCUENTA (fifty) left, CÉNTIMOS •S• right / 1926 below.

Older King Alfonso XIII ======================================================================

EDGE: Reeded

FOOTNOTE: With the rise of the Republic, following the overwhelming victory of the Republicans in the municipal elections, Alfonso XIII, King of Spain from his birth, May 17, 1886, and Queen Victoria, with the Royal family, went into exile on April 14, 1931.

MINT: (no mintmark) = MADRID

======================================================================

ENGRAVER: F. Vaquer ASSAYER: .P. = Vidal Periro Y Zafra ASSAYER: C. = Rafael Caro Y Fresneda WEIGHTMASTER: •S• = Sigla del Juez de Balanza REFERENCE: Y-102 Catalogo General De La Moneda Espanola by Jose A.Vicenti, Madrid, 1973. Las Monedas Espanolas Desde D.Pelayo (718) A Juan Carlos I (1980), Madrid, 1980. Catalogo unificado De Las Monedas Y Billetes Espanoles 1868 - 1985, Madrid, 1985.

Spain today ======================================================================


1850 - 2 REALES - OBVERSE

1850 - 2 REALES - REVERSE

====================================================================== SPAIN, KINGDOM of SEVILLE MINT ====================================================================== 2 REALES 18MM .900 FINE 2.55 GRAMS ======================================================================

==================================================================== SPAIN, KINGDOM of SEVILLE MINT ====================================================================== 2 REALES 18MM .900 FINE 2.55 GRAMS ======================================================================

1836

u/m

V-7166

¿OV: Head of Isabel II, facing left ISABEL 2A POR LA GRACIA DE DIOS. (Isabel II by the grace of God) around / 1836 below. ¿RV: Crowned arms dividing value 2 Rs (reales) within chain of flowers (the Order of the Golden Fleece - La Toison d’Or), REINA DE ESPAÑA (Queen of Spain) left Y DE LAS INDIAS (and of the Indies) right •S• (mintmark) DR. divided by elephant hanging from chain, below. EDGE: Reeded

1839 1840 1850 1851

u/m u/m u/m u/m

V-7170 V-7171 V-7182 V-7183

¿OV: Head of Isabel II, facing right ISABEL 2A POR LA GRACIA DE DIOS Y CONST• (Isabel II by the grace of God and Constitution) around / DATE. below. ¿RV: Crowned arms dividing value 2 Rs (reales) within chain of flowers (the Order of the Golden Fleece - La Toison d’Or), REINA DE LAS ESPAÑAS (Queen of the Spains) around / •S• (mintmark) RD • divided by elephant hanging from chain, below.

MINT: •S• = SEVILLE EDGE: Reeded ASSAYER: D = Joaquin Delgado Diaz MINT: •S• = SEVILLE ASSAYER: R. = Benito de Roxas ASSAYER: R = Benito de Roxas REFERENCE: Y-5 ASSAYER: D • = Vicente Delgado TYPE: I - Young Portrait REFERENCE: Y-9

Tower of Seville

FOOTNOTE: In 1840 Queen Maria Christina, the daughter of Francis I, King of the Two Sicilies, and fourth wife of Ferdinand VII, King of Spain, who died in 1833, naming her Regent for her infant daughter Queen Isabel II, renounced the Regency and retired to France. FOOTNOTE: 1865-66 Spain was at war with Peru and Chili.


====================================================================== SPAIN, KINGDOM of SEVILLE MINT ====================================================================== 2 REALES 18MM .900 FINE 2.55 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1844 1848

u/m u/m

V-7177 V-7180

¿OV: Head of Isabel II, facing right ISABEL 2A POR LA GRACIA DE DIOS Y CONST (Isabel II by the grace of God and Constitution) around / DATE • below. ¿RV: Crowned arms dividing value 2 Rs (reales) within chain of flowers (the Order of the Golden Fleece - La Toison d’Or), REINA DE LAS ESPAÑAS (Queen of the Spains) around / •S• (mintmark) RD • divided by elephant hanging from chain, below. EDGE: Reeded

====================================================================== SPAIN, KINGDOM of SEVILLE MINT ====================================================================== 2 REALES 18MM .900 FINE 2.63 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864


V-7201 V-7203 V-7205 V-7208 V-7211 V-7213 V-7215 V-7217

¿OV: Head of Isabel II, facing right ISABEL 2A POR LA G. (Isabel II by the grace) left, DE DIOS Y LA CONST• (of God and Constitution) right / • DATE • below, L.M. on truncation. ¿RV: Crowned arms dividing value 2 Rs (reales) REINA DE LAS ESPAÑAS (QUEEN OF THE SPAINS) around / yy (two stars of seven points for mintmark) below.

MINT: •S• = SEVILLE ASSAYER: R = Benito de Roxas

EDGE: Reeded

ASSAYER: D • = Joaquin Delgado Diaz

MINT: yy (7 point stars) = SEVILLE

TYPE: II - Older Portrait


REFERENCE: Y-9

REFERENCE: Y-28

FOOTNOTE: Seville, in ancient times, the residence of the Gothic Kings, and capital of Spain, is a large and handsome city, noted for its manufactures and commerce. Olney’s Geography - 1849. FOOTNOTE: Seville, a city of Spain, in Andalusia, on the left bank of the Guadalquivir, capital of a Province of the same name, 62 miles N.N.E. of Cadiz. It is largely built in the Moorish style, with narrow, ill-paved streets, the old Moorish houses having spacious interior courtyards with a fountain in the middle. The city has a large and handsome gothic cathedral dating from the 15th century, with its famous Moorish giralda or tower, part of a mosque which gave place to the present cathedral, and dating from 1196; an Alcazar or palace in the Moorish style. (continued). ====================================================================== SPAIN, KINGDOM of SEVILLE MINT ====================================================================== 2 REALES 18MM .900 FINE 2.63 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1852 1853 1854 1855

u/m u/m u/m u/m

V-7189 V-7192 V-7195 V-7198

¿OV: Head of Isabel II, facing right ISABEL 2A POR LA GRACIA DE DIOS Y LA CONST• (Isabel II by the grace of God and Constitution) around / DATE. below. ¿RV: Crowned arms dividing value 2 Rs (reales) REINA DE LAS ESPAÑAS (QUEEN OF THE SPAINS) around / ii (two stars of seven points for mintmark) below.

FOOTNOTE: (Continued) Seville has an exchange called the Casa Lonja; a bull-ring, a fine stone building holding 12,000 persons; an aqueduct of 410 arches built by the Moors, etc. On the other side of the river is the suburb of Triana, inhabited by gypsies, bullfighters, etc. The manufactures include silks, cottons, woolens, pottery, machinery, chocolate, leather, and especially tobacco and cigars, there being an immense cigar factory in which some 5000 females are employed. The river is navigable for vessels of considerable size up to the city; a good trade is carried on, large quantities of oranges in particular being exported. Population 1896 - 143,000. New Cabinet Cyclopaedia, Phila.,1896. ====================================================================== SPAIN, KINGDOM of SEVILLE MINT ====================================================================== 20 CENTIMOS DE ESCUDO 18MM .810 FINE 2.6 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1864 1865 1866

u/m u/m u/m

V-7220 V-7223 V-7226

¿OV: Head of Isabel II, facing right ISABEL 2A POR LA G• (Isabel II by the grace) left, DE DIOS Y LA CONST• (of God and Constitution) right / •DATE• below, L.M. on truncation. ¿RV: Crowned arms of Spain, REINA DE (Queen of) left LAS ESPAÑAS (THE SPAINS) right / y 20 CENTs DE ESCo y (20 centimos de escudos) (mintmark of seven point stars with the last two digits of date incised) below. EDGE: Reeded

EDGE: Reeded

MINT: yy (7 point stars) = SEVILLE

MINT: i (7 point stars) = SEVILLE


REFERENCE: Y-20

REFERENCE: Y-41



STRAITS SETTLEMENTS

======================================================================

======================================================================

1890 H - TEN CENTS - OBVERSE

1890 H - TEN CENTS - REVERSE

====================================================================== STRAITS SETTLEMENTS, BRITISH CROWN COLONY of BIRMINGHAM MINT ====================================================================== TEN CENTS 18MM .800 FINE 2.71 GRAMS ======================================================================

======================================================================

1872 1874 1876 1879 1880 1882 1883 1890 1897 1900

230,000 180,000 120,000 250,000 235,000 430,000 610,000 730,000 390,000 1,000,000

FOOTNOTE: The Modern Dime Size Silver Coins of the Straits Settlements begins with the London issue of 1871 and continues through 1927 with coins struck at the Royal Mint, London, and Branch mint of Bombay along with coinage ordered from the private mint; Ralph Heaton & Sons, Ltd. of Birmingham. The listings are in mint order. Currency of Colony; The Straits Settlements dollar = 100 cents. FOOTNOTE: Ralph Heaton & Sons - In 1860, the Heaton brothers erected a new mint in Icknield Street, Birmingham, and their title was changed to Ralph Heaton & Sons; in 1889 the firm was converted to a limited company under the title The Mint Birmingham Limited, with the mintmark H continued to be used. ======================================================================

¿OV: Head of Victoria wearing a diadem, facing left VICTORIA, left QUEEN, right / H (mintmark) under bust. ÀRV: Large 10 within circle of pearls • STRAITS SETTLEMENTS • above, TEN CENTS DATE below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: H = RALPH HEATON & SONS,LTD. BIRMINGHAM ENGRAVER: (obv) Leonard Charles Wyon DESIGNER: William Theed REFERENCE: Y-14, SSC-24, SS5, KM-11

Raffles entering Singapore ======================================================================

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - STRAITS SETTLEMENTS - PAGE 498



====================================================================== STRAITS SETTLEMENTS, BRITISH CROWN COLONY of BOMBAY MINT ====================================================================== TEN CENTS 18MM .600 FINE 2.72 GRAMS ======================================================================


1909 1910

1916 1917

11,088,198 1,657,216

¿OV: Crowned head of Edward VII, facing right EDWARD VII left KING & EMPEROR right / DES. under bust. ÀRV: Large 10 within circle of pearls • STRAITS SETTLEMENTS • above, TEN CENTS DATE below. EDGE: Reeded

600,007 5,600,059

scarce

¿OV: Head of George V, facing left GEORGE V KING AND EMPEROR OF INDIA, B.M. in relief on truncation of the shoulder / • (dot mintmark) under bust. ÀRV: Large 10 within circle of pearls .STRAITS SETTLEMENTS. above, TEN CENTS DATE below. EDGE: Reeded

MINT: B (incised below cross pattee of the crown) = BOMBAY

MINT: (no mintmark) = BOMBAY

DESIGNER: (obv) DES. = George DeSaulles

MARK: • (dot) = denotes .600 finess

POPULATION: 1911 - 714,069 including 240,206 Malays, 369,843 Chinese and 82,055 natives.

DESIGNER: (obv) B.M.= Sir Edgar Bertram MacKennal

REFERENCE: Y-21a, SSC-25, KM-21a POPULATION: 1911 - 714,069 including 240,206 Malays, 369,843 Chinese and 82,055 natives of India. FOOTNOTE: King Edward VII is shown wearing the Imperial Crown and the Ermine Robe of State, the Collar of the Most Honorable Order of the Bath. Edward VII ascended the throne in January, 1901, but according to custom, the coins dated 1901 continued to bear the effigy of Queen Victoria. FOOTNOTE: In 1905 the price of silver began to rise, resulting in considerable hoarding. No ten cent coins were issued until the silver content was reduced from .800 fine to .600 fine with the issues dated 1909 and 1910.

REFERENCE: Y-34, SSC-26, KM-29 The Catalogue of Malaysia, Singapore and Brunei Coins (1700-1974) by Saran Singe, Kuala Lumpur,1974 FOOTNOTE: King George V is shown wearing the Imperial Crown and the Ermine Robe of State, the Collar of the Most Noble Order of the Garter and the Badge of the Most Honorable Order of the Bath. FOOTNOTE: A 10 Cent currency note for the Straits Settlements was issued in 1917 to relieve the shortage of subsidiary coinage resulting from the rise in the price of silver during the World War I. Steps were taken to again debase the coinage by reducing the silver content from .600 fine to .400 fine with the issues starting with 1918.





======================================================================

1918 1919 1920

7,500,074 11,500,121 4,000,034

scarce

¿OV: Head of George V, facing left GEORGE V KING AND EMPEROR OF INDIA, B.M. in relief on truncation of the shoulder / + (cross mintmark) below. ÀRV: Large 10 within circle of pearls .STRAITS SETTLEMENTS. above, TEN CENTS DATE below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = BOMBAY MARK: + = denotes .400 fineness DESIGNER: (obv) B.M.= Sir Edgar Bertram MacKennal POPULATION: 1918 - 801,548 REFERENCE: Y-34a, SSC-26, KM-29a ======================================================================

Malay drum ======================================================================

FOOTNOTE: Straits Settlements is a British Crown Colony in the Malay Peninsula comprising the settlements of Malacca, Singapore, and Penang which were incorporated under one government in 1826 and the administration transferred from India to the Secretary of State for Colonies. FOOTNOTE: Singapore, a British possession, forming one of the Straits Settlements, and consisting of a small island, with numerous surrounding islets, off the southern extremity of the Malay Peninsula, and separated from the mainland by a narrow strait 2 miles to 1/2 mile in breadth. The principal island, which is elevated and well clothed in wood, is about 25 miles long and 14 miles average breadth, area 206 square miles. The climate is hot, the average summer heat being 84‘, and the winter temperature 76 ‘. Agricultural products include nutmeg, cloves, ginger, pepper, sugarcane, pumpkins, cucumbers, yams, sweet-potatoes, onions, garlic, and other vegetables. Singapore possesses all fruit-bearing trees of the Indian Archipelago. A delicate sea-weed called ‘agaragar” is an important article of commerce for China and the eastern markets. Tigers swarm in the jungles. Birds include pea-fowls, pheasants, partridges, etc. Amongst reptiles are turtles, tortoises, crocodiles, cobras and other serpents. The coast and rivulets abound with quantities of fish. - The town of Singapore is situated on a rivulet on the south side of the island. It is divided into three parts - the western, inhabited by Chinese; the central, by the Europeans; and the eastern, by the Malays. The central part is laid out in regular streets, lined with substantial brick houses. Here are the principal public offices, official residences, hotels, exchanges, and churches. The harbor is commodious, and is now being strongly fortified. A special dock for the use of the navy is also being constructed. Singapore is the great entreport of southern Asia and the Indian Archipelago. The port is perfectly free; no duties are levied upon anything. Exports consist of tin, coffee, rice, sago, tapioca, pepper, nutmegs, rattans, gambier, sugar, bees’wax, raw silk, gutta-percha, mother-of-pearl, etc. Imports from Great Britain include cottons, woolens, coals, iron, arms, wine, and various manufactures; and from Europe and the United States, wine spirits, liqueurs, manufactured goods, provisions, etc. Singapore is the capital of the Straits Settlements, and the residence of the Governor. Population - 1891 - 184,554. New Cabinet Cyclopaedia, Phila., 1896.


====================================================================== STRAITS SETTLEMENTS, BRITISH CROWN COLONY of LONDON MINT ====================================================================== TEN CENTS 18MM .800 FINE 2.71 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1871 1873 1877 1878 1881 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1891 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901

248,000 210,000 160,000 470,000 460,000 160,000 1,240,000 400,000 790,000 640,000 1,075,000 1,500,000 1,380,000 980,000 1,640,000 2,324,460 2,255,540 700,000 1,960,000 286,000 2,960,000 2,700,000


¿OV: Head of Victoria wearing a diadem, facing left VICTORIA, left QUEEN, right. ÀRV: Large 10 within circle of pearls • STRAITS SETTLEMENTS • above, TEN CENTS DATE below.

====================================================================== STRAITS SETTLEMENTS, BRITISH CROWN COLONY of LONDON MINT ====================================================================== TEN CENTS 18MM .800 FINE 2.71 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1902 1903

EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = Royal Mint, LONDON ENGRAVER: (obv) Leonard Charles Wyon DESIGNER: William Theed

6,118,735 1,401,265

scarce

¿OV: Crowned head of Edward VII, facing right EDWARD VII left KING & EMPEROR right / DES. under bust. ÀRV: Large 10 within circle of pearls • STRAITS SETTLEMENTS • above, TEN CENTS DATE below.

POPULATION: Straits Settlements - 1892 - 568,000, Singapore - 185,000 inhabitants

EDGE: Reeded

REFERENCE: Y-14, SSC-24, KM-11


FOOTNOTE: Singapore, free port and port of call for almost all steamers between Europe and the Orient is the world’s greatest rubber market. ======================================================================

Map of Singapore

DESIGNER: (obv) DES. = George DeSaulles REFERENCE: Y-21, SSC-25, KM-21 FOOTNOTE: Straits Settlements, a British Crown Colony on the Straits of Malacca, from which it derives its name, includes the Settlement of Malacca and Wellesley on the mainland of the southern portion of the Malay Peninsula, the adjacent islands of Singapore, Penang, and Dindings, together with the Keeling group and Christmas Island in the Indian Ocean. The estimated area of the Colony is 1,542 square miles, and the population (1901 ) 572,249, capital Georgetown in Penang. The inhabitants are chiefly Malays and Chinese. The town of Singapore, with 162,547 inhabitants, is the seat of government. The ports are free and there is no customs revenue. International Year Book, 1901, New York. FOOTNOTE: The monetary standard of the Straits Settlements is the Mexican dollar equal to 46.4 Cents in United States money in 1901. The Straits Settlements dollar is subdivided into 100 cents. International Year Book, 1901, New York.

======================================================================


1927 - TEN CENTS - OBVERSE ====================================================================== STRAITS SETTLEMENT, BRITISH CROWN COLONY of LONDON MINT ====================================================================== TEN CENTS 18MM .600 FINE 2.72 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1926 1927


20,000,000 23,000,000

¿OV: Head of George V, facing left GEORGE V KING AND EMPEROR OF INDIA, B.M. in relief on truncation of the shoulder. ÀRV: Large 10 within circle of pearls .STRAITS SETTLEMENTS. above, TEN CENTS DATE below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = Royal Mint, LONDON MARK: (none) = denotes fineness restored to.600 fine

Malay bullock cart ======================================================================

DESIGNER: (obv) B.M.= Sir Edgar Bertram MacKennal POPULATION: 1930 - 1,168,806 REFERENCE: Y-34b, SSC-26, KM-29b FOOTNOTE: After 1920 the price of silver fell rapidly and in 1925 the decision was taken to restore the standard of subsidiary silver coins to that of 1907 which was .600 fine. The issue of 1926 and 1927 removed the mark under the bust which had denoted the change in fineness. FOOTNOTE: A hundred years ago the Island of Singapore, owned by the Sultan of Johore on the mainland, was a deserted jungle save for a little fishing village. Sir Stamford Raffles in 1819 obtained it for the East India Company for a small fee and in two years the little trading center he established had a population of 10,000.

A Malay boatman's home ======================================================================



SWAZILAND

======================================================================

======================================================================



====================================================================== SWAZILAND, KINGDOM of PRETORIA MINT ====================================================================== 5 CENTS 17.4MM .800 FINE 2.5 GRAMS ======================================================================

======================================================================

1968

10,550

proof

¿OV: Head of Sobhuza II, facing left SWAZILAND INDEPENDENCE, around above / SOBHUZA II below. ¿RV: A Swazi shield and assagais (spears) / 5 c ,left,1968 right, below. EDGE: Plain MINT: (no mintmark) = PRETORIA DESIGNER: Tommy Sasseen REFERENCE: KM-1 TYPE: Commemorative of Independence FOOTNOTE: Commemorating the Independence of Swaziland on September 6, 1968, this issue was part of 2,000 proof sets comprising 1 gold lilangeni (equal to 25 South African rands) and a silver one luhlanga along with silver 50, 20, 10, and 5 cent coins and 10,000 silver proof sets. A total of 1,450 of the the gold proof sets were melted. The monetary unit of Swaziland is the lilangeni (meaning ‘founder of the nation’) equal to 100 cents. FOOTNOTE: In 1910 Swaziland entered the South African Customs Union. The population (1910) 110,746 Swazis, and about 2205 white men.

FOOTNOTE: Swaziland was an independent state before 1894, when it was placed under the administration of the Transvaal until 1906, then under the British High Commissioner for South Africa continuing until 1934, when under the British High Commissioner for Basutoland until the British Crown granted independence again in 1968. FOOTNOTE: Sobhuza II, King of Swaziland became Ngwenyama (the Lion of the People) or head of the Swazi nation in 1921 after twenty years of rule by a regent, the queen mother, Lobatsibeni. He ruled the tiny mountain and valley enclave for more than 60 years until his death on August 21, 1982. He was buried in a secret mountain cave near the Royal Palace. A steadfast and traditional King, he ruled as absolute monarch of more than a half million essentially primitive and pastoral people. The King regarded as a fertility symbol, sired more than 300 children by an estimated 100 wives. Some of his wives were selected for him to keep peace among the various clans of Swaziland - and thus part of the vast Royal Family, because of the productivity of the King. Swaziland is bounded on the north, west and part of the south by the Transvaal, Natal on the south, both parts of the Union of South Africa, and by Mozambique to the east. ======================================================================

Swaziland within South Africa

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - SWAZILAND - PAGE 503


SWEDEN and NORWAY

======================================================================

======================================================================

1856 - 25 ÖRE - OBVERSE

1856 - 25 ÖRE - REVERSE

====================================================================== SWEDEN and NORWAY, KINGDOMS of STOCKHOLM MINT ====================================================================== 25 ÖRE 17.4MM .750 FINE 2.13 GRAMS ======================================================================

======================================================================

1855 1856 1857 1858 1859

======================================================================

436,000 1,762,000 433,000 1,183,000 u/m

¿OV: Head of Oscar I facing right, OSCAR SVERIGES NORR. G.O.V. KONUNG. (Oscar I King of Sweden, Norway, Gothland and Vendalia) around / L.A. under bust. ¿RV: Crown / 25 / ÖRE / S. ->•.

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