Who's Who in Ancient Egypt

Contents First published J 9L)l)

by Routledge

I I Nl:W Petter LlIlC, London EC4P 4FE

Si111U[tfil: 1.10.

vh.rnakht, Vererinari.m, Twelfth l rynnsty, \llddle Kingdom, , 46, pis Ill", IIIb.

Ninth King, 11 Nebkaurc , Akhtoy Period, Intermedi ,tte First Dynasty, c. 2160-21 30 Be. The fourth ruler of the Hemcleo politan line, Ak iu oy II Nebkaure is probably the king remembe red by the popular story of the Eloquent Peaxanr, a folk-talc which recounts the experienc es of a peasant who, defrauded of his rights by .l wealthy landowne r, has justice done

King, Ninth Period, Intermed iate First Dynasty, c. 2160 -2130 BC. Akhtoy was the gover­ nor of the Twentierh nome of Upper Egypt, centred on Heradcop ol is (Egyptian Henenesw e, modcrn Ihnasya el-Medill< l)

Akhtoy I

(alt.

Khr-ry),

I>

Alara

tW.d'kare ) Akhtay III

I"

IllS claim hy the kiug's minister who

'III0\'''' hearing him present his case and in "III\('tjuen ce requires him to retell it Ire­ 11I1t'lllly, before presentin g him to the kiug, ,,1,0 rewards him .ippropri. ucly. The story "I I he Eloquent Peasant achieved great history and , III rrnry througho ut Egyptian " .. r, " favourite text in the schools.

" \ I. Gardil\('I", -Thl.: Lloqutut Pc.rsnnt", .IFA '-) ('1.) j) 5-21,

, \11 1.2, 464-...1. \W"hl<are) Akhtoy III (alt. Khety Ill), IllIg, Tenth Dvnnsty, First Intermed iate 1'" rod, c. 207S I\L W"hbre Ak nroy III l.J: 9-IS, '1151; pis. 1-·14. historic past of the killf;Ship. --ln6. Whell lie w,,, about SIxty-six yeal's olel Lichrhcim 2: 146-63. he died; he was succeeded hy I'SELlSFNNl'S 11M l'''l'yrus I t)474. younger much his probably was I, who F!\1g 69 I0, cat. no. SS. brother,

~,","93-91'4 Be. Some confusion persists "s to the order ;11HI indeed in the existence of SOl1H: of the kings who ruled Egypt after the end of the New Kingdom , during the decline which followed the Ramessid e kings of the Twentiet h Dynasty. Amenem ope was the

Amcnem ope, Viceroy, Nineteen th Dynn­ sty, New Kingdom , c. 1279 Be. Amen­ euiopc was appointed Viceroy of Nuhia dl1ring the later years of the reign of Killg sFTI I; he continued in his office under

Seu's successor,

RAMESSES II.

The princi­

pal concern of the Viceroy, apart from protectin g Egypt'S southern frontiers, was to ensure the security of the slipplies of gold from the Nllhi:ll1 mines. The Viceroy was responsib le for the direction of the last of the GlmpJign s of Seti, against the rebellion of its dependen cy lrern. The twenty-tw o year-old Ramess-s took pan in the caurpu igu, accompa nied by his little

sons,

AMUNIIIR \VONMEF

and

fourth king of the Twenty- hrst Dynasty and is rhoughr to hn ve reigned for nine years. though one extant inscriptio n ap­ pears to credit him with a forty-nint h regnal year. Amenenm pe assumed the title of High Priest of Amun which, since he was king, was theoretica lly superfluo us; however, the pretensio ns of the priesthoo d at this time and the serious inroad.. . which they had evidenrly made into the royal power, probably justified this action. Amenem opc was buried in a small tomb in the dynasty's native town of Tanis; later, however, his mummy .md funt-fa,·y equipmt'n t wert moved by Killg, SIAMUN to a more imposing resting place in a tomb originally intended for Mut­ nedjmer, one of the queens of PSEU­ SbNNES, who W3S removed to make way for him. He was buried in " p;l rticula rly handsom e yellow quartzite sarcophag us,

Klli\.}i,MW A­

SET. Amenem ope erected stelae in honour

of King Seti, oue .u the Vicereglll capital at Shatt on Sai Island and the other at the new capital which he was building at what is now Amara West. Amenem ope died soon after Ramesses complete d the building of a temple at

K~bbsha, C0111l11Cm OI-nting his Nubian forays. He was succeeded by Iuny. Kitchen 19S2: 28, 3J, 40, 44. Amenem ope, Scribe, Twentiet h Dynast y, New Kingdom , c. 1186-106 9 Be. The sou

Kitchen 1986; §229.

12

11I1"IWI

p e t

was a member of

;1\1

influentia l

1,,,,,11 which provided the state with a

..,,,,.1"'1'

of high officials; his brother was

111,'.'1 I,'ER

who, like him, W~lS Mayor of

II" I"" and was also buried in the Valley "I .I... Nobles. Amcncmo pcr was Vizier to ,. 111l', :\MENHOT FI' L1; he W~IS described as , ".II, well built man'. I lis own tomb ,I \' 'IS) however, for reasons which arc known, was undcc-oru rcd and was 11111 "I",hly not compll'k, L

I"

IIIi«.lore M. Davies, T};(' Tom!' o( ,){!Ital;, 11}1' '!,,"h'y Tomll {md th« (,".>fd '[()ll/h, Loudon, \ ' " I~~ .

p" \ ('" and

PM (J. Malek) J % \: S70. UniYL'rllihia. He was also Llll-he1rcr Oil the Ii '!',ht of the King, a title of high honour.

III" name and titles arc recorded on rock

",-.. viprions Oil the island of Sihei!. Ill' "." also named as Overseer of Southern I .",,15, a tirle often held lry the Viceroys "I h,ush. I bhachi, 'The Owner of Tomb no. 2~2 in

,I". 11\-'

Theban Necropolis', 13; figs 1-4.

.lEA S4

(1968)

cities.

University of Liverpool Department of Egypt­

revolt csroches Noblccourr 1963.

Grlmal: rL).

1')9; ills .B, 140, 141, 165, lH4, In.

.I.

[Jill' Rue de Tcnnbaux a Saqqnrah, 2, Hrussels, J 907. A. Hadawy, The Tomb ol Nyhetep-l'tab at Giza and the 1 omb ol Ankbmabor at Saqqara, California, 1978. Nunn: 126, 1.B, 169-71.

J. Capart. l!OI.

Ankhnesneferibre, Princess, 'Divine Ador­ arricc', Twenty-Sixth Dynasty, Late Per­ iod, 610-525 Be. A daughter of King NECHO II and sister of his short-lived but energetic successor, NEFERIBRE PSAMETIK II, Ankhnesncferihrc's name ('Neferibre lives for her') proclaims her brother's affection for her. Psarnerik II ensured that Ankhnesneferibre was adopted by NITIQ­ RET, the reigning Divine Adorarrice, even­ tually succeeding her in 584 BC and retaining the office until the Persian con­ quest in 525 Be. She was provided with a handsome schist sarcophagus, with a rather youthful representation of herself on its lid.

Aldred 198H.

Reeves 1990a: 124,141, 155, 162, 184, 192,

Brooklyn Museum 39.119.

Ankhesenamun (Ankhesenpaatcn), Queen, Eighteenth Dynasty, New Kingdom, c. 1336-1327 Be. One of the daughters of AKHENATFN and NEFERTITI, Ankhesen­ a mun (her name was changed after the restoration of the priests of Arnun, fol­ lowing her father's death) was to playa melancholy role in the terminal phases of

22

Ankh-Ka, Chancellor, First Dynasty, Archaic Period, c. 2950 Be. Ankh-Ka served DEN (Udimu), the fourth king of 1he First Dynasty after AHA, as Chancel­ lor. He was also a regional governor, one of the first to be known by name. It is notable that even at this early date, great \,1 of cons idera hie utility in his profession. lhis is one of the oldest stat lies ill the ronnd d a non-royal personage; it is the 1110re I «markahlc in being carved In all exception­ .illv hard stone, a tri hu rc to the skill of Igyptian sculptors even at so early a date. Not all shipbuilders were rhus com me­ uiorared in this way; one, admittedly trom .r much carl ier time than Ankhwah, W'IS !',lVen the honour of being buried amongst "tiler sacrificed retainers around the tomh "I Queen MEI\NEITII at Saqqar a. I

.pcucer I I I. I ~Ilirke and Spencer: 154, pl. 118.

A. I I. (; . u-dincr and N. de Garis Davies, The T01J1!J o{ /\lltc(oker, Vizier of Sesostris I and his wife Senct, London, 1920. L Manniche, Mlfsrc and Musi(i~ms In Ancient EgYlit, London, 1991: 35-h.

1',\1171.

Aukhwenncfer, King.Ptolemaic Period, 199/ .'; 186 BC. A native Egyptian prince who ·.llcceeded IIORWFNNEFERas king in Upper I!',ypt during the reign of PTOLEMY v.

[Antinous], Imperial Favourite and Cod, Ankhu, Vizier, Thirteenth Dynasty, Middle Kingdom, c. 1725 BC. 1luring a time of considerable upheaval in Egypt, Ankhu seems to have represented a point of srnbility in the royal administration, serving in high offices over an extended period. He was active during the reign of King UsERKARE KHENDJER when he is known to have restored the Twelfth

Ankhtify, Nomarch, Tenth Dynasty, First Intermediate Period, c. 2160-2025 Be. Ankhtify was the holder of many resound­ ing titles .md the incumbent of many of the great offices during a time of a much reduced royal authority, the Heraclcopoli­ tan Tenth Dynasty. He jived, in all probab­ ility, during the reign of King NEFEI\KARE,

2.4

Antef, see lnyotef I, II and HI

Roman Period, d. October 130 AD. A Birhynian adolescent, the son of an official of the Empire, Aurinous caught the attention of the resolutely homosexual Emperor, HAOR1AN, remaining his COIll­ pauiou until his mysterious death in the Nile. Antirrous had travelled with the Emperor to Egypt and, perhaps as the result of an oracle, may have decided to

\Iltcfoker (alt. lnrcfoker), Vizier, Twelfth l ivnasry, Middle Kingdom, c. 1985-1 %() J',' • Antefoker served the two first kings of lI,e Twelfth Dynasty, AMENEMHET I and ·.INWOSRET I. The former had himself I'sibly Syrian, origin.

R. Seaton, Alm{/on;us Rhodius, 1912.

Cranr 1982: 41J.

Appianus, Historian, Roman Period, first century AD. Appianus was born in Alex­ andria and was in the city during the

\ Zivie, EA1: 26-8.

I

27

Apries

Jewish revolt in 116 An. He moved to ROl11e where he was favoured by HADLUAN , subseque ntly achieving con­ siderahle status under Alltoninll s Pius. He wrote the Romcil:a, a history of the Roman wars in twenty-fo ur hooks. F.. WllIl""" 1012-13.

}--I.

AI)jJiall~\

Kerman

{Jistory,

Aprics, Kin~, TWCllty·Sixth Dynasty, I ,He

Period, c. .5R9-570 IIC. The son of king Aprics ~l1ccccJed to the 1), throne at what was both a time of opportun ity and of ch;ll1en~e to Egypt. April'S was a warlike kin~ who h"d pursued his enemies far outside I':gypt's FrontLers. The Iargcstthr caL to E!4ypt'sse cur­ ity - and the security of the Near E~lst as a whole - was reprcsenr od by the l\ahyl()Ili;lIl Empire, under "lCl\1JCI-fA DREZZAR II, but initially the l'gvptians were successfu l in containin g the Babyloni ans. They were par­ ticularly effective in secuflng and maintain ­ ing control of the scalanes in the eastern Meditcr rnnenn The superior Babyloni; lIl land forces, however, gradually achieved supremac y Oil the ground; one of their victories was rhe capture of Jerusalem . Late in Aprics' reign lhe Eh.,yptian garri­ son in Elephanti ne l11utinied; ut the same time he received a call for help from his ally, the ruler of Cyrene. April'S sent not Egyptian troops hut Gn:>t'k Jnercenar ies, who suffered a humiliati ng defeat; .r state of somethin g approach ing civil war hrokr out between the Egyptian s and the Greeks. In Y/O Be the army proclaim ed their general, AMASLS, king. Aprics confronte d his sometime g4; fig. 116.

Kestner Museum, Hannover, 1935,200.46.

I >jedkare-Shebitku, sec Shabataka Djedkhonsuefankh, High Priest, Twenty l-irsr Dynasty, Third Intermediate Period, WOO BC. The High Priest (first Pro­ pher) of Amun in Thebes. His relationship with the royal family is obscure, though he was undoubtedly a senior prince in .uklition to his ecclesiastical appointment. II is possible that he died a violent death, .IS the consequence of troubles in Thebes .ir the time.

Djchuty, General, Eighteenth Dynasty, New Kingdom, c. 1479-1425 BC. As soon as THUTMOSE III had rid himself of Queen HATSHEI'SUT he returned to the profession of arms with which he had occupied himself whilst she ruled Egypt. He decided on a campaign into Asia and moved north­ wards. Amongst his senior officers was Djehuty, who distinguished himself at the seigc of Joppa in Palestine. The story of what was said to be Djehuty's device to effect the city's capture, which anticipates the episode of the Trojan Horse, went into Egyptian legend, but it may have some basis in fact. Djehuty was made 'Resident', an appointment hitherto unrecorded, and amongst the prizes given to him by the king was a magnificent gold cup.

.\. Dodson, Monarchs of the Nile, London, 1995: 155.

Iljedkhonsuefankh, High Priest, Twenty­ 'ixth Dynasty, Late Period, c'. 664-610 BC. I he Prophet (High Priest) of the impor­ I .rut god, Montu of Thebes, who had been "specially powerfnl during the early Middle Kingdom, it is probable that

47

Djehutyemhab

Djehutyhotep

Djehutynekht

Djehutymose

I I

Djehuty's prowess and its reward are

was decorated by the artist AMENAANKHU, whilsr the director of works, in charge of its construction, was ScI', son of Abkau. The coffins of the nomarch ami his wife are especially remarkable, demonstrating

related in Papyrus Harris 500. K. Scrhc and W. Heick, ilrleund cn der /8 Dvnastic lUrk IV), Leipzig and Bcrlin I ~O I: ~99.

great refinement of technique, colour and

PM I: 21 If. Zi~glcr

design. Dichuryhorcp lived during the reigns of i\Ml;NI'.MJ rFT II, sr'.NWOSRET II '1I1d SFNWOSRET Ill; It is likely that he died in the life-time of the lasr-numed.

1990; 4.1-S.

Andreu et al, 1997:

110.

46.

MduL N 713 (gold cup).

1'. E. Newberry, U !lcI'shl'h /, The '''I/I/h of 7c,huli-J {etcl), London, I H96

Djchutycmhab, (;"ner"I, Twentieth Dyna­ sty, New Kingdom, c. I 150 BC. 'The (;reat General of HIS Majesty's Army and Royal Scrihe', Djchurycmhab was an im­ portant figure in his t ime, though it is not known for certain who was the king he served. His wife, lay, was " Clrantress of Wepwawet; in RAMESS'" Ill'S time the king made a gi ft to the temple of Wep­ wawer, wluch was under the charge of a (;eneral Djehntyemhab.

E l.l. (;nffilh and 1'. F, Newberry, il-lscrsheb lJ, London, 1895: pis xii, xiii , xiv, xv. Breasted I: §§6X8-706. I'M VB: ,XI. Terrace 196H. Terrace. The J~:nt(JufLTKC of Oil Fgyp!ia/l (;ouer­ nor; BMFAB 66 (I %X) .1-27. Lehner I ~~7: 2m.

Djehutyhorcp (all, Pa-itsj), Nubian Prince, Eighteenth Dynasty, New Kingdom, c. 147,)-14SS B50 Be. Gen1l1ef­ herhak lived during the days of Egypt'S Iinal flowering, after the expulsion of the I'ersians. As a result he was able to benefit Irom the high skills of the masons of the lime, in the carving of his fine funerary -ratue. Its inscription is florid and self­ mngratulatory, even for such dedications. lie was 'One who is Eloquent, who knows the Right Answer to give, Son of I he Chief Scribe from the Southern sane­ ruary, Mcrneithiores'. He describes him­ ·,,·If as 'Most excellent, one who never kaves his place in his industriousness, who never takes away the property of the 1'00[, and never leaves the pressing un­ done [?]. His sin before God and his l-lcmish before man do not exist.' I Gemnefherbak's statue was acquired in consrauunople in the sixteenth century ill' an Austrian diplomat. It had originally I'l'l'n placed in the temple at Sais, by his

Aldred 1988: 124, 152, 1 n. Redford 1984: 36, 41. C. Blankcnherg-van Derden, The Large Com­ memorative Scarabs of Amenbotcp [II, Leiden, 1%9: 129-31.

Gua, Physician, Twelfth Dynasty, Middle Kingdom, c. 1850 Be. The provincial magnates, the nomarchs, of the Twelfth Dynasty maintained a nearly royal state and their administrations mirrored that of the king. Thus DJEIIlITYHO·rEP, nomarch of Khoum (Ashmuoein) had in his service Gua, as Chief Physician, evidently himself a man of substance. A fine ivory headrest, sculpted in a form to convey protection to the sleeper, is said to have come from his burial, probably at El-Bersheh, where the nornarch was buried. His coffin was inscribed with texts from The Book ol Two Ways, a guide for the dead particular to El-Bersheh; it includes a helpful n1J."Jy, New Kingdom, c. 1390-1352 Be. I· ,lIg AMENHOTEP III was a diligent diplo­

54

55

Gua

Gua

for the deceased to find his way to the Underworld. He was rhe possessor of a complete set of canopic jars, one of the earliest known.

Quirke and Spencer. 92, 97, 104; pI. 147. IlM FA 10727.

From Wilfricd Seipel, Bildcr Fur die Ff(ligkeit, 0,000

V~rlag Fricdr, Stadler, Konstanz, 1983.

YL'drS

0/ EgYI)/lilll

/\rt),

H

exhihition earalog\l(',

.J.

Il Iadrian] (Publius Aclius Hadrianus), lmperor, King of Fgypt, Roman Period, 117-138 All. Hadrian succeeded the en­ lightened Trnjan as ruler of t hc Roman l.mpire. His background was as a soldier, with the experience of ruling imperial provinces, He possessed a distinctly mys­ I ical component to his very complex personality, and his enduring interest in his Egyptian possession seems mainly to have stemmed from this. He visited Egypt III 130 All in the company of his young lover, ANTINOUS; in the manner of tourists hcfore and since, rhe Emperor had his name and the record of his visit inscribed on one of Egypt's most notable monu­ .nents, one of the statues of 'Memnou', in rvalitv of AMEN HOTEl' Ill, at Thebes. Antinous was found drowned in cir­ .umsrances which suggest he may have I',iven himself as a sacrifice in place of the l.mperor, Hadrian continued to mourn him throughout the remaining years of I,is life and ordered the establishment of a (lilt in Antinous' memory, proclaiming him a god. He founded the city of Antinoopolis, ncar Hermopolis; it was l.irgely Greek in inspiration and was p.rrticularly handsomely appointed. Its umuins were standing in the eighteenth , rnrury and were described by European I r.ivcllers.

Lindsay, Men an.l Gods London, I n I.

lamhcrt 1994.

Hakarc Ibi, King, Seventh/Eighth Dynas­ ties, First Intermediate Period, c. 2200 Be. Hakare lbi was one of the shadowy, short-lived kings who occupied the throne uneasily .ifrer tire end of the Sixth Dyna­ sty. They tried to maintain the appearance of a relationship with the Sixth Dynasty kings, and the earliest of them may indeed have been their descendants. Hakare Ibi built a pyramid at Saqqarn, the necropolis of the Sixth Dynasty kings, which con­ tained a recension of the Pyramid Texts. The texts in his tomb were eventually passed on to the Coffin Texts which were popular in tbe Middle Kingdom. Hakare fbi reigned only for about two years. Grind: 126, 140-1. jequier, i-ouilles a Saqqarah: La Pyramide d'Aba, Cairo, 1935.

J.

Hakor (alt. Achons), King, Twenty-Ninth Dynasty, Late Period, 393-380 BC. Little is known of the origins of Hakor, who secured the throne after the death of NEFAARUD I, and the struggle for control of Egypt by the latter's son, an attempt to take power which failed. Hakor under­ took a range of building projects and interested himself 111 the politics of the

\. Levy, "Haut ian as King of Egypt', Num. Chr. \'11l (1948) 30-g.

56

em 'he Roman Nile,

.57

1'1,,1

1,

I!

Hapuseneb

Harsiese

II"" uiose

Mediterranean, for a time allying himself with the Athenians against the Persians. Then the Greeks came to an understand­ ing with the Persians without reference to Hakor, who was left exposed. He did, however, face the Persians and defeated several attempts by the Persian navy to attack Egypt.

Grilllal: 373-5.

Hapuseneb, High Priest, Eighteenth Dyn­ asty, New Kingdom, c. 1473-1458 IIC. One of the principal protagonists of Queen HATSI-IEPSUT, Hapuseneb for a time combined the most powerful reli­ gious and secular offices of the state in his person. He was High Priest of Arnun and also Royal Treasurer. He seems to have seen himself as pontiff, and was the first to bring the priesthoods of Egypt under one a urbority - his own. His monuments and memorials are largely ruinous, the consequence no doubt of the wish of THUTMO.SE III to eliminate all reference to Harshepsur and those who supported her when he was sole ruler of Egypt.

w. C. Hnycs, 'Royal Sarcophagi of the XVIII

DYll;lSty', Pri/leeton MONographs in Art and

Archaeology: Quarto Series 19, Princeton NJ,

1935:17- 19.

CAH II.L 316, 326, 32H, 399, 402.

Crimal: 212.

Harhotep, Chancellor, Twelfth Dynasty, Middle Kingdom, c. 1965-1920 BC. Har­ hotel' was one of King SENWOSRET I'S chancellors. His burial chamber in his tomb at Deir ei-Bahri contained ten seated statues of the king.

third century IIC. On his funerary stat Harkhebi, who enjoyed the ancient titl 'Hereditary Prince and Count, Sole Conti panion', describes his work as an astro4. orner, recording that he W:lS 'clear-eyed the observation of the stars' and that ht~ analysed their times of rising and setting." He was able to predict the beginning the year in the ancient manner, hy fore.' casting the hcliacal rising of Sirius. It is probable that he g,]ined much of his contcmporary astronomical grounding from the work of Ilabyloni']11 sta r-gazers.

i"'1

ot!l

O. NClIgcrlx1l1er and R. A. Parker, ~:gyptian Astronmnio.l! Texts TTl: Dcc.tns, Planets, Con~ stcllations and Zodiacs, Brown University Press, Newport" RT, 1969.

Harkhuf, Nomarch and Traveller, Sixth Dynasty, Old Kingdom, c. 2278 BC. In his autobiography, set lip in his tomh (A8) at Qubbet el-Hawa in the cliffs opposite Elephantine, of which region he was the governor, Harkhuf records the journeys which he took under the instructions of MERENRE and PEPY II, the latter being still a hoy when he came to the throne. Altogether Harkhuf undertook four jour­ neys into Nubia, principally to secure the trading routes and to bring back to Egypt the products which were always sought from the so nth. Pepy n in particular was evidently fascinated by the tales of Harkhuf's ad­ ventures, and the latrer's procurement of a dancing pygmy especially excited him; the king gave orders for the pygmy's safe conduct to the court at Memphis. Har­ khuf appears to have been one of the king's principal supporters in the early years of his reign.

H. Gocdicke, 'Harkhuf's Travels', JNES 40 (1981) 1-20. Licbtheim J: 23-7.

iii

""'"'' priest, Harmesaf, who held the 'l'I,,,illtments of Master of Secret Things ,,",1 l:hief of Works, to Silsileh to obtain ",

ill

A.

nc,

Ncucn

Reichen', ZAS 119 (1992): 22ff.

Kuhrt 1995: J, 290-310.

Herneirh, Queen, First Dynasty, Arch.ric Period, c. 3000 Be. Hcrneirh is considered to have been rhe wife of King DJER She was given a huge tomh (3507) at Suqqara, which was nota hlc for a number of features. It is one of rhe earliest buildings in Egypt to reveal the use of stone in its eonstrucrion, with limestone slabs being laid across the wooden ceilings of the tomb's chambers. A limestone lintel W, Oxford, 1928. lurer 197~: 12, 19,92,98 ,217-8; til. J70. lu-th et at. 19.15.

Imhotep, Chancell or and High Priest, Middle Kingdom , Dynasty, l weltrh 1965-192 0 BC. Imhotep was Chancel­ lor of Egypt during the reign of King Sl'NWOSRET I. Relatively little is known of his career, but he must have been "specially favoured by the king, for in his mastaba tomb at Lisht, the location also lor the burials of the dynasty, were found two magnifice nt carved wooden statues, represent ing Senwosre t as :l ppa renrly King, respective ly, of Upper and Lower Egypt. It has heen suggested that the statues arc of divinities in manifeste d in the person of the king and that they may have heen placed in Imhotep's tomb after

Stevenson Smith 1958 (19Kl): 179; 446 n1.S.

EMe: JE 44911.

MMA 143.17. Irnpy, Official, Sixth Dynasty, Old King­ dom, c. 2.145-21 8\ I\C. The son of NEKII UIU, :I royal architect, Impy was huried in a tomb at (;iza. which remained unplundc rcd until excavated in the early years of the present century. The tom h cedarwoo d fine very a contained sarcophag us, and Irnpy himself was richly accoutred with a gold and taience collar, necklaces and a gilded copper bracelet

and belt.

His tomb also contained an array of vessels and model oHering rahles and stands, also mnnufact ured in copper of an exception ally high purity.

W_ Stevenson Smith, Ancient J~gYfJt as Repre­

sen ted in the Museum of J.'jnc Arts, Boston, Boston MA, 1960: 64-7, tig. 38. Thomas 1995: 47, 137.

Prince, Twenty-S ixth Dynasty, Late Period, c, 525 BC. Inaros was per­ haps the son of King PSAMETIK Ill; he was destined to become a figure of legend as much as he was of historical reality. He opposed the Persian occupa tion of Egypt and drew together all the nationali st forces who were prepared to resist the invaders. He proclaim ed himself King of Egypt and managed to impose his control on Illuch of the northern part of the country. He defeated the son of XERXES, Achae­ menes, who was killed at Paprernis . How­ ever, the Persians recovered from their defeat and in tur-n defeated Inaros, He was first imprison ed and then executed in 454 BC, thus suffering the same fate at the hands of the Persians as probably befell

Inaros,

his father. He had been supported in his rebellion by AMYRTAEUS, who eventuall y himself

77

~ Inti Indy

Iniamunn ayefnebu

became King, founding the Twenty Eighth Dynasty, of which he was the sole repre. sentatlve. Inaros was celebrate d as the hero of a cycle of heroic tales, The f'eduhastis Cycle, though in this guise his story differs from that of the putative son "f Psametik 1Il.

II.,,1'(1 their descent, Illiamunn ayefnebu 11\ I,d Juring the reign of Kin b SIIESHON Q III In the thirty-firs t year of the reign he ,["II"led some arabic land under the ,I,." ge of the Divine father, Ankh-Ho r. \ k -,l't up a stele to commem orate his .lllll.ltion and rounded off the inscriptio n \\'Ilh a series of vigorous curses against "'Ione who displaced it, asking that they .1l.,I1 be pursued by fire, that the name of ,hl'lr famtly shall be cut down and their

favour under the joint rule of THUTMOMI and Queen HAT'IIEPSUT. The latter in particula r showered gifts and honours on him and 'filled his house with gold and silver' . Ineni seems to have been especially interested in gardc'J1 dcsihn. III his own 81) he listed .md illustrated tomb some of the trees he had planted, includ­ ing thirty-one fruit trees; an orchard for which he was responsib le had 4S I trees. I'-Ie is shown, sitting in his orchard, drink­ ing wa tcr from the pool in the garden and accepting offerings from his servants, a procedur e which he intended should be continued througho ut eternity. He was Steward of the Granaries of Amun, from the reign of Amenhot ep I to Thurmos e 1I1. He was buried at Abd el­ Quma (TT81). III

err

Crimul: 370- l,

IIIU'

Il"diash and Bcrlcv 19X2: no. 106, 157-k, 160, 1"'1.

l' 111hen 19H6: §306, ~,111.

Inini, Butler, Twentiet h Dynasty, New 1'..II'f\doll1, Co 1150 Be. The Bntler, a ,•.I:ttlvely high rank, of King KAMESSES ui, lnini was a Libyan and was implicate d '" the attempt on the king's life towards tlu- end of Ius reign. In conunun with """t of the other accused Inini was found 1'.IIitry and sentenced to death.

Maury. Breasted 2: §§43-6, §§99-10X , §§ 115-18, §§34IH. Gri1llJI: 207, .,00. W,lkinson 1998: 28, 42-.1, 97, 102, no; fig. 48.

Hayes 19.5,: 1l9, fig. X3. MMA 192525.2. 3.

Inebni, Army Officer, Eigbteent h Dynasty, New Kingdom , c. 1450 BC. The Infantry Comman der lnebni served under the joint sovereign s Queen H,\TSHEPSUT and King THljTMOSE Ill. His richly painted and inscribed block statue declares that it was made 'by fa vour ' of the sovereign s, but part of the inscriptio n relating to Hat­ shepsur has been deleted, following her death when mention of her was erased from many of her monumen ts.

~

,

•J

lntef, Great Hera ld, Eighteen th Dynasty, New Kingdom L 1450 Be. The duties which devolved upon the holder of the office of Great Hetald were those of a Minister of Conunnni c;1tl0ns, Master of Ceremon ies and Chief of Protocol. His responsib ilities kept him virtually in daily touch with the king. He was responsib le for keeping the king mformed of the mood of the pcople and of their needs and preoccup ations; he was also given the task of informing the people of the king's decisions and wishes. Intel's titles were very splendid: 'Her­ editary Prince and Count', 'Sale Compa­ nion', 'Great in Love', 'Count of Thinis', 'Lord of the Entire Oasis Region', 'Great Herald of the King'. He was buried at Thebes (TT 15'5). Breasted 2: §§763-71 . Intefoker , see Antefoke r

l11illla, Scribe, Eighteen th Dynasty, New kingdom , c. 1330-130 0 BC. Iniuia was ( rverseer of the Cattle of Amun and High '>Ieward. He was also Scribe of the Treas­ urv of Gold and Silver. He lived during Ihe reigns of TUTANKHAMUJ\, AY and 'IOREMHEB, near whose tomb he was "ventuall y b\lfied with his wife Iuy, IL Schneider, EA 3: .1-6.

E. Brovarski, 'Two Monumen ts in the First Intermedia te Period from the Thehan Nome', Studies in Honor of Geor~e R. Hughcl'i, Studies in Ancient Oriental Cil'ilizatiol1 XXXIX:

Ineni, Architect , Eighteent h Dynasty, New Kingdom , c. 1510-147 0 BC. Inelli served five of the kings of the Eighteen th Dy­ nasty, beginning with AMENHOTEP I. I Ie was promoted under THUTMOSE I for whom he may have built the Great Hall at Karnak; he built the king's tomb at Thebes, the first royal entombm ent in the Valley of the Kings. When THUTMOSE II became king, Inenis fortunes continued to flourish, reaching the height of royal

Sculptor, Fourth Dynasty, Old Kingdom , c. 2558-253 2 BC. lnkaf evi­ dently worked on the tomb of the great Queen MERESANKH III at Giza. He is shown putting the finishing touches to a seated figure of rhe queen, on a relief in the tomb. Working with him is a painter whose name has been read as Rahay, who is applying paint to a statue of Mere­

Inkaf,

j

31-41. Robins 1990: 26. Iniamunn ayefnebu , Libyan Noble, Twenty­ Second Dynasty, Third Intermed iate Per­ iod, c. 825-773 BC. The child of one of the 'Great Chiefs of the Libu', from whom several of the kings of this period

Inti, Vizier, Fifth Dynasty, Old Kingdom , c. 2410 Be. The founder of a dynasty of higb-rank ing state servants, Inti himself W'IS Vizier to King DJEOKAKE ISESL He was responsih le for all the building works of the king and mentions various struc­ tures which he planned for the court, which the king evidently much approved , according to the letters to Inti which the vizier reproduce s. His son MEHY was Vizier to King UNAS, the last ruler of the Fifth Dynasty, and like his father was Overseer of All rhe King's Works. He proh3bly shared his responsib ilities with his brother Khnu­ menty, who continued in office under King TETl of the Sixth Dynasty.

Mehy's son, NEKHEBU, followed his

father in the Office of Public Works but

sankh.

79

7 8

.J

1~'~ ~

\. Buck, 'The Judicial Papyrus of Turin', JEA '\ (1927) lS2ff. , :AH 11.2: 246.

Ini, Nomarch , Eleventh Dynasty, first Intermed iate Period/Ea rly Middle King­ dom, c. 2060 BC. Ini was Treasurer , Sale Compani on, Nornarch , Overseer of rhe Priests of the Temple of Sobek, Lord of Sumenu. He was the owner of a tomb at Gebelein which contained a pair of white leather sandals, in addition to more usual fittings. It also was supplied with about three hundred models of donkey packsad­ dles and two funerary boats.

Quirke and Spencer: 4.1; pl. 2X. BMEA 11TI.

become ex tiuct.



Indy, Nohlc, Eighth Dynasty, First Inter­ mediate Period, c. 2\70-212 5 Ile. Indy W:1S Count of Thinis, the first capital of the kings of Egypt after they left Hiera­ konpolis. He was a soldier 'excellent in battle', and a Lector-Pr iest; he held the rank of Chancell or of the King of Lower Egypt. His wife was the Royal Acquain­ tance and Priestess of Harbor, Mur­

~

Iljl\1

~,~

~

III'~ f'

I~

~f

l !II

II,

I !!

Ipy Illy'I1I'f

Inti

not in the vizierare. He built canals and a substanti al monumen t for Kin~ PEFY I at

defeated Ankhtify and then his power over much of the south.

Heliopoli s. Nekhcbu s son, IMPY, was also Over­

P. E. Newberry, 'On the I'm-enrage of the Kings of the Eleventh Dynasty', zAs (19:161: 118-20.

seer of All the Kin~'s Works.

CAH 1.2: 1H6-7.

Inyon-f 11 Wahankh , King, Eleventh Dy­ Kingdom , Middle (Thebes) nasty c. 2112-206 .1 BC. Inyotcf II Wahankh -,ucceede d INYOTH' I anti courinue. ] his family's oppositio n to the Heracleop oli­ tans, led by their king, AKIITOY III. In loner years it is likely that the two houses existed together in a sustained if uneasy stu te of peace. Inyotef seems to have been exception ­ ally fond of dogs. He is portrayed on a stela in his funerary shrine in Western Thebes with five of his dogs, the names of which are carefully recorded. One of these, Behhek (probably a Libyan name) seems especially favoured as she is shown sitting he tween her master's legs. lnyotef II WahI'!: I, 3, pIs 1-2; II, 1-12, pl. I.

'." "'11'6720 = CG 42147. l\M ~47.

Khaernwa ser, Prince, Twentieth Dynasty, New Kingdom , 11 B4-11 83 Be. The son of King RAM ESSES Ill, Khaernw asct bore the same name as the son and nominate d successor of King RAMESSES 11. Unlike his namesake , however, this Khaernw aset was not Crown Prince, though he is described as 'Eldest Son of the King', probably an honorific Like his brothers he was a Iso 'Standard -Bearer on the Right Hand of the King'. He was probably buried during the reign of his brother King RAM ESSES IV. His splendid tomb, QV 44, is one of the group prepared by Ramesses for his sons, who gave orders for them to he buil t in the twenty-ei ghth year of his reign.The princes are all shown as young boys, though their ages at death are unknowu ; the king himself was careful to ensure that he is represent ed in all the reliefs, in which he is shown presentin g his sons to the gods. Khaernw aser's tomb is especially sump­ tuous, the paintings extensive ly preserved and much of the colour still brilliant.

Terrace and Fischer 1970: no. 6,41-44. Cril1lal: 72-4.

Edwards J 9~3: 121-37. Lehner 1997: 122-.13.

Saleh and Sourouziau: no. 31. EMe: .IE 10062 (~ C(; 14).

Khaihapi , Privy Councillo r, Twentieth Dynasty, New Kingdom , c. 1150 BC, Khaihapi is particula rly notable for the circumsra nce, of the discovery of his block-sta tue, a somewha t archaicisi ng form for the period. He was an importan t figure in latter years of King RAMESSES 1Il and during the reign of King RAMESSES IV. In addition to his rank as Privy E. Schiaparel li, Relacionc dei lavon della mis­ Councrllo r he was 'God's Father', a sione archeologi ca italiana in Egitto II: {'esp/or­ title of honour in the court, and Temple azione della Valle delle Regina. Turin, 1922-7. Scribe of Re. This last, together with his

"\.,, ·.,cd wish to be buried at Heliopoli s ,,,,I tI,.1I he might live to be I 10 years old, "'!I" '.1 rhat he served in the great temple "I Il, 111 that city. II,·. starue was discovere d in Vienna """11.1 IBOO, in excavatio ns in the third Roman times \ 111111.1 district, which in 1",1 ","en the location of the city of \ ""I"bona. It is not known how Khni­ 1\Ill( '. -tarue found Its resting place so far 1,,,", J Jeliopohs . I 1+l1'.d,i..,torischcs MUSCUlll l Vicnnn , no. h4.

k h.rl.hara, Hairdress er and Wigmake r, 1,III,/Sixth Dynasties . Old Kingdom , '·\00 BC. Khakhar. i had himself im­ nunr.ilised in a statue together vvith his «u, Aukhremencs. He was a Hairdress er "', I Wigmake r, though not of the first , ,ilL ui the court but employed to attend ,,, tilt' needs of lesser officials. He was, 11l1\\Tver, buried at Giza. 11\"III,IS

with golden mounts - perhaps a little exquisite in taste - and the king's funerary complex at Abydos was notable for the use of dressed stone blocks, laid in regulat courses, in the interior. In 1991, a remark­ able discovery near Khasekhc mwy's burial place uncovere d ,1 fleet of twelve large boats, buried in shallow trenches ill the desert. Soon after that, work on an other­ wise une xcav.ued parl of the tomb D.I OSER produced sea lings of King NFTJERYK llF.T. This suggests that Djoser conducte d Khusekhe mwy's obsequies , a duty which devolved upon n king's suc­ cessor. It therefore appears that Djoser followed Khasekhcl11wy ro the thrones of Egypt. N EIvlAATI lAP, Kha'-,C'khen)\'\'y's d.iughtcr (and possibly also his wife) was revered as the ailcestres s of the succeedin g Third Dynasty; she was mother of the great king D.l0SER NET.lERYK HET, but it is not known whether Khasckhe mwy was his natural

hther.

1995: no. 4.i (13"1).

P. F. Newberry. The Set Rchellicrn of the Second Dynasty, Ancient Egy/Jl, London, 1922: part 2, 40-h. Emery 1961, ~8103, 116, 162, 169, 193. M. Hoffman, Egypt he/ore the Pharaohs;

1'\10 .cllL' A. HI..';1rst~ilusclim of Anthropol ogy, III",

rrxiry of Berkeley, (:,11iforni.

W. 1,1,1 .. 20.., .6., 20.3.4.

11 1 I

Menhet, Merti, Menwi, Queens, Eighteenth Dynasty, New Kingdom, c. 1479-1425 BC. Three of the wives of King THliTMOSE III, whose jewellety was found in a rock-cnt tomb near Deir elBahri. The three women were not Egyptians, bur probably Syrians taken into Thutmose's harem ,1S part of his dealings with foteign powers, a practice which flourished throughout the New Kingdom. They were buried with some exceptionally elegant possessious, including pairs of sheet gold sandals which imitated leatherwork, an elaborate gold-encrusted headdress and fine jewellery.

~ l.mi,

Priest, Thirteenth Dynasty, Middle " 11I1'.dom, c. 1795-1650 Be. Memi was a 'I'o"{) priest in the cult of King KIINUMI ru.ru, probably at Giza. The inscription ,," ,I statue of Memi and his wife Aku "'\'lIllo r, Army Com mand er, 570 BC. 5~9c. d, Perio Late sty, '",,1, I lyl13 King A1JRIES' ~:l, ,.Idlll! ' was comn l'9 (rd. 'Ankh-n Ptah'), pI. XXXTI. Stevenson Smirh 1946 (1949). 154, 360 (as Ny-

t Illl'!'

IHiI ttl JIll' north's domination of the

1"', Berlin, 1974.

Nofret, see Rahotep and Nofret

Nykuhor, Judge, Fifth Dvnasty, Old Kini; dam, c. 2470 BC. A judge (sab) who ai,,, held a number of other high ofli. ('s, Nykuhor was a priest of the sun t'·,"pie' of King USERKAF and hence resp,,"s,hl,' for the cult of the deified king. I h- IV.I·, Inspector of Scribes and a Privy (:""," d lor. His tomb contains reliefs of :\ ',II,.dl group of instrumentalists and S;1I1','" '" ,11,,1 of his retainers whiling away""" ,," \ playing draughts.

Nofrcl (all. Nefret), Queen, Twelfth Dynasty, Middle Kingdom, c. 1880-1874 BC. l'he wife of King SENWOSRET JI, Nofret

Hayes I: 102-3; figs 58-9. MMA 08.201.2.

14 1

140

i

III

Nynetjer

Nynetjcr, King, Second Dynasty, Archaic Period, Co 2850 nCo A ruler of considerable obscurity, Nynetjer may nonetheless have reigned for thirty-eight years; Some incidents relating to his reign are recorded in the Palermo Stone, During that time he is said to have built extensively and to have celebrated numerous festivals, lie was probably the third king of the Dynasty, following RANEB to the throne. He

may have been buried at Saqqara tho his rornb has noL been found; it may one of those thought to have been bud or destroyed during the building of r pyramid of King lINAS.

o

S. Haxsnn, "Excnv.mons a t Saqqara 19.17.", ASAt:, 1~ (1938) HI.

CAH 1.2, 20, 31-2.

I II

r.ivian, see Augustus Caesar

i' rlvmpias], Queen, Macedonian Dynasty, ilO-316 nc. The princess of Epirus, ,III,ghter of King Ncoptolernos I, Olym1'1 I"

was married to

PJIIl.lP 11,

the King of

\I." cdon. At first their marriage was ..« ("LKtory but after the birth of her son, \I 'XANDER (THE GREAT), Olyrnpias be",II'" increasingly wilful. When her hus1',lIld was murdered by an officer in his I'.',,'rd, a discarded lover, she had his new \\lll' and her child put to death. lier relationship with her son was I,,,,{oundly possessive. She encouraged ill.

0/ 'he

product of the Saite period, harking to Old Kingdom forms. Another figure of Petamenopr given him a modest place in the hiKt, of Egyptology as the inscriptions un block statue of the priest were puhlis in the seventeenth century in an arre to decipher the hieroglyphs. The attr r

Tomb

not successful. Petamcnope was buried in a large Nil terrancan tomb at Thebes (1'1' 33). W;lS

G. Hcrwart von l lohcnbcrg, Thesaurus oglyphicum, Munich, I Y10: 1.1. EMC.lF 37341.

lilt

"I Egypt. Led by Pharnabazes \Tk general Iphicrates, a powerwns assembled but it was beset

(.I

"111\

till, .I,·.·.,,1. III, KlIlg, Twenty-Sixth Dynasty,

I', "",I. '26-525

BC. The last king of Dynasty succeeded to 11"",,, when the fortunes of Egypt > .. '''''''idly in decline. By this time 111 1 '. 1.1 11 l.mpire was becoming dorni'" tlu Near East and Egypt was a til d 11I1/,l' for the Etnrire's rulers to , I" \ .'.5 CAMBYSES II succeeded the , \ In IS on the Persian throne, 1' ill... h, ,I ,," Egypt and annihilated Psamc,*1 lllll}'. The unfortunate king was U,H"I' ,I .md hauled in chains to Susa. t1, " t-, l.ucr executed by the Persians.

'\I, "" \,xth

't

1'1X6: §§.'l69-70.

" .•unuk , Physician, Twenty-Sixth Dyu-"'. I .Ile Period, L 570-'126 BC. Ps.unc.,~ 11",,,i,hed at the court of King AMASIS "h, " h" enjoyed the rank of 'Overseer of 1ii,,""', He was provided with a hand'1''''' .nunropoid sarcophagus but his tomb \~, I', m-ver used; it W::lS decorated with ,,,,,,, I c' moved from the pyramid of King ,,,. v-, .md contained extracts from the I', 1 unid Texts and the Book of the Dead. 110",,,.,, 1995: nil. 16 (101). 1'1"" Ill' A. Hearst Museum of Anthropology, \ 1lIIInsity of Berkeley, California, 5-522. 1'...uncuksaneith, Gold- and Silversmith, I" "IIty-Sevellth Dynasty, Late Period, ,00 BC. Psameriksaneith was the 'Head "I 1\11 the King's Workmen in Gold and 'ulvrr'. He was provided with a statue \\'Illch is exceptionally naturalistic. He .hcribes himself as 'King's Relative', rhough by this time such a usage was 1,"rely honorific.

He was succcT"",1 ill the office in 39 BC by his son, who W.IS seven years old, during the reign 01

DIONYSOS AULETES.

CLEOPATRA VII.

D. J. Thompson, 'High Priests of Memphis under Ptolemaic Rule', in Pagan Priests: R{'Iigion and Power in the Ancient World, cds M:II'Y Bland and John North. Cornell, 1990i Ilil.

Pseusennes I (Pascbakhaenniu}, King, Twenry-First Dynasty, Third Intermediate Period, 1039-993 BC. The son of PINUDJEM , by his wife, a princess HENUTTAWY, Pseusennes was to reign for nearly half a century. In the beginning of his reign the secular and religious powers were effecrivcly split, with the High Priest of Amun claiming the power to declare the king legitimate by the will of AmLIn. Eventually Pseusennes was to combine the offices in his own person or through the nomination of close relatives, especially sons; this was to become the practice throughout the dynasty. Pseusennes was a native of Tanis and did much to enhance the city's prestige. He was to build his tomb there. A golden bowl from it bears the name of his daughter Esemkhebe, who married the High Priest MENKHEPERRE and was the mother of PINUDJEM II. P. Monter, La Necropo!« Royale de Tanis I: Les

Constructions et le Tombcau de Psousennes

a

Timis, Paris, 1951. Kitchen 1986: §§2H3-6. EMC .II' 85912. .IE 85913 (gold mask).

and Fischer 1970; 110. 39,169-72. I ;viC JE 31335 ~ CG 726.

Pseusenncs II, King, Twenty-First Dynasty, Third Intermediate Period, c. 95994'1 BC. Pseusennes II was the last king of

l'sammerichus, see Psametik I

the dynasty, ruling from Tanis in much reduced circumstances.

Il'lTJCe

A. Dodson, 'Psusenncs II', R d'E 38 (I \):-.:7)

l'scnprais III, High Priest, Ptolemaic Period, c. 76 Be. Psenptais was appointed to the great office of High Priest of Prah in Memphis at the age of fourteen, during the reign of King PTOLEMY xu NEOS

49-54.

Psherenptah, High Priest, Ptolemaic \',., iod, d. 41 Be. The High Priest of I'r.ih "'

157

II

".lnl

Ptahemhat-Ty

Prahhotep, Treasurer, Twenty-Sevet1th~

Memphis in late Ptolemaic times during the reign of Queen CLEOPATRA VH, Psher cnptah was married to TAIMIIOTFP, who predeceased him and whose tomh bore a melancholy inscription lamenting her early death. Pshcrenptah died a year later, in41Bc.

nasty, Late Period, c. 490 Be. Ptah. was one of the senior Egyptian off, who served the Persian dynasty, sl" cally DARIUS I, after the defeat of I h. of the Suire kings, PSAMETIK Ill. He i~ depicted weening a version of Persian ,I

Lichrhcirn .1: 59-65.

Borhmcr I % I (I %9): 76, no. 64, pls 6ll-· Brooklyu Museum 37. 35_,.

Ptahcmhat-Ty, Iligh Priest, l'ighteenth Dynasty, New Kingdom, c. 13.16-1.127 BC. Pr.ihcmhar-Ty was High Priest of Ptah at Memphis during the reign of King TUTANKHAMUN. A relief from his tomb describes how King AY introduced the future king, Cenera] HOREMt rrn, to the people as his heir.

Ptahmes, lligh ecnrh Dynasty, New Kingdom, c. 11 1.152 Be. The ~ ligh Priest of Amlin Thebes and Vizier of the South, Ptah was one of the principal officers State during the richly endowed reign AMENHOTEI' IT!. He is accompanied his commemorative stela by his wife Ay and by various members of rheir fami] He invites those who read the stela consider the excellance of his life achievements and urges them to themselves similarly.

Reeves 19'11b:"l1. IJM AI' '172. Ptahhotcp, Vizier, Fifth Dynasty, Old Kingdom, c. 2414-2375 Be. The minister of King DJEDKARE ISESJ, the penultimate king of the Fifth Dynasty, Ptahhotep is remembered as the supposed author of a popular set of 'Maxims', a literary form especially popular in the First Intermediate Period, which sets out to provide guidance on good and proper behaviour and to recommend courses of action 1110St likely to bring credit and profit to the recipient of the advice concerned. He is also known as the owner of a handsome tomb at Saqqara which he occupied with his son, Akhethotep. His grandson, a Iso Pr.ihhotep, known as Tshefi, has also been accredited with the authorship of the 'Maxims'.

.I.~C.

Guyon,

t.cs

Reaux-Arts de lyon, Lyons, 19HH: 59 tion catalogue).

E. Devaud, Les lvuixims de /Jtahhote/J, Fribourg, 1916. A. Erman, The Literature ol the Ancient Egyptians, trans. A. 1\1. Blackman, London, 1927: 6, 54. Pritchard 1955: 412. Lichtheim I: 61-XO.

P. Lacau and J-P. Lauer, La Pyramide

)'11"

liid Davies 19~n: 21; ill. IY.

l\1 ',::.'.

rt"I"I"-pses, Vizier, Hfth Dynasty, ()Id • '''''"I,,,n, c. 2445-2421 BC. Prahshepscs, " li l,,,, dly the royal manicurist and hair,I" v.cr, rose to rhe highest rank as Vizier ~f1 I, Illg NIUSERRE. He was married to the \,,,,..... daughter, Khamererncbty. He was ".1\' II a magnificent masrab. tornh, of l"l,il dimensions, at Abusir. Nearby was d" lomb of Niuscrrc's predecessor, "j

I I REFRE.

l'r.ihshepses, like others who held the t' of manicurist and hairdresser, was a I,,,,·,t of high rank since, to discharge his t.ru. t ion of grooming the king, he had to ,,,,,,h the body of a living god. ,dill

or

Ptnbsbepscs,

1977. I, mer 1994: 173-4.

a J)egres

IV: Inscriptions Cranes sur lcs Vases, Cairo, J 959: 65ff., 1'1. 25.

[FAO Inl: IS. 'Rol de Ptahpen', cat. no. 9. MduL E 11016.

15 8

\ "'11.1"I',es, Vizier. Fourth/Fifth Dynasidlf' ,,1,1 Kingdom, c. 2530-2470 Be. "~hjll'p~l'S was horn during the reign of '1111' '" NKAURE. He married the Princess .11'III'Lit and served four kings of rhe 'Iii I, l ivnasty, -

l'l.q~ue,

Ptahpehcn, Sculptor, Third Dynasty, Old Kingdom, c. 2650 BC. The sculptor and 'Maker of Vases', Ptahpehen was evidently a respected cru frsm.tn of the time of King DJOSER NE1JERYKIlET, for whom the Step Pyramid complex was built at Saqqara. Djoser caused to be buried beneath the pyramid a great quantity of bowls and vases (some 40,000 in all) inscribed with the names of his predecessors on the thrones of Egypt. Ptahpehen was rhus honoured by vases inscribed with his name being similarly preserved beneath the king's monument.

pts 1 and 2.

Ptolemy II Philadelphus

'p "c S

n'l,l"ted 1: §~~2S4-62.

I'll Ill: 79-XO. \ I Verner, The Mas/aha

Reserves de

f;EgY1Jtc dans [cs Collections dn

N. de Garis Davis, The Mastaba ol Ptabbctep and /\khellJdL'tJ at Saqqareh, London, I') I0:

ll

l'rolemaios, Donor, Ptolemaic Period. lO4-5 BC. Ptolemaios paid for rhe .rcctiou of a stela honouring the g,od lhoth and in return asked for a long life. lie invokes Thorh with the epithet 'Thrice ( .reat", J. designation which was to come 10 be a~)plied widely in later alchemical .uid gnostic texts as 'Hennes Trisrnegr-rus' . I J{)di~l~h and Bcrlcv 1982: no. 134, 199-200.

ship with the king, rumours about his actual parentage. Ptolemy was brought up with AI.EXAN[)EI~ Philip's son and one of his closest companions. When they grew to manhood Ptolemy became one of Alexander's 1110St trusted commanders. After Alexander's death in .12., BC and the disintegration of his empire, Ptolemy seized control of Egypt. He and his descendants were to rule it for the next three centuries. Ptolemy was an enlightened and CIVIlised ruler. Building on Alexander's ioundations he made Alexandria the centre of the Greek presence in Eg,ypt; ir rapidly became the intellectual and culrural centre of the ancient world, and was to remain so for more than half a millennium. During his reign the Library .md the Museum were founded and flourished under his support and that of his son and successor. Ptolemy achieved an important symbolic and psychological advantage by capturing the mummified body of Alexander as it was carried from Babylon to Greece. For the remainder of Ptolemy'S life it was kept in Memphis. Ptolemy proclaimed himself king in .,04 IIC, Throughout his life Ptolemy was obliged to conduct a number of campaigns, some against envious companions from the past. His military prowess, however, never deserted him. Ptolemy introduced the practice of marrying his sister (in fact, his half-sister, Berenice), which was to be a charaderistic of the dynasty. Berenice was the mother of his heir. With characteristic maturity and selfassurance, Ptolemy I abdicated power in favour of his son in 285 BC; he died in 283. Turner 19X4: 118-74. Bowman, 1990. W. M. Elli" Ptolemy

Ptolemy I Soter, General, King, Macedonian and Ptolemaic Periods, c. 305-285 'IC. The founder and first king of the Ptolemaic dynasty was a Macedonian, son of Lagus and Arsinoe, a former concubine of King PJIILlP II. There were in consequence of his mother's relation-

0/ Egypt,

London, 1994.

Ptolemy II Philadelphus, King, Ptolemaic Period, 285-246 BC. Continuing the enlightened policies of his father, Ptolemy II further developed the Library and the

159

1

Ptolemy III Euergetes

""I",,,y

Ptolemy VII Neos PhiloPI

Museum at Alexandria, raising them to international importance. He built the Pharos which stood at the sea-entrance to Alexandria. He also gave attention to enlarging the influence of Egypt by annexing Phoenicia and parts of Syria. In Egypt itself he pursued a policy of inauguratiug new towns, increasing the Greck-spc;,1king population as he did so. He undertook an extensive irrigation programme in the Fayum, thus increasing Egypt'S agricultural yield considerably.

[V,

Epiphanes was a young child

"1'"

,\1\ VI, he was murdered by his "", I" l'lolemy VIII (see PTOLEMY VI) .ttl! tlll'11 seized the throne.

wh~1\

succeeded to the throue. He was [II manipulated by his ministers. II~ attacked by Anriochos IV and the kinlt1 Macedon, Philip V. He was saved hy , intervention of Rome, an intervcnn which was to be ominous for EAY future. He then married the daughter Antiochos. lie is best remembered hy appearance of his name in a biling inscription on the Rosetta Stone. T was a decree which records the alII' mcnr of his majority and his coronarin Champolliou's intuition that the roy names, including Ptolemy's, were (0 tained ill the inscription's carrouches, I to the eventual decipherment of EgyptiA hieroglyphs.

J. Crawford, 'Ptolemy, Prall and Apis", World Archaeology, II. 1no: 1.J5-45. Turner 1n4: I I S-74. D. J. Thompson, Memphis under the i'rolcnrics; D.

Princeton NJ. Ins: 116-17,126-.\2.

tIi' I

Vlll Fuergcrcs II (alt. I'hyscon), • ""1', l't olernaic Period, 170-116 BC. One 111 Ill! 1()J1gest-rei~ning of the Ptolenwic ~ '''''' Ptolemy VIII was also one of the ",,,,I deplorable. He murdered PTOLEMY l II "I. Ramesses Ill, King, Twentieth Dynasty, New Kingdom, c. 1184-1153 HC. The second king of the Twentieth Dynasty consciously modelled himself on RAMESSES II. He was :1 forceful and conscientious monarch, but if he lacked any particular quality, it was luck, for many of his enterprises did not mature for reasons which were often beyond his control or influence. The first recorded workers' strike - at Deir el-Mcdina occurred in his reign; he was required to deal with an invasion of a coalition of opponents, known collectively as the 'Sea Peoples', drawn from the Mediterranean islands and the Syrian coastal towns, who had been troublesome in MERENPTAH'S I iuu-. Rumcsses defeated them decisively

and recorded the event at his temple at Mediner Habu. Rnrnesses was remembered as a great benefactor of the temples of Egypt; as such he was no doubt able to conciliate the priestly faction which was growing ever more powerful. The Grear Harris Papyrus, prepared by his successor after Ramesscs" death, records many of the ~rants which he made to the temple institutions. Towards the end of his life IClInesses III w.is the ta rget of a serious conspiracy hatched in the harem. It involved one of his wives who tried to bring her son ro the throne. The conspir;lCy was detected but Ramessc« dicd soon after and it has been speculated that his death may have been prccipit'lled by the plot. Ramesses III was buried in the Valley of the Kin~s (K\/ II). His mummy was found in the cache recovered from AMENIIOTFP II 's tomb, he seems to have heen about sixty-five when he died. He built an immense funerary temple at Medinet Hahu. Ramesses III was the last important king of the New Kingdom. He was followed by a succession of generally short-lived kings, all of whom adopted the name Ramesses. F. l-cvrc. /,e Dernier Pharaon : Ramses J11 ou la C:re/Ju5clI!e d'unc Ciuilizalioll, Paris, 1992. ~r. F. b.lgcrtoll, 'The Strikes in Raruccs Ill's 29rh Year', .lNES 10 (19\ I) LJ7-4\. A. de Buck, 'The Judicial Papyrus of Turin',

.lEA 23 (19.)71 152-67. Ramesses IV, King, Twentieth Dynasty, New Kingdom, c. 1153-1147 BC. One of the first acts of Rarnesses lV's rei~n was to settle a dispute with the workers in the royal necropolis which had bedevilled RAMESSES III'S final days. The men were paid and preparations could thus go ahead for the dead king's burial. Ra messes IV appears to have had some continuing concern for the welfare of the workers at Thehes. He was a keen builder of monu-

Ramesses V

Ramesses VII

merits though few survive. He conducted «xtensive mining expeditions, seeking the hnest stones for the embellishment of the n-mples. The Great Harris Papyrus dates lrorn Rumesses lV's reign and lists both his many endowments to the temples and .i1so the principal events of his father's rClgn.

Rarncsscs prayed to the gods to gr.uu him a life as long as that of the great I(I\MESSES II. The gods failed to comply with this request as Rumesses IV reigued oilly for six years. He was buried in KV 2. 1'. Erichsen, Po/ryrlls Harris, Brussels, 1'133. I. Hornung, ZIl,(,j [{'l1l1(JSSldisd}(~ Khui,f!,'sgri.iher: Rdll1SCS IV !llld RdJ1lSl'S VIl, Mainz, 1Y9(). ,\. J. Pedell, The Uci,f!,J! u! Rumesscs IV, \\';1rll1lnsfcr, 1994.

Ramesscs V, Kin~, Twentieth Dynasty, New Kingdom, c. 1147-1143 He. During the brief reign of RAMESSES IV, the level of ,mntption which had been allowcd to ,I',row amongst the priests in the temple .idminisrrntions was uncovered and an «uquiry set up to determine responsibility. lhat Rarncsses V attempted to maintain ',omething of the quality of Egypt's adruinisrrarive svsrerns is suggested by docuuunts which probably derive from his reign, concerned with taxation and other bureaucratic matters, especially relating to l.md.

The recital of Ramesses V's resounding uiles indicates the complexity which tbe urulary of the late New Kmgdom had .ru.uned, and how hollow the titles sound, rrvcn the knowledge of the political con.luions which pertained in Egypt eluring hIS lifetime: 'Living Horus, M(~hty Bull, Great ill Ihtory, Sustaining the Tuo Lands; Fa-

ID,;,7!

Ramesses V died after only four years on the throne, probably from smallpox, though $0111(' suspicion attaches to his successor, He was buried in KV 35, though originally K V 9 was intended for his hurial. II/t'asted 4; §47.l. Reeves and Wilkinson 1996: 1(,,4-5,201.

Ramcsses VI. King, Twentieth Dynasty, New Kingdom, c. 1143-1136 IIC. The successor of the relatively young RAMESSES V was most likely a son of ItAMF.SSES III; he seems to have been illdisposed to his immediate predecessors, presumably resenting their occupancy of the throne. It is possible that he may have deposed Ramesses V, hut of that there is no certain evidence, though there is some indication that there may have been an insurrection prompted by the factions supporting rival claimants to the throne at this time. When he died he was buried in KV 9 but was later moved with Ramesses V to KV 35. Despite the uncertainties of the reigns of the immediate successors of Rarnesses Ill, it is notable that some senior officials continued in office throughout the period, into the reign of Rarnesses \/1. A. A. Amcr Amin, 'Rcflexions on the Reign of Ramcsscs V!', JEA 71: 66-70 . Reeves and Wilkin"on 1996: 164-5.

Grirna]: 2BS-9.

Rarnesses VII, King, Twentieth Dynasty, New Kingdom, c. 1136-1 129 BC. Little is known of the reign of Ramesses VII, other than that the condition of Egypt hegan seriously to decline: prices rose alarmingly and there was considerable distress in the lands. KV 1 was prepared for him. Rarnesses VII reigned for seven years and was followed by Rarnesse« Vlll, who held the kingship only for one year. He

-.nirit» of the Two Goddesses: Mighty in )Irength, Rcpulscr o( Millions; Golden t ic.rus: Rich in Years, Like Ta- Tancn, \1 nereign, Lord of jubilees, Protector of 1':1Ipt, Filling Fl'cry Land with Great \/"numents in His Name: KiJl,~ o( Upper .llId Lower EgYPt: Nilmzare-Meriamon;

16 7

166

Son o] Re, of llis Body, His Beloved, Lord o] Diadems: Amonhirkhe!)eshe(Ramesses-Neterhehc.n, Ciuen Li]e, Lihc Rc, Forever'.

Ramesse snakhte

Ramesse s IX

was one of the last of to survive.

RAMI,SSES

increasin g depredatl ons in the north and west caused by the acnviries of the Meshwesh 'lIld the Libu, undiscipl ined tribesmen who harried the Egyptian towns in the Delta and even as tar south ,IS the region below Memphis . The most enduring developm ent in 1C:1ITICSSCS Xl's reign was rhc emergenc e in Thehes of powerful members of the priestly orders, the most agf!.rcssive of whom begun to challenge the royal authority and p,.er()~ativt's, even assmning royal t irlcs. In rhc case of one such pretender , AMI'.NIIO' J'EI', the Hil',h Priesr of AIlHIIl, IClLllCS,>CS nlalla~t'd to outface him :l1ld the priest was sent into exile. gut at the same rime the situation in lhebcs and the south deteriora ted to the extent that the king ordered rhe Viceroy of Kush, PANEIIESY , to move northwar ds and put the rebellion down. This decision was to have ](mg-I~lsting cOllseque nces. Ramesses decided Ll po" a policy of conciliati on with the Thebans, entering into an understan ding with two of the great magnates of the region, SMENDES and IIHUIlOR. At the king's death the royal power was flouted hy the southeners, and for many years to come Upper Egypt was virtually independ ent of the royal authority . The generally dismal cycle of the reigns of the successor s of RAM ESSES It had resulted in the priests of AmUl1 becoming richer and more powerful than the kings themselve s. Rarnesses ' reign was rnn rked by outbreaks of tomb robberies and a number of reports of court investiga tions survive. In the king's nwn case it was intended that Ramcsses XI should be buried in KV 4, but this tomb was abandone d unfinishe d and he was not buried there. His tomb has not been found.

ru's sons

K. Kirchen, 'Ramcsscs Vil and the Twcnricth Dynaxt y", .lEA 58 11972) ]82~94. (Iruunl: 2XS-9.

Ramesscs IX, King, Twentieth Dynasty, New Kingdom , c. Il26-l10 S IH:. After the short and generally unproduc tive reigns of the SUL~CCSS()rs of H.AMESSES 1[1, the sevenrecn -yc.u reign of Ramesscs IX promised ,I more coherent rule to be exerted over Egypt and for the problems which were mounting ,ll'pmother, TWOSRET, acrcd as regent, in ,,,llusion with the Chancellor, the Syrian 1\:\1'. Siprahs mummy was amongst those I""nd in Amcnhotcp 11\ tomb in the v.rlley of the Kings (KV ,5), where it had

Saleh and Sourouzian: 112,113. EMC JE 44919 (= CG 526 J j),.IE 44920

Aldred, 'The I'arcnragc of King Siprah", .IFA (1963) 41ff.

II, il ,

II

Beckcr.nh, "Twosrc as Cu.u-dian of

"'I'I:lh', .lEA 4H (I %2) 70ff. Rc'c'vcs and Wilkinson 19(j6: 155-6.

Hayes I: 2.15; fig. 1.l2. CAH 1.2: .\04. MMA IK.2.2.

\ilcpehu, High Priest, Eighteenth Dynasty, I",·w Kingdom, c. 1473-1458 BC. SiteI,,·11ll was High Priest in the Thinite nome, "".11' Abydos, during the reign of Queen IlA!'SHEPSUT. He IS recorded in an inscrip'" 1\1 of the queen, relating to the setting "I' of one of her obelisks. He is repre.,·"ted by a fine block statue. llnuuas 1995:

110.

Smendes (Ncsbancbdjcdct), King, Twentyfirst Dynasty, Third Intermediate Period, c. 1069-104, BC. After the death of RAMESSES XI, with whom he had shared power together with HERil-TOR, Smendes, the High Priest in Thebes, proclaimed himself king. Smendes drew his influence from the north and, on his assumption of the kingship, established himself at Tanis, which was to remain the power-base of the dynasty which he founded, and its successor. His queen was Tenramun, Smendes is mentioned in the chronicle of WENAMUN, whose ill-ornened journey to the Levant in search of timber for the temple of Amun is one of the classics of later Egyptian literature. Wenamun reports to Smendes, and it is he who arranges for the payment for Wenamun's eventually successful negotiations. Even during the reign of Ramesses IX Smendes controlled much of the Delta. According to the Wenamun text Smendes was appointed king by the direct intervenrion of Amun, through the god's oracle, thus demonstrating that Thebes acknowledged his position.

81 (IKO).

uruversity of Pennsylvania, Museum of Archae,dogy and Anthropology E 92'17.

\llhathor lunet, Princess, Twelfth Dy"."ty, Middle Kingdom, c. 1880-IH74 III . The daughter of King SENWOSRET H, ',1\ harhor lunet was buried near her Iii her's pyramid at El-Lahun. In her tomb W.l' found an exceptional collection of \1111; both were overseers of the court .,ugers and they were buried at Saqqara. tln- statue of the third Sneferunefer was I"und at Giza. He was 'Instructor of 'lingers in the Great House'. I Mannichc, Music and Musicians in Ancient J

':I'/Jt, London, 1991: 121-2.

I, unsthistorischcs Museum, Vienna, no. 7S06.

\ohekemsaf II, King, Seventeenth DynaSecond Intermediate Period (Hyksos), 1600 Be. A king about whom little is I,"own, Sobekemsaf was nonetheless surn.nned 'The Great' by his contemporaries .uu] apparently reigned in Thebes for ·."me sixteen years during the Hyksos rn cuparion of northern Egypt. His tomh, in which his queen, NUB,.liAS, was also buried, was one of the Iu·st to be found to have been violated when the official inspection of royal r..mbs was conducted in the Twentieth l ryuasry.

·.1y,

CAH Il.I: 71. 8M EA 57(,99, EA 57700.

Sobekhorcp I, King, Thirteenth llyn"" y, Middle Kingdom, c. post-1795 IIH: H, pI. 7; pI. v, b, c.

--Dou;ze Ans des Fouilles dans la Necropole Memfite, 1924-36, Neufch.irel, 1940.

I",

Usermont, Vizier, Eighteenth Dynasty, New Kingdom, c. 1336-1327 BC. Usermont served King TUTANKHAMUN as Vizier. A member of a leading Theban family he was a Priest of Ma 'ar, a provincial governor, " judge and an hereditary prince. L Hahachi, 'Unknown or Little Known Monuments of Tutankha1111111 and of his Viziers', in

Ruffle et

a

119-33. II. Ricke, Dos Sonnenbeiligtum des Konig»

le-n-ace and Fischer: 9, 53-6. I.Me JE 90220.

Uscrher, Noble, Eighteenth Dynasty, New Kingdom, c. 1430-1400 BC. A noble who

IJserkare, King, Sixth Dynasty, Old Kingdom, c. 2321 BC. This ephemeral ruler is

userko], Wiesbaden, 1965-9.

(jrj rna]

21

21 4 ~

1979: 32-41.

Usertaret, Viceroy, Eighteenth Dynasty, New Kingdom, c. 1427-1400 Be. Usertarct was appointed Viceroy of Nubia by King AMENHOTEI' n, one of the warrior kings of the early years of the dynasty, with whom Usertater had previously served and with whom he was evidently on terms of friendship. He carried out a number of building projects in Nubia whilst he was in office.

) P. Lauer, 'Lc Temple Haur de la Pyramide du Saqqarah', ASAE 53 (1955) Roi Ouserkaf

Hn ycx 2: 306; fig. 191. Reeves 1990: 2H. MMA 05.4.2.

a],

5

1992: 2] 9.

Userwer

Userwer, Sculptor, Twelfth Dynasty, Middle Kingdom, c. 1963-1862 BC. Userwer was the recipient of a funerary stela which shows himself, his wives, his parents, brother, sons and daughters receiving offerings. The principal interest of Userwer's stela, however, is not so much its form and content (both fairly conventional) but rather that it is unfinished and, given Userwer's profession, it is valuable in tracing the stages in the making of such a memorial. First, an assured repertoire of black-ink drawings indicate the content of the stele. At least two stone cutters were, it is thought, involved in the excision of the hieroglyphs and the figures of the family. It is not known which of the various functions involved in the stele's production would have been undertaken by Userwer himself. It appears that it may have heen finished off by a less experienced artist whose work was certainly not of the first quality.

Usimarenakhtc, High Steward, TwentiNlt1l Dynasty, New Kingdom, c. 1130-1120 The son of the powerfu I High Priest Amun, RAM ESSESN AKllTE, Usimarenakhte• • unlike his brothers who inherited father's office, achieved a high place in secular administration of the south. virtue of its authority he as able acquire for himself large landholdings Upper Egypt at the expense of the p sants and small farmers. He appointed himself assessor of claims and he was of those whose machinations led impoverishment of the eventual collapse of the central and the division of Fgypt effectively two separate entities, the division the early kings had striven so diligently

w

I

ovcrC0111C.

Kccs 196]: 68. Kitchen 1986: §207, n21.

Bourriau 1988: 29-31; pI. 20; no. 20.

\\ .,1', Estate Manager, Eleventh Dynasty,

\I,.ldle Kingdom, c. 2055-2004 lIC. COIl,"" ing evidence of the prosperity enjoyed I" even modest officials in the Middle I· lI,gdom is provided hy the intact burial " lhebes of the Estate Manager Wah, an • 1III,Ioyee of the great Chancellor, MEKEI HI, during the reign of King NElIIIEl'ETRE \I, 'NTUIIOTEP II. He evidently died young, 11111 he was buried in finely woven wrap1'"lgS and a splendid mummy case. He III' decked in his jewellery and his uuuumy made ready for its burial in the ,,"nh where it remained for four thousand "·.Irs. He was buried with his mummy I IIriled to the east, his head to the north. lie bore the title 'Overseer of Sea lers'. ll.rvcs 1953: 201, 303-5; fig. 196. ~d MA 20.3.20'.

They, together with several properties, had been made over by Ankhreni to Wah some years earlier. The servants are mentioned in Wah's 'will', when he bequeathed them to his wife. Wah's instructions for the management of his wife's inheritance display some unease, as though he were unsure of his brother's reliability in respecting his wishes. In particular he asks that his wife shall be allowed to Jive in the rooms which Ankhreni had huilt for him. Wah's contract was found, still sealed, in an archive at El-Lahun. E L. Griffith, The Petrie Papyri: Hieratic Papyri {rom Kahun and Guroh, London, 1898: 31--5, pis 12-13. Parkinson 1991: 108-9, no. 16.

Wahankh Intef, see Inyotef II Wah, Priest, Twelfth Dynasty, Middle klllgdom, c. 1806 BC. Wah entered into a ,,,"tract designed to protect his wife and luirs and to ensure that they succeeded to 10 is property. The contract initially made provision for his wife; a codicil was added l.ucr, evidently after the birth of a son. It .ippears that Wah may not have expected III live to see his son grow to maturity, as II Hemaka (I),' Hernionu (IV),2 Heny (XI),d Herihor (XXI),' Hesyre (III), Buy (XVlII),"

2 Prince 3 'Minister of Finance' 4 HPA .\ HPA 6 Festival Organiscr

Sabu (V) Hpp, Setau (XX) HI' Nekhbet, Senwosretankb (XII) HpM, Shedsunefertem (XXII) Hl'P, Sitepehu (XVlII) HI' Abydos, Somrutefnakhte (XXX) HI' Sakhmet

243

Appendix I

Appendix I

To (XIX) HPO

Nohles and courtiers

Officials

Scribes

Userhnr (XVIII) HI' Turankhamun

Aba (XX VI), Amencmhe Siste (XIII), I Ameuemhat (XIII), Ameneminet (XIX)

Abn (XX), Akhper (XIX),

Yewelor (XXIII) HPA

[Amenemher] (XVIII), Amcncmhc Siste (XIII), Arnenhotep (XVIII), Anhernakhte (XIX), Ankh (III), Anrinous (Rom.), Ashahebsed (XIX), Ay (XVIII) I

Notes

Debhen (IV)

Wennufer (XIX) HPO

J Vizier 2 Nomarch 3 Later king 4 Vizier of the South

Hcnhcner (XI) ldu (VI), Ihy (VIVI), Indy (VIII), Ini (XI),2 lniamunayefnahu (XXII), Inyotef I (X/XI), Ipuia (XVIll), Isis (XVlII), Iti (XI)

Nomarchs and governors

Kcmsit (XI), Kcnarnun (XVIll)1

Ahanakhr (IX/X), Akhtoy [ (X), Akhtoy II (X), Ankhtify (X)

Mala (XVIII), Maiherpcri (XVIII), Maya (XVIII), Merka (I), Meryrehashref (VI), Mesheti (XI), Metherhy (V), Min (XVIII),2 Montuernhet (XXV)

Baker III (XI), Bes (XXVI) Dedu (XVIII), Djehuryhotep (XII),

Nakht (XVIII), Nakhtmin (XVIII),

Djehurynekht (Xll)

Ncbcrka (I), Nebipusenwosret (Xll), Nefer

Harkhuf (VI), Hekaib (VI), Hem-Min (VI), Hepzefa (XII) [Iankhamu] (XVIII), Ibi (VI), lkui (X), Ini (XI), Inyotef (VIlI) Kaihcp (VI) HPR, Kheni (VI), Khnumhotep I (XII), Khnurnhorep II (XII)

Neheri (X/XI),2 Niankhpepi (VI), Nimlot (XXV)

Ii-sench (XIll), lmpy (VI), Inyotef (XII), lsi (VIVI), Iti (VI), Iti (XI)

Hcdnakhr (XIX), Hori (XIX), Hori (XXI),

Ka (XV), Ka'aper (IV/V), Ken.imun (XVIII), I Kha (XVIII)

Iniuia (XVlII), Ipuwer (MK)

Maaty (XI), Maiy (XVIlI), Maya (XVIII), Mentuhotep (XII), Meresankh (V), Meryrenufer Qa (VI), Methethy (V), Minbaef (VI/XII), Minnakhte (XVIII), Montuernhet (XXV)

Huya (XIX)"

Ka'aper (IV/V), Kniaper (V),' Karern (XVIII), Khaemipet (XIX), Kenherkhopshef (XIX/XX) Marui (XVIII),4 Menna (XVIII),2 Merer (X)

Paser (XX), I Paweraa (XX), I Penhuy (XIX), Penno (XX), Ptahhotep (XXVII)

Penrnaar (XIX)

Senbi (XII), Sercnpur (XII) Wendjebaendjed (XXI), Weni (VI)

Yamu-nedjeh (XVIII), Yuya and Tuyu (XVIII) Zekhonsefankh (XXll)

Notes I Later king 2 Nomarch, Royal Tutor, Festival Director 3 Royal Steward

Wahka I (XII), Wahka II (XII), Wedjankhdjes (IV)

Djchuryrnose (XVIII),' Djehurymose (XX), Du.i-Khery (MK)

Pasenhor (XXII), Pentu (XVIll)4

Userhet (XVIII)

Ukhhotcp I (XII), Ukhhotep II (XII), Ukhhotep III (XII), Ukhhotep IV (XII)

Butehamun (XX/XXI)'

Nashuyu (XIX), Nebarnun (XVlII), Nebneteru (XXII),l Nebre (XVIII), Neferhotep (XIX),2 Nekrnertaf (XVIII)

(XVlII), Ti (VI), Thenuna (XVIII)

Tefihi (IX/X), Thutnakhr I (VIII/IX), Thutnakhr II, Thutnakhr III, Thuruakhr IV(X), Thutnakht V (XI), Tjauti (X), Tjetiiker (VI)

Djetai-nisut (III), Djserkaresoncb (XVIII)

Hetepni (VI), Horurre (XII), Horcpdiei (III)

Nakhthorheb (XXVI), Nefer (V), Neferherenptah (V)

Tairnhotep (Pt.), Tepernankh (V), ITeti]

Panemerit (Ptol.), Pepyankh (VI), [Piryawaza] (XVIII)'

Djadaemankh (VI), Djar (XI), Djari (XI),

(XVIII), Amenemope (XX), Amenemope(t) (XIX), Amenmose (XIX), Amcnnakhre (XX), Ani (XIX)

Bebi (VIVI), Bener (XII), Bes (XXVI)'

(V), Ncferibrenofer (XXII), Nemtyemweskhet (XIII),' Neska (I), Nykuhor (V)

Sabef (I), Sabu (I), Sebni (VI), Sckhem-Ka (I), Scuba (I), Senebsuema (XIII), Senet (XII), Senu, (XVIII),' Senusret (XII)," Siharhor (XII), Sipair (XVII/XVIII), Sipa and Neset (III), Sobekhotep (XIX/XX)7

Min (XVIII),' Metjen (III/IV), Mitry (V)

Aakhesperkaresenb (XVIII), Amenernher

Rahotep (V), Ramose (XVIII) Rehu (VIIIlIX), Rehuerdjerscn (XII) Semeutawy (XVIII) Sa-Hath or (XII), Saiset (XIX), Seshemneter (VI), S'l-Mont (XII), Sebekemhet (XIII/XV), Schetepibre (XII), Sekhemka (V), Scncnrnur (XVIII),2 Senimen (XVIII), Sennedjem (XIX), Sennefer (XVIII), I Scnpu (XII/XIII), Senusret (XII), I Senehet (XII), Siharhor (XII)

Tjaneni (XVIII),' Tjuneroy (XIX)" Yii (XVIII)

Notes 1 2 3 4

Theti (XI), Thothhotep (XII), Ti (V), Tia (XVIII), Tity (XIII), Tjay (XVIII), Tjetji (XI)

Restorer, Conservator Royal Scribe Military Scribe 'Diplomat'

Poets, writers, philosophers, scientists Agatharchides (Ptol.), Arion (Rom.), Appianus (Rom.), Apollonius Rhodius (Ptol.)

Wah (XI)/ Weni (VI)

Yupa (XIX)'

Callimachus (Ptol.)

Zenon (Pto!.)

[Diodorus Siculus] (Rorn.)

Notes

Notes

4 Physician, Vizier 5 Royal Herald

1 Mayor

Eratosthenes (ProL), Euclides (Prol.)

1 Festival Director, Royal Tutor 2 Vizier

6 Mayor 7 Royal Butler

2 Architect 3 Estate Manager

Hecataeus (of Abdera) (Pt.), Hecataeus (of Miletus) (= XXVI), [Herodotus] (XXVII)

3 'Prince of Damascus'

244

245

Appendix I

Appendix I

Nesmin (Ptol.), Nimaatsed (V), Nykuhor (V)9

Ipuwer (MK) Lycophron (Prol.)

Pcdiamoner (XXII), Pasenhor (XXII), Pedyamunranebwaset (XXVI), Peftuaneith (XXV/XXVI), Penrnaat (XXI),IO Pentamenope (XXVI), Philiscus (pt.)11

Machon (Ptol.), Manctho (Prol.) I Philiscus ()'toL),2 Plutarch (Rom.), Plotinus (Ptol.), Polybius (Ptol.), [Pythagoras] (XXVI) Sorades (Ptol.), Strabo (Rorn.)

Theocritus (Ptol.), Tryphiodorus (sixth century) Zenodotus (Ptol.]

Sebastet (XVIII), Sihathor (XII), Suemniuet (XVIII), Sobekhotep (XIX/ XX)3

Sascner (VI), Se'ankh (Xl), Senu (IX/X), Sihathor (XIII), Sobeknekht Rinefsonb (XIII), Sucrnnut (XVIII)

rjay (XVIIl)

Tjaneni (XVIII), Tjay (XVIII), [Tjehemau] (XI)

Urhiya (XIX)4

Udjahorresnet (XXVII), 9 Urhiya (XIX) 10

Yuya (XIX)

Scdjcrnemoaou (XIX), Sekweskhet (X/XI), Scncb (IV), Senenu (VI), Senusret (XII), Ii. Senwosret (XI), Setka (VlIIIIX), Sheri (IV)

Notes

Tenry (XIX), Teti (XVIII), Thaenwaset (XXIIT)

2 Royal Steward J Royal Butler 4 General, later High Steward

Yamu-ncdjeh (XVIII), Yuya (XIX)

[ Criminal

Notes 1 Criminal

2 Vizier, HPA -1 l.atcr king 4 HPA 5 Military Scribe 6 Reign of Arncnhorep I1J 7 Reign of Turankhamun 8 Prince 9 Physician, Priest 10 Later High Steward

Udjahornesret (XXVII)

Notes 1 HPR 2 Tragedian and Priest

Wah (XII), Wenamun (XX/XXI), Wermai (XX) Yii (XVIII)

Noles

Priests and temple officials

I Physician 2 Architect 3 Singer

Aoen (XVIII), Amenemhar Nebuy (XII), Amenhotep (XVIII), Amenmose (XXII), I Arnenwahsu (XVIII), Amenyseneb (XIII), Ankhpakered (XXV), Ankhsheshonq (ptoL)

4 Embalmer

5 Gardener 6 Temple Draughtsman 7 Chief Scribe of Arnun 8 Royal Steward 9 Judge J 0 Archivist

Chaeremon (Rom.) Djadjaemankh (IV), Djedkhonsuefankh (XXVI), Djoser (ptoL)

Harmesaf (XXII),2 Harsiese (XXII), Henuttawy (XXI),' Hetepes (VI), Hekanakhte (XI), Hor (XXVI), Hor (Prol.) Horernkhaef (XIII), Hori (XXI), Horpaa (Pt.)

Medical practitioners Aha-Nakhr (XII), I Amenmose (XXII)

Bayenemwast (XX)I

Eratistratus (Pt.)

[Gaius Julius Caesar] (Ptol.), [Chabrias] (XXX)

Gua (XII)

Imhotep (1II),l Iry (IV), Iryenakhty (X),

12 Mayor

Hat (XVIIT), Hekaemsaf (XXVI), Herihor (XXI),2 HoI' (XVIII/XIX), Horemheb (XVIII)'

Nebarnun (XVIII), Niankh-re (V), Niankhsekhrnet (V)

Royal officials and servants

Iahames (XXVI), Indy (VIII), Inebni (XVIII), Inti (VI), Iti (XI), Iupur (XXII),4 Iuwelot (XXII)4

Amenhotep (XVIII) Djar (XI)

Idu (VI), Ika (V), Iki (XII), Inkaptah (V),

Ahmose (XVIII), Ahmose Pennekheb (XVIII), Amenemheb (XVIII), Amentefnakhte (XXVI), Anhernakhte (XIX), [Marcus Antonius] (ptoL)

Dedu (XVIII), Djehuty (XVIII), Djehuryemhab (XX)

11 Tragedian

Gemnefherbak (XXX)

Warriors - army officers, soldiers, military scribes, naval officers, charioteers

Iwry (XIX)

Pariarnakhu (XIX), Pefnefdineit (XXVI), Pentu (XVIII),' Peseshet (VIVI), Psamerik (XXVI) Sit-Sneferu (XII)'

Kai (XII), Kaiaper (V), s. Karel (XXVI), Khusobek (XII)

Tjutju (XVIII) Udjahorresnet (XXVII)"

Harwa (XXV), Huya (XVIII)

Irukaptah (VI)4

Larnintu (XXII)

Notes

Ibe (XXVI), Inini (XX), I lurudef (XIX)

Kaemked (V), Kenamun (XVIII),

Khaemctnu (IV), Kynehu (XX)

Kenarnun (XVIIT)/ Kheruef (XVIII), Khnumhotep and Niankhkhnum (V), Khnumhotep (XII)

Memi (XIII), Merery (VIII), Mery (XII), Meryreankh (VI)

24 6

1 Veterinarian

Nakhrmin (XVIII)," Nakhtmin (XVIII),? Nebenkerne (XIX), Nerntyemweskhet

2 Vizier, Architect 3 Nurse 4 Soldier, Priest

(XIII), Nesmonr (XII), Nesuhor (XXVI), Nimlot (XXII)2

5 Vizier

Nebmerruef (XVIII), Nekhonekh (V)2

[Pharnabazes] (XXVII), Piankh (XXI),z Potasimto (XXVI), Prehirwenmef (XIX)8

Architects: builders, overseers of public works, engineers

Pay (XVIII), Pesshupcr (XXV)

Ramose (XVIII/XIX)

Bakenkhons (XIX) I

Meribastet (XX), Mcrhen (IV), Methethy (V), Montuwosre (XII)

Nakht (XVIIT),' Nebenmaat (XIX), Nebnakhtu (XVIII), Neferabu (XIX)," Neferherenptah (V), Neferherenptah (V/ VI), Neferhotep (XVIII), Neferhotep (XVIII),? Neferty (XII), Nekhonekh (V), 8

Menna (XIX)

247

Appendix I

Appendix I

Ctesibus (Pta!')

Raia (XIX)

'",haster (XVIII) 11

Criminals

Deinacrates (Mac.!Pto!')

Tadirnut (XXI)

Nilles

Amenpanufer (XX),1 Amenwah (XX)

Harmesaf (XXII),2 Hemionu (IV),' Hor and Suty (XVIII)

Painters and draughtsmen

Imhotep (JII),4 Ineni (XVIII)

Amenaankhn (XII), Antiphilus (Ptol.)

Khaemhese (V), Khnum-baf (IV),' KhutuAnkh (IV)

Oedia (XIX), Demetrius (Pto!') Hui (XX)

Minmose (XVJII) May (XVIII), Maya (XVIII) Nekhebu (VIVI) Parennefer (XVIll), Pashedu (XIX), Puyernre (XVIII)

Hairdresser and Wigmaker / Goldsmith S Temple Gardener l) Gardener I() Craftsman in gold inlays (I

Nehre (XVIII), I Ncferabu (XIX)

I I Tradesman

Seni (VI)

12 Gold- and silver-smith I) Hairdresser

Bayenemwast (XX)2 Inini (XX)' Paneb (XIX)4

1

Notes III

I Stone Carver 2 Army Officer

iii'

I,

3 Royal Steward 4 Unconvicrcd

Unclassified

Note

Sennedjemibmehy (V)," Senenmnt (XVIII), Sennu (Pto!')

Demetrius Phalereus (Prol.)

!II;

I

il

I 'Outline Scribe'

Festival organisers

Eudoxus (pt.)2

Sculptors

lkhernofrer (XII) I

Madja (XVIII),' Merisu (XII),-I Minnakhre (XVIII),' Mose (XIX)"

Aura (XVJII)

Min (XVIII)

Thenry (XIX)

Notes 1 I-1I'A 2 3 4 5 6

Jeweller .' Robber Sbipbuilder I Artisan (sacrificed) \ Copper-worker (sacrificed) I

Priest Prince, Vizier Vizier, Physician Prince? Vizier

Bek (XVIII)

Senebtysy (XIII) 9

lrnhotep (1Il)

"neferunefer (V)

Inkaf I (IV), Inkaf II (IV), lpy (XIX), Irtisen (XI)

Note

Ncbarnun and Ipuky (XVIII), Niankhptah (V)

Astronomers

Prehotep (XIX),? Prolemaios (Ptol.l" Nebanmn (XVIII), Neferamun (XVIII) Tetiseneb (XVII) 10

Notes

t Royal Treasurer

1 2 3 4 :) 6 7 8 9 10

Police and security services

Aristachus (Pro!.)

Ptahpchen (III)

I\akenwercl (XX)

Thutmose (XVIII)

Dedu (XVIII)

Userwer (XII)

Mabu (XVIII)

Harkhebi (Pro!.) Menelaus (Ptol.) 1 Nakht (XVIII)

Nebittef) (XIII)

Ptolemy, Claudius (Ram.)2

Craftsmen and tradesmen

Notes

Amencmopet (XVIII),1 Amenpanufer

] and Marhcmaticinn 2 and Geogra phcr

(XX),2 Ankhwah ([]])3 Bekh (1)4

Musicians and singers

Horpaa (Pt.)

Harmase (XVIlI), Hennuttawy (XXI), Hennutauineb (XIX), Hereubekhet (XXI), Hesy (XIX)

Kahorep (I),' Khakhara (VIVI)," Khay (XIX)? Merer (XII!XIII)H

Kahay (V)

Nakht (XVIII),9 Nakhtdjebuty (XIX)lO

Meresarnun (XXII)

Pabes (XIX), II Paneb (XIX), Penbuy (XIX), Psametiksaneitb (XXVII) 12

Nererhotep (XII)

24 8

249

Statesman Navigator 'Mistress of the House' Landowner Merchant Litigant Ploughman Donor Land and Factory Owner Thcban Woman

ill

'I

Appendix 2

Dynasty VI

Monruhotcp IV, Nebt, Neferu I, Neferu II, Neferu 111, Sc'ankh, Senwosret, Tjerji, Thutnakht V, [Tjehemau], Wah, Yah.

Ankhenesmcryre, J Ankhmahor, Bawi, I ljadaemankh, Djau, Djedkhonsuiefankh,

Appendix 2 Entries in chronological sequence

Predynastic Period

Karneni, Kaninisut, Kanufer, Kawab, Khaemetnu, Khafre, Khentkawes I, Khnurn-haf, KhnumKhufu, Khufu-ankh, Khufu-kaf, Khnetetenka, Kh unere, Menkaure, Meresankb III, Meririres, Medlen, Metjen, Minkaf, Nebmakhet, Neferheteperes, Nefermaat, Nefertiabet, Nekaure, Nyku-Hor, Ptahshepscs, Rahotep and Nofret, Scneb, Setka, Shcpseskhaf, Sheri, Sneferu, Wedjankhdjes.

lryhor, Menes, Nar-Mer, 'Scorpion', Ka.

Archaic Period

Dynasty I Aha, Anedjib, Ankhka, Bekh, Bener-ib, Betrest, Den, Djer, Djet, Hernaka, Herneith, Ka'a, Kahotep, Merka, Merneith, Neberka, Neithhotep, Neska, Sabef, Sabu, SekhernKa, Semerkhet, Senba.

Dynasty II Hotepsekbemwy, KhasekhcmKhasekhernwy, Nernaathap, Nynetjer, Peribsen, Raneb, Ruaben, Sened, Weneg.

The Old Kingdom

Dynasty III Ankh, Ankhwah, Djefai-nisut, Djoser Netjerykhet, Djoserti, Hesyre, Hetephernebti and Intkaes, Hotepdief, Huni, Imhotep, Khaba, Khabausoker, Meresankh I, Ptahpehen, Qahedjet, Redyzet, Sanakhte, Sekhemkhet, Sipa and Neser.

Dynasty N

25 0

Aha-nakht, Amenaankhu, Amenemhat Nebuy, Amenemhet I, Amcnemhcr II, Amenemhet III, Amenemhet IV, Antefoker, Bener, Djchutyhotcp, Djehutynekht, Gua, Harhotep, Hepzefa, Horurre, Iki, Ikhernofret, Imhotcp, Inyotef, Kai, Khnemetneferhedjet Weret, Khnumhotep I, Khnumhorcp II, Khnumhotep, J Khusobek, Mentuhotep, Merer, Mery, Merisu, Montuhotep, Montuwosre, Nakht, Nebipusenwosret, Neferhotep, Neferty, Nefcruptah, Nesmont, Nofrer, Rehuerdjescn, Sa-Hathor, Sa-Mont, Sehetepibre, Senbi, Senehet, Senet, Senpu, Senusret, Senwosret," Senwosret I, Senwosret II, Senwosret III, Senwosretankh.:' Senwosretankh," Sercnput, Sihathor, Sirhathor lunet, SitSneferu, Sobekneferu, Thothhotep, Ukhhotep I, Ukhhotep II, Ukhhotep III, Ukhhotep IV, Userwer, Wah, Wahka I, Wahkaii.

[ Two Queens of Pcpy I of the same name

First Intermediate Period

Dynasties VIINIII Demcdjihrawy, Hakare Ibi, Indy, Inyotef, luu, Merery, Neferkahor, Neferyu, Rehu, Setka.

Dynasties IXIX

Bebi, Djedkare Isesi, Ihy, Ika, Inkaptah, Inti, lsi, Kaernked, Kahay, Kaiaper, Khaernhese, Khakhara, Khckhcrcmebty, Khentkawes II, Khnumhotep and Niankhkhum, Mehy, Menkauhor Akaubor, Meresankh, Methethy, Mitry, Nefer, Neferefre, Neferherenptah, J Neferherenprah.r Neferirkare, Neferseshemseshat, Nekhebu, Nekhonekh, Niankhsekhrnet, Niankhprah, Nimaatsed, Niankhre, Niuserre, Nykuhor, Peryneb, Peseshet, Ptahhotep, Ptahshcpses, Rahotep, Ranefer, Reemkuy, Sabu, Sahure, Sekhernka, Senedjemibmehy, Shepseskare lsi, Sneferunefer, Tepemankh, Ti, Unas, Unas-Ankh, Userkaf, Weshptah.

Ahanakhr, Akhtoy I, J Akhtoy II,1 Akhtoy

1 Official 2 Priest 'Efi'

Dynasty XII

Note

Dynasty V

Notes

Ankhaf, Atet, Bakare, Bunefer, Debhen, Djadjaemankh, Djedefre, Hemionu, Henutsen, Hetepheres I, Hetepheres II, Hordedef, Inkaf (I), Inkaf (II), Iry, Ka'aper,

Ilarkhuf, Hekaib, Hem-Min, Hepzefa, Iletepes, Hetepni, lbi, ldu, lrnpy, Inti, lrukaprah, Iti, Kagemni, Kaihep, Kheni, Khentika, Khcnrkawes, Khnumhotep, Mehu, Merefnebef, Merenre I, Merenre II, Merernka, Meryreankh, Meryrehashtef, Meryrenufer Qa, Minbaef, Neher, Neith, Niankhpepi, Niankhpepiken, Nitiqrer, l'epy I, Pepy II, Pepyankh, Rewer, Sasenet, Seni, Scnncfer, Sehni, Sencnu, Seshcmnefer, Ieti, Tjcti-ikcr, Udjebrcn, Unas-Ankh, l Iserkare, Weni, 'Wcretyamtes'.

Notes

1,2 Akhtoy 11,2 Ankhtify, Anu, Ikui, Inyotef I, Iryenakhty, Merer, Merikare, Neferkare, Neheri, Sekwasket, Senu, Tefihi, Thutnakht I, II, 111, IV, Tjauti,

1 Steward 2 Priest 3 Vizier 4 HPM

Notes

Dynasty XIII

I King 2 Nomarch

Amenemhe Siste, Amenemhat, Amenyseneb, Ankhenmer, Ankhu, Awibre Hor, Djedneferre Dudimose, Horemkhaef, lbiya, Ii-seneb, lmeru-Neferkare, Memi, Merneferre Iy, Mery, Nebit(ef), Neferhotep I, Nehesy, Nernryemweskher, Sebekemhet, Semenkhkare-Merrnentifu, Senehsuema, Senebtyfy, Sencbtysy, Sihathor, Sobekhotep I, Sobekhotep II, Sobekhotep III, Sobekhotep IV, Sobeknekht Rinefsonb, Tity, Userkare Khendjer, Wahneferhotep, Wegaf, Wepwawetemsaf.

The Middle Kingdom

Dynasty XI (Wahkare) Akhtoy ut, Baker 111, Dagi, Djar, Djari, Dua-Khety, Hekanakht, Henhenet, Hcny, Ini, Inyotef, Inyotef II, Inyotef III, Ipuwer, Irtisen, lri, Kawit, Kemsit, Khety, Khemetneferhedjet Weret, Maary, Meketre, Menhet, Merti, Menwi, Merisu, Mesheti, Miut, Montuhotep I, (Nehhepetre) Montuhotep II, (Sa'ankhkare) Montuhotep III,

251

Appendix 2

Appendix 2

Second Intermediate Period

Maya, I"Maya," Maya," Mckctaren, Menkhcperreseneh, Menna, S Meri, Meriraten, Merymosc, Min, Minmose, Minnakhte.l" Minnakhtc," Mutemwiya, Nakht, 16 Nakht, 17 Nakht, IS Nakhrrnin, i» Nakhtmin,20 NebamUIl,ll Ncharnun," Nehamun and Ipuky, Nehmertuef, Nehnakhtu, Nehre, Nebunenef, Ncferamun, Ncfcrhotep.r" Ncferhotep.i Ncferneferuarcn.v' Nefertiri, Neferure, Nehi, Nekmertaf, Parcnncfcr, Pay, Pia, Pcntu, 13 1Piryawaza I, Ptahernhat-ty, Prahmes, Puyemre, Rarnose.i' Ramose.r' Rehkrnire.r' Sehastet, 14 Sementawy, Scnenmut, Senimen, Sennefer,2S Scnnefer,2fl Senu, Sitepchu, Srncnk hkarc, Sobekbotep, Sucmniuet, Suemnur, [Suppiluliumas], [Tadukhipa], Teti,7ITetij, 27Thenuna, Thutmose I, Thutmose II, Thutmose III, Thutmosc IV, Thutmosc.i" Thuwre, Tiy, Tjaneni, Tjay, Tjutju, Tutankhamun, Tutu, User, Userhat, Userhct, Uscrrnont, Usertatet, Wesersatet, Yarnu-nedjch, Yii, Yuya and Tuyu.j Zennunza].

Dynasties XIV/XV Ka, Kh.iyan, Nchesy, Salitis, Yaqub-Hor,

Dynasty XVI Apepi I, Apepi IlAqcnicnrc.

Dynasty XVII Ahhorcp, lnyotef VI, lnyotef VII, Karnose, I'The Prince of Kush'], Madja, Mcnruhorcp, Nubkhas, Rahotep, Sawadjenre Nebiryeruwet, Sckhemrc Wahkhau, San.ikhtenre Tao I, Seqenenre 'LlO II, Sipair, Sohckcmsaf II, I Sobekemsaf.r Tetiseneb, Tctisheri, Userenre,

Noles 1 King 2 Queen

The New Kingdom

Notes

Dynasty XVIII

I 2 .1 4 5 6 7

Aakheperkare-seneh, Ahdi Kheba, Ahhotep I, Ahhotep II, Ahmose-Meritarnun, Ahmose,' Ahmose.f Ahmose Nefertiry, Ahmose-Pennekheh, Amenemheh, Amenernhet, Amenernope.:' Amenernope, I Amenernope," Amenemopet.i' Amenemopet," Amenhotep I, Amenhotep II, Amenhotep III, Al11enhotep IVAkhenaten, Al11enhotep Son of Hapu, Amenhotep,7 Amenhotep," Amenhotep,S Amenhotep, 1.1 Amenl11ose, Al11enwahsu, Anen, Ankhesenamun, Aper-El, Artatama, Auta, Ay, Bek, Baketaten, Beknekhonsu, Dedu, Dhutl11ose, Djehuty, Djehutyhotep," Djehutyhotep, 10 Djehutymose, Djeserkaresoneb, [Eti], [Ghilukhepa], Hapuseneb, Harmose, Hat, Hatshepsut, Hekanefer, Hor, Hor and Suty, Horemheb, Huy, Ilankhal11ul, Inebni, Ineni, Iniuia, Inref, Ipuia, Ipy, Isis, Karel11, Kenamun/ Kenamun, H Kenamun, 11 Kha, Kheruef, Kiya, Maanekhtef, Madja, Mahu, Ma',a, Maiherperi, Maiy, Mami, M'ly,

~

King Army Officer Viceroy

Scrihe Vizier

Jeweller Priest

Royal Scribe

9 rem. HarshcpsLlt ] 0 rem. Tutankhalllllll

11 Mayor 12 Painter

13 Courtier 14 Hairdresser

15 Merchant 16 Gardener 17 Astronomer

18 Nohle 19 Prince

20 Officer 21 Physician 22 Queen, King, Princess 23 Soldier 24 Chancellor 25 Mayor 26 Priest 27 Nubian nohle

:'5 2

28 Sculptor

VI!, Ramcsscs VIII, Rarnesses IX, Ramesses X, Rarnesses XI, Setau, Sethnakhte, Ta, Tyti, Usimarenakhte, Wenamun, Wermai.

29 Chief Scribe of Amun

Dynasty XIX Akhpet, Amcnerninet, Amenemope, Amcncrnopct, Amenmesse, Amenmose, I Arnenmosc," Amenhiwonmcf

Third Intermediate Period

Dynasty XXI

(Amcnhirkhopshcf), Anhernukhrc, Anhurmosc, Ani, Ashahcbscd, Bak, Bay, Bakenkhons, Fkn-Ozen, Binr-Anarh, Dedia, Didia, IHattusil J, Hednakhr, Hekanakhtc, Hcnurtauineb, Hesy, Hori, Hori, Iluya, lpv, Istnofret, lurudef, Jwty, Kenherkhopshef, Khacmiper, Khaeruwaser, Khay, Menna, Merenptah, Mery-Atum, Mose, [Muwatallis], Nakhrdjchury, Nashuyu, Nebemkeme, Nebenmaat, Ncheureru, Nebre, Nebunenef, Neferabu, Ncferhorcp, Neferronpet, Nefertari, Pubes, Pahernnetjer, Paneh, Pariamakhu. l'aser,2 Paser;" Pashedu, Pcnbuy, Penmaat, Prehirwenmef, Prehotep, Raia, Ramesses J, Rarnesses II, Rarnesses," Ramose, RomaRoy, Roy, Saiset, Sedjememoaou, Sennedjem, Sethirkhopshef, Seti, Seti I, Seri II, Si-Montu, Siptah, Sobekhotep, Tenry, Thenry, Tjia and Tia, Tjuneroy, To, Tuyi, Twosret, Urhiya, Wennufer, Yamuncdjeh, Yupa, Yuya.

Amcncmnisu, Amcncrnope, Ankhefenamun, Djedkhonsuefankh, Henuttauincb, Henuttawy, 1 Heuuttawy," Hcnurtawy;" Hereubekhet, Herihor, Hori, Maatkare, Menkheperre, Penmaat, Pesshuper, Piankh, Pinudjcm I, Pinudjem II, PSCUSCIlIlCS 1, Pseusenncs II, Sinmun, Smendes, Tadirnut, Wendjehaendied.

Notes 1 Queen 2 Priestess 3 Priestess and temple singer

Dynasty XXII Amenrnose, Harrnesaf, Harnakhte, Harsiese, Harsiese, I Iniamunnayefnahu, lupur, Iuwelor, Kama, Karomarna Merymut II, Khnumhotep, Lamintu, Meresamun, Ncbneteru, Nimlot, Osorkon l, Osorkon II, Osorkon IV, Pasenhor, Pediarnonet, Pediese, Peftjauawybast, Peftuaneith, Pimay, [Sargon III Shedsunefertem, Sheshonq I, Sheshonq II, Sheshonq 1I1, Takelot I, Takelot II, Zekhonsefankh.

Notes 1 Royal Scribe 2 Vizier 3 Mayor

4 Crown Prince

Note I King

Dynasty XX

Dynasty XXIII

Aba, Amenemopc, Amenhirkhepshcf, Amenhotep, Amennakhte, Amenpanufer, Amenwah, Bakenwerel, Bayenemwast, Butehamun, Djehutyemhab, Herihor, Hui, lnini, Khaemwaset, Khaibapi, Kynebn, Mentuherkhepshef, Meribastet, Panehesy, Paser, Pawcraa, Penno, Pentaweret, Ramessesnakhte, Ramesses III, Ramesses IV, Ramesses V, Ramesses VI, Ramesses

Amenirdis I, luput II, Osorkon III, Pedubasris I, Peftjauawy-Bast, Rudamun, Sheshonq IV, Shepenupet I, Takelot III, Thaenwaset, Yewclot.

Dynasty XXN Bakenrenef, Khaemhor, Tefnakhte.

253

Appendix 2

Late Period

Dynasty XXX

Dynasty XXV

[Chabrias], Gemnefherbak, Ncctanebo I, Necranebo II, Somtutefnakht, Tcos, Thaascrirnu, Tjahepimu.

[Alara I, Amenirdis II, Ankhpakhered, [Esarhaddon], Harsiescv Harwa, Hecataeus, Horsicsnest Meritaten, Hor,

Macedonian Dynasty

[Irypaankhkenekenef], [Kashta I, Montuernhet, Nimlot, Piankhy,

Appendix 3

Alexander !II, Alexander IV, [Dcinocrares], [Olympias], [Philip ll], Philip Arrhidacus.

[Scnnnchcrib], Shabaka, Shaharaka, Shepcnupcr II, Tahurqa, Tanutamani, Urshanahuru.

Note

Ancient Egypt in museum collections

Ptolemaic Period

1 Nubian king

Agarharchides, Ankhsheshonq, Anriphilus, Apollonius, Apollonius Rhodius, Aristachus, [Arnehkarnani I, Arsinoe !I, Arsinoe !!I Philopator, Berenice I, IGaius Julius Caesar], Caesarion, I Callim.ichus, C1eomenes, Cleopatra VII, Ctesibus, Demetrius, Demetrius Phaleraeus, Djoser, Erisrratus, Eratosthenes, Euelides, Fudoxus, Harkhebi, Hccataeus (of Alxiera), Hor, Horpaa, Horwennefer, Lycophron, Machon, Manetho, Menelaus, Nesrnin, Panemcrit, Petosiris, Philiscus, Polybius, Psenptais Ill, Psherenptah, Ptolcmaios, Ptolemy I Soter, Ptolemy !I Philadelphus, Ptolemy !!I Euergetes, Ptolemy IV Philoparor, Ptolemy V Epiphanes, Ptolemy VI Philometor, Ptolemy VII Neos Philoparor, Ptolemy VII! Euergetes II, Ptolemy IX Soter II, Ptolemy X Alexander I, Ptolemy XI Alexander II, Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos, Ptolemy XlII, Ptolemy XIV, Ptolemy XV Caesarion, Seunu, [Shaknadakhere], Sotades, Tairnhorep, Theocritus, [Zcnodorus], Zenon.

Dynasty XXVI Aba, Amasis, Amcnrcfnakhrc, Ankhnesneferibre, Apries, [Assurbanipal], Bes, I Bes,2 [Cyrus II], Djcdkhonsuef.inkh, Hakaemsaf, Hor, Hecataeus (of Miletus), lahrnes, Ihe, Inaros, Karcf, Mchetenwesket, [Nabopolassar], Nakhthorheh, [Nebuchadrezzar II], Necho I, Neeho u, Neferibrenofer, Nesipakashury, Nesuhor, Nitiqret, Pediarnunraneh Waset, Pefnefdineit, Peftuaneith, Petarnenope, Potasimro, Psarnerik," Psarnerik I, Psametik II, Psametik !II, IPythagoras], Tryphiodorus,

Notes 1 Nomarch 2 Mayor .-} Physician

Dynasty XXVII [Artaxerxes II, [Artaxcrxes Il], [Artaxerxes II! Ochos], [Carnbyses], [Darius II, [Darius !II, [Darins II! Codoman], [Herodotus], Khababash, [Pharnabazes], Psarnreksaneirh, Ptah-horep, Udjahorresner, [Xerxes].

Note I Ptolemy XV

Roman Period

Dynasty XXVIII

Antinous, Marcus Antonius, Apion, Appi.mus, Augustus Caesar, Chaeremon, Diodorus Siculus, Hadrian, Plorinus, Plutarch, Psenprah, Claudius Ptolemy, Strabo.

Amyrtaeus.

Dynasty XXIX Hakor, Nefaarud J.

lhe world's great museums are exceptionally rich in the heritage of Ancient Egypt, in the work of her sculptors, painters and craftsmen. No past society has left so extensive, diverse .md representative an overview of itself; none has depicted with such obvious delight the life of the people, from the ceremonies surrounding the king and the great magnates to the everyday concerns of the inhabitants of the Nile Valley. So immediate is the impact of I:gyptian art, especially when it looks to the life of the individual and his preoccupations, I hat the centuries dissolve and the Egyptians whom we observe become, as it were, our contemporaries. Who's Who in Ancient EgY!Jt has drawn on the resources of many of the important collections of Egyptian artefacts which are housed in the museums of the world. Once .igain it must be said that such a survey cannot pretend to be be exhaustive; here, the references to museum collections indicate where an object or inscription throws light on the life of the subject of the biographical entry. In many cases, particularly of the most celebrated figures in Egyptian history, there are many portraits and it would be invidious to select a particular example in a book which is not primarily concerned with the artistic heritage and which is not illustrated. The references, therefore, are selective and are given where a srarue, relief, painting or artefact may throw particular light on the individual concerned. The bibliography contains a number of works which provide a comprehensive survey of Egyptian art; these are indicated by an asterisk. Although it is largely composed of English-language sources, it should enable the reader to follow up aspects if the entries which might he of special or further interest. The list which follows irernises some of the most important and extensive collections which contain portraits or other material relevant to the biographical entries. Musec d'Annecy

Egyptian Museum, Berlin

Potasimto

Arnenrnopctr ), Bek, Harwa, Herepni, Hui, Mcnruhorep, Meresamun, Meritaren, Nefertiti

Musec Calvet, Avignon Bes, Nderamun

Museum of Fine Arts, Boston

Phoebe A. Hearst Museum of Anthropology, University of Berkeley, California

Ankhaf, Impy, Khaernueteru, Khufu-Kaf, Khunere, Meresankh III

Khakhar.i, Psarncnk

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Appendix 3

Appendix 3

Brooklyn Museum

Kestner Museum, Hannover

Ankhenesmeryre, Huni, Mcrherhy, Ptahhorep, Thaaserimun, Tenry, Yii

Tetiseneb Pclizaeus-Museum, Hildesheim

Musees Royaux d'Art et Histoire, Brussels

Djadacmankh, Hemionu, Hesy, lrukaptah, Saharhor

Karef Egyptian Museum, Cairo

Sudan National Museum, Khartoum

Ahhotep I, Ahmose, Akhcu.ucn, Arnenirdis, Ankhpakhered, Arer, Awihre Hor, Djoser Netjerykhcr, Djoscr, [Eti], Harhorep, Hat, Hekaemsaf, Hern.ika, Hereubekhct, Hesyrc, Herepheres I, Horepdief, lahmes, Ika, Imhorep, Inyoref II Wahankh, Isis, lti, Kaapcr, Kaemked, Kama, Kawit, Khabausoker, Khaemhesi,

Djehutyhotep Rijksrnuscum van Oudhedeu, Leiden

Ankh, Iki, Inrcf, Iwry, Maya, Neferhotep British Museum, London Aha, Ahmose, Ahmosc-Meritarum, Amenemhet Ill, Amenemope, Arnenhotep, Amenirdis, Ani, Ankhnesneferibre, Ankhwah, Bcncr-ib, Cua, Harhotep, Hat, Heqanakhtc, Hor, Hor and Suty, lbiya, Inebni, Inyotef, Inyotef VII, Iuwelot, Kernsir, Kenherkhopshcf, Khaemwaser, Meryrnose, Ncbhcpcrrc Montuhotep II, Neithhotep, Nesmiu, Pesshuper, Pimay, Prahcmhat, Prahshcpscs, Qenherkhopshef, Ramose, Roy, Sanakhte, Semerkhet, Senebtiry, Senncfcr, Seti I, Seti II, [Shakdakhcre], Sihathor, Sihathor, Sobekemsaf II, Sobekcrnsaf, Sobekhotep, Taraqa, Tjeti-iker, Wepwawetemsaf

Khaemwaset, Khafre, KhasckhemKhasekhemy, Khnumcr, Khnumerueferhedjet Weret, Khnumhotep,

Khnurn-Khufu, Maatkare, Maiherperi, Mekcrre, Mcnkaure, Merenprah, Meresamon, Meresankh, Mcsheti, Monruemhet, Nebhepctre Montuhotep II, Nar-Mer, Nebnakhtu, Neferefre, Neferherenptah, Nefer-Maar, Niankhpcpi, Nesipakashuty, Nirnaatsed, Niankhrc, Nofret, Pancmerit, Pediamunranebwaset, Pepy I, Pepy II, Petamenope, Pews iris, Piankhy, PsanirckSa-Neirh, Pseusennes I, Rahotep and Nofret, Saiset, Sehetepihre, Seneb, Sellenmut, Scnnedjcm, Sennefer, Senwosret I, Sithathor lunet, Snefcru, Tadimut and Herub, Ti, Tiy, Tjay, Tutankhamun, Userkaf, Wendjchaendjed, Yamunedjeh

Sraatlichc Sammlung Agyptischen Kunst, Munich Bakenkhons, Amcnemopet, Hcnuttawy, Nesmonr

Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York Arnenhotcp, Bcner, Dicdkhonsuefankh, Hatshcpsur, Hcnhenet, Hcpzcla, Hetepheres II, Horemkh.n-I, Imhorep, Indy, Kcn.unun, Kherv, Khnumhotcp, Meketre, Menher, Merery, Merti and Merudi, Mitry, Montuwosre, Neferkahor, Neferyu, Nykuhor, Pediamunranebwaset, Peryneb, Raneb, Reernkuy, Rehuerdjersen, Sahure, Senba, St-nnuwy, SCUll, Senwosrerankh, Sit-Snefen!, Thutmose Ill, Userhar, Wah

Liverpool Museum Ankhmahor

Bakenwercl

Kahotep, Mery

Oriental Museum of the University of Durham

Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts, Moscow

Musee des Beaux Arts, Grenoble Hennuttauineb, User

25 6

Wcdjankhdjes

Wiirtembergisches Landesmuseurn, Stuttgart

Musco Nationalc, Palermo Bes

Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna

Musco du Louvre, Paris

Gemnefherbak, Kaninisut, Khaihapi, Sncferunefer, Tjenuna

Amenyseneb, Ankh, Dedia, Djedefre, Djehuty, Djet, Hor, Imeru-Neferkare, Inyoref VI, Inyotef VII,

Yale University Art Gallery Bebi, Hekancfer

Amenemhe Siste, Heny, Hepes, Horpaa, Ihy, Iiseneh, [niamunnayefnehu, Itypaankhkenkenef, Iuu, Memi, Ptolemaios, Sohcknekht Rinefsonh, Tepemankh, Teti, Yupa

Amenemhat, Senusret

Hermitage Museum, St Petershurg

Anen, Butehamun, Kha, May, Penbuy, Redyzet

Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, University College, Londou

Oriental Institute, University of Chicago

Amencmhet, Met-er, Qa 'a, Sitepehu

Musco Egizio, Turin

Bawi, Khasekhem-Khasekhemwy, Minbacf, 'Scorpion', Sened, Sheri, Teti

Amenhotep 11, Amenhotep III, Arnenmose, Kamose, Sa'ankhkare Montuhotep 11[, Nesipakashury, Pediarnoner, Pia, Senwosret 11[, Thaenwaset

Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge

University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology

Khaemipet, Sa Mont

Ashmolean Museum, Oxford

The Luxor Museum of Egyptian Art

Amenemhet III, Amcnemhet Nebuy, Karem, Ramesses Ill, Tity

IIrypaankhkenkenefJ, Irtisen, Karomarna Merymut II, Kheneterenka, Mila nkhetef, Nakhr, Nakhthorneb, Neferheteperes, Nefertiaber, Nekmertaf, Osorkon II, Pancmerir, Ptahpehen, Qnhedjcr, Ramose, Scnpu, Senu, Sepa and Ncser, Setau, Serka, Tjutju

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