The Greek Coins (Athenian Agora, Vol. 26)

THE

AGORA ATHENIAN RESULTS

OF EXCAVATIONS

CONDUCTED THE AMERICAN

SCHOOL

BY

OF CLASSICAL

STUDIES

AT ATHENS

VOLUMEXXVI

THE

GREEK

COINS

BY

JOHN H. KROLL with contributionsby ALAN S. WALKER

THE AMERICAN

SCHOOL

OF CLASSICAL

PRINCETON,

STUDIES

NEW JERSEY 1993

AT ATHENS

Data Library of Congress Cataloguing-in-Pliiciation Kroll,John H., 1938The Greek Coins / byJohn H. Kroll; with contributionsby Alan S. Walker. cm. - (AthenianAgora; v. 26) p. Includesbibliographicalreferencesand index. ISBN 0-87661-226-5 1. Coins, Greek-Greece-Athens. 2. Coins, Greek. 3. Agora (Athens, Greece) 4. Athens (Greece)-Antiquities. I. Walker,Alan S. II. Title. III. Series DF287.A23A5 vol. 26 93-33146 [CJ459.A8] CIP 737.4938'5-dc20

? AmericanSchool of ClassicalStudiesat Athens 1993 TYPOGRAPHY BY THE AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CLASSICAL STUDIES PUBLICATIONS OFFICE

C/O INSTITUTEFOR ADVANCEDSTUDY,PRINCETON,NEWJERSEY PLATES BY THE STINEHOUR PRESS, LUNENBURG, VERMONT PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA BY THE JOHN D. LUCAS PRINTING COMPANY, BALTIMORE, MARYLAND

To

THE MEMORY OF

MARGARET THOMPSON

PREFACE the FOLLOWING UPON TheAthenian Agora,VolumesII and IX, MargaretThompson'sCoinsfrom Period(1954), and George Miles' TheIslamicCoins(1962), the present Romanthrough the Venetian series. volumebringsto a conclusionthe publicationof coins in TheAthenian Agora,ResultsofExcavations Publicationof the Greek coins was initiallyentrustedto Josephine P. Shear; but after writing three preparatoryarticlesin the 1930's she was unableto makefurtherheadway,and the projectlapsedfor severaldecades. With the resumptionof large-scaleexcavationsin the Agora in 1970, responsibility for the Greek material was reassignedto me, excavationnumismatistfrom 1970 through 1973. I in turn enlisted the assistanceof my two successorsat the Agora, FredKleiner and Alan Walker. Our first task was to establish a reliable frameworkfor the chronology of Athenian bronze coinage, to which all but 13 percent of the Agora Greek coins belong. My initial papers focused on Athenian bronze coinage of the Roman period and of the 4th and early 3rd centuriesB.C. Kleiner, who elected not to participate in the final publication, devoted a series of articles to the bronze coinage of the 2nd and early st centuriesB.C. Walkerspecializedin the Athenian imperialbronze coins from the Agora, making them the subject of his 1980 Ph.D. dissertation.For this project he went through the entire inventoryof over 3,400 Athenian imperialbronzes to verify or correct the identificationsthat had been made at the time of discovery,to obtain weights,and to look for "runs" or groups of coins that had been found together but had not been recorded in the list of Agora deposits,which had been compiledprimarilyfor the studyof ceramicmaterial.In 1981 I was able to devote eleven months to reexaminingthe remaining 13,000 Greek coins in the same way. Tedious and time-consumingas this was, it provedhighlyinformativeand has been more thanjustifiedby the accuracyand controlmade possible.Insteadof workingfrom the old inventorycardsthat go back to the year of discovery of each coin (as MargaretThompson was obliged to do in the preparation of AgoraII), our catalogue has been compiled directlyfrom the coins. In the summer of 1990 we added the severaldozen Greek coins unearthedsince 1981. Alan Walker'scontributionsto this volume are substantial.He wrote the catalogue of Athenian imperial coins in Chapter III and the core of the numismaticand chronologicalcommentary in the introductorypart of that chapter.He suggestedmany helpfulimprovementsin draftsof the other chapters,and he is responsiblefor identifyingmany of the difficultnon-Atheniancoins that earlier Agora numismatistshad found intractable;these include nearly all coins cataloguedin ChapterIV bearing excavationinventorynumberssuffixedwith the letter "a". A number of persons and institutionshave generouslyassistedthis project.We wish particularly to thank the former and present Directors of the Agora Excavations,Homer A. Thompson and T. Leslie Shear,Jr., for their encouragementand interest.We have been fortunatein being able to drawon the expertiseof many other colleaguesand friendsat the Agora and elsewhere,among them Virginia R. Grace, G. Roger Edwards, Susan I. Rotroff, John McK. Camp, Rhys F Townsend, Kevin Clinton,Judith Binder, Ursula Knigge, ChristianHabicht, Orestes Zervos, and Theodore Buttrey deserve special acknowledgment.Basil C. Demetriades was always eager to discuss the problemspresented by Athenian bronzes and did us the invaluableservice of making availablehis 1 "The Coins of Athens," Hesperia2, 1933, pp. 231-278; 1936, pp. 123-150; and "AthenianImperial Coinage," 285-332. 5, 1936, Hesperia pp.

viii

PREFACE

electronic scale for weighing. Members of the permanent Agora staff, secretariesMargo Camp andJan Diamant, conservatorsAlice Paterakisand OlympiaTheophanopoulou,and photographer Craig Mauzy, cheerfullysaw to the coordination,production, and photography of the hundreds of castsorderedfor illustration.CathyCollins,GretaHam, and TraceyRockettprovidedstillfurther assistancewith the casts and the assemblyof the plates. Richard Anderson, architectof the Agora Excavations,prepared the two site plans, of which one is entirely new, that appear on Plates 35 and 36. We would also like to thank our many numismaticcolleagues who took time from their visits to the Agora to go through our unidentifiedmaterial. Finally,the volume owes a great deal to the staff members of the American School PublicationsOffice. Their devoted and thoughtful editing,checking,and productionhave made this a much better book. For the resourcesthat enabled me to develop and begin writing up my part of the material,I am indebted to fellowshipsgranted by the National Endowment for the Humanities in 1981, by the American Council of Learned Societies and the Institutefor Advanced Study in 1985/1986, and by the University Research Institute of the Universityof Texas at Austin on both occasions. Over the years the UniversityResearchInstitutehelped defray many lesser expenditures,and the hospitalityof the Institutefor Advanced Study made it possible in more recent summersto return and workin its pleasantenvironmentin Princeton. Austin,Texas August 20, 1993

TABLEOF CONTENTS VI

PREFACE .....................................................

X

LIST OF PLATES.................................................................

Xi

............................................... ANDABBREVIATIONS SELECTEDBIBLIOGRAPHY

INTRODUCTION..

....1...

..........

... . ............

......

OF COINS.....x...................................... CONSPECTUS ....... ......

............

.

.......

. .....

.

xvii 1

4

I. ATENIANSILVERCOS ...............................................................

24

FIRSTCENTURIESB.C. ........................ BRONZECOINS,FOURTHTHROUGH II. ATHENIAN

113

...........

III. ATHNmANBRONZECOINS, SECONDANDTHIRD CENTURIESAFTERCHRIST

(withAlan Walker)

IV NON-ATHENIANCOINS............................................................

166

APPENDICES

...

A. Three Modern Imitations ..............................

291

................

. 292

B. UnstruckBlanksand the Mints of the Agora ...................................... ................. INCLUDING HOARDS DEPOSITS,

..

......................................

297

TABLES

I. PeriodI Chronology.................

320

...........................................

II. Structure of the Period II Coinage ...................................... . .. ............................. III. Late Period II and Period III Varieties.....

........

322 324

326 328 329

IV PeriodIV AE 1 Varieties........................................................ V PeriodIV Fractions.............................................. ........... VI. Three EarlyPeriodIVA Deposits ................ ......................... VII. HypotheticalDevelopment of the Athenian Bronze DenominationalSystems and Comparisonwith the Roman System ....................................... VIII. Athenian ImperialDenominations............................................. IX. Totals of Athenian ImperialDies ...............................................

330 331 332

CONCORDANCES

..................

Concordance of CataloguedAgora Coins ................

Concordance to Athenian Bronze Coins Illustrated in Svoronos ...................... INDEXES........... PLATES

...................

. o....

........................

.......

335 . 351 357

LIST OF PLATES 1. Athenian Silver,6th and 5th CenturiesB.C. (1-12d) 2. Athenian Silver,5th and 4th CenturiesB.C. (12e-18) 3. Athenian Silver,4th to 2nd CenturyB.c.;Bronze (19-37) 4. Athenian Bronze,4th CenturyB.C. (38d-46c) 5. Athenian Bronze, 4th and 3rd CenturiesB.C. (46d-54f) 6. Athenian Bronze, 3rd CenturyB.C. (55a-67b) 7. Athenian Bronze, 3rd CenturyB.C. (67c-75f) 8. Athenian Bronze, 2nd CenturyB.C. (76a-86d) 9. Athenian Bronze, 2nd and Early 1st CenturiesB.C. (87a-99e) 10. Athenian Bronze, 2nd and Early 1st CenturiesB.C. (99f-114a) 11. Athenian Bronze, 1st CenturyB.C. (115a-126e) 12. Athenian Bronze, 1st CenturyB.c. (127a-138g) 13. Athenian Bronze, 1st CenturyB.C. (139a-148) 14. Athenian Bronze, 1st CenturyB.C. (149a-156d) 15. Athenian Bronze, 1st CenturyB.C. and 2nd CenturyafterChrist(157a-167c) 16. Athenian Bronze, 2nd Centuryafter Christ(169a-197e) 17. Athenian Bronze, 2nd CenturyafterChrist(198-247a) 18. Athenian Bronze, 2nd CenturyafterChrist(248a-278a) 19. Athenian Bronze, 2nd and 3rd Centuriesafter Christ(279a-307a) 20. Athenian Bronze, 3rd CenturyafterChrist(308-36 la) 21. Athenian Bronze, 3rd CenturyafterChrist(362-401b) 22. Athenian Bronze, 3rd CenturyafterChrist.Italy,Sicily,Thrace (401c-449) 23. Thrace, Macedonia (452a-504b) 24. Macedonia, Thessaly,Epeiros(505-57 la) 25. Epeirosto Phokis,Boiotia, Euboia (572-624) 26. Euboia, Salamis,Megarid (625-657) 27. Aigina, Corinth (658a-717) 28. Peloponnesos(718-812b) 29. Crete, Cyclades,Pontosto Aiolis (817-898) 30. Aiolis, Ionia, Karia (900-966) 31. Lydia toJudea, PersianEmpire,Egypt to Numidia (969a-1035) 32. Modern Imitations.Coin Blanks 33. Coin Blanksand Rejects 34. Coins from the Libraryof PantainosNorth Stoa 35. Plan of the AthenianAgora, ca. 100 B.C.,with Sectionsof ExcavationIndicated 36. Plan of the AthenianAgora, 2nd CenturyafterChrist

SELECTEDBIBLIOGRAPHYAND ABBREVIATIONS Conducted Schoolof ClassicalStudiesatAthens,Princeton Agora,Resultsr Agora= TheAthenian ofExcavations bytheAmerican I = M. Thompson, Coins:FromtheRomanthrough theVenetian Period,1954 III = R. E. Wycherley,Literary andEpigraphical 1957 Testimonia, IV = R. H. Howland Greek LampsandTheirSrvials, 1958 V = H. S. Robinson, Pottery 1959 of theRomanPeriod:Chronology, VII =J. Perlzweig,Lampsof theRomanPeriod,FirsttoSeventh afterChrist,1961 Century X = M. Lang and M. Crosby,Weights, Measures andTokens, 1964 XII = B. A. Sparkesand L. Talcott, BlackandPlainPottery B.C., 1970 of the6th,5thand4thCenturies XIV = H. A. Thompson and R. E. Wycherley,TheAgoraofAthens:TheHistory,Shape,andUsesof anAncientCityCenter, 1972 XXII = S. I. Rotroff,Hellenistic andImported Athenian Moldmade Bowls,1982 Pottery: XXIV = A. Frantz,LateAntiquity: A.D. 267-700, Princeton 1988 Guide2= H. A. Thompson, TheAthenian andMuseum,2nd ed., Athens 1962 Agora:A GuidetotheExcavation Guide3= H. A. Thompson, TheAthenian andMuseum,3rd ed., Athens 1976 Agora:A GuidetotheExcavation Guide4=J. McK. Camp, TheAthenian andMuseum,4th ed., Athens 1990 Agora:A GuidetotheExcavation GRC= Fred Kleiner, GreekandRomanCoinsin theAthenian Agora(Excavationsof the Athenian Agora Picture Book No. 15), Princeton 1975 Hesperia, Journal of the American School of ClassicalStudies at Athens GENERAL WORKS desduovirs corinthienes Amandry = M. Amandry,Lemonnayage (BCH Supplement 15), Paris 1988 AMUGS= AntikeMinen undGeschnit Steine ARW = Aufstiegund NdergangderRmischenWelt BAR= BritishArchaeological Reports Bellinger= A. R. Bellinger,Troy,TheCoins(TroySupplementaryMonographs2), Princeton 1961 Bingen 1973 =J. Bingen, "Le tresormonetaireThorikos 1969," in ThorikosVI:1973, Brussels1973, pp. 7-59 andtheLaurion inArchaic andClassical Bingen 1975 =J. Bingen, "Letresorde titradrachmesattiquesde stylepi," in Thorikos Tunes(Miscellanea Graeca Ghent 1975 I), BMC = Catalogue of theGreekCoinsin theBritishMuseum,29 vols., London 1873-1927 = M. J. Price, The Coinage BMCAlexander in theNameofAlexander theGreatandPhilipArrhidaeus, A BritishMuseumCatalogue, Zurich/London 1991 BMCRE= Coinsof theRomanEmpirein theBritishMuseum,London 1923Sculpture Boardman,Greek =J. Boardman,Greek Sculpture of theClassicalPeriod,London 1985 = C. r Mittlhellenistische 220-160 v. Chr.(AMUGS5), Berlin 1972 Munerien Boehringer Boehringer,ZurChronologi Bol = R. Bol, Das Stakenprogramm desHrodes-Aticus-Nymphumns (OlmpischeForschungen 5), Berlin 1984 Brett 1950 = A. B. Brett, "AthenaAAKIAAMOE ofPella," ANSMN4, 1950, pp. 55-72 andtheGreekWorld,Oxford 1965 Bowersock,Augstus= G. W. Bowersock,Augustus Burkert= W. Burkert,HomoNecans,Berkeley/LosAngeles 1988 in theRomanWorld, London 1987 Burnett, CRW= A. Burnett, Coinage Buttrey 1981 = T. V Buttrey,"More on the Athenian Coinage Law of 375/4 B.C.," QuademiTwinesidi Numismatica eAntichith Classiche10, pp. 71-94 CalciatiI = R. Calciati, Corpus Nummorum Siculorum I, Mortara 1983 CalciatiII = R. Calciati, Corpus Siculorum Nummorum I, Mortara 1986 = E. R. The Greek Brone Coins(Memoirs Caley Caley, ofAncient Composition oftheAmerican Philosophical Sociey11),Philadelphia 1939 in theHeartof Classical Agora,Excavations Camp =J. McK. Camp, TheAthenian Ahens,London 1986

xii

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHYAND ABBREVIATIONS

andAdministration andPersian in theAthenian Carradice= I. Carradice,ed., Coinage (BARInternationalSeries 343), Empires Oxford 1987 Cavaignac= E. Cavaignac,"Lesmonnaies d'tleusis," RN, ser. 4, 12, 1908, pp. 311-333 (= idem,Letrisorsacr6d'leusis jusqu'en404, Versailles1908) dansla ciilisaionsgrco-romaines, Tournai 1957 Cerfauxand Tondriau= L. CerfauxandJ. Tondriau,Lecultedessouverains Clinton 1989a = K. Clinton, "The EleusinianMysteries: Roman Initiatesand Benefactors,Second Century B.C. to A.D. 267," ANRW2.18.2, 1989, pp. 1499-1539 Clinton 1989b = K. Clinton, "Hadrian'sContributionto the Renaissanceof Eleusis,"in Greek Renaissance, pp. 56-68 Elesinian Mystries (Transactionsof the American Clinton, SacredOfficials= K. Clinton, The SacredOfficialsof the PhilosophicalSociety,ser. 2, 64, 3), Philadelphia1973 Relion III, i, Cambridge 1940 Cook, Zeus= A. B. Cook, Zeus,A StudyinAncient = and of Coins Collection The Cop SNG, Medals, Danish National Museum, Copenhagen 1942-1979 Royal Conducted School VI = K. A. Edwards,Corinth, ResultsofExcavations Corinth atAtzens,VI, Coins bytheAmerican of ClasicalStudies Mass. 1933 1896-1929, Cambridge, Economy, Crawford, CMRR= M. H. Crawford, CoinageandMoneyundertheRomanRepublic:Italyand theMediterranean Berkeley/LosAngeles 1985 London 1974 Coinage, Crawford,RRC= M. H. Crawford,RomanRepublican = the the Roman World Late The in CRWLR (BARInternationalSeries 326), A. M. Burnett and M. H. Coinage of Republic Crawford,eds., Oxford 1987 DilosXXVII = P.Bruneau,C. Vatin,V Bezerrade Meneses, G. Donnay,E. Lkvy,A. Bovon, G. Siebert,V R. Grace, M. de delaMaisondesComMdienes (xplorationarchiologique Sawatianou-Petropoulakou,E. LydingWill, and T. Hackens,L'Etlot Dlos XXVII), Paris 1970 EABC = J. H. Kroll, "A Chronology of Early Athenian Bronze Coinage ca. 350-250 B.C.," in Essays Thompson, pp. 139-154 = Essaysin Honourof RobertCarsonandKnnethJekins, M. Price, A. Burnett, and R. Bland, eds., EssaysCarson-Jenins London 1993 = Essaysin GreekCoinage C. M. Kraay and G. K.Jenkins, eds., Oxford 1968 Presented toStanleyRobinson, EssaysRobinson 0. M0rkholm and N. M. = Honor in and Greek Numismatics of MargaretThompson, Essays Archaeology: EssaysThompson 1979 Wetteren Waggoner,eds., du TrisordesAthnins (Fbuis deDelphesIII, ii), Paris 1909-1913 FdDIII, ii = M. G. Colin, Inscriptions = Hellnistic S. W. Athens,London 1911 Ferguson, Ferguson Fox 1890 = H. B. Earle Fox, "Note sur quelquesmonnaiesattiques,"RN, ser.3, 8, 1908, pp. 58-64 Basel 1978 au II siecleavantJesus-Christ, enGrace monitaire Giovannini= A. Giovannini,Romeet la circulation Grace 1985 = V R. Grace, "The Middle Stoa Dated by AmphoraStamps,"Hesperia 54, 1985, pp. 1-54 et de bronze "Le = d'Hermione C. (Argolide),"RN, ser. 6, 32, 1990, monnayage d'argent Grandjean, Grandjean pp. 28-55 in theRomanFmpire:Papers GreekReaissance= The GreekRenaissance from the TenthBritishMuseumClassicalColloquium (Universityof London Institute for Classical Studies, Bulletin Supplement 55), S. Walker and A. Cameron, eds., London 1989 Griffith= G. T. Griffith,TheMercenaries Cambridge 1935 of theHelnistic World, DieMnzpr4gungderLakedaimonier Grunauer= S. Grunauer-vonHoerschelmnann, (AMUGS7), Berlin 1978 Habicht 1976 = C. Habicht, "ZurGeschichteAthens in der Zeit MithradatesVI," Chiron 6, 1976, pp. 127-142 Habicht 1991 = C. Habicht, "Zu den Miinzmagistratender Silberpragungdes Neuen Stils,"Chiron 21, 1991, pp. 1-23 = in Geschichte C. Studien Athens helnistischer Studien zur Zeit 73), Habicht, (Hypomnemata G6ttingen 1982 Habicht, v. Chr (Vestigia = Geschichte C. Athensim 3. Jahrhundert 30), Habicht, Habicht, Untersuchungen Untersuchungen zurpolitischen Munich 1979 Hackens, T 1969. "La circulationmontaire dans la Beotie hellenistique: Tr6sorsde Thebes 1935 et 1965," BCH 93, 1969, pp. 701-729 Harl = K. W. Harl, CivicCoinsandCivicPoliticsin theRomanEast,A.D. 180-275, Berkeley/LosAngeles/London 1987 Head 1881 = B. V Head, "On the ChronologicalSequence of the Coins of Boiotia,"NC, ser. 3, 1, 1881, pp. 177-275 HN2 = B. V Head, HistoriaNumrwn,2nd ed., Oxford 1911 Hoff 1989 = M. Hoff, 'The EarlyHistoryof the Roman Agora at Athens,"in Greek Renaissance, pp. 1-8 = 16-39 in pp. Hopper R.J. Hopper, "Observationson the Wappenmizen," EssaysRobinson, London 1985 Countermarks, Imperial Howgego = C.J. Howgego, Greek

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHYAND ABBREVIATIONS

Xlll

Hunter= G. Macdonald, Catalogue I-III, Glasgow 1899-1905 of GreekCoinsin theHunteianCollection IG I3 = Inscriptiones Attica Ficlidisannoantriores,3rd ed., fasc. 1, ed. D. Lewis, Berlin 1981 AtticaeFilidis annoposteriores, IG II2 = Inscriptiones II-II, Editiominor,ed.J. Kirchner,Berlin 1913-1940 IG V = Inscriptiones ed. E Hiller von Gaertringen,Berlin 1923 Laconiae, Messeniae, Arcadiae, etBoeotiae, IG VII = Inscriptiones ed. W. Dittenberger,Berlin 1892 Megaridis IG IX.ii = Inscriptiones ed. 0. Kern, Berlin 1908 Thessaliae, IGCH= AnInventoty of GreekCoinHoards,M. Thompson, 0. M0rkholm,and C. M. Kraay,eds., New York 1973 Kleiner 1973 = F S. Kleiner, "The 1926 PiraeusHoard and Athenian Bronze Coinage ca. 86 B.C.," AeXt 28, 1973, A' [1975], pp. 169-186 Kleiner 1975 = E S. Kleiner, "The EarliestAthenian New Style Bronze Coins: Some Evidence from the Athenian 44, 1975, pp. 302-330 Agora,"Hesperia Kleiner 1976 = F S. Kleiner,"The Agora Excavationsand Athenian BronzeCoinage, 200-86 B.C.," Hesperia 45, 1976, pp. 1-40 Kleiner,AM 20 = F S. Kleiner,"Some UnpublishedAthenian Bronze Coins,"ANSMV20, 1975, pp. 1-5 Klose = D. A. 0. Klose, DieMiinpragungvonSmyrnain derr5mischen Kaiserzeit (AMUGS10), Berlin 1987 = ACGC and Classical Greek C. M. Coins,Berkeley/LosAngeles 1976 Kraay, Kraay,Archaic = Athens(MinervaNumismaticHandbook 2), Newcastle upon Tyne 1968 Kraay,Athens C. M. Kraay,CoinsofAncient Kroll 1972 =J. H. Kroll, "Two Hoards of First-CenturyB.C. Athenian Bronze Coins," AeXt 27, 1972, A' [1973], pp. 86-120 Kroll 1973 = J. H. Kroll, "The Eleusis Hoard of Athenian Imperial Coins and Some Deposits from the Athenian Agora,"Hesperia42, 1973, pp. 312-333 Kroll 1976 =J. H. Kroll, "Aristophanes'Inov)p&XaXxta:A Reply,"GRBS17, 1976, pp. 329-341 Kroll 1977 =J. H. Kroll, "Some Athenian Armor Tokens,"Hesperia 46, 1977, pp. 141-146 Kroll 1981a = J. H. Kroll, "Evidence for Identifyingthe Denominations of Hellenistic Athenian Bronze Coinage" (lecture,San Francisco1981), abstractin AJA86, 1982, p. 273 Kroll 1981b =J. H. Kroll, "FromWappenmuinzento Gorgoneiato Owls,"AVNSMN 26, 1981, pp. 1-32 Kroll 1982 = J. H. Kroll, "Nailing Down the Archaeological Chronology of Early Hellenistic Athens" (ecture, Philadelphia 1982), abstractin AJA87, 1983, pp. 241-242 Lacroix = L. Lacroix, Lesreproductions de statuessurlesmonnaies La statuaire archatiueet classique grecques: (Biblioth6quede la Facultede Philosophieet Lettresde l'Universitede Liege, fasc. CXVI), Liege 1949 Leigle =J. Leigle, DerZeusdesPhidias,Berlin 1952 LIMC= Lexicon Classicae I-V, Zurich/Munich 1981-1990 Mythologiae Iconographicum new 9th ed., Oxford 1940 LS1 = H. G. Liddell, R. Scott, H. S.Jones, A Greek-English Lexicon, = 1969 H. B. Review ofM. Hoard,NC, ser.6, 1969, pp. 325-333 Mattingly Mattingly, Thompson, TheAgrinion = 1979 H. B. Governor of Macedonia," Chiron 9, 1979, pp. 147-167 Mattingly Mattingly,"L.JuliusCaesar, 150, 1990, pp. 67-78 Mattingly 1990 = H. B. Mattingly,"The Beginningof the New Style SilverCoinage,"NJVC Mavrogordato 1916 = J. Mavrogordato,"AChronologicalArrangementof the Coins of Chios, Part III," NC, ser. 4, 16, 1916, pp. 281-355 Mavrogordato1917 =J. Mavrogordato,"-, PartIV,"JNC,ser.4, 17, 1917, pp. 206-256 Mavrogordato1918 =J. Mavrogordato,"-, PartV" NC, ser.4, 18, 1918, pp. 1-79 Collection McCkan= S. W. Grose, Catalogue Coins,FitwilliamMuseum,Cambridge 1923-1929 of theMcClean of Greek Meshorer = Y Meshorer,Ancient JewishCoins,Dix Hills, NJ. 1982 Millar 1969 = F. Millar,"P.HerenniusDexippus: The GreekWorldand the Third-CenturyInvasions,"JRS 59, 1969, pp. 12-29 Milne 1923 =J. G. Milne, "The AutonomousCoinage of Smyrna,"section I, NJVC, ser.5, 3, 1923, pp. 1-30 Milne 1927 =J. G. Milne, "-," section II, NC, ser.5, 7, 1927, pp. 1-107 Milne 1928 =J. G. Milne, "-," section III,NC, ser.5, 8, 1928, pp. 131-171 Milne 1933 =J. G. Milne, Ashmolean MuseumCatalogue Coins,Oxford 1933 ofAlexandrian = V K. T. II D. T. and R. R. T. Erim, Groves, Morgantina Buttrey, Holloway,TheCoins(MorgantinaStudiesII), Princeton 1989 M0rkholm 1984 = O. Morkholm,"The Chronologyof the New Style Coinage of Athens,"ANSMN29, 1984, pp. 29-42 theAccession tothePeaceofApamea M0rkholm,EHC= 0. M0rkholm,EarlyHellenistic Coinagefrom ofAlexander (336-188 B.C.), P. Griersonand U. Westermark,eds., Cambridge 1991 Princeton 1961 Mysteries, Mylonas = G. E. Mylonas, EleusisandtheEleusinian

xiv

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHYAND ABBREVIATIONS

LostMasterpieces Art:A Nwnismatic NCP = F W. Imhoof-Blumerand P. Gardner,AncientCoinsIllustrating Commentary of Greek new enlargeded. with introduction,commentary,and notes by A. N. Oikonomides,Chicago 1964 onPausanias, Newell = E. T. Newell, TheCoinages London 1927 Poliorcetes, ofDemetrius NewStyle= M. Thompson, TheNew StyleSiler Coinage ofAthens(NumimaicStudies10), New York1961 ]VcklePapers= AncientCoinsoftheGreco-Roman World:The]ickleNumimatic W.Heckel and R. Sullivan,eds., Waterloo, Papers, Ontario 1984 Nicolet-Pierreand Kroll = H. Nicolet-PierreandJ. H. Kroll, 'Athenian TetradrachmCoinage of the Third Century ser. 2, 2, 1990, pp. 1-35 B.C.,"AmericanJournal ofNumismatics, NNM = Numismatic NotesandMonographs CoinHoards,2nd ed., New York 1937 Noe = S. P.Noe, A Bibliography of Greek Oeconomides-Caramessini1976 = M. Oeconomides-Caramessini,"The 1973 Peiraeus Hoard of Athenian Bronze Coins,"AAA9, 1976, pp. 220-223 Oikonomidou = M. Karamesini-Oikonomidou, H NotilaOaTxOX7tCa -Ti NIxonoXiCos, Athens 1975

Olynthus III = D. M. Robinson, Excavations at Olynthus, in 1928, Baltimore 1931 III, TheCoinsFoundat Olynthus = VI D. Excavations at in 1931, Baltimore 1933 M. The Coins Found at VI, Robinson, Olynthus, Olyntus Olynthus = IX D. and A. M. Robinson P. Excavations at 77he MintandtheExcavation Chalcidic Coins Clement, IX, Olynthus Olynthus, Foundin 1928-1934, Baltimore 1938 XIV = D. M. Robinson,Excavations at Olynthus, XIV, Terracottas, Olynthus Lamps,andCoinsFoundin 1934 and1938, Baltimore 1952 Osborne = M.J. Osborne, "Kallias,Phaidrosand the Revoltof Athens in 287 B.C.," ZPE 35, 1979, pp. 181-194 = Mnemata:PapersinMemoryofNany M. Waggoner, W. E. Metcalf,ed., New York 1991 PapersWaggoner = II (BCH Supplement9), Paris 1984, pp. 281-306 Picard,Antre O. Picard, "Monnaies,"in L'Antre Corycien etd'histoire Eubeenne: Atudedenumismatique Picard, Chalcis= O. Picard, Chalciset la Confedration (IVe-Ier sicle), Paris 1979 Pick 1931 = B. Pick, "Die 'Promachos'des Pheidiasund die KerameikosLampen,"AM 56, 1931, pp. 59-74 thePnyxI (Hesperia Supplement 7), Cambridge,Mass. PnyxI = G. R. Davidson and D. B. Thompson, SmallObjectsfrom 1943 Price 1964 = M. J. Price, "The New-Style Coinage of Athens: Some Evidence from the Bronze Issues,"JVC,ser. 7, 4,1964, pp. 27-36 Price 1967 = M.J. Price, "Coins from Some Deposits in the South Stoa at Corinth,"Hesperia36, 1967, pp. 348-388 Price 1989 = M.J. Price, "The Larissa, 1968 Hoard (IGCH237)," in Kraay-Merkholm Essays,G. Le Rider, K. Jenkins, N. Waggoner,and U. Westermark,eds., Louvain-la-Neuve1989, pp. 233-243 Price 1991 = M.J. Price, "Circulationat Babylonin 323 B.C.," in PapersWaggoner, pp. 63-72 Price 1993 = M.J. Price, "Morefrom Memphis and the Syria 1989 Hoard,"in EssaysCarson-Jenkins, pp. 31-35 = in CRWLR "Southern 95-103 Price, Greece," CRWLR,pp. M.J. Price, ontheAncientCoinsof Greece, RomeandPalestine, Priceand Trell = M.J. Price and B. L. Trell, CoinsandTheirCities:Architecture London 1977 Berne= Proceedings Berne,September 1979, T. Hackensand R. Weiller, ofNumismatics, ofthe9thInternational Congress Proceedings eds., Louvain-la-Neuve,1982 mv IIToXIOatlov, Athens 1904-1908 IIroXelatcOv =J. N. Svoronos,Ta NoVloE4axaTou Kp&irouC Raubitschek1946 = A. E. Raubitschek."Octavia'sDeificationat Athens,"TAPA77, 1946, pp. 146-150 RE= A. E von Pauly,Realencyclopadie derclassischen revisedby G. Wissowa,Stuttgart NeueBearbeitung, Altertumswissenschaft, 1894-1972 Athenaion Politeia,Oxford 1981 Rhodes = P.J. Rhodes, A Commentary ontheAristotelian RIC = RomanImperialCoinage, London 1923Robinson and Price 1967 = E. S. G. Robinson and M. J. Price, "AnEmergencyCoinage of Timotheus,"NC, ser. 7, 7, 1967, pp. 1-6 Coinage of Thessaly,London 1932 Rogers = E. Rogers, TheCopper Rotroff 1983 = S. I. Rotroff,"Three Cistern Systemson the Kolonos Agoraios,"Hesperia 52, 1983, pp. 257-297 Rotroff 1984 = S. I. Rotroff,"Spool Saltcellarsin the AthenianAgora,"Hesperia 53, 1984, pp. 343-354 Paris 1916 Roussel = P. Roussel,Dilos,colonieathenienne, RPC I = A. Burnett, M. Amandry,and P P. Ripolls, RomanProvincial Coinage,I, FromtheDeathof Caesarto theDeath London/Paris 1992 Vitellius, of

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHYAND ABBREVIATIONS

XV

SardisM7 = T. V Buttrey,A. Johnston, K. M. MacKenzie, and M. L. Bates, Greek, Roman,andIslamicCoins fromSardis (ArchaeologicalExplorationof SardisMonograph 7), Cambridge,Mass./London 1981 thePesianInvasion, Seltman = C. T. Seltman,Athens,Its HistoryandCoinage before Cambridge 1924 Shear 1936 =J. P. Shear, "AnalyticalTable of Coins,"Hesperia 5, 1936, pp. 123-150 andtheRevoltofAthns in 286 B.C. (Hesperia Shear,Kallias= T. L. Shear,Jr.,Kalliasof Sphettos Supplement 17), Princeton 1978 Shelov = D. B. Shelov, Coinage VI-II Centuries B.C. (BARInternationalSeries 46), Oxford 1978 oftheBosphorus SNG= SylogeNummorum Graecorum Starr = C. G. Starr,Athenian Coinage480-449 B.C., Oxford 1970 Stroud 1974 = R. S. Stroud, "AnAthenian Law on SilverCoinage,"Hesperia43, 1974, pp. 157-188 Sutherland,Olcay, and Merrington = C. H. V Sutherland,N. Olcay, and K. E. Merrington, The Cistophori of Augustus (RoyalNumismatic Society Special Publications5), London 1970 Sv. =J. N. Svoronos, Lesmonnaies d'Athnes,completed by B. Pick, Munich 1923-1926. Reprintedwith translatedtext as Corpus the Coins Ancient of ofAthens,Chicago 1975 Svoronos 1900 = I. N. Svoronos, , part II, JAN 3, 1900, pp. 319-343 Svoronos 1904 = I. N. Svoronos, ,,JIAN

7, 1904, pp. 107-142 Svoronos 1907 = I. N. Svoronos, ,JIAN 11, 1908, pp. 230-232 Svoronos 1911 = I. N. Svoronos, leIIeypcpapLx6q xaxcaX6yoqnpoaxr?c&TcovTou NotLaaTLx6u Mouaetou anxo1 Eetrctpplou 1908 .eXpL31 Auyou'aTou1909>, JIAN 13, 1911, pp. 37-112 Svoronos 1927 =J. N. Svoronos,"La monnaie d'or attique,"JIAN 21, 1927, pp. 147-169 TbnosII = R. Etienne and L. Artemis-Gyselen,"L'ateliermonetairede T6nos,"in R. Etienne, TbnosetlesCyclades dumilieu duIVCsiecleav.J-.C. dumilieuduIIIe sicle ap.J.-C.(Tnows Athens/Paris 225-252 1990, I), pp. Thompson, H. A., 1958 = H. A. Thompson, "Activitiesin the AthenianAgora: 1957," Hesperia27, 1958, pp. 145-160 Thompson 1942 = M. Thompson, "Coinsfor the Eleusinia,"Hesperia11, 1942, pp. 213-229 Thompson 1957 = M. Thompson, "AHoard of Athenian Fractions,"ANSAN 7, 1957, pp. 1-11 = M. Thompson, "The Mints of Lysimachos,"in EssaysRobinson, Thompson, EssaysRobinson pp. 163-182 in derrimischen Touratsoglou 1988 = I. Touratsoglou,Die Miinsttte vonThessaloniki Kaiserzeit (AMUGS12), Berlin/New York 1988 Touratsoglou,CRWLR= I. Touratsoglou,"Macedonia,"in CRWLR,pp. 53-78 Traiti= E. Babelon, Traitdesmonnaiesgrecques etromaine, Paris 1907-1932 Von Aulock = SNGSammlung v.Aulock,Berlin 1957-1968 Walker 1978 = A. S. Walker,"FourAE Coin Hoards in the Collection of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens,"Hesperia 47, 1978, pp. 40-48 Walker1980 = A. S. Walker,"AChronologicalStudy of the GreekImperialCoinage of Athens Based on the Collection of the Agora Excavationsat Athens," 1980 Universityof Pennsylvania,Ph.D. Dissertation,Ann Arbor 1980 Walker 1982 = A. S. Walker,"Some Plated Coins from the Agora,"in Procedings Berne,pp. 131-136 Warren 1983 =J. A. W. Warren,"The AutonomousBronze Coinage of Sicyon (Part 1),"NC 143, 1983, pp. 23-56 Warren 1984 =J. A. W Warren,"- (Part2),"NJC144, 1984, pp. 1-24 Warren 1985 =J. A. W. Warren,"- (Part3),"NC 145, 1985, pp. 45-66 WSM = E. T. Newell, The Coinageof the Western SelucidMintsfromSebucusI to Antiochus III (Numismatic Studies4), New York 1941

PERIODICALS AA = ArchiiologischerAnziger AAA= ApXaLOXoytxiAv&Xexrae A9Ov6v AJA= Amican JournalofArchaeology AJAH= American Journalof Ancient History = Ameican AJP Journalof Philology

XVi

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHYAND ABBREVIATIONS

AM = Mitteungendesdeutscenarchiiologischen Abteilung Instits, Athenische ANSMN= American Notes NumimaticSocie.tMuseum BCH = Bulletindecorrespondance hellhnique BSA= Annualof theBritishSchoolatAthens CH = CoinHoards AeXtc= ApXXLOXOYLX6V AXt'clo EPApX = EnprAcplkApXacokoylx/ Studies RomanandByzantine GRBS= Greek, JHS = JournalofHelenicStudies = Journalinternatonal numismatique L4AN d'archiologie undGeldgschichte Numismatik JNG = Jahrbuchfiir JRS = Joural ofRomanStudies Chronicle NC = NAumimatic = Zeitschift NZ Numismati,che RBN= Reue beigedeNuismatiqueetdeS'illographie REG= Reu desiudesgrecques RN = Raue numismatique SAN= Journalof theSocie_forAncient Numimartics Rundschau SNR= Schwieische numismatische TAPA= Transactions Association of theAmerican Philological und ZPE = ZeitschitfifirPapyrologie Epigraphik The followingabbreviationsare used in this volume: AE = bronze AR = silver AV = gold bill. = billon cmk. = countermark cuir.= cuirassed diad. = diademed dr. = draped EL = electrum

ex. = exergue 1.= left laur.= laureate obv. = obverse r. = right rad. = radiate rev.= reverse stg. = standing

CONSPECTUS OF COINS

CONSPECTUS OF COINS

Occasional discrepancies between regional totals and the numbers of coins listed beneath by city or ruler and by century ar followed by a +. The + indicates an uncertain number of additional coins that have been catalogued in brackets as being not Centuries

6th

5th

4th

Centurie

B.C.

3rd

ITALY-SICILY(15) CisalpineCelts (1)

Siculo-Punic(3) CRIMEA and THRACE (134) Pantikapaion(5) Olbia (1) IstrianonLimen (2) Abdera (1) Apollonia Pontica(1) Byzantion(1) Deultum (1) Maroneia(6) Mesembria(3) Pautalia(1) Perinthos(2) Philippopolis(1) AugustaTraiana(1)

1st

2nd

1

Brundisium(1) Kroton (1) Rhegion (1) Akragas(1) Gela (1) Mamertinoi(2) Syracuse(4)

1st

2nd

1 1 1

1 2 3 2 2 1

1 3

1 1 1 3 2 1 1

Coela (1) Sestos (2) Imbros (3) Lemnos:Hephaistia (7+) Myrina (54+) Samothrace(4) Thasos (3)

3 4+ 41+ 3 2AR &2

Kings Lysimachos(5) RhoimetalkesI (1) MACEDONIA (304) Akanthos(1) Amphipolis(2) Aphytis (1) Bottiaia (1) Dion (1) Olynthos (1) Ouranopolis(2)2 Pella (1) Philippoi(4)1 Skione (1) Thessalonike(8) Kings Philip II (6) Alexanderm (26) Philip m (2) Anonymous (10) Kassandros(18+) Demetrios Poliorketes (23) Antigonos Gonatas (184+) Philip V (4) ?Perseus(1) Macedonian League (3)3 THESSALY (72) Ainianes (3) Atrax (1)

3 13 4

1AR

1

3 1 1

3 6 1AV, 9AR&16 2AR 10 18+ 3 AR&20 184+ 4 1?

1

2 1

1

1

CONSPECTUS OF COINS (cont.) Centuries B.C.

6th Gomphoi (1) Gyrton(4) Halos (1)1 Krannon (2) Lamia (2) Larissa(5)5 LarissaKremaste (1) Magnetes(7) Orthe (1) Phalanna(4) Pharsalos(5) ThessalianLeague (33)

5th

4th

Centur

2nd

3rd

1st

2nd

2

3

1 4 2 2

6 1 4 5 26 1

Peparethos(2)1 NORTHWEST GREECE (61) Dyrrhacion (6)6 Skodra(1)

4

Nikopolis(11) EpeiroteLeague (3) Korkyra(16)

4

Leukas(2) Medon (1) Thyrreion(1)

1 1

AitolianLeague (20) CENTRAL GREECE (475) LokrianLeague (46)

1st

3 1

1 2

4

12

4

22

20

4

PhokianLeague (24) Delphi (3)

2

Boiotian League (175) Orchomenos(1)

33+

22 3 128

8+

7

Tanagra(9) Thebes (9) Thespiai (14)

1

EuboianLeague (36)

2

Chalkis(112) Eretria(4) Histiaia(37) Karystos(5) ATHENS (14,360+) Athenian (13,749+)

7 3

28 4 16AR

10AR

59AR

14AR 43AR &1991 &1439+ 196 356 59

6 5

2AR &2750+

IAR &3989+

2284

99 160

IAR 6 2

5

13

152

14

3AR 2AR

3

57 16

39

11

19

44

4

2

4

1

8

1?

2

Aigion (3) Boura(1) Patrai(1) Pellene(6) Tenea (1) Achaian League (9)

Messene (7) Kyparissia(1)

1AR &26 26+

11+

Megara (333) Pagai (1)

Elis(12) Kranion(2)2 Same (1) Zakynthos(2)

1

4

10

Eleusinian(611) SALAMIS-AIGINA(456) Salamis(99)

Aigina (23) PELOPONNESOS (354) Corinth(137) Phlious(6) Sikyon(75)

1

8

1

2

6 1AR &8 3

5

I"AR" 1 2 2

5

3

CONSPECTUS OF COINS (cont.) Centuries B.C.

6th

5th

4th

Centuri

3rd

Mothone (1)1 Thouria (2)1 Lakedaimon(18)1 Kythera(1)1 3 9

Argos(13) Epidauros(10) Hermione (6) Kleonai (3) Methana (1) Troizen (2)1

1st

1

14

1st

2nd

2

8 1

5 2

ArkadianLeague (3) Heraia (2) Kleitor (1) Mantineia(3) Megalopolis(1)1 Orchomenos(1) Pheneos (2)1 Tegea (10) CRETE and ISLANDS (67) Aptera (1) Arsinoe (1) Knossos (2) Roman provinceof Crete (1) Andros(1) Delos (17) Keos League (8) Karthaia(4) Koressia(3) oulis (3) Kythnos(2) Melo (2) Paros(1) Siphnos (1)

2nd

1

3 2 1 3 1 2

7 1

1 1 1

11

16

1

8 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 "AR"

3

Syros (3) Tenos (7)

3

4

ASIATIC BOSPHOROS(3) Phanagoria(1) King RheskouporisVI (2) ASIA MINOR (186) Amisos (3)3

1

BithynianLeague (1) Nikaia (1) Nikomedia (3)1 King ProusiasI (2) Adramyteion(2)1 Atarneus(1)1 Kyzikos(2) Parion (9) Pergamon(8)6 Perperene(2)2 Pitane (1)1 AlexandriaTroas (5) Assos (1) lion (1) Neandria (2) Skepsis(1) Tenedos (1) Aigai(3) Autokane(1)1 Elaia (1)1 Kyme (6) Methymna (2) Mytilene (4)2 Ephesos (10) Erythrai(4) Klazomenai (3) Magnesia on the Maiandros(4)

1

2

1 EL

1 9 2

2 1

2

31 1 1 2 3 3 12

1 1

1

2

CONSPECTUS OF COINS (cont.) Centuries

6th Metropolis(1) Miletos (5) Phokaia (1) Smyrna (11) Teos (1) Chios (22) Samos (6) Knidos (4) Myasa (1) Mydnos (1) Kos (4) Rhodes (14)

5th

Centuri

B.C.

2nd

3rd

4th

1st

1 1 3

1 1

1

5

1

1 2

1

4 2AR &4

2AR&5

3

Akmoneia(1) Apamcia (1) Laodikia (1) Synnada (2)

1

1

1

2 3

LycianLeague (3) Patara(1)

PisidianAntioch (1) Selge (1)

2nd

1

4

Hermokapelia(1) Sardis(3) Tripolis(2)

Attaleia(1) Nrge (1) Side (5) Sillyon(1)

1st

1 1

4 1 1 1

Seleukiaon the Kalykadnos(1) Soloi-Pompeiopolis(2) Syedra(1) Tarsos(1)

1

1

1

King Amyntas (1) SYRIA-PERSIA(18) Kings Seleukos II (1) Antiochos II (1)1 Seleukos IV (1)1 Alexander I Balas (1)1 Antiochos VII (1) Antioch on the Orontes (3)

1

1 1 1

Judea (9) PersianEmpire (1) EGYPT-NUMIDIA (52) Kings Ptolemy II (3+) Ptolemy 1m(5+) Ptolemy IV (1+) Ptolemy VI & VII (3) Ptolemy VI (2)

KingJuba I (1)

1

7

1AV 3+ 5+ 1+ 3 1AR &1 3

Ptolemy VIII (3) Ptolemy IX (2)2 Ptolemy XI (4) Ptolemy XII (1) Kleopatra VII (1) Alexandria(11)1 Cyrene (1) Ptolemaic Cyrenaica(1) Roman province of Cyrenaica and Crete (2)2

1

4

7 1 1

1AR

CONSPECTUS OF COINS (cont.) SUMMARY Centuries B.C.

6th

5th

4th

Centuri

1st

2nd

3rd

1st

2nd

TOTALS: 3

NON-ATHENIAN GREEK (2197)

1

TOTAL GREEK (16557+)

11

3 8 3

3 67

170+

635+ 97+

625+ 2699+

104+

136+

269+ 469+

2146+

104+ 2923+

ROMAN TO A. 2671(1137)

5 69

12

3 85

9

65 3

4059+

85

2349

15AR

22AR

35AR

&83

&24

&245

1 Agra 1I,nos. 1-550, to which are added the 98 Roman coins to A.D. 267 from the 1950 through 1990 excavations.The Roman coins are overwh althoughthe totalsofthe 1stcentury B.C.includea few pieces from mints in Greece, Asia Minor,Spain, and Lyons, and a small proportionof the coins from t from such imperialmints as those at Antioch, Milan, Lyons, and Asia Minor. 2 NN-2014, an extremelywornJanus/Prow as (33 mm., 18.24 g.) that was excavatedbefore 1949 but inexplicablyomitted from AgoraII. 3 To AgoraII, add a denarius of L FarsuleiusMensor (E-2432 = GRC,fig. 26) and a plated Venus/Aeneas denarius ofJulius Caesar (K-1646), both e bronzes (both found before 1949) of the 90's or 80's B.C.: 00-527, a heavily worn Janus/Prow as (26 mm., 7.44 g); and 00-27, a Herakles/Prow q threefurther"FleetPraefect"bronzesofAntony (asAgoraI, no. 13: Capito, RC I, 1470),for a currentAgora total offive (K-1587, 00-1249, IIO-879, E-62

IN'I'RODUCTION CATALOGUED HEREIN are the 16,557+ identifiableGreek coins produced by the Agora excavationsbetween 1931 and 1990. The total includesmore than a thousandextremelyworn coins that, while not identifiableby actual variety,can neverthelessbe attributedto certain large Athenian series;but it excludeswell overfourthousandother damagedor totallyworn pieces that by size and fabric can be identifiedonly as 4th-centuryor Hellenistic "Greek",if these pieces happen to be availablefor reexaminationat all, since many had been weeded out from storage and were discardedin the late 1940's. As can be readily calculatedfrom the catalogue summarypresented on pages xvii-xxvi, all but one-tenth of 1 percent of the identifiablecoins are bronze. Eighty-seven percent are Athenian. Because of the dominance of the Athenianbronze,one of our majorgoals is to presenta reliable surveyof this coinage insofaras the limitationsof excavationspecimensallow.The limitationsmust be stressed,for a conventionalstudy of the coinage would rely far more heavilyon museum-quality specimensfrom outside the excavationsthan on the coins that we are publishinghere. Fortunately, the bronze coinage of Athens has alreadybeen well illustratedin the folio plates of . N. Svoronos' d'Athnes.Despite its obsolete organizationand chronology,thisworkillustrateswith 1923 Lesmonnaies first-rateexamplesfrom Europeancollectionsvirtuallyall the Athenian bronze varieties,and in the case of the Athenianimperialbronzeof the 2nd and 3rdcenturiesafterChrist,a veryhigh percentage of the obverse and reversedies. Since this workwas reprintedin 1975 in a new, convenientformat and is now widely available,we have not hesitated to refer to it constantly.So fully do Svoronos' plates complement our text and illustrationsthat many readerswill want to keep an open copy of Svoronosclose at hand. In comparison with museum or hoard specimens, it is in the area of absolute metrology that the Agora specimens are most deficient.Most are worn to some degree;almostat ll were found in a heavilycorrodedstate;and this wear and corrosion,togetherwith the heavy chemical or electrolytic cleaningused to removethe corrosionfor identification,are responsiblefor an inevitableloss of some originalsurfacemetal and weight. As can be calculatedfromTablesIII and IV (pp. 324-327 below), which compare the averageweightsof Agora and nonexcavationhoard specimensof certainbronze issues, the weight loss of the Agora excavationcoins is generallyin the area of 8 to 14 percent for largerbronze coins with diametersof ca. 18-20 mm., althoughthere are some issuesin which thereis less or no detectable differential.The differentialdeclines as diametersbecome smaller.We have neverthelessrecorded the weights and weight averagesof the better-preservedAgora bronze coins for their value as relative indicators,since even approximateweights can be more informativethan linear measurementsof diameterfor comparingindividualissues and sometimesfor distinguishing denominationalrelationships.The frequentlywide variationin weightbetween coins of a given issue arises from the fact that the blankswere cast or cut with much less individual attention than was expended on the blanksof precious-metalcoinages.1But this phenomenon has been observedalso in Roman bronze coinage, which is knownto have been struckat so many pieces to a given weight of 1 For the coin blanks of the 1st century B.C. and the 3rd century after Christ excavated from mints in the Agora, see Appendix B with Plates 32 and 33. All these blankswere cut from forged bronze rods, the Ist-centuryB.C. blanks by chopping,the later ones by sawing.In neithercase was much care takento cut the rods into strictlyuniformsegments.

INTRODUCTION

2

metal, so that the averageweight of all bronzecoins from a given issue or batch shouldrepresentthe standardto which that batch or issuewas struck.2In some Athenianbronze coinages,a fixedweight standardwas demonstrablyadheredto from one issue to the next; other Athenian bronze coinages were minted in issuesor batchesthat become progressivelylighterovertime to increaseprofitability.3 This volume differsfrom most previouspublicationsof excavationcoins in the attentionpaid to archaeologicalcontexts and in the more than minimal number of illustrations.A good pictorial recordof the Athenian bronzesis obviouslynecessaryif this volume is to serve as a useful reference for that coinage. But in addition, we believe that excavationcoins should not be treateddifferently than other archaeologicalmaterial: they should be recordedvisually as well as described;and if this means the illustation of a large numberof mediocre,worn, or damaged specimens,such is the realityof excavationnumismatics,which reflectsmore faithfullythan pieces selectivelypurchasedfor modern collectionsthe true characterof the lower-valuecurrencyin actual circulationin antiquity. In this connection, it is salutaryto emphasizethat the coins chosen for our plates are the very finest specimensthat the Agora excavationshave to offer.We decided to illustrateplastercastsratherthan direct photographsafter experimentsconvinced us that in most cases casts produced more legible and evenlylit images.A good samplingof the finestAgora Greekcoins in directphotographywill be andRomanCoinsin theAthenian found in FredKleiner's 1975 Agora PictureBook, Greek Agora. In my study of the Agora Greek coins, I was surprisedto discoverhow few, relativelyspeaking, come from chronologicallysignificantcontexts.A majorityof the coins were recoveredfrom late or "mixed"fills,having apparentlybeen redepositedin earth that had been dug up and reusedin later buildingoperations.4A numberof other coins have potentiallyinformativestratigraphicalcontexts, but at the presenttime these contextsare too vaguelydated or have been too little studiedto deserve mention in our catalogue.This leavesthe coinsfromthe Agoradeposits:the dumpsor accumulations of earthand debristhat have been excavatedfromwells,cisterns,buildingfills,buildingdestructions, and similar,more or less closedcontextualentities.Most of these depositshavebeen carefullystudied, many repeatedly,and severalhave been as instrumentalin the reconstructionof the chronologyof Atticbronzecoinage as they havebeen for the chronologyofpottery,stampedamphorahandles,and other kinds of artifacts.The Agora depositswith importantgroups of Greek coins are listed at the end of this book (pp. 297-318) and are cited when relevantin our discussionsand catalogue.Among the deposits are a few hoards, or groups of coins that were intentionallyassembled and secreted together,as opposed to the randomlylost, and perhapsoccasionallydiscarded,coins that found their way into most normal filling deposits. When relevant, the relativewear of a coin in a deposit or hoard group may be indicatedon a scale ofw(ear)l-6, from unworn (wl) to extremelyworn (w6). 2

RRC,p. 592: "Anissueof coinagewasdescribedbytheRomansas struckso manyto thepoundandthis Crawford,

terminologypresumablyreflectedmint-practice;certainlyno attemptwas made to adjustthe weight of individualpieces

maderoughlythe samesizein the hopethattheywouldturnout roughlythe Blankswerepresumably verycarefully. sameweightandthesizereducedor increasedtowardstheendof a batchdependingon howthemetalwaslasting;thus AboutAugustan themeanweightof a batchof coinagestraightfromthemintwouldbe thesameas itsweightstandard." coinage,HaroldMattingly,RomanCoins,2nd ed., London1960,p. 122, wrote,"Brassand copperare struckmuch notapezo--i.e., noton a carefullyadjustedweightforeachpiece,butat so morecarelessly[thangoldor silver]-a marco, many to the pound."

3 Comparevarieties88-96 (TableIII,p. 324 below),115-126 and 149-153 (TableIV [pp.326-327 below]and weight pp. 82, 88) with varieties137-140, 143, and 144 (TableIV [p. 326 below]and p. 90). Forthe progressive reductionof otherAthenianvarietiesor series,seep. 75, under99, andp. 79, under108. 4 Butat leasta fewGreekcoinscontinuedto be usedaslateasEarlyByzantinetimes;seeunder142 fora Ist-century B.C.

coin in a 6th-centurySlavicInvasionhoard.

INTRODUCTION

3

The formatof the catalogueentriesshouldbe self-evident.Coins are listedby varieties(numbers in boldface). The variety numbers of silver,gold, electrum, and billon coins are italicized, and the type of metal is specified.All other coins are bronze. (Wheneverpossible,coins too poorly preserved to be assigned to a single variety are assigned to a group of varieties that are cited together in brackets,for example, [14 47] on page 43.) If a variety is representedby only a single coin, the bold variety number will function also as the individual coin reference. In cases where a variety is representedby many specimens,the total numberof coins is followedby the range of diametersin millimetersand by the averageweight in gramsof the best-preservedspecimens(the numberof coins weighed given in parentheses);listed below are the specimens chosen for illustrationor for some special contextual or other reason. Each individually catalogued coin is listed with its Agora inventory number; diameter in millimeters;die position, if numismaticallyrelevant;-weightin grams; and furtherbibliographical, contextual,or other annotation,if needed. Referencesto Agora depositsare enclosedin parentheses. Illustratedcoins are markedwith an asterisk.Die alignmentsare indicatedby arrows,or, for worn coins whose die axes can be identified by angle but not top or bottom orientation,just by I, \, etc. Weights followed by + are of heavily damaged coins that have lost a considerableamount of their originalweight. In additionto the abbreviationsgiven on p. xvi, the followingcataloguingconventionsshouldbe noted. In the recordingof legendsand types,bracketsenclose restoredlettersor partsof a designthat are no longer visible on the coin. Obliteratedvariablelegends that cannot be restoredare recorded as [----]. In legends, a dash (-) indicatesa horizontalbreak between letters, a verticalbar (|) indicates the beginning of a new horizontalline of the text. A horizontal line above two or three lettersindicatesthat they are conjoined in a single ligature. Forthe rubricsAE 1, AE 2, etc., employedin ChapterII to distinguishthe severalmodularunits of Athenian bronze coinage to the end of the 1st century B.C.,see page 38 below. Such rubrics, long used for the sizes of late Roman Imperialbronze denominations,were firstapplied to Athenian bronze coins by Fred Kleiner, whose system had to be modified to encompass the much greater range of Athenian materialcataloguedhere (see note 117 below,p. 68). The Agora coins are listed in the excavators'notebooksand are storedin the Stoa of Attalosby inventorynumbers,which are prefixedwith the Greekletter or lettersthat designatethe excavation section. Forreaderswho might wish to identifythe approximatearea in which a coin was found, we havebeen able to includea new plan of the Agorawith sectionboundariesindicated(Plate35). Coins inventoriedunder the rubricsKTA or NSR were not recoveredin the course of excavation: some were pickedup in or near the Agora;othersare donationsof unspecifiedprovenience.Althoughthey do not properlybelong in a publication of excavationfinds, we include a few because they have become part of the Agora numismaticcollection.

I ATHENIANSILVERCOINS B LESSED with her own naturaldepositsof silverore, Athens minted one of the most influential

and abundant silver coinages of the ancient world from the middle of the 6th to the middle of the 1st century B.C. At four peak periods of coining (the first two decades of the 5th century, the 450's through 415, the second half of the 4th century,and the first decade of the 1st century B.C.) the output of Athenian silver tetradrachmswas prodigious; and to judge from hoards and the widespread imitation of these tetradrachmsin all periods, the internationaldemand for this coinage remainedstrongalmostto the very end. This is not of course the place to attemptanything like a comprehensive account of this vast coinage, whose detailed history depends in any case on hoards and the study of specimens in the great public collections that hoards have supplied.1 But the incomplete sampling of Athenian silver from the Agora excavations at least calls for a selective survey,if only to provide a frameworkfor a fuller analysisof Athenian bronze coinage in ChapterII. The Agora's 129 Athenian silverpieces and imitationsthereof representless than 1 percent of the nearly 14,000 Athenian coins excavated. Predictably,the overwhelmingmajorityof the silver findsare of the smaller,more easilylost denominationsof a drachmor its fractions,and this explains why roughlyhalf of the pieces date from the 5th century,when Atheniancurrencywas exclusivelyof silver.Thereafter,the findsprogressivelydecline centuryby centuryto a mere three silverNew Style pieces of the 2nd centuryB.C.in a trendthat reflectsthe increasingimportanceof the supplementary bronze currency.Once a bronzecoinage was introducedin the 4th century,bronze began to replace the smallersilverdenominationsin petty transactionsand lesseneddependencyon silverin general. By the end of the 4th centuryat the latest,Athens no longer botheredto strikeany silvercoin lower than the triobol;and in the laterHellenisticcurrencythe hemiobol and the obol came themselvesto be minted in bronze.2 The proportionof unofficial,imitativetetradrachmsand drachmsis striking.There are five to seven of these counterfeitsin silverand twenty-twoof silver-platedbronze.At least one tetradrachm in the formercategory(AppendixA, coin a) is modern, and one or two other silverpieces could also be recent,althougheven if they shouldbe so, the proportionof ancientfalseto genuine tetradrachms and drachmsremainsimpressivelyhigh for so few total pieces found. As explainedbelow (pp. 9-10), the thirteensilver-platedtetradrachmsI 6a-m are a specialcase; coming from a single disturbed hoard, they had intentionallybeen buried together. It is clear, however,that most of and possiblyall the remainingsubaeratepieces were gotten rid of after they had been detected as false.At leasthalf of them had been testedor defacedwith a chiselcut. Of these 9a, 160, and 16phad been removedfromcirculation,that is, frommortaluse, by being dedicatedto a god and deposited in a sanctuary.The unlucky owners of most of the other plated pieces, even those withoutvisibletest cuts, had presumablyjustthrownthem away as worthless.It is conceivable that some of the ancient owl imitationsof full silver may also have been intentional discards;for 1 The best surveysof Athenian silver are by Kraay,Athensand (in more detail but extending only through the 4th century)ACGC,pp. 55-77, pls. 9-12. For a tabularsummary of estimated levels of Athenian silver-coinproduction Athens 1980. over time, see the diagraminsertedat p. 56 of C. E. Conophagus,LeLaurium antique, 2 83-84 below. Pp. 38, 48-49, 68,

SIXTH AND klF'IH CENTURIES B.C.

5

if they cannot pass autopsy as bona fide Athenian emissionstoday,they would doubtlesshave been suspectin antiquityand, accordingto Buttrey'spersuasiveinterpretationof the 375/4 B.C.Athenian law on silver coinage, could have been refused by anyone demanding payment in certified legal tender.3The high survivalrate of imitationsis surelyan effectof theirworthlessness;and as a forceful reminder of how common bad money must have been in the ancient marketplace,the discovery of so many in the soil of the Agora enables us to appreciatebetter the legislation of 375/4 that spelled out the responsibilitiesand proceduresof the public certifierof currency,the boxL.a-cT)